Filed 7/22/14 Sommer v. Brave CA4/1

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115. 

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

KATHLEEN SOMMER,

Plaintiff and Appellant,

v.

GEORGINE F. BRAVE et al.,

Defendants and Respondents.

 D064015

 (Super. Ct. No. 37-2009-00099705-

 CU-PN-CTL)

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Kevin A. 

Enright, Judge. Affirmed.

Kathleen Sommer, in pro. per., for Plaintiff and Appellant.

Wingert Grebing Brubaker & Juskie, Charles R. Grebing and Deborah S. Dixon 

for Defendants and Respondents.

A jury rendered a defense verdict in this legal malpractice action, finding there 

was no causation of harm as alleged by plaintiff and appellant Kathleen Sommer, from 

the professional conduct of defendant and respondent Georgine F. Brave and her firm, 

Brave, Weber & Mack, APC (together, Brave). Sommer's action for damages alleged 
2

that Brave's representation of Sommer's mother, Gloria Moser (Gloria), in an underlying 

family law and trust matter shortly before Gloria died, was substandard and improperly 

reduced Sommer's inheritance. Brave assisted Gloria in filing for legal separation from 

Gloria's husband, Bill Moser (Moser), and in preparing a quitclaim deed intended to 

implement Gloria's wishes that Sommer should inherit all of Gloria's 50 percent interest 

in the condominium in which Gloria and Moser were living (the real property).

In October 2009, Sommer brought this legal malpractice action against Brave, 

alleging she had fallen below the applicable standard of care in representing Gloria. In 

2010, Sommer and Moser took their probate court dispute to mediation and executed a 

written settlement agreement to resolve their disputes and dismiss the probate court 

proceedings (the settlement agreement). Moser paid Sommer $250,000 to settle those 

disputes.

Eventually, Sommer went to jury trial against Brave on the theory that the 

compensation she had received from Moser in probate court did not include any amount 

representing her lost 25 percent interest in the real property, and thus the rest of her 

alleged damage ($115,625) was directly attributable to Brave's negligence in representing 

Gloria. At trial, the court excluded the settlement agreement from evidence. (Evid. 

Code, § 1119 [mediation privilege]; all further statutory references are to this code unless 

noted.) Ultimately, the jury's verdict determined that Sommer had timely filed her action, 

and Brave had been negligent, but there was no causation of harm to Sommer from that 

negligence.
3

Sommer argues on appeal that she provided substantial evidence at trial of 

monetary loss from her expected inheritance, caused by Brave, because the value of 

Sommer's lost 25 percent interest in the real property was not covered by the settlement 

agreement as she understood it. She claims that but for certain prejudicial defense 

attorney misconduct during closing argument, she would have prevailed and obtained

such damages against Brave for legal malpractice.

Specifically, Sommer contends that when Brave's attorney referred in closing 

argument to an admitted exhibit, a letter from probate counsel for Moser responding to 

demands by probate counsel for Sommer (Exh. No. 82, "the January 2009 Hickman 

letter"), the attorney did so in a misleading light that knowingly disregarded certain 

rulings that were issued upon his own motion in limine. That defense motion was 

addressed to a different exhibit, the settlement agreement, Exhibit No. 108. According to 

Sommer, the trial court's rulings about the permissible scope of evidence to be presented 

about the negotiations and terms of the settlement agreement (e.g., its allocation to her 

different alleged items of damage), were broad enough to forbid such argumentative 

references to Exhibit No. 82.

However, during those closing arguments, Sommer did not raise any objections

nor did she ask for any curative admonition or instruction about the alleged misconduct 

by Brave's counsel. Sommer has not shown that she acted to preserve her claims, such as 

by bringing her own motion in limine to further restrict the permissible scope of evidence 

or any comment by counsel relating to the probate court settlement negotiations and/or

the compensation paid by Moser. (See People v. Morris (1991) 53 Cal.3d 152, 190 
4

(Morris) [motion in limine to exclude evidence may constitute a "sufficient manifestation 

of objection to protect the record on appeal"].)

