ON REHEARING EN BANC

PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 19-1591

HERNAN PORTILLO FLORES,

 Petitioner,

v.

MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General,

 Respondent.

------------------------------

AMERICAN IMMIGRATION LAWYERS ASSOCIATION, Washington DC 

Chapter; AMERICAN IMMIGRATION LAWYERS ASSOCIATION, National; 

AMERICAN IMMIGRATION LAWYERS ASSOCIATION, Carolinas Chapter; 

FORMER IMMIGRATION JUDGES AND BOARD OF IMMIGRATION 

APPEALS MEMBERS; FAIRFAX COURT APPOINTED SPECIAL 

ADVOCATES; KIDS IN NEED OF DEFENSE (KIND); LEGAL AID JUSTICE 

CENTER and IMMIGRANT HEALTH EXPERTS,

 Amici Supporting Rehearing Petition. 

On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals.

Argued: March 8, 2021 Decided: June 29, 2021

Before GREGORY, Chief Judge, and WILKINSON, NIEMEYER, MOTZ, KING, AGEE, 

KEENAN, WYNN, DIAZ, FLOYD, THACKER, HARRIS, RICHARDSON, 

QUATTLEBAUM, and RUSHING, Circuit Judges.
2

Petition for review granted, vacated and remanded by published opinion. Judge Thacker 

wrote the opinion, in which Chief Judge Gregory and Judges Motz, King, Keenan, Wynn, 

Diaz, Floyd, and Harris joined. Judge Wynn wrote a separate concurring opinion. Judge 

Quattlebaum wrote a dissenting opinion, in which Judges Wilkinson, Niemeyer, Agee, 

Richardson, and Rushing joined.

ARGUED: Paul Whitfield Hughes, III, MCDERMOTT WILL & EMERY LLP, 

Washington, D.C., for Petitioner. Andrew C. MacLachlan, UNITED STATES 

DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for Respondent. ON BRIEF: 

Benjamin J. Osorio, Alexandra Williams, MURRAY OSORIO PLLC, Fairfax, Virginia; 

Sarah P. Hogarth, MCDERMOTT WILL & EMERY LLP, Washington, D.C., for 

Petitioner. Joseph H. Hunt, Assistant Attorney General, Brian M. Boynton, Acting 

Assistant Attorney General, Donald E. Keener, Deputy Director, John W. Blakeley, 

Assistant Director, Holly M. Smith, Senior Litigation Counsel, Sarah K. Pergolizzi, Office 

of Immigration Litigation, Civil Division, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF 

JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for Respondent. D.C. Drake, DRAKE IMMIGRATION 

LAW, PLLC, Alexandria, Virginia; Anam Rahman CALDERÓN SEGUIN PLC, Fairfax, 

Virginia; Jillian N. Blake, BLAKE IMMIGRATION LAW, PLLC, Alexandria, Virginia; 

David L. Cleveland, LAW OFFICE OF DAVID CLEVELAND, Washington, D.C.; 

Johanna M. Gaughan, GABRIELA J. MATTHEWS & ASSOCIATES, Durham, North 

Carolina; Tamara L. Jezic, Diana M. Pak Yi, JEZIC & MOYSE, LLC, Wheaton, Maryland; 

Evelyn R.G. Smallwood, HATCH ROCKERS IMMIGRATION, Durham, North Carolina, 

for Amici AILA DC and Carolinas Chapters. Charles Shane Ellison, Katherine L. Evans, 

Amanda G. Dixon, DUKE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW, Durham, North Carolina; 

Tyler A. Young, Martin J. Demoret, David Yoshimura, Robert C. Gallup, FAEGRE 

DRINKER BIDDLE & REATH LLP, Des Moines, Iowa, for Amicus American 

Immigration Lawyers Association. Steven H. Schulman, AKIN GUMP STRAUSS 

HAUER & FELD, LLP, Washington, D.C., for Amici Former Immigration Judges and 

Board of Immigration Appeals Members. Andrew Frackman, New York, New York, John 

B. Sprangers, Rob Barthelmess, O’MELVENY & MYERS LLP, Los Angeles, California, 

for Amici Legal Aid Justice Center and Immigrant Health Experts. Lawrence D. 

Rosenberg, JONES DAY, Washington, D.C., for Amicus Fairfax Court Appointed Special 

Advocates. Stephen B. Kinnaird, Washington, D.C., Elizabeth Rose Kenerson, Katherine 

K. Solomon, Mary Wolfe, Zachary Zwillinger, PAUL HASTINGS LLP, New York, New 

York, for Amicus Kids in Need of Defense. 
3

THACKER, Circuit Judge:

When he was 15 years old, Hernan Portillo-Flores (“Petitioner”), a resident of El 

Salvador, sought refuge in the United States. When Petitioner was living in El Salvador,

El Pelón, a leader of the infamous gang MS-13, and other gang members beat Petitioner

on multiple occasions (once almost to the point of death) and made death threats against 

him because El Pelón wanted to date Petitioner’s sister. Despite finding Petitioner and his 

sister credible, and despite hearing testimony that El Pelón showed up with the police to

threaten Petitioner’s mother at her home, the immigration judge (“IJ”) denied Petitioner’s 

claims for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention Against 

Torture (“CAT”), and ordered him removed from the United States. The Board of 

Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) affirmed. 

In his petition for review, Petitioner contends that the BIA disregarded pertinent, 

significant evidence; failed to make factual findings sufficient to support its conclusion; 

failed to provide sufficient explanation for its conclusions; and did not consider the age of 

Petitioner at the time of his alleged persecution. 

Although we owe deference to the BIA, that deference is not blind. Here, where the 

agency contravened prevailing case law, disregarded crucial evidence, and failed to explain 

its decisions, we are compelled to grant the petition for review, vacate the immigration 

court decisions, and remand to the agency for further proceedings. 

I.

In 2013, Petitioner was living with his mother and sister, Paola, in Ciudad Delgado, 

El Salvador. El Pelón, a local MS-13 group leader, began calling and texting Paola, then 
4

a tenth grader. El Pelón indicated he wanted Paola to be his girlfriend and told her that if 

she failed to submit to his demands, he might kill her mother and Petitioner. El Pelón

began following Paola and told her that if she continued to refuse him, “something’s going 

to happen” to Petitioner and her mother. A.R. 203.1

 El Pelón would also have other gang 

members approach her and issue threats. Paola eventually informed her mother of El 

Pelón’s continuing threats. As a result, the family decided to send Paola to the United 

States for her safety.

After Paola fled El Salvador, El Pelón and other MS-13 members began targeting 

Petitioner, then only 14 years old, seeking information about Paola’s whereabouts. MS-13 

approached Petitioner on five or six occasions over the course of several months, always 

asking him about Paola. Each time they contacted Petitioner, the gang members were 

armed with knives and guns. Three or four of the times that MS-13 members approached 

Petitioner, the gang members beat him up. Petitioner’s mother saw him arrive home 

several times without shoes, with bruises, and shirtless. The final beating Petitioner 

received was so severe that he testified that he “almost die [sic] on that occasion.” A.R. 

143.2

1 Citations to the “A.R.” refer to the Administrative Record filed in this appeal.

2 The dissent faults us for not “describing all the testimony” and “seem[ing] to 

conclude that, as a matter of medical fact, [Petitioner] was beaten ‘almost to the point of 

death.’” Post at 43 n.1 (quoting Maj. Op. at 3). However, Petitioner’s testimony --

credited by the IJ -- was that he “almost die[d] on th[e] occasion” of the final beating. 

A.R. 143. In any event, even if Petitioner’s injuries did not require medical attention, as 

explained below, physical harm need not require medical attention to rise to the level of 

persecution. 
5

 This last beating prompted Petitioner to disclose the ongoing issue to his mother. 

Concerned for her child’s safety, Petitioner’s mother decided to send Petitioner to a ranch 

in Chalatenango, El Salvador, to live with his uncle. Petitioner testified that he believed 

MS-13 would have killed him if he had remained in Ciudad Delgado.

Once in Chalatenango, Petitioner remained in hiding. But while Petitioner was in 

Chalatenango, “four people who were policemen working with the gang members came to 

[Petitioner’s mother’s] house threatening [her] so that [Petitioner] would turn himself into 

[sic] the gang members.” A.R. 290. During this encounter, Petitioner’s mother saw El 

Pelón standing outside in the alleyway behind the police. Likewise, Paola testified that 

when her mother looked out the door during this confrontation with the police, her mother 

“saw . . . El P[e]lon, so she understood that El P[e]lon or the gang was linked to the police 

because they were asking about [Petitioner].” Id. at 206. Following this incident, 

Petitioner’s mother left her home and remains in hiding in El Salvador.

As a result of the threats and beatings, Petitioner’s mother and sister ultimately 

decided to send Petitioner to the United States. Petitioner entered the United States at age 

15 without inspection on approximately October 12, 2015. United States Customs and 

Border Protection detained Petitioner upon his entry to the United States. Petitioner 

received a hearing on the charge of removability before an IJ and asserted claims for 

asylum, withholding of removal, and protection pursuant to the CAT.

At Petitioner’s hearing, his sister Paola testified about El Pelón’s threats against her 

brother. Specifically, Paola testified that had Petitioner remained in El Salvador, “if he had 

not been dead by now, that could have been a miracle from God.” A.R. 208. She further 
6

testified that she and her mother thought it best to send Petitioner to the United States 

because “[i]t was going to come to the point that [the gang] w[as] going to be able to find 

him. And they weren’t going to be using words anymore. He was going to get murdered.” 

Id.

For his part, Petitioner testified that had he stayed in Ciudad Delgado, the MS-13 

members “would have killed me because the last time they beat me up, . . . I almost died. 

And I believe that they could have taken more reprisals against me.” A.R. 146–47. 

Petitioner also testified that he did not go to the police “because [he] knew that the police 

did not have the capacity to protect [him] from th[e] gang.” Id. at 147. He recounted that 

a friend, Omar, who filed a police report against the gang, “turned up dead” “inside of a 

well.” Id. at 148.

Significantly, the IJ found both Petitioner and his sister Paola credible “due to their 

demeanor, their candor, they were responsive to all questions, and their testimony was 

consistent, both between their two testimonies and also with the written statements that are 

in the file.” A.R. 79. Petitioner also filed numerous exhibits including declarations from 

family members and neighbors corroborating his stated reasons for leaving El Salvador. 

His mother submitted a declaration explaining, “Several times the MS-13 gang members 

beat [Petitioner] up,” always “ask[ing] him for his sister Paola.” Id. at 290. The gang 

members “told [Petitioner] that if he did not turn Paola in to them, then they were going to 

do damage to him and to his family.” Id. Petitioner’s mother also “received threats from 

the gang members” and “lost [her] house” because she had to leave. Id. The family was 

“living in fear.” Id. 
7

Petitioner supplemented the testimonial evidence about the danger he faced in El 

Salvador and the inability of the police to protect him with expert analysis explaining how 

MS-13 can “operate . . . largely without police or military interference because of 

corruption and the Salvadoran government’s inability to maintain order,” and how filing a 

police report can make matters worse because gang members will “seek to obtain the name 

of the person who reported [their activity] via their sources within the police, government 

and community and take revenge to send the message that others should not report similar 

crimes.” A.R. 387. Indeed, the most that targets of gangs could expect “is for the police 

to guard their door while they packed their things to flee their homes.” Id. at 369. 

Additionally, Petitioner provided United States Department of State country conditions 

reports from the relevant years detailing “widespread corruption,” as well as “weak rule of 

law, which contributed to high levels of impunity and government abuse, including 

unlawful killings by security forces.” Id. at 440. These reports explain that, “[i]mpunity 

persisted despite government steps to dismiss and prosecute” bad actors within security 

forces, the justice system, and the executive branch. Id.

Ultimately, the IJ issued an oral decision denying Petitioner all requested relief and 

ordering his removal. The IJ acknowledged that MS-13 threatened to kill Petitioner but 

concluded that Petitioner failed to demonstrate a nexus between the threats and beatings 

and a protected ground sufficient to support his claim for asylum. The IJ then determined 

“the harm that [Petitioner] suffered did not occur at the hands of the El Salvadoran 

government or an agent that the government is unwilling or unable to control” because 

Petitioner “did not report any of the threats or the beatings that he received to the police.” 
8

A.R. 80–81. The IJ noted “[t]here is no doubt El Salvador has a high rate of crime,” but 

its government “has put measures into place to address criminal activity and has arrested 

gang members and corrupt police officers.” Id. at 81.

Petitioner timely filed a notice of appeal to the BIA, which dismissed Petitioner’s 

appeal in a single member decision, concluding that the IJ did not commit error as to any 

of Petitioner’s three claims for relief. The BIA concluded that the IJ “correctly found that 

although [Petitioner] was threatened and beaten on several occasions in El Salvador, he 

never suffered any serious physical harm requiring medical attention,” and any death 

threats were made to Paola, not Petitioner. A.R. 9–10. The BIA also held that the IJ did 

not clearly err in concluding that Petitioner failed to demonstrate that the harm he fears in 

El Salvador “was or would be inflicted by the government or by individuals or groups that 

the government is unable or unwilling to control.” Id. at 11. Like the IJ, the BIA 

emphasized Petitioner’s failure to report any threats or mistreatment to the police or 

government officials in El Salvador.

II.

We possess jurisdiction to review a final order of removal pursuant to 8 U.S.C. 

§ 1252(a). “When, as here, the BIA adopts and affirms the IJ’s decision and supplements 

it with its own opinion, we review both decisions.” Cordova v. Holder, 759 F.3d 332, 337 

(4th Cir. 2014); see also Resp’t’s Suppl. Resp. Br. 15 (Government submitting that the BIA 

“adopt[ed] and supplement[ed] the [IJ]’s reasoning”). 
9

We review the BIA’s legal conclusions de novo. See Cordova, 759 F.3d at 337. 

