137206

JPRS-SS/A-87-035

15 APRIL 1987

Sub-Saharan Africa Report

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JPRS-SSA-87-035

15 APRIL 1987

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA REPORT

CONTENTS

ETHIOPIA

Trade Protocol Signed With DPRK

(THE ETHIOPIAN HERALD, 27 Feb 87)

Trolley Bus System Under Consideration

(THE ETHIOPIAN HERALD, 28 Feb 87)

Briefs

Yugoslavia Funds Road Project

MALAWI

Frontline States Woo Nation; Relations With RSA Seen To Suffer

(Gerald L'Ange; THE STAR, 6 Mar 87)

MOZAMBIQUE

Farmers Accused of Exploiting Mozambican Refugees

(Susan Pleming; THE STAR, 27 Feb 87) 7

Refugees Say MNR Not Popular Among People

(Paul Vallely; THE STAR, 24 Feb 87) 9

Update on Maputo, Nacala Ports

(THE FINANCIAL GAZETTE, 27 Feb 87) 11

Briefs

MNR Forces Use Human Wall 12

NAMIBIA

Cabinet Announces Program of Action for 1987

(THE WINDHOEK ADVERTISER, 17 Feb 87) 13

- a -
Reports of PLAN Cavalry Charges Discounted

(Jim Freeman; THE WINDHOEK ADVERTISER, 17 Feb 87) 14

!

Government Acts To Plug Drain of Fistting Profits to RSA

(Jim Freeman; THE WINDHOEK ADVERTISER, 19 Feb 87) .. 15

i

Policemen Say They Knew of Prisoners Being Beaten

(Jean Sutherland; THE WEEKLY MAIL, 6-12 Mar 87) 17

NIGERIA

Islamic Call Society on Educational Opportunities in Libya

(Garba Shehu; SUNDAY TRIUMPH, 1 Mar 87) 19

Romanian Debt Servicing, Railway Stock Agreements

(Victor Attai; NEW NIGERIAN, 28 Feb 87) 20

Government Approves National Shipping Policy

(Tajudeen Yusuff; NEW NIGERIAN, 2 Mar 87) 21

ZIMBABWE

Nation Fails To Capture World Markets Lost by RSA

(Michael Hartnack; BUSINESS DAY, 27 Feb 87) 22

Farmers' Green Paper Outlines Plans To Cut Costs

(THE HERALD, 27 Feb 87) 24

SOUTH AFRICA

AFRIKANER/GOVERNMENT

Police Take Action Against Journalists

(Ruth Becker; THE WEEKLY MAIL, 20-26 Mar 87) 26

'Sources' in Security Forces Outline ANC Strategy

(David Braun; THE STAR, 21 Mar 87) 28

Pik Botha Critical of Worrall Tactics

(THE CITIZEN, 20 Mar 87) 31

Group Areas Violations To Result in Confiscation

(Lester Venter, Cas St Leger; SUNDAY TIMES, 22 Mar 87) 33

Briefs

) De Klerk on Black Living Standards 35

BLACKS

Buthelezi on Election, Inkatha^UDF Clashes

(Barney Mthonibothi;, THE STAR, 21 Mar 87) 36

i ; -b-

(

J J
UDF Says Whites-Only Elections No Solution

(SAPA, 19 Mar 87) • 38

Trial Brings Out Details of Vigilante Unit Operations

(THE WEEKLY MAIL, 6-12 Mar 87) 39

ANC Officials Register Advances at Home, Abroad

(Makonnen Haile; THE ETHIOPIAN HERALD, 27 Feb 87) 40

Students Demonstrate for Sharpeville Commemoration

(SAPA, 19 Mar 87) 43

UDF, COSATU Officials on Sharpeville Anniversary

(PANA, 19 Mar 87) .. 44

AZAPO, AZASM Commemorations Banned in Cape

(SAPA, 20, 21 Mar 87) . 46

Prohibitions on Eve of Sharpeville Anniversary 46

AZASM President Terms Ban 'Provocative' 46

ANC, PAC Mark Sharpeville Day

(Harare Domestic Service, 20 Mar 87) 48

Textile Union Reelect Detained President

(SOWETAN, 20 Mar 87) 49

Kwandebele Reconsiders Independence; Opponents in Detention

(Pat Sidley; THE WEEKLY MAIL, 20-26 Mar 87) 50

Retailers Report Increased Sales to Blacks

(Kay Turvey; BUSINESS DAY, 27 Feb 87) 51

Government Fears Influx of Refugees From Homelands

(Louise Flanagan; THE WEEKLY MAIL, 6-12 Mar 87) 53

New Schools Filling Black Education Vacuum Said To Be Poor Quality

(Sefako Nyaka, Jo-Ann Bekker; THE WEEKLY MAIL, 6-13 Mar

12 Mar 87) 55

SAWCO Discusses Worker Controlled Production

(WORK IN PROGRESS, Feb 87) 57

Inkatha Youth Brigade Chairman Discusses Policies

(Musa Zondi Interview; WORK IN PROGRESS, Feb 87) 61

New Statistics Show 18 Percent Black Unemployment

(SAPA, 23 Mar 87) 71

Reporter Examines Black Advancement in Work Force

(Sheryl Raine; THE STAR, various dates) 73

- c -
Response to Black Advancement Series Noted

(THE STAR, 4 Mar 87) 82

Briefs

Blacks Oppose City States 83

Soweto Crime Figures 83

Tokoza Township To Get Houses 83

New Body Called Umsa 84

Township Cancels Rent Arrearages 84

ANC Says RSA Jealous of Neighbors 84

Eastern Cape Funerals Restricted 84

SOCIOPOLITICAL/OTHER

PFP Says Government Not 'Blameless' on Debt

(SAPA, 25 Mar 87) 85

Commentary on Africa's 'Preference for Bullets'

(Johannesburg International Service, 24 Mar 87) 86

Commentary Condemns ANC's Refusal To Renounce Violence

(Johannesburg Domestic Service, 24 Mar 87) 87

Boesak Questioned on ANC Ad Funding

(SAPA, 24 Mar 87). 89

Hendrickse Says NP Resignations 'Purification'

(BBC World Service, 25 Mar 87) 93

PFP MP Says Group Areas Act Causing 'Misery'

(SAPA, 25 Mar. 87) 95

COSATU Warns Against Dismissals in SATS Strike

(SAPA, 25 Mar 87) 96

Confiscation Threats Said Aimed at Appeasing Right Wing

(Dominique Gilbert; BUSINESS DAY, 24 Mar 87) 97

Black, White Unionists Protest New May Holiday

(Various sources, various dates) 98

Official Labor Holiday Announced, by Andrew Gillingham 98

COSATU Official Reacts 99

COSATU Spokesman Opposed 99

Natal School Enrollments 'Worst in Country'

(BUSINESS DAY, 25 Feb 87) 101

Psychologists Call for 'Free, Open Society'

(Sue Leeman; THE STAR, 25 Feb 87) 102

, \ .., - .

> - d -
Eastern Cape Newspaper Owners Merge

(THE STAR, 23 Mar 87) 103

ECONOMIC

/9986

Finance Minister Comments on Debt Repayment

(Johannesburg Television Service, 14 Mar 87) 104

Inflation Rate Registers Slight Increase

(SAPA, 23 Mar 87) 106

Businessmen React Favorably to Debt Agreement

(Johannesburg Domestic Service, 25 Mar 87) ... 107

'Economic Upswing' Gaining Momentum

(Magnus Heystek; THE STAR, 24 Mar 87) 108

Statistics Reveal 'Miniscule' Increase in GNP

(SAPA, 25 Mar 87) HO

Commentary Emphasizes Economic Vitality

(Johannesburg Domestic Service, 26 Mar 87) HI

Economist Predicts Steady Slow Growth

(Piet Van Schalk; BUSINESS DAY, 25 Feb 87) 113

People Paying Off Debts

(Gerald Reilly; BUSINESS DAY, 26 Feb 87) 115

Briefs

Housing Shortage 116

White Household Expenditures 116

- e
ETHIOPIA

TRADE PROTOCOL SIGNED' WITH DPRK

Addis Ababa THE ETHIOPIAN HERALD in English 27 Feb 87 pp 1, 4

[Text]

(ENA) :— A /one-year trade protocol was signed yesterday between

'Revolutionary/ Ethiopia and the

Democratic /People's Republic of

Korea (DPRK)./

The protocol, signed at the Ministry of Foreign Trade, is to be effective during /1987, is . renewable

yearly/ and focüsses on the exchange

of goods and products.

According ito the protocol agreement,

Socialist Ethiopia will export hides,

meat, incense, and various industrial goods while importing electrical generating equipment, soap

and diverse industrial' products

from the DPRK.

It was also agreed that commercial agencies of the two counties

shall! reach accords providing for

tUie exchange of goods and products,

trade delegations shall visit each

other's country land trade fairs shall

be organized in Revolutionay Etlsiopia and {the DPRK.

The protocol was signed by Comrade Wolle Chokol, member of the

CC of the WPE and Minister of

Foreign Trade, and Comrade Choe

Jeng Gun, member of the CC -tiff

the Workers Party iof Korea and

Minister of Forefign Trade.

/ Comrade Wolle said on the occasioa

that relations and cooperation between

the two countries have/been strengthened as a result of the historic visit

made by Comrade Mengistu IlaileMariam tbtheDPRK and the understanding reached witn Comrade Kim

II Sung. /

He pointed out that in accordance

with the agreement reached between

the two leaders the DPRK is making

a significant contribution to Revolutionary Ethiopia's development efforts,

particularly in agriculture, irrigation

and the transformation of natural resources into industrial products.

\ 'i
Comrade Wolle expressed confidence

that relations, and cooperation between

the two countries will continue to grow

in future.

Comrade Choe Jeng Gun said on his

part that he was able to observe at

first hand during his visit here the

successful effort which Revolutionary

Ethiopia is making in the development

sector and stressed that theDPRK is

on the side of this country in its economic construction drive. .

He pointed out that the agreement

reached yesterday will enhance the

friendly relations ini collaboration between the two countries and assist in

Revolutionary Ethiopia"«} efforts to

build its economy.

/9317

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ETHIOPIA

TROLLEY BUS SYSTEM UNDER CONSIDERATION

Addis Ababa THE ETHIOPIAN HERALD in English 28 Feb 87 pp 1, 3

[Text]

An accord was signed here between

the Puplic Transport , Corporation

(PTC) and the Soviet Export Company, Energomash to conduct technical and economic study that would

facilitate the launching of trolleybus

services.

The accord which is expected to

enable five cities, namely Addis Ababa,"

Asmara, Bahir Dar, Jimma and DireDawa to have trolleybus services, wa3

signed by Comrade Tesfaye Sherikute,

Deputy General Manager of PTC,

and Comrade Alexie Blokhin, Deputy

General Manager of the Company.

According to information released

by the Corporation, trolleybus services

ar,e valuable to help fulfil the growing transport needs of Addis Ababa.

Hence, >the technology that 'facilitates

the functioning of trolleybus services

should be implemented as soon as

possible.

During the signing ceremony, Comrade Tesfaye noted that trolleybus

service doesn't use up petrol gas as

it functions on electric power. Hence,

it helps save petrol to some extent. In

addition, trolleybuses produce no pollution. They have high durability

needing a minimum of maintenance.

They are also characterized by a capacity to carry a considerable amount

of load.

Trolleybuses could contribute their

share to decrease 'the amount of foreign currency needed to import petroleum, the Deputy General Manager

hoped.

/9317

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ETHIOPIA

BRIEFS

YUGOSLAVIA FUNDS ROAD PROJECT—Kampala—Uganda has signed a 56 million

dollar deal with Yugoslavia for the construction of a new road to Fort

Portal in the west, which will mainly be paid for in barter goods, radio

Uganda said Friday. The agreement was signed by Finance Minister Crispus

Kiyonga and Sreten Milikovic of the Yugoslav construction company Energo-^

Project, it added. The 250 km road will stretch from Mityana, just west

of Kampala, to Fort Portal, near the Zaire border and construction will

begin in three months, the radio said. Uganda will pay 30 percent of the

cost of the new road in hard currency and the rest in goods such as coffee,

cotton, timber, beans and soybeans, it added. (Reuter) [Text] [Addis

Ababa THE ETHIOPIAN HERALD in English 15 Feb 87 p 6] /9317

CSO: 3400/272
MALAWI

FRONTLINE STATES WOO NATION; RELATIONS WITH RSA SEEN TO SUFFER

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 6 Mar 87 p 13

[Article by Gerald L'Ange]

[Text]

Malawi has been drawn into the orbit of the Frontline states and its

close ties with South Africa may suffer as ä result.

Confirmation that Malawi has in effect been press-ganged by the

Frontline grouping comes with the disclosure by President Joaquim Chissano of Mozambique that Malawian troops are to operate

in Mozambique.

He said in Harare that the Malawian soldiers would help protect

the railway line to Nacala port against the Mozambique National

Resistance movement guerillas.

He gave no indication of the number of Malawian troops that

will be involved but it is likely to be small as Malawi has only

about 5 000 men in its army. The political symbolism of Malawi's

contribution is more important than its military effectiveness,

however. . Malawi is believed initially to have resisted approaches from

Mozambique and Zimbabwe that it commit troops to the war in

Mozambique but to have capitulated in the end to strong pressure.

A document said to have been recovered from the wreckage of

the aircraft crash that killed former Mozambican President Samora Machel revealed that Mozambique and Zimbabwe had collaborated in efforts to persuade Malawi to loosen its ties with South

Africa and divert its imports and exports through Mozambican

rather than South African ports.

Landlocked Malawi was also threatened with having its borders

closed unless it stopped allowing the MNR to operate from its

territory, according to the document.

Malawi repeated its denials that it was supporting the MNR but

soon afterwards large numbers of MNR insurgents attacked Mozambican towns near Malawi and were said by Maputo to have

come from Malawi. .

The aircraft crash document also indicated that senior members

of the Mozambican and Zimbabwean governments had discussed

the possibility of starting or supporting an insurgent movement in

Malawi to overthrow President Banda's government.

Analysts speculate that in agreeing to send troops into Mozambique, President Kamuzu Banda may have been influenced by

threats along these lines and also by the fear of having an insurgent

movement operating in Malawi with support from Harare and Maputo and perhaps even from bases in Mozambique.
An armed attack in January on a police station at Kaporo in

northern Malawi is believed to have been made by the Malawi

Freedom Movement (Mafremo), which is said to have official backing in Zimbabwe. According to unconfirmed reports, Mafremo's

chairman, Mr Edward Yapwantha, has had close dealings with

Zimbabwe's Minister of State for Security, Mr Emmerson Mnangagwa.

In the light of the latest developments, the Kaporo attack looks

much like a warning to President Banda.

Although it is a member of the Southern African Development

Coordination Conference, which seeks to reduce member states'

dependence on South Africa and promote mutual development

(Malawi's interest is believed to be in the latter rather than the

former), Malawi has avoided membership of the Frontline grouping.

Instead, it promoted its close trade and diplomatic ties with

South Africa, with which it is the only African country to exchange

ambassadors.

Last December, however, Malawi signed an agreement with Mozambique aimed at eliminating "banditry" (Frelimo's term for

MNR activity) in Mozambique and at "securing Malawi's traditional routes to the ports of Mozambique".

Neither this nor the commitment to send troops into Mozambique mean Malawi has joined the Frontline states. Malawi has certainly been pulled closer to the Frontline group, however. While

this does not automatically mean its South African ties have been

weakened such a development now becomes a strong possibility.

This possibility will become progressively stronger with whatever success is achieved in the efforts to develop the Mozambican

and other trade routes as alternatives to those through South Africa.

/9317

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MOZAMBIQUE

FARMERS ACCUSED OF EXPLOITING MOZAMBICAN REFUGEES

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 27 Feb 87 p 11

[Article by Susan Pleming]

[Text]

Exploitation by South African farmers is one of

the biggest problems facing Mozambican refugees when they escape the civil war and famine

of their own country, says the head of a relief

group in Gazankulu.

According to the head of the Palalani relief

committee in the Mhala district in Gazankulu,

Mr Sam Nzima, farmers send trucks to the refugee camps to collect Mozambicans to work on

the farms.

"Refugees cannot get jobs in South Africa because they don't have work permits, so when

farmers offer them work they don't hesitate.

They jump on the trucks and go to the farms.

"But many don't get paid, and if they complain

the farmers threaten to get the police to send

them back to Mozambique.

"The refugees are too afraid to say anything. It

is a terrible state of affairs."

Since 1983 thousands of Mozambicans have

fled the famine and war in their own country.

The trauma of the journey across the Kruger

National Park and settling into a new way of life

is difficult, said Mr Nzima.

But the local people have accepted the Mozambicans into the community.

"They fit in well. They have integrated with

the local community and a lot of people have

taken Mozambicans into their homes," he said.

Mr Nzima said refugees' children are at

schools in the area. In one of the camps a preschool has been established for the refugees and

a Portuguese teacher employed.

Finding employment is a huge problem and

the money many Mozambicans have brought

with them is worthless. „„„„„„

Last year Operation Hunger gave RIO 000

worth of seed to the refugees and to locals. The

drought has destroyed the crops and Mr Nzima

said this had been a huge blow to them.

He said the number of refugees entering his

area has dropped this month. Last year several

hundred refugees were entering Gazankulu each

W66k

When The Star visited Gazankulu last week

Mr Nzima said only 93 new Mozambicans had

registered for the feeding scheme.

"The refugees have told me that the area close

to the Gazankulu border has just about cleared

out now and many people are going to Maputo

instead of entering South Africa."

Lillydale refugee camp in Gazankulu looks

very similar to any village in Mozambique. Mozambican-style huts are part of the landscape

there.

At the height of the Mozambican exodus to

South Africa last year a welcoming marquee, first "home"

for many refugees, housed up

to 200.

On arrival they are taken to

the health clinic for medical

attention. Many have walked

for more than one week and

they arrive suffering from dehydration, malaria and other

diseases. '

The refugees are given a

beneficiary card which entitles

them to food and blankets.

If after a week a home has

not been found for a refugee he

is allocated a site in a camp

and builds his own.
Accident Victim Hunts for Family

Disabled Mil Dye Ubusi (33) returned to Mozambique last

year in a desperate search for

his family. But he was unsuccessful and is now in Gazankulu trying to!trace them.

The break-up of families and

"lost" relatives is one of most

painful aspects of the war in

Mozambique.

Mr Ubusi is one of the thousands oi Mozambicans in this

country/ who has lost contact;

with his family. He is in a

wheelchair because of an injury in an accident in 1985.

"I miss my family very

much and would like to know

what has happened to them,"

he said.

Mr Ubusi first came to South

Africa in 1979 and worked for a

construction company until

mid-1985 when he fell 6 m from

a scaffold and injured his spine.

He then spent eight months in

the Natalspruit Hospital.

•MOST HAD LEFT' '

"In the hospital I decided

that I would return to Mozambique to find my family. X

caught the train to Komattpoort and from there went to

my home town to find my

mother Angelina, my brother

Carlos and my sister Lena.

"When I got there I was told

most people had left because of

the war and attacks by Renamo. Then I went to Maputo

Hospital and asked them to

find them, but had no luck.

"I decided to return to South

Africa and I went back to Natalspruit Hospital. The staff

there said they had heard that

a lot of Mozambicans had gone

to Gazankulu and so I decided

to come here.

"The social worker took me

to the Johannesburg Station in

my wheelchair and bought me

a ticket for Bushbuckridge. But

when I got on the train the people around me said there was

no such place as Bushbuckridge and they told me get

off at Ireagh Station.

"At the station someone took

me to the Nduna at the Kildare

Refugee Camp. So far we have

not been able to find my relatives."

Park's Animals Terrorise Refugees

/9317

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\^_

Horrific stories of attacks by wild animals in the

Kruger National Park are still being told by Mozambican refugees entering Gazankulu to escape

fighting and starvation in their own country.

Three Mozambicans had a frightening brush

with wild pigs in the park last week.

One of them, Mr Solomon Xhosa (25), said: "We

left the coastal town of Xai Xai because of Rename Renamo entered our location and we fled.

"Later we heard they had killed people. They

apparently skinned one man alive," he claimed.

"We caught a bus to Maputo and then a train

which took us close to the South African border.

From there, we were on foot.

"We crossed the fence and entered the Kruger

Park.

"On the first day we came across some elephants, but they left us alone. Then we saw the

pigs. The three of us ran away, but a man who

had joined us was caught. The pigs attacked him,

knocked him down and went for his testicles.

"We went back when the pigs left the scene

and found the riian was still alive. We got him to

a village and the people took him to a hospital."

Mr Xhosa travelled with two others from his

village. One of them, his cousin, is deaf and

dumb.

Mr Xhosa said he hoped to find work in Gazankulu. He said he would like to return to Mozambique when the war was over.
MOZAMBIQUE

REFUGEES SAY MNR NOT POPULAR AMONG PEOPLE

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 24 Feb 87 p 11

[Article by Paul Vallely]

[Text]

MAPUTO — Tens of thousands of Mozambican peasants are

being held in slave labour camps which anti-government

rebels have created as supply bases for an escalating guerilla campaign — a campaign which is gradually reducing

large parts of the country to chaos.

The existence of the camps, each containing about 3000 prisoners, has been reported by escaping inmates who are among the

refugees continuing to flee daily, in their hundreds, from vast areas

of the central and northern provinces.

Ruthless rebel activity there has now made more than a million

people homeless and is threatening two million more with imminent starvation. Aid workers say it is the worst international disaster since the famine in Ethiopia.

Terrified refugees have been running before the fighting in increasing numbers for the past six months. But it is only recently

that among them have appeared groups who have escaped from

the rebels'slave camps. . , . ^ .

Last week, more than 2000 who had escaped during the confusion caused by a government counter-offensive, re-appeared in Namaunica, in the remote northernmost Niassa province. Most were

naked. Many of the children were suffering from diseases associated with malnutrition. .

Two weeks earlier, 2 560 refugees appeared, in a similar condition, near the town of Muitetere. This group has now been moved

by the local authorities to a transit camp established in an abandoned Italian mission at the foot of of the Mitucue mountains.

REPORTS SUPPORT GOVERNMENT CLAIMS

Until now, some observers have assumed that the MNR must

enjoy a measure of local support in these areas. But the news from

the escaping refugees gives credence to the claims of the government that the rebels are not supported by the local people and are

sustained only by South Africa and other parties intent on destabilising the Frontline opponents of apartheid. • What is beyond question is the effect such activity is having on

the 14 million population of Mozambique.

Current figures, compiled from the reports of the various UN

agencies in the field, show that there are now 1006 600 internal

refugees in the country and 245 000 more have fled to neighbouring

Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe and Zambia.
A further 2 521600 people are affected by the conflict to the

extent that, without international food aid, they are in danger of

starving to death.

A limited amount of food aid has been forthcoming but much of

it is piled in warehouses in the ports.

The result is that, when the Mozambican Red Cross in Niassa

was asked to help the 2000 naked people in Namaunica with

clothes and food, it had nothing with which to respond.

• From London, The Star Bureau reports that a group of eight

Tory MPs say that Britain should use its influence to bring about a

reconciliation between the Frelimo regime and its MNR opponents.

"Such reconciliation would, in itself, lead to the reopening of the

Beira railway. It would end the fighting which is the main cause of

suffering for the Mozambique people and might lead to the establishment of a regime which would encourage private investment,

without which there is little hope of stability or prosperity," the

MPs say in a joint letter to The Times.

/9317

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10
MOZAMBIQUE

UPDATE ON MAPUTO, NACALA PORTS

Harare THE FINANCIAL GAZETTE in English 27 Feb 87 p 6

[Text]

WORK is progressing steadily at

Maputo and Nacala ports in

Mozambique, with the port shed at

Maputo being well occupied as at

February 9, says the latest regional transport update by Manica

Freight Services.

As at February 9, 30 cranes

were operational at Maputo port,

29 were undergoing repairs, and 31

were out of order. 14 five-tonne

forklifts, two eight-tonne forklifts,

two 15-tonne forklifts, and five

container forklifts were in operation. In addition, four tugmasters

were in operation. The port shed

space was 50 to 60% occupied during the period under review, said

the update.

OPERATIONAL

The tippler at the Matola Ore

Terminal was still under repair, but

expected to be partially operational by mid-February. The rail link

Recano Garcia/Zimbabwe was

operational, as was the rail link to

Swaziland.