Even assuming Sommer adequately preserved her arguments about defense 

attorney misconduct, this was not a case of severe or extreme attorney misconduct. (See 

Cassim v. Allstate Ins. Co. (2004) 33 Cal.4th 780, 794-795 (Cassim) ["In addition to 

objecting, a litigant faced with opposing counsel's misconduct must also 'move for a 

mistrial or seek a curative admonition' [citation] unless the misconduct is so persistent 

that an admonition would be inadequate to cure the resulting prejudice.") On the overall 

record, we have no basis to conclude that Brave's counsel exceeded the scope of 

permissible argument or commentary upon the admitted exhibits or upon the general 

topic of the disputes leading to the settlement agreement. The trial court's rulings that

limited the admissibility of evidence about the scope and contents of the settlement 

agreement were appropriate to the history of that document. However, as part of this trial 

within a trial, the court allowed the jury to hear, to some extent, the participants'

testimony about the different positions taken by the parties at various stages of the 

dispute. The comments and argument made to the jury by defense counsel were 

accordingly within appropriate bounds and did not undermine the validity of the 

judgment. We affirm.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

A. Dispute and Gloria's Assets; Prior Appeal on Limitations Ruling

Brave previously obtained a grant of summary judgment in her favor in this 

malpractice action, on the grounds that Sommer's action was barred by the applicable 
5

statute of limitations. (Code Civ. Proc., §§ 437c; 340.6.) However, in a prior 

nonpublished opinion of this court (Sommer v. Brave (July 30, 2012, D058476); our prior 

opinion), we reversed the defense summary judgment and returned the matter to superior 

court for trial on the merits. We noted that the trial court had not yet reached any of the 

issues about whether Brave had breached the applicable standard of care through the 

manner in which she structured the quitclaim deed transaction, or whether there was any 

proximate causation of injury to Sommer. We expressed no opinion upon those issues.

Over a period of about five weeks in late 2006 through early 2007, Brave carried 

out Gloria's instructions to file a petition for legal separation and prepare a quitclaim deed 

affecting title to Gloria's 50 percent interest in the real property where she lived with 

Moser (stepfather of Sommer). It is not disputed that Gloria intended that Sommer 

receive her entire interest in the real property, as well as some personal property, by way 

of Brave's quitclaim deed transaction and a related trust that was prepared by different 

counsel (Karen M. Ladner; not a party at trial).

After Gloria died, the disputes between Sommer and Moser about ownership of 

real and personal property continued, and Sommer repeatedly asked Gloria's attorneys 

about the status of the transfer of her interests. Sommer also communicated in 2007 with 

Moser's attorney and in 2008 with a friend of Moser, about her ongoing claim to 50

percent ownership of the real property.

In the fall of 2008, Sommer retained her own probate attorney, who corresponded 

several times with Moser's attorney about Gloria's instructions on Sommer's inheritance. 

Sommer's probate attorney demanded that Moser comply with Gloria's wishes, including 
6

transferring to Sommer a 50 percent interest in the real property. In the January 2009 

Hickman letter (Exh. No. 82), Moser's attorney Hickman responded that (a) Moser was 

not going to accede to any of Sommer's demands, and (b) Moser believed Gloria, 

Sommer or her relatives had unlawfully taken money and property belonging to him.

In May 2009, Sommer filed a petition to settle Gloria's assets in probate court.

She filed this legal malpractice action against Brave in October 2009. After further 

negotiations between the probate court attorneys, Sommer agreed in April 2010 that she 

would dismiss her claims in return for $250,000 compensation from Moser. The

settlement agreement allowed Sommer to allocate in writing, for her own purposes, the 

amounts of compensation she had received according to each disputed item (coins, 

promissory note, real and personal property).

B. Trial on Legal Malpractice Claims; Jury Verdict

Initially, the trial court ruled upon motions in limine that were brought to identify 

whether the malpractice issues to be decided were legal or factual in nature. The court

held a bench trial, on expert testimony, to decide the legal effect of Brave's quitclaim 

deed between Gloria and Moser. The court ruled that the effect of the deed was to sever 

the joint tenancy for the real property, and then to create a 75 percent interest in the real 

property for Moser and 25 percent interest to Gloria. 

