Adept

In conducting a sophis-
ticated domestic foreign
and domestic policy, the
UDF had to be adept at
“direct attacks and re-
sponses” and at “‘spotting.
and exploiting differences
in the enemy camp”.

“Even wit hout and out
reactionary governments
our job is to make if diffi-
cult for them to collabo-
rate with apartheid.” it
states.

The article went on to
highlight the _ objects
achieved when six UDF
activists took refuge in
the Durban British con-
sulate.

“The six,” it said, ” had
no illusions about Thatch-
er’s government, but had
created an entirely new
theatre of struggle.”

‘Among: objects it had
achieved, according to
Isizwe, was wiping out
“gains” made in the State
President’s”” European
tour of 1984, and driving
“a wedge between the
South African and
Thatcher regimes”.

A symptom of “this
tension” had been the
recording of a favourable
vote by the United King-
idom of a “militant anti-

apartheid resolution” in
‘ the United Nations Secur-
ity Council.

It had also driven a
“further wedge within the
Western five”.

“While the UK and US

| were demonstrated to be
collaborators, France
sought to distance itself

with an unprecedented
appearance before the
(UN) special committee
against apartheid.”

Ensuing anti-apartheid
demonstrations had in-
creased pressure on the
policy of “constructive
engagement”, while the
consulate six had made
use of ” “international
media coverage to speak
about events well beyond
their own personal situa-
tion”.

The entire affair had in
combination with “heavy-
handed” government re-
sponses, served to “re-
inforce the isolation and
pariah status of the South
African police state”.

Attracting 'Democratic Whitest an Aim

‘AMONG those _ the
‘United Democratic
‘Front seeks to accom-
modate within its ranks
are persons it describes
as “democratic
Whites”.

The first. known
White affiliate of the
UDF is the Johannes-
‘burg Democratic Action
Committee (Jodac), but
serval Whites serve on
UDF bodies in ex-
ecutive capacities.

In July the national
executive committee of
the UDF issued a mess-
age to the people of
South Africa in which it
surged Whites to “join
other White democrats

and be part of our strug-
gle for the creation of a
greater South African-
ism...”

Threat
‘The message con-
tained an implied

threat. “Going back
into the laager is tanta-
mount to signing a one
way ticket to oblivion,”
it said.

The March edition of
Isizwe (The Nation)
notes that “there have
always been Whites who
have rejected apartheid

‘and joined the poeple’s

struggle”. .
In an attempt to ex-
ploit the resignations

from Parliament of the
leader of the Opposi-
tion, Dr Frederik van
Zyl Slabbert, and Dr
Alex Boraine, Jodac
mounted a “Call to
Whites Campaign”.

“Jodac has about 5U
‘members, mostly in Jo-
hannesburg’s White
suburbs, and works in
the White community to
bring across the mess-
cage of the UDF,” said
the June edition of UDF
News.

Objective
The objective of the
“call to Whites Cam-
paign” has been to bring
the large groups of

14

An interesting insight
into the application of its
foreign policy was given
in April's UDF Update
where it was indicated
that the organisation’s
reason for meeting the
Commonwealth Eminent
Persons Group was so as
not to “appear as un-
reasonable radicals in the
eyes of Thatcher and her
allies who are looking for
excuses to support the
South African Govern-
ment”.

Tactic

The UDF’s tactic of
isolating “the enemy” in-
ternationally was recently
demonstrated when two
UDF patrons, Arch-
bishop Tutu and Dr Boe-
sak, along with Mrs Win-
nie Mandela, pressurised
Mrs Coretta Scott King,
wife of the slain Ameri-
can civil rights leader, Dr
Martin Luther King, into
breaking an appointment
with Mr P W Botha.

It has an occurrence
which not only captured
the headlines, but caused
Archbishop Tutu to ex-
‘press “delight”.

Whites who have abat
doned hope in Parli
mentary politics into the
non-racial_extra-Parlia-
mentary politics of the
UDF, the UDF News
report stated.

It claimed that 2 500
people had attended the
launch of the campaign

at which the speakers
included Dr Slabbert,
the SA Council of
Churches general sec-
retary, the Rev Dr CF
Beyers Naude, and
UDF publicity sec-
retary, Mr Murphy

Morobe.
Among Mr Morobe’s
reported comments


PWV Region Could Ease Black Housing

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 15 Oct 86 p 7

[Article by Linda Ensor]
[Text]

APPROXIMATELY 8 000ha of land has
been pro) by government for black
housing development in the PWV — just
under half the estimated 17 200ha re-
quired to cope with growth projections
until the year 2000. .

Two
“Norweto,” north of Johannesburg
(3000ha), and “Kwasaduza,” between
Springs, Brakpan and Nigel on the East
Rand — comprise most of this addition-
al land.

A small portion of the remaining
2000ha is on the outskirts of Soweto,
while about 700ha has been identified
in Daveyton, Tokoza, .Vosloorus and
Katlehong on the East Rand.

Officially, the Central Witwatersrand
requires 14 200ha, though this estimate
is contested by organisations, such as

major proposed townships -

the Urban Foundation, as
being too conservative;
and government officials
admit that the abolition
of influx control and con-
sequent urbanisation
could throw out their pro-
jections. wl

Government ‘could be!
looking to the far West
Rand region to make up
the shortfall due to the
limited available land in
the PWV areas for which
guide plans or draft guide
plans exist.

Eli Enslin, director of
hysical planning for the

partment of Constitu-
tional Development and
Planning, said the plan
for this area — which in-
corporates the black
townships of Kagiso,
Mohlakeng, Bekkersdal,
Khutsong and Wdela — is
nowhere near comple-
tion.

The guide plans for
Greater Pretoria and the
Vaal River Complex have
been adopted, while those
for the Central Wit-

/9317
csO: 3400/360

watersrand and the far
East Rand are still in
draft form. The guide
plans lay down land us-
ages. ‘

The two fully-devel-
oped black townships in
the heart of the Greater
Pretoria region — Sauls-
ville-Atteridgeville and
Mamelodi — have no
room for growth.

Soshanguve, on the bor-
der of Bophuthatswana
and to the extreme north-
west of Pretoria, has been
substantially extended to
absorb the overflow from
the townships and the in-
flux from the homelands.

Resistance
pa

Apart from the bar-
riers to black residential
development caused by
the Group Areas Act, the
Jack of land and commun-

ity resistance, regard also:

has to be given to the fact
that government’s hous-
ing policy is closely tied
with its strategy of indus-
trial decentralisation.

On the Central: Wit-
watersrand, recommen-
dations were made for in-
dustrial land to be frozen,
-while those for the “pro-
grammed provision of
new industrial land” in
Vereeniging and Vander-
bijlpark, and for the ex-
pansion of the petro-
chemical industry i
Sasolburg, in the Vaal
River Complex were
adopted.

The draft guide plan
for the far East id
recommended that, as re-
gards new industrial land,
“preference should be
given to the ‘northern
far Gulp i ae

pI and Brak-
pan).” In Tact the largest
allocation of industrial
land was recommended
for Springs.

Delayed

Problems have arisen’

regarding this draft plan,
which was completed by
1984. Official approval
was delayed, apparently
due to strong objections
by interest groups and
other complications, Ens-

35

JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

lin hoped it would be fi-
nally endorsed by next
year.

The Guide Plan. com-
mittee recommended
that Daveyton and Vos-;
loorus be allocated more;
land to sap up the over-|
flow from townships such.
as Wattville and
Thembisa, which had
reached the limits of their

growth.

About 1908ha is in the
process of being pur-
chased by the private sec-
tor and the town council
of Vosloorus for residen-
tial development, which
will double the t
size of the tor ip and
provide housing for about
300 000 people. and negoti-
ations are under way for
the purchase of an addi-
tional 800ha in Katlehong.

However, the major

rt of the 2 450ha identi-

for black townshij
on the East Rand
be involved in the linking-
up of Tsakane, KwaThema
and Duduza to form
“Kwasaduza”.

In the Vaal Triangle
the residential growth’
point identified by gov-
ernment planners was Se-
bokeng-Evaton, on the
northern border of Van-
derbijlpark’s industrial
heartland.



JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

Blacks Need Greater Subsidies

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 6 Oct 86 p 22

[Text]
ACCORDING to statistic Re- | Average monthly, household income: 1985 RSA, National States, |
search Institute (NBRI), 84% of , TBVC countries and SWA/Namibia nO |
the black community cannot af’ | Population Monthly income ~ _—_ Increase 1984/85 | °

ford a low-cost dwelling without

i Whites R2.043 Md% ‘

some form of subsidy. . : |

TThis compares with more than Coloureds wet 8S |
50% of coloureds, approximately Blacks R352 28,9%

30% of Asians and-9% of whites.

The one-third interest rate
State subsidy, which first-time
home-owners receive, allows
94% of all white households to
acquire low-cost dwellings,
whereas the civil service subsidy |
allows 96% to do so.

‘The corresponding percent-
ages for, coloureds are approxi-

mately 53% and 61%; for Asians
78% and 85%; and for Africans ;
24% and 33% respectively.

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY

[Text]
IN 1983, government started. Sale of houses in Black urban areas:
selling off approximately RSA — MAY 198612
350 000 black housing units to. :
tga at eemely vue | EN | ara] ta [et
be ' for sale in vv to
, Yet, so, far,.only 44000 have Eastern Transvaal 4123 1s geo 943
if 7 641 ks
been bougrit and of that figure, Western Tranevast 2633 “8 1429 5380
more thant half were bought on Novthern Transv 1163
ie West Rand. Highveld 11.337 59 2236 19,72
But the slow sales, despite the East fond 73 308 “ esis | 2608
rock-bottom prices are iikely to. foe Ce Se oss | o36 “Boa
accelerate in future as a result Western 20041 87 591 ,
of changing government policy Northarn Cape Oaet 80 183) ga
and the changing attitudes and Orange-Vati 26 416 22 1332 8.04
perceptions in the black com- Southern OFS .. 17040 | 44 241i 12,38
munity. Total 3as640 | 1.070 43749 | 12,88

It is calculated that a figure of |

at least R8 000m is needed to
eradicate the 1985 backlog which
is 11 times that of the R750m
which government has made:
available for low-cost housing.

Of the R8000m that would
have to be made available, the
respective households. would be
unable to make any interest or
capital redemption payments

less they were to receive inter- |
est-rate subsidies — or their in-|
comes would have to he in- |
creased.

Sale May Pick Up

in English 6 Oct 86 p 22

31



ditional management training while technikons
saw middle management as the main target and
private institutions aimed their programmes at
all management levels.

All training institutions earmarked human re-
sources as a high priority.

LACK OF TRAINING FACILITIES

‘The report noted that there was a lack of train-
ing facilities and experienced trainers. Care
would have to be taken not to spread the avail-
able facilities and manpower too thinly and seri-
ous consideration would have to be given to
achieve a much higher degree of co-operation and
sharing of facilities and manpower.

Generally the investigators found an over-con-
centration of training in the field of general man-
agement and noted that fields of knowledge like
human relations, of key importance for any man-
agerial activity, were suffering to a certain ex-
tent.

The report suggested several follow-up studies
were needed, including investigation into public
sector management development and research
into methods to stimulate management training.

BUSINESS SECTOR: THE NUMBER OF MANAGERS WHO RECEIVED TRAINING, PER POPULATION GROUP
AND FUNCTIONAL AREA, RSA 1983

NUMBER OF MANAGERS WHO RECEIVED TRAINING

OTHER .

FUNCTIONAL POPULATION

AREA WHITES = -% ‘GROUPS % TOTAL %

General management 2212 (91,9 194 81 2406 100
Marketing 686 «86,3 109 13,7 795 100
Purchasing 22 88,0 3 12,0 25 ~~ 100
Production 487 69,6 200 30,4 857-100
Finance 503 (97,3 14 2,7 517-100
Administration 758 88,4 9 11,6 857-100
Human resources 2398 = 91,2 231 88 2629 100
Pubiic relations 3 100,0 0 0,0 3 100
Other 168 «= (97,0 2° «(13,0 193-100
TOTAL 7207 89,2 875 10,8 8082 100

Number of respondents: 78

/9317
CSO: 3400/269

86


bers they sleep in the tent,” said
Mr Naima, By s

There is a health clinic close
by and the refugees are imme-
diately given medical attention.
Common disorders are malaria
and scabies. Some refugees also
suffer from malnutrition and
dehydration. Swollen legs. and
cut feet are also treated.

Then the refugees are given a
beneficiary card which entitles
them to.food and blankets.

*“If after a Week. a home has

- not been found for the a refugee

he is allocated a site in the

.camp and builds his own home.

According to Mr Nzima the
Mozambicans were settling in
very well in his area.

. “It has been remarkable how

* welcoming the people in Gazan-

kula have been,” he said.

“We are trying very hard to
integrate the Mozambicans into
our community and we are

_ being successful,” he said. .-

JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

Children Recount Nightmare Trek

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 14 Oct 86 p 9

{Article by Susan Pleming]

[Text]

/9317

Fleeing from the midst of
a vicious civil war only
to face lion attacks in the
Kruger National Park
may sound like the plot
of a.Wilbur Smith novel
— but for two little Mo-
zambican boys it was a
nightmare come true.

Their horrific tales of
slaughter in Mozambique,
desperate flight from
their homeland and then
running the gauntlet of
wild animals and near
death through starvation
and thirst in the Kruger
Park after reaching the
“safety” of South Africa
are, Sadly, typical of the
experiences of hundreds
of youngsters now settled
in a Mozambican refugee
camp in Gazankulu.

The youngsters fled
from war-torn Mozambi-
que with their parents
last year. The elder of the
two, Salimanio Mbambo
(12) told The Star his
horrific tale through an
interpreter.

KILLED OX

“I was a herdboy in our
village in Mozambique
and my job was to look
after about 25 cows. One
day Renamo (the Mozam-
bique National Resis-

CSO: 3400/282

tance) came to the vil-.

lage and ‘killed an ox.
They skinned. it and told
us to carry pieces of it
into the bush.

“After we had been
walking for quite a while
‘we met some Frelimo
soldiers and. there was
fighting between them
and. Renamo. We got
caught in the crossfire.

“Some of the women
were carrying babies and
Renamo killed the babies
and then the mothers
with bayonets. We saw
five or six. people die in
front of us.

“We were very scared
and we threw the meat
away and hid in the bush:
We hid for several weeks,
just going home to collect
food. Then one day when
we were at the house a
Frelimo army jet flew
over. They thought we
were Renamo and so we!
were surrounded by bul-
lets. We all fell to the:
ground. It was a miracle,
but no one was hurt —
only a cow was shot
dead.

“We were so frightened
that we left straight
away for Gazankulu. It
took us four days to get
to the border and after
two days we ran out of

40

food and-had to eat wild
berries.

HEARD LION

“After we had climbed.
the fence into South Afri-
ca we went into the
Kruger Park. It was hot
and we were very thirsty,
but we were lucky and
found some water which
an elephant had dug.

“One night when we
were sleeping we heard
the noise of a lion. We.
had made a fire so we
threw some hot sticks at
the lion. We were fright-
ened and climbed a tree. +

“Then we waited for
the moon and we started
to walk. No one knew
where to go, and we later
found out we were walk-
ing the wrong way. But
there was an old lady
with us who read the
stars and told us to walk
in the other direction. H

“When we were in the
Kruger Park we reached
a river and my brother
was so frightened that he
dropped our blankets in
the water and so we lost
them”.

After six days of walk-
ing the weary refugees fi-
nally reached a village in
Gazankulu.


1 belteve in the dismantling of the
entire bante ¢ because | think
nd shaky. With
do not think he

believes that he is preside:
when he still has to be financed by
another independent country.

I do not see the present young gener
tion supporting the homelands. So we
have to start preparing for the changes
now. In my view the homeland leaders
will have to accept as a fuit accompli
that this thing will have to go. And then
they would have to bargain for their
constituencies, in a sort.of free market
political system.

What would you see as the ideal
economic model for a future SA?

1 would support a free market system,
but we must take into account the fact
that it has not been as free as it should
be in SA. There are glaring disparities
between the “haves” and the ver
nots” ~ between black and white.

There would have to be a transitional
period where the nots” would
have to be given the chance to make up
for the ground they hi it his
would occur through the rel
existing constraints on the free market
and the opening up of opportuni-
as the recent opening of cen-

equitable education system.
What do you see as bei

I regard my role as limited. 1
primary role as one of trying to bring
together people of opposite views, so
that they can talk, and map out the
future of the country. | am not thinking
of a role beyond the end of the present
system ... others can take over.

After returning from your meeting in
Lusaka with the ANC on March 2 1986,
ANC/INM statement was re-
sed, expressing opposition to the bat
tustan system. How do you reconcile this
statement with your position as KaNg.
wane Chief Minister?

If | were to resign today it would not
remove the acts which constitute it ~
and, possibly, somebody else might
come in and carry it to its logical conclu-
sion. So | regard my role as being that of
upplying brakes and reversing it
as | can, no matt
might-be, and using-it to bargain for a
new SA.

Young people, especially, sec us as-
being in the camp of the oppressor.
Instead, it must be seen that even peo-
ple who are operating within the system
can play a role, and that even the ANC
are prepared to talk to you.

How do you plan to do this? Through
public statements, through communicat-
ing with the youth?

Yes, One would also have to take
time to speak to the other self-governing
homelands’ leaders to express these
views and urge that we should combine
forces and face a common enemy. If
you look at the ANC/INM statement,
you will realise it condemns the struc-
ture of the sys
We believe that people
sides, and work together as one force to
ange the system.

What do you see as the biggest obsta-
cle in the way of change in SA?

“Apartheid is an obstacle, but black
disunity is the most serious obstacle.
However, if the government were to
change, and say “come fet us negoti-
ate”, and 50 black leaders were to
participate, there would be a realign-
ment of political groupings and the
disunity would be reduced. But as
the present policies exist, there will
be in-ighting among blac!

Your relationship with the ANC -
what do you feel came out of your
meeting in Lusaka?
| believe very strongly that the ANC
a key actor, perhaps the most impor-
fant actor... In our communique, the
two delegations agreed to work se;
rately and implement their own deci-
sions. In other words we recognised that
we (the INM) are an internal movement
which works independently within the
legal terrain prescribed by the kiws of
the country, but that we share a com-
mon objective with the ANC.

There has been tremendous antago-
nism between the ANC and Inkatha. You
have had close links with both organisa-
tions, and are in some ways caught in the
middle. How does this affect your role?

1 do not: intend to intervene in a
hf have never been
involved. This antagonism |
tragedy, as | believe in fostering unity
and Inkatha has a role to play in this
country.

The State President is forming «
Natiosial Statutory Council, comprising
representatives of the SA government,
the homeland governments and other
“representat F What
are your views on such a body?

We do not know what its composition
or actual statutory powers will be.
we believe it will be a form of prelimi-
nary discussions for an actual negotia-
tion forum. If the State President did
not realise the need to negotiate, lo
bring in blacks and talk to them about
the future of the country, he would not

5



/9317
cso:

,-In a strictly tangible
sense, one seldom
achieves anything at
these annual meetings
but they are neverthe-
less an essential godwill
exercise. Our relation-
ships with these people
remain on a good foot-

ing.
Unfortunately, it’s a
situation whereby we

pathy but no money. It
desn’t help to observe
that we're not unique in
this situation. :

Most of the developing
cuntries are also strug-
gling to get money at the
moment. 1

Spira: A big issue here:
has been the head-on)
clash hetween the US:
and Germany on the;
question of interest and
exchange rates. The dif-
ferences appear to have:
been ‘smoothed over for
the time being, but
under the surface there
is surely.a great deal of
tension. How do you see
it?

3400/281

*“Stals: There's, clearly

a clash of interests. The :
Germans firmly believe

their ecnomy will move

up next year and, since

they are highly sensitive
to inflation, they feel
they need to be conser-

vative in their monetary

and fiscal policies.

Their annualised in-
crease in money supply
over the past few
months works out at
something in the region
of 17 percent and this
worries them. They’re
not going to reduce in-
terest rates.

‘The Americans, on the
other hand, are con-
cerned that their econ-
omy is moving down. It’s
a problem exacerbated
by the fact that they
have borrowed huge
amounts of short-term
money from the rest of
the world, and they’re
losing this. money be-
cause of high interest
rates in Germany.

For the present, it’s an
ongoing prcess, indicat-

68

ing that the dollar is
likely to depreciate fur-
ther.

The Americans won't
stop it, because their
reasoning is that the
Germans and the Japa-
nese ‘can’t have it both
ways. If they can’t toe
the line on monetary
policy, then they cannot
also benefit from a
strong dollar.

In the end, the Ger-
mans and Japanese will
have to accept a further
depreciation of the dol-
1

lar,

Spira: You've already
referred to the steep in-
crease in the money sup-
ply in Germany. The
same pattern is observ-
able in the US. This is
surely inflationary and
therefore positive for

gold.

Stats: Indeed. Money
supply is one of the best
indicators of inflation.
The two have a direct
relationship.

And, yes, it is positive
for gold.


must submit a written re-
quest to the Post Office,
certifying that the tele-
phone tapping was neces-
sary “for the mainte-
nance of the security of
the State”.

Section 118(a) of the
Post Office Act provides:
for State security, intelli-'
gence services and army
services to intercept tele-
phone conversations
under certain conditions.

Last year Captain Dirk
Coetzee, previously at-
tached to the Radio Unit
in-Pretoria, sent a report
to Dr Slabbert and Mrs
Helen Suzman in which
he stated: that illegal
phone-tapping “on a large
scale” by the police was
taking place — and it had

nothing to do with the se-:

curity of the State.

Captain Coetzee, who
was dismissed from the
force, said in the report
his attempts to stop the
“serious abuses” of provi-
sions of security legisla-
tion and the invasion of
individuals’ privacy had
led to his dismissal.

An important case
came before the courts
last year, in which a sus-
pended police station
commander urgently ap-
plied for an order com-
pelling Dr Munnik to dis-
close whether he had au-
thorised the tapping of
his telephone, and on
what grounds. .

Major Hennie Nel of
Krugesrdorp was sus-

pended from his duties
pending his trial on 31 al-
legations of bribery and
fraud. .

At a previous hearing,
before a lower court, the
State disclosed Major
Nel’s telephone had been

tapped.

But Mr Acting Justice
FS Steyn, dismissing the
application, said the
courts would only consid-
er ordering the Minister
to disclose whether he
authorised tapping. of
phone conversations if
grave and unjustified
abuse of the laws permit-
ting tapping was shown.

Deputy Postmaster

General, Mr Janse van,
Vuuren, while admitting:

the pdliceman’s line was
tapped, said the Depart-
ment of Posts and Tele-
communications provid-
ed only authority and
technical advice for tap-

ping.

The PFP later said the
tapping of Major Nel’s
phone appeared to side-
step the Post. Office Act,
and Mr Viok replied that
calls were bugged ac-
cording to Section 118(a)
of the Act.

Another ciminal case
in which phone-tapping
was admitted by the
State involved former
Korean War flying ace
Brigadier Jan Blaauw
and Mr Frans Whelpton,
former private secretary

50

to the former Minister of.
Manpower, Mr Fanie
Botha.

The tapping of the
men’s lines was con-
firmed by a senior Depu-
ty Commissioner of Po-
lice, Major-General Jan
Grobbelaar, and also by
Mr Le Grange.

An Afrikaans newspa-
per reported that in an
interview with the Com-
missioner of Police, Gen-
eral Johann Coetzee, he
had said the police lis-
tened in to phone calls
other than those connect-
ed with security matters.

The Ministry of Law:
and Order, however, den-
ied the general had given
the interview and said he
had been quoted out of
context and was of the:
view that police only lis-
tened to phone calls with-
in the law.

But Mr Koos van der
Merwe, Conservative
Party MP for Jeppe, said
his party had indications
that the police were lis-
tening in to calls made by
CP members.

Whether the tapping of
phones is restricted to in-
dividuals perceived to be
a “danger” to the security
of the State, the fact is
that many South Afri-
cans, particularly those
actively campaigning
against apartheid, are
suspicious that their lines
are bugged.


JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

Computers
Johannesburg THE SUNDAY STAR in English 12 Oct 86 p 14
[Article by Melanie Gosling]
[Text] If you're a poor credit risk, there's no place to hide.

With today's sophisticated computers, even if you. change your identity
number slightly, swop your initials around or give a false address, the
chances are the central credit bureau will catch up with you.

Dun & Bradstreet, who run the country's largest credit bureau with over
6 million South Africans on file, say computers have revolutionsed their job.

"On the old manual system it would take us about half an hour to trace
someone with a common name. Now it takes seconds," Ms Rosemary Anderson,
the company's PRO, told The Sunday Star.

"Some people who have unpaid bills or court judgments against them for fraud
will change the first section of their ID number when they apply for credit
again. But with computers they can't get away with it. Our range finder
system can still trace them on the other section of the number."

Any application for credit at any major retailer or finance house is usually
referred to Dun & Bradstreet for a credit check. The person's name and
personal details from the application form are fed into the computer. If
they have never applied for credit before, there will be no data on them.

If they have, each previous credit application for
the last five years will show up on the computer,
including. all previous addresses, previous inquiries,
and any civil court judgments against them.

“We have agents who collect all civil judgments
involving credit and these are fed into the computer
daily. This includes the plaintiff's name, the case
number and the amount of money involved,” Ms An- +
derson said.

The credit bureau has about 48000 inquiries a
month.

Apart from individuals, Dun & Bradstreet also has
130 000 companies on file and is linked up by satellite
to about 5 million companies in the United States.

Some companies who don’t want to telephone the
credit bureau every time they want to do a check,
have their own terminals in their offices which have
access to Dun & Bradstreet’s computers. They pay
according to how much they use the system and are
given a security code which is confidential.

48


ideological grounding. Experience has taught us a
level of sloganeering is not sufficient for the long
haul.”

Cooper believes the solution lies in a “a brave,
strong, creative leadership’’ and the speedy
accommodation of the demands of the youth —
“demands which any normal society would have
long accommodated: political access, educational
freedom, social and economic aspirations’.

“If in the next couple of years there is not central
intervention to begin to realistically and very
seriously attempt to address the issues thrust
forward by this youth revolt, and personally I
can’t see that happening, then the problem is going
to be much more serious than it is now,’ he said.

“I don’t believe people are completely
dehumanised yet. But if in the next couple of years
certain things are not redressed, then the
dehumanisation will be total.’”

The World Through the Eyes of Young Poets

E F TE PEOPLE ‘
FREEDOM FOR TH EOP (Published in Ravan Press’s Two Dogs and

Freedom, writings and drawings by

ife i is like a si fly.
Life in nowadays is like a sick butterfly. township children during the 1985 State of

To many of us it is not worth living

when it is like this.

What is going on in the world around us
There are people dying

There are.sign of freedom everywhere
There are SADF everywhere you look
‘They are cither. playing soccer with

the children or they are having war with
them

They little kids don’t understand why they
have been put (thrown) into jail

The people demand freedom for their
loving nation

So many people have died because

they have fought for freedom

Schools, shops, houses have been

burnt because they want freedom

The population of the world is surely
decreasing. Every hour, minutes and
seconds

there is someone dying. The SADF has
tried to bring peace but they have

brought more

chaos into the townships

Maybe one day the freedom of the people
will be given to them

BOTHALE, 12 ycars

54

Emergency and compiled by The Open
School, a cultural education programme
which runs workshops for young people.)
CENTENARY

A hundred fists are clenching

but our skies are quiet

and if theirs flame it is no concern of ours
and if their hearts flame

then it is no concern of ours either

for our skies are quiet

and it is enough

that we can close our eyes

A thousand fists are clenching

our skies are still quiet

but the TV and the newspapers burn

with news of their flaming hearts and skies
and we close our eyes for it is enough

that our skies are quiet

Ten thousand fists are clenching

ten thousand angry feet running, storming
through the front pages of the evening
news,

through our TV screens

and stereo speakers


Its internal political front today
is the United Democratic Front,
which has about 600 affiliates.

Its student organisation includes
the Azanian Students Organisation
(Azaso) which, in practice, caters
for blacks, and the National Union
of South Africa Students (Nusas)
which, in practice, caters for
whites. At school level, its Con-
gress of South African Students
(Cosas) has been banned.

Its trade union federation is the
Congress of South African Trade
Unions (Cosatu).

There canbe little doubt that,
it owes allegiance to the banned
ANC and leader Nelson Mandela,
who support the armed struggle
against the South Africn Govern-
ment. .

