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Chloride Flux and Surface Water Discharge out 

of Yellowstone National Park, 1982-1989 

By DANIEL R. NORTON and IRVING FRIEDMAN 

Tabulation of discharge, chloride concentration and 

chloride flux for the rivers and streams yields 

information related to heat flux from the Park 

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1959 
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

MANUEL LUJAN, JR., Secretary 

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

Dallas L. Peck, Director 

Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive 

purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. 

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1991 

For sale by the 

Books and Open-File Reports Section 

U.S. Geological Survey 

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Box 25425 

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data 

Norton, Daniel R. 

Chloride flux and surface water discharge out of Yellowstone National Park, 

1982-1989 :tabulation of discharge, chloride concentration, and chloride flux for 

the rivers and streams yields information related to heat flux from the park I by 

Daniel R. Norton and Irving Friedman. 

p. em. - (U.S. Geological Survey bulletin; 1959) 

Includes bibliographical references. 

Supt. of Docs. no.: 119.16:1959 

1. Chlorides. 2. Geochemistry-Yellowstone National Park. 3. Hot 

springs-Yellowstone National Park. 4. Yellowstone National Park. I. Friedman, Irving, 1920- . II. Title. Ill. Series. 

QE75.B9 no. 1959 

!QE516.C5] 

557.3 s-dc20 90-20757 

[551.9'09787'5] CIP 
CONTENTS 

Abstract 1 

Introduction 1 

Definition of water year 2 

Acknowledgments 2 

Site descriptions 2 

Field measurements and sampling 2 

Laboratory methods and calculations 6 

Accuracy 6 

Precision 7 

Chloride flux 7 

Results and discussion 10 

Madison River flux calculations for 1987-1989 10 

Comparison of our discharge data with those of the long-tenn records 13 

Chloride flux and discharge for individual rivers 13 

Total annual discharge and chloride flux from the four major rivers draining the 

Park 13 

Estimated chloride flux in addition to that from the four major rivers 20 

Geothermal chloride flux 23 

Previous investigations 24 

Borah Peak earthquake of October 28, 1983 24 

Yellowstone fires of 1988 24 

Use of discharge data to calculate precipitation 25 

Conclusions 25 

References cited 26 

Appendix: Sample-data record showing date and time of collection, chloride 

concentration of sample, river discharge, and chloride flux for individual collections 

and for interpolated end-of-month values; all for the Falls, Firehole, Gibbon, 

Madison, Snake, and Yellowstone Rivers for the water years 1983 

through 1989 27 

FIGURES 

1. 

2. 

3-16. 

Graph of monthly chloride flux of the Falls, Madison, Snake, and Yellowstone 

Rivers for water year 1983, comparing data reported by Norton and Friedman 

( 1985) with data from the present paper 3 

Map of Yellowstone National Park region showing stream gauging sites 4 

Graphs showing: 

3. Unnormalized mean chloride concentration data of WRD standards 

plotted against same results normalized against our gravimetrically 

prepared chloride solutions 7 

4. Mean chloride concentration of WRD standards plotted against percent 

relative standard deviation for both normalized and unnormalized data 

sets 7 

Contents Ill 
FIGURES-Continued 

3-16. Graphs-Continued 

5. Monthly integrated discharge and integrated chloride flux of Madison 

River compared with the sum of the discharges and of the integrated 

chloride fluxes of the Firehole and Gibbon Rivers 11 

6. Instantaneous discharge and chloride flux for the Madison River 12 

7. Long-term annual discharge of the Falls, Madison, and Yellowstone 

Rivers 14 

8. Instantaneous discharge and chloride flux of the Falls River 15 

9. Instantaneous discharge and chloride flux of the Firehole River 16 

10. Instantaneous discharge and chloride flux of the Gibbon River 17 

11. Instantaneous discharge and chloride flux of the Snake River 18 

12. Instantaneous discharge and chloride flux of the Yellowstone River 19 

13. Minimum discharge of the Yellowstone, Falls, Madison, and Snake 

Rivers 20 

14. Annual chloride flux versus annual discharge of the Falls, Madison, 

Snake, and Yellowstone Rivers 21 

15. Total annual chloride flux exiting Yellowstone National Park via the 

Falls, Madison, Snake, and Yellowstone Rivers versus the total annual 

discharge of these rivers and the total annual discharge and total annual 

chloride flux of the sum of the four rivers 22 

16. Annual discharges and annual chloride fluxes versus time for the Falls, 

Madison, Snake, and Yellowstone Rivers 23 

TABLES 

1. Gauging site descriptions 5 

2. Percentage difference in annual chloride flux calculated using two different 

sampling protocols 5 

3. Statistical analysis of chloride concentration data for WRD standards 6 

4. Monthly and annual chloride flux and discharge for the six rivers for water years 

1983 through 1989 8 

5. Total chloride flux and river discharge from Yellowstone National Park 10 

6. Calculated precipitation in selected river basins of Yellowstone National 

Park 25 

IV Contents 
Chloride Flux and Surface Water Discharge out of 

Yellowstone National Park, 1982-1989 

By Daniel R. Norton and Irving Friedman 

Abstract 

Chloride flux out of Yellowstone National Park (the Park) 

was calculated by the product of discharge and chloride 

concentration for the major rivers draining the Park. Additional 

chloride flux from the western boundary of the Park was also 

assessed. Improvement in the established chloride 

determination protocol resulted in an accuracy of 1-3 percent 

for chloride concentration measurement. The instantaneous 

river discharges and chloride flux values were integrated to 

give monthly and annual values for water years 1983-1989. 

Comparison of the annual discharges for these water years 

with discharges in the long-term record show that discharges 

during the years of our study were not exceptional. 

All the rivers show seasonal variations in discharge and 

chloride flux that correspond to snowmelt runoff in the spring 

and to changes in precipitation. Our data show high positive 

correlations between river discharge and chloride flux. The 

rivers that drain major thermal areas reveal marked short-time 

changes in river discharge and chloride flux that are unrelated 

to seasonal effects. We attribute these changes to variations in 

thermal activity of the related geyser basins. These variations in 

thermal activity may be due to tectonic changes triggered by 

earthquakes or to other events that affect the rate at which 

magma-generated chloride reaches the surface. 

Data generated during the 7-year period of our study 

show that large annual changes occur in the chloride flux 

exiting the Park. Most of these changes are attributed to 

changes in height of the water table caused by variations in 

precipitation. Because of these large annual changes in 

chloride flux, long-term records of chloride flux are required to 

separate changes attributable to climate from those caused by 

geological events or by the influence of human activity such as 

energy-resource development. 

During the period of our study we observed a decline in 

the minimum discharge or base flow of all the rivers, which 

reflects long-term reduced precipitation. 

Approximately 94 percent of the chloride flux in waters 

out of Yellowstone National Park is considered to be of 

geothermal origin (Norton and Friedman, 1985). Because the 

geothermal chloride flux is directly related to heat flux, we 

Manuscript approved for publication September 10, 1990. 

determined how much heat flux (in percent of the total from 

the Park) is contributed by the drainage basins of the following 

thermal areas of the Park: Firehole River (34 percent); Yellowstone River (30 percent; Snake River (12 percent); Falls River 

(1 0 percent); Gibbon River (8 percent); and west side of the 

Park into the Island Park Geothermal Area (6 percent). 

Discharge records of the major rivers draining the Park 

were used to calculate the annual precipitation for each of the 

same river drainage basins. This calculation shows that the 

average annual precipitation over these 7 years of our study 

was 82 centimeters (em) for the Falls drainage, 41 em for the 

Madison, 179 em for the Snake, and 38 em for the Yellowstone. 

INTRODUCTION 

Most of the chloride in waters of geothermal origin is 

magmatic. In Yellowstone National Park, in addition to this 

magmatic source, minor sources, including human waste, 

atmospheric precipitation, and weathering of rocks, 

contribute a maximum of 6 percent to the total chloride flux 

exiting the Park (Norton and Friedman, 1985). Therefore, a 

study of variations in this flux from Yellowstone National 

Park can be used to establish a baseline to determine 

responses of this measured component to climate changes, 

earthquakes, and to other tectonic events. In addition, this 

information can be used to obtain baseline data that will 

serve in the future to assess adverse impacts on the thermal 

features of the Park from proposed commercial 

development of geothermal, oil, and gas resources adjacent 

to the Park. Inasmuch as the major portion of the chloride 

exits the Park through four major rivers, these rivers serve 

as convenient vehicles for measuring most of the chloride 

flux from the Park. 

In a previous paper, Norton and Friedman (1985) 

discussed chloride flux out of Yellowstone National Park 

from September 1982 to January 1984. We monitored 

chloride flux by measuring chloride concentrations and 

discharges of the four major rivers of the Park. Because this 

previous study was limited to only one annual cycle, we 

Introduction 
wanted to continue the study of changes in chloride flux and 

discharge over a longer period of time. In addition to the 

Falls, Madison, Snake, and Yellowstone Rivers monitored 

in our earlier study, we added sites on the Firehole and 

Gibbon Rivers, which drain the major geyser basins of the 

Park. The data from these two rivers serve to monitor the 

discharge of thermal waters from these major, deep-seated 

thermal features. 

The current study, a cooperative effort between the 

U.S. Geological Survey and the National Park Service, 

includes data from the water years 1983-1989 as well as the 

data for 1983 previously published by Norton and Friedman 

( 1985). This published chloride flux data was recalculated 

using improved protocols. On figure 1 we plotted the data as 

given in the previous paper and the data as recalculated 

using the current protocols. The differences are minor, 

except for the Madison River for November through 

January. We later found the discharge data for the Madison 

used in our 1985 paper to be in error, so we corrected the 

data. 

Definition of Water Year 

All reported values of annual fluxes are calculated for 

the water year, which is defined as 12 months beginning 

with October 1. 

Acknowledgments 

The authors wish to acknowledge the contributions 

made by members of the staffs of the National Park Service 

and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in this long-term 

collaborative project between these two agencies. Within 

the Park Service, John D. Varley, Chief of Research, 

Yellowstone National Park, was primarily involved in the 

planning, coordination, and support of this project. Within 

the Water Resources Division of the USGS, extensive 

hydrologic support was given by members of the district 

offices in Montana and Idaho. In Montana we had the 

support and assistance of Joseph A. Moreland and Ronald 

R. Shields and their associates. Hydrologists who made 

valuable contributions to this work are Philip L. Karper, 

Scott Quimby, Stephen V. Lynn, Norman Midtling, and 

Andrew R. Skerda. In Idaho we had the support and 

assistance of Robert W. Harper, Nathan D. Jacobson and 

their staff. Hydrologists who also contributed to this work 

are Robert W. Erickson, Owen E. McLaughlin, Stanley G. 

Landon, and John B. Evans. 

We are grateful to the staff of the U.S. Geological 

Survey's National Water Quality Laboratory for their 

support and guidance in the automated chloride 

determinations. Of particular value were the supervisory 

groups led by James M. Schoen and Harold D. Ardourel. 

Analysts who contributed to this work are D.M.C. 

Wisniewski, Betty McLain, Carl M. Harris, Amy A. Ludtke, 

and James R. Dobbs. Within the USGS we wish to 

acknowledge Deanne F. Moore, Deidre J. Scanlon, David C. 

Guerin, Brian R. Espinoza, Augusta Warden, and Karen E. 

Slaughter who provided support in sample procurement, 

data logging, and processing for chemical analysis. 

Finally, we acknowledge the dedication of contract 

collectors for the major rivers and tributaries in this study. 

Without their able assistance we would not have had the 

many samples per site required for the integration of 

chloride flux throughout each of the 7 years of this study. 

These persons are listed as follows under the names of the 

river sites for which they provided samples: Snake River 

samples collected by D.R. McCreight and Cynthia F. 

Mernin; Falls River samples collected by Viola Lenz; 

Madison River samples collected by Elizabeth Laden and 

Karen Bennett; Firehole and Gibbon River samples 

collected by Karen N. Kennedy, Karen Bennett, Patricia S., 

Castles, and Shirley A. Wayland; and Yellowstone River 

samples collected by Mauray M. Miller. 

Critical reviews were made by Robert 0. Fournier 

and Y ousef K. Kharaka. We thank Diane C. Schnabel for 

her many suggestions and sk~llful editing of this paper. 

SITE DESCRIPTIONS 

The location of the gauging sites are shown on figure 

2, and the sites are described in table I. All the sites are 

official U.S. Geological Survey gauging stations. Sites for 

discharge measurements were selected on the Snake, Falls, 

Madison, and Yellowstone Rivers, which are the four major 

rivers draining the Park. The Madison River was gauged 

from SeJ?iember 1982 to October 1986. After this station 

was discontinued, we used the sites on the Firehole and 

Gibbon Rivers to calculate discharge and chloride flux for 

the Madison River. The Firehole and Gibbon Rivers were 

gauged several kilometers (km) above their confluence 

where the Madison River originates. The gauging site on the 

Madison River was 24 km from this confluence. For 22 

months all three rivers (Madison, Firehole, and Gibbon) 

were monitored, which allowed us to compare the discharge 

and chloride flux from the Madison River with the sum of 

the values for the other two rivers. This relationship will be 

discussed in a later section. 

Water sampling sites were located near the gauging 

sites with the exception of the one on the Yellowstone 

River. To avoid chloride input from La Duke Hot Spring, 

3.2 km upstream from the gauging site, this water sampling 

site was located about 1 km upstream from the hot spring. 

FIELD MEASUREMENTS AND SAMPLING 

Discharge measurements were made by the U.S. 

Geological Survey using standard hydrologic methods and 

2 Chloride Flux and Surface Water Discharge out of Yellowstone National Park 
80 

70 ·········+ ....... Old Falls River 

c New 60 

50 

:I: 

t- 40 

z 

0 30 .... 

:= C\1 > (.) (f) ..0 .... >. c 0') a. 

co 0 

~ co Lf <'11 a. <'11 ::::l :::J ::::l I z I 

~ <( ~ ...., ...., <( ~ t) c 

<'11 

a: 0 ...., 

w 

a. 260 

" 240 Madison River 

0 

,... 220 

>< 200 

en 

:; 180 

< 160 a: C\1 > ~ (f) 

~ .... .... >. c 0') a. 

(!l o;> 0 co <'11 a. ro ::::l ::::l ::::l Q) 

z Q I 

~ <( ~ ...., ...., <( en 

t) c 

z ro 0 ...., 

... >< 140 

::l 120 Snake River 

...J 

LL 100 ·········+ ....... Old 

w New 

c 80 

-

a: 60 

0 40 ...J C\1 > 

~ (f) 

~ .... .... >. c 0') a. ::r: co 0 co ro a. <'11 ::::l ::::l ::::l Q) 

I z I 

~ <( ~ ...., ...., <( en 0 t) c 

ro 0 ...., 

> ...J 300 

::r: Yellowstone River t- 250 Old z ·········+ .. ····· 

0 New 

:E 200 

150 

100 

C\1 (.) (f) ..0 .... .... >. c 0') a. 

co ~ o;> Lf ro a. ro ::::l ::::l ::::l I 

~ <( ~ ...., ...., <( ~ t) c 

0 ro 

...., 

MONTH 

Figure 1. Graph of the monthly integrated chloride flux of the Falls, Madison, Snake, and 

Yellowstone Rivers for water year 1983. Data reported by Norton and Friedman (1985) (dotted 

line) are compared with data given in the present paper (solid line). 

Field Measurements and Sampling 3 
45° 

00' 

44° 

30' 

44° 

30' 

Swan 

0 Lake 

bupper Red ( 

Rock Lake ) 

_r""---~ 

30' 11 0°00' 

____ __j 

20 30 KILOMETERS 

00~----~~--~~------------------~-L------------~L-------~---------------------------------J 

Figure 2. Map of Yellowstone National Park region in Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming, showing the stream gauging sites 

discussed in this paper. 

automated recorders. The discharge data reported in this 

work were stated by the hydrologists who made the 

measurements to have an accuracy of 5 percent. 

Water samples for chloride determination were 

withdrawn from the river banks using 50-mL (milliliter) 

plastic syringes and filtered on site through membrane 

filters into plastic bottles. The samples were submitted to 

the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water Quality 

Laboratory in Denver for analysis. Our tests showed that, 

for the chloride determination, the samples did not have to 

be filtered through the standard 0.45-micrometer filters. We 

used 5-micrometer filters to facilitate the operation. 

Our schedule for water sampling of the rivers was 

monthly for January, February, November, and December; 

bimonthly for March, April, September, and October; and 

weekly for May, June, July, and August. This schedule of 

28 samples allowed for greater accuracy of the reported data 

during periods of high runoff in the spring and summer. In 

contrast, the standard water sampling protocol used by the 

U.S. Geological Survey is to collect a sample at each site 

every 6 weeks. Using data from these two different 

.sampling protocols, we calculated the annual chloride flux 

for 1985 and 1986 for the four rivers draining the Park, as 

well as the total flux out of the Park, which is the sum of the 

flux from the Falls, Madison, Snake, and Yellowstone 

Rivers. The data, given in table 2, show that the flux 

calculated for individual rivers by the two protocols differs 

by as much as 12 percent, whereas the total flux out of the 

Park differed by 7 percent. Obviously the discrepancy 

depends upon the specific dates of sampling as related to the 

timing of snowmelt runoff. In view of these results, we 

chose a sampling schedule that allowed for increased 

sampling during the period of high discharge. To our 28 

samples per year for each site, we incorporated the 9 

4 Chloride Flux and Surface Water Discharge out of Yellowstone National Park 
Table 1. Gauging site descriptions 

[USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; km2

, square kilometer. All topographic maps are USGS 15-minute quadrangle maps] 

USGS Site name and location 

Station No. 

13047500 Falls River near Squirrel, Idaho, 

14.0 km from southwest corner of 

Yellowstone National Park. 

06036905 Firehole River, 4.2 km upstream 

from Madison Junction. 

06037000 Gibbon River, 6.4 km upstream 

from Madison Junction. 

06037500 Madison River at gauging site 

shown on map near Riverside. 

13010200 Snake River near Flagg Ranch, 

Wyo., 3.7 km south of Snake River 

Ranger Sta., at bridge on U.S. 287. 

06191500 Yellowstone River near Corwin 

Springs, Mont., at gauging site 

shown on map. 

Topographic map 

Warm River Butte, 

Idaho-Wyo. 

Madison Junction, Wyo. 

Madison Junction, Wyo. 

West Yellowstone, 

Mont.-Wyo.-Idaho. 

Huckleberry Mountain, 

Wyo. 

Miner, Mont.-Wyo. 

Drainage 

area, ( km2) 

909 

730 

306 

1088 

405 

6793 

Table 2. Percentage difference in annual chloride flux calculated using two different sampling protocols 

Falls Madison Snake Yellowstone Total, 

River River River River sum of four rivers 

1985 9 5 -10 -4 1 

1986 -1 -2 -12 -11 -7 

Percent difference = (WRD sampling protocol data minus this paper protocol) X 100 

this paper protocol 

samples per year collected by the USGS, resulting in the 

analysis of 37 samples per site per year. In addition to the 

improved accuracy occasioned by our sampling protocol, 

the increased accuracy of our chloride analyses, as 

discussed next, adds to the overall accuracy of the 

calculated chloride flux values. 

About 5 percent of the flow of Falls River is diverted 

upstream from the gauging site at Squirrel, Idaho, for 

irrigation. We added the measured flow from the Marysville 

Diversion Canal to all the discharge measurements made at 

Squirrel in order to determine the true discharge of the Falls 

River. 

Field Measurements and Sampling 5 
Table 3. Statistical analysis of chloride concentration data for WRD standards 

[ppm, parts per million; %, percent] 

WRD Sample Number of Mean value Standard %Standard 

No. analyses (ppm) deviation deviation 

62 31 8.27 0.160 1.9 

62, normalized* 31 8.24 0.405 4.9 

M6 23 12.9 0.454 3.5 

M6, normalized 23 13.5 0.369 2.7 

76 52 25.6 0.655 2.6 

76, norn1alized 52 25.5 0.727 2.9 

68 57 31.0 0.656 2.1 

68, normalized 57 30.9 0.795 2.6 

l\1186 43 43.9 1.10 2.5 

l\1186, normalized 43 44.1 0.835 1.9 

84 49 50.1 0.664 1.3 

84, normalized 49 50.0 0.750 1.5 

M94 10 65.7 1.52 2.3 

M94, normalized 10 65.2 0.524 0.8 

M100 11 80.6 1.06 1.3 

M100, normalized 11 80.3 1.23 1.5 

* "Normalized" refers to analytical values normalized to a series of GD standards 

whose chloride concentration values bracketed the WRD values. 