Next, the jury was impaneled and opening statements presented. During 

Sommer's testimony, her counsel offered the January 2009 Hickman letter into evidence 

and argued that it spoke for itself, with regard to explaining Moser's position during the 
7

settlement negotiations.1 Sommer claimed that the January 2009 Hickman letter had the 

effect of finally putting Sommer on notice that Moser was claiming a 75 percent interest 

in the real property. Her attorney told the jury that eventually, the settlement agreement 

concluded the probate matters, and Sommer was now seeking damages from Brave for 

the 25 percent interest in the property that she did not receive. The parties stipulated that 

the current value of 25 percent of the real property was $115,625.

Regarding Sommer's claimed damages, her expert witness examined documents 

produced by Brave and other attorneys in the probate case, and gave the opinion that 

Gloria's instructions to Brave were to break the joint tenancy on the real property 

(achieved) and to enable Gloria to transfer a 50 percent ownership in the property (not 

achieved). The manner in which Brave drafted the quitclaim deed was mistaken and 

Gloria retained only a 25 percent interest in it that was subject to transfer, through her 

trust that was created at the same time.

In response, attorneys for Brave argued she had not been negligent and had not 

caused any loss. Brave testified that she acted according to her instructions or "marching 

orders" from Gloria, which were to take immediate action to break the joint tenancy, but 

to leave Moser's name on the title in some way, to avoid further infuriating him. Brave 

also presented Hickman's testimony about his recollection of the probate dispute, from 

Moser's point of view.

 

1 Although Sommer inexplicably argues that only one page of Exhibit No. 82 was 

admitted into evidence, the record instead shows that her counsel examined her about it 

and then specifically called one of its three pages to the attention of Hickman as a 

witness. The exhibit as a whole was admitted without objection or further comment.
8

When Sommer sought to have the settlement agreement (Exh. No. 108) admitted 

into evidence, Brave's attorney brought a motion in limine to restrict references to the 

settlement negotiations and agreement, on the grounds that such mediation 

communications were privileged under section 1119. The court held discussions on those 

issues at several points during trial, during testimony of Sommer, Brave, and Hickman. 

Eventually, the court excluded the settlement agreement on the grounds that it was 

privileged material that was never filed in the probate court file and Brave was not a party 

to it.

However, the court gave counsel some leeway to explore Sommer's understanding 

of the allocation of the settlement compensation, as it affected her damages claims 

against Brave. Both counsel were told to avoid relitigating the whole probate dispute.

Defense counsel cross-examined Sommer about the language in the settlement 

agreement, "$250,000 settlement paid over by Moser to Sommer is allocated by Sommer 

for her own purposes as follows." Sommer testified that when the probate action was 

settled, this malpractice lawsuit was already pending, and it had some effect upon her 

decision to settle the probate matters. She received money from Moser and he received 

the real property. In settlement, Sommer placed the real property interest then received at 

$120,000 of the settlement funds, and $88,000 as the debt due from Moser to Gloria on 

his promissory note. $22,000 was identified in the settlement as payment in exchange for 

coins collected by the couple, some of which she believed were owned by Gloria's trust.
9

Both Sommer and Hickman testified that Moser declined to participate in any 

allocation (with one exception, that $20,000 was to be paid directly to Sommer's two

daughters).

In closing argument, Brave's attorney first argued there had been no breach of the 

expected duty of care under the circumstances in which Brave was required to act

immediately, due to the information Sommer gave her about Gloria's impending death. 

Also, he pointed out that the problems with the quitclaim deed were apparently not 

recognized by anyone before the probate action was settled. He also argued that despite 

the settlement, Sommer had never proved her entitlement to compensation for the coins, 

or the proceeds of Moser's promissory note, or that Moser had ever agreed to Sommer's

allocation of compensation for the items covered by the settlement agreement. Thus, he 

argued it was unclear whether Sommer had actually been damaged with respect to the 

value of the real property.

Brave's attorney further argued to the jury that it could consider the contents of the 

January 2009 Hickman letter (Exh. No. 82), in determining whether a better result would 

have been reached if Brave had acted differently. He contended that Brave's conduct in 

preparing the quitclaim deed was not the cause of Sommer's loss in the underlying action, 

and that the $250,000 compensation she had already received from Moser in the 

settlement agreement was approximately the value of a 50 percent interest in the real 

property (i.e., double the $115,625 stipulated amount for a 25 percent interest). He then 

commented: "I also have to ask you to take into account an issue with respect to--and I 

don't mean this in a derogatory sense. But look at Mr. Hickman's letter of January 27, 
10

2009. We don't need it right now. But spend some time with it, and look at the reasons 

behind the fact that the claims that are being made by Ms. Sommer under these 

circumstances are really not valid claims when considering all of the factual related to it

[sic]. [¶] I will leave that reading to you. It is not productive for me to read it to you and 

talk about it under these circumstances. But I ask that you look at the interplay of this 

with respect to the question of whether or not there could have been either a better result 

or different result." (Italics added.)