The ANC, in turn, has an alli-
ance with the South African Com-
munist Party (SACP). This alli-
ance tends to be highligted by the
South African Government, which
wants to turn Western opinion
against the ANC. The Government
and the West also aim to drive a
wedge between ANC nationalists
and communists.

The ANC/SACP. link is played
down by the ANC, which wants
the West to isolate South Africa.

While the UDF is a nonracial
movement, it does make provision
for black, white, coloured and In-
dian, as well as mixed affiliates, at
all levels of its struggle against
the apartheid system.

The Charterist movement is a
broad popular front and caters for
people from mild socialists to
Trotskyites. But the general con-
sensus is that it supports a mixed
economy in which some industry,

mining and farming is nationa-
lised, and in which some free en-
terprise exists.

On the international front, there
have been Charterist links with
both the West and the East. The
West has been used to help isolate
the Government from its trading
partners. And the ANC receives
arms and support from Russia.

/9317
CSO: 3400/280

It is not: entirely clear what
South Africa’s foreign policy
would be if the Charterists ever
achieved power, but a number of
analysts have predicted that it
would be non-aligned, tending to-
wards the Soviet Union, without
being a satellite.

The Charterists have one major
factor in common with the BC
movement — both work outside
the Government system and op-
pose any form of collaboration.

To the right of them there is
the opposition working “within the
system” against the Government,

There is.the Inkatha movement
of Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi,
which controls the kwaZulu home-
land in terms of Government poli-
cy, but which has steadfastly re-
fused to accept Pretoria-style in-
dependence.

Chief Buthelezi once belonged
to the ANC, but.is now at logger-
heads with it. However, it is not
inconceivable that they could be-
come reconciled.

Inkatha’s trade union front is
the new United- Workers Union of:
South: Africa (Uwusa) formed’ in
Opposition to Cosatu. The Inkatha
Youth Brigade-is an important
component of Chief Buthelezi’s
grouping.

Inkatha steadfastly opposes vio-
lence. It wants majority rule in a
nonracial South Africa, but is pre-
pared to compromise with federal-
ism. Economically, it Supports the
free-enterprise system. Its foreign
policy is to support the West.

The liberal, largely white, but
officially nonracial Progressive
Federal Party has much in com-
mon with Inkatha although it
openly supports federalism.

There are some Progs who fa-
vour closer ties with the UDF.
Others are horrified at the idea.
Its policy for South Africa is “no
discrimination and no domina-
tion”.

Economically, it supports a de-
gree of social democracy with
greater emphasis on the free-en-

58

terprise system. It is pro-West.

The New Republic Party, fur-
ther to the Right, is in extended
death throes and is bound to break
up soon.

A further move to the Right
brings one to the governing es-
tablishment of. South Africa, with
the ruling whites-only National
Party and its co-opted black, col-
oured and Indian partners.

The Nats perfected apartheid,
but have since reformed or mod-
ernised it on verligte lines. But
there is still no sign that the Nats
are prepared to abolish all dis-
crimination and surrender power
to majority rule. .

Economically, they have fol-
lowed. a mixed economy with
heavy State control, but have re-
cently begun to support more pri-
vatisation. :

They have always regarded
themselves as pro-Western, but:
nobody is pro-them. as they have
become the world’s No 1 polecat.

But a new breed of enlightened:
Nats, known as the “New Nats”,
has begun to emerge. They see the
inevitability of majority rule, but
are still too weak to count for.
much in the Government.

To the far Right there are the
Conservative Party and the Her-
stigte. Nasionale Party, which
stand for partition of the race
groups and total white control of.
“white South . Africa” which, of
course, includes the lion’s share of
the economy.

Much as they hate the commu
nists, they are suspicious of the,
West and would be quite happy to
have nothing to do with them.

Most people would say the Afri-
kaner Weerstandsbeweging is the
farthest right. The AWB would
deny this.

It believes that the old Trans-
vaal, Free Staté and Northern
Natal boer republics should form
a “boerestaat” with an Afrikaner
dictatorship. The rest of the coun-
try can do what it likes, black ma-
jority rule included, 0


————_—_ecn=s

JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

He believes use by activists of meth-
ods such as the “necklace” actually
drove co-opted blacks closer to the
Government out of fear. This created a
new black network which could be used
to monitor and intimidate black activ-
ists.

Mr Tian van der Merwe, the deputy
Progressive Federal Party spokesman
on Law and Order, -gave examples of
how he and the PFP had been kept
under surveillance. He recently arrived
at a Paarl township where he was met
by an officer who obviously knew he
‘was coming.

Detainees said they had been grilled
on why they had approached the PFP ,
to help make funeral arrangements. t

“We are very much in a police state,” '
he said, predicting repression would in-
crease as democracy degenerated. '
“They will make more use of the big

Stick rather than discreet surveillance.” |

Rand Afrikaans University political
science lecturer, Mr Koos van Wyk,
said he had little doubt informers at-i
tended lectures given by the RAU polit-
ical science department. He said people
attended courses for a month or two.
and then disappeared. He had learnt to
recognise them.

In one case it was found that a stu-
dent leader who had failed his exams
became an informer to settle his
grudge with the political science de-
partment.

Mr Van Wyk said the Government
lacked legitimacy. Many who opposed
it peacefully in the 1950s turned to vio-:
lent protest. “To keep power the Gov-i
ernment has to control its opponents:
and neutralise them,” he said. !

Reality of ‘Orwellian Nightmare’

Johannesburg THE SUNDAY STAR in English 12 Oct 86 p 14

[Text]

But to what extent is “Big Brother” real-
ly watching you?

There are those who claim that not even
the State with its Emergency powers can
watch all the people all the time.

Then again, why does “Big Brother” have
to be confused with “the State” all the
time?

Telephones and rooms are bugged — not
always by the “bad guys” — one cannot:
board an airplane without being searched
by metal detectors, some job-seekers will
not be hired unless they pass lie-detector
tests and one’s credit rating goes for a Bur-
ton worldwide with one slip of a plastic
card.

Indeed, in the strictest Orwellian terms,
a Johannesburg company is marketing a
mobile video unit that can eavesdrop from
long distance, by day or by night.

This a refinement on surveillance vehi-
cles using directional microphones to trans-
mit “private” conversations to a central
monitoring point. But, in the main, the in-
trusions are generally more subtle.

It may be argued that it is desirable to
have security systems that keep pace with
technical advances. But when do the basic
requirements for crime-prevention pass
into the realm of social control? .

Controversy still rages, for example,
over the Government's decision to finger-
print all South African residents for the
new identity documents.

And some potentially very useful mea-
sures have had to be scrapped because they
either impinged on an individual's privacy
or were deemed to be unfair.

46

**For instance, Hong Kong authorities!
began testing a plan over two years ago to
charge drivers of cars for the actual’
amount of time they used roads in the cen-
tral business district during peak hours.
Checkpoints on main roads picked up the
“fiigerprints” of vehicles carrying a device!
the size of a medium-sized book. |
Trouble was there were “Big Brother”
aspects to the system. Conceivably a wife
could ask her husband, when the bill for;
road use came in at the end of the month,
why he was spending so much time in the
red-light district. :
But in the end, the city fathers decided

not to implement the scheme because like.

all good politicians, they feared they
wouldn't be re-elected. The argument that
convinced them to back down was that af-
fluent people would merely pay up and it
was the less well-off driver who would
be deterred from bringing his car into the
city centre.

“{nequitable” was the verdict.

“There was an economic case for doing it
(controlling traffic flow into the CBD) that
way,” said Professor Richard Brown, the
expert on traffic control in the Wits Univer-
sity civil engineering department. “After
all, satellite systems can identify objects on
the ground, anywhere.”

And is it an invasion of privacy for a
transport company to give drivers suspect-
ed of “having a few” a breathalyser test
before they commence their day’s duties?
Questions like that remain to be answered
as surveillance technology advances.


Vigilantes Emerge To Fight Unrest Instigators

ONE of the more recent developments — clearly tar-
geted against the UDF — has been the emergence of
groups, called vigilantes who have been attacking ele-
ments responsible for unrest.

The first known vigilante group to emerge was the
so-called “Witdoeke” in Crossroads in mid-1985, who
took on the “Comrades” in pitched battles and drove
them out of the squatter camp.

Since then, UDF newspapers have reported the
emergence of vigilante groups in many areas of the
Cape, Natal and the Transvaal whose activities have
resulted in the deaths of many of its activists.

One of the most serious attacks on the “Comrades”
by vigilantes was that which occurred in Alexandra
township earlier this year.

Concerted attacks were made on the homes of activ-
ists, and in the ensuing violence 18 “‘Comrades” were
killed, eight of them leading activists, according to
UDF reports. .

There have also been clashes between UDF support-
ers and those of Inkatha,.headed by Chief Mangosuthu
Buthelezi, the KwaZulu Chief Minister, whom the
UDF regards as an arch opponent.

One of the most notable.of these occurred at the
National Education Crisis ‘Committee conference in
Durban where an Inkatha “impi” clashed with those

“attending the conference. Two people were killed, and
Inkatha was declared ‘an enemy of the people.”

Other opposition to the UDF and its allies has come
from the Azanian People’s Organisation (Azapo),
which is considered by the UDF as an organisation of
the “ultra left”, and enjoys the tacit support of the Pan-

19317
CSO: 3400/292

Africanist Congress (PAC), originally a breakaway
movement from the ANC.

The June edition of UDF Update indicates that the
split between the two organisations — after a truce last
year — has now become final.

A decision to end all contact was made by the UDF’s
national working committee “after hearing concrete
evidence these organisations’ involvement in attacks
against members of our organisations in Soweto, Mun-
sieville, Port Elizabeth, Seshego, Paarl and elswhere”,
according to UDF Update, indicating that clashes be-
tween the two had become widespread.

Named in the report were Azapo and its affiliates,
the Azanian Students Movement and the Azanian
Youth Organisation.

Matters apparently came to a head after a group of
Azasm supporters killed three members of the UDF
Affiliate, the Soweto Students’ Congress.

It was Azapo and its affiliates which early last year
disrupted the Soweto meeting that was to have been
addressed by Senator Edward Kennedy, who came to
South Africa at the invitation of two UDF patrons, Dr
Allan Boesak and Archbishop Desmond Tutu.

Although impossible to quantify, it is clear from
police and unrest reports, that attacks on the ““Com-
rades” by vigilantes and other groupings have become a
significant factor in the Black on Black violence pat-
tern.

So seriously were these developments taken by the
UDF. that in June, the organisation’s Transvaal vice-
president, Samson Ndou, called for the formation of
“defence committees,” to combat vigilante action.

18


JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

BRIEFS

NECC SLAMS SATV PROGRAM--The NECC and the Transvaal Students’ Congress

have condemned "the authorities" for using SATV for what they described as
"moves to discredit black parents who have children in private schools."

NECC spokesman Eric Molobi said: "We see this as a sinister moved aimed at
instigating people to act against certain parents." He said the NECC received
a statement from the student leadership denying the views expressed by David
Gogotya on SATV's Network program. [Text] [Johannesburg CITY PRESS in
English 12 Oct 86 p 1] /9317

BOPHUTHATSWANA OFFICIALS’ SPENDING CITED ~--The Bop government pays--
and its cabinet ministers have fun. MPs in the bantustan parliament have
revealed that during the 1985/86 financial year alone, the ministers exceeded
their entertainment budget by R5 355,82. A staggering R23 785 511, 05 was
weported by the auditor general to have been used by the ministers without
authorisation from the national assembly. MP for Madikoe, Mr K.G. Bogatsu,
passed a motion of no confidence on cabinet ministers because of their
continued entertainment expenditure increases. He called on them to refund
these expenditures "in the interest of the nation." It was revealed that
Defence Minister Brig H. Riekert has exceeded his budget by R2 400. Chief
S.V. Shuping for Lehurutsi said the house had approved the appointment of a
select committee to investigate the spending of government officials because
they had realised that the country's financial position was a "disgrace."
He called on Finance Minister Lesley Young to answer to press reports that
Bop is broke, [Text] [Johannesburg THE NEW NATION in English 9-22 Oct 86
p 5] /9317

CSO: 3400/287

36


growth in the industrial
sector to achieve that
1,5-percent figure. Also,
of course, the higher
gold price helps.

Spira: To stay on
schedule with our for-.
eign-debt repayments,
we shall need to main-
tain a huge ‘surplus on
the current account of
the balance of payments.
How would sanctions,
especially US sanctions,
impact on this objec-
tive?

Stals: Being precludéd
from exporting certain’
goods to the US, it
should be possible for us
to redirect at least some
of these exports to-other
countries.

Therefore, I don’t
think it would require
much more than a mar-
ginal downward adjust-
ment of our projections
for the current-account
surplus.

In other words, if our
projected growth rate
for exports was 7 per-
cent for next year, we
might have to scale it
down to 5,5 percent.

Even in the light of
such a scenario, we
should enjoy a healthy
surplus next year. We're
working on a figure of
slightly less than what
we.expect for 1986 —
around $2,7 billion.

Spira: Such a figure
should enable South Afri
ea to stay on schedule
with its debt repay-

ments. Has: anything”

been firmed up with the
creditor banks on this
score?

Stals: We haven't yet
reached agreement with
the banks on what is
going to happen in 1987.
Although the banks ap-
preciate our problems,
most are still keen to get
their money back as
soon as they can.

Very few wish to in-
crease their exposure to
South Africa. Some, for-
tunately, are prepared to
defer requests for early

yment. °

‘The biggest problems
are with the American
banks, which are desper-
ate to reduce their expo-
‘sure — not only to South
Africa but to other coun-
tries as well.

As the Minister of Fi-
nance pointed out last.
week, total new bank
lending to developing
countries declined from ;
$51 billion in 1982 to:
$14 billion in 1984 and
$3billion in 1986, which
indicates that the
world’s banks are reluc-
tant to make new funds
available. vee

Ironically, the
$8 billion that we've re-
paid in the past year
equates to the sum lent
by the banks to develop-
ing countries in the.
same period. In a sense,
therefore, South Africa
has been financing the
new loans advanced to:
developing countries.

Spira: There has been
a lot of fuss about the
need to do away with
protectionism in the con-
text of international
trade. Could one’ link
sanctions to this issue?

Stals: Increasing pro-
tectionism in world
trade is very much a
part of the sanctions
campaign.

For example, the
Americans have selected
a list of items. for their
sanctions drive against
South Africa.

Coincidentally, those
items are in surplus sup-
ply and the US would
therefore welcome the
opportunity of filling the
gaps created by sanc-
tions in the markets in

67

question. The same ap-;
Plies to other countries;
pushing for sanctions,
You can be sure that
they’re not going to
apply. sanctions against
goods such as chrome,
manganese, platinum
and vanadium, because
it doesn’t suit them to do.

so.

Accordingly, sanctions’
against South Africa are
tantamount to pursuing
a protectionist policy.

‘Nor is the problem
confined to us. Protec-
tionism makes it diffi-
cult for the Third World
to’ export and therefore.
difficult for those .coun~
tries to meet their loan
obligations. :

It is, moreover, a
problem compounded by
the slowdown in world
economic growth.

Spira: Is South Afri-
ca’s role in sub-Sahara
Africa appreciated by
the international finan-
cial community?

Stals: Yes, although it
is recognised that our
role is more technical
than financial. We. can-
not get new loans from
that community, ‘so it
would be unrealistic for
them to expect us to as:
sist sub-Sahara Africa in
a financial sense.

Spira: Has South Afri-
ca managed to achieve
any positive tangible re-
sults in Washington?

Stals: Our presence
here has certainly recon-
firmed our good rela-
tionships with the staff
of the IMF and the
World Bank.

It has also given us
the opportunity to talk
to representatives of the
major: banks to prepare
the path for further dis-
cussions during the next
12 months.



Psychology of Unrest, Rise of Khmer Rouge Element Examined
(Jo-Ann Bekker; THE WEEKLY MAIL, 17-23 Oct 86) ..eeeseeee

Shifting Spectrum of Nation's Politics Reviewed
(David Breier; THE SUNDAY STAR, 12 Oct 86) ...

Tensions Between Government, Business Examined
(THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER, 18 Oct 86) ..

Industry Decentralization Policy Creates Urban Unemployment
(Quraish Patel; POST NATAL, 8-11 Oct 86) ..

Commentary Says Complexity, Scope of Reforms Ignored
(Johannesburg International Service, 23 Oct 86) ...

Committee Rules on Banned Publications
(SAPA, 20 Oct 86) cecccecceccvecccresccerccecscesreersees

Media Association Reunifies With New Constitution
(SAPA, 20 Oct 86) secccccecveeccccrecccncccccscescceveees

Briefs
More Whites Have Jobs

ECONOMIC

Director-General of Finance Discusses Gold Price, Other Issues
(Chris Stals Interview; THE SUNDAY STAR, 12 Oct 86) .....

Europe's Fuel Costs Lowered After Agreement With Italy's ENEL
(Gerard McCloskey; BUSINESS DAY, 17 Oct 86) ..cececeecees

U.S. Sanctions Package Explained
(Stephen Rogers; BUSINESS DAY, 6 Oct 86) .cccccccccessces

Experts Say Steel, Agriculture Hardest Hit by U.S. Sanctions
(BUSINESS DAY, 9 Oct 86) ......

SEIFSA: Sanctions on Steel Polarizing Nation
(Helen Grange; THE CITIZEN, 14 Oct 86) ......eee

Farmers Confident About Rising Above Sanctions Threat
(Mick Collins; THE STAR, 7 Oct 86) ..

Continuing Drought Threatens Economic Growth Prospects
(David Southey; SUNDAY TIMES, 12 Oct 86) ..csccecceeccces

Farm Debt Soars; Co-Ops Face Financial Ruin
(Mick Collins; BUSINESS DAY, 7 Oct 86) wccccccecceccecees

52

57

59

60

62

63

64

65

66

69

71

74

75

76

77

79



/9317

But, while it may appear that power

companies buying from SA have been
winners in cost-cutting stakes,
ie very low prices are re
Ported for Australian coal. 8
Recent deliveries to Denmark have
almost all been below US$32 and, at
the end of last week came a report
2 iy 000 900 tons of 1867's deliveries to
a Danis! power company been
agreed below $30.
To this downward pressure on prices
has been added an ‘additional’ push
resulting from a iter availability
of Soviet coal recently, of coal

from the lowest-cost producer of .

them all, China.

While tlie buyers will be rubbing their
hands with lee at the prospect of yet
lower prices, many of the producers
will be counting their losses.

CSO: 3400/269

70

IMPORTS OF. |
SOUTH AFRICAN COAL |
IN 1985

(‘000 tons) :

Belgium/Lux. ..
S Korea

Portugal
Ireland

Source: international Coal Report



JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

EUROPE'S FUEL COSTS LOWERED AFTER AGREEMENT WITH ITALY'S ENEL

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 17 Oct 86 p 7

[Article by Gerard McCloskey]

[Text]

FUEL, COSTS for many major Europ- houses te eatablsh ts ner evel as
ean electricity ut are likely

tumble over the next 12 months after European benchmark for 1987 will be |
a contract agreement between Ital- . . - at
ian power company ENEL and two In Spain — like Italy a growth market
SA coal suppliers, BP. and Gencor. for coal imports — state coal
The agreement on 1987 tonnage takes importer Carboex has asked for 1987

international coal prices to new lows

offers at $20 a ton.

and reflects the extreme pressure on The squeeze on prices, which has
SA coal in world markets, despite the brought barge lots of coal in Rotter-
EC decision last month not to ban dam down from $39 a year ago to just
imports.of SA coal. $30 last week, resulted from three
The new contract price of $24 a ton, factors: continuing oversupply, par-
for the SA exporting terminal at ticularly from Se dropping heavy
Richards Bay, is down from $27,50 for fuel oil prices; and the gathering re-
current deliveries. od th f sistance to purchases of SA coal
greel was reached on the eve o! decisi
the EC Foreign Ministers’ sanctions athe last 12 mon nthe, tecisions Oe
meeting in mid-September in an at- the US governments not to buy from
t to. blunt sanctions impact on SA has effectively lopped 10-million
ti electricity costs. ENEL is the tons off steam coal exports (38,5-mil-
biggest buyer of SA coal in Europe. lion in 1985).
Thoth BP and Gencor was that The Danes, who purchased 3,5-million
cial for both BP and Gencor was that tons last year, will al trade

their sales of 500 000 tons apiece were
annually agreed and therefore espe-
cially vulnerable to sanctions.

The remainder of the ENEL/SA
trade was based on long-term con-
tracts and merely repriced annually.
However, all SA’s coal trade with Ita-
ly will at least have to match these
new price levels. Indeed, the price of

with SA at the end of November.
A French decree 11 months ago that
no contract renewals would be per-
mitted reduced last year’strade of
around 5-million
tons (although 30 000 tons a week are
believed to be coming into France
from Belgium).

$24 may not stick, since it is up to $4a It is that the remaining SA
ton higher than current spot prices French-bound tonnage wall be
from SA. blocked at the end of this year.

Even at these levels, assuming that
other suppliers agree to match them,
ENEL will wipe nearly $16m off its
fuel costs. Altogether, the company
buys 4,5-million tons a year from SA.

69

Last month’s US sanctions decision
will see an end to an 800 000 ton annu-
al contract between Gulf Power and
the Transvaal Coal Owners’ Associ-
ation,



ment with Washington to limit SA
steel imports to 0,45%. of US con-
siymption is scheduled to expire on
)etober 11989.

Weapons and defence

US imports of SA ammunition and
military vehicles are prohibited im-
mediately, and US exports of muni-
tions to SA are also banned. The latest
US decision also prohibits military
co-operation between the two coun-
tries except intelligence-gathering.
Sugar . ,

The US has barred further SA sugar |
imports and transferred this coun-

's import quota to the Philippines. ;
~"SA expected to export 800 000 tons
of sugar this year, of which about
2,5% was earmarked for the US under
the quota system. However, SA was
asked to double its quota and sources
said 40 000 tons have already been de-
livered for the year. Industry sources
say that, at fixed US prices, the loss to
SA will be about R32m a year.

Krugerrands

The US Senate Bill makes permanent
Reagan’s September 1985 ban on im-
ports of Krugerrands, which account-
ed for $486m in sales in 1984, the last
full year of trade. Europe has also
banned import of Krugerrands, while
Japan officially discourages it.

Uranium

The US ban on SA uranium imports
affects about 10% of SA’s total ex-

US sources say that country
imported more than 500 tons last
year. Prices of the commodity have
slipped from $45 a Ib in 1980 to as low
as $14 a lb last year, but the market:
has slowly come back to a spot price:
of $17 a lb.

Fears were expressed at the week-
end that the strict implementation of
sanctions could s} the end for
several mines in SA and Namibia.
Rossing Uranium deputy GM George
Deyzel said: “ Applying the uranium
sanctions could be disastrous for
Namibia.”

Travel
US government agencies are barred
from promoting SA tourism, while
Japan has announced it will stop issu-
ing tourist visas to South Africans.
Certain European countries already
discourage promotion of SA tourism.

72

Technology

‘The US has banned exports of com-
puters, software and services to the
military, police and other agen-
cies “involved in administering
apartheid”. Also outlawed is the ex-
port of nuclear technology and mate-
rials. Japan has already banned ex-
port of computers to the SA military
or police,
The US Commerce Dey ent
said computers topped the list of US,
sates to SA last pean, accounting for
$80m of the $1,21bn in total exports. It
was not known what portion of the
$80m went to government agencies
covered by the sanctions. Nuclear ex-
port figures were not available. '
Airlines
The US is to ban landing rights for SA
Airways, although SAA spokesmen
say they are uncertain if they will be
iven 10 or 90 days’ notice to cancel

e airline’s five weekly flights to
New York.

In the meantime, SAA passengers:
for the US are being offered connec-
tions via London, ikfurt, Zurich
and Lisbon.

US carriers are also barred from
serving SA, although none do so.

Japan has already announced a ban
on SA aircraft landing there.

Tax

The Bill terminates a 1946 bilateral
treaty intended to prevent businesses
from paying taxes on the same in-
come to both countries. The Bill in-
structs the Secretary of State to ter-
THE implementation of the US
sanctions package will result in-
more than 1-million people in SA
having no means of financial sup-
port, Operation Hunger says.

It has estimated the package will
increase the number of unemployed
people by about 130000, of whom
10 000 will be white.

With the higher number of black
dependents, it is calculated | that
more than 1-million people will be
without support.

Operation Hunger’s executive di-
rector Ina Perlman says the organi-
sation’s budget — the amount it
expects to raise in donations — has
almost doubled this year to R12m.


- JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA
CHANGING NEEDS OF BLACK HOUSING SURVEYED
Overcrowding Major Cause of Unrest
Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 6 Oct 86 p 19
[Text]
THE enormous backlog of accept: y
able housing, coupled with the se- Black housing needs*®
i ding the black pop- . J
ous overcrowding the black PoP; | in the urban areas of the RSA®*: 1985-2000
seen as major factors contributing
to the present unrest, especially in 1985 1990 1995 2000

the townships. . Population
That is the view of Tobie de Vos, | Housing need... | 5964 488t | 13 658 000" | 16 181 000" | 18 776 000"
chief economist at the Pretoria- | (6,94 persons/household) | 1004123 | 2299327 2724074 | 3160943
based National Building Research } Housing stock (1985) ...| 465 901 465 901 465 901 465 901
Institute. Cumulative housing
And he told Business Day this | backlog ...
situation could be expected to con-
tinue, despite the high priority * Including the 1985 backlog

overnment has placed on housing ** Excluding National States -
‘or blacks. + CENTRAL STATISTICS SERVICE. Statistical News Release: Current Population Survey:

ving sane National Development Areas, Provinces and Self-governing National States: Blacks —
‘an <pimited financial, material NOvember 1985. Pretoria, Government'Printer (News Release P27.3), 7 March, 1986, as
infrastructural and residential well 85 unpublished analyses.

land constraints, militate against the ability of the
most optimistic housing programme to cope with
existing backlogs and the needs of the People expect- Housing production for Blacks

ed to flow to the urban areas now that influx control °
has been abolished,” he said. required to satisfy the need

638222 | 1833426 | 2258173 | 2695042

And he added: “Because government’s former 1985 — 2000
homeland policy prevented blacks from obtaining full (RSA, excluding the 6 National States)
ownership of residential properties in the white urban
areas, it was impossible for a housing market to Number of units
develop for blacks.” Periods
” De Vos said recent legislation accepted by Parlia- ° Por annum | Per S-year perio
ment would make it possible for blacks to obtain full 1985-1990 .. 259 041 1295 204
ownership of residential properties within their de- 1990-1995 . 84.949 424.747
marcated group areas. 1995-2000 . 87 374 436 869
But the shortage of land in existing townships,
coupled with the restrictions of a normal housing Total ... 2 186 820
market because demand far exceeded supply of both
land and housing; meant adequate and affordable | Average -- 143 788 718940

housing and security of tenure were essential require-
ments for the attainment of a stable society, he said. * Excluding the 1985 backlog of 538 222 units.

29



from the meeting was
that “you cannot demol-
ish a structure and re-
main inside it”, while he
noted that the UDF had
been criticised by
“smaller Black organi-
sations” for opening its
doors to “the sons and
daughters of the oppres-
sors”.

Subsequent —_ actions
by Jodac included the
dropping of pamphlets
door-to-door, house
meetings and a “‘solidar-
ity day with the people
of Alexandra”, which
involved taking a group
of Whites into the town-
ship to lay wreaths on
the graves of “unrest
victims”.

Link

White backers of the
UDF movement form a
prominent link between
it and the End Conscrip-
tion Campaign, which
encourages young
Whites not to do their
military service.

Tribute

The UDF’s Clare-
mont and Observatory
, area committees recent-
ly launched a monthly
series of: forums pre-
dominantly aimed at
White audiences. The
theme of the first of

Carefully Mapped-out Strategy To Use Media

THE UDF has a strategy
to develop relations with
the English-language
i Press and to--“‘use these
relations to our advan-
tage”.

It organises workshops
to teach its members how
to use the English lan-
guage newspapers, which
it calls the English lan-
guage commercial Press

: (ECP).

