IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

STATE OF WASHINGTON,

Respondent,

v.

JESSICA CARDE

AKA JESSICA HARTMAN

AKA JUANITA HOFSETH-LAMMER

AKA JUANITA HOFSETH

AKA JUNITA FRYE,

Appellant.

No. 73324-9-1

(Consolidated with No. 74228-1-1)

DIVISION ONE

UNPUBLISHED OPINION

FILED: January 30, 2017

Schindler, J. — A jury convicted Jessica Carde of three counts of theft in the

first degree, one count of attempted theft in the first degree, and three counts of

mortgage fraud. Carde seeks reversal of her convictions and the order of restitution.1

Carde challenges denial of two pretrial motions to substitute appointed counsel. Carde

also challenges denial of her request to continue the restitution hearing to allow her to

replace appointed counsel with private counsel. Because the trial court did not abuse

its discretion by denying the pretrial motions to substitute appointed counsel and the

motion to continue the restitution hearing, we affirm.

1Carde filed an appeal of the judgment and sentence and the order of restitution. This court

consolidated the appeals.
No. 73324-9-1 (Consol. with No. 74228-1-l)/2

Charges Against Carde

In March 2013, the State filed 12 charges against Carde that involved 10 victims:

four counts of theft in the first degree, one count of attempted theft in the first degree,

two counts of theft in the second degree, two counts of securities fraud, and three

counts of mortgage fraud. The State alleged that over a period of five years, Carde

engaged in a pattern and practice of deception by presenting herself as a legitimate

prospective buyer of a series of upscale homes, persuading sellers to allow her to move

into the homes, securing lease-to-purchase agreements under false pretenses, and

living in each of the homes for as long as possible while making minimal or no

payments.

December 2013 Request To Appoint New Counsel

After Carde was extradited from Montana in October 2013, the court appointed

public defender Jonathan Newcomb to represent her. Two months later, in December

2013, Carde asked the court to appoint new counsel. Carde asserted there was a

"breakdown in communication" with Newcomb, he was difficult to reach by telephone,

and matters she and counsel "discussed" about the bail hearing were "not performed."

Carde said she lacked confidence in Newcomb. The court told Carde that as a general

rule, public defenders are difficult to reach by telephone. The court advised Carde that

ifthe court granted her motion, "it's not going to happen again." Because itwas

"sufficientlyearly in the case," the court granted Carde's request to appoint new

counsel.

The court appointed The Defender Association (TDA) to represent Carde. After

continuing the case scheduling hearing several times to allow counsel to investigate and
No. 73324-9-1 (Consol. with No. 74228-1-l)/3

review thousands of pages of discovery, the court set a trial date of July 7, 2014. In

June 2014, TDA attorney Timothy Johnson assumed responsibility for Carde's case. At

the request of TDA, the court appointed Kristin Shotwell as co-counsel. At the request

of defense counsel and over the objection of Carde, the court continued the July 2014

trial date three times. In September 2014, the court granted the defense motion to

dismiss both counts of securities fraud. The State filed an amended information without

the two dismissed charges.2

December 2014 Motion To Discharge Counsel

On December 23, 2014, approximately six weeks before the scheduled trial date,

Carde asked the court to substitute appointed counsel. Carde wanted to replace

Johnson but retain Shotwell as her attorney. Johnson explained to the court that he and

Shotwell had divided trial preparation by charges and Carde disagreed with the defense

strategy. Johnson said Carde wanted to explore and investigate a different theory, but

he and Shotwell "decided ... to take a different course" based on a strategy that they

believed was "sound" and would better serve Carde's "legal interests."

The court explained that granting the request would result in the discharge of

both defense attorneys. The court offered Carde more time to weigh her options.

