# Patent

## Title
Effect pigment

## Abstract

An effect pigment is constituted by coated laminar platelets in which the platelets are a mixture of different platelet materials, one of which is platy glass or platy aluminum oxide, and in which the pigment exhibits visual homogeneity.

## Background
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 10/335,303 filed Dec. 31, 2002 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,045,007.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The use of effect pigments, also known as pearlescent pigments or nacreous pigments, in order to impart a pearlescent luster, metallic luster and/or multi-color effect approaching iridescent, is well-known. The effect pigments are composed of a plurality of laminar platelets, each of which is coated with one or more reflecting/transmitting layers. Pigments of this type were first based on metal oxides, as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,087,828 and 3,087,829, and a description of their properties can be found in the Pigment Handbook, Volume I, Second Edition, pp. 829-858, John Wiley & Sons, NY 1988. More recently, use of other coating layers to realize optically variable effects have been developed.
The unique appearance of effect pigments is the result of multiple reflections and transmissions of light. The platelet substrate usually has a refractive index which is different from the coating and usually also has a degree of transparency. The coating is in the form of one or more thin films which have been deposited on the surfaces of the platelets.
There are a number of important aspects to effect pigments. One is that they are commonly composed of a plurality of particles which are platelet shaped. If there is a different size or shape, the pearlescent or nacreous appearance is significantly diminished and usually lost to a degree that the material no longer functions as an effect pigment.
One important aspect of the coating on the platelet is that it must be smooth and uniform in order to achieve the optimum pearlescent appearance. The reason is that if an irregular surface is formed, light scattering occurs and the coated platelet will no longer function as an effect pigment.
In addition, the coating should adhere strongly to the platelet or else the coating will become separated during processing, resulting in considerable breakage and loss of luster. Particles which do not become attached to the platelet during preparation of the coatings on the platelets or which are the result of separation cause light scattering and impart opacity to the pigment. When there are too many of such small particles, the pearlescent appearance can be reduced or lost.
The addition of the coatings to a platelet so that the luster, color and color homogeneity are maintained is a very complex process and originally, the only platy substrate which achieved any significant use in commerce was mica. Thus, historically, the largest class of effect pigments based on thin film interference were those based on a mica substrate. With the advent of synthetic substrates, e.g. synthetic mica, aluminum oxide, silica, and glass, it became evident that other substrates could be used since each substrate itself contributes certain effect attributes, due to variations in transparency, refractive index, bulk color, thickness, and surface and edge features. Coated substrate effect pigments thus provide different, albeit similar, visual effects when they are identical except for the identity of the material of the platelet because of these considerations.
Glass flakes are desirable in the industry because they are very resilient and can be optically attractive as well. In one method, glass flakes are made by stretching a molten glass into thin sheets, beads or glass tubes followed by crushing the glass into flakes. The resulting flakes have a size and shape mimicking the mica platelets used in metal oxide-coated mica pearlescent pigments and thus have an average particle size in the range of about 1 to 150 microns and a thickness of about 0.1 to 10 microns.
A commercially viable method of preparing metal oxide-coated glass platelets is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,753,371, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. That patent discloses the coating of C glass in preference to A or E glasses. A glass is a soda-lime glass, commonly used to make windows and contains more sodium than potassium and also contains calcium oxide. C glass, also known as chemical glass, is a form which is resistant to corrosion by acid and moisture. E or electrical glass is, as the name implies, designed for electronic applications and although it is very stable at high temperatures, it can be susceptible to chemical attack. See also commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 6,045,914.
International Publication WO 03/006558 A2 and WO 02/090448 A2 disclose a pigment based on glass flakes wherein the glass flakes have a softening point of ≧800° C.; a preferred glass is quartz. ENGELHARD REFLECKSTM Pearlescent and Iridescent Pigments brochure dated 2000 teaches a borosilicate pigment with TiO2. See also Japanese Patent Publication 11340 published Jan. 16, 2001 teaching a glass flake pearlescent pigment.
Metal oxide-coated mica effect pigment and a metal oxide-coated glass effect pigment do provide different visual effects even if they are identical except for the material of the platelet substrate. The reason is that the mica and the glass differ with respect to both their degree of transparency, refractive index, and bulk color, Also, while the surfaces of both are sufficiently smooth for effect pigment use, the glass surface is the smoother of the two substrates and that provides a different optical appearance. Platy aluminum oxide has a surface of similar smoothness to glass. Effect pigments derive their appearance by the reflection and transmission of light and the difference in transparency and refractive index causes the amount of light reflected or transmitted to differ. Nevertheless, both types of effect pigments are highly attractive and commercially valuable.
The preparation of coated glass platelets, while highly desirable, is also expensive. For commercial acceptability, C glass is generally required and this type of glass is costly. In addition, the calcining temperatures employed must be maintained low since the coated glass platelets tend to fuse starting around 650° C. and any significant amount of fusion, generally starting at about 1% by weight of the glass platelets results in the formation of large masses which do not provide the desired pearlescent effect because of their size and irregular shape. Separating the fused platelets from the separate platelets is both time consuming, costly and impractical. In addition, the required lower calcining temperature means that the temperature must be maintained for a longer period of time, which also adds to the cost.
Efforts have been made to find a way to reduce the cost of producing the coated glass effect pigment. Theoretically, this could be accomplished by blending coated glass pigment with coated mica pigment. However, this approach has not proven to be effective because the difference in transparency and refractive index between the two platelet materials, in addition to process variations, makes it extremely difficult to match the two blended materials with respect to apparent color. As a practical matter, therefore, it has not been possible to provide a degree of visual homogeneity with a blend which approaches the visual homogeneity of each member of the blend when considered in isolation. This result is not surprising in light of the knowledge in the art. When two or more effect pigments using different substrates are combined together, the attributes of each are present, which results in a unique appearance. One problem with combining effect pigments is that, since the color effects are generated by an additive mechanism instead of a subtractive mechanism, small variations in the color of two effect pigments can result in various degrees of washed out appearance of their blend. This defeats the basic appearance value of the pigment. It can, however, be useful to achieve some other attribute as, for example, to simultaneously achieve an acceptable degree of hiding power and gloss as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,267,810.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,277,711 describes a mixture of iron oxide-coated aluminum flake and iron oxide-coated mica with or without a prior coating of a colorless, highly refractive metal oxide. The purpose of the mica is to reduce the ignition in air and dust explosion hazard otherwise exhibited by the aluminum flake. The mixture is made by conjointly coating the aluminum and mica particles with iron oxide in a fluidized bed by gas phase decomposition of iron carbonyl. The appearance of the mixture, homogeneous or otherwise, was not a consideration.
It has now surprisingly been discovered that a visually homogeneous blend of coated effect pigments in which the substrate platelets are of different platy materials can be achieved despite differences in thickness, refractive index and transparency of the platelet materials. It was also surprisingly discovered that with respect to glass platelets premixed with mica, a visually homogeneous product could be made by a process in which the calcining temperature was higher than that employed with coated glass only platelets, thereby reducing the time needed to complete the calcining and further reducing the cost of producing the product.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to an effect pigment comprising a coated mixture of at least two different materials wherein the effect pigment exhibits visual homogeneity. Each of the at least two different materials is present from at least about 5 weight percent to about 95 weight percent based on the total of the at least two different materials. This minimum of about 5 weight percent differentiates over prior art products wherein an impure substrate was used and such impure substrate may be considered a mixture. The present invention intentionally adds the second different material in order to achieve the unexpected results discussed below.
In another example, the present invention relates to an effect pigment which is a mixture of coated platelets of different materials which is visually homogeneous and to the method to produce the effect pigment. More particularly, the effect pigment is a mixture of coated laminar platelets, preferably metal oxide-coated laminar platelets, in which the platelets are a mixture of different materials, e.g., glass and mica, and in which the effect pigment exhibits visual homogeneity which is produced by blending the different platelets before they are coated. The same degree of color homogeneity and appearance is not obtained from a combination of separately coated substrates that are blended after the substrates are coated.


DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The phrase “coated mixture of at least two different materials” as used herein means that the at least two different materials are first mixed together and then the mixture is coated.
An effect pigment is formed in accordance with the present invention by any process known in the art. It can be accomplished, as one example, by precipitating the metal ion onto laminar platelets and thereafter calcining the coated platelets to provide metal oxide-coated platelets. The metal oxide in most widespread use is titanium dioxide, followed by iron oxide. Other usable oxides include (but are not limited to) tin, chromium and zirconium oxides as well as mixtures and combinations of oxides. For convenience, the description of this process which follows will be primarily concerned with titanium and iron as the metal of the oxide but it will be understood that any other known metal or combination of metals can be used.
Other useful combinations of metal oxides include SiO2 on calcium aluminum borosilicate and then TiO2 thereon; substrate/SiO-2/Fe2O3; substrate/TiO2/SiO2; substrate/TiO2/SiO2/TiO2; substrate/TiO2/SiO2/Fe2O3; substrate/TiO2/SiO2/Cr2O3; substrate/Fe2O3/SiO2; substrate/Fe2O3/SiO2/Fe2O3; substrate/Fe2O3/SiO2/TiO2; substrate/Fe2O3/SiO2/Cr2O3; substrate/Cr2O3/SiO2/Cr2O3; and substrate/Cr2O3/SiO2/Fe2O3. Other combinations of the above mentioned layers are obvious to one skilled in the art.
An interlayer to enhance performance attributes may also be used. Useful interlayer materials include the hydroxides and oxides of Al, Ce, Cr, Fe, Mg, Si, Ti, and Zr. Essentially any organic or inorganic substance may be a useful interlayer for adhesion promotion, mechanical integrity, product enhancement, or other desirable attributes.
In general, the procedure involves dispersing the particulate (flakes) and combining that dispersion with a precursor which results in the formation of a titanium oxide or iron oxide precursor coating on the flakes. Usually, the particulate or flakes are dispersed in water, which is preferably distilled. The average particle size of the flakes preferably used can vary from an average of about 3 microns to an average of about 100 microns, although smaller flakes of down to about 1 micron or less or larger flakes of up to 150 microns or more can also be used if desired. The platelets have a thickness of about 0.1 to 10 μm and an aspect ratio (average particle size/thickness) of at least about 10. The concentration of the particulate in the water can vary from about 5 to 60%, although the generally preferred concentrations vary between about 10 and 20%.
To the water/particulate slurry is added an appropriate metal ion source material. In the case of titanium, titanyl chloride or titanium tetrachloride is preferably used and in the case of iron, the source material is preferably ferric chloride. The pH of the resulting slurry is maintained at an appropriate level during the addition of the titanium or iron salt by the use of a suitable base such as sodium hydroxide in order to cause precipitation of a titanium dioxide or iron oxide precursor on the particulate. Increasing the thickness gives rise to interference colors. If desired, layers of titanium and iron hydroxide and/or oxide (or other metals) can be deposited sequentially. If necessary to lower the pH, an aqueous acid such as hydrochloric acid can be used. The coated platelets can, if desired, be washed and dried before being calcined to the final effect pigment.
When titanium dioxide-coated products are prepared, both anatase and rutile crystal modifications are possible. The highest quality and most stable pearlescent pigments are obtained when the titanium dioxide is in the rutile form. Some substrates, including both mica and glass, are anatase directing, and it is therefore necessary to modify the foregoing procedure if a rutile product is desired. The modifications necessary to realize a rutile TiO2 are known in the art. One procedure involves the precipitation of a tin hydroxide or oxide entity on the surface of the particulate before the formation of the layer of titanium dioxide precursor. The layered combination is processed and calcined. This procedure is described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 4,038,099, which is incorporated herein by reference. An alternative procedure is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,433,779, the disclosure of which is also incorporated by reference, and involves deposition of the titanium dioxide precursor on the substrate in the presence of iron and calcium, magnesium and/or zinc salts without the use of tin. While rutile coatings are preferred, it can be desirable to produce anatase coatings and this is also within the scope of the present invention.
Other coating procedures, such as for example, chemical vapor deposition processes, can also be used.
Optically variable effect pigments have been developed more recently. These are constructed with the substrate being coated with a reflecting layer (e.g., silver, gold, platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium, iridium or their alloys) which is overcoated with a low index of refraction material, typically having a refractive index from 1.3 to 2.5, that provides a variable path length for light dependent on the angle of incidence of light impinging thereon (for instance, MgF2 or SiO2), which in turn may be overcoated with a third layer selectively transparent to light directed thereon (e.g., silicon, iron oxide, chromium oxide, a mixed metal oxide, titanium dioxide, titanium nitride and aluminum, as well as the same materials as the first layer provided they are sufficiently thin as to be selectively transparent). Examples of such pigments and the processes by which they can be produced can be found, inter alia, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,135,812, 4,434,010 (teaching for example alternating layers of TiO2 and SiO2), U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,059,245, 5,281,480, 5,958,125, 6,160,208, 6,325,847 and 6,440,208, the disclosure of which is also incorporated by reference.
The different materials or substrates used in the present invention may have any morphology including platelet, spherical, cubical, acicular, whiskers, or fibrous. Examples of useful platy materials include platy aluminum oxide, platy glass, aluminum, mica, bismuth oxychloride, platy iron oxide, platy graphite, platy silica, bronze, stainless steel, natural pearl, boron nitride, silicon dioxide, copper flake, copper alloy flake, zinc flake, zinc alloy flake, zinc oxide, enamel, china clay, and porcelain and the like. Any combination of the preceding platy materials or at least one of the preceding platy materials and at least one non-platy material may be used. For convenience, the following description will focus on the combination of glass and mica, although other combinations can be used. Mica is desirable because of its high transparency, strong reflectance and strong chroma, primarily due to the presence of small, coated flakes. Glass flakes have the attributes of high transparency, very white bulk color and a sparkle effect in strong light but, as noted above, its high cost and melting point preclude its use in many applications.
Examples of useful spherical materials include glass, plastic, ceramic, metal, or an alloy and the spheres may be solid or hollow. Useful glass spheres are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,217,928, incorporated in its entirety herein by reference.
Useful cubical material includes glass cubes.
In one example, the present invention uses a blend of two or more laminar substrates. Preferably, one of the substrates is either platy aluminum oxide or platy glass.
Individually, each substrate can constitute about 5 to 90% of the mixture although it is preferred that the majority of the blend is constituted by one substrate, e.g., mica. More preferably, the blend contains at least about 65% mica and even more preferably at least about 75% mica. Individually, the mica platelets and glass platelets have an average particle size and thickness in the ranges specified above. The particle dimensions are selected so that the resulting coated product exhibits visual homogeneity, i.e., exhibits an increase relative to a blend of the same proportion of the coated substrates of at least 5 chroma units (CieLab) or at least five percent (5%) increase in chroma units when evaluated with an X-Rite MA 68 at 25° from the specular angle. Preferably, the increase is at least 10 chroma units (CieLab) and to achieve that result, the average particle size of the smaller of the glass and mica platelets are preferably within about 25% of the size of the larger of the glass and mica platelets. While it is preferable to employ C glass, as in the prior art, any type of glass and morphology can be used in the present invention. Other useful glass flakes have a thickness of ≦1.0 μm and a softening point ≧800° C.
Glass can be classified for example as A glass, C glass, E glass, and ECR glass. Glass types which fulfill the feature of the requested softening point are quartz glass, and any other glass composition having a softening point of ≧800° C. Glass flakes which fulfill the requirements are special glasses like e.g. Schott Duran or Supremax types. The softening point is defined, according to ASTM C 338 as the temperature at which a uniform fiber of glass with a diameter of 0.55-0.75 mm and a length of 23.5 cm increases its length by 1 mm./min when the upper 10 cm. is heated at a rate of 5° C./min.
Examples of useful mixtures of at least two different materials are in the following table:














