Acronyms

Glossary

List of Preparers
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Acronyms 

o

F degrees Fahrenheit 

μg/m3 micrograms per cubic meter 

AAQS ambient air quality standards 

ACEC Area of Critical Environmental Concern 

ACHP Advisory Council on Historic Preservation 

AHC Anasazi Heritage Center 

AHPA Archaeological and Historic Preservation Act 

AMP Allotment Management Plan 

AMS Analysis of the Management Situation 

APD Application for Permit to Drill 

APHIS Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 

AQATSD Air Quality Assessment Technical Support Document 

AQRV Air Quality Related Value 

AR Administrative Record 

ARPA Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 

ATV all-terrain vehicle 

AUM animal unit month 

B/W black/white 

BA Biological Assessment 

Bbls barrels 

BEA Bureau of Economic Analysis 

BLM Bureau of Land Management 

BMP Best Management Practice 

BO Biological Opinion 

BOR Bureau of Reclamation 

CAA Clean Air Act 

CASTnet Clean Air Status and Trends Network 

CCR Code of Colorado Regulations 

CDOW Colorado Division of Wildlife 

CDPHE Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment 

CDWR Colorado Division of Water Resources 

CEDS Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy 

CEQ Council on Environmental Quality 

CFR Code of Federal Regulations 

cfs cubic feet per second 

CNHP Colorado Natural Heritage Program 

CO carbon monoxide 

CO2 carbon dioxide 

COA condition of approval 

CRM Cultural Resource Monitor 

CRMP Cultural Resource Management Plan 

CRS Colorado Revised Statute 

CSDO Colorado State Demography Office 

CSU Controlled Surface Use 
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CWA Clean Water Act of 1977 

DEM Digital Elevation Model 

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement 

DRMP Draft Resource Management Plan 

DWCD Dolores Water Conservancy District 

EA Environmental Assessment 

EFRP Emergency Fire Rehabilitation Plan 

EIS Environmental Impact Statement 

EPA Environmental Protection Agency 

ERC energy release component 

ESA Endangered Species Act of 1973 

ESI Ecological Site Inventory 

FAR Functional At-Risk 

FLAG Federal Land Managers’ Air Quality Related Values Workgroup 

FLM Federal Land Manager 

FLPMA Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 

FLTFA Federal Land Transaction Facilitation Act 

FMP Fire Management Plan 

FMZ Fire Management Zone 

FOGRMA Federal Oil and Gas Royalty Management Act 

FOGRS+FA Federal Oil and Gas Royalty Simplification and Fairness Act of 

1996 

FONSI Finding of No Significant Impact 

FOOGLRA Federal Onshore Oil and Gas Leasing Reform Act of 1987 

FRCC Fire Regime Condition Class 

GADP Geographic Area Development Plan 

GIS Geographic Information System 

gpm gallons per minute 

H2S hydrogen sulfide 

HABS Historic American Building Survey 

HAP hazardous air pollutant 

HMP Habitat Management Plan 

HNM Hovenweep National Monument 

hp horsepower 

HRU Human Resource Unit 

HRV historic range of variability 

IBLA Interior Board of Land Appeals 

IC internal combustion 

ID interdisciplinary 

IMP Integrated Monitoring Plan 

IMPROVE Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments 

ISA Instant Study Area 

kg/ha-yr kilograms per hectare per year 

km kilometer 

km2 square kilometer 

KOP key observation point 

kV kilovolt 

lb/hr pounds per hour 

LFM live fuel moistures 

LIZ Landowner Initiated Zoning 
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LN Lease Notice 

LUP Land Use Plan 

MBTA Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 

mcf million cubic feet 

Mesa Verde Mesa Verde National Park 

MIST minimum impact suppression tactics 

MLC Montezuma Land Conservancy 

MLE maximum likelihood estimation 

MMBtu million British thermal units 

MOA Memorandum of Agreement 

MOU Memorandum of Understanding 

mph miles per hour 

MW megawatt 

MVIC Montezuma Valley Irrigation Company 

MW megawatts 

NA not applicable 

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standard 

NADP National Atmospheric Deposition Program 

NAGPRA Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990 

NDIS Natural Diversity Information Source 

NEPA National Environmental Policy Act 

NEPDG National Energy Policy Development Group 

NF non-functional 

NGD No Ground Disturbance 

NHPA National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 

NLCS National Landscape Conservation System 

NOA Notice Of Availability 

NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

NOI Notice of Intent 

NO2 nitrogen dioxide 

NO3 nitrate 

NOx oxides of nitrogen 

NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System 

NPS National Park Service 

NRC National Research Council 

NRCS Natural Resource Conservation Service 

NRHP National Register of Historic Places 

NSO No Surface Occupancy 

O3

 Ozone 

OAHP Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation 

OHC Operation Healthy Communities 

OHV off-highway vehicle 

ORV off-road vehicle 

PAC Protected Activity Center 

Pb Lead 

PCA Potential Conservation Area 

PDI Palmer Drought Index 

PFC Proper Functioning Condition 

PGA peak ground acceleration 

PL Public Law 
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PM particulate matter 