We generally give Chevron3 deference to interpretations of statutes the BIA administers, 

namely the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”), if the BIA’s interpretation carries 

the force of law. See Martinez v. Holder, 740 F.3d 902, 909 (4th Cir. 2014). But

significantly, when the BIA issues a single-member, nonprecedential opinion, as it did 

here, that opinion does not carry the force of law and is not entitled to Chevron deference. 

See id. at 909–10. We may still rely on the BIA’s interpretation of the INA as a “body of 

experience and informed judgment to which we may properly resort for guidance”; 

however, “even that modest deference depends upon the thoroughness evident in the BIA’s 

consideration, the validity of its reasoning, its consistency with earlier and later 

pronouncements, and all those factors which give it power to persuade.” Id. at 910 

(alteration, citations, and internal quotation marks omitted). 

Further, we do not disturb the BIA’s factual determinations on asylum eligibility as 

long as those determinations “are supported by reasonable, substantial, and probative 

evidence on the record considered as a whole.” Tassi v. Holder, 660 F.3d 710, 719 (4th 

Cir. 2011). “We review factual findings for substantial evidence, treating them as 

conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the 

contrary.” Cordova, 759 F.3d at 337 (internal quotations omitted); see also Mulyani v. 

3 Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984) 

(providing that where an agency interprets a statute it administers, we must defer to the 

agency’s permissible construction of the statute if it is silent or ambiguous).
10

Holder, 771 F.3d 190, 197 (4th Cir. 2014) (withholding of removal); Lizama v. Holder, 

629 F.3d 440, 449 (4th Cir. 2011) (CAT relief). 

Finally, we will uphold the BIA’s decision “unless it is manifestly contrary to law 

and an abuse of discretion.” Cordova, 759 F.3d at 337 (internal quotations omitted). The 

BIA abuses its discretion “if it fails to offer a reasoned explanation for its decision, or if it 

distorts or disregards important aspects of the applicant’s claim.” Id. (alterations and 

internal quotations omitted). “[A]n applicant for asylum is entitled to know that agency 

adjudicators reviewed all [his] evidence, understood it, and had a cogent, articulable basis 

for its determination that [his] evidence was insufficient.” Orellana v. Barr, 925 F.3d 145, 

153 (4th Cir. 2019) (internal quotation marks omitted). “As a general matter, when the 

B[IA] errs, ‘the proper course . . . is to remand to the agency for additional investigation or 

explanation.’” Alvarez Lagos v. Barr, 927 F.3d 236, 249 (4th Cir. 2019) (quoting INS v. 

Ventura, 537 U.S. 12, 16 (2002) (per curiam)).

III.

Petitioner sought and was denied three forms of relief from removal in the 

immigration courts: asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the CAT. 

A.

Asylum

The INA authorizes the Attorney General to grant asylum to a refugee. 8 U.S.C. 

§ 1158 (b)(1)(A). The burden of proving eligibility for asylum rests with the applicant. 

See id. § 1158(b)(1)(B); 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(a). In order to bring a successful asylum claim, 

an applicant “must produce evidence establishing three elements”:
11

(1) that the applicant has suffered past persecution or has a 

well-founded fear of future persecution; (2) that the 

persecution is “on account of” h[is] race, religion, nationality, 

membership in a particular social group, or political opinion; 

and (3) that the persecution is perpetrated by an organization 

that h[is] home country’s government is unable or unwilling to 

control.

Arita-Deras v. Wilkinson, 990 F.3d 350, 357 (4th Cir. 2021) (citing Zavaleta-Policiano v. 

Sessions, 873 F.3d 241, 246 (4th Cir. 2017)); see also 8 U.S.C. §§ 1101(a)(42)(A), 

1158(b)(1)–(B)(i) (defining “refugee” as a person outside the country of his nationality 

who is “unable or unwilling to return to, and is unable or unwilling to avail himself . . . of 

the protection of, that country because of persecution or a well-founded fear or persecution 

on account of . . . membership in a particular social group”). As explained below, the BIA 

erred at every step of the asylum analysis. 

1.

Element #1: Persecution

First, an applicant must show that he has “suffered past persecution or has a wellfounded fear of future persecution.” Arita-Deras, 990 F.3d at 357. “Persecution involves 

the infliction or threat of death, torture, or injury to one’s person or freedom, on account 

of one of the enumerated grounds in the refugee definition.” Li v. Gonzales, 405 F.3d 171, 

177 (4th Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks omitted) (emphasis supplied). “Although the 

term ‘persecution’ includes actions less severe than threats to life or freedom, actions must 

rise above the level of mere harassment to constitute persecution.” Id. (internal quotation 

marks omitted). “We repeatedly have held that death threats qualify as persecution, and 

we recently rejected any requirement that an applicant suffer physical harm in order to 
12

prove persecution resulting from such death threats.” Arita-Deras, 990 F.3d at 359 

(citations omitted). 

a.

Past Persecution

The IJ concluded that Petitioner has not established past persecution. The IJ 

credited the testimony that Petitioner was “severely beaten,” A.R. 77; “sustained injuries,” 

id.; and was “beaten and threatened on several occasions,” id. at 79, culminating in a 

beating so severe that Petitioner testified that he “almost die[d],” id. at 143. The IJ 

nonetheless concluded those injuries “did not require any medical attention and based on 

that, the Court finds that the level of harm [Petitioner] experienced does not rise to the level 

of persecution.” Id. at 79 (emphasis supplied). The BIA adopted the IJ’s conclusion, 

explaining that Petitioner did not experience past persecution because he “never suffered 

any serious physical harm requiring medical attention.” Id. at 2. 

i.

Both the IJ and the BIA legally erred in relying solely on the notion that Petitioner’s 

injuries did not require medical attention as grounds to reject Petitioner’s persecution 

argument. As set forth in our recent decision in Arita-Deras, this court has rejected “any 

requirement that an applicant suffer physical harm in order to prove persecution resulting 

from . . . death threats.” 990 F.3d at 359. To the contrary, “[w]hile persecution is often 

manifested in physical violence, the harm or suffering amounting to persecution need not 

be physical, but may take other forms, so long as the harm is of sufficient severity.” 

Mirisawo v. Holder, 599 F.3d 391, 396 (4th Cir. 2010) (alterations and internal quotation 
13

marks omitted); see also Oliva v. Lynch, 807 F.3d 53, 59 (4th Cir. 2015). Like the Third 

Circuit, we do not “condition a finding of past persecution on whether the victim required 

medical attention or even on whether the victim was physically harmed at all.” Blanco v. 

Att’y Gen. United States, 967 F.3d 304, 311 (3d Cir. 2020) (alterations and internal 

quotation marks omitted). Nor do we “reduce[] our persecution analysis to a checklist” or 

“measure the severity of an injury in stitches.” Id. (alterations and internal quotation marks 

omitted). 

It is crystal clear4 from the IJ’s decision, which the BIA adopted, that the agency 

rejected Petitioner’s persecution argument solely because the injuries did not require 

medical attention. This was legal error, and as such, an abuse of discretion. See Cordova 

v. Holder, 759 F.3d 332, 337 (4th Cir. 2014). We must vacate and remand for an 

appropriate analysis. See Alvarez Lagos v. Barr, 927 F.3d 236, 249 (4th Cir. 2019).

ii.

Upon remand, the BIA should bear in mind that the harm need not be physical. 

“[W]e have expressly held that ‘the threat of death qualifies as persecution.’” HernandezAvalos v. Lynch, 784 F.3d 944, 949 (4th Cir. 2015) (quoting Crespin-Valladares v. Holder,

632 F.3d 117, 126 (4th Cir. 2011)). And where physical harm has occurred, as here, the 

4 The dissent’s attempt to cast the IJ’s conclusion on this point as anything but 

“crystal clear” falls flat. Post at 46 n.5. The dissent posits that maybe the IJ meant the 

lack of medical attention is merely some evidence that Petitioner’s beating did not rise to 

the level of persecution. But that is simply not what the agency said. Rather, the IJ could 

not be more clear that “based on” the fact that Petitioner’s injuries “did not require any 

medical attention,” “the level of harm [Petitioner] experienced does not rise to the level of 

persecution.” A.R. 79 (emphasis supplied). 
14

main question is whether Petitioner’s mistreatment was of “sufficient severity,” Oliva, 807 

F.3d at 59 (internal quotation marks omitted), keeping in mind that “[a] key difference 

between persecution and less-severe mistreatment is that the former is ‘systematic’ while 

the latter consists of isolated incidents,” Baharon v. Holder, 588 F.3d 228, 232 (4th Cir. 

2009) (quoting Bocova v. Gonzales, 412 F.3d 257, 263 (1st Cir. 2005)). 

The agency should also recognize that death threats need not be made directly to the 

petitioner. Indeed, we have rejected the Government’s insinuation that death threats made 

against a petitioner “did not amount to persecution because some of them were made to 

family members rather than to her directly.” Diaz de Gomez v. Wilkinson, 987 F.3d 359, 

363 n.2 (4th Cir. 2021). Rather, we have found a petitioner was subject to past persecution 

where “the gang told [the petitioner’s] husband and parents that [she] would be killed if 

her family members did not agree to the gang’s demands,” and these threats were “not 

‘unspecific’ or ‘distant verbal threats and intimidation.’” Id. (quoting Cortez-Mendez v. 

Whitaker, 912 F.3d 205, 209 n.* (4th Cir. 2019)).

iii.

Finally, “age can be a critical factor in the adjudication of asylum claims and may 

bear heavily on the question of whether an applicant was persecuted or whether []he holds 

a well-founded fear of persecution.” Liu v. Ashcroft, 380 F.3d 307, 314 (7th Cir. 2004); 

see also Abay v. Ashcroft, 368 F.3d 634, 640 (6th Cir. 2004) (overturning the immigration 

judge’s finding that a nine-year-old applicant had not adequately expressed a fear of future 

persecution, explaining “children’s testimony should be given liberal benefit of the doubt” 

in analyzing persecution (internal quotation marks omitted)). This is especially true where, 
15

as here, members of Petitioner’s family were threatened as well, because “[v]iolence or 

threats to one’s close relatives is an important factor in deciding whether mistreatment 

sinks to the level of persecution.” Baharon, 588 F.3d at 232.

In this regard, several of our sister circuits have noted the particular relevance of 

age in this context, stating “a principle that is surely a matter of common sense: a child’s 

reaction to injuries to his family is different from an adult’s. The child is part of the family, 

the wound to the family is personal, the trauma apt to be lasting.” Hernandez-Ortiz v. 

Gonzales, 496 F.3d 1042, 1045 (9th Cir. 2007). The Ninth Circuit, along with the Second, 

Sixth, and Seventh Circuits recognize the legal rule that “injuries to a family must be 

considered in an asylum case where the events that form the basis of the past persecution 

claim were perceived when the petitioner was a child.” Id. at 1046; see also Jorge-Tzoc v. 

Gonzales, 435 F.3d 146, 150 (2d Cir. 2006) (per curiam) (explaining that, though the 

petitioner was never victimized directly, the combination of circumstances that might not 

constitute persecution for an adult “could well constitute persecution to a small child totally 

dependent on his family and community”); Liu, 380 F.3d at 314; Abay, 368 F.3d at 640.

Today, we too recognize this common sense rule and instruct the BIA to apply it on 

remand: Where a petitioner is a child at the time of the alleged persecution, the immigration 

court must take the child’s age into account in analyzing past persecution and fear of future 

persecution for purposes of asylum. Therefore, even if Petitioner’s beatings and the threats 

made against him would not rise to the level of past persecution for an adult, they may

satisfy past persecution for a child. The Department of Justice has itself acknowledged 

“[t]he harm a child fears or has suffered . . . may be relatively less than that of an adult and 
16

still qualify as persecution.” U.S. Dep’t of Justice, Immigr. & Naturalization Serv., File 

No. 120/11.26, Guidelines for Children’s Asylum Claims, 1998 WL 34032561, at *14 

(Dec. 10, 1998).

We find this rule, with which the dissent agrees, to be especially vital against the 

backdrop of studies documenting mental health issues in child asylum-seekers. A 2019 

study by the Physicians for Human Rights found that 76% of child asylum-seekers from El 

Salvador and neighboring countries had at least one major mental health issue, including 

post-traumatic stress disorder (64%), major depressive disorder (40%), and anxiety 

disorder (19%). See Legal Aid Justice Center & Immigrant Health Experts, Amicus Br. at 

4 (citing Kevin Ackerman, et al., There Is No One Here to Protect You, Physicians for 

Human Rights, at 2 (2019), https://phr.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/PHR-ChildTrauma-Report-June-2019.pdf (filed as ECF attachment)). Furthermore, “‘children are 

more likely to be distressed by hostile situations, or to believe improbable threats’ and are 

‘more sensitive to acts that target close relatives.’” Kids in Need of Defense, Amicus Br. 

at 14 (quoting United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Guidelines ¶¶ 16-17) 

(alterations omitted)). 

iv.

For these reasons, the IJ and BIA analysis on past persecution was not just 

incomplete, it was legally erroneous and, as such, an abuse of discretion. 
17

b.

Well-Founded Fear of Future Persecution

An asylum applicant can also demonstrate a well-founded fear of persecution to 

satisfy the first element of an asylum claim. If the applicant can establish that he suffered 

past persecution, he is “presumed to have a well-founded fear of future persecution.” Naizgi 

v. Gonzales, 455 F.3d 484, 486 (4th Cir. 2006). The Government may rebut that 

presumption by demonstrating: (1) a fundamental change in circumstances; or (2) that 

Petitioner could safely relocate within El Salvador. See Ortez-Cruz v. Barr, 951 F.3d 190, 

198 (4th Cir. 2020). 

On Petitioner’s fear of future persecution claim, the IJ explained: 

Although [Petitioner] has shown that he may suffer harm if he 

returns to El Salvador even though the Court does not agree 

that that harm rises to the level of persecution, he has not 

shown a nexus to a protected ground or that the harm will occur 

at the hands of the El Salvadoran government or an agent that 

the government is unwilling or unable to control.

A.R. 81. This explanation is nonsensical, as it conflates the second and third prongs of the 

asylum analysis -- nexus and government conduct -- with the first prong, which is 

concerned with past or future persecution. 