The notes from one
i such workshop being cir-
{ culated in printed form in
\ the Eastern Cape, gives a
broad outline of the
media and the importance
iof the ECP because it
*“consistently reaches a
very wide audience” in
the townships and among
Whites.

instrument

It is seen as an instru-
ment to be used for exert-
ing ‘pressure on the rul-
ers of South Africa and
the economic, political
and bureaucratic rep-
resentatives”. -

i It says the ECP can be
\used in three main ways:

@ To create a profile
of “your organisation and
presenting it in a favour-
able light, as well as to ex-
press and organnisation’s

rogressive views’.
(“The UDF nationally
has been particularly
good in using the ECP in
this way,” says the docu-
iment;

@ As a form of press-
ure against the govern-
ment or “any other op-
ponement of the progres-
sive movement” and its
organisations, which in-
volved using the ECP to
air views on issues and
events. (“The internat-
ional media are particu-
larly important in this
respect,” notes the docu-
ment): and

“To advertise events
such as mass meetings,
-and to ‘create an atmos-
phere’ around political
events or issues, such as
stayaways.””

15

these was “A tribute to
Nelson Mandela,” and
the second was its
“ANC Forum”, at
which UCT historian
Colin Bundy, defended
the violent path taken
by the ANC, and along
with “activist Cheryl
Carolus urged Whites to
join the struggle for a
democratic society”.

The UDF also has
strong links with White
student organisations
such as the National
Union of South Africa
Students (Nusas) and a
number of White stu-
dent activists in its
ranks,

Viewpoints

The UDF document
notes that although there
were certain “gaps”
which could be exploited
by using the ECP, such-as
putting viewpoints to
large audiences, it was
“owned and controlled by
the establishment”.
Therefore, it would of-

give more of the es-

lishment’s view than
that the movement’s or-
ganisations, and was be-
sides hampered by laws
restricting reportage on a
variety of issues.

Although there may-be
“sympathetic journalists”
on the ECP, the “move-
ment does not have any
final control” over what
was presented in news-
papers.

“... We should re-
member that although the
ECP can be used as a
public weapon it is not an
Organisational tool as
such, and we should not
rely on it to perform our



They've Joined the Federation

‘THE members of the new federation are:

1 Black Allied Mining Construction Workers’ Union

2 Black Domestic Workers’ Union

3 Black Electrical and Electronics Workers’ Union '
s ion

5 Building Construction and Allied Workers’ Union

6 Domestic Workers’ Association of SA ai

7 Engincering and Allied Workers’ Union of SA

8 Food and Beverage Workers’ Union “

9 Hotel Liquor, Catering and Allied Workers’ Union

10 Insurance and Assurance Workers’ Union of SA

11 National Union of Farmworkers

12 National Union of Public Service Workers:

13 N: al Union of Wine, Spirit and Allied Workers

14 SA Chemical Workers’ Union

16 SA Laundry, Drycleaning and Dyeing Workers’ Union

J, Engineering and Allied Workers’ Union

210

sport and Allied Workers’ Union
ted African Motor and Allied Workers’ Union

22 Vukani Guards and Allied Workers
23 African Allied Workers’ Union

24 Black General Workers’ Union

25 National Union of Workers of SA

Union Wound Still Bleeds

THE trade union rift which
saw Cusa and Azactu break
away from last year’s unity
talks is far from healed.

This was the impression
gained from remarks made
by the president of the new-
ly-launched Cusa/Azactu
420 126-member feder-
ation James Mndaweni at a
Press conference this week.

Asked if the new feder-
ation would iron out its dif-
ferences with the Congress
of SA Trade Unions —
formed after the stormy
unity talks failed -—
Mndaweni cited two occa-
sions where this was at-
tempted by them.

“We've made several at-
tempts to come together —
this year’s May Day rallies

as one of them,” he said.

“We received no indica-
tion. But, in the meantime,

/9317
cso: 3400/291

we believe we need to con-
solidate ourselves, We will
co-operate when they feel it
is necessary,” he added. .

When asked whether.
they would join Cosatu,
Mndaweni said: “We will
work towards it if it comes
from our workers. But'we
must -concentrate on the
black workers - they are
the most oppressed.”

Pressed further to clabo-
rate on black worker lead-
ership, Mndaweni said the
new federation was inde-
pendent in terms of ideolo-
gy. “We believe our mem-
bers will guide us and give
us a mandate on these ques-
tions.” he said.

On the fact that non-ra-
cialism is impractical in the
new federation, Mndaweni
said “this reflects the reali-
ty in our country”. “We are
reflecting a situation — this
was our approach to the
unity talks.”

21

Asked if a white worker
could join the federation,
general secretary Piroshaw
Camay pointed out that the
federation’s policy is non-
racial and anti-racist.

Mndaweni and Camay
also told the conference
that no new name has been
found for the federation —
“but it will be done if our
membership wants it".
@Cosatu Press Officer
Frank Meintjics said the
federation was a welcome
development if it was a
move towards an ultimate
black worker unity.

“Our commitment is for
one worker federation. If
their formation means
working towards that goal,
then we welcome the devel-
opment.

“We have to see their
principles. We have tosee if
they respond to Cosatu’s
principle of worker unity,
be said.



with a street committee
member published by
Tsizwe.

From this interview it
emerges that the street
committees carry out the
functions of “politicising
the people,” and matters
such as regulating she-
been hours and taking
crime control out of the
hands of the police.

From the interviews it
can be established that
the area committees run
the so-called “people’s
courts”, which are in-
tended to replace the
courts operated under the
Department of Justice, as
well as units called “ama-
butho” (translated as
regiments) which in turn
are attempting to take
over the role of the army
and the police, and which
provide bodyguards for
UDF leaders.

Punish

Tsizwe’s interviews at-
tempt to create the im-
pression that these courts
place an emphasis on re-
conciliation, not punish-
ment, but mention is
made of “Kangaroo
courts”, which were not
“organisationally control-
led”, .which used “viol-
ence,’ especially _beat-
ings”, to punish offend-

ers.
The UDF publications
do not refer to how
policemen, ‘stooges’ and
‘informers’ are dealt with.
by the “people’s justice”
and structures. The ANC
is more explicit, and one
of its publications says:
“From the perspective
of underground activity a
very important factor is
the systematic assault on
and elimination of police-

men resident in the town-
ships, stooges, and in-
formers.”

The ANC alleged that
by the time the “resist-
ance” had been going on
for a year,” many of the
townships affected had
been liberated from many
forms of colonial author-
ity, such as the presence
of off-duty policemen,
councillors or ‘izimpipi’
(collaborators).

Reports

Also referred to was
the creation of “some
form of free zones” in
which “underground ac-
tivity of the liberation
movement can be carried
out minus the stubborn
problems that normally
dog it”.

But in _ publications
such as UDF Update arti-
cles and reports frequent-
ly appex. hich are aimed
at isolating the police and

the courts.

“The police or the
courts have proved that
they do not help the
people. Instead they are
seen as the enforcers of
apartheid and the ene-
mies of the people,” a
June 1986 report stated.

In recording that gov-
ernment functions were
being taken over by “the
people”, UDF Update
comments that “behind
these moves is the under-
standing that democracy
will not come at the mo-
ment of our liberation —
it should be built in the
process of destroying the
old order”.

A partial admission of
the extent to which mat-
ters relating to the admin-
istration of “people’s jus-
tice” ran out of control

and was involved in viol-
ence such as necklacings
and murders is contained
in a June article of Jeremy
Cronin, a UDF executive
member.

Tactics

“To be sure, he notes,
there have been unfortu-
nate episodes. The intimi-
datory tactics of -ill-disci-
plined youth, the settling
of personal ‘scores’
through Kangaroo courts,
the excessive punishment
meted out by these courts
— none of these can, or
should, be wished away.
However, they have not
been the norm.”

The statistics on these ;

“unfortunate \ episodes”
are horrifying. In the two
years of unrest up until)
the start of August, a
total of 604 people died
either by way of “necklac-
ing” or being bumed to
death by other methods.

Since the state of emer-
gency was declared an in-
creasing number of cases
have been coming before
South African courts of
murders, necklacings and
other crimes carried out
against the targets of the
“people’s” justice.

Policemen, in particu-
lar, as well.as Black coun-
cillors have been targets,
as have their homes and
families.

The UDF and its affili-
ates have been involved
in a number of campaigns
which seek to break down:
the institutions it is seek-
ing to destroy.

Boycotts
It has been involved in
rents boycotts in Black
townships throughout the
country, and in the setting
up of its own structures in

17

the provision of amenities
such as health and recrea-
tion.

Through its affiliates,
particularly the student
organisations, UDF has
been at the forefront of
the Black schools’ boy-
cott, and in attempts to
take over Black education
— an aspect also given
prominence in UDF pub-
lications.

It has also been busy
spreading its campaigns
and organisations into the
tural areas, where one of
its most notable cam-
paigns was against the
taking of independence
by KwaNdebele.

After considerable viol-
ence, including many
necklacings, the home-
land decided against tak-
ing its independence
scheduled for December.
The Homeland Govern-
ments are thus also tar-
gets of the UDF cam-
Paigns.

In terms of the UDF’
structure, the committees:
in the various areas fall.
under a regional body,
which in turn falls under a
national body, with each
region having its own ex-
ecutive and representa-
tives on the national ex-
ecutive committee.

Organisations within
this structure range from
UDF-affiliated trade
unions, such as the South
African Allied Workers’
Union on the one hand,
to student bodies, such as
the now banned, Cosas,
to women’s organisations,
to civic associations, such
as the PE Black Civic Or-
ganisation, and ratepay-
ers associations, on the
other.



But De Vos warned of “unprece-
dented challenges” for everybod:
involved in all aspects of the blac!
housing market who are faced
with the daunting challenge of pro-
viding 1,8-million new homes in
the period 1985-1990 to. eliminate
the existing backlog (estimated at
540 000 homes) and meet an antici-
pated need of 367 000 homes each
year. \
‘The above table indicates that the!
black urban population is expect-'
ed to increase from an estimated
6-million to almost 19-million by
the year 2000, based on the as-
sumption that an urbanisation
“surge” will occur during the five-!
year period 1985-1990 as a result of:

the abolition of influx control. This)
would mean an additional 1,3-mil-'
lion homes required in the urban}
areas between now and 1990.

Over the past five years only about
8 000 units were built annually for
blacks in the urban areas, against
a figure of 100000 which Should |
have been built according to the:
patterns in other developed and!
developing countries. |

In contrast to those figures, 43 099
units were built in 1984 for the 4,9-
million urban whites. .

As a rough guide, De Vos said,
annual production of housing units
equal to about 1% of the total pop-
ulation would meet the need once
the backlog had been dealt with.

Israeli-based Minrav

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 6 Oct 86 p 19

[Text]

ISRAELI-BASED Minrav Interna-
tional has contracted to build 453
houses in Bloemfontein’s black town-
ship of Mangaung. «
The show house, for what will be
one of the largest private housing
developments for blacks in the Free
State,. was officially opened in July.

Spokesman David Shary said the
company was “committed to provid-
ing houses to suit most needs and
income brackets in the black com-

munity”.

Minrav International has already
built 200 houses in the R80m Protea
North housing project in Soweto. A
further -90 houses are scheduled for
Botshabelo and 40 more for Lenasia.

Construction of the showhouse at
Mangaung, which marks Phase I of
the overall development, was carried
out by Murray & Roberts (OFS) for
the Minrav developers. :

The project has been financed by
loans from the National Housing
Commission and the infrastructure
established by a Bloemfontein-based
utility company, Blomanda, which re-
ceived financial assistance from the
Urban Foundation.

30

JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986


Object

The object of taking
over schools, according to
the UDF publication,
“Upfront”, and other
UDF news organs, is the
introduction of so-called
“people’s education”,

“People’s education”.
it notes is part of a gener-
al political development
towards “people's pow-
er”.

Isizwe (The Nation)
which for reasons of prob-
able prosecution notes
that its views “are not the
official views of the
“UDF”, although it is an
official UDF journal, de-
scribes the movement as a
“broad national demo-
cratic movement”.

It warns against the
dangers of populism,
which “tends to ignore
the crucial leading role of
the working’ class within
that popular unity”, and
what it describes as “ultra
Leftism”, which “speaks
only of the working class”
and neglects uniting the
“broadest popular unity”
in the liberation struggle.

The UDF’s role in boy-
cotts, particularly . of
White-owned businesses,
is reflected in many of its
publications, as is its call
fora single united South
Africa.

The organisation has

- thus attempted to fulfil

the definition of a “mass
democratic orga
as envisaged by
as well operating in the
directions spelt out by the
ANC.

Much prominence is
given to the ANC and its
affairs in UDF publica-
tions, and the ANC in its
publications _ expresses
support for the UDF.

It was Tambo who
wrote to the ANC public-
ation, Dawn, that the
birth of the UDF “mark-
ed a milestone in the
struggle of our people
against apartheid . . .”

As a broad movement,
the UDF has become in-
volved in every facet of

filiates ranging from
street committees of as
little as 10 persons to
trade unions numbering
thousands.

“We must begin to
place power in the hands
of the people, in all
spheres — the economy,
education, culture crime
control, health, and in
fact, wherever it is poss-
ible”, says Isizwe.

In’ conducting — the
“struggle”, the UDF’s
members have frequently
come into conflict with
the authorities.

In April the UDF News

recorded that 52 of its
members had ~ been

charged with treason in
six different trials. A fur-
ther 383 were facing
charges under the Inter
nal Security Act in 43 tri-
als and 513 had been
charged in 53 “other pol-
itical trials”.
Charges

Many more are facing
charges since the state of
emergency was declared.

The UDF claims 80
percent of those held are
its members, against 60
percent during last year’s
emergency.

The —_organisation’s
most recent” pronounce-
ments indicate that it has
gone over into a new
phase of the struggle
which has seen the forma-
tion of the so-called “de-
fence committees” aimed
at countering security
force and vigilante action
— and what it described
as a move from a “armed
propaganda” to “a
people’s war”.

As indicated in a recent
statement to the Com-
monwealth Eminent Per-
sons Group, it also has
made an outright rejec-
tion of any negotiated
settlement of South Afri-
ca’s problems.

‘And it has gone beyond
its call for security forces
to leave the townships,
and is now calling for
their “disbandment”.

Aims To Disrupt Attempts at Unity

PART of the strategy of the UDF involves
sharpening the divisions within the “enemy”,
which includes the National Party, the Pro-
gressive Federal Party and Big Business.
“Isizwe (the Nation,)” issued by the UDF in
Cape Town, an official journal of the organisation
states that one of the tasks is to “isolate the enemy,”
which it sees:as all groups, institutions and concerns

which participate in the existing structures of gov--

ernment and power.

As part of this strategy for example, the UDF
mobilised a campaign against the tri-cameral Parlia-
mentary system and the continuing nationwide cam-
paign against Black local government structures in
the urban areas. :

“In the first place our job is to isolate the enemy.
While this is a ‘traditional’ task, we are now con-
cerned with something more elaborate than under-
taken in the anti-constitution campaigns,” notes
Tsizwe.

Frustrated attempts

“There were frustrated attempts to co-opt signifi-
cant sectors of the Indian and Coloured communi-
ties, just as the rejection of the BLA’s (Black Local
Authorities) ensured that only puppets would staff
those structures,” it says.

“Now we are speaking of something broader. We
have noted the differences between sections of capi-
tal and the NP. We want to maintain that division.

12


/9317

‘In chromium, the heart of many alloys and
all stainless steels, South Africa and Bo-
phuthatswana hold 77 percent of Western re-
serves and just on 56 percent of present
world production. +

Although South Africa and Bophutha-
tswana have 93,7 percent of the world’s re-
serves of platinum metals and these min-~
erals are often classified as highly strategic,
the world is not as dependent on South Afri-
can platinum mining as is often thought.

There are large-scale strategic global plat-
inum reserves in the form of. bars and jewel-
lery which could be turned into platinum for
industrial uses. Car emission catalyst pro-
grammes, the main outlets for the metals,
could simply be suspended world-wide until
Southern African supplies are restored.

Once other countries start looking at the
critical implications of the MCV Factor, then
the German newspaper's cri de coeur: “Bonn :
is faced by a difficult decision”, will soon be
echoed in other world capitals.

CSO: 3400/281

84


U.S. SANCTIONS PACKAGE EXPLAINED

JPRS-SSA~86-115
18 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 6 Oct 86 p 4

[Article by Stephen Rogers]

{Text]

ckage an-
nounced last week is the most
comprehensive yet by one of SA’s
trade partners, and follows earli-
er sanctions moves by Europe
and Japan.
» Taken itely, of the
trade barriers are of limited impact:
However, as the list of countries tak-
ing action against SA grows, so does
the threat to this country’s total
trade.

Here is the latest sanctions state of
py, after last week’s decision by the

iS Senate to override President Ron-
ald Reagan’s sanctions veto.

Coal
Sanctions against SA coal exports re-
main limited so far. The US, which
will ban SA coal from January 1,
takes less than 1-million tons 2%) of
this country’s exports. Value of sales
to the US is about R70m.

Japan and the European Commun-
ity (EC), which take more than 70% of
SA’s exports, have so far resisted
pressure to impose coal sanctions, but
industry officials fear the US decision
will put pressure on them to follow
‘suit.

THE US sanctions ‘pa

SA exported 44-million tons of coal
last year and industry officials expect
to achieve the same level this year. Of
that, the EC takes more than 50% and
Japan 20%.

71

West Germany last month blocked
EC efforts to impose coal sanctions,
but the issue is to be discussed again
early next year. Denmark and
France, meanwhile, have unilaterally
imposed a ban on more imports.

Rand Mines’ Witbank Colliery MD
Nilo Zolezzi said: “The direct effect of
the US decision is not significant.
More concerning is the possible spin-
off it will have among other custom-
ers.”

Transvaal Coal Owners’ Associ-
ation (Tcoa) MD Leslie Weiss said: “I
think it is possible Europe will follow
the US.” .

‘SA exporters are confident they
can find alternative markets for the
US coal. Loss of major contracts to
Japan and the EC would be more dif-
ficult in an overtraded world market.

Iron and steel

to Europe, worth about
RY last year, have been
since the end of September.

Japan recently announced a ban on
SA pig iron and steel materials. But
exporters are still waiting to hear ex-
actly what constitutes “steel materi-
als”, Fig iron exports to Japan are
negligible, and iron ore appears unaf-
fected. i 00 000

SA can expect to lose about 5
tons of steel exports a year to the US.
Pretoria’s voluntary trade agree-



“{ wouldn’t want to be president of South
Africa in the first place. I’d rather leave
this country. All the people of South
Africa, especially all the youth, represent
apartheid; we. are what makes apartheid
and I rather wouldn’t be part of a system
‘that does that to a group of people.

“I don’t think leaving is a solution, but as
far as I can see there is no answer. You
can’t suppress a person for so long and not
expect them, like, to rise.”

What the talk show demonstrated is that
more than two years-of spiralling civil
strife has shaken white children out of the
allegory, which could turn out to be”
blinkered, apolitical world of privilege
enjoyed by past generations.

English. Alive '86, a collection of poems
and essays from high school pupils,
similarly reflected young. white guilt,
fears of bloody reprisals from the voteless
majority, and pleas for reconciliation and
understanding before it is. too late.

/9317
cso: 3400/290

56

A Sunday newspaper reported that the
Emergency had heightened anxiety
problems among white school children;
many had developed a neurotic fear of
bomb attacks on white schools,

“J sometimes wonder who’s really
oppressed in this country, when you take a
look at the white community who: sits
behind bars, chains and steel doors,” said
Paul Verryn, a Methodist priest who
counsels both white and black people.

“White children truly are affected. There
is such a sad fear and_ hopeless
misinformation that they are actually so
crippled they are afraid. to spread their
wings,” he said.

“Amongst’ the white people I counsel my
major arca of therapy is self-esteem —
whether they're 40 or 10, the first area
that always has to be addressed is the issue
of their self concept.

“J think what you’re finding is a very
inflexible, deeply ° psychologically
disturbed white population which has lost
its sense of fun. So in a sense both white
and black children have lost their youth.”


JPRS~SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

TUTU VIEWS EMERGENCY, U.S. SANCTIONS
MB171630 Mbabane Television Service in Siswati 1815 GMT 16 Oct 86

[Interview with Anglican Archbishop Desmond Tutu of Cape Town speaking in
Xhosa by Sabelo Masuku at Matsapa International Airport on 16 October]

[Text] [Masuku] Archbishop Desmond Tutu of Cape Town today said no one
wishes economic sanctions on South Africa. What people are really fighting
are the evils in that country. I spokes to Archbishop Tutu when he arrived
at Matsapa International Airport today.

[Begin video recording] [Tutu] I know we shall be discussing South Africa,
especially since we are living under difficult times with the present state
of emergency under which many people have heen detained, wondering how we
shall reach a point when in our country people will be able to live together
as one.

[Masuku] As a man of God, archbishop, how do you think the church, and by
church I mean Christians, can help promote change in South Africa and bring
about peace?

[Tutu] Christians should show clearly that God's will is that all people
should be treated as human beings, as His creation, and none should be treated
as though they were inferior. Then again Christians should indicate that
their Christianity is not a Sunday affair only. If you are a believer, you
do not believe on Sunday only, but all days of the week, at work and at play.
Now many people tend to take Christianity as something they wear on Sundays
to church as a uniform, which they then put away in the wardrobe till the next
Sunday.

[Masuku] Archbishop, let us now go back to. the burning issue of economic
sanctions against South Africa. What is your opinion of this or rather, what.
is your opinion of American sanctions against. the country? Is this satis~
factory to you? . Are you happy about America's intended sanctions against the
country?

[Tutu] We have said many times that the people who can effect a change are
South Africans themselves. If the South African Government would listen to


JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

EASTERN CAPE PUPILS BECOME ‘EDUCATIONAL REFUGEES‘

Johannesburg THE NEW NATION in English 9-22 Oct 86 p 5

[Text]
THE closure _of many delayed for 10 hours while .they
Department of Education and were being questioned by
Training (DET) schools in the security police. Most of them
Eastern. Cape has created were taked to a goods train and
“educational refugees" -- in placed in a cattle carriage, while
search of schools in_ the rural others were held for “further
areas of the Orange Free State. questioning". .
it is believed that about 3 000
to 5 000 students have left the soute of bp eme pilaims that
Eastern Cape during the past 10 seared hat they jumped ott at
- smal ree State stations like
pu DR ATION Spoke to Jagersfontein and Koffiefontein.
of 165 aged between 13 and iB, Blocttontans station: thay were
who left Graaff Reinet in received by the lice. wh
January this year. They have interro: ated them and threatened
remained quiet since then —- them with detention if they
ible " t
intimidation and harassment. ta trouble in Bloemfon-
A spokesman for the group e
told the story of what started as rene ae mes of the pupils tee
a pilgrimage of hope, but turned were Xhosa and Afrikaans
to a pilgrimage of pain, threats, speaking, they were ordered to
interrogation and humiliation. een aatrission only at schools
It started when a group of where Southern ‘sotho was
children from Blikkiesdorp and spoken
Crossroads in Graaff Reinet, P °
got together and decided to Many of these refugees had no
continue their education else- accommodation. They roamed
where. Many parents agreed, the streets for days with their
and made great sacrifices to belongings -- trying to find
send their children to the "safe" placement in schools.
areas. A large number of pupil:
Then the journey started. They accepted at the schools, “while
were stopped at Colesberg and others were turned away.
/9317

CSO: 3400/287

27



|

JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

COMMITTEE RULES ON BANNED PUBLICATIONS
MB201251 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1131 GMT 20 Oct 86

[Text] Cape Town Oct 20 SAPA--A publications committee has, on review, ruled
that possession of Karl Marx's Theory of Revolution, Part 1 by Hal Draper,

is not undesirable and no longer prohibited, the directorate of publications
announced in Cape Town today.

Two publications produced by the SWAPO Department of Information and Publicity,
Luanda, Angola titled "Let ‘My Country Go" and the May 1986 issue of the SWAPO
information bulletion, have been declared undesirable.

Other publications declared undesirable include "Where Sixpence Lives” by
Norma Kitson; "My Spirit Is not Banned" by Zimbabwe Publishing House, Harare,
and Militant Issue 814, 12 September 1986 produced by Military Publications,
London.

Two objects were also declared undesirable. They are a [word indistinct]
with description "Muff Driver" and a kering with description "Situation Normal-
All F...up"--producers not stated.

The directorate has appealed against committee decisions that two publications
by Haymarket Publishing Ltd, Middlesex, CAMERA WEEKLY vol 7 no 18, week~ending
30 Aug 1986 and no 19 week-ending 6 Sep 1986 are not undesirable and has asked
for the imposing of conditions regarding distribution and display. Repre-
sentations could be made to the appeal board within the next 10 days.

The directorate has also appealed against committee decisions that "The
Baker Papers" by Edward Hawke, and PRANK vol 1 no 126 produced by Sonskyn
Uitgewers Pty Ltd Jeppe, Johannesburg are not undesirable. Representations
could be made to the appeal board within the next 14 days.

A publications committee has, on review, ruled that the following publications
are not undesirable: (name of author/producer in brackets):

The Best of Henry Miller (Lawrence Durrell); The Tenants (Bernard Malamud) 3
The Wilby Conspiracy (Peter Driscoll); Decoding Corporate Camouflage (Eliza-
beth Schmidt); and Karl [Marx's] Theory of Revolution, vol II (Hal Draper).

/6662
CSO: 3400/286

63



JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

BRIEFS

MORE WHITES HAVE JOBS--The number of white urban adults in full-time employ-
ment is increasing and now significantly exceeds the figure for last year,
according to Market Research Africa's employment index. In July this

year 52,4 percent of white adults were working full-time, compared with
47,8 percent in July 1985. The employment trend is on a steady upward
course with increases registered in November 1985 (49,8 percent) and March
1986 (50,2 percent). Government is virtually entirely responsible for the
increase in the number of whites in employment. In July this year, 22
percent of urban white adults were working for large government institutions
and 2,2 percent for small government organisations. In July last year the
figures were 18,2 percent and 1,3 percent. The increase in government
employees matches the increase in total employment. [Text] [Johannesburg
THE SUNDAY STAR (Finance) in English 5 Oct 86 p 12] /9317

CSO: 3400/290

65



JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

DIRECTOR-GENERAL OF FINANCE DISCUSSES GOLD PRICE, OTHER ISSUES

Johannesburg THE SUNDAY STAR (Finance) in English 12 Oct 86 pp 7, 8

[Interview with Dr Chris Stals, Director-General of Finance, by Finance
Editor John Spira in Washington; date not given]

[Text]

GOLD is headed,
higher on the back of
renewed world infla-
tionary and
the inability of the
world’s economic
powers to reach con-
census on co-ordinated
economic policies.
This is the view of

eral of Finance, who
spoke to me in Wash-
ington at the conclu-
sion of the annual:
meeting of the Inter-
national Monetary
Fund and the World
Bank.

Spira: What are the
implications for gold of
the painful and protract-
ed negotiations that pre-
ceded the eventual
agreement on the Mexi-
can loan package?

Stals: The world
banking system will not
be. allowed to collapse
because of the Third
World debt situation.
The gold price is not ris-
ing as a result of this
‘scenario.

On the previous occa-
sion that gold rose in the.
wake of a Third World
debt scare, the advance:
was transitory, indicat-|
ing that this issue is not:
sufficiently deep-seated
to. sustain a prolonged,
long-term price rise for
gold.

The Third World debt
problem will be with us
for a long time. It will
continue to require diffi-
cult negotiations and
eventually the solution
will be to transfer the
debt from the private-
sector banks to the inter-
national institutions.

Tn short, the world
banking system is not
going to collapse and the
gold price will thereore
not go up for this reason.

Spira: Are there any
other reasons why the
gold price should move
higher?

Stals: Changes in the
outlook for the Ameri-
can economy. Investors
are taking their money
out of the-dollar and are
investing elsewhere be-
cause they believe the

dollar will continue to
depreciate. Further, they
believe that inflation
will rise again in the US.

These are factors
which have been helping
to push up gold — along
with lower US interest
rates, which reduce the
effective cost of holding
gold.

believe the recent rise in
the price of gold is not
merely short-term in na-
ture. The reasons behind
the rise are too funda-
mental.

Spira: Where does
South Africa stand
against the background
of the deliberations con-
cerning loans to under-
developed countries?

Stals: We've been
forced — over a relati-
vely short period of time
— to create a surplus on
the current account of
our balance of payments
in order to use this sur-
plus to repay our for-
eign debt.

It's a harsh discipline,
which doesn’t apply to
other developing coun-

66

For these reasons, Ir

tries, because, unlike;
South Africa, they can
still get loans from the:

IMF.
» The bright side, if

there is one, is that we

shall repay our foreign
debt long before coun-
tries such as Mexico.

There's nevertheless a
heavy cost in terms of
domestic: growth. Other
countries haven't had to
make the same sacri-
fices. We feei strongly
that we haven’t been
treated fairly by’ the
world’s financial institu
tions.

