### In the absence of th e s e data, the aerobic soil metabolism half

- life is tripled to conservatively estimate the model input for aerobic soil metabolism.

2) Aerobic aquatic metabolism (O CSPP guideline # 835.4300)

. Acceptable data are availabl e for only one aerobic aquatic metabolism study. The guideline stipulates that studies using at least two sediment

- water systems that are similar to the p otential use sites in the United States be submitted. In the absence of th e s e data, the aerobic aquatic metabolism half

- life is tripled to conservatively estimate the model input for aerobic aquatic metabolism

.
3) Anaerobic aquatic metabolism (OCSPP guideli ne # 835.4400)

. Acceptable data are available for only one anaerobic aquatic metabolism study. The guideline stipulates that studies using at least two sediment

- water systems that are similar to the potential use sites in the United States be submitted. In the absence of th e s e data, the an aerobic aquatic metabolism half

- life is tripled to conservatively estimate the model input for an aerobic aquatic metabolism.

4) Terrestrial field dissipation (OCSPP guideline # 835.6100)

. Given the large number of regi stered uses for cypermethrin and zeta

- cypermethrin

, two terrestrial field dissipation studies are insufficient to describe the environmental fate across the entire U.S.

The available effects data are considered incomplete for the purposes of risk assessment. The following data gaps exist:

1) Avian acute oral toxicity (O CSPP guideline # 850.2100). Avian acute oral toxicity data are not available for passerines, which are required under the new 40 CFR Part 158.

2) Avian reproduction (OCSPP guideline # 850.2300). Though reproduction data is available for cypermethrin, the maximum treatment level tested (50 ppm) in the acceptable studies , which did not show adverse effects at the highest treatment level, is below expected exposure from use on cotton (66 ppm on short grass). An additional study is needed to characterize reproductive effects under real world exposure scenarios.

3) Freshwater fish acute toxicity test with TEP ( Non

- Guideline 1 , 2

1 

### The DCI will indicate that TEP studies on freshwater invertebrates and freshwater fish are required on coformulated products containing the highest ratio of the synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) to permethrin and the highest ratio of the synergist MGK

- 264 to permethrin. ). No acceptable acute studies for cypermethrin TEP with synergist s (PBO or MGK) have been submitted for fish. Since cypermethrin can be directly applied to water via application to cattle livestock , EPA needs data on the formulated product s containing synergists. W ithout toxicity data on the range of TEPs produced, th e Agency wou l d have to presume acute toxicity to listed and non

- listed fish and aquatic

- phase amphibians, but would not be able to quantify the risk. The TEP should correspond to those formulated products that are

2 

### The DCI will require that a study protocol be submitted for review and approval by the Agency prior to this study being initiated.

### labeled for outdoor uses with the greates t potential for aquatic exposures and contain the highest synergist:a.i. ratio.

4) Freshwater invertebrate acute toxicity test with TEP ( Non

- Guideline 3 , 4 

### ). Acute water column tests with Hyallela azteca have been requested in pyrethroid problem formulations b ased on the increased sensitivity of this species to pyrethroid insecticides. The 850.1020 test guideline for Gammarid amphipods is recommended with appropriate modifications to address specific testing needs of H. azteca

. The registrant should submit
a p rotocol prior to test initiation or submit any open literature studies that may fulfill this data gap. The TEP should correspond to those formulated products that are labeled for outdoor uses with the greatest potential for aquatic exposures and contain t he highest synergist:a.i. ratio.

5) Whole sediment chronic invertebrates (in prep OCSPP guideline #s 850.1760, 850.1770, and 850.1780). No chronic or sediment toxicity tests for freshwater or marine invertebrates have been submitted for cypermethrin to satisfy the Agency’s updated data requirements for outdoor uses in 40 CFR Part 158 (October 26, 2007). C hronic whole sediment tests on Hyalella azteca

, Chironomus tentans , and Leptocheirus plumulosus are requested.

6) Vegetative vigor and seedling emergence (OSCPP guideline #s 850.4150 and 850.4250) 5



### . No acceptable toxicity data are currently available to assess the risk of cypermethrin to

non

- target terrestrial plants. Since cypermethrin ha s many outdoor uses, vegetative vigor and seedling emergence studies are needed . In addition, four minor terrestrial plant incidents have been reported to the Agency involving cypermethrin

. Phytotoxicity data are needed to assess the impact of cypermethrin on non

- target terrestrial plants

.
7) Aquatic plant growth (OSCPP g ui d e line #s 850.4400 and 850.5400) 5



### . No acceptable toxicity data are currently available to assess the risk of cypermethrin to non

- target aquatic nonvascular and vascular plants. Since cypermethrin has many outdoor uses, aquatic plant growth toxicity stud ies are requested with either cypermethrin technical or a typical end

- use product.

Additional detail on the current data gaps for environmental fate and effect s is provided in Section 7.9.

3 

### The DCI will indicate that TEP studies on freshwater invertebrates and freshwater fish are required on coformulated products containing the highest ratio of the synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) to permethrin and the highest ratio of the synergist MGK

- 26 4 to permethrin.
4 

### The DCI will require that a study protocol be submitted for review and approval by the Agency prior to this study being initiated.
5 

### A Tier II study is required. The DCI will provide that a Tier I plant study may be conducted in lieu of a Tier II study with the understanding that any adverse effects observed by the Tier I study would necessitate conduct and submission of a Tier II study as well.

### 2 Table of Contents

1 Purpose

................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 3 2 Problem Formulation

................................ ................................ ................................ .. 4 2.1 Nature o f Regulatory Action

................................ ................................ ................ 4 2.2 Previous Risk Assessments and Scientific Advisory Panels

................................ 5 3 Stressor Source and Distribution

................................ ................................ ................ 9 3.1 Mechanism of Action

................................ ................................ ......................... 14 3.2 Over view of Pesticide Usage

................................ ................................ ............. 15 3.3 Environmental Fate and Transport

................................ ................................ ..... 30 4 Receptors

................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 33 4.1 Aquatic and Terr estrial Effects

................................ ................................ .......... 33 4.1.1 Terrestrial Species

................................ ................................ ....................... 34 4.1.2 Aquatic Species

................................ ................................ ........................... 36 4.1.3 Plan ts

................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 42 4.2 Incident Database Review

................................ ................................ .................. 43 4.3 Ecosystems Potentially at Risk

................................ ................................ .......... 45 5 Assessment Endpoints

................................ ................................ .............................. 45 6 Conceptual Model

................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 46 6.1 Risk Hypothesis

................................ ................................ ................................ .. 46 6.2 Conceptual Diagram

................................ ................................ ........................... 47 7 Analysis Plan

................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 52 7.1 Stressors of Concern

................................ ................................ ........................... 53 7.2 Meas ures of Exposure

................................ ................................ ........................ 53 7.3 Measures of Effect

................................ ................................ ............................. 58 7.4 Integration of Exposure and Effects

................................ ................................ ... 59 7.5 Deterministic and Probabilistic Assessment Methods

................................ ....... 59 7.6 Endangered Species Assessments

................................ ................................ ...... 59 7.7 Drinking Water Assessment

................................ ................................ ............... 60 7. 8 Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program

................................ ........................... 60 7.9 Preliminary Identification of Data Gaps

................................ ............................ 61 7.9.1 7.9.1. Environmental Fate Data Gaps

................................ ......................... 61 7.9.2 7.9.2 Effects

................................ ................................ ................................ 62 8 References

................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 68 9 Fate and Ecotoxicity Bibliography

................................ ................................ ........... 70 Appendix A. PRD Data Request Justification Tables

................................ .................... 98 Appendix B. Reported Cypermethrin Ecological Incident Summaries in the EIIS Database

................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 100

### 3 1 Purpose

The purpose of this problem formulation is to provide the foundation for the ecological risk assessment being conducted for the registered uses of cypermethrin and zeta

- cypermethrin . As such, it articulates the purpose and objectives of the risk assessment, evaluates the nature of the problem, and provides a plan for analyzing the data and charac terizing the risk ( US EPA, 1998). Additionally, this problem formulation is intended to identify data gaps, uncertainties and potential assumptions needed to address those uncertainties in characterizing the ecological risk associated with the registered u ses of racemic cypermethrin (henceforth referred to in this document as “cypermethrin”) and zeta

- cypermethrin

. Since the analytical methods do not distinguish cypermethrin from zeta

- cypermethrin, the toxicological endpoints are the same, and the environmen tal fate data has been bridged, this problem formulation will refer to both chemicals as “cypermethrins”, where appropriate.

Cypermethrin and zeta

- cypermethrin ( PC Code s 109702 and 129 064 ) a re broad

- spectrum insecticide s used in four major sectors: agricultural settings, commercial/industrial/institutional/food & non

- food/mosquito abatement, domestic home and garden, and pet care. Agricultural products are restricted use, while residential, commercial, and industrial prod ucts are general use. Cypermethrin is a combination of 8 ster e oisomers with percentage compositions ranging from 11

- 14%. Zeta

- cypermethrin is an enriched enantiomer ic mixture of cypermethrin consisting of 4 ster e oisomers at a concentration of 24% each and 4 insecticidally less active ster e oisomers at a con ce n tration of 1% each. The mode of action of the cypmerethrins is as a fast

- acting neurotoxin in insects. It is now well established that severe neurological symptoms of poisoning with pyrethroids in mammals and insects are the result of modification of sodium (Na + 

### ) channel activity (cellular pores through which sodium ions are permitted to enter the axon to cause excitation) (Matsumura 1985). For the structure s of cypermethrin and zeta

- cypermethrin a nd further identification information, refer to Figure s 3

- 1 and 3

- 2 and Table 3.1

.
Cypermethrin is formulated as a pressurized liquid, wettable powder , emulsifiable concentrate and ready

- to

- use solution. Zeta

- cypermethrin is formulated in many granular forms, as emulsifiable, flowab le and soluble concentrates, and ready

- to

- use solution. B ased on the R eregistration E ligibility D ecision [RED] (USEPA 2006 b ) , app l ication metho d s in agricultural and non

- agricultural uses are diverse, and include: aircraft, chemigation, groundboom, airblast equipment, handheld equipment (e.g., low pressure, handwand sprayers, backpack sprayers, hose end sprayers, and handgun sprayers), paintbrushes, termiticide injectors, ready

- to

- use (RTU) aerosol cans, indoor fogg ers, pump

- trigger sprayers, impregnated wipes, and eartags.

For agriculture uses, the maximum application rate range s from 0.4 lb . a.i./acre to 3.4 lbs. a.i./acre with a minimum retreatment interval ranging from 3

- 7 days and a pre

- harvest interval (PHI) ranging from 1 to 14 days. The maximum application rate for n on

- agricultural uses is 0.44 lb . a.i./acre, for applications to lawns and turf. Cypermethrin may be applied year

- round ; thu s, in some regions of the United States more than one application seaso n per year is possible. Because target species could develop resistance to cypermethrin , it appears that multiple seasons at the maximum seasonal rate are unlikely

. According to BEAD’s Chemical Profile for

### 4 cypermethrin and zeta

- cypermethrin

, “ Based on pr ivate market pesticide usage data from 1998

- 2010, [agricultural] usage for cypermethrin averaged approximately 100,000 pound s active ingredient (a.i.) for 1.6 million acres treated. [Agricultural] [u]sage for zeta

- cypermethrin averaged approximately 90,000 poun d s a.i. for 3.7 million acres. (Proprietary Data, 2005

- 2010). Furthermore, the usage data indicates that for non

- agricu ltural use

, “data are available for usage by pest control operators and lawn care operators, and for uses such as landscape, nursery/greenhouse, and foodhandling establishments. Generally, over the reported years (2000 through 2008), the majority of use wa s by pest control operators which used more than 500,000 pounds a.i. in 2000, and more than 400,000 pounds a.i. in 2003. Use by lawn care operators was
appro x imately 11,000 pounds a.i. in 2006, while food handling establishments used approximately 3,000 po unds a.i. in 2005, and close to 4,000 pounds a.i. in 2008 (Kline & Co., Inc. 2000

- 2008)”.

2 Problem Formulation

2.1 Nature of Regulatory Action

This report i s the Environmental Fate and Effects Division’s (EFED) Problem Formulation for the Registration Revi ew of the cypermethrins . Previous risk assessments were completed for the

use of these chemical s , which serve as the basis for this document

.
The Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) of 1996 mandated the EPA to implement registration review ( http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/registration_review/ ). All pesticides distributed or sold in the United States generally must be registered by the EPA. The decision to register a pesticide is based on the consideration of scientific data and other factors showing that it will not cause unreasonable risks to human health, workers, or the environment when used as directed on product labeling. In addition, it must not be expected to cause unreasonable adverse effects to human health through the dietary and residential routes of exposure un der the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA). The registration review program is intended to ensure that, as the ability to assess risk evolves and as policies and practices change, all registered pesticides continue to meet the statutory standard of no unreasonable adverse effects to human health and the environment. Changes in science, public policy, and pesticide use practices will occur over time. Through the registration review program, the Agency periodically reevaluates pesticides to make sure that as change occurs, products in the marketplace can be used safely.

As part o f the implementation of the Registration Review program pursuant to Section 3(g) of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), the Agency is conducting an evaluation to determine whether the cypermethrins continue to meet the FIFRA standard for registration. This problem formulation for the environmental fate and e cological risk assessment chapter

, in support of the registration review

, is intended for the initial docket opening the public phase of the review process.

### 5 2.2 Previous Risk Assessments and Scientific Advisory Panels

Cypermethrin was first registered in 1984 by FMC Corporation, who also subsequently registered the isomer enriched zeta

- cypermethrin in 1992. Current technical registrants for the cypermethrin s include FMC, Syngenta, United Phosphorus International, and Va lent BioSciences. Data for the two active ingredients are considered interchangeable.

T he most recent review performed for the cypermethrin s was t he national

- level EFED chapter of the Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document ( EFED RED, d ated July 30th 2005; DP Barcode: D289427 ). The review indicated risk concerns for freshwater and estuarine/ marine organisms, including benthic organisms. The RED evaluated six crop scenarios using the technical grade active ingredient ( TGAI ) (CA cotton, MS co tton , NC cotton , TX cotton, GA pecans, and CA lettuce (head) )

. For the agricultural uses, model

- generated exposure values suggested that application rates can result in acute risk to fish and aquatic invertebrates (freshwater and estuarine/ marine) with triggers that included acute risk, restricted use and endangered species concern, depending on the crop scenario and endpoint assessed. A lthough concern for estuarine/ marine endangered invertebrate s was triggered, EFED noted there we re no listed species under thi s category . H owever, it appears that at the present time there are listed estuarine/ marine species. Evaluating chronic risk from this exposure scenario showed that the level of concern (LOC) triggers were exceeded for freshwater and estuarine/ marine inv ertebrates and freshwater fish, depending on the crop scenario. Estuarine/ marine fish RQs did not exceed the chronic LOC.

In th e RED risk assessment, acute and chronic risk estimates did not exceed the LOCs for listed

or non

- listed mammalian and avian species , except for small birds and mammals feeding primarily on short grass (cotton use only)

. Although the Agency d id not conduct a quantitative risk assessmen t for beneficial insects at the time

, toxicity studies with honey bees show that the cypermethrin s are highly toxic on an acute contact basis . This suggests that the cypermethrin are toxic to nontarget beneficial insects, as well as listed insect species.

In addition to the RED, there have been multiple Section 3 New Use Risk Assessments completed for zeta

- cypermethrin (e.g., DP Barcodes: D345424, D378755, D378762, D378759, D385091, D385093, D385094, D248635, D258796, D258797, D258798, D258807, D258809, and D258810) . Risks identified in these assessments were similar to those identified in the RED.

1999 Scientific Advisory Panel 1 

### A FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel (SAP) in 1999 examined the sediment toxicity and fate of synthetic pyrethroids. In response to a question regarding whether sediment toxicity data on one pyrethroid (cypermethrin) could be used to predict sediment toxicit y to all pyrethroids, the panel generally supported the method of using data from a few pyrethroids to extrapolate information on toxicity to other pyrethroids. The panel recommended testing cypermethrin, bifenthrin (relatively non

- toxic to freshwater aqu atic organisms, very insoluble in water, large bioconcentration factor) and possibly tefluthrin (highly toxic to freshwater aquatic organisms, stable in water, intermediate solubility in water to cypermethrin and bifenthrin). Although this

1 http://www.epa.gov/scipoly/sap/meetings/1999/022399_mtg.htm.

### 6 agreement was m ade in 1999, the new CFR Part 158 requirements include sediment toxicity tests and these studies are considered particularly important for ecological risk assessment of all synthetic pyrethroids.

While the biota

- sediment

- accumulation

- factor is a widely a ccepted method of assessment of bioaccumulation in sediment organisms, the Panel indicated that the bioconcentration data for Daphnia and Hyalella should be sufficient to predict bioconcentration of pyrethroids. Finally, the Panel indicated that use of a solid phase microextraction (SPME) method to determine the dissolved concentration in water could be used to account for sorption of pyrethroids to organic carbon and colloids present in the water column in the measurement of bioconcentration factors.

In 2003 and in response to the comments from the SAP on pyrethroids, EFED requested the following studies on the pyrethroids cyfluthrin, cypermethrin s , esfenvalerate and bifenthrin (Rexrode & Meléndez, memorandum dated 12/22/03):

850.1735: Acute Sediment (fr eshwater)

- Test organism: Hyalella azteca and Chironomus dilutus

.

- Duration: 10 days, endpoint is survival.

EFED has received these studies and is currently in the process of reviewing them.T hey will be incorporated into the risk assessment.

EPA/600/R01/020: Chronic Estuarine/Marine Sediment Testing

- 28 day test on Leptocheirus plumulosus

.

- Percentage of neonates that survive as adults.

- Growth rate.

- Reproduction (#eggs/ female, etc .).

- Behavior.

A chronic 65

- day freshwater test was also requested only for the cypermethrin s

. This study has not yet been submitted to the Agency.

EPA/600/R

- 991064: Chronic Freshwater Sediment Testing

- 65 day test on Chironomus dilutus

.

- Survival.

- Growth rate.

- Re production (# eggs/ female, time to oviposition, proportion of females ovipositing, % hatch).

This study has not yet been submitted to the Agency.

2009 Scientific Advisory Panel OPP presented a “Proposed Common Mechanism Grouping for the Pyrethrins and S ynthetic Pyrethroids ” to a FIFRA SAP in June 2009. OPP proposed two subgroups based on Type I or Type II effects related to sodium current tails and neurobehavioral impact, with esfenvalerate and

### 7 fenpropathrin showing symptoms of both types. The panel agreed with OPP and indicated that substances with mixed characteristics could be included in both groups (see p. 18 of SAP minutes, USEPA 2009)

. The c ypermethrin s are a Type I I pyrethroid insecticide

, with a cyano

substitution in the alpha

- position. Oth er Type II pyrethroids include cyfluthrin, d e ltamethrin, cyphenothrin, fenvalerate, and fluvalinate. T his mechanism of action assessment was performed by OPP /HED and presented to the SAP to determine if a cumulative human health assessment is required for the synthetic pyrethroids

. Information on the SAP is available in the docket (with

non

- copyright material available at http://www.regulations.gov ) under EPA

- HQ

- OPP

- 2008

- 0489. HED conducted a conservative screening l evel cumulative risk assessment in 2011, which is also available in the docket under EPA

- HQ

- OPP

- 2011

- 0746.

EFED does not currently conduct cumulative ecological risk assessments for several reasons. Specifically, the Division does not currently have the methodology to conduct similar cumulative risk assessments for all of the (non

- human) biological entities for which EFED has responsibility. In addition to addressing the toxicological aspects of the cumulative effects of multiple pyrethroids to multiple biological entities, a cumulative ecological risk assessment would likely require consideration of exposure at a watershed scale in order to incorporate spatial and temporal variability in pyrethroid applications into cumulative exposure assessment. EFED does not have the modeling tools developed for conducting this type of assessment. However, EFED will consider open literature, currently available models and other lines

- of

- evidence ( e.g. , monitoring data) as available, to address the potential for cumula tive effects of pyrethroids and pyrethrins in the risk description of the ecological risk assessment for the cypermethrins.

National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Cypermethrin s are included in the NAWQA sampling and analysis program ( http://infotrek.er.usgs.gov/apex , accessed 12/09/2011). It was measured in 6.7% of water samples as “code 61586, Cypermethrin_ water_ filtered_ recoverable_ micrograms per liter .” 

### Because cypermethrin s are exp ected to partition to sediments (and therefore suspended solids), it is not expected to be found in filtered water samples. Cypermethrin s were measured , at a detection limit below 1 ppb, in a combination of surface water and ground water samples in all 50 states except Alaska, Arkansas, the D istrict of Columbia, and North Dakota, Table 2.1 below gives the total number of samples analyzed in each state.

Table 2.1. Number of NAWQA Water Samples analyzed for Cypermethrin s State No. of Water Samples State No. of Water Samples AL 62 MO 41 AK 0 MT 35 AZ 64 NE 98 AR 0 NV 65 CA >500 NH 18 CO 197 NJ 147 CT 87 NM 180 DE 14 NY 119 DC 0 NC 118 FL 215 ND 0 GA 195 OH 79

### 8 HI 15 OK 11 ID 124 OR 64 IL 166 PA 15 IN 124 RI 5 IA 200 SC 116 KS 42 SD 2 KY 2 TN 105 LA 89 TX 345 ME 31 UT 99 MD 80 VT 3 MA 81 VA 69 MI 117 WA 240 MN 153 WV 5 MS 62 WI 125 WY 125



### A total of f ive ( 5 ) samples were found to have cypermethrin s above the detection limit, as detailed in Table 2.2 below. Four of the five detections were in surface water. All detections were well below one part

- per

- billion. However, these concentrations exceed the 96

- hour LC 50 

### for Mysid shrimp (0.00475 ppb), and the 96

- hour EC 50 

### (0.0036 ppb) and the 10

- day LC 50 

### (0.00257 ppb pore water) for Hyalella azteca ( Table 4.2 )

.

Table 2.2. Detections of Cypermethrin s in NAWQA Water Samples State Location Station Cypermethrin, ppb CA Merced county, San Joaquin

Tulare Basin Culvert discharge to Mustang C A Monte Vista Ave, Sta. ID 373115120382801 0.0175

OR Marion county, Willamette basin Zollner Creek near Mt. Angel, OR, Sta ID 14201300 0.0062

TN Cocke county, Tennessee River Basin Nolichucky River near Lowland, Sta. ID 03467609 0.0125

TX Montgomery county, Place name TS

- 60

- 53

- 725 Sta. ID 300825095274801 (ground water) 0.0086

UT Salt Lake county, Great Salt Lake Basin Little Cottonwood Creek @ Jordan River Nr SLC 0.0094



### Aquatic Life Criteria and Aquatic Life Benchmarks The Clean Water Act requires the Agency to publish water quality criteria that accurately reflect the latest scientific knowledge on the kind and extent of all identifiable effects on health and welfare which might be expected from the presence of pollutan ts in any body of water, including ground water. While these recommended criteria do not, in themselves, impose any requirements, states and authorized tribes can use them to develop water quality standards. The US EPA Aquatic Life Ambient Water Quality Cr iteria document may be found at http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/ ( accessed 12 / 06 /11 ). No criteria for cypermethrin have been published.