LABORATORY METHODS AND 

CALCULATIONS 

The chloride determinations were made by a 

modification of the thiocyanate-spectrophotometric method 

of Skougstad and others ( I979) in which the discrete sample 

analyzer was replaced by an automated segmented sample 

analyzer. To increase the accuracy of the method, we 

introduced our own chloride standard solutions, referred to 

herein as GD standards, between every I 0 to I5 samples. 

We then normalized the laboratory results against these 

standards, which were prepared gravimetrically from pure 

NaCl. 

In addition to the GD standards, the laboratory 

routinely introduced their reference samples, referred to 

herein as WRD standards, at the same frequency as our 

standards. In order to evaluate the accuracy and precision of 

the chloride determinations, we made use of the chloride 

values for the WRD standards as determined for each set of 

samples. The same set of WRD standards were run 

repeatedly for 3 years a!ld permitted us to accumulate 23-57 

analyses for these standards. Statistical analysis of the 

results is given in table 3. The results of these comparisons 

are presented on figure 3 and 4. 

Accuracy 

We observed that the values obtained by the WRD 

laboratory for the GD 20.0 ppm (parts per million) standard 

were always less than 20.0 ppm and had a mean value of 

18.8 ppm. Values on other GD standards, ranging from I 0 

to I20 ppm, gave satisfactory agreement. We attribute this 

discrepancy to nonlinear response of the instrument in the 

20-ppm concentration range. 

Figure 3 is a plot of the mean chloride values of the 

WRD standards normalized against the GD standards that 

were run concurrently and plotted against the mean of the 

unnormalized (raw) values reported by the laboratory. Note 

6 Chloride Flux and Surface Water Discharge out of Yellowstone National Park 
that the slope and intercept of the linear least-squares 

solution to the plotted data are not 1.0 and zero, which 

indicates that normalization of the laboratory values to our 

GD standards will improve the accuracy of the calculated 

results. 

w 

c_ 

ii:E 

oa. ...JS: 

~z 

00 

Zi= 

<< wa: :EIz 

cw 

wo 

NZ 

-o 

~0 

:E 

a: 

0 

z 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

10 20 30 40 50 60 

UNNORMALIZED MEAN CHLORIDE 

CONCENTRATION (ppm) 

Figure 3. Graphs of the unnormalized mean chloride 

concentration in parts per million (ppm) of the WRD water 

standards plotted against the same results normalized against 

our gravimetrically prepared chloride solutions. y, normalized 

mean chloride concentration; x, unnormalized mean chloride 

concentration; r 2

, correlation coefficient squared. 

• 

z 3 WQ D 

>- -t- t-< 

<- ..J> 

ww 

a:o 

2 • 

t-o • Za: 

w< 

00 

a:z 

~< ten 

Precision 

Figure 4 is a plot of the percent relative standard 

deviation versus the mean values for the WRD standards. 

The data are shown for both the normalized and unnormalized data sets. This figure and the indicated r 2 values show 

that normalization improves the precision of the data. (r 2 = 

correlation coefficient squared). 

The automated chloride analysis apparatus has a 

digital readout that limits the precision. The results give 

precisions that vary with chloride concentration from about 

1 percent relative standard deviation for chloride 

concentrations greater than 50 ppm, to 3 percent relative 

standard deviation for concentrations less than 10 ppm. 

Chloride Flux 

Instantaneous chloride fluxes, shown in the appendix, 

were calculated by multiplying the chloride concentration of 

the sample by the river discharge recorded at the time of 

collection. Monthly integrations were made by first 

calculating the end-of-month values of discharge and 

chloride concentration by linear interpolation, and then 

integrating between each recorded or calculated value. 

Integrations were done for both monthly and annual 

periods. The results are given in tables 4 and 5 . 

• 

• 

IJ 

• 

IJ 

• Unnormalized y = 2.83 - 0.016x r 2 = 0.32 

IJ Normalized Y= 3.35- 0.029x ,2 = 0.73 

0 

0 20 40 60 80 100 

MEAN CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION (ppm) 

Figure 4. Graph of mean chloride concentration in parts per million (ppm) of the WRD water standards 

versus percent relative standard deviation determined for both normalized and unnormalized data sets. y, 

percent relative standard deviation; x, mean chloride concentration; r2 , correlation coefficient squared. 

Laboratory Methods and Calculations 7 
Table 4. Monthly and annual chloride (CI) flux and discharge (Disch.) for water years 1983 through 1989 

[Chloride in grams x 107

; discharge in cubic meters x 107 ; - indicates no data] 

Falls River 

1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 

Cl Disch. Cl Disch. Cl Disch. Cl Disch. Cl Disch. Cl Disch. Cl Disch. 

October 50.7 5.17 59.8 6.56 43.5 4.412 47.8 4.21 49.7 4.61 32.8 2.27 38.2 2.86 

November 49.3 4.89 60.9 7.50 45.3 4.05 44.9 3.81 48.3 4.00 33.3 8.87 39.3 2.67 

December 53.6 4.48 55.6 5.25 45.1 3.87 44.0 3.31 46.7 3.54 37.9 2.40 40.1 2.41 

February 39.9 3.14 42.7 3.65 47.0 3.68 40.1 3.09 40.8 3.02 35 2.18 38.1 2.22 

March 45.5 3.38 42.4 3.61 46.1 3.59 51.9 4.53 46.3 3.31 36.3 2.22 40.6 2.53 

~ril 47.8 4.25 42.3 4.98 65.3 6.54 63.9 8.38 58.3 6.79 60.7 5.37 52.8 4.53 

ay 70.0 13.0 70.4 20.2 76.3 16.9 72.1 14.3 67.7 12.4 69.4 12.7 77.8 17.8 

June 61.8 19.3 71.2 23.7 61.7 15.0 68.1 25.4 49.4 5.40 46.8 8.78 57.7 16.39 

July 48.2 10.4 51.0 12.8 57.8 6.90 55.4 9.68 41.7 4.00 43.8 4.77 44.7 6.29 

August 42.9 5.52 45.5 6.46 48.2 4.86 53.0 6.37 3.07 3.07 3.32 3.32 42.6 4.57 

September 44.5 5.05 48.5 5.57 51.0 4.78 50.1 5.36 33.9 2.43 36.4 2.93 42.1 4.00 

Water year 601.3 82.36 638.6 104.7 629.0 78.18 635.7 91.85 566.4 55.94 509.5 58.33 553.8 68.86 

Firehole River 

1983 1984 1988 1989 1987 1988 1989 

Cl Disch. Cl Disch. Cl Disch. Cl Disch. Cl Disch. Cl Disch. Cl Disch. 

October 170 2.83 151 2.42 156 2.39 140 2.61 133 1.67 139- 1.78 

November 156 2.55 151 2.34 160 2.40 147 2.41 129 1.77 143 1.73 

December 153 2.33 152 2.30 158 2.33 135 2.27 139 1.82 135 1.63 

January 150 2.24 149 2.23 160 2.29 143 2.23 149 1.89 134 1.69 

February 140 2.01 131 1.92 147 2.07 133 2.01 138 1.75 135 1.59 

March 157 2.18 151 2.25 168 2.42 155 2.23 143 1.86 155 1.82 

~ril 151 2.21 150 2.97 187 3.00 136 2.36 166 2.42 156 2.31 

ay 161 3.74 144 3.27 196 6.33 153 2.36 149 3.16 162 3.16 

June 154 3.76 136 3.23 152 5.66 135 3.02 129 2.07 142 3.17 

July 145 2.63 170 3.34 153 3.36 134 2.05 127 1.68 143 2.21 

August 146 2.45 169 2.75 142 2.75 133 1.97 125 1.62 146 2.09 

September 145 2.38 151 2.20 139 2.65 124 1.78 124 1.59 133 1.87 

Water year 1829 31.29 1804 31.22 1918 37.63 1668 26.87 1650 23.30 1723 25.03 

Gibbon River 

1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 

Cl Disch. Cl Disch. Cl Disch. Cl Disch. Cl Disch. Cl Disch. Cl Disch. 

October 40.1 0.813 38.5 .731 41.2 0.674 27.5 0.691 34.3 0.535 36.9 0.524 

November 39.3 0.776 42.3 .708 49.6 0.646 33.8 0.697 37.5 0.521 40.0 0.555 

December 45.5 0.770 41.9 .671 32.2 0.589 26.8 0.651 37.3 0.487 33.1 0.524 

January 43.1 0.694 39.7 .589 33.7 0.569 40.2 0.694 41.1 0.518 39.4 0.547 

February 36.4 0.572 31.0 .513 35.0 0.564 33.4 0.530 32.0 0.425 37.0 0.476 

March 42.0 0.612 33.5 .654 40.0 0.682 37.8 0.575 32.4 0.453 44.3 0.580 

~ril 38.8 0.719 43.0 1.17 46.9 1.06 35.6 0.767 35.4 0.765 44.8 1.20 

ay 43.3 1.89 41.0 1.22 52.3 1.81 40.1 0.985 37.5 1.42 49.2 1.52 

June 37.4 1.64 37.0 1.07 44.0 2.26 36.1 0.719 32.1 0.804 36.0 1.14 

July 36.3 1.11 43.8 .966 39.7 1.33 29.9 0.626 26.7 0.549 37.3 0.844 

August 37.2 0.926 39.8 .779 35.6 .869 28.9 0.578 28.0 0.496 35.9 0.728 

September 34.7 0.728 34.5 .640 32.4 .722 29.8 0.501 32.7 0.490 28.0 0.612 

Water year 474.1 11.25 466.0 9.704 482.6 11.77 399.9 8.014 407.0 7.464 462.2 9.251 

8 Chloride Flux and Surface Water Discharge out of Yellowstone National Park 
Table 4. Monthly and annual chloride (CI) flux and discharge (Disch.) for water years 1983 through 1989-Continued 

Madison River 

1983 1984 1985 1986 19871 19881 19891 

Cl Disch. Cl Disch. Cl Disch. Cl Disch. Cl Disch. Cl Disch. Cl Disch 

October 233 4.19 190 3.56 193.3 3.49 204 3.47 173 3.68 174 2.46 174 2.44 

November 207 3.61 212 3.76 203.5 3.47 197 3.26 187 3.47 173 2.56 188 2.52 

December 203 3.38 205 3.49 206.2 3.45 203 3.34 168 3.27 182 2.58 174 2.41 

January 213 3.38 199 3.33 206.5 3.34 197 3.21 190 3.27 197 2.69 180 2.50 

February 201 3.13 186 2.97 169.1 2.70 197 3.08 172 2.84 176 2.43 178 2.31 

March 221 3.47 201 3.12 202.7 3.21 225 3.79 200 3.13 182 2.58 207 2.68 

April 210 3.34 191 3.26 218.2 3.97 233 4.51 178 3.50 208 3.56 208 3.92 

May 238 5.62 222 7.49 229.5 7.04 232 7.22 200 4.48 193 5.11 219 5.22 

June 221 7.55 204 6.34 187.4 4.61 236 9.94 177 3.09 167 3.21 185 4.81 

July 209 4.96 176 3.95 178.3 3.41 197 5.11 169 2.90 159 2.49 187 3.41 

August 173 3.33 190 3.81 183.4 3.23 195 4.00 168 2.80 158 2.36 188 3.15 

September 165 3.11 183 3.42 183 3.24 193 4.01 160 2.54 163 2.33 167 2.77 

Water year 2494 49.07 2358 48.49 2358 45.17 2509 55.24 2142 38.96 2131 34.36 2253 38.14 

Snake River 

1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 

Cl Disch. Cl Disch. Cl Disch. Cl Disch. Cl Disch. Cl Disch. Cl Disch. 

October 50.5 3.76 50.6 4.90 46.1 3.10 45.2 2.83 45.3 3.31 30.4 1.35 35.3 1.47 

November 50.8 3.47 47.7 5.10 47.6 3.17 50.7 3.31 50.0 3.15 27.9 1.42 36.9 1.56 

December 56.0 3.55 56.4 4.51 47.5 3.11 47.8 2.87 46.8 2.74 37.3 1.83 43.1 1.74 

January 52.7 3.23 63.2 4.07 47.3 2.99 46.7 2.68 42.5 2.41 43.8 2.17 45.6 2.08 

February 43.7 2.66 48.5 3.06 41.9 2.43 49.9 3.21 43.5 2.48 44.7 2.11 39.9 1.88 

March 49.3 2.91 . 46.7 2.82 49.5 2.55 61.2 3.96 45.9 2.63 44.5 2.09 47.9 2.46 

~ril 45.9 2.82 46.3 2.99 54.8 4.12 60.8 5.38 49.7 4.42 56.8 3.69 51.0 4.15 

ay 73.5 13.5 78.5 16.3 108 20.2 78.4 15.5 67.5 12.4 77.1 14.8 123.7 27.6 

June 119 33.2 101 17.6 83.2 15.4 200.4 42.3 51.2 6.14 68.0 12.8 94.5 21.0 

July 73.6 12.5 66.2 8.01 48.3 4.75 71.8 10.7 41.7 3.47 35.0 2.55 53.2 5.69 

August 53.5 5.05 45.4 4.28 43.8 3.19 53 5.01 34.0 2.00 30.7 1.52 41.2 3.06 

September 58.3 4.61 42.9 3.37 42.6 2.93 47.2 3.80 32.7 1.58 31.6 1.31 32.1 2.06 

Water year 727.0 91.24 693.7 76.98 660.2 67.92 813.1 101.5 550.8 46.70 527.8 47.60 644.4 74.73 

Yellowstone River 

1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 

Cl Disch. Cl Disch. Cl Disch. Cl Disch. Cl Disch. Cl Disch. Cl Disch. 

October 182 16.7 134 15.8 136 13.0 133 11.0 141 13.4 98.0 6.32 99.1 5.90 

November 134 10.9 146 14.3 124 10.6 124 8.76 129 10.1 98.1 5.62 87.7 5.05 

December 129 9.24 156 12.0 120 9.04 95.7 6.59 110 7.82 116 5.43 94.9 4.92 

January 135 8.53 128 9.75 109 7.66 99.8 6.96 104 7.35 97.4 4.16 88.3 3.86 

February 107 7.37 109 7.96 102 6.94 97.3 6.88 99.2 6.88 82.9 3.96 78.9 3.37 

March 119 7.75 119 8.14 102 7.77 120 10.3 109 7.31 93.5 5.33 84.5 4.63 

tlril 115 8.08 119 9.33 110 12.4 116 15.3 176 22.7 94.6 10.2 87.7 11.5 

ay 152 23.2 157 49.5 171 45.1 187 54.4 200 43.9 134 37.2 267 79.3 

June 218 66.1 247 86.0 274 57.0 490 117 196 34.9 213 57.9 291 75.9 

July 262 56.8 346 62.4 198 29.9 325 54.5 192 23.8 183 21.0 283 41.3 

August 204 27.4 201 26.1 160 18.3 226 27.8 147 13.7 129 11.2 177 19.5 

September 148 16.2 144 17.1 135 13.8 160 18.2 112 8.82 102 6.84 135 12.5 

Water year 1905 258.2 2007 318.3 1741 231.5 2173 337.7 1716 200.6 1441175.27 1775 267.5 

1 Chloride flux data for this year calculated by summing values of the Gibbon and Firehole Rivers and 

multipying by 1.037 (see text). 

Discharge data for this year calculated by summing values for the Gibbon and Firehole Rivers and 

multipying by 1.117 (see text). 

Laboratory Methods and Calculations 9 
Table 5. Total chloride flux and river discharge from Yellowstone National Park 

Water Total 

year Four riversl Four rivers plus 

Island Park sites 

Flux2 Discharge3 Flux4 

1983 

1984 

1985 

1986 

1987 

1988 

1989 

5730 

5700 

5390 

6130 

4990 

4610 

5240 

4810 6100 

5490 6000 

4230 5700 

5850 6500 

3440 5300 

3160 4900 

4490 5600 

1 The totals arc the sum of the values for the Falls, Madison, Snake, and 

Yellowstone Rivers. 

2 Chloride flux values arc given in grams of chloride per year x 10 1. 

3 Discharge values are given in cubic meters per year x 10 7. 

4 Total flux is calculated by multiplying flux values determined by summing 

the flux from the four rivers and multiplying by 1.06. 

The error assigned to the instantaneous chloride flux 

calculations is ±5.4 percent. This value is derived from the 

errors of the individual chloride concentration (£=2 percent) 

and discharge measurements (£=5 percent) as follows, 

where £=error: 

Chloride flux error = ~E2 Chloride + E2 

Discharge 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 

Madison River Flux 

Calculations for 1987-1989 

The Madison River site was monitored for about 4 

years from late 1982 through 1986, after which time 

monitoring was discontinued. Inasmuch as the Firebote and 

Gibbon Rivers are the major tributaries of the Madison, 

monitoring sites on the Firehole and Gibbon were 

established in 1984 and continued through 1989. To 

compare monthly integrated chloride flux and discharge for 

the Madison River, as measured at the Madison River 

gauging site, with values calculated from the sum of the 

Firehole and Gibbon Rivers, we used data from 1984, 1985, 

and 1986. In figure 5 we have plotted the monthly integrated 

discharge and chloride flux for the Madison, as well the sum 

of values for the Firehole and Gibbon Rivers from the 

values given in table 4. The chloride flux for this 3-year 

period hi the Madison River is 3.6 percent greater than that 

for the sum of the values for the Firehole and Gibbon 

Rivers. A similar comparison made for discharge showed 

that discharge was 11.7 percent greater at the Madison River 

gauging site, which is 24 km from the confluence of the 

Firehole and Gibbon Rivers. These increased values of flux 

and discharge result from additional input to the Madison 

along this 24-km-long drainage basin, as well as additional 

inputs from the Firehole and Gibbon above their confluence. This effect is particularly pronounced during spring 

runoff when low-chloride snowmelt water is introduced 

along this 24-km stretch of the river. 

Using this information we corrected the chloride flux 

and discharge values obtained from the sum of the Firehole 

and Gibbon Rivers to make them equivalent to that which 

10 Chloride Flux and Surface Water Discharge out of Yellowstone National Park 
w 

C) 12 a: 

<t 

J: ...... 0 

CJ) 0 10 

c Madison 

Firehole + Gibbon 

c ,... 

c )( 

w U) 8 1- a... <t G) 

a: -

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1- .~ ~ .Q 

> :J 4 ..J () 

J: 

1-

z 

0 2 :1!: 0 12 24 36 48 

MONTHS, BEGINNING OCTOBER 1983 

A 

x 

~ 

..J 

LL 

w 

c 

a: 250 

0 ...... ..J 

J: 0 

0 ,... 

c >< 200 

w U) 1-

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:I: 

1- 0 12 24 36 48 

z 

0 MONTHS, BEGINNING OCTOBER 1983 

:1!: 

B 

Figure 5. Graphs of the monthly integrated discharge (A) and monthly integrated chloride flux (8)" of the 

Madison River for 48 months, beginning in October 1983, as well as the sum of the integrated discharges 

and of the integrated chloride fluxes of the Fireholle and Gibbon Rivers for the same time period. 

would have been obtained for the Madison River for 1987, 

1988, and 1989. The corrections can only be used for the 

annual fluxes for the Madison River for these 3 years but 

will distort the instantaneous and monthly flux values 

because most of the fluxes added along the 24-km stretch of 

the Madison are added during a short period in the spring, 

and we are applying uniform corrections throughout the 

year. For this reason the, uncorrected (sum of the Firehole 

and Gibbon Rivers) instantaneous values of discharge and 

chloride flux for the Madison for 1987-89 are plotted in 

figure 6, but the corrected annual values are given in tables 

4 and 5. 

Results and Discussion 11 
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a: 30 1- <( 

:r: 

0 20 1-

en 

c 10 1-

0 1-

1-

1-

1-

f 

0 

.. I I I I 

Discharge 

Madison River 

-, I I .- . . 

r 

~ 

n i~ . = ~ \ 

. 

r t J i 

~t ~· . Ti ~ :-. !tt : •• : • • •• = ~ = f'V A _.. .. I &'"\,.~ ~ ' ,it~-- I ~~ '--

I I I I I ~ I I I I 

-

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~ L !\ _ . ., . "'. . . .... ~ .,.L ~ : 1100 

-U) 

;-..1 , .. ~ i ! 