Carde declined. Carde said she was in "total disagreement" with the defense strategy

and claimed Johnson failed to obtain evidence that would help her case in a

"tremendous number of ways." Carde also said Johnson met with her only 10 times, he

was difficult to reach by telephone, and he had an "abrasive" style. Carde complained

the defense made "[decisions" without consulting her, she lacked "confidence" in

2The amended information also changed one count of theft in the second degree to theft in the

first degree. Just before trial, the State dismissed one count of theft in the second degree on its own

motion based on the death of the victim.
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Johnson's representation, and Johnson was "undermining" and "counterproductive" to

the case. However, Carde reiterated she did not want the court to replace Shotwell.

Johnson and Shotwell confirmed they had performed extensive work on the

case. The attorneys had interviewed the majority of the State's approximately 25

potential witnesses, reviewed and indexed approximately 12,000 pages of discovery,

and nearly completed trial preparation. Johnson said Carde's case had been his "top

priority" for several months. Shotwell confirmed there had been many meetings about

strategy and she and Johnson were in agreement as to trial strategy.

The court denied the motion. The court noted the ongoing concern expressed by

Carde that she had already been in custody for 17 months and appointing new counsel

would result in "extensive delay." The court found both attorneys were experienced and

competent and the attorneys had been diligently preparing for trial. The court also

noted counsel were in agreement as to the strategy with which Carde disagreed.

February 2015 Motion To Discharge Counsel

On the first day of trial, February 3, 2015, Carde renewed her request to

discharge counsel. This time, Carde sought to replace both attorneys. Carde asserted

the defense trial brief contained "innumerable . . . misstatements [and]

misrepresentations." Carde claimed she had no opportunity to review the briefing or

motions before filing. Carde also blamed her attorneys for an inadequate response to

statements included in the State's trial brief that she believed were improper, including

reference to a prior custodial interference charge in Minnesota and her flight from

Washington after charges were filed. Carde renewed her complaint that her attorneys
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failed to obtain relevant evidence. She claimed the attorneys' conduct left her without a

defense and without "appropriate and fair representation."

The court explained the purpose of a trial brief was to provide context for the

motions, the trial brief was not evidence, and it would not be considered by the jury.

The court explained that decision-making authority is between a client and an attorney

in a criminal case. To the extent Carde was concerned her attorneys did not adequately

understand her view of the facts, the court offered to give her additional time to meet

with the attorneys. Johnson informed the court that he and Shotwell had spent

considerable time discussing the evidence with Carde and had done their best to

incorporate her views into the defense strategy. Johnson stated that he and Shotwell

had conducted a thorough independent investigation and were prepared for trial.

The court observed it would be inappropriate to invade attorney client privilege or

work product to evaluate independently the manner and thoroughness of the

investigation. The court denied Carde's motion. The court stated that after reading the

47-page defense trial brief and listening to defense counsel, "what I've read and seen

does not equal a lack of investigation."

[Bjased on this record, I could not conclude that somehow the Defense

investigation is so lacking as to deprive Ms. Carde of a constitutional right,

nor that it is the case that Defense Counsel is not zealously, ethically

representing their client.

Twenty witnesses testified during the 10-day trial. The jury acquitted Carde of

two counts of theft in the first degree. The jury found Carde guilty of three counts of

theft in the first degree, one count of attempted theft in the first degree, and three counts

of mortgage fraud. The court imposed concurrent standard range sentences for a total
No. 73324-9-1 (Consol. with No. 74228-1-l)/6

sentence of 28 months confinement. Following a restitution hearing, the court ordered

restitution for three victims.

Denial of Motions To Substitute Appointed Counsel

Carde challenges the decision to deny her motions to substitute appointed

counsel claiming there was a "complete breakdown" in her communication and

relationship with counsel.

The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees that in "all

criminal prosecutions, the accused shall. . . have the assistance of counsel for [her]

defense." A defendant" 'does not have an absolute, Sixth Amendment right to choose

any particular advocate.'" State v. Varqa. 151 Wn.2d 179, 200, 86 P.3d 139 (2004)

(quoting State v. Stenson, 132 Wn.2d 668, 733, 940 P.2d 1239 (1997)). The essential

aim of the Sixth Amendment is to guarantee an effective advocate for a criminal

defendant "rather than to ensure that a defendant will inexorably be represented by the

lawyer whom [s]he prefers." Wheat v. United States. 486 U.S. 153, 159, 108 S. Ct.