For the cypermethrins

, OPP has publishe d aquatic life benchmarks for freshwater species, based on the most sensitive species from the most recent risk assessments ( refer to the following site http:/ /www.epa.gov/oppefed1/ecorisk_ders/aquatic_life_benchmark.htm#benchmarks accessed

### 9 12 / 06 /11 ). The benchmarks are 0.195 ppb (fish acute), 0.14 ppb (fish chronic), 0.21 ppb (invertebrate acute), and 0.069 ppb (invertebrate chronic).

The Water Quality Crite ria Report for Cypermethrin, prepared by University of California at Davis for The Central Regional Water Quality Control Board provides aquatic life criteria for freshwater species in the Sacramento River and San Joaquin River basins (report can be found at http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb5/water_issues/tmdl/central_valley_projects/central_valley_pesti cides/criteria_meth od/index.shtml accessed 12/19/2011). The report determined that aquatic life should not be impacted if the four

- day average concentration of cypermethrin s does not exceed 0.002 ppb and if the one

- hour average concentration does not exceed 0.001 ppb more th an once every three years.

Impaired Water Bodies The cypermethrins are not identified as a cause of impairment for any water bodies listed as impaired under section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act 2 

### . In addition, no Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDL) have been developed for the cypermethrins 3 

### . More information on impaired water bodies and TMDLs can be found at the Agency’s website 4 

### . The Agency invites submission of water quality data for this pesticide. To the extent possible, data should conform to the quality standards in Appendix A of the OPP Standard Operating Procedure: Inclusion of Impaired Water Body and Other Water Quality Data in OPP’s Registration Review Risk Assessment and Management Process 5 

### in order to ensure they can be used quantitatively o r qualitatively in pesticide risk assessments.

3 Stressor Source and Distribution

Cypermethrin (CAS number 52315

- 07

- 8) is a pyrethroid pesticide prepared from the esterification of 3

- phenoxybenzaldehyde and 3

- (2,2

- dichlorovinyl)

- 2,2

- dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid. It consists of a mixture of four diastereoisomers, each of which is present as a pair of enantiomers, resulting in eight geometrical and optical isomers. Cypermethrin is used to control many pests, including those of cotton, fruit, and v egetable crops. It also has several non

agricultural uses, such as for crack, crevice, and spot treatment to control insect pests in stores, warehouses, industrial buildings, houses, apartment buildings, greenhouses, laboratories, and on ships, railcars, b uses, trucks, and aircraft. It may also be used in non

- food areas in schools, nursing homes, hospitals, restaurants, hotels, in food processing plants, and to control insects on horses. Cypermethrin is usually formulated as an emulsifiable concentrate or wettable powder for agriculatural applications , and is usually applied by ground or aerial application as a foliar spray. Like all pyrethroids, cypermethrin affects insects by acting as a neural toxin that can result in muscle spasms, paralysis and death.

Table 3.1 provides some identification information for cypermethrin and zeta

- cypermethrin

. The general structure s of both compounds are provided in Figure s 3

- 1 and 3

- 2

.

2 http://iaspub.epa.gov/tmdl_waters10/attains_nation_cy.cause_detail_303d?p_cause_group_id=885

3 http://iaspub.e pa.gov/tmdl_waters10/attains_nation.tmdl_pollutant_detail?p_pollutant_group_id=885&p_pollutant_group_name=PESTICIDES

4 http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/

5 http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/registration_review/water_quality_sop.htm

### 10 Figure 3

- 1. The general structure of cypermethrin

Cypermethrin is a combination of 8 stereoisomers with percentage compositions ranging from 11

- 14%, and very low volatility and water solubility. Zeta

- cypermethrin is an enriched enantiomer of cypermethrin consisting of the 4 stereoisomers with an “S” configuration at the
cyano

- bearing carbon at 24% each, and 4 insecticidally less active stereoisomers at a concentration of 1% each. Since the analytical method does not distinguish cypermethrin fr om zeta

- cypermethrin, and the toxicological endpoints are the same, the Agency’s environmental fate assessment consider s both cypermethrins

.

### 11 Figure 3

- 2. S pecific s tructures of each of the isomers of zeta

- cypermethrin

Table 3.1. Identification information for cypermethrin and zeta

- cypermethrin

PARAMETER VALUE(s) SOURCES

SMILES notation ClC(Cl)=CC1C(C)(C)C1C(=O)OC(C#N)c2cccc(Oc3ccccc3)c2

Nomenclature of

Cypermethrin (IUPAC Names) ( RS )

- α

- cyano

- 3

- phenoxybenzyl (1 RS ,3 RS ,1 RS ,3 SR )

- 3

- (d,d

- dichlorovinyl)

- 2,2

- dimethylcyclopropanecorboxylate Cypermethrin:

mixture of the stereoisomers ( S )

- α

- cyano

- 3

- phenoxybenzyl (1 RS ,3 RS ;1 RS ,3 SR )

- 3

- (2,2

- dichlorovinyl)

- 2,2

- dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate where the ratio of the ( S );(1 RS ,3 RS ) isomeric pair to the ( S );(1 RS ,3 SR ) isomeric

pair lies in the ratio range 45

- 55 to 55

- 45 respectively Zeta

- cypermethrin: USEPA 2006b

Nomenclature of

Cypermethrin (CAS Names) cyano(3

- phenoxyphenyl)methyl 3

- (2,2

- dichloroetheny l)

- 2,2

- dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate Cypermethrin:

( S )

- cyano(3

- phenoxyphenyl)methyl 3

- (2,2

- Zeta

- cypermethrin: USEPA 2006b

### 12 Table 3.1. Identification information for cypermethrin and zeta

- cypermethrin

PARAMETER VALUE(s) SOURCES dichloroethenyl)

- 2,2

- dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate

PC Code 109702 Cypermethrin:

129064 Zeta

- cypermethrin: USEPA 2006b

CAS Reg. Nos. 52315

- 07

- 8 USEPA 2006b

Molecular Formula C 22 H 19 Cl 2 NO USEPA 2006b 3 Molecular Weight 416.3 USEPA 2006b The structures of cypermethrin and zeta

- cypermethrin from the chemical’s data sheet accessed 12/06/2011 and available
at http://www.alanwood.net/pesticides.html

.



### C ypermethrins ’ water solubility of 4.0x10 - 3 

### mg/L and its hydrophobic nature leads to strong soil adsorption and a tendency to partition to sediment in aquatic systems. The reported log octanol/water partition coefficient value (6.4) suggests that the cypermethrin s have the potential to bioaccumulat e in aquatic organisms, assuming that chemical metabolism is negligible. The

c ypermethrin s have a high molecular weight of 416.3 g/mmol. With a vapor pressure of 2.5x10 - 9 

### mm Hg and a limited solubility, the calculated Henry’s Law Constant for the cypermeth rin s is relativiely low (3.4x10 - 7 

### atm

- m 3 

### /mol). Table 3.2 lists various important physicochemical characteristics of the chemical s

. Table 3.1 4 lists available environmental fate characteristics of the cypermethrin s , along with information on the major and minor degradates detected in the submitted environmental fate studies

.

Table 3.2. Physical and Chemical Properties of the Cypermethrin s .
Property Value Reference

Water solubility 4.0x10 - 3 mg/L Laskowski (2002)

Melting point 78

- 81 o C Tomlin 1994

Boiling point 200 o C at 9.3 Pa Tomlin 1994

Vapor pressure 2.5x10 - 9 mm Hg Laskowski (2002)

log K ow 6.4 Laskowski (2002)

Henry’s Law constant 3.4x10 - 7 atm

- m 3 /mol Laskowski (2002)



### Cleavage at the ester moiety of the cypermethrin s results in two primary degradation products, 3

- (2,2

- dichloroethenyl)

- 2,2

- dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (DCVA) and 3

- phenoxybenzaldehyde, which degrades further to 3

- phenoxybenzoic acid (3

- PBA). Based on the assumption that cleavage of the ester bo nd in the parent compound results in biologically inactive degradates, these compounds are not expected to pose greater toxicity to non

- target organisms ; therefore only the parent compound s were considered for toxicological concern for both aquatic and ter restrial ecosystems. In fact, this assumption is supported by the results of acute toxicity studies in freshwater fish and invertebrates which indicate that the zeta

cypermethrin degradate 3

- phenoxy benzoic acid is much less toxic than the parent compound

.

### 13 Figure 3.3 shows the chemical structures of the cypermethrins ’ major potential degradation products.

Figure 3.3. Nomenclature and Structures of Potential Degradation Products of the Cypermethrin s
Common

Name Chemical Name Structure

DCVA 

### 3

- (2,2

- dichloroethenyl)

- 2,2

- dimethylcyclo

propane carboxylic acid

3

- phenoxy

benzaldehyde

### 14 3

- PBA 

### 3

- phenoxybenzoic acid

cyperamide

3.1 Mechanism of Action

The pyrethroids ( including the cypermethrins ) share similar modes of action, and are considered axonic poisons that affect both the peripheral and central nervous system. It is now well established that severe neurological symptoms of poisoning with pyre throids in mammals and insects are the result of modification of sodium ( Na + 

### ) channel activity (cellular pores through which sodium ions are permitted to enter the axon to cause excitat ion) (Matsumura 1985). Advanced electrophysiological experiments using a voltage clamp and a patch clamp, together with ligand

- binding and ionic flux experiments, have unveiled unique actions of pyrethroids of keeping the Na + 

### channel in the open state for an extremely long period, sometimes as long as several seconds. This m odification of Na + 

### channel properties leads to hyperactivity of the nervous system. This action leads to spontaneous depolarizations, augmented neurotransmitter secretion rate and neuromuscular block, which ultimately results in paralysis of the insect. P yrethroids have also been shown to suppress gamma

- aminobutyric acid GABA and glutamate receptor

- channel complexes and voltage

- activated calcium ( Ca 2+ 

### ) channels, but the toxicological significance of these actions is uncertain.

### 15 Relative to physiological responses, researchers have designated two types of pyrethroids, Type I (e.g., pyrethrins, S

- bioallethrin, resmethrin, permethrin) and Type II (e.g., the cypermethrin s , deltamethrin, fenvalerate). The c ypermethrin s are classified as T ype II synthetic pyrethroid s , with a cyano group at the α

- carbon position of the alcohol moiety, and is considered a third generation pyrethroid, that is, more light

- stable and persistent in the environment than early pyrethroids like allethrin, pheno thrin (also commonly known as sumithrin) and resmethrin. The

c ypermethrin s have three optically active centers and is composed of 8 isomers, and like all pyrethroids, is a contact poison that can quickly penetrate the nervous system and have an effective “knockdown” action (induction of temporary paralysis) for most flying insects.

3.2 Overview of Pesticide Usage

The use information presented in this problem formulation wa s obtained from the tables in Appendix A

- 1 and Appendix A

- 2 dated 10 / 12 / 2011 and 05/24/2011 , from BEAD’s Chemical Profile for Registration Review (USEPA 2011), from various evaluated labels, and from the July 2006 Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document for Cypermethrin

. Due to the variable use patterns for cypermethrin and zeta

- cypermethrin, the chemical uses will be discussed separately. There are currently 64 Section 3 registered products as well as 13 Special Local Needs ( SLN ) registrations for cypermethrin

. There are currently 47 Section 3 registered products as well as 50 SLN registrations for zeta

- cypermethrin.

C ypermethrin has numerous uses. A summary of agricultural use patterns based on maximum application rate per crop group for cypermethrin and zeta

- cypermethrin is shown Table 3. 3 and 3.4 , respectively

.
Table 3.3. Summary of Agricultural Use Information for the Cypermethrin

Use Maximum Applic. Rate Maximum Seasonal Rate Maximum Number of Applications Minimum Retreatment

Interval

(days) Crop Group 1 (Root and Tuber Vegetables) : Carrot Crop Group 3 (Bulb Vegetables) : Garlic, Leek, Onion, Shallot Crop Group 4 (Leafy Vegetables (Except Brassica)) : Lettuce (Leaf and Head), Spinach, Chinese Spinach Crop Group 5 ( Leafy Brassica Vegetables) : Broccoli, Broccoli Raab, Chinese Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, C abbage, Cauliflower, Collards, Kale, Kohlrabi, Mustard Greens, Mustard Spinach, Rape Greens Crop Group 14 (Nut Trees) : Pecan Crop Group 15 (Cereal Grains) : Corn Crop Group 20 (Oilseed Crops) : Cotton Crop Group 99 (No Name Group) : Chinese Mustard Crop Group 3 0.1 lb a.i./A 0.5 lb a.i./A NS 7 Crop Group 4 0.1 lb a.i./A 0.6 lb a.i./A NS 7 Crop Group 5 0.1 lb a.i./A 0.6 lb a.i./A NS 7 Crop Group 14 0.1 lb a.i./A 0.6 lb a.i./A NS 7 Crop Group 20 0.1 lb a.i./A 0.6 lb a.i./A NS 5 Crop Group 99 0.1 lb a.i./A 0.4 lb a.i./A NS 7



### Table 3.4. Summary of Agricultural Use Information for the Zeta

- Cypermethrin

### 16 Use Maximum Applic. Rate Maximum Seasonal Rate Maximum Number of Applications Minimum Retreatment

Interval

(days) Crop Group 1 (Root and Tuber Vegetables) : Arracacha, Arrowroot, Artichoke (Chinese and Jerusalem), Beet (Garden and Sugar), Carrot, Cassava, Celeriac, Chayote, Chicaory, Chufa, Dasheen, Ginseng, Horseradish, Leren, parsley, Parsnip, Potato, Radish, Rutabaga, Salsify ( Black and Spanish), Skirret, Sweet Potato, Tanier, Taro, Turnip, Yam (True and Bean) Crop Group 2 (Leaves of Root and Tuber Vegetables) : Garden Beet, Burdock, Cassava, Chicory Crop Group 3 (Bulb Vegetables) : Garlic, Leek, Onion (Bulb and Green), Shallot Crop Group 4 (Leafy Vegetables (Except Brassica)) : Leafy Amaranth, Arugula, Cardoon, Celery, Celtuce, Chervil, Chrysanthemum (Edible Leaved and Garland), Corn Salad, Cress (Garden and Upland), Dandelion, Dock, Endive, Florence Fennel, Lettuce (Head and Lea f), Orach, Parsley, Purslane (Garden and Winter), Radicchio, Rhubarb, Spinach (including Chinese, New Zealand, and Vine), Swiss Chard, Tampala Crop Group 5 (Leafy Brassica Vegetables) : Broccoli, Broccoli Raab, Chinese Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage (i ncluding Bok Choy, Mustard, and Napa), Cauliflower, Collards, Kale, Kohlrabi, Mustard Greens, Mustard Spinach, Rape Greens Crop Group 6 (Legume Vegetables) : Bean (Adzuki, Broad, Dry, Kidney, lablab, Lima, Moth, Mung, Navy, Pinto Rice, Runner, Snap, Succule nt, Tepary, Urd Wax, Yardlong), Catjang, Chickpea, Cowpea, Guar, Jackbean, Lentil, Lupi, Pea (Blackeyed, Crowder, Dry, Dwarf, English, Garden, Green, Pigeon, Snow, Southern, Succulent, Sugar Snap), Soybean Crop Group 7 (Foliage of Legume Vegetables) : Soybe an, Forage Crop Group 8 (Fruiting Vegetables) : Eggplant, Groundcherry, Okra, Pepino, Pepper (Bell, Nonbell, Sweet Nonbell), Tomatillo, Tomato Crop Group 9 (Cucurbit Vegetables) : Balsam Pear, Cantaloupe, Chayote, Cucumber, Chinese Cucumber, Cherkin, Edible Gourd, Melon, Muskmelon, Pumpkin, Squash (Summer and Winter), Watermelon, Chinese Waxgourd Crop Group 10 (Citrus Fruits) : Calamondin., Citron, Citrus, Grapefruit, Kumquat, Lemon, Lime, Satsuma, Mandarin, Orange (Sour and Sweet), Pummelo, Tangelo, Tangerin e Crop Group 11 (Pome Fruits) : Apple, Crabapple, Loquat, Pear, Oriental Pear, Quince Crop Group 12 (Stone Fruits) : Apricot, Cherry (Sweet and Tart), Nectarine, Peach, Plum, Japanese Plum, Prune Crop Group 13 (Berry and Small Fruits) : Blackberry, Blueberry, Currant, Elderberry, Gooseberry, Grape, Huckleberry, Loganberry, Raspberry Crop Group 14 (Nut Trees) : Almond, Beechnut, Butternut, Cashew, Chestnut, Chinquapin, Hazelnut, Brazil Nut, Hickory Nut, Macadamia Nut, Pecan, Walnut Crop Group 15 (Cereal Grains) : Corn (Field, Pop, and Sweet), Millet, Wild Rice, Grain Sorghum, Triticale, Wheat Crop Group 16 (Cereal Grans, Forage, Fodder, and Straw) : Field Corn, Grass hay, Millet, Rice, Sorghum, Wheat Crop Group 17 (Grass, Forage, Fodder, and Hay) : Bahiagrass, Bentgrass, Bermudagrass, Bluegrass, Big Bluestem, Buffalograss, Canary Grass (Annual and Reed), Dallisgrass, Foxtail (Creeping and Meadow), Rangeland Grass, Indiangrass, Lovegrass, Orchardgrass, Pangolagrass, Pasture, Sudangrass, Timothy Crop Group 18 (Nongrass Animal Feed) : Alfalfa, Clover, Crownvetch, Kudzu, Lespedeza, Lupin, Sweet Lupin, Sainfoin, Trefoil, Velvetbean, Vetch, Milk Vetch Crop Group 19 (Herbs and Spices) : Borage, Chervil, Fennel, Marigold, Mustard, Poppy Crop Group 20 (Oilseed Crops) : Canola, Castorbean, Cotton, Crambe, Flax, Jojoba, Lesquerella, Meadowfoam, Rapeseed, Safflower, Sesame, Sunflower Crop Group 99 (No Name Group) : Asparagus, Chinese Mustard, Peanut, Sugarcane, Tea Crop Group 1 0.05 lb a.i./A 0.3 lb a.i./A NS 4 Crop Group 2 0.025 lb a.i./A 0.11 lb a.i./A 2 7 Crop Group 3 0.05 lb a.i./A 0.25 lb a.i./A NS 7 Crop Group 4 0.05 lb a.i./A 0.3 lb a.i./A NS 7 Crop Group 5 0.05 lb a.i./A 0.3 lb a.i./A NS 7 Crop Group 6 0.05 lb a.i./A 0.3 lb a.i./A NS 5 Crop Group 7 0.05 lb a.i./A 0.3 lb a.i./A NS 7 Crop Group 8 0.05 lb a.i./A 0.3 lb a.i./A NS 7 Crop Group 9 0.05 lb a.i./A 0.3 lb a.i./A NS 7 Crop Group 10 0.05 lb a.i./A 0.2 lb a.i./A NS 14 Crop Group 11 0.05 lb a.i./A 0.3 lb a.i/A NS 7 Crop Group 12 0.05 lb a.i./A 0.3 lb a.i/A NS 7 Crop Group 13 0.05 lb a.i./A 0.3 lb a.i./A NS 7 Crop Group 14 0.05 lb a.i./A 0.25 lb a.i./A NS 7 Crop Group 15 0.05 lb a.i./A 0.3 lb a.i./A NS 3 to 5 Crop Group 16 0.05 lb a.i./A 0.3 lb a.i./A NS 7 Crop Group 17 0.05 lb a.i./A 0.25 lb a.i./A NS 7 for forage and hay

### 17 17 days for straw and seed Crop Group 18 0.05 lb a.i./A 0.15 lb a.i./A NS 7 Crop Group 19 0.05 lb a.i./A 0.3 lb a.i./A NS 7 Crop Group 20 0.05 lb a.i./A 0.3 lb a.i./A NS 7 Crop Group 99 0.1 lb a.i./A 0.4 lb a.i./A NS 7



### Cypermethrin and zeta

- cypermethrin are Restricted Use Pesticides (RUP) for agricultural uses because of their acute toxicity to aquatic organisms

. For agricultural products, application methods include aerial , air blast, ground spray, or chemigation

. As per r equirements from the R eregistration Eligibility Decision (USEPA 2006 b , revised in 2008 ) , the following label ing statements were required for agricultural products to avoid spray drift and contamination of aquatic environments

.
BUFFER ZONE REQUIREMENTS for AGRICULTURAL CROPS

**•** Vegetative Buffer Strip :

o Construct and maintain a minimum 10

- foot

- wide vegetative filter strip of grass of other permanent vegetation between the field edge and down gradient aquatic habitat (such as, but not limited to, lakes; reservoirs ; rivers; permanent streams; marshes or nat ural ponds; estuaries; and commercial fish farm ponds).

o Only apply products containing Cypermethrin/Zeta

- cypermethrin onto fields where a maintained vegetative buffer strip of at least 10 feet exists between the field and down gradient aquatic habitat.

**•** Buf fer Zone for Ground Application (groundboom, overhead chemigation, or airblast) :

o Do not apply within 25 feet of aquatic habitats (such as but not limited to, lakes, reservoirs, rivers, streams, marshes, ponds, estuaries, and commercial fish ponds).

**•** Buffer Zone for ULV Aerial Application:

o Do not apply within 450 feet of aquatic habitats (such as but not limited to, lakes, reservoirs, rivers, streams, marshes, ponds, estuaries, and commercial fish ponds).

**•** Buffer Zone for Non

- ULV Aerial Application:

o Do not app ly within 150 feet of aquatic habitats (such as but not limited to, lakes, reservoirs, rivers, streams, marshes, ponds, estuaries, and commercial fish ponds).

SPRAY DRIFT MA NAGEMENT for AGRICULTUR AL CROPS

**•** Wind Direction and Speed:

o Only apply this product if the wind direction favors on

- target deposition.

o Do not apply when the wind velocity exceed 15 mph.

**•** Temperature Inversion

o Do not make aerial or ground applications into temperature inversions.

o Inversions are characterized by stable air and increa sing temperatures with height above the ground. Mist or fog may indicate the presence of an inversion in humid

### 18 areas. The applicator may detect the presence of an inversion by producing smoke and observing a smoke layer near the ground surface.

**•** Droplet Size:

o Use only Medium or coarser spray nozzles (for ground and non

- ULV aerial application) according to ASAE (S572) definition for standard nozzles. In conditions of low humidity and high temperatures, applicators should use a coarser droplet size.

**•** Additi onal Requirements for Ground Applications:

o Wind speed must be measured adjacent to the application site on the upwind side, immediately prior to application.

o For ground boom applications, apply using a nozzle height of no more than 4 feet above the ground or crop canopy.

o For air b last applications, turn off outward pointing nozzles at row ends and when spraying the outer two rows. To minimize spray loss over the top in orchard applications, spray must be directed into the canopy.

**•** Additional Requirements for Aerial Applications:

o The spray boom should be mounted on the aircraft as to minimize drift c au sed by wingt i p or rotor vortices. The minimum practical boom length should be used and must not exceed 75% of the wing span or 80% rotor diameter.

o Flight speed an d nozzle orientation must be considered in determining droplet size.

o Spray must be released at the lowest height consistent with pest control and flight safety. Do not release spray at a height greater than 10 feet above the crop canopy unless a greater he ight is required for aircraft safety.

o When applications are made with a cross

- wind, the swath will be displaced downwind. The applicator must compensate for this dis placement at the downwind edge of the application area by adjusting the path of the aircraft upwind.

