IN THE SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA

No. 113PA16

Filed 9 June 2017

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA

v.

AUSTIN LYNN MILLER

On discretionary review pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7A-31 of a unanimous decision 

of the Court of Appeals, ___ N.C. App. ___, 783 S.E.2d 512 (2016), vacating a judgment 

entered on 5 February 2015 by Judge Eric C. Morgan in Superior Court, Watauga

County. Heard in the Supreme Court on 14 February 2017.

Joshua H. Stein, Attorney General, by Joseph L. Hyde, Assistant Attorney 

General, for the State-appellant.

Jeffrey William Gillette for defendant-appellee.

ERVIN, Justice.

On 12 June 2013, the General Assembly enacted legislation that, effective 1 

December 2013, made it “unlawful for any person” to “[p]ossess a pseudoephedrine 

product if the person has a prior conviction for the possession or manufacture of 

methamphetamine,” with any person convicted of this offense to “be punished as a 

Class H felon.” Act of June 12, 2013, ch. 124, secs. 1, 3, 2013 N.C. Sess. Laws 291, 
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Opinion of the Court

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291-93 (codified at N.C.G.S. § 90-95(d1)(1)(c)).1 Prior to the enactment of N.C.G.S. § 

90-95(d1)(1)(c), any person aged eighteen or older was entitled to purchase “at retail” 

up to “3.6 grams of any pseudoephedrine products

[2] per calendar day” and up to “9 

grams of pseudoephedrine products within any 30-day period,” N.C.G.S. § 90-113.53

(2015),

3 as long as the purchaser furnished appropriate photo identification and a 

current valid residential address and signed a form attesting to the validity of his or 

her personal information and other information that could be accessed by law 

enforcement officers, see id. §§ 90-113.52 (2015), -113.53. The ultimate issue 

presented for our consideration in this case is whether N.C.G.S. § 90-95(d1)(1)(c), as 

applied to defendant, worked a deprivation of defendant’s right to due process of law

under the federal constitution. After careful consideration of the record evidence in 

light of the applicable legal principles, we conclude that defendant’s as-applied 

challenge to the constitutionality of N.C.G.S. § 90-95(d1)(1)(c) lacks merit and reverse

the decision of the Court of Appeals, State v. Miller, ___ N.C. App. ___, ___, 783 S.E.2d 

512, 523-24 (2016), to the contrary.

 

1 The Governor approved the new statutory provision on 19 June 2013.

2 A “pseudoephedrine product” is “a product containing any detectable quantity of 

pseudoephedrine or ephedrine base, their salts or isomers, or salts of their isomers.” N.C.G.S. 

§ 90-113.51(a) (2015).

3 The statutory purchase limits do not apply “if the product is dispensed under a valid 

prescription.” Id. § 90-113.53(a), (b).
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On 3 October 2012, Judge R. Stuart Albright entered a judgment in Ashe 

County File Nos. 12 CrS 248, 11 CrS 50918, 11 CrS 50919, and 11 CrS 50920

sentencing defendant to a term of sixteen to twenty months of imprisonment, with 

this sentence being suspended and with defendant being placed on supervised 

probation for a period of thirty-six months, based upon defendant’s convictions for 

possession of a methamphetamine precursor with the intent to distribute (File No. 12 

CrS 248), maintaining a vehicle or dwelling for the purpose of selling or delivering a 

controlled substance (File No. 11 CrS 50918), possession of methamphetamine (File 

No. 11 CrS 50919), and possession of drug paraphernalia (File No. 11 CrS 50920). On 

5 January 2014, defendant purchased “Allergy Congestion Relief D–ER tabs,” which 

contained 3.6 grams of pseudoephedrine, from a Walmart pharmacy in Boone. On 7

January 2014, Detective John Hollar of the Watauga County Sheriff’s Office

examined the National Precursor Log Exchange, which is an electronic database 

administered by the National Association of Drug Diversion Investigators that tracks

pseudoephedrine purchases, N.C.G.S. § 90-113.52A (2015), and determined that 

defendant had made this pseudoephedrine purchase. In view of the fact that 

Detective Hollar knew that defendant had previously been convicted of possessing 

methamphetamine, he obtained the issuance of a warrant for defendant’s arrest. On 

4 August 2014, the Watauga County grand jury returned a bill of indictment charging 

defendant with “possess[ing] an immediate precursor chemical, pseudoephedrine, 

having a prior conviction for the possession of methamphetamine, to wit: The 
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Opinion of the Court

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defendant was convicted of Possession of Methamphetamine in Ashe County, File 

Number 11 CRS 50919, on 1 October 2012.”4

On 4 February 2015, defendant filed a motion in which he requested the trial 

court to declare N.C.G.S. § 90-95(d1)(1)(c) unconstitutional on the grounds that

punishing him for violating this newly enacted statutory provision contravened his

federal due process rights as enunciated in Lambert v. California, 355 U.S. 225, 2 L. 

Ed. 2d 228 (1957). In support of this contention, defendant argued that N.C.G.S. § 

90-95(d1)(1)(c) had criminalized the otherwise innocent act of possessing a 

pseudoephedrine product for a subset of felons to which defendant belonged despite 

the fact that the purchase of such substances by individuals like defendant had been 

entirely lawful little more than a month earlier and that the State’s failure to provide 

adequate notice of this change in law constituted a federal due process violation like 

that identified in Lambert. In addition, defendant asserted that federal due process 

principles required that a mens rea or scienter element be imported into N.C.G.S. § 

90-95(d1)(1)(c) in light of Lambert; Morissette v. United States, 342 U.S. 246, 96 L. 

Ed. 288 (1952); and Liparota v. United States, 471 U.S. 419, 85 L. Ed. 2d 434 (1985). 

For that reason, in the event that this case proceeded to trial, defendant argued that 

the trial court would be required to instruct the jury that, in order to return a verdict 

 

4 Although the dates associated with defendant’s conviction for methamphetamine 

possession set out in the indictment and delineated in the evidence differ, defendant did not 

argue in the Court of Appeals that this divergence between allegation and proof constituted 

a fatal variance entitling him to dismissal of the charge that had been lodged against him.
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of guilty, the jury would have to find beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant had 

the specific intent to violate the law consisting of proof that defendant “had 

knowledge that it was illegal to purchase [a pseudoephedrine product] because he 

had a meth[amphetamine] conviction.”