At Nacala Port, 40% ofthe area

at the container terminal had been

levelled and paving with bricks had

been completed as at February 2.

The following equipment was operational: three velmet forklifts, three

horses and six trailers, one seventonne forklift for 20-foot empty

containers.

Also operational on the general

cargo berth were four five-tonne

cranes, one 20-tonne crane, one

tractor, and three five-tonne

forklifts.

/9317

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11
MOZAMBIQUE

BRIEFS

MNR FORCES USE HUMAN WALL—London--MNR forces in Mozambique have begun

using a human wall of unarmed civilians to thwart counter-attacks on their

camps by army units. The new tactic was described by Mr Bill Yates,

Oxfam's Head of Campaigns: "The MNR has begun to use a human bulwark,

making people stand sentry so security forces would have to shoot through

them," he said. [Text] [Johannesburg THE STAR in English 25 Feb 87 p 3]

/9317

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12
NAMIBIA

CABINET ANNOUNCES PROGRAM OF ACTION FOR 1987

Windhoek THE WINDHOEK ADVERTISER in English 17 Feb 87 p 3

[Text]

A PROPOSED Ministry of Internal Security and a

Ministry of International Cooperation feature high

on the Cabinet's blueprint for 1987.

Announcing a "programme

of action", the Cabinet says it

also proposes holding nationwide "non-racial" municipal

elections this year; will urge

the Constitutional Council to

speed up its decision on the

name "Namibia" and plans to

initiate a process to create a

national anthem and national

flag.

The programme will be debated when the National Assembly reconvenes later this

month.

The aim of an international

cooperation ministry would

be to "reflect a substantial

degree of formal autonomy in

the conduct of foreign relations", the Cabinet says.

"While South Africa will

no doubt continue to seek a

negotiated settlement regarding Namibia in association

with other members of the inThe government also plans

to investigate the extent to

which "the legal concept of

Namibian citizenship could

be reflected on travel documents issued by South Africa.

In addition, the establishing of entry control points at

major border crossings is on

the cards, while the possiblity

of a separate status for

Namibia as a member of the

Southern Africa Customs'

Union will be investigated.

Other areas the Cabinet

says it plans to address include: reviewing tax legislation, unemployment and

housing and the creation of

"A positive and dynamic climate" for foreign investors.

ternational community, the

TGNU should represent

Namibia in such negotiations;' it adds.

Further, Namibians would

"soon" be appointed to

represent the Territory

abroad, and the training of

members of a foreign information service will start

"soon".

On a Ministry of Internal

Security, the Cabinet says the

aim will be to separate the

command structures and "legal identiy of the SWA Territory .Force from that of the

South African Defence Force,

I "to create a truly national

' army".

/9317

CSO: 3400/270

13
NAMIBIA

REPORTS OF PLAN CAVALRY CHARGES DISCOUNTED

Windhoek THE WINDHOEK ADVERTISER in English 17 Feb 87 pp 1, 3

[Article by Jim Freeman]

[Text]

RUMOURS OF an insurgent group mounted on

horseback and headed for northern Namibia's white

farming district are being discounted by Security

Force precautions.

A Territory Force spokesman in Windhoek said this

morning the Security Forces

had been notified of reports

that about 20 members of the

People's Liberation Army of

Namibia had been spotted

riding towards the Mangetti.

The reports said the cavalry

group had been seen in the vicinity of Miershoop, less than

50 kilometres from the socalled Red Line separating the

war zone from the Tsumcb

district.

The SWATF spokesman

said no patrols had come up

with any evidence to substantiate the reports of the group

of insurgents.

However, as a precaution,

all farmers in the district had

been put on alert on Sunday

afternoon.

Farmers began arming

themselves and patrolling

their farmhouses before dark

and in the early mornings,

while elements of the Tsumeb

Area Force had been placed

on standby.

Farmer alerts and army

readiness were usual for this

time of the year, said the

spokesman relernng to the

wet season infiltration attempt by Plan.

Though it seemed there was

no truth in the rumours of the

horse-mounted group of insurgents, the Security Forces

were continuing their investigations on the ground.

Swapo insurgents have been

unable to inflitrate the "terror

triangle", as the white farming

area used to be known in

more trying times, since the

1983 wet season thrust.

In recent years, the Security

Forces have concentrated their

deployments across the border in the sparsely populated

and thin-bushed area of

southern Angola. This has

largely prevented insurgents

from crossing into Namibia to

conduct deeds of terror.

/9317

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14
NAMIBIA

GOVERNMENT ACTS TO PLUG DRAIN OF FISHING PROFITS TO RSA

Windhoek THE WINDHOEK ADVERTISER in English 19 Feb 87 p 1

[Article by Jim Freeman]

[Text]

THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT is starting to plug the drain

to South Africa of funds accruing from the fishing industry, insisting that locally-registered concessionaires market from

Namibia.

And to prevent "front"

companies from applying for

and obtaining fishing concessions that are subsequently

sold to real firms, the Directorate of Sea Fisheries will insist that applicants prove they

can process and market the

fish they catch.

The Director of Sea Fisheries, Dr Jan Jürgens, said

yesterday his department

would also study the financial

statements of concessionaires

to see "how much they are

putting back" into Namibia.

Heralding "a new era" for

the fishing industry, he said

that, in the past, concessions

had been long-term grants.

In future, Dr Jürgens said,

these would be reviewed every

year and the re-allocatiori of

concessions would be based

on the performance of the

company.

Namibian-registered companies would have to market

their processed fish from the

Territory, he said. This excluded Walvis Bay, Dr Jürgens

said.

He also revealed that advanced negotiations with the

South African government

aimed at the fairer approportioning of quotas between the

Cunene and Orange. Rivers.

The Namibian government

was seeking 86% of the fish

quotas, with the rest allocated

to South African companies.

This was not the case at the

moment, Dr Jürgens said, the

South African government

basing its case on its occupation of Walvis Bay and certain

islands.

The sea fisheries chief also

announced several new regulations to prevent the exploitation of Namibia's marine

resources by South African visitors as well as local

fishermen.

These measures had been

accepted by the Cabinet and

were being formulated by the

government's legal advisers

for tabling during the forthcoming session of the National Assembly. The legislation

would hopefully be implemented before April.

Crayfish divers and fishermen would have to be in possession of a valid permit —

each of which would cost RIO.

The directorate had decided

15
to abolish size restrictions on

catches but would in future

limit the numbers of fish

caught.

Anglers would be allowed

to be in possession of 30 fish

(with a maximum of eigh' galjoen) or, alternatively, 35 kilograms of fish with no more

than eight kilograms galjocn.

In a further effort to protect the environment, all vehicles would be banned from

diving between the high and

low-water marks between the

mouths of the Swakop and

Omaruru Rivers.

Tlirning to ski-boat anglers,

Dr Jürgens said anyone fishing from any vessel that could

be classified a boat would

have to buy a R20 licence for

the vessel.

Dr Jürgens said thr- decision to restrict the number of

fish anglers were allowed to

catch was made after reports

that people were catching far

more fish than they could eat,

storing them in freezer trailers

and selling them to businesses.

"What we are doing is

drawing the line between commercial exploitation and

recreation!' he said.

/9317

CSO: 3400/270

16
NAMIBIA

POLICEMEN SAY THEY KNEW OF PRISONERS BEING BEATEN

Johannesburg THE WEEKLY MAIL in English 6-12 Mar 87 p 6

[Article by Jean Sutherland]

t Text ] AN officer of the fcarc(i SWA Police

counter-insurgency unit (Coin, formerly known as Koevoet) this week

admitted in court, without batting an

eye, that he had severely beaten

detainees.

Another police officer said he had

concealed the beatings from his commanding officer — and a third said

that although "as a Christian" he found

it difficult to beat prisoners, he had

found it his "Christian duty" to

explain to one suspect the connection

between punishment and repentance.

The Coin officer, Captain Frantz

Ballack, was implicated last week by

colleagues testifying at the trial of

eight young Namibians facing a string

of charges for alleged participation in

"terroristic" acts.

Security police officers told the

court that Ballack had assaulted at

least three of the prisoners and had

flogged one of them with a hosepipe

Dn a number of occasions.

The police told the court matter-oflactly that although they knew

assaulting prisoners was illegal, they

had done nothing to stop Ballack,

as they had felt the use of violence was

justified.

This week, Ballack supported that

point of view. Questioned by the state

prior to cross-examination by defence

counsel, Ballack said he had beaten

one of the accused, Andreas Heita,

because "he told lies... but after being

assaulted he was completely willing to

tell the truth".

He said the aim of the once top

secret special "task force" was to

"hunt down and eliminate Swapo

guerrillas".

He is the fourth police officer to be

cross-examined in a "trial within a

trial" in which the defence is disputing

the admissibility of alleged statements

by some of the prisoners.

They are being cross-examined by

Brian O'Linn, assisted by Theo Frank

and instructed by David Smuts.

O'Linn maintains that the accused,

and some witnesses, were exposed to

detention, questioning, assault, and

physical and mental intimidation "at

any stage" by any one of the security

force components: the army, Koevoet

and the security police.

This week a police officer, Captain

Anton Bekker, admitted he had

deliberately concealed the flogging of

Heita from his commanding officer

"because I feared he would have

stopped it".

Allegations were also levelled this

week that one of the prisoners had

been electrically shocked and another

had received treatment after being

beaten about his private parts with a

pipe and a stick.

It also emerged this week that no

records of medical treatment of

prisoners had been kept while they

were detained by the army in

corrugated iron cells known as hokke.

a term a police officer agreed was

commonly used by the army to

describe animal cages.

17
Bckker denied the electrical shocks

claim. He confirmed that one of the

men's private parts had been swollen,

but said he had been treated for

venereal disease.

Heita, who stripped in court last

week to show his injuries, repeated the

process this week. Extensive scarring

caused by beating while in detention

includes one patch of abnormal

discoloured skin growth measuing

17cm from top to bottom and 13cm

across at the broadest part.

The wound marks were described

by the presiding judge, Justice Harold

Levy, as "inhuman" (wreed).

Police officers have admitted the

injuries were inflicted in detention,

and one, W/O Hermanus van der

Hoven, said he had been told by an

army officer that Heita needed a skin

transplant.

However, Van der Hoven said

although he didn't approve of

violence, the assault had been an

"essential" part of the interrogation as

it had led to the recovery of explosive

C3CI1C5

The police officer testified that

although the accused had not been

warned in terms of "judge's rules", he

had informed Heita he was free to give

a statement, or not. He concluded he

had been "irresponsible" in this

respect.

But, the judge wanted to know, what

was the aim of the warning —

"because of the terrible hiding he

got".

Van der Hoven replied he didn't

know the man was going to be beaten

by Ballack.

Questioned by O'Linn on why he

had not kept records or noted later

conversations with Heita, Van der

Hoven said he had not felt it was

necessary as these had been of a more

personal nature.

"I tried to explain to him why it was

necessary to use violence at (a

particular) stage," he said. "We then

had a discussion about how a person as

a Christian repents and how you are

sometimes subject to punishment, like

a child would had he done wrong."

Asked by O'Linn who had given

him the right to "try and influence"

the accused as far as his religion was

concerned, the policeman said: "My

Christian duty."

Van der Hoven denied that through

his talks with Heita he had tried to

influence him not to divulge the

assaults when he made a statement to

the magistrate.

He said he wanted to convey to the

prisoner that as a Christian the

thrashing had been difficult for him

— "but violence had to be applied to

discover the explosives".

Questioned whether he basically

wanted the prisoner to understand

"what a good man you really are", he

responded by saying: "That's for him

to decide."

A number of other assaults have

been described to the court. One

witness claimed he had been present at

a kraal called Inowambo when

security forces found an explosives

cache.

. He said he and his mother were

beaten by troops who wanted

information from them. 'They hit her

on the head with a wooden stick as

wide as a plank," he told the court. He

also claimed they had broken his

mother's arm and forced her to put

i her head in a hole in the sand — and

then covered her head.

Last week a security policeman,

who has been in the force for 13

years, said the attitude of his security

branch was: "You thrash (a prisoner)

until he cracks — points out what has

to be pointed out."

Asked where it ended, Warrant

Officer Nikodemus Nampala replied:

"We don't beat him to death."

He also told the court he had seen

Ballack remove an intravenous drip

from Heita's arm before a lengthy

bout of questioning. He agreed that a

possible reason for this was that

Ballack didn't want it to get in the way

when he was beating Heita.

He also conceded that it was correct

to assume that when you are dealing

with someone regarded as "a trained

soldier", the normal rules do not

apply.

Ballack will be cross-questioned by

the defence today.

/9317

CSO: 3400/270

18
NIGERIA

ISLAMIC CALL SOCIETY ON EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES IN LIBYA

Kano SUNDAY TRIUMPH in English 1 Mar 87 p 1

[Article by Garba Shehu]

[Text]

AN array of educational opDortunities exist

for Nigerian Muslims in

Libya which at present

are not being exploited

fully due to the inability

of the Nigerian Government to grant the Libyan

authorities permission to

open an office for the

World Islamic Call

Society (W1CS).

This was a statement

made by Dr. Salem Warfalli, in charge of

cultural and Islamic matters in the Libyan Embassy, Lagos, during an

interview with the Sunday Triumph.

The missionary society

which operates offices in

30 countries throughout

the world is funded by

Libyans through a 3 1/2

per cent tax levied on

wages and salaries.

Dr. Salem Warfalii

said there were so many

Islamic societies and

organisations eager to

establish relationship

with Nigerian Muslims.

with the intention 6*f

making available to

Nigerians scholarships,

books, medical

assistance and funds for.

the building of mosques.

Me added: "Although

we arc doing, our best

through the embassy,

only the full establishment of our offices will

enable us to be o: full

service to Nigerians' .

He disclosed that the

Libyan Embassy had

written to the Ministry of

External Affairs to find

out about reasons for the

delay in granting approval for the Islamic

call.

Asked to comment on

his perception of Islam's

pioblems in Nigeria, Dr.

Warfalli listed three

areas.

The biggest problem,

,he said, is the-division

between Muslims which

he dismissed as not only

frivolous, but also contrary to the injunctions

of the religion.

He mentioned poverty

of education among

Muslims as the second

most critical problem

while he described the

third as the lack of commitment by a broad spectrum of wealthy

Nigerians to the service

of the religion of Islam.

/9317

CSO: 3400/297

19
NIGERIA

ROMANIAN DEBT SERVICING, RAILWAY STOCK AGREEMENTS

Kaduna NEW NIGERIAN in English 28 Feb 87 pp 1, 3

[Article by Victor Attai]

[Text]

FEDERAL Government

has approved in principle the award of a contract worth about 159

million U.S. dollars

(about 634 million Naira)

for the supply of rolling

stock for the Nigerian

Railway Corporation

(NRC), Minister of

Transport and Aviation,

Brigadier Jeremiah

Useni has said.

Brigadier Useni who

disclosed this while briefing

the press on the activities of

his ministry in TÜ86 in Lagos

yesterday said the National

Council of Ministers had

finally approved the contract.

The contract would cover

the supply of 50 locomotives,

287 coaches, 100 brakevans

and 325 openable roof

wagons.

The minister said the actual

signing of the contract would

take place after the financial

package has been properly

worked out and put in place by

both his ministry and the

ministries of finance and national planning.

Brigadier Useni later explained to the New Nigerian that

negotiations were currently going on between the three

ministries and some foreign

Thinks

The minister further said the

NRC was to benefit from the

Romania/Nigeria debt servicing

agreeement under which

Romania was to supply the NRC

with railway equipment and

machinery at the cost of 18.3

million dollars.

He said the agreement also included refurbishing of workshops

for improved maintenance and

local manufacture of spare parts

and components, adding that the

amount would also cover training

of the necessary manpower.

All arrangements, including

the opening of the letters of

credit, were concluded last year

for effective implementation this

year, he said.

The NRC, Brigadier Useni

said would also benefit from ä

World Bank assisted transport

parastatals projects loan to the

tune of 17.9 million dollars which

was meant to reactivate and

overhaul the fleet of North

American locomotives in the service of the corporation and the

procurement of the necessary

spares to put the locomotives

back to service to improve its

performance and revenue earnings.

On plans this year, Brigadier

Useni said 4.7 million Naira was

earmarked for the improvement

of radio communication and

signals, one million Naira for the

realignment of dangerous

curves, 2.7 million Naira for new

lines.

The minister said about 9.86

million passengers were carried

by the NRC last year, yielding a

revenue of 33.54 million Naira

while 1.19 million tonnes of goods

were also carried that year,

yielding 23.59 million Naira, adding that this was in spite of the

30 per cent increase in passenger

fares and freight charges effective from July 1986.

The total revenue earned in

1986 by the railway was 70.11

million Naira compared to 74.82

million Naira in 1985, the

ministersaid.

/9317

CSO: 3400/297

20
NIGERIA

GOVERNMENT APPROVES NATIONAL SHIPPING POLICY

Kaduna NEW NIGERIAN in English 2 Mar 87 pp 1, 3

[Article by Tajudeen Yusuff]

[Text]

A NATIONAL shipping policy

which is aimed at promoting the

acquisition of shipping

technology, has finally been approved by the Federal Government.

The ratification of the policy is

also designed to ensure that

Nigerians fully participate in the

carriage of seaborne imports and

exports.

Brigadier Jeremiah I'seni.

Minister of TransDort and Aviation, disclosed this in Lagos last

Fridav while briefing newsmen

on the activities of his ministry

t.nd parastatals under it.

He said the National Maritime

Authority which is the agency to

co-ordinate the implementation

of the policy would start to function this vear.

The agency when fully operational, would help to locate and

diversify employment opportunities in the shipping industry.

Explaining -other responsibilities of the NMA under the

policv. Brigadier Useni said the

implementation body would ensure that the Nigerian national

carriers exercise fully Nigeria's

earning rights of at least 40 per

cent of the freight in revenue and

ju)lume of the total trade to and

from Nigeria.

The agency would also, he said,

grant national carriers status of

indigenous shipping lines,

monitor the activities of vessels

of the companies granted na-.

tional carrier skills and the invisible earnings derived from

shipping services.

Other function of national martime authority would include offering assistance to indigenous

shipping companies for fleet expansion and ship ownership

hrough a scheme to be evolved

by it (NMA) for that purpose

and the regulation of liners companies and national carriers.

Meanwhife. another committee

of experts to formulate the national policy on transportation

had been set up.

/9317

CSO: 3400/297

21
ZIMBABWE

NATION FAILS TO CAPTURE WORLD MARKETS LOST BY RSA

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 27 Feb 87 p 6

[Article by Michael Hartnack]

[Text]

LACK OF an -organisational infrastructure" and transport problems are holding land-locked Zimbabwe back from capturing the

«rofitable markets SA may lose in

festem Europe and North America as a result ofsanctions.

A warning from a Dutch consultancy firm that potential is being

lost as Zimbabwean farmers "sit

on the fence" comes amid renewed

scrutiny of Zimbabwe's tenuous

routes to world markets.

The quickest outlet is through

Harare's international airport and

the state-owned national cargo airline Affretair, but foreign currency

restrictions hitting fuel and spares

place it "in a very difficult position

which affects exporters," according to a report due for general release in April.

Ironically, Affretair was once

the highly-successful Rhodesian

sanctions-busting cargo line, run

by the late Group-Captain Jack

Malloch under the name of "Air

Trans Africa" and several other

aliases aimed at deceiving United

Nations investigators. Meanwhile,

other experts have warned against

premature optimism that the Mozambican port of Beira can bring

speedy relief from dependence on

Zimbabwe's current trade lifelines

through SA.

A leading London businessman

— James Mclntyre, of ZAL Holdings (a subsidiary of Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines) — urged a

meeting here last week of the Zimbabwe Association of Freight Forwarders to make immediate

moves to develop overland routes

through Lusaka and the vexed "Tazara" rail link with Dar es Salaam.

If Zimbabwe's border with SA is

closed the Beira Corridor route

will be unable to cope with the suddenvolume of traffic, he predicted.

"In short, we believe that the

Zimbabwe business community

cannot afford to have all its eggs in

one basket," said Mclntyre. Despite Tazara's poor reputation for

reliability, it was undergoing a

US$160m rehabilitation programme and the 11 Dar es Salaam

freight berths could handle 1,8-million tons of cargo a year.

Mclntyre's speech echoed a

statement by Marinus Broenders,

MD of the Dutch consultancy firm

B V Project Development (Prode)

who said that Zimbabwe's farming

industry now had a vast potential

on international markets, but

Prime Minister Robert Mugabe's

government needed to make an urgent reassessment of economic air

freight rates.

22
A multi-million rand gap is expected to be created in Western

markets by the bans coming into

force on imports of South African

agricultural produce.

The Prode report, due for release in April, is understood to criticise Zimbabwean growers for a

"self-preservation attitude created by their own sudden exclusion

from European markets when uui

brought overnight international

sanctions against Rhodesia in November 1965.

"Zimbabwe will never become a

significant exporter without developing its organisationial infrastructure," warns the report,

which stresses the need for special

treatment of the burgeoning industry in allocations of scarce foreign

currency — over which the Harare

Reserve Bank maintains a tight

grasp.

Prominent among Zimbabwe's

recent petroleum product imports

from SA have been large stocks of

aviation fuel. Doubts have been expressed here about future South

African willingness to co-operate

with deliveries if the fuel is used to

exploit markets closed to its own

producers by sanctions.

Recent reports from Beira indicate progress is already being

made in upgrading the port and the

rail link with the Zimbabwean,border city of Mutare after years of

civil war and decay.

Rennies Shipping and Airfreight

state that all-round efficiency has

improved at the port with increased reliability in the electricity supply.

/9317

CSO: 3400/277

23
FARMERS' GREEN PAPER OUTLINES PLANS TO CUT COSTS

Harare THE HERALD in English 27 Feb 87 p 1

[Text]

ZIMBABWE

ZIMBABWE'S commercial farm c r s

have put up detailed

plans o»i how agricultural input cost»

could be contained

or even slashed to

cut. inflation, keep

agriculture viable

and expanding, and

ensure that basic

imported requirements reach all farmers who need

them.

In their green paper to

five Government ministries — a copy of widen

The Herald has obtained—

the farmers note that the

performance of the Zimhatwean economy since

Independence JrJ>.s been

closely linked to the fortunes of both communal

nnd commercial farmers.

The Government iccogniriw.l the hwx-rtr.rr ve of

agriculture and gave the I

sector a wide range of

assistance, which -.vas

readily acknowledged oy

all farmers.

But the problems of

lapidly rising input coatn,

which "showed no signs of

abating, had to be controlled If the the ever escalating cost of"living was'To

be contained.

There was little more

that farmers themselves

could do unaided to contain costs, 'besides the

tremendous efforts to

achieve higher margins

per unit of production, and

Government action was

.needed, says the paper.

No less than 60 percent

of farm inputs have their

costs either directly determined by the Government or are subject to

prices set by the Government after submissions

from suppliers.

A further 25 percent

had co3ts controlled by

the price control order of

1982; the Commercial

Fanners' Union believes

that this order now allows too high percentage

mark-ups in present-day

conditions.

The paper notes that

in the 1984/85 season,

agricultural production

was in excess of $1,4 billion and could hit $1,5

billion this season, the

level of output the

Firut Five-Year National

Development Plan did not

expect until the fifth year

of the pin ii.

But fanners note that

tliev are ;*,)!] reo;r,,ort to

nvoi.ifjo .11! percent iiimual

growth in production ovei

the five ycais of the plan,

and continue to provide

40 percent of export earnings.

Given adequate resources and suitable weather,

the farmers believe that

their sector can achieve

the set targets but right

now there were not

, enough Inputs and those

available were becoming

very expensive with costs

i ising 50,6 percent for the

last two seasons.

The paper, which was

prepared in September

last year but which has

been updated continuously

since, was addressed to

the ministries of: Lands,

Agriculture and Rural

Resettlement; Finance,

Economic Planning and

Development; Trade and

Commerce; Industry and

Technology; and Energy

and Water Resources and

Development.

If the CFtT recommendations were carried out,

the farmers believe, then

foreign exchange would be

used more efficiently there

would be increased competition in the local market place for Inputs, input costs would be reduced or at least curtailed,

and the overall inflation

rate would be better contained.