Spira: To what extent
is this problem retarding
our economic growth?

Stals: We'll probably
achieve a growth rate of
1,5 percent this year, but
that isn’t saying a lot be-
cause it’s growth from a
low base.

Last year we had neg-
ative growth and in the
interim we've had an in-
crease in our population
and the size of the South
African economy has in-

crea: .
Bear in mind that all
we need is modest


‘qualified people who find it in-
creasingly difficult to be placed
in suitable jobs. Recognition
must be given to the valuable
role of career-orientated courses
at high schools, technical col-
leges and technikons in prepar-
ing thousands of future employ-
ees for an economy which is
becoming more technically ori-
entated.

Against this background
communities should fully sup-
port the career education pro-
ject of the Department of Edu-
cation and Training which is
intended to orientate at least
20% of all senior secondary
pupils to specialise in technical
and career related fields.

By the same token commer-
cial and agricultural education
should be ‘expanded. But it’s
vitally essential-that communi-
ties identify their: needs and
work. with the authorities to:
make their needs known’and to’
facilitate planning.

HE present political

mess did not drop from the

skies an outcome ‘of
the political machinations of the:
past.

The best historical evidence
that segregated, discriminatory,
and indoctrinatory education is
a planned policy, is in the fam-
ous speech by Dr HF Verwoerd
on Bantu Education. I shall de-
liberately not quote this.

T shall look at what is popular-
ly thought as a policy structure
applying only to white education
— Christian National Education.
While CNE spells the education
policy of white Afrikaners, it
also lays down policy guidelines
for education. These guidelines
are clearly meant to achieve po-
litical objectives — even though
shrouded in “religious” terms.

‘A document published by the
Federasie van Afrikaanse Kul-
tuurverenigings in 1948 spells
out the CNE policy.

1 quote Article 15: “We be-
lieve that the calling and task of
white SA regarding the native is
to Christianise him and help him
on culturally, And that this call-
ing and task has already found
‘its nearer focusing in the princi

ples of trusteeship, not equality
and segregation.

‘According to these “princi-
ples”, the article says, “the edu-
cation of the native must be
grounded in the life and world
view of the whites” ~ “especially
those of the Boer nation as senior
white trustee of the native”.

“On the grounds of the cultur-
al'infancy of the native we be-
lieve it is the spirit and task of
the State, in collaboration with
the Christian Protestant
Churches, to give and control
native education”, the article
says — but financing of “native

jucation” must “not occur to
the cost of white education”.

“Native education”, the arti-
cle says, “must lead to the devel-
opment of an independent self-
supporting and self-maintaining,
native comunity on a Christian
national basis.”

It’s clear white Afrikaners de-
liberately planned a situation of
“no equality and segregation”.
Black people's education was
planned on this “principle”. |

There are two possible inter-'
pretations of this policy. One is:
that Afrikaners do not accept:
that Africans are intellectually
equal to Afrikaners.

‘A second is that Afrikaners
will ensure that Africans will
never be equal to Afrikaners.

Both interpretations are
equally hateful to black people.
Do we really need more evi-
dence to show that the present
educational mess was planned?

Poor facilities, poor teacher
training, dictatorial _ policies
‘were a necessary means to rea-
lise the Afrikaner objective of
domination. Domination is a po-

litical phenomenon; albeit a per-
verted one. In short, education is
political.

Conflict in education arose
out of a deliberate plot by the
Nationalist government — urged
‘on by organisations whose func-
tion seems to have been to pro-
duce racist blueprints.

Another problem —created by
successive white governments
and the white community as a
whole — is the distorted educa-
tional aspirations in the. black
‘community — where every black
child wants to be a doctor or a
lawyer, or go to university. This i
is how this distorted view of
education arose:

~In the past, black people were

excluded by law from training in
and practising certain trades.
Blacks were condemned — by
Jaw — to be labourers of the
lowest status in any industry.
This gave rise to the escapist ;
dream of white collar jobs that
offer an escape from unskilled
manual.labour.

Many black educators are
working hard to cure this mis-
conception. The ‘difference: is
that blacks do not aim only for
the so-called “career and techni-
cal education as the be-all and
end-all”.

We don’t want to be chan-
nelled to satisfy the need of
white factory: owners and the
white government. We want to
enter the professions and trades
at all levels.

We don’t want to be mindless
operators, we want to choose the
level from which we enter any
field. We want to plan, as well as
operate and produce.

It’s obvious that the ascen-
dancy of theoretical knowledge
and technical competence goes
with greater wishes and capal
ty to acquire political power.

This no one can stop. It’s the
attempt to stop this tide that has
greated the endemic conflict in

19317
cso: 3400/291

24


a

SOUTH

FARMERS CONFIDENT ABOUT RISING ABOVE SANCTIONS THREAT

Johannesburg THE STAR (Business) in English 7 Oct 86 p 6

[Article by Mick Collins]

[Text]

/9317

WHILE the scenario for farmers un-
der sanctions looks grim, industry
sources are confident the sector can
rise above the threat.

They say however tight the net be-
comes, it will never be without holes.
But they are reluctant to discuss coun-
‘eijatze exports ey say, willbe

exports, they say, par-
Heularly hard hit in world markets al-
ready glutted with grain. i

Most importing countries — which
are predominantly poor — either active-
ly dislike SA or expect generous credit
terms.

Any barter deals, which sources ex-
pect to mushroom, will be fraught with
danger. Even jorting via East
could attract world attention.

Exports of fresh fruit are particularly
vulnerable. Brand names — Outspan
and Cape Apples — are felt to be con-
spicuous. Relabelling could lower intrin-
sic values, while rerouting could cost the
sector money.

Farming costs could be cut consider-
ably if emphasis is placed on processed

roducts. Exports could still get through
on this basis, although volumes sold will
not be profitable.

Cotton production will in all probabil-
ity be encouraged to lighten dependence

CSO: 3400/272

76

on imports. This sector, it is felt, will
generate employment and keep farmers
on the land.
On the sugar front, sources predict the
virtual disappearance of world markets
for SA.

A prediction that tobacco prices will
drift downwards is supported by the the-
ory that as domestic production in-
creases, market competition will inten-

sify.

ool products will continue to escape
the net and won't spoil while waiting.
The wool farmer should continue to
benefit from a cheap rand.

Beef, mutton, vegetables and fresh
produce, all aimed at the local market,
should not suffer. More competitors will
enter the fray and fruit-growing tech-
niques could change as lal becomes
more abundant. Little change is envis-
aged in these sectors except that maize
for feeding will become cheaper.

The good news for the farming com-
munity is that the bottom is expected
to fall out of the fertiliser market. Lime
and phosphates will be plentiful. De-
mand for nitrogen should plummet, but
potash and sulphur will become more
expensive.

JPRS~SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

AFRICA



CHRISTIAN AFRIKANERS URGED TO REJECT AWB THEOLOGY

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 10 Oct 86 p 4

[Text]

/9317

Christian Afrikaners should re-
ject the theology of the Afri-
kaner Weerstandsbeweging
(AWB) as “‘sugar-coated human-
ism”, says the publication of a
group of Potchefstroom aca-
demics and theologians.

The latest issue of Woord en
Daad, published by the Reform
Movement of Southern Africa,
carried a lengthy editorial and
an article warning Afrikaners
against the AWB.

The AWB claimed its princi-
ples were based on Christianity,
but it applied those in a one-
sided manner to the Afrikaner
nation only, Dr JM Vorster of
Derdepoort, Pretoria, said in the
editorial.

csO: 3400/279

DIVERSITY

It twisted the Christian faith
by elevating the diversity of eth-
nic groups to a biblical principle
and ignoring the scriptural prin-
ciple of unity.

The ethnic theology of the
AWB was nothing but disguised
humanism in which man was
great and God was small.

Dr Vorster said Christian
Afrikaners ‘should reject this
“sugar-coated humanism”.

In an article warning Afri-
kaans youth against the AWB,
the Rev Theuns Eloff said the
organisation was gaining sup-
port by feeding on ‘people’s fear
of the future.

“The AWB is a threat to the
future of South Africa and all its
people (Christians included), be-
cause it will not search for a
just solution,” he said.

JPRS-SSA~86-115
18 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA



/7310

Gloomy

BER:

Nation

Low Pri

More Cr

Briefs

Scenario Forecast for Manufacturing Sector in 1987
(Mick Collins; BUSINESS DAY, 9 Oct 86) ..sccceccsecvcveee

Imports To Rise Sharply in 1987
(BUSINESS DAY, 15 Oct 86) ..ccecccccescccecccccecceceeees

's Vital MCV Factor Explained
(Jaap Boekkooi; THE STAR, 10 Oct 86) .cssccesscccccecvece

oductivity Related To Lack of Business Management
(Sheryl Raine; THE STAR, 15 Oct 86) .cccsccccccccccevvers

tuts in Intercity Train Services
(Zenaide Vendeiro; THE STAR, 15 Oct 86) wsscecceceecscves

Erfdeel Shaft Shows Promise

New Factory Supplies Timber Needs

Coal Plant to Continue

Shellfish Industry Collapse

National Embargo on Shipping Information

81

82

83

85


But that does not mean we draw Big Business into
the camp of the people.

“That can never be. Our aim is, however, to neu-
tralise sections of the enemy camp or its allies and
thus to dislocate their attempts at unity,” says
Isizwe.

One of the ways to achieve this was to ensure that
they (the enemy)” have no illusions about puppet
solutions.” .

“For example, every time we reject PW’s offers
— it actually energises business to come up with
their own vision and that again exacerbates the split.

“The fact that business has met with the ANC is
partly as a result of popular rejection of government
initiatives.

“In a sense, every time we remove the legitimacy
from a government initiative by getting the masses
to support us, we further sharpen the division within
the ruling bloc,” says Isizwe.

Divisive role
The divisive role played by the UDF in its efforts
to promote polarisation was demonstrated in a re-
cent ‘message to the people of South Africa” by its
national executive.
To the business community it said: “Throughout
the decades you have benefited from apartheid.
Now you say: ‘apartheid must go.”

“This is not enough. More business leaders must
follow those who have called for the unbanning of
the ANC and the release of (Nelson) Mandela.

“There is no more room for double talk and croc-
odile tears. You who control the economy must ap-
ply pressure on the government. Our people are
demanding that you refuse to pay taxes unless the
government meets our demands,” said the message.

[11 Oct 86 p 12]

[Text]

THE campaign of the
United | Democratic
Front (UDF) is not
limited to South Afri-
ca, but include inter-
national action.

In this regard it should
be noted that two patrons
of the UDF, Archbishop
Desmond Tutu, Anglican
Archbishop of Cape
Town, and Dr Allan Boe-
sak, Moderator of the Re-
formed Church in Africa
and President of the
World Alliance of Re-
formed Churches, were
particulary prominent in
articulating an internat-
ional campaign which suc-_
ceeded in bringing about
‘sanctions.

Active

Archbishop Tutu was
‘demonstrably active in
this regard, with the focal
centre of his campaign be-
ing the United States,

where President Ronald ”

Reagan’s veto of a puni-
tive sanctions Bill was
overridden by Congress.
An article in Isizwe
(The Nation) journal. of
‘the UDF last November

was carried under the
headline “UDF and the
international _ struggle”

' which looked at how the

UDF was able to make
important _ international
gains out of the Durban
British consulate affair.
“The international
goals of the United
Democratic Front are in
no way different from its
internal goals,” it states.
“In both internal and
external struggles our

“strategy has been to iso-

late the racist regime
from any support, to mo-
bilise the greatest possible
support behind the demo-
cratic movement, and to
encourage any action that
will reduce the capacity of
the regime to continue its
oppressive system.

Strategy

It notes, however that
the strategy in pursuing
international -goals the
"specific dynamics” and
special character of inter-
national relations, had to
be taken into account and
that the way to conduct
international campaigns

13

was therefor not the same
as mounting an internal
campaign.

“We can learn from the
international strategy of
the Vietnamese in their
epic struggle against im-
perialist occupation. At
one stage the Vietnamese
Libertation _ movement
sought United States sup-
port against the French
colonists.

“Then, in the second
phase of the struggle,
after the defeat of the
French, the Vietnamese
played off the French
against the American im-
perialists,” it said.

Diplomatic ini
had to be measured
against overall goals, and
had to “advance the
struggle to :end apart:
heid” including “loosen-
ing the ties between the
regime and its sympathis-
ers.”

Relationships with
states whose internal poli-
cies were repugnant to
the UDF “may ... be in
the interests of the UDF
provided they serve to ad-
vance our struggle”.



JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

CHALLENGES OF NEW U.S, AMBASSADOR EXAMINED

Johannesburg CITY PRESS in English 12 Oct 86 p 2

[Text]

IT SEEMS US President Ronald Reagan's
policy of constructive engagenment with
SA has come to an end.

Reagan, who in the last six years of
office has dominated his country’s foreign
policy like no other president has before
him, suffered his first ever defeat on the
South African issue.

en trusted allies
in the House of
Representatives and
the Senate
abandoned him.

Now in an effort
to placate the left in
American politics,
he has nominated
black career :
diplomat Edward
Perkins as the next
ambassador to SA.

/9317
CSO: 3400/283

Perkins will succeed .
Herman Nickel who was recalled to
Washington last week.

How Perkins will be able to stand up
to the rigours of what is probably the ©
hottest diplomatic seat in the world,
remains to be seen.

As a black man having to operate in
an-extremely racial enviroment, he can be
expected to find demands on him very
trying.”

But what is going to be even more
trying for him, is that he takes up his
position when relations between the
two countries are at an unprecedented
low. The wave of anti-SA feelings
sweeping across the US are matched only
by the anti-American sentiments
growing in SA. .

All signs point to a long, hot summer
for Uncle Sam's man in Pretoria.



JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

LOW PRODUCTIVITY RELATED TO LACK OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 15 Oct 86 p 16

[Article by Sheryl Raine]

[Text]

An alarmingly high proportion of~businesses|
of all sizes do no management training or!
limited training. This is a major reason for|
poor productivity levels in South Africa, says|
the National Manpower Commission (NMC). |

The NMC together with the National Training:
Board today released the findings of a survey on
the training and development of managers during
1983/84, conducted by the National Productivity:
Institute (NPI). . i

The survey, which was limited to the private’
sector and training institutions, was not intended
to draw conclusions. But at the end of the day
the researchers felt compelled to make some con-
clusions “especially because on the one hand, they
point to a disturbing situation. and on the other
they are quite encouraging for the future”.

The NPI reported a poor and disappointing re- |
sponse to questionnaires sent to the business sec-
tor which included mining, construction, manu- |
facturing, retail and wholesale trade. i

INDICTMENT OF THE SECTOR

Only 98 organisations rendered responses which
were usable, 4,5 percent of those polled. Together
respondents employed about 16 000 managers.

“If this was to serve as an indication of the
interest of business in the training of the people
who have to direct and control its activities, it
would have to serve as an indictment of that sec-
tor, at the same time serving to indicate where
one of the most important causes of the generally
low level of productivity in the country lies,” said
the report.

“The investigation also demonstrated beyond
dispute that there must be a disturbingly large!
number of firms, even some of the bigger ones,
that give no or only limited attention to the train-
ing of their managers. This is a further indication
of where the cause of low productivity lies.’ i

At least 87 percent of large, medium and small
organisations which responded. to the question-;
naire did no management training at all. In many}
other cases information about training was not;
available, indicating that these businesses also!
did limited or no training. '

Middle management received most attention as
far as training was concerned and top manage-
ment least.

The number of whites who received manage-
ment training was significantly higher than for
other population groups (see table). .

Regarding training institutions, the report said
10 universities, nine technikons and 39 private in-
stitutions responded from a total of 152.

Nine of the 10 universities said they accepted
people of all races while one said blacks were
admitted on approval of the university council.

Four of the technikons said they accepted all
races while three said they allowed blacks on
condition they could not study a particular pro-
gramme at a black institution.

All private institutions accepted all races on
Management courses.

In all cases, top management was the least tar-
geted group for training. Universities saw senior
management as having the greatest need for ad-

85



/9317.
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farmers who haven't managed to*
arrange credit facilities with their '
co-ops, which means they can’t ‘go.
ahead with planting.” tay
‘Those farmers who cannot obtain +
credit from their co-ops or banks are
queueing up at the doors of the Gov- ;

ernment-sponsored Agricultural -

Credit Board (ACB). According to: Dr
le Clus, there is a major backlog of ;
credit applications building up both
at co-ops and the ACB. And the banks
are none too eager to fill the gap.
Crop farmers in summer-rainfall
areas are desperately trying to stave
off liquidation by diversifying into
pastures and stock-raising. But that,.

only force food prices through the
ceiling and send inflation spiralling:
but will inevitably entail severe wa-

ter restrictions. i

78

Plummeted

Dams serving the crucial PWV in-
dustrial area are emptying at an
alarming rate. The level of the Vaal
dam is at 16% of capacity and would
have. been bone-dry were it not for
‘water pumped from the Tugela. The *
Hartbeespoort.dam’s level has
dropped:to 22%. from 27% this time
last: year. .

Eastern Transvaal dams averaged
35% of capacity last year and have
since plummeted to an average 27%
level, Western Transvaal dams have
dropped from an average of 27% in
1985.to only 18%. :

°C gold price of $400-§450' will cer-

-tainly boost: growth. But without

good, soaking rains through the sum-
mer season, SA‘can kiss goodbye to
economic prosperity.


JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

GLOOMY SCENARIO FORECAST FOR MANUFACTURING SECTOR IN 1987

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 9 Oct 86 p 3

[Article by Mick Collins]

[Text]
‘ measure of pessiznism, since 45% dis-'
SOARING inflation and a sharp measure 3s against 36% who agree —
increase: in labour unrest’ is the there will be less unemployment.
gloom: scenario forecast for SA’s Nearly half (47%) agree that the
manu Piety beamed ear. overall political situation vel ae
i i wil a
attract new capital, have a healthy teriorate in ltives agree that manu-
economic crown rate and a sound facturers will face shortages — spe-
sbllise pol itealy » it will have to cifically with regard to capital con
G . re al
A survey of business executives of oe Pas will exert more pres-!
seraeieticmmageat Recor er
swing in the number of strikes in 1987. Seammeaive 10 consumer probiems. |
More than half (54%) predict sanc- .
tions and disinvestment pressures Many (87%) agree that the social
will intensify in 1987, 20% disagree. environment in which manufacturers
‘The survey, released by Unisa’s Bu- operate will put greater pressure on
reau of Market Research and pub- hem to shoulder more social respon
lished by the Johannesburg Chamber sibility.
of Commerce, was conducted among The majority (51%) see an im-
corporate executives of the. top 100 provement in ‘the rand/dollar ex-
industrial and manufacturing com- change rate.
panies listed on the JSE. oo *
Forecasts on the inflation rate gen- HOW CAPTAINS OF. INDUSTRY
erally indicate .a rise ranging be- SEE 1987
tween 17%-23%. The: median rate
predicted is 17,9%.
Most (89%) predict a higher aver-
age real economic growth rate com-
pared with 1985. They foresee a rate
ranging between no growth and 6%
next year, with a median rate of 2,1%.
They are divided on whether SA
will experience less unemployment in
the coming year compared with 1985.
However, their opinions signify a
/9317

csO: 3400/271

81



JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

COSATU ASSISTANT SECRETARY WARNS EMPLOYERS ON POLITICAL ACTION

Johannesburg CLTY PRESS in English 12 Oct 86 p 2

[Article by Mono Badela]

[Text]

/9317

THE Congress of SA Trade
Unions warned employers
that it would not hesitate to
take political action to pro-
tect and advance the inter-
ests of its members and the
working class in general.

The warning came from
Cosatu assistant secretary
Sydney Mufamadi in his
address at the 30th annual
convention of the Institute
of Personnel Management
in Johannesburg recently.

He said strikes which are
taking place in SA’were not
being agitated for from the
Soviet Union but were “or-
ganically determined by
the concrete socio-econom-
ic and political conditions”.

Cosatu had been rightly
or wrongly been defined by
some people as “political
unionism”, he said.

“Some critics had gone
to the extent of characteris-
ing it as a hijacking of la-
bour movement by politi-
cians.”

Mufamadi said it was not
true that the labour move-
ment had been hijacked by
politicians.

“As Cosatu we have tak-
en the view, and correctly
we believe, that the so-
called free enterprise sys

CSO: 3400/283

tem has seen and used the
fact of national oppression
asa lever to maximise prof-
its. :

“Any pretentions to the
contrary do not alter the
fact.”

He warned employers

that Cosatu “would not
hesitate to take political ac-
tion to protect and advance
the interests of our mem-
bers and the wider working
class”.

Cosatu shall take up
these political struggles
through the membership
and structures at local, re-
gional and national level as
well as through disciplined
alliances with progressive
community and political or-
ganisations whose interests
and whose organisational
practices further the inter-
ests of the working class,
Mufamadi said.

“Strikes are flowing
from the employers’ intran-
sigence. In the face of that
intransigence, the objective
status of working people is
such that it compels them
to withdraw their labour,”
he said.

Any trade unionist who is
or was a worker, and accus-

19

tomed to operating on the
basis of mandates and feed-
backs would concur with
that.

He said the basic ele-
ments of the strike — work
stoppage ~ was enriched by
many variants - such as
“overtime bans” and
“sleep-ins”. Workers were
resorting to strikes because
they were trying to push
back “rampant exploita-
tion”.

He said Cosatu does not
deny that the number of
strike actions in SA was
increasing: but, “to argue
that this is due to Cosatu’s
propensity for strikes will

be too narrow a way of
defining the set-up”.

“Cosatu’s affiliates have
never excluded possibilities
of sitting around a table
with employers to work out
a model of establishing
sound labour relations.”

Cosatu’s affiliates have
scored victories by a combi-
nation of negotiations and
strikes, he said.

The gathering was also
addressed by the outgoing
US ambassador to SA Her-
man W Nickel and United
Workers’ Union of SA
spokesman Simon Conco.



"FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE _

| REPRODUCED BY
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
NATIONAL TECHNICAL
| INFORMATION SERVICE
| SPRINGFIELD, VA. 22161



eemeersemmmeccmccm———————————————————————___ —  _  _————____

JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

BER: IMPORTS TO RISE SHARPLY IN 1987

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 15 Oct 86 p 3

[Text]
IMPORTS will rise sharply in Still, the BER predicted that SA’s:
1987, forcing government to slow current account surplus would jump:
domestic demand and increase: to R6,4bn for 1986 and R6,2bn next
dependence on gold production to.' year. The trade balance is forecast to’
maintain a ‘balance of payments; rise to Riébn in 1987, largely on the:
surplus, Stellenbosch University’s ' strength of a 21,9% increase in net
Bureau of Economic Research’ Bethe BER said: “It would appear a3.
(BER) says. ° ! if gold — as has been the case so often
* ‘The BER said in its latest Eco-. in the past — will once again come to
nomic Prospects that it ex our rescue. Unfortunately, however, |
merchandise imports to climb by it will make the country more depen- :
24,1% next year, after rising by 15,3% dent on gold revenue.’ i
jn 1986, At the same time, exports, At the same time, slightly higher '
limited by the imposition of foreign demand for goods should encourage‘
trade sanctions, would grow by just manufacturers and retailers to start
1,3% in volume terms and 18,3% in rebuilding invent stocks in 1987,
value next year. . pushing real rose omnestit Gxpendi-
not ure up by 4; ‘om 1% this year.
Oe ee eT carts wiiting ‘But the sharp upturn in imports
ure on the capital surplus that pill dampen Lhe omestic Product,
Bh must maintain in order to pay off forec ae grow 3,3% in rea
its foreign debt. The BER said: “The outlook for
BER said: “There can be no doubt real private consumption expendi-
that the position around SA’s. debt ture and real fixed investment is not
repayment — which means among promising.”
ier things the current account must Total fixed investment, including
be kept in surplus — is inhibiting public sector expenditures, was ex-
growth prospects.” It also predicted a pected to decline by 10,6% this year.
“marginal further relaxation in mon-
etary policy” in the next year.
/9317

cso: 3400/270

82


impetus by thé Nkomati Accord of

1984, climbing close to 60 000 by the
time of last week’s anouncement.

To the mine-owners, Mozambican
workers have several attractions —
their experience in the industry means !
they often fill supervisory and skilled’
positions and their desperation for)
work means they are prepared to;
work on many of the hottest and most'
dangerous mines.

The mining industry has a glut in
labour supply unprecedented in its.
history, but the thesis that all black.
mineworkers are unskilled has long.
been discredited and certain
individual mines are likely to be hard-
hit.

Though they only constitute 12
percent of the black labour force, the
withdrawal of their labour is likely to
have an effect on production
disproportionate to their numbers.

And certain mining houses are
likely to be harder hit than others,
Those with the largest complement of
Mozambique workers are
Johannesburg Consolidated
Investments (JCI, 25 percent), Rand
Mines (22 percent) and Anglovaal (20
percent).

Anglo American, which has a policy
of phasing out Mozambican labour,
will be the least affected.

However, on its two most dangerous
mines — Western Deep Levels and
Elandsrand — Anglo still has a high
proportion of Mozambicans.

A field study on Mozambican labour
by Maputo’s Eduardo Mondlane
University said of Western Deep
Levels: “Because it is a very deep
mine it is extremely hot for
underground working conditions and:
it is a highly unpopular mine.”

An even more pertinent example of
the attractions of Mozambican labour
is East Rand Proprietary Mines
(ERPM), the hottest, most dangerous
and deepest mine in the Rand Mines

19317
CSO: 3400/289

group, which has a Mozambican
complement of 43 percent — the
highest in the industry.

According to the Maputo University

! study, during the seventies ERPM
mine “went out of its way to make
openings for Mozambicans and issued
new Re-Employment Certificates.
sometimes through the post, to ex-
employees whose certificates had
already expired”.

In addition, Mozambican workers
—— whose insecurity about their jobs
have made them extremely
subservient to mine management —
have strongly resisted unionisation
and are known by management to be
strike-breakers.

It is an extraordinary irony that the.
workers whom the government:
envisages will replace them are likely:
to be South Africans, who have a
gieater reputation for militancy and a
strong distaste for unpleasant working
conditions.

And it places the National Union of
Mineworkers (NUM) in an invidious
position because in August last year
they decided at a national conference
to call for an industry-wide strike
should foreign workers; be
repatriated. .

At the time the NUM was
particularly concemed with threats to
repatriate Lesotho nationals who
comprise a large and vocal portion of
the union's membership and strength.

However, the stopping of
recruitment of Mozambicans is likely
to strengthen the position of Basotho
workers in the immediate future.

Two weeks ago the Chamber
Stopped recruitment of Malawian
novices because of the fear of
importing Aids onto the mines. This:
has meant that two large, traditional
areas of labour supply have been
terminated in a short space of time.

The primary effects of the move

42

will be felt in Mozambique’s three
southern provinces — Maputo,
Inhambane and Gaza — where the
population already faces famine as a
result of drought and the ravages of
the Renamo insurgents.

In a 1977 paper advocating the
disengagement of Mozambican
mineworkers from South African
mines, Ruth First and Rob Davies for
the Institute of African Studies in
Maputo argued that this would not be
possible without massive rural
development in these areas.

Mine wages have tended to outstrip’
agricultural produce in the three
provinces by a factor of 10.

“The system of labour export has
been entrenched as a result of a long
historical process of
underdevelopment in southem Africa, ;
and one which has left the supply.
states structurally. dependent on the |
South African labour market,” they-:
wrote.

In the last 10 years this process has,
if anything, worsened.

According to official sources in
Maputo, quoted by the news agency
Aim, the remittances of Mozambican
mineworkers represented about a
third of Mozambique’s foreign
exchange earnings last year.

For the miners and their families,
the effects will be horrendous. A
shantytown of men living only for the
hope of a mine job has sprung up
outside Teba mining recruitment
offices at Ressano Garcia, close to the
South African border.

Now that their hopes have been
shattered, what will the fate of these
men be?

And for the thousands of miners
who have spent a lifetime of labour on
South African mines, there remains
one last train trip back to starvation
befpre the Maputo-Johannesburg
labour trains stop running forever.


JPRS~SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

BUTHELEZI ASKS CESSATION OF TENSIONS WITH MOZAMBIQUE
MB221703 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1647 GMT 22 Oct 86

[Excerpts] Durban Oct .22 SAPA--Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi, expressing grief
at the death of President Samora Machel,. today said South Africa should
cease any alleged participation in the escalation of tension between Mozam-
bique and South Africa. "It is now certainly the time for South Africa to
cease any participation in the escalation of tension between Mozambique and
South Africa," the chief minister of Kwazulu and president of Inktha, said.
"Let us now be the kind of neighbour which grieving Mozambique requires in
its hour of destiny."