FIRST MATERIAL
SECOND MATERIAL









A Glass
C Glass



A Glass
E Glass



A Glass
ECR Glass



A Glass
Quartz Glass



C Glass
E Glass



C Glass
ECR Glass



C Glass
Quartz Glass



E Glass
ECR Glass



E Glass
Quartz Glass



Silicon carbide
Mica



Glass spheres
Mica



Predominantly iron oxide
Glass spheres



containing other oxides



Predominantly iron oxide
Mica



containing other oxides



Zinc oxide
Glass



Metal or alloy
Glass



Ceramic microspheres
Mica



Glass bubbles
Mica










Suitable glass flakes are characterized in that they contain an average particle size in the range of 5-1000 μm and a thickness of 0.1-5 μm, preferably of 0.1-0.3 μm. The aspect ratio of glass flakes is in the range of 10-300, preferably in the range of 50-200.
The substrate coating procedure employed is adjusted such that the two or more substrate materials coat at substantially the same rate to thereby develop a coating of similar quality and thickness. This may involve control of the temperature, reagent addition rate, reagent identity, substrate pretreatment, and the like. Frequently, this control is more easily achieved as the platelets become closer to each other in average size and thickness. The modifications necessary or appropriate can easily be established by those of skill in this art with a few preliminary runs to establish the appropriate parameters.
The procedure described above in which the glass and mica platelets are blended before being coated unexpectedly results in a product which exhibits visual homogeneity, showing a uniform color, which cannot be achieved by forming a blend of previously prepared coated mica and coated glass platelets. This result is achieved despite the fact that the mica and glass substrates have different degrees of transparency, surface chemistry and refractive index and, usually, have a different thickness.
The calcining of coated glass flakes is typically done in the neighborhood of 600° C. because the glass platelets fuse at about 650-700° C. creating a mass having greatly diminished quality. Surprisingly, it has been found that a blend of glass and mica, coated with a metal oxide precursor, is capable of being calcined at temperatures of 650° C. up to about 850° C. without causing the glass flakes to fuse. Preferably, the calcining temperature is about 675 to 825° C. and most preferably, about 800° C. when the metal oxide is TiO2 and about 700° C. when the metal oxide is Fe2O3.
Another advantage of using the present co-precipitated effect pigment is the ability to have the color space of the product be the same for the different materials of the mixture. To achieve an exact color match of the two different materials and then post blend the products is a difficult process and not practical. Factors such as particle size, surface chemistry, refractive index, and reflectivity of the substrates influence the final optical properties of the pigments such that they are difficult to evaluate their equivalent hue values. With the present co-precipitated process, the hue values for both substrates are automatically controlled in the coating process.
The coated substrates, however produced, can be post-treated by any procedure known in the art. Examples of such treatments can for instance be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,134,776, 5,091,011, 5,156,889, 5,326,392, 5,423,912, 5,759,255, and 6,325,846, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference, but are not limited to those procedures.
Depending on the intended use, the present effect pigment may benefit from some form of a surface treatment. Non-limiting examples would be a coupling agent with or without a metal hydroxide for enhanced exterior stability. Often metal compounds are added as surface treatments with and without organic compounds to vary the surface charge of the particles and/or vary the tactile properties.
The resulting pigment can be used in any application for which effect pigments have been used heretofore such as, for instance, in cosmetics, plastics, security markings, inks and coatings including solvent and water borne automotive paint systems. Products of this invention have an unlimited use in all types of automotive and industrial paint applications, especially in the organic color coating and inks field where deep color intensity is required. For example, these pigments can be used in mass tone or as styling agents to spray paint all types of automotive and non-automotive vehicles. Similarly, they can be used on all clay/formica/wood/glass/metal/enamel/ceramic and non-porous or porous surfaces. The pigments can be used in powder coating compositions. They can be incorporated into plastic articles geared for the toy industry or the home. Security applications such as inks and coatings are a valuable use for these products, These pigments can be impregnated into fibers to impart new and esthetic coloring to clothes and carpeting. They can be used to improve the look of shoes, rubber and vinyl/marble flooring, vinyl siding, and all other vinyl products. In addition, these colors can be used in all types of modeling hobbies.
The above-mentioned compositions in which the compositions of this invention are useful are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Examples include printing inks, nail enamels, lacquers, thermoplastic and thermosetting materials, natural resins and synthetic resins. Some non-limiting examples include polystyrene and its mixed polymers, polyolefins, in particular, polyethylene and polypropylene, polyacrylic compounds, polyvinyl compounds, for example polyvinyl chloride and polyvinyl acetate, polyesters and rubber, and also filaments made of viscose and cellulose ethers, cellulose esters, polyamides, polyurethanes, polyesters, for example polyglycol terephthalates, and polyacrylonitrile.