The BIA, for its part, made the same error, conflating the persecution analysis with 

the nexus analysis. See A.R. 3 (“[Petitioner] has not established a well-founded fear of 

persecution because he did not meet his burden of establishing the requisite nexus . . . .”). 

The BIA also concluded that even if Petitioner had established past persecution, he could 

not establish a well-founded fear of future persecution because he is now 18 years old, 
18

which is a “fundamental change in circumstances.” A.R. 3. But if the BIA wanted to rely 

on this fact to rebut a presumption of future persecution, it needed to explain why “a 

reasonable person would [not] have a fear of persecution” in like circumstances. Tang v. 

Lynch, 840 F.3d 176, 181 (4th Cir. 2016) (quoting Rusu v. INS, 296 F.3d 316, 324 (4th Cir. 

2002)). That is, even if it believed the underlying events did not constitute past persecution

for an adult, the BIA never evaluated whether those acts would place a reasonable adult in 

fear of future persecution. 

Thus, both the IJ and BIA failed to provide a meaningful analysis of whether 

Petitioner established a well-founded fear of future persecution. Having concluded that 

Petitioner did not establish past persecution, the agency decisionmakers simply stumbled 

through their determinations that he likewise did not have a fear of future persecution, with 

the IJ barely providing a coherent paragraph and the BIA resorting to Petitioner’s age as a 

“changed circumstance” sufficient to deny relief.

While we owe some deference to the single-member BIA decision, that deference 

must be informed by a “thoroughness evident in the BIA’s consideration” and “validity of 

its reasoning.” Martinez, 740 F.3d at 910 (alterations and internal quotation marks 

omitted); see also Orellana v. Barr, 925 F.3d 145, 153 (4th Cir. 2019) (requiring a “cogent, 

articulable basis for [the BIA’s] determination” before substantial evidence review can be 

conducted (internal quotation marks omitted)). Here, the agency simply did not provide a 

thorough and cogent basis for its decision. For these reasons, and because we have 

explained the errors committed with regard to the past persecution analysis (which informs 
19

the future persecution analysis), we vacate the agency’s decision on the persecution prong 

of the asylum analysis and remand for an analysis consistent with this opinion. 

2.

Element #2: Nexus to Protected Social Group

As to nexus, the IJ acknowledged that “[m]embers of an immediate family may 

constitute a particular social group,” A.R. 80; “gang members sought information from

[Petitioner] about [Petitioner’s] sibling,” id.; and “each time the[] [gang members] beat 

him they asked him about his sister,” id. at 77. Yet the IJ concluded that, without showing 

something “more,” Petitioner had not demonstrated “that the gang intended to persecute 

him on account of his family.” Id. at 80. The BIA likewise concluded that Petitioner did 

not establish “that his membership in the proffered particular social group comprised of his 

family members is one central reason for any past [sic] he suffered or future harm he fears.” 

Id. at 3. Rather, it concluded the harm Petitioner fears “is motivated by an act of random 

criminal or gang violence, which is unrelated to a protected ground.” Id.

The Government merely asserts that we “need not reach the agency’s decision 

regarding nexus to a protected ground” because Petitioner failed to satisfy the government 

control prong of the asylum analysis. Resp’t’s Initial Resp. Br. 18 n.7; see also Resp’t’s 

Suppl. Resp. Br. 22 n.9. 

Of note, the Government does not contend or even attempt to contend that the IJ 

and BIA were correct in finding that Petitioner failed to establish a nexus between his 

alleged persecution and particular social group membership. With good reason. This court 

has plainly held that “an individual’s membership in h[is] nuclear family is a particular 
20

social group.” Velasquez v. Sessions, 866 F.3d 188, 194 (4th Cir. 2017); see also 

Hernandez-Avalos, 784 F.3d at 949 (“[M]embership in a nuclear family qualifies as a 

protected ground for asylum purposes.”). Therefore, there is no support whatsoever for the 

IJ or BIA’s conclusion that Petitioner has not sufficiently alleged a cognizable protected 

social group. As for nexus, Petitioner is required to demonstrate that the alleged 

persecution he experienced was “on account of” his membership in his nuclear family, 

which means his membership in his family had to be “at least one central reason for” the 

persecution. Hernandez-Avalos, 784 F.3d at 949 (internal quotation marks omitted).

Reviewing this claim under a substantial evidence standard, a reasonable 

adjudicator “would be compelled to conclude” that Petitioner’s membership in his nuclear 

family was at least one central reason for the alleged persecution committed on behalf of 

the gang. Hernandez-Avalos, 784 F.3d at 948 (concluding that the targeting of a mother 

of a gang-recruited son was a valid nexus, without considering whether gang recruitment 

of the son was a valid nexus). In short, Petitioner’s family ties were “more than ‘an 

incidental, tangential, superficial, or subordinate reason’ for his persecution.” Id. at 949 

(quoting Crespin-Valladares, 632 F.3d at 127). 

The facts supporting the nexus requirement in this case are plentiful and compelling. 

The IJ recognized that each time gang members beat Petitioner, “they asked [Petitioner] 

about his sister.” A.R. 77. When Petitioner did not give the gang member his sister’s 

phone number, “he was threatened and beaten by the gang.” Id. Moreover, testimony from 

Paola and Petitioner (which, again, the IJ credited) and declarations from their mother and 
21

grandmother and four neighbors all state that Petitioner was beaten and threatened because 

he was Paola’s brother. 

But instead of recognizing the significance of this testimony, the IJ 

incomprehensively opined, “[T]he fact that gang members sought information from 

[Petitioner] about his sibling without more does not support [Petitioner’s] claim that the 

gang intended to persecute him on account of his family.” Id. at 80. The BIA likewise 

turned a blind eye to the evidence, stating, “It is well-established that generalized violence 

affecting the population at large is not a basis for asylum or withholding of removal.” Id.

at 4. But we have rejected the agency’s “misguided” reasoning that “El Salvadoran gangs 

target various groups of people,” explaining that courts should consider specific and 

“intertwined reasons” for the threats made in each case. Zavaleta-Policiano v. Sessions, 

873 F.3d 241, 248 (4th Cir. 2017) (internal quotation marks omitted). In this case, 

Petitioner presented much more than claims of generalized violence. But the BIA, like the 

IJ, ignored this evidence, explaining that Petitioner merely “fears general violence in El 

Salvador,” A.R. 4, even after noting Petitioner’s testimony that he was abused “by gang 

members because the gang’s leader wanted his sister to be his girlfriend,” id. at 2 (emphasis 

supplied). Those who “seek refuge under our laws have the right to know that the evidence 

they present of mistreatment in their home country will be fairly considered and weighed 

by those who decide their fate.” Quintero v. Garland, 998 F.3d 612, 2021 WL 2133916, 

at *24 (4th Cir. May 26, 2021) (internal quotation marks omitted).

As a result, we vacate the BIA’s decision on the nexus analysis for lack of 

substantial evidence to support it. 
22

3.

Element #3: Government is Unwilling or Unable to Control

Finally, the IJ and BIA both concluded that Petitioner was unable to satisfy the third 

requirement for asylum -- that Petitioner’s alleged persecution was perpetrated by an 

organization, MS-13, the El Salvadoran government was unable or unwilling to control --

because Petitioner “did not report any of the threats or the beatings that he received to the 

police.” A.R. 80–81 (IJ Oral Decision); see id. at 4 (BIA: “[Petitioner] testified that he 

never reported any threats or mistreatment by the gang members to the police or to any 

other government official in El Salvador.”). 

a.

Exhaustion

The Government contends (ironically, for the first time on en banc review) and the 

dissent believes that we lack jurisdiction to review whether Petitioner satisfied the 

government control prong because he failed to exhaust the issue on appeal to the BIA. 

If a petitioner “could have raised an argument before the B[IA], but didn’t, we do 

not have the authority to consider the argument in the first instance.” Shaw v. Sessions, 

898 F.3d 448, 456 (4th Cir. 2018); see 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1) (“A court may review a final 

order of removal only if . . . the alien has exhausted all administrative remedies available 

to the alien as of right . . . .”). The exhaustion doctrine “serves the twin purposes of 

protecting administrative agency authority and promoting judicial efficiency.” Lizama v. 

Holder, 629 F.3d 440, 448 (4th Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted).
23

However, this court has concluded that if a petitioner raises an issue in his Notice 

of Appeal to the BIA, and the BIA goes on to “address” that issue, we possess jurisdiction 

to review it. Lizama, 629 F.3d at 448–49; see also Cabrera v. Barr, 930 F.3d 627, 631 (4th 

Cir. 2019). To meet this requirement, Petitioner need not “conjure up ‘magic words’” so 

long as “h[is] arguments before the BIA in essence raised the concern.” Atemnkeng v. 

Barr, 948 F.3d 231, 241 (4th Cir. 2020). The jurisdictional requirement is met here. 

i.

For starters, the IJ analyzed the government control issue under the headings of 

“Past Persecution” and “Well-Founded Fear of Future Persecution.” See A.R. 79–81. 

Correspondingly, in his Notice of Appeal to the BIA, Petitioner claimed that the IJ erred in 

“not finding that [Petitioner] has suffered past [persecution]” and “not finding a wellfounded fear of persecution.” Id. at 50. The Government cannot now fault Petitioner for 

not parsing his appellate claims in a manner the IJ did not see fit to do.5

 In addition, 

Petitioner stated in the Notice of Appeal that the IJ erred in denying withholding of removal 

and CAT relief because “a public official would acquiesce, consent or participate to [sic] 

[Petitioner’s] death or torture.” Id.

Petitioner also raised his concern about the IJ’s government control conclusion in 

his brief to the BIA. He argued that “the apparent utilization of the local police to try to 

5 Despite the dissent’s suggestion otherwise, our decision is not based solely on 

“how the IJ identified the issues.” Post at 57–58. Rather, we find it relevant that 

Petitioner’s Notice of Appeal challenged the IJ’s decisions on past persecution and fear of 

future persecution, and the IJ in turn discussed the government control issue under those 

headings in its decision. 
24

locate [Petitioner],” along with other factors, establish that he “suffered past persecution.”

A.R. 22. In reciting the facts presented to the IJ, Petitioner explained that “four people 

who were policemen working with gang members came to [his] mother’s house threatening 

[his] mother so that [Petitioner] would turn himself into [sic] the gang members,” and that

his mother “saw El Pelon standing behind the police during that encounter” such that “she 

understood that El Pelon or the gang was linked to the police because they were asking 

about him.” Id. at 18 (internal quotation marks omitted). In arguing his CAT claim, 

Petitioner contended the record demonstrated that Petitioner, Paola, Petitioner’s mother, 

and Petitioner’s grandmother “all believe that the police that inquired about [Petitioner] 

were working in tandem with the local MS-13 clique.” Id. at 28. 

ii.

In any event, another path to exhaustion applies here. A majority of circuits have 

found a claim exhausted “whenever the agency has elected to address in sufficient detail 

the merits of a particular issue,” even if the agency raised it sua sponte, because “by 

addressing an issue on the merits, an agency is expressing its judgment as to what it 

considers to be a sufficiently developed issue.” Mazariegos-Paiz v. Holder, 734 F.3d 57, 

63 (1st Cir. 2013) (collecting cases). 

Here, the BIA considered and decided the government control issue. It explicitly 

concluded, “[T]he [IJ’s] finding that [Petitioner] has not demonstrated that the harm he 

fears in El Salvador was or would be inflicted by . . . individuals or groups that the 

government is unable or unwilling to control, is not clearly erroneous.” A.R. 4 (emphasis 

supplied). The BIA then cited two decisions in support of its holding that an asylum 
25

applicant must establish either that the government was the persecutor, or that the 

government was “unable or unwilling” to control the persecutors. Id. (citing Mulyani v. 

Holder, 771 F.3d 190, 198 (4th Cir. 2014); Matter of A–B–, 27 I&N Dec. 316, 337–38,

343–44 (A.G. 2018)). As factual support for its decision on the government control prong, 

the BIA also stated that Petitioner “testified that he never reported any threats or 

mistreatment by the gang members to the police or to any other government official in El 

Salvador.” Id.

Despite this, the Government does not believe the BIA sufficiently ruled on the 

government control issue, asserting that the BIA merely “restated the [IJ’s] holding.” 

Resp’t’s Suppl. Resp. Br. 22 n.8. This is plainly incorrect. For one thing, the IJ did not 

cite to Mulyani, but the BIA did, demonstrating the BIA was not just rubber-stamping the 

IJ’s analysis. See A.R. 4. In addition, the Government admits that “here, the [BIA] issue[d] 

an opinion adopting and supplementing the [IJ]’s reasoning.” Resp’t’s Suppl. Resp. Br. 15

(emphasis supplied).

The dissent relies on our recent decision in Tetteh v. Garland, 995 F.3d 361, 2021 

WL 1618471, at *2–3 (4th Cir. Apr. 27, 2021), for the proposition that the BIA did not 

address the issue Petitioner raises to this court. See post at 57 n.9. But Tetteh is inapposite. 

There, we entertained the argument that one of the petitioner’s claims was exhausted 

because the BIA addressed it, and we resolved the argument by concluding that the BIA 

“did not [address the issue]” being raised on appeal. Tetteh, 2021 WL 1618471 at *3. 

However, here, the BIA explicitly decided the government control issue Petitioner appeals:

“[T]he [IJ’s] finding that [Petitioner] has not demonstrated that the harm he fears in El 
26

Salvador was or would be inflicted by . . . individuals or groups that the government is 

unable or unwilling to control, is not clearly erroneous.” A.R. 4 (emphasis supplied). 

Petitioner’s “explanation for why he did not report his persecution” is an argument 

subsumed within the government control issue, not a standalone issue, as even the dissent 

appears to acknowledge. See post at 57 n.9 (“In fairness, Tetteh involved what we 

considered to be an ‘issue.’”). 