24
The foreign exchange

costs of chemicals has

risen by around öOO percent in the last six years

nml is now close to ?Cii

million and the CFU

recommends that suppliers are asked to tender

..» ;.<.!'.}.):;: t!;t> !;>!&<•, I.i-r;;,

and only the Importe;- he

allowed' to distribute. i

This would cut costs by j

giving the largest poa- j

slble bulk discounts, for j

only one importer would

bring in the entire Zimbabwean needs for a particular chemical, a n d

mark-ups could be lower

as there would be no need

lor an extra mark-up for |

resale.

Grain haps cost Zimbabwe ?28 million In 1985

and last just three years.

This amount could have

bought 220 combine harvesters with it life of 15

to 20 years.

The CFU strongly

recommends the use of

PVC-covercd bunker storage already used successfully In other countries

while continuing with the

bulk flllo programme

. The cost of stockfeeds

has a major effect on the

viability of the dairy and

cattle farmers. Already

prices have risen eo high

that farmers are buying

less. With stockfeeds

forming 80 percent of

the livestock producer's

costs, rises and drops In

the price of such products

have a major effect on

productivity.

Foreign currency allo-;

cations have, for a long

time, provided just the

minimum number of new

tractors under a pricing

scheme that glws no Incentive to Importers to

reduce landed costs.

E't-faotory prices could

be cut by at. least 20

percent if a system of

allocations based on the

chronological order 0£

cash '. deposited orders

from farmers was introduced.

The level of sophistication of some models was

not more than was needed

even by Zimbabwe's commercial farmers and the

CFU would fully support

the Import of tractors

with am adequate level of

equipment.

The lack of sufficient

volume of any particular

model had precluded development of local equipment and spares, despite

available technology in

Zimbabwe.

C o m bine harvesters

were needed for all

groups, ranging from big

new machines for large

growers and contractors

to a tractor-drawn unit,

either Indian or — preferably • Danish — for

small growers, says the

paper.

Large savings could be

made 'ty buying good second-hand wilts or by buying now American units

that lui.vc been superseded

recently by later models

Ibut, because of the agilcultural recession In the

US, are going for a fraction of the new prico.

Spares were selling for

tav hf^.hor costs the-a >,

iüiurcpeüMi fsirmt'.' haa to

pay and the CBTJ suggested a veurm to the open

genera) import licence

system for a narrow and

well-defined group of fastmoving spares.

Fertilisers represented

25 percent of crop Input

costs 'and the high cost

was seriously affecting

;Zimbafov/e's ability to

I compete on export, markets.

Local urea cost 2,2 times

as much as imported urea

could be brought. In for

and sold to farmers because of the high cost vi

Sable Chemicals production processes.

Agriculture uses about

a quarter of Zimbabwe's

dlesel and this coats farmers about ?60 million a

year. The CFU suggests

the 8,Sc a litre duty

could be scrapped,

Klectiicity made up 80

peicent of irrigation running costs and the cost

had risen mote than 210

percent since 1979/80.

The CFU recommended

that Zeso. look at an offpeak tariff for farmers to

the benefit of both the

authority and the farming community.

The mark-up for lubricants should be reviewed,

suggested the paper, as

the dollar value mark-up

had increased substantially because the percentage maik-up was now

applied to a 20 percent

tax as well as the original

oil value.

Special care must be

taken to ensure that baiter deals did not produce

goods at higher than casti

prices.

/9317

CS0: 3AOO/277

25
SOUTH AFRICA

POLICE TAKE ACTION AGAINST JOURNALISTS

MB210933 Johannesburg THE WEEKLY MAIL In English 20r26 Mar 87 p 2

[By Ruth Becker]

[Excerpts] Police are Investigating charges against the WEEKLY MAIL for possible contraventions of the emergency regulations,

The WEEKLY MAIL has been told the investigation arises from an eyewitness

account of a violent clash between security forces and Metal and Allied Workers' Union (MAWU) members at a rally in Durban last year.

The complaint was laid by the SA police directorate of public relations.

The investigation follows last week's banning of two editions of NEW NATION

weekly paper. The editions, volume two numbers six and seven, were published

in February this year and are banned for distribution,

NEW NATION staffer Gabu Tugwana expressed surprise at the move, particularly

as the papers had "been on the streets" for almost a month. They intend to

challenge the ban and their lawyers have asked the authorities for reasons

for the banning,

NEW NATION is the third newspaper to fall foul of the Publications Act in the

last month, A single edition ban was placed on THE NAMIBIAN last month, but

later rescinded. As a member of the Newspaper Press Union (NPU), the paper is

not subject to the Publications Act under which the ban was imposed.

In the same week the student publication SASPU [expansion unknown] NATIONAL

was ordered to submit copy of future editions to a publications control board.

They are appealing against the decision.

Neither SASPU NATIONAL nor NEW NATION are members of the NPU. Their bans have

prompted speculation that the government is trying to pressurise papers to

join the union, thereby subjecting them to greater control as they would be a

minority within the union.

In other action against journalists this week}

26
AGENCE FRANCE PRESSE photographer Walter Dhladhla and freelance journalist

Nana Kutumela were held by police for questioning for four hours on Tuesday,

They had gone to Duduza on the East Rand to report on the upgrading of the

township, but were apprehended by municipal police. Dhladhla said it was

not "an unrest situation." He was nonetheless questioned about his motives

for being there and taken to the security police at Dunnotar police station,

where his passport and contact book were scrutinized and his car searched.

His film and an expired press card were confiscated.

Jo-anne Richards, a reporter for THE STAR newspaper, has been served with a

subpoena in terms of Section 205 of the Criminal Procedure Act.

Last week, WEEKLY MAIL reporter Jo-ann Bekker was told she is facing charges

under the Police Act, along with EASTERN PROVINCE HERALD Editor-in-Chief

Koos Viviers and HERALD reporter Debbie March.

The charge relates to a story written two years ago, when Bekker worked for

the HERALD, concerning unrest in Cradock in the Eastern Cape.

They are due to appear in the Cradock magistrate's court on 31 March.

/9274

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27
SOUTH AFRICA

»SOURCES' IN SECURITY FORCES OUTLINE ANC STRATEGY

MB210828 Johannesburg THE STAR In English 21 Mar 87 p %

[By David Braun]

[Text] The government has apparently accepted that it will never win over the

hard core of the ANC to its view of negotiations on the basis of an abandonment of violence. Therefore its official policy towards the organisation is:

"Command and coerce,"

This has emerged from interview with sources high in the country's security

establishment,

According to these sources the ANC and particularly Mr Joe Slovo, commander

of the military wing of the organisation, consider themselves to be world

leaders in conducting revolutionary warfare against countries such as South

Africa,

But they are not the only ones who regard themselves as "special," According

to a senior government man, the SA security forces regard themselves as the

world leaders in combatting the kind of revolutionary onslaught being pursued

by the ANC,

The revolutionary strategy and tactics adopted by the ANC in this regard have

been identified by the South African Government as massive and detailed.

This, according to the perception of the South African security authorities,

is what this strategy involves:

1, The government's information is that the ANC has committed itself irrevocably to a people's revolution in South Africa that involves the armed

seizure of power and the eventual transition of the country into a Marxist

state.

2, It believes that the ANC cannot afford to allow itself to be legalised

under the present system because that would be a major blow to its credibility and set it back to the relatively weaker position politically that it was

in before Sharpeville,

28
3, The government dismisses the notion that the ANC comprises Marxist and

nationalist elements„ A study of the ANC literature, such as SECHABA, it

says, produces no evidence of any alternative to the SA Communist Party being actively propagated.

According to government information, the ANC has identified several areas

for action» the mobilisation of the masses, the establishment of underground

structures to co-ordinate mobilisation and sabotage, armed struggle escalation

of internal propaganda, and the revamping of its management organisation.

A senior government source believes that any power wanting to take political

control of South Africa would have to have a strong army. That is why the

ANC has identified the SA Defence Force as its main target.

According to government strategists, the ANC has no conventional force nor does

it have any plans at this time to acquire one.

The revolutionary people's army is to consist of revolutionary armed people

(fighting at night working as civilians by day), guerrilla units in the

countryside, elements of the enemy forces (black policemen and soldiers),

people's self-defence militia, and combat units for terrorism and sabotage.

The ANC's strategic objective, according to intelligence, is three-fold:

Destroy the state and the military power, conquer the country, destroy the

will of the enemy.

According to a security source the ANC plans the revolution in four phases,

but only the first two, or conquering phases, are publicised.

These are the democratic revolution phase and the socialist revolutionary

phase (the destruction of the capitalist system).

The hidden phases, known as the consolidation phases are the political

revolutionary phase (elimination of all opposition and the establishment of

people's democratic dictatorship) and the ideological revolutionary phase

(securing the Marxist state).

The security forces have identified four escalating operational phases of the

revolutionary onslaught: The creation of underground organisations to mobilise the masses, intimidation of the masses and urban terrorism against

government organisations, guerrilla war and full-scale mobile war between

conventional forces of both sides.

According to security sources the ANC is preparing to launch the guerrilla

war phase in rural areas.

At the moment, depending on the region, South Africa is in phases one and

two of the revolution.

The ANC apparently has not provided for phase four as it believes the government will capitulate before then.

29
The government's counter-revolutionary strategy involves "rolling back." the

revolution to each preceding phase.

The security forces have advised the government that even the negotiation

with the revolutionary forces would be regarded as a sign of weakness and of

panic.

Surrender or an accommodation with the revolutionary forces is therefore ruled

out.

Instead, the strategy must be to protect the government and the masses,

eliminate the grievances of the population which lend themselves to be exploited by the revolutionary forces, and create a vision for the political

future of all the people.

The aim is to win over the hearts and minds of the bulk of the people to the

side of the authorities by means of this strategy,

/9274

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30
SOUTH AFRICA

PIK BOTHA CRITICAL OF WORRALL TACTICS

MB201644 Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 20 Mar 87 p 10

[Text] Dr Denis Worrall should have been fired as ambassador to the Court of

St James, the minister of foreign affairs, Mr Pik Botha said last night.

Mr Botha told a meeting of about 800 people in Jeppe last night that the first

he had heard of Dr Worrall's resignation was from the press.

He said he had kept quiet about the circumstances surrounding Dr Worrall's

resignation until now.

After reading the report about Dr Worrall's decision to resign, he had

phoned Ma in London and asked him what was happening. Dr Worrall had replied that the reports were true and he wanted to be relieved of his duties,

Mr Botha said he had expressed his surprise to Dr Worrall that he had not

been notified first.

He said he had agreed to accept his resignation although "I believe he should

have been fired,"

It had been unfair of Dr Worrall to attack Dr Piet Koornhof for planning to

speak at a house meeting in the Helderberg constituency,

"Dr Worrall criticised Dr Koornhof, who had not yet handed over his credentials as Ambassador to Washington,"

Referring to Dr Worrall's statement that Mr Botha and the minister of

constitutional development and planning, Mr Chris Heunis, could not stand

each other, Mr Botha said it showed the level of the political debate to

which he had descended,

"Apart from not being true, it is completely irrelevant to the South African

situation,"

He said Dr Worrall did not seem to understand the teamwork which existed in

the cabinet.

31
'We can disagree but when it comes to the interests of South Africa we stand

together," he said.

He said the National Party was being blamed for the sanctions against South

Africa but a PFP government would also have attracted sanctions.

Not only would the PFP introduce a worse form of sanctions and boycotts, but it

would bring about "unthinkable chaos, confusion and conflict."

On the other hand the CP and the HNP would bring on South Africa an image it

did not deserve.

They invited conflict and would expose South Africa to its enemies.

/9274

CSO: 3400/293

32
SOUTH AFRICA

GROUP AREAS VIOLATIONS TO RESULT IN CONFISCATION

MB220812 Johannesburg SUNDAY TIMES in English 22 Mar 87 p 2

[By Lester Venter and Cas St Leger]

{Text} The government has delivered a shock Group Areas warning to white

property owners who house other races: We will confiscate your properties!

The threat is part of a remarkable attempt by the government to deal with

public concern over the act, its major Achilles' heel in the elections.

On the one hand it is offering to stop prosecutions of people presently living illegally in other group areas.

On the other, it threatens savage penalties for owners of properties in

which contraventions occur,

And all this is I:interim" until the President Council's recommended changes to

the act become available.

The ultimatum was confirmed at the weekend by Mr Piet Badenhorst, deputy

minister of constitutional development and planning, after unsourced reports

spelling out government's new strategy appeared in two National Party-supporting

newspapers,

Mr Badenshorst warned that legislation enabling confiscation already existed—

Article 41 of the Group Areas Act—and that government was prepared to use it.

He also said government's new strategy was not to act against the "disqualified" people occupying the properties—but to slam the owners instead.

Mr Badenhorst said contravening owners would—according to Article 41—be

given three months to "correct" the situation, after which their properties

could be sold.

There were also strong signals at the weekend that already mixed suburbs like

Hillbrow and Mayfair in Johannesburg and Woodstock in Cape Town could be declared "grey areas" where residents and property owners would be immune to

Group Areas prosecution.

33
Mr Alf Widman, Progressive Federal Party MP for Hillbrow, yesterday dis^

missed the move as "an election stunt,"

He said the government was "trying to get the best of both worlds" by an

apparent concession to the left if not prosecuting "disqualified" residents,

but showing a strong arm for the benefit of the right wing by threatening

whites who allowed the mixing,

Many people of "disqualified" races were living in Hillbrow and other similar

areas with official permits,

Mr Badenhorst, however, said government recognized Hillbrow, Mayfair, Wood«,

stock and other metropolitan suburbs as "affected areas" where whites had

moved out and blacks who had no alternative accommodation had moved in*

The Gr^up Areas Board would "look again: at the classification of these

areas,"

The government has been in an increasingly serious dilemma over the Group

Areas Act,

A landmark court case.--.the Govender appeal<-*«five years ago effectively

neutralised government action against contraventions when the Pretoria

supreme court ruled that a contravenor of the Groups Areaa Act could not be

evicted unless suitable alternative accommodation was provided.

Last year police handled 923 complaints on contravent-ons of the Group Areas

Act but only four resulted in convictions,

/9274

CSO* 3400/293

34
SOUTH AFRICA

BRIEFS

DE KLERK ON BLACK LIVING STANDARDS—-The minister of national educat-on, Mr

F, W, De Klerk says the security of whites in South Africa cannot be built

on the poverty and lack of progress of struggling black communities. Mr

De Klerk was commenting at Uitenhage on claims that the money of whites was

being wasted on the development of other population groups. He said that was

the Christian duty of the white community which was in a better position and

relatively more prosperous to help other population groups. In addition every

cent spent on improving the quality of life of the less privileged was an investment in the country's future and an insurance premium for the security

and future of the white community. Mr De Klerk said the government was

serious about improving the qualify of life of all people in South Africa.

Hundreds of millions of rands have been spent on training and job creation

to achieve this goal. [Text] [Johannesburg Domestic Service in English 0500

GMT 17 Mar 87 MB] /9274

CSO; 3400/293

35
SOUTH AFRICA

BUTHELEZI ON ELECTION, INKATHA-ÜDF CLASHES

MB210818 Johannesburg THE STAR in English 21 Mar 87 p 4

[By Barney Mthombothi]

[Text] Chief minister of Kwazulu, Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi says State

President Mr P, W, Botha is asking the white electorate for a blank cheque

since he has not stated clearly what he wants to do with the mandate he is

seeking,

In an interview with THE SATURDAY STAR, Chief Buthelezi said the major issue

was whether black people were going to be enfranchised and whether key

apartheid laws like the Population Registration Act and Group Areas Act were

to be repealed,

He added« "I don't see anything that encourages me in the manifesto of the

National Party because it is not clear what Mr Botha wants to do,"

Chief Buthelezi said Mr Botha should "unshackle black democracy" by releasing

leaders like Nelson Mandela, Zeph Mothopeng (president of the Pan Africanist

Congress) and others,

The government should also negotiate with the ANC, with or without its renunciation of violence, he said.

Chief: Buthelezi said he gave Mr Botha credit for slaying holy cows like the

Mixed Marriages Act and Influx Control Laws,

"The issue is now black people in Parliament, It seems to me, in terms of

his capacity, maybe he has reached his ceiling,"

Chief Buthelezi said he agreed with people who said perhaps Mr Botha had

become the problem but saw no suitable replacement among his lieutenants.

The Kwazulu chief minister decried clashes between black organizations—-"a

greater obstacle than Mr Botha's intransigence."

He said he would welcome a Patriotic Front-type alliance among black organizations, especially between Inkatha and the ANC,

36
However, Chief Butheiezi defended Inkatha members. He said where they had

been involved in clashes it was either in retaliation or to defend themselves •

But fighting could be stopped if leaders met to discuss the matter.

He had offered to meet the leadership of both the United Democratic Front and

the ANC. The offers were rejected, he said.

Government rejection of the Natal Kwazulu Indaba proposals would not mean the

end of his political career,

"It's not my indaba," he said,

Inkatha's membership had yet to endorse the proposals.

/9274

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37
SOUTH AFRICA

UDF SAYS WHITES-ONLY ELECTIONS NO SOLUTION

MB191455 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1433 GMT 19 Mar 87

[Text] Johannesburg, 19 Mar (SAPA)—The coming House of Assembly elections

were a "time-wasting blockade of the real challenges that South Africa should

be facing," the United Democratic Front said today.

In a document entitled: "The United Democratic Front Position on Whites Only

Elections," the UDF said that the election and its participating parties

"offer no solutions to the political crisis as the majority of South Africans

are excluded from their right to govern." The statement said that as long as

they were excluded "there will continue to be conflict."

The Nationalists and other political parties taking part in the elections

had no long term visions for a peaceful and productive South Africa. "Hope

lies in the coming together of all South Africans, black and white, to forge

a non-racial and united country," the statement said. "We believe that whites

are thinking of emigration should stay and contribute to the creation [of]

democratic decision-making processes."

The "real process of change" in South Africa would continue outside parliament

in "the mass democratic movement" and the "real engine of democracy" was South

Africans, black and white, who had organised themselves into anti-apartheid

groupings, such as trade unions, civic, youth and women's organisations.

By distancing themselves from the process of change, whites would be cutting

themselves off from the "mainstream political developments of the future,"

the statement continued. "The majority of South Africans are committed to a

non-racial, democratic and unitary country. The UDF considers this parliament

and government are illegitimate. We say the only solution for South Africa

lies in one-person-one-vote." All other solutions were misplaced.

"We hope that this election period will be a time when all South Africans consider their options. We call on whites to contribute to end racism and minority domination," the UDF statement concluded,

/9274

CSO: 3400/290

38
SOUTH AFRICA

TRIAL BRINGS OUT DETAILS OF VIGILANTE UNIT OPERATIONS

Johannesburg THE WEEKLY MAIL in English 6-12 Mar 87 p 3

[Text]

THE extent of the grip vigilantes hold

on South African townships, and the

way police sometimes allow them to

operate, were graphically illustrated

in the Cape Town Supreme Court this

week.

Details of a typical vigilante unit,

operating in the Zolani township near

Montagu in the Western Cape, came

out during the trial of four men

charged with public violence.

Dawid Bosch, former member of

the Montägu-Ashton Community

Services Advice Office, gave the

details during evidence in mitigation

of sentence for Samuel Mangcola, 29,

Charles Msoki, 45, Timothy

fyhalisisu, 39, and Lemi Mhlomi, 25.

They were convicted earlier of

public violence for stoning the house

of development board employee Jim

Calata, and setting alight a car parked

outside his house.

Bosch explained that a vigilante unit

had been set up during November

1985, when there was talk of a school

boycott in Zolani.

A group of 30 or 40 men in the

township of 5 000 people decided,

without consulting the community, to

impose a 9pm curfew in an attempt to

prevent the boycott.

The curfew was imposed by ringing

a bell at 9pm, and assaulting people

found outdoors after that time, Bosch

said.

/9317

CSO: 3400/278

He took "60 to 70" affidavits over

several months from people who had

been assaulted. According to his

affidavits, Calata had been involved in

six "incidents" between November

and January.

Another resident, Stanford

Matroos, had been involved in 22, and

William Matroos in 16.

After breaking the "curfew", Bosch

himself had been confronted by

"aggressive, excited, fc/erie-waving

home guard members" whom he had

seen travelling in police and

development board vehicles.

"We wrote about four letters to the

police in December 1985, and one or

two more -in 1986. The police

commander said he was not prepared

to stop the curfew, because as far as he

was concerned it was lawful. He was

only prepared to act if there were

assaults," Bosch said.

He described the despair of the local

parents' committee at their perceived

lack of police protection from the

"home guard".

"The atmosphere in Zolani was an

atmosphere of fear. I myself

experienced it. There were many

assaults," he said.

Houses and cars belonging to both

"home guard" and civic association

members had heen burned out.

Bosch said he could not justify the

burnings: "But in a situation of

violence, where there is no access to a

police force, this sort of thing

develops," he said.

At one stage Bosch, who had by then

taken 25 sworn statements, gave two

of them to the police. They asked for

affidavits regarding "home guard"

assaults at which police were alleged

to be present, and Bosch gave them

three. "People were scared to make

them available," he said.

Two policemen whom he named

only as "Hansen and Laing" were

alleged to have been present at "many

incidents", he said, and he urged the

commanding officer to "get hold of

those two".

Under cross-examination by

prosecutor JL Theron, Bosch said he

could not say the police had acted in

bad faith, but added that the station

commander had a strange interpretation of public violence.

. Theron asked Bosch whether he had

heard of a group of people in Zolani

called "the comrades". "I have heard

the name," Bosch replied.

"In what connection?"

Bosch wept in court and was unable

to reply, so he asked for an

adjournment, which was granted.

Later he replied, saying "comrades"

was a "vague and general term, a

collective name for people with

grievances against the authorities".

The hearing has been postponed to

next Thursday.

39
SOUTH AFRICA

ANC OFFICIALS REGISTER ADVANCES AT HOME, ABROAD

Addis Ababa THE ETHIOPIAN HERALD in English 27 Feb 87 pp 1, 5

[Article by Makonnen Haile]

[Text]

"Our policies are based on our conception of a non-racial democratic

state in South Africa, which stance

continues to appeal even to democratic

elements among the white population.

And that is why today more und more

whites are coming over to join the African National Congress (ANC) and

our people's army".

This remark was made by Comrade

Steve Tshwete, Secretary of the 75th

Anniversary Committee of the ANC,

in an interview with the Ethiopian

Herald. He said the whites have become

disillusioned :with the apartheid regime, which can no longer inspire them

with a better future. Comrade S. Ishwete further noted, "It is an important

development, whii* ANC President

Oliver Tambo designated as the advent

of the discovery of truth by the whites

in South Africa. It is an important era

even at the international community

level, because even there is a discovery

of truth that the ANC is at the centre

of efforts to find a solution to the pre

lem in Souh Africa".

Comrade Tshwete, who was released

from the Robben Island prison in 1979

after completing a 13-year sentence;

called on the international community

to isolate the racist regime "in Pretoria

at all levels. He said: "Our entire people, both black and white, must not

support the racist regime. For that

matter the racist regime is becoming

ever more isolated even inside the country itself,4hus making it easier for the

ANC and our allies and friends throughout the world to rid our country

of the scourge of apartheid, to restore

freedom and independence to our country and to Namibia".

For these ideals to be achieved the

international community has to extend

increased support to the ANC and

SWAPO, the sole legitimate organizations that are fighting against the racist regime, Comrade Tshwete added.

He also urged the , international community to provide similar support to

the frontline, states, namely Zimbabwe,

Botswana, .Mozambique," Angola end,

Zambia. Speaking about sanctions,

Comrade Tshwete said the claim by

countries of the 'Contact Group' that sanctions would hurt the black population

more is not an honest position,' but a

40
cover up for their economic interests

in South Africa, lie observed that the.

black majority population of South

Africa have been suffering all these

years and right now they welcome the

idea of the imposition, of comprehensive sanctions as a way of cutting short

the life span of the criminal terrorist

apartheid regime.

Comrade Tshwete became associated

with the ANC as early as 1959, while

a student at Ring Witliamstown, eastern Cape Province, where he was born.

He was staying in the same prison as

Nelson Mandela in Robben Island,

Nelson Mandela, who is now serving

a life sentence at Pollsmoor maximum

security prison in Cape Town, will be

completing his 25th year in detention

i„ November, this year. He described

the prison situation as very deplorable.