Chloride flux rJ -1 1000 :§ 

-1 900 

-1 800 

I !' fiE• : 

I . a r¥~ J r1 J\ • }J 

~~~\ ltlf :• ~ • :-: ~ , ·II • : fr.i .. : !1.1 , lC'\ •! ~ ! I 

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1982 

365 

700 ' . ... w - . . R_~., •Cil ,. • '4. : .~ - • • il! . : . ' i ~- il i ~ ~i • if \ .,.. 1 ~~ 1 t i._ . .f. if iJ 

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1983 1984 1985 1986i 1987 1988 

I I ' I I L___L 1._ __ . .A I I I ______i________ __ I .1...__________ ___ _j I_ A 

730 1095 1460 1825 2190 2555 

CALENDAR YEAR AND DATE NUMBER 

-1 600 

1989 

~sao 

2920 

>< 

::l 

..J 

u. 

w 

c 

a: 

0 

..J 

:r: 

0 

Figure 6. Graphs of the instantaneous discharge in cubic meters per second (m3/s) and the chloride flux in grams per second (g/s) for the Madison 

River. Plotted points are from qata given in the appendix. Calendar years are shown. Data for water years 1987, 1988, and 1989 were calculated 

by adding the measurements made on the Firehole and Gibbon Rivers. No corrections have been made to the data for 1987, 1988, and 1989 to 

account for the different sampling sites used for these years. 
Comparison of Our Discharge Data with 

Those of the Long-Term Records 

Figure 7 shows annual discharge for the Falls, 

Madison, and Yellowstone Rivers during 30 years of record. 

Data for the Snake River are not available. The longer term 

average annual discharge is also shown on figure 7. The 

years of our study are indicated in the figure and show that 

the data for these years are not exceptional as compared 

with data from the long-term record. 

Tabulated data for instantaneous measurements 

including the date and time of collection, discharge, 

chloride concentration, and chloride flux are given in the 

appendix. The integrated monthly discharge 1 and chloride 

flux calculated from this data are given in table 4. The 

discharge and chloride flux of the rivers as a function of 

time are shown on figures 6 and 8-12. We included in both 

the tabulated data and in the figures, data recalculated from 

that previously published by Norton and Friedman (1985). 

Chloride Flux and Discharge for 

Individual Rivers 

The spring runoff peaks for both discharge and 

chloride flux are higher relative to base flow values for 

drainage basins that are not dominated by discharges from 

major thermal areas. For example, the Yellowstone River 

typically shows peak discharges as great as 25 times base 

flow (fig. 12). These peak discharges are much smaller in 

drainage basins dominated by large thermal areas where 

snowmelt is continuous during the winter, resulting in 

spring runoff peaks for the Firehole, Gibbon, and Madison 

that are only about three times the base flow (figs. 6, 9, 

and 10). 

In the Madison River drainage basin, which is 

dominated by the major thermal areas along the Firehole 

and Gibbon Rivers, there are variations in instantaneous 

chloride flux that are random with time. These variations are 

attributed to changes in the thermal activity in these basins, 

including eruptions of geysers of large discharge, and 

variations in overall activity of the thermal springs in the 

basins. 

1

Annual water-year discharge data for the Yellowstone River site 

were taken from the following references to the published records of the 

U.S. Geological Survey: Surface water supply of the U.S., 1960-1965; 

Water resources data for Montana, 1966-1975: Water resources data, 

Montana, water-years 1976-1989. For the Madison River site, data were 

taken from Survey records as follows: Surface water supply of the U.S., 

1944-1965; Water resources data for Montana, 1966-1975; Water 

resources data, Montana, water years 1976-1989. For the Falls River site, 

data were taken from Survey records as follows: Records of surface water 

of the U.S., 1950-1960; Surface water supply of the U.S., 1961-1970; 

Water resources data for Idaho, 1971-1974; Water resources data, Idaho, 

water years 1975-1989. 

The relationships of instantaneous discharge and 

chloride flux with time for the Falls, Snake, and Yellowstone Rivers (figs. 8, 11, and 12) are similar. All three rivers 

show sharp seasonal peaks in discharge related to spring 

runoff, which are as great as 25 times base flow. In all the 

rivers. the corresponding chloride flux values show similar 

peaks that are coincident with discharge peaks. 

The base flow, or minimum discharges for the four 

major rivers draining the Park show a downward trend for 

the years of our study, as illustrated on figure 13. We 

believe this trend results from long-term changes in 

precipitation in this region. 

Plots of annual discharge versus annual chloride for 

each river are given in figure 14 and show a high correlation 

between discharge and chloride flux, with correlation 

coefficient (r 2

) values between 0. 72 and 0.94. A discussion 

of this relationship is given in Friedman and Norton (1990). 

Previous authors (Fournier and others, 1976; D.E. White, 

oral commun., 1984) have noted similar relationships 

between instantaneous values of discharge and chloride flux 

and ascribed these to chloride stored in the soil during the 

winter and released with the spring runoff. Friedman and 

Norton (1990) preferred a different interpretation and 

proposed that a large part of seasonal changes in chloride 

flux are related to changes in height of the water table, 

which in turn influences the discharges of chloridecontaining springs. 

Total Annual Discharge and 

Chloride Flux From the Four 

Major Rivers Draining The Park 

The annual discharge and chloride flux for the sum of 

the four major rivers draining the Park are shown in table 5 

and on figure 158. A graph showing the linear least-squares 

solution to this data is shown on figure 15A. The overall 

relationship follows that shown on figure 16 for the 

individual rivers; namely, an increase in both chloride flux 

and discharge for 1986, a decrease in these values for 1987, 

1988, and a slight recovery in 1989, compared with the 

values reported for 1983 and 1984. The discharge and 

chloride flux have a linear relationship. The increase in 

chloride flux with discharge is mostly due to the increase in 

the height of the water table during periods of increased 

flow, to a lesser extent due to stored chloride, and to only 

traces of chloride introduced by precipitation, weathering, 

and human activity. Using only chloride introduced by 

precipitation to explain these results would require the 

[Text continues on page 20.] 

Results and Discussion 13 
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800 

700 

600 

500 

400 

300 

200 

100 

........... , ......................................... _ ............ . 

75-year average 

Falls River 

0 ~~_.~~~~._~~_.~~~._~~~_.~~~._ .. ~_.~ 

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 

45-year average 

200 

100 Madison River 

0 

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 

3500 

3000 

2500 

2000 

1500 

83-year average 

1000 

500 Yellowstone River 

0 

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 

WATER YEAR 

Figure 7. Graphs of the annual discharge in acre-feet as a function of time for the Falls, Madison, and Yellowstone 

Rivers from data published by the U.S. Geological Survey. The years of our study are shown as solid boxes. The long-term 

average for each river is shown as a dotted horizontal line. 

14 Chloride Flux and Surface Water Discharge out of Yellowstone National Park 
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1982 l 1983 

Falls River 

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0 365 730 1095 1460 1825 2190 2555 2920 

CALENDAR YEAR AND DATE NUMBER 

Figure 8. Graphs of the instantaneous discharge in cubic meters per second (m 3/s) and the chloride flux in grams per second (g/s) for the Falls 

River. Plotted points are from data given in the appendix. Calendar years are shown. 
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t = .. =~:= !' ==· .,1

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-

-1 900 

-1 850 

800 

-1 600 

550 

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1989 

~ Chloride Flux 1-

~ •• 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 

I ••••• 3 ••••• ! •• I I I s I I •• I ! • I I • I s I • I •• 3 • I •• I ! .•••• I 400 

0 365 730 1095 1460 1825 2190 2555 2920 

CALENDAR YEAR AND DATE NUMBER 

en 

-Cl 

-

>< 

:::> 

..J 

LL 

w 

c 

a: 

0 

..J 

J: 

() 

Figure 9. Graphs of the instantaneous discharge in cubic meters per second (m3/s) and the chloride flux in grams per second (g/s) for the Firehole 

River. Plotted points are from data given in the appendix. Calendar years are shown. 
;:11.:1 

1'1) 

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1982 1983 1984 1985 

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1986 1987 1988 1989 . 

1 I I I • I e I I I I I 1 I I I I I s I I I I I 1 I I I I I s I I I I I 1 I I I I I • I I I I I '

50 

0 365 730 1095 1460 1825 2190 2555 2920 

CALENDAR YEAR AND DATE NUMBER 

Figure 10. Graphs of the instantaneous discharge in cubic meters per second (m3/s) and the chloride flux in grams per second (g/s) for the Gibbon 

River. Plotted points are from data given in the appendix. Calendar years are shown. 
~ 

= 

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200 1-

150 1-

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~~._~~~~--~~~~~~~~--~~--~~~--~~~~~~~~--~~~o 

0 365 730 1095 1460 1825 2190 2555 2920 

CALENDAR YEAR AND DATE NUMBER 

-en 

-

s 

>< 

::::> 

...1 

LL. 

w 

c 

0: 

0 

...1 

J: 

0 

Figure 11. Graphs of the instantaneous discharge in cubic meters per second (r-. 3/s) and the chloride flux in grams per second (g/s) for the Snake 

River. Plotted points are from data given in the appendix. Calendar years are shown. 
~ 

~ 

Ill 

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it 

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Chloride flux I 

at ' :: :Ill 

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2000 

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1500 

1250 

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I I I I I I i I I I I I ; I I I I I 3 I I I I I I I I I I , I I I I I f I I I I I F I I I I I I 0 

0 365 730 1095 1460 1825 2190 2555 2920 

CALENDAR YEAR AND DATE NUMBER 

-tn 

-C) 

-

>< 

::J 

_J 

u. 

w 

c 

~ 

0 

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(..) 

Figure 12. Graphs of the instantaneous discharge in cubic meters per second (m-'/s) and the chloride flux in grams per second (g/s) for the 

Yellowstone River. Plotted points are from data given in the appendix. Calendar years are shown. 
35 

30 

-(/) 

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g 25 

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w 

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u 

en 15 c 

·--.......... 

-·-·-c-·-· Yellowstone 

- •• -·)to •• - Falls 

0 Madison 

.... -·-·-·il ......... ..a......... Snake ... c.-·-· ·, • 

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z 

:E 5 

0 

1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 

WATER YEAR 

Figure 13. Graph of the minimum discharge, in cubic meters per second (m3/s) for the Yellowstone, Falls, Madison, and 

Snake Rivers for water years 1983 through 1989. Note that the plotted minimum flows are from our data, not from data 

published by the U.S. Geological Survey in its annual report of river discharge. 

chloride concentration in snow to be about 2 ppm for the 

Snake and Yellowstone Rivers, 7 ppm for the Madison 

River, and about 1 ppm for the Falls River, to account for 

the peaks in chloride flux during spring runoff. Calculated 

chloride concentrations of the annual snowpack from 

chemical analysis of snow samples collected at Tower 

station in Yellowstone from 1981-1988 ranges from 0.05 to 

0.23 ppm with an average value of 0.15 ppm. Discussions of 

these factors are given in Norton and Friedman (1985) and 

Friedman and Norton (1990). In our 1985 paper we 

suggested that the peaks are due primarily to stored 

chloride, but reconsideration of the data leads us to question 

this earlier conclusion. 

Estimated Chloride Flux in Addition to That 

From the Four Major Rivers 

In a previous paper (Norton and Friedman, 1985), we 

identified chloride discharges near the western boundary of 

the Park into the Island Park Geothermal Area. These 

discharges are a few kilometers west of the Park boundary 

and probably originate mainly within the Yellowstone 

geothermal system. They include Big Springs, Buffalo 

River, Warm River, Robinson Creek, and inflow to the 

Henrys Fork between Osborne Bridge and the confluence 

with Warm River (see fig. 2). From data presented by 

Whitehead ( 1978), we estimate that 25 percent of the total 

chloride flux from the western boundary of the Park drains 

to the Henrys Fork between Osborne Bridge and the 

confluence of Henrys Fork with Warm River. The 

remainder exits via Big Springs, Buffalo River, Robinson 

Creek, and Warm River. 

We determined instantaneous chloride flux values at 

Big Springs, Buffalo River, Robinson Creek, and Warm 

River from measurements made at base flow in the fall of 

1984, 1985, 1988, and 1989. Based on one instantaneous 

measurement per site for each year, we calculated the total 

chloride flux for each year. The results were multiplied by 

1.33 to correct for the estimated contribution to the Henrys 

Fork and have been added to the flux from the four rivers in 

table 6. This chloride flux constitutes 7-9 percent of the 

total chloride flux that exits the Park. Our previous estimate 

of 5 percent (Norton and Friedman, 1985) did not include 

the additional input to the Henrys Fork just mentioned. 

La Duke Hot Springs, 9 km north of the Park 

boundary, may also be considered part of the Yellowstone 

Park Geothermal System. From data presented in Norton 

and others (1989), we estimate that the annual chloride flux 

from this system does not exceed 0.03 percent of the total 

from the Park, and we will not discuss it further in this 

paper. 

20 Chloride Flux and Surface Water Discharge out of Yellowstone National Park 
1'-

0 

,.. 

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en 

a: 

w 

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w 

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110 ~~--~--~~--~--~~--~--~~--~--~~--~--~_, 

100 

90 

80 

70 

60 r2. 0.72 

50 ~_.--~--~_.--~--~_.--~--~_.--~--~_.--~----~ 

500 525 550 575 600 625 650 675 700 

60 ~--~----~---,----~--~~---r----~--~----~--~ 

55 

50 

45 

40 

35 

Madison River 

y = -60 + 0.45x r2 = 0.87 

30 ~--_. ____ ._ __ ~----~--~~--~----._--~----~----