Undeterred, the Government latches onto the BIA’s statement that Petitioner “has 

not meaningfully challenged the [IJ]’s findings in this regard on appeal.” Resp’t’s Suppl. 

Resp. Br. 22 n.8 (emphasis supplied); see A.R. 4. The Government (and presumably the 

dissent) read this sentence to mean that “the B[IA] found that [Petitioner] has not 

challenged the [IJ’s] finding” on the government control issue, “abandoning any such 

challenge.” Resp’t’s Suppl. Resp. Br. 22 n.8; see post at 57. This is an unreasonable 

reading of the BIA decision. The BIA clearly stated that Petitioner did not challenge the 

IJ’s finding that “he never reported any threats or mistreatment by the gang members to 

the police or to any other government official in El Salvador.” A.R. 4. And this is true. 

As explained below, Petitioner did not report the threats or mistreatment because he was 

afraid to do so or thought it would be futile. But the BIA did not say that Petitioner had 

abandoned any challenge whatsoever to the government control finding. Indeed, if the BIA 

were that clear, perhaps the Government would have raised this jurisdictional argument 

during the first round of briefing in this court. 
27

iii.

Therefore, because Petitioner “raised [his] concern” with the IJ’s persecution 

analysis regarding government control, and because (in all events) the BIA addressed this 

very claim, Petitioner sufficiently exhausted his governmental control challenge, and we 

possess jurisdiction to review it. Atemnkeng, 948 F.3d at 241.

The dissent places much emphasis on the fact that Petitioner failed to raise his 

“reasons” for not going to the police in his closing argument before the IJ. Post at 62–63; 

see id. at 62 (“[A]re we seriously going to conclude that an IJ abused its discretion by not 

sua sponte addressing a few lines of testimony that support an argument not even raised in 

closing?”). In a word, yes. We have long held (and very recently reiterated) that “[i]t is 

an abuse of discretion for the [BIA] or [IJ] to arbitrarily ignore relevant evidence.”

Quintero, 2021 WL 2133916, at *24 (quoting Rodriguez-Arias v. Whitaker, 915 F.3d 968 

(4th Cir. 2019)). Of note, the dissent cites no case where we have held the IJ is only 

required to address evidence mentioned in a closing argument, or that a petitioner must 

raise certain arguments or evidence in a closing argument in order for the IJ to be required 

to address them.

b.

Merits

To demonstrate that El Salvador’s government was unable or unwilling to control 

the MS-13 gang members Petitioner fears, Petitioner offered testimony and documentary 

evidence to the IJ demonstrating that he did not report the threats and beatings to law 

enforcement because he was afraid to do so and believed the effort would be futile. Yet in 
28

the face of this evidence, the agency rejected Petitioner’s government control argument, in 

essence applying a per se rule that a petitioner is required to seek out the police or else sit 

on his asylum rights. This was legal error. 

i.

Evidence Presented

Both Petitioner and Paola credibly testified why they believed that filing a police 

report would further increase Petitioner’s risk of harm. Petitioner, Paola, their mother, and 

their grandmother all expressed the belief that the police visit to the mother’s home 

occurred in coordination with El Pelón’s gang, members of which were standing nearby 

watching the visit. Petitioner also provided country reports to supplement his sister’s and 

his own credible testimony that reports to the local police are ineffective and can trigger 

retribution. See A.R. 147–48 (Petitioner explaining he “knew that the police did not have 

the capacity to protect [him]” because in a “similar” case, Petitioner’s friend reported gang 

threats to the police and was later killed). 

In addition, Petitioner supplemented the testimonial evidence about the dangers in 

El Salvador and the inability of the police to protect him with expert analysis explaining 

how MS-13 can “operate . . . largely without police or military interference because of 

corruption and the Salvadoran government’s inability to maintain order,” and how filing a 

police report can make matters worse because gang members will “seek to obtain the name 

of the person who reported [their activity] via their sources within the police, government 

and community and take revenge to send the message that others should not report similar 

crimes.” A.R. 387. 
29

ii.

The Agency Decision

The IJ spent just a single brief paragraph on its determination that “the harm that 

[Petitioner] suffered did not occur at the hands of the El Salvadoran government or an agent 

that the government is unwilling or unable to control.” A.R. 80. The IJ cited Petitioner’s 

failure to report the threats or attacks to police and said simply that, although “[t]here is no 

doubt El Salvador has a high rate of crime,” its government generally “has put measures 

into place to address criminal activity and has arrested gang members and corrupt police 

officers.” Id. at 81. This is not enough. Purported Salvadoran efforts to combat gang 

violence and corruption in general do not excuse the agency’s failure to support its decision 

with the proper legal and factual analysis of Petitioner’s specific circumstances. 

To support its determination that the IJ’s finding on this issue was not clearly 

erroneous, the BIA explained, “Specifically, as noted by the [IJ], [Petitioner] testified that 

he never reported any threats or mistreatment by the gang members to the police or to any 

other government official in El Salvador.” A.R. 4. The BIA’s cursory analysis was 

erroneous for two reasons: (1) the agency essentially imposed a per se reporting 

requirement; and (2) it ignored vital evidence favorable to Petitioner.

a)

Reporting Requirement

“[A]n applicant who relinquishes a protective process without good reason will 

generally be unable to prove [his] government’s unwillingness or inability to protect 

[him].” Orellana, 925 F.3d at 153. But we have rejected a per se reporting requirement, 
30

explaining that an applicant can be excused from seeking government intervention if to do 

so “(1) would have been futile or (2) [would] have subjected [him] to further abuse.” Id.

(internal quotation marks omitted). Therefore, the application of such a per se requirement 

by the BIA was legal error, and legal errors “necessarily constitute an abuse of discretion.” 

Tassi v. Holder, 660 F.3d 710, 725 (4th Cir. 2011).

On remand, we admonish the agency to meaningfully consider Petitioner’s evidence 

as to why he did not report his abuse to the police. In so doing, we direct the agency to 

“engage in a child-sensitive evaluation of whether [Petitioner] was justified in not seeking 

police protection.” Kids in Need of Defense, Amicus Br. Supp. Pet’r at 14. A child’s 

“access to State protection . . . depends on the ability and willingness of the child’s parents, 

other primary caregiver or guardian to exercise rights and obtain protection on behalf of 

the child.” United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Guidelines on Int’l 

Protection: Child Asylum Claims under Articles 1(A)2 and 1(F) of the 1951 Convention 

and/or 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees United Nations High Comm’r for 

Refugees Guidelines, at 16, https://www.unhcr.org/50ae46309.pdf (filed as ECF 

attachment). But “[i]t is important to remember that, due to their young age, children may 

not be able to approach law enforcement officials or articulate their fear or complaint in 

the same way as adults.” Id. at 16–17; see Bringas-Rodriguez v. Sessions, 850 F.3d 1051, 

1071 (9th Cir. 2017) (en banc) (in an asylum case, explaining, “Even if [young applicants] 

do have th[e] cognitive ability [to understand their abuse], child victims may not only fear 

retaliation for reporting to authorities, but may also be practically unable to do so because 

their day-to-day actions are controlled by their abusers . . . .”); see also id. at 1074 
31

(recognizing that “even the IJ understood the improbability of a younger [petitioner] 

reporting his abuse to the authorities”).

b)

Ignoring Vital Testimony

Even if the BIA had utilized the correct legal standard -- which it did not -- Petitioner 

offered credible “unrebutted, legally significant evidence,” Tassi, 660 F.3d at 719 (internal 

quotation marks omitted), that reporting the incidents to local police “would have been 

futile” or “subjected [him] to further abuse” or worse, Orellana, 925 F.3d at 153. 

Specifically, the evidence demonstrated that local law enforcement showed up with MS13 gang members to Petitioner’s mother’s house looking for Petitioner, and in a similar 

situation, Petitioner’s friend Omar filed a police report against the gang and “turned up 

dead” “inside of a well.” A.R. 148. This evidence was “arbitrarily ignored” by the IJ and 

BIA, who never so much as mentioned any of the testimony on this point. Tassi, 660 F.3d 

at 719 (internal quotation marks omitted). “[A]n IJ is not entitled to ignore an asylum 

applicant’s testimony” as to whether the government is unable or unwilling to control an 

applicant’s persecutors. Hernandez-Avalos, 784 F.3d at 951 (internal quotation marks 

omitted). Because the IJ ignored relevant evidence, and because the BIA adopted the IJ’s 

flawed conclusion, we are again constrained to vacate a portion of the agency’s asylum 

decision.

We do not pass on whether the testimony and evidence presented by Petitioner is 

sufficient to satisfy the government control element of the asylum claim. However, we 

conclude that when disregarding “credible, significant, and unrebutted evidence,” agency 
32

adjudicators must offer “‘specific, cogent reasons’” for doing so. Orellana, 925 F.3d at 

152 (quoting Tassi, 660 F.3d at 722) (alterations omitted). Critically, Petitioner was 

“entitled to know that agency adjudicators reviewed all [his] evidence, understood it, and 

had a cogent, articulable basis for its determination that [his] evidence was insufficient.” 

Id. at 153 (internal quotation marks omitted). Both the IJ and BIA abdicated their 

responsibility to address Petitioner’s evidence that he could not safely or effectively report 

the violence to the police.

Remand -- not deference -- is the appropriate treatment when “the grounds upon 

which the administrative agency acted [are not] clearly disclosed and adequately 

sustained.” Cordova, 759 F.3d at 338 (quoting SEC v. Chenery Corp., 318 U.S. 80, 94 

(1943)). Although our standard of review is deferential to an agency’s considered 

determination, it does not authorize us to excuse misapplication of the law or to create a 

post hoc justification for an unexplained conclusion. We must require agencies to do their 

jobs so that we can do ours. 

B.

Withholding of Removal

The determination that the IJ and BIA erred with regard to Petitioner’s asylum claim 

necessarily implicates the agency conclusions as to his claim for withholding of removal. 

The IJ and BIA rejected Petitioner’s withholding of removal claim, reasoning that his 

failure to establish a claim for asylum necessarily meant that he would be unable to meet 

the higher evidentiary standard for withholding of removal. See Zelaya v. Holder, 668 F.3d 

159, 161 (4th Cir. 2012) (explaining, “[A]n [applicant] who cannot meet his burden of 
33

proof on an asylum claim . . . necessarily cannot meet his burden of proof on a withholding 

of removal claim”). But because the BIA rested its conclusion as to withholding of removal 

on its flawed asylum determination, we vacate the BIA’s withholding conclusion as well. 

C.

CAT Relief

To qualify for relief pursuant to the CAT, an applicant must demonstrate “that it is 

more likely than not that he or she would be tortured if removed to the proposed country 

of removal.” Mulyani, 771 F.3d at 200 (quoting 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(2)). An applicant 

is not required to link the likelihood of torture to a protected ground. See Lizama, 629 F.3d 

at 449. Torture is defined as “any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical 

or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person . . . by or at the instigation of or with the 

consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity.” 

8 C.F.R. § 1208.18(a)(1); see Mulyani, 771 F.3d at 200. “The official or officials need not 

have actual knowledge of the torture; it is enough if they simply turn a blind eye to it.” 

Mulyani, 771 F.3d at 200 (internal quotation marks omitted).

For all of the reasons set forth in our analysis of the asylum claim, the IJ’s and BIA’s 

CAT analyses likewise did not adequately address Petitioner’s evidence regarding the 

police’s consent and/or acquiescence, nor the “particularized risks of torture, country 

conditions, and mass human rights violations in the country of removal.” Pet’r’s Initial Br. 

21–22. As with their asylum analyses, the IJ and BIA woefully underexplained their 

assessment of Petitioner’s argument and evidence with regard to his CAT claim.
34

Therefore, we vacate the agency’s decision on Petitioner’s CAT claim and remand 

for further analysis.

IV.

For the foregoing reasons, we cannot turn a blind eye to the numerous errors made 

by the immigration courts below. We grant the petition for review, vacate the immigration 

court decisions, and remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion. 

PETITION GRANTED;

VACATED AND REMANDED
35

WYNN, Circuit Judge, concurring:

I fully concur in the majority opinion’s thorough analysis of the various issues in 

this case. I write separately because I believe the unrebutted, substantial evidence in the 

record compels us to reverse the agency’s determinations regarding past persecution and 

nexus, rather than merely vacate them and remand for reconsideration of those issues.

I.

Generally, when the Board of Immigration Appeals errs, “the proper course . . . is 

to remand to the agency for additional investigation or explanation.” Alvarez Lagos v. Barr, 

927 F.3d 236, 249 (4th Cir. 2019) (quoting INS v. Ventura, 537 U.S. 12, 16 (2002) (per 

curiam)). “But that is not an invariable rule.” Id. If the record evidence, considered as a 

whole, “would compel ‘any reasonable adjudicator’ to reach the opposite conclusion, then 

a remand is unnecessary, and [this Court] will reverse the Board’s finding.” Id. (quoting 

Cruz v. Sessions, 853 F.3d 122, 130 (4th Cir. 2017)).

II.

Here, as the majority opinion holds, the immigration judge and the Board of 

Immigration Appeals erred by applying the wrong legal standards, arbitrarily disregarding 

relevant evidence, and failing to explain their decisions adequately. See Maj. Op. at 3, 12–

13, 16–18, 20–21, 25–26, 27–33. And based on such errors, the majority vacates the 

agency’s determination as to each prong of the asylum analysis—persecution, nexus to a 

protected ground, and government control—and remands for reconsideration. See id. at 3, 

18, 21, 27–33. But when all relevant evidence in the record is properly considered under 

the correct legal standards, any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude 
36

that Petitioner suffered past persecution as a child and that his membership in his nuclear 

family was at least one central reason for that persecution.

A.

First, as to past persecution, reversal, not vacatur and remand, is the proper 

disposition because the undisputed facts in the record leave no doubt whatsoever that the 

harms Petitioner suffered as a child amounted to persecution. 