Brave's attorney next argued that Sommer should not have been surprised that 

Moser did not cooperate with Gloria's severance of the joint tenancy, since Sommer was 

claiming he was breaking promises to her about her expected inheritance rights. Counsel 

thus contended that Sommer did not take timely action to protect any rights she had, by 

filing the lawsuit earlier.

At the conclusion of testimony, the jury was instructed about the applicable 

professional standard of care and about the rules for considering the evidence, and that 

argument of counsel was not evidence. Ultimately, the jury's verdict found that 

Sommer's action was timely filed, and that Brave had been negligent in her legal 

representation of Gloria, but that Brave had not caused Sommer's harm or loss.

C. Notes on Appellate Record

Sommer filed a timely notice of appeal from the judgment on the verdict. In 

addition to a minimal clerk's transcript and the reporter's transcript of trial, numerous trial 

exhibits that were offered or admitted into evidence have been lodged. This includes the 

January 2009 Hickman letter (Exh. No. 82), as well as a full copy of the settlement 
11

agreement, even though it was excluded from evidence (Exh. No. 108). Both parties 

acknowledge that Sommer was allowed to testify about its contents.

The transmitted exhibits also include a full copy of Exhibit No. 29, Gloria's 

financial records, even though only a few pages of Exhibit No. 29 were actually admitted 

into evidence. Sommer nevertheless claims on unspecified grounds that all of it should 

be considered, which we cannot do. Although Sommer requested that certain points and 

authorities and related opposition, filed in connection with in limine motions, should be 

"transmitted" as well, this was not done because they were not "exhibits." (Cal. Rules of 

Court, rule 8.224(b)(2).) She has not made any augmentation request for that material.

(Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.155(a).)

The record has been augmented to include the transcript of Sommer's February 

2013 video deposition, as well as its two exhibits (one of which is another marked, but 

not admitted, copy of the settlement agreement). However, the record does not show that 

the jury was given access to that evidence.

DISCUSSION

Sommer claims that she did not get a fair trial, through no fault of her own. She 

contends that defense counsel's closing argument egregiously mischaracterized the 

evidence, by referring to the contents of the January 2009 Hickman letter in a manner that 

contravened related rulings at trial that excluded the settlement agreement (Exh. No. 

108). Those related rulings, she claims, were broad enough to put the parties on notice 

that the trial court did not intend to allow any evidence or argument about the 

negotiations leading up to the settlement agreement, such as Moser's initial rejections of 
12

her counsel's demands, as described in the Hickman letter. Alternatively, she argues her 

own trial counsel was not required to raise any objections at trial, to preserve these 

objections on appeal. (Cassim, supra, 33 Cal.4th at pp. 794-795.)

I

APPLICABLE STANDARDS

We apply basic guidelines for review. As the appellant, Sommer has the burden of 

providing an adequate record and of showing that error occurred and that it was 

prejudicial. (Maria P. v. Riles (1987) 43 Cal.3d 1281, 1295-1296; Aguilar v. Avis Rent A 

Car System, Inc. (1999) 21 Cal.4th 121, 132 (Aguilar).) Absent an adequate record to 

demonstrate error, a reviewing court presumes the judgment or order is supported by the 

evidence. (In re Angel L. (2008) 159 Cal.App.4th 1127, 1136-1137.)

"In propria persona litigants are entitled to the same, but no greater, rights than 

represented litigants and are presumed to know the [procedural and court] rules." 

(Wantuch v. Davis (1995) 32 Cal.App.4th 786, 795.) Sommer pursues these appellate 

claims in propria persona, and we take the appellate record as presented to us, to examine 

the validity of her claims of prejudicial misconduct of opposing counsel.