Cypermethrin is toxic to fish

, aquatic invertebrates and beneficial insects . The following Environmental Hazards statements are required for products labe led for outdoor uses (USEPA 200 6 b ):

ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD STATEMENTS

**•** This pestici de is toxic to fish, aquatic invertebrates, oysters and shrimp. Do not apply directly to water, or to areas where surface water is present or to inter tid al areas below the mean water mark. Do not apply when weather conditions favor drift from treated areas. Drift and runoff from treated areas may be hazardous to aquatic organisms in neighboring areas. Do not contaminate water when disposing of equipment wa sh waters

.

**•** This product is highly toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment on blooming crops or weeds. Do not apply this product or allow it to drift to blooming crops or weeds while bees are actively visiting the treatment area.

Cypermethrin and zeta

- c ypermethrin also have multiple non

- agricultural uses, as described in

### 19 Table s 3. 5 and 3. 6

.

Table 3. 5 . Summary of Non

- Agricultural Uses for the Cypermethrin

Use Single App. Rate Number of Apps. Seasonal App. Rate (lb a.i./A) Interval Between Apps. (days)
Non

- food Crops Grown Outside: Ornamentals, Flowering and Foliage Plants, and Lawn Surface ap plications (including fire ants and turf diagnostic aid) Residential: 1.8 lbs. a.i./A N S N S 7
NS = Not specified



### Table 3.6. Summary of Non

- Agricultural Uses for the Zeta

- Cypermethrin

Use Single App. Rate Number of Apps. Seasonal App. Rate (lb a.i./A) Interval Between Apps. (days)
Non

- food Crops in Greenhouse: Ornamental, Flowering and Foliage Plants Surface applications 0.15 lb a.i /A NS NS NS
Non

- food Crops Grown Outside: Ornamentals, Flowering and Foliage Plants, and Lawn

Surface applications (including fire ants and turf diagnostic aid) Residential: 0.5 lb a.i./A Non

- residential

0.1 lb. a.i./A NS 0.5 lb. a.i./A NS

NS = Not specified



### The agricultural usage of cypermethrin and zeta

- cypermethrin , from the Screening Level Usage Analysis (SLUA)

, is provided in Table s 3. 7 and 3. 8 , respectively . The table is arranged by crop in alphabetical order. According to the table, the major agricultural use for cypermethrin is
cotton , with 80, 000 l b s a.i

. applied annually, on average , and the major agricultural crop for zeta

cypermethrin is oranges, wit h 20,000 lbs. a.i

. applied.

Table 3. 7 . Screening

- Level Estimates of Agricultural Uses of Cypermethrin (SLUA) 6
Percent Crop T rea t e d Crop Lbs. A.I. Avg. Max.

Broccoli 1,000 5 10 Brussels Sprouts* <500 N/C N/C Cabbage <500 <2.5 5

Cauliflower <500 5 10

Cotton 80,000 10 15

Garlic <500 10 15

Lettuce 1,000 5 10

Onions 2,000 10 15

Pecans 5,000 10 10 Spinach <500 <1 <2.5

6 Dated 01/21/2011

### 20 Sorted alphabetically. All numbers rounded. <500 Less than 500 pounds of active ingredient <2.5 Less than 2.5 percent of crop treated <1 Less than 1 percent of crop treated N/C Only Lbs. A.I. available * CA data only (95% or more of U.S. acres in California) SLUA data sources include: USDA

- NASS (United States Department of Agriculture's National Agricultural Statistics Service) (pesticide usage data from 2001 to 2008) Private Pesticide Market Research (pesticide usage data from 2001 to 2008) California DPR (Department of Pesticide Regulation) (data for 2000 to 2008)



### Table 3. 8 . Screening

- Level Estimates of Agricultural Uses of Zeta

Cypermethrin (SLUA) 7
Percent Crop T rea t e d Crop Lbs. A.I. Avg. Max.

Alfalfa 15,000 <2.5 5

Almonds <500 <1 <2.5 Apples <500 <1 <2.5
Beans, Green 2,000 15 20

Broccoli 2,000 20 30 Brussels Sprouts * <500 N/C N/C Cabbage <500 15 30

Caneberries <500 25 40 Canola/Rapeseed <500 <1 <2.5 Cantaloupes <500 5 15

Carrots <500 <2.5 10

Cauliflower <500 15 25 Celery 1,000 35 60

Cherries <500 5 5 Chicory * <500 N/C N/C

Corn 10,000 <1 <2.5

Cotton 15,000 5 10

Cucumbers <500 <2.5 5 Dry Beans/Peas 2,000 5 10

Garlic <500 25 55 Grapefruit 2,000 35 50

Lemons <500 <1 <2.5

Lettuce 15,000 55 65

Onions 2,000 25 30 Oranges 20,000 35 45

7 Dated 01/21/2011

### 21 Peaches <500 <2.5 5

Peanuts <500 <1 5
Peas, Green <500 10 15

Pecans 1,000 5 10 Peppers 1,000 15 30

Potatoes <500 <1 5 Pumpkins <500 <2.5 5

Rice 6,000 10 10 Sorghum 2,000 <2.5 <2.5 Soybeans 15,000 <2.5 <2.5 Spinach 1,000 30 45 Squash <500 5 10 Sugar Beets 4,000 15 20 Sugarcane <500 <2.5 <2.5

Sunflowers 2,000 <2.5 5

Sweet Corn 5,000 15 20

Tomatoes 1,000 5 10

Walnuts <500 <1 <2.5

Watermelons <500 <2.5 10

Wheat 5,000 <2.5 5 Sorted alphabetically. All numbers rounded. <500 Less than 500 pounds of active ingredient <2.5 Less than 2.5 percent of crop treated <1 Less than 1 percent of crop treated N/C Only Lbs. A.I. available * CA data only (95% or more of U.S. acres in California) SLUA data sources include: USDA

- NASS (United States Department of Agriculture's National Agricultural Statistics Service) (pesticide usage data from 2001 to 200 8) Private Pesticide Market Research (pesticide usage data from 2001 to 2008) California DPR (Department of Pesticide Regulation) (data for 2000 to 2008)



### BEAD provided agricultural information by state in its Cypermethrin and Zeta

- Cypermethrin Chemical Profile for Registration Review (USEPA 2011) . For cypermethrin, the BEAD report
state s : “ In 1998

- 2000, Georgia was the state with the highest use (20%), followed by Texas (19%), California (14%) and Louisiana (12%). Other states (18%) include Arkansas, South Carolina, Alabama, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Missouri. In 2008

- 2010, the state with the highest use was again Georgia (27%), followed by Louisiana (20%), and Mississippi (16%), and the “other” states accounted for (10%) and included So uth and North Carolina, Florida, California, and Missouri.” For zeta

- cypermethrin, the BEAD report states: “[From 1998

- 2000] Arkansas was the state with the highest use (21%) followed by Missouri (16%), and Texas (11%), with the “other” states (26%) being Louisiana, California, Arizona, Oklahoma, Alabama, and Florida. In 2008

- 2010, Florida (18%) was the state with the highest use, followed by

### 22 California (12%), and Missouri, Illinois, and Texas each at 6%. The “other” states accounted for 33% of use and incl uded Iowa, Minnesota, Arkansas, Montana, Tennessee, Washington, and Indiana.” Figures 3

- 4 and 3

- 5 show the 2002 estimated annual agricultural use of cypermethrin and zeta

- cypermethrin according to the USGS

- NAW Q A data.

Figure 3

- 4. Cypermethrin Usage by Crop Reporting District (2006

- 2010)

### 23 Figure 3

- 5. Zeta

- cypermethrin Usage by Crop Reporting District (2006

- 2010)

Table s 3. 9 and 3.10 provide a summary of several nonagricultural (terrestrial / outdoor) or non

crop uses for cypermethrin and zeta

- cypermethrin, respectively

. The uses are classified by broad categories as follows: commercial animal housing, outdoor agricultural premises, residential sites

– outdoors

, and outdoor eating establishments. F or various uses, the maximum application rate is expressed in units other than “ lb a.i./A ”. Many of the uses may well involve substantive exposure to wildlife, especially aquatic organisms, and they will be assessed accordingly ( e.g. , surface applications)

.

Table 3. 9

. Non

- C rop Outdoor U ses for Cypermethrin

Use Max. App. Rate/ units Max. No. Applications/ Year Max. App. Rate per

Year Min. App. Interval ( days ) Commercial Animal Housing Animal areas and quarters; Animal shelters; Catteries; Dog runs; Kennels; Pet grooming shops; Pet stores; Research animal quarters; Zoos. (Animals are not present during application)

Surface

- Crack and crevice or spot 0.017 lb. a.i./gal NS NS NS
Space

– General 0.0032 lb a.i /1,000 ft NS 3 NS NS

### 24 Table 3. 9

. Non

- C rop Outdoor U ses for Cypermethrin

Use Max. App. Rate/ units Max. No. Applications/ Year Max. App. Rate per

Year Min. App. Interval ( days ) Outdoor Agricultural Premises Empty Uncultivated Agricultural Areas: Corrals; Dairy areas; Farms; Goat holding areas; Hog operations; Rights

- of

- way; Sheep holding areas. Empty Cattle Feedlots: Beef cattle operations; Feedlots; Holding lots; Livestock lots; Swine lots and yards

Surface

- Crack and crevice or spot 0.017 lb. a.i./gal NS NS NS
Residential Sites

– Outdoor Ant hills; Ant nests; Ant trails; Backyards; Doors; Driveways; Entranceways; Mud dauber, wasp, and yellow jacket nests; Outsi de surfaces of buildings; Patio furniture; Picnic areas; Residential areas; Screens; Siding; Spigots; Storage areas; Tree holes; Under eaves; Under siding; Wall voids; Windows. Nonagricultural Outdoor Buildings/Structures: Atriums; Carports; Decks; Fences; Gazebos; Lanais; Porches; Sheds; Tree houses; Tunnels and cavities i n wood; Verandas; Tents. Fencerows; Hedgerows; Nonagricultural Rights

- of

- way; Paths; Patios; Paved Areas: Private Roads; Sidewalks; Garbage bins; Dumpsters; Meter boxes; Electrical equipment; Electrical fittings; Manure; Compost piles.

Surface

- Crack and crevice or spot 0.017 lb. a.i./gal NS NS NS



### Table 3.10. Non

- Crop Outdoor U ses for Zeta

- Cypermethrin

Use Max. App. Rate/ units Max. No. Applications/ Year Max. App. Rate per

Year Min. App. Interval ( days ) Commercial Animal Housing Animal areas and quarters; Animal shelters; Catteries; Dog runs; Kennels; Pet grooming shops; Pet stores; Research animal quarters; Zoos. (Animals are not present during application)

Surface

– General 5.12 fl oz a.i./gal NS NS NS

Surface

- Crack and crevice or spot 0.5 fl oz a.i. /1000 ft NS 2 NS NS

Surface

- perimeter 0.5 fl oz a.i. /1000 ft NS 2 NS NS Outdoor Agricultural Premises Empty Uncultivated Agricultural Areas: Corrals; Dairy areas; Farms; Goat holding areas; Hog operations; Rights

- of

- way; Sheep holding areas. Empty Cattle Feedlots: Beef cattle operations; Feedlots; Holding lots; Livestock lots; Swine lots and yards

Surface

- General 0.4 fl oz a.i. /1000 ft NS 2 NS 7

Surface

- Crack and crevice or spot 0.4 fl oz a.i. /1000 ft NS 2 NS 7

Surface

- perimeter 0.4 fl oz a.i. /1000 ft NS 2 NS 7
Residential Sites

– Outdoor Ant hills; Ant nests; Ant trails; Backyards; Doors; Driveways; Entranceways; Mud dauber, wasp, and yellow jacket nests; Outsi de surfaces of buildings; Patio furniture; Picnic areas; Residential areas; Screens; Siding; Spigots; Storage areas; Tree holes; Under eaves; Under siding; Wall voids; Windows. Nonagricultural Outdoor Buildings/Structures: Atriums; Carports; Decks; Fences; Gazebos; Lanais; Porches; Sheds; Tree houses; Tunnels and cavities in wood; Verandas; Tents. Fencerows; Hedgerows; Nonagricultural Rights

- of

- way; Paths; Patios; Paved Areas: Private Roads; Sidewalks; Garbage bins; Dumpsters; Meter boxes; Electrical equipment; Electrical fittings; Manure; Compost piles.

Surface

– General 0.003 lb a.i./gal NS NS NS

Surface

- Crack and crevice or spot 0.003 lb a.i./gal NS NS NS

Surface

- Perimeter 0.003 lb a.i./gal NS NS 7



### Other uses for zeta

- cypermethrin ( Table 3.11 ) are classified as i ndoor. They include several broad categories as follows: application to agricultural premises and equipment

– indoor

, r esidential

– indoor, c ommercial/ industrial/ institutional establishments

– indoor, eating establishments

– indoor, food handling and processing establishments

– indoor, retail and storage

### 25 – ind oor, transportation

– indoor, and pet premise treatment.

Table 3. 11

. Indoor Uses for Zeta

- Cypermethrin

Use Max. App. Rate/ units Max. No. Applications/ Year Max. App. Rate per

Year Min. App. Interval ( days )
Residential

– Indoor Household/Domestic Dwellings: Apartments; Cabins; Campers; Condominiums; Dwellings; Homes; Mobile homes; Recreational vehicles; Residences; Public housing; Sheds; Toolsheds; Townhouses. Household/Domestic Dwelling Contents: Beds (cracks, crevices, framework); Bedding; Bookca ses; Box springs; Boxes; Cabinets; Carpet; Cooking equipment; Cut Flowers; Drawers; Dressers; Draperies; Dryers; Equipment; Fabrics; Flowering plants; Foliage plants; Formica; Furniture; Furniture bases; Furniture legs; Glass; Light fixtures; Linoleum; Mac hinery; Mattresses; Picture frames; Plastic fabric bags; Refrigerator; Rugs; Shelves; Shrubs; Sofas and Chairs; Sofa and Chair surfaces; Soffits; Stainless steel ; Storage drawers; Stored items; Stoves; Tables; Tiles; Trees; Upholstered furniture; Upholste ry; Vinyl tile; Washers. Household/Domestic Dwellings Indoor Food Handling Areas (food covered): Cupboards; Kitchens; Sinks; Underneath sinks; Food

areas. Household/Domestic Dwellings Indoor Nonfood Handling Areas: Attics; Basements; Bedrooms; Closets; Cl osed porches; Crawl spaces; Dining rooms; Garages; Pantries; Porches; Solariums; Storage areas; Sun porches; Utility rooms; Bathrooms. Household Domestic Dwellings Indoor Premises: Baseboards; Closed void areas; Cracks and crevices; Dark corners; Doorframes; Door jambs; Doors; Door sills; Drains; Equipment voids; False ceilings; Floors; Foundations; Moldings; Moist places; Niches; Pipes; Screens; Soffits; Tunnels and cavities in wood; Walls; Windows; Window frames; Window sills; Weep holes; Woodwor k; Voids in attics, walls, ceilings, and equipment. Electrical Supplies/Equipment: Meter boxes; Electrical equipment; Electrical fittings. Human Clothing (Insect and Mold/Mildew Control): Clothing; Clothing (outerwear); Clothing (in storage); Woolens. Gar bage cans and Garbage/trash compactors. Surface applications 0.4 fl oz a.i./1000 ft NS 2 NS 7
Crack/crevice or spot surface 0.4 fl oz a.i./1000 ft NS 2 NS 7

Brush on 0.4 fl oz a.i./1000 ft NS 2 NS 7

Void treatment 0.4 fl oz a.i./1000 ft NS 2 NS 7

Foam treatment 0.5 fl oz a.i./1000 ft NS 2 NS 7

Commercial/Industrial/Institutional Establishments

– Indoor Apartments; Auditoriums; Buildings; Churches; Commercial buildings; Correctional facilities; Communications centers; Courthouses; Day care centers; Dormitories; Drugstores; Elevators; Equipment voids; Factories; Fake ceilings; Florists; Food service storage and preparation areas; Gas stations; Hotels; Industrial buildings; Industrial installations; Institutions; In teriorscapes; Jails; Kitchens; Labora tories; Laundry areas; Lavatories; Libraries; Locker rooms; Lathhouses; Missions; Motels; Movie Theatres; Museums; Non

- food areas of commercial buildings; Non

- residential buildings; Offices and office buildings; Other commercial, industrial, and government al sites; Parking garages; Prisons; Public buildings; Resorts; Schools; Shadehouses; Sheds; Stores; Textile mills & warehouses; Theaters; Universities; Utilities/utility rooms; Health care facilities; Hospices; Hospitals; Nur sing homes; Veterinary clinics. Surface applications 0.4 fl oz a.i./1000 ft NS 2 NS 7
Crack/crevice or spot surface 0.4 fl oz a.i./1000 ft NS 2 NS 7

Brush on 0.4 fl oz a.i./1000 ft NS 2 NS 7
Eating Establishments

– Indoor Eating Establishments (Food Contact) [Equipment/Utensils; Food Handling Areas; Food Serving Areas]: Cafeterias; Restaurants; Mess halls Surface applications 0.4 fl oz a.i./1000 ft NS 2 NS 7
Crack/crevice or spot surface 0.4 fl oz a.i./1000 ft NS 2 NS 7

### 26 Table 3. 11

. Indoor Uses for Zeta

- Cypermethrin

Use Max. App. Rate/ units Max. No. Applications/ Year Max. App. Rate per

Year Min. App. Interval ( days ) Food Handling and Processing Establishments

– Indoor
Food Handling and Processing Plant Premises and Equipment (Food Contact): Bakeries; Bottling plants; Beverage plants; Canneries; Conveying Equipment; Dried fruit processing plants; Feed areas of commercial buildings; Food areas of commercial buildings; Food pro cessing plants; Fruit packing sheds; Mushroom processing plants; Peanut processing plants; Processing areas of dried food products; Tobacco processing plants; Wineries Meat Processing Plant Premises and Equipment (Food Contact): Conveying equipment; Edibl e product areas of official establishments operating under the meat; poultry; shell egg grading and egg products inspection operations; Meat packing plan ts; Poultry processing plants; Rabbit processing plants; USDA inspected meat and poultry plants Dairies /Cheese Processing Plant Premises and Equipment (Food Contact): Dairies Egg Processing Plants Tobacco Processing Plants Feed Mills/Feed Processing Plants: Conveying equipment; Feed processing and handling sites; Flour mills; Grain mills; Mills; Milling op erations; Roll housing and hoppers; Stored grain mills; Rice mills Feed/Food Treatment

- Storage/Processing/Handling Equipment: Conveying equipment; Grain handling equipment Surface applications 0.4 fl oz a.i./1000 ft NS 2 NS 7
Crack/crevice or spot surface 0.4 fl oz a.i./1000 ft NS 2 NS 7

Brush on 0.4 fl oz a.i./1000 ft NS 2 NS 7

Void treatment 0.07 oz a.i./sq yd NS NS 7 Retail and Storage

– Indoor Commercial Storage/Warehouses Premises: Brandy storage warehouses; Dried fruit warehouses; Elevators; Food storage areas; Freight containers; Peanut storage warehouses; Spirit storage; Storage areas; Storage areas of dried food products; Stored se ed warehouses; Warehouses; Wine storage warehouses; Tobacco warehouses Food Stores/Markets/Supermarkets Premise s and Equipment: Food marketing

- storage

- distribution; Grocery and convenience stores; Stores; Supermarkets; Conveying equipment; Freight containers; Stored product areas Food/Feed Storage Areas

- Full: Stored product areas. Surface applications 0.4 fl o z a.i./1000 ft NS 2 NS NS
Crack/crevice or spot surface 0.4 fl oz a.i./1000 ft NS 2 NS NS
Transportation

– Indoor Commercial Transportation Facilities: Airplanes; Boats; Box cars; Buses; Cabins and holds of aircraft; Commercial transporta tion centers; Freight containers; Ocean fright containers; Pallets; Passenger rail cars; Railroad cars; Recreational vehicles; Ships & ship s’ holds; Trains; Trucks; Trailers; Truck trailers; Livestock hauling equipment; Horse trailers. Commercial Transportation Faciliti es

– Empty: Grain transportation containers (truck beds; planes; box cars; cargo ship holds); Pallets. Commercial Shipping Containers

- Empty: Grain transportation containers (truck beds; planes; box cars; cargo ship holds); Pallets. Trunks of Automobiles, Taxis, Limousines. Surface applications 0.4 fl oz a.i./1000 ft NS 2 NS 7
Crack/crevice or spot surface 0.4 fl oz a.i./1000 ft NS 2 NS 7

Brush on 0.4 fl oz a.i./1000 ft NS 2 NS 7

Void treatment 0.07 oz a.i./sq yd NS NS 7

Pet Premise Treatment Pet Living/Sleeping Quarters: Areas of floors & floor coverings where pets may be present; areas where female insects may crawl t o lay eggs, and similar hiding places; Dog houses and other sleeping quarters; Dog runs; Pet bedding and premises; Pet premises ; Pe t resting areas; Kennels. Surface applications 5.12 fl oz a.i./750 ft NS 2 NS NS
Crack/crevice or spot surface 0.5 fl oz a.i./1000 ft NS 2 NS NS

Perimeter treatment 0.5 fl oz a.i./1000 ft NS 2 NS NS



### Cypermethrin and zeta

- cypermethrin also ha ve numerous uses on pets and other animals, as indicated in Table s 3. 12 and 3.13 , respectively

. Uses include cattle (beef/range/feeder and

### 27 dairy) , dairy goats ( meat, dairy ), dogs/ canines, cats, hogs/ pig/ swine treatments, horses, livestock, poultry, and sheep animal treatment

, etc. Treatments include direct application to livestock and horses (rub on, spray) and direct application to livestock ( collar, dust, eartag). For cattle, the retreatment interval is 3 day s while for pets it is not specified . App lied amounts may vary depending on the formulation

. Figure 3

- 6 shows the cattle and calves inventory as of 2007. Each dot represents 10,000 cattle and calves. Since exposure to water bodies due to treatment of cattle and various other animals is possibl e, th ese use s will be assessed in the ecological risk assessment to estimate potential cypermethrin exposure following application to livestock.