Recalling the hard prison years at

Robben Island, Comrade Tshwete sad

Nelson Mandela and the entire ANC

leadership continued to be pillars of

inspiration to the young and older ANC

.activists alike, so that they would dedicate themselves to keep the struggle

going. He said the extremely harsh prison conditions made him to be more,

dedicated to the struggle for the eradication of the apartheid system.

After winning his freedom, Comrade

Tshwete continued his political activities in East London, Cape Province.

His release from prison coincided with

intensive popular upheaval, in which

trade unions were engaged in strikes

and political protests against the apartheid regime. Students also joined the

uprising, staging massive demonstrations, while civic organizations equally

rose against the racist system. The

church was also up against the racist

regime. Comrade Tshwete related that

all these widespread popular actions

were inspired, by the intensification of

the armed struggle, which is exclusively carried on by the ANC and the People's Army — Vmkhonto We Sizwe

(Spear of the Nation).

Comrade Tshwete said that it was

against the background of the on-going

struggle by the mass democratic organizations inside the country that the

ANC made «he call for unity of ac.

tion, which led to the creation of the

United Democratic Front (UDF). He

emphasized the fact that no organic

link exists between the ANC and UDF,

adding that the latter is simply a

broad-based mass democratic front of

all anti-apartheid forces in South Africa. At the end of 1985, the UDF bad a

membership of more than 800 organizations, . embracing trade unions,

church and other religious bodies, students, workers and peasants. He said

that the UDF has become a front of

all organizations legally operating inside South Africa, but is not a front of

the ANC as claimed by the fascists for

the purposes of suppressing the UDF.

Also taking part in the interview.

Comrade Johhnie Makatini, Director of

the Department of International Affairs of the ANC, noted that the recent

and continuing overtures made to the

ANC by Pretoria's well-known allies,

Britain, the USA and others, is proof

that they are beginning to see the writing on ,the wall.

He stated that at,this juncture the

apartheid regime is engaging in more

brazen acts of terrorism both at liome

and abroad. In view of this the ANC

appeals' to the international community

to immediately impose comprehensive

and mandatory sanctions against the

racists in South Afrida, he stressed.

41
Comrade Makatini said in »his context the ANC strongly condemns the

casting of veto last weeV by the U.S.

and Britain (with the U.K. and the

FRG, in order to FRG joining them

in a negative vote) against a resolution

calling for selective and mandatory

sanctions against the racist regime. He

described the move as a hostile act to

African aspirations.

. Comrade Makatini noted that the recent statement by . General Magnus

Malan, South Africa's Minister of Defence, announcing the regime's plan to

"physically eliminate" the ANC, even

if this means crossing South Africa's

borders, must be seen and treated as a

challenge, first and foremost to the

entire peoples of Africa and the international community at large. The ANC

official said the appropriate response

is increased support to the ANC. "We

also call for maximum support to the

frontline and other neighbouring

states, whose territorial integrity and

security is increasingly threatened by the Pretoria regime, which has

arrogated to itself the right to intervene militarily in all African countries

south of the Equator." he pointed out.

Comrade Makatini said such support

must take the form of strengthening

these countries' defence capabilities

and bolstering their economies.

He also raised the question of timely assistance to the ANC en the part of son»

OAU member states. The ANC official

stated that some have not paid their

dues to the OAU Liberation Committee.

He pointed out that this has seriously

impaired the work of this important

committee, at a crucial, time when it

should be strengthening the fighting

capability of the peoples of South Africa and Namibia in their . march to

ultimate victory.

"It is true that a steadily growing

number of OAU member states have

contributed generously to the ANC.

We must add to this the selfless sacrifices paid by the Frontline states", he

said.

Comrade Makatim further pointed

out that the ANC has been immensely

encouraged by the moving messages of

solidarity as well as'the observance of

the 75th anniversary of its founding

by a large number of countries around

the world. The celebrations, which began on 8 January 1987 and will contiriue throughout the year, have bee*

characterized by reaffirmation of support to the just struggle of the people

of South Africa. The intcrnationel

community also voiced reaffirmatio*

of solidarity in this world wide campaign for the speedy elimination of

apartheid.

"The advances registered by the

ANC both at home and abroad and the

furtherance of the political and armed

struggle as well as the campaign for

the total isolation of the Pretoria rcglme, coupled with the recognition et

the ANC as the alternative authority

in South Africa, fills us with the coBviction that the demise of the inhuman apartheid system is in sight*.

Comrade Matatini concluded.

The two comrades are attending the

45th Ordinary Session of the OAU

Council of Ministers, currently under

way at Africa Hall«

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42
SOUTH AFRICA

STUDENTS DEMONSTRATE FOR SHARPEVILLE COMMEMORATION

MB192003 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1948 GMT 19 Mar 87

[Text] Johannesburg, 19 Mar (SAPA)—Some 300 students at Witwatersrand University today staged a demonstration on campus to commemorate the death of 69

people in the Sharpeville shootings.

A large contingent of police guarded university entrances where students

gathered at intervals during their commemoration but no reports of clashes

were received.

The Black Students Society [BSS] and NUSAS [National Union of South African

Students] organised the campus march to mark the anniversary of the death of

69 people at Sharpeville in 1960 when police opened fire on a crowd demonstrating against the pass laws.

A rival student group, the Students Moderate Alliance [SMA], said tonight

that about 30 demonstrators disrupted lectures by bursting in and singing

revolutionary songs. The SMA condemned the "grossly provocative and intolerant conduct of those responsible" and called on university authorities to take

disciplinary action. It alleged the demonstrators forces some students to

leave the lecture halls.

Spokesmen for NUSAS and the BSS were not immediately available for comment.

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43
SOUTH AFRICA

UDF, COSATU OFFICIALS ON SHARPEVILLE ANNIVERSARY

MB191325 Dakar PANA in English 1145 GMT 19 Mar 87

[Text] Johannesburg, 19 Mar (ANO/PANA) ^Throughout South Africa's four provinces, commemoration services will be held for those who died and were maimed

on 21 March 1960 in Sharpeville,

In the Township of Sharpeville nearly Vereeniging, situated in the explosive

Vaal Triangle (Johannesburg, Pretoria, Witwatersrand area), the black community will engage in an Operation Clean Up of the graves of the 69 people

killed 27 years ago when protesting against the pass laws.

In the period preceding the Sharpeville massacre, the African National Congress (ANC), called for non-cooperation with government institutions, for

boycotts, civil disobedience, etc., as a means of non-violent protest against

apartheid.

Strikes by women against passes led by the ANC led all over the country,

reaching a climax in 1955 when over 10,000 women marched to the Union Buildings in Pretoria and demanded a hearing from the prime minister.

Following the adoption of the Freedom Charter in 1955, a period in the history

of South Africa regarded as the turning point in the political history of the

country, 156 people, mostly ANC activities were arrested and charged with high

treason.

The ANC was preparing itself for another anti^pass campaign in March following a period of political protest in South Africa, when it was forestalled by

the newly formed Pan~Africanist Congress (PAC) by ten days.

National president of the United Democratic Front (UDF) Liberation Coalition,

Mrs Albertlna Sisulu, pointed out to ANO that what happened at Sharpeville was

a turning point in the liberation struggle.

Blacks openly resisted unjust laws like the pass laws and burnt their passes.

They became more and more united and began to offer all forms of resistance,

she said,

Mrs Sisulu said the heroes who died on 21 March 1960, did not die in vain.

They left their mark even to this day which is why the struggle for liberation

has not ceased to the astonishment of the apartheid regime,

44
Mrs Albertina Sisulu noted that events like Sharpeville and the current

state of emergency made the liberation movement inside South Africa even

stronger, and this should also serve as the reason why the liberation struggle has not ceased«

The 650,000-strong Congress of South Africa Trade Unions (COSATU) said the

workers of South Africa would not forget the massacre of Sharpeville nor

would it forget the masse killings of Soweto, Langa and Alexandra which followed

Sharpeville,

Mr Frank Meintjies, COSATU's national information officer commented on the

Sharpeville issue by saying» These memories are rooted in the consciousness

of workers and the oppressed community, fuelling a deep seated and unshakeable commitment to ending the system of apartheid and exploitation.

Since the Sharpeville killings in 1960, the Pretoria regime has become Infinitely more repressive in response to mass-based resistance throughout the

country. Daily we continue to encounter the brutality of the Botha government

supported by business interests,

Mr Meintjies said that despite the reformist language used by Pretoria, the

reality is there. Instead, under pressure from Africans, and international

opposition, the government has moved further to the right.

He said that the black community had adapted to the situation Inside the

country and will continue to further the liberation struggle on every front.

He also pointed out that COSATU in 1987 was demanding that Sharpeville day

be a paid holiday along with 16 June and 1 May (May Day), He added that all

of COSATU1s affiliates will be making this demand during wage negotiations

this year,

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45
SOUTH AFRICA

AZAPO, AZASM COMMEMORATIONS BANNED IN CAPE

Prohibitions on Eve of Sharpeville Anniversary

MB202049 Johannesburg SAPA in English 2040 GMT 20 Mar 87

[Text] Cape Town, 20 Mar (SAPA)—Prohibitions were imposed tonight—the eve of

the anniversary of the 1960 Sharpeville massacre—on any meetings in the

Western Province of the Azanian People's Organisation (AZAPO) or the Azanian

Students Movement (AZASM) commemorating the shootings at Sharpeville or Lanea

Uitenhage, in 1985.

The ban, issued by the acting divisional commissioner of police, Western

Province division, Brig Nicolaas Acker, prohibits gatherings, "convened,"

^'organised" or "held under the auspices" of AZAPO and AZASM commemorating

"any incident of unrest" on 21 March 1960 at Sharpeville, or on 21 March, 1985,

at Langa, Uitenhage.

It further bans the commemoration of the death of any person who died in any of

those incidents or in security action connected with any of them.

The order covers the magisterial districts of Cape Town, Athlone, Wynberg,

Bellville "and within the Western Province division of the SAP" until 24 March.

AZASM President Terms Ban 'Provocative1

MB211456 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1249 GMT 21 Mar 87

[Text] Cape Town, 21 Mar (SAPA)—The banning of commemoration meetings was

"extremely provocative," the president of the Azanian Students Movement (AZASM),

Mr Monde Ntwasa, said in Cape Town today.

He was reacting to last night's order issued by Brigadier Nick Acker, acting

divisional commissioner of police in the western Cape, banning meetings or

gatherings organised by the Azanian People's Organisation (AZAPO), or the

Azanian Students Movement (AZASM) to commemorate the Sharpeville, Vereeniging,

riots of 21 March 1960 or the Langa, Uitenhage riots of 21 March 1985 or the

death of anybody killed in those riots.

46
The two black-consciousness organisations have been prohibited from commemorating the Sharpeville or Langa riots in Athlone, Wynberg, Cape Town and

Bellville and within the Western Province police division from yesterday to

Tuesday,

In a statement in Cape Town Mr Mtwasa said it now meant only the voice of

"totalitarian rule" would be heard in the country. "The Nationalist Party

will do anything to give dignity to the farcical white elections. Black

people are and will continue to be prevented from demonstrating rejection

and abhorrence of the repressive and exploitative white rule, least the tower

of Afrikanerdom collapses," he said.

[SAPA prefaces this item as follows: "Note to editors: The following may

contravene emergency regulations. A copy has been sent to IPLC [Interdepartmental Press Liaison Center]."]

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47
SOUTH AFRICA

ANC, PAC MARK SHARPEVILLE DAY

MB200659 Harare Domestic Service in English 0600 GMT 20 Mar 87

[Text] A spokesman for the African National Congress, ANC, of South Africa

Comrade Tom Sebina, says a new democratic system created by the people of '

South Africa will replace the present brutal system which gives all the

power to the white minority. In a statement to PANA on the occasion of the

27th anniversary of the Sharpeville massacre, which is tomorrow, Comrade

Sebina said the oppressed masses have made certain areas ungovernable in

South Africa, He said events of the past year have shown the determination

of the oppressed people of South Africa to make the final strike towards the

destruction of the Pretoria regime.

In a message to mark Sharpeville Day, the chairman of the Pan-Africanist

Congress of Azania, Comrade Johnson Mlambo, said that on that day 69

Azanians were massacred by troops of the Pretoria regime, who left more

than 180 wounded. The significance of the day, he said, is that it ushered

a new era in the political struggle of the (?disenfranchised) majority for

national liberation and self-determination.

Sharpeville Day has been declared by the united Nations as the international

day for the elimination of racial discrimination in recognition of the 1960

antipass campaign which culminated in the massacres at Sharpeville and Lanea

by troops of the Pretoria regime.

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48
SOUTH AFRICA

TEXTILE UNION REELECT DETAINED PRESIDENT

MB210524 Johannesburg SOWETAN in English 20 Mar 87 p 2

[Text] An emergency detainee, Mr Samuel Fezile Tiyo, has been re-elected

national president of the Textile Workers' Industrial Union of SA [TWIUSA],

Mr Tiyo was picked up at his home in Paarl and detained on 12 June last

year, according to the union spokesman.

Delegates at the union's annual conference in East London last weekend expressed concern over his continued detention. About 19,000 workers were

represented at the indaba.

The conference was told that Mr Tiyo's employers, SA Woollen Mills, had

closed down during his detention.

A threewaan delegation was chosen to meet officials of the National Union of

Textile Workers to explain the problems TIUSA had following an invitation

for a merger.

The union resolved to fight for fewer working hours because blacks lived far

from working areas and women could not cope with their roles as wives,

mothers and workers.

The union also resolved to inform its mother body, the International Textile,

Garment and Leather Workers' Federation, to implement a code of employment

practices for overseas employers in South Africa.

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49
SOUTH AFRICA

KWANDEBELE RECONSIDERS INDEPENDENCE; OPPONENTS IN DETENTION

MB210920 Johannesburg THE WEEKLY MAIL in English 20-26 Mar 87 p 3

[By Pat Sidley]

[Text] The Kwandebele legislative assembly faces another motion aimed at

making the territory independent, sources close to the Ndzundza royal kraal

believe,

The motion is expected to be tabled next month, and the likelihood of strong

opposition remains slight as many of those who opposed independence last year

are now in detention.

The sources said at least 25 people are being held-^almost all tribal authority leaders and members of parliament. These include Prince Cornelius

Mahlangu, brother pf Prince James—chairman of the Ndzundza authority—who

was fired in December as Minister of Health, Pensions and Social Welfare.

The sources pointed out that most of them opposed Independence at last year's

session, when the plan was shelved.

The speaker of the house, Solly Mahlangu—who ruled the independence issue

dead without a vote—'has also been fired.

Prince James has not been detained three times—most recently, on 20 February

on the steps of the assembly, during a special sitting to discuss the Appropriations Bill. It was two days after his previous release.

His other brother, Andries Mahlangu, has also been detained twice—the second

time seven minutes after his release. The sources said he had been accused

of wanting to kill the new chief minister, George Mahlangu.

"They have arrested the parliamentary opposition. If you oppose, you will

be arrested. Even those who give support to the Ndzundza people will be arrested," the sources said,

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50
SOUTH AFRICA

RETAILERS REPORT INCREASED SALES TO BLACKS

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 27 Feb 87 p 4

[Article by Kay Turvey]

[Text]

DESPITE an estimated 6% drop in

real consumption spending for all

race groups in 1986, retailers catering for black consumers reported

increased sales in the same period.

Retailers believed sales were lifted by

nationwide rent boycotts, which had the

effect of boosting black spending. Widespread consumer boycotts in the cities

also led to increased spending in rural

and homeland outlets.

Wits University research group head

Mark Swilling last year estimated the 54

boycotted black councils were losing a

total of R60m-R80m a month in rent

payments. These sums effectively acted

as a massive subsidy to the black consumer and provided a huge cash injection into the economy.

Market Research Africa (MRA) MD

Clive Corder attributed the boon in black

. consumer spending to rent boycotts and

a burgeoning informal sector.

There was an apparent increase in the

number of hawkers and people involved

in back-yard businesses, while growth in

the number of boarders and squatters on

established properties had substantially

contributed to disposable income.

The: development of black financing

methods meant a lot of money circulating in the townships was remaining in

the hands of blacks. Corder said the popularity of unregistered burial societies

and the stokvel system in which participants pooled money on a monthly basis

amounted to forced savings.

While there had been a decline in fulltime employment, the number of employed blacks was stabilising.

He said recent research by MRA had

determined there were 860 000 blacks

looking for full-time employment and

100 000 looking for part-time work in the

metropolitan areas.

Unisa's Market Research Bureau research director Marius Loubser estimated consumption spending dropped 5%-

6% in 1986 from 1985, based on monthlyfigures from the Department of Statistical Services.

Real disposable income for blacks

grew 14,5% in 1980/85, while white purchasing power dropped 0,5% in the comparable period.

In 1935, white spending represented

54% of total private expenditure and

black spening 33%.

Bergers MD Howard Mauerberger

said- "While overall consumer spending

is reported to have dropped in recent

months we have experienced a greater

demand for our merchandise."

The cash clothing chain, which caters

for the black consumer, last year improved sales 28% on the previous year's

R27,3m and turnover rose to R34,3m

1986, up R7m on 1985.

"At the time of the boycott in the

greater Port Elizabeth and East London

areas, we noted increased spending in

the homelands.

"We do see growth continuing, given

no unforeseen factors such as increased

unemployment," he said.

51
SA Bre series public affairs manager

Gary May said growth in beer sales continued to come primarily from black

consumption.

"Black disposable income obviously

improved last year through jobs in the

informal, sector, despite the unfavourable economic climate."

He said there had been a dramatic

swing in the number of black-owned

bottlestores.

Score retail division MD John McLean

said the rent boycott had contributed to

increased sales of durable and semi-durable goods last year.

Saleshouse MD Donald Ethridge said

over the past 10 months his stores had

reported a very rapid growth in sales,

with turnover u p 30 %.

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52
SOUTH AFRICA

GOVERNMENT FEARS INFLUX OF REFUGEES FROM HOMELANDS

Johannesburg THE WEEKLY MAIL in English 6-12 Mar 87 p 8

[Article by Louise Flanagan]

[Text]

THE PEOPLE of Potsdam are not

unique in their desperation to leave a

homeland where conditions have

become intolerable.

A representative of the National

Committee Against Removals

(NCAR) said other communities had

been watching developments there

with interest.

If the South African government

had made provision for the Potsdam

people, it would have raised hopes in

many areas that communities might be

able to leave the homelands and return

to direct rule by the South African

government, the NCAR said.

The government was afraid of

creating a precedent, as "it would be a

tremendous magnet for people," said a

member of the Grahamstown Rural

Committee (GRQ, one of the NCAR's

affiliates.

Communities were unwilling to

move to the homelands, as corruption

was rife. It would also mean losing

their South African citizenship — a

major factor, as the state in many

cases opted for incorporation of an

area into a homeland rather than

moving the community in the old

style.

"People are saying we want to be in

South Africa, we will squat at the

roadside if necessary but we are South

Africans and Pretoria must solve our

problems," the NCAR representative

said.

Among communities who have

approached the NCAR with their wish

to move is Thornhill, a resettlement

area in the northern Ciskei. People

there originally left the Herschel

district just before the Transkei was

granted "independence" in 1976.

About 20 000 people fled to

Thornhill, where they had been

promised land. But when they got

there, they found the land was far

from enough for them, and the area

was soon incorporated into Ciskei —

which itself gained independence a

few years later.

For years, the community has been

fighting for the land they say they

were promised. A member of the

GRC said: "They saw the Potsdam

people on TV and were horrified by

the people living in plastic shelters.

'They were watching the situation

with intense interest."

Although the majority were

unlikely to take the desperate steps

taken by the Potsdam people, she said

there was a "mood of desperation and

recklessness" among some.

A similar situation applies with

some 500 Sotho-speaking people from

Herschel, who fled to QwaQwa to

avoid Transkei independence. They

were expelled after Chief Minister TK

Mopeli's government appropriated

land they had been promised.

Now they live in Botshabelo/

Onverwacht, east of Bloemfontein,

53
and fear their area will be

incorporated into QwaQwa.

They are also adamant they will not

live under a homeland administration.

Their leader, David Tseki, said: "If

Onverwaclit becomes part of

QwaQwa, we will trek; I don't know

where — but we will not lose hope.

We will struggle on."

An area for whom incorporation

has already become a reality is

Vleifontein, which became part of

Venda on April 1, 1986. The

estimated 5 000 residents of

Vleifontein come from Tshikota in

Louis Trichardt From 1981 onwards

they were moved out to various areas,

depending on their ethnic

background.

The Vends speakers were settled at

Vleifontein, and they claim they were

promised it would never be

incorporated in'.o Venda. When the

area was added to the homeland last

year, they founded the Vlci'oitcin

Crisis Committee — which

immediately came under intense

pressure from Venda authorities.

Within four weeks, all its members

were either in detention or in hiding.

Nevertheless, the group wants to

return to Tshikota. They claim

pensions in Venda are lower, the

school system is inferior, nepotism

and corruption are rife.

—Elnews

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54
SOUTH AFRICA

NEW SCHOOLS FILLING BLACK EDUCATION VACUUM SAID TO BE POOR QUALITY

Johannesburg THE WEEKLY MAIL in English 6-12 Mar 87 pp 1, 2

[Article by Sefako Nyaka and Jo-Ann Bekker]

[Text]

FLY-BY-NIGHT operators are

stepping into the black education

vacuum, setting up schools in central

Johannesburg. Most are ill-equipped,

run by unqualified teachers, offer no

certificates at the end of the day

and charge exorbitant fees.

Parents are sinking well over

Rl 000 a year into such institutions in

their determination to salvage their

children's education after three years

of township schooling disrupted by

unrest and boycotts.

The Weekly Mail this week visited

black city schools in venues ranging

from a five-star hotel to a Red Cross

centre to cheap, shabby buildings.

Some appeared to be genuine nonprofit operations. All were inadequate. Most charged high fees which

did not include text books or

stationery.

The Department of Education and

Training — a central party to the

education crisis which has spawned

these schools — said it was aware of

their existence and had issued

principals with registration forms.

However, none of the schools had yet

applied for registration.

Registration — compulsory since

the introduction of Bantu Education in

the Fifties — might assist parents by

weeding out profit-makers posing as

educators and by imposing minimum

standards for classrooms and

equipment.

But it would also pose a threat to

those schools trying to broaden the

official syllabi by including

alternative education courses popularly known as "people's education"

— which is effectively banned in

terms of the Emergency regulations.

In much the same way, registration

snuffed out non-government schools

run by groups such as the African

National Congress Youth League in

the Fifties.

Principals interviewed said schools

in central Johannesburg must tread a

fine line between encouraging

students to participate democratically

and enforcing strict discipline. A

protest demonstration in the city

centre is likely to elicit a far stronger

response from the authorities than

similar actions in the townships — a

reaction which could threaten the

already precarious existence of the

schools.

Here is a breakdown of the schools

canvassed by the Mail: In all of these

schools, pupils have to buy their own

books and stationery and make their

own transport arrangements.

• Gillian Katz Studio of Speech and

English at the Carlton Hotel, Central

Methodist Church and BraamfotUein

Recreation Centre. Stattet/ more than

a month ago. Ixes R6:> a month,

although aUhe moment Kat7. claims

she is only in the process of selecting

students for her Robin Mood College.

55
Saturday classes: R40 registration

plus R20 a month for juniors, R30 for

seniors. There is also a R12

compulsory fee for sports

• Tswelopele Secondary School,

Commissioner Street. R100

registration fee, plus R60 a month.

Twenty teachers for 360 pupils. Not

registered.

• St Michel School, Market Street.

RI37 admission fees, plus R65 a

month for senior school pupils.

Classes, due to begin on Monday, have

failed to materialise. Classrooms are

not partitioned, there are no desks

— and no teachers.

• Uwezo College, Nugget Street,

R50 a month. Founded on January 20

in response to parents' demands. An

active parents' committee remains

involved in determining registration

fees of R20 and monthly fees of R50.

Students complain about lack of desks

and desertion of underpaid teachers.

There are 2! teachers for 480

students.

• Ipcde School, De Villiers Street.

Offers classes fo.' all standards. R5

fee, which the co-ordinator says is for

administrative purposes. Students

were told it was for an entrance,

examination. .

Schools outside central

Johannesburg:

• Part Time University Students

Association (Patusa) Education Trust,

Funda Centre, Diepkloof, Potchefstroom Road. Began January 14.