In response, the State argued that N.C.G.S. § 90-95(d1)(1)(c) resembles

N.C.G.S. § 14-415.1, which provides, in pertinent part, that “[i]t shall be unlawful for 

any person who has been convicted of a felony to purchase, own, possess, or have in 

his custody, care, or control any firearm or any weapon of mass death and 

destruction” and which has repeatedly been upheld by North Carolina courts. 

N.C.G.S. § 14-415.1(a) (2015). More specifically, the State asserted that N.C.G.S. § 

90-95(d1)(1)(c), like N.C.G.S. § 14-415.1, merely requires an “intent to act”; that the 

dangers posed by methamphetamine are similar to those posed by firearms in the 

possession of felons; and that the similarities between these two statutes demonstrate

the constitutionality of N.C.G.S. § 90-95(d1)(1)(c). Additionally, the State asserted

that defendant’s specific intent argument amounted to a claim that “ignorance of the 

law should be an excuse.” At the conclusion of the pretrial hearing, the trial court 

denied defendant’s motion to declare N.C.G.S. § 90-95(d1)(1)(c) unconstitutional 

“without prejudice to later arguments at the charging conference as to jury 

instructions.”
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At the jury instruction conference held near the conclusion of defendant’s trial, 

defendant reiterated his request that the trial court instruct the jury concerning the 

necessity for a showing that he had acted with specific intent to violate the law using 

the “instruction from the Liparota case which tracked an earlier federal pattern jury 

instruction.” Ultimately, the State and defendant agreed that the trial court would 

instruct the jury utilizing N.C.P.I. Crim. 120.10, which defines intent, 1 N.C.P.I.–

Crim. 120.10 (June 2012), and N.C.P.I. Crim. 261.55, which defines the showing that 

the State was required to make in order to convict defendant of the substantive 

offense with which he had been charged, 3 N.C.P.I.–Crim. 261.55 (June 2014). In 

light of that agreement, the trial court instructed the jury that:

Intent is a mental attitude seldom provable by direct 

evidence. It must ordinarily be proved by circumstances 

from which it may be inferred. You arrive at the intent of 

a person by such just and reasonable deductions from the 

circumstances proven as a reasonably prudent person 

would ordinarily draw therefrom.

The defendant has been charged with the possession 

of a pseudoephedrine product with a prior conviction of the 

possession of methamphetamine. For you to find the 

defendant guilty of this offense, the State must prove two 

things beyond a reasonable doubt: First, that the 

defendant possessed a pseudoephedrine product. And, 

second, that the defendant has a prior conviction for the 

possession of methamphetamine.

If you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable 

doubt that the defendant possessed a pseudoephedrine 

product and has a prior conviction for the possession of 

methamphetamine, then it would be your duty to return a 

verdict of guilty. If you do not so find, or have a reasonable 
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Opinion of the Court

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doubt as to one or more of these things, then it would be 

your duty to return a verdict of not guilty.

At the conclusion of its deliberations, the jury returned a verdict convicting defendant 

as charged. Based upon the jury’s verdict, the trial court entered a judgment 

sentencing defendant to a term of six to seventeen months of imprisonment, with this 

sentence having been suspended and with defendant having been placed on 

supervised probation for a period of twenty-four months. Defendant successfully 

sought review of the trial court’s judgment by filing a petition seeking the issuance of 

a writ of certiorari with the Court of Appeals. Miller, ___ N.C. App. at ___, 783 S.E.2d 

at 516.

In seeking relief from the trial court’s judgment before the Court of Appeals, 

defendant argued that N.C.G.S. § 90-95(d1)(1)(c), as applied to him, violated his due 

process rights. In support of this contention, defendant argued that, in instances, 

like this one, in which a state has rendered otherwise innocent and lawful behavior

subject to significant criminal penalties, due process considerations require either 

that scienter or mens rea be shown in order to prove guilt or, in the alternative, that 

the State establish that defendant had fair warning that a previously lawful act was

now subject to the criminal sanction. Defendant claimed that he reasonably believed 

that he had the right to lawfully purchase pseudoephedrine products on 5 January 

2014, that he reasonably lacked any knowledge that the law had changed effective 1 

December 2013, that he did not intend to violate the law by purchasing an allergy 
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Opinion of the Court

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medication, and that punishing him as a felon for purchasing a product containing 

pseudoephedrine under such circumstances was fundamentally unfair. For that 

reason, defendant asserted that guilt of the offense made punishable by N.C.G.S. § 

90-95(d1)(1)(c) should require proof that defendant knew that his actions were 

unlawful or, in the absence of such a scienter or mens rea requirement, that the 

State’s failure to notify him and other similarly situated individuals that they were 

prohibited from purchasing products containing pseudoephedrine as a precondition 

for subjecting them to the criminal sanction for acting in that manner rendered the 

relevant statutory provision unconstitutional.

In response, the State argued that, since N.C.G.S. § 90-95(d1)(1)(c) does not 

fall within the narrow category of crimes for which knowledge that the prohibited 

conduct is unlawful is required, defendant’s ignorance of the prohibited nature of his 

conduct does not preclude a finding of criminal liability. In the State’s view, N.C.G.S. 

§ 90-95(d1)(1)(c) is a straightforward and easily understood statutory provision 

rather than a “highly technical” tax or currency statute of the sort that requires proof 

that the defendant knew that his or her conduct was unlawful, citing Bryan v. United 

States, 524 U.S. 184, 194-95, 141 L. Ed. 2d 197, 207 (1998). Moreover, the State 

argued that the exception to the general rule that proof that the defendant knew of 

the unlawfulness of his or her conduct is not required in order to establish the 

defendant’s guilt set out in Lambert only applies in the event that the challenged

statutory provision criminalizes “wholly passive” conduct and that defendant’s 
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Opinion of the Court

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decision to purchase pseudoephedrine cannot be characterized in that manner. 

Although proof of defendant’s guilt in this case does require a showing that defendant 

knew that he had a prior methamphetamine possession conviction and that the 

substance that he possessed contained pseudoephedrine, the relevant statutory 

provision cannot be reasonably construed to require proof that defendant knew that 

it was unlawful for him to possess pseudoephedrine as a precondition for a finding of 

guilt.

The Court of Appeals began its discussion of defendant’s challenges to the trial 

court’s judgment by noting that the extent, if any, to which the General Assembly

intended to include a specific intent or scienter element in N.C.G.S. § 90-95(d1)(1)(c) 

depends upon the manner in which the relevant statutory language should be 

construed.