1692, 100 L. Ed. 2d 140 (1988).

A defendant who seeks to substitute appointed counsel must show good cause

" 'such as a conflict of interest, an irreconcilable conflict, or a complete breakdown in

communication between the attorney and the defendant.'" Varga, 151 Wn.2d at 200

(quoting Stenson, 132 Wn.2d at 734). A general loss of confidence in defense counsel

by itself is not sufficient cause for substitution. Stenson, 132 Wn.2d at 733-34. The

attorney and the defendant must be "so at odds as to prevent presentation of an

adequate defense." Stenson. 132 Wn.2d at 734.

A disagreement over defense theories and trialstrategy does not

by itself constitute an irreconcilable conflict entitling the defendant to
No. 73324-9-1 (Consol. with No. 74228-1 -l)/7

substitute counsel because decisions on those matters are properly

entrusted to defense counsel, not the defendant.

State v. Thompson. 169 Wn. App. 436, 459, 290 P.3d 996 (2012).

Whether dissatisfaction with court-appointed counsel justifies the appointment of

new counsel is a matter within the trial court's discretion. Varga, 151 Wn.2d at 200;

Stenson, 132 Wn.2d at 733. A court abuses its discretion when its decision adopts a

view no reasonable person would take or is based on untenable grounds or untenable

reasons. State v. Sisouvanh, 175 Wn.2d 607, 623, 290 P.3d 942 (2012).

On appeal, we consider (1) the extent of any conflict between the defendant and

counsel, (2) the adequacy of the trial court's inquiry into the grounds for the motion, and

(3) the timeliness of the motion and potential effects on the trial schedule. State v.

Cross. 156 Wn.2d 580, 607, 132 P.3d 80 (2006). In examining the extent of conflict

between a defendant and her attorney, we consider the extent and nature of the

breakdown in the relationship and its effect on the representation. State v. Schaller,

143 Wn. App. 258, 270, 177 P.3d 1139(2007).

Because the purpose of providing assistance of counsel is to ensure that

defendants receive a fair trial, the appropriate inquiry necessarily must

focus on the adversarial process, not only on the defendant's relationship

with [her] lawyer.

Schaller. 143 Wn. App. at 270.

The court did not abuse its discretion in denying Carde's December 2014 motion

to appoint new counsel. First, the record does not indicate a breakdown in

communication or irreconcilable conflict affecting the adequacy of Carde's

representation. Carde disagreed with counsel over strategy and evidence she believed

was helpful. Defense counsel has wide latitude to control trial strategy and tactics, in
No. 73324-9-1 (Consol. with No. 74228-1-l)/8

re Pers. Restraint of Stenson, 142 Wn.2d 710, 733, 16 P.3d 1 (2001). Disagreement

about defense strategy does not establish a complete collapse of communication

between counsel and client. See Cross, 156 Wn.2d at 606-09. Here, the record does

not suggest Carde and her counsel were unable to communicate. To the contrary,

Carde obviously engaged in discussions with her attorneys about strategy and the

evidence. There was no basis for the court to conclude that Carde and her attorneys

were "so at odds as to prevent presentation of an adequate defense." Stenson, 132

Wn.2d at 734.

Second, Carde does not challenge the adequacy of the inquiry. Nevertheless,

the record reflects the court allowed Carde to explain fully the reasons for her

dissatisfaction with counsel, and the trial court had before it the information necessary

to assess the merits of her request. See Schaller, 143 Wn. App. at 271; Varga, 151

Wn.2d at 200-01. "[A] trial court conducts adequate inquiry by allowing the defendant

and counsel to express their concerns fully." Schaller, 143 Wn. App. at 271.

Third, the timing of Carde's request and the effect on the trial schedule also

supports the court's decision. Granting the request to appoint new counsel would have

resulted in additional significant delay of an already long-delayed and complicated case.