Evening classes, R150 a subject for

the year. 80 students, 15 qualified

teachers.

•• Lenasia Learning Centre, Loonat

Centre, Concord Place, Lenasia.

Primary and senior part-time classes

in a range of subjects. Forty-five

minute lessons twice a week. R6 a

lesson, 45-week year; thus a year's

tuition in one subject will cost about

R540. Primary classes began

February 2; senior classes are due to

begin in a fortnight.

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56
SOUTH AFRICA

SÄWCO DISCUSSES WORKER CONTROLLED PRODUCTION

Johannesburg WORK IN PROGRESS in English Feb 87 pp 13-15

[Text]

On 1 May 1985 over a thousand workers at BTR Sarmcol's Howick plant

went on strike. For years their union, the Metal and Allied Workers

Union, had been struggling for recognition froa management. Now

workers had lost patience with management delays. Those on strike were

dismissed, and the Sarmcol dispute continues to be fought nationally

and internationally. Workers have formed a number of co-operatives

since the strike began. These generate some income and employment, and

involve striking workers in democratically-structured activities. WIP

spoke to representatives of the Sarmcol Workers Co-operative (SAWCO). The

majority of SAWCO members come from Mpophomeni township, scene of recent

Inkatha-linked violence against MAWU members.

Why did workers decide to form a

co-operative, and can you describe the

process of setting it up? *

After Sarmcol fired us we did not know

how we would live. We thought of each

doing our own work to get something to

live on. A general meeting of Sarmcol

strikers decided representatives from

all the areas where we live should

discuss this. These representatives

established a committee called the SAWCO

Central Co-ordinating Committee.

We organised a seminar with this

committee, Sarmcol shop stewards and some

outside advisors. Office bearers were

elected to act as a finance subcommittee for SAWCO. They were also to

run the weekly representatives'

committee meeting. The representatives

report back to all the people in their

areas. We thought this was a fair way of

expressing democracy.

57
Why did the co-op choose to start

projects like silkscreenlng, the acting

group» and agriculture?

We decided to start with the T-shirt

silkscreenlng co-op because various

unions had made a commitment to order

from us. The T-shirt co-op started with

eight people and now has 25 full-time

workers.

We thought the acting group was

important, because plays they produced

would pass on the message and show the

struggle of Sarmcol workers. We did not

want people to forget our struggles.

Nine people work in the play group.

. We also wanted to create jobs and

supplement our food parcels. So we

looked for some land to farm. We

negotiated with the Catholic Church to

lease about fifty acres. About 15

members work and plant vegetables on

this farm.

Even before the Sarmcol strike many of

our children were not getting enough to

eat. This problem became worse when we

were all fired. So ten people, together

with some voluntary doctors and nurses,

formed a health committee.

This committee started by checking the

health of all the strikers' children and

measuring their weight and height. There

is a follow-up every month. Children who

are badly nourished get extra food from

a special donation.

Some strikers were being treated for

health problems inside Sarmcol, and we

realised we had to care for them. So we

orgnised a health screening for these

workers.

When the strike started a group of

five organised food parcels for the

strikers. This has led to the bulk

buying project. This is not off the

ground yet, but the intention is to bv

in bulk and sell goods cheaply to the

strikers, with no profit motive. The

bulk buying scheme will hopefully

involve the whole community.

We also decided to start a newspaper

so people could find out what is

happening in these projects. The

58
newspaper also covers events in the

community. Two people run this project

Have the structures of the projects be«

adapted to meet production needs?

The T-shirt co-op has had some training

to improve skills. Before, we waited a

long time for screens to be made, but

have now learnt to make our own. We are

going to buy more equipment for screen

printing and many things will change

then.

Are responsibilities shared or rotated?

Are there people who have taken on

specific tasks? And how are finances

controlled?

When T-shirt printing started we rotatec

all the jobs. But now some jobs need a

lot of training so we are not changing

round functions.

Each co-op elects office bearers who

meet with their group every Monday. They

then report on their activities in the

SAWCO Central Co-ordinating Committee.

All the expenses for the projects are

approved by the Central Co-ordinating

Committee.

Is the co-op financially viable? And can

the silkscreening project compete with

capitalist printers?

There are two production projects: the

farm, and T-shirt printing. T-shirts are

sold at similar prices to capitalist

products but we cannot make big profits

or even pay the kind of wages they pay.

We still have a long way to go before we

make enough money.

In the agricultural co-op we have not

farmed a full season and harvested all

the crops. So we still have to assess

the Income. Transport costs are a

problem for this project because the

farm is far from where the workers live.

How are issues of conflict and

discipline dealt with?

Problems that come up in projects are

first discussed in the individual

projects. If they are not resolved they

are put to the Central Co-ordinating

59
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Committee. If the issue is not resolved

at this committee it goes before a

general meeting of SAWCO members.

What lessons have been learnt about

organisation and management since the

c6fop started?

We believe that when starting a co-op,

members must discuss the ideas of

co-operative work right at the beginning

and make their commitment to this way

of working. If they do not discuss these

things they will end up in conflict and

expect others to take responsibility for

all the problems.

How do community members and striking

workers not employed In the co-op

participate?

We invite community people to join SAWCO

as associate members. There are some who

have volunteered to take part lit

projects. ?

What Is the relationship between the

co-op, MAWU and COSATU?

SAWCO is part of MAWU - it has two

members on the MAWU Southern Natal "

;i

Branch Executive Committee and through

this is represented on the National

Executive Committee. MAWU is an

affiliate of COSATU and this is how "'

SAWCO is linked to COSATU. '

v

How has the project influenced the

worker movement in Natal?

SAWCO's development has created interest

in co-operatives from some unions. But

there is a lot to be explained to union

members about how a co-op works and its

problems. Even members of MAWU need to

be more educated about how to build cooperatives. But we are aware that the

Sarmcol workers play has had a wide

influence among unions and community

organisations all over South Africa. iJe:

60
SOUTH AFRICA

INKATHA YOUTH BRIGADE CHAIRMAN DISCUSSES POLICIES

Johannesburg WORK IN PROGRESS in English Feb 87 pp 16-20

[Interview with Inkatha Youth Brigade chairman Musa Zondi; date and place

not given]

[Text]

The Inkatha Youth Brigade ms fosed la 197?0 it c«2®afclj cleUas » gsn

h^SSniircard»cLryi^ members* Bat as «lthltepewat erg^se^o

membership claims should be assessed with caaticMe ^

"^ aeWrous incidents of allege Iteig^s «M Xiftathft W^-^

in^gUante violence against «ati-latotto ozgealestioM and Mfe^«,

Yet'the Brigade insists it follows a policy .of n©a^ioleace.

A Wblkln Progress correspondent in Pietarrewlte&ssg recently ^JJ^-

Tx^^tTteigade ChairLm Ymna Eoedi. Itoelss the interview «^

^£s «rtmadl by Siegried Mieagi/Ite^l»'« ffiti^imfe^«,, ..

Seer; Nt«e.Mafole* Youth Brigade natlOBSl-oES^teerj «iiÄ.tet^.- :.

Sibanda. Youth Brigade secretary« , v - .: ';„,.- ;-..'

'^sponses to questions are publish f« «^*tSSS'P" -

:

-

Brigade leaders daisi about their orggaieffitio&e Xfey do-not reSA©«..«. t^:.

editorial policy of WIP, its staff ©r contributes

>e nimeroe^.&llegeti©^ ©£

___ and Youth'Brigade involvenent in

vigilante-type- violence «.^inst members

of other organisation Fer ©sample, in

the killing of MÄSTO Bismbers in

Hpophomsnij it has b®«n allege that

Inkatha Youth Brigade nsabors were

bussed into Mpophomasi» Minutes after

their atrival, M&KJ ossabess were

abducted and killed» Yowr urbnn

representatives Mvel©.s©8 confirmed that

Inkatha members wsr© bweiaed into the

township„ The Bur©©® for Infomstion

blamed Inkatha for the violence s and

shortly'afterwards.tw© fntetha mesabers

61
were arrested but then released because

police said they did not have enough

evidence against them. Yet Inkatha and

its youth movement claim to be nonviolent. How can you justify this

Mafole: There are Inkatha members in

Mpophomeni. The Minister of Welfare,

Steven Sithebe was to address a rally

organised by Inkatha and Che Mpophomeni

community. When the Mpophomeni Youth

Congress (MPOYCO) heard about this, a

member said they were going to attack

Inkatha members. After this clear

statement, they attacked Youth Brigade

members guarding the hall the night

before the rally. Brigade members only

defended themselves when MPOYCO members

attacked them.

Each time Inkatha defends itself, we

are accused of violence. Inkatha has

nothing to do with the killing of those

MAWU people. Not one of our members was

involved.

Bhengu: Inkatha does not have shop

stewards. The United Workers Union of

South Africa (the Inkatha-linked union -

eds) does. To drag Inkatha's name Into

trade union fights is irresponsible.

Take the blame to UWUSA, they have a

mouth to defend themselves.

Black education is in crisis with pupils

rejecting Bantu Education, boycotting

classes, and burning schools. The

Department of Education and Training has

introduced highly repressive and

unpopular regulations in the schools.

What is Youth Brigade education policy,

especially regarding Bantu Education and

the schools crisis?

The Youth Brigade is a segment cf

the Inkatha effort. Brigade and

Inkatha policy is 'Education for

Liberation'. We believe education should

be a tool to bring about liberation. We

abhor Bantu Education like every

freedom-loving person and favour a

system of education relevant to people's

needs.

62
But unless we are politically

liberated we cannot have a normal

education system catering for our needs,

since we do not have a say in

parliament. We cannot isolate education

from other issues in this country.

Many youth and student organisations see

school boycotts as a way of dealing with

the crisis. What is the Brigade's stand

on this? 3 . fc.

The tactic of boycotts adopted by other

student organisations is their own

choice. We respect their endeavour to

right the education crisis.

But in the Brigade we do riot believe

that boycotting our education will help

solve the schools crisis. We know the

powers that be in South Africa did not

intend to make education available to

the black man. Only the churches allowed

us to have educated black leaders in

South Africa and other parts of Africa.

So it would merely be playing into the

hands of our oppressors to boycott

education. While we respect others'

decisions, we think they are wrong.

What does the Brigade see as the

solution to the education crisis?

Student and youth organisations should

be part of mainstream black political

efforts to right wrongs in the political

system as a whole. Some organisations

propose People's Education, but whatever

its merits or demerits, they can never

implement this if they are not in power.

That is why we say the key to all

problems in South Africa is to be in

power politically.

Is Inkatha or the Brigade doing anything

to make the education syllabus more

relevant to the needs of a liberated

South Africa?

In 1978 the Kwazulu government

introduced a subject called Ubuntu-Botho

(good citizenship). In Ubuntu-Botho

children are taught, that history did not

begin in 1652 with the advent of white

settlers. We see nothing new in the

63

\
principle of People's Education since

that is what Ubunto-Botho is all about.

What are the main subjects of the

Ubuntu-Botho syllabus?

The syllabus does not suggest children

should be taught only about Inkatha. It

caters for all liberation movements,

past and present. The ANC, PAC, Black

Consciousness, liberation movements in

other African countries, and the history

of Black Americans all receive

attention. It Is a gross mistake to

accuse it of being an Inkatha subject.

But many say Ubuntu-Botho is youth

indoctrination.

It Is far from that. Is teaching

children ANC history indoctrination

about Inkatha? Years back, teachers were

terrified to utter the name 'Oliver ..»

Tambo', because the Education Department

said they should not meddle In politics.

It is legal here In Kwazulu. I do not

know any step as revolutionary as that.

Pretoria could not stop this because it

was done by us, and we are in power

here.

Is Ubuntu-Botho then equivalent to the

National Education Crisis Committes's

idea of People's Education?

The idea of this so-called People's

Education has not been clarified. At

this stage It is quite inferior to

Ubuntu-Botho.

Mafole: 'People's Education' is more

political than academic. Those who

promote People's Education do not want

to define the concept. When you ask then

to, you end up at loggerheads with them.

So it remains a slogan.

Bhengu: The contradiction in People's

Education is that it rejects parental

authority over pupils. It says children

should be completely Independent, they

should denigrate their fathers. They are

fighting their upbringing - what we call

informal education In the family. Our

ethnic structure provides cultural

education and then you mix it with the

64
scientific education which throws you

into the technological world. People's

Education is nothing but a cliche.

What is the relationship between the

youth at Mandleni-Matleng camp and the

Youth Brigade?

Emandleni-Matleng is a Youth Brigade

project. There are vast backlogs in

housing, education, agriculture and

health in urban and rural communities.

Youth are called upon to engage

themselves in a project of social

reconstruction. They are trained to help

various communities where there are

health or other problems. As members of

the Youth Brigade they are consclentised

to do something about the black man's

plight. The camp is one of our main

activities.

But there have been allegations that the

youth at Handleni-Matleng receive

military training and that Inkatha is in

that way forming a military wing.

This is not true. Mandleni is part of a

reconstruction, not a military,

programme. Those who make these

allegations aim to denegrate us. If

Inkatha were to form a military wing, it

would be the biggest army in the black

community. But the youth at MandleniMatleng do not receive military

training.

It has often been said that whenever

students boycott classes, Inkatha

embers are the first to arrive and

sjambok the boycotters or force them

back into the classrooms.

Mafoles That Is said by those who want

to villify Inkatha and advocate an antiInkatha reaction in South Africa and

abroad. Inkatha has never done that. The

same thing was said in 1980 when

KwaMashu students boycotted classes. If

anyone has proof of these actions they

should come forward. I am sure parents

of KwaMashu students sjambokked them.

That definitely happened. They may have

been Inkatha members, or members of

65
other organisations, but parents took it

upon themselves to send children back to

school.

Bhengu: We have evidence that people

from outside have intimidated children

not to go to school, and beat up those

who attend classes. Students not only

boycott classes, they are sjambokked out

of classrooms. Hence the burning of

schools. It is the people who prevent

children from going to school who burn

the schools.

Since there have been so many clashes

between 'comrades' and members of the

Youth Brigade, has the Brigade done

anything to hold peace talks with these

comrades?

We have tried to consult with them. We

met with the Azanian Students

Organisatiuon (AZASO) in 1985. But it

did not want to be seen to meet with us.

The problem with comrades is that they

are faceless. It is difficult for our

organisation which has structures and

leadership and can be located at any

time, to meet with a faceless

organisation.

I remember when Rev Mcebisi Xundu,

then Natal chairman of the UDF, was

still in Lamontville. We held several

talks with him trying to tone down the

violence in the township, but he

admitted he had no control over what was

going on since his organisation was

uncontrollable.

What are relations like between the

Youth Brigade and the black

consciousness groups?

We do not have any formal relationship

with them. But while we differ on

matters of strategy, there have never

been violent clashes between us. That is

how black politics should be. Differing

is natural, but we should respect each

other.

66
Does the Brigade h&ve formal relation*»

with any trade unions?

There is a lot of disunity generated by

divisive forces at present. The Youth

Brigade does not wish to meddle, in union

affairs. We support the trade union

movement without, coercing it to look

upon us with favour. We would like to

see a trade union movement free from

ideologies. It is detrimental for ' ,

liberation movements to misuse trade

unions for their own ends. Only after

solving workers' problems can trade

unions answer their national call and be

part of the struggle.

Some organisations have said that the

state of emergency has benefitted

Inkatha, since none of its members have

been detained under emergency

regulations.

That is a lie. The state of emergency

has been as unfortunate for us as for

other organisations. We reject it

totally and regret it has been declared

twice. It imposed a number of

restrictions on us. In some are"as we

could not hold public meetings.

But Inkatha has a lot of power and is

in a position to do many things other

little organisations cannot do against

the state. So when people see Inkatha

hold meetings in spite of curbs Imposed

by the state of emergency they think It

is because the government favours us.

You held a meeting with the Afrikaner

Studentebond in 1984. Why?

We believe there, are two things which

can happen between blacks and whites.

The root cause of all this country's

problems is the rejection of blacks by

whites. We believe we have either to

kill whites or talk to them. We have to

persuade them to abandon their foolish

method of rule before it is too late. At

the meeting we won over a few souls who

repented from the old idea of clinging

to apartheid. The spin-off from the

meeting was the establishment of a new

organisation, Youth For South Africa,

born out of the disillusionment of some

ASB members.

67
Would you seek similar meetings With

an organisation like NUSAS?

NTJfsAS Is caught up In the same problems

&B the UBFs.&n& tries to isolate and

reject us. Successive NUSAS presidents

have passed derogatory remarks about us

in spite of the fact that we never go

out of our way to Insult them,

Ifeny ©rgemieatloas reject Involvement in

g©v©ra®.'2»£ra©K©afc®& institutions o But

.Itäfeatfes-o f@r ©sample 9 participates in

tfee festestem sferaetare®« What does the

loiif.fe- lEigeie feel ©test this?

Some, -organisations which reject this

strategy claim to be Marxist or to

follow the teachings of Marx and Lenin.

It ie Ironical because Lenin landed the

Bolsfeeviks in power in Russia during the

1917 revolution through participating in

the Russian parliament»

So in fact Inkatha is following a

Leninist strategy. We would even use the

devil as long as we arrive at our

destination«,

Docs fcfca f@;stfe Brigade believe apartheid

esn, h® %Q§@mM, ©E eta j@n believe in its

eeenlete ®5eMAc®tt@a?

Spying apartheid cannot be reformed is

en ynSorttroate cliche» Reform simply

.msams transforming society completely. I

do not know why some have problems with

the term 'reform*. It Is only those who

arc bent on a violent revolution who do

not like to see reform because they

think it is pushing dirt under the

carpet.,

B.Oi" ite ycra see & tntws® South

African eeelety?

We wast a truly democratic society. We

believe In a. multi-party democracy where

people will be free to decide and form

political parties to represent them. We

believe in a country where people will

not be restricted by ideology or

victimisation»

68
And what kind of economic system?

We want to avoid Ideologies since we do

not nave a mandate. Deciding on an

economic system is a matter beyond party

politics. The people of this country

have the prerogative of designing an

economic future they wish to bring

about. But in Inkatha we have never

known any system other than the free

enterprise capitalist system which is

capable of bringing about more job

opportunities. We would like to hear of

any system that does better.

We are not saying capitalism Is

perfect. It involves a lot of immoral

practices but we feel it is better than

any-other system.

An issue which has remained a bone of

contention between the progressive and

black consciousness movement is whether

whites have a role to play in the v

struggle. What does the Youth Brigade

feel? . " •■■•&•' -.-iThey do have a role. This is not:; Ä?

racist struggle. It is a struggle to/

free the country from racism. At thef

same time we believe black organisations

should be black-led. In the past we saw

a lot of black efforts being thwarted as

a result of involving white liberals in

black organisations. We resent liberals

who come into our organisations and want

to lead the entire effort. , 0

There are organisations which-have

only Indian and coloured members.

Inkatha is for Africans only. Laws

operating in this country make us

separate entities against our will, but

at times this is a reality. We can

achieve more if our people remain as

they are in their organisations. But we

do not condemn non-racial organisations.

There is a notable absence of women in

the leadership of the Youth Brigade.

Why?

Sibanda: Women just do not go for

leadership positions. We normally have

at least one woman per term of office

69
and this is too bad. But we have quite a

number of active ones now as compared to

the past.

What is the organisational, structure of

the Brigade?

It falls under the direct control of

Inkatha president, Chief Gatsha

Buthelezi, who appoints the youth

movement's chairman.

The executive consists of the national

chairman, secretary, treasurer, national

organiser, and five additional members

and ex-officio members who represent the

Brigade on the Inkatha Central

Committee.

Then there is a 'think-tank' committee

which plays an advisory role to the

national executive. It comprises minicommittees on media and publicity,

projects, finance, human rights, foreign

relations, education and culture, and

sports and recreation. The Brigade is

itself divided into branches and

regions.

19311

CSO: 3400/301

70
SOUTH AFRICA

NEW STATISTICS SHOW 18 PERCENT BLACK UNEMPLOYMENT

MB231154 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1131 GMT 23 Mar 87

[Text] Johannesburg, 23 Mar (SAPA)»—More than 18 percent of the economicallyactive black population were classified as officially unemployed in October

1986 according to the first report based on a new sampling method by the

Central Statistical Offices (CSO) in Pretoria.

This compared with only eight percent using the old sampling method, the CSO

said.

Similarly, the report said: "34 percent of the black population was economically active according to the old sample as opposed to 30 percent in the case of

the new sample,"

Commenting on the unemployment figures, the CSO said: "It is noteworthy that

only about eight percent of the economically active population was classified

unemployed in the old sample against about 18,1 percent of the new sample,

although the underlying definition of unemployment (based on international

recommendations) was approximately the same for both samples).

"The current (new) estimates thus yield an official unemployment rate for

blacks of the order of 18 percent,

"The differences in the results of the old and new samples, but particularly

the higher unemployment rate of the new sample, may largely be ascribed to

the fact that a sample (especially one like the relevant old sample) can become biased with time and thus no longer faithfully reflect the true picture,

"To update or redraw the sample of the Current Population Survey (CPS) at

shorter interbals is naturally impossible, since complete and comprehensive

basic population data are not available between population consensuses.

"In the new sample, use is made of the rotation of selected households,

which should go some way toward countering this problem, based on the experience of other countries as well as the results of research,

"In this context, rotation means that each month a number of new households

are included in the survey on a systematic basis, while an equal number of

71
currently participating households are omitted at the same time, in such a way

that the full cycle is repeated each year (that is, after a year the same

households are again included).

,!In this way about one-quarter of the urban households involved in the survey

are rotated each month (approximately 30 percent of the selected households

are in urban areas),

"The selected households in non-urban areas are not rotated (on account of the

cost) because of the expanse of the areas and the relatively low population

density.

"The new sample is also designed in such a way that it is representative of

the various national development regions,"

Full details of the new sampling method would be reflected in - the publication

"South African Labour Statistics 1987." This is scheduled for release "towards the middle of the year," the CSO said.

/9274

CSO: 3400/290

72
SOUTH AFRICA

REPORTER EXAMINES BLACK ADVANCEMENT IN WORK FORCE

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 24, 26 Feb, 3, 5 Mar 87

[Article by Sheryl Raine]

[PART I: 24 Feb 87 p 10]

t Text ] By the year 2000, experts say, South

Africa will need to produce 210000

executives and more than 1 million

highly skilled managers and whitecollar workers.

Blacks, coloureds and Indians will

have to fill 74000 new managerial

posts and 901000 skilled office and

teaching posts.

There are only 256 000 South Africans managing and administering

the country and its businesses out of

a total economically-active population of 8,7 million, according to the

latest official population analysis.

This analysis and others show

that there are more than 33 workers

for every manager or administrator, compared with ratios of about

6:1 in the United States and 8:1 in

Europe.

If the public sector in South Africa is omitted, the ratio rises to

about 50:1.

At present, only 10 802 blacks are

officially listed as managers or

administrators — less than 4 percent of all such workers.

By contrast, some 60 percent of

all economically-active South Africans are black.

This means the ratio of all workers to black managers is currently

about 820:1.

At the end of 1985 there were

56 264 white matriculants compared

with 55 330 black, coloured and

Asian matriculants. By 1990 the

projection is th«t there will be

62 954 white matriculants compared

with 96 791 black, coloured and

Asian matriculants.

Out of sheer economic necessity,

say the experts, the race is on for

black advancement.

Leading personnel consultant Mr

Mike Alfred says: "I believe it is

wrong to see blacks as the problem.

The problem lies in black/white interaction and as much work must

be done with whites as with blacks

if we are to find solutions.

"South African businesses are as

much representative of the national

ethos as a braaivleis.

"We take racism for granted, it's

a matter of extreme naturalness to

us whites. Over the years we have

developed a highly sophisticated set

of rationalisations to prevent blacks

from 'climbing the ladder'".

Whites accepted myths about

other workers having:

• No sense of time.

• No sense of technology.

• No sense of achievement.

• An inability to compete.

Mr Alfred believes, like many

others, that the approach should be

not so much "black development" as

development of the business organisation as a whole.

There are encouraging signs that

the advancement of all employees is

becoming an important aspect of

company planning.

Although company task forces,

academics and researchers say

black advancement cannot occur

73
unless there is radical socio-political change in South Africa, the experts agree the process has to start

now if there is to be any chance of

winning the race.

The obstacles along the way, however, are enormous.

Number one on the list of problems is the generally poor quality of

black education.