He applauded the decision of the South African Government to mount "the
greatest possible endeavour" to establish why President Machels' plane
crashed. "Nothing could be more horrendous than any intimation that South
Africa was responsible for the crash," Chief Buthelezi said.

It would be foolished of the. South African Government to make the inquiry

a South African inquiry. South Africa should participate in an international
inquiry and every possible facility should be provided for a definitive in-
vestigation... "South Africans demand to know what actually transpired."

He expressed condolences on behalf of King Zwelithini, the Kwazulu cabinet
and the leadership of Inkatha.

16662
cso: 3400/285


the people's requests for a stop to the state of emergency, the release of

all political prisoners, permission for the exiles to return home without fear
of detention, the unbanning of political organizations, and then agree to
discussions around a conference table with blacks on what can be done to build
the nation together, then alternative action by America and other nations
would not take place. Sanctions would not be applied. Sanctions come because
our government. refuses to listen.

[Masuku] Now, archbishop, let us turn to this law introduced in June, I think
it was 12 June....

[Tutu, interrupting] Which one?

[Masuku] The state of emergency...

(Tutu, interrupting] Oh yes, yes, yes.

[Masuku] Following its introduction, what is your opinion of it?

[Tutu] It is useless. It is like when someone suffering from toothache goes
and buys asprins and takes them for temporary relief. When the asprin's
effects wear off, you find that the tooth still aches. The state of emergency
is exactly the same. They are now willing to find out why the blacks are un-
happy. They detain their leaders in jail for long periods, then when they
decide to lift the state of emergency, they find the symptoms of strife still
there and upheaval starts again, all because they did not... [changes thought]
it is like a person with a serious illness, 4f his doctor does not make a
thorough examination he will not be able to administer the appropriate medi-
cation. We are trying to ‘tell them, like for instance when I talk to State
President Botha, I told him that it was of no use if we do not say what South
Africa is suffering from because we shall continue administering ineffective
medication. [End video recording]

1/6662
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We begin to fecl the heat

of their flaming hearts and skies -
And our skies are still quiet

but our eyes do not close as easily as
before

A hundred thousand fists .are clenched

a hundred thousand angry feet

running

storming

through our streets and parks

a hundred thousand

hate-filled voices

shouting our names in every suburb

come to share their flaming hearts and
skies

with our bodie:
And our ears will open

Young, White and Ignorant

“WE have lots of troubles because blacks
are rioting. The Prime Minister should
have a day when everybody can collect a

gun and just kill one of them so they might .

just stop all this fighting.”

That was 13-year-old Marco’s considered
response to what he would do if he were
president, a question posed’on a Radio 702
talk-back show last week. :

“People here are becoming too soft for
the blacks and the blacks are taking
advantage of the whites,” the non-black
Johannesburg boy added.

Marco’s “solution” to his country’s:
problems was the most violent advocated
during the hour-long radio programme
devoted to opinions of the under-20s.

Of the 18 callers who phoned in, only
two were black and very few advocated
one-person-one vote or approved of
desegregating all schools. In fact, the
show’s host, John Berks, was audibly
shaken by the deep conservatism of most of
the callers.

“We must give them equal rights, but we
musn’t let them vote quite yet,” cautioned
a confident Jenny, 14, of Randburg.
“Because they’re not ready to vote yet.
They will be one day and then maybe we
can let them run the country as well.”

Damelin student Ray, 16, said while
there should be gradual changes in
education, these should not happen too
fast. “I mean my friends wouldn’t accept a
black in my class. They would do
something very nasty to him I’m sure.”

55

(and hear a country dying)
And our hearts will open
(but they will open too late)
And our mouths will oper
(to scream with fear)

Then our eyes will open
and stare motionless into
eternity.

; ROBYN HIRSCH
Northcliff High School, Johannesburg

(Feom English Alive ’86, writings from
High .Schools in Southern Africa.
Published by the Western Cape Branch of ©
the South African Council for English:
Education.) .

Judy, 14, of Krugersdorp, was all in
favour of extending racial segregation.
“The blacks are allowed in our towns but if
we go to their towns then they want to kill
us,” she said. “So black: people should not
be allowed in our towns. I ‘think they
should live in their own towns. And if I
were president I would open one beach for
blacks and let the others stay just for white
people.”

Eleven-year-old Kerry of Morningside,
Johannesburg, was the only white caller
who had regular contact with black
children through his mother’s work with’
an African self-help scheme. “I think the
black people and white people should not
be judged by the colour of: their skin
because it makes no difference. They’ve
still got the same feelings and they’re still
humans,” he said.

Others, like Robert, 14, held more,
expedient reformist views. “We must g-
multi-racial; that will solve all our
problems,” he said. “And I think blacks
should be allowed to live where we live.
Most of them can’t afford to live here
anyway, so, what the hell, why not let them
come here.”

Others were burdened by a deep sense of
guilt.

“We've been taking advantage of blacks
ever since the white man. moved into South
Africa in the first place,” a teenager called
Debbie mused. “We can’t oppress them for
so long ana not expect them to do
something about it.



JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

Fleeing Crossfire Between MNR, Frelimo
Johannesburg THE STAR in English 14 Oct 86 p 8
[Article by Susan Pleming]

Text oer
l ] The fear of being caught in the crossfire between Mozambique Na-|
tional Resistance (MNR) rebels. and Frelimo forces has led thou-}

sands of Mozambicans to accept South African territory as home.

Thousands of Mozambicans have tried to find a new life in South
Africa. The Government has refused to give the Mozambicans refu-

gee status; They are, instead, described as “illegals” or “aliens”. |

The Government said last week that the recruitment of Mozambi-!
can workers would be banned and that those working in this country ,
would not be allowed re-entry once their permits expired. This has
not given the refugees much hope. :

The Mozambicans started trekking to South Africa in 1983. Since |
then it is estimated more than 260 000 have entered South Africa, of
whom about 60 000 are registered illegals. :

Many of the. refugees, in a desperate bid to escape war-torn Mo-
zambique, walk’ for mere than a week to reach the ‘Safety of South »
African soil. :

Last week The Star and Operation Hunger visited several Mo-
zambican refugee camps in Gazankulu and spoke to refugees in.
kaNgwane.

‘Allo of them said they had left ‘Mozambique ‘because of the bitter
war. They spoke of being caught in the crossfire between MNR and
Frelimo and of MNR soldiers raping women and the brutal murder b
of.close family members.

‘One group of refugees, who had arrived in Gazankulu one day’
earlier, sat motionless outside a food distribution centre waiting for
help. Their legs were swollen and feet cut from the long, dangerous
walk and their nerves frayed from the threat of being discovered
and sent back to Mozambique.

Armed with only the clothes they were wearing and blankets, the
refugees spoke of the horror of living in Mozambique’s rural areas.

“When we walked to Gazankulu we were afraid of landmines and
of being caught, but to us live and death have become the same
thing. We had to get away,” said one woman whose husband was
murdered in the war.

‘Six-year-old Cesare Makhuvele is a tragic example of the plight
of the refugees. .

HACKED TO DEATH

He joined’ a party travelling across the Kruger National Park
after his family had been killed following an encounter with the
MNR and Frelimo. He says his father was hacked to'death and his
younger brothers and mother were abducted by MNR and later
killed.

A woman from the Kildare refugee camp recalled how MNR
forces attacked her village. They forced her to club her husband to
death and then raped her. The soldiers forbade the woman to bury
her husband, but after they left Frelimo forces arrived and helped
herburyhim,shesaid-

The woman then set on her journey for South Africa. “We came
through the Kruger National Park. We saw lots of wild animals, but
they did not attack us. It was God’s will that we survived.”

Some refugees have been attacked by wild animals in the Park.
But, they said, the risk was worthwhile.

38



JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

FARM DEBT SOARS; CO-OPS FACE FINANCIAL RUIN

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 7 Oct 86 pp 1, 2

[Article by Mick Collins]

[Text]

COMMERCIAL banks are now owed’
a massive R3bn by the agricultural.
sector, with agricultural co-opera-
tives running a close: second at
R2,2bn.

Total agricultural debt has soared to
R11,2bn. . .

And it is understood certain co-ops are
in financial difficulties as a result of
injudicious lending policies, says an As-
socom report to the Economic Council of
the State President on the restructuring
of the agricultural sector.

The amount owed to co-operatives in-
creased from 8% (R130m) of the total
debt. in 1970 to 24% in 1984.

Assocom questions whether co-ops
will be able to continue their lending role
in the face of more market-related inter-
est rates.

“In-this context they obviously consti-
tute part of the farm problem, for any
collapse would have a damaging effect’
on both the rural economy arid on the
very banking system itself. 1

“Tt has been argued that the co-ops
have advanced credit too easily. To some:
extent co-ops have been protected by the
government scheme for the consolida-
tion of R1,1bn of unpaid production cred-
it advanced to farmers in the summer
rainfall area.”

Assocom also questions government
on whether high support prices, controls
and input subsidies offer an effective
solution to the farm problem.

“A characteristic of agricultural sup-

rt measures is that it discriminates
financially in favour of agriculture at the
expense of the population, either as tax-
payers or consumers.”

‘he report sass: “A short-termestrate-
gy for the rehabilitation of the industry
might follow the lines taken in Rhodesia:
during the UDI period.

“Under that programme a number of
farmers who had been financially over-
whelmed by successive droughts were
successfully re-established.” q

It says such a scheme would require
active participation by government, the
Land Bank, commercial banks and other
local expertise.

Overall the report recommends:

CJ Any reconstruction programme must:
form part of an integrated rutak strategy
which ties in with other development
objectives;

The aims of the White Paper on agri-
culture must be reconciled with the ob-
jectives for Industrial Strategy (Kleu Re-
port),

COThe protection measures enjoyed by
certain agricultural industries must be
reviewed in accordance with earlier gov-
ernment assurances;

O The existing support Measures must
be critically evaluated and modified
where necessary.

79



/9317

survived. It is in that context that the
campaign to boycott must be placed.

Are you not concerned about
academic freedom and freedom
of speech being impaired by
your actions?

I cannot conceive of academic
freedom apart from other, more basic
freedoms. We value academic
freedom as we value all other
freedoms. But no government in the
world has acknowledged academic
freedom without qualification,
O’Brien is asking us, who enjoy no
rights in. this country, to grant him
this freedom, the absolute right to say.
what he pleases about this country.

We are giving emphasis to the
struggle for fundamental rights. We
do value academic freedom, but if it
is, at any point, in conflict with our
general struggle for freedom, this will
override academic freedom. There
are. priorities in the liberation
struggle. Academic freedom needs to
be weighed, balanced and reconciled
with more basic freedoms.

We are fighting a state that is armed
to the teeth, and we have very few
weapons. O’Brien wants to mock this
weapon. What is worse is that he does
this professing to be a friend. He has
not shown the sensitivity that one
expects of a man of his experience. He
has been extensively quoted ridiculing
the boycott and the liberation
movement — so what does he expect
from us?

He has got what he expected: he is
being opposed by the broad liberation
movement and being defended by
those who support apartheid.

It is definitely in the interests of
those who fight for academic freedom.
to fight for freedom for all. This must
be fe for collectively — no
indi arrogate for himself
the right to decide on strategy and
tactics because he pleases. O’Brien
must accept ‘collective responsibility
for these issues.

There has been concern about
what has been called “mob rule”
on the campuses.

This is a legitimate concern. This
university has elevated their concer
for freedom of speech as a priority.
Now there are a large number of
black students on campus who are
going to influence and change the
university. The challenge to the

CSO: 3400/283

26

university is how to propagate. these,
freedoms at the same time as fully
identifying with the struggle for
justice and freedom. Is the onus not on
the university to come to terms with
its own neglect of these issues in the
past?

The fear is that a minority of
students will be able to decide
who can talk and who cannot.

We are willing to concede that there
are dangers. But we did not disrupt
O’Brien’s meeting. We challenged
him to debate with us on the academic
boycott.

But- you did prevent him
saying what he wanted to say?

He refused to debate with us.

So you did prevent him
speaking?

Our objective was not to prevent
him speaking. Our objective was to
hear his views and challenge him in
debate. We do not want to stop people
who disagree with us from speaking.
The central issue here is someone who
ridicules the only weapon a weak and
unarmed people have to conduct their
struggle.

Does it not seem that the
targets of your action will be:
those who claim to. be your
friends rather than. your
enemies?

Once the boycott has been clarified
through. discussion, then the criteria
used might well not be whether or not
that person has views opposed to us or
not. We have not up to now tried to
implement the boycott, and the most
rightwing people have been here.

But O’Brien chose to. make it an
issue and spoke out about it. We can’t
speak out in this way and that is why
he must understand our anger. I say
this as an explanation, not a
justification.

Are you going to disrupt the
lectures of all visiting academics
now?

Our objective is not to enforce the
boycott by disrupting lectures. But we
hope this incident has stimulated
debate on the issue, and now all
academics who are committed to a
free and non-racial society will now
debate this matter with students and
the liberation movement to reach a
position agreeable to all parties which
have a legitimate interest in it.


JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

'UNEXPECTED' CUTBACK IN INDIAN EDUCATION REPORTED
Durban POST NATAL in English 15-18 Oct 86 p 1
{Article by Khalil Aniff]

[Text]

THE planned cutback in Indian education
dealt another blow yesterday following
disclosures that many lecturers from
Springfield College of Education may also
lose their jobs.

Yesterday's shocker followed the weekend’s an-
nouncement that 700 teachers will be retrenched
at the end of the year and a further 500 new
teachers — due to qualify at the end of No-
vember — will not be employed by the House of
Delegates. 5

This unexpected move, based on a new Govern-
ment formula, is aimed at bringing about parity
in education over a 10-year period — but in the
process white education funding will be cut by
50 percent and Indian education by 20 percent.

The formula also makes provision for the up-
grading of black education by 400 percent and
coloured education by 33% percent.

According to sources, Springfield’s rector Mr
Leslie Peters expressed fears.on Monday that
some of.-his lecturing staff may lose their jobs at
the college.

Addressing them at an informal meeting over
tea, Mr Peters called on lecturers who felt inse-
cure to look for alternative, but equal, jobs within
the department when the “vacancy list” is circu-
lated later this week.

43

It is believed there are moves afoot;
to reduce the college staff comple-.
ment of 90 by as much as 50 percent.

However, no official confirmation
could be obtained. '

Mr Peters said he had not received |
any directive from the education de-|
partment, but there were grave fears '
at his college of a staff cutback. -

“At this stage they are just rumours ;
atid I.cannot comment,” he said. ‘

‘His staff were very concerned about |
their future, though. ” '

College sources said a delegation
from the Staff Association were plan-
ning to confront Mr. Peters later this
week to get clarity on their future.

Senior lecturers, if they opt for aj
swop, would be able to apply for posts
of deputy principals; lecturers are eli-
gible to apply for the post of heads of
department.

‘The president of the Teachers’ As-
sociation of South Africa, Mr Pat
Samuels, was furious about the
disclosures.

He has sent urgent telexes to the
Minister of National Education, Mr



JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

BLACK STUDENT LEADER SPEAKS ON ACADEMIC FREEDOM

Johannesburg THE WEEKLY MAIL in English 17-23 Oct 86 p 4

{Interview with Thami April of the Black Students Society at Wits and
executive member of Azaso, by Anton Harber; date and place not given]

[Text]

There have been mani
lecturers at your university.
Why did you choose Conor
Cruise O’Brien as your target?

We are aware that there have been a
number of visiting academics and we
are aware that there has not been
enough discussion around the question
of the academic boycott. But it became
an issue while O'Brien was here. In
fact, it became a public issue because
of his conduct. He came here claiming
to be one of us but prepared to
ridicule our position in public, and he
has attracted a great deal of publicity
around his visit and his attitude.

He was not chosen because he is
someone who disagrees with us. We
don’t unequivocally support his
(political) position, but that does not
motivate us. He is someone who has
chosen to contravene and publicly
oppose the boycott. He put the issue on
the agenda.

What is your attitude to the
idea of-a total academic boycott?

We support the call for a total
academic boycott. We are convinced
the campaign to isolate South Africa at
all Jevels is’ an indispensable part of.
the struggle here.

The boycott in all its facets has been
built up painstakingly over years. By
its nature it has weaknesses and
contradictions. It has been impossible
to win support at all levels across the
board, and to go from the point where

25

Jan Smuts was an accepted inter-
national statesman to the current state
of isolation has been a process fraught
with difficulties.

It is crucial for anyone who is part
of. the liberation struggle to do
everything in his power to strengthen
the boycott. Its weaknesses need to be
sorted out, together with the broad
forces that make up the liberation
struggle, Support ‘for the struggle
imposes responsibilities on all of us as
individuals. [n that context, O'Brien’s
remarks and his visit were
inopportune and provocative.

The boycott has affected pro-
gressive academics, too, and that is a
problem, a contradiction that we must
attempt to resolve. I am not sure it can

be — because I’m not sure that a.
qualified boycott can be practically :

enforced.

But we must support the boycott,
and those who. believe in the boycott
but have problems with it must discuss
these in a spirit of freedom and
compromise.

Does the academic boycott not
harm you, as: students at the
boycotted universities?

Knowledge is not neutral. O’Brien,
most of all, should be aware of that. I
think it is a fraud and a liar who says
that knowledge exists in isolation.
Control of knowledge and
information is at least one of the
reasons this minority government has



sc cemmsecerccscaarrccacaaaaammmmmmmccccc—————_——__——_—__——————_—_——- ——_  _—_—___—— _—_ ee

JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

COMMENTARY SAYS COMPLEXITY, SCOPE OF REFORMS IGNORED
MB230812 Johannesburg International Service in English 0630 GMT 23 Oct 86
[Station commentary: "Reform"

[Text] In the past 2 years of massive international media attention on South
Africa, two aspects of vital importance have been greatly neglected: the
complexity of the situation in the country and the scope of reforms which
have been brought about in a fairly short space of time.

Addressing businessmen in Johannesburg, South Africa's ambassador ‘to London,
Dr Denis Worrall, said that television had played a particular role in shaping
Western perceptions about the country. South Africa is not only the stuff of
good television, but profitable television, especially when it can be sug-
gested that the film was made secretly by an intrepid reporter and presented
by a courageous producer. The result, Dr Worrall said, was the highly emo-
tional, superficial picture of a unique situation. :

A major consequence of this perception of South Africa was that. its issues
were seen in simplistic moral terms in a black versus white situation. In
similar vein, another prominent South African, Jr Jan Steyn, a former supreme
court judge and now head of the Urban Foundation, has criticised the inter-
national community for failing to respond to the changes and reforms which
have occurred in the country. In an address to the South Africa Club in Lon-
don, he ‘appealed for greater international recognition of the complexities
of South Africa's problems and. énumerated the many meaningful reforms brought
about by the government of President P.W. Botha in leading the country toward
a more democratic and nonracial future. He called on governments abroad to
give moral and material support to all initiators in South Africa of negotia-
tion between the country's many ‘varied communities. . He said that this was
the world's only hope of influencing a peaceful resolution of the problems
of South and southern Africa.

16662
cs0: 3400/286

62


JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

BRIEFS

SADF CHIEF DECORATED--Taipei--The South African Defence Chief, Gen Jannie
Geldenhuys, received the Pao Ting medal with Grand Cordon from Taiwan's
chief of Staff, Gen Hau Pei-Tsun in Taipei yesterday. Gen Hau said at the
ceremony the decoration was made in recognition of Gen Geldenhuys' outstand-
ing contributions in the promotion of traditional friendship and military
co-operation between the Republic of China and South Africa. [Text]
[Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 9 Oct 86 p 8] /9317

cso: 3400/279


organisational and ideol-
ogical tasks,” the docu-
ment states.

Use of the ECP should
be seen as a publicly-di-
rected compliment to or-
ganisation, and this was
particularly the case be-
cause it was a “capitalist
commercial enterprise”.

“This means that it can
never, in its present form,
be a paper of the people
expressing their interests
consistently,” it states.

Available

In actually dealing with
newspapers, it suggests as
the first step the appoint-
ment by an organisation
of a publicity secretary,
who is easily available.

The document suggests
using “information
blitzes” to feed news-
papers the “real facts” on

events. Every witness to
an event should tele-
phone a newspaper and
tell them what they saw.

“If a group of 20 or 50
all take the same action
the chances of victimisa-
tion are much smaller,” it
notes.

On Press statements,
the document says that
these should not be
couched in the “revol-
utionary jargon” used in
statements at public
meetings.

In responding to a cri-
sis, event or issue, a Press
statement could be used
in ‘addition for “attacking
the system in general”, or
as an opportunity to get
across statistics “which
the authorities deny”.

Contentious

If at a Press conference
there was a “strong issue”
and a good turnout of re-
porters, “you can seize
the moment to make con-
tentious (but carefully
thought out) statements”.

“The more exciting the
news you give the paper,
the bigger your slice of
the page and the more
chance of ongoing cover-
age,” notes the UDF
document.

In light of the Press
curbs under the state of
emergency, the UDF has
gone over to new strate-
gies to convey its propa-
ganda by using its street
committees and activists.
to convey its message
mouth to mouth. It would
not be possible to counter
the “State's offensive”
without propaganda, the
UDF states.

[13 Oct 86 p 13]

[Text]

IN SEEKING to dis-
mantle all the existing
structures in South
Africa, including the
security forces, the
UDF wants them re-
placed by its own mo-
dels.

Isizwe, the UDF jour-
nal, says: “We Want
courts where workers,
peasants and teachers can
be elected as magistrates.
We want elected magis-
trates who are rooted in
the communities they are
serving.

“We want an army that
belongs to ail, in a coun-
try where all citizens are
armed. We want a police
force that protects work-
ers, students and all
democrats — not a police
force which protects the
laws of the minority and

the property of the rich,”
it states.

It is of importance to
note that organisations’
structures and affiliates:
have been involved not
only in a widespread cam-
pai to isolate the
police, but has carried
through its attack on the
South African system of
justice through the estab-
lishment of “people’s
courts”.

Rhetoric

In other words, as se-
curity analysts note, its
thetoric is being put into

ice.

From its own docu-
mentation, it appears that
at the lowest level the
structures of the UDF
start with the organisation
of so-called street com-
mittees, which are envi-

saged as ongoing struc-
tures in the socialistic so-
ciety it is attempting to
create under the Freedom
Charter.

These street commit-

tees are not without im-

ce. “We want laws
that are widely discussed
... Street committee by
street committee before
they are even debated in
Parliament,” Isizwe
notes.

The community is seen
as the main source of the
“people’s power”.

Each street, in terms of
the theory as projected in
Isizwe, elects a committee
of 10 comrades, and each
township is divided into
zones for which the street
committees elect an area
committee, with an over-
riding committee of 10

16

which co-ordinates all the
areas of the township.

Divided

For example, the two
Cape townships of Langa
and KwaNobuhle are
each divided into five
zones, and the street com-
mittee representing the 10
zones come under a single
co-ordinating committee.

Interviews with mem-
bers of these street com-
mittees shows clearly that
they are attempting to
give practical implemen-
tation to the Freedom
Charter, the credo of the
ANC.

“What has been
preached in the past
about the Freedom Char-
ter, even now we are try-
ing to do that practical-
ly,” says an interview


/9317

‘The farmers’ vast financial problems:
— their escalating debt and interest bur-
den — will dominate the SA Agricultural
Union Congress which opens in Bloem-
fontein on October 21, writes GERALD
REILLY.

In a preamble to the resolutions to
come before congress it is stressed that
the continued viability of increasing
numbers. of farming enterprises ir in
jeopardy.

It was alarming that. many farmers
would buckle under the huge debt and
interest burden without supplementary
government aid — in addition to the
existing drought aid.

Congress will be asked to request gov-
ernment to provide the aid:on merit, and
to reschedule repayment obligations.

CSO: 3400/269

80



convicted of planning a march on Port Elizabeth
in 1976. : .

“On an average weekend before the Emergency, .
my brother would attend a mass funeral. Several
thousand people would be singing freedom songs
and sloganeering. That was not the case when I
grew up. A funeral was a very solemn occasion
barred to children. We were scared of dead
people. Also,”” he went on, “although many of my
friends’ fathers were imprisoned and then
deported to the Ciskei after the African National
Congress was banned in 1960, people never
mentioned the organisation, they would say ‘So-
and-so’s father was deported after the Big Thing.’
We didn’t speak about the ANC as‘ if it was, you
know, Orlando Pirates or Kaizer Chiefs.” j

Perhaps the most significant experience for the:
children of the Eighties, according to Verryn, is.
detention.

“Once you take a 13-year-old or a nine-year-old
into detention, and away- from his routine of
parental discipline, you’ ve exposed him to the big
wide world and aged him in an instant,’’ he said.
“And when you torture him and expect from him:
the psychological sophistication you might not
expect of a 40-year-old, then you’ve begun a
process which must be very, very difficult, to
undo, and it will be almost impossible for parents.
to resume their former disciplinary control.’” I

Yet suprisingly, he added, the most common
reaction of those brutalised by detention was not
violent aggression, but a deep depression which
included symptoms of self-debasement, lack of
motivation and a withdrawal from people and
society.

“There’s something very wrong about children
being exposed to brutality,” Verryn said. “And
yet very often they’re fascinated by it, and they’re
usually far more-adept at it.’”

So how does a child who has participated in a
“necklacing’’ — in which a tyre is placed around i
the victim, doused with petrol and set alight —j
‘cope with the experience? i

Cooper says he has observed a “blocking off and
blunting of emotions’.

“Behind the facade of macho behaviour, the
consequences are denied, because if faced they can
result in-a shattering of the personality. The
psychic turmoil, extreme conflict, guilt and self-
hate would be enormous,”’ he said.

Verryn said most children involved in violent
acts saw them as acts of justice, even of self-
defence. “They come to terms with it believing
they had been good soldiers and killed the enemy.
Most see the situation as one of war.’”

Whether their deeds would scar children
irreparably would only be evident in about five
years time, Verryn added. “If they have call-
backs, if they find themselves demotivated, and
suicidal, we might be able to discover the full
consequences."” :

53

As former head of the Azanian People’s
Organisation, Cooper is particularly worried
about the “cauldron of youth revolt’? turning in on
itself, resulting in intra-community violence, such
as the bloody clashes between youths claiming
allegiance to black-consciousness Azapo, and its
ideological opponent, the non-racial United
Democratic Front (UDF) in recent years.

“As the enemy often becomes inaccessible and
appears unassailable,"’ Cooper explained, “it is
easy to create a witchhunting pattern and deflect
ithe violence towards those more accessible, who
are part of the oppressed and exploited
community.” .

He believes the authorities have “a direct hand in
sensuring the community violence continues. 1
ithink the system is looking at a very stark
conclusion, saying can we allow the death of white
privilege and power, or do we create a situation
where we maintain control, however ephemerally
rand confusedly.””

The growing numbers of uneducated,
iunemployed youths will also be fertile ground for
ithose able to pay vigilantes to sow further division
:in communities. Economists believe the declining
economy incapable of reproducing sufficient jobs
for the population, half of whom is younger than
2.

‘What then can be done to ensure the youth do not
become a law unto themselves?

Macozoma — who does not believe the youth
are “out of hand’? — believes it is crucial not to
describe the youth itself as the problem.

“T think the broad liberation movement should
never ever allow the alienation of the youth from
its structures,’’ he stressed. “There will be a lot of
grey areas and the youth are going to také a lot of
unstrategic decisions, but they should be shown
where they’ve made a mistake and wooed back

into the fold, much more than writing them off as
thugs. . .

“Because they can become thugs, and they can
become government thugs, and that’s what we
should bear in mind all the time. .

“The youth should understand that basically the
whole political debate is give and take,” he said.
“There should be a preparedness to bargain, an
understanding of the political situation as one
where we sit and talk and differ and still go
together and be comrades even if we differ on
certain issues, without having to resort to violence.
against one another.’”

While most of the black community has been
politicised around slogans and has a simplified
understanding of the political situation, Macozoma
believes this education should go deeper.

“The tendency, in an alliance like the UDF, has
been to avoid moving to a coherent ideological
position, because it would bring to light too many
political tendencies. But I believe if we really want
the youth in our hands we have to give them



JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

CONTINUING DROUGHT THREATENS ECONOMIC GROWTH PROSPECTS”

Johannesburg SUNDAY TIMES (Business) in English 12 Oct 86 p 1

{Article by David Southey]

[Text]

DROUGHT — South Africa’s
perennial dread disease —
once again looms menacingly
on the horizon and threatens
to derail economic growth
prospects.