Figure 3

- 6 Cattle and Calves Inventory as of 2007 8



### Table 3. 12

. Pet Care , Cattle andOther Animal Treatments of Cypermethrin

Use Max. App. Rate/ units Max. No. Applications/ Year Max. App. Rate per

Year Min. App. Interval ( days )

8 Information obtained from the following website accessed 06/12/2011: http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/Online_Highlights/Ag_Atlas_Maps/Livestock_and_Animals/Live stock,_Poultry_and_Other_Animals/07

- M134.a sp

### 28 Table 3. 12

. Pet Care , Cattle andOther Animal Treatments of Cypermethrin

Use Max. App. Rate/ units Max. No. Applications/ Year Max. App. Rate per

Year Min. App. Interval ( days ) Birds: Amazon parrots; Budgies; Canaries; Cockatiels; Finches; Love birds; Macaws; Ostrich; Parakeets; Parrots. Cats (including kittens), Dogs (including puppies), Monkeys, Ferrets, Rabbits. Chimpanzees; Chinchillas; Horses; Llamas; Lemurs; Minks; Ponies; Pot bellied pigs. Rodents: Gerbils; Guinea pigs; Hamsters; Mice; Rats. Sprays 0.0007 lb. a.i./animal NS NS NS
Package applicator 17.5 % a.i. NS NS 21

Rub on 1 % a.i. NS NS NS



### Table 3. 13

. Pet Care, Cattle and Other Animal Treatments of Zeta

- Cypermethrin

Use Max. App. Rate/ units Max. No. Applications/ Year Max. App. Rate per

Year Min. App. Interval ( days ) Direct Application to Animals Cattle (Beef/Range/Feeder and Dairy); Hogs/Pig/Swine; Goats (Meat and Dairy); Kids; Sheep; Lamb; Rabbits; Game Animals (including Beefalo, Buffalo, Deer, Exotics such as European red deer, Llamas, Moose, Elk); Livestock (inclu ding Donkeys, Horses, Ponies, Mules); and Poultry

Collar 0.003 lb. a.i./animal NS NS 3

Dust 0.09 lb. a.i./ 1000 animals NS NS 3
Eartag 0.004 lb. a.i./Animal NS NS 3



### For indoor uses, EFED has conducted environmental risk assessm ents for a few pyrethroids for Re registration Eligibility Decisions ( e.g. , resmethrin and p ermethrin ). Cypermethrin was not one of the assessed chemicals

. However, i n one study (Weston and Lydy, 2010), several synthetic pyrethroids were observed in effluents after seco ndary treatment from POTWs in the Sacramento

- San Joaquin Delta. In the study, bifenthrin was the most frequently detected pyrethroid from municipal wastewater treatment plant effluents (POTWs) tested in the Sacramento

- San Joaquin Delta (18 samples tested) , and it exceeded the Hyalella azteca EC 50


### . In addition, detectable amounts of cypermethrin have been found in water bodies sampled by USGS during the NAWQA monitoring program. Bas ed on the above information, t here is the potential for cypermethrin to reach surface waters via exposure from contaminated drains, even after
treatment in wastewater plants (POTWs). An additional study on the potential for pyrethroids to enter water treatment plants and appear in effluent is being developed by the Pyrethr oid Working Group (PWG). Eight pyrethroids, including cype r methrin, will be monitored in the study. The other pyrethroids include cyfluthrin, bifenthrin, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, cyhalothrin, fenpropathrin, and permethrin. Based on available usage info rmation and considering any available and acceptable data in the registration review ecological risk assessment, t he Division will evaluate the potential for exposure to aquatic organisms from the indoor uses of cypermethrin (for further details see Sectio n 6 , Conceptual Model

, and Section 7 , Analysis Plan )

.
Use with Synergists Toxicity data on environmental mixtures of the cypermethrins with other pesticides may be evaluated , if available, as part of the ecological risk assessment. It is expected that the toxic effect of the cypermethrin s , in combination with other pesticides used in the environment, is

### 29 likely to be a function of many factors including but not necessarily li mited to: (1) the exposed species, (2) the co

- formulants in the mixture, (3) the ratio of cypermethrin /zeta

- cypermethrin and

co

- formulants concentrations, (4) differences in the pattern and duration of exposure among formulants , and (5) the differential effects of other physical/ chemical characteristics of the receiving waters, such as organic matter present in sediment and suspended water. Quantitatively predicting the combined effects of all these variables on mixture toxicit y to any given taxa with confidence is beyond the capabilities of the available data and methodologies. However, a discussion of implications of the available pesticide mixture effects data regarding the confidence of risk assessment conclusions will be a ddressed as part of the uncertainty analysis. EFED will consider open literature, currently available models and other lines

- of

- evidence ( e.g. , monitoring data), as available to address the potential for cumulative effects of pyrethrins and pyrethroids in the risk description of the ecological assessment for cypermethrin

.
Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and MGK

- 264 are commonly used in formulations with pyrethrins and pyrethroids (including the cypermethrins ) . PBO acts as a potentiator (a reagent that increase s the toxicity of a chemical) in both mammals and insects because the pyrethroid is not metabolized and excreted as quickly in its presence (Stewart 1998). MGK

- 264, another potentiator/synergist used with pyrethroids, has similar effects as those observed for piperonyl butoxide (US EPA 2006a).

The need for synergist toxicity enhancement data with insecticides co

- formulated and co

- applied with synergists is discussed in the EFED Reregistration Review Problem Formulation fo r Piperonyl Butoxide , dated December 13, 2010 (USEPA 2010, D378420) 9



### . Currently, data on the extent to which the toxicity of pyrethrins and pyrethroids active ingredients are enhanced by varying concentrations of PBO are needed to address the ecological risk of products when co

appli ed with PBO. The Agency has reviewed and provided comments 10 

### on a proposed study protocol that will quantify the enhancement of acute toxicity of pyrethroids to the freshwater amphipod, Hyalella azteca , by simultaneous exposure to PBO at varying PBO:pyrethr oid ratios. It is expected that this comprehensive testing strategy, when augmented with similar acute toxicity data with freshwater fish and other selected pesticide active ingredients, will facilitate bridging of the synergist toxicity enhancement to ot her co

- formulated or co

- applied pesticide/synergist active ingredients that are not tested at varying synergist:active ingredient ratios. With respect to evaluating ecological risks from co

- applied cypermethrin and synergists (PBO and MGK

- 264), the Agenc y is requesting acute toxicity studies of cypermethrin typical end

- use products (TEPs) that are co

- formulated with PBO and MGK

- 264 at the highest synergist:active ingredient ratio. These TEPs should correspond to those formulated products that are labeled for outdoor uses with the greatest potential for aquatic exposures and would be conducted with a freshwater fish and a freshwater invertebrate.

9 

### The PBO Problem Formulation is available in the PBO registration review docket at www.regulations.gov (EPA

- HQ

- OPP

- 2010

- 0498).

10 “ EFED Comments on Pyrethrin Joint Venture and PBTF II Submitted White Paper (incl uding Experimental Design), Hyalella protocol and Tank Mix List for Synergism Study Requirements for Piperonyl Butoxide (PBO),” July 19, 2011, DP Barcode: D389864.

### 30 3.3 Environmental Fate and Transport

Table 3

. 1 4 summarizes the environmental fate/transport properties of the cypermethrin s

. Structures of the observed degrad a tes are provided in Figure 3.3

.

Table 3.1 4 . Summary of the environmental fate properties of the cypermethrin s .
Property Value / Degradates observed Reference

Hydrolysis half

- life: pH 5 pH 7 pH 9 stable stable 1.8 (acid labeled) and 2.5 days (alcohol label )

cis/trans

- DCVA (max. 79% at 120 hr) and 3

- phenoxybenzaldehyde (max. 65% at 120 hr) MRID 42620501

Aqueous photolysis half

- life 36.2 days

3

- PBA (max. 35% at 35 days) MRID 42395701

Soil photolysis half

- life sandy loam 55 days

cyperamide (steadily increased to a max. of 13.3%) MRID 42129001

Aerobic soil metabolism half

- life 60.7 days (sandy loam, acid label) 59.8 days (sandy loam, alcohol label)

cis/trans

- DCVA (max. 24% at 62 days, study duration 150 days) MRID 42156601

Anaerobic soil metabolism half

- life 53.3 days (sandy loam, acid label) 63 days (sandy loam, alcohol label)

cis/trans

- DCVA (max. 33% 30 days after flooding), 3

- PBA (max. 26% at 60 days after flooding or end of study) MRID 42156602

Aerobic aquatic half

- life 8.9 days 10.1 days

trans

- DCVA (max. 49% at 30 days), cis

- DCVA (max. 19% at 30 days), 3

- PBA (max. 42% at 30 days); study duration, 90 or 183 days. MRID 45920801

Anaerobic aquatic half

- life 13.8 days ( clay loam, benzyl label ) 16.5 days ( clay loam, cyclopropyl label )

DCVA (max. 34% at 71 days) MRID 44876105

Adsorption coefficient K oc (L/Kg)

---------------------------------- Aged Column Leaching Study 328,500 (Sand) 134,900 (Sandy loam) 82,600 (Silty loam) 20,800

-------------------------------------------- ----------------------------- (Clay loam)

Degradate cis/trans

- DCVA found at up to 13.2% in the leachate MRID 42129003

---------------------- MRID 42129002

### 31 Table 3.1 4 . Summary of the environmental fate properties of the cypermethrin s .
Property Value / Degradates observed Reference Terrestrial Field Dissipation Study 13 days (CA soil) 5 days (LA soil) MRID 42459601

Bioconcentration factor (BCF) 161X edible portion 448X whole fish 883X non

- edible moderately slow depuration, with 10

- 15% of residues remaining after 21 days of depuration MRID 42868203



### The environmental fate data for the cypermethrin s was developed mostly with studies on cypermethrin; however, some studies were conducted on zeta

- cypermethrin. Zeta

- cypermethrin is expected to have a similar fate profile in the environment as cypermethrin.

Laboratory studies have indicated that the cypermethrin s degrades through a combination of biotic and abiotic reactions and is moderately persistent in the environment. Under acidic and neutral conditions this compound is relatively stable, but is readily hydrolyzed under alkaline conditions with a half

- life of approximately 2 days at pH 9. The c ypermethrin s are relatively stable to photolysis in laboratory studies using distilled water at pH 7, with a half

- life of approximately 36 days. The c ypermethrin s have been shown to biodegrade in aerobic and anaerobic soils with half

- lives on the order of about 2 months and in aerobic and anaerobic aquatic systems with half

- lives on the order of one to two weeks. The c ypermethrin s are considered immobile in soils (Kocs > 20,000 L/Kg) and its potential to l each into groundwater is low. If released to water, the cypermethrin s will rapidly partition to the sediment compartment which acts as an environmental sink for this compound. The c ypermethrin s bioaccumulate moderately in fish (448X in whole fish), with moderate depuration. In terrestrial field dissipation studies the cypermethrin s do not appear to be very persistent in soils or leach substantially (half

lives 1

- 2 weeks). In supplemental aquatic field dissipation studies (zeta

- cypermethrin), the chemica l appears to persist in the sediment, with reported half

- lives of 126 and 181 days in LA and CA, respectively.

Degradation and Metabolism

Cypermethrin labeled with 14 

### C at the cyclopropyl and benzyl moieties was relatively stable at pH 5 and 7 buffered solutions, but degraded rapidly with half

- lives of approximately 2 days in pH 9 solutions. The major degradation products of the base catalyzed hydrolysis of cypermethrin were cis

- and trans

- DCVA (maximum 79% at 120 hours or study duration) and 3

- phenoxy benzaldehyde (maximum 65% at 120 hours). Photolysis of cypermethrin in distilled water occurs slowly, but the rate of degradation appears to be enhanced in natural waters, which contain humic and fulvic acids. A photolysis half

- life of 36 days was observ ed for cypermethrin in pH 7 aqueous buffered solution exposed to sunlight in California from March to April. Shorter half

- lives on the order of less than 1 to 4 days were observed for cypermethrin dissolved in river water, seawater and distilled water wit h 1% humic acid exposed to sunlight (Takahashi et al. 1985). The half

- life for thin films of cypermethrin in a sandy loam soil matrix was approximately 55 days; however, degradation was also observed in control samples and the dark

### 32 control corrected half

- life is over 100 days. The only transformation product observed was cyperamide, at 13.3% at the end of the study (35 days). Cypermethrin degraded with a half

- life of approximately 60 days in a fine sandy loam soil maintained at 25 o 

### C and held under aerob ic conditions. Carbon dioxide and a mixture of cis

- and trans

- DCVA (maximum 24% at 62 days in a 150 day study) were the major degradation products.

Under aquatic conditions, cypermethrin degraded more rapidly (8.9

- 10.1 days in a supplemental aerobic aqu atic study and 13.8

- 16.5 days in an anaerobic aquatic study). Degradation products (see Figure 3.3 for structures) under aerobic aquatic conditions included trans

- DCVA (max. 49% at 30 days), cis

- DCVA (max. 19% at 30 days) and 3

- PBA (max. 42% at 30 days, s tudy duration 183 days). Under anaerobic conditions, the only degradation product was DCVA at 34% at 71 days (study duration 90 days for benzyl label and 183 days for cyclopropyl label).

Additional data are needed for risk assessment under guidelines 835 .4100 (Aerobic Soil Metabolism) and 835.6100 (Terrestrial Field Dissipation). Also, because the greatest exposure route of concern is expected to be sediment, additional data are needed for aerobic and anaerobic aquatic metabolism (guidelines 835.4300 and 835.4400, respectively) to describe the variability of the cypermethrins ’ fate across the entire U.S.

Soil Sorption and Mobility

Cypermethrin is considered immobile in soil. Soil organic carbon adsorption coefficients (K oc 

### ) for cypermethrin ranged from approximately 21,000 to 385,000 L/Kg in four soils (sand, sandy loam, silty loam and clay). If released into water, cypermethrin rapidly partitions to the sediment column. The tendency to adsorb to soil and sediment along with the relatively low vap or pressure (2.5x10 - 9 

### mm Hg) and Henry’s law constant (3.4x10 - 7 

### atm

- m 3 

### /mol), indicates that volatilization from water and soil will not be an important transport process. It can be concluded that the cypermethrin degradates 3

- PBA and trans

- DCVA have a hig h potential for mobility as they were weakly sorbed to four soils tested. 3

- PBA was slightly more sorbed (K oc 

### values ranging from 118 to 215) to the tested soils than was trans

- DCVA (K oc 

### values ranging from 18 to 48).

Field Dissipation

Terrestrial fiel d dissipation studies conducted in Madera, CA and Cheneyville, LA indicated that the field dissipation half

- life of formulated cypermethrin is approximately 1 to 2 weeks.

Cypermethrin in the form of Ammo 2.5 EC was applied three times at 0.2 lb ai/acre/a pplication to a bare silt loam soil (78

- 82% sand, 14

- 20% silt, 2

- 4% clay, 0.2

- 0.6% OM, pH 6.5

- 7.2) located in Madera, California and soil samples were analyzed for cypermethrin and potential degradates cis

- DCVA, trans

- DCVA, and 3

- phenoxybenzoic acid. Cype rmethrin was detected in 3

- 6" cores collected immediately after each application (18, 8, and 33 μg/kg), and on day 2 (20 μg/kg) and day 4 (29 μg/kg) following the third application. Cypermethrin was detected at 10 μg/kg in one 6

- 12" core collected 2 days a fter the final application, but it was not detected in any soil cores

### 33 collected below this depth (detection limit of 7 μg/kg) . The degradate 3

- phenoxybenzoic acid was detected in 0

- 3" cores collected immediately after the second application (8 μg/kg), imme diately after the third application (17 μg/kg), and the following days after the third application: day 2 (25 μg/kg), day 4 (32 μg/kg), day 7 (25 μg/kg), day 14 (24 μg/kg), day 21 (8 μg/kg), and day 28 (7 μg/kg). It was not detected above a detection limit of 7 μg/kg in any soil cores collected below 3 inches. Potential degradates cis

- and trans

- DCVA were not detected above the detection limit of 7 μg/kg in any of the soil cores. An analysis of the cypermethrin concentration as a function of time yielded a field dissipation half

- life of 13 days.

In a second study, c ypermethrin in the form of Ammo 2.5 EC was applied three times at 0.2 lb a.i. /acre/application to a bare loamy sand soil (30% sand, 64% silt, 6% clay, 0.7% OM, pH 7.0) located in Cheneyville, LA. The soil cores were analyzed for cypermethrin and potential degradates cis

- DCVA, trans

- DCVA, and 3

- phenoxybenzoic acid. Based upon dissipation in the top 0

- 3" soil cores, the dissipation half

- life for cypermethrin was 5 days. Cypermethrin was not detected above a detection limit of 7 μg/kg in any cores collected below 3 inches. The degradate
trans

- DCVA was detected in 0

- 3" cores collected on the following days after the third application: day 2 (16 μg/kg) and day 7 (8 μg/kg). The degradate 3

- phenoxybenzoic acid was detected in 0

- 3" cores collected immediately a fter the second application (10 μg/kg), immediately after the third application (20 μg/kg), and 2 days after the 3rd application (44 μg/kg). The degradate cis

- DCVA was not detected above a detection limit of 7 μg/kg in any of the soil cores. None of the analytes were detected above a detection limit of 7 μg/kg in any of the soil cores collected below 3 inches.

Given the large number of registered uses, a dditional data under this guideline (835.6100, Terrestrial Field Dissipation) are need ed to describe v ariability across the U.S.,.

Cypermethrin is not labeled for use in aquatic sites; however, there are two supplemental aquatic field dissipation studies conducted with zeta

- cypermethrin in California and Louisiana. The half

- lives were 181 days and 126 da ys, respectively. These half

- lives are not similar to those observed in the laboratory studies. Nevertheless, the reported half

- lives included the sediments only.

EFED is currently reviewing a “washoff” study that measured cypermethrin washoff from vari ous building materials. Though this study is currently under review it appears that cypermethrin applied to vinyl siding has the highest poten t ial for washoff

. A POTW study to determine the fate of the cypermethrins in sewage treatment works is being
requ ested to to ascertain whether indoor and urban cypermethrin uses contribute to toxicity in receiving waters or sediments after discharge of treated sewage.

4 Receptors

4.1 Aquatic and Terrestrial Effects

The receptor is the biological entity that is exposed to the stressor (EPA, 1998). Due to the

### 34 outdoor uses of the cypermethrin s , the types of receptors that may be exposed include both aquatic and terrestrial receptors, such as birds, reptiles, mammals, a mphibians, freshwater and estuarine/marine fish, non

- target terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates and terrestrial and aquatic plants. The s tressor s in this case are the cypermethrins

. Spray drift and runoff exposures are expected for both ground and aerial applications of the cypermethrin s . Consistent with the process described in the Overview Document (USEPA, 2004), this risk assessment uses a surrogate species approach in its evaluation of the cypermethrin s . Toxicological data generated from surrogate t est species, which are intended to be representative of broad taxonomic groups, are used to extrapolate to potential effects on a variety of species (receptors) included under these taxonomic groupings.

Tables 4.1 and 4.2 provide a summary of the taxonomic groups and the surrogate species tested to help understand potential acute and chronic ecological effects of the cypermethrins to these

non

- target taxonomic groups.

4.1.1 Terrestrial Species

For terrestrial species, data were submitted for both cy permethrin and zeta

- cypermethrin

. Since
zeta

- cypermethrin has a similar toxicological profile to cypermethrin the available data for both chemicals were considered. A summary of the most sensitive endpoints from the available toxicity studies conducted wit h terrestrial species is presented in Table 4.1

. Summaries of the available studies will indicate whether cypermethrin or zeta

- cypermethrin was used.

Table 4.1 Summary of most sensitive endpoints from submitted terrestrial toxicity studies for the cypermethrin s . Species (common

name) Taxa Represented Endpoint Concentration Test Substance

(% a.i.) Reference / Classification Acute Toxicity Classification

Rattus norvegicus (Laboratory Rat) Mammals LD 50 86 mg a.i./kg

- bw TGAI MRID# 41776115 Acceptable Moderately toxic

NOAEL 5 mg a.i./kg/day TGAI MRID# 00090040 Acceptable Not Applicable LOAEL 25 mg a.i./kg/day
Bobwhite quail ( Colinus virginianus ) Birds, terrestrial

phase amphibians, and reptiles LD >2000 mg a

. i

. /kg bw 50 TGAI MRID# 44546024 Acceptable Practically

non

- toxic

Mallard duck ( Anas platyrhynchos ) LC >2634 mg a.i./kg diet 50 TGAI MRID# 000 90071 Acceptable Practically

non

- toxic

Bobwhite quail ( Colinus NOAEL 50 mg a.i./kg

- diet TGAI MRID# 000 90073 Not Applicable

### 35 Table 4.1 Summary of most sensitive endpoints from submitted terrestrial toxicity studies for the cypermethrin s . Species (common

name) Taxa Represented Endpoint Concentration Test Substance

(% a.i.) Reference / Classification Acute Toxicity Classification virginianus )

Mallard duck ( Anas platyrhynchos ) LOAEL > 50 mg a.i./kg

- diet TGAI Acce p table

MRID# 000 90074 Acceptable Not Applicable

Apis mellifera

(Honey bee) Terrestrial invertebrates Contact LD 0.023 μg a.i./bee
50 TGAI Acc. No. 260647 Acceptable Very h ighly toxic Oral LD 0.172 μg a.i./bee
50 TGAI Very h ighly toxic Terrestiral

Plants EC No Data 50 No Data No Data No Data



### The results of the single acute oral toxicity study available for the cypermethrin s indicate that the chemical s are practically non

- toxic to avian species on an acute oral basis. The acute oral LD Birds

50 

### value for bobwhite quail ( Colinus virginianus ) is >2 000 mg a.i./kg

- bw and no clinical signs of toxicity were observed at any treatment level (MRID 44546024 )

.

No acute avia n oral studies with the cypermethrin s have been submitted for passerine species.

The results of the sub

- acute dietary toxicity studies available for the cypermethrin s indicate that it can be classified as practically non

- toxic to avian species on an acute dietary basis . The LC 50 

### is greater than 2,634 mg a.i./kg

- diet for mallard duck ( Anas platyrhynchos ) (MRID 000 90071 ). In this study, the LC 50 

### value was determined based on the repellent nature of the treated feed, which resulted in decreased food consumpti on and body weight.

The results of avian reproduction studies available for the cypermethrin s indicate that they can be classified as slightly toxic to avian species on a chronic basis. The study showed no adverse effects at 50 mg a .i./kg

- diet, which was the highest dose tested.

M ammalian toxicity data submitted to the Agency's Health Effects Division (HED) are used to approximate toxicity to wild mammals. These studies are typically conducted with laboratory rats ( Rattus n orvegicus ) or mice ( Mus musculus ). No studies evaluating toxicity to wild mammal species are not available, or have been submitted to the Agency for the cypermethrins

. Mammals

Acute oral, dermal and inhalation mammalian toxicity studies with cypermethrin were submitted to the Agency. In addition, chronic dietary and 3

- generation rat reproduction studies have also been submitted for cypermethrin . These studies were presented in the HED chapter of the Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document (RED) for cy permethrin ( US EPA

, 2006).

### 36 The reported laboratory rat acute oral LD 50 

### value is 86 m g/kg

- bw for cypermethrin (MRID 41776115 )

. The acute dermal LD 50 

### > 4920 mg /kg /day for cypermethrin , based on a study conducted with rats (MRID 00056800 )

. An acute inhalation conducted with r ats resulted in an LC 50 

### > 2.5 mg /L for cypermethrin ( MRID 42395702 ). Based on these reported laboratory rat LD 50 

### values, cypermethrin has moderate acute toxicity to small mammals via the oral, dermal and inhalation exposure routes

.

In the available 3

- generation rat reproduction study, the NOAEL is 5 mg/kg/day based on decreased F1 pup body weight and body weight gain (MRID 00090040 ). In the submitted chronic mammalian dietary study with cypermethrin , the NOAEL is 6 mg/kg/day based on clinical signs of neurotoxicity and mortality in males at the 20.4 mg/kg/day treatment level and deceased body weights in females at the 18.1 mg/kg/day treatment level (MRID 44536801 ).