5 Miller, ___ N.C. App. at ___, 783 S.E.2d at 516. Given that N.C.G.S. § 

90-95(d1)(1)(c) fails to explicitly provide for a specific intent or mens rea element and 

that the General Assembly has included such language in defining the other offenses 

listed under N.C.G.S. § 90-95(d1), id. at ___, 783 S.E.2d at 516-17 (discussing 

N.C.G.S. §§ 90-95(d1)(1)(a)-(b) and 90-95(d1)(2)(a)-(b)), the Court of Appeals 

 

5

 The exact nature of defendant’s statutory construction challenge to the trial court’s 

judgment is not entirely clear. Although defendant could have advanced this contention in 

support of an argument that the trial court had erred by failing to dismiss the charge that 

had been lodged against him for insufficiency of the evidence, an argument that the trial 

court had erroneously instructed the jury concerning the applicable law, or an argument that 

N.C.G.S. § 90-95(d1)(1)(c) could only be upheld against a constitutional challenge in the event 

that the relevant statutory provision was construed so as to include such a scienter or mens 

rea requirement, defendant did not clearly make any one of these three arguments.
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Opinion of the Court

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concluded that the General Assembly had “ ‘ intentionally and purposely’ ” excluded 

“an intent element” from N.C.G.S. § 90-95(d1)(1)(c), id. at ___, 783 S.E.2d at 517 

(quoting State v. Watterson, 198 N.C. App. 500, 506, 679 S.E.2d 897, 900 (2009)

(quoting N.C. Dep’t of Revenue v. Hudson, 196 N.C. App. 765, 768, 675 S.E.2d 709, 

711 (2009))). Although “any possession of a controlled substance offense contains an 

implied knowledge element, to wit, that the defendant must know he possesses the 

controlled substance and must also know the identity of the substance,” id. at ___ n.3, 

783 S.E.2d at 517 n.3 (citing State v. Galaviz–Torres, 368 N.C. 44, 52, 772 S.E.2d 434, 

439 (2015) (discussing State v. Coleman, 227 N.C. App. 354, 742 S.E.2d 346, disc. rev. 

denied, 367 N.C. 271, 752 S.E.2d 466 (2013))), the Court of Appeals concluded that 

the General Assembly intended for N.C.G.S. § 90-95(d1)(1)(c) “to be exactly what its 

plain language indicates: a strict liability offense without any element of intent,” id. 

at ___, 783 S.E.2d at 517.

After rejecting defendant’s contention that N.C.G.S. § 90-95(d1)(1)(c) should be 

construed to require proof that defendant knew that he was not entitled to purchase

products containing pseudoephedrine, the Court of Appeals addressed defendant’s asapplied challenge to the constitutionality of that statutory provision. Id. at ___, 783 

S.E.2d at 517-23. Despite its recognition “that methamphetamine manufacture and 

use is a significant law enforcement and public health problem which demands 

serious criminal penalties,” id. at ___, 783 S.E.2d at 519-20, the Court of Appeals

concluded that, “in light of . . . Lambert and Liparota,” N.C.G.S. § 90-95(d1)(1)(c) “is
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Opinion of the Court

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unconstitutional as applied to [defendant],” id. at ___, 783 S.E.2d at 520, given that

“[p]ossession of pseudoephedrine products is an innocuous and entirely legal act for 

the majority of people in our State, including most convicted felons,” id. at ___, 783 

S.E.2d at 520, and that “possessing allergy medications containing pseudoephedrine,” 

unlike the possession of “illegal drugs,” “hand grenades,” or “dangerous acids,” “is an 

act that citizens, including convicted felons, would reasonably assume to be legal,” id.

at ___, 783 S.E.2d at 520 (citing Liparota, 471 U.S. at 426, 85 L. Ed. 2d at 440). Prior 

to the enactment of N.C.G.S. § 90-95(d1)(1)(c), the statutory provisions regulating the 

purchase of products containing pseudoephedrine required the provision of notice of 

the lawfulness of particular purchases at the point of sale, id. at ___, 783 S.E.2d at 

520; however, violations of N.C.G.S. § 90-95(d1)(1)(c) can occur without the provision 

of any such point of sale notice even though such purchases would be lawful “for most 

people, including the vast majority of convicted felons,” id. at ___, 783 S.E.2d at 520. 

“Simply put,” the Court of Appeals reasoned, “there were no ‘circumstances which 

might move one to inquire as to’ a significant change in the [Controlled Substances 

Act’s] requirements nor any notice to [defendant] that the new [provision] had 

transformed an innocent act previously legal for him into a felony.” Id. at ___, 783 

S.E.2d at 520 (quoting Lambert, 355 U.S. at 229, 2 L. Ed. 2d at 232). In reaching this 

conclusion, the Court of Appeals found the decision in Wolf v. State of Oklahoma, 

2012 OK CR 16, 292 P.3d 512 (Okla. Crim. App. 2012), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 186 
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Opinion of the Court

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L. Ed. 2d 877 (2013), to be highly persuasive, Miller, ___ N.C. App. at ___, 783 S.E.2d 

at 520-21, concluding, in reliance upon Wolf, that

[t]aken together, Lambert and Liparota suggest 

that, while a legislature may criminalize conduct in itself, 

with no intent requirement, the legislature must make 

some provision to inform a person that the conduct, as 

applied to her, is criminal. This is particularly important 

where the conduct in question is otherwise legal. This is 

precisely the circumstance here: some convicted felons are 

prohibited from purchasing pseudoephedrine, while others, 

along with the general population, are not.

Id. at ___, 783 S.E.2d at 521 (alteration in original) (quoting Wolf, 2012 OK CR at 

¶ 10, 292 P.3d at 516). As a result, the Court of Appeals held that N.C.G.S. § 90-

95(d1)(1)(c) is unconstitutional “as applied to a defendant in the absence of notice to 

the subset of convicted felons whose otherwise lawful conduct is criminalized thereby 

or proof beyond a reasonable doubt by the State that a particular defendant was 

aware that his possession of a pseudoephedrine product was prohibited by law,” id.

at ___, 783 S.E.2d at 521, and that defendant’s conviction for violating N.C.G.S. § 

95-90(d1)(1)(c) should, for that reason, be vacated, id. at ___, 783 S.E.2d at 523-24. 

On 9 June 2016, we allowed the State’s petition for discretionary review of the Court

of Appeals’ decision that N.C.G.S. § 90-95(d1)(1)(c) is unconstitutional as applied to 

defendant on notice-related grounds.