After one of the driest Septembers
for more than a decade, the nation’s
farmers and their creditors are now
dismally bracing themselves for the
erunch.

With many SA farmers already in
dire financial straits, inadequate
rainfall during the next critical
month or so could plunge agriculture
into catastrophe and send banks’ bad
debts rocketing. .

Despairing

A senior economist of the SA Agri-
cultural Union, Dries Davel, says:
“another bad agricultural year will
absolutely devastate the platteland
economy. Crop failures in the sum-
mer rainfall areas will also smash
any chances of achieving a reason-
able rate of growth in the overall
economy.”

‘Major commercial banks are also
despairing over weather prospects.
Farmers already owe them nearly
Ré-billion. No rain this year could
catapult hosts of farmers into bank-
Tuptey.

arclays, Volkskas and Standard
are each estimated to have at least
R1-billion exposures to agriculture,
with Trust’s lending reckoned at
about R500-million, Volkskas’s farm
book is thought to be the most vulner-
able because of its widespread client
base in the drought-stricken western
arts of the Transvaal and Free
tate.

77

Farmers owe another R3-billion to
the co-ops, which in turn owe: the
banks millions. Some are said to be
tottering on the brink of insolvency.

The remainder of .agriculture’s

staggering Ri2-billion debt consists
of R2,5-billion owed to the Land Bank
and R3-billion loaned by other finan-
stitutions and creditors.
‘arm Consultants’ John Harri-
son says: “Even if we do get reason-
able rains, there are many farmers
who are not going to survive.
Drought and high interest rates have
knocked the stuffing out of the indus-
try.”

Reasonable

“Though many aréas in the eastern
haif of the country have had reason-
able early rains — with the eastern
Free State recording near-record
crops — ‘the. western parts of the
Transvaal and Free State maize, sor-
pum and cotton growing belt.could

e headed for disaster if good rains
do not fall within a month.

Mr Davel says: “After four or five
years of successive crop failures,
creditors are obviously anxious
about granting more credit. Faced
with another drought, many are say-

* ing that the risk is simply not worth

it?
Battling

Nampo’s Kit le Clus says: “We
should be aiming at producing about.
9-million tons of maize this year, but
we need plenty of rain to achieve

at.

“The gloomy price outlook means
that many farmers are battling to
get credit. There are still numerous



JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

NATION'S VITAL MCV FACTOR EXPLAINED
Johannesburg THE STAR in English 10 Oct 86 p 8
[Article by Jaap Boekkooi]

[Text]

Most industrialised countries are hesitant 'to®
follow the American sanctions initiative
against South Africa because of the little
known MCV Factor which is seldom discus- »

-sed outside boardrooms.

The MCV Factor stands for manganese-
chromium-vanadium, a powerful combina-
tion of minerals without which steel manu-
facturing throughout the modern. world
would revert to the technological Middle
Ages. And without which there would be no
railway lines, cars, jet aircraft, locomotives.

As it is South Africa holds a virtual world
monopoly on these minerals.. As the newspa-
per General-Anzeiger in the West German
capital Bonn mentioned the other day: “The
West German steel industry ... is complétely
dependent on South Africa for certain alloy
raw materials. The production of high-grade.
steel in Germany could be speedily paralysed
by counter-boycott measures since, unlike
the US, it has no strategic reserves.”

* For Germany, one can also read France,
Sweden, Japan, Korea and the entire indus-
trial world which runs and moves on modern
steels. The exception is the United States
which has stockpiled strategic minerals,
manganese even, for the past 40 years.

The MCV Factor could be South Africa’s
“bomb in the basement” as an unparalleled
bargaining power ploy.

For as the Bonn paper points out, the
amount of strategic minerals South Africa
supplies to the West “is not that significant
for its own balance of trade”.

The unsaid implication is that South Africa
could use the strength of its rare minerals in
sanctions-spawned barter agreements. much
in the way Russia used to do.

This country is in no obvious bargaining
position for its coal and iron ore exports, for
instance, where too many suppliers are ready
to step into the sanctions. breach. But if
ores and coal were offered in package deals
with more vital minerals, they would consti-
tute an offer increasingly hard to refuse.

Even if South Africa were to hold: up. ex-
ports of the MCV Factor minerals it would
only affect a small fraction of its total min-
eral exports. . : a

The 22 000 tons of vanadium exported from
South Africa annually, six times: that of its
nearest rival Finland, earns the country a
mere R122 million, about 0,5 percent of total
mineral exports of R23 000 million. Manga-
nese exports are twice this, just over one.
percent of mineral exports, and chrome ore
exports stand at R147 million a year.

Yet together, at below 2,5 percent of min-
eral exports, they constitute a mighty min-
eral mouse that roars. And one that, when
tweaked, will again send up the gold price.

Manganese production, most of it from the
great Kalahari storehouse whose reserves
are almost 80 percent of the world’s, has tri-
pled since 1960. If supplies were interrupted
the United States, for instance, would be
forced to use up its reserves and resort to
expensive seabed mining of manganese nod-
ules.

83



JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA
INDUSTRY DECENTRALIZATION POLICY CREATES URBAN UNEMPLOYMENT
Durban POST NATAL in English 8-11 Oct 86 p 6
[Article by Quraish Patel]
[Text]
WHEN 30 clothing factories moved out of
Durban to set up business in rural areas, Gov-
ernment planners saw years of work come to
fruition. The thought of another 15 factories
moving out of the city this year is a bonus to
those planners. B
The records will tell a{
success story of entirei
factories moving to rural
areas to ‘“‘develop”
the people, creating thou- t me Policy of decen- | Industrialists point to
sands of new job ralising industry does: job creation in rural’
ne Job. not make much sense to! ft .
opportunities. ‘ the union’s general secre- ' areas to justify their bu-
" ° inesses there. They con-
But the records won't! tary, Frankie Hansa. aoeatly fl te talk
show the effects of this “Tl’s creating massive veniently forget to tal
policy -on clothing work- unemployment in. the about their profits.
ers who have spent most city. It’s all very well to One of the major prob-
of their lives in the develop the skills of peo- lems of the Garment
industry. Like Mrs ple in the decentralised Workers’ Union was find-
Meena Naidoo. areas, but what about the ing money to help the
A machinist for four skilled people walking hundreds of unemployed
years, she was re- the streets looking for workers crowding the of-
trenched when the facto- jobs in the city?” he said. fices for jobs — or relief.
ry moved to Isithebe, in “Transferring jobs Another problem was
KwaZulu, and is among: from the city to decen- the lack of money. A
the 15000 workers hunt- tralised areas creates union fund dried up with-
ing for jobs in a shrinking more problems than in weeks. .
city industry. solutions.” Attractive cash bene-
A Chatsworth mother The result is ‘unem- fits and incentives (from
of three children, she has ployment in the cities the taxpayers’ money)
never really understood and low wages in the are luring manufacturers
why she was retrenched, growth points deter- to the decentralised
and explanations by offi- mined by antiquated la- areas.
cials of the Garment ur legislation. Union- ive i
Workers’ Industrial ists are not even sure cot eran wage
rece, Conused her even inhomeland arase, “PY subsidy of R110 a month

60


Household Subsistence Levels

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 6 Oct 86 p 16

STATISTICS pro-
duced for this survey,
from a number of
sources, most nota-

Monthly household subsistence
leve|: September 1985

bly. the National

Building Research [ Population .
Tntituee-and Market | 9rup PHSL*'|Transport| Rent | HSL**
Research Africa, | piacks 290,00} R19,00. | R36,00 ]R:

; . , . 5 345,00
show only about 25% | Asians . |R317,00] 25,00 | R59,00'| R401,00
‘of SA’s black popula- | Coloureds ......... | R298,00 | _R19,00 “| R51,00 | R368,00
tion can make some

contribution. towards
their housing costs.

12% could afford a
building society bond

* Primary Household Subsistence Level !
In 1985 only about ** Household Subsistegce Level

of more than R20 000.

More than half of
all black households
are financially un
able to make ary in-
terest payments in

1985

Average monthly household income:
— RSA, National States,
TBVC countries and SWA/Namibia

respect of housing

Population group

Monthly income(% Increase 1984-88

loans and an addi-

tional 10,2% cannot | Whites ....
afford a housing loan | Coloureds
of more than R2.852 ] Asians -

at normal building

R2043 114
R671 15

R1071 =
R352 28,9

society rates. i>
If they were to qualify for the inter-
est rate subsidy available to first-
time home buyers,*they would be able
to afford a R4 008 housing loan. «

The housing subsidy made avail- °

able to civil servants would allow the
head of a household falling within this
income category. to take on the com-
mitment of a R8 600 housing loan.

Less than 12% of black households
are able to afford an unsubsidised
loan of more than R30 000. *

First-time home buyers and civil
servants who qualify for subsitlies
and earn R750 a month would qualify
for loans of R44 000 and R64 000 re-
spectively.

This table was prepared by Market
Research Africa and affords a basis
for assessing the problem of afford-
ability.

What proportion of its income a

household should Pay for housing is a
subject of constant debate with plan-
ners and authorities and the views
vary widely.

Building societies operate on a
figure of 25% as the norm. In the US,
the figure ranges somewhere be-
tween 20% and 30%, while in the so-
cialist countries of Europe it is be-
tween 15% and 20%, and in
developing countries 10% to 15% is
considered realistic.

The ability to afford housing is re-
lated to the subsistence level of the
family in terms of satisfying basic

needs.

An All Media and Products Survey
analysis says the average stated
monthly income of black households
in SA (including the TBVC states and
Namibia) was R352 in 1985 —‘an in-
crease of 28,9% over the 1984 figure of
R273,

33

JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986



/9317

The cost of feeding 1-million peo-"

le is estimated at or that

le package gone throu; e
budget could rise to R20m.
minate the treaty and ‘thie protocol on
the avoidance of double taxation.

Investment

The US ban on new investment in SA,
and loans to the SA government and
agencies controlled by it, is largely a
case of legislating what already ex-
ists. Foreign banks — and not just
those in the US — have been with-
drawing, rather than investing, cap-
ital and credits from SA for more
than 18 months.

This pressure on the capital
account has already resulted in a

csO: 3400/270

73

lower exchange rate, higher inflation
and a lower rate of real economic
growth. As long as the capital outflow
continues, SA will have no choice but
to run a large surplus on the current
account.

“No. US loans or investment have
been coming into the country, purely:
because bankers and companies feel
the risk is too high, and it is unlikely
that they will change their minds
soon,” says a local banker.

The ban does not, however, prevent
US companies from reinvesting pro-
fits generated from SA subsidiaries.
Nor does it cover sales on open
account (mainly between parent and
subsidiary), short-term trade credits.
or the luling of existing debt.



"Informal Settlements’ Around Cities Increase

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 6 Oct 86 p 16

[Article by Willie Harris]

[Text]

THE numbers game is changing
the face of SA in more ways than
one. The black population explo-
sion is expected,to cause a surge
of .more than 4-million rural
blacks into the country’s major
Cities iri the next decade — or
thereabouts.

The country will have to accept
the existence of townships on an “in-
formal settlement” basis around
major cities. : :

And government, and the private
sector are gearing 4 to face this;
challenge, although there is still a!
dearth of information on just what:
methods will be used. :

This Business Day survey con-;
tains a wide spectrum of opinions
from people involved in meeting the
problem — and it would appear that
the key to the solution is the offering
of “options” to blacks requiring shel-
ter,

“The options are likely to range
from minimum servicing — like a
water tap for 20 families who will
then be allowed to build their own
shacks with whatever materials
they can afford — through toilet-
plus-tap and a small loan for R3 000 |
to R5 000 to buy specified materials:
from a central depot, to the con-:
struction of a “core” house of two!
‘bedrooms which can be added to as.
the homeowner can afford it.

On the higher scale, for families
with a minimum total income of
R380 a month, the building societies
are stepping in to help, with the
Perm Building Society leading the
way.

During the past year, the Perm
has lent nearly R150m to blacks and

_is lending at the rate of R25m a

34

*month. The United Building Society
is also coming on strong with loans
of almost R100m during the same
period. i

The Housing Trust, started by
government with R400m as “seed”
capital to encourage private sector
finance, is still in the birth stages,
but it appears that the existing
financial infrastructure will be ad-
hered to. :

The main problem is that 80% of ;
the black population about to mi-i
grate to the urban areas can afford!
little or nothing in the way of hous- ;
ing, and shelter of some kind must
be provided to avoid a dangerous
social situation with health risks and
rising crime.

Above all other considerations is
the fact that housing is vital for’
political stability in such a massive
rural-to-urban metamorphosis.

Two other positive factors must
be taken into cv’ siferation — the
increased emp'vyment opportuni-
ties which will be created, and black
willingness to play their part in the
form of “Sweat Equity” — building
their own shack, shelter or home by
themselves.

The “Sweat Equity” concept is il-
lustrated in the article on the Da-
veyton development at Holfontein,
but the necessity for installing infra-
structures for servicing those areas:
will also provide job opportunities
for contractors who will need to use
heavy machinery in many cases,
particularly in more up-market de-
velopments.

But the question of affordability
remains central, and in this area
finance at rates lower than the pre-
sent market rates, through subsidies
of one kind or another, look to be
essential.

JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986


Privacy Is Not Guaranteed as Hackers Access System

‘COMPUTERS of a large number of South African
companies can link up and “talk” to each other.

According to Professor Mike Rodd of Wits Electri-.

cal Engineering Department it is not easy to do this,

but it is possible. This means different companies

could have access to classified information.

“The whole problem of privacy of information on.
computers is being studied intensely in the United
States where computer hacks have done some pretty
horrific things. Right now not very much is known
about it,” Prof Rodd said.

“In South Africa a large number of companies are
linked up to Saponet so it is possible to link up to a
different computer through Saponet. This requires
quite a bit of expertise however.”

Mr Neil Harris, a consultant on computer security,
said ICL computers were the only ones approved by
the United States Department of Defence — “They
have their security built into their hardware.”

Phone Taps

Johannesburg THE SUNDAY STAR in English 12 Oct 86 p 14

{Article by Jon Qwelane]

[Text]

JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

IS THERE a bugger in a
dark little office some-
where who spends his
time eavesdropping on
other people’s phone
calls?

Some time ago Arch-
bishop Desmond Tutu
had a phone conversation
with the president of the
Soweto Civic Association,
Dr Nthato Motlana.

Someone was eaves-
dropping and he evident-
ly did not like what the
two men were discussing.

Forgetting — or not
caring — for a moment
that he was an intruder,
the bugger interrupted
the conversation and
shouted over the line:
“Nou praat julle k..”

Neither man was sur-
prised by the interruption
— both had long suspect-

ed their lines were’

bugged — and the unruly
interruption merely con-
firmed their doubts.

According to the Minis-
ter of Communications
and Public Works, Dr
Lapa Munnik, his depart-
ment does not have a
man sitting in a “dark lit-
tle office” putting names
on, or deleting names
from, a specific list of
people under surveil-
lan

Ice.

But the denial may be
outdated, because it was
made slightly over two
years ago when Dr Mun-
nik failed to answer Dr
Van Zyl Slabbert cate-
gorically on whether the
former Leader of the Op-
position’s phone was
bugged.

At the same time Dr
Munnik, speaking in Par-
liament, answered Dr
Andries Treurnicht’s sim-
ilar query: “We have bet-
ter things to do than to
tap the telephone of the
honourable leader of the
Conservative Party. I

49

cannot see that’he falls
into the particular cate-
gory of being a problem
to the State.”

He said no single list of
people whose. phones
were tapped existed and
no special list was put on
his desk every morning. ;

Saying tapping was:
carried out in other West-.
ern countries, Dr Munnik
added that communica-
tions to and from particu-
lar people were inter-
cepted when this was “es-
sential in the interests of
State security”.

In March last year the
Deputy Minister of Law
and Order, Mr Adriaan
Viok, said neither he nor
any member of the po-
lice had in the previous
three years, for which
figures were available,
authorised the tapping of
any telephones.

Mr Viok explained that
senior heads of the police



JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

OVERSEAS SUPPORT FOR NECC 'PEOPLE'S EDUCATION’ DETAILED

Johannesburg CITY PRESS in English 12 Oct 86 p 1

[Article by Mono Badela]
[Text]

THE International Conference on Aca-
demic Solidarity - which met in Madrid
recently — has voted to take drastic action
against the SA government.

The 46-member organisation took three
wide-ranging resolutions. at its Madrid
summit meeting, attended by National
Education Crisis Committee officials Rev
Molefe Tsele and Eric Molobi and SA
Council for Higher Education official
John Samuel.

The group voted that:

@ International support for “people’s edu-
cation” will be launched by Latin Ameri-
can, European, Asian and African coun-
tries.

@ An international boycott of South Afri-
can academics and educational institu-
tions will be launched.

@ It will call upon South African academ-
ics and institutions to make bold moves in
severing their links with the present gov-
ernment and side with the forces that seek
to remove apartheid in education.

Tsele said a total of 46 countries attend-
ed the conference — including the United
Kingdom, Canada, Zambia, West Ger-
many, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Ar-
gentina, Peru and Uganda.

He said the conference expressed deep
concern about the state of education in SA
and the way apartheid was being used to
the advantage of a particular race.

cso: 3400/287

He said an international support for
“people's education” would be launched,
meaning academics from countries in Lat-

in. America, Asia, Europe and’ Africa ;

would give massive contributions to the
People’s Education Commission.

“The commission was set up at ‘the

‘NECC’s meeting in Durban earlier this
ear to work out a plan for a “people’s
education charter”. .

The academics “will be seconding ex-
pert staff to facilitate the research on
people's education, an alternative to the
type of education now being dished out to
black children”, said Tsele. |

Tsele said the significance of this move
was that “people’s education” had now
received international acceptability.

The boycott of SA academics and insti-
tutions is to start immediately. This means
SA-based academics will in future be
boycotted in international academic fo-
Tums. ;

Tsele said: “We are saying that white
academics were benefiting in tribal uni-
versities as well as benefitting from inter-
national forums. They will definitely be
excluded in future. They will only be
accepted when they are not seen to be
collaborating with the system.”

These institutions had for too long been
condoning the status quo, he said.

“None of them is going to be excused.”

22


JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

PSYCHOLOGY OF UNREST, RISE. OF KHMER ROUGE ELEMENT EXAMINED
Johannesburg THE WEEKLY MAIL in English 17-23 Oct 86 pp 14-15
[Article by Jo-Ann Bekker]

[Text]

AS black children of the Eighties grow. up amid
increasing -civil violence, with three years of
disrupted schooling behind them and little hope of
employment in the future, many observers are
questioning whether a Khmer Rouge element is
emerging in South Africa.

From a historical viewpoint, however,
University of the Witwatersrand political science »
lecturer Tom Lodge dismisses the analogy. a

“In every sense the Khmer Rouge was a vile
movement which saw a holocaust of three-million:
killed, but what its adherents did is light years
away from what is happening here,’’ he said. '

“Contrary to popular belief, the Khmer Rouge
was not a group of alienated, intellectually
emasculated young children wreaking their;
bitterness on adults. It was a movement led by
French-trained Marxists who had a specific vision
of how to bring about revolutionary change in
Cambodia. The black youth here, while motivated
by a vaguely conceived understanding of
revolutionary transfer of power, are not subjected
to a hierarchy of leadership and I don’t see a
complete and vindictive nihilism in their actions.’”

But Lodge, like others, is concerned about the
breakdown of parental. and organisational
discipline, a factor aggravated by mass detentions.

In a situation where about one fourth of the
20000 people estimated detained under the
Emergency regulations are younger than 18, and
allegations of torture are commonplace, do
brutalised chidren become brutal adults?

Saths Cooper, a Wits psychology lecturer who is
doing pioneering research into the issue believes
the potential exists.

“When you traumatise a community through
repression, through siege of townships, when you.
brutalise children who simply objected to the
education which is preparing them for a servile

52

Status in society ..: then you can appreciate there is!
a very small gap between being a victim of, or
witnessing, brutalisation and modelling that
aggressive behaviour,”’ he said:

“There’s nothing in the prior socialisation of
those youths to suggest such personal
dehumanisation and brutalisation. It is clearly the
result of living in a racist environment.”

When children see how their elders have been
humiliated and denigrated, and have no hope or
aspirations for their own future, violence can be
cathartic, Cooper added.

“The level of repugnance for the system is soi
great that very little is required to spark off a.need i
‘for a cathartic expression (a violent act) to purge’
oneself and one’s community of what is seen as just
an extension of the system, if not the system
itself.””

The Reverend Paul Verryn, a Methodist
minister who is active in the Detainees’
Counselling Service, ‘said given the decades of
brutality to which the entire black community had
been exposed, it was surprising “an irredeemable
pathology’’ was not already in existence. “There is
no telling what the human potential can really
survive,’’ he added.

But in the-last three years, repression and
resistance have moved into a new dimension:
Children are regularly exposed to mass funerals of
unrest victims, many of whom are children; the
Security Forces have invaded black
neighbourhoods and schools, while, on the other
hand, there is a renaissance of political
mobilisation.

“My experience as a youngster is incomparable
to. what my younger brother grows up with,’”
commented South African Council of Churches
worker Saki Macozoma, 29, who was imprisoned
on Robben Island for five years after being


19317

for each worker. Where ;
there are no minimum

wage restrictions, work-!
ers are paid much less!
and some companies can
make a profit out of the:
wage subsidy scheme be-!
fore there has been any
production at all.

One company is be-
lieved to have made
R100 000 in the first year
in a decentralised area
without producing a sin-
gle item.

As an example of low
wages paid to workers in
rural areas, Mr Hansa
said a machinist in the
city earned R74,50.a
week while a worker in
the decentralised area
earned, on average, R20
a week.

Mrs Naidoo’s retrench-
ment came suddenly; but
it was not unexpected.

“From about 1981,
companies were quietly
moving ‘their operations
to decentralised areas —
like Isithebe in KwaZulu
— without incurring any
costs. The massive incen-
tives ensured healthy
bank balances. The city
factories were kept going
while the rural ones pre-
pared to come on line.
‘When the rural factories
were able to match pro-
duction in the cities, the
manufacturers made
their move. ~

“Companies ‘used the
recession to shift produc-
tion,” said Mr Hansa.

And that was how Mrs
Naidoo lost her job.

CSO: 3400/280

Government statistics
also won’t show the de-
vastating effects on em-
ployment in the city. Al-
ready 15000 clothing
workers have lost their
jobs and another 1000
jobs will be cut soon.

Mr Hansa said: “In my
11 years with the union
this is the worst period
for clothing workers —
and'the union.”

A union-backed move
to help retrenched work-.
ers offers some immedi-

.ate hope. Mr Hansa is

hoping the programme to
absorb retrenched work-
ers into a burgeoning cot-
tage industry secures
various spin-offs.

Run by the Foundation
for Entrepreneurship De- «
velopment, a limited
number of clothing work-
ers are taught dressmak-
ing skills in an attempt to
encourage self-reliance.

Nirmilla Sathishchand
is among the lucky ones.
She was accepted into
the programme ‘which ,
teaches clothing produc- |

tion, costing, and:
marketing. ~

“The Department of;
Manpower sponsors the!
first month’s training; the-
private sector helps to fi-
nance the other five.
months.

Joan Moore, head of
the Cottage Industry De-
velopment, said: “Nirmil-
la is among our first suc-
cesses. Apart from learn-
ing how to make dresses,
she also goes out to get

61

orders. In this way, work-
ers leave us knowing
business basics.”

Mrs Sathishchand’s
husband also lost his job
recently and she has to:
provide for their three;
children,

When she completes
the course in December,
she will start her own
business. Mr Hansa says
assistance from the the
Small Business Develop-
ment Corporation will:
help to make people like
Mrs Sathishchand inde- :
pendent in business. i

And if her business
grows, she will be able to

employ one or two more
people.

Limited financial re-
squrces restricts the pro-'
gramme; so for the rest:
of the retrenched work-"
ers, there’s no relief.

While the Government
gives away millions of
rands to.help manufac-
turers to decentralise,
the overburdened unem-
ployment insurance fund
is the only source of in-:
come for the next few
weeks. After that, who
knows?

‘Mr Hansa says: “I don’t
know what to tell work-
ers. How do you tell peo-
ple there.are no jobs?”

On paper the growth of
industry outside the
cities looks impressive as
more industrialists queue
for money from the Gov-
ernment. In the mean-
time Mrs Naidoo is just
another statistic.



NECC Reply to Viljoen Statements on Education Crisis
(Fanyana Mazibuko; CITY PRESS, 12 Oct 86) ...cseeeeeeeeese 23

Black Student Leader Speaks on Academic Freedom
(Thami April Interview; THE WEEKLY MAIL, 17-23 Oct 86) ... 25

Eastern Cape Pupils Become ‘Educational Refugees'
(THE NEW NATION, 9-22 Oct 86) .ecccccceccccessccccescvecs 27

Government Support of New UCCP Noted
(Mono Badela; CITY PRESS, 12 Oct 86) ...ccececccecececeees 28

Changing Needs of Black Housing Surveyed
(BUSINESS DAY, 6, 15 Oct 86) ..ccsseccececcccceceescececes 29

Overcrowding Major Cause of Unrest 29
Israeli-based Minrav 30
Blacks Need Greater Subsidies 31
Sale May Pick Up 31
Explosion of Ghetto Housing on Reef 32
Household Subsistence Levels 33
"Informal Settlements' Around Cities Increase, by

Willie Harris 34
PWV Region Could Ease Black Housing, by Linda Ensor 35

Briefs
NECC Slams SATV Program 36
Bophuthatswana Officials' Spending Cited 36
SOCIOPOLITICAL/OTHER

Human Flood of Refugees From Mozambique Unabated
(Susan Pleming; THE STAR, 13, 14 Oct 86) ..cecececececeees 37

Pouring Into Gazankulu, KaNgwane, Lebowa 37
Fleeing Crossfire Between MNR, Frelimo 38
Children Recount Nightmare Trek 40

Impact on Mining Industry of Mozambican Workers Ban Examined
(Phillip van Niekerk, Jean Leger; THE WEEKLY MAIL,

17-23 Oct 86) ... whee cence eeee 4l
‘Unexpected' Cutback in Indian Education Reported
(Khalil Aniff; POST NATAL, 15-18 Oct 86) ....eeeeee 43

Evidence of Increasing State Surveillance on Citizens Noted
(THE SUNDAY STAR, 12 Oct 86) .esesecccceescecccsevecseeess 45

State Uses Blacks to Monitor Blacks, by David Breier 45
Reality of ‘Orwellian Nightmare’ 46
Lie Detectors, by Guy Jepson 47
Computers, by Melanie Gosling 48
Phone Taps, by Jon Qwelane 49

-b-


JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

IMPACT ON MINING INDUSTRY OF MOZAMBICAN WORKERS BAN EXAMINED

Johannesburg THE WEEKLY MAIL in English 17-23 Oct 86 p 13

[Article by Phillip van Niekerk and Jean Leger]

[Text]

WHEN the weekly train bringing
Mozambican workers to South
Africa’s goldfields failed to reach
Johannesburg station last Wednesday
afternoon, mine managers worried
that Pretoria’s bar on Mozambican
labour, announced that afternoon, had
come into effect already.

To their relief, the train had simply
been delayed, and there would be no
labour shortages in the weeks ahead.

Industry analysts calculating the
costs of the South African government
action saw that the loss of
Mozambican labour would damage
though not cripple the industry.

But the announcement came as a
body blow to the Mozambican
economy and left more than 100 000
Lesotho nationals feeling extremely
nervous that similar action could be
taken against them.

When the train arrived on Thursday
there was no special ceremony to
mark the end of an era — the last
trainload of Mozambican miners,
whose links with the goldmines are as
old as the industry itself.

After all, it was Mozambican labour
in the 1890s and the early twentieth
century which laid the foundations of
the South African mining industry,
built Johannesburg and later
bankrolled the decrepit Portuguese
empire.

Unable to attract South. African
blacks to poorly paid jobs in what
historian Alan Jeeves has described as
the “dangerous, brutal and onerous
working environment” of the mines,
the Chamber of Mines recruited most
of its labour from Mozambique in the
first three decades of the gold mines.

Mozambique’s peasant economy had
been devastated by three centuries of
Portuguese colonialism, which
included the large-scale export of
slaves and forced labour on the
prazos, the large colonial estates.