POD Plan Of Development 

ppb parts per billion 

ppm parts per million 

PSD prevention of significant deterioration 

RAWS Remote Automatic Weather System 

RFD Reasonable, Foreseeable Development 

RMP Resource Management Plan 

RMZ Recreation Management Zone 

RNA Resource Natural Area 

ROD Record of Decision 

ROS Recreational Opportunity Spectrum 

ROW right-of-way 

R&PP Recreation and Public Purposes 

SAR search and rescue 

SHPO State Historic Preservation Office 

SIL Significant Impact Level 

SJMA San Juan Mountain Association 

SJPL San Juan Public Lands 

SJRA San Juan Recreation Area 

SO2 sulfur dioxide 

SO4 sulfate 

SOP Standard Operating Practice 

SQRU Scenic Quality Rating Unit 

SRDT Solar Radiation, Delta Temperature 

SRMA Special Recreation Management Area 

SRP Special Recreation Permit 

SSR Site Specific Relocation 

SWWF Southwest willow flycatcher 

tcf trillion cubic feet 

TDR transfer of development rights 

TES threatened, endangered, or sensitive, or other special status 

TL timing limitation 

TMDL total maximum daily load 

tpy tons per year 

UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 

USAF United States Air Force 

USC United States Code 

USDA United States Department of Agriculture 

USDOI United States Department of the Interior 

USFS United States Forest Service 

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service 

USGS United States Geological Survey 

USMS United States Marshall Service 

UTM Universal Transverse Mercator 

VOC volatile organic compound 

VRM visual resource management 

WAPA Western Area Power Administration 

WQCC Water Quality Control Commission 

WQCD Water Quality Control Division of CDPHE 
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WRCC Western Regional Climatic Center 

WSA Wilderness Study Area 

WSI water source inventory 

WSR Wild and Scenic River 

WSRA Wild and Scenic Rivers Act 

WUI wildland-urban interface 
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GLOSSARY 

Administrative roads. Roads restricted from general public use. These roads are used for 

administration of oil and gas facilities, livestock grazing structures, research areas, and 

other such administrative uses. They are generally open for public travel by horseback 

or hiking (foot). 

Allotment Management Plan (AMP). A concisely written program of livestock grazing 

management, including supportive measures, if required, designed to attain specific 

management goals in a grazing allotment. An AMP is prepared in consultation with the 

permittee(s), lessee(s), and other affected interests. Livestock grazing is considered in 

relation to other uses of the range and to renewable resources, such as watershed, 

vegetation, and wildlife. An AMP establishes seasons of use, the number of livestock to 

be permitted, the range improvements needed, and the grazing system. 

Allotment. An area of land in which one or more livestock operators graze their livestock. 

Allotments generally consist of BLM lands but may also include other federally managed, 

state owned, and private lands. An allotment may include one or more separate 

pastures. Livestock numbers and periods of use are specified for each allotment. 

Analysis of the Management Situation (AMS). Assessment of the current management 

direction. It includes a consolidation of existing data needed to analyze and resolve 

identified issues, a description of current BLM management guidance, and a discussion 

of existing problems and opportunities for solving them. 

Area of Critical Environmental Concern (ACEC). An area within public lands where special 

management attention is required (when such areas are developed or used or where no 

development is required) to protect and prevent irreparable damage to important historic, 

cultural, or scenic values, fish and wildlife resources, or other natural systems or 

processes, or to protect life and safety from natural hazards (from H-6310-1, Wilderness 

Inventory and Study Procedures). 

Animal Unit Month (AUM). The amount of forage needed by an “animal unit” (AU) grazing for 

one month. The animal unit in turn is defined as one mature 1,000-pound cow and her 

suckling calf. 

Backcountry Byways. Vehicle routes that traverse scenic corridors utilizing secondary or 

backcountry road systems. National backcountry byways are designated by the type of 

road and vehicle needed to travel the byway. 

Big Game. Indigenous ungulate wildlife species that are hunted, such as elk, deer, bison, 

bighorn sheep, and pronghorn antelope. 

Candidate species. Taxa for which the USFWS has sufficient information on their status and 

threats to support proposing the species for listing as endangered or threatened under 

the ESA but for which issuance of a proposed rule is currently precluded by higher 

priority listing actions. Separate lists for plants, vertebrate animals, and invertebrate 

animals are published periodically in the Federal Register (from M6840, Special Status 

Species Manual) (from M6840, Special Status Species Manual). 

Carrying capacity. The maximum population or level of activity that can be supported without 

degradation of the habitat or the population. 
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Clean Air Act of 1963 (CAA) and Amendments. Federal legislation governing air pollution 

control. 

Closed. Generally denotes that an area is not available for a particular use or uses; refer to 

specific definitions found in law, regulations, or policy guidance for application to 

individual programs. For example, 43 CFR 8340.0-5 sets forth the specific meaning of 

“closed” as it relates to off highway vehicle use, and 43 CFR 8364 defines “closed” as it 

relates to closure and restriction orders (from H-1601-1, BLM Land Use Planning 

Handbook). 

Condition of Approval (COA). A condition or provision (requirement) under which an 

Application for a Permit to Drill or a Sundry Notice is approved. 

Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ). An advisory council to the President of the United 

States established by the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969. It reviews Federal 

programs to analyze and interpret environmental trends and information. 