For a well-rounded introduction to a variety of pigment applications, see Temple C. Patton, editor, The Pigment Handbook, volume II, Applications and Markets, John Wiley and Sons, New York (1973). In addition, see for example, with regard to ink; R. H. Leach, editor, The Printing Ink Manual, Fourth Edition, Van Nostrand Reinhold (International) Co. Ltd., London (1988), particularly pages 282-591; with regard to paints: C. H. Hare, Protective Coatings, Technology Publishing Co., Pittsburgh (1994), particularly pages 63-288. The foregoing references are hereby incorporated by reference herein for their teachings of ink, paint and plastic compositions, formulations and vehicles in which the compositions of this invention may be used including amounts of colorants. For example, the pigment may be used at a level of 10 to 15% in an offset lithographic ink, with the remainder being a vehicle containing gelled and ungelled hydrocarbon resins, alkyd resins, wax compounds and aliphatic solvent. The pigment may also be used, for example, at a level of 1 to 10% in an automotive paint formulation along with other pigments which may include titanium dioxide, acrylic lattices, coalescing agents, water or solvents. The pigment may also be used, for example, at a level of 20 to 30% in a plastic color concentrate in polyethylene.
In the cosmetic field, these pigments can be used in the eye area and in all external and rinse-off applications. Thus, they can be used in hair sprays, face powder, leg-makeup, insect repellent lotion, mascara cake/cream, nail enamel, nail enamel remover, perfume lotion, and shampoos of all types (gel or liquid). In addition, they can be used in shaving cream (concentrate for aerosol, brushless, lathering), skin glosser stick, skin makeup, hair groom, eye shadow (liquid, pomade, powder, stick, pressed or cream), eye liner, cologne stick, cologne, cologne emollient, bubble bath, body lotion (moisturizing, cleansing, analgesic, astringent), after shave lotion, after bath milk and sunscreen lotion.
For a review of cosmetic applications, see Cosmetics: Science and Technology, 2nd Ed., Eds: M. S. Balsam and Edward Sagarin, Wiley-Interscience (1972) and deNavarre, The Chemistry and Science of Cosmetics, 2nd Ed., Vols 1 and 2 (1962), Van Nostrand Co. Inc., Vols 3 and 4 (1975), Continental Press, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
In order to further illustrate the invention, various non-limiting examples will be set forth below. In these examples, as well as throughout the balance of this specification and claims, all parts and percentages are by weight and all temperatures are in degrees Centigrade unless otherwise indicated.
EXAMPLES 1-4 
A blend of 50 grams of C glass flakes having an average particle size of about 140 microns (by laser light scattering) were mixed with 50 grams of muscovite mica having an average particle size of about 80 microns. The mixture was dispersed in 750 ml of water and iron and zinc were introduced in the form of 1 ml of a 39% aqueous solution of ferric chloride and 7 ml of a 9% aqueous zinc chloride solution. The pH of the slurry was adjusted to 3.0 using a 35% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and the slurry was heated to a temperature of 76° C. The pH was then lowered to 1.6 by the addition of hydrochloric acid and a 40% aqueous solution of titanium tetrachloride was added at a rate of 100 ml/hour while the pH was maintained at 1.6 by the addition of 35% aqueous sodium hydroxide. The titanium introduction was continued until an appearance of either a white pearl or the interference colors gold, red and blue had been reached. When the desired endpoint was achieved, the slurry was filtered on a Buchner funnel and washed with additional water. The coated platelets were then dried and calcined at about 800° C.
Microscopic evaluation of the resulting pigments shows the platelets are coated with a smooth homogeneous layer of titanium dioxide. The coated pigments were visually homogeneous.
The luster and color of the resulting pigments were evaluated visually and instrumentally using drawdowns on a hiding chart (Form 2-6 opacity charts of The Leneta Company), half of which is black and half of which is white. A coating on the black part of this chart displays the reflection color and luster when it is examined specularly, while the coating on the white portion displays the transmission color when it is viewed at non-specular angles. Drawdowns are prepared by incorporating pigment at a 12% concentration in a nitrocellulose lacquer and applying the suspension to the black and white chart with a Bird film applicator bar. The drawdowns prepared in these examples show a series of vibrant, high-quality colors with high chromaticity and coverage.
EXAMPLES 5-9
100 grams of the glass/mica blend of Examples 1-4 were dispersed in 330 ml of distilled water which was then heated to 74° C. and the pH adjusted to 1.6 using dilute hydrochloric acid. Then 7 ml of an 18% aqueous stannous chloride solution was slowly added followed by a 40% aqueous solution of titanium tetrachloride at a rate of 100 ml/hour. The pH was maintained at 1.6 during the addition of the tin and titanium by simultaneously adding a dilute aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. The titania addition was continued until either a white pearl or the interference color gold, red, blue or green was observed. When the desired endpoint was reached, the slurry was filtered and washed with additional water and calcined at 800° C.