The elements of a cause of action for legal malpractice arising from a civil case 

are "(1) the duty of the attorney to use such skill, prudence, and diligence as members of 

his or her profession commonly possess and exercise; (2) a breach of that duty; (3) a 

proximate causal connection between the breach and the resulting injury; and (4) actual 

loss or damage resulting from the attorney's negligence." (Coscia v. McKenna & Cuneo

(2001) 25 Cal.4th 1194, 1199-2000.)
13

"In both litigation and transactional malpractice cases, the crucial causation 

inquiry is what would have happened if the defendant attorney had not been negligent. 

This is so because the very idea of causation necessarily involves comparing historical 

events to a hypothetical alternative." (Viner v. Sweet (2003) 30 Cal.4th 1232, 1242 

(Viner); original italics.) There is a "myriad of variables that affect" litigation, as well as 

settlements of same, all playing into the causation and damages equation. (Thompson v. 

Halvonik (1995) 36 Cal.App.4th 657, 663.) " 'Proof of legal malpractice requires proof 

not only of negligence by the lawyer but also of causation, a trial within a trial to 

establish that, but for the lawyer's negligence, the client would have prevailed in the 

underlying action.' " (Kurinij v. Hanna & Morton (1997) 55 Cal.App.4th 853, 864.)

II

STANDARDS FOR EVALUATING EFFECT OF

ALLEGED MISCONDUCT OF COUNSEL

The factors to be evaluated in determining the effect of attorney misconduct, in 

light of the overall record of trial, include the nature and seriousness of the remarks, the 

general atmosphere of the trial, the likelihood of prejudicing the jury, and consideration 

of whether an objection or admonition would have been effective. (Sabella v. Southern 

Pac. Co. (1969) 70 Cal.2d 311, 320-321.) "Generally a claim of misconduct is entitled to 

no consideration on appeal unless the record shows a timely and proper objection and a 

request that the jury be admonished. [Citations.] The purpose of the rule requiring the 

making of timely objections is remedial in nature, and seeks to give the court the 

opportunity to admonish the jury, instruct counsel and forestall the accumulation of 
14

prejudice by repeated improprieties, thus avoiding the necessity of a retrial. . . . In the 

absence of a timely objection the offended party is deemed to have waived the claim of 

error through his participation in the atmosphere which produced the claim of prejudice." 

(Horn v. Atchison, T. & S.F. Ry. Co. (1964) 61 Cal.2d 602, 610.)

"The reason for the requirement is manifest: a specifically grounded objection to a 

defined body of evidence serves to prevent error. It allows the trial judge to consider 

excluding the evidence or limiting its admission to avoid possible prejudice. It also 

allows the proponent of the evidence to lay additional foundation, modify the offer of 

proof, or take other steps designed to minimize the prospect of reversal." (Morris, supra, 

53 Cal.3d 152, 187-188.) Such a ruling or admonition prevents the need for a court to 

attempt to " 'unring the bell' " and to remove any prejudice from counsel's remarks. 

(Ibid.; Hyatt v. Sierra Boat Co. (1978) 79 Cal.App.3d 325, 337 [rulings on motions in 

limine should avoid the need for any "obviously futile attempt to 'unring the bell' in the 

event a motion to strike is granted in the proceedings before the jury"].)

The requirements for timely objections to perceived problems with evidence can 

be disregarded in a proper case, without offending statutory principles: " 'In 

summary . . . a motion in limine to exclude evidence is a sufficient manifestation of 

objection to protect the record on appeal when it satisfies the basic requirements of 

Evidence Code section 353, i.e.: (1) a specific legal ground for exclusion is advanced 

and subsequently raised on appeal; (2) the motion is directed to a particular, identifiable 

body of evidence; and (3) the motion is made at a time before or during trial when the 

trial judge can determine the evidentiary question in its appropriate context. When such a 
15

motion is made and denied, the issue is preserved for appeal." (Morris, supra, 53 Cal.3d 

at p. 190.)2

In the exceptional case in which an admonition would not have cured the effect of 

attorney misconduct committed in front of a jury, a party's failure to request an 

admonition does not serve to waive appellate rights on the issue. (Cassim, supra, 

33 Cal.4th 780, 794-795.)

III

ANALYSIS OF ATTORNEY MISCONDUCT CLAIMS

A. Testimony and Rulings

This malpractice "trial within a trial" dealt not only with Brave's role in the history 

of the probate court dispute, but also the timeliness of Sommer's claims. On the disputed 

statute of limitations issues, Sommer repeatedly referred to the January 2009 Hickman 

letter as supporting her claim that she did not understand until she received it that she did 

not have a good claim to a 50 percent interest in the real property. Sommer's counsel did 

not object when the court admitted it into evidence, nor during the defense closing 

argument.