Cross-Country travel. Travel between designated roads. 

Critical Habitat. An area occupied by a threatened or endangered species “on which are found 

those physical and biological features (1) essential to the conservation of the species, 

and (2) which may require special management considerations or protection.” 

Crucial winter range. That part of the overall range where 90 percent of the individuals are 

located during the average five winters out of ten from the first heavy snowfall to spring 

green-up, or during a site-specific period of winter as defined for each Colorado Division 

of Wildlife Data analysis unit. 

Designated roads. Specific roads identified by the BLM (or other agencies) where some type 

of motorized vehicle use is appropriate and allowed either seasonally or yearlong (H1601-1, BLM Land Use Planning Handbook). 

Disposal. Transfer of public land out of Federal ownership to another party through sale, 

exchange, or land law statutes. 

Easement. A right afforded a person or agency to make limited use of another’s real property 

for access or other purposes. 

Eligibility. Qualification of a river for inclusion into the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System 

through the determination (professional judgment) that it is free-flowing and, with its 

adjacent land area, possesses at least one river-related value considered to be 

outstandingly remarkable (from M-8351, BLM WSR Policy and Program). 

Endangered Species. Any species, which is in danger of extinction throughout all, or a 

significant portion of its range (from M6840, Special Status Species Manual). 

Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). A detailed statement prepared by the responsible 

official in which a major Federal action which significantly affects the quality of the 

human environment is described, alternatives to the proposed action provided, and 

effects analyzed (from BLM National Management Strategy for OHV Use on Public 

Lands). 

Extensive Recreation Management Area (ERMA). Areas in which significant recreation 

opportunities and problems are limited and explicit recreation management is not 

required. Minimal management actions related to the Bureau’s stewardship 

responsibilities are adequate in these areas. 
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Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (FLPMA). Public Law 94-579, October 

21, 1976, often referred to as the BLM’s “Organic Act,” which provides the majority of the 

BLM’s legislated authority, direction policy and basic management guidance (from BLM 

National Management Strategy for OHV Use on Public Lands). 

Fire Regime Condition Class (FRCC). Fire Regime Condition Classes are a measure 

describing the degree of departure from historical fire regimes, possibly resulting in 

alterations of key ecosystem components such as species composition, structural stage, 

stand age, canopy closure, and fuel loadings. One or more of the following activities 

may have caused this departure: fire suppression, timber harvesting, livestock grazing, 

introduction and establishment of exotic plant species, introduced insects or disease, or 

other management activities. 

Fire Suppression. All work activities connected with fire extinguishing operations, beginning 

with discovery of a fire and continuing until the fire is completely out. 

Fluid Minerals. Oil, gas, coal bed natural gas, carbon dioxide, and geothermal resources. 

Functioning at Risk. (1) Condition in which vegetation and soil are susceptible to losing their 

ability to sustain naturally functioning biotic communities. Human activities, past or 

present, may increase the risks. (2) Uplands or riparian-wetland areas that are properly 

functioning, but a soil, water, or vegetation attribute makes them susceptible to 

degradation and lessens their ability to sustain natural biotic communities. Uplands are 

particularly at risk if their soils are susceptible to degradation. Human activities, past or 

present, may increase the risks (from H-4180-1, BLM Rangeland Health Standards 

Manual). 

Grazing Preference. The total number of AUMs on public land apportioned and attached to 

base property owned or controlled by a lessee. 

Habitat. An environment, which meets a specific set of physical, biological, temporal, or spatial 

characteristics that satisfy the requirements of a plant or animal species or group of 

species for part or all of their life cycle. 

Intermittent Stream. An intermittent stream is a flowing system under normal weather 

conditions. During the dry season and throughout minor drought periods, these streams 

will not exhibit flow. Geomorphological characteristics are not well defined and are often 

inconspicuous. In the absence of external limiting factors (pollution, thermal 

modifications, etc.), biology is scarce and adapted to the wet and dry conditions of the 

fluctuating water level. 

Land Tenure adjustments. Ownership or jurisdictional changes are referred as "Land Tenure 

Adjustments". To improve the manageability of the BLM lands and improve their 

usefulness to the public, BLM has numerous authorities for "repositioning" lands into a 

more consolidated pattern, disposing of lands, and entering into cooperative 

management agreements. These land pattern improvements are completed primarily 

through the use of land exchanges, but also through land sales, jurisdictional transfers to 

other agencies, and through the use of cooperative management agreements and 

leases. 

Land Use Plan (LUP). A set of decisions that establish management direction for land within 

an administrative area, as prescribed under the planning provisions of FLPMA; an 

assimilation of land-use-plan level decisions developed through the planning process 

outlined in 43 CFR 1600, regardless of the scale at which the decisions were developed. 
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The term includes both RMPs and MFPs. (from H-1601-1, BLM Land Use Planning 

Handbook). 