It is not only in the formal educational structure that deficiencies

abound. In the informal and non-formal educational environment, childhood deprivation is the rule rather

than the exception in most black

townships. This in turn, can impede

child development and success at

school.

For example, just 4 percent of all

pre-school children in Soweto attend

creches while 17 500 pre-schoolers

are left with childminders.

Many companies have found

themselves trying to compensate

for decades of educational shortcomings in the space of a few years.

Socio-cultural differences between westernised whites and aspirant black employees affect performance and advancement in the

workplace.

White resistance to black advancement and the realities of

"white backlash" are other rocks on

the road to success.

There are also a host of legal constraints which kill black entrepreneurship and the very qualities

which need to be nurtured to enable

black employees to compete on an

equal footing.

Inside organisations themselves,

despite top-level commitment to'

equal opportunity and black advancement programmes, managerial inertia at lower levels often sabotages such projects and results in

, confidence-shattering experiences

for black employees trying to

progress.

Political and social pressure not

to co-operate with the capitalist

system, which has become increasingly associated with white rule in

South Africa, as well as black employee disinclination and lack of assertiveness, are other obstacles

which companies bemoan.

It is little wonder that leading researchers in the field of black advancement, such as Dr Linda

Human of the Wits Graduate School

of Business, Professor Karl Hofmeyer of the Unisa School of Business Leadership and Mr Roy Smollan, lecturer at the Mangosuthu

Technikon in kwaZulu, find that almost any study on the subject of

black advancement turns up results

which highlight an almost ubiquitous underperformance among

black managers.

But these experts have also discovered certain keys which, if used

correctly, could open the right doors

to admit blacks to the hallowed corridors of real economic power, corridors which have been the preserve

of white males for centuries.

Apart from the many multinationals which have had to comply

with employment codes to ensure

equal opportunities, some South

African firms have started to implement equal opportunity programmes. Others have only got to

the "corporate intent" stage. Still

others are embarrassed to say they

have done nothing at all.

fexpeded Number bt MatricUltiHtS

White African Coloured Asidri

56 264

62 954

52 422

54 520

37 130

71 937

123 835

186 922

8 306

11 948

15 001

19 392

Manpower and Management Foundation (1983)

T

9 894 111 594

12" 906 159 745

12*825^ 204 083

14 439 275 273

74
Special Project

Working life in South Africa is being

revolutionised and never before has

equal job opportunity been such a

key issue.

The Institute of Personnel Management (IPM), recognising that the

introduction of equal opportunity in

the workplace will be its most pressing concern for the next five years,

has launched a special project to help

companies cope with the changes

which lie ahead.

Mr Wilhelm Crous, executive

director of the IPM, said although

the advancement of people hitherto

discriminated against, such as

women and blacks, could be justified

for practical reasons alone, there

was a clear moral issue involved in

South Africa.

All available statistics made it

clear that the South African employer needed to develop worker skills,

but because of the country's socio-political climate, additional pressure

was placed on business to compensate for the inequities of the past.

Mr Crous said the IPM's equal opportunity project entailed:

• Establishing a blueprint which

was flexible enough to be applied to

a wide variety of management

styles. ]

• Creating and maintaining a

comprehensive data base of information on methods, results and limiting factors in implementing equal

employment opportunity programmes.

•Co-ordinating efforts by various

companies and organisations involved in the field.

• Seminars and workshops for line

managers, human resources practitioners and senior executives. The

first seminar will be held in June.

• Research into factors which

hamper black advancement such as

education.!

• "The institute is an effective

agent for change and reform as its

7000 members, most of them practising personnel managers,, are

drawn from most areas of the economy," said Mr Crous.

[PART II: 26 Feb 87 p 10]

[Text]

Before many local companies had

even added the words to their business vocabulary, black advancement became a key aspect of Barclays' manpower plan.

Mr Anthony "Doc" Pascoe, personnel manager in charge of the

Equal Opportunity Programme, explains that from the beginning in

1977, the bank appointed a fulltime

equal opportunity programme manager.

Despite good progress, there were

shortcomings. Barclays' black advancement strategy was based on a

broad statement of intent, but commitment from line management

was lacking, leaving it up to the

personnel department to drive the

programme.

"Nevertheless, black advancement programmes were introduced

and included Achievement Development and Mentorship, Human Relations Workshops and Bridging education," said Mr Pascoe.

"Starting by simply giving equal

treatment to black employees is not

black advancement or equal opportunity. This approach fails to distinguish between giving people equal

rights and providing the tools for

them to use the same opportunities.

"We need to equalise opportunity.

This needs additional training and

development to enable black employees to compete on a more equal

basis with white colleagues."

Mr Pascoe emphasises the need

to recruit blacks with potential and

to ensure that they be equipped with

the knowledge to develop that

potential.

He believes that if companies

wish to maintain standards in the

longer term, it will be necessary to

be more flexible on standards in the

short term. He does not believe that

standards have to be lower but that

they will have to be different.

75
Things really began to change at

Barclays when Mr Chris Ball took

over as MD.

Last year, in a drive to assess

progress in the field of black advancement, the bank held a workshop to evaluate the status of its

equal opportunity programme

which involved top line managers

and senior executives. A new equal

opportunity strategic plan was born

and went to the board for approval.

"It is vital for the success of any

black advancement programme to

have full support from line management and senior executives," notes

Mr Pascoe.

Once the plan had been endorsed

by the general management of the

bank's nine regions, executive management of the banks' subsidiaries

and management of the various divisions, each unit was required to

prepare its own specific objectives

for integration into the group plan.

Barclays' black advancement

programme contains a number of

key elements which Mr Pascoe believes are largely responsible for its

success. They include:

•The setting of specific targets.

Without them goals are seldom

reached.

• A monitoring committee

chaired by the MD. This assesses

progress closely and ensures that

statements of intent become reality.

• Measurement of results. Regular assessments are carried out.

Progress is measured scientifically

and analysed regularly by the monitoring committee.

•The transformation of the equal

opportunity aspect of Barclays business into a "key result area" in

which management must perform

to high standards.

• Structured mentorship. Informal mentorship is not enough. Barclays has identified 400 employees

with potential and 300 mentors who

will be trained to take proteges

under their wings.

The bank's equal opportunity mission statement says Barclays will

"recruit, select, train, develop and

advance black, coloured, Asian and

white employees in such a way that

the racial mix within the bank will

steadily move towards reflecting

the demography (economically active population — Std 10-plus) of

South Africa".

The bank's intentions would not

change with the selling of its British

shareholding to South African investors.

Objectives focus on recruitment,

selection, training and development

and conditioning the environment.

"The work environment is probably the most critical aspect of any

equal opportunity programme and

is often the most neglected," Mr

Pascoe says.

"Top management may be sincere in its intentions, but if the environment is hostile to black advancement, there will be little or

no chance for blacks to break inty)

higher positions, no matter their

competencies or potential." ,

Four types of racial discrimination operate in the workplace, according to research by IBM's Ernest

Mercer — overt, malicious compliance (or covert), ignorance and

prima facie.

"Of all these, malicious compliance is the most vicious," says Mr

Pascoe.

"Mercer found malicious compliance would involve, for example, a

manager who plays by the corporate equal opportunity rules at all

times but then takes every safe opportunity to sabotage efforts leading to equal opportunity.

"This can lead to incidents where

a disadvantaged person is promoted

with a great show of support, only

to have his failure engineered by

withholding support, training and

fair task assignments."

To prevent such damaging incidents, Barclays not only monitors

the situation closely, but has introduced programmes

which impact on attitudes. These include

human relations workshops as well as Outward Bound and Wilderness Leadership

courses.

The bank plans to

send 150 people on Outward Bound courses

next year to build mutual respect, understanding and interdependence. Video proI grammes and cultural

exchange sessions help

in the workshops to

change attitudes and

behaviour. '

76
Statistics Spell Out the Story

Barclays National Bank employs

about 25 000 people, of whom 22 000

are at the clerical level.

Twenty years ago the percentage of black, coloured and Asian

clerical staff together was less than

1 percent of all clerical staff.

By 1977 this had increased to

13 percent, by the end of 1984 to

22 percent and currently stands at

24 percent.

Today, 33 percent of the total

staff complement (including nonclerical staff) is black, coloured or

Asian

By 1990 this will rise to 46 percent, of which the clerical figure

will be 40 percent.

Already the bank has several divisions and branches where members of different races hold key

managerial positions.

EE33E3SPES£S?EKEST^573:

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Am®si ck riecsl me

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4f?%

25%

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1967 If77 1986' 1950

Soured: Eteefeyc (fetter's! Bernh

5E5aCTEEEE33EH> riH^ii^ü-L^

[PART III: 3 Mar 87 p 18]

[Text]

Rand Mines (RM), part of the Barlows group, is one of the pioneers in

the field of black advancement.

The company's Equal Opportunity Development Project began in

1983.

The project was based on economic sense -the need to maintain

a flow of sufficient, competent,

skilled and managerial staff to ensure future profitability.

"The mining industry is one of the

toughest in which to get such an

equal opportunity programme

going," says Mr Don King, the RM

director in charge of human resources, a job which covers 98 000

employees. .

"Remember, we are the only industry which still has statutory job

reservation."

An integrated approach was

adopted to overcome the major barriers standing in the way of black

advancement. The programme consists of four main elements:

© Selection.

At first "over selection" occurred

to ensure average or better performance from candidates moving into

a somewhat hostile work environment where it was felt they needed

to be protected from the unnecessary trauma of failure. It was vital

that promotion be seen to be based

on merit and competence.

©Preliminary training or bridging

education at the R8 million RM

Training Centre south of Johannesburg.

Training is designed to overcome

socio-cultural and academic differ77
ences to prepare candidates to take

full advantage of the opportunities

within the company.

Courses over a period of about 16

weeks include language fluency,

communication skills, assertiveness

and human relations skills, study

skills and self-management.

An interesting facet of this section of preparation is attendance at

an "Outward Bound" leadership

course in Lesotho for white and

black employees from the same

work environments to build a sense

of camaraderie and interdependence.

f? Mentorship.

This is applied to both white and

black employees on a structured

basis. Mentors, usually immediate

supervisors or at one level above,

regularly meet trainees to coach,

counsel and assess progress. Each

mine has a mentor coordinator and

these meet at the Training Centre

every quarter. Mentor training has i

also been introduced.

Mentors are sometimes able to

prevent problems such as white

backlash and black victimisation

from arising.

"Mentors can open doors for the

trainee and see that there is fair-,

ness in job training. It is very easy

to see that the black apprenticej

sweeps the filings from the floor

while the white apprentice does the

filing," notes Mr Gordon Chilvers,

chief training officer of the Equal

Opportunity Programme.

©Orientation seminars for white

employees.

These consist of a semi-structured programme to inform white

employees on the mines about the

process of change, to influence their

attitudes to black advancement and

allay fears about being replaced by

blacks.

The object of the seminars is to

explain to white employees the economic necessity of black advancement and to shift the debate from

the political to the economic arena.

The entire project is not designed

as a scouting exercise to find managers. Instead it is designed to provide comprehensive skills training

which will allow individuals with

ability to progress to the highest

rank possible.

The project is approached scientifically and there is empirical measurement of results.

While it is still too early to cry

"success" from the rooftops, there

are encouraging signs the programme is working.

There has been increased recruitment of black people with potential

for promotion. Improvements have

been noted in language fluency and

human relations skills. Mentors

have helped ensure fairness in onthe-job training. There has been

some change in white employee attitudes towards black advancement.

In retrospect, Don King highlights

some mistakes.

"An early error was to assume

that if we were going to get black

people to achieve, they had to appreciate the 'white man's culture'.

There was an implication that black

.culture was somehow inferior. We

now believe that to succeed, black

and white employees need to understand the workings of international

business culture.

"Another mistake we made was

to allow some of our initial training

courses to take place separated

from the integrated facilities of the

group training centre. At the Training Centre there is a multicultural

environment in which trainees can

grow all the time and experience

the benefits of an integrated society.

"We don't believe there is an ideal

approach and we need to remain

sensitive to change at all times."

Percentage of Workers Responding Favourably to

Black Advancement Questionnaire 1984

Coal Gold

Mine Ji* Mine 2 Mine 3* Mine 4

Job Security

Economic Reality

Job Competence

Sample Size

78

82

87

31

85

93

92

25

78

83

84

37

65

75

74

7

* These mines served as controls in

Source: Rand Mines.

1983.

Percentage of Workers Responding Favourably to

Black Advancement Questionnaire 1983

Open Cast

Coal Mine

Deep Level

Gold Mine

TreatControl ment

TreatControl ment

Job Security

Economic Reality

Job Competence

Sample Size

66 77

71 81

73 82

42 94

53 60

58 78

49 81

98 98

Source: Rand Mines.

78
Survey Gives Findings on Equal Opportunities

The challenge of effective black advancement has been identified as a

priority in terms of the growth and profitability of the Barlow Rand Group.

A manpower steering committee was asked to investigate every aspect

of black advancement and recommend guidelines for consideration by the

group.

An action unit carried out a survey of the black advancement scene In

South Africa, involving a total of 43 companies in South Africa, Namibia

and Zimbabwe.

Significant findings included:

• Most companies did not have an explicit black advancement policy

although the majority felt such a policy was necessary.

•In only two companies did a clear statement of intent exist, but its

communication was virtually non-existent.

• Recruitment and selection of candidates were found to be a critical

component of a black advancement strategy and one of the most poorly

implemented components with "gut-feel" and subjective strategies playing

a significant role.

• Although all levels of people interviewed regarded bridging and preliminary training as vital, few companies had bridging programmes.

• Preparation of the environment for black advancement was identified

as another vital aspect but few companies had any formal environment

preparation.

•About 50 percent of all people interviewed said mentorship was critical

to the success of black advancement strategies. However, virtually no mentor training was done.

•Lack of candidate support systems was identified as a serious area of

weakness.

•Training and development were also identified as critical components

and yet there was very little emphasis on the training of blacks at other

than the skills level.

Based on this research the unit listed critical success factors and defined

successful programmes for black advancement. The information has been

made available to all Barlow Rand companies.

[PART IV:

[Text]

5 Mar 87 p 16]

AECI, with a work force of

27 800, has squared up to the

task of black advancement and

is beginning to spawn some interesting success stories.

"We are not just trying to get a

number of black managers into top

level jobs," said group personnel

manager Mr Bokkie Botha. "We are

approaching black advancement on

a broad front, moving people up the

line.

"We have an element of affirmative action. Our companies do set

targets. These started off being very

specific and at the time they were

set we knew they were probably

going to be unachieveable.

"The big difficulty came when the

economic recession set in and, with

staff freezes, black advancement

programmes became more, difficult

to implement. People became more

specific about what could be realistically achieved. Targets are now

firm but reviewable within the various companies.

"The most important achievements in black advancement at

AECI have occurred in specific

problem areas in particular plants

Although theorists say you must not

adopt the project type of action, I

believe you must focus on specific

"One of our success stories is the

Modderfontein detonator factory. It

has been an expensive but worthwhile project," Mr Botha said.

About three years ago, at this explosives production unit with a staff

of about 1100, it was found most of

the foremen were busy "pushing

paper" and not managing production or people.

79
A new staff position was created

— that of production supervisor.

The job was carefully specified and

demanded not only certain abilities

but human qualities as well. The 800

applicants for the jobs were put

through a rigorous selection procedure which included tests, role plays

and structured interviews.

In the end, 14 jobs were offered

and the candidates subjected to nine

months' intensive training.

Areas tackled during training included resources management, an

achievement motivation course,

communications, management techniques and a one-month stint in the

plant itself, doing the most menial

tasks.

At the end of the training programme all were appointed and

placed in the plant for 18 to 24

months before being appointed to

run their own section.

The results of the training programme have been highly encouraging but there have been some

indications of a white backlash as

some employees feel their jobs are

threatened by black trainees.

There are other things happening

throughout AECI which were not

happening 20 years ago — such as

the black manager in the Chlor Alkali lastics division who is in daily

contact with officials and shop

stewards of a right-wing white

trade union. There is also the case

of black industrial relations officers

who sit in disciplinary inquiry committees, where necessary, to consider infringements by white staff.

"We have not imposed monitoring

groups for black advancement in

the group but the executive committee is kept informed and we

have a personnel policy development group which, by consensus, establishes guidelines to be used by

each company," said Mr Botha.

"Each company now is encouraged to establish its own monitoring groups and appoint people responsible for black advancement.

Different companies have gone

about it in different ways and we

believe that is right.

"As regards a white backlash, we

have tried coercive and soft tactics.

We have told people they must not

put themselves into situations

where racial conflicts arise. We

have used racial conflict as grounds

for dismissal. The message is clear.

"A lot can be said for environmental preparation. The Bob Tusenius course involving weekend seminars for multiracial groups of

about 20 is one we use. It involves

role reversals and generally sensitising people to racial issues.

"It is an expensive business but

big companies are looking for the

answer and there are no easy solutions," he said.

AECI also has a vigorous qualityof-life programme with a focus on

black communities as well as a

comprehensive bursary scheme.

"We have recently started to Dublicise these things to help change attitudes of our staff," Mr Botha said.

"White employees can see we are

focusing on the needs of the black

community. The programme is

highly biased towards education and

community development as well as

manpower development. For instance, we could sponsor a man

wishing to get a technical diploma

even though his job does not require

that qualification.

What about mistakes?

"We have had programmes which

were expensive and wasted money

but I believe there is some positive

element in every venture even if it's

just the valuable experience one

gains."

80
Discrimination and Segregation Are Out in All Aspects of Employment

AECI objectives are:

• Advancing all employees by providing a satisfactory work environment with diverse and challenging career opportunities at all levels, on merit and without

discrimination.

• Active participation in improving the quality of life

in South African society by fostering education and

training for all races.

• Playing a positive and constructive role in helping

to bring about meaningful and peaceful change in

South Africa.

To attain these objectives AECI will, among other

things:

•Eliminate all discrimination based on race, colour,

creed or sex from all aspects of employment practices.

•Eliminate segregation of the races in all eating,

comfort and work facilities.

• Set up training and development programmes to

allow all employees equal opportunities for further

advancement based on merit.

• Ensure an annual audit of progress in the implementation of this policy and communicate the results

to its employees.

It is also expected that all AECI Group employees

will support and promote the equal opportunity policy.

/9317

CSO: 3400/279

81
SOUTH AFRICA

RESPONSE TO BLACK ADVANCEMENT SERIES NOTED

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 4 Mar 87 p 15

[Text] The Star has receive(| an overwhelming response from businessmen, universities, researchers and authors to its in-depth series on

black advancement.

The fourth part of the series appears on the Leader Page of The

Star tomorrow.

Some respondents said they would be writing to the paper to

express their views and The Star invites others to contribute their

ideas in letters to The Editor.

Mr Tom Dennen of Bates Wells in Durban said: "Every businessman knows the truth when he reads it," after reading the first of

Thi* Stsr's Articles.

He was particularly concerned about building a skilled pool of

employees of all races for the future and is directly involved with

the University of Natal in raising funds for development programmes.

"While the big corporations can often launch their own training

programmes it is the smaller companies which need their manpower

of the future to come from the universities and technikons.

"We already see big corporations making funds available to these

institutions but there is a tragic lack of support from small and middle-sized business. Now that the government has cut university subsidies by 20 percent the matter has become critical.

"We have to identify those who can cope with a tertiary education and ensure they have the means to get it. Black bursaries and

- numbers are being cut at white universities. For example, to subsidise a student is now costing the University of Natal R12000 a year

rather than R2 000 to R3 000."

He said the Star's focus on black advancement had emphasized

the urgency with which the needs of the future had to be addressed.

Mr Anthony Manning who has written a book "Communicating

for Change — A guide to managing the future of South African

Organisations", was also prompted to respond to the series.

He said: "Business has a serious responsibility to remain viable,

create wealth and generate jobs and opportunities for personal growth.

It also has a duty to sensitise people to the need for change and to help

them learn new behaviours and thus bring about change."

A spokesman for Protec, a school of enrichment which concentrates on maths and science for those who come from disadvantaged backgrounds, was also impressed with the series. The spokesman agreed South Africa needed to start early in schools to develop

those who would be key personnel in the future.

•Letters for publication in The Star must include a full postal

address and must be signed. Correspondents can supply pseudonymns.

Address letters to The Editor, Box 1014, Johannesburg, 2000.

/9317

CSO: 3400/279

82
SOUTH AFRICA

BRIEFS

BLACKS OPPOSE CITY STATES—City states will meet total opposition from

blacks irrespective of their political persuasions, says Urban Councils

Association of SA (Ucasa) president Steve Kgame. Describing city states

as "going back to the Verwoerdian era," he says the concept xs totally

unacceptable. "We're not going to allow the continued fragmentation of

SA into little bits and pieces of land." Kgame is backed by Tom Boyahead of the "think tank" group which recently broke away from Ucasa.

[Text] [Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 2 Mar 87 p JJ /«m/

SOWETO CRIME FIGURES-An average of one person was murdered _ every six hours

in Greater Soweto, while one rape case was reported every eight hours,

according to figures released in Parliament yesterday by Law and Order

MinistergAdriaan Vlok. Every day, on average, 31 people were assaulted and

11 robberies and five vehicle thefts were reported. The statistics for

the period July 1, 1985 to June 30, 1986 were given in reply to questions

put by Helen Suzman (PFP Houghton) . In comparison, 13 people were murdered

and 25 rape cases reported in Sandton during the same time. The figures

for Hillbrow were 42 murders and 86 rapes. Vlok said the increase in

crime could mainly be ascribed to the economic recession resulting in ^

unemployment and "the abuse by criminal elements of unrest situations.

[Text] [Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in Englsih 25 Feb 87 p 2] /931/

T0K0ZA TOWNSHIP TO GET HOUSES—The SA Housing Trust has made available

R5m for the building of 1 700 houses in Tokoza, a township south of

Germiston on the East Rand. Another Rim will be made available as working

capital while building is in process. This week an agreement to develop

the scheme was signed by officials of the Tokoza Town Council and the

Family Housing Association (FHA) which will manage the development. The

scheme will consist of predominantly low cost houses and will cater for

people of the lower income level. Tokoza's acting major Jacob Sekeke

said work would begin immediately on the servicing of the 1 700 stands

which had already been planned and surveyed. He said the scheme-consisting

of a variety of houses ranging from two to four rooms-would reduce the

housing shortage in the township which had a waiting list of up to 3 500

people. Sekete said Tokoza, now being replanned, was short of land and

council had asked government for more. The R5m allocated for the development will also provide services such as roads, electricity, street lighting,

domestic water supplies and a sewerage system. Stand sizes will vary

83
between 180 sq/m and 400 sq/m, FHA GM Matthew Nell said the project was

the second undertaken by his company—the first last year involved 400

self-help housing units. [Text] [Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English

6 Mar 87 p 5] /9317

NEW BODY CALLED UMSA—The United Municipalities of SA (Umsa)--the newly

formed body of councils that broke away from the Urban Councils Association

of SA (Ucasa) will be launched in the city at the weekend. Umsa is headed

by Daveyton mayor Tom Boya and will comprise 38 councils throughout SA.

Boya said: "The increasing breakaway by many councils from Ucasa will soon

make it clear that we are the real representatives of local government in

SA- "Government will have no choice but to speak to us if they are interested in hearing the legitimate and genuine views of blacks in the largest

areas of the Republic. "If the national statutory council is to succeed

in bringing about negotiations, government must demonstrate its bona fides

to the disenfranchised black majority." [Text] [Johannesburg BUSINESS

DAY in English 26 Feb 87 p 5] /9317

TOTTIKEIP CMGELS RENT ARREAlAC-ES»-George, 19 Mar (SAPA)-^The town clerk of

George hss announced rental arrears for the past six months of residents of

the LamaikaiEp Township have been written off, SABC radio news reports.