Microscopic evaluation of the resulting pigments shows the platelets are coated with a smooth homogeneous layer of titanium dioxide. The coated pigments were visually homogeneous.
Drawdowns prepared in the pigments of these examples show a series of vibrant, high-quality colors with high chromaticity and coverage.
EXAMPLES 10-17
75 grams of the glass/mica blend of Examples 1-4 were dispersed in 300 ml of distilled water. The dispersion was heated to 76° C. and the pH adjusted to 3.2 with dilute hydrochloric acid. An aqueous ferric chloride solution was added to the suspension at 0.2 ml/min. while maintaining the pH at 3.2 using dilute sodium hydroxide. The ferric chloride addition continued until a desired color was observed, at which point the slurry was filtered, washed with water and calcined at 800° C. to yield a ferric oxide coated effect pigment.
Since ferric oxide has an inherent red color, flakes coated with this oxide have both a reflection color and an absorption color. The interference color is from interference of light, while the absorption color is due to the absorption of light. The reflection color changes from gold to red to blue to green as increasing amounts of iron (III) oxide are coated on the laminar flakes. As even more iron (III) oxide is added, thicker coatings of the Fe2O3 are obtained which yield another series of interference colors known as second observable interference colors. The second colors have even higher color intensity than the first colors. If the coating process is continued even further, a third series of interference colors can be obtained.
When the iron oxide-coated flakes were drawndown, a series of vivid, high quality colors are observed The interference colors realized in these examples were bronze, first orange, first red, first violet-blue, first green, second orange, second red, and second green.
EXAMPLES 18-20 
Titanium dioxide can produce a series of interference colors as the thickness of the titanium dioxide layer increases. It produces a whitish reflection which appears pearly or silver initially, and as the TiO2 layer becomes thicker, gold, red, blue and green interference colors are observed. As the coating becomes even thicker, a series of second observable color is observed. The second colors have more color intensity than the first colors described in the Examples above.
The second colors were prepared by dispersing 50 grams of the mica/glass blend used in Examples 1-4 in 333 ml of distilled water. The pH was adjusted to 1.6 with dilute hydrochloric acid and the suspension heated to 74° C. Then 7 ml of an 18% stannous chloride solution was added followed by the addition of 40% titanium chloride at a rate of 0.33 ml/min. The pH was maintained at 1.6 by simultaneously adding dilute sodium hydroxide. The titanium addition continued until the desired color was achieved, at which point the slurry was filtered, washed with water and calcined at 800° C. In this manner, the second colors gold, orange and red are achieved. When drawndown, the products had higher color intensity than their comparable first observable interference colors.
EXAMPLES 21-25 
The procedure of Examples 5-9 was repeated except that the laminar platelet blend was constituted by 75 parts of muscovite mica having an average particle size of about 25 microns and 25 parts of C glass flakes having an average particle size of about 25 microns .
EXAMPLES 26-33 
The procedure of Examples 10-17 was repeated except that the laminar platelet blend was constituted by 75 parts of muscovite mica having an average particle size of about 25 microns and 25 parts of C glass flakes having an average particle size of about 25 microns
EXAMPLES 34-41 
The procedure of Examples 10-17 was repeated except that the laminar platelet blend was constituted by a blend of 50 grams of platy aluminum oxide having an average particle size of about 20 microns (by laser light scattering) and 50 grams of muscovite mica having an average particle size of about 25 microns.
EXAMPLE 42 
A blend of 150 grams of muscovite mica having an average particle size of approximately 25 μm, were mixed with 50 grams of glass flake with of nominal thickness of 1 μm and a major dimension (D50) of 20 μm. The mixture was dispersed in 2,000 ml of distilled water and heated to 78° C. At that temperature, the pH of the slurry was reduced to 1.5 with dilute HCl solution and 20 grams of a 18% SnCl4 solution were added at 0.4 ml/min while maintaining the pH at 1.5 with the NaOH solution. Following the addition of the SnCl4 solution, the pH was raised to 3.2 with dilute NaOH and 39% FeCl3 was added at 1.5 ml/min, until the desired color was achieved The product was then washed, dried and heat treated at 650° C.
EXAMPLE 43 
The product of Example 42 was dispersed in a commercial automotive urethane refinish paint formulation and evaluated with an X-Rite MA 68 for chroma at 25° and 15° from the specular angle. Values obtained from the sample where the substrates had been preblended prior to coating and from a sample prepared in a similar fashion with the same proportions of individually coated substrates are set forth in the tables below. The preblended sample showed an increase in chroma of over 10 units (CieLab) at each angle, namely 76.1 vs. 59.7 at 15° and 62.4 vs. 51.8 at 25°.
15° from Specular
