Lease. Section 302 of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (FLPMA) 

provides the BLM's authority to issue leases for the use, occupancy, and development of 

the public lands. Leases are issued for purposes such as a commercial filming, 

advertising displays, commercial or noncommercial croplands, apiaries, livestock holding 

or feeding areas not related to grazing permits and leases, harvesting of native or 

introduced species, temporary or permanent facilities for commercial purposes (does not 

include mining claims), residential occupancy, ski resorts, construction equipment 

storage sites, assembly yards, oil rig stacking sites, mining claim occupancy if the 

residential structures are not incidental to the mining operation, and water pipelines and 

well pumps related to irrigation and non-irrigation facilities. The regulations establishing 

procedures for the processing of these leases and permits are found in 43 Code of 

Federal Regulations (CFR) 2920. 

Limited. Designated areas and trails where the use of off-road vehicles is subject to 

restrictions, such as limiting the number or types or vehicles allowed, dates and times of 

use (seasonal restrictions), limiting use to existing roads and trails, or limiting use to 

designated roads and trails. Under the designated roads and trails designation, use 

would be allowed only on roads and trails that are signed for use. Combinations of 

restrictions are possible, such as limiting use to certain types of vehicles during certain 

times of the year (from BLM National Management Strategy for OHV Use on Public 

Lands). 

Locatable Minerals. Minerals subject to exploration, development, and disposal by staking 

mining claims as authorized by the Mining Law of 1872, as amended. This includes 

deposits of gold, silver, and other uncommon minerals not subject to lease or sale. 

Mechanized travel. Travel using self-propelled bicycles. This is sometimes included in the 

definition of “non-motorized” but making the distinction is often important. 

Mineral. Any naturally formed inorganic material, solid or fluid inorganic substance that can be 

extracted from the earth, any of various naturally occurring homogeneous substances 

(as stone, coal, salt, sulfur, sand, petroleum, water, or natural gas) obtained for man’s 

use, usually from the ground. Under Federal laws, considered as locatable (subject to 

the general mining laws), leasable (subject to the Mineral Leasing Act of 1920), and 

salable (subject to the Materials Act of 1947). 

Mineral Estate. The ownership of minerals, including rights necessary for access, exploration, 

development, mining, ore dressing, and transportation operations. 

Mineral Materials. Materials such as sand and gravel and common varieties of stone, pumice, 

pumicite, and clay that are not obtainable under the mining or leasing laws, but that can 

be acquired under the Materials Act of 1947, as amended. 

Mining Claim. A parcel of land that a miner takes and holds for mining purposes, having 

acquired the right of possession by complying with the Mining Law and local laws and 

rules. A mining claim may contain as many adjoining locations as the locator may make 

or buy. There are four categories of mining claims: lode, placer, millsite, and tunnel site. 

Motorized travel. Travel that uses some form of motorized vehicles, including dirt bikes (i.e., 

motorcycles), OHV (i.e., ATVs), and/or four-wheel and two-wheel drive full-size vehicles. 
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Multiple use. The management of the public lands and their various resource values so that 

they are utilized in the combination that will best meet the present and future needs of 

the American people; making the most judicious use of the land for some or all of these 

resources or related services over areas large enough to provide sufficient latitude for 

periodic adjustments in use to changing needs and conditions; the use of some land for 

less than all of the resources; a combination of balanced and diverse resource uses that 

takes into account the long-term needs of future generations for renewable and 

nonrenewable resources, including, but not limited to, recreation, range, timber, 

minerals, watershed, wildlife and fish, and natural scenic, scientific and historical values; 

and harmonious and coordinated management of the various resources without 

permanent impairment of the productivity of the land and the quality of the environment 

with consideration being given to the relative values of the resources and not necessarily 

to the combination of uses that will give the greatest economic return or the greatest unit 

output (FLPMA) (from M6840, Special Status Species Manual). 

National Wild and Scenic Rivers System. A system of nationally designated rivers and their 

immediate environments that have outstanding scenic, recreational, geologic, fish and 

wildlife, historic, cultural, and other similar values and are preserved in a free-flowing 

condition. The system consists of three types of streams: (1) recreation—rivers or 

sections of rivers that are readily accessible by road or railroad and that may have some 

development along their shorelines and may have undergone some impoundments or 

diversion in the past, (2) scenic—rivers or sections of rivers free of impoundments with 

shorelines or watersheds still largely undeveloped but accessible in places by roads, and 

(3) wild—rivers or sections of rivers free of impoundments and generally inaccessible 

except by trails, with watersheds or shorelines essentially primitive and waters 

unpolluted. 

Nonfunctioning Condition. (1) Condition in which vegetation and ground cover are not 

maintaining soil conditions that can sustain natural biotic communities. (2) Riparianwetland areas are considered to be in nonfunctioning condition when they do not provide 

adequate vegetation, landform, or large woody debris to dissipate stream energy 

associated with high flows and thus are not reducing erosion, improving water quality, or 

other normal characteristics of riparian areas. The absence of a floodplain may be an 

indicator of nonfunctioning condition. (See also Properly Functioning Condition and 

Functioning at Risk [from H-4180-1, BLM Rangeland Health Standards Manual]). 

Non-motorized travel. Travel not using a form of machinery, such as foot (hiking) or 

horseback riding. 