2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 

110 ~-T--~~--~--~-T----~~~--~~--~~~~--~~ 

100 

90 

80 

70 

60 

50 

40 ~~--~~--~--~_.--~~~~--._~--~--~_.--~~ 

500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 

400 ~-T--~~~-r--~~~-r--~~--~--~~--~--~~--~ 

350 

300 

250 

200 

150 

Yellowstone River 

y = -178 + 0.238x r2 = 0.90 

100 __ _. __ ._~------~_. __ ._~--~--~_.--~~--~--~~ 

1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 

ANNUAL CHLORIDE, IN GRAMS X 10 7 

Figure 14. Graphs of the annual chloride flux versus discharge for the Falls, Madison, Snake, and 

Yellowstone Rivers for water years 1983 through 1989. Solid lines are linear least-mean-square solutions to 

the data. Equations of these lines are also shown. y, annual discharge; x, annual chloride; r 2

, correlation 

coefficient squared. 

Results and Discussion 21 
..... -

0 

~ 

>< 

M 

E 

-

w 

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a: 

<( 

J: 

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Q 

-1 

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C) 

-

w 

c 

a: 

0 

-1 

:c 

0 

-1 

<( 

::> 

z 

z 

<( 

500 

400 

y = -549 + 0.19x r2. 0.88 

300 ~--._--~~~--_.--~----~--._--~--~--_.--~--~ 

4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 

ANNUAL CHLORIDE (g x 10 7) 

A 

Discharge 600 

7000 

500 

400 

6000 

300 

5000 Chloride 200 

100 

4000 .____.._ __ .___._ _ _.____.i...io-o....L---....._--L. _ _,___...._.....____._~ ___ .____.____. 0 

1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 

WATER YEAR 

B 

,;;--

0 

,.. 

>< 

M 

E 

-

w 

(!) 

a: 

<( 

:c 

0 

en 

Q 

-1 

<( 

::> 

z 

z 

<( 

Figure 15. Graphs of (A) the total annual chloride flux exiting Yellowstone National Park via the Falls, 

Madison, Snake, and Yellowstone Rivers versus the total annual discharge of these rivers; and (8) the total 

annual discharge ofthe sum of the four rivers and the total annual chloride discharged from the same four rivers. 

All data for water years 1983 through 1989. 

22 Chloride Flux and Surface Water Discharge out of Yellowstone National Park 
~ 

0 

,... 

>< 

M 

§. 

,..... -

0 

,... 

>< 

C) 

-

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w 

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a: 

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400 

Yellowstone 

300 

200 

100 

0 ~_.--~--~~--~--~~~~--~--L-_.--~--._~--~~ 

1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 

A WATER YEAR 

Madison 

2500 0·--- ...... o .. --···o---------o····· ......... ,.._ 

,c. ···o·· .......... o·-.............. o 

[]. ... ... []"---- ............ ...... ... ... .... "tt... ... 'o..... .....c 

Yellowstone .... .... "'"' .... "tt ... 

2000 

1500 

1000 Snake 

500 

: ........................................ ~----~rr::-:::: 

Falls 

0 ~_.--~~~~--~~--~--~~--~~--...J....--L-~--~_...J 

1 982 1 983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 

B WATER YEAR 

Figure 16. Graphs of (A) the annual discharges versus time of the Falls, Madison, Snake, and 

Yellowstone Rivers; and (8) the annual chloride fluxes versus time of the four rivers. All data for water 

years 1983 through 1989. 

Geothermal Chloride Flux 

The chloride flux of geothermal ongm has been 

calculated using the method of Norton and Friedman 

( 1985). In this method of calculation the human 

contribution of chloride is negligible, and all the measured 

instantaneous chloride concentrations (shown in the 

appendix) have been reduced by 0.7 ppm to compensate for 

the chloride added to the rivers by rock weathering (0.5 

ppm) and by atmospheric precipitation (0.2 ppm). R.O 

Fournier says (written commun., 1990) that good arguments 

can be made that the average nonthermal background 

chloride ranges from 2 to 3 ppm, but we disagree with his 

interpretation. 

Results and Discussion 23 
We then recalculated both instantaneous and 

integrated values of flux using the reduced chloride values. 

The percentage of annual geothermal chloride compared 

with the total annual chloride exiting the Park for the water 

years 1983-86 agrees with the value of 94 percent found 

earlier by Norton and Friedman (1985). The model 

proposed by Fournier (1990) would result in a lower value 

for the geothermal contribution (approximately 85-90 

percent geothermal). Although the issue of the actual 

amount of nonhydrothermal chloride contributed by rock 

weathering remains to be resolved, we believe that the 

following values will not be greatly affected. 

According to our model, the rivers draining the Park 

contribute varying proportions of geothermal versus total 

chloride. About 99 percent of the chloride exiting via the 

Madison River (4 years of data) is of geothermal origin, 

whereas 90 percent of the chloride exiting via the Yellowstone River (6 years of data) is geothermal. The values for 

the Falls and Snake Rivers are 91 percent (6 years) and 92 

percent (6 years), respectively. 

We have calculated the amount of heat flux (in 

percentage of the total exiting the Park) contributed from 

the following thermal areas of the Park based upon the fact 

that geothermal chloride flux is directly related to heat flux: 

34 percent from thermal areas in the Firehole River 

drainage, including the Lone Star, Upper 

Geyser, Midway Geyser, and Lower Geyser 

Basins; 

30 percent from thermal areas in the Yellowstone River 

drainage, which include West Thumb Geyser 

Basin and other thermal areas in and around the 

shores of Yell ow stone Lake, Hot Springs Basin 

Group, Sulfur Cauldron Hot Springs, Grand 

Canyon of the Yellowstone Hot Springs, 

Calcite Springs, and Mammoth Hot Springs; 

12 percent from thermal areas in the Snake River drainage 

basin, including the Shoshone Geyser Basin, 

Heart Lake Geyser Basin, and the Snake River 

Hot Springs; 

10 percent from thermal areas in the Falls River drainage 

basin which include Boundary Creek, Bechler 

River, Mountain Ash Creek, and Upper Falls 

River; 

8 percent from thermal areas in the Gibbon River 

Drainage Basin including the Norris Geyser 

Basin; and 

6 percent from drainage areas out of the west boundary of 

the Park into the Island Park Geothermal Area, 

which include thermal springs of Robinson 

Creek, Warm River, Buffalo River, Big 

Springs, and other thermal discharges into the 

Henrys Fork. 

Previous Investigations 

Fournier (1989) discussed the chloride flux 

discharging from rivers draining the Park using data from 

Fournier and others (1976) as corrected utilizing the results 

of Norton and Friedman (1985). He stated that his value of 

thermal chloride flux from Yellowstone for 1983 was 17 

percent less than that found by Norton and Friedman (1985). 

He also stated that "the chloride flux measured in 1983 

appears to be exceptionally high compared not only with the 

1966-67 measurements, but also with measurements made 

in subsequent years," and he quoted "USGS unpublished 

data." The only published data for chloride flux out of the 

Park for years previous to 1983 was based on intermittent 

values (Fournier and others 1976). They reported only six 

instantaneous values for Madison River, four for the 

Yellowstone River, and no data for the Falls and Snake 

Rivers for 1966-1967. Our work is based on 37 values per 

year for each of the four rivers, and these values were 

integrated to yield annual fluxes. 

Fournier's (1989) conclusion that the chloride flux in 

1983 was relatively high compared with other years was 

based on instantaneous flux measurements at low stages of 

flow, and he used our old (1985) values for stream flow for 

the Madison River, which gave flux values about 17 percent 

higher than our revised values presented here (see fig. 1). 

Using these revised discharge values, Fournier (written 

commun., 1990) now agrees that the flux of hydrothermal 

chloride was not exceptionally high in 1983. 

Borah Peak Earthquake of 

October 28, 1983 

As stated in Norton and Friedman (1985), all four 

rivers draining the park showed a distinct increase in 

chloride flux beginning in early October 1983 and 

culminating shortly after the Borah Peak earthquake. The 

magnitude and duration of these increases was insufficient 

to appear as a significant increase in the annual fluxes for 

these rivers, in contrast to the statement of Fournier (1989). 

Yellowstone Fires of 1988 

The impact of the extensive fires during the summer 

of 1988 does not appear to have significantly affected the 

amount of chloride flux for the following water year. 

Although the chloride flux did increase in 1989, this 

increase can be attributed to the increase in discharge 

observed for that year. 

24 Chloride Flux and Surface Water Discharge out of Yellowstone National Park 
Table 6. Calculated precipitation in selected river basins of Yellowstone National Park 

[km2

, square kilometer] 

River basin Area Calculated precipitation (in centimeters) 

(km2) 7-year 

1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 average 

Falls 909 91 115 67 101 62 64 76 82 

Madison 1088 45 45 42 51 36 32 35 41 

Snake 405 225 190 168 247 121 118 185 179 

Yellowstone 6793 38 47 34 50 30 26 39 38 

Precipitation at Tower Station 1 32 41 34 41 (~ 27 (~ 

1 Data from N a tiona] Atmospheric Deposition Program (1989), measured values. 

2 Data incomplete for this year. 

Use of Discharge Data to 

Calculate Precipitation 

Precipitation is known to vary greatly from area to 

area within the Park. The discharge data from the rivers 

draining the Park can be used to reconstruct precipitation 

within the drainage areas of these rivers. The annual 

discharge of each river divided by the area of the drainage 

basin yields a calculated precipitation value for that basin 

for the year. This approximation procedure assumes a 

steady-state condition wherein all precipitation during the 

year leaves as runoff and ignores the variations in both 

annual water storage and losses by evapo-transpiration (the 

loss due to evapo-transpiration is thought to be small and 

most of this water probably returns to the system via 

thunderstorms (see Friedman, 1977)). Because these 

variables tend to be similar from one year to the next, the 

precipitation calculated by this method can be used to 

compare the precipitation between drainage basins for a 

particular year, as well as from year to year. The calculated 

precipitation data for the four major river basins are given in 

table 6 and show that the precipitation increased during 

1986 compared with the previous 3 years, decreased to 

about one-half the 1986 values for 1987 and 1988, and 

increased somewhat in 1989. 

Long-term climatic records in the Park are recorded 

in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

(NOAA) Report titled "Climatological Data Annual 

Summary, Wyoming." These summaries list stations at 

Yellowstone Park (Mammoth), Tower Falls, Lake Yell owstone, Old Faithful, and Snake River. The record for these 

stations are incomplete and cannot be used for climatic 

studies. In addition to these NOAA stations, another source 

of precipitation data is available. An automated station at 

Tower Falls in the Yellowstone River drainage basin has 

been operated under the National Atmospheric Deposition 

Program (1989). The data from this station is presented in 

table 6 and shows a good correlation with our calculated 

precipitation in the Yellowstone drainage basin, also listed 

in table 6. 

CONCLUSIONS 

Based on long-term records of discharge of the Falls, 

Madison, and Yellowstone rivers, we conclude that data 

from the 7 years of our study are within the norm for the 

long-term record. 

For the purpose of integrating discharge and chloride 

flux over long periods of time, we demonstrated that our 

sampling program, which is based upon an increased 

sampling rate during periods of high discharge, is necessary 

to provide the required accuracy for a meaningful 

monitoring program. In addition, the accuracy of the routine 

chloride determinations had to be increased by normalizing 

the raw data against frequently inserted gravimetric standard chloride solutions. 

Our data show a high correlation between river 

discharge and chloride flux. We attribute this to changes in 

heights of the water tables, which in tum affect the 

discharge rates of thermal springs. Because most thermal 

springs have constant chloride concentration, river 

discharge and chloride flux can be correlated directly. 

There are large variations on various time scales in 

both integrated chloride flux and discharge as measured by 

monitoring the four major rivers exiting the Park. All the 

Conclusions 25 
rivers show seasonal variations related to snowmelt in the 

spring. The rivers that drain major thermal areas also show 

short-time variations unrelated to these seasonal effects. We 

attribute these short-time variations to changes in thermal 

activity in the related geyser basins. This change in thermal 

activity may be caused by tectonic changes triggered by 

earthquakes, or by other changes in the magma system that 

affect the rate at which chloride reaches the smface. The 

Borah Peak earthquake of October 28, 1983, 240 km west of 

Old Faithful, appeared to have increased the discharge and 

chloride flux of the Falls, Madison, and Snake rivers for a 

short time beginning a few weeks before the earthquake and 

ending after the earthquake. The Yellowstone River also 

shows a small increase in chloride flux during this same 

period, but without a noticeable increase in discharge. This 

effect might be due to the much greater discharge of the 

Yellowstone relative to the other rivers, which would mask 

the effect of a small increase in the input of thermal water. 

We did not observe any measurable effect of the great 

Yellowstone fires of 1988 upon our chloride flux measurements. 

During the period of this study, we observed a decline 

in the minimum discharge or base flow of all of the rivers, 

which may reflect long-term reduced precipitation. 

The use of discharge records for the major rivers 

draining the Park permits a calculation of the annual 

precipitation on each of the associated drainage basins. This 

calculation shows that the average precipitation, neglecting 

small losses by evapo-transpiration, during these 7 years 

was 82 em for the Falls drainage, 41 em for the Madison, 

179 em for the Snake, and 38 em for the Yellowstone. 

Using calculated values of geothermal chloride for 

the different drainage basins of the Park, we conclude that 

34 percent of the total heat flux from Yellowstone Park is 

derived from the Firehole River drainage basin. Similar 