L
a
B
C






















Example 42
76.8
64.4
40.5
76.1



Blend
80.0
56.5
19.1
59.7










25° from Specular

















L
a
B
C






















Example 42
56.4
61.7
33.5
62.4



Blend
52.6
48.5
18.3
51.8










EXAMPLE 44 
A blend of 50 grams of platy aluminum oxide having an average particle size of about 20 microns (by laser light scattering) is mixed with 50 grams of muscovite mica having an average particle size of about 25 microns. The mixture is dispersed in 750 ml of water and iron and zinc are introduced in the form of 1 ml of a 39% aqueous solution of ferric chloride and 7 ml of a 9% aqueous zinc chloride solution. The pH of the slurry is adjusted to 3.0 using a 35% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and the slurry is heated to a temperature of 76° C. The pH is then lowered to 1.6 by the addition of hydrochloric acid and a 40% aqueous solution of titanium tetrachloride added at a rate of 100 ml/hour while the pH is maintained at 1.6 by the addition of 35% aqueous sodium hydroxide. The titanium introduction is continued until an appearance of a white pearl had been reached. When the desired endpoint is achieved, the slurry is filtered on a Buchner funnel and washed with additional water. The coated platelets are then dried and calcined at about 800° C.
EXAMPLE 45 
One hundred grams of an equal weight mixture of glass flakes (100μ average major dimension) and mica (100μ average major dimension) is placed in a 1 liter beaker equipped with a magnetic stir bar and containing 393 grams of a 2% dextrose solution. The slurry is stirred at room temperature. A solution, containing 7.87 grams of silver nitrate crystals, 375 ml distilled water and enough 29% ammonium hydroxide solution to dissolve any precipitate, is rapidly added to the slurry. The supernatant liquid is tested for silver ion by the addition of a few drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid. The test is a visual assessment of any precipitate and/or turbidity and when none is found, the slurry is filtered and rinsed several times with distilled water and the presscake is dried at 100° C. to a constant mass. The dried sample is a lustrous, opaque and silver colored material.
50 grams of the silver-coated material is slurried into 600 ml of isopropanol at 25° C. To the slurry is added 75 grams of distilled water, 3.5 grams of 29% NH4OH and 75 grams of tetraethoxysilane. The slurry is stirred for 7 hours at room temperature and then filtered, and the product washed and oven dried.
10 grams of this silica-coated material is slurried into 50 grams of 1% dextrose solution. A solution of 0.4 grams of AgNO3, 40 grams of water and a slight excess of 29% ammonium hydroxide solution is quickly added to the slurry. When the slurry supernatant liquid tests negative for silver ion, it is filtered and the product washed and dried at 120° C. The product displays a very clean color flop from blue to violet upon a change in viewing angle of a lacquer film containing the product, and the pigment is visually homogeneous.
EXAMPLE 46 
The pigment of Example 1 can be formulated into a powder eye shadow as follows:
The following materials are thoroughly blended and dispersed:











Ingredients
wt parts
















MEARLTALC TCA ® (Talc)
18


MEARLMICA ® SVA (Mica)
20


Magnesium Myristate
5


Silica
2


CLOISONNÉ ® Red 424C (red TiO2-coated mica)
20


CLOISONNÉ ® Violet 525C (violet TiO2-coated mica)
13


CLOISONNÉ ® Nu-Antique Blue 626CB
2


(TiO2-coated mica/iron oxide-coated mica)


CLOISONNÉ ® Cerise Flamb{acute over (e )}550Z (iron
2


oxide-coated mica)


Preservatives & Antioxidant
q.s.





MEARLTALC TCA ®, MEARLMICA ® SVA, and CLOISONNÉ ® are all registered trademarks of Engelhard Corporation.






Then 7 parts of octyl palmitate and 1 part of isostearyl neopentanoate are heated and mixed until uniform, at which time the resulting mixture is sprayed into the dispersion and the blending continued. The blended material is pulverized and then 5 parts of Cloisonne Red 424C and 5 parts of the pigment of example 1 added and mixed until a uniform powder eye shadow is obtained.
EXAMPLE 47 
The pigment of Example 1 can be formulated into a lipstick as follows.
The following amounts of the listed ingredients are placed into a heated vessel and the temperature raised to 85±3° C.















wt parts



















Candelilla Wax
2.75



Carnauba Wax
1.25



Beeswax
1.00



Ceresine Wax
5.90



Ozokerite Wax
6.75



Microcrystalline Wax
1.40



Oleyl Alcohol
3.00



Isostearyl Palmitate
7.50



Isostearyl Isostearate
5.00



Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride
5.00



Bis-Diglycerylpolyalcohol Adipate
2.00



Acetylated Lanolin Alcohol
2.50



Sorbitan Tristearate
2.00



Aloe Vera
1.00



Castor Oil
37.50



Red 6 Lake
0.25



Tocopheryl Acetate
0.20



Phenoxyethanol, isopropylparaben,
1.00



and butylparaben



Antioxidant
q.s.