Kr Kerel d.w. Plessls said the arrear rentals amounted to $34,000, He said it

we alec decided to decrease rentals from R25 to $19,08, Mr du Plessis told

a fcsatisg at Lswsalkamp that this was to make the move to the new Sandkraal

Töwm-Mx» easier for these residents. Seventy of the 220 remaining families

at La--7ffl?.ikssip will move shortly and the rest will move when suitable sites

are available, [Text] [Johannesburg SAPA in English 2042 GMT 19 Mar 87

MB] /9274

ASSAYS ESA JEALOUS OF NEIGHBORS—The representative of the ANC of South

Afvi.cs. in Zimbabwe9 Comrade Kingsley Zulu, has accused the Pretoria regime

of^being jealous of the progress being made by its neighboring Independent

Ft-c.-t'c,sc. Comrade Zulu said the destabilization of Mozambique by South Africa

is clear testimony of the hate that the racist regime has for its black leader

th

, He %?as speaking in Bulawayo yesterday during a ceremony to commemmorate

desth of 69. black South Africans killed by the racist troops in the

SterpavilXe demonstrations of 1960, [Text] [Harare Domestic Service in

EE.gl.isfe 0600 GUT 22 Mar 87 MB] /9274

EABTEm CAPE FUNERALS RESTRICTED^The government has announced new restrictions or, funerals for unrest victims in the Eastern Cape, Accordine to a

G^EBMI GAZETTE, 32 Eastern Province townships are affected by" the reEfirxet.ons which are in terms of the emergency regulations, Funeral services

w.y not be held outdoors, only an ordained minister may speak and 1oint

funerals may not be held, Only 200 mourners may attend, and the service

cannot last for more than 3 hours. Public address systems, banners and

powers are also prohibited. Yesterday the same restrictions were slapped on

tfJ o?\if^^ff' [Text] [Uffltata Capital Radio in English 1300 GMT J.y. te:;r 5/ MBJ /9274

CSOs 3400/291

84
SOUTH AFRICA

PFP SAYS GOVERNMENT NOT 'BLAMELESS' ON DEBT

MB251525 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1519 GMT 25 Mar 87

[Text] Johannesburg March 25 SAPA—Mr Harry Schwarz today accused the

government of taking credit for the debt repayment deal it struck in London

yesterday when the foreign loan problem was actually of its own making. The

PFP spokesman on finance was responding to reports in Johannesburg newspapers

today that creditor banks agreed South Africa could repay 13 per cent of the

country's debt, caught in a government repayment freeze» over the next

three years.

Mr Schwarz said the deal was however more satisfactory than the old agreement

requiring repayment over one year within the standstill arrangement. "The new

arrangement in respect of the debt standstill was necessary in the circumstances, but the situation which gave rise to the circumstances is a combination of government failure to adequately monitor foreign exchange exposure

at the time, and the perception of South Africa from abroad, both politically

and economically. The government cannot seek to escape entirely blameless

from this situation. What is now sought to be done is again to make a major

virtue out of having solved in part a problem which is to a considerable

extent of the government's own making."' ^ \s

Mr Schwarz said it had to be remembered a significant proportion of the

country's foreign debt was not included in the agreement and many of the loans

were in deutsche marks and Swiss francs—currencies that had hardened against

the rand in recent months. "Therefore it is clear that while substantial

sums of money have been paid, in fact the effect on the debt has been far less

because of the appreciation of these hard currencies," he said.

The country was also unable to attract new foreign investment to finance

economic expansion and this was the most disturbing aspect of the debt

problem. "The high level of unemployment, the ever-increasing population

and so the number of workseekers all contribute to both economic and political

instability. Unless we solve the problem of unemployment, we will not solve

South Africa's political problems. To remedy this situation new overseas

capital could be a major contributory factor."

/8309

CSO: 3400/334

85
SOUTH AFRICA

COMMENTARY ON AFRICA'S 'PREFERENCE FOR BULLETS*

MB240724 Johannesburg International Service in English 0630 GMT 24 Mar 87

[Station commentary]

[Text] Numerous experts have stressed the fact that sub-Saharan Africa's

seriously bad economic is due largely to misplaced priorities. The record

of the past two decades or more shows that leaders of the region have paid

far more attention to the procurement of arms than the development of their

economies and the welfare of their people. The record also shows that the

Soviet Union has been the major supplier to the region while the Western

Nations, particularly the United States, have almost exclusively provided

economic aid.

This has again been pointed out by the United States Assistant secretary of

state for African affairs, Dr Chester Crocker. He said in a television

interview in Washington at the weekend that since 1980 the Soviet Union

has sent more than 20 times as much arms to Sub-Saharan Africa than the

United States. Over the same period the ratio of Soviet to United States

economic aid was just the reverse. He told journalists that the United States,

together with France, Britain, and Japan, were focusing overwhelmingly on

Africa's economic aspirations and how best to satisfy them.

Angola and Mozambique have been identified by numerous reports as two southern

African countries that have received massive Soviet military aid for at least

the past 10 years. Angola is reported to have the largest Soviet military

transport aviation detachment abroad. Luanda is the most important port

for Moscow's west Africanist naval units. It is in Angola and Mozambique

that Soviet military involvement in southern Africa is highest and where the

quality of life has been identified recently as the lowest in Africa. This

is so despite massive injections of food and economic aid from western nations.

Civil war in those two countries and conflicts in numerous other African states

make sustainable agricultural development impossible.

The hard and tragic fact is that African leaders have shown a consistent

preference for bullets rather than bread. Until the situation is reversed,

Africa will remain a continent in crisis.

/8309

CSO: 3400/334

86
SOUTH AFRICA

COMMENTARY CONDEMNS ANC'S REFUSAL TO RENOUNCE VIOLENCE

MB240522 Johannesburg Domestic Service in English 0500 GMT 24 Mar 87

[Station commentary]

[Text] The African National Congress has used the latest visit from South

Africa to Lusaka—this time by Archbishop Desmond Tutu—as an opportunity to

repeat its conditions for taking part in negotiations on the future of

South Africa. The conditions are the usual hoary ones: people like Nelson

Mandela must be released, security forces must be withdrawn from the townships,

and so on.

In continuing to make such demands, the ANC appears to be oblivious of the fact

that it is in no position to set conditions. Its senior leaders in exile have

been out of South Africa for 20 years and more. They have no firsthand

knowledge of, or insight into, the day-to-day life in South Africa in the

1980's, the economic advancement of the past 20 years, the political reforms of

more recent years, and the social^progress and prospects, specifically in

black urban areas.

The exiled leaders of the ANC are in no position to speak on behalf of today's

urban blacks—or to set conditions for negotiations on their future. Indeed,

the return to school in black areas is one of several manifestations of

rejection of ANC policies by a significant number of black people. Chief

Mangosuthu Buthelezi spoke last week of the gap that has developed between

the thinking of blacks living in South Africa and the strategy of the ANC, and

a recent nationwide survey showed that 57 percent of blacks believed in a

negotiated solution to South Africa's problem.

The ANC, through its continued commitment to violence and terrorism, has

deliberately placed itself outside the arena for a negotiated settlement.

It finds itself, in fact, in a position of weakness. The government, in

contrast, is in a strong, hands-on position; it was the authority of the state

and the power to take initiatives and propose guidelines for negotiations, as

it has done in respect of the proposed national council. But the government

also has the responsibility of ensuring the safety and security of all

South Africans—including their safety and security during negotiations on

new constitutional dispensations.

87
In meeting that responsibility, the government has set one major precondition

for negotiations—that those taking part must renounce violence. In other

words, there must be a guarantee from all concerned that negotiations will

not be sabotaged by, or used as a cover for, further terrorism and violence.

It is a decidedly reasonable condition. Its acceptance was urged upon the

ANG leadership in Lusaka at the weekend by Archbishop Tutu. The fact that

the African National Congress has rejected this latest plea and steadfastly

refuses to renounce violence merely confirms that it is not interested in

a peaceful, democratic South Africa but is intent on revolution and

dictatorship.

/8309

CSO: 3400/334

88
SOUTH AFRICA

BOESAK QUESTIONED ON ANC AD FUNDING

MB241958 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1949 GMT 24 Mar 87

[Text] Cape Town Mar 24 SAPA—The moderator of the NG Sendingkerk [Dutch

Reformed Mission Church] Dr Allan Boesak, told the Mummik commission today

he had never been asked to help fund advertisements calling for the

unbanning of the African National Congress.

He had not been consulted about the advertisements and had "no knowledge

whatsoever" of them until his secretary, Miss Thelma Sacco, told him the

news by telephone when he was in New York on January 8. He had, been

"surprised" to hear of the placing of the advertisements.

Dr Boesak told the commission he had been approached by Mr Azhar Cachalia,

national treasurer of the United Democratic Front, about four weeks ago for

R15,000 from Dr Boesak's Foundation for Peace and Justice.

However, he had understood that this money was to be used to help the

families of detainees, in the same way that R50,000 the foundation had granted

the UDF in the Transvaal in December last year was used. In the event,

Dr Boesak told the commission, he had not been able to grant Mr Cachalia

the R15,000.

They had not discussed the funding of the ANC advertisements and Dr Boesak

had not asked Dr Cachalia how the UDF intended repaying the R100,000 overdraft used to pay for the advertisements.

Dr Boesak said the R50,000 given by his Peace and Justice Foundation to the

UDF in December had not been paid into the UDF's account because of fears

that the organisation might be banned. At the time, there had been a number

of attacks on the UDF by cabinet ministers. Rather than risk the money

being confiscated if the organisation were banned, Dr Boesak said, he

had arranged that it be paid into the account of Johannesburg Businessmen

Mr Yusuf Surtee, whose office adjoined Mr Cachalia's.

Mr Surtee could then give Mr Cachalia the money as he needed it, Dr Boesak

said.

He added that he had been introduced to Mr Surtee in January 1985 by the

Angolican archbishop of Cape Town, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, during the vxsxt

89
to South Africa of U.S. Senator Edward Kennedy. Dr Boesak and Mr Surtee

had served on the board of the Coca Cola equal opportunities trust together.

Dr Boesak had asked Mr Surtee to serve on another trust that was to be

established to administer the proceeds of a planned film on Mrs Winnie Mandela,

wife of jailed ANC leader Nelson Mandela. The wife of the U.S. comedian,

Bill Cosby, had wanted to make the film and the trust was intended to use the

proceeds for equal education purposes. Mr Surtee had not yet responded to the

offer to serve on the trust but they had seen each other regularly in Cape

Town and Johannesburg since meeting, Dr Boesak said.

He also told the commission that Mr Surtee had introduced him to the managing

director of Barclays Bank, Mr Chris Ball, who had arranged that the clergyman

transfer his bank accounts and those of the foundation to a Barclays Bank subbranch in Kuils River, Cape Town.

Dr Boesak said he had found it "funny meeting the top man of Barclays after

walking away in anger because of the way I was treated" by staff at another

Barclays branch, where he had previously held an account.

After the meeting with Mr Ball, the accounts had been transferred from other

institutions to Kuils River and Dr Boesak and the foundation had received

"excellent service."

Since that meeting, Dr Boesak and Mr Ball had seen each other on a number of

occasions in Johannesburg and Cape Town, including a lunch at Mr Ball's home.

They had discussed the situation in South Africa and the UDF.

Dr Boesak was questioned by Mr H.F. van Zyl, SC [Senior Counsel], for the

commission, and its chairman, Mr Justice G. Munnik, about evidence that

Mr Surtee felt he and Dr Boesak could "work out Something" about the repayment

of Mr Surtee'sRIOO,000 overdraft at Barclays Bank. Dr Boesak said Mr Surtee

might have made the statement on the basis of their friendship. However,

he and Mr Surtee had not discussed the matter in detail. "I was pretty

confident the UDF could raise the money through its affiliates," Dr Boesak

said. "I might have said (to Mr Surtee), don't worry, the UDF will find the

money, to put his mind at ease."

Asked by Mr Justice Munnik why the UDF affiliates, with some exceptions, had

not managed to find finance to repay the R100,000, Dr Boesak said they could

raise money only over a period.

If money was needed in a hurry, fundraisers would approach people or institutions they believed could be reasonably able to help them. This was why

Mr Cachalia had approached him for the R15,000 for aid to detainees' families,

he said.

Dr Boesak said Mr Surtee had discussed the advertisements with him when the

two were leaving Amsterdam airport together in January en route to India

to attend a conference. "He told me he went to the bank to get a loan on an

overdraft or something. In his way of speaking, he said, Chris Ball gave

it to me."

90
Asked by Mr Justice Munnik if Mr Surtee had enlarged on his statement,

Dr Boesak said: "I thought it was perfectly normal for a businessman to

make this kind of transaction."

Mr Van Zyl put it to Dr Boesak that Mr Cachalia had created the impression

that he regarded the clergyman as one of the possible sources of refunding

the R100,000 overdraft. "That might be his impression. He never asked me,"

Dr Boesak said.

He was also questioned about evidence before the commission of a letter

Mr Surtee was supposed to have picked up in Amsterdam from a Swedish Labour

organiser, Miss Elisabeth Mechanik. He said he had met Miss Mechanik

a number of times in the past and that she had given money to the UDF which

might have been channelled through Mr Cachalia.

However, Dr Boesak said, he had not had an appointment to meet her in Amsterdam

in January. Mr Surtee had told him he had to meet her and that she had a

letter for him, but the meeting had not taken place.

Dr Boesak was asked about evidence of a telephone conversation between his

secretary, Miss Thelma Sacco, and Mr Surtee, in which mention had been made

of an arrangement for Dr Boesak to meet Miss Mechanik and to pick up a motor

car from the Swedish Government.

"He (Mr Surtee) was under the wrong impression. He had no authority to talk

about a car. I know nothing about a car," Dr Boesak replied.

Mr Van Zyl asked about evidence that, "At some stage," Mr Surtee had been

"looking for money" from Dr Boesak's office. "He couldn't have gotten money

from my office." "Mr van Zyl: "Didn't you find it strange that Mr Surtee,

as someone outside the political sphere, should be asking Miss Sacco for money

for the UDF?"

Dr Boesak: "Yes. I don't know why he would do that." He had not raised

the matter with Miss Sacco.

Earlier, Dr Boesak told the commission that he did not think Mr Surtee was a

member of the UDF, but that he believed he was broadly sympathetic to the

organisation.

Mr Justice Munnik asked Dr Boesak about evidence that Mr Cachalia had told

Mr Surtee it was important that Dr Boesak see Miss Mechanik "Because she

controls all the money."

Dr Boesak: "I find it very difficult to comment on a conversation I was

no part of. I don't know what that means.

He had no knowledge of a letter that Miss Mechanik had to give him.

91
Referring to the Project by Bill Cosby's wife to make a film on Mrs Winnie

Mandela's life, Dr Boesak said he had seen the Cosbys during his trip to

the United States last year and had been given the assurance the project

was still on. He was aware of problems with entertainer Harry Belafonte,

who apparently wanted to make his own film. He had tried to telephone

Mrs Mandela on his return to South Africa, but it was "very difficult" to

contact her by telephone.

He had hoped to see her when she visited her husband in Cape Town but he had

not. Neither had he seen her when she attended the murder trial of Lindi

Mangaliso.

Mr Justice Munnik: "I'm surprised you did not make some effort to see her

to tell her this good news."

Dr Boesak: "I did not think the problems would jeapordise the whole project."

Earlier, the commission heard evidence from the manager of the Kuls River

Sub-branch of Barclays Bank, Mr John Ettisch. He was asked about a cheque

for R50,000 drawn by the Peace and Justice Foundation for which a credit

could not be found in any of the Foundations other four accounts with

Barclays Bank. The cheque was made out on February 20, was given a Kuils

River branch counter stamp on February 23 and a Barclays Bellville Civic

Centre stamp on February 26.

Mr Ettisch could not trace the credit and had to return to his branch to make

enquiries. After the lunch adjournment, Mr Van Zyl informed the commission

that Mr Ettisch had discovered the cheque had been made out to the Peace and

Justice Foundation or bearer, and had been paid into the account of the

World Alliance of Reformed Churches on February 23.

The commission, which moved to Cape Town from Johannesburg today, adjourned

until further notice this afternoon. Mr Van Zyl said he intended calling

another witness but did not know when he would be ready to do so. He would

inform the commission when it should resume.

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SOUTH AFRICA

HENDRICKSE SAYS NP RESIGNATIONS 'PURIFICATION'

MB251735 London BBC World Service in English 1515 GMT 25 Mar 87

[From the "Focus on Africa" program]

[Text] The Reverend Allan Hendrickse, leader of the South African Labor

Party, which has MP's in both colored and Asian houses of the tricameral

parliament, has not had an easy time so far this year. First, he led an

anti-apartheid protest by swimming from a whites-only beach, but eventually

ended up apologizing to the state president, P.W. Botha. Now six of his

MP's have walked out of the party and resigned. On the line to Johannesburgs

Kwabena Mensah asked Mr Hendrickse how he reacted to the resignations.

[Begin recording] [Hendrickse] My reaction is one, certainly, of disappointment because nobody liked to lose members, although I would regard this almost

as a sort of—purification—process in the sense that two of the gentlemen

concerned have continuously had to be reprimanded with regard to lack of work

and lack of preparations of debate, and one thing and another. The one

gentleman Mr Redcliffe, for instance, is known to have said that unless he

had a ministerial appointment, that he would resign the party, so that although

they are supposedly giving political reasons in fact the actual situation is

definitely reversible.

[Mensah] So, one of the MP's too who has resigned says that they plan to form

a new party which would be opposed to apartheid and be committed to bringing

an end to the tricameral system. Don't you take this as a bit of a criticism

of your membership of parliament?

[Hendrickse] Well, the point is that it is a reflection on their own inability

then, to recognize what the Labor Party is trying to do. I mean if they were

to resign from the Labor Party, then obviously they should withdraw from

participation in the parliamentary structure. But although resigning from the

Labor Party, they refused to resign from parliament.

[Mensah] They also accused the colored Labor Party of helping to entrench

apartheid. Now, do you think that is a fair assessment?

93
[Hendrickse] This, of course, is nonacceptable in the fact that these

gentlemen have for 3 years been party to whatever decision the Labor Party

has made.

[Hendrickse] No, this is absolutely not true. The point is that, as I said,

they were personal reasons my good friends (?went off) and I am telling you

all about them, but I have got no doubt in my mind—you see, you are in a

difficult position when you haven't got opposition within the house and

there are certainly moments of difficulties, but I have got no doubt that

we have already had some achievement and, of course, indicative of our

stance, is a decision of the party to review its participation at its annual

congress at the end of this year. [end recording]

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SOUTH AFRICA

PFP MP SAYS GROUP AREAS ACT CAUSING 'MISERY'

MB251531 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1506 GMT 25 Mar 87

[Embargoed until 1900 GMT on 25 March]

[Text] Cape Town Mar 25 SAPA—The emergence and growth of groups with middle

class values and a vested interest in stability was being severely retarded,

if not destroyed, by the Group Areas Act, the Progressive Federal Party MP

for Gardens, Mr Ken Andrew, said tonight.

Speaking at a PFP election rally in Gardens, he said the state president,

Mr P.W. Botha, had pleaded for racially segregated residential areas, stability

and evolutionary reform. "In the conditions that exist in South Africa today,

these objectives are incompatible with one another. The Group Areas Act has

caused "misery, bitterness and hatred," he said.

Instead of increasing stability, the Group Areas Act had brought with it more

politicisation, radicalisation and polarisation. "The emergence and growth

of groups with middle-class values and a vested interest in stability is

being severely retarded, if not destroyed." Because of the act, people were

locked into "a pressure cooker situation" where they were accused of

collaborating with the system if they acquired material comforts. "The ground

is being cut from under those who favour evolution rather than revolution,

Mr Andrew said.

It was in the interests of Mr Botha to provide people with an alternative

to the Group Areas Act, to improve the quality o£ life attd to develop a

strong vested interest in stability. "If the state president is not prepared

to do these things, I believe he can kiss goodbye to evolutionary reform.

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SOUTH AFRICA

COSATU WARNS AGAINST DISMISSALS IN SATS STRIKE

MB251335 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1111 GMT 25 Mar 87

[Text] Johannesburg, March 25 (SAPA)—The biggest labour federation in the

country has warned that mass dismissal of the 10,000 workers on strike at

SA Transport Services [SATS] depots across the Witwatersrand would fuel

political and industrial tension in the country.

"COSATU calls on SATS to negotiate in good faith with workers and their union,

and pay immediate attention to overhauling their entire labour relations

practices," the Congress of South African Trade Unions said in a statement to

SAPA today. COSATU said its affiliate, the SA Railways and Harbour Workers

Unxon (SARWHU) had conducted the strike in a disciplined way, even though

SATS was refusing to deal with the union, the statement said. "Workers in

every sector have in recent years become more conscious of their rights and

their collective power. Failure to come to terms with this and to bargain in

good faith with workers will continuously cause unnecessary conflict and disrupt industrial peace. By clinging to old-fashioned notions of the black

workers' place in industrial relations, SATS in doing a grave disservice to

the commercial and industrial sectors which are so critically dependant

on the transport service provided by SATS.

"The government should be aware that it would be infinitely more dangerous

for SATS to resort to mass dismissals which the government sector has been

so eager to use in the past. Such an action would only fuel tension and

conflict both in the factories and the townships."

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SOUTH AFRICA

CONFISCATION THREATS SAID AIMED AT APPEASING RIGHT WING

MB241517 Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 24 Mar 87 p 3

[By Dominique Gilbert]

[Text] Government's latest threat to confiscate private properties occupied

illegally in terms of the Group Areas Act [GAA] was also made last year—with

no results.

The PFP's Tiaan van der Merwe says these threats are made on an annual basis

by Deputy Constitutional Development and Planning Minister Piet Badenhorst

to appease government's rightwing opponents and conservative NP members who

do not want the act scrapped.

Immediately after disclosures in BUSINESS DAY last year that government

had halted prosecutions under the Act, Badenhorst announced at the NP

congress in Bloemfontein that he would and could confiscate properties

illegally occupied.

Government had already issued at least one such notice and was processing

several others in terms of Section 41 of the Act, it was claimed, but no

details were given.

Yesterday Badenhorst said the notices had not yet been enforced and were

"still in the pipeline." He said it was "impossible" to supply details.

Offenders were normally given three months to "rectify" the situation during

which time government "discussed" the matter with the offender, he said.

By yesterday, last year's offenders were still in the process of "on-going

negotiations" with Government, Badenhorst said.

This also follows recent disclosures that only four of about 1,000 complaints

about contraventions of the GAA last year resulted in convictions.

Badenhorst could not say in which areas the convictions took place, and the

Law and Order Ministry was unable to provide details yesterday.

Van der Merwe said the renewed threat was "crazy against the background that

they're not prosecuting under the GAA."

Johannesburg CBD [Central Business District] Association chairman Nigel Mandy

said any attempt by Government to prosecute under the GAA would be defended and

resisted.

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SOUTH AFRICA

BLACK, WHITE UNIONISTS PROTEST NEW MAY HOLIDAY

Official Labor Holiday Announced

MB220803 Johannesburg SUNDAY TIMES in English 22 Mar 87 pp 1, 2

[By Andrew Gillingham]

£Text] South Africa is to have its own official labour holiday—but its

timing has stirred a loud protest from both extremes of the union movement.

President P, W, Botha announced the new "Workers Day" holiday at the Boksburg

centenary celebrations yesterday, and said it would fall on the first Friday

of every May,

The new holiday is a half-way concession to the emergent black unions who

have unofficially declared 1 Mayr-International May Day--as a public holiday

and have since forced important business sectors to recognise it.

But the president's deal has failed to satisfy all parties.

President of the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) Cyril Ramaphosa said

President Botha had failed to meet the workers' demands that the symbolic

1 May be an official Labour Day,

He said the union had already negotiated 1 May with employers, and the government was out of step,

"It's an election ploy. The government has not given us what we want because

it does not want to be seen to be capitulating to pressure."

He said the symbolism of 1 May was more important than having a long weekend,

and the unions would continue pressing for acknowledgment of 1 May and 16 June,

the day marking the 1976 Soweto unrest, as public holidays.

And Mr Arrie Paulus, white unionist and CP candidate in Carletonville, said

white workers would be unhappy with the decision as they preferred the later

half of the year,

"The government is showing that it is afraid of the black workers, They get

whatever they want. Next they will get the whole hand," he said.

98
PFP spokesman for manpower affairs Peter Gastrow said the government, while

trying to defuse conflict would exacerbate [the] situation,

'There are now two days in the first week of May under dispute. Pressure

from workers will continue. I call on the state president to review his

decision for the sake of industrial peace,

"He must change his mind before he builds a permanent obstacle into the

fabric of the country, "If he does not decide to make 1 May "Workers Day"

it will be seen as a move of positive reconciliation by South Africa's

labour movement."

Mr Botha said in Boksburg that South Africa owed much to its workers corps

which through the years had built up the country.