calculations show 30 percent from the Yellowstone River 

drainage basin, 12 percent from the Snake, 10 percent from 

the Falls, 8 percent from the Gibbon, and 6 percent from 

drainages adjacent to the west boundary of the Park. 

Inasmuch as about 43 percent of the chloride flux 

exiting the Park is derived from the Madison River, we 

recommend that the gauging station on the Madison River, 

where the river exits the Park, be reactivated and continually 

monitored, avoiding the uncertainty associated with the use 

of the stations on the Firehole and Gibbon Rivers to 

reconstruct the chloride flux exiting the Park via the 

Madison River. 

Investigation of the chloride flux exiting near the west 

boundary of the Park shows that this flux represents a 

significant part of the chloride exiting the park. Therefore, 

we propose that sites in this area be monitored on a regular 

basis as part of a continuing study. 

The data generated during the 7 years of our study 

showed large annual changes in the chloride flux exiting the 

Park. Most of these changes are attributed to changes in the 

height of the water table, which in turn was caused by 

changes in annual precipitation, and, therefore, long-term 

records of chloride flux are required to separate changes 

attributable to climate from those caused by geological 

events or by the influence of human activity. 

REFERENCES CITED 

Fournier, P.O., 1989, Geochemistry and dynamics of the Yellowstone Park hydrothermal system: Annual Review of Earth 

and Planetary Science, v. 17, p. 13-53. 

Fournier, P.O., White, D.E., and Truesdell, A.H., 1976, 

Convective heat flow in Yellowstone National Park, in 

Proceedings of the 2d United Nations symposium on the 

development and use of geothermal resources, San 

Francisco, 1975, v. 1: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government 

Printing Office, p. 731-739. 

Friedman, 1., 1977, The Amazon Basin; another Sahel?: Science, 

v. 197, p. 7. 

Friedman, 1., and Norton, D.R., 1990, Anomalous chloride flux 

discharges from Yellowstone National Park: Journal of 

Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 42, p. 225-234 .. 

National Atmospheric Deposition Program, 1989, Data report; 

Precipitation chemistry: Fort Collins, Colo., Colorado State 

University, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory. 

Norton, D.R., and Friedman, 1., 1985, Chloride flux out of 

Yellowstone National Park: Journal of Volcanology and 

Geothermal Research, v. 26, p. 231-250. 

Norton, D.R., Friedman, 1., Mohrman, J., and Hutchinson, R.A., 

1989, Monitoring of thermal activity in the northern part of 

Yellowstone National Park and vicinity; Part !-February 

1985-June 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

89-211, 35 p. 

Skougstad, M.W., Fishman, M.J., Friedman, L.C., Erdmann, D.E., 

and Duncan, S.S., editors, 1979, Methods for determination 

of inorganic substances in water and fluvial sediments: U.S. 

Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources 

Investigations, book 5, chap. AI, 626 p. 

Whitehead, R.L., 1978, Water resources of the upper Henrys Fork 

basin in eastern Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey and Idaho 

Department of Water Resources Information Bulletin, v. 46, 

81 p. 

26 Chloride Flux and Surface Water Discharge out of Yellowstone National Park 
APPENDIX 

Sample-data record showing date and time of collection, chloride concentration of sample, 

river discharge, and chloride flux for individual collections and for interpolated 

end-of-month values; all for the Falls, Firehole, Gibbon, Madison, Snake, and Yellowstone 

Rivers for the water years 1983 through 1989. 

[ppm, parts per million; m3/s, cubic meters per second; g/s, grams per second; water year is 12 months beginning October 1] 

1 Date number 1 is January 1, 1980. 2

Where no time is reported, the chloride concentration and all other data shown are interpolated values. 

Appendix 27 
Day- Date 1 Time 2 Instantaneous values Day Date 1 Time2 Instantaneous values 

month- No. Chloride Discharge Clflux: month- No. Chloride Discharge Clflux 

year mg/L m3/s g/s year mg/L m3/s g/s 

Falls River Falls River 

Water year 1983: 31-Mar-84 821 11.7 13.4 156 

4-Apr-84 825 1400 11.7 13.1 153 

30-Sep-82 273 9.7 20.3 197 22-Apr-84 843 1930 7.0 24.7 173 

21-0ct-82 294 1630 9.9 18.7 186 30-Apr-84 851 1035 7.7 21.9 162 

31-0ct-82 304 9.8 18.9 184 8-May-84 859 0950 6.7 21.9 141 

10-Nov-82 314 1025 9.6 19.0 182 15-May-84 866 1004 3.0 106 319 

30-Nov-82 334 1030 11.0 18.7 206 21-May-84 872 1025 3.1 111 345 

19-Dec-82 353 1235 12.5 16.1 201 29-May-84 880 1740 3.1 77.3 327 

31-Dec-82 365 12.4 15.3 190 31-May-84 882 3.1 103 315 

26-Jan-83 391 1020 12.1 13.7 166 8-Jun-84 890 0645 2.9 93.7 269 

31-Jan-83 396 12.3 13.5 166 13-Jun-84 895 1955 4.0 65.7 263 

23-Feb-83 419 1010 13.0 12.6 164 19-Jun-84 901 1915 3.1 88.3 274 

28-Feb-83 424 13.1 12.7 166 25-Jun-84 907 2030 2.7 102 278 

8-Mar-83 432 1010 13.2 12.8 169 30-Jun-84 912 1030 2.3 106 244 

21-Mar-83 445 1730 13.8 12.8 176 9-Jul-84 921 1100 3.7 51.5 191 

31-Mar-83 455 13.5 12.0 162 17-Jul-84 929 1005 5.2 32.6 169 

5-Apr-83 460 1535 13.4 11.6 155 24-Jul-84 936 0908 5.8 31.4 182 

19-Apr-83 474 1430 11.4 16.1 183 30-Jul-84 942 2050 6.4 28.6 183 

30-Apr-83 485 9.0 27.4 247 31-Jul-84 943 6.4 28.1 180 

2-May-83 487 1350 8.6 29.4 253 9-Aug-84 952 0757 6.3 23.5 148 

9-May-83 494 1745 7.2 38.5 277 15-Aug-84 958 0710 7.9 22.4 177 

17-May-83 502 1000 8.8 26.4 232 23-Aug-84 966 1030 7.2 23.5 169 

23-May-83 508 0950 4.1 67.7 277 29-Aug-84 972 1005 7.5 24.7 185 

31-May-83 516 1035 2.7 99.4 268 31-Aug-84 974 7.7 24.0 186 

7-Jun-83 523 0925 3.0 83.8 251 9-Sep-84 983 1855 8.8 20.8 183 

14-Jun-83 530 0955 3.3 73.3 242 23-Sep-84 997 1855 9.0 21.9 197 

22-Jun-83 538 1300 3.6 60.3 217 30-Sep-84 1004 9.1 19.3 176 

27-Jun-83 543 0910 3.5 65.8 230 

30-Jun-83 546 3.5 58.7 206 Water year 1985: 

6-Jul-83 552 0830 3.5 44.6 156 

11-Jul-83 557 0840 4.2 55.2 232 9-0ct-84 1013 1543 9.3 16.1 150 

18-Jul-83 564 0910 5.3 31.4 167 22-0ct-84 1026 1619 10.4 15.9 165 

31-0ct-84 1035 10.7 16.0 172 

26-Jul-83 572 1000 6.7 24.5 164 7-Nov-84 1042 0924 11.0 16.1 178 

31-Jul-83 5n 7.2 21.9 158 30-Nov-84 1065 11.6 14.8 172 

1-Aug-83 578 1030 7.3 21.4 156 

9-Aug-83 586 0915 7.7 18.3 141 4-Dec-84 1069 1410 11.7 14.6 171 

16-Aug-83 593 0905 7.7 20.1 155 31-Dec-84 1096 11.6 14.2 166 

7-Jan-85 1103 0930 11.6 14.2 164 

29-Aug-83 606 0900 8.2 22.7 186 22-Jan-85 1118 1342 11.6 12.5 145 

31-Aug-83 608 8.3 22.4 185 31-Jan-85 1127 11.7 13.5 158 

13-Sep-83 621 0945 8.6 20.3 175 

26-Sep-83 634 1230 9.6 16.3 156 12-Feb-85 1139 1645 11.9 14.7 175 

30-Sep-83 638 9.4 18.5 173 19-Feb-85 1146 0650 14.1 16.3 230 

28-Feb-85 1155 13.1 16.7 218 

Water Year 1984: 5-Mar-85 1160 1545 12.5 12.5 156 

25-Mar-85 1180 0155 12.9 13.5 175 

12-0ct-83 650 0920 8.7 25.0 218 31-Mar-85 1186 13.6 14.0 

25-0ct-83 663 1100 9.7 

189 

26.2 254 3-Apr-85 1189 0955 13.9 14.2 197 

31-0ct-83 669 8.6 28.9 249 15-Apr-85 1201 1445 9.8 27.7 271 

8-Nov-83 6TI 1335 7.2 32.5 234 29-Apr-85 1215 1844 8.4 33.7 283 

30-Nov-83 699 9.6 24.2 231 30-Apr-85 1216 8.2 35.3 288 

15-Dec-83 714 1530 11.2 18.5 207 13-May-85 1229 1230 4.9 56.0 274 

31-Dec-83 730 10.6 17.5 186 28-May-85 1244 1940 3.3 91.5 302 

8-Jan-84 738 1056 10.3 17.0 176 31-May-85 1247 3.6 75.9 270 

30-Jan-84 760 1435 11.8 15.7 185 4-Jun-85 1251 1005 3.9 55.2 215 

31-Jan-84 761 11.8 15.6 184 

9-Jun-85 1256 1930 3.3 82.8 273 

29-Feb-84 790 1440 11.6 

18-Jun-85 1265 0922 4.0 58.5 234 

13.5 157 23-Jun-85 1270 2035 5.5 39.8 219 

3-Mar-84 803 1345 11.9 13.3 158 25-Jun-85 1272 0930 5.6 38.5 216 

26-Mar-84 816 1520 11.6 13.7 159 30-Jun-85 1277 7.3 31.0 225 

28 Chloride Flux and Surface Water Discharge out of Yellowstone National Park 
Day- Date 1 Time 2 Instantaneous values Day Date 1 Time 2 Instantaneous values 

month- No. Chloride Discharge Clflux month- No. Chloride Discharge Clflux 

year mg/L m3/s g/s year mg/L m3/s g/s 

Falls River Falls River 

1-Jul-85 1278 0750 7.6 29.5 224 27-Aug-86 1700 0840 8.8 21.5 189 

9-Jul-85 1286 0800 8.0 25.6 205 31-Aug-86 1704 8.3 22.9 191 

17-Jul-85 1294 0955 8.4 25.8 217 2-Sep-86 1706 0932 8.1 23.6 191 

23-Jul-85 1300 0945 9.1 26.6 242 16-Sep-86 1720 1030 9.5 18.7 178 

29-Jul-85 1306 0939 9.1 21.0 191 29-Sep-86 1733 0944 10.7 18.4 197 

31-Jul-85 1308 9.2 20.8 192 30-Sep-86 1734 10.7 18.4 197 

6-Aug-85 1314 0849 9.6 20.3 195 Water year 1987: 

13-Aug-85 1321 1002 9.8 18.7 183 

20-Aug-85 1328 1902 10.2 16.6 170 16-0ct-86 1750 10.9 17.3 188 

27-Aug-85 1335 0900 10.4 15.7 163 28-0ct-86 1762 1430 10.6 16.1 170 

31-Aug-85 1339 10.5 17.5 184 31-0ct-86 1765 10.9 16.2 177 

10-Nov-86 1775 1710 12.1 16.3 198 

9-Sep-85 1348 0958 10.7 21.5 230 30-Nov-86 1795 12.7 13.7 174 

17-Sep-85 1356 0958 10.8 16.2 175 

23-Sep-85 1362 1511 10.4 16.2 168 9-Dec-86 1804 1540 13.0 12.5 162 

30-Sep-85 1369 11.0 16.3 178 31-Dec-86 1826 13.1 13.2 172 

13-Jan-87 1839 1047 13.2 13.5 178 

Water year 1986: 31-Jan-87 1857 13.4 12.7 170 

9-Feb-87 1866 1307 13.5 12.3 165 

8-0ct-85 1377 1652 11.6 16.4 190 

21-0ct-85 1390 0944 11.1 14.7 163 9-Feb-87 1866 1718 13.5 12.3 165 

30-0ct-85 1399 0900 11.7 16.1 188 28-Feb-87 1885 13.6 12.7 173 

31-0ct-85 1400 11.6 15.9 185 10-Mar-87 1895 1015 13.7 12.9 176 

4-Nov-85 1404 1043 11.4 15.2 174 24-Mar-87 1909 1612 14.6 11.4 167 

26-Mar-87 1911 1620 14.3 11.4 164 

30-Nov-85 1430 12.3 13.9 171 

4-Dec-85 1434 1010 12.4 13.7 170 31-Mar-87 1916 13.8 13.6 187 

11-Dec-85 1441 1030 13.6 11.6 158 8-Apr-87 1924 1032 12.9 17.0 219 

31-Dec-85 1461 13.2 13.2 174 20-Apr-87 1936 1022 9.1 27.1 247 

4-Jan-86 1465 1010 13.1 13.5 177 29-Apr-87 1945 1223 4.4 50.5 222 

30-Apr-87 1946 4.8 48.5 233 

23-Jan-86 1484 1000 13.5 11.4 154 

31-Jan-86 1492 13.2 11.9 157 4-May-87 1950 1944 6.4 40.8 261 

3-Feb-86 1495 1525 13.1 12.0 158 11-May-87 1957 0945 4.0 51.8 209 

28-Feb-86 1520 12.8 13.7 176 19-May-87 1965 0845 4.8 51.3 248 

4-Mar-86 1524 0904 12.8 14.0 179 26-May-87 1972 0920 7.4 42.0 312 

31-May-87 1977 7.6 33.6 254 

19-Mar-86 1539 0925 12.6 14.0 176 

31-Mar-86 1551 1030 9.0 29.3 264 3-Jun-87 1980 1001 7.6 28.5 218 

14-Apr-86 1565 1650 7.6 34.8 264 9-Jun-87 1986 1907 9.0 23.1 208 

16-Apr-86 1567 0945 8.0 33.8 270 15-Jun-87 1992 1032 10.0 18.5 186 

30-Apr-86 1581 0948 5.9 30.9 182 18-Jun-87 1995 1300 10.3 16.2 166 

23-Jun-87 2000 1007 10.8 15.5 167 

14-May-86 1595 0955 7.7 32.5 250 

19-May-86 1600 1053 6.5 48.5 315 29-Jun-87 2006 0911 9.3 18.7 173 

26-May-86 1607 2025 4.0 91.5 366 30-Jun-87 2007 9.3 18.4 171 

29-May-86 1610 0930 2.6 103.9 270 8-Jul-87 2015 0906 9.5 15.9 152 

31-May-86 1612 2.5 119.2 292 14-Jul-87 2021 0918 10.6 14.2 150 

2-Jun-86 1614 1053 2.3 134.4 309 21-Jul-87 2028 1023 11.8 12.9 152 

9-Jun-86 1621 1017 2.8 108.3 303 30-Jul-87 2037 0920 11.3 14.5 163 

17-Jun-86 1629 0922 2.5 102.7 260 4-Aug-87 2042 1050 11.7 12.9 151 

24-Jun-86 1636 0845 3.2 70.4 225 13-Aug-87 2051 0900 12.9 11.1 142 

30-Jun-86 1642 2.9 60.3 177 17-Aug-87 2055 0950 13.1 11.0 144 

1-Jul-86 1643 1100 2.9 58.6 170 26-Aug-87 2064 1021 13.4 10.6 142 

8-Jul-86 1650 0910 5.6 36.8 206 31-Aug-87 2069 0934 13.5 10.3 138 

13-Jul-86 1655 2035 6.4 34.1 218 8-Sep-87 2077 0910 13.7 9.6 131 

16-Jul-86 1658 0930 6.5 33.1 215 24-Sep-87 2093 14.3 9.0 129 

23-Jul-86 1665 0815 7.2 29.8 215 30-Sep-87 2099 14.5 8.6 125 

30-Jul-86 1672 0920 7.6 27.8 212 Water year 1988: 31-Jul-86 1673 7.7 27.5 211 

5-Aug-86 1678 0839 8.2 25.6 210 8-0ct-87 2107 0955 14.8 8.2 121 

12-Aug-86 1685 0848 8.2 24.1 198 20-0ct-87 2119 1045 14.5 8.5 123 

18-Aug-86 1691 0927 8.4 23.0 193 29-0ct-87 2128 1100 13.7 8.9 122 

31-0ct-87 2130 13.8 8.9 122 

Appendix 29 
Day- Date 1 Time2 Instantaneous values Day Date 1 Time2 Instantaneous values 

month- No. Chloride Discharge Clflux month- No. Chloride Discharge Clflux 

year mg/L m3/s g/s year mg/L m3/s g/s 

Falls River Falls River 

30-Nov-87 2160 1310 15.9 8.5 135 12-May-89 2689 1043 3.9 88.9 342 

17-May-89 2694 1038 4.0 76.0 307 

28-Dec-87 2188 1655 16.3 10.1 164 23-May-89 2700 0918 3.3 73.6 244 

31-Dec-87 2191 16.1 10.0 161 31-May-89 2708 1022 4.4 55.6 244 

12-Jan-88 2203 1130 15.5 9.5 147 31-May-89 2708 4.6 54.4 251 

26-Jan-88 2217 1722 16.2 7.8 126 6-Jun-89 2714 1327 3.0 82.1 245 

31-Jan-88 2222 16.1 8.0 129 14-Jun-89 2722 0917 3.1 68.8 212 

22-Feb-88 2244 1745 16.0 9.1 145 21-Jun-89 2729 0840 3.7 62.9 232 

24-Feb-88 2246 1145 16.0 9.3 150 27-Jun-89 2735 0850 4.6 40.1 186 

29-Feb-88 2251 16.1 9.0 145 30-Jun-89 2738 5.0 36.3 181 

15-Mar-88 2266 1150 16.5 8.0 131 4-Jul-89 2742 1040 5.5 31.2 171 

28-Mar-88 2279 1010 16.5 8.0 131 11-Jul-89 2749 0907 7.9 21.5 169 

31-Mar-88 2282 15.8 9.3 147 12-Jul-89 2750 1000 7.9 20.8 164 

8-Apr-88 2290 1100 14.0 12.9 180 18-Jul-89 2756 0845 8.0 20.8 166 

13-Apr-88 2295 1110 12.3 17.7 218 27-Jul-89 2765 0954 8.1 20.2 163 

25-Apr-88 2307 1645 10.0 31.1 311 31-Jul-89 2769 8.4 18.9 158 

30-Apr-88 2312 9.1 34.2 312 1-Aug-89 2770 0841 8.5 18.5 157 

11-May-88 2323 1017 7.2 41.1 296 8-Aug-89 2777 1000 9.2 17.0 157 

16-May-88 2328 1035 4.4 56.1 248 17-Aug-89 2786 0940 9.6 16.7 159 

17-May-88 2329 4.5 66.3 298 23-Aug-89 2792 0905 9.0 16.7 150 

23-May-88 2335 0904 3.6 59.3 215 27-Aug-89 2796 0935 10.2 17.0 172 

31-May-88 2343 4.8 35.0 167 31-Aug-89 2800 10.3 16.6 170 

1-Jun-88 2344 0835 4.9 32.0 157 11-Sep-89 2811 0930 10.5 15.7 165 

6-Jun-88 2349 0925 3.3 63.2 210 27-Sep-89 2827 0914 10.7 14.4 155 

14-Jun-88 2357 0935 6.2 31.0 192 30-Sep-89 2830 10.9 14.6 159 

20-Jun-88 2363 0953 6.6 25.7 170 10-0ct-89 2840 0938 11.3 15.1 171 

27-Jun-88 2370 0905 9.8 16.8 165 

29-Jun-88 2372 1200 9.5 16.2 154 Firehole River 

30-Jun-88 2373 9.5 16.5 157 

5-Jul-88 2378 0900 9.6 18.1 173 

10-Jul-88 2383 2040 8.6 19.5 167 Water year 1984: 20-Jul-88 2393 1055 9.2 17.7 163 

30-Sep-83 638 59.8 15.5 925 27-Jul-88 2400 2002 9.4 16.8 158 9-0ct-83 647 1730 60.7 9.9 602 

31-Jul-88 2404 9.6 15.7 150 23-0ct-83 661 1105 60.1 9.4 565 

1-Aug-88 2405 1110 9.6 15.5 148 31-0ct-83 669 59.5 10.0 595 

9-Aug-88 2413 1140 10.9 11.1 121 6-Nov-83 675 1230 59.0 10.4 616 

10-Aug-88 2414 0718 11.0 11.4 126 

30-Nov-83 699 64.9 9.0 585 17-Aug-88 2421 0748 11.5 12.5 143 4-Dec-83 703 1215 65.9 8.8 578 22-Aug-88 2426 0950 11.6 12.1 141 31-Dec-83 730 66.0 8.5 564 

30-Aug-88 2434 0730 12.1 11.4 138 1-Jan-84 731 1330 66.1 8.5 563 

31-Aug-88 2435 12.1 11.3 138 29-Jan-84 759 1130 67.9 8.2 559 

6-Sep-88 2441 1009 12.4 10.8 134 

31-Jan-84 761 68.0 8.2 559 20-Sep-88 2455 1015 12.5 11.8 147 29-Feb-84 790 1145 70.7 7.8 555 

30-Sep-88 2465 12.6 11.0 138 16-Mar-84 806 1130 73.4 8.3 611 

29-Mar-84 819 1340 71.2 8.1 515 

Water year 1989: 31-Mar-84 821 71.1 8.1 515 

13-Jan-89 2570 1030 16.6 8.8 146 10-Apr-84 831 1400 70.6 8.1 574 