Then, 14 parts of the pigment of Example 1 are added and mixed until all of the pigment is well dispersed. Fragrance is added as desired and mixed with stirring. The resulting mixture is poured into molds at 75±5° C., allowed to cool and flamed into lipsticks.
EXAMPLE 48 AND COMPARATIVE A
115 g of muscovite mica with an average particle size of 20 um were suspended in 2 liter of deionized water. To this slurry 30 g of glass of a similar particle size from Nippon Sheet Glass was added and the pH was adjusted to 1.4 with dilute HCl. To this suspension 2.7 grams of a 77% solution of SnCl4.5H2O was added and the slurry was heated to 83 degrees centigrade.
TiO2 was added to the suspension at this time by adding a 40% TiCl4 solution at a rate of 2.8 grams per minute. The slurry was maintained at a constant pH and temperature during this deposition. The TiO2 addition was continued until the desired color was achieved. The coating was then filtered, washed, and calined for 20 minutes at 800° C.
The Example 48 pigment obtained from this coating procedure, when compared to another of equal hue value but prepared by dry mixing TiO2 coated mica and TiO2 coated glass (Comparative A), showed improved chromaticity values as noted below. The phrase “improved chromaticity” as used herein means displays an increased chromaticity value compared with a mixture of oxide coated first substrate and oxide coated second different substrate at the same hue.
The color characteristics of the two pigments were defined using an X-Rite MA68 II Multi Angle Spectrophotometer with readings at 15 degrees from spectral angle. The samples were prepared using 1 gram of pigment in 33.3 grams of NC varnish. The mixture was applied to a black card with a controlled application device.

X-Rite MA68 II

Spectral Colorimetric Data at 15 Degrees Reflectance




















L*
a*
b*
C*
h*























EXAMPLE 48
94.6
1.29
50.84
50.86
88.54



COMPARATIVE A
92.72
1.62
46.53
46.55
88.01



DELTA
1.96
−0.32
4.32
4.3
0.53










From the data, it is evident that the chromaticity value (C*) for the Example 48 pigment is almost 10% greater than the Comparative A pigment at the same hue value (h*). The Example 48 product also exhibited visual homogeneity compared with Comparative A.

EXAMPLE 49 AND COMPARATIVE B
Another advantage of the present co-precipitated 25% mica and glass blend with TiO2 has been the improvement in bulk color of the final calcined product. It is known that titanium dioxide coated mica products, when calcined, have a yellow bulk color. The term “bulk” color refers to the color observed when looking at the calcined powder. When the glass is added to the mica slurry, coated, and calcined, the bulk color of the resulting product is considerably less yellow. The glass being a purer substrate has less colored impurities, which can add color to the TiO2 coated pigment. This can be documented by observing the color characteristics of the present glass/mica product coated with TiO2 (Example 49) to a white pearl interference color with those of a similar coating made with only mica and TiO2 (Comparative B).
Using an X-Rite SP62 model spectrophotometer which is capable of measuring the Whiteness Index as set forth in ASTME 313 of powder substances, the index was measured on a powder of a mica sample coated with TiO2 (Comparative B) and a 25% glass/75% mica blend coated in a similar fashion (Example 49).
The Whiteness Index value was 23.3 for the mica sample (Comparative B) while the Whiteness Index value was 33.9 for the glass blend sample (Example 49). It is obvious that this is a significant improvement in the color of the inventive blended glass product. The phrase “improved Whiteness Index” as used herein means displays an increased Whiteness Index compared with a mica sample.
EXAMPLE 50 AND COMPARATIVE C
Example 50 was another co-precipitated 25% mica and glass flake blend with TiO2 was prepared following Example 48 above. Comparative C was prepared by dry mixing TiO2 coated mica and TiO2 coated glass flake. The color characteristics of the pigments were defined using an X-Rite MA68 II Multi Angle Spectrophotometer with readings at 15 degrees from spectral angle and are as follows
















L*
a*
B*
C*
h*




















COMPARATIVE C
63.96
2.56
−51.06
51.12
272.87


EXAMPLE 51
67.34
4.25
−56.59
56.75
274.29









These results demonstrate that the Example 50 product had improved chromaticity and visual homogeneity compared with Comparative C.

EXAMPLE 51 
Another co-precipitated 25% mica and glass blend with TiO2 was prepared following Example 48 above except that the glass flake (supplied by Nippon Sheet Glass) had an average particle size of 30 microns. The color characteristics of the pigments were defined using an X-Rite MA68 II Multi Angle Spectrophotometer with readings at 15 degrees from spectral angle and are as follows
X-Rite MA 68 II
Colorimetric Data at 15 Degrees Reflectance



















L*
a*
b*
C*
h*























Gold
104.34
−1.8
46.82
46.86
92.2



Red
69.67
40.41
−3.82
40.59
354.6



Blue
71.53
−19.33
−41.98
46.21
245.27



Green
92.63
−27.39
7.59
28.42
164.5










EXAMPLE 52 AND COMPARATIVE D
Example 52 was another co-precipitated 25% mica and glass flake blend with TiO2 was prepared following Example 48 above. Comparative D was prepared by dry mixing TiO2 coated mica and TiO2 coated glass. The color characteristics of the pigments were defined using an X-Rite MA68 II Multi Angle Spectrophotometer with readings at 15 degrees from spectral angle and are as follows
















L*
a*
b*
C*
H*




















COMPARATIVE D
71.84
40.40
−2.43
40.47
356.55


EXAMPLE 52
71.91
44.67
−4.77
44.93
353.91









These results demonstrate that the Example 52 product had improved chromaticity and exhibited visual homogeneity compared with Comparative D.