To summarize the relevant evidence in the record: When Petitioner was 14-to-15 

years old, he had five or six encounters with the notorious MS-13 gang. During each 

encounter, gang members armed with guns and knives approached him and demanded

information regarding his sister Paola’s whereabouts. When Petitioner refused to provide 

that information, gang members threatened to hurt or kill him and his family, and they also 

beat him up. Petitioner was threatened and beaten up by the gang three or four times, and 

his mother saw him arrive home with bruises and without a shirt or shoes. The last beating 

Petitioner suffered was so severe that he felt like he “almost die[d].” A.R. 143. This 

incident made Petitioner very “frightened,” and he felt it was necessary to tell his mother 

about the gang’s beatings and threats because “she saw the bruises and the [injuries] that 

[he] had.” Id.

About two days after the last beating, Petitioner left his hometown out of fear for 

his safety and lived with an uncle on a farm located two hours away. During that time, he 

“didn’t go anywhere” because he was afraid that the gang would find and hurt him. A.R. 

144. Importantly, none of these facts have been rebutted, and the immigration judge found 

Petitioner and his sister credible. 
37

This evidence would compel any reasonable adjudicator to conclude that Petitioner 

has established past persecution. Under this Court’s precedent, “the threat of death alone 

constitutes persecution,” Tairou v. Whitaker, 909 F.3d 702, 707–08 (4th Cir. 2018), and so 

too does being “severely physically abused,” Mulyani v. Holder, 771 F.3d 190, 198 (4th 

Cir. 2014) (quoting Li v. Gonzales, 405 F.3d 171, 177 (4th Cir. 2005)). I believe that 

precedent alone provides a sufficient basis for reversing the agency’s determination. 

But, lest there be any doubt, today we adopt a child-sensitive approach to asylum 

adjudication, holding that “[w]here a petitioner is a child at the time of the alleged 

persecution, the immigration court must take the child’s age into account in analyzing past 

persecution and fear of future persecution.” Maj. Op. at 15. Certainly, no reasonable 

adjudicator could conclude that a 14- or 15-year-old child who experienced all of the above 

harms—including a near-death beating at the hands of multiple armed gang members—did 

not suffer persecution.

In addition to inflicting these harms directly on Petitioner, MS-13 members 

threatened his sister Paola that the gang would kill Petitioner and their mother if Paola did 

not accept the MS-13 leader’s advances. We have held that “[v]iolence or threats to one’s 

close relatives is an important factor in deciding whether mistreatment sinks to the level of 

persecution.” Baharon v. Holder, 588 F.3d 228, 232 (4th Cir. 2009). And as the majority 

opinion notes, consideration of such violence or threats is particularly important where the 

applicant was a child at the time of the relevant events. See Maj. Op. at 14–15; see also 

Hernandez-Ortiz v. Gonzales, 496 F.3d 1042, 1045 (9th Cir. 2007) (“[A] child’s reaction 
38

to injuries to his family is different from an adult’s. The child is part of the family, the 

wound to the family is personal, the trauma apt to be lasting.”). 

In sum, it is indisputable that Petitioner suffered harms amounting to persecution. 

Accordingly, I believe the Court should hold as a matter of law that Petitioner suffered past 

persecution and reverse, rather than vacate, the agency’s determination to the contrary. 

B.

As for nexus to a protected ground, a straightforward application of well-established 

Fourth Circuit precedent compels reversal of the agency’s determination on this issue. 

Here, too, the record evidence makes clear that Petitioner has established a necessary 

element of his claim: that the persecution suffered by Petitioner occurred on account of his 

membership in his proposed particular social group, his nuclear family. 

“To prove that persecution took place on account of family ties, [Petitioner] need 

not show that his family ties provide the central reason or even a dominant central reason 

for his persecution.” Hernandez-Avalos v. Lynch, 784 F.3d 944, 949 (4th Cir. 2015)

(internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Crespin-Valladares v. Holder, 632 F.3d 117, 

127 (4th Cir. 2011)). Rather, “he must demonstrate that these ties are more than ‘an 

incidental, tangential, superficial, or subordinate reason’ for his persecution.” Id. (quoting 

Crespin-Valladares, 632 F.3d at 127). In other words, the crucial question is whether 

Petitioner’s familial relationship with his sister Paola was at least one “central reason why 

[he], and not some other person, was . . . targeted” by the gang. Alvarez Lagos, 927 F.3d at 

249.
39

Here, the record evidence would compel any reasonable adjudicator to answer that 

question in the affirmative. Indeed, the immigration judge’s own “statement of facts” in 

her decision shows that the agency’s lack-of-nexus determination must be reversed. 

Describing Petitioner’s credited testimony, the immigration judge stated: “[W]hen 

the gang did not see his sister, they asked [Petitioner] where she was, if she was coming 

back and for her phone number. [Petitioner] did not give them his sister’s phone number 

and he was threatened and beaten by the gang.” A.R. 77. The immigration judge also noted 

Petitioner’s testimony that “each time [the gang] beat him[,] they asked him about his 

sister.” Id. Furthermore, Petitioner testified that during one of those encounters, El Pelón 

himself—the local gang leader who was after Petitioner’s sister—asked questions about 

her and threatened Petitioner.

As these facts unambiguously demonstrate, the gang repeatedly threatened and beat 

up Petitioner in an attempt to elicit information regarding his sister’s whereabouts. And 

they specifically targeted Petitioner, and not some other person, because he was Paola’s 

brother. Surely then, Petitioner’s familial ties to his sister were “more than ‘an incidental, 

tangential, superficial, or subordinate reason’ for his persecution.” Hernandez-Avalos, 784 

F.3d at 949 (quoting Crespin-Valladares, 632 F.3d at 127). Notably, the Government does 

not attempt to defend the agency’s nexus finding, instead arguing only that we need not 

reach this issue.

To be sure, the majority opinion appears to accept as much, holding that “a 

reasonable adjudicator ‘would be compelled to conclude’ that Petitioner’s membership in 

his nuclear family was at least one central reason for the alleged persecution committed on 
40

behalf of the gang.” Maj. Op. at 20 (quoting Hernandez-Avalos, 784 F.3d at 948). 

Accordingly, consistent with what we have previously done in similar situations, see, e.g.,

Alvarez Lagos, 977 F.3d at 249–52; Cruz, 853 F.3d at 130; Hernandez-Avalos, 784 F.3d at 

950, the Court should hold as a matter of law that Petitioner has satisfied the nexus 

requirement and reverse the agency’s determination on this issue. 

III.

The unrebutted, substantial evidence in the record compels us to reverse, rather than 

vacate, the immigration judge’s and the Board of Immigration Appeals’ determinations 

regarding past persecution and nexus. Reversal would also streamline the proceedings on 

remand by narrowing the issues to be adjudicated as well as by eliminating the possibility 

of the agency erring yet again as to either nexus or persecution, or both—which would lead 

to another appeal. So, reversal is not only the proper legal course; it is the efficient and just 

one too. 

I conclude by adding that Petitioner has been seeking protection in the United States 

for more than five years. We should not prolong his quest any more than necessary. 
41

QUATTLEBAUM, Circuit Judge, with whom Judges WILKINSON, NIEMEYER, AGEE, 

RICHARDSON, and RUSHING join, dissenting: 

Even when confronted with seemingly sympathetic circumstances like those 

involving Hernan Portillo-Flores—indeed, especially when so confronted—as judges, we 

are constrained as to how we respond. We must always ask whether we can, as a matter of 

jurisdiction, act. And even if we can, we must ask, under the applicable standard of review, 

how we should act. Those process-oriented questions can feel unsatisfying, but even so, 

we should not, and in fact cannot, disregard them. These time-tested guardrails ensure that 

judges act only when constitutionally authorized and not on matters that fall within the 

purview of the Executive or Legislative branches. 

With respect for my friends and colleagues in the majority, we have jumped over 

those guardrails today. Portillo did not exhaust the administrative remedies available to 

him before petitioning our Court for review. Accordingly, we do not even have jurisdiction 

to review the denial of his asylum and withholding claims. In other words, we are without 

authority to act on those claims. And even if we had jurisdiction, we need only find

substantial evidence in the record to support the findings that Portillo was not entitled to 

relief. Although the record contains such evidence, the majority has cast our standard of 

review aside and effectively reweighed the evidence to reach issues not necessarily before 

us. 

For those reasons and as set forth in more detail below, I would dismiss the petition 

for lack of jurisdiction or, alternatively, deny the petition for review.
42

I.

Portillo, a native and citizen of El Salvador, entered the United States in October 

2015 near Eagle Pass, Texas, as a 15-year-old unaccompanied juvenile. He soon 

encountered U.S. Customs and Border Protection agents and admitted to illegally entering 

the country by crossing the Rio Grande. 

The Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”) served Portillo with a Notice to 

Appear for removal proceedings, charging him under the Immigration and Nationality Act, 

8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(A)(i), as a noncitizen present in the United States without having 

been admitted or paroled. He was released to live with family in the United States, and the 

DHS later initiated removal proceedings. 

Portillo conceded removability but applied for asylum, withholding of removal and 

protection under the Convention Against Torture. He claimed that if he returned to El 

Salvador, he would be “harmed, tortured, or killed” by the gang MS-13 because of his

membership in a particular social group—namely, “a member of [his] sister’s family.” A.R.

780. He also stated that Salvadorian police will not protect him because “they are working 

along with MS-13 in order to fulfill their threats to [his] family.” A.R. 780. 

A.

Portillo and his sister, Paola, testified at the removal hearing. Paola said that the 

family’s problems with MS-13 began in 2013 when she was living with Portillo and their 

mother in Ciudad Delgado, El Salvador. A local gang leader, known as “El Pelón,” wanted 

her to be his girlfriend. Paola testified that when she resisted, El Pelón told her that if she 
43

failed to submit to his demands, “he might kill [her] mother and/or [her] brother.” A.R.

201. One day, as she left school, El Pelón confronted Paola and told her that if she 

continued to refuse him, “something’s going to happen” to Portillo and their mother. A.R.

203. Paola testified that neither she nor her family went to the police about these threats. 

Instead, the family sent her to the United States. 

Portillo was not told about these threats. But in the months after Paola’s departure 

from El Salvador, members of MS-13 approached him five or six times with knives and a 

handgun, asking for information about her location. Once, a group of gang members told 

Portillo, who was then 14 years old, that if he failed to help them, he would “get hurt.” 

A.R. 139. Portillo also testified that the gang beat him three or four times. Portillo said the 

last beating he received from MS-13 was the worst, claiming he almost died. Yet he 

provided no details about the extent of his injuries other than describing his injuries as 

“bruises” and “blows.” A.R. 143. He also said he did not receive medical treatment.1

Neither Portillo nor his family reported these events to the police. Portillo said he 

did not because the police did not have the capacity to protect him. When asked why he 

thought that, he said that a friend “turned up dead somewhere” after reporting MS-13 

extortion efforts to the police. A.R. 148. He also said, “I was afraid that the gangs would 

1 Rather than describing all the testimony, the majority seems to conclude that, as a 

matter of medical fact, Portillo was beaten “almost to the point of death.” Maj. Op. at 3.

Under the applicable standard of review, however, we are to identify the IJ’s findings and 

then determine whether they are supported by substantial evidence. The IJ never found that 

Portillo was almost beaten to the death. Rather, the IJ found that Portillo was “beaten” and 

that his injuries did not require medical attention. A.R. 87. Both of those findings are 

supported by substantial evidence. 
44

find—they would have learned that I had filed a report against them.” A.R. 149. But when 

questioned further about this fear, he conceded the police “might have been able to protect” 

him, but he worried “that [his] mother was still there.” A.R. 149. 

After Portillo was last approached by MS-13, his mother sent him to live with his 

uncle on a ranch in Chalatenango, about two hours away from Ciudad Delgado.2 While 

there, Portillo said he did not leave the ranch and had food brought to him because he feared 

MS-13 would find him. 

During the time Portillo was away, his mother told him that four uniformed police 

officers came to the house looking for him, and that two gang members were watching the 

visit from a distance. Although Paola was in the United States at the time of this incident, 

she said their mother felt this interaction meant “El [Pelón] or the gang was linked to the 

police because they were asking about [Portillo].” A.R. 206. When pressed on how he knew 

the police were part of the gang, Portillo expressed uncertainty. He said “I don’t know. 

They might be able to do something against the gang members. I don’t really know.” A.R. 

175.3

2 How much time elapsed between the last incident and his move to Chalatenango 

is far from certain. Portillo testified that he left Ciudad Delgado soon after his last encounter 

with MS-13. But he also said he was last approached by MS-13 in February 2015. And he 

said he moved to Chalatenango in August or September 2015. Based on that testimony, 

and relevant to his claim that he fled El Salvador as a result of the persecution from MS13, there were seven to eight months that passed between his run-ins with MS-13 and the 

time he left.

3 Portillo conceded that only his mother, who provided a statement but did not 

testify, witnessed the event first-hand. Despite Portillo’s concession, the majority adopts 

Portillo’s interpretation, concluding that “El Pelón showed up with the police.” Maj Op. at 

(Continued)
45

Following the visit from the police, Portillo said his mother moved to an apartment

in Ciudad Delgado. As far as he knows, the gang has not contacted her since. 

Although Portillo had no interaction with the gang in Chalatenango, he left after 

about a month because he was afraid that the gang would find him. He claimed he could 

not simply hide in another region of El Salvador because MS-13 is “all over the country,” 

and that, regardless of where he moved, they may still find him. A.R. 152. Portillo left El 

Salvador and entered the United States in October of 2015.

Portillo also submitted documents in support of his application for relief, including 

reports on country and gang conditions in El Salvador, as well as statements from family 

members and friends. However, Portillo conceded that his mother is the only other person

with first-hand knowledge of his treatment by MS-13.

Then, Portillo’s lawyer gave a closing argument. He addressed the issues of whether 

the harm Portillo experienced rose to the level of persecution, whether such persecution 

was on account of Portillo’s family and whether circumstances in El Salvador had changed 

enough to make it less dangerous for Portillo. He also argued that Portillo’s extensive 

criminal record once he entered the United States should not prevent him from receiving 

relief.4 Importantly, however, Portillo’s lawyer did not mention anything about Portillo not 

3. In doing so, it quotes the testimony of Portillo, Paola and their grandmother about an 

event they did not witness. Maj. Op. at 5 and 24.