Off-Highway Vehicle (OHV). Any motorized vehicle capable of, or designed for, travel on or 

immediately over land, water, or other natural terrain, excluding: (1) any non amphibious 

registered motorboat: (2) any military, fire, emergency, or law enforcement vehicle while 

being used for emergency purposes; (3) any vehicle whose use is expressly authorized 

by the authorized officer, or otherwise officially approved; (4) vehicles in official use; and 

(5) any combat or combat support vehicle when used for national defense (H-1601-1, 

BLM Land Use Planning Handbook). 

Off-road. Is defined as cross-country travel between designated roads. 

Open. Areas where both cross-country and designated road travel is allowed by all types of 

vehicles, at all times, anywhere in the area, subject to the operating regulations and 

vehicle standards set forth in subparts 43 CFR 8341 and 8342. There are no “open 

areas” within the Monument. 
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Outstandingly Remarkable Value (ORV). A value among those listed in Section 1(b) of the 

Act: "scenic, recreational, geological, fish and wildlife, historical, cultural, or other similar 

values...” Other similar values, which may be considered, include ecological, biological 

or botanical, paleontological, hydrological, scientific or research values (from M-8351, 

BLM WSR Policy and Program). 

Ozone. A faint blue gas produced in the atmosphere from chemical reactions of such sources 

as burning coal, gasoline and other fuels, and chemicals found in products including 

solvents, paints, hairsprays, etc. 

Perennial Stream. Perennial streams carry flowing water continuously throughout the year, 

regardless of weather conditions. It exhibits well-defined geomorphological 

characteristics and in the absence of pollution, thermal modifications, or other manmade disturbances has the ability to support aquatic life. During hydrological drought 

conditions, the flow may be impaired. 

Permitted Use. The forage allocated by, or under the guidance of, an applicable land use plan 

for livestock grazing in an allotment under a permit or lease, and is expressed in Animal 

Unit Months (AUMs) (43 CFR § 4100.0-5) (from H-4180-1, BLM Rangeland Health 

Standards Manual). 

Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD). An air pollution-permitting program intended 

to ensure that air quality does not diminish in attainment areas. 

Primitive and Unconfined Recreation. Non-motorized, non-mechanized (except as provided 

by law), and undeveloped types of recreational activities. Bicycles are considered 

mechanical transport (from H-6310-1, Wilderness Inventory and Study Procedures). 

Proper Functioning Condition (PFC). (1) An element of the Fundamental of Rangeland 

Health for watersheds, and therefore a required element of State or regional standards 

and guidelines under 43 CFR § 4180.2(b). (2) Condition in which vegetation and ground 

cover maintain soil conditions that can sustain natural biotic communities. For riparian 

areas, the process of determining function is described in the BLM Technical Reference 

TR 1737-9. (3) Riparian-wetland areas are functioning properly when adequate 

vegetation, landform, or large woody debris is present to dissipate stream energy 

associated with high water flows, thereby reducing erosion and improving water quality; 

filter sediment, capture bedload, and aid floodplain development; improve floodwater 

retention and groundwater recharge; develop root masses that stabilize stream banks 

against cutting action; develop diverse ponding and channel characteristics to provide 

the habitat and the water depth, duration, and temperature necessary for fish production, 

waterfowl breeding, and other uses; and support greater biodiversity. The functioning 

condition of riparian-wetland areas is influenced by geomorphic features, soil, water, and 

vegetation. (4) Uplands function properly when the existing vegetation and ground cover 

maintain soil conditions capable of sustaining natural biotic communities. The 

functioning condition of uplands is influenced by geomorphic features, soil, water, and 

vegetation. 

Public land. Land or interest in land owned by the United States and administered by the 

Secretary of the Interior through the BLM without regard to how the United States 

acquired ownership, except lands located on the Outer Continental Shelf, and land held 

for the benefit of Indians, Aleuts, and Eskimos (H-1601-1, BLM Land Use Planning 

Handbook). 
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Public roads. These roads are open to the public, but may be restricted in terms of the type of 

travel allowed. For example, there are motorized and non-motorized public roads. 

Reasonable Foreseeable Development (RFD) Scenario. The prediction of the type and 

amount of oil and gas activity that would occur in a given area. The prediction is based 

on geologic factors, past history of drilling, projected demand for oil and gas, and 

industry interest. 

Recreation and Public Purposes (R&PP) Act (of 1926). The Recreation and Public Purposes 

Act provided for the lease and sale of public lands determined valuable for public 

purposes. The objective of the R&PP Act is to meet the needs of State and local 

government agencies and non-profit organizations by leasing or conveying public land 

required for recreation and public purpose uses. Examples of uses made of R&PP lands 

are parks and greenbelts, sanitary landfills, schools, religious facilities, and camps for 

youth groups. The act provides substantial cost-benefits for land acquisition and 

provides for recreation facilities or historical monuments at no cost. 

Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS). A continuum used to characterize recreation 

opportunities in terms of setting, activity, and experience opportunities. The spectrum 

covers a range of recreation opportunities from primitive to urban. With respect to river 

management planning, ROS represents one possible method for delineating 

management units or zones. See BLM Manual Section 8320 for more detailed 

discussion (from M-8351, BLM WSR Policy and Program). 

Recreational River. Those rivers or sections of rivers that are readily accessible by road or 

railroad, that may have some development along their shorelines, and that may have 

undergone some impoundment or diversion in the past. 