In seeking relief from the decision of the court below before this Court, the 

State argues that the Court of Appeals disregarded the well-established legal 

principle that ignorance of the law is no excuse by misapplying the Lambert exception
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and misconstruing decisions such as Liparota in order to limit the otherwise 

applicable maxim that members of the public have notice of the applicable law to 

situations in which a reasonable person would know the content of the law. In the 

State’s view, this case is controlled by Lambert and this Court’s decision in State v. 

Bryant, 359 N.C. 554, 614 S.E.2d 479 (2005), in which we described Lambert as 

creating “a narrow exception to the general rule” to the effect that citizens are 

presumed to know the law applicable in situations when the allegedly unlawful 

conduct is “ ‘wholly passive.’ ” Id. at 566, 614 S.E.2d at 487 (quoting Lambert, 355 

U.S. at 228, 2 L. Ed. 2d at 231). In order to take advantage of this exception, the 

defendant must establish that the statutory provision in question criminalizes a 

failure to act, such as the failure to register as a felon at issue in Lambert and the

failure to register as a sex offender at issue in Bryant. In the State’s view, defendant 

was not prosecuted for a failure to act. On the contrary, N.C.G.S. § 90-95(d1)(1)(c)

proscribes an affirmative act, which is the intentional possession of a prohibited 

substance. As defendant conceded before the trial court, his conduct was “not an

absence to act like there is in Lambert.” In the event that a defendant fails to 

establish that his behavior is “wholly passive,” whether because the relevant conduct 

does not involve a failure to act, as is the situation in this case, or because the 

defendant’s failure to act occurred under circumstances that would lead a reasonable 

person to inquire as to his or her legal duties, as was the case with the defendant’s 

duty to register as a sex offender in North Carolina at issue in Bryant, the maxim 
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that ignorance of the law provides no excuse and that all citizens are presumed to 

know the law remains applicable. Instead of correctly applying the narrow Lambert 

exception in accordance with this Court’s decision in Bryant, the Court of Appeals 

created an inappropriate notice requirement resting upon a failure to distinguish 

between an affirmative action and purely passive conduct and conflating the analysis 

set out in Lambert with the analysis utilized in statutory construction cases such as

Liparota.

In response, defendant contends that the proper resolution of the critical 

question concerning whether an act is “wholly passive” for purposes of Lambert and 

Bryant hinges upon whether the surrounding circumstances would put a reasonable 

person on notice that he or she should have inquired as to whether there had been a 

change in law rather than upon whether the underlying conduct should be deemed 

active or passive. Defendant argues that Lambert and Bryant rest upon a distinction

between “active and passive notice, that is, the presence or absence of ‘circumstances 

that should alert the doer to the consequences of his deed,’ ” rather than upon a 

distinction between acts of commission and acts of omission. According to defendant, 

his conduct should be deemed “wholly passive” given the absence of “circumstances 

that would [have] move[d] him to inquire if the General Assembly had recently 

criminalized his otherwise innocuous conduct.” Moreover, even if a defendant’s 

underlying conduct is a component of the relevant constitutional analysis, possession, 

as compared to the purchase, of a substance is a passive act.
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In the alternative, defendant contends that, even if we “decline[ ] to adopt the 

analysis of the Court of Appeals,” we should still affirm the result that it reached on 

the grounds “that an element of scienter must be read into [N.C.G.S.] § 90-95(d1)(1)(c) 

to comport with traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice, and the State 

failed to present evidence from which a jury could infer such an element.” According 

to defendant, the Court of Appeals should have held that proof of defendant’s

“awareness that a reasonable person in his shoes would have[ known] that the 

purchase of pseudoephedrine was an illegal act” constituted an essential element of 

the offense created by N.C.G.S. § 90-95(d1)(1)(c). In reaching a contrary conclusion,

the Court of Appeals overlooked the fact that the United States Supreme Court has

read a similar requirement into various criminal statutes for the purpose of ensuring 

the constitutionality of the challenged statute regardless of any evidence concerning 

actual Congressional intent.

As this Court indicated in Bryant, the Lambert exception to the general rule 

that ignorance of the law is no excuse is “decidedly narrow.” 359 N.C. at 568, 614 

S.E.2d at 488.6 After carefully reviewing the record, we conclude that the Lambert 

exception does not operate to protect defendant from criminal liability given the facts

 

6 Moreover, as the United States Supreme Court has stated, “application [of Lambert] 

has been limited, lending some credence to Justice Frankfurter’s colorful prediction in dissent 

that the case would stand as ‘an isolated deviation from the strong current of precedents—a 

derelict on the waters of the law.’ ” Texaco, Inc. v. Short, 454 U.S. 516, 537 n.33, 70 L. Ed. 

2d 738, 756 n.33 (1982) (quoting Lambert, 355 U.S. at 232, 2 L. Ed. 2d at 233 (Frankfurter, 

J., dissenting)).
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contained in the present record. Moreover, defendant’s alternative argument to the 

effect that guilt of the offense defined in N.C.G.S. § 90-95(d1)(1)(c) requires proof that 

the defendant knew of the illegality of his conduct is not properly before us. Thus, 

we reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals.

The general rule that ignorance of the law or a 

mistake of law is no defense to criminal prosecution is 

deeply rooted in the American legal system. Based on the 

notion that the law is definite and knowable, the common 

law presumed that every person knew the law. This 

common-law rule has been applied by the Court in 

numerous cases construing criminal statutes.

Bryant, 359 N.C. at 566, 614 S.E.2d at 487 (citations omitted) (quoting Cheek v. 

United States, 498 U.S. 192, 199, 112 L. Ed. 2d 617, 628 (1991)). In Lambert, the 

United States Supreme Court sustained an as-applied challenge to a municipal 

ordinance making it unlawful for any individual who had been convicted of an

offense that was a California felony or would have been a felony if committed in 

California to remain in Los Angeles for more than five days without registering with 

the Chief of Police. Lambert, 355 U.S. at 226-27, 2 L. Ed. 2d at 230-31. After noting 

that the defendant, unlike defendant in this case, had presented proof that she “had

no actual knowledge of the [registration] requirement” and that the relevant 

ordinance did not require proof of “willfulness,” id. at 227, 2 L. Ed. 2d at 231, the 

United States Supreme Court stated that the relevant issue before it was “whether 

a registration act of this character violates due process where it is applied to a person 

who has no actual knowledge of his duty to register, and where no showing is made 
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of the probability of such knowledge,” id. at 227, 2 L. Ed. 2d at 231. Recognizing 

that, as a general proposition, lawmakers have wide latitude in defining the scope 

and extent of prohibited conduct, the Court pointed out that the defendant’s “conduct 

[was] wholly passive—mere failure to register” and did not constitute “the 

commission of acts, or the failure to act under circumstances that should alert the 

doer to the consequences of his deed.” Id. at 228, 2 L. Ed. 2d at 231 (citations 

omitted). Although the Court acknowledged the rule that “ignorance of the law will 

not excuse,” id. at 228, 2 L. Ed. 2d at 231 (quoting Shevlin–Carpenter Co. v. 