 

2 Section 353 provides: "A verdict or finding shall not be set aside, nor shall the 

judgment or decision based thereon be reversed, by reason of the erroneous admission of 

evidence unless: [¶] (a) There appears of record an objection to or a motion to exclude or 

to strike the evidence that was timely made and so stated as to make clear the specific 

ground of the objection or motion; and (b) The court which passes upon the effect of the 

error or errors is of the opinion that the admitted evidence should have been excluded on 

the ground stated and that the error or errors complained of resulted in a miscarriage of 

justice."
16

Sommer relies on certain portions of the record as supporting her claim that the 

trial court's extended colloquy with counsel, and its ruling that excluded the written 

settlement agreement, should be deemed to additionally foreclose argument by counsel 

about the January 2009 Hickman letter. When Sommer started to explain during her 

testimony how the real property factored into the amount of the settlement, the court went 

into recess and discussed the pending motion in limine with counsel. Defense counsel 

preliminarily argued the settlement agreement should be excluded under section 1152

(inadmissibility of offers to compromise to show liability). At that time, the court 

explained that cross-examination was the proper way to examine Sommer's opinions 

about the settlement amounts (saying, "so have at it"), but it deferred ruling on the 

admissibility of the settlement agreement.

The court returned to the in limine motion about the settlement agreement during 

Brave's testimony, and defense counsel additionally argued that the exhibit should be 

excluded under section 1119, the mediation privilege. The court agreed and excluded the 

settlement agreement.

While Hickman was testifying on behalf of Brave, he explained that he did not

remember the January 2009 letter (Exh. No. 82) that he wrote to Sommer's probate 

attorney, in which Moser had initially rejected all of Sommer's demands. Hickman did 

remember that several letters were exchanged between counsel in the probate matter. He 

generally said that Moser did not specifically allocate anything toward the overall 

settlement, except for the payments to the two daughters. Sommer's attorney objected to 

such questioning on the grounds that it was cumulative or prejudicial under section 352, 
17

because the Hickman letter spoke for itself with respect to Moser's claims or defenses at 

the time regarding Sommer's settlement demands. The court ruled on the objections by 

stating that Hickman could be cross-examined about his knowledge of the probate 

disputes, but the court did not want to relitigate the probate settlement, and counsel 

should not "dive deep." 

B. Misconduct Arguments; Waiver

Sommer contends that the trial court's rulings, taken as a whole, permitted 

admissibility of the January 2009 Hickman letter only for some limited purposes (i.e., 

timing issues and allocation of settlement funds), but not others (Moser's substantive 

statements about his position in the dispute). She objects to the way in which defense 

counsel argued the effect of that letter, in which Hickman reported that Moser was not 

going to pay Sommer anything, and Moser believed Gloria, Sommer, or their relatives 

had unlawfully taken money and property belonging to him. Sommer contends that use 

of the letter in argument was unduly prejudicial, because no such unlawful takings were 

ever proved. She claims that defense counsel exceeded the bounds of proper argument 

about the evidence, and reversal of the judgment is required. (Morris, supra, 53 Cal.3d at 

pp. 187-188.)

To preserve Sommer's arguments about the January 2009 Hickman letter, the 

related Exhibit No. 108 motion in limine had to raise "a specific legal ground for 

exclusion," that is now being raised on appeal, on the topic of arguable misconduct of 

defense counsel. (Morris, supra, 53 Cal.3d at p. 190.) Also, the Exhibit No. 108 motion 

in limine had to be "directed to a particular, identifiable body of evidence," that was 
18

common to Exhibit No. 82 as well. (Ibid.) However, Sommer never requested the trial 

court to instruct the jury to disregard the portion of the January 2009 Hickman letter in 

which he stated that Moser believed Gloria or Sommer were guilty of taking his property. 

Sommer did not claim at trial that the letter was not pertinent to the legal issues presented 

about the overall dispute or the part that Brave played in it. Rather, she sought to have it 

introduced into evidence, to support her delayed discovery claims.