Resource Management Plan (RMP). A land use plan as prescribed by the Federal Land 

Policy and Management Act that establishes, for a given area of land, land-use 

allocations, coordination guidelines for multiple-use, objectives, and actions to be 

achieved. 

Right-of-Way (ROW). Means the public lands authorized to be used or occupied for specific 

purposes pursuant to a right-of-way grant, which are in the public interest and which 

require rights-of-way over, upon, under, or through such lands. 

Riparian Area. A form of wetland transition between permanently saturated wetlands and 

upland areas. Riparian areas exhibit vegetation or physical characteristics that reflect 

the influence of permanent surface or subsurface water. Typical riparian areas include 

lands along, adjacent to, or contiguous with perennially and intermittently flowing rivers 

and streams, glacial potholes, and the shores of lakes and reservoirs with stable water 

levels. Excluded are ephemeral streams or washes that lack vegetation and depend on 

free water in the soil. 

Road. An open way for the passage of vehicles, persons, or animals on land, regardless of the 

type of travel. 

Rock Art. Petroglyphs (carvings) or pictographs (paintings) used to depict history and culture. 

Rotation. Grazing rotation between pastures in the allotment for the permitted time. 

Scenic Byways. Highway routes, which have roadsides or corridors of special aesthetic, 

cultural, or historic value. An essential part of the highway is its scenic corridor. The 
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corridor may contain outstanding scenic vistas, unusual geologic features, or other 

natural elements. 

Scenic River. A river or section of a river that is free of impoundments and whose shorelines 

are largely undeveloped but accessible in places by roads. 

Season of Use. The time during which livestock grazing is permitted on a given range 

allotment, as specified in the grazing permit. 

Special Recreation Management Area (SRMA). A public lands unit identified in land use 

plans to direct recreation funding and personnel to fulfill commitments made to provide 

specific, structured recreation opportunities (i.e., activity, experience, and benefit 

opportunities). The BLM recognizes three distinct types of SRMAs: community-based, 

intensive, and undeveloped big open (H-1601-1, BLM Land Use Planning Handbook). 

Special Recreation Permit (SRP). A permit required for any activity that is recreational in 

nature and involves groups of people. A commercial SRP is required for such an activity 

that involves a business. Generally, these permits are for guided recreation activities 

provided by outfitters to the public. These include guided river trips, hunting trips, and 

jeep tours. However, other commercial recreational activities such as advertising or 

selling food or merchandise would also require an SRP. 

A competitive SRP is required for events where two or more people compete in a 

recreational activity. A permit is also required when one person or team competes with 

an established record. However, not all competitive events require a permit. 

Certain organized group events also require an SRP. An organized group event is a 

recreation event that is not commercial and is not competitive. Examples of organized 

group events include scout campouts, club rides or hikes, church or company picnics, or 

large family reunions. 

Stand. A group of forest trees of sufficiently uniform species composition, age, and condition to 

be considered a homogeneous unit for management purposes. 

Sustained Yield. Sustained yield of wood fiber that, properly harvested and mitigated, would 

sustain the underlying ecosystem processes. 

Threatened Species. Any species, which is likely to become an endangered species within the 

foreseeable future throughout all, or a significant portion of its range (from M6840, 

Special Status Species Manual). 

Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL). An estimate of the total quantity of pollutants (from all 

sources: point, nonpoint, and natural) that may be allowed into waters without exceeding 

applicable water quality criteria. 

Undertaking. A term with legal definition and application i.e., “actions carried out by or on 

behalf of the agency; those carried out with Federal financial assistance; those requiring 

a Federal permit, license, or approval; and those subject to State or local regulation 

administered pursuant to a delegation or approval by a federal agency.” (See National 

Historic Preservation Act, Section 106 and Section 301(7), Appendix 5; 36 CFR Part 

800). However, Section 106 does not apply to actions subject to State or local 

regulation only. The vast majority of land use authorizations approved by BLM, as well 

as BLM-funded projects, are undertakings for purposes of Section 106 of the NHPA. 

Valid Existing Rights. Any lease established (and valid) prior to a new authorization, change 

in land designation, or in regulation. 
Canyons of the Ancients National Monument Acronyms and Abbreviations 

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Visibility. A measurement of the ability to see and identify objects at different distances. 

Visitor Day. Twelve visitor hours, which may be aggregated by one or more persons in single 

or multiple visits. 

Visitor Use. Visitor use of a resource for inspiration, stimulation, solitude, relaxation, education, 

pleasure, or satisfaction. 

Visual Resources. The visible physical features of a landscape (topography, water, 

vegetation, animals, structures, and other features) that constitute the scenery of an 

area. 

Visual Resource Management (VRM). The system by which BLM classifies and manages 

scenic values and visual quality of public lands. The system is based on research that 

has produced ways of assessing aesthetic qualities of the landscape in objective terms. 

After inventory and evaluation, lands are given relative visual ratings, which determine 

the amount of modification allowed for the basic elements of the landscape. 

Visual Resource Management (VRM) Classes. Categories assigned to public lands based on 

scenic quality, sensitivity level, and distance zones. There are four classes. Each class 

has an objective, which prescribes the amount of change allowed in the characteristic 

landscape (H-1601-1, BLM Land Use Planning Handbook). 