4 Portillo received six possession of marijuana charges in 2018 and was also charged 

with drinking while driving and driving without a license. Portillo acknowledged his 

criminal history and the number of charges he received very shortly after turning 18 before 

(Continued)
46

going to the police because of what happened to his friend. He did not argue Portillo feared 

he would be persecuted if he reported his persecution or explain how the death of Portillo’s 

friend fit into any part of his theory for relief. 

B.

In her oral decision, the IJ found Portillo and his sister to be credible witnesses. Yet, 

she denied his application for asylum, withholding of removal and protection under the

CAT.

Regarding the requirements for asylum, the IJ first found that, although Portillo was 

threatened and beaten by members of MS-13, his “injuries did not require any medical 

attention and based on that, . . . the level of harm that [Portillo] experienced does not rise 

to the level of persecution.” A.R. 79.5 And while Paola testified “that she received death 

threats directed towards her mother and her brother,” the IJ declined to find “that the death 

threats that [Paola] received could be imputed” to Portillo. A.R. 80. However, the IJ noted 

that if the BIA determined that the threats could be imputed to Portillo, he may be able to 

the immigration judge. The IJ noted that Portillo had been arrested several times for 

drinking and driving, possession of marijuana and driving a stolen car. 

5 From this language, the majority concludes that “[i]t is crystal clear [that the IJ and 

the BIA] rejected [Portillo’s] persecution argument solely because the injuries did not 

require medical attention.” Maj. Op. at 13. While the majority’s interpretation is not 

unreasonable, it is not “crystal clear.” Another reasonable interpretation is that the IJ 

concluded the fact that Portillo did not require medical attention was simply evidence that 

his experience did not rise to the level of persecution. After all, the IJ never said that, in 

order to establish persecution, medical treatment is required.
47

establish past persecution “since death threats constitute harm rising to the level of 

persecution.” A.R. 80 (citing Hernandez-Avalos v. Lynch, 784 F.3d 944 (4th Cir. 2015)). 

The IJ also found that “the harm that [Portillo] suffered did not occur at the hands 

of the El Salvadoran government or an agent that the government is unwilling or unable to 

control.” A.R. 80. She emphasized that Portillo did not report his treatment by MS-13 to 

the police. She then acknowledged the high crime rate in El Salvador, an issue Portillo’s 

counsel raised in his closing, but noted that, based on reports submitted by the government,

the country has taken steps to address gang activity and police corruption. The IJ did not 

address Portillo’s testimony that he felt the police could not protect him because of what 

happened to his friend. As noted above, however, Portillo’s counsel did not mention this 

evidence in his closing argument. 

Echoing her past-persecution analysis, the IJ also ruled that Portillo did not 

otherwise establish a well-founded fear of future persecution. Accordingly, she concluded 

Portillo failed to establish his eligibility for asylum. And because Portillo failed to meet 

“the lower asylum standard,” he “necessarily fail[ed] to satisfy the more stringent standard 

of withholding of removal.” A.R. 81.

6

6 Additionally, while the IJ acknowledged that members of an immediate family 

may constitute a protected social group, she concluded that “the fact that gang members 

sought information from [Portillo] about his sibling without more does not support [his]

claim that the gang intended to persecute him on account of his family.” A.R. 80. Therefore, 

the IJ found that Portillo did not establish “a nexus between the harm suffered and a 

protected ground.” A.R. 80. On review, the BIA found that the IJ was correct in finding 

that Portillo “did not meet his burden of establishing the requisite nexus between the 

alleged harm he fears and his membership in a particular social group.” A.R. 10. Instead, 

it concluded that the record supported the IJ’s finding that his fears are of “an act of random 

(Continued)
48

As to Portillo’s CAT claim, the IJ considered the Human Rights reports and the 

news articles Portillo submitted describing that violence was a significant problem. But she 

held that Portillo did not “provide[] evidence that shows that it is more likely than not that 

he specifically would be tortured in the future in El Salvador with the consent or 

acquiescence of the government.” A.R. 81. As a result, she denied his request for relief 

under the CAT. 

C.

Portillo appealed the IJ’s decision to the BIA. In his Notice of Appeal, he identified 

the following issues: (1) the IJ erred in denying his application for asylum; (2) the IJ erred 

in not finding that he suffered past persecution; (3) the IJ erred in not finding that he had 

established a nexus on account of a protected ground; (4) the IJ erred in not finding a wellfounded fear of persecution on account of a protected ground; (5) the IJ erred by not 

addressing relocation and changed country conditions as Portillo contended that he had 

established past persecution on account of a protected ground; (6) the IJ erred in denying 

withholding and CAT relief in light of sufficient evidence to support those claims; and (7) 

referenced that additional arguments would be submitted in a brief. A.R. 50. Then in the 

brief in support of his appeal, Portillo identified four issues: (1) whether the IJ erred in 

finding no past persecution in light of her acknowledgment that Portillo had been 

criminal or gang violence,” and not motivated by a protected ground. A.R. 10. On appeal, 

Portillo contends the IJ and the BIA erred in concluding he failed to connect the alleged 

persecution to his status as a member of his sister’s family. But the government does not 

dispute Portillo’s contention that the IJ and BIA erred in finding an insufficient nexus 

between the alleged persecution and Portillo’s membership in a protected group; thus, we 

need not address that issue. 
49

threatened to death and beaten on occasions; (2) whether the IJ erred in holding Portillo to 

an adult standard of persecution; (3) whether the IJ erred in finding no nexus to a protected 

ground even though Portillo was targeted on account of his family ties to his sister; and (4) 

whether the IJ erred in denying protection under the CAT by saying the Salvadorian 

government as a whole must consent or acquiesce to his being tortured. A.R. 20. 

Portillo did not include the IJ’s decision on El Salvador being unwilling or unable 

to control MS-13 in either his Notice of Appeal or brief to the BIA. Nor did he mention the 

IJ’s failure to address any fear Portillo had of reporting to the police due to the information 

he had about his friend’s death. Likewise, these issues were not discussed in the body of 

the brief. Nowhere are those issues even mentioned.

D.

The BIA dismissed Portillo’s appeal. First, it found “no clear factual or legal error” 

in the IJ’s determination that Portillo did not establish past persecution or a well-founded 

fear of persecution on a protected ground. A.R. 9. Regarding past persecution, the BIA

found that the IJ was not required to apply a child-specific standard of proof, and that she 

“correctly found that although [Portillo] was threatened and beaten on several occasions in 

El Salvador, he never suffered any serious physical harm requiring medical attention.” A.R.

9. Next, it concluded that unlike prior Fourth Circuit cases such as Tairou v. Whitaker, 909 

F.3d 702 (4th Cir. 2018), where a death threat was enough to constitute past persecution, 

Portillo did not directly receive a death threat. Instead, the BIA affirmed the IJ’s 

conclusion, and found that “the alleged ‘death threat’ here was made to [Portillo’s] sister—

not to [Portillo].” A.R. 10.
50

Additionally, the BIA held that the IJ did not clearly err in concluding that Portillo 

failed to demonstrate that the harm he fears in El Salvador “was or would be inflicted by 

the government or by individuals or groups that the government is unable or unwilling to 

control.” A.R. 11. Like the IJ, the BIA emphasized Portillo’s failure to report any threats 

or mistreatment to the police or government officials in El Salvador. Then, consistent with 

Portillo’s Notice of Appeal and citing his brief, the BIA noted that Portillo “has not 

meaningfully challenged the Immigration Judge’s findings in this regard on appeal.” A.R. 

11. Accordingly, the BIA concluded that Portillo “is not a refugee for asylum purposes,” 

and that “he has not satisfied the higher burden of proof for withholding of removal.” A.R.

11. 

Turning last to his CAT claim, the BIA held that Portillo did not sufficiently show 

“that it is more likely than not that he will be tortured ‘by or at the instigation of or with 

the consent or acquiescence [to include willful blindness] of a public official or other 

person acting in an official capacity.’” A.R. 11. It acknowledged that Portillo’s 

“grandmother and sister ‘believe’ that the Salvadoran police are working with local MS 

gang members,” but found that Portillo “has not presented sufficient evidence” on this 

issue. A.R. 11. Accordingly, it concluded that the IJ did not clearly err in denying his CAT 

claim.
51

II.

Portillo timely petitioned for review of the BIA’s decision affirming the IJ’s denial

of his application for asylum, withholding of removal and relief under CAT, and ordering 

his removal from the United States to El Salvador.

On appeal, Portillo argues that, with respect to the asylum and withholding of 

removal claims, the IJ and BIA erred in finding that he did not carry his burden to prove 

past persecution, which includes his argument that this issue should be evaluated from the 

perspective of a child, or establish that the government of El Salvador is unwilling or unable 

to protect him from MS-13. He also argues that the IJ and BIA failed to conduct a 

meaningful CAT analysis. 

III.

Beginning with his arguments concerning asylum and withholding of removal, the 

Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”) authorizes the Attorney General to grant, at his 

discretion, asylum to applicants who qualify as refugees under 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). 

See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(1), (b)(1)(A); Mejia v. Sessions, 866 F.3d 573, 578 (4th Cir. 2017).

To qualify as a refugee, an applicant bears the burden of proving that he “is unable or 

unwilling to return to” his country of origin “because of [past] persecution or a wellfounded fear of [future] persecution on account of,” as relevant here, his “membership in 

a particular social group.” 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(42)(A); see also 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i);

8 C.F.R § 1208.13(b); Orellana v. Barr, 925 F.3d 145, 151 (4th Cir. 2019). In addition, “an 

applicant alleging past persecution must establish either that the government was 
52

responsible for the persecution or that it was unable or unwilling to control the

persecutors.” Mulyani v. Holder, 771 F.3d 190, 198 (4th Cir. 2014). But, because asylum 

is a form of discretionary relief, “the Attorney General is not required to grant asylum to 

everyone who meets the definition of refugee.” INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. 421, 

428 n.5 (1987) (emphasis in original).

The elements of a claim for withholding of removal are generally the same for an 

asylum claim. See Camara v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 361, 367 (4th Cir. 2004). However, in 

contrast to an asylum claim, “[i]f an applicant for withholding of removal establishes her 

claim, the Attorney General cannot remove her to her native country.” Mejia, 866 F.3d at

578–79 (quoting Anim v. Mukasey, 535 F.3d 243, 252 (4th Cir. 2008)). Accordingly, “the

standard of proof for withholding of removal is higher, requiring the applicant to establish 

a ‘clear probability’ of persecution, rather than the less stringent ‘well-founded fear’ of 

persecution that will suffice to make out an asylum claim.” Salgado-Sosa v. Sessions, 882 

F.3d 451, 456 (4th Cir. 2018). “Necessarily, an applicant who fails to meet the lower 

standard for showing eligibility for asylum will be unable to satisfy the higher standard for 

showing withholding of removal.” Mulyani, 771 F.3d at 198 (internal quotation marks and 

citation omitted).

A.

Portillo argues that the IJ and BIA committed three errors in finding that the harm 

he suffered in El Salvador did not rise to the level of persecution. Portillo first claims that 

in conducting their past-persecution analyses, the IJ and BIA failed to consider the harmful 
53

acts he and his sister suffered from the perspective of a child.7 Second, he argues that even 

from an adult perspective, the physical abuse he suffered rose to the level of persecution. 

Third, he argues that MS-13 threatened to kill him, which, alone, constitutes persecution. 

I do not address these arguments, however, because even if Portillo were to prevail on 

them, under our standard of review, we must uphold the BIA’s decision that he is not 

eligible for asylum or withholding of removal because we lack the jurisdiction to reconsider 

the IJ and the BIA’s determinations that he did not establish that the Salvadorian 

government was unable or unwilling to control MS-13. In any event, those determinations 

are supported by sufficient evidence.8

Persecution “encompasses harm inflicted by either a government or an entity that 

the government cannot or will not control.” Crespin-Valladares v. Holder, 632 F.3d 117, 

128 (4th Cir. 2011). The question is a factual one which must be resolved based on the 

record in each case. Diaz de Gomez v. Wilkinson, 987 F.3d 359, 365 (4th Cir. 2021). And 

the failure to prove the issue is dispositive of Portillo’s claim for asylum and claim for 

7 I have no objection to the majority’s conclusion that age may be considered as a 

factor in determining whether a petitioner has experienced persecution. But I disagree with 

placing such controlling emphasis on data submitted by amici that has not been through 

the evidentiary process. See Maj. Op. at 15–16. 

8 A claim for asylum or withholding of removal based on a well-founded fear of 

future persecution, like claims based on past persecution, require the applicant to show the 

government would be unable or unwilling to control the alleged persecution by a private 

actor. See Orellana, 925 F.3d at 151. Therefore, we likewise need not address the BIA’s 

determinations that Portillo did not have a well-founded fear of future persecution.
54

withholding of removal, which is subject to a higher standard for showing eligibility. See

Mulyani, 771 F.3d at 197–98.

B.

But before addressing the merits of this issue, I agree with the majority that we must 

first consider whether we have jurisdiction over this appeal. That determines whether we 

can act at all. Critical to the resolution of this question is whether Portillo exhausted his 

administrative remedies. Despite my disagreements with the majority on the issue of 

jurisdiction, I share its frustration that this issue was not raised to the panel. But our mutual 

frustration should not cause us to bend our jurisdictional rules. We either have jurisdiction 

or we do not, and here we do not.

In 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1), “Congress wrote the exhaustion requirement into the 

jurisdictional grant to the Court for the review of removal orders.” Cabrera v. Barr, 930 

F.3d 627, 631 (4th Cir. 2019). Under that provision, “[a] court may review a final order of 

removal only if the alien has exhausted all administrative remedies available to the alien as 

of right . . . .” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1). We have previously interpreted this provision to be a 

jurisdictional bar. Massis v. Mukasey, 549 F.3d 631, 638 (4th Cir. 2008).