Minnesota, 218 U.S. 57, 68, 54 L. Ed. 930, 935 (1910)), and that the police power is 

“one of the least limitable” powers of government, id. at 228, 2 L. Ed. 2d at 231 

(quoting District of Columbia v. Brooke, 214 U.S. 138, 149, 53 L. Ed. 941, 945 (1909)), 

the Court pointed out that due process conditions the exercise of governmental 

authority upon the existence of proper notice “where a person, wholly passive and 

unaware of any criminal wrongdoing, is brought to the bar of justice for 

condemnation in a criminal case,” id. at 228, 2 L. Ed. 2d at 231. In view of the fact 

that the ordinance at issue in Lambert did not condition a finding of guilt upon “any 

activity” whatsoever, id. at 229, 2 L. Ed. 2d at 232, and the fact that there were no 

surrounding “circumstances which might move one to inquire as to the necessity of 

registration,” id. at 229, 2 L. Ed. 2d at 232, “actual knowledge of the duty to register 

or proof of the probability of such knowledge and subsequent failure to comply [were]
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necessary before a conviction under the ordinance [could] stand” consistently with

due process guarantees, id. at 229, 2 L. Ed. 2d at 232.

The statutory provision at issue in Bryant required individuals convicted of 

certain sexual offenses in other states to register as a sex offender with the relevant 

North Carolina sheriff’s office within ten days after establishing residence in North 

Carolina or within fifteen days after the individual in question had entered North 

Carolina, whichever came first, with any person failing to comply with these

requirements to be subject to criminal penalties. 359 N.C. at 561-63, 614 S.E.2d at 

483-85. In that case, a person who had been convicted of committing an offense

requiring registration in South Carolina and had been charged with violating the 

statutory provision in question challenged the provision’s constitutionality as applied 

to him given the absence of any requirement that the State “prove actual or probable 

notice of his duty to register to satisfy the due process notice requirement of Lambert.”

Id. at 565, 614 S.E.2d at 486. In rejecting the defendant’s argument, this Court stated 

that

to be entitled to relief under the decidedly narrow Lambert 

exception, a defendant must establish that his conduct was 

“wholly passive” such that “circumstances which might 

move one to inquire as to the necessity of registration are 

completely lacking” and that [the] defendant was ignorant 

of his duty to register and there was no reasonable 

probability that [the] defendant knew his conduct was 

illegal.
STATE V. MILLER

Opinion of the Court

-19-

Id. at 568, 614 S.E.2d at 488 (quoting Lambert, 355 U.S. at 228-29, 2 L. Ed. 2d at 231-

32 (emphasis added)). Defendant’s assertion to the contrary notwithstanding, this 

Court never indicated in Bryant that the distinction between active and passive

conduct set out in Lambert revolves around the nature and extent of the notice with 

which the defendant had been provided rather than upon the nature and extent of 

the underlying conduct that led to the imposition of the criminal sanction. Instead, 

this Court simply assumed that the defendant’s conduct amounted to a failure to act 

and proceeded to examine the extent to which his failure to comply with North 

Carolina’s sex offender registration requirements had occurred under circumstances 

suggesting that he should have registered upon moving from South Carolina to North 

Carolina. Id. at 566-68, 614 S.E.2d at 486-88. After making no suggestion that the 

defendant had actual notice of the necessity that he register as a sex offender in North 

Carolina after moving to this state and after concluding that the defendant’s case was 

“rich with circumstances that would move the reasonable individual to inquire of his 

duty to register in North Carolina such that [the] defendant’s conduct was not wholly 

passive and Lambert [was] not controlling,” id. at 568, 614 S.E.2d at 488, this Court

held that the defendant’s case did “not fall within the narrow Lambert exception to 

the general rule that ignorance of the law is no excuse,” id. at 569, 614 S.E.2d at 488.

Thus, because “[g]enerally[,] a legislature need do nothing 

more than enact and publish the law, and afford the 

citizenry a reasonable opportunity to familiarize itself with 

its terms and to comply,” Texaco, [Inc. v. Short,] 454 U.S. 

[516,] 532, 70 L. Ed. 2d [738,] 752[ (1982), this Court 
STATE V. MILLER

Opinion of the Court

-20-

remained] bound by the rule that “[a]ll citizens are 

presumptively charged with knowledge of the law.” Atkins 

v. Parker, 472 U.S. 115, 130, 86 L. Ed. 2d 81, 93 (1985); see 

also N. Laramie Land Co. v. Hoffman, 268 U.S. 276, 283, 

69 L. Ed. 953, 957 (1925) (“All persons are charged with 

knowledge of the provisions of statutes and must take note 

of the procedure adopted by them.”).

Id. at 569, 614 S.E.2d at 488-89 (first and seventh alterations in original). As a result,

Bryant establishes that, in the event that a defendant’s conduct is not “wholly 

passive,” because it arises from either the commission of an act or a failure to act 

under circumstances that reasonably should alert the defendant to the likelihood that

inaction would subject him or her to criminal liability, Lambert simply does not apply.

A defendant commits the offense delineated in N.C.G.S. § 90-95(d1)(1)(c) in the 

event that he or she has “the power and intent to control [the] disposition or use” of 

the substance that the defendant is charged with possessing, State v. Harvey, 281 

N.C. 1, 12, 187 S.E.2d 706, 714 (1972), with knowledge of the identity of the substance

that the defendant is alleged to have possessed, Galaviz–Torres, 368 N.C. at 49, 772 

S.E.2d at 437 (citation omitted). The undisputed evidence contained in the present 

record tends to show that defendant actively procured the pseudoephedrine product 

that he was convicted of possessing over a month after it had become unlawful for 

him to do so and almost six months after the enactment of N.C.G.S. § 90-95(d1)(1)(c). 