31-Jan-89 2588 17.3 9.2 159 25-Apr-84 846 1100 64.8 9.1 591 

8-Feb-89 2596 1535 17.6 9.3 164 30-Apr-84 851 66.8 9.1 609 

28-Feb-89 2616 16.5 8.9 147 3-May-84 854 1420 68.1 9.1 621 6-Mar-89 2622 1430 16.2 8.8 142 9-May-84 860 1045 66.4 9.1 606 

9-Mar-89 2625 0917 15.7 10.8 170 17-May-84 868 1230 39.8 15.5 619 21-Mar-89 2637 1645 16.1 9.2 148 

31-Mar-89 2647 16.2 8.7 142 23-May-84 874 0900 30.1 18.5 551 

6-Apr-89 2653 0955 16.3 8.5 138 30-May-84 881 1540 31.8 18.9 602 

18-Apr-89 2665 1020 11.8 19.0 224 31-May-84 882 33.9 18.4 624 

6-Jun-84 888 0620 46.4 15.3 710 

30-Apr-89 2677 9.0 32.2 291 

2-May-89 2679 1410 8.6 34.5 295 6-Jun-84 888 1810 43.2 15.0 650 

30 Chloride Flux and Surface Water Discharge out of Yellowston~ National Park 
Day- Date 1 Time 2 Instantaneous values Day Date 1 Time2 Instantaneous values 

month- No. Chloride Discharge Clflux month- No. Chloride Discharge Clflux 

year mg/L m3/s g/s year mg/L m3/s g/s 

Firehole River Firehole River 

13-Jun-84 895 1450 44.6 13.6 609 2-Mar-86 1522 1010 71.8 40.5 643 

20-Jun-84 902 1250 37.0 15.1 551 16-Mar-86 1536 0920 72.4 37.7 603 

28-Jun-84 910 2000 42.7 12.2 521 18-Mar-86 1538 1600 71.2 38.5 605 

30-Jun-84 912 45.1 11.6 524 31-Mar-86 1551 62.2 48.0 660 

5-Jul-84 917 1940 50.9 10.2 518 8-Apr-86 1559 0900 56.7 53.9 675 

11-Jul-84 923 1010 56.9 9.7 551 17-Apr-86 1568 1030 63.6 51.5 722 

19-Jul-84 931 1540 58.7 9.3 547 18-Apr-86 1569 1730 70.2 44.8 694 

25-Jul-84 937 1240 56.9 9.5 539 30-Apr-86 1581 62.4 62.0 853 

31-Jul-84 943 58.9 9.7 569 1-May-86 1582 1620 61.7 63.4 864 

1-Aug-84 944 1210 59.3 9.7 574 5-May-86 1586 0811 53.3 71.0 834 

9-Aug-84 952 0845 59.9 8.9 536 29-May-86 1610 0830 17.8 153.1 601 

16-Aug-84 959 1445 58.7 11.8 532 31-May-86 1612 19.1 145.6 615 

22-Aug-84 965 1413 59.7 9.1 545 8-Jun-86 1620 0735 24.5 115.6 625 

30-Aug-84 973 1430 60.5 9.0 547 26-Jun-86 1638 1640 35.6 68.3 537 

31-Aug-84 974 60.5 9.0 547 30-Jun-86 1642 38.2 65.7 554 

11-Sep-84 985 1530 59.7 9.2 550 10-Jul-86 1652 0848 44.7 59.3 584 

26-Sep-84 1000 1120 63.1 9.2 581 23-Jul-86 1665 0740 49.8 54.4 597 

30-Sep-84 1004 62.7 9.1 573 24-Jul-86 1666 1150 48.8 51.1 550 

Water year 1985: 31-Jul-86 1673 50.5 48.4 539 

6-Aug-86 1679 0845 51.9 46.1 528 

12-0ct-84 1016 1200 61.3 20-Aug-86 1693 0830 52.0 46.5 533 

8.9 548 31-Aug-86 1704 51.1 46.9 529 

26-0ct-84 1030 1436 62.8 9.1 572 3-Sep-86 1707 0830 50.9 47.0 527 

31-0ct-84 1035 63.5 9.1 581 

9-Nov-84 1044 1400 64.8 9.2 596 4-Sep-86 1708 0735 52.0 46.1 529 

30-Nov-84 1065 65.1 8.7 565 17-Sep-86 1721 1745 52.6 45.6 529 

7-Dec-84 1072 1520 65.2 8.5 554 30-Sep-86 1734 52.9 47.7 556 

31-Dec-84 1096 67.2 8.7 583 Water year 1987: 2-Jan-85 1098 1240 67.3 8.7 585 

23-Jan-85 1119 1450 66.9 8.1 540 1-0ct-86 1735 0804 52.9 10.6 558 31-Jan-85 1127 67.1 8.0 537 8-0ct-86 1742 1100 52.4 9.9 518 

21-Feb-85 1148 0745 67.5 7.8 527 15-0ct-86 1749 1135 53.5 9.3 498 

21-Feb-85 1148 1820 70.6 8.0 564 25-0ct-86 1759 1605 53.2 9.7 515 

28-Feb-85 1155 70.5 7.9 559 31-0ct-86 1765 58.4 9.6 559 

14-Mar-85 1169 0630 70.3 7.8 550 18-Nov-86 1783 1100 63.1 9.3 588 31-Mar-85 1186 59.3 9.9 588 27-Nov-86 1792 1112 59.4 9.0 537 

17-Apr-85 1203 1000 48.3 12.0 580 30-Nov-86 1795 59.6 8.9 528 

30-Apr-85 1216 46.3 12.1 561 10-Dec-86 1805 1200 60.0 8.3 500 

31-May-85 1247 41.6 12.3 513 24-Dec-86 1819 1150 58.5 8.5 497 

11-Jun-85 1258 1630 39.9 12.4 496 31-Dec-86 1826 60.3 8.5 512 30-Jun-85 1277 45.9 12.5 574 6-Jan-87 1832 1300 63.4 8.6 544 

23-Jul-85 1300 1450 53.1 12.6 670 7-Jan-87 1833 1437 62.2 8.5 528 

31-Jul-85 1308 56.3 11.8 665 21-Jan-87 1847 1230 66.8 8.1 539 

31-Aug-85 1339 68.6 8.7 599 31-Jan-87 1857 64.8 8.4 543 

4-Sep-85 1343 1700 70.2 8.3 585 4-Feb-87 1861 1555 64.0 8.5 544 30-Sep-85 1369 66.8 8.7 578 18-Feb-87 1875 0937 67.0 8.2 547 

Water year 1986: 18-Feb-87 1875 1100 66.1 8.2 539 

28-Feb-87 1885 68.7 8.4 576 

16-0ct-85 1385 1500 64.7 40.2 573 

11-Mar-87 1896 1000 71.5 8.7 620 

31-0ct-85 1400 66.0 42.0 612 25-Mar-87 1910 1545 68.6 8.0 548 8-Nov-85 1408 0925 66.7 43.0 633 31-Mar-87 1916 67.8 7.9 534 30-Nov-85 1430 67.0 40.3 596 3-Apr-87 1919 0900 67.4 7.8 527 5-Dec-85 1435 1630 67.1 39.6 587 8-Apr-87 1924 1347 62.1 8.7 538 

31-Dec-85 1461 68.5 39.0 589 23-Apr-87 1939 1712 50.4 10.2 512 

3-Jan-86 1464 1450 68.7 38.9 590 

31-Jan-86 1492 71.4 38.5 607 30-Apr-87 1946 48.9 11.0 517 

3-Feb-86 1495 1435 71.6 38.5 609 6-May-87 1952 0902 44.4 11.8 523 

5-Feb-86 1497 1120 70.2 37.3 579 19-May-87 1965 0930 51.2 12.3 631 

20-May-87 1966 0928 53.9 11.6 623 

28-Feb-86 1520 71.7 40.3 637 31-May-87 1977 60.9 9.2 559 

Appendix 31 
Day- Date 1 Time2 Instantaneous values Day Date 1 Time2 Instantaneous values 

month- No. Chloride Discharge Clflux month- No; Chloride Discharge Clflux 

year mg/L m3/s g/s year mg/L m3/s g/s 

Firehole River Firehole River 

31-Jul-88 2404 77.0 6.1 474 

4-Jun-87 1981 1727 63.4 8.3 528 3-Aug-88 2407 012[, 76.7 6.1 467 

17-Jun-87 1994 1725 68.6 7.6 524 9-Aug-88 2413 1215 78.6 6.1 481 

30-Jun-87 2007 1145 64.8 7.5 484 9-Aug-88 2413 1715 77.6 6.1 472 

1-Jul-87 2008 1727 67.6 7.4 500 17-Aug-88 2421 917 76.4 5.9 454 

15-Jul-87 2022 1229 67.8 7.2 490 24-Aug-88 2428 0915 75.6 6.1 458 

26-Jul-87 2033 1800 68.4 7.5 511 31-Aug-88 2435 1659 78.4 6.0 471 

31-Jul-87 2038 68.8 7.4 506 7-Sep-88 2442 1827 78.8 5.9 469 

12-Aug-87 2050 1725 69.7 7.1 494 20-Sep-88 2455 1215 79.1 6.3 499 

18-Aug-87 2056 1220 69.6 7.2 498 21-Sep-88 2456 1712 76.5 6.3 483 

26-Aug-87 2064 1645 67.8 7.2 491 30-Sep-88 2465 76.3 6.3 478 

31-Aug-87 2069 68.4 7.1 488 

9-Sep-87 2078 1510 69.6 6.9 481 Water year 1989: 

23-Sep-87 2092 1729 71.0 6.7 475 

30-Sep-88 638 53.1 2.8 150 

30-Sep-87 2099 71.1 6.8 484 21-Sep-88 2456 1712 76.5 6.3 483 

30-Sep-88 2465 76.3 6.5 493 

Water year 1988: 5-0ct-88 2470 1702 76.2 6.5 498 

6-0ct-88 2471 1230 77.5 6.5 500 

6-0ct-87 2105 1205 71.2 6.9 492 

7-0ct-87 2106 1734 72.0 7.0 503 19-0ct-88 2484 1754 79.3 6.6 523 

21-0ct-87 2120 1530 73.1 6.8 499 31-0ct-88 2496 79.8 7.0 557 

31-0ct-87 2130 72.4 6.9 499 3-Nov-88 2499 1145 79.9 7.1 566 

4-Nov-87 2134 1030 72.2 6.9 499 16-Nov-88 2512 0901 85.1 6.5 549 

30-Nov-88 2526 83.9 6.5 542 

17-Nov-87 2147 1130 72.9 6.8 497 

30-Nov-87 2160 74.6 6.7 499 13-Dec-88 2539 1515 82.8 6.5 535 

1-Dec-87 2161 0837 74.8 6.7 500 15-Dec-88 2541 1508 84.3 5.6 470 

30-Dec-87 2190 1445 77.5 6.9 536 31-Dec-88 2557 79.1 6.0 477 

31-Dec-87 2191 77.5 6.9 536 10-Jan-89 2567 1615 75.9 6.3 479 

31-Jan-89 2588 83.3 6.5 540 

5-Jan-88 2196 1120 77.3 7.0 541 

28-Jan-88 2219 1303 80.5 7.2 577 7-Feb-89 2595 1515 85.7 6.5 561 

31-Jan-88 2222 80.6 7.1 574 9-Feb-89 2597 1015 83.4 6.4 531 

17-Feb-88 2239 1210 81.1 6.9 560 28-Feb-89 2616 86.3 6.9 594 

24-Feb-88 2246 1328 73.7 6.9 509 7-Mar-89 2b23 0945 87.3 7.1 618 

8-Mar-89 2624 1330 85.4 6.8 583 

29-Feb-88 2251 75.2 6.9 518 

16-Mar-88 2267 0856 79.9 6.8 545 23-Mar-89 2b39 0910 85.0 6.7 568 

29-Mar-88 2280 1130 73.1 7.2 524 31-Mar-89 2647 84.3 6.6 555 

31-Mar-88 2282 1201 80.5 6.9 556 4-Apr-89 2[,51 1125 83.9 6.5 549 

13-Apr-88 2295 172[, 66.2 9.9 654 19-Apr-89 2[,66 1750 60.9 10.4 636 

30-Apr-89 2677 60.9 10.2 623 

21-Apr-88 2303 1740 59.9 10.4 621 

27-Apr-88 2309 1709 74.3 9.9 734 3-May-89 2[,80 1752 60.9 10.2 619 

30-Apr-88 2312 72.5 9.4 682 3-May-89 2680 1015 56.4 11.2 629 

4-May-88 2316 1705 70.2 8.7 614 31-May-89 2708 45.2 12.7 576 

12-May-88 2324 1544 51.2 11.0 565 14-Jun-89 2722 1115 39.6 13.5 536 

30-Jun-89 2738 59.0 9.3 549 

17-May-88 2329 1130 30.6 16.9 518 

18-May-88 2330 1709 37.5 14.1 529 5-Jul-89 2743 0850 65.0 8.0 519 

25-May-88 2337 1709 38.9 12.7 496 13-Jul-89 2751 1140 61.5 8.9 550 

31-May-88 2343 50.5 10.8 544 21-Jul-89 2759 1000 68.9 7.6 521 

1-Jun-88 2344 1714 52.4 10.4 548 'lb-Jul-89 2764 1000 68.3 7.6 516 

28-Jul-89 2766 1100 67.4 8.3 561 

8-Jun-88 2351 1846 54.9 8.7 480 

15-Jun-88 2358 1713 66.5 7.4 491 31-Jul-89 2769 68.0 8.0 546 

22-Jun-88 2365 1049 70.0 7.1 496 4-Aug-89 2773 1630 68.7 7.6 525 

22-Jun-88 2365 1210 69.0 7.1 488 10-Aug-89 2779 1645 71.7 7.7 554 

29-Jun-88 2372 0715 72.8 6.7 487 12-Aug-89 2781 1515 68.1 7.9 538 

21-Aug-89 2790 1000 70.3 8.0 561 

30-Jun-88 2373 72.6 6.6 482 27-Aug-89 2796 0930 70.2 7.6 537 6-Jul-88 2379 0734 71.6 6.4 456 31-Aug-89 2800 70.4 7.5 530 

13-Jul-88 2386 0845 76.0 6.3 480 12-Sep-89 2812 1100 71.0 7.2 509 

20-Jul-88 2393 0748 76.9 6.1 468 26-Sep-89 2826 1308 71.8 7.1 508 

27-Jul-88 2400 0741 77.5 6.2 483 30-Sep-89 2830 71.6 7.2 513 

32 Chloride Flux and Surface Water Discharge out of Yellowstone National Park 
Day- Date 1 Time 2 Instantaneous values Day Date 1 Time2 Instantaneous values 

month- No. Chloride Discharge Clflux month- No. Chloride Discharge Clflux 

year mg/L m3/s g/s year mg/L m3/s g/s 

Gibbon River Gibbon River 

Water year 1984: 31-Dec-84 1096 61.7 2.44 150 

2-Jan-85 1098 1315 61.2 2.44 149 

30-Sep-83 638 53.1 2.83 150 23-Jan-85 1119 1505 64.0 2.32 149 

15-0ct-83 653 1750 47.8 3.20 153 23-Jan-85 1119 1520 64.7 2.32 150 

26-0ct-83 664 1045 48.8 2.97 145 31-Jan-85 1127 63.6 2.24 143 

31-0ct-83 669 48.4 2.99 145 

9-Nov-83 678 1305 47.5 3.03 144 21-Feb-85 1148 0815 60.7 2.04 124 

21-Feb-85 1148 1850 55.2 2.04 113 

30-Nov-83 699 56.4 2.94 166 28-Feb-85 1155 55.3 2.04 113 

6-Dec-83 705 1215 58.9 2.92 172 14-Mar-85 1169 0800 55.4 2.04 113 

31-Dec-83 730 60.1 2.80 168 31-Mar-85 1186 45.1 350 158 

6-Jan-84 736 1430 60.3 2.78 167 

25-Jan-84 155 1715 64.3 2.44 156 17-Apr-85 1203 1200 34.7 4.96 172 

30-Apr-85 1216 34.2 4.77 163 

31-Jan-84 761 62.5 2.29 143 31-May-85 1247 32.9 4.34 143 

2-Feb-84 763 1200 61.9 2.24 139 11-Jun-85 1258 1915 32.4 4.19 136 

29-Feb-84 790 1230 65.9 2.32 153 30-Jun-85 1277 39.9 3.87 154 

14-Mar-84 804 1140 70.6 2.24 158 

29-Mar-84 819 1315 68.2 2.32 158 23-Jul-85 1300 1840 48.9 3.48 170 

31-Jul-85 1308 49.7 3.29 163 

31-Mar-84 821 67.9 2.33 158 31-Aug-85 1339 52.7 253 133 

10-Apr-84 831 1420 66.3 2.35 156 4-Sep-85 1343 0900 53.1 2.44 129 

25-Apr-84 846 1130 40.5 3.43 139 30-Sep-85 1369 55.1 2.49 137 

30-Apr-84 851 44.5 3.25 145 

3-May-84 854 1440 46.9 3.14 148 Water year 1986: 

9-May-84 860 1100 47.5 3.43 163 16-0ct-85 1385 1300 56.4 252 142 

17-May-84 868 1245 17.5 10.25 179 31-0ct-85 1400 76.7 2.56 196 

23-May-84 874 0920 15.4 10.36 160 8-Nov-85 1408 0900 87.5 2.58 225 

29-May-84 880 1300 18.3 8.47 155 30-Nov-85 1430 61.2 2.35 144 

31-May-84 882 19.0 8.29 157 5-Dec-85 1435 1600 55.2 2.29 127 

6-Jun-84 888 1245 21.1 7.76 163 31-Dec-85 1461 52.5 2.07 108 

12-Jun-84 894 0620 21.1 7.87 166 3-Jan-86 1464 1420 52.2 2.04 106 

12-Jun-84 894 1740 21.1 7.02 148 31-Jan-86 1492 67.4 2.22 149 

20-Jun-84 902 1235 25.0 5.18 129 3-Feb-86 1495 1420 69.0 2.24 154 

28-Jun-84 910 1940 29.4 4.28 126 5-Feb-86 1497 1000 63.0 2.21 139 

30-Jun-84 912 29.5 4.19 124 28-Feb-86 1520 59.2 250 148 

5-Jul-84 917 1100 29.7 3.99 119 2-Mar-86 1522 0935 58.9 252 148 

11-Jul-84 923 1030 32.1 4.33 139 16-Mar-86 1536 1448 64.5 2.24 144 

19-Jul-84 931 1600 34.2 3.99 137 18-Mar-86 1538 1800 64.5 2.24 144 

25-Jul-84 937 1300 35.8 4.19 150 31-Mar-86 1551 49.0 3.32 163 

31-Jul-84 943 33.1 4.09 136 8-Apr-86 1559 0933 39.5 3.99 158 

1-Aug-84 944 1230 32.7 4.08 133 17-Apr-86 1568 1345 52.1 3.62 189 

9-Aug-84 952 0900 37.1 3.20 119 18-Apr-86 1569 1655 48.5 3.37 164 

16-Aug-84 959 1500 44.7 3.79 170 30-Apr-86 1581 40.7 5.85 238 

22-Aug-84 965 1345 42.7 3.26 139 1-May-86 1582 1637 40.1 6.06 243 

30-Aug-84 973 1450 43.6 3.09 135 11-May-86 1592 0730 33.4 5.10 170 

31-Aug-84 974 44.0 3.10 136 31-May-86 1612 21.2 9.69 205 

11-Sep-84 985 1545 48.2 3.26 157 8-Jun-86 1620 0710 16.3 1153 188 

26-Sep-84 1000 49.5 3.31 164 26-Jun-86 1638 1615 24.9 5.61 139 

30-Sep-84 1004 49.2 3.02 149 30-Jun-86 1642 26.2 5.71 150 

Water year 1985: 10-Jul-86 1652 0825 29.5 5.97 176 

23-Jul-86 1665 0730 32.1 3.88 125 

3-0ct-84 1007 0840 49.0 2.80 137 24-Jul-86 1666 1717 31.6 4.08 129 

12-0ct-84 1016 1220 52.4 2.66 139 31-Jul-86 1673 33.8 3.70 125 

26-0ct-84 1030 1410 55.0 2.72 149 6-Aug-86 1679 0820 35.7 3.37 120 

31-0ct-84 1035 56.4 2.77 156 

9-Nov-84 1044 1330 58.9 2.86 168 20-Aug-86 1693 0805 45.9 3.14 144 

31-Aug-86 1704 44.5 3.01 134 

9-Nov-84 1044 1100 60.4 2.78 168 3-Sep-86 1707 1239 44.1 2.97 131 

30-Nov-84 1065 61.0 2.63 160 4-Sep-86 1708 0710 41.7 2.80 117 

7-Dec-84 1072 1550 61.2 2.58 158 17-Sep-86 1721 0845 45.5 2.72 124 

20-Dec-84 1085 1130 64.5 2.44 157 

Appendix 33 
Day- Date 1 Time 2 Instantaneous values Day Date 1 Tim.e 2 Instantaneous values 

month- No. Chloride Discharge Clflux month- No. Chloride Discharge Clflux 

year mg/L m3/s g/s year mg/L m3/s g/s 

Gibbon River Gibbon River 

30-Sep-86 1734 47.3 2.80 132 31-Dec-87 2191 81.7 1.86 152 

5-Jan-88 2196 1025 78.8 2.12 167 

28-Jan-88 2219 1237 80.2 1.76 141 Water year 1987: 31-Jan-88 2222 79.2 1.74 138 

1-0ct-86 1735 0743 47.4 2.80 133 

17-Feb-88 2239 1100 74.0 1.67 124 

8-0ct-86 1742 0900 41.3 2.58 106 24-Feb-88 2246 1303 71.7 1.70 122 

15-0ct-86 1749 1153 36.0 2.46 88.7 29-Feb-88 2251 73.0 1.70 124 

25-0ct-86 1759 1729 36.7 2.58 94.4 16-Mar-88 2267 0836 77.3 1.70 131 31-0ct-86 1765 41.3 2.63 109 29-Mar-88 2280 0910 59.8 1.67 100 

9-Nov-86 1774 1442 48.2 2.72 131 31-Mar-88 2282 1130 62.0 1.61 100 18-Nov-86 1783 0900 50.9 2.72 138 13-Apr-88 2295 1658 43.6 2.78 121 

27-Nov-86 1792 1125 50.5 2.66 134 17-Apr-88 2299 1645 52.4 3.54 186 30-Nov-86 1795 49.6 2.58 128 21-Apr-88 2303 1716 40.3 3.94 159 10-Dec-86 1805 1215 46.5 2.32 108 30-Apr-88 2312 44.4 3.23 143 

24-Dec-86 1819 1133 30.0 2.38 71.4 4-May-88 2316 1645 46.2 2.92 135 31-Dec-86 1826 43.6 2.70 118 12-May-88 2324 1614 26.9 5.18 139 7-Jan-87 1833 1345 57.1 3.03 173 17-May-88 2329 0815 18.9 8.69 164 21-Jan-87 1847 1215 61.8 2.32 143 18-May-88 2330 1648 20.1 7.56 152 31-Jan-87 1857 62.4 2.26 141 25-May-88 2337 1650 23.2 5.44 126 

4-Feb-87 1861 1527 62.6 2.24 140 31-May-88 2343 27.9 5.02 140 18-Feb-87 1875 0900 63.4 2.12 135 1-Jun-88 2344 1600 28.7 4.96 142 

18-Feb-87 1875 0915 63.6 2.12 135 8-Jun-88 2351 1827 38.5 3.14 121 28-Feb-87 1885 63.9 2.22 142 15-Jun-88 2358 1654 42.8 2.80 120 11-Mar-87 1896 0750 64.2 2.32 149 22-Jun-88 2365 0845 46.9 2.58 121 

25-Mar-87 1910 1615 68.4 1.95 134 29-Jun-88 2372 0656 49.1 2.46 121 31-Mar-87 1916 68.1 1.95 133 30-Jun-88 2373 48.7 2.42 118 2-Apr-87 1918 1545 68.0 1.95 133 6-Jul-88 2379 0017 46.4 2.15 100 8-Apr-87 1924 1325 58.1 2.46 143 20-Jul-88 2393 0725 49.3 1.95 96.3 23-Apr-87 1939 1650 36.7 3.74 137 27-Jul-88 2400 0723 50.7 1.93 97.6 

30-Apr-87 1946 36.6 3.48 127 31-Jul-88 2404 50.8 1.93 97.7 6-May-87 1952 0840 36.5 3.26 119 3-Aug-88 2407 0707 50.8 1.93 97.8 19-May-87 1965 0800 42.9 4.50 193 9-Aug-88 2413 0911 53.5 1.87 100 20-May-87 1966 0907 42.4 3.79 161 9-Aug-88 2413 1743 59.8 1.93 115 31-May-87 1977 44.5 3.32 148 17-Aug-88 2421 0941 56.9 1.84 105 