This record does not support a conclusion that the discussion and rulings on the 

motion in limine to exclude the settlement agreement (regarding the mediation privilege 

or hearsay) amounted to, or substituted for, more specific discussion and rulings that 

would have expressly or impliedly limited the use of the January 2009 Hickman letter in 

argument. Rather, the two exhibits were treated separately, both during the in limine 

proceedings and the relevant testimony, with respect to their content and the reasons they 

were being offered. Sommer has failed to show that the Exhibit No. 108 motion in limine 

was "made at a time before or during trial when the trial judge can determine the 

[subject] evidentiary question in its appropriate context." (Morris, supra, 53 Cal.3d at 

p. 190.) In context, different issues were being raised about Sommer's allocation of the 

settlement funds in 2010, and about the January 2009 Hickman letter as identifying the 

status of the dispute.

We disagree that Sommer was excused from an obligation to object to any 

perceived problems with the admissibility of the January 2009 Hickman letter, as a 

whole, or to defense counsel's argument about it. That letter represented an early stage of 

the negotiations, and it was used by Sommer for that reason, to support her claim of 
19

delayed discovery of her problems with her claim to the real property. She affirmatively 

argued its effects without seeking any limitations on its use. This is not a case in which 

an admonition or instruction, even if requested or made, would have been futile and could 

not have cured any potential prejudice from defense counsel's statements encouraging the 

jury to consider this admitted evidence. Sommer has essentially waived her right to 

assert misconduct of counsel occurred when he referred to that letter during argument.

C. Even if Cognizable, Sommer's Claims Lack Merit

Even assuming Sommer did not waive these attorney misconduct arguments, 

section 353, subdivision (b) requires that a judgment shall not be reversed for any error 

related to a ruling in limine on an evidentiary matter, unless the reviewing court 

concludes there was error that resulted in a miscarriage of justice. In view of the overall 

record, the comments in the January 2009 Hickman letter about the many disputed topics 

between Sommer and Moser were not unduly emotional or inflammatory, because the 

jury already knew that their attorneys in the probate court had started negotiating the 

heated dispute on an adversary basis, and that there were a number of items of Gloria's 

property involved. (Sabella v. Southern Pac. Co., supra, 70 Cal.2d 311, 321.)

For example, Hickman was allowed to testify that Moser wanted $20,000 of the 

settlement funds to be earmarked for Sommer's daughters, not Sommer, and that was 

enough to reach settlement of the probate case. The trial court appropriately allowed

counsel some leeway to explore the settlement components, which was understandable

under the "case within a case" method of dispute resolution. Defense counsel's references 

in closing argument to the January 2009 Hickman letter, as background about the dispute, 
20

did not amount to mischaracterizations of the evidence or to prejudicial new information. 

The jury was not unduly distracted from focusing on the evidence and legal issues 

presented about Brave's professional conduct, because the references to the January 2009 

Hickman letter did not go far beyond the circumstances already brought into evidence. 

The trial court had no sua sponte obligation to criticize the defense arguments or to 

instruct the jury they were improper. (Cassim, supra, 33 Cal.4th 780, 794-795.)

Finally, it is not enough for Sommer to argue that substantial evidence existed in 

Gloria's financial records about the value of the marital assets (only some of which were 

admitted into evidence), such that her evidence would have supported a judgment for 

damages in her favor, "but for" the allegedly prejudicial closing argument. Merely 

because Sommer succeeded in getting some of Gloria's records into evidence does not 

show that it was Brave's negligence that caused Sommer's problems with her projected 

inheritance. Instead, there was a "myriad of variables" in the settlement of the probate 

case, which included the role played by Brave's earlier representation of Gloria. Those 

circumstances were fully presented to the jury, and the evidence did not require it to 

make a causation finding favorable to Sommer. (See Thompson v. Halvonik, supra, 

36 Cal.App.4th 657, 663.) Sommer has not carried her burden of showing that error, 

harmful or otherwise, is apparent on the face of the record and led to this defense verdict. 

(Aguilar, supra, 21 Cal.4th 121, 132.)
21

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed. Costs on appeal are awarded to Respondents.

HUFFMAN, Acting P. J.

WE CONCUR:

McDONALD, J.

McINTYRE, J.