Here, Portillo did not exhaust his administrative remedies as to his asylum and 

withholding claims. More specifically, Portillo did not appeal to the BIA the IJ’s decision 

that he failed to establish that the Salvadorian government was unable or unwilling to 

control MS-13 for purposes of his asylum and withholding claims. He listed seven issues 

in his Notice of Appeal to the BIA and four issues on appeal in his brief to the BIA. The 

government-control issue was not one of them. What’s more, the specific issue about which 
55

Portillo now complains—that the IJ and the BIA ignored the evidence Portillo introduced 

about his fear of reporting his persecution to the authorities because, when his friend did 

so, he ended up dead—is not mentioned at all. These issues are not only absent from the 

lists of issues on appeal contained in his Notice of Appeal and brief; they are not mentioned 

anywhere in the body of Portillo’s brief to the BIA. 

It is true that the requirement that a party exhaust his remedies and preserve issues 

for appeal does not require “magic words.” Atemnkeng v. Barr, 948 F.3d 231, 241 (4th Cir. 

2020). But it does require that the “arguments before the BIA in essence raised the 

concern.” Id. “[A]dministrative exhaustion bars consideration of general issues that were 

not raised below.” Id. at 240 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Here, Portillo 

did not raise a concern about the unwilling or unable to control argument generally or about 

the specific argument that he did not go to the police because he feared further persecution. 

Likewise, he did not argue that the IJ ignored evidence on these issues. “Under 8 U.S.C. 

§ 1252(d)(1), [Portillo] may not raise an issue on appeal that he did not previously raise 

before the IJ and BIA.” Massis, 549 F.3d at 639; see also Shaw v. Sessions, 898 F.3d 448, 

456 (4th Cir. 2018) (“To fail to raise a legal theory before the Board is to abandon that 

theory.”). Portillo simply did not exhaust his remedies as to the unwilling and unable issue 

on his asylum and withholding claims. Had the BIA simply said as much and dismissed 

the appeal of those claims, this would be an easy case. 

But the BIA did not do that. Instead, it affirmed the IJ did not commit clear error in 

concluding that Portillo failed to demonstrate that the harm he fears in El Salvador “was or 

would be inflicted by the government or by individuals or groups that the government is 
56

unable or unwilling to control.” A.R. 11. And it mentioned Portillo’s failure to report his 

persecution to the authorities.

Seizing on that language from the BIA, the majority concludes we have jurisdiction. 

In support of this conclusion, it relies on our Lizama v. Holder decision, where we held 

that we had jurisdiction even when a petitioner did not fully present an issue below when 

he mentioned the issue in his Notice of Appeal to the BIA and the BIA addressed the issue.

629 F.3d 440, 448–49 (4th Cir. 2011). But that is not what we have here. Portillo did not 

mention anything about the IJ ignoring the evidence he presented about his friend in his 

Notice of Appeal to the BIA or in his brief. For that matter, he does not even raise the 

government-control issue generally. Lizama, therefore, does not save Portillo from his 

failure to exhaust. 

The majority’s jurisdictional decision is not, however, limited to Lizama. It also 

broadens the scope of our jurisdiction by joining other circuits that have held a claim is 

exhausted “‘whenever the agency has elected to address in sufficient detail the merits of a 

particular issue,’ even if the agency raised it sua sponte, because ‘by addressing an issue 

on the merits, an agency is expressing its judgment as to what it considers to be a 

sufficiently developed issue.’” Maj. Op. at 24 (quoting Mazariegos-Paiz v. Holder, 734 

F.3d 57, 63 (1st Cir. 2013)). But even the broadened view of jurisdiction the majority 

adopts today does not rescue Portillo. 

Importantly, the BIA did not address Portillo’s argument that the IJ ignored

evidence that he did not report the persecution to police because he feared, based on what 

happened to his friend, that doing so would subject him to additional persecution. Not only 
57

did the BIA not address that issue “in sufficient detail” to indicate it was “expressing its 

judgment as to what it considers to be a sufficiently developed issue;” it did not address 

the issue at all. See Mazariegos-Paiz, 734 F.3d at 63. And the BIA’s statement that Portillo 

“has not meaningfully challenged the Immigration Judge’s findings in this regard on 

appeal,” A.R. 11, conflicts with the conclusion that it considered the issue sufficiently 

developed to address sua sponte. That distinguishes this case from those the majority cites. 

Those cases involve issues actually addressed by the BIA. They do not find jurisdiction for 

issues not addressed by the BIA but related to issues the BIA addressed.9

Last, in determining that Portillo preserved this issue, the majority explains that 

“[t]he [g]overnment cannot now fault [Portillo] for not parsing his appellate claims in a 

manner the IJ did not see fit to do.” Maj. Op. at 23. Respectfully, how the IJ identified the 

9 The closest case we seem to have on this issue is our recent decision in Tetteh v. 

Garland. There, we addressed the petitioner’s argument that a pardoned offense is not a 

conviction under the Immigration and Nationality Act. Tetteh v. Garland, No. 19-2357, 

2021 WL 1618471, at *2–3 (4th Cir. Apr. 27, 2021). The petitioner, however, never raised 

that issue to the IJ or the BIA. We recognized that even though some of our sister circuits 

have found exhaustion if the agency has addressed the merits of a particular issue in 

sufficient detail, those cases did not apply in Tetteh’s case because the BIA had not 

addressed whether a pardoned offense was or was not a conviction under the INA. For that 

reason, we dismissed the portion of the petition related to Tetteh’s argument about a 

pardoned offense not being a conviction for lack of jurisdiction because it was a new claim 

that was not the same issue the BIA addressed. Id. at *3. That is very similar to what we 

have here. In fairness, Tetteh involved what we considered to be an “issue.” Id. at *2-3. 

Whether Portillo’s explanation for why he did not report his persecution is a new issue or 

a new argument is a closer call. But either way, Tetteh’s reasoning should apply here. While 

the majority’s characterization of this footnote discussion as reliance on Tetteh may be a 

bit over-stated, the decision is consistent with my view that even the broadened approach 

to jurisdiction the majority adopts today does not give us the ability to exercise jurisdiction 

over the arguments Portillo now advances.
58

issues is not the issue. The issue, as established by the cases the majority cites, is whether 

Portillo “in essence raised the concern.” Atemnkeng, 948 F.3d at 241. And no matter how 

generously one reviews Portillo’s appeal to the BIA, he did not.

C.

But even if the majority were correct that we have jurisdiction, Portillo’s arguments 

fail on the merits. When, as here, an applicant purports to fear persecution by a private 

actor, such as MS-13, “[w]hether a government is ‘unable or unwilling to control’ a private 

actor ‘is a factual question’” that we review for substantial evidence. Orellana, 925 F.3d 

at 151 (quoting Crespin-Valladares v. Holder, 632 F.3d 117, 128 (4th Cir. 2011)).10

Because this standard of review is so important to the outcome of this case, I address it in 

some detail before considering the merits of Portillo’s claims.11

1.

We need only find substantial evidence in the record to support the findings that 

Portillo was not entitled to relief. “The phrase ‘substantial evidence’ is a ‘term of art’ used 

throughout administrative law to describe how courts are to review agency factfinding.” 

Biestek v. Berryhill, 139 S. Ct. 1148, 1154 (2019) (quoting T-Mobile South, LLC v. 

Roswell, 135 S. Ct. 808, 815 (2015)). Generally, “[u]nder the substantial-evidence 

10 We review any legal questions de novo. Hernandez-Avalos v. Lynch, 784 F.3d 

944, 948 (4th Cir. 2015). 

11 Like offensive linemen on a football team, standards of review lack glamour but 

are often decisively important. Portillo-Flores v. Barr, 973 F.3d 230, 235 (4th Cir.), reh’g 

en banc granted, 830 F. App’x 125 (4th Cir. 2020). Such is the case here. 
59

standard, a court looks to an existing administrative record and asks whether it contains 

‘sufficien[t] evidence’ to support the agency’s factual determinations.” Id. (quoting 

Consolidated Edison Co. v. NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 229 (1938)). “[T]he threshold for such 

evidentiary sufficiency is not high. Substantial evidence . . . is more than a mere scintilla.

It means—and means only—such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as 

adequate to support a conclusion.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

Substantial evidence is codified as the “highly deferential” standard of review for 

the BIA’s factual findings in 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4). Nasrallah v. Barr, 140 S.Ct. 1683, 

1692 (2020); see also Tang v. Lynch, 840 F.3d 176, 180 (4th Cir. 2016). This statute limits 

our review to “the administrative record on which the order of removal is based,” and 

instructs that “the administrative findings of fact are conclusive unless any reasonable 

adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(A)–

(B); see also I.N.S. v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481 n.1 (1992) (“To reverse the BIA 

finding we must find that the evidence not only supports [the opposite] conclusion, but 

compels it . . . .”). Stated differently, it requires us to “uphold [the BIA’s] factual findings 

unless no rational factfinder could agree with the BIA’s position.” Temu v. Holder, 740 

F.3d 887, 891 (4th Cir. 2014). Such a narrow standard of review “recognizes the respect 

we must accord both the BIA’s expertise in immigration matters and its status as the 

Attorney General’s designee in deportation decisions.” Huaman-Cornelio v. Bd. of 

Immigration Appeals, 979 F.2d 995, 999 (4th Cir. 1992). 

Ultimately, “[w]e may not disturb the BIA’s determinations on asylum eligibility so 

long as those determinations ‘are supported by reasonable, substantial, and probative 
60

evidence on the record considered as a whole.’” Mulyani, 771 F.3d at 197 (quoting Tassi 

v. Holder, 660 F.3d 710, 719 (4th Cir. 2011)). And in conducting this review, “[w]e may 

not reweigh the evidence, and, [e]ven if the record plausibly could support two results: the 

one the IJ chose and the one [the petitioner] advances, reversal is only appropriate where 

the court find[s] that the evidence not only supports [the opposite] conclusion, but compels

it.” Tang, 840 F.3d at 180 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

2.

Guided by this standard of review, I turn to Portillo’s challenge to the BIA’s finding 

that he did not establish the Salvadorian government was unable or unwilling to control 

MS-13. The IJ’s decision was based on two primary pieces of evidence. First, she found 

that Portillo did not report the threats or beatings to the police. This evidence is consistent 

with our precedent, which holds that “an applicant who relinquishes a protective process 

without good reason will generally be unable to prove [his] government’s unwillingness or 

inability to protect [him].” Orellana, 925 F.3d at 153. That fact provides substantial 

evidence in support of the IJ’s decision.

Second, the IJ explained that the State Department Country Reports on Human 

Rights in El Salvador indicate that “the government of El Salvador has put measures into 

place to address criminal activity and has arrested gang members and corrupt police 

officers.” A.R. 81. Again, this evidence comports with our precedent. “Typically, we have 

approved of the [agency’s] proclivity for finding State Department Country Reports to be 

the definitive word in asylum cases.” Ai Hua Chen v. Holder, 742 F.3d 171, 179 (4th Cir. 
61

2014). This only adds to the already sufficient substantial evidence supporting the IJ’s 

decision.

Then, on review, the BIA determined that the IJ’s conclusion was not clearly 

erroneous. In doing so, it emphasized that Portillo “testified that he never reported any 

threats or mistreatment by the gang members to the police or to any other government 

official in El Salvador.” A.R. 11. It also noted that Portillo had not “meaningfully 

challenged” this conclusion of the IJ on appeal. A.R. 11.

Portillo, however, argues that his petition should be granted because the BIA 

ignored important evidence related to the reason Portillo did not report his persecution to 

the police. He says evidence in the record indicates that “doing so (1) ‘would have been 

futile’ or (2) ‘have subjected [him] to further abuse.’” Orellana, 925 F.3d at 153 (quoting 

Ornelas-Chavez v. Gonzales, 458 F.3d 1052, 1058 (9th Cir. 2006)). 

Taking those issues in reverse order, Portillo claims that he feared further abuse 

based on his testimony that his friend turned up dead after reporting gang extortion to the 

police. And he complains that neither the IJ nor the BIA considered this evidence. It is true 

that neither the IJ nor the BIA addressed this testimony specifically in written orders. But, 

despite that, for at least two reasons, his petition should still be denied. 

First, in his closing argument to the IJ, Portillo never mentioned that he did not go 

to the police because he feared doing so would subject him to additional persecution. His 

counsel’s arguments total five pages transcribed. A.R. 230–34. He makes several 

arguments and refers to evidence Portillo introduced in support of those arguments. Yet 
62

nowhere does he mention the government-control issue or the evidence he now faults the 

IJ and BIA for not addressing. 

In my view, the majority’s conclusion that the IJ “arbitrarily ignored” Portillo’s 

testimony places an unfair burden on the IJ. Maj. Op. ante at 31. Evidentiary hearings can 

involve a substantial amount of evidence. That was the case here. There were over 100 

pages of testimony. Keep in mind that Portillo has the burden of proof on this issue of 

government control. If he thinks evidence helps meet that burden, it is incumbent on him 

not only to introduce it into the record but to point it out to the IJ in his argument. And if 

he does not, are we seriously going to conclude that an IJ abused its discretion by not sua 

sponte addressing a few lines of testimony that support an argument not even raised in 

closing? Surely, that cannot be our rule.12

Moving from the proceedings before the IJ to those before the BIA, Portillo did not

raise the reasons he failed to report to the police in his either his Notice of Appeal or brief 

to the BIA. A.R. 16–29. If this issue, and the evidence about his friend, was important to 

Portillo’s case and, if, as he now argues, he thought the IJ erred in not considering it, surely 

he would have raised the point specifically to the BIA so the BIA would be on alert about 

his concern. But as noted above, he did not mention it at all. Thus, even assuming the BIA’s 

12 We would never hold a district court to this standard, nor should we. We certainly 

do not hold ourselves to it. For example, we frequently refuse to even consider issues the 

parties did not raise below or address in their briefs. See Hicks v. Ferreyra, 965 F.3d 302, 

310 (4th Cir. 2020); Carter v. Lee, 283 F.3d 240, 252 (4th Cir. 2002). Ironically, we seem 

to require more out of the immigration judges that not only have enormous caseloads and 

work with limited resources, but also that, by law, see ante, at 9, are afforded significant 

discretion. 
63

opinion gives us jurisdiction, Portillo’s failure to raise the issue to the BIA is relevant to 

our review of the BIA’s decision. Frankly, Portillo’s criticism of the BIA for not more 

thoroughly addressing an argument that Portillo did not even make borders on frivolous. 