4-Jun-87 1981 1515 45.2 3.14 142 24-Aug-88 2428 0934 51.5 1.76 101 17-Jun-87 1994 1727 50.9 2.61 133 31-Aug-88 2435 1643 61.9 1.87 116 30-Jun-87 2007 59.4 2.45 145 7-Sep-88 2442 1810 68.5 1.87 128 1-Jul-87 2008 1715 60.0 2.44 146 20-Sep-88 2455 0915 67.6 1.87 126 15-Jul-87 2022 1521 45.3 2.32 105 21-Sep-88 2456 1654 67.1 1.93 129 

26-Jul-87 2033 1530 40.1 2.29 92 30-Sep-88 2465 65.1 1.93 125 31-Jul-87 2038 43.4 2.24 97 

12-Aug-87 2050 1700 51.4 2.10 108 Water year 1989: 18-Aug-87 2056 0900 46.1 2.12 97 

26-Aug-87 2064 1708 55.5 2.24 124 6-0ct-88 2471 0930 63.7 1.8 117 

19-0ct-88 2484 1738 74.7 2.0 148 31-Aug-87 2069 57.3 2.14 122 31-0ct-88 2496 74.1 2.1 157 9-Sep-87 2078 1450 60.6 1.95 118 3-Nov-88 2499 0850 73.9 2.2 159 23-Sep-87 2092 1655 59.5 1.84 110 16-Nov-88 2512 0835 73.5 2.2 158 30-Sep-87 2099 59.0 1.86 109 

Water 30-Nov-88 2526 67.6 2.1 142 year 1988: 13-Dec-88 2539 0945 62.2 2.0 127 

15-Dec-88 2541 1448 57.1 1.8 100 7-0ct-87 2106 1711 61.0 2.07 126 31-Dec-88 2557 66.5 2.0 133 21-0ct-87 2120 1600 66.9 1.98 133 10-Jan-89 2567 1200 72.3 2.2 156 31-0ct-87 2130 67.0 2.02 136 

4-Nov-87 2134 1010 67.1 2.04 137 31-Jan-89 2588 74.8 1.9 142 17-Nov-87 2147 0845 76.2 2.07 158 

7-Feb-89 2595 1530 75.6 1.8 137 

30-Nov-87 2160 71.8 1.83 131 9-Feb-89 2597 1100 78.8 1.9 150 

1-Dec-87 2161 0850 71.5 1.81 130 28-Feb-89 2616 79.3 2.1 169 

30-Dec-87 2190 1510 82.3 1.81 149 7-Mar-89 2623 1330 19.5 2.2 176 

34 Chloride Flux and Surface Water Discharge out of Yellowstone National Park 
Day- Date 1 Time2 Instantaneous values Day Date 1 Time2 Instantaneous values 

month- No. Chloride Discharge Clflux month- No. Chloride Discharge Clflux 

year mg/L m3/s g/s year mg/L m3/s g/s 

Gibbon River Madison River 

8-Mar-89 2624 1400 81.2 2.1 172 17-Jul-83 563 1000 45.8 16.9 773 

23-Mar-89 2639 0925 72.7 2.2 161 24-Jul-83 570 1000 47.8 16.4 783 

31-Mar-89 2647 73.2 2.1 153 31-Jul-83 577 1000 50.4 13.1 658 

4-Apr-89 2651 1151 73.5 2.0 150 7-Aug-83 584 1000 50.8 12.8 652 

19-Apr-89 2666 1815 28.9 6.2 180 14-Aug-83 591 1000 52.2 12.3 641 

30-Apr-89 2677 32.5 6.2 203 31-Aug-83 608 53.1 12.1 642 

3-May-89 2680 1828 33.5 6.2 209 11-Sep-83 619 1000 53.8 11.9 642 

3-May-89 2680 1430 33.4 6.1 205 25-Sep-83 633 1000 52.0 11.9 621 

31-May-89 2708 30.7 5.1 157 30-Sep-83 638 51.6 12.3 637 

13-Jun-89 2721 1615 29.5 4.6 137 

30-Jun-89 2738 37.4 3.4 129 

Water year 1984: 

5-Jul-89 2743 1945 39.7 3.1 123 9-0ct-83 647 1000 51.0 13.1 666 

13-Jul-89 2751 1210 50.2 3.5 175 12-0ct-83 650 1015 53.9 14.4 776 

21-Jul-89 2759 0940 42.4 2.8 119 23-0ct-83 661 1000 56.2 13.1 734 

26-Jul-89 2764 1400 42.4 3.1 131 25-0ct-83 663 1450 52.6 13.1 686 

31-0ct-83 669 54.4 14.1 767 

27-Jul-89 2765 1800 46.6 3.1 146 

31-Jul-89 2769 46.1 3.0 136 6-Nov-83 675 1000 56.2 15.1 852 

4-Aug-89 2773 1540 45.6 2.8 127 30-Nov-83 699 51.5 13.7 790 

12-Aug-89 2781 1445 46.3 2.8 128 4-Dec-83 703 1000 57.7 13.5 779 

16-Aug-89 2785 1200 53.1 2.7 144 14-Dec-83 713 1000 59.5 12.8 763 

31-Dec-83 730 1000 58.5 12.8 750 

21-Aug-89 2790 1030 52.7 2.7 140 

27-Aug-89 2796 0900 52.2 2.6 136 25-Jan-84 155 1000 60.3 12.1 733 

31-Aug-89 2800 50.0 2.5 127 29-Jan-84 759 1000 61.5 12.1 747 

12-Sep-89 2812 1245 43.4 2.3 101 31-Jan-84 761 61.6 12.1 746 

12-Sep-89 2812 1426 44.5 2.3 103 29-Feb-84 790 63.3 11.6 735 

6-Mar-84 796 1410 63.7 11.5 732 

26-Sep-89 2826 1251 45.0 2.3 103 

30-Sep-89 2830 47.4 2.4 112 11-Mar-84 801 1500 65.0 11.7 760 

25-Mar-84 815 1000 64.7 11.7 758 

Madison River 31-Mar-84 821 64.5 11.7 756 

8-Apr-84 829 1000 64.3 11.7 752 

17-Apr-84 838 1120 53.2 13.6 723 

Water year 1983: 22-Apr-84 843 1900 52.7 13.3 700 

30-Apr-84 851 1000 61.4 12.4 760 

30-Sep-82 273 54.7 15.1 829 7-May-84 858 1000 61.1 12.4 756 

27-0ct-82 300 1035 56.0 16.1 902 13-May-84 864 1000 35.3 23.5 829 

31-0ct-82 304 1330 56.3 15.6 881 21-May-84 872 1000 20.7 45.6 944 

26-Nov-82 330 1035 58.5 12.6 737 30-May-84 881 1615 22.1 34.8 770 30-Nov-82 334 58.9 12.6 742 31-May-84 882 23.2 33.5 778 

31-Dec-82 365 61.7 12.6 777 6-Jun-84 888 0820 29.9 25.7 768 

26-Jan-83 391 1000 64.0 12.6 806 10-Jun-84 892 0630 34.4 25.5 876 

31-Jan-83 396 64.1 12.7 814 22-Jun-84 904 1000 33.3 22.8 759 

19-Feb-83 415 1230 64.6 13.1 843 

28-Feb-83 424 64.3 13.1 839 30-Jun-84 912 38.7 18.3 707 

6-Jul-84 918 1000 42.7 14.9 636 

17-Mar-83 441 0945 63.7 13.1 831 11-Jul-84 923 1215 46.1 14.5 668 

31-Mar-83 455 1000 63.3 12.6 797 14-Jul-84 926 1000 44.5 13.7 611 

13-Apr-83 468 0730 66.2 11.7 776 20-Jul-84 932 1000 45.1 13.7 619 

30-Apr-83 485 57.9 15.2 879 27-Jul-84 1500 1-May-83 486 0930 57.4 15.4 883 939 47.5 14.9 708 

31-Jul-84 943 48.1 14.6 701 

8-May-83 493 1000 51.3 16.9 865 10-Aug-84 953 1000 49.7 13.7 683 

15-May-83 500 1000 60.9 14.9 907 17-Aug-84 960 1000 49.2 15.1 745 

22-May-83 507 1000 47.0 19.2 902 21-Aug-84 964 1410 48.6 13.8 672 

29-May-83 514 1000 21.0 41.3 868 967 31-May-83 516 23.2 38.7 899 24-Aug-84 1000 52.3 14.4 754 

31-Aug-84 974 1000 524 13.5 708 

5-Jun-83 521 1000 28.9 32.0 923 6-Sep-84 980 1000 53.1 13.7 729 

12-Jun-83 528 1000 26.1 34.8 910 14-Sep-84 988 1000 52.9 12.8 679 

26-Jun-83 542 1000 37.8 19.5 737 30-Sep-84 1004 55.4 13.2 732 

30-Jun-83 546 36.1 22.1 795 

3-Jul-83 549 1000 34.8 24.0 834 

Appendix 35 
Day- Date 1 Time2 Instantaneous values Day Date 1 Time2 Instantaneous values 

month- No. Chloride Discharge Clflux month- No. Chloride Discharge Clflux 

year mg/L m3/s g/s year mg/L m3/s g/s 

Madison River Madison River 

Water year 1985: 12-Jan-86 1473 1000 60.5 11.7 708 

31-Jan-86 1492 63.8 12.3 783 

3-0ct-84 1007 1200 55.9 13.3 742 3-Feb-86 1495 1000 64.3 12.4 796 

7-0ct-84 1011 1600 52.6 12.8 675 28-Feb-86 1520 63.5 13.2 837 

21-0ct-84 1025 1000 56.2 13.0 732 2-Mar-86 1522 1000 63.4 13.3 840 

31-0ct-84 1035 58.6 13.4 783 

4-Nov-84 1039 1000 59.5 13.5 804 5-Mar-86 1525 0900 64.8 12.8 831 

16-Mar-86 1536 1000 64.4 12.6 812 

14-Nov-84 1049 1330 57.5 13.6 783 30-Mar-86 1550 0900 49.4 18.2 897 

30-Nov-84 1065 59.8 12.9 773 31-Mar-86 1551 49.7 18.1 898 

2-Dec-84 1067 1200 60.1 12.8 771 17-Apr-86 1568 0815 55.1 16.6 916 

18-Dec-84 1083 0915 59.8 12.6 754 

30-Dec-84 1095 1500 59.4 13.5 801 27-Apr-86 1578 1000 48.0 17.9 859 

30-Apr-86 1581 47.3 18.6 881 

31-Dec-84 1096 59.6 13.4 799 11-May-86 1592 1000 44.9 21.3 955 

22-Jan-85 1118 1200 63.2 12.1 768 18-May-86 1599 1000 46.7 19.4 907 

31-Jan-85 1127 63.1 11.3 713 25-May-86 1606 1130 20.0 32.1 642 

6-Feb-85 1133 1200 63.1 10.7 677 

28-Feb-85 1155 62.2 11.6 723 28-May-86 1609 1425 16.2 51.6 835 

31-May-86 1612 15.2 60.4 916 

13-Mar-85 1168 1000 61.7 12.1 750 1-Jun-86 1613 1000 14.8 63.4 938 

17-Mar-85 1172 1000 61.8 12.1 751 8-Jun-86 1620 1000 20.5 40.6 832 

19-Mar-85 1174 1540 63.5 11.7 743 15-Jun-86 1627 1000 27.5 36.8 1012 

31-Mar-85 1186 1000 66.5 12.4 823 

14-Apr-85 1200 1000 50.5 17.2 868 30-Jun-86 1642 34.8 23.7 823 

6-Jul-86 1648 1300 37.7 18.4 694 

28-Apr-85 1214 1100 56.7 14.6 830 13-Jul-86 1655 1345 38.9 18.7 726 

30-Apr-85 1216 45.2 15.4 698 15-Jul-86 1657 1530 40.3 17.4 702 

1-May-85 1217 1645 39.5 15.8 625 20-Jul-86 1662 1300 41.4 17.2 710 

12-May-85 1228 1000 33.5 30.2 1010 

18-May-85 1234 2000 33.4 24.3 812 27-Jul-86 1669 1100 37.3 21.0 784 

31-Jul-86 1673 40.7 18.6 757 

26-May-85 1242 1000 27.3 34.1 930 5-Aug-86 1678 1400 44.9 15.6 701 

31-May-85 1247 33.4 25.7 858 10-Aug-86 1683 1330 45.9 16.1 740 

3-Jun-85 1250 1000 37.0 20.7 767 17-Aug-86 1690 1200 45.9 14.9 682 

9-Jun-85 1256 1000 36.9 23.5 866 

12-Jun-85 1259 1000 39.0 17.9 698 24-Aug-86 1697 1000 45.9 16.6 763 

31-Aug-86 1704 45.9 16.1 738 

16-Jun-85 1263 1000 41.5 16.4 679 3-Sep-86 1707 1125 45.9 15.9 728 

23-Jun-85 1270 1000 47.3 13.9 659 30-Sep-86 1734 47.5 14.9 709 

30-Jun-85 1I/7 49.2 13.2 646 

7-Jul-85 1284 1000 51.0 12.4 631 

14-Jul-85 1291 1000 51.5 12.8 661 Snake River 

21-Jul-85 1298 1000 53.8 11.9 641 

24-Jul-85 1301 0830 51.2 15.1 774 Water Year 1983: 28-Jul-85 1305 1000 57.6 11.7 674 

31-Jul-85 1308 56.3 12.5 702 30-Sep-82 I/3 14.2 13.4 191 

4-Aug-85 1312 1000 54.6 13.5 736 8-0ct-82 281 0850 12.8 14.3 183 

11-Aug-85 1319 1000 56.1 11.9 

31-0ct-82 304 14.0 13.9 196 

669 1-Nov-82 305 0840 14.1 13.9 196 25-Aug-85 1333 1430 55.4 11.5 635 30-Nov-82 334 15.2 12.9 196 31-Aug-85 1339 56.2 11.7 659 

5-Sep-85 1344 0850 56.9 11.9 678 10-Dec-82 344 1245 15.6 12.5 195 30-Sep-85 1369 58.1 12.7 736 31-Dec-82 365 16.2 13.5 219 

Water year 1986: 26-Jan-83 391 1315 16.5 11.0 181 

31-Jan-83 396 16.4 11.0 181 

18-Feb-83 414 1245 16.4 11.0 180 

13-0ct-85 1382 1000 60.0 13.3 795 

16-0ct-85 1385 1735 59.0 13.0 769 28-Feb-83 424 16.6 11.0 183 

20-0ct-85 1389 1100 57.8 13.0 753 11-Mar-83 435 1545 16.9 11.0 186 

31-0ct-85 1400 58.9 12.8 754 23-Mar-83 447 0910 17.1 10.8 184 

21-Nov-85 1421 0900 61.0 12.4 755 31-Mar-83 455 17.0 10.6 180 

30-Nov-85 18-Apr-83 473 1515 16.8 10.2 171 

1430 61.3 12.8 783 

1-Dec-85 1431 1330 61.3 12.8 786 30-Apr-83 485 14.5 12.9 188 

31-Dec-85 1461 60.3 12.1 730 13-May-83 498 0850 12.1 15.9 193 

7-Jan-86 1468 1000 60.1 11.9 716 16-May-83 501 1520 13.2 16.1 213 

36 Chloride Flux and Surface Water Discharge out of Yellowstone National Park 
Day- Date 1 Time 2 Instantaneous values Day Date 1 Time2 Instantaneous values 

month- No. Chloride Discharge Clflux month- No. Chloride Discharge Clflux 

year mg/L m3/s gls year mg/L m3/s gls 

Snake River Snake River 

25-May-83 510 1230 4.4 79.9 352 4-Nov-84 1039 1630 15.1 13.0 197 

30-May-83 515 1010 2.9 198.2 515 30-Nov-84 1065 14.9 11.2 168 

31-May-83 516 2.9 193.4 567 2-Dec-84 1067 1320 14.9 11.1 165 

7-Jun-83 523 1020 3.2 159.7 503 11-Dec-84 1076 1500 15.5 11.8 183 

13-Jun-83 529 1120 4.3 118.1 505 30-Dec-84 1095 1600 15.2 11.7 177 

20-Jun-83 536 1530 4.0 105.0 418 31-Dec-84 1096 15.2 11.6 177 

27-Jun-83 543 1305 3.6 98.5 358 20-Jan-85 1116 1500 16.2 11.0 178 

30-Jun-83 546 4.1 88.4 360 31-Jan-85 1127 15.8 10.9 172 

11-Jul-83 557 1140 5.7 51.5 292 9-Feb-85 1136 1345 15.5 10.8 167 

28-Jul-83 574 1310 10.2 21.0 214 17-Feb-85 1144 0730 19.2 9.4 180 

31-Jul-83 577 10.2 20.6 210 8-Feb-85 1155 18.2 95 172 

22-Aug-83 599 1605 10.4 17.8 185 3-Mar-85 1158 1600 17.9 95 170 

31-Aug-83 608 12.5 18.0 226 18-Mar-85 1173 1130 19.7 95 186 

2-Sep-83 610 0945 13.0 18.1 235 31-Mar-85 1186 0850 21.0 9.7 205 

12-Sep-83 620 1030 13.3 17.0 226 15-Apr-85 1201 1445 11.6 16.9 196 

30-Sep-83 638 11.4 18.8 215 16-Apr-85 1202 1350 11.9 19.8 236 

28-Apr-85 1214 1610 12.4 16.4 204 

Water year 1984: 30-Apr-85 1216 11.4 24.1 275 

12-May-85 1228 1745 5.4 70.2 377 

7-0ct-83 645 1145 10.8 19.5 211 14-May-85 1230 1850 5.9 64.0 379 

24-0ct-83 662 0515 9.8 16.7 164 

31-0ct-83 669 9.1 18.9 172 29-May-85 1245 1730 4.2 124.9 522 

7-Nov-83 676 1223 8.4 21.0 176 31-May-85 1247 5.0 100.1 498 

30-Nov-83 699 10.8 18.2 197 2-Jun-85 1249 1800 5.8 75.3 434 

10-Jun-85 1257 1800 4.4 80.4 351 

12-Dec-83 711 1215 12.1 16.8 203 16-Jun-85 1263 1740 5.2 60.3 316 

31-Dec-83 730 14.4 16.1 232 

12-Jan-84 742 1410 15.8 15.7 249 18-Jun-85 1265 2000 5.4 52.7 282 

31-Jan-84 761 15.8 13.7 218 23-Jun-85 1270 1750 6.9 36.0 247 

27-Feb-84 788 1515 15.9 10.9 173 30-Jun-85 1277 1635 8.0 27.5 219 

10-Jul-85 1287 1645 9.2 18.3 169 

29-Feb-84 790 15.9 10.8 173 14-Jul-85 1291 1715 10.8 16.4 177 

15-Mar-84 805 1505 16.2 10.6 172 

31-Mar-84 821 17.8 10.0 179 16-Jul-85 1293 1850 11.2 15.2 171 

2-Apr-84 823 1130 18.0 10.0 179 21-Jul-85 1298 1645 11.9 14.7 176 

16-Apr-84 837 1145 15.1 11.4 173 28-Jul-85 1305 1200 12.1 14.3 174 

31-Jul-85 1308 12.2 14.3 175 

27-Apr-84 848 0835 14.0 13.2 184 5-Aug-85 1313 1645 12.4 14.2 176 

30-Apr-84 851 14.2 13.8 196 

3-May-84 854 1330 14.4 14.4 208 13-Aug-85 1321 1700 13.5 12.1 163 

11-May-84 862 0930 11.5 18.8 216 18-Aug-85 1326 1645 14.4 11.2 161 

14-May-84 865 1330 4.9 60.3 294 20-Aug-85 1328 1639 14.5 10.5 152 

29-Aug-85 1337 1745 15.7 10.1 158 

15-May-84 866 1820 3.5 108.7 382 

20-May-84 871 1330 4.1 100.2 406 9-Sep-85 1348 1805 13.3 10.9 145 

24-May-84 875 1410 3.3 88.3 292 25-Sep-85 1364 1900 15.4 11.1 171 

31-May-84 882 4.4 84.6 369 30-Sep-85 1369 15.5 11.6 179 

9-Jun-84 891 1210 5.7 79.9 455 

12-Jun-84 894 1603 5.7 

Water year 1986: 

71.4 407 

30-Jun-84 912 7.2 47.4 341 1-0ct-85 1370 1100 15.5 9.6 149 

17-Jul-84 929 1810 8.6 24.7 213 13-0ct-85 1382 1630 16.8 10.1 170 

26-Jul-84 938 1525 9.8 21.8 214 22-0ct-85 1391 1630 15.9 10.7 170 

31-Jul-84 943 10.0 20.1 200 31-0ct-85 1400 15.1 12.6 191 

5-Nov-85 1405 1300 14.8 13.6 202 

14-Aug-84 957 1303 10.4 15.2 158 

31-Aug-84 974 11.7 14.0 164 30-Nov-85 1430 16.1 11.7 191 

30-Sep-84 1004 14.0 11.9 167 2-Dec-85 1432 1500 16.2 11.6 188 

17-Dec-85 1447 0815 16.8 10.5 177 

Water year 1985: 31-Dec-85 1461 17.2 9.8 154 

5-Jan-86 1466 1530 17.4 9.6 167 

7-0ct-84 1011 1745 14.5 11.4 16 31-Jan-86 1492 17.4 10.6 184 

21-0ct-84 1025 1715 15.7 11.0 172 3-Feb-86 1495 1630 17.4 10.7 186 

23-0ct-84 1027 1723 14.8 11.8 174 19-Feb-86 1511 1445 14.6 14.9 217 

31-0ct-84 1035 15.0 12.6 189 28-Feb-86 1520 15.1 15.0 226 

Appendix 37 
Day- Date 1 Time2 Instantaneous values Day Date 1 Time2 Instantaneous values 

month- No. Chloride Discharge Clflux month- No. Chloride Discharge Clflux 

year mg/L m3/s gls year mg/L m3/s gls 

Snake River Snake River 

11-Mar-86 1531 0830 15.7 15.1 237 29-May-87 1975 1435 5.6 48.2 261 

22-Mar-86 1542 1600 16.4 12.5 205 31-May-87 1977 6.0 42.4 256 

31-Mar-86 1551 13,9 18.9 263 6-Jun-87 1983 1135 7.2 31.3 219 

4-Apr-86 1555 0800 12.8 21.7 278 9-Jun-87 1986 1335 7.3 29.8 209 

30-Apr-86 1581 9.0 26.0 234 13-Jun-87 1990 1130 8.3 26.1 209 

2-May-86 1583 1500 8.6 27.2 234 19-Jun-87 1996 0830 10.2 19.0 187 

13-May-86 1594 1015 9.6 26.1 251 27-Jun-87 2004 1130 11.8 13.7 156 

23-May-86 1604 1045 4.6 53.8 250 30-Jun-87 '1UJ7 12.1 13.4 157 

30-May-86 1611 0900 2.9 189.7 556 3-Jul-87 2010 0745 12.4 12.9 155 

31-May-86 1612 3.4 199.9 676 11-Jul-87 2018 0950 10.6 15.6 159 

6-Jun-86 1618 0900 6.1 260.8 1591 14-Jul-87 2021 1315 14.2 10.9 150 

12-Jun-86 1624 0900 5.5 176.6 973 18-Jul-87 2025 1300 10.5 17.6 .178 

18-Jun-86 1630 1815 3.2 136.3 435 25-Jul-87 2032 1030 13.5 11.1 145 

19-Jun-86 1631 1900 3.2 132.2 428 31-Jul-87 2038 0900 13.9 10.6 142 

8-Aug-87 2046 1050 16.4 8.1 128 

30-Jun-86 1642 4.5 73.8 332 

5-Jul-86 1647 1100 6.0 49.5 297 15-Aug-87 2053 1320 17.1 7.5 124 

9-Jul-86 1651 1810 6.7 41.1 276 19-Aug-87 2057 1645 17.9 7.0 121 

15-Jul-86 1657 1530 7.6 33.1 253 22-Aug-87 2060 0830 19.0 6.7 122. 

19-Jul-86 1661 1315 7.9 31.2 247 28-Aug-87 2066 1045 18.9 6.9 126 

31-Aug-87 2069 19.1 6.5 121 

26-Jul-86 1668 1300 7.1 36.7 260 

31-Jul-86 1673 8.5 27.2 231 5-Sep-87 2074 1530 19.4 6.9 134 

2-Aug-86 1675 1430 9.1 23.4 212 11-Sep-87 2080 1230 20.2 6.3 124 

9-Aug-86 1682 0815 10.3 19.7 203 27-Sep-87 2096 1430 22.5 5.1 125 

13-Aug-86 1686 1905 10.8 18.0 194 30-Sep-87 2099 22.7 5.4 121 

19-Aug-86 1692 1630 11.8 15.9 187 Water year 1988: 

23-Aug-86 1696 1215 11.2 16.8 188 

27-Aug-86 1700 1800 11.2 17.6 197 9-0ct-87 2108 1500 23.1 5.2 120 