Mozambicans were driven to seek
wage remuneration to pay taxes and to
afford the trade in fortified wine and!
spirits upon which whole
communities, with the connivance of!
the Chamber's labour recruitment
agents, had become dependant.

‘Through agreement between the
Portuguese colonial authorities and
the Chamber and South African
authorities (in which the Portuguese
received kickbacks, such as a certain
guaranteed amount of traffic through
Lorenco Marques harbour), a system
of tied labour emerged between
Mozambique's three southern
provinces and the goldmines.

On the eve of the Angio Boer War,
more than 60 000 Mozambicans were
employed on the goldmines, about 60
percent of the total workforce. Its

41

peak as a percentage was in 1904 when
two-thirds of the black workers on the
gold mines were from Mozambique.

Mozambican employment on the
mines remained constantly high until
Frelimo came to power in 1975, when
there were 118 000 Mozambicans on
the mines — a third of the total
workforce and the largest single
ethnic complement.

Fearful of the importation of
socialist ideas on to the mines and
wanting to weaken its new Marxist:
neighbour economically, the South
African government drastically cut
down the recruitment of
Mozambicans to the mines.

By 1977 the total number of
Mozambicans on the gold mines had
been reduced to its low point of
35 000. .

As a further economic measure, in
1978 South Africa scrapped an
agreement signed with Portugal in
1928 in which part of the miners’
wages were paid to the Portuguese
administration in gold at a fixed price.

By reselling this gold at free market
prices, Portugal was assured of
massive revenues which effectively
propped up the crumbling 500-year-
old empire in its last years.

By the 1980s, recruitment of
Mozambican labour had picked up
once morec. This was given further



Aside’from the fear of wild animals and landmines the new “elec-
trified” fence installed by the South African Government is also a
threat. Although most refugees had heard of the “new fence”, none:
of them had seen it,

The Star visited a portion of the fence close to Komatiepoort!
which was allegedly electrified, but found it was not. There are two.
fences, one of which is 2,5 m high and has landmine warnings on its:
poles. A smaller. fence is a few metres away. ~

Most of the refugees were subsistence farmers in Mozambique’
and had left behind unattended fields and herds of cattle. One refu-
gee said he had left behind 100 cows, 20 goats and “so many chicken.
you could not count them”. 1

“T am sad to have left everything behind, but I was frightened.” |

Some refugees also brought “suitcases” of Mozambican money’
with them, but on arrival to South Africa discovered they could not.
exchange it. 4

The Nduna of Kildare Refugee Camp, Mr Carlos Sibayi, came to
South Africa with a cardboard box of money. “I thought that I would
be able to use this money in South Africa, but I have been told I:
cannot exchange it. Some people have brought suitcases full of
money, ” he said.

ACROSS THE COUNTRYSIDE " od

The refugees in kaNgwane are not in organised refugee campsi
and most of them are in hiding. Relief workers say it is impossible|
to estimate how many refugees are in the homeland because they,
are scattered across the countryside.

Mr Reckson Sithole, a catechist for the Catholic church in kaNg-
wane who has been looking after refugees, said most of them were
petrified the police would find them and send them back to Mozam-
bique.

‘Father ‘Charles Kuppelweiser, in charge of the Carolina catholic
Parish, said relief workers in the area were trying to set ” camps:
for the thousands of refugees in the area.

Father Charles said South African authorities were " sending
scores of Mozambicans back to their country every week. i

There have also been complaints that some farmers are cheating:
the refugees.

Some of these farmers had employed refugees and then refused to:
pay them, threatening that if they complained the refugees would’
be repatriated to Mozambique. Some farmers had apparently re-i
ported the refugees to the police and they had been sent back.

Home is a Tent for Many Mozambique Refugees

‘A blue and white marquee, rem-
iniscent of a circus tent, is

Committee.
Pieces of cardboard litter the

erected on the outskirts of the
Lilydale Refugee Camp. This
tent is the first “home” many
Mozambican refugees are given
when they reach Gazankulu soil.

At the height of the Mozambi-
can exodus to South Africa in
December last year the “tent”
housed up to 200 refugees a
night, said Mr Sam Nzima, the
chairman of the Palalani Relief

39

floor, to serve at night as beds
for weary refugees who. may
walk for a week before they
reach the camp:

“When they arrive we accom-
modate them in the tent if we
cannot find their relatives. Be-
cause of the Shangaan link most
of them have a relative in the
area and are taken in. But if we

cannot locate any family mem-



JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

MEDIA ASSOCIATION REUNIFIES WITH NEW CONSTITUTION
MB201415 Johannesburg SAPA in English 0911 GMT 20 Oct 86

[Text] Johannesburg, Oct 20 SAPA--The Media Workers Association of South
Africa [MWASA] consolidated its ré-unification when it adopted a new consti-
tution for the organization at its national congress held in Soweto this
weekend.

The new president and other officials will be announced after the next na~
tional council's meetings of the organization, MWASA said in a statement
issued today.

All six regions (Johannesburg, Cape Town, Pietermaritzburg, Durban, Port
Elizabeth and East London) of the organization were represented.

The appointment of Mr Tyrone August as full time general secretary was con-
firmed.

Among the resolutions passed were a call for the lifting of the state of
emergency, the.release of all detainees and political prisoners and a rejec-
tion of the pass laws in their "new form."

The government was slammed for its refusal to grant visas to 13 foreign trade
unionists and journalists who were to attend the congress as international
observers.

"Qpviously the government, previously delighted that we had ‘split, is now
shattered that MWASA is again alive and kicking," said spokesman Mr Mazwai
Thami.

The congress held a service ‘to commemorate the ‘banning of three newspapers
and the detention of ‘scores of leaders on October 19, 1977.

MWASA also expressed solidarity with the "workers struggle" as part of the
“overall struggle" for liberation.

16662
csO: | 3400/286

64


/9317

have announced it, But f do not we
blacks participating in the absence of
leaders who are imprisoned or in exile

Are you going to participate?

Yes, provided the government sett
ously considers seleasing politival pris
oners and unbanning political organiss
tions, 1 do not want to be accused
tomorrow by my constituents of having
negotiated behind the ba of others.

You once said KuNgwane felt lke
Pret: unwanted stepson. KaNgwane
battled to get self-governing status, and
in 1982 the homeland w arly ceded
to Swaziland.

Ht was the intention of Pretoria te
have all homelands become indepen
dent, and from the moment 1 took

cso: 3400/291

ssed my opposition to
independence. So the government had
to find ways and means of pressurising
us - and we have not yet heard the hist
word, What they might do is just cut off
the supply lines so that the people ean
and say “Look, you've
and now we are with:

out”.
Do you think they would do that?

F cannot say they would do that, but
they are certainly capable of doing that
The consolidation of our territory is still
pending and there are question marks ats
to why, | do not think there is any Af
governing territory into which there f
been s ch massive resettlement - with:
out jobs, social amenities, or a basic
infrastructure ... Creating a typical situ-
ation of social unrest.



No One's Talking About Phone Taps

THERE are three basic methods of
tapping telephones, according to a
leading private investigator who.
also specialises in de-bugging.

Mr Phil Pirie says many peo-
ple could be paranoid about their
lines being tapped — crossed lines
sometimes exaggerated such fears,
and the telephones sometimes
sounded “hollow” and prompted:
people to be overly suspicious. '

Many individuals and organisa-
tions suspect their telephone can-
versations are being listened to,
but there is no way of allaying
their suspicions because the Post-
master General does not deem it
“in the national interest” to dis-
close the extent of the tapping.

Mr Pirie says one type of bug-'

ging device is battery-operated and
its effectiveness depends on the life
of the battery.

The second is attached to ‘a wall
socket or. the wires carrying cur-
rent in the place being bugged.
This device which is attached.to a
telephone or electric light has a
constant supply of energy and can
be left for long as it’s needed.

The third type is powered by
the sun’s rays, and also has an
indefinite lifespan.

/9317
CSO: 3400/288

- “But there are other, more so-
phisticated devices. For example
— and I am not saying the police
do this — the easiest thing for any-
one empowered by the Post Office
Act to tap people’s telephones
would be to listen in right at the
post office.

“He would not need to tap the’

telephone at the home of the per-
son being screened but would at-
tach his devices to the point of
origin.of the wires. .
-“In the United Kingdom, for ex-
ample, there is a centre working
under the GPO where more than
1,5 million telephone calls are
being monitored every day. This
happens in other countries like the

United States and the Soviet Union. ' -

I am not saying it happens here,
but it would not suprise me if it
did,” he says.

De-bugging bugged premises can
be a problem, especially where the
device is not located in the prem-
ises but is attached to the tele-
phone wires. Its transmission fre-
quency must be followed every
inch of the way along the line, but
if it is connected to the wires right
where they begin then the chances
of doing anything about it are nil.

51

Mr Pirie does not believe a
wrong telephone can be tapped by
mistake: “The chance is remote be-
cause blokes (doing the tapping)
know what they -are doing. They
also test the bug after attaching it,
and once they are tuned to the
wrong person they dismantle it and
do it right.”

A private detective, for instance,
tapped three telephones without
the Post Office’s permission and
last August he was convicted by a
Johannesburg regional magistrate
and fined R100 (or 100 days) on
each count.

Magistrate J S van Wyk said the.
detective’s actions were a serious
infringement on people’s privacy.
But a Johannesburg man, Mr

‘Chris Roestorf, recently announced

that he had a sophisticated bugging
device he wanted to sell to the pub-
lie.

Mr Roestorf did not think there
were any legal problems in selling

- the device, which was manufac-

tured locally.

Mr Pirie says possessing a bug-
ging device is not a crime in itself,
though tampering with telephones
without the Postmaster General's
permission is a criminal offence. '



JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

SHIFTING SPECTRUM OF NATION'S POLITICS REVIEWED :

Johannesburg THE SUNDAY STAR (Review) in English 12 Oct 86 pp 13, 14

{Article by David Breier]

[Text]

OUTH AFRICA saw the for-
mation of another political

party and another trade union

grouping last week.

And the United Democratic:

Front, which is the biggest anti-
apartheid grouping in the coun-
try, was declared an affected

organisation in a bid to cut off’

its overseas finance.

So it’s time again to take

stock of the full spectrum of our

Byzantine politics which makes‘

Lebanon look quite simple.

Last week a black-conscious-
ness trade union federation was
formed when the Council of
Unions of South Africa (Cusa)
and the Azanian Confederation
of Trade Unions (Azactu)
merged.

There was also the formation
of the conservative, largely
black, United Christian Concilia-
tion Party (UCCP), which sets
out to be multiracial, but will
work within the Government
system.

When trying to classify neatly
South Africa’s vast range of po-
litical opinion, people are in-
clined to pigeonhole. groups
from Left to Right. But, in reali-
ty, life is not so simple because
parties which are Left in one re-

Spect can be relatively Right in
another.
For the sake of convenience
one can start ‘ear the Black
onsciousness yu] on
the far Left. Sromping
Its internal political front is
the National Forum, whose lar-

57

gest component is the Azanian

People’s Organisation (Azapo).
Its student front is the Azanian
Students’ Movement (Azasm).
Its labour: front is the new
Cusa/Azactu merger.

A small offshoot of the BC
movement is the militant pro-
Pan Africanist Congress “ten-
dency”, the Azanian National
Youth Unity (Azanyu). :

The BC movement is ideologi-
cally related to the banned PAC,,
which is engaged in violent rev-
olution.

Whites tend to regard the BC
movement as the extreme Left
because it excludes whites. It is
also thé most outspokenly socia-
list of all political groupings, in-
sisting on socialism at all levels.
But non-BC members of the Left
sometimes refer to BC as “reac-
tionary” because it is racist.

The BC itself denies charges
of racism, saying that only
blacks can realistically take
part in the revolution against
white rule, but after liberation
there will be a place for all.

On the international front, the
PAC receives help from coun-
tries such as Libya, although the
BC movement is fiercely non-
aligned and has. no truck with
either East or West.

Then’ there. is the grouping
that may be classified as “Char-
terist”. Its credo is the nonracial
and moderately socialist Free+
dom Charter adopted by the
Congress of the People in 1955.



emergence once again as
a mass organisation in
South Africa.

The SA Communist
Party organ, the African
Communist, also express-
ed its satisfaction over the
formation of the UDF.

Boycott
Ina statement less than
two weeks ago, the UDF
admits to being involved
in rent boycotts affecting

53 townships.
Isizwe, in a document
entitled “building

people’s power”, notes
the “working class lead-
ership . .. must lead the
other classes in the liber-
ation struggle”.

Its says that capitalism
was brought to South
‘Africa. by imperialism,
and was built “on the
foundations of national
oppression and still rests
firmly-on those founda-
tions”.

In following what it
calls the “National
Democratic _ Struggle”.
(NDS) political power
and all the country’s re-
ysources “must be in the
| hands, of the people”.

Idea
“This idea is contained
yin the Freedom Charter
\ which sets out the de-
| mands of the NDS,” it

says.
| “In the liberation strug-
| gle the working class will
fight for the fullest
democracy, and that will
enable the ‘building of
socialism,” says Isizwe.
Another issue of the
\same journal says: that
| “capitalism causes unem-
| ployment”. because it
was strategy of the capi-
talist “bosses” to keep the
workers divided by cre-
ating a large body of
unemployed workers, or
reserve labour army, to
keep the workers divided.
The “Bantustans” in
South Africa were used to
support and control the

huge reservoir of unem-
ployed in South Africa;

.thus keeping them away
from the centres of politi-
cal and economic power.

“In modern socialist
countries, like Cuba,
there is no such thing as
unemployment,” says
Isizwe. “The fields and
factories belong to the
whole Cuban working
people. Work is guaran-
teed to all citizens in

| socialist countries,” it
says.

; The most important
grouping in the UDF's
strategy of a worker-led

+ revolution is the Congress
of Trade Unions of South
Africa (Cosatu).

‘A number of UDF af-
filiated unions, including
the General and Allied
Workers’ Union and the
South African Allied
Workers’ Union, have
joined Cosatu, while the
‘UDF’s Transvaal publici-
ty secretary, Sydney Ma-
funadi, sits on its national
executive.

Already Cosatu and the
UDF have joined forces
in the Free Mandela cam-
paign, and the formation
of this trade union feder-
‘ation has been welcomed
| by Oliver Tambo.

Other forms of “‘mobi-
lisation” in which the
UDF and Cosatu have co-
operated include the call-
ing of stayaways (includ-
ing the June 16 stayaway,

| which was backed by the

| ANC and was supposed

i to herald the-ushering in

_ of the ANC’s campaign to

| demonstrate that “South

\ Africa’s Black townships
uwere ungovernable).

Remember

The UDF’s Transvaal
sregion newsletter, UDF
News, days before the
state of emergency, called
for it to be a day to re-
member “Comrade Nel-
son Mandela” and all
i other political prisoners,

11

Crisis
| which was later expanded
jnto.a national body, the

and to call for the unban-
ning of the ANC and re-
flect on “gains made”
over the decade since the
outbreak of the Soweto
“uprising”.

On the education and
youth front, the UDF suf-
fered a setback through
the banning of its affili-
ate, the Congress of
South Africa Students
(Cosas), but has con-
tinued to__ function
through the formation of
new student affiliates in
the various regions.

It is of significance that
after Oliver Tambo had
met with the UDF affili-
ate, the Soweto Parents’
Committee —

National Education Crisis
Committee, a return to
school by students was
agreed upon earlier this
year.

The organisations’ in-
formation bulletin, UDF
Update, commented on
the NECC decision as fol-
lows:

“The decision to return
to school was primarily
motivated by the recog-
nition that the presence of
students at schools would
provide them with an op-
portunity to regroup and

_ Teorganise.”

This was the precise
strategy which had been
called for by Tambo.

The NECC, which has
strong links with the
UDF, and backed by
‘UDF student affiliates, is
now calling upon the gov-
ernment to hand over
Black schools to the orga-
nisation.

Since the’ banning of
Cosas last August, new
UDF affiliates such as the
Transvaal Student Con-
gress have been organised
on a regional basis in
many areas.



JPRS-SSA-86-115

18 NOVEMBER 1986

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA REPORT

ConTENTS

SOUTH AFRICA

AFRIKANER/GOVERNMENT

BLACKS

Christian Afrikaners Urged To Reject AWB Theology
(THE STAR, 10 Oct 86) scscecereecccvccneccscccececeseuees

Briefs
SADF Chief Decorated

Challenges of New U.S. Ambassador Examined
(CITY PRESS, 12 Oct 86) .occccceccecccevcssees

Tutu Views Emergency, U.S. Sanctions
(Desmond Tutu Interview; Mbabane Television Service,

16 Oct 86) weceececcccccccccnverecccccccsccsccscvcsescees

Buthelezi Asks Cessation of Tensions With Mozambique
(SAPA, 22 Oct 86) ..ccececeeee

KaNgwane Chief Minister Discusses Role in Internal Opposition
(Enos Mabuza Interview; CITY PRESS, 12 Oct 86) ..

UDF's Organization, Goals, Tactics Examined
(Tony Stirling; THE CITIZEN, various dates) ..

Cosatu Assistant Secretary Warns Employers on Political Action
(Mono Badela; CITY PRESS, 12 Oct 86) ...

Principles of New Azactu-Cusa Federation Outlined
(ZB Molefe; CITY PRESS, 12 Oct 86) .

Overseas Support for NECC 'People's Education’ Detailed
(Mono Badela; CITY PRESS, 12 Oct 86) ..ssceccvccevcveveee
-a-

10

19

20

22



The selling prices of these
homes (each of which includes a
site of between 200m! and 300m’)
vary between R800 and R8 000
with discounts of up to 40%
available in certain circum-
stances.

This means that some of the
houses sell for as little as R480,
excluding administration and
transfer costs of around R300.

The discounts apply as long as
the selling price is not less than
the original cost and also pro-
vided the house is bought before
the deadline — some time in

. |
Houses less than two years old
are sold at cost price without
any discounts.

Explosion of Ghetto Housing on Reef

JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 6 Oct 86 p 22

[Text]

NOW that influx control is no longer government :
Policy, the explosion of low-cost housing ghettos
could pose mind-boggling problems for environ-
mental planners. |

And while much has been said about protecting |
the coastal environment, the problem will be felt:
more keenly on the Reef, where more blacks will
settle than around the coastal centres, says chair-:
man of the SA Property Owners’ Association
(Sapoa) housing committee James Croswell.

He comments on a report-back from a recent
conservation conference in Namibia. Dr Alan Hey-
dorn, advisor to the SA Council for Environmental
Affairs, said there that urban influx to coastal
areas would create vast pressure on the environ-
ment, especially on the Cape Peninsula and the
Cape Flats — where the need to house an addition-
al 750008 people during the next decade would
make it an ecological crisis zone. i

But Croswell, one of SA’s leading civil engineers,
believes that real environmental pressure will be
felt inland, since blacks are more likely to move to
existing urban areas around the Reef.

Major low-income housing developments will
become dominant in inland areas close to industri-
al centres. Obviously, certain pockets will develop
around Port Elizabeth, but only if the car industry

emerges from its doldrums, Croswell says. ~~:

Government is trying, to protect the coastal
environment by imposing a ban on property devel-
opment within 500m of the high-tide coastline.

Croswell says: “Although Sapoa welcomes gov-'
ernment’s concern over the preservation of the:
coastal ecology, it hopes that the new Act will not'
become an added excuse for extra red-tape to
deter or ensnarl urgently required low-cost hous-
ing developments.

“A permit for development should be issued,
subject to the compliance of conditions set down
by the Environmental Impact. Assessment body. |

“The majority of township developments along
the coast are small-scale, as they are aimed pri-
marily at the upper-middle income group planning
to retire along the coast.”

Ecologists are concerned that the Kuils River
carries far more water (recycled sewage from the
Cape Flats) than it was evolved to do.

Croswell believes, however, that this problem
will be short-lived: “As water becomes an increas- |
ingly rare commodity, it will be recycled for hu-
man use rather than left to become an effluent
washed away by rivers towards the sea.

“In drought-stricken SA, excess effluent which
now swells rivers will stop being a problem.”

32


JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

EXPERTS SAY STEEL, AGRICULTURE HARDEST HIT BY U.S. SANCTIONS

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 9 Oct 86 p 3

[Text]
STEEL and agriculture would be Business sources said SA’s secret
punished. most by planned US eco- trading partners, dealt with directly
nomic sanctions, but the blow could or through middlemen, included
be softened by well-tried tactics of countries in Eastern Europe, the Mid-;
semi-clandestine trade, business Pea dle East and Asia. © '
Perts said in Johannesourg yee loon. SA Life Assurance chief economi
‘The US bought $78,2m of steel pro- oan tite Aaa et eon
ducts and $65,5m of farm goods Africa” instead of “Made in South
among te Pores from SA of Africa” could. be exploited to “the
.17bn last year. by i i i
= Association of Chambers’ of Com- ar eatest extent by industries. 1
merce of SA economist ‘William La- Louw said overproduction. of steel
cey said: “Sanctions are not new to us, by world producers could make it:
and there are people in the business of difficult to find alternative markets.
evading sanctions that seem to do it, Industry sources said the US sanc-
pretty effectively. 5 oe with i tions could cost SA up to 500 000 tons
“The business community with its of steel exports a year’. - |
ingenuity will try.to beat them.” > ports a year, :
‘Analysts said’ manufacturers had - Iscor, the..giant government-run
various ways of issuing false certifi- iron. and steel company which ac-
cates of origin. counts for more than 70% of local
Business consultant Michael Perry, steel production, said the ban was.a «
who has more than 60 blue chip com setback. on
anies as clients, said SA. ha an said: “ a
Bisting sanctions since the ‘60s, inate a eer overseas mares -
He said: “The result is that 54% of for some time and we will try to use
our (export) trade is semi-clandes- these markets more. Our main export
tine, meaning no data is available on markets are widel ) spread.”
the country of origin.” ly spread. i
On paper, the US sanctions are the The already depressed agricultural
most comprehensive attempt yet to sector, whicl employs millions of
pressure Pretoria to scrap apartheid. black workers, will be further weak-
Besides agriculture and steel, they ened by the sanctions. “
include a ban on coal, computers and Analysts said agriculture account-
new investment. ed for 7% of total SA exports last year
Perry said SA would need to boost and fruit, wool and sugar were espe-
exports to clandestine partners by cially vulnerable. *
only 16% to offset the impact of even Sugar-growers alone will lose
a total US trade embargo. about $14,4m under the US ban. —
Sapa-Reuter.
/9317

CSO: 3400/271

74



PRINCIPLES OF NEW AZACTU-CUSA FEDERATION OUTLINED

Johannesburg CITY PRESS in English 12 Oct 86 p 6

[Article by ZB Molefe]

[Text]

A five-man executive com-

Mndaweni

@ James

tabove) as president.

@ Stewart Moletsane as
president.

Camay as gen-
eral secretary.

delani Nefovholodwe
istant general

seeretary.
@ Mahlomola Skhosana as
second stant general
secretary.

THE policy “of the “new:
Azactu/Cusa Federation —
adopted by over 1 000 dele-
gates at a weekend confer-
ence — was unveiled this
week,

The policy is based on
five main principles:
@ Worker control.
Black working cl

@ Nonr-alfiliation to politi-
| organisations.

@ Financial accountability
within unions.

@ Independent interna Ha
tions by unions within fe
cration policy.

“The federation — will
strive to interpret the work-
ing class’ ongoing struggles
in terms of a principled
working class ideology,”
the policy states.

“It underwrites the princi-
ples of worker, unity and

“worker control based ot
anti-racism /non-rat
to build a non-exploitative
democratic society based
on the leadership of the
working cla:

The policy spotlights:

@The national libcration
struggle: The federation be-
lieves workers’ oppression
and exploitation “can only
be replaced by a. democrat-
ic society founded on the
non-existence of any form
of discrimination”. “The
most oppressed and exploit-
ed are the ones capable of
bringing about — desired
transformation armed with
the following _ principles:
anti-capitalism,

20

JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

sm.

@ National and internation-
al relations: The federation
will maintain autonomy
and won't affiliate with in-
ternational confederations,
but will relate to any of
them if it furthers its aims.

@ Education: The feder-
“conscious that edu-
is in the hands of the
ruling class to promote, per-
petuate, sustain and main-
tain its self-interests of ra

committed to “ct uous
research to develop an al-
ter ive system of cduca-
tion”
@ Sexism: The federation is
committed to wiping out
women's “class exploitation
(as workers), national op-
pression (as black persons)
and sexual oppression (by
men)”,

@ Foreign investment: The
federation believes that for-
cign investment in SA sup-
s “an economic system

is geared to the mraxi-
mum exploit tation of the



NOTE

JPRS publications contain information primarily from foreign
newspapers, periodicals and books, but also from news agency
transmissions and broadcasts. Materials from foreign-language
sources are translated; those from English-language sources
are transcribed or reprinted, with the original phrasing and
other characteristics retained.

Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets
{] are supplied-by JPRS. Processing indicators such as [Text]
or. [Excerpt] in the first line of each item, or following the
last line of a brief, indicate how the original information was
processed. Where no processing indicator is given, ‘the infor-
mation was summarized or extracted.

Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the
original but have been supplied as appropriate in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an
item originate with the source. Times within items are as
given by source.

‘The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli-
cies, views or attitudes of the U.S. Government.

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20402.

Correspondence pertaining to matters other than procurement
may be addressed to Joint Publications Research Service,
1000 North Glebe Road, Arlington, Virginia 22201.



JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

works, This was confirmed yesterday by the Austrian Embassy in Pretoria
and an Iscor spokesman. Austria announced this week it would implement
limited economic sanctions against SA in line with European Community (EC)
measures, The action is a show of solidarity by the government with the
EC sanctions package, a spokesman for the Austrian Embassy said yesterday.
The ban covers imports of steel, iron, gold coins and prohibits new invest—
ment. The gold coin ban appears to be meaningless since the sale of Kruger-
rands was informally banned by. the Osterriche Nationalbank last September.
[Text] [Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 9 Oct 86 p 3] /9317

SHELLFISH INDUSTRY COLLAPSE--Cape Town--South Africa's multimillion-rand
rock-lobster industry is facing collapse, writes Graham Ferreira. Two-
thirds of the R120-million industry is geared to export to the United
States. Leading figures in the industry said the sanctions would put
thousands of Cape people out of work—beginning next month. "There is no
way that the local market could take up the slack created by the closing
American market," said Mr John Wiley of the Department Gf Fisheries. The
rest of the global quota of 3 950 tons of the seafood delicacy, just over
6 percent, is sold in Europe and Japan. But both markets have alternative
suppliers. [Text] [Johannesburg THE SUNDAY STAR in English 5 Oct 86 p 10]
/9317

NATIONAL EMBARGO ON SHIPPING INFORMATION--Cape Town, Oct 22, SAPA--In spite
of an official SATS [South African Transport Service} clampdown on shipping
information, sanctioned at cabinet level, news of shipping in Cape Town har-
bour is still available. Cape Town's port captain, Capt Ray Schooling, said
yesterday he did not wish to be quoted until the issue had been clarified to
him. Earlier, he said he understood that figures. relating to cargoes should
not longer be issued, but. that the harbour log was unaffected. This was denied
by Mr Johan Hugo, a spokesman for SATS in Johannesburg. "From ‘now on we will
give neither statistics regarding cargoes nor the.names, destinations or
origins of ships," Mr Hugo said. [Text] [Johannesburg SAPA in English 0813
GMT 22 Oct 86 MB]  /6662

CsO: 3400/284 END

89



/9317

FW de Klerk, chairman of the Minis-
ters’ Council in the House of Dele-

gates, Mr Amichand Rajbansi, and his
Minister of Education, Mr Kassie
Ramduth, asking for clarity on the
planned cutbacks.

“While we want parity in ¢ education:
we don’t want this implemented at the
expense of someone else.

“By trimming the Indian education.
budget, the standard of our education
will be lowered and this will be detri-
mental to our children,” he said.

Mr Samuels said the situation aj
Springfield College was “tense”,
among lecturers and students. |

owe have also heard the depart-»

ment is p ig a drastic staff cut-
back at college and if this happens
it will cause chaos.”

cso: 3400/280

44

“The retrenchment of 700 teachers,
Mr Samuels said, represented a seven
percent cut and this would leave a
“wide gap”.

“The cut means the teacher-pupil
ratio would widen and this would re-
sult in teachers’ not being able to cig
particular attention to weaker pupils,”
he said. .

He said the. Government tacked’
forward planning in education. -

The Natal Indian Congress said
“robbing Peter to pay Paul” was no
solution to the country’s educational
problems.