The Agency guideline terrestrial invertebrate tests are for honey bees ( Apis mellifera ). The acute contact LD Terrestrial Invertebrates

50 

### value is 0. 023 μg a.i./bee and the oral LD 50 

### value is 0.172 μg a.i./bee ( Acce s sion Number 260647 )

. Based on these results, the cypermethrin s are classified as ‘high ly toxic’ to honey bees on an acute exposure basis.

4.1.2 Aquatic Species

For aquatic species, data were again submitted for both cypermethrin and zeta

- cypermethrin. Since zeta

- cypermethrin has a similar toxicological profile to cypermethrin the available data for both chemicals were considered. A summary of the most sensitive e ndpoints from the available toxicity studies conducted with aquatic species is presented in Table 4. 2

.

4.2. Summary of most sensitive endpoints from submitted aquatic toxicity studies for the cypermethrin s .

Exposure Scenario Species Exposure Duration Toxicity Reference

Value Effects Reference 

### Toxicity Category

Freshwater Fish

Acute Rainbow
trout ( Oncorhynch

us mykiss ) 96 hours LC 50 = 0.39 μg a.i./L Mortality MRID 44546027 Acceptable Very Highly Toxic

Chronic Fathead minnow ( Pimephales promelas ) 30 days NOAEC = 0.14 μg a.i./L LOAEC = 0.33
μ g ai/L Growth and mortality MRID 00089039 Acceptable NA



### Freshwater Invertebrates

Acute Amphipod 96 hours EC 50 = 0.0036 Mortality MRID 44423501 Acceptable Very Highly Toxic

### 37 4.2. Summary of most sensitive endpoints from submitted aquatic toxicity studies for the cypermethrin s .

Exposure Scenario Species Exposure Duration Toxicity Reference

Value Effects Reference 

### Toxicity Category

( Hyalella

azteca ) μg a.i./L



### Benthic Organisms

Acute Amphipod ( Hyalella

azteca ) 10 days sediment value

LC (experimental data):

50 = 3.6 μg a.i./kg sediment

pore water value (derived data) a LC :

50 = 0.00257 μg a.i./L pore
water Mortality and Growth MRID 44074406 Acceptable Very Highly Toxic



### Estuarine/Marine Fish

Acute Sheepshead minnow ( Cyprinidon variegates ) 96 hours LC 50 = 0.95 μg a.i./L Mortality MRID 00090075 Acceptable Very Highly Toxic



### Estuarine/Marine Invertebrates

Acut e Mysid shrimp ( Mysidopsis bahia ) 96 hours b LC 50 = 0.00475 μg a.i./L Mortality Acc. No. 070562 Acceptable Very Highly Toxic

Chronic Mysid shrimp ( Mysidopsis bahia ) 28 days c NOAEC = 0.000781 μg a.i./L LOAEC = 0.00197 μ g/L Weight of Females reduced MRID 42725301 Acceptable Very Highly Toxic



### Aquatic Plants No Data No Data No Data No Data No Data No Data

a For benthic organisms, the LC 50 value of 0.00257 μg a.i./L pore water was calculated as follows. The LC 50 value in whole sediment [3.6 μg a.i./kg sediment] is divided by the proportion of organic carbon in the sediment [0.0099 kg OC/kg whole sediment]. Thus, the LC 50 value in units of OC is 364 μg a.i./kg OC [3.6μg a.i./kg sediment **÷** 0.0099 kg OC/kg sediment ]. The equivalent concentration in pore water is based on the definition of the K oc K ,

oc (L/kg OC) = Sediment Conc in OC (mg/kg OC) **÷** Conc in pore water (mg/L).

By rearrangement, Conc in water = Sediment Conc in units of OC **÷** K oc .

For the cypermethrin s , the K oc is taken as 141,700 [L/kg OC]. Thus, the calculated concentration in pore water corresponding to the LC 50 value of 364 μg a.i./kg OC is 0.00257 μg a.i./L [364 μg a.i./kg OC **÷** 141,700 L/kg OC].

### 38 4.2. Summary of most sensitive endpoints from submitted aquatic toxicity studies for the cypermethrin s .

Exposure Scenario Species Exposure Duration Toxicity Reference

Value Effects Reference 

### Toxicity Category

b The acute toxicity reference value identified to calculate acute RQs for estuarine/marine invertebrates is for a 96

- hour exposure duration, rather than the guideline recommended 48

- hour exposure duration. Although 48

- hour LC 50 values have been reported in other studies (see Appendix E), these values ar e higher than the 96

- hour LC 50 of 0.005 μg a.i./L. Taking the most conservative approach, EFED will use the lowest LC 50 value reported for estuarine/marine invertebrates.

c The exposure duration of 28 days was not reported in the DER for this study. Sin ce this study was classified as “Acceptable” by EFED, an exposure duration of 28 days is assumed.



### Freshwater Fish

The acute toxicity of technical grade cypermethrin to freshwater fish was evaluated in several species, with 96

- hour LC 50 

### values ranging from 0.39 μg a.i./L in rainbow trout (MRID 44546027) to 4.5 μg a.i./L in bluegill sunfish (MRID 44546030). Based on these results, cypermethrin is categorized as very highly toxic to freshwater fish on an acute basis. Taking the
most con servative approach, the lowest 96

- hour LC 50 

### of 0.39 μg a.i./L in rainbow trout is used to evaluate acute toxic exposure to freshwater fish.

Studies assessing the acute toxicity of three cypermethrin formulations in rainbow trout were also submitted. The formulations tested were GFU 061 ( 36 % a.i.), and GFU 070 (25.1% a.i.). The 96

- hour LC 50 

### values reported for GFU 061 and GFU 070 are 4.7 μg for mulation/L (MRID 000 65813) and 13.0 μg formulation/L (MRID 000 88947), respectively, indicating that these cypermethrin formulations are very highly toxic to freshwater fish. Comparison of the 96

- hour LC 50 

### value for cypermethrin TGAI (0.39 μg a.i./L) and c ypermethrin formulations (4.7 to 13.0 μg formulation/L; equivalent to approximately 1.2 to 5.2 μg a.i./L) indicates that the formulated products have a similar order of toxicity to technical grade cypermethrin.

Acute toxicity studies in freshwater fish we re also submitted for the cypermethrin degradate 3

- phenoxybenzoic acid in rainbow trout (MRID 000 89037) and bluegill sunfish (MRID 000 89038). Results yield 96

- hour LC 50 

### values of 13.3 and 36.3 mg degradate/L in rainbow trout and bluegill sunfish, respecti vely. Based on these 96

- hour LC 50 

### values, 3

- phenoxy benzoic acid is categorized as slightly toxic to freshwater fish on an acute basis and is much less toxic than cypermethrin TGAI to freshwater fish.

An early life

- stage study in fathead minnow was submi tted by the registrant to establish the chronic toxicity of cypermethrin to freshwater fish (MRID 000 89039). Results of this 30

- day exposure study show ed that survival was significantly reduced compared to controls at 0.33 μg a.i./L, yielding a 30

- day NOA EC value for survival of 0.14 μg a.i./L. No treatment

- related effects were observed for hatchability or growth. The NOAEC value for survival of 0.14 μg a.i./L is > 0.1 of the 60

- day EEC 11

11 60

- d EEC of 0.131 μg a.i./L (based on North Carolina Fruit and coarse droplets, from the RED) ÷ r ainbow trout ELS NOAEC (0.14 μg a.i./L

, MRID 00089039 ) = 0.9. 

### , indicating the need for chronic fish studies per 40 CFR part

### 39 158. Chronic studies are also triggered by the direct applications to water for the cattle livestock

use . No acceptable chronic toxicity studies for cypermethrin formulations or cypermethrin degradates to freshwater fish were submitted. This is a data gap.

Estu arine/Marine Fish

The acute toxicity of technical grade cypermethrin to estuarine/marine fish was evaluated in sheepshead minnow and Atlantic salmon, with 96

- hour LC 50 

### values of 0.95 μg a.i./L (MRID 000 90075) and 4.3 μg a.i./L (MRID 41968212) respectively , indicating that the cypermethrin s TGAI is very highly toxic to estuarine/marine fish on an acute basis. Taking the most conservative approach, the lowest 96

- hour LC 50 

### value of 0.95 μg a.i./L in sheepshead minnow will be used to evaluate acute toxic expo sure to estuarine/marine fish. No acute toxicity studies of cypermethrin formulations or cypermethrin degradates in estuarine/marine fish were submitted.

No valid chronic toxicity studies on technical grade cypermethrin in estuarine/marine fish were subm itted. The previous assessment conducted in support of the RED calculated acute

- to

chronic ratios based on available acute toxicity data based on the following mathematical relationship:

Freshwater LC 50 

### (0.39 μg a.i./L) / Freshwater NOAEC (0.14μg a.i./L) = Estuarine/Marine LC 50 

### (0.95 μg a.i./L)/ X (estimated value for Estuarine/Marine NOAEC), where X = 0.34 μg a.i./L.

This estimated NOAEC of 0.34 μg a.i./L is > 0.1 of the 60

- day EEC 12 

### , indicating the need for chronic fish studies per 40 CFR Part 158. No chronic toxicity studies for the formulations or degradates of the cypermethrins in estuarine/marine fish were submitted. This is identified as a data gap.

Freshwater Invertebrates

Acute toxicity studies of technical grade cypermethrin to fresh water invertebrates yield toxicity values ranging from a 96

- hour LC 50 

### value of 0.0036 μg a.i./L in Hyalella (MRID 44423501) to a 24

- hour LC 50 

### value of >5.0 μg a.i./L in Notonecta, Chironomus thummi, and Lymnea peregra (Acc. No. 070562). Based on these res ults, the cypermethrin s can be categorized as very highly toxic on an acute basis. Taking the most conservative approach, the lowest LC 50 

### value reported (96

- hour LC 50 

### value of 0.0036 μg a.i./L) is used to evaluate acute toxic exposure of freshwater invertebrates to cypermethrin.

Studies assessing the acute toxicity of three cypermethrin formulations to daphnids were submitted. The formulations tested were GFU 034/A (36% a.i.), GFU 061 (36% a.i.), and GFU 070 (24% a.i.). Results of these studies we re reported as EC 50 

### values (for immobility), rather than LC 50 

### values. The 48

- hour EC 50

12 60

- d EEC of 0.131 μg a.i./L (based on North Carolina Fruit and coarse droplets, from the RED) ÷ estimated saltwater NOAEC (0. 3 4 μg a.i./L, see calculations above ) = 0.4. 

### values ranged from 1.56 μg a.i./L (MRID 62793) to 21.6

### 40 μg a.i./L (MRID 89040), indicating that these formulations are very highly toxic to freshwater invertebrates on a n acute basis. Comparison of the 48

- hour LC 50 

### /EC 50 

### values for cypermethrin TGAI (0.42 to 2.0 μg a.i./L) and cypermethrin formulations (1.56 to 21.6 μg a.i./L) indicates that the formulated products have a similar order of toxicity to technical grade cyper methrin s

.
Acute toxicity tests in freshwater invertebrates using the cypermethrin s degradate 3

- phenoxybenzoic acid to daphnids were also submitted. Results yield 48

- hour EC 50 

### values of 89.0 mg degradate/L (MRID 152739) and 111 mg degradate/L (Acc. No. 07 0562). Based on these acute toxicity values, 3

- phenoxy benzoic acid is categorized as practically non

- toxic to slightly toxic to freshwater invertebrates on an acute basis. Thus, the 3

- phenoxy benzoic acid degradate is much less toxic than the cypermethr in s TGAI to freshwater invertebrates.

No valid chronic toxicity studies on the technical grade cypermethrin s in freshwater invertebrates were submitted. The previous RED calculated acute

- to

- chronic ratios based on available acute toxicity data based on the following mathematical relationship:

Estuarine/marine invertebrate LC 50 

### (0.00475μg a.i./L) / Estuarine/marine invertebrate NOAEC (0.000781μg a.i./L) = Freshwater invertebrate LC 50 

### (0.42 μg a.i./L)/ X (estimated value for Freshwater invertebrate NOAEC) , where X = 0.069 μg a.i./L.

Chronic studies are triggered in several ways per 40 CFR Par 158, including, the direct applications to water for the cattle livestock use, EECs > 0.1 of the LC/EC 50 13 

### bioconcentration potencial (BCF of 448x , MRID 42868203) and half

- life of > 4 days in water (8.9

- 10.1 days, MRID 45920801). No chronic toxicity studies for the formulations or degradates of the cypermethrins in freshwater invertebrates were submitted. This is identified as a data gap.

Estuari ne/Marine Invertebrates

Acute toxicity tests with estuarine/marine invertebrates using the cypermethrin TGAI were conducted in shrimp, molluscs, and crustaceans. Toxicity values (EC 50 

### and LC 50 

### ) reported for shrimp range from the 96

- hour LC 50 

### value of 0 .00475 μg a.i./L (Acc. No. 070562) to the 96

- hour LC 50 

### value of 0.01 μg a.i./L (MRID 41068003). Similar results were observed in lobster (96

- hour LC 50 

### = 0.04 μg a.i./L; MRID 41068003) and fiddler crab (96

- hour LC 50 

### = 0.197 μg a.i./L; MRID 89045). Based o n these results, the cypermethrin s TGAI is categorized as very highly toxic to estuarine/marine shrimp and crustaceans. Results of acute toxicity tests in molluscs show that the cypermethrin s TGAI is moderately to highly toxic in oysters, with a 96

- hour E C 50 

### value of 0.37 mg a.i./L in Eastern oyster (MRID 89049) and a 48

- hour LC 50 

### value of >2.27 mg a.i./L in Pacific oyster (Acc. No. 070562). Results of these studies indicate that molluscs are less susceptible than shrimp and crustaceans to the cypermethr in s toxicity on an acute basis. Taking the most conservative approach, the 96

- hour LC 50

13 21

- d EEC of 0.256 μg a.i./L (based on North Carolina Fruit and coarse droplets, from the RED) ÷ estimated freshwater NOAEC of 0.069 μg a.i./L (see calculations above) = 3.7. 

### value of 0.00475 μg a.i./L in mysid shrimp will be used to categorize acute risk to estuarine/marine invertebrates. No acute toxicity studies for the formulations or d egradates of the cypermethrins in estuarine/marine invertebrates were

### 41 submitted. This is identified as a data gap.

Three studies involving life

- cycle tests in mysid shrimp were submitted by the registrant to establish the chronic toxicity of cypermethri n to estuarine/marine invertebrates. The NOAEC values reported in these studies range from 0.781 ng a.i./L for effects on first generation mortality, male length and weight and female weight (MRID 42725301), to 1.5 ng a.i./L for number of offspring (Acc. No. 070562) and survival and reproduction (MRID 44546035). Taking the most conservative approach, the lowest NOAEC value of 0.781 ng a.i./L will be used to characterize chronic risk to estuarine/marine invertebrates. No chronic toxicity studies for the formulations or degradates of the cypermethrins in estuarine/marine invertebrates were submitted. This is identified as a data gap.

Benthic Organisms

Several studies on the toxicity of cypermethrin TGAI to benthic or ganisms have been submitted. Studies were conducted using two types of experimental protocols, exposure in a water

- only system and exposure in a water

- sediment system. In the water system studies, organisms were exposed to cypermethrin in overlying (surf ace) water; no sediment was present in the test chamber (these studies are discussed with the freshwater invertebrate studies above) . For studies conducted using the water

- sediment system protocol, cypermethrin was applied to water

sediment systems and al lowed to settle for 2 days; organisms were introduced to the above
water

- sediment systems, and toxicity was assessed after a 10

- day exposure period. However, these studies present a degree of uncertainty because of the lack of equilibration of spiked sedim ents with the pore water (e.g., equilibration should have occurred for at least one month). While compounds bound to the sediment present potential toxicity concerns, those residues that have reached equilibrium in the pore water are considered a greater s ource of toxic risk to benthic invertebrates (Di Toro et al. , 1991). Therefore the studies presented in this assessment may underestimate sediment toxicity.

Two studies on cypermethrin TGAI were conducted using a water

- sediment system, one study with mid ge (MRID 44074402) and one study with amphipod (MRID 44074406). Both studies were conducted using the same protocol, as described above, using sediments from three sources (Florissant, Mississippi, and Duluth). All toxicity values for these studies are e xpressed in terms of the concentration of cypermethrin in sediment (μg a.i./kg) on Day 0. Measurement of cypermethrin in sediment and surface water on Days 0 and 10 of exposure indicates that the
water

- sediment system was not at equilibrium, thus adding uncertainty to the results of these studies. Results yield 10

- day LC 50 

### values ranging from 3.6 μg a.i./kg sediment (Flori s sant sediment) in amphipods to 67 μg a.i./kg sediment in midge (Mississippi sediment). In general, toxicity decreased (as reflected by higher LC 50 

### values), with increasing organic carbon content of the sediment. Taking the most conservative approach, the lowest 10

- day LC 50 

### value of 3.6 μg a.i./kg sediment in amphipods will be used to characterize the risk of acute exposure of benthic organisms to the cypermethrin s TGAI in sediment.

### 42 In order to assess the risk of acute exposure to benthic organisms to the cypermethrin s TGAI based on pore water concentrations, the equivalent toxicity value in pore water is derived using the lowest 10

- day LC 50 

### value of 3.6 μg a.i./kg sediment in amphipods . The LC 50 

### value in whole sediment [3.6 μg a.i./kg sediment] is divided by the propo rtion of organic carbon (OC) in the sediment [0.0099 kg OC/kg whole sediment]. Thus, the LC 50 

### value in units of OC is 364 μg a.i./kg OC [3.6μg a.i./kg sediment **÷** 0.0099 kg OC/kg sediment]. The equivalent concentration in pore water is based on the definit ion of the K oc 

### , Koc (L/kg OC) = [sediment (mg/Kg OC)] / [pore water (mg/L)]

By rearrangement,

[water] = [sediment (mg/Kg OC)] / Koc

For the cypermethrin s , the K oc 

### is 141,700 [L/kg OC] (MRID 42129003). Thus, the calculated concentration in pore water corresponding to the LC 50 

### value of 364 μg a.i./kg OC is 0.00257 μg a.i./L [364 μg a.i./kg OC **÷** 141,700 L/kg OC]. To assess risk of acute exposure to benthic organisms to cypermethrin TGAI in terms of pore water concentrations, the derived LC 50 

### value of 0.00257 μg a.i./L is used.

No toxicity studies for the formulations or degradates of the cypermethrins in freshwater benthic organisms were submitted. This i s identified as a data gap.

Chronic toxicity studies in benthic organisms were not submitted. To assess chronic risk to benthic organisms, chronic toxicity values were derived for both sediment and pore water. The previous RED calculated acute

- to

- chron ic ratios based on available acute toxicity data based on the following mathematical relationships:

Estuarine/marine invertebrate LC 50 

### (0.00475μg a.i./L) / Estuarine/marine invertebrate NOAEC (0.000781μg a.i./L) = Benthic LC 50 

### in sediment 3.6 μg a.i./kg sediment / X (estimated benthic NOAEC value in sediment), where X = 0.59 μg a.i./kg sediment.

Estuarine/marine invertebrate LC 50 

### (0.00475μg a.i./L) / Estuarine/marine invertebrate NOAEC (0.000781μg a.i./L) = Benthic LC 50 

### in pore water (0.002 57 μg a.i./L / X (estimated benthic NOAEC value in pore water ), where X = 0.00042 μg a.i./L pore water. To assess chronic risk to benthic organisms, the estimated NOAEC values of 0.59 μg a.i./kg sediment and 0.00042 μg a.i./L pore water are used.

No chr onic toxicity studies for the formulations or degradates of the cypermethrins in freshwater benthic organisms were submitted. This is identified as a data gap.

4.1.3 Plants

No studies evaluating the toxicity of the cypermethrin s to terrestrial plants, aquatic plants or

### 43 algae have been submitted to the Agency. This is identified as a data gap.

ECOTOX Iin additiona to submitted data, a vailable open literature will be used to evaluate the potential direct effects of cypermethrin to the terrestrial receptors iden tified in this section. This includes toxicity data on the technical grade active ingredient, and when available, formulated products.

At this time, a full and complete ECOTOX search has not been performed, but will be conducted prior to the final risk assessment . The open literature studies will be identified through EPA’s ECOTOX database ( http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/ ), which employs a literature search engine for locating chemical toxicity data for aquatic li fe, terr estrial plants, and wildlife. The evaluation of data can also provide insight into the direct and indirect effects of cypermethrin on biotic communities from loss of species that are sensitive to the chemical and from changes in structure and funct ional characteristics of the affected communities.

Open literature toxicity data for other ‘target’ insect species (not including bees, butterflies, beetles, and non

- insect invertebrates including soil arthropods and worms), which include efficacy studie s, are not currently considered in deriving the most sensitive endp oint for terrestrial insects. Efficacy studies do not typically provide endpoint values that are useful for risk assessment ( such as NOAEC, EC 50 

### , etc.), but rather are intended to identify a dose that maximizes a particular effect ( such as EC 100 

### ). Therefore, efficacy data and non

- efficacy toxicological target insect data will not be included in the ECOTOX open literature search.

4.2 Incident Database Review

A review of the Ecological Incide nt Information System ( EIIS , v. 2.1 ) and Aggregate Incident database s for ecological incidents involving cypermethrin and zeta

- cypermethrin was completed

on December 8 , 2011. This database consists of exposure incident reports submitted to the EPA from 1994 to present. A search fo r incidents involving cypermethrin and zeta

- cypermethrin was also conducted in the American Bird Conservancy’s Avian Incident Monitoring Syste m (AIMS).

The reports are listed in order of certainty, from highly probable to unrelated. Incidents listed in EIIS are categorized by the likelihood that a particular pesticide is associated with that particular incident. These classifications include h ighly probable, probable, possible, unlikely or unrelated. “Highly probable” incidents usually require carcass residues or clear circumstances regarding the exposure. “Probable” incidents include those where residue information was not available or circums tances were less clear than those for “highly probable”. “Possible” incidents occur when multiple chemicals may have been involved and the contribution of an individual chemical is not obvious. An “unlikely” incident classification is given when a given ch emical is considered nontoxic to the type of organism involved or the chemical was analyzed and not detected in samples. The “unrelated” category is used for incidents confirmed not to involve pesticides.

The number of reports listed in the EIIS database is believed to be only a small fraction of the total incidents involving organism mortality and damage caused by pesticides. Few resources are assigned to incident reporting. Reporting by states is only voluntary, and individuals discovering

### 44 incidents may not be informed on the procedure of reporting these occurrences. Additionally, much of the database is generated from registrant

- submitted incident reports. In addition, incident reports for non

- target organisms typically provide information only on morta lity events and plant damage incidents. Except for phytotoxic effects in terrestrial plants, sublethal effects for organisms such as reduced growth or impaired reproduction are rarely reported. Because of these logistical difficulties, EIIS is most likely a minimal representation of all pesticide

- related ecological incidents

.
Registrants are legally required to provide detailed reports of only “major” ecological incidents involving pesticides, while “minor” incidents are reported aggregately. Based on 40 C FR §159.184 , an ecologica l incident is considered major and must be submitted to the Agency by the registrant if any of the following criteria are met:

Fish or wildlife: (A) Involves any incident caused by a pesticide currently in Formal Review 14



### (B) Fish: Affected 1,000 or more individuals of a schooling species or 50 or more individuals of a non

- schooling species. for ecological concerns.