This May the first, Friday of 1 May, coincide with the interests of the government and black miners.

COSATU Official Reacts

MB211907 Umtata Capital Radio in English 1600 GMT 21 Mar 87

[Text] The Congress of South African Trade Unions has responded to the government's declaring of a public holiday for workers. Earlier, P, W. Botha

announced that the first Friday in May will from this year be regarded as a

national holiday. As COSATU's press secretary, (Franz Meikin) says, the

federation has mixed feelings about this,

[Begin (Meikin) recording] COSATU believes that this concession by P.W.

Botha is a recognition of the determination which workers have towards

planning May Day as a public holiday. However, we feel that this decision

is not (?abiding by) May Day itself. In that issue, P. W. Botha is behaving

in (?an undemocratic) fashion and not responding to the actual demands made

by workers, made [words indistinct] even the national workers day. The [word

indistinct] cannot be substituted by another day« [end recording]

Last year about 30,000 workers stayed away from work on May Day.

COSATU Spokesman Opposed

MB231124 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1106 GMT 23 Mar 87

[Text] Johannesburg, 23 Mar (SAPA)—May Day is already an institution for

the mass of workers in South Africa, a spokesman for the biggest labour federation in country said today. Congress of South African Trade Unions spokesman, Mr Frank Meintjies was replying to the state president, Mr P. W,

Botha's declaration that workers day would fall on the first Friday of May

every year from now on.

99
"The concession made by P, W» Botha is a poor attempt to subvert one of the

key victories of working class struggle in South Africa, the recognition of

1 May as workers day, At most, his unilateral and undemocratic action seems

designed to sow confusion and retard the struggle of those workers still

demanding 1 May as a paid holiday,"

Mr Meintjies also criticised employers for "rushing forward to commend P, W,

Botha" rather than considering the views of workers.

"COSATÜ demands that P, W. Botha instead of meddling with and trying to

underline May Day, should declare 16 June and Sharpeville Day a public holiday. This may not go down well as an election ploy, but it will prevent the

annual bitter conflicts between the majority and the security forces."

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SOUTH AFRICA

NATAL SCHOOL ENROLLMENTS 'WORST IN COUNTRY»

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 25 Feb 87 p 2

[Text]

"WHITE Natal education enrot

ment figures were the worst in the

country and well below the

'national average, Education and

Culture Minister Piet Clase said

Vesterday.

: He said teacher training colleges were less than half full and

jjchools in the province were 307«.

under-utilised.

Figures in a written reply to a

question from Graham Mctntosh

(PFP Pietermaritzburg North),

show that training colleges are

operating at only 48,43% of capacity, primary schools at 68,33%

and secondary schools at 69,58%.

The national average for college enrolment is 77,54%, and

85,7% for primary and secondary

schools.

In the Free State, primary

schools are operating at 78,99% of

capacity, secondary schools ät

90,95% and teacher training colleges at 78,57%.

In the Cape, primary and secondary schools are under-utilised by

22,18% and training colleges by

36,86%.

Transvaal primary scnoois

have an enrolment of 87,84%

while temporary accommodation

has to be used in secondary

schools to cater for nearly 6000

more children than there is space

for- ... i However, teacher training colleges are operating at 9,46% below their capacity.

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SOUTH AFRICA

PSYCHOLOGISTS CALL FOR 'FREE, OPEN SOCIETY'

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 25 Feb 87 p 11

[Article by Sue Leeman]

[Text]

Psychologists have expressed concern over

what they call "the continuing hostility and

violence in the country" and have called for

the removal of degrading legislation, the formation of a "free and open society" and

equal education for all.

Following a recent meeting of the Psychological Association of South Africa (Pasa),

the association's chairman, Professor Werner

Meyer, said psychologists were also offering

their help in trying to normalise the situation.

He pointed out that on the one hand there

were acts and allegations of violence by the

security forces, while on the other there was

the unrest situation in the townships.

The country had become caught in a spiral

of violence, with aggression breeding aggression. Such a cycle was not easily broken.

Children, in particular, were seeing violence all around them and many were seeing

violence as a means of addressing social and

political problems.

Every human being, he said, built up for

himself a "hierarchy of responses". For

many people in South Africa today, violence

was high on the list.

He said this ongoing situation would hasten

the disintegration of family and community

life, and in the shorter term anger and hostil

ity would destroy physical and mental health

in South Africans of all ages and race groups.

Incidents like last week's attacks by a

group of yoiing whites on blacks in Waterkloof could be a manifestation of this overall

feeling of aggression and uncertainty.

Members of Pasa called on:

• The Government to accelerate the abolition "of all legislation in which the dignity of

the individual is not recognised, which we

consider essential for meaningful reduction

in social tensions".

• All political, religious, community, educational or professional leaders to work for a

free and open society.

• For "an equitable educational system sensitive to the varied and changing needs of

South African society".

The association said it had asked its

branches and institute groups to form panels

of experts who would offer their help.

Among the services that psychologists

could provide were individual therapy for

those suffering from violence, including parents of detainees.

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SOUTH AFRICA

EASTERN CAPE NEWSPAPER OWNERS MERGE

MB231719 Johannesburg THE STAR in English 23 Mar 87 p 4

[Text] Port Elizabeth—The English language newspaper industry in the

Eastern Cape is to be consolidated as a result of a merger between

Times Media Limited (TML) and East London-based Daily Dispatch Holdings (DDH;.

The deal was announced yesterday.

The DAILY DISPATCH is East London's only daily newspaper, while TML, formerly

SAAN [South African Associated Newspapers]., controls the EP [Eastern

Province] HERALD, EVENING POST and WEEKEND POST, all published m Port Elizabeth.

According to an announcement made last night, it is envisaged a new company

will be formed to control all four publications.

It is believed that TML will retain a nominal majority if shares in the new

company and DDH will control 30 percent. The ownership of the rest of shares

is still to be decided.

Mr Terry Briceland, one of the executive directors of DDH, has been appointed

chief executive of the new company.

The managing direction of TML, Mr Stephen Mulholland, said yesterday he was

confident that the formation of the new company would be to everyone s

benefit.

He said the company would now have "regional autonomy" over its area of

publication.

An early stock exchange listing was envisaged for the new company, he said.

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SOUTH AFRICA

FINANCE MINISTER COMMENTS ON DEBT REPAYMENT

MB241916 Johannesburg Television Service in English 1800 GMT 14 Mar 87

[Text] South Africa has reached a new working arrangement with its foreign

creditor banks. Finance Minister Barend du Plessis told a news conference

in Pretoria this afternoon that $1.4 billion of debt is to be repaid during

a 3-year period of the new arrangement. This will start on 1 July this year

and end in July 1990. The sum to be paid by South Africa amounts to 13 percent

of the $13 billion debt affected by the standstill agreement.

[Begin video recording] [Du Plessis] I think, apart from certain technical

details which are also, I believe, advantageous for South Africa, the major

point is that we now have a 3-year arrangement period which is, in terms of

current trends, a long time; secondly, the fact that we have seven capital

repayments, each one representing a rather modest repayment; thirdly, the

fact that we have modified an escape clause where creditors can convert shortterm debts inside of the net, in other words, under restrictions of the

arrangements, to long-term debt, outside of the net, extending over a period

of no less than 10 years, and then a fourth point which is currently being

investigated by the Reserve Bank is the possibility of converting some of

these debts into equity, and interest has already been expressed by bankers

in participating in, for instance, in the Mossel Bay project.

[Unidentified reporter] There have been some speculation in the market place

in recent months to the effect that government was perhaps responsible for

large part of the foreign debt. Do you have any ratios you can give?

[Du Plessis] Yes I have ratios. Public sector debt—now, that includes even

state corporations. It amounts to around about $10.5 billion and private

sector debt, must be $12.5 billion, and therefore, the impression that all

the debt belongs to the government and that the private sector has no part in

overall country debt is totally wrong.

[Reporter] Minister, the past few weeks, the financial rand has shown a

remarkable gain of strength. Has the working arrangement that you have

reached been partly influential for this?

104
[Du Plessis] There are no secrets in the World and on account of the fact

that the preparations which enabled us to announce this arrangement today

had been going on for a long time before ultimately reaching it, I am pretty

sure that it must have been known in ever-widening banking circles at least

that the significance of the financial rand as supported by this fact and

other factors is this : that means that foreigners who have assets in

South Africa are no longer prepared to sell those assets to other foreigners

at a very large discount that they used to and they were willing to do. And

on the other hand, that other foreigners who want to obtain assets in

South Africa are now willing to pay more to obtain/those assets. \ Now that

is clearly a sign of confidence in the economy of South Africa and in

South Africa as a country. [end video recording]

' / /

x \

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105

.^
SOUTH AFRICA

INFLATION RATE REGISTERS SLIGHT INCREASE

MB231406 Johannesburg SAPA in English 1405 GMT 23 Mar 87

[Text] Pretoria, March 23, SAPA—The inflation rate as measured by the

consumer price index has increased slightly to 16.3 per cent in February,

from 16.1 per cent in January, the Central Statistical Service said in

Pretoria today.

It was 18.1 per cent in December 1986 and average 18.6 per cent last year.

From February 1986 to February 1987 the indices for the lower, middle, and

higher income groups increased by 16.8 per cent, 16.7 per cent and

16.0 per cent respectively.

The monthly increases (February 1987 compared with January 1987) were

0.9 per cent, 1.1 per cent and 1.1 per cent for the lower, middle and

higher income groups respectively.

Food prices increased by 1.6 per cent, down from 3.1 per cent in January.

Fish prices increased by 2.5 per cent, milk and eggs by 2.9 per cent,

vegetables by 3.9 per cent, sugar by 5.8 per cent, cigarettes and tobacco

by 4.9 per cent and motor vehicles by 3.6 per cent.

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SOUTH AFRICA

BUSINESSMEN REACT FAVORABLY TO DEBT AGREEMENT

MB250900 Johannesburg Domestic Service in English 0500 GMT 25 Mar 87

[Excerpts] South Africa has reached a new working arrangement with its foreign

creditor banks. Announcing this at a news conference in Pretoria, the

minister of finance, Mr Barend du Plessis, said $1.4 billion of debt was to be

repaid during the 3-year period of the new arrangement. Repayment would

begin on 1 July this year and end in July 1990. The sum to be paid by

South Africa amounted to 11 percent of the $13 billion debt inside the standstill net. Mr du Plessis said foreign creditor banks had agreed to roll over

all the remaining amounts owed to them until July 1990.

Our economics desk reports that news of the new debt standstill arrangement

have been received enthusiastically by South African business leaders. The

executive president of the Johannesburg Stock Exchange, Mr Tony Norton,

described the successful conclusion of the negotiations as a job well done

by a competent team.

The chief economist of the Federated Chamber of Industries, Professor Peter

Haasbruck said the outcome indicated the beginning of the recovery of

international confidence in the economic future of South Africa. He said that

South Africa had apparently impressed the international community with its

ability to maintain a surplus on the current account of the balance of payments,

repaying large amounts of its debt, and increasing its gold and other reserves.

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SOUTH AFRICA

'ECONOMIC UPSWING' GAINING MOMENTUM

MB241743 Johannesburg THE STAR in English 24 Mar 87 p 1

[By finance editor Magnus Heystek]

[Text] The economic upswing is gaining further momentum and spreading to more

sectors of the economy.

This is the conclusion reached by the Bureau for Economic Research (BER) at

the University of Stellenbosch in a report released today and is echoed by

the views of leading economists.

Although the economy is not about to exhibit "great vigour," recent developments, including an increase in manufacturing activity, a strengthening of

the rand, a firmer gold price and return of confidence to businessmen and

consumers point to meaningfully higher domestic growth in 1987.

Economists are now cautiously optimistic that a growth rate of 3 percent in

real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) can be attained this year ending one of the

longest and most severe recessions in the post-war period.

Although the inflation rate as measured by the year-on-year increase in the

consumer price index (CPI) moved up slightly from 16.1 percent in January

to 16.3 percent last month, the trend at present is downwards, adding further

impetus to optimistic growth prospects.

Fears of hyperinflation, as forecast by economists last year, now seem to be

unfounded, for the time being at least.

Even the property market, both commercial and residential, is showing signs

of revival.

Gold analysts have long been predicting an upsurge in the international price

of gold.

This morning the price of gold moved up by more than $3 an ounce in Hong Kong

to $410 an ounce. A fix above this level on the London market could well

trigger technical buying and catapult the gold price to much higher levels

than present.

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Based purely on economic considerations, the South African economy must

be poised for a period of sustained economic growth. The country experienced

a surplus on the current account of the balance of payments of more than

R7 billion last year, gross gold and foreign reserves have been increasing

sharply in recent months despite large payments to foreign creditors including

the International Monetary Fund and the agriculture sector has returned to

normal conditions following a summer of above-normal rainfall.

Other factors precipitating economic growth at present include tax concessions

and increases in salaries and wages much closer to the inflation rate.

The bureau adds, however, that the improved overall performance of domestic

production levels, evident since the second half of last year, should be

seen against the background of longer-term retrogression.

The report also notes that confidence levels among businessmen and consumers

alike—although still reflecting vulnerability—have improved in recent

months.

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SOUTH AFRICA

STATISTICS REVEAL 'MINISCULE' INCREASE IN GNP

MB250942 Johannesburg SAPA in English 0902 GMT 25 Mar 87

[Text] Johannesburg March 25 SAPA—As expected, growth in the country's

real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was miniscule last year—although better

than some of the more pessimistic economists had forecast.

The first comprehensive estimate by the Central Statistical Services (CSS) in

Pretoria says the GDP edged ahead by a marginal 0.5 per cent last year.

This is better than a few of the doom-and-gloom school had anticipated—they

were looking for negative real growth.

As the CSS notes, the rate "is lower than the majority of recent forecasts

and estimates."

The CSS says that, following the dismal economic performance in 1985, when

real GDP fell by 1.1 per cent, the "relatively serious" subsidence in the first

quarter of last year warned of an unsatisfactory growth rate for the year.

The report emphasised that only better farming conditions made a positive

growth rate possible.

In the agricultural sector, real output rose by 16.6 per cent, whereas real

production in the non^farming sector fell by 0.5 per cent.

Although growth did not meet expectations, the CSS said there were firm

grounds for believing the economy had moved into an upward phase since

1986's first-quarter low.

Seasonally-adjusted total real GDP for that quarter dropped by 4.3 per cent

at an annual rate.

It then rose by 6.1 per cent in the second quarter, 3.4 per cent in the

third and 4.4 per cent in the fourth.

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SOUTH AFRICA

COMMENTARY EMPHASIZES ECONOMIC VITALITY

MB260551 Johannesburg Domestic Service in English 0500 GMT 26 Mar 87

[Station commentary]

[Text] The new foreign debt agreement is testimony to the basic soundness

of the South African economy and to the effectiveness of the management of

the economy.

It is also an acknowledgement by the international banking community that—

in spite of sanctions, disinvestment, and other economic pressures—the

economy of South Africa is not about to collapse. Significantly, too, it

mirrors a dramatic turnaround in foreign perspectives on the political situation

in South Africa.

A year ago, and for some time before that, many Western countries saw a scenario

in which South Africa was about to collapse into political chaos. This

scenario—assiduously cultivated by the mass media abroad—viewed the African

National Congress as an alternative government that was about to take over

power in this country.

In more recent months, perspectives on South Africa have changed. The level of

instability portrayed by the mass media to overseas audiences has been shown

to be false; and the state of emergency has to a noteworthy degree curbed,

although not eliminated, the revolutionary climate.

The African National Congress has been discredited in many Western circles,

its true colors as a communist-controlled, terrorist organization that endorses

barbaric action such as necklace murders having been exposed. The scenario

is no longer one of South Africa about to plunge into chaos.

The agreement concluded this week has also broken the back of the country's

foreign debt problem. When the agreement has run its course, South Africa

will have repaid 18 percent of her foreign debt and, in the meantime, will

have kept up regular interest payments. This is in sharp contrast to the

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headaches being caused by debtor nations in the Third World and, in particular

Brazil, which has suspended interest; payments on her foreign debt. South

Africa's credit-worthiness in the international financial community has

been upgraded and her standing in general enhanced.

/ ' - / ' ' /' This renewed confidence abroad will be reflected at the local level. It

comes at a time when, in the past 2(months, there has been a sharp rise

in South Africa's foreign exchange and gold reserves, as well as a continued

surplus on' the current account and ah appreciation of both the commercial and

financial/rand. /

/ ; I i! ! !

All this'will add weight to the signs that have already emerged indicating

that the national economy is beginning to move forward will do so in a climate

of confidence in /the future. /

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/

/

/
ECONOMIST PREDICTS STEADY SLOW GROWTH

\:i-i SOUTH AFRICA

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 25 Feb 87 p 8

[Article by Piet Van Schalk]

[Text]

COUNTRIES such as the US,

West Germany and Britain

have enjoyed remarkably

steady economic growth

over the past few years — largely by design. SA is also about to

enter a period of steady although

relatively slow growth, but

largely by default.

That the shape and pattern of

the business cycle had to change

following the debt standstill in 1985

was clear. Upswings in domestic

demand driven by improved exports (followed by a turnaround in

the current account of the balance

of payments, increasing liquidity,

lower interest rates, etc) have, at

least for the time being, become a

phenomenon of the past.

Domestic demand, or more particularly consumers' ability and

willingness to spend, now has to be

triggered by other means. This is

an enormous problem.

Not only is it difficult (given the

state of the economy over the last

five years, the performance of corSwate profits, interest rates, inflaon, etc) to engineer a sufficient

and sustainable increase in takehome income, it is even more difficult (for the same reasons, as well

as the substantial increase in unemployment) to increase consumers willingness to spend.

This has been sufficiently evident over the past 12 to 18 months.

It is also quite clear that economic

policy is largely powerless.

After all, the Minister of

Finance had hoped that, via last

year's Budget, subsequent announcements regarding stimulation and low interest rates, the ecor

nomy could grow by 3% last year.

As it turned out, the growth rate

was a third of that.

Will the year ahead be substantially different? Will the consumers' mood and financial position

(salary increases and balance

sheets) improve sufficiently to

coax them into a spending spree

andlift the economy on to a growth

track, as was the case in 1983/84,

1980/81 and the early Seventies?

The upswing must come from

consumer spending and we must

hope that government does not try

to spend the economy into an upswing.

Average salary and wage increasesfor 1987 will be of the order

of 14% to 15%. If a small increase

inemployment is addedto this, and

taking into account some improvement in the financial position of

the farming community, the wage

bill for the economy as a whole

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could increase at little more than

inflation, working on an inflation

rate for the year of about 16,5%.

Add to this consumers' still high

debt position, the fear of becoming

redundant and the fear of interest

rates again rising to the levels of a

Sear or two ago, the answer must i

e that consumer spending is likely I

to rise only slowly in real terms

this year and possibly marginally .

faster next year.

This has implications for those

two components of demand that

really triggered the high growth

rates that were experienced: in the

past — investment in fixed assets

. and investment in inventories.

There is more than sufficient

evidence to show that it is not low

interest rates that causes the private sector to expand production

capacity and restock. Rather it is

rising demand and the prospect of

demand continuing to rise at

reasonable levels.

Latest statistics show that capacity utilisation is running at 78%.

The lowest number recorded between 1970 and 1985 was 80% and

the highest 87%.

Add to the equation the argument about consumer demand and

it is clear that it can take quite a

while before capacity utilisation

will get to levels where it will result in the creation of new capacity

in the private sector.

There is also little likelihood

that the public sector (government

and public corporations) will be a

major force in this field. In fact,

ftublic corporations are specificaly slowing down in terms of new

investment.

The same argument holds for

the inventory cycle. Many companies still remember the experience of being caught with high inventory levels while demand was

falling and interest rates rising.

As in the rest of the world, inventory management has become

somewhat of a finer art than it was

a few years ago.

The upshot is that it is highly

unlikely that SA will experience a

sharp increase in consumer demand, a surge in fixed investment

and a restocking cycle all in the

space of a year or two. This is what

happened in past booms.

This implies slower growth

rates, but it also implies that the

Sowth cycle will last longer than

the past.

. Also'the economy will not overheat as quickly as in the past,

thereby eliminating the need for

corrective action on a current

account deficit, demand pull inflation, sharply rising interest rates

and a plummeting exchange rate.

The question is whether this is

good oroad news. The only serious

negative implication is that rising

unemployment is to be a problem

for some years to come. For the

rest, this may be good news.

I_ he boom and bust cycles of the

past have created dubious advantages and nightmares for management. What is more, the overall

growth performance has been dismal in any case.

The average growth rate of 3,4%

per year between 1971 and 1980

was followed by l,l%_per year between 1981 and 1986. This gives an

average of 2,7% per year over a

period of 17 years. This is nothing

to write home about and could be

surpassed in the next five years.

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SOUTH AFRICA

PEOPLE PAYING OFF DEBTS

Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 26 Feb 87 p 2

[Article by Gerald Reilly]

[Text]

SSftUTH Africans had begun to

pull themselves out of the debt

mire which had accumulated

during the easy credit days of the

early '80s, Information Trust

Corporation (formally Dun and

Bradstreet) MD Paul Edwards

said yesterday.

He said the spending spree had

continued until the crunch in

August '84 when government put

the brakes on the rising interest

.rate.

: Today's improving trend was

! supported by a marked reluctance

''among individuals to increase debt

commitment.

Central Statistical Services' figures showed the number of summonses issued for debt decreased

,by 9,6% in the last quarter of last

«ear to 205 644 and the number of

civil judgments for debt by 3,9% to

»8 216, compared with the Octoberi/December period öf '85.

j:* Company liquidations last year

•ftrere substantially down — by 328

tö 2 733, compared with '85. The

|>eak month was June with 301

Company failures.

Edwards said the downward

trend was expected to continue.

With the economy picking up pace

certain sectors, among them consumer durables, were showing new

strength.

However, 1986 was a disastrous

year for insolvencies with a

monthly average of 365 compared

with 1985's average of 268.

That reflected the tremendous

economic pressures bearing down

on individuals who had to cope

with eroded earnings, smaller disposable incomes, and pay hikes

which failed to keep pace with inflation.

Improved trading conditions

were reflected in the reduced number of debt summonses issued on

businesses. The 1985 total of>

147 000 dropped sharply last year

to 109 553. Summonses issued on

individuals also decreased last

year by 24 000 to 789 000 compared

with 1985.

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SOUTH AFRICA

BRIEFS

HOUSING SHORTAGE—SA was confronted with a massive shortage of 600 000

houses, more than 500 000 for blacks, Population Development Deputy

Minister L.T. Landers said in Durban yesterday. Landers told a housing

symposium although there was a surplus of more than 37 000 houses for

whites, it was not uncommon for 30 to 40 people to live in one house in

the townships. Backyard squatting was common in many urban areas. The

high rate of population growth was the most crucial problem facing the

country. It was increasing at 2,3% a year. Landers said if it continued

at that rate a population of 80-million would be reached by 2020. There

were 10-million children under 15 who would enter the labour market within

the next few years. To accommodate them, the economy would have to grow

at 5% a year. [Text] [Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 26 Feb 87 p 5]

/9317

WHITE HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURES—South African households would now have to

earn 3,4 times what they earned in 1975 merely to be able to live to the

same standards, a Central Statistical Services survey has found. The

survey shows the highest average household income-i-R40 050—was in

Pretoria's Verwoerdburg, a commentary, economists said at the weekend,

on the country's well-heeled State department workers. The survey is based

on white household expenditure in the 12 "most important" urban areas.

It found in real terms household incomes and expenditure declined in the

10 years to 1985. Average total income of white households was R33 932 in

1985. But calculated at 1975 constant prices, it represented only R9 972,

a decline in real terms since 1975 of 2,4%. According to CSS the household

income takes into account the earnings of all members, housing subsidies,

car allowances and other income. During 1985, the average expenditure of

white households amounted to R34 117—slightly more than the average income.

CSS found, too, that there had been a relatively large decline in expendi-4

ture on food—by 2,4%, on furniture and equipment 1,6%, on clothing and

footwear 1,5% and on transport 1,7%. However, relatively high increases

occurred in housing, 2,6%, income tax, financing, insurance and investments.

On the Witwatersrand the figure was 34,6% while in East London it averaged

$28,8$. [Text] [Johannesburg BUSINESS DAY in English 2 Mar 87 p 1] /9317

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