By December 23, 2014, six weeks before trial, Johnson and Shotwell had nearly

completed preparation for trial, including review of more than 10,000 pages of discovery

and interviews of approximately 20 State witnesses. Further, Carde was equivocal

about further delay. While she expressed dissatisfaction with Johnson, she also

complained about the considerable time she had spent in custody and raised concerns
No. 73324-9-1 (Consol. with No. 74228-1-l)/9

about previous continuances and her right to a speedy trial. The trial court did not

abuse its discretion in denying the December 2014 motion to appoint new counsel.

Nor did the trial court abuse its discretion by denying the request to appoint new

counsel on the first day of trial. The court again conducted an adequate inquiry by

allowing Carde and her attorneys to fully air their concerns. Carde's attorneys told the

court they had discussed strategy and evidence with Carde numerous times, had

attempted to incorporate her views, and were prepared to proceed to trial.

As to the nature and extent of the conflict, the only new issue Carde raised was

her dissatisfaction with the defense trial brief and the response to aspects of the State's

brief. The defense submitted an extensive brief that included numerous motions to

exclude areas of testimony, documents, and e-mail messages. Carde did not

specifically state how the brief was deficient. As to Carde's particular objections to the

State's brief, her attorneys expressly addressed those concerns by moving to exclude

all evidence related to the Minnesota criminal charge, Carde's alleged flight from

Washington, and extradition.

While the record reflects a disagreement about strategic decisions, the record

does not demonstrate a complete breakdown in communication or in the relationship or

an irreconcilable conflict that affected the adequacy of representation. The court did not

abuse its discretion in denying Carde's renewed motion for new appointed counsel on

the first day of trial.

Restitution Order

Carde contends she is entitled to reversal of the restitution order. Carde argues

the trial court violated her right to retain counsel of her choice by denying her motion to
No. 73324-9-1 (Consol. with No. 74228-1-l)/10

continue the restitution hearing.

The restitution hearing was scheduled for September 15, 2015. At Carde's

request, the court continued the hearing until September 25. On September 25, Carde

requested another continuance to obtain additional information. The record shows

Carde wanted additional time to obtain evidence that she was not guilty of the crimes,

not to challenge the amount of restitution. The record also shows the arguments Carde

intended to raise were largely the same ones the jury rejected at trial.

For instance, as to one of the victims, who was deceased by the time of trial,

Carde wanted to present evidence showing the loans were personal and the victim did

not intend that Carde repay his family members.

With regard to another victim, Carde intended to argue, as she had at trial, that

the lease-to-purchase agreement did not obligate her to pay any rent until the sale

closed. Since the sale never occurred, Carde wanted to argue she did not commit theft

by failing to pay rent. Carde also maintained the victim had no right to collect rent

because bankruptcy trustees controlled the property.

As to a third victim, Carde wanted to obtain additional evidence to support her

argument that she lived in the home as a guest and was not obligated to pay rent.

Again, the jury rejected the same argument at trial.

Carde said she needed 30 days to gather information to support her claims. The

State opposed the continuance. The State argued the information Carde intended to

present was not relevant to the amount of restitution. The court stated, "I think the

strong presumption is there wouldn't be any additional continuance since there's been

two, and at this point we'll have all the relevant information that's been alluded to." But

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No. 73324-9-1 (Consol. with No. 74228-1-l)/11

the court granted the motion and continued the hearing to October 22. At Carde's

request and due to unspecified medical issues, the court continued the hearing to

November 10.

Carde appeared at the restitution hearing on November 10 with her appointed

counsel and private attorney Barry Flegenheimer. Carde asked the court to substitute

private counsel for her appointed counsel. The request was contingent on granting a

continuance. Flegenheimer told the court that Carde's family had "recently" secured

funds to hire him and Carde had described a "number of issues" that she wanted him to

investigate for the restitution hearing. Flegenheimer did not indicate how long of a

continuance would be required but acknowledged he would need "some time" to

prepare. Appointed counsel Johnson stated he learned about the motion only that day

and did not oppose it.