“Increasing the ranks of the unem-
ployed can only lead to bitterness,
frustration, and more suffering.”


GOVERNMENT SUPPORT OF NEW UCCP NOTED

Johannesburg CITY PRESS in English 12 Oct 86 p 6

[Article by Mono Badela]

{Text]

SOUTH Africa's latest po-
tiveal grouping, the United
Christian Conciliation Par-
ty, has chosen a rhinoceros
as its emblem.

Is it because the rhino is
short-sighted’ and thick-
skinned? *

No, the party’s leaders
insist — it’s: because ‘the
rhino is a threatened spe-
cies, like them.

‘And, like the rhino, the

UCCP has protection from

conservationists — in this
case the State, which seems
squarely behind the new
b

ly.

UCCP leaders Bishop
Isaac Mokoena and former
Ibhayi mayor Tamsanga
Linda have both openly
supported the government
in the past — especially on
the issue of sanctions
against SA.

But the party still denies
it is government-sponsored.

Its leaders insist that
when Botha calls for new
elections they intend put-
ting up candidates to op-
pose the government.

Exactly who those people
will represent is unclear,
however, as the party is
making no claims on mem-

19317
cso: 3400/291

bership. A

Instead, it seems to pre-:
sent itself as a loose ar-*
rangement of conservative
churchmen and politicians °
— the kind of people who
can present a conservative ;
case in foreign forums such
as the US State Depart-
ment.

Besides Mokoena and
Linda, the executive of the
new multi-racial party is
packed with government
supporters and community
councillors.

These include former
Soweto mayor Edward
Kunene, Soweto communi-
ty councillors — Sigfried
Manthata (deputy secre-
tary), CS Lengene (assis-:

tant treasurer), J Mokoena
(organising secretary) and
Patrick Gaboutloeloc.
TV2_personality Rever-
end JE Mdlalose is the
UCCP general secretary.
Other committce members
include SA Institute for In-
dependent Churches Pre-
toria principal Dr ES Ma-
lamb, Reverend JPJ Khub-
heka and Reverend DE Se-
lepe. .
The UCCP constitution
says it “rejects all forms of

28

violence, whether individ- -

ual or collective.”

It makes “an appeal for
reconciliation”, stating that
the future lies with all
South Africa’s people and
that “only free, equal and
democratic rights for all
can give expression to the
people’s sovereignty”.

“Only freedom of choice
and equal opportunity for
all are the basis of Christian
dignity and economic, so-
cial and political justice.”

Linda said his party
would ensure that no profits
made by multinationals
would leave SA.

“That will come to a
stop,” he said.

The UCCP also intends
to fight exploitation — but
at the same time is “wary of
the trade union move-

ment.

‘At the UCCP’s launch in
Johannesburg, a UCCP ex-
ecutive member told City
Press its most important
“target” was former Alex-
andra. mayor Reverend
Sam Buti.

“We want to recruit him.
We are desperate to get his
services.”

@ South Africa’s biggest

JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

non-parliamentary political
group, the United Demo-
cratic Front, has dismissed :
the new party as a non-
starter. !

UDF _national treasurer
Azhar Cachalia said: “The
collection of a few discred-
ited individuals calling
themselves a Christian par-
ty is a last-ditch attempt by:
the government to prop up
a so-called moderate alter-
native to our people’s or-
ganisations.”

He said South Africa’s
oppressed knew who their
leaders were. “They will
dismiss this new group with
the contempt it deserves.”

Cosatu assistant secre:
tary Sydney Mufamadi
said most of the new party's
officials had backed Presi-:
dent PW Botha “body and
soul” when the people re-
jected the “new” political
dispensation in 1983.

Mufamadi said an “un-
holy alliance” had existed
for years between “these
individuals and the oppres

@ Hours after its forma.
tion, the UCCP sent a dele-
gation to Britain to address
the British Conservative,
Party conference.


HUMAN FLOOD OF REFUGEES FROM MOZAMBIQUE UNABATED

Pouring into Gazankulu, KaNgwane, Lebowa

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 13 Oct 86 p 3

{Article by Susan Pleming]

[Text]

‘Thousands 6f refugees are still pouring into Gazankulu,”
kaNgwane, Swaziland and Lebowa to escape fighting
between Mozambique Resistance Movement (MNR)
rebels and Frelimo in Mozambique. :

ee

South Africa announced recently that further re-
cruitment of miners from Mozambique would .be:
stopped and those here would be repatriated when.
their contracts expired but relief. workers in kaNg-
wane and Gazankulu say the number of refugees was
not likely to drop. . |

About 60000 refugees have entered South Africa
since early 1985. Operation Hunger is feeding more:
than 20000 in Gazankulu and about 10000 more are:
receiving aid in kaNgwane.

Each month about 500 refugees enter the Mhala dis-
trict of Gazankulu and up to 2000 — caught by game
rangers in the Kruger Park or security forces — are
sent back.

_Mr Sam Nzima, chairman of the Phalalani relief
committee in Gazankulu, said: “If the war in Mozambi-.
que gets worse we can only expect more refugees.”

Brother Francis Padovan of the Catholic Mission in :
Gazankulu said: “They risk a lot to get into South Afri-:
“ca. They are scared to death and want to save them-:
selves from the MNR violence.” i

There are claims that farmers are taking advantage:
of the refugees’ plight. Brother Francis said:

“At the end of the month these farmers apparently
refuse to pay them and threaten to report them to the
authorities if they complain.

“The refugees are so frightened of being sent back to
Mozambique that they flee from the farms without
Money. Others have said they get less than R50 a
month for their labour.” "

Many refugees bring Mozambican money with them
but cannot exchange it for rands.

37

JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA



JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

MORE CUTS IN INTERCITY TRAIN SERVICES
Johannesburg THE STAR in English 15 Oct 86 p 3
[Article by Zenaide Vendeiro]

[Text]

More inter-city train services will be axed next month be-
cause of continued losses.

All passenger services between Johannesburg and Cape Town,:
except the Trans-Karoo and the Blue Train, will stop but the Trans-
Karoo will run daily instead of four times a week.

Services between Cape Town and Port Elizabeth will be cut
from four days a week to two. Trains will leave the coast on Fri-
days and Sundays.

There will only be one service a week, on Mondays, from Cape
Town to Durban.

SATS has reported that the occupany rate of the Blue Train,
which reached a low of 36 percent in June, has begun to improve.

‘HIGHEST ANNUAL AVERAGE’

A spokesman said: “Although occupancy rates declined until ear-;
lier this year, the picture started improving from August when we|
reached parity with the same period last year.

“In September, when an occupancy rate of 68 percent was record-
ed, we exceeded the number of passengers conveyed during 1985.

“The highest annual average was in 1980 (about 95 percent) but!
during that year far fewer trips were run. Having achieved such .
high occupancy rates, it was clear we were in a growing mar-|
ket and provision had to be made for the overseas market. H

“More recent events, however, indicated a decline in overseas!
pascengers and to curb our losses we have reduced frequencies for
1987.” 4

As a result of the drop in overseas passengers, SATS has focused
on the domestic market. Traditionally the overseas/domestic pas-
senger split was 80/20 — it is now 50/50.

“We are satisfied with the success we have achieved so far in the
development of the local market,” the spokesman said.

/9317
cs0: 3400/271

87



JPRS~SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

NECC REPLY TO VILJOEN STATEMENTS ON EDUCATION CRISIS

Johannesburg CITY PRESS in English 12 Oct 86 p 4
[Article by Fanyana Mazibuko. First Paragraph CITY PRESS introduction]

[Text] The crisis in South African schools seems no nearer resolution now
than it did a year ago when the Congress of SA Students was banned. Today,
Education Minister Gerrit Viljoen outlines his feelings on the reasons why,
and National Education Crisis Committee spokesman Fanyana Mazibuko replies.
Both articles have been cut for space reasons.

ASIC to the problems
being experienced in edu-
cation is the question of
depoliticisation of education.
| recognise the need and wish
of black communities for full
participation in the country’s
political decision-making. The
government is committed to po-
litical powersharing at all gov-
ernment levels and is purpose-
fully moving towards a new po-
litical dispensation. But unfortu-
nately there are organisations
trying to speed up — or even
wreck and frustrate ~ this pro-
cess by using education as a
political lever. Slogans are ban-
died about and children are be-
ing used to “make South Africa
ungovernable”. Slogans such as
“freedom now, education later”
forbode ill for any future pol
cal dispensation since no pol
cal dispensation or government
can function effectively unless it
can depend on well-educated
and skilled citizens.

Normalisation in education
and at political levels should be
speeded up through the mean-
ingful and visible implementa-
tion of powersharing. One mani-:
festation of political reform is
the Department of Education
and Training's policy of upward

mobility for blacks in education.
This implies that black leaders
should play a more prominent
role in education up to the high-
est level. Last May I stated in
parliament that a black Educa-
tion Minister should take over
my job as soon as possible.

An example of efforts to poli-
ticise education is the call for
“people’s education”. In so far
as people’s education means the
politicisation and brainwashing
of pupils and the teaching of
revolutionary ideologies and
training for violent action, then
obviously this cannot be allowed
in schools. On the other hand, 1
also see some positive aspects in
the call for people’s education. I
agree that the contents of sylla-
buses and ‘the curriculum
should be structured to reflect
the needs and aspirations. of all
communities. More input from
knowledgeable educationists in
the black communities will be
welcomed.

If people's education refers to
greater involvement by parents
and the community in the ad-

ministration of education, this*

can be accepted. Because of
malpractices and dissatisfaction
with the school board system
this was abolished and school

23

committees and governing -bo-
dies were instituted to let par-
ents participate in running
schools. An important recent
development has been the intro-
duction of liaison committees to
consult and negotiate about the
proper administration of
schools. Positive parent involve-
ment and the proper use of
school committees, parent-
teacher associations and liaison
committees at schools are essen-
tial and can contribute greatly
towards addressing all prob-
lems, including political prob-
lems, in education.

Good education is a prerequi-
site for economic growth and
stability. SA faces a great chal-
lenge to create more job oppor-
tunities. It is necessary to stimu-
late the informal sectors of em-
ployment and deregulate the
cconomy so more people will
have opportunities for taking
part in a free economy. Deregu-
lation and the lifting of unneces-
sary restrictions on business ac-
tivities have already had many
positive effects in our townships.

Closely related to the cre-
ation of job opportunities is
technical education. SA can no
longer afford its overemphasis
on educating academically



JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

BRIEFS

ERFDEEL SHAFT SHOWS PROMISE--The first reef intersections from the Erfdeel
shaft on the developing Erfdeel mine in the Free State have assayed an
encouraging 1 510cm g/t, which is well above expectation. Only 20 metres
were sampled, averaging 19,90 g/t of gold and 0,60 kg/t of uranium over a
width of 75,9cm,. The gold value is in line with the values of President
Steyn's ore reserves before Steyn was incorporated in Freegold. The uranium
value. at Erfdeel of 45,28 kg/t is high for gold-bearing Witwatersrand reefs,
apart from those previously worked solely for uranium. Duiker Exploration
has a 36% interest in Eastern Gold Holdings for whom the shafts are being
sunk, The remaining 64% is held by Freegold and various Anglo American
companies, Duiker at September 30 had contributed R42m in loan facilities
towards’ Eastern Gold Holdings. In terms of a recent announcement, Duiker
hag a 25,8% interest in a company to be formed to explore and exploit an
area of 3 026. ha adjoining Freegold's mining lease area. The Freddies No 1
Shaft, formerly Free State Geduld No 10, will be used without Duiker having
to contribute to its cost or having to pay any fee for its use. A three~
year Rllm drilling programme has been initiated in the interim to decide
how further to exploit the joint area.. It seems unlikely the consortium
forming this new company will have to provide large sums of money towards
development before revenue starts accruing from mining a part of the joint
area from Freddies' No 1 Shaft. [Text] [Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in
English 17 Oct 86 p 12] /9317

NEW FACTORY SUPPLIES TIMBER NEEDS--A tiny island in the middle of a scenic
southern Cape lagoon is home to Africa's biggest plywood and blockboard
factory. Uniply, in the Barlow Group, has spent six months setting up

the factory on Thesens Island in the Knysna lagoon. By consolidating four
factories into one, it has created an operation able to supply all SA's
plywood and blockboard needs. MD Lew Behr said: "We willsalso be in a
position to replace almost all imports of boards, plywoods and veneer."
Heavy rains, among other factors, have delayed completion of the factory
and Behr said the move had disrupted supplies. "We have been having
difficulty meeting demand but that period is almost behind us," he added.
[Text] [Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 7 Oct 86 p 4] /9317

COAL PLANT TO CONTINUE--The Austrian government's proposed economic sanctions

against SA will not adversely affect Iscor's R110m contract with Voest Alpine
to build the world's first coal reduction plant at the steelmaker's Pretoria

88


JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

KANGWANE CHIEF MINISTER DISCUSSES ROLE IN INTERNAL OPPOSITION

Johannesburg CITY PRESS in English 12 Oct 86 p 6

[Interview with KaNgwane Chief Minister Enos Mabuza by Natal University's

INDICATOR SA; date not given]

[Text]

KANGWANE: Chief Minister Enos
Mabuza is the first homeland leader to
talk to the African National Congress,
since KwaZulu counterpart MG Buthe-
lezi met the ANC in 1979.

Mabuza met the ANC in March this
year-and in an interview with Natal
University’s news journal /ndicator SA,
before the emergency was declared, he
talks about the meeting and his own role
in internal opposition.

Part of the interview is published
here — with discussions on the regional
implications of the national unrest and
on development factors in KaNgwane.

What was the cause of the recent
unrest in KaNgwane

Students were dissatisfied with the
way examination scripts were marked.
They boycoticd classes. Education offi-
cials promised to look into the matter
and the trouble subsided. When police
shot dead two pupils, we were faced
with more funerals. Soapain we tried to
speak to student leaders, to persuade
them to return to school and not to
resort to violence. But a lot depends on
what happens in the surrounding areas.
We are told the situation is much more
serious in Gazankulu and Lebowa.

Until recently, most of the worst vio-
lence was limited to urban centres. It
now appears to be spreading to some
quite isolated rural areas. Ty what would
you attribute this?

This is partly the result of increased
ical awareness among the youth all
the country. The rural youth are
fully aware of what is going on in the
urban arcas and this influences their
actions. They uphold the ANC - the

s contain references to the
ampede" when marching,
fom, One wonders who teaches
- when they are taught?
iders, whoever they are, fear
that they might be promoting the aims
and objectives of a banned organisation.
So they must remain and po-
fitically motivated youth unfortunately
cannot have the advantage of an identi
fiable leader who will give them direc-
tion. Their aspirations are not wrong —
but I think their methods are counter-
productive to their objectives.

What are the aims of the Inyandza
National Movement and what role do

you see for it?

Our movement is a progressive move-
ment working for peaceful change, be-
lieving in a free, non-racial und demo-
cratic SA. We are prepared to co-oper-
ate with other democratic forces in the
country — including the UDF, Azapo
and Inkatha.

You have frequently stated that your
political ideal would. be one man/one
vote in a unitary state, but in meetings
with other homeland leaders you appear
to consider a federation.

This will have to be determined at the
conference table. | certainly would not
go to negotiations with a federal formu-
la in my pocket. 1 would go there
demanding one man/one vote in a uni-
tary state.

But what about the leaders of the
other homelands, especially those who
have accepted “independence”? For ex-
ample, Ciskei president Lennox Sebe is
unlikely to relinquish the Independence
of his territory?



JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

TENSIONS BETWEEN GOVERNMENT, BUSINESS EXAMINED
Paris THE INDIAN OCEAN NEWSLETTER in English 18 Oct 86 p 3

[Text] Business opposition to government and criticism of the slowness of
change is creating major tensions and resulted in threats from ministers
that action could be taken against selected business targets.

President Pieter Botha heads the list of those who have attacked business
leaders for allegedly flouting the government's wishes. Some observers
read into a letter from Mr Botha to John Wilson, the chairman of the
Federated Chamber of Industries and of the Shell oil company, a thinly-
disguised warning that the government could nationalise Shell.

Mr Botha's warning was prompted by statement from the FCI in June saying
that it "strongly disapproved" of the state of emergency just imposed, and
"dissociated itself from the strategy of political repression and economic
isolationism. The president wrote, "Kindly do not trouble me with your
points of view if you are not prepared to take the trouble of familiarising
yourself with mine. Unless you, too, come to grips with the security
situation in this country and act accordingly, you are bound to pay a heavy
price. This is not a threat, it is a considered warning..."

The president's attack was followed by what has been described as a menacing
statement to a journalist by the minister for finance, Barend du Plessis,
against unnamed South African business, mining and banking leaders who had
talked with the outlawed African National Congress.

Another indication of the government's dismissal of business interests

was its most recent action of banning the recruitment of Mozambican labour
for the gold and coal mines without consulting the industry, as it had
promised. The ban on recruiting workers was also applied to farmers on the
borders with Mozambique but was rapidly lifted when they protested.

1.0.N.--These tensions between business and government could boil over next
month when the government plans to hold top-level discussions with 200
business leaders on long-term national economic strategy and privatisation.
The government has been criticised for excluding its political reform plans
from the agenda on the grounds that to discuss the economy without including
political reform would be meaningless.

/9317

CSO: 3400/289

59



JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

SEIFSA: SANCTIONS ON STEEL POLARIZING NATION
Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 14 Oct 86 p 10

{Article by Helen Grange]

[Text]

/9317

THE international com-:

erable resources can be!

“The business com-!

munity’s decision to im- fully exploited to the ben- munity can however im-
pose sanctions on the ex- efit of all it’s people.” proye the quality of life of
port of iron and steel, far Mr Mason said that the lower income workers

from bringing about a
better South Africa, are
now clearly a factor in in-
creasing’ tension and

polarisation in the coun-

try. . H
This was said yesterday

by the president of the
Steel and Engineering In-
dustries Federation of
South Africa (SEIFSA),

declaration of the state of
emergency on June 12 has
had a dramatic impact on
the industry, and that
there has been a marked
reduction in industrial ac-
tion in the industry.

“The detention of large
numbers of trade union
leaders, particulaly at the
local level, had a very

and this needs to be the
prime focus area. With
poor economic conditions
making progress in this
area much more difficult,
it is important that em-
ployers work together
through their employer
organisations.to make the
maximum impact with
limited resources.”

Mr R Mason at the Feder- negative impact on the To this effect, SEIFSA
ation’s annual — general functioning of industrial and other major em-
meeting in Johannesburg. relations procedures, but ployer bodies decided to

“SEIFSA has. strongly
opposed this action
through an overseas ad-
vertising programme and
representations to ambas-
sadors of our major trad-
ing partners,” Mr Mason
said.

“SEIFSA has also urg-
ed the government to
move forward strongly in
achieving a more just so-
ciety in South Africa so
that the country’s consid-

CSO: 3400/269

the present indications
are that, in most areas, in-
dustrial relations struc-
tures are returning to a
degree of normality,” he
said.

Mr Mason said that too.
much was expected of
employers in bringing
about the changes needed
in South Africa, consider-
ing that the first priority is
for business to be profit-
able, and that it’s political
influence is limited by the
democratic process.

75

establish the Private Sec-
tor Council on Urbanisa-
tion, under the leadership
of the Urban Foundation,
and at present, the coun-
cil is formulating policies
and strategies for positive
urbanisation.

“The abolition of influx
control removes a major
obstacle to employees be-
ing able to live with their
families, and it is essential
that employers assist in
tackling this problem in
our industry,” Mr Mason
said.



EEE EES manna n—anan—an cnn nanan ana ass in nn nina an i in nn nn nnn TT eee

JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

[Text]

EVIDENCE OF INCREASING STATE SURVEILLANCE ON CITIZENS NOTED »

State Uses Blacks To Monitor Blacks

{Article by David Breier]

CAPE TOWN — “Big Broeder”
is trying harder than ever to
watch ‘all suspected of posing a
threat to the Government, ac-
cording to political and academ-

ic authorities.

Moderate academics and politi-

cians revealed to The Sunday Star
that they had recently come under
State security surveillance.
1. But several authorities doubted the
Government possessed the trained
manpower resources and the ability to
monitor the life of every citizen, despite
its State of Emergency powers.

There is growing evidence that Gov-
ernment has created new strategies to
get blacks to monitor themselves. The
State is also making greater use of
computer-age technology.

“The saving grace of South Africa is
its lack of manpower,” says Professor
Hermann Giliomee of the University of
Cape Town and former Stellenbosch
University political scientist.

He said the State security system
could not achieve “thought control”. All
it could strive to do was to crack down
on activists mobilising people against
the State.

German-born and Canadian-based so-
ciologist Professor Heribert Adam, who
has studied growing State control in
South Africa and who is working in the
country for a year, pointed out several
examples of how the security forces
were increasing their surveillance.

45

Johannesburg THE SUNDAY STAR in English 12 Oct 86 p 4

He cited the recent case of a black
activist who was detained at a building
society through his computer card.
Other surveillance such as telephone-
tapping would increase.

Another tactic was to make use of!
black co-option to the police, for exam-!
ple the vigilantes, the “witdoeke” and
the “kitskonstabels”. The State made
use of blacks to police themselves and ;
administer their own poverty.

Professor Adam predicted the police | {
would concentrate on monitoring black |
activists whom they saw as the real !
threat. He said whites would come |
under police surveillance only if they | i
made contact with black activists. |
“United Democratic Front whites make
an impact only if they organise with |
blacks,” he said.

The one white organisation which at-

tracted police surveillance was the End
Conscription Campaign.

He said as the State found it more
difficult to maintain surveillance of
black activists, it resorted to “crude in-
timidation”. The use of “witdoek” vigi-
lantes against activists in Crossroads
would become a model for State action.

Professor Adam believes growing
unemployment actually makes blacks
more compliant rather than more mili-
tant. Survival became their priority
and they feared losing their jobs. Un-
employment also enabled the Govern-
ment to. co-opt black vigilantes from
the jobless.



Lie Detectors

JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

Johannesburg THE SUNDAY STAR in English 12 Oct 86 p 14

[Article by Guy Jepson]

[Text]

THE defunct passbook,
which recorded _ the

- movements of millions

of the nation’s blacks,
will actually be missed
by many employers.

Scrapped for a sup-
posed non-racial identity
document, the dompas
represented a rudimen-
tary curriculum vitae
for anyone intending to
hire the bearer, accord-
ing to Mr Austin Tod,
head of a major security‘
training organisation.

Commerce and indus-
try, he said, will now
have to devise their own
staff-monitoring sys-
tems.

Two screening devices
available to employers
are lie-detectors and
voice stress analysers.

For lie detection, the
subject being tested is
wired up to a machine!
that monitors body func-
tions. Theoretically, the
blood pressure and per-
spiration readings of a
person not telling the
truth would increase
markedly.

Last year, following

the widespread adoption:

of lie-detector tests by
firms in the retail indus-
try and subsequent dis-
missal of several em-
ployees on the basis of
“evidence” gleaned from
the tests, trade unionists
and psychologists were
unanimous in their con-
demnation of lie-detec-
tor surveillance.

The controversy came
to a head when the In-
dustrial Court ordered
CIM Deltak to reinstate
two workers dismissed
for alleged theft after
taking lie-detector tests.

The presiding officer
held that “from the point
of view of the law of evi-
dence, the court cannot
ignore...expert opinion
which holds...that the
use of a lie-dete¢tor ma-
chine, for the purpose of
establishing a person’s
guilt or innocence, is
reprehensible on scien-
tific, psychological and
ethical grounds”.

In spite of this judg-
ment, and the fact that
the results of of lie-de-
tector tests are inad-
missable as evidence be-
fore South African
courts, the gadgets are
in greater demand than
ever today.

Mr Errol Ashman,!
managing director. ofthe?
Employers Mutual Pro-
tection Society, said his
company, which special-
ises in the use of lie-de-
tectors in checking ref-
erences, “works on-and-
off for most major re-:
tailers in the country”.

Miss Dulcie Hartwell, ;
general secretary of the
National Union of Dis-
tributive and Allied
Workers (NUDAW), told
‘The Sunday Star that as
subjecting people to lie-
detector tests is a prac-
tice unrecognised by
South African courts, she
can only assume that
they are used to harrass
and intimidate workers.
“T would undergo such a
test only as an absolute
last resort, if I was abso-
lutely desperate to get
a job,” she said.

Mr Tod’s company, Se-
curity Operating and
Training, uses a “psy-
chological stress ana-
lyser” which measures
stress in vocal cords

47

when screening appli-
cants — mainly security
personnel — for client:
companies. .....

“ Mr Tod said SOT pre-
ferred this voice-moni-
toring device to lie-de-
tectors, which were
“traumatic” as they in-
volved the “wiring up”
of the applicant.

But our courts do not
recognise VSA’s either.
And arguments ad-
vanced by Mr Tod for
the recognition of the
SOT-sponsored device —
that the tests are not
forced on applicants,
that they are merely a
guide to the applicants’
personality and that
they produce accurate
results in the great ma-
jority of cases — were
all considered by the In-
dustrial Court when it
assessed the validity of
lie-detector tests.

However, in the ab-
sence of legislation pro-
hibiting the use of these
kinds of devices, the
practice of assessing
human worth by ma-
chines is likely to mush-
room.

When profits are
threatened by the emer-
gence of a. less con-
trolled labour force in a
context of high unem-
ployment and crime
levels, rigorous refer-
ence checking systems
are essential. This, at
least, is the message the
champions of the Poly-
graph and the VSA are
sending to Commerce
and Industry.

And, as unionists point
out, hundreds of thou-
sands of South Africans
are desperate for jobs —
jobs that could well de-
pend on the whims of
machines.



UDF'S ORGANIZATION, GOALS, TACTICS EXAMINED

Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 10, 11, 13 Oct 86

[Article by Tony Stirling]

[10 Oct 86 p 10]

[Text]

THE United Democratic Front (UDF) is an um-
brella organisation for about 700 bodies in South
Africa, which is pushing for the creation of a
Socialit state under majority rule — and which
has strong links with the African National Con-

gress (ANC).

Not only has its lead-
ership been involved in
frequent meetings with
the ANC; but its two
national _ presidents,
Mrs Albertina Sisulu
and. Mr Archie Gu-
mede, are former
ANC members, while
a former president, Mr
Oscar Mpetha, also an
ANC member, is serv-
ing a prison sentence
for terrorism.

The jailed ANC leader,
Nelson Mandela, is the
prime patron of the UDF,
while all those jailed with
him at the Rivonia trial
are also patrons.

The UDF’s journal,
Isizwe (The Nation) says:
“Mandela symbolises our
great unbroken traditions
of struggle,” and de-
scribes Mandela as “the
symbol of unity with the
ranks”, .

Tt points to Mandela’s
ideal of a classless society
based on a marriage be-
tween Marxism and Afri-
can nationalism.

Credo

The UDF uses the
Freedom Charter, the
credo of the ANC, as the
basis of its “new South
Africa” and as the instru-
ment for delivering “pow-
er to the people”.

The Free Mandela
Campaign, which is fea-
tured regularly. and
prominently in various
UDF publications, is
spearheaded by the UDF,
which has its national of-
fices in Khotso House,
Johannesburg, along with
he SA Council of Church-,

‘es and a number of orga?

nisations involved in the
“liberation struggle”.

In a speech at the Uni-
| versity of Potchefstroom
earlier this year, the Min-
ister of Law and Order,
Mr Louis le Grange, out-
lined the similarities .in
the goals of the ANC and
|the internal programmes
and campaigns of the
UDF.
~ He noted that as far
back as 1976, the ANC
«mouthpiece, Sechaba,
had called for the organi-
sation of trade unions for
; the rights of workers, the
{Organisation of protest
meetings against food
| price increases, commut-
| er fares and rents, and the
* organisation of mass boy-
cott actions, as well as
'“speaking out against
Bantustans”, the preach-
ing of the idea of a single,
united South Africa, the
organisation of youth

10

JPRS-SSA-86-115
18 November 1986

SOUTH AFRICA

jagainst “Bantu: educa-
\tion” and to organise
complete non-partici-
pation in the “border
wars”.

Long before the forma-
tion of the UDF in Cape
: Town in 1983, the ANC
thad called for -mobilisa-
tion and unification of the
“masses”.

Emerged

Months before the
UDF finally emerged, the
ANC president, Oliver
Tambo called for the “‘or-
ganisation of the people
into a strong mass demo-
cratic organisation”, and
just.after it had emerged,
said the organised work-
ers “must build and lead
the United. Democratic
Front”.

Tambo said it was a
fore-runner of the ANC’s