31-Aug-86 1704 11.7 16.3 192 20-0ct-87 2119 1630 22.6 4.7 107 

6-Sep-86 1710 1150 12.5 14.5 182 31-0ct-87 2130 21.4 5.1 108 

28-Nov-87 2158 1520 18.3 5.9 107 

20-Sep-86 1724 1100 12.4 14.7 183 30-Nov-87 2160 18.6 6.0 112 

30-Sep-86 1734 12.9 13.8 177 

16-Dec-87 2176 1200 21.2 7.1 150 

Water year 1987: 30-Dec-87 2190 1315 20.4 7.2 147 

31-Dec-87 2191 20.4 7.3 148 

4-0ct-86 1738 1000 13.1 13.8 175 29-Jan-88 2220 1510 20.1 8.8 177 

15-0ct-86 1749 1200 13.8 12.3 163 31-Jan-88 2222 20.3 8.8 177 

21-0ct-86 1755 1420 13.7 12.9 171 

30-0ct-86 1764 1345 15.7 14.0 213 23-Feb-88 2245 1500 22.6 8.0 182 

31-0ct-86 1765 15.7 13.4 210 24-Feb-88 2246 1535 20.6 8.6 176 

29-Feb-88 2251 20.8 8.3 173 

10-Nov-86 1775 1030 15.5 12.1 181 19-Mar-88 2270 1630 21.6 7.5 161 

30-Nov-86 1795 16.7 10.8 181 30-Mar-88 2281 0900 21.6 7.8 168 

17-Dec-86 1812 0930 17.7 10.5 179 

31-Dec-86 1826 0850 16.1 10.1 156 31-Mar-88 2282 21.2 8.3 175 

12-Jan-87 1838 1030 18.5 8.6 153 13-Apr-88 2295 0930 15.7 14.6 229 

26-Apr-88 2308 1000 13.6 17.4 237 

31-Jan-87 1857 17.7 9.6 170 30-Apr-88 2312 12.6 17.9 227 

10-Feb-87 1867 0930 17.3 10.6 177 3-May-88 2315 1050 11.9 18.4 218 

13-Feb-87 1870 1215 17.7 10.9 187 

28-Feb-81 1885 17.6 10.2 180 9-May-88 2321 1130 11.0 20.6 227 

15-Mar-81 1900 1100 17.6 10.2 174 15-May-88 2327 1410 4.9 61.2 300 

22-May-88 2334 1245 4.3 86.1 371 

20-Mar-87 1905 0915 17.6 9.7 164 29-May-88 2341 0645 3.5 86.5 303 

31-Mar-87 1916 16.8 9.8 165 31-May-88 2343 3.7 88.9 326 

10-Apr-87 1926 1100 16.1 10.6 165 

21-Apr-87 1937 1310 10.9 19.2 202 5-Jun-88 2348 1220 4.1 94.9 386 

30-Apr-87 1946 6.9 37.7 261 12-Jun-88 2355 1605 5.5 49.6 273 

19-Jun-88 2362 0930 7.2 29.7 214 

6-May-87 1952 1000 4.3 52.3 216 26-Jun-88 2369 0745 9.8 18.7 183 

14-May-87 1%0 0715 4.9 56.1 264 30-Jun-88 2373 10.7 15.1 161 

23-May-87 1969 1100 6.8 39.6 260 

27-May-87 1973 1538 6.6 42.2 269 3-Jul-88 2376 0830 11.3 12.5 141 

38 Chloride Flux and Surface Water Discharge out of Yellowstone National Park 
Day- Date 1 Time 2 Instantaneous values Day Date 1 Time2 Instantaneous values 

month- No. Chloride Discharge Clflux month- No. Chloride Discharge Clflux 

year mg!L m3/s g/s year mg/L m3/s gls 

Snake River Yellowstone River 

10-Jul-88 2383 1015 12.9 10.9 140 Water Year 1983 

17-Jul-88 2390 1000 15.0 8.3 124 

31-Jul-88 2404 17.4 6.7 117 30-Sep-82 1:13 10.1 73.1 736 

5-Aug-88 2409 0900 18.3 6.1 112 5-0ct-82 1:18 1715 10.0 71.4 714 

11-Aug-88 2415 0915 19.8 5.8 114 26-0ct-82 299 1645 12.1 53.8 651 

31-0ct-82 304 11.5 50.3 578 

14-Aug-88 2418 0945 19.7 5.8 114 4-Nov-82 308 1640 11.0 47.6 523 

22-Aug-88 2426 1000 22.3 5.2 116 

28-Aug-88 2432 1330 22.5 5.2 116 24-Nov-82 328 1444 13.8 36.5 504 

31-Aug-88 2435 22.8 5.1 117 30-Nov-82 334 13.8 36.0 497 

4-Sep-88 2439 0945 23.3 5.1 119 24-Dec-82 358 131:1 13.9 33.7 468 

31-Dec-82 365 14.7 33.1 485 

20-Sep-88 2455 1145 24.5 5.0 123 19-Jan-83 384 1100 16.7 31.4 525 

30-Sep-88 2465 24.7 5.1 125 

31-Jan-83 396 15.5 31.0 481 

Water year 1989: 17-Feb-83 413 1225 13.9 30.3 421 

28-Feb-83 424 14.8 30.0 445 

7-0ct-88 2472 1520 24.8 5.2 129 10-Mar-83 434 1645 15.7 29.7 467 

20-0ct-88 2485 1120 23.7 5.7 134 22-Mar-83 446 1645 15.5 27:1. 420 

31-0ct-88 2496 23.4 5.8 137 

10-Nov-88 2506 1030 23.1 6.0 139 31-Mar-83 455 1230 15.0 29.7 446 

30-Nov-88 2526 24.5 6.2 151 14-Apr-83 469 0900 15.4 26.8 413 

30-Apr-83 485 12.4 40.7 503 

16-Dec-88 2542 1150 25.7 6.3 162 4-May-83 489 1615 11.6 44.2 512 

31-Dec-88 2551 23.3 7.3 169 12-May-83 497 1710 11.2 43.3 485 

8-Jan-89 2565 1400 22.0 7.8 171 

31-Jan-89 2588 21.4 7.9 169 17-May-83 502 1645 11.4 41.6 475 

12-Feb-89 2600 1000 21.1 7.9 167 31-May-83 516 3.5 236.9 835 

1-Jun-83 517 1400 3.0 250.9 743 

26-Feb-89 2614 1150 21.3 7.4 159 15-Jun-83 531 1535 3.2 251.7 811 

28-Feb-89 2616 20.9 7.7 161 21-Jun-83 537 1430 3.7 241.0 896 

5-Mar-89 2621 1700 19.8 8.4 167 

26-Mar-89 2642 1630 19.2 10.0 192 28-Jun-83 544 1545 3.4 286.0 972 

31-Mar-89 2647 18.6 10.1 187 30-Jun-83 546 3.5 1:11.2 972 

6-Jul-83 552 1215 3.8 250.9 961 

10-Apr-89 2657 1630 17.5 10.1 177 11-Jul-83 551 1845 4.1 261.9 1077 

18-Apr-89 2665 1625 9.8 17.0 167 21-Jul-83 567 1710 5.4 173.9 944 

30-Apr-89 2677 1300 10.1 28.1 284 

7-May-89 2684 1200 4.4 107.9 476 29-Jul-83 515 1503 6.6 140.5 928 

17-May-89 2694 0757 4.4 110.4 489 31-Jul-83 577 6.6 135.3 896 

5-Aug-83 582 111:1 6.7 122.3 816 

21-May-89 2698 1430 4.2 121.5 501 11-Aug-83 588 1810 7.4 109.6 811 

29-May-89 2706 1230 4.1 114.1 471 19-Aug-83 596 1630 7.8 93.4 731 

31-May-89 1:108 4.1 110.9 453 

4-Jun-89 T/12 0930 4.0 104.4 417 31-Aug-83 608 8.5 76.2 651 

11-Jun-89 2719 0750 3.7 106.0 389 1-Sep-83 609 1330 8.6 74.8 643 

27-Sep-83 635 1700 9.9 51.5 510 

18-Jun-89 2726 1725 4.9 75.9 368 30-Sep-83 638 9.6 53.2 513 

25-Jun-89 2733 0900 6.8 43.9 297 

30-Jun-89 2738 6.9 37.8 262 Water year 1984: 

2-Jul-89 2740 0730 7.0 35.4 248 

9-Jul-89 T/47 1700 9.2 22.9 210 18-0ct-83 656 1200 8.1 63.4 513 

31-0ct-83 669 10.0 56.9 571 

16-Jul-89 T/54 0950 10.3 19.1 197 1-Nov-83 670 1200 10.2 56.4 575 

23-Jul-89 2761 0730 11.3 14.6 164 15-Nov-83 684 1100 9.4 57.2 538 

31-Jul-89 2769 12.0 14.6 175 30-Nov-83 699 12.0 50.6 607 

2-Aug-89 2771 1525 12.2 14.6 178 

6-Aug-89 2775 0720 13.5 12.0 162 8-Dec-83 707 1200 13.4 47.0 630 

13-Aug-89 31-Dec-83 730 13.0 39.5 512 2782 0830 13.4 12.0 161 3-Jan-84 733 1625 12.9 38.5 497 20-Aug-89 1:189 0745 13.4 11.4 153 31-Jan-84 761 13.5 33.8 454 27-Aug-89 2796 1000 14.9 8.8 131 7-Feb-84 768 0915 13.6 32.6 443 31-Aug-89 2800 14.9 8.7 129 

10-Sep-89 2810 1930 14.8 8.3 123 

27-Feb-84 788 1645 14.0 30.3 424 

24-Sep-89 2824 1800 17.0 7.0 119 29-Feb-84 790 14.1 30.4 428 

30-Sep-89 2830 16.5 8.4 138 13-Mar-84 803 1630 14.6 30.9 451 

31-Mar-84 821 15.0 29.7 446 

3-Apr-84 824 1145 15.1 29.4 445 

Appendix 39 
Day- Date 1 Time2 Instantaneous values Day Date 1 Time2 Instantaneous values 

month- No. Chloride Discharge Clflux month- No. Chloride Discharge Clflux 

year mg!L m3/s gls year mg!L m3/s gls 

Yellowstone River Yellowstone River 

10-Apr-84 831 0920 13.8 32.0 442 15-Jun-85 1262 1920 5.0 214.1 1073 

26-Apr-84 847 1645 11.1 43.6 484 22-Jun-85 1269 1930 5.6 171.9 958 

30-Apr-84 851 10.7 42.3 452 29-Jun-85 1276 2000 5.6 150.1 846 

2-May-84 853 1515 10.5 41.6 437 30-Jun-85 1277 5.1 147.1 835 

9-May-84 860 1035 11.0 43.3 477 5-Jul-85 1282 1230 5.8 1323 773 

7-Jul-85 1284 2130 6.9 126.7 873 

16-May-84 867 0820 2.1 337.0 694 

23-May-84 874 1730 2.8 214.1 606 8-Jul-85 1285 1135 6.0 125.0 745 

30-May-84 881 1624 2.5 297.3 743 20-Jul-85 1297 2030 7.3 100.7 734 

31-May-84 882 2.6 292.4 766 28-Jul-85 1305 2030 7.4 88.6 653 

6-Jun-84 888 2043 3.3 262.8 878 31-Jul-85 1308 7.6 89.0 673 

4-Aug-85 1312 1900 7.8 89.6 700 

16-Jun-84 898 0700 2.4 379.4 911 

22-Jun-84 904 2145 2.9 342.6 987 10-Aug-85 1318 2020 9.2 71.9 660 

30-Jun-84 912 2150 3.3 385.1 1271 17-Aug-85 1325 1920 9.4 64.1 603 

7-Jul-84 919 1050 3.7 288.8 1054 19-Aug-85 1327 1130 8.4 63.0 529 

14-Jul-84 926 2000 5.1 211.0 1076 24-Aug-85 1332 1720 9.2 56.2 517 

31-Aug-85 1339 1920 9.8 51.5 505 

22-Jul-84 934 0930 10.7 184.9 1979 

28-Jul-84 940 2030 6.5 165.9 1075 19-Sep-85 1358 1820 9.3 53.9 501 

31-Jul-84 943 6.3 155.0 979 30-Sep-85 1369 11.0 45.9 503 

4-Aug-84 947 2001 6.1 140.5 857 

18-Aug-84 961 2120 6.9 102.8 709 Water year 1986: 

25-Aug-84 968 2010 7.1 18.5 655 1-0ct-85 1370 1700 11.1 45.2 502 

31-Aug-84 974 2015 8.0 80.7 646 3-0ct-85 1372 1725 11.4 43.7 499 

13-Sep-84 987 1730 8.4 64.3 540 4-0ct-85 1373 0845 10.2 43.3 442 

30-Sep-84 1004 9.0 57.1 512 17-0ct-85 1386 1450 12.3 40.0 492 

31-0ct-85 1400 1600 

Water year 1985: 

14.0 39.7 556 

30-Nov-85 1430 14.5 27.8 402 

1-0ct-84 1005 1930 9.0 56.6 510 10-Dec-85 1440 1030 14.6 23.9 349 

2-0ct-84 1006 1600 9.4 55.9 525 31-Dec-85 1461 14.5 24.1 348 

13-0ct-84 1017 1205 10.7 49.0 524 31-Jan-86 1492 14.2 27.9 397 

27-0ct-84 1031 1530 11.1 42.8 475 6-Feb-86 1498 0845 14.2 29.2 415 

31-0ct-84 1035 11.2 42.5 475 

9-Feb-86 1501 0900 15.4 24.1 371 

12-Nov-84 1047 1655 11.4 41.9 478 28-Feb-86 1520 13.0 33.3 434 

14-Nov-84 1049 1200 11.7 41.7 488 6-Mar-86 1526 1630 12.3 36.2 445 

30-Nov-84 1065 12.6 37.4 472 20-Mar-86 1540 1000 12.3 34.6 426 

14-Dec-84 1079 1530 13.4 33.7 452 30-Mar-86 1550 1130 9.7 52.5 510 

31-Dec-84 1096 13.8 30.9 426 

31-Mar-86 1551 9.6 52.8 508 

12-Jan-85 1108 1730 14.1 28.9 407 15-Apr-86 1566 1630 8.5 56.6 481 

24-Jan-85 1120 1435 13.5 27.4 370 29-Apr-86 1580 1400 4.6 69.1 318 

30-Jan-85 1126 1630 17.5 26.9 471 30-Apr-86 1581 6.0 68.5 411 

31-Jan-85 1127 17.3 27.1 468 1-May-86 1582 0840 7.4 67.9 503 

17-Feb-85 1144 0845 13.5 29.7 401 

30-May-86 1611 1000 3.2 4927 1577 

28-Feb-85 1155 14.4 28.6 411 31-May-86 1612 2.6 532.4 1384 

3-Mar-85 1158 1800 14.6 28.3 413 1-Jun-86 1613 1030 2.0 572.0 1144 

12-Mar-85 1167 1430 13.6 28.3 385 4-Jun-86 1616 1030 4.1 561.5 2327 

17-Mar-85 1172 tHO 13.5 29.2 394 10-Jun-86 1622 1730 2.9 4624 1341 

31-Mar-85 1186 10.8 30.2 326 

12-Jun-86 1624 1030 4.2 497.2 2088 

1-Apr-85 1187 1630 10.6 30.3 321 19-Jun-86 1631 1630 5.2 4423 2300 

14-Apr-85 1200 1630 9.1 51.0 464 26-Jun-86 1638 1730 5.2 329.0 1711 

15-Apr-85 1201 1530 7.7 59.0 455 30-Jun-86 1642 5.1 290.2 1493 

28-Apr-85 1214 2045 8.9 50.2 447 3-Jul-86 1645 1630 5.1 261.1 1332 

30-Apr-85 1216 8.4 60.8 509 

11-Jul-86 1653 16330 5.4 230.5 1245 

14-May-85 1230 2200 4.6 135.2 622 17-Jul-86 1659 1850 7.3 188.4 1375 

22-Jul-86 1664 1530 5.6 160.1 897 24-May-85 1240 2100 2.5 223.8 703 25-Jul-86 1667 1720 6.8 162.1 1102 31-May-85 1247 3.6 215.6 795 31-Jul-86 1673 1630 7.7 139.2 1072 1-Jun-85 1248 1430 3.7 215.6 798 

3-Jun-85 1250 1445 3.9 209.6 817 8-Aug-86 1681 10330 8.6 116.9 1006 

15-Aug-86 1688 1920 8.0 99.7 798 

8-Jun-85 1255 1750 4.7 341.5 1544 30-Aug-86 1703 1420 8.0 81.4 652 

40 Chloride Flux and Surface Water Discharge out of Yellowstone National Park 
'-

Day- Date 1 Time 2 Instantaneous values Day Date 1 Time2 Instantaneous values 

month- No. Chloride Discharge Clflux month- No. Chloride Discharge Clflux 

year mg/L m3/s g/s year mg/L m3/s g/s 

Yellowstone River Yellowstone River 

31-Aug-86 1704 8.1 80.2 649 15-Dec-87 2175 1000 21.8 20.8 453 

4-Sep-86 1708 1020 8.5 77.4 639 31-Dec-87 2191 23.5 18.2 426 

23-Sep-86 1727 1105 9.1 62.7 567 4-Jan-88 2195 1430 23.9 17.5 418 

30-Sep-86 1734 9.6 58.8 563 27-Jan-88 2218 1010 22.9 13.5 308 

29-Jan-88 2220 1620 23.1 13.5 310 

Water year 1987: 31-Jan-88 2222 22.8 13.7 314 

29-Feb-88 2251 0900 19.5 17.9 348 

7-0ct-86 1741 1300 10.1 54.9 554 

16-0ct-86 1750 1400 10.6 47.7 504 18-Mar-88 2269 1620 18.3 19.9 364 

22-0ct-86 1756 1110 10.7 45.8 489 31-Mar-88 2282 1015 14.2 22.3 317 

31-0ct-86 1765 1230 12.3 44.3 547 13-Apr-88 2295 1230 12.4 37.8 469 

30-Nov-86 1795 13.4 33.8 451 29-Apr-88 2311 1520 9.2 54.2 496 

4-May-88 2316 1410 9.3 48.6 452 

4-Dec-86 1799 1200 13.5 32.3 436 

12-Dec-86 1807 1030 14.5 28.3 411 12-May-88 2324 1020 3.7 1323 490 

31-Dec-86 1826 14.2 27.4 390 20-May-88 2332 1620 2.9 154.4 446 

14-Jan-87 1840 1420 14.0 26.8 375 31-May-88 2343 4.2 210.5 877 

31-Jan-87 1857 14.2 28.6 407 1-Jun-88 2344 1620 4.3 215.6 923 

7-Jun-88 2350 0900 24 324.5 776 

11-Feb-87 1868 1330 14.4 29.7 428 

28-Feb-87 1885 14.6 26.2 382 24-Jun-88 2367 1030 5.3 151.9 805 

3-Mar-87 1888 1700 14.6 25.5 374 26-Jun-88 2369 1420 6.5 140.4 913 

13-Mar-87 1898 1630 15.2 28.3 429 30-Jun-88 2373 7.0 120.8 846 

27-Mar-87 1912 1015 15.1 24.9 375 4-Jul-88 2377 1200 7.5 101.2 759 

11-Jul-88 2384 1400 9.4 83.2 782 

31-Mar-87 1916 14.0 38.1 532 

30-Apr-87 1946 6.0 137.0 825 20-Jul-88 2393 1100 8.1 66.4 538 

8-May-87 1954 1145 3.9 163.3 637 22-Jul-88 2395 1020 9.7 64.1 622 

15-May-87 1961 1430 4.3 157.6 677 29-Jul-88 2402 2020 10.3 58.0 597 

17-May-87 1963 1000 4.9 187.7 918 31-Jul-88 2404 10.4 56.0 580 

11-Aug-88 2415 1625 10.7 44.9 481 

20-May-87 1966 1210 3.7 169.9 634 

28-May-87 1974 1115 5.2 173.9 906 19-Aug-88 2423 0820 13.1 37.8 495 

31-May-87 1977 5.1 160.5 818 31-Aug-88 2435 0940 12.1 30.6 371 

5-Jun-87 1982 1735 4.9 138.0 678 1-Sep-88 2436 1620 12.7 29.7 377 

9-Jun-87 1986 0805 4.9 182.6 900 10-Sep-88 2445 1200 14.1 27.0 381 

25-Sep-88 2460 1750 17.2 24.5 421 

17-Jun-87 1994 1030 5.8 127.2 733 

26-Jun-87 2003 1030 7.2 100.7 720 30-Sep-88 2465 16.3 23.6 384 

30-Jun-87 2007 1100 6.9 91.9 630 

11-Jul-87 2018 1030 7.3 111.1 814 Water year 1989: 

17-Jul-87 2024 1930 8.5 80.2 684 

4-0ct-88 2469 1230 15.5 23.3 361 

25-Jul-87 2032 1030 8.8 73.5 645 13-0ct-88 2478 1420 16.4 22.1 363 

30-Jul-87 2037 1630 11.2 74.7 834 24-0ct-88 2489 1225 18.4 21.4 393 

31-Jul-87 2038 11.0 72.6 800 31-0ct-88 2496 1500 16.8 19.9 334 

7-Aug-87 2045 0930 10.0 57.6 576 16-Nov-88 2512 1600 17.5 19.4 339 

11-Aug-87 2049 1420 9.6 53.5 512 

30-Nov-88 2526 17.8 19.3 342 

14-Aug-87 2052 1920 11.2 49.6 555 8-Dec-88 2534 1130 17.9 19.2 344 

22-Aug-87 2060 2030 11.2 43.4 487 11-Dec-88 2537 1530 18.8 19.4 364 

31-Aug-87 2069 11.4 40.9 466 31-Dec-88 2557 21.5 16.5 354 

4-Sep-87 2<173 1130 ll.5 39.7 457 9-Jan-89 2566 1700 22.7 15.1 344 

11-Sep-87 2080 1430 12.0 35.1 422 

24-Jan-89 2581 1630 23.5 13.2 309 

26-Sep-87 2095 1030 14.8 29.2 434 31-Jan-89 2588 23.7 13.2 314 

30-Sep-87 2099 1440 13.7 28.1 385 10-Feb-89 2598 1230 24.1 13.3 321 

13-Feb-89 2601 1545 24.6 14.7 362 

Water year 1988: 28-Feb-89 2616 21.2 14.0 296 

10-0ct-87 2109 1200 15.1 24.7 372 7-Mar-89 2623 1630 19.6 13.6 266 

24-0ct-87 2123 1300 16.2 22.1 358 7-Mar-89 2623 1315 24.8 13.3 330 

31-0ct-87 2130 16.0 22.8 363 15-Mar-89 2631 1400 19.7 17.2 338 

4-Nov-87 2134 1420 15.9 23.1 366 22-Mar-89 2638 1730 15.9 18.5 294 

6-Nov-87 2136 1650 16.8 21.5 361 31-Mar-89 2647 14.8 24.3 358 

30-Nov-87 2160 18.9 21.3 403 9-Apr-89 2656 1030 13.6 30.0 408 

7-Dec-87 2167 1240 19.6 21.2 415 10-Apr-89 2657 1400 14.0 26.4 370 

Appendix 41 
Day- Date 1 Time 2 Instantaneous values 

month- No. Chloride Discharge Clflux 

year mg/L m3/s gls 

Yellowstone River 

29-Apr-89 2676 1430 3.5 75.6 262 

30-Apr-89 2677 3.4 99.9 342 

10-May-89 2687 1200 2.9 342.6 1004 

11-May-89 2688 1920 3.8 323.7 1233 

31-May-89 2708 3.2 340.1 1075 

9-Jun-89 2717 1000 2.9 347.4 997 

14-Jun-89 2722 1625 4.1 300.7 1230 

30-Jun-89 2738 1710 5.4 208.1 1124 

3-Jul-89 2741 1530 4.7 193.4 899 

11-Jul-89 2749 0900 7.3 165.9 1213 

13-Jul-89 2751 1000 7.8 165.4 1285 

28-Jul-89 2766 2200 7.9 111.6 878 

3-Aug-89 2772 1445 8.4 92.3 774 

10-Aug-89 2779 1410 8.7 79.3 693 

18-Aug-89 2787 1600 9.3 68.0 630 

25-Aug-89 2794 1515 9.9 64.0 630 

28-Aug-89 2797 1630 11.3 41.1 464 

31-Aug-89 2800 1245 10.4 56.6 589 

12-Sep-89 2812 1430 10.9 46.2 501 

30-Sep-89 2830 11.3 45.5 513 

42 Chloride Flux and Surface Water Discharge out of Yellowstone National Park 

*:U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1991- 573-049r46003 


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