Moreover, defendant has not argued in either this Court or the lower courts that he 

was ignorant of the fact that he possessed a pseudoephedrine product or that he had 

previously been convicted of methamphetamine possession. As defendant himself 
STATE V. MILLER

Opinion of the Court

-21-

acknowledged, his conduct differs from the failure to register at issue in Lambert and

Bryant. Since defendant’s conviction rests upon his own active conduct rather than 

a “wholly passive” failure to act, there is no need for us to determine whether the 

surrounding circumstances should have put defendant on notice that he needed to 

make inquiry into his ability to lawfully purchase products containing 

pseudoephedrine. As a result, defendant’s as-applied challenge to the 

constitutionality of N.C.G.S. § 90-95(d1)(1)(c) necessarily fails.

Liparota and other similar decisions, whether considered in conjunction with 

or in addition to Lambert, do not call for a different result. In Liparota, the United 

States Supreme Court considered what “mental state, if any, that the Government” 

needed to show, 471 U.S. at 423, 85 L. Ed. 2d at 438, in order to establish that the 

defendant had violated a federal statute making it a crime to “knowingly” use,

transfer, acquire, alter, or possess food stamps “ ‘in any manner not authorized by 

[the statute] or the regulations,’ ” id. at 423, 85 L. Ed. 2d at 438 (alteration in original) 

(quoting 7 U.S.C. § 2024(b)(1) (1977)), with the specific issue before the Court in that 

case being whether the term “knowingly” should be construed so as to require the 

Government to prove that the defendant was aware that he was acting in a manner 

not authorized by the applicable law, id. at 420-21, 85 L. Ed. 2d at 437. As a result, 

Liparota, like a number of the other decisions upon which defendant relies,7 is a 

 

7 For example, see Elonis v. United States, ___ U.S. ___, ___, ___, 192 L. Ed. 2d 1, 8, 17

(2015) (interpreting a federal statute making “it a crime to transmit in interstate commerce 
STATE V. MILLER

Opinion of the Court

-22-

statutory construction case rather than one, like Lambert, in which the 

constitutionality of a statute was at issue. While these cases are arguably pertinent 

to defendant’s statutory construction argument, they have no bearing on the 

constitutionality of N.C.G.S. § 90-95(d1)(1)(c) in the face of defendant’s Lambertbased challenge. However, since neither defendant nor the State sought review of 

the Court of Appeals’ determination that the offense defined in N.C.G.S. § 90-

95(d1)(1)(c) does not include any sort of scienter or specific intent requirement over 

and above the knowledge requirement necessary for guilt of any possession-based 

offense by either noting an appeal or filing a discretionary review petition, 

defendant’s statutory construction argument is not properly before us. See N.C. R. 

App. P. 16(a) (stating that “[r]eview by the Supreme Court after a determination by 

the Court of Appeals, whether by appeal of right or by discretionary review, is to 

determine whether there is error of law in the decision of the Court of Appeals” and 

that, “[e]xcept when the appeal is based solely upon the existence of a dissent in the 

 

‘any communication containing any threat . . . to injure the person of another’ ” as requiring 

proof that the defendant intended to issue threats or knew that his communications would 

be viewed as threats (ellipsis in original) (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 875(c) 1994))); United States v. 

X-Citement Video, Inc., 513 U.S. 64, 68, 78, 130 L. Ed. 2d 372, 378, 385 (1994) (interpreting 

a federal statute prohibiting persons from “knowingly” transporting, shipping, receiving, 

distributing, or reproducing a visual depiction, if such depiction “ ‘involves the use of a minor 

engaging in sexually explicit conduct,’ ” to require proof that the defendant knew of the 

sexually explicit nature of the material and the age of the individuals depicted in the video

(quoting 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(1)(A), -(a)(2)(A) (1988 ed. and Supp. V))); Morissette, 342 U.S. at 

248, 271, 96 L. Ed. at 292, 304 (interpreting a federal statute providing that “ ‘whoever 

embezzles, steals, purloins, or knowingly converts’ ” property of the federal government shall

be fined and imprisoned to require that the defendant have “knowledge of the facts, though 

not necessarily the law, that made the taking a conversion” (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 641 (1948))).
STATE V. MILLER

Opinion of the Court

-23-

Court of Appeals, review in the Supreme Court is limited to consideration of the 

issues stated in the notice of appeal filed pursuant to Rule 14(b)(2) or the petition for 

discretionary review and the response thereto filed pursuant to Rule 15(c) and (d), 

unless further limited by the Supreme Court, and properly presented in the new 

briefs required by Rules 14(d)(1) and 15(g)(2) to be filed in the Supreme Court”); see 

also Estate of Fennell v. Stephenson, 354 N.C. 327, 331-32, 554 S.E.2d 629, 632 (2001)

(stating that “this Court’s review of the Court of Appeals decision is limited to the 

issues raised by [the] defendants’ petition for discretionary review” because the 

plaintiffs had failed to file their own discretionary review petition or a conditional 

discretionary review petition). As a result, given that defendant has failed to 

establish that his conduct in possessing pseudoephedrine was “wholly passive,”

Bryant, 359 N.C. at 568, 614 S.E.2d at 488, we hold that defendant’s conviction for 

violating N.C.G.S. § 95-90(d1)(1)(c) did not result in a violation of his federal 

constitutional right to due process of law and, accordingly, reverse the decision of the 

Court of Appeals.

REVERSED.

Justice MORGAN dissenting

While I agree with my learned colleagues in the majority that the Court of 

Appeals’ interpretation of the applicability of Liparota v. United States, 471 U.S. 419, 
STATE V. MILLER

MORGAN, J., dissenting

-24-

105 S. Ct. 2084, 85 L. Ed. 2d 434 (1985) is misplaced, nonetheless I embrace the lower 

court’s view that the narrow exception to the time-honored adage “ignorance of the 

law will not excuse” as articulated in Lambert v. California, 355 U.S. 225, 78 S. Ct. 

240, 2 L. Ed. 2d 228 (1957) is applicable in the instant case regarding the properness 

of notice and due process. In addition, I consider the majority’s interpretation of the 

phrase “wholly passive” as originally coined in Lambert and applied by this Court in 

State v. Bryant, 359 N.C. 554, 614 S.E.2d 479 (2004), superseded by statute, 2006 N.C. 

Sess. Laws, Ch. 247, on other grounds as recognized in State v. Moore, 240 N.C. App. 

465, 478, 770 S.E.2d 131, 141, disc. review denied, 368 N.C. 353, 776 S.E.2d 854 (2015)

to be rigidly restrictive, particularly in light of this Court’s own construction of this 

phrase in Bryant, and therefore I dissent. 