(C) Birds: Affected 200 or more individuals of a flocking species, or 50 or more individuals of a songbird species, or 5 or more individuals of a predatory species. (D) Mammals, reptiles, amphibians: Affected 50 or more individuals of a relatively common or herding species or 5 or more individuals of a rare or solitary species. (E) Involves effects to, or ill egal pesticide treatment (misuse) of a substantial tract of habitat (greater than or equal to 10 acres, terrestrial or aquatic). Plants : (A) The effect is alleged to have occurred on more than 45 percent of the acreage exposed to the pesticide.

The EIIS database contained 22 major incidents involving the cypermethrin s . The reports included 15 fish incidents and 2 avian incidents , 3 mammalian incidents , and 2 terrestrial invertebrate incidents

. In respect to the likelihood that cypermethrin caused t he reported incidents , the certainty range d from unlikely to highly probable

. The majority of reported incidents were identified as probable or highly probable

. Four of the incidents resulted from registered uses, seven were misuses and the remaining use p attern s are unknown. A summary of ecological incidents involving cypermethrin included in the EIIS database are listed in Appendix B

.

The AIMS database contains 2 avian incidents involving the cypermethrin s , both of which are also captured in EIIS

.

All other incidents are classified as ‘ minor ’

. All e cological incidents classified as ‘ minor ’ only

14 Formal Review means Special Review, Rebuttable Presumption Against Registration (RPAR), FIF RA section 6(c) suspension proceeding, or FIFRA section 6(b) cancellation proceeding, whether completed or
not.

### 45 need to be aggregately reported as quarterly counts of incidents by the registrant(s). Ecological incidents reported in aggregate reports include those cate gorized as ‘minor fish and wildlife’ (W

B), ‘minor plant’ (P

- B), and ‘other non

- target’ (ONT) incidents. ‘Other non

- target’ incidents include reports of adverse effects to insects and other terrestrial invertebrates. For the cypermethrin s , the registrants have reported 21 minor fish and wildlife incidents, 4 minor plant incidents , and 1 “other non

- target” incdent

. All reported incidents occurred between 1995 and 2010, and involved currently registered products such as Demon WP, Cyper TC Insecticide, Prevail TC Termiticide, Probuild TC, Demon Max , among others. Unless additional information on these aggregated incidents become s available, they will be assumed to be representative o f r egistered uses of the cypermethrin s in the risk assessment.

4.3 Ecosyste ms Potentially at Risk

The c ypermethrin may be applied on a variety of food /feed crops, including (but not limited to)

, alfalfa, nut trees, corn, leafy vegetables, stone fruits, pome fruits, fruiting vegetables, cucurbit vegetables, cole crops , onion and soybean. In addition, they m ay be used o n numerous non

- food sites ( e.g. ornamentals

, commercial animal housing, outdoor agricultural premises, residential sites

– outdoors, and outdoor eating establishments ) and indoor sites ( e.g. residential sites

indoo rs, food handling premises, eating establishments

- indoors, and transporation facilities)

. Thus, the ecosystems at risk may be extensive in scope, and as a result it may not be possible to identify specific ecosystems during the development of a baseline r isk assessment. In general terms, terrestrial ecosystems potentially at risk due to the use of the cypermethrin s could include the treated field and areas immediately adjacent to the treated field that may receive drift or runoff. Areas adjacent to the t reated field could include cultivated fields, fencerows and hedgerows, meadows, fallow fields or grasslands, woodlands, riparian habitats and other uncultivated areas. Current label directions for the cypermethrin s require vegetative buffer strips and imp ose limitations to reduce the potential for spray drift to impact areas adjacent to the treated field. However, d ue to the potential persistence of the cypermethrin s under certain circumstances

, it is expected to drift and/ or runoff due to application to food crops and certain

non

- crop sites , resulting in possible exposure to aquatic ecosystems. In addition, indoor use patterns of the cypermethrin s could result in “down

- the

- drain” exposure to aquatic ecosystems that receive treated waters

. Aquatic ecosyste ms potentially at risk due to the use of the cypermethrin s include water bodie s adjacent or downstream from the treated field and might include impounded bodies such as ponds, lakes and reservoirs, or flowing waterways such as streams or rivers. For uses i n coastal areas, aquatic habitat also includes marine ecosystems, such

as estuaries.

5 Assessment Endpoints

Assessment endpoints are defined as “explicit expressions of the actual environmental value that is to be protected.” Defining an assessment endpoint involves two steps: 1) identifying the valued attributes of the environment that are considered to be at risk; and 2) operationally defining the assessment endpoint in terms of an ecological entity ( i.e. , a community of fish and aquatic invertebrates) and its attributes ( i.e. , survival and reproduction). Therefore, selection of

### 46 the assessment endpoints is based on valued entities ( i.e. , ecological receptors), the ecosystems potentially at risk, the m igration pathways of pesticides, and the routes by which ecological receptors are exposed to pesticide

- related contamination. The selection of clearly defined assessment endpoints is important because they provide direction and boundaries in the risk

asse ssment for addressing risk management issues of concern. Changes to assessment endpoints are typically estimated from the available toxicity studies, which are used as the measures of effects to characterize potential ecological risks associated with expo sure to pesticides, such as the cypermethrin s

.
To estimate exposure concentrations, the ecological risk assessment considers applications at the maximum application rate to fields that have vulnerable soils. The most sensitive toxicity endpoints are used from surrogate test species to estimate treatment

- related direct effects on acute mortality and chronic reproductive, growth and survival assessment endpoints. Toxicity tests are intended to determine effects of pesticide exposure on birds, mammals, fish , terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates, and plants. These tests include short

- term acute, sub

- acute, and reproduction studies and are typically arranged in a hierarchical or tiered system that progresses from basic laboratory tests to applied field studi es. The toxicity studies are used to evaluate the potential of a pesticide to cause adverse effects, to determine whether further testing is needed

, and to determine the need for precautionary label statements to minimize the potential adverse effects to non

- target animals and plants.

An open literature search will be conducted to determine any relevant endpoints. The search will focus on survival, growth and reproductive effects for aquatic and terrestrial effects of the cypermethrin s

. More sensitive en dpoints from acceptable open literature studies will be included in th e ecological risk assessment.

6 Conceptual Model

For a pesticide to pose an ecological risk, it must reach ecological receptors in biologically signi ficant concentrations. An exposure pathway is the means by which a pesticide moves in the environment from a source to an ecological receptor. For an ecological pathway to be complete, it must have a source, a release mechanism, an environmental transpor t medium, a point of exposure for ecological receptors, and a feasible route of exposure.

A conceptual model provides a written description and visual representation of the predicted relationships between cypermethrin , potential routes of exposure, and the predicted effects for the assessment endpoint. A conceptual model consists of two major components: risk hypothesis and a conceptual diagram (USEPA, 1998).

6.1 Risk Hypothesis

Risk hypotheses are specific assumptions a bout potential adverse effects ( i.e. , changes in assessment endpoints) and may be based on theory and logic, empirical data, mathematical models, or probability models (USEPA 1998). For this assessment, the risk is stressor

- initiated, where the stressor i s the release of the cypermethrin s into the environment. The following risk

### 47 hypothes es are presumed for this screening

- level assessment:

The c ypermethrin s , when used outdoors in accordance with registered labels, will likely lead to off

- site movement of the compound via agricultural and urban runoff, spray drift, and eroded soil leading to exposure of nontarget plants and animals Based on information on the environmental fate, mode of action, direct toxicity and potential indirect effects, EFED assumes t hat registered uses of the cypermethrin d have the potential to cause reduced survival, growth, and reproduction to non

- target terrestrial and/ or aquatic animals and plants.

The c ypermethrin s , when used indoors for uses such as pet shampoos, etc

. , in accordance with current labels, will likely result in off

- site movement of the compound via wash

- off into surface waters via drains and municipal wastewater treatment plants, leading to exposure of nontarget aquatic plants and animals. This potential exposure pathway may result in adverse effects upon the survival, growth, and/or reproduction of non

- target aquatic animals and plants.

The c ypermethrin s , when used for the treatment of cattle (and certain other animals), in accordance with current labe ls, may result in off

- site movement of the compound via wash

- off of cattle and calves into surface waters, leading to exposure of nontarget aquatic plants and animals. This potential exposure pathway may result in adverse effects upon the survival, growth , and/or reproduction of non

- target aquatic animals and plants.

The conceptual model is a generic graphic depiction of the risk hypothesis. It includes the
po tential pesticide or stressor ( the cypermethrin s and possible metabolites , as well as synergists ), the source of the pesticide and/or transport pathways, exposure media, exposure point, biological receptor types, and attribute changes.

6.2 Conceptual Diagram

The conceptual model is a generic graphic depiction of the risk hypothesis, a nd assumes that the cypermethrin s , which are synthetic pyrethroid insecticide , having multiple outdoor agricultural and non

- agricultural uses, is capable of affecting aquatic and terrestrial animals provided that environmental concent rations are sufficiently elevated as a result of proposed label uses. Based on an examination of the physicochemical properties of the cypermethrin s , the fate and disposition in the environment, and mode of application, a conceptual model was developed th at represents the possible relationships between the stressors, ecological receptors, and the assessment endpoints. Through a preliminary iterative process of examining available data, the conceptual model ( i.e ., the representation of the risk hypothesis) may be refined to reflect the likely exposure pathways and the organisms that are most relevant and applicable to this assessment ( Figures 6

- 1 a and 6

- 1 b )

. They include the potential pesticide or stressor ( the cypermethrin s , but the presence of toxicologically important metabolites and/ or synergists cannot be ruled out), the sources and/ or transport pathways, exposure media and exposure points, biological receptor types and attribute changes.

### 48 In order for a chemical to po se an ecological risk, it must reach ecological receptors in biologically significant concentrations. An exposure pathway is the means by which a pesticide moves in the environment from a source to an ecological receptor. For an ecological exposure pathway to be complete, it must have a source, a release mechanism, an environmental transport medium, a point of exposure for ecological receptors, and a feasible route of exposure. In addition, the potential mechanisms of degradation/ transformation ( i.e. , whic h degradation/ transformation products may form in the environment, in which media, and how much) must be understood, especially if for the chemical, its metabolites/ transformation products are of greater toxicological concern than the parent compound. T he assessment of ecological exposure pathways, therefore, includes an examination of the source and potential migration pathways for constituents, and the determination of potential exposure routes.

Under the possible uses of the cypermethrin s , the source s and mechanisms of release of the compound s are from ground or aerial spray or ULV applications . N ote that this conceptual model considers agricultural applications as well as certain non

- agricultural applications. Surface runoff from the areas of appli cation is assumed to depend on factors such as topography, irrigation, and rainfall events. Direct deposition may result in contamination of food items that may be consumed by terrestrial organisms. Spray drift results in contaminated adjacent areas, inc luding bodies of water. L eaching to groundwater is not considered an important source because the cypermethrin s , like many other pyrethroids, show low mobility in a variety of soils

. The c ypermethrin s appear to have a low potential for volatilization, wi th a low vapor pressure and Henry’s Law Constant s. Th e low vapor pressure (~10 - 9 

### torr ) and relatively low Henry’s Law
constant (~10 - 7 

### atm/m 3



### - mol) , and its binding capacity, suggest that the potential for atmospheric transport for the cypermethrin s is relatively low and that this source of the chemical is of low importance, compared to spray drift, runoff and/ or direct contact after application.

For aquatic receptors, the major point of exposure is through direct contact with the water column, sedime nt, and pore water (gill/ integument) contaminated with spray drift (from spray application) and/or runoff and flow ( e.g. , piped storm drains) from treated areas. Indirect effects to aquatic organisms (both fish and aquatic invertebrates) can also occur through impact to various food chains

. The representative aquatic receptors are certain freshwater and estuarine/ marine fish, invertebrates, and, in certain cases, aquatic plants. The major point of exposure for terrestrial animals is consumption of foo d contaminated with residues such as grass, foliage, and small insects. For plants, the point of exposure is direct contact or root uptake. The representative terrestrial receptors are mammals, birds and terrestrial plants. The attribute changes used to assess risk to terrestrial receptors depend on the type of test ( e.g. , reduced survival, growth, or reproduction for animals and seedling emergence and vegetative vigor for plants). It should be noted, that these species do not cover all the possible spe cies in the animal and plant kingdoms; certain taxa are considered as surrogates for other taxa. For example, fish are considered surrogates for aquatic phase amphibians.

This conceptual model also shows information about the potential for biomagnificati on for the cypermethrin s (see piscivorous birds and mammals in Fig. 6

- 1b ). The reported value of log octanol/ water partition coefficient of 6.4 suggests that the cypermethrin s have the potential to bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms assuming that chemica l metabolism is negligible. Maximum

### 49 BCFs for the cypermethrin s are 161 x for edible tissue, 8 8 3 x for viscera, and 44 8x for whole fish. Depuration appeared to be moderately slow, with ~10

- 15% of the initial residues remaining after 21 days. Thus

, it appears t hat the re is potential for bioaccumulation/ bioconcentration in aquatic organisms and biomagnification in terrestrial organisms.

The c ypermethrin s have a solubility of 4.0 ppb and a very high K OW 

### . These properties suggest that the chemical s could partition with the sediments and particulate suspended in bodies of
water

. The c ypermethrin s are likely to concentrate in the sediments , especially after repeated exposures (applications) , where they could persist. Such sediments could serve as rep ositories of the chemical s for extended periods of time and could potentially be toxic to sediment dwelling organisms, affecting the food chain. These issues will also be assessed in the risk assessment for the cypermethrin s

.

Figure 6

- 1a. Aquatic conce ptual model depicting stressors, exposure pathways, and potential effects to aquatic organisms from the use of the cypermethrin s on agricultural and certain non

- agricultural sites

1 **Considered a minor route of exposure

Includes flow across vegetation and vegetated drainage systems ( e.g. , swales) and flow across impervious surfaces and through impervious (piped) storm drains. 

## Stressor

Source

Receptors

Attribute Change Cypermethrins applied to agricultural or non

- agricultural use site

Spray drift

Aquatic animals Invertebrates Vertebrates Piscivorous mammals

and birds**

Individual organisms Reduced survival (2) Reduced growth Reduced reproduction Food chain Reduction in algae and

vascular plants Reduction in prey Modification of PCEs

related to prey availability Habitat integrity Reduction in primary

productivity Reduced cover Communi ty change Modification of PCEs related to

habitat Surface water/ Sediment Runoff

Aquatic Animals Invertebrates Vertebrates 

## Exposure Media

Uptake/gills

or integument

Ingestion Ingestion Atmospheric transport

Wet/dry deposition Soil Leaching to Groundwater

Uptake/gills or integument

Aquatic Plants Non

- vascular Vascular Uptake/cell, roots, leaves Riparian plants terrestrial exposure pathways; see

Figure 6.1b Impervious Surfaces

Flow ( 1 )

### 50 2 Immobilization is considered equivalent to mortality in toxicity tests for aquatic invertebrates.

Dotted lines indicate exposure pathways that have a low likelihood of contributing to ecological risk.



### Figure 6

- 1b. Terrestrial conceptual model depicting stressors, exposure pathways, and potential effects to terrestrial organisms from the use of the cypermethrin s on agricultural and certain non

- agricultural sites

Dotted lines indicate exposure pathways that have a low likelihood of contributing to ecological risk.
1 Includes flow across vegetation and vegetated drainage systems ( e.g. , swales) and flow across impervious surfaces and through impervious (piped) storm drains.



### The conceptual model for potential risks of the cypermethrin s to aquatic organisms due to various indoor uses of the chemical that could potentially end up in a “drain” and disposed through domestic wastewate r is depicted in Fig. 6

- 2 . The stressor s are the chemical s of concern

, the cypermethrin s . It is noted that the transport pathway is wastewater flow, the exposure media is the treatment facility and the exposure route, receptor

, and attribute changes for aquatic organisms are similar to the conceptual model for agricultural applications.

EFED will perform a n assessment of the “down

- the

- drain” uses , using available usage information and new endpoints (if any are developed, from n ewly submitted studies) in the

Stressor

Source

Attribute Change Cypermethrins applied to agricultural or non

- agricultural use sites

Direct application Spray drift

Terrestrial vertebrates Terrestrial i nvert ebrate s

Individual organisms Reduced survival Reduced growth Reduced reproduction Food chain Reduction in prey and food Modification of PCEs

related to prey availability Habitat integrity Reduction in primary productivity Reduced cover Community change Modification of PCEs related

to habitat Terrestrial plants grasses/ forbs, fruit, seeds (trees, shrubs) Runoff

Terrestrial

v ertebrates Exposure Media & Receptors Soil

Ingestion Ingestion Ingestion Dermal uptake/Ingestion Atmospheric transport

Root uptake/contact Wet/dry deposition

Ingestion Leaching to Groundwater Irrigation

water Flow ( 1 )

### 51 Registration Review ecological risk assessment.

Figure 6

- 2. Conceptual model for potential risks of the cypermethrin s to aquatic organisms for various indoor uses of the chemical that could potentially end up in the “drain”

The conceptual model for potential risks of the cypermethrin s to terrestrial and aquatic organisms as a result of the treatment on cattle or calves is depicted in Fig. 6

- 3 . The stressor s are the chemical s of concern, the cypermethrin s , and potentially interactions caused by applicati o ns with the synergist s PBO and MGK

- 264

. The organisms that could be expected to be affected are terrestrial plants, aquatic plants and aquatic animals. It is noted that the potential transport pathway, the exposure media and the exposure point or route, receptor, and attribute changes for plant and aquatic organisms are similar to the conceptual model for agricultural applications Fig. 6

- 1a

.

Stressor Cypermethrins applications that could potentially end up “down

- the

- drain” ( i.e., pet spot on, furniture treatments, mopped surfaces)

Source/ Transport Pathways Domestic w astewater flow ; Partitioning with sewage sludge

Source/ Exposure Media Treatment f acility d ischarges into s urface

w aters

Exposure Route Gill/ Integument

Uptake

Receptors

Attribute Changes Aquatic Invertebrates, Vertebrates

Individual Vertebrates and

Invertebrates Reduced survival or reproduction Plant Population Reduced population

growth Aquatic Plants Uptake/ Adsorption

### 52 Figure 6

- 3: Conceptual model for potential risks of the cypermethrin s to aquatic organisms a s a result of the treatment on cattle or calves.

7 Analysis Plan

In order to address the risk hypothesis, the potential for adverse effects on the environment is estimated. Usage, environmental fate and transport, and ecological effects of the cypermethrin s are characterized and integrated to assess the risks. This is accomplished using a risk quotient (ratio of exposure concentration to effects concentration) approach. Although risk is often defined as the likelihood and magnitude of adverse ecological effects, the risk quotient

- based approach does not provide a quan titative estimate of likelihood and/ or magnitude of an adverse effect. However, as outlined in the Overview Document (USEPA 2004), the likelihood of effects to individual organisms from particular uses of a chemical is estimated using the probit dose

- res ponse slope and either the level of concern (discussed below) or the actual calculated risk quotient value.

Stressor Cypermethrins and PBO used as for the treatment of cattle and other animals (Immersion in surface water body or washoff transported nearby or to surface waters)

Source/ Transport Pathways Surface waters

Source/ Exposure Media Riparian/ Wetland Foliage/Soil Receiving Water Body/ Sediment

Exposure Route Direct Contact/ Root Uptake Gill/ Integument

Uptake

Receptors

Attribute Changes Aquatic Invertebrates,

Vertebrates Wetland/ Riparian

Plants

Individual Plants Reduced survival, growth, or reproduction Individual Vertebrates and Invertebrates Reduced survival

o r reproduction Plant Population Reduced population

growth Aquatic Plants Uptake/ Adsorption

### 53 This analysis plan will be revisited and may be revised depending on the data available in the open literature and the information submitted by t he public or the registrant in response to the opening of the Registration Review docket.

7.1 Stressors of Concern

The focus of this assessment is on the parent material s , the cypermethrin s . However, the Agency will review open literature to identify degrada te(s) of potential toxicological concern ( e.g. DCVA and 3

- PBA ). Also, risk resulting from use of the cypermethrin s and synergist s will be assessed for cattle treatments.

Toxicity data for environmental mixtures of the cypermethrin s with other pesticides (those mixtures occurring in the environment following application), if available, may be presented as part of the ecological risk assessment. The c ypermethrin s m ay be applied in tank mixtures with other products approved for use on registered crops. It is expected that the toxic effect of the cypermethrin s , in combination with other pesticides used in the environment, is likely to be a function of many factors including, but not necessarily limited to (1) the exposed species, (2) th e

co

- formulants in the mixture, (3) the ratio of the cypermethrin s and co

- formulants concentrations, (4) differences in the pattern and duration of exposure among form ulants , and (5) the differential effects of other physical/ chemical characteristics of the receiving waters ( e.g. organic matter present in sediment and suspended water). A discussion of implications of the available pesticide mixture effects data on the confidence of risk assessment conclusions will be addressed in the risk description of the final ecological assessment

.

7.2 Measures of Exposure

In order to estimate risks of the cypermethrin s exposures in aquatic and terrestrial environments, all exposure modeling and resulting risk conclusions will be made based on maximum application rates for the current use patterns. Available monitoring data will also be considered when describing potenti al environmental exposure to non

- target organisms.

Measures of exposure are based on aquatic and terrestrial models that predict estimated environmental concentrations of the cypermethri n s using maximum labeled application rates and methods, as well as an y mitigation measures specifically indicated on the label.

Additional information on the terrestrial exposure models and screening tools employed in EPA ecological risk assessments for pesticides can be found at http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/terrestrial/

.
More information on aquatic pesticide exposure models can be found at http://www. epa.gov/oppefed1/models/water/index.htm

.

### 54 Dietary exposure to terrestrial organisms

Measures of exposure for terrestrial mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians similarly incorporate maximum proposed use rates but rely less on fate properties. Terrestrial exposures

a re estimated using a number of methods. For the cypermethrin s , acute and chronic terrestrial exposure estimates are derived directly from empirically determined observations of pesticide residues on various terrestrial food items. The Kenaga nomogram, as modified by Fletcher et al

, (Kenaga and Hoerger, 1972; Fletcher et al , 1994) is used to relate pesticide application rates to residues on terrestrial food items. The surface residue concentration (ppm) is estimated by multiplying the applicat ion rate (pounds active ingredient per acre) by a value specific to each food item. For numerous applications for a given use, the exposure model incorporates a first

order decay rate dependent on the foliar dissipation half

- life of the chemical. In the ab sence of foliar dissipation data, a default foliar dissipation half

- life of 35 days is used.

Inhalation, drinking water and dermal exposure

Two screening tools were utilized to assess the potential for exposure of the cypermethrin s to terrestrial organisms via inhalation and drinking water exposure. The S creening T ool for I nhalation R isk (STIR v.1.0, November 19, 2010) was used to calculate an upper bound estimate of exposure using vapor pressure and molecular weight of the cypermeth rin s for vapor phase exposure, as well as the maximum application rate and method of application for spray drift. STIR incorporates results from several toxicity studies including acute oral and inhalation rat toxicity ( oral LD 50 

### = 86 mg/kg

- bw and LC 50 

### > 2.5 mg/L , respectively) as well as the most sensitive acute oral avian toxicity endpoint ( bobwhite quail

, LD 50 

### > 2000 mg ai/kg bw ). Based on the results of the STIR model, inhalation exposure alone was determined not to be a potential pathway of concern f or avian and mammalian species on an acute basis.