For that reason, we should reject it out of hand. Under this record, the BIA’s failure to 

address this issue cannot possibly be an abuse of discretion. It is well-settled that the IJ and 

the BIA are not required to discuss every piece of evidence in the record. Ai Hua Chen, 

742 F.3d at 179. That is especially true when the petitioner does not raise that issue or that 

evidence in his arguments.

Second, even considering the evidence to which Portillo points, if we faithfully 

apply our standard of review, we cannot disturb the BIA’s findings based on this record. 

Under that standard, we must look to the record, viewed as a whole, to determine if it

compels a different result. See Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. at 481 n.1. While the unverified 

testimony about Portillo’s friend, taken in isolation, might support the assertion that going 

to the police would have subjected Portillo to more abuse, the record as a whole does not. 

For example, at his removal hearing, Portillo first asserted that he “knew that the police did 

not have the capacity to protect [him] from that gang” because he had a friend who was 

found dead after he reported MS-13 to the police. A.R. 147. But, during subsequent 

questioning, he walked back his original claim by stating, “[the police] might have been 

able to protect me, but the point is that my mother was still there.” A.R. 149. Portillo also 

appeared to acknowledge that the police arrested a gang member in his friend’s case. And 

when pressed on whether the police were part of the gang, Portillo said “I don’t know. 

They might be able to do something against gang members. I don’t really know.” A.R. 175.
64

The same is true on the issue of futility. Portillo argues that he introduced evidence 

that he and his family “believed that the police were in cahoots with the MS-13 gang . . . .”

Appellant’s Op. Br. at 18. But the BIA acknowledged Portillo’s claim that “his 

grandmother and sister ‘believe’ that the Salvadoran police are working with local MS 

gang members.” A.R. 11. Even considering that claim, it concluded that Portillo did not 

provide sufficient corroborating evidence to conclude “that he will be tortured by or with 

the requisite acquiescence of any government official in El Salvador.” A.R. 11.13 By 

putting “believe” in quotes, a fair reading of the BIA decision is that it was making the 

point that belief is not the same as evidence. And it felt Portillo did not provide enough of 

the latter. 

Was there evidence from which the IJ could have reached the opposite result? Sure. 

But our question is not whether there was any evidence that going to the police would be 

futile. Our question is whether the record, as a whole, compels a different result. Plainly, it 

does not. In fact, the record contains even more evidence supporting the BIA’s decision 

than the BIA cited. 

Could the IJ and the BIA have provided more detail and explained their conclusions 

more thoroughly? Without a doubt. But they pointed to “highly probative evidence” in the 

State Department Country Reports of the Salvadorian government’s efforts to combat gang 

violence and in Portillo’s failure to report the persecution. Gonahasa v. I.N.S., 181 F.3d 

13 While this language was used in the BIA’s CAT analysis, the analysis of that issue 

is so similar that, in my view, this reasoning applies here as well. 
65

538, 542 (4th Cir. 1999). And they addressed Portillo’s futility explanation, which was his 

only argument about why he did not report the persecution to the police. This indicates the 

IJ and the BIA “heard and thought” and did “not merely react[]” to the arguments and 

evidence before them. Ai Hua Chen, 742 F.3d at 179 (quoting Ayala v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 605 

F.3d 941, 948 (11th Cir. 2010)). Under our precedent, this is enough. We uphold 

“even ‘a decision of less than ideal clarity if the agency’s path may reasonably be 

discerned.’” Garland v. Dai, No. 19-1155, 2021 WL 2194837, at *7 (U.S. June 1, 2021)

(quoting Bowman Transp., Inc. v. Arkansas-Best Freight Sys., Inc., 419 U.S. 281, 286

(1974)). 

Under the standard of review we are compelled to follow, if there is more than a 

scintilla of evidence in the record to support this factual finding, we must uphold it “unless 

no rational factfinder could agree with the [BIA’s] position.” Tang, 840 F.3d at 180 

(quoting Temu, 740 F.3d at 891). The BIA’s decision that Portillo failed to establish the 

Salvadorian government was unwilling or unable to control MS-13 is “supported by 

reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a whole.” EliasZacarias, 502 U.S. at 481 (citation omitted). Thus, a rational factfinder could certainly 

agree with the BIA. “The only question for judges reviewing the BIA’s factual 

determinations is whether any reasonable adjudicator could have found as the agency did.” 

Garland, 2021 WL 2194837, at *6. Therefore, the BIA’s decision must stand, regardless 

of whether some or all of our Court might have reached a different decision. 
66

3.

Last, I am concerned about the instructions given by the majority on remand. The 

majority opinion provides as follows: 

On remand, we admonish the agency to meaningfully consider Petitioner’s 

evidence as to why he did not report his abuse to the police. In so doing, we 

direct the agency to ‘engage in a child-sensitive evaluation of whether 

[Petitioner] was justified in not seeking police protection.’ Kids in Need of 

Defense, Amicus Br. Supp. Pet’r at 14. A child’s ‘access to State protection 

. . . depends on the ability and willingness of the child’s parents, other 

primary caregiver or guardian to exercise rights and obtain protection on 

behalf of the child.’ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 

Guidelines on Intern’l Protection: Child Asylum Claims under Articles 1(A)2 

and 1(F) of the 1951 Convention and/or 1967 Protocol relating to the Status 

of Refugees United Nations High Comm’r for Refugees Guidelines, at 16, 

https://www.unhcr.org/50ae46309.pdf (filed as ECF attachment). But ‘[i]t is 

important to remember that, due to their young age, children may not be able 

to approach law enforcement officials or articulate their fear or complaint in 

the same way as adults.’ Id. at 16–17; see Bringas-Rodriguez v. Sessions, 850 

F.3d 1051, 1071 (9th Cir. 2017) (en banc) (in an asylum case, explaining, 

‘Even if [young applicants] do have th[e] cognitive ability [to understand 

their abuse], child victims may not only fear retaliation for reporting to 

authorities, but may also be practically unable to do so because their day-today actions are controlled by their abusers . . . .’); see also id. at 1074 

(recognizing that “even the IJ understood the improbability of a younger 

[petitioner] reporting his abuse to the authorities”).

Maj. Op at 30–31. Frankly, I am not entirely clear on what those instructions entail. But it 

seems to me that the majority is relying on articles submitted by amici and language from 

a Ninth Circuit case to suggest that the failure to report persecution to the governmental 

authorities may not be relevant in the case of a child. If so, I disagree. First, the parties 

never argued that this issue should be impacted by Portillo’s age. Second, to the extent that 

is the implication of our decision today, that is not our law. Nor should it be. Unless a child 

lives alone or otherwise lacks adult support, I see no reason to minimize a petitioner’s 
67

failure to report, which is well-settled in our Circuit. Third, the record makes clear Portillo 

had a number of adults—his mother, sister, uncle and grandmother—in his life. They were 

certainly available to assist him in reporting to the police. Thus, the reasons expressed in 

the language the majority quotes from the article and Ninth Circuit opinion do not seem 

applicable here. 

IV.

Finally, I turn to Portillo’s argument that the IJ and BIA erred by denying his 

application for CAT protection. In reviewing a denial of relief under CAT, “[t]he standard 

of review is the substantial-evidence standard: The agency’s ‘findings of fact are 

conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the 

contrary.’” Nasrallah, 140 S. Ct. at 1692 (quoting 8 U.S.C § 1252(b)(4)(B)).

An alien seeking CAT protection bears the burden to show that “it is more likely 

than not that he or she would be tortured” in the country of removal. Rodriguez-Arias v. 

Whitaker, 915 F.3d 968, 971 (4th Cir. 2019) (quoting 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(2)). “Torture 

is defined as (1) ‘any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is 

intentionally inflicted on a person’ in a manner that is (2) ‘by or at the instigation of or with 

the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official 

capacity.’” Id. (quoting 8 C.F.R. § 1208.18(a)(1)).

Portillo raises three issues concerning his CAT claim. First, he contends that the 

IJ’s “most obvious legal error” was requiring that Portillo show the Salvadorian 

government consented or acquiesced to his torture. Appellant’s Op. Br. at 20. He claims 
68

that the proper standard is whether “a public official or other person acting in an official 

capacity” will consent or acquiesce to the torture. Id. (internal quotation marks and citation 

omitted) (emphasis omitted). Second, Portillo challenges the brevity of the IJ and BIA’s

CAT analysis, claiming they neither address all of his arguments nor adequately explain 

the basis of their CAT decisions. Third, he asserts that the BIA committed legal error by 

“engaging in fact-finding in the first instance of whether a public official was likely to 

acquiesce to Mr. Portillo’s torture.” Id. at 21.

First, I disagree with Portillo’s argument that the IJ committed a legal error, much 

less an obvious one, in finding that Portillo failed to establish that it was more likely than 

not that he would be tortured in El Salvador “with the consent or acquiescence of the 

government.” A.R. 81. The language of the IJ’s conclusion follows the established law of 

this Circuit. Namely, to qualify for protection under the CAT, a petitioner bears the burden 

to “show that, if removed, it is ‘more likely than not that he or she would be tortured’ with 

the consent or acquiescence of the government” in their country of origin. Salgado-Sosa, 

882 F.3d at 456 (citing 8 C.F.R. §§ 1208.16(c)(2), 1208.18(a)(1)). 

Moreover, the BIA, in affirming the IJ’s denial of relief under the CAT, stated as 

follows:

The record also supports the Immigration Judge’s determination that the 

respondent has not met his burden of establishing his claim under the 

Convention Against Torture inasmuch as he has not shown that it is more 

likely than not that he will be tortured ‘by or at the instigation of or with the 

consent or acquiescence [to include willful blindness] of a public official or 

other person acting in an official capacity’ in El Salvador (IJ at 6). 8 C.F.R.

§§ 1208.16(c)(2), 1208.18(a)(1); see Matter of Z-Z-O-, 26 I&N Dec. 586

(BIA 2015) (explaining that an Immigration Judge’s predictive findings of 

what may or may not occur in the future are findings of fact, which are 
69

reviewed under the ‘clear error’ standard); see also Lizama v. Holder, 629 

F.3d 440, 449 (4th Cir. 2011) (discussing Convention Against Torture 

standard).

A.R. 11. As Portillo acknowledges, this language sets forth the appropriate legal standard. 

Therefore, Portillo’s argument that his CAT claim was denied based on an obvious legal 

error is without merit. 

Next, Portillo argues that the IJ and BIA’s CAT analyses were inadequate because 

they failed to address his fears that the police are complicit with MS-13’s efforts to find 

him, or his “particularized risks of torture, country conditions, and mass human rights 

violations in the country of removal.” Appellant’s Op. Br. at 22. However, this argument 

ignores the first sentence of the IJ’s CAT analysis, which states that she considered the 

country conditions described in the 2016 and 2017 State Department Country Reports on 

Human Rights in El Salvador. Further, in affirming the IJ’s CAT findings, the BIA 

explicitly cited the pages of the IJ decision that referenced those reports. See A.R. 11. The 

BIA also held that “[a]lthough [Portillo] claims that his grandmother and sister ‘believe’ 

that the Salvadoran police are working with local MS gang members, [he] has not presented 

sufficient evidence demonstrating that he will be tortured by or with the requisite 

acquiescence of any government official in El Salvador.” A.R. 11 (internal citations 

omitted). 

Once again, our standard is whether there was evidence in the record to support the 

decision. Here, there was. Accordingly, the BIA’s decision that the IJ did not err in finding 

that Portillo did not establish his eligibility for CAT protection is supported by substantial 

evidence and does not constitute “a wholesale failure [by] the IJ and BIA to consider 
70

evidence” offered to support his CAT claim. Rodriguez-Arias, 915 F.3d at 974 (internal 

quotation marks and citation omitted). 

And Portillo’s argument that the IJ and the BIA failed to adequately explain how 

they arrived at their decisions fares no better. The IJ stated she considered the evidence of 

conditions in El Salvador, but that Portillo had not proven that it was more likely than not 

that he would be tortured with the consent or acquiescence of the Salvadorian government. 

Then, on review, the BIA cited to the applicable law, the relevant portions of the IJ decision 

and additional evidence in the record before concluding that the IJ did not err in finding 

that Portillo failed to offer sufficient evidence to support his claim. Although the BIA’s 

decision could have been more comprehensive, the BIA announced its decision “in terms 

sufficient to enable a reviewing court to perceive that they have heard and thought and not 

merely reacted” to the evidence. Ai Hua Chen, 742 F.3d at 179 (quoting Ayala, 605 F.3d 

at 948). Therefore, reversal is not warranted.

Finally, the BIA did not “engag[e] in fact-finding in the first instance of whether a 

public official was likely to acquiesce to Mr. Portillo’s torture . . . .” Appellant’s Op. Br. at 

21. Instead, it simply identified the proper legal standard and concluded that the IJ did not 

clearly err in relying on the same evidence that the IJ first identified in her decision. There 

is simply nothing in the record to support Portillo’s argument.

V.

For the foregoing reasons, I would dismiss Portillo’s petition for review of the BIA’s 

decision affirming the IJ’s denial of his application for asylum and withholding of removal. 
71

We do not have jurisdiction over those issues. Alternatively, I would deny the petition for 

review because substantial evidence in the record supports the BIA’s decision that the 

Salvadorian government was unwilling or unable to control MS-13. Similarly, I would also 

deny the petition for review of the BIA’s decision affirming the IJ’s denial of his CAT 

claim because there is substantial evidence in the record that Portillo was not tortured by 

or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other 

person acting in an official capacity.