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). Volatile organic chemicals that produce vapors readily, 

at room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure. Volatile organic chemicals 

include gasoline, industrial chemicals such as benzene, solvents such as toluene and 

xylene, and tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene, the principal dry cleaning solvent). 

Wild River. Those rivers or sections of rivers that are free of impoundments and generally 

inaccessible except by trail, with watersheds or shorelines essentially primitive and 

waters unpolluted. These represent vestiges of primitive America. 

Wild, Scenic, and/or Recreational (WSR). The term used in this Manual Section for what is 

traditionally shortened to "Wild and Scenic" rivers. Designated river segments are 

classified, i.e., wild, scenic, and/or recreational, but cannot overlap (from M-8351, BLM 

WSR Policy and Program). 

Wilderness Characteristics. Wilderness characteristics include size, the appearance of 

naturalness, outstanding opportunities for solitude, or a primitive and unconfined type of 

recreation. They may also include ecological, geological, or other features of scientific, 

educational, scenic, or historical value. However Section 2(c) of the Wilderness Act of 

1964 has been updated by IM-2003-195, dated June 20, 2003. Indicators of an area’s 

naturalness include the extent of landscape modifications, the presence of native 

vegetation communities, and the connectivity of habitats. Outstanding opportunities for 

solitude or primitive and unconfined types of recreation may be experienced when the 

sights, sounds, and evidence of other people are rare or infrequent, in locations where 

visitors can be isolated, alone or secluded from others, where the use of the area is 

through non-motorized, non-mechanical means, and where no or only minimally 

developed recreation facilities are encountered. 

Wilderness Study Area (WSA). A designation made through the land use planning process of 

a roadless area found to have wilderness characteristics as described in Section 2(c) of 

the Wilderness Act of 1964 (from H-6310-1, Wilderness Inventory and Study 

Procedures). 
Canyons of the Ancients National Monument Acronyms and Abbreviations 

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Wilderness. A congressionally designated area of undeveloped federal land retaining its 

primeval character and influence, without permanent improvements or human habitation, 

that is protected and managed to preserve its natural conditions and that (1) generally 

appears to have been affected mainly by the forces of nature, with human imprints 

substantially unnoticeable; (2) has outstanding opportunities for solitude or a primitive 

and unconfined type of recreation; (3) has at least 5,000 acres or is large enough to 

make practical its preservation and use in an unimpaired condition; and (4) may also 

contain ecological, geological, or other features of scientific, educational, scenic, or 

historic value. The definition contained in Section 2(c) of the Wilderness Act of 1964 (78 

Stat. 891) (from H-6310-1, Wilderness Inventory and Study Procedures). 

Wildfire. Unplanned human or naturally caused fires in wildlands. 

Wildland fire. Any fire, regardless of ignition source, that is burning outside of a prescribed fire 

and any fire burning on public lands or threatening public land resources, where no fire 

prescription standards have been prepared (from H-1742-1, BLM Emergency Fire 

Rehabilitation Handbook).
Canyons of the Ancients National Monument Acronyms and Abbreviations 

Draft Resource Management Plan/Draft Environmental Impact Statement

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List of Preparers 

Contributors 

Canyons of the Ancients Advisory Committee 

Name Category of Interest 

Glenn (Kelly) Wilson Montezuma County Commission 

Duane Gerren (5/28/03 - 9/20/04) 

Clifton J. Bankston (4/26/06 – present) Dolores County Commission 

Tito Naranjo (5/28/03 – 2/7/05) Tribal 

Selwyn Whiteskunk (5/28/03 – 10/6/05) Tribal 

William Lipe Cultural Resources-Regional 

Mark Varien Cultural Resources-Local 

Chris Majors Livestock Grazing Permittee 

Robert Clayton Fluid Mineral Development 

Elizabeth Tozer Private Landowner 

Charles McAfee Public-at-large 

Howard Poe Public-at-large 

Preparers 

Monument Manager 

LouAnn Jacobson 

Canyons of the Ancients National Monument 

27501 Highway 184 

Dolores, Colorado 81323 

BLM Project Manager: 

Heather Musclow 

Canyons of the Ancients National Monument 

27501 Highway 184 

Dolores, Colorado 81323 

Primary Contractor to BLM: 

Ecology and Environment, Inc. (E&E) 

4888 Pearl East Circle, Suite 108 

Boulder, Colorado 80301 

Technical Subcontractors to E&E 

Alpine Archaeological Consultants, Inc – 

 Cultural Resources

Ecosphere Environmental Services- various 

Uncompahgre Paleo - Paleontology 

Dunmire Consulting - Social, Economic

Technical Editing Contractor to BLM: 

Kristina L. Woodall 

Irving Burton Associates (IBA) 

12101 E. 2nd Avenue, Suite 201C 

Aurora, Colorado 80011 
Canyons of the Ancients National Monument Acronyms and Abbreviations 

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The following BLM individuals contributed to this document: 