Inhalation exposure via spray drift and vapor

- phase of the cypermethrin s alone does not appear to be of concern. The analysis of the inhalation route of in STIR does not consider that aggregation with o ther exposure pathways such as dietary, dermal, or drinking water may contribute to a total exposure that has a potential for effects to non

- target animals. However, the Agency does consider the relative importance of other routes of exposure in situation s where data indicate that pesticide exposures through other routes may be potentially significant

c ontributors to wildlife risk (U S EPA, 2004).

The S creening I mbibition P rogram (SIP v.1.0, Released June 15, 2010) was used to calculate an upper bound estimate of exposure using the cypermethrin s solubility ( 4.0x10 - 3 

### mg/L ), the most sensitive acute and chronic avian oral toxicity endpoint ( bobwhite quail, LD 50 

### > 2000 mg ai/kg bw and NOEL = 50 mg/kg

- bw, respetively ) and the most sensitive acute and chronic mammalian toxicity endpoints ( oral LD 50 

### = 86 mg/kg

- bw and NOAEL = 5 mg/kg

- bw , respectively). Drinking water exposure alone was determined not to be a potential pathway of concern for avian and mammalian species on an acute or chronic basis

.
Although drinking water exposure alone does not appear to be of concern, this does not take into account that when aggregated with other exposure pathways (dietary food sources, dermal, inhalation) drinking water may contribute to a total exposure that has a potential for effects on

### 55 non

- target animals and should be explored further. Because there is a high degree of conservatism in the SIP 1.0 exposure esti mate, there is limited expectation that use scenarios not triggering a SIP 1.0 concern would contribute significantly to aggregate risks from water plus diet when a refined water exposure model is incorporated in the actual quantitative risk
assessment.

Although not available at this time, t he Agency is actively pursuing modeling techniques to account for dermal exposure via direct application of spray and by incidental contact with contaminated vegetation, soil and water.

Exposure to terrestrial plants

TerrPlant is used by EFED as a Tier 1 model for screening level assessments of pesticides. The purpose of TerrPlant is to provide screening level estimates of exposure to terrestrial plants from single pesticide applications. The model does not consider exposures to plants from multiple pesticide applications. TerrPlant derives pesticide EECs in runoff and in drift. RQs are developed for non

- listed and listed species of monocots and dicots inhabiting dry and semi

aquatic areas which are adjacent to treat ment sites. Once suitable terrestrial plant data are submitted to the Agency, this model will be used to determine the potential risks to terrestrial plants following applications of the cypermethrins

.
Aquatic exposure modeling

The models used to predic t aquatic EECs are the Pesticide Root Zone Model coupled with the Exposure Analysis Model System (PRZM/EXAMS). Also, to estimate aquatic exposure related to releases of the cypermethrin s from domestic wastewater treatment plants, the Exposure and Fate Ass essment Screening Tool’s (E

- FAST2) down

- the

- drain module will be used. For the treatment of cattle, measures of exposure will be calculations assuming direct applications to water considering living habits of cattle livestock.

PRZM (v.3.12.2, May 2005) and EXAMS (v.2.98.4.6, April 2005) are simulation models coupled with the input shell PE5.pl (August, 2007) to generate daily exposures and 1

- in

- 10 year EECs of the cypermethrin s , that may occur from spray drift and runoff to surface water bodies adjacent to application sites. PRZM simulates pesticide application, movement and transformation on an agricultural field and the resultant pesticide loadings to a receiving water body via runoff, erosion and spray drift. The EXAMS model simulates the fate of t he pesticide and resulting concentrations in the water body. The standard scenario used for ecological pesticide assessments assumes application to a 10

- hectare agricultural field that drains into an adjacent 1

- hectare water body that is 2 meters deep (20 ,000 cubic meters volume) with no outlet. PRZM/ EXAMS is used to estimate screening

- level exposure of aquatic organisms to the cypermethrin s and/ or their transformation products, should they be of concern. The measure of exposure for aquatic species is the 1

- in

- 10 year return peak or rolling mean concentration. The 1

- in

- 10 year peak is used for estimating acute exposures of direct effects to aquatic organisms. The 1

- in

- 10

- year 60

- day mean is used for assessing chronic exposure to fish and aquatic

- phase amphibians. The 1

- in

- 10

- year 21

- day mean is used for assessing aquatic invertebrate chronic
exposure.

### 56 At the present time, EFED considers the use of the impervious scenario (a PRZM modeling scenario) as the most suitable available modeling approach for si mulating runoff from impervious surfaces such as roads, sidewalks, patios and parking lots . The PRZM impervious scenario may be used in the T ier 2 coupled aquatic models PRZM/EXAMS along with the residential or other suitable scenario such as rights

- of

- wa y (ROW) to obtain EECs. The conceptual model for the residential scenario integrates simultaneous modeling of the individual use scenario with an impervious scenario. This approach assumes that no watershed is completely covered by either the 1⁄4 acre lot (the basis for the residential scenario) or undeveloped land (the basis for the ROW scenario) for residential and ROW use patterns; therefore, differential amounts of runoff will occur within the watershed. The impervious scenario was developed to represe nt the paved areas within a watershed not including roads, parking lots, sidewalks, and buildings outside the 1⁄4 acre lot (the 1⁄4 acre lot scenario accounts for impervious surfaces such as buildings within the represented area). By modeling a separate

scena rio for impervious surfaces, it is also possible to estimate that amount of exposure that could occur when the pesticide is oversprayed onto this surface. Using two scenarios in tandem requires post

- processing of the modeled output in order to derive a we ighted EEC that represents the contribution of both the pervious ( i.e. , residential and ROW scenarios) and the impervious surfaces.

In general, incorporation of impervious surfaces into the exposure assessment results in increasing runoff volume in the wa tershed, which tends to reduce overall pesticide exposure. For the purposes of risk assessment a lternate assumptions for percent impervious surfaces, percentage of use site treated, and percentage of overspray may be considered in order to characterize th e assumptions of the ecological risk assessment in the context of the individual exposure assessment and risk conclusions. For example, previously tested assumptions used in the endangered species assessments may be considered for characterization ( i.e.

, 10% and 30% impervious su rfaces, 10% lot treated, and 0%, 1% and 10% overspray) unless other relevant values can be determined ( i.e. , modeling may be completed for the impervious surface with 0%

, 1% and 10% overspray to provide lower and upper bound values ). The results of these alternate modeling exercises may be discussed in the assessment.

Given the aquatic toxicity of the cypermethrin s and their likelihood to occur in sediment, the Agency will also consider the potential exposures resulting from benthic/ sediment concentrations. Pore water concentrations are commonly used to predict toxicity of non

- ionic substances in sediments and characterize e xposure to organisms that spend time in or near sediments (Di Toro et al. 1991; US EPA 2002). PRZM/ EXAMS estimates 1

- in

- 10

- year peak and 21

- day mean EECs for pore water.

To estimate exposure related to releases of the cypermethrin s from domestic wastewa ter treatment plants, the Agency will rely on the Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT) model, Exposure and Fate Assessment Screening Tool (EFAST, version 2.0, or EFAST2, 2007). From this model, the Agency will use the “Down

- the

- Drain” module, which is designed for releases to domestic wastewater treatment. It is suitable for all the sources of cypermethrin that could potentially be exposed through a “down

- the

- drain” scenario ( i.e. , disposed through domestic wastewaters). The model provides scr eening level estimate concentrations of

### 57 chemicals in surface water that may result from household uses and the disposal of consumer products into wastewater using a few simple input parameters (production volume and fraction of the chemical removed during wastewater treatment). At the present time, the Agency does not anticipate requir ing a POTW treatability study but will include an analysis of the “down

- the

drain” scenario using more refined production volume values provided by BEAD or the registrant and any new endpoints (if any), developed during Registration Review

.

Since the cypermethrin s ha ve uses on rice, the screening

- level Tier 1 Rice Model v.1.0 will be utilized to obtain estimated exposure concentrations (EECs) related to that use. The Tier I Rice Model v1.0 relies on an equilibrium partitioning concept to provide conservative estimates of environmental concentrations resulting from application of pesticides to rice paddies. When a pesticide is applied to a rice paddy, the model assumes that i t will instantaneously partition between a water phase and a sediment phase. Among the assumptions of this model, the degradation of the pesticide and the mass transfer from the aqueous phase to the sediment are not considered. Also, volatilization and ot her dissipation processes are not considered. If LOCs are exceeded using the Tier 1 rice model, estimates may be made using a provisional model, Pesticides in Flooded Applications Model ( PFAM ), to better characterize the risk. However, PFAM is not yet ap proved for general use for calculating pesticide EECs by the Agency.

There are two possible scenarios whereby residues of the cypermethrins can enter the aquatic ecosystem due to treatment of cattle. First, multiple cattle that are treated with the cypermethrin s can directly enter a water body, and second, rainfall can cause washoff of residues of the cypermethrins to be transported from multiple treated cattle to water bodies via runoff. For these cases, surface water concentrations will be calcula ted using the maximum mass of the cypermethrin s per animal, spilling into a standard farm pond of 1 ha area and 2 m depth or a volume of 2.0 x 10 7 

### L. Surface water EECs will be calculated utilizing a suitable program which considers the soil

- water partiti on coefficient and the depth of the sediment layer

, such as the KdCalc (v.1.0 10/02/02). Certain assumptions are required for these scenarios. For example, for the first scenario, 20 treated cattle may be assumed to enter the water and for the second

sce nario, a 1000 treated cattle feedlot may be assumed (USDA NASS data). 15 

### A maximum of 100% of the active ingredient is assumed to wash

- off cow hide for pour on products.

Bioaccumulation

The potential for bioaccumulation for the chemical is assessed using the KABAM model, as well the results from bioconcentration in fish studies ( e.g. , the bioconcentration factors). Th is model i s parameterized using relevant reviewed registrant

- submitted environmental fate and transport data.

As indicated in Table 3.1 and its associated text in Section 3

, the cypermethrin s a ppear to have

some potential to bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms and it appears that there is also some potential to biomagnify in terrestrial organisms. The potential for bioaccumulation of the cypermethrin s will also be examined in the risk assessment. Because the cypermethrin s have a fairly high K OW 

### ( 2.0 x 10 5

15 

### ) and the chemical may be persistent in water ( aqueous photolysis

http://www.nass.usda.gov/Surveys/Guide_to_NASS_ Surveys/Cattle_On_Feed/index.asp (accessed 0 2/01/11 )

“ Feedlots with 1,000 or more head capacity represent about 85 percent of all fed cattle in the U.S. ”

### 58 half

- life of 36.2 days ) and sediments (> 10 days of aquatic metabolism) , there could be a potential for bioaccumulation. The maximum bioconcentration factor i s 448x for whole fish and the d epuration rate is fairly slow ( MRID 42868203). B ioaccumulation will be assessed using the results from bioa ccumulation in fish studies, as well as the KABAM model (K OW



### 7.3 Measures of Effect (based) Aquatic BioAccumulation Model, version 1.0, 2009), adjusting for biotransformation rates. KABAM is used to estimate potential bioaccumulation of hydrophobic organic pesticides in freshwa ter aquatic ecosystems and risks to mammals and birds consuming aquatic organisms which have bioaccumulated these pesticides. Monitoring data and biotransformation rates in terrestrial species will also be evaluated, to assess the potential for bioaccumul ation in terrestrial food webs.

Ecological effects data are used as measures of direct and indirect effects to biological receptors. Data are typically obtained from registrant

- submitted studies or from literature studies identified by ECOTOX. The ECOTOX database provides more ecological effects data in an attempt to bridge existing data gaps. ECOTOX is a source for locating single chemical toxicity data and potential chemical mixture toxicity data for aquatic life, terrestrial plants , and wildlife. ECOTOX was created and is maintained by the USEPA, Office of Research and Development, and the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory's Mid

- Continent Ecology Division.

The acute measures of effect used for animals i n this assessment are the LD 50 

### , LC 50 

### and EC 50


### . LD stands for "Lethal Dose", and LD 50 

### is the amount of a material, given all at once, that is estimated to cause the death of 50% of the test organisms. LC stands for “Lethal Concentration” and LC 50 

### is the c oncentration of a chemical that is estimated to kill 50% of the test organisms. EC stands for “Effective Concentration” and the EC 50 

### is the concentration of a chemical that is estimated to produce a specific effect in 50% of the test organisms. Endpoints for chronic measures of exposure for listed and non

- listed animals are the NOAEL/NOAEC and NOEC. NOAEL stands for “No Observed

- Adverse

- Effect

- Level” and refers to the highest tested dose of a substance that has been reported to have no harmful (adverse) effects on test organisms. The NOAEC ( i.e. , “No

- Observed

- Adverse

- Effect

- Concentration”) is the highest test concentration at which none of the observed effects were statistically different from the control. For non

- listed plants, only acute exposures are assessed ( i.e. , EC 25 

### for terrestrial plants and EC 50 

### for aquatic plants); for listed plants either the NOAEC or EC 05 

### is used.

At the time of the risk assessment, updated i nformation on the potential effects of the cypermethrin s on non

- target animals will also collected from the Ecological Incident Information System (EIIS)

, Aggregrate Incident Reports and the Avian Monit oring Information System (AIMS)

.
Where available, sub

- lethal effects observed in both registrant

- submitted and open literature studies will be evaluated qualitatively. Such effects may include behavioral changes ( e.g. , lethargy and changes in coloration). Quantitative assessments of risks, though, are limited to those endpoints that can be directly linked to the Agency’s assessment endp oints of impaired survival, growth and reproduction.

### 59 The assessment of risk for direct effects to non

- target organisms makes the assumption that the toxicity of cypermethrin to birds is similar to that of the cypermethrins ’ toxicity to terrestrial

phase amphibians and reptiles. The same assumption is made for fish and aquatic

- phase amphibians.

7.4 Integration of Exposure and Effects

Risk characterization is the integration of exposure and ecological effects to determine the potential eco logical risk from the use of pesticides and the likelihood of direct and indirect effects to non

- target organisms in aquatic and terrestrial habitats. The exposure and toxicity effects data are integrated in order to evaluate the risks of adverse ecologic al effects on non

target species. For the assessment of risks, the risk quotient (RQ) method is used to compare exposure and measured toxicity values. EECs are divided by acute and chronic toxicity values. The resulting RQs are then compared to the Agen cy’s Levels of Concern (LOCs) (USEPA 2004). These criteria will be used to indicate when cypermethrin uses , as directed on the label, have the potential to cause adverse direct or indirect effects to non

- target organisms. In addition, incident data from the EIIS will be considered as part of the risk characterization.

7.5 Deterministic and Probabilistic Assessment Methods

The quantitative assessment of risk will primarily depend on the deterministic point

- estimate based approach described in the risk assessment. An effort may also be made to further qualitatively describe risk using probabilistic tools that the Agency has developed. These tools have been reviewed by FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panels ( http://www.epa.gov/scipoly/sap/index.htm ) and have been deemed as appropriate means of refining assessments where deterministic approaches have identified risks.

7.6 Endangered Species Assessments

Consistent with the Agency’s responsibility under the End angered Species Act (ESA), the Agency will evaluate risks to Federally

- listed threatened and/or endangered (listed) s pecies from registered uses of the cypermethrin s . This assessment will be conducted i n accordance with the Overview Document (USEPA 2004), provisions of the ESA, and the Services’ Endangered Species Consultation Handbook (USFWS/NMFS, 1998).

The assessment of effects associated with the registration of the cypermethrin s are based on an action area. The action area is considered to be the area directly or indirectly affected by the federal action, as indicated by the exceedance of Agency LOCs used to evaluate direct or indirect effects. The Agency’s approach to defining the action area under the provisions of the Overview Document (USEPA 2004) considers the results of the risk assessment process to establish boundaries for that action area with the understanding that exposures below the Agency’s defined LOCs constitute a no

- e ffect threshold. For the purposes of this assessment, attention will be focused on the footprint of the action ( i.e. , the area where cypermethrin application

### 60 occurs), plus all areas where offsite transport may result in potential exposure that exceeds th e Agency’s LOCs. Specific measure s of ecological effect that define the action area for listed species include any direct and indirect effects and/ or potential modification of its critical habitat, including reduction in survival, growth, and reproductio n as well as the full suite of sub

- lethal effects available in the effects literature. Therefore, the action area extends to a point where environmental exposures are below any measured lethal or sub

- lethal effect threshold for any biological entity at th e whole organism, organ, tissue, and/ or cellular level of organization. In situations where it is not possible to determine the threshold for an observed effect, the action area is not spatially limited and is assumed to be the entire United States.

7.7 Dri nking Water Assessment

D rinking water assessment s have been conducted to support human health risk assessments of the cypermethrin s , based on all the available environmental fate information

. Any further drinking water assessment s will incorporate model estimates of the cypermethrin s i n surface and ground waters. Concentrations in surface waters will be estimated using FQPA Index Reservoir Screening Tool (FIRST, v.1.1.1, 12/18/07) (or subsequently using PRZM/ EXAMS, with the Index Reservoir if refinements are required). Ground water estimates of concentrations will be obtained usi ng the Screening Concentration I n G R ound Water (SCI

- GROW) model (v.2.3, July 2003). Further drinking water assessment s will also include a summary of av ailable surface and ground water monitoring data.

7.8 Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program

As required by FIFRA and the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act ( FFDCA ) , EPA reviews numerous studies to assess potential adverse outcomes from exposure to chemic als. Collectively, these studies include acute, subchronic and chronic toxicity, including assessments of carcinogenicity, neurotoxicity, developmental, reproductive, and general or systemic toxicity. These studies include endpoints which may be susceptib le to endocrine influence

, 

### including effects on endocrine target organ histopathology, organ weights, estrous cyclicity, sexual maturation, fertility, pregnancy rates, reproductive loss, and sex ratios in offspring. For ecological hazard assessments, EPA evaluates acute tests and chronic studies that assess growth, developmental and reproductive effects in different taxonomic groups. As part of its reregistration decision

, EPA reviewed these data and selected the most sensitive endpoints for relevant risk assessment scenarios from the existing hazard database. However, as required by FFDCA section 408(p), cypermethrin is subject to the endocrine screening part of the Endocr ine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP).

EPA has developed the EDSP to determine whether certain substances (including pesticide active and other ingredients) may have an effect in humans or wildlife similar to an effect produced by a “naturally occurring estrogen, or other such endocrine effects as the Administrator may designate.” The EDSP employs a two

- tiered approach to making the statutorily required determinations. Tier 1 consists of a battery of 11 screening assays to identify the potential of a ch emical substance to interact with the estrogen, androgen, or thyroid (E, A, or T) hormonal systems. Chemicals that go through Tier 1 screening and are found to have the potential to

### 61 interact with E, A, or T hormonal systems will proceed to the next stage of the EDSP where EPA will determine which, if any, of the Tier 2 tests are necessary based on the available data. Tier 2 testing is designed to identify any adverse endocrine

- related effects caused by the substance, and establish a dose

- response relations hip between the dose and the E, A, or T effect.

Under FFDCA section 408(p), the Agency must screen all pesticide chemicals

. Accordingly, as part of registration review, EPA will issue future EDSP orders/data call

- ins, requiring the submission of EDSP scr eening assays for cypermethrin

. For further information on the status of the EDSP, the policies and procedures, the current and future chemical lists, the test guidelines and the Tier 1 screening battery, please visit our website: http://www.epa.gov/endo/

.

7.9 Preliminary Identification of Data Gaps

7.9.1 Environmental Fate Data Gaps

Given the large number of registered uses for the cypermethrins , the current database of one aerobic soil metabolism study and two terrestrial field dissipation studies is insufficient to describe the variability of environmental fate across the entire United States. Additional data are needed for guidelines 835.4100 (Aerobic Soil Metabolism) and 835.6100 (Terrestrial Field Dissipation) . Also, because the greatest exposure route of concern is expected to be sediment, additional data are needed for aerobic and anaerobic aquatic metabolism (guidelines 835.4300 and 835. 4400 , respectively ) to describe the variability of the cypermethrin s fate across the entire U.S.

Table 7.1 lists the status of the environmental fate data requirements for the cypermethrin s

.

Table 7.1. Summary of Environmental Fate Data Requirements for the Cypermethrin s

Guideline # Data Requirement MRID # Study Classification Are Additional Data Needed for Risk

Assessment?

835.2130 Hydrolysis 42620501 Acceptable no

835.2210 Photodegradation in Water 42395701 Supplemental no

835.2410 Photodegradation on Soil 42129001 Supplemental no

835.2370 Photodegradation in Air No Data Waived no

835.4100 Aerobic Soil Metabolism 42156601 Acceptable Yes

835.4200 Anaerobic Soil Metabolism 42156602 Acceptable no

835.4400 Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism 44876105 Acceptable Yes

### 62 Table 7.1. Summary of Environmental Fate Data Requirements for the Cypermethrin s

Guideline # Data Requirement MRID # Study Classification Are Additional Data Needed for Risk

Assessment?
835.4300 Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism 45920801 Acceptable Yes

835.1230 Leaching

Adsorption/Desorption 42129003, 42124002 Acceptable no

835.1410 Laboratory Volatility No Data Waived no

835.8100 Field Volatility No Data Waived no

835.6100 Terrestrial Field Dissipation 42459601 Acceptable Yes

835.6200 Aquatic Field Dissipation 44876107 Supplemental no aquatic uses

835.6300 Forestry Dissipation No Data N/A no

Non

Guideline

Non

Guideline Washoff Study

Study of fate in Publicly

Owned Treatment Works (POTW) 48072902

No Data In Review

N/A N o

Yes



### 7.9.2 Effects

For registration review, the following studies are requested to resolve uncertanties in the risk
assessment :

Guideline Number: 850.2100 Study Title: Avian acute oral toxicity test (passerine species) with TGAI Acute avian oral toxicity data are needed for either one waterfowl o r one upland game species and one passerine species under the Part 158 data requirements (CFR 40 2008) for conventional pesticides. B ecause passerine species have higher metabolic rates due to their smaller sizes than either waterfowl or upland game bird s pecies, and because they may utilize different metabolic pathways, they may be more or less sensitive to cypermethrin. A recent study reported that at least one passerine species (canary

, Serinus sp ) is sensitive to a formulated pyrethroid, beta cyfluthrin, with a calculated LD 50 

### of 170 mg/kg bw (Addy

- Orduna et al 2011). The other two species tested in this study, shiny cowbird (Order Passeriformes) and eared doves (Order Columbiformes), showed decreased sensitivity to beta cyfluthrin (LD 50 

### of 22 34 mg/kg bw and 2271 mg/kg bw, respectively). Based on a preliminary screen using the highest agricultural application scenario for cypermethrin (see Table 3.3 ), the highest peak dose

- based EEC is 96

### 63 mg/kg bw. This level of acute exposure could be environm entally

- relevant if cypermethrin shows the same increase in toxicity to passerine species that is indicated by the study with beta cyfluthrin

. An additional line of evidence from reported bird incidents (I000103

- 010 and I011348

- 001, Appendix B), shows that most of the birds affected were passerines (although the causes were uncertain). In order to properly characterize risk to passerines, an avian oral toxicity test is requested. A passerine study protocol should be submitted for review by the Ag ency prior to initiation of the study.