In Lambert, a criminal defendant was found guilty of violating a registration 

provision of Los Angeles, California’s Municipal Code because, as a person who had 

been “convicted of an offense punishable as a felony in the State of California,” she 

“remain[ed] in Los Angeles for a period of more than five days without registering” 

with the city’s Chief of Police. Lambert, 355 U.S. at 226, 78 S. Ct. at 241-42, 2 L. Ed. 

2d at 230. As a resident of Los Angeles for over seven years at the time of her arrest 

on suspicion of another offense, the defendant argued that her due process rights 

under the United States Constitution were violated with regard to the application of 

the city’s registration law to her, because she had no actual knowledge of the 

requirement to register pursuant to the Los Angeles Municipal Code. Id. at 226, 78 
STATE V. MILLER

MORGAN, J., dissenting

-25-

S. Ct. at 241-42, 2 L. Ed. 2d at 230-31. In framing the legal issue in this case as a 

question of “whether a registration act of this character violates due process where it 

is applied to a person who has no actual knowledge of his duty to register, and where 

no showing is made of the probability of such knowledge,” the nation’s highest court 

held that the Code’s registration provision as applied to the defendant violated the 

Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Id. at 227, 229-30, 78 S. Ct. at

242-44, 2 L. Ed. 2d at 231-32.

Defendant in the case sub judice cited the Lambert case as persuasive 

authority to support his position addressed by this dissent that his federal due 

process rights were violated by the application of the statute at issue to him because 

of his lack of proper notice of then newly-enacted N.C.G.S. § 90-95(d1)(1)(c), which 

had taken effect barely a month before defendant’s proscribed pseudoephedrine 

purchase. Pursuant to the statute, his possession of such a substance was illegal in 

light of his prior methamphetamine convictions. Regarding the application of 

constitutional due process principles to the operation of statutes that create an 

imposition upon individuals convicted of a certain class of offenses that does not exist 

for the general population, I find the defendant in Lambert and the current defendant 

to be similarly situated. In Lambert, the defendant was required by law to register 

as a convicted felon if her stay in the city exceeded five days, which was not a 

registration requirement imposed on others; here, defendant was required by law to 
STATE V. MILLER

MORGAN, J., dissenting

-26-

refrain from possessing pseudoephedrine as a person convicted of methamphetamine 

offenses, which was not a possession restriction imposed on others.

I also find that the defendant in the case at bar is similarly situated to the 

Lambert defendant in the resolution of the legal issue in Lambert which was ideally 

identified by the United States Supreme Court. The high court found, in applying its 

due process analysis to the dual components of the framed issue in Lambert, that the 

Los Angeles Municipal Code registration provision violated that defendant’s due 

process rights because she had no knowledge of the duty to register and there was no 

showing made by the prosecution as to the probability of such knowledge by the 

defendant. Id. at 227-28, 78 S. Ct. at 242-43, 2 L. Ed. 2d at 231. While citing the 

phrase “ignorance of the law will not excuse,” the United States Supreme Court 

conversely recognized that the exercise of this legal axiom is limited by due process 

considerations. Id. at 228, 78 S. Ct. at 243, 2 L. Ed. 2d at 231. The Court went on to 

explain:

Engrained in our concept of due process is the requirement 

of notice. Notice is sometimes essential so that the citizen 

has the chance to defend charges. Notice is required before 

property interests are disturbed, before assessments are 

made, before penalties are assessed. Notice is required in 

a myriad of situations where a forfeiture might be suffered 

for mere failure to act. Recent cases illustrat[e] th[is] point 

. . . . These cases involved only property interests in civil 

litigation. But the principle is equally appropriate where 

a person, wholly passive and unaware of any wrongdoing, 

is brought to the bar of justice for condemnation in a 

criminal case.

Id. (citations omitted).
STATE V. MILLER

MORGAN, J., dissenting

-27-

I find these observations to be pertinent and applicable to the present case, 

just as the United States Supreme Court articulated them as insightful direction in 

Lambert. While ignorance of the law typically will not excuse one from criminal 

culpability, the operation of this routine legal paradigm must take a proverbial 

backseat when one’s constitutional due process rights, undergirded by the concept of 

notice, are otherwise sacrificed. In the instant case, as in Lambert, the defendant has

claimed that he had no knowledge of the law at issue when he purchased 

pseudoephedrine on 5 January 2014 and was therefore in unlawful possession of the 

medication which otherwise would have been in his lawful possession if the purchase 

had been made prior to the 1 December 2013 change in the law which did not apply 

to the general population, nor even all convicted felons, but rather only to a particular 

subset of convicted felons. Also in the present case, like Lambert, there has been no 

showing made of the probability that defendant knew of this change in the law which 

rendered illegal for him such activity that was legal for him a mere 36 days prior to 

his arrest. The majority’s fervent embrace of the maxim that ignorance of the law 

provides no excuse supplies an untenable compromise of defendant’s due process 

rights. Indeed, the well-established existence of a law and one’s ignorance of it is 

markedly different from the newly-created existence of a law and one’s unawareness 

of it, especially when it is a change in the law to make what was recently lawful 

suddenly unlawful and when it does not apply to everyone.
STATE V. MILLER

MORGAN, J., dissenting

-28-

In my opinion, just as the majority fails to employ an appropriate application 

of the Lambert principle regarding due process wherein ignorance of the law by a 

criminal defendant is indisputable, the majority’s unfortunate position is exacerbated 

by its strained literal interpretation of the phrase “wholly passive” in Lambert. The 

United States Supreme Court christened the term in Lambert to describe the lack of 

affirmative conduct by the defendant in that case—the failure to register one’s 

presence—and to fit it into the framework of an individual’s right to due process 

through the requirement of notice. The majority has focused so intently upon the 

“wholly passive” description of the Lambert defendant’s proscribed conduct of failure 

to register that it is unable to clearly view the fullness of the relationship between 

due process and the required notice concerning the violation of criminal law.