Carde informed the court that "some" material she wished to present at the

restitution hearing could be obtained only by means of a subpoena and her attorneys

had failed to assist her in this regard. She claimed there was evidence that could

"exonerate" or at least "attenuate" restitution. But Carde did not identify or describe the

evidence.

The court denied the motion.

As accurately stated earlier, this restitution matter has been continued a

number of times, always at the Defense request. And I granted that so as

to allow full opportunity for investigation and airing of any concerns.

Moreover, and this is a very general statement, but it was my

understanding that many of the arguments against the requested

restitution amounts involved the very defenses that were forwarded

thoroughly at trial.

This court knows these Defense Counsel still of record to be

competent and served in that capacity at trial. In other words, there's no

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No. 73324-9-1 (Consol. with No. 74228-1-l)/12

adequate showing or good cause before this Court to grant the request to

substitute private counsel. Motion is denied.

Carde interrupted to argue she needed more time to show the State was relying

on "fraudulent" information. The court reminded Carde it had granted a continuance six

weeks earlier precisely to allow her the full opportunity to obtain the evidence necessary

to challenge the amount of restitution. Yet in the six weeks since the last continuance,

Carde had not obtained any new information to present to the court.

The State initially sought restitution for four victims. At the November 10 hearing,

the prosecutor told the court the State was no longer requesting restitution for one of the

victims. Relying on the same arguments asserted at trial, Carde's counsel objected to

restitution for each of the three victims. Defense counsel asked the court to disregard

the jury verdict and find "as a matter of law" that the facts did not support the requested

restitution. The court imposed restitution in the amount requested by the State of

approximately $220,000.

Carde claims the court's decision to deny her motion to substitute private

counsel is contrary to the Washington State Supreme Court decision in State v.

Hampton. 184 Wn.2d 656, 361 P.3d 734 (2015), cert, denied, 136 S. Ct 1718, 194 L

Ed. 2d 816 (2016).

A defendant who does not require appointed counsel generally has a Sixth

Amendment right to counsel of choice. Hampton, 184 Wn.2d at 662. However, this

right is not absolute. Hampton, 184 Wn.2d at 663. When a court considers a

continuance for the purpose of allowing a defendant to retain counsel of her choice, it

may balance that right against the demands of its calendar and the public's interest in

the prompt and efficient administration of justice. Hampton, 184 Wn.2d at 663. " The

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No. 73324-9-1 (Consol. with No. 74228-1-l)/13

resolution of this balancing exercise falls squarely within the discretion of the trial

court.'" Hampton, 184 Wn.2d at 663 (quoting State v. Aguirre, 168 Wn.2d 350, 365,

229 P.3d 669 (2010)). We review a trial court's decision to deny a continuance to

determine whether the denial was " 'so arbitrary as to violate due process.'" Hampton,

184 Wn.2d at 663 (quoting Ungar v. Sarafite. 376 U.S. 575, 589, 84 S. Ct. 841, 11 L.

Ed. 2d 921 (1964)).

In Hampton, the court identified 11 factors the trial court should consider in

determining whether to grant a continuance to allow substitution of private counsel:

"(1) whether the request came at a point sufficiently in advance of trial

to permit the trial court to readily adjust its calendar;

(2) the length of the continuance requested;

(3) whether the continuance would carry the trial date beyond the

period specified in the state speedy trial act;

(4) whether the court had granted previous continuances at the

defendant's request;

(5) whether the continuance would seriously inconvenience the

witnesses;

(6) whether the continuance request was made promptly after the

defendant first became aware of the grounds advanced for

discharging his or her counsel;

(7) whether the defendant's own negligence placed him or her in a

situation where he or she needed a continuance to obtain new

counsel;

(8) whether the defendant had some legitimate cause for

dissatisfaction with counsel, even though it fell short of likely

incompetent representation;

(9) whether there was a 'rational basis' for believing that the defendant

was seeking to change counsel 'primarily for the purpose of delay';

(10) whether the current counsel was prepared to go to trial;

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No. 73324-9-1 (Consol. with No. 74228-1-l)/14

(11) whether denial of the motion was likely to result in identifiable

prejudice to the defendant's case of a material or substantial

nature."