Name Resource Organization 

Mark Applequist GIS Dolores Public Lands Office and 

Canyons of the Ancients 

Victoria Atkins Education and Interpretation Canyons of the Ancients 

David Baker Special Designation Areas San Juan Public Lands Center 

Roger Baker Weed Management Dolores Public Lands Office and 

Canyons of the Ancients 

Logan Briscoe Public Safety and Law 

Enforcement 

Canyons of the Ancients 

Allen Farnsworth Fuels and Fire San Juan Public Lands Center 

Linda Farnsworth Archaeology Canyons of the Ancients 

Dan Greene GIS Specialist San Juan Public Lands Center 

Ken Hehr Forestry and Woodland 

Products 

Dolores Public Lands Office and 

Canyons of the Ancients 

Michael Jensen Rangeland Resources Dolores Public Lands Office and 

Canyons of the Ancients 

Shauna Jensen Water Dolores Public Lands Office and 

Canyons of the Ancients 

Clyde Johnson Lands and Realty San Juan Public Lands Center 

Helen Mary Johnson Fluid and Solid Minerals San Juan Public Lands Center 

Kevin Joseph Fuels and Fire Dolores Public Lands Office and 

Canyons of the Ancients 

Christiann Kantner Graphics Anasazi Heritage Center 

Philip Kemp Forestry and Woodland 

Products 

Dolores Public Lands Office and 

Canyons of the Ancients 

Steve Kendall Planning Canyons of the Ancients 

Laura Kochanski Archaeologist Canyons of the Ancients 

Keith McGrath Public Safety and Law 

Enforcement 

San Juan Public Lands Center 
Canyons of the Ancients National Monument Acronyms and Abbreviations 

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Name Resource Organization 

Kathleen Nickell Wildlife Dolores Public Lands Office and 

Canyons of the Ancients 

Stephanie Odell Hazardous Materials San Juan Public Lands Center 

Kelly Palmer Air and Water San Juan Public Lands Center 

Daniel Rabinowitz Fluid Minerals San Juan Public Lands Center 

Kim Round Visual Quality San Juan Public Lands Center 

Richard Ryan Recreation Dolores Public Lands Office and 

Canyons of the Ancients 

Leslie Stewart Ecology Dolores Public Lands Office and 

Canyons of the Ancients 

Loren Wickstrom Solid Minerals San Juan Public Lands Center 

Penny Wu Recreation Dolores Public Lands Office and 

Canyons of the Ancients 

The following Ecology and Environment, Inc. individuals contributed to this document: 

Name Discipline Qualifications 

and Experience Area of Participation 

Jerry Barker Range Ecology Ph.D., 26 years 

Fuels and Fire, Vegetation 

Resources, Rangeland Management, 

Forestry 

Lauren Barringer Biology B.S., 2 years Wildlife, Administrative Record 

Courtney Dohoney Environmental 

Management M.E.M., 1 year Special Designations 

Carolyn Dunmire Natural Resource 

Economy and Planning M.S., 18 years Social and Economic 

Cameron Fisher Fisheries Biology M.S., 9 years Special Designations Water 

Resources; 

George Greenwood Fire Ecology B.S., MBA, Fuels and Fire 

Fred Groth Remote Sensing M.S., 12 years GIS, Visual Resources 

Michelle Hanson Geology B.S., 16 years Technical Editing 

Cary Hudson Environmental and 

Petroleum Engineering M.S., 17 years Mineral and Energy Resources 
Canyons of the Ancients National Monument Acronyms and Abbreviations 

Draft Resource Management Plan/Draft Environmental Impact Statement

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Name Discipline Qualifications 

and Experience Area of Participation 

Ashley LaForge Water and Air 

Resources M.E.M., 8 years Water Resources 

Blythe Mackey Ecology B.A., 3 years Special Designations 

Carron Meaney Wildlife Ecology Ph.D., 29 years Wildlife and Fisheries (including 

sensitive species) Management 

Maureen O’SheaStone Plant Ecology M.A., 20 years 

Project Manager, ACECs, Sensitive 

Species, Rangeland Management, 

Vegetation Resources, Forestry, 

Noxious Weed Management 

William Richards Environmental 

Management B.S., 21 years Transportation 

Richard Rudy Geology M.A., P.G., 

C.P.G., 26 years Principal in Charge 

Susan Scherner Landscape Ecology M.L.A., 20 years Visual Resources 

Susan Serreze Geology M.A., 21 years Geology and Soil Resources, 

Administrative Record 

Maria Viana Data Management B.S., 6 years Website Hosting and Management 

Joe Tessitore, P.E. Air Quality M.S., 47 years Climate and Air Quality 

James Walsh Geology and Soils M.A., C.P.S.S., 

30 years Soil Resources 

E&E Technical Subcontractors 

Susan Chandler 

Alpine Archaeological 

Consultants, Inc 

Cultural Resources M.A., 30 years Cultural Resources 

Ted Hoefer III 

RMC Consultants 

Archaeology and 

Historic Preservation M.A., 23 years Cultural Resources 

Rodney Scheetz 

Uncompahgre Paleo Paleontology Ph.D., 10 years Paleontological Resources 

Kim Redmond 

Alpine Archaeological 

Consultants, Inc 

Cultural Resources M.A., 17 years Cultural Resources