EXAMPLE 53 
A slurry of 210 grams of mica (the median particle size D(50)=50 microns); 30 grams of glass flakes (D(50)=100 microns; supplied by Nippon Glass); and 2 liters of distilled water was made and stirred at 350 revolutions per minute. The pH was lowered to 1.4 with 1:1 HCl. 2.7 grams of 77% SnCl4.5H2O were added dropwise. The composition was heated to 83° C. 180 grams of 40% TiC4 at 2.1 ml/min were added while controlling the pH at 1.4 with 35% NaOH. The pH was raised to 8.2 with 35% NaOH. 2500 grams of 28% Na2SiO3.9H2O were added at 3.5 ml/min while controlling the pH at 8.2 with 1:1 HCl. The pH was lowered to 1.9 with 1:1 HCl at 0.5 ml/min. 180 grams of 40% TiCl4 were added at 2.1 ml/min while controlling the pH at 1.9 with 35% NaOH. Product 1 had the following composition: 12.5% TiO2, 33.4% SiO2, 47.3% mica, and 6.8% glass. Product 2 had the following composition: 13.5% TiO2, 33.0% SiO2, 46.8% mica, and 6.7% glass. Product 3 had the following composition: 16.6% TiO2, 31.8% SiO2, 45.2% mica, and 6.4% glass. The X-Rite properties of the resulting products are as follows,



















Product 1
Product 2
Product 3






















15°







D65/10°
L*
77.01
79.27
82.76




a*
−23.64
−25.01
−17.19




b*
−12.6
−5.99
10.78




C*
26.79
25.72
20.29




h°
208.06
193.46
147.91



25°



D65/10°
L*
44.13
45.81
48.35




a*
−12.28
−12.3
−9.21




b*
−8.79
−5.96
3.86




C*
15.1
13.67
9.99




h°
215.58
205.83
157.27



45°



D65/10°
L*
21.69
23.58
25.15




a*
−3.72
−3.96
−4.8




b*
−9.09
−8.21
−1.76




C*
9.82
9.11
5.11




h°
247.76
244.21
200.18



75°



D65/10°
L*
14.4
15.91
17.16




a*
−1.37
−1.36
−2.6




b*
−7.99
−7.83
−5.12




C*
8.1
7.95
5.74




h°
260.27
260.14
243.02



110°



D65/10°
L*
11.88
13.25
14.45




a*
−0.45
−0.38
−0.46




b*
−8.3
−8.27
−7.94




C*
8.31
8.28
7.95




h°
266.86
267.39
266.67










Various changes and modifications can be made in the products and process of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope thereof. The various embodiments that have been disclosed herein were for the purpose of further illustrating the invention but were not intended to limit it.

## Claims

1. Effect pigment comprising coated mixture of at least two different materials wherein each of said at least two different materials is present from at least about 5 weight percent to about 95 weight percent based on the total of said at least two different materials and said effect pigment exhibits visual homogeneity and at least one of said two different materials is selected from the group consisting of cubical material, and spherical material and said coating is metal oxide.

2. The effect pigment of claim 1 wherein said effect pigment exhibits improved Whiteness Index.

3. The effect pigment of claim 1 wherein said effect pigment exhibits improved chromaticity.

4. The effect pigment of claim 1 wherein said coating comprises a plurality of layers.

5. The effect pigment of claim 4 wherein said oxide layer comprises hydroxides and oxides of silicon.

6. The effect pigment of claim 5 wherein said plurality of layers comprises SiO2/Fe2O3; TiO2/SiO2; TiO2/SiO2/TiO2; TiO2/SiO2/Fe2O3: TiO2/SiO2/Cr2O3; Fe2O3/SiO2; Fe2O3/SiO2/Fe2O3; Fe2O3/SiO2TiO2; Fe2O3/SiO2/Cr2O3; Cr2O3/SiO2/Cr2O3; or Cr2O3/SiO2/Fe2O3.

7. The effect pigment of claim 1 wherein said coated mixture comprises at least three different materials.

8. The effect pigment of claim 1 additionally comprising a surface treatment on said coated mixture.

9. The effect pigment of claim 1 wherein said spherical material is glass.

10. The effect pigment of claim 1 wherein said spherical material is metal or an alloy.

11. The effect pigment of claim 1 wherein the other of said at least one of said different materials is platy material.

12. A cosmetic comprising said effect pigment of claim 1.

13. Effect pigment comprising coated mixture of at least two different glasses wherein each of said at least two different glasses is present from at least about 5 weight percent to about 95 weight percent based on the total of said at least two different glasses and said effect pigment exhibits visual homogeneity.

14. The effect pigment of claim 13 wherein said one of said at least two different glasses comprises quartz glass.

15. The effect pigment of claim 13 wherein said one of said at least two different glasses comprises C glass.

16. Effect pigment comprising coated mixture of at least two different materials wherein each of said at least two different materials is present from at least about 5 weight percent to about 95 weight percent based on the total of said at least two different materials and said effect pigment exhibits visual homogeneity and at least one of said two different materials is platy metallic.

17. The effect pigment of claim 16 wherein said metallic material is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, bronze, stainless steel, copper, copper alloy, zinc, and zinc alloy.

18. The effect pigment of claim 16 wherein said coating comprises a plurality of layers and at least one of said layers comprises oxide.

19. The effect pigment of claim 18 wherein said oxide layer comprises hydroxides and oxides of silicon.

20. The effect pigment of claim 16 wherein said plurality of layers comprises SiO2/Fe2O3; TiO2/SiO2; TiO2/SiO2/TiO2; TiO2/SiO2/Fe2O3: TiO2/SiO2/Cr2O3; Fe2O3/SiO2; Fe2O3/SiO2/Fe2O3; Fe2O3/SiO2/TiO2; Fe2O3/SiO/Cr2O3; Cr2O3/SiO2/Cr2O3; or Cr2O3/SiO2/Fe2O3.

21. The effect pigment of claim 16 wherein said coated mixture comprises at least three different materials.

22. The effect pigment of claim 16 additionally comprises a surface treatment on said coated mixture.

23. A cosmetic comprising said effect pigment of claim 16.