The majority’s position is faulty regarding its literal application of the phrase 

“wholly passive” on two fronts. Firstly, the United States Supreme Court in Lambert

used the defendant’s “wholly passive” failure to register as an example of the broad 

need to correctly balance constitutional due process with the “ignorance of the law 

will not excuse” axiom. The Court, in its discussion of the concept of due process 

through the requirement of notice in Lambert, spoke in sweeping terms about the 

importance of these legal tenets, without mentioning whether or not the illegal 

conduct involved was an offense of commission of an act or an offense of an omission 

to act. The high court thereupon applied its global look at these principles to the 

defendant’s circumstances in Lambert, described her Municipal Code violation of 
STATE V. MILLER

MORGAN, J., dissenting

-29-

failure to register as behavior which was “wholly passive,” continued its analysis that 

this failure to register abrogated the breadth and depth of the integration of due 

process and notice, and ultimately determined that the application of the challenged 

registration law to the defendant’s “wholly passive” failure to register was 

unconstitutional. In the case sub judice, the majority’s occupation by the “wholly 

passive” categorization of the Lambert defendant’s criminal act of omission has 

prevented it from fully grasping the wider requirement to apply constitutional due 

process and notice requirements so as to protect defendant’s identical rights in the 

current case.

Secondly, this Court utilized the “wholly passive” language in Lambert to both 

discuss and decide our decision in Bryant. The majority in the instant case heavily 

relies upon Bryant, a criminal action in which a defendant, who was a convicted sex 

offender in the state of South Carolina, was notified by the South Carolina 

Department of Corrections prison officials of his lifelong requirement to register with 

that state due to his sex offender status. Id. at 556, 614 S.E.2d at 480. Although the 

defendant was notified of this duty in verbal and written form, he failed to “provide 

written notice to the county sheriff where s/he was last registered in South Carolina 

within 10 days of the change of address to a new state,” when the defendant moved 

out of the state of South Carolina and relocated in North Carolina. Id. at 556-57, 614 

S.E.2d at 481 (emphasis omitted). The defendant likewise was deficient in his 

compliance with his South Carolina sex offender requirement that he “must send 
STATE V. MILLER

MORGAN, J., dissenting

-30-

written notice of change of address to the county Sheriff’s Office in the new county 

and the county where s/he previously resided within 10 days of moving to a new 

residence.” Id. (emphasis omitted). Although the defendant moved to WinstonSalem, North Carolina and thereby established a residence in Forsyth County, 

nonetheless he failed to register upon establishing residency in North Carolina and 

did not notify the appropriate authorities in South Carolina of his out-of-state move. 

Id. at 557-58, 614 S.E.2d at 481-82. The defendant was convicted in this state of 

failing to register as a sex offender and attaining the status of habitual felon. Id. at 

558, 614 S.E.2d at 482. On appeal, the defendant argued that North Carolina’s sex 

offender registration statute was unconstitutional as applied to an out-of-state 

offender who lacked notice of his duty to register upon moving to North Carolina. Id.

at 558, 614 S.E.2d at 482. The defendant relied almost exclusively upon Lambert in 

arguing his position on appeal to this Court. Id. at 564, 614 S.E.2d at 485. We found 

in Bryant that the defendant was not entitled to the application of Lambert. Id. at 

568-69, 614 S.E.2d at 487-88. In this Court’s decision, we explained:

We find this case rich with circumstances that would 

move the reasonable individual to inquire of his duty to 

register in North Carolina such that defendant’s conduct 

was not wholly passive and Lambert is not controlling. 

First, defendant had actual notice of his lifelong duty to 

register with the State of South Carolina as a convicted sex 

offender. Second, defendant had actual notice that he must 

register as a convicted sex offender in South Carolina for 

“similar offenses from other jurisdictions” and had a duty 

to inform South Carolina officials of a move out of state 

“within 10 days of the change of address to a new state,” 

which defendant failed to do. Third, defendant himself 
STATE V. MILLER

MORGAN, J., dissenting

-31-

informed law enforcement authorities that he had been 

convicted of a sex offense in Florida. These circumstances 

coupled with the pervasiveness of sex offender registration 

programs certainly constitute circumstances which would 

lead the reasonable individual to inquire of a duty to 

register in any state upon relocation.

Id. at 568, 614 S.E.2d at 488 (citations omitted) (emphasis in original). This 

explanation extracts pivotal terminology from the instructional language employed 

by the nation’s Supreme Court in Lambert when it established the mandatory 

standard, which we expressly cited in Bryant, which I find to be the guiding rationale 

for adaptation in the present case and which I determine that the defendant has 

satisfied:

Therefore, to be entitled to relief under the decidedly 

narrow Lambert exception, a defendant must establish 

that his conduct was “wholly passive” such that 

“circumstances which might move one to inquire as to the 

necessity of registration are completely lacking” and that 

defendant was ignorant of his duty to register and there 

was no reasonable probability that defendant knew his 

conduct was illegal. Lambert, 355 U.S. at 228-29, 78 S. Ct. 

243-44, 2 L. Ed. 2d at 231-32) (emphasis added).

Id. at 568, 614 S.E.2d at 488. This Court’s additional emphasis indicates that it 

defined the crucial phrase “wholly passive” as turning on whether the attendant 

circumstances could reasonably be seen as providing notice.

With the majority’s determination that Bryant is controlling authority in the 

case at bar, it compounds the problematic analysis that it originally employs in the 

majority’s erroneous premise that the requirement of a “wholly passive” act 

automatically disqualifies the current defendant from constitutional due process and 
STATE V. MILLER

MORGAN, J., dissenting

-32-

intrinsic notice requirements where ignorance of the law is an existing circumstance. 

This compounded misdirection is further accentuated by the recitation of the aspects 

that are present in Bryant which clearly distinguish it from the case sub judice. While 

there are a litany of facts and circumstances occurring in Bryant that render the 

narrow Lambert exception as inapposite to the Bryant defendant, as this Court 

correctly decided, no such characteristics arise here. Indeed, the defendant in the 

instant case is deemed not to have had actual notice about the change in the law or 

the change in his status under the new law governing his ability to legally possess 

pseudoephedrine. Nor did the defendant here inform law enforcement authorities 

about any matters that would demonstrate his awareness about the change in the 

law or the change in his status under the new law. In summarizing the above 

delineation of factors quoted in Bryant and applying them to the present case, there 

are no circumstances here which would lead the reasonable individual to know, or 

even inquire about, a duty to refrain from the possession of pseudoephedrine due to 

a recent change in the law which turned defendant’s heretofore legal possession of 

the substance into a criminal offense.

Since I would find N.C.G.S. § 90-95(d1)(1)(c) unconstitutional as applied to 

defendant under these facts and circumstances, consistent with my interpretation of 

Lambert, and the critical distinguishing features of Bryant, I respectfully dissent. 

Justice BEASLEY joins in this dissenting opinion.