Guideline Number: 850.23 00 Study Title: Avian reproduction test with TGAI Though reproduction data is available for the cypermethrin s , the maximum treatment level tested (50 ppm) in the acceptable studies was below expected exposure in cotton (66 ppm on short grass). There were no treatment related effects observed at 50 ppm.

Non

- Guideline 16 , 17 

### Study Title: Acute Freshwater Invertebrate Toxicity ( Hyalella azteca ) with TEP

Acute water column tests with Hyallela azteca have been requested in pyrethroid problem formulations based on the increased sensitivity of this species to pyrethroid insecticides. The 850.1020 test guideline for Gammarid amphipods is recommended with appropriate modifications to addres s specific testing needs of H. azteca

. The registrant should submit a protocol prior to test initiation or submit any open literature studies that may fulfill this data gap. The TEP should correspond to those formulated products that are labeled for outd oor uses with the greatest potential for aquatic exposures and contain the highest synergist:a.i. ratio.

Guid eline Number: OCSPP 850.17 6 0 ( in prep), OCSPP 850.17 7 0 (in prep.) and OCSPP 850.1780 (in prep.) with TGAI Study Title: Whole sediment: chronic invertebrates freshwater and marine No chronic sediment toxicity tests for freshwater or marine invertebrates have been submitted for the cypermethrin s to satisfy the Agency’s updated data requirements for outdoor uses in 40 CFR Part 158 (October 26, 2007) . For cypermethrin , available information indicates that b enthic organisms may be exposed via run

- off or spray drift applications used in agricultural, forest, and residential settings . Based on calculations in the most recent EFED assessment , the 21

- day sediment porewater EECs predicted for cypermethrin ranged from 0.0036 to 0.0253 μg a.i./L ( USEPA 2006 b ). The upper end of this range exceeds 0.1 of the most sensitive acute LC/EC 50 

### ( 0.0 036 μg a.i. /L for amphidpod ), which satisfies one of the criteria for requiring chronic whole sediment toxicity testing under 40 CFR Part 158. Furthermore, c hronic reproductive effects were seen in water column studies with aqu atic invertebrates ( mysid shrimp ), with a NOAEC = 0. 000781 μg a.i./L and LOAEC = 0.00197 μg a.i./L.

The c ypermethrin s are expected to persist in sediment s , based on half

- lives in submitted soil

16 The DCI will indicate that TEP studies on freshwater invertebrates and freshwater fish are required on coformulated products containing the highest ratio of the synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) to permethrin and the highest ratio of the synergist MGK

- 264 to permethrin.
17 The DCI will require that a study protocol be submitted for review and approval by the Agency prior to this study being initiated.

### 64 metabolism and aquatic metabolism studies (aerobic soil ~60 days; aerobic aquatic metabolism, 10 days) (MRIDs 42156601 and 45920801). The se half

- life values exceed the 40 CFR Part 158 criterion of 10 days.

The third set of trigger criteria for needing chronic testing (K d 

### > 50 or log K OW 

### >3 or K OC 

### > 1000) is also met for the cypermethrin s (log K OW 

### is 6.4

, and the mean K OC 

### value is

~ 141,700

. The physicochemical property triggers (K d 

### , K OW 

### and K OC 

### ) reflect the propensity of the chemical to partition onto the particulate or organic matter phases of sediments. Exceeding any one of the physicochemical property triggers listed above is sufficient for i ndicating the pesticide has reasonable potential for partitioning to the sediment compartment.

C hronic whole sediment tests on Hyalella azteca

, Chironomus tentans , and Leptocheirus plumulosus are requested. Although both are freshwater species, Hyalella and Chironomus differ substantially in their morphology ( crustacean vs. insect), ecological niche (epibenthic v. infaunal species), and physiology

. Evidence also suggests that Hyalella is among the more sensitive invertebrates to pyrethroid s based on wat er column tests (Maund et al., 2002; Weston and Jackson, 2009)

. The c ypermethrin s have the potential to enter estuarine/marine w ater bodies based on current us age patterns that include coastal areas. Therefore, testing is also needed for

an estuarine/marine sediment

- dwelling invertebrate species.

Until the final OCSPP guidelines for chronic sediment toxicity tests are published, the registrant should submit a protocol to EFED for approval prior to test initiation , considering the following methods:

**•** Test Method 100.4: Hyalella azteca 42

- d Test for Measuring the Effects of Sediment Associated Contaminants on Survival, Growth, and Reproduction in USEPA 2000 Methods for Measuring the Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Sediment

- associated Contamina nts with Freshwater Invertebrates EPA 600/R

- 99/064 ( OCSPP 850.1770, in
prep. );

**•** Test Method 100.5: Life

- cycle Test for Measuring the Effects of Sediment

- associated Contaminants on Chironomus dilutus (formerly known as C. tentans ) in USEPA 2000 Methods for M easuring the Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Sediment

- associated Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates EPA 600/R

- 99/064 ( OCSPP 850.1760, in
prep. ); and

**•** Leptocheirus plumulosus in USEPA 2001 Method for Assessing the Chronic Toxicity of Marine and Estu arine Sediment

- associated Contaminants with the Amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus EPA 600/R

- 01/020 ( OCSPP 850.1780, in prep. ).

Non

- Guideline 18 , 19 

### Study Title: Fish Acute Toxicity Test (freshwater) with TEP. No acceptable acute studies for the cypermethrin s TEP with synergists (PBO or MGK) have

18 The DCI will indicate that TEP studies on freshwater invertebrates and freshwater fish are required on coformulated products containing the highest ratio of the synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) to permeth rin and the highest ratio of the synergist MGK

- 264 to permethrin.
19 The DCI will require that a study protocol be submitted for review and approval by the Agency prior to this study being initiated.

### 65 been submitted for fish. Since the cypermethrin s can reach aquatic habitats via run

- off or spray drift applications used in agricultural, forest, and residential settings and can be directly applied
to water via appl ication to cattle livestock , EPA needs data on the formulated products containing synergists. Without toxicity data on the range of TEPs produced, the Agency wou l d have to presume acute toxicity to listed and non

- listed fish and aquatic

- phase amphibians, but would not be able to quantify the risk. The TEP should correspond to those formulated products that are labeled for outdoor uses with the greatest potential for aquatic exposures and contain the highest synergist:a.i. ratio.

Guideline Numbers: 850.41 50 and 850.4250 Study Title: Vegetative vigor and Seedling emergence, TierII 20 

### No acceptable toxicity data are currently available to assess the risk of the cypermethrin s to non

target terrestrial plants. Since the cypermethrin s have many outdoor uses, vegetative vigor and seedling emergence studies are needed

. In addition, four minor terrestrial plan t incidents have been reported to the Agency involving cypermethrin

. P hytotoxicity data are needed to assess the impact of the cypermethrin s on non

- target terrestrial plants. with TEP

Guideline Number: 850.4400 and 850.5400 Study Title: Aquatic Plant Growth (algal and aquatic vascular plant toxicity) TierII 21



### No acceptable toxicity data are currently available to assess the risk of th e cypermethrin s to non

target aquatic nonvascular and vascular plants. Since the cypermethrin s have many outdoor uses, aquatic plant growth toxicity stud ies are requested with either technical or a typical end

- use product

. with TEP or TGAI

The Agency is aware that additional data on the cypermethrins are available for the European Food Safety A uthority reports (EFSA, 200 6 ). It is recommended that a ny applicable data generated for the European review process be submitted to EPA.

Table 7.2 lists the status of the ecological effects data requirements for cypermethrin

.

Table 7.2. Ecological Effects Data Requirements for the Cypermethrin s .

Data Requirement Does EPA Have Data To Satisfy This Requirement? Bibliographic Citation (MRID) Must Additional Data Be Submitted Under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?

§158.630 TERRESTRIAL ORGANISM TESTING

850.2100 Acute Avian Oral, Quail/Duck /Passerine Partially 44546024 Yes

20 A Tier II study is required. The DCI will provide that a Tier I plant study may be conducted in lieu of a Tier II study with the understanding that any adverse effects observed by the Tier I study would necessitate conduct and submission of a Tier II stud y as well. 1

21 A Tier II study is required. The DCI will provide that a Tier I plant study may be conducted in lieu of a Tier II study with the understanding that any adverse effects observed by the Tier I study would necessitate conduct and submission of a Tier II study as well.

### 66 Table 7.2. Ecological Effects Data Requirements for the Cypermethrin s .

Data Requirement Does EPA Have Data To Satisfy This Requirement? Bibliographic Citation (MRID) Must Additional Data Be Submitted Under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?

850.22 00 Acute Avian Diet, Quail Yes 000 90072 No

850.2200 Acute Avian Diet, Duck Yes 000 90071 No

850.2300 Avian Reproduction Quail Yes 000 90074 No

850.2300 Avian Reproduction Duck Yes 000 90073 No

§158.630 AQUATIC ORGANISM TESTING

850.1075 Acute Fish Toxicity Bluegill Yes 44546029 No

850.1075 Acute Fish Toxicity Rainbow Trout Yes 44546027 No

Non

- Guideline Acute Fish Toxicity (TEP) No
2 000 88947 Yes

850.1010 Acute Aquatic Invertebrate 3,4

Yes 44423501 No

Non

- Guideline Acute Aquatic Invertebrate (TEP) 2 No 000 62793/92027014 Yes

850.1075 Acute Est/Mar Toxicity Fish 3,4

Yes 000 90075, 41968211, 44546033 No

850.1075 Acute Est/Mar Toxicity Fish (TEP) No N/A No

850.1035 Acute Est/Mar Toxicity Shrimp Yes 4070532, 4244601, 000 89043, 44561209 No

850.1035 Acute Est/Mar Toxicity Shrimp (TEP) No N/A No

850.1025 Acute Est/Mar Toxicity Mollusk Yes 89049 No

850.1025 Acute Est/Mar Toxicity Mollusk (TEP) No N/A No

850.1400 Early Life Stage Fish Yes 89039 No

7.10 850.1300 Life Cycle Aquatic Invertebrate (freshwater) No N/A Yes

7.11 850.1350 Life Cycle Aquatic Invertebrate (saltwater) 5

Yes 42725301 No

850.1500 Life Cycle Freshwater Fish No N/A No

850.1730 Bioaccumulation in Fish 6

Yes 42868203 No

### 67 Table 7.2. Ecological Effects Data Requirements for the Cypermethrin s .

Data Requirement Does EPA Have Data To Satisfy This Requirement? Bibliographic Citation (MRID) Must Additional Data Be Submitted Under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?

OCSPP 850.17 6 0 (in prep.), 850.17 7 0 (in prep.) and 850.1780 (in prep.) Whole sediment: chronic invertebrates freshwater & marine No N/A Yes 7

7.12 850.1020 Aquatic Invertebrate Acute Toxicity ( Hyalella ) Yes 44074406 No

§158.660 PLANT PROTECTION TESTING

850.4100 Seed Germ, Seedling Emergence No NA Yes

850.4150 Vegetative Vigor 8

No NA Yes

850.4400, 850.5400 Aquatic Plant Growth 9

No NA Yes 10

§158.490 INSECT POLLINATOR TESTING

850.3020 Honey Bee Acute Contact Yes 260647 No

850.3030 Honey Bee Residue on Foliage No N/A No

850.3040 Field Test for Pollinators No N / A No

N/A = Not applicable because no citation is available.

1 Data are needed for a passerine species. The registrant should submit a protocol prior to conducting this stud y.

2 TEP should correspond to those formulated products that are labeled for outdoor uses with the greatest potential for aquatic exposure, and containing the highest synertist:a.i. ratio. Invertebrate test should be with Hyalella

.
3
products containing the highest ratio of the synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) to permethrin and the

The DCI will indicate that TEP studies on freshwater invertebrates and freshwater fish are required on coformulated

highest ratio of the synergist MGK

- 264 to permethrin.

4
being initiated.

The DCI will require that a study protocol be submitted for review and approval by the Agency prior to this study

5 Study needed for chronic freshwater invertebrate.

6 No ad ditional data is needed at this time. The results from the fish early

- life stage studies will be used in the upcoming risk assessment to evaluate the chronic risk of cypermethrin to fish species.

7 Until the final OCSPP guidelines for chronic sediment toxicity tests are published, the registrant should submit a protocol to EFED for approval prior to test initiation.

8 Tier II tests needed if a tested terrestrial species exhibits a statistically significant detrimental effect in the Tier I study.

9 Tier I I tests needed if a tested aquatic species exhibits a statistically significant detrimental effect in a Tier I study.

10 Stud ies required for aquatic nonvascular and vascular plants. Test may be conducted with technical grade cypermethrin or a typical end

- use product.

### 68 8 References

Addy

- Orduna, L.M., Zaccagnini, M

- E, Ca navelli, S.B. and P. Mineau. 201 1. Formulated beta

cyfluthrin shows wide divergence in toxicity among bird species. Journal of Toxicology . Volume 2011, Article ID 803451: 10 pages.

Di Toro, DM, CS Zarba, DJ Hansen, WJ Berry, RC Swartz, CE Cowan, SP Pavlou, HE Allen, NA Thomas and PR Paquin. 1991. Technical basis for establishing sediment quality criteria for nonionic organic chemicals using equilibrium partitioning. Environ. Toxicol . Chem. 10:1541

- 1583.

European Food Safety Authority, 200 6 . Draft assessment report for the active substance zeta

cypermethrin . Council Directive 91/414/EEC. Volume 3, Annex B, Part B.9.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAO PESTI CIDE DISPOSAL SERIES 8. Assessing Soil Contamination: A Reference Manual. Appendix 2. Parameters of pesticides that influence processes in the soil. Editorial Group, FAO Information Division: Rome, 2000. http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X2570E/X2570E00.htm (accessed 12 / 06 /11 )

Matsumura, F. 1985. Toxicology of insects. 2nd ed. Plenum New York.

Stewart, D. 1998. The Evaluation of Synergistic Action in the Laboratory and Field. p. 173

- 198 In: Piperonyl Butoxide: the Insecticide Synergist. Academic Press.

Tomlin CDS; The Pesticide Manual. 11 th 

### Ed. Crop Protection Publ: British Crop Protection Council 49 Downing St, Farnham United Kingdom (1997).

USEPA. 1998. Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment. Risk Assessment Forum, Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C. EPA/630/R

- 95/002F. April 1998. http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea /cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid=30759

USEPA. 2001. Method for Assessing the Chronic Toxicity of Marine and Estuarine Sediment

associated Contaminants with the Amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus EPA 600/R

- 01/020 ( OCSPP 850.1780, in prep. ).

USEPA. 2002. Technical Basis for the derivation of Equilibrium Partitioning Sediment Guidelines (ESGs) for the Protection of Benthic Organisms: Nonionic Organics [Draft]. EPA Document No. 822R02041. October 2002.

USEPA. 2004. Overview of the Ecological Risk As sessment Process in the Office of Pesticide Programs . United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Environmental Fate and Effects Division. Office of Pesticide Programs. Available at http://www.epa.gov/espp/consultation/ecorisk

- overview.pdf (accessed 0 5/17 / 20 11)

.

USEPA. 2006a. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Document for N

- Octyl bicycloheptene

### 69 dicarboximide (MGK

- 264), List B, Case No. 2430 , Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, Document ID EPA 738

- R

- 06

- 006 , June 2006.

USEPA

. 2006 b

. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Document for Cypermethrin , List B, Case No. 2 130

, Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, Do cument ID EPA OPP

2005

- 0293

, June 2006 , revised January 2008

.

USEPA. 2008. OPPTS 835.6100 Terrestrial Field Dissipation . EPA 712

- C

- 08

- 020. October 2008. Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention (formerly Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances ) . United States Environmental Protection Agency. Available at http://www.epa.gov/ocspp/pubs/frs/publications/Test_Guidelines/series835.htm (accesse d 05/17/2011).

USEPA. 2011. BEAD Chemical Profile for Registration Review: Cypermethrin (109702) and Zeta

- Cypermethrin ( 129064 ). Memorandum from B iological and Economic Analysis Division to Pesticide Reevaluation Division

.

### 70 9 Fate and Ecotoxicity Bibliography



## Cypermethrin Fate Bibliography

161

- 1 Hydrolysis

MRID Citation Reference

62795 2051028 Leahey, J.P.; Richardson, K.; Woods, T.M.; et al. (1980) Hydrolysis of Cypermethrin. (Unpublished study received Dec 5, 1980 under 279

- EX

- 86; prepared by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., England, submitted by FMC Corp., Philadelphia, Pa.; CDL: 243861

- AI )

65821 2016262=
summary See 62795 above Leahey, J.P.; Richardson, K.; Woods, T.M.; et al. (1980) Hydrolysis of Cypermethrin: Report Series RJ0117B. (Unpublished study received Dec 29, 1980 under 10182

- EX

- 19; prepared by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd

., England, submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:244018

- D)

89991 2051041 2016262=
summary Rapley, J.H.; Arnold, D.J.; Vincent, J. (1981) Cypermethrin: Degra

- dation in River and Pond Waters and Sediments: Report Series RJ 0175B; 5G 1/5. (Unpublished study received Dec 30, 1981 under 10182

- 64; prepared by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., Eng

- land, submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL: 070559

- B)

163083 Open lit Takahashi, N.; Mikami, N.; Matsuda, T.; et al. (1985) Hydrolysis of the pyrethroid insecticide Cypermethrin in aqueous media. J. Pesticide Sci. 10(4):643

- 648.

4166 2701 2016265 2016262=
summary Allsup, T. (1976) Hydrolysis of FMC 45497, FMC 45724, and FMC 30980 Insecticides: Lab Project Number: W/0131. Unpublished study prepared by FMC Corp. 54 p.

42620501 2016133 Clifton, J. (1992) Environmental Fate Studies: Hydr olysis Studies of Cypermethrin in Aqueous Buffered Solutions: Lab Project Number: 191E1192E1: P

- 2771. Unpublished study prepared by FMC Corp. 77 p.



## 161

- 2 Photodegradation

- water

MRID Citation Reference

42141501 See 42395701

- revised Estigoy, L.; Ruzo, L.; Shepler, K. (1991) Photodegradation of ?carbon 14

- acid| and ?carbon 14

- alcohol|Cypermethrin in Buffered Aqueous Solution at pH7 by Natural Sunlight: Lab Project Number: 247/248W: 247/248W

- 1: 191E1290E1. Unpublished study prepared by Pharmacology and Tox. Research Lab. (PTRL

West). 121 p.

42395701 2016134 Estigoy, L.; Ruzo, L.; Shepler, K. (1992) Photodegradation of ? carbon 14

- acid| and ?carbon 14

- alcohol| Cypermethrin in Buffered Aqueous Solution at pH 7 by Natural Sunlight: Revised: Lab Project Number: 247/248W: 247/248W

- 1: 191E1290E1. Unpub

- lished study prepared by Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Research Lab (PTRL

- West) and FMC Corp. 144 p.

89992 2016265 summary pg 7 Day, S.R.; Leahey, J.P. (1980) ^14IC

- Cypermethrin: Aqueous Photo

degradation in Sunlight: Report Series RJ 0154B; SG 1/3. (Un

- published study received Dec 30, 1981 under 10182

- 64; prepared by Imperial Chemical

### 71 Industries, Ltd., England, submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:070559

- C) 

## 161

- 3 Photodegradation

- soil

MRID Citation Reference

89993 2016265
summary pg 11 Hall, J.S.; Leahey, J.P.; Curl, E.A. (1981) Cypermethrin: Photodeg

- radation on a Soil Surface: Report Series RJ 0192B; 5B 1/15. (Unpublished study received Dec 30, 1981 under 10182

- 64; pre

- pared by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., England, submitted b y ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:070559

- D)

126103 Open lit

– cited in 2016265 Roberts, T.; Standen, M. (1981) Further studies of the degradation of the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin in Soils. Pestic. Sci. 12:285

- 296. (Also In unpublished submission received Feb 8, 1983 under 20954

- 115; submitted by Zoecon Corp., Palo Alto, CA; CDL:249513

- C)

42129001 2016135 Estigoy, L.; Ruzo, L.; Shepler, K. (1991) Photodegradation of Car

- bon 14

- Acid and Carbon 14

- Alcohol Cypermethrin in/on Soil by Natural Sunlight: Lab Project Number: 249/250W: 191E1390E1: PC

- 0159. Unpublished study
prepar ed by PTRL West. 115 p.



## 162

- 1 Aerobic soil metabolism

MRID Citation Reference

42156601 2016136 Ramsey, A. (1991) Environmental Fate Studies: Aerobic Soil Metabolism of Cypermethrin in a Sandy Loam Soil: Lab Project Number: 191E2190E1. Unpublished study prepared by FMC Corp. 99 p.

62796 Open lit 2016262=
summary Roberts, T.R.; Standen, M.E. (1977) Degradation of the pyrethroid Cypermethrin NRDC 149 ... isomers in soils. Pesticide Science 8:305

- 319. (Also In unpublished submission received Dec 5, 1980 under 279

- EX

- 86; submitted by FMC Corp., Philadelphia, Pa.; CDL: 243861

- AJ)

89995 2051031 Harvey, B.R.; Zinner, C.K.J.; White, R.D.; et al. (1981) Cypermeth

- rin: Degradation in Soil in the Laboratory: Report Series RJ 01262B. (Unpublished study received Dec 30, 1981 under 10182

- 64; prepared by Imperial Chemical Ind ustries, Ltd., England, submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:070559

- F)

65823 2016262=
summary pg 17 Standen, M.E.; Dutton, A.J.; Roberts, T.R. (1976) The Degradation of the Insecticide WL 43467 in Soil under Laboratory Conditions: Group Research Report WKGR.0094.76. (Unpublished study received Dec 29, 1980 under 10182

- EX

- 19; prepared by Shell Research, Ltd., England, submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:244018

- F)

65824 2016262=
summary pg 20 Standen, M.E.; Roberts, T. R. (1980) Further Studies of the Degradation of the Insecticide WL 43467 (Cypermethrin) in Soil under Laboratory Conditions: Group Research Report BLGR.0034.78. (Unpublished study received Dec 29, 1980 under 10182

- EX

- 19; prepared by Shell Research, Ltd., s ubmitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:244018

- G)

65825 2016262=
summary pg Swaine, H.; Hayward, G.J. (1979) Cypermethrin: Laboratory Degradation on Two Standard Soils. Part I.: Report Series RJ0115B. (Unpublished study

### 72 24 received Dec 29, 1980 under 10182

- EX

- 19; prepared by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., England, submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:244018

- I)

89997 Part 2 Swaine, H.; Hayward, G.J. (1981) Cypermethrin: Laboratory Degrada

- tion on Two Standard Soils: Part II: Report Series RJ 0178B. (Unpublished study received Dec 30, 1981 under 10182

- 64; pre

- pared by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., England, submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:070559

- H)



## 162

- 2 Anaerobic soil metabolism

MRID Citation Reference

42156602 2016137 Ramsey, A. (1991) Environmental Fate Studies: Anaerobic Soil Metabolism of Cypermethrin in a Sandy Loam Soil: Lab Project Number: 191E2590E1. Unpublished study prepared by FMC Corp. 93 p.



## 162

- 3 Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism

65819 2051041 2016262=
summary Rapley, J.H.; Arnold, D.J.; Vincent, J.; et al. (1980) Cypermethrin: Degradation in River