Hampton. 184 Wn.2d at 669-70 (quoting 3 Wayne R. Lafave et al., Criminal

Procedure § 11.4(c), at 718-20 (3d ed. 2007)).

The court acknowledged that "these situations are highly fact dependent" and the

court is not required to apply any mechanical test. Hampton, 361 P.3d at 669. Further,

"[n]ot all factors will be present in all cases, and thus a trial court need not evaluate

every factor in every case." Hampton, 184 Wn.2d at 670.

Although the Supreme Court issued its decision in Hampton nine days after the

trial court ruled on Carde's request for a continuance, the record shows the trial court

considered many of the 11 factors set forth in Hampton, and virtually all of the factors

support the trial court's decision to deny Carde's last-minute request for another

continuance.

At Carde's request, the court had granted three previous continuances. Carde's

request for a fourth continuance on the date of the restitution hearing was untimely. On

the day of the restitution hearing, Carde's appointed counsel Johnson was prepared to

proceed. Although neither Carde nor retained counsel Flegenheimer stated the exact

length of the continuance needed, the restitution hearing had already been continued

beyond the 180-day statutory deadline and granting Carde's request would have

resulted in substantial further delay.

Carde expressed no legitimate cause for dissatisfaction with appointed counsel.

Carde cited counsel's unwillingness to obtain subpoenas as the reason to retain new

counsel. But as the trial court observed, Carde was seeking to present evidence

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No. 73324-9-1 (Consol. with No. 74228-1-l)/15

relevant to arguments the jury rejected at trial and not relevant to the amount of

restitution. Accordingly, denial ofCarde's motion resulted in no identifiable prejudice of

a material or substantial nature.

Carde also offers no explanation as to why she did not obtain documentation or

information despite the previous six-week continuance. And according to Carde, only

some documents she wanted to obtain required a subpoena.

Consistent with the factors identified in Hampton, the trial court did not abuse its

discretion in denying Carde's motion for a continuance of the restitution hearing to allow

newly retained counsel to represent her. The denial of Carde's request was not

arbitrary and did not violate her right to due process.

Carde also contends that under the Sixth Amendment to the United States

Constitution and article I, section 21 of the Washington State Constitution, she is

entitled to a jury determination of the amount of restitution. We disagree. In State v.

Kinneman, 155 Wn.2d 272, 282, 119 P.3d 350 (2005), the Washington Supreme Court

held, "There is no right to a jury trial to determine facts on which restitution is based

under RCW 9.94A.753."

Carde also characterizes restitution as "damages" and claims she is entitled to a

jury determination under Sofie v. Fibreboard Corp., 112Wn.2d. 636, 771 P.2d711,780

P.2d 260 (1989). But Sofie is inapposite.3

Statement of Additional Grounds

Carde filed a statement of additional grounds challenging the trial court decisions

denying her requests for new appointed counsel. Because appellate counsel's briefing

3No authority supports Carde's argument that the analysis in Sofieapplies in a criminal setting to

the determination of restitution.

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adequately addresses this argument, we need not address it. See State v. Gomez. 152

Wn. App. 751, 754, 217 P.3d 391 (2009). To the extent she also alleges fraud and

unethical conduct on the part of the prosecutor or ineffective assistance of counsel, her

claims appear to involve matters outside the trial record. Accordingly, we cannot

consider them on direct appeal. See State v. McFarland, 127 Wn.2d 322, 335, 899

P.2d 1251 (1995).

We affirm the judgment and sentence and the order of restitution.4

WE CONCUR:

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4Carde asks this court to deny appellate costs. After considering the nonexclusive factors in

State v. Sinclair, 192 Wn. App. 380, 393, 367 P.3d 612 (2016), we exercise our discretion to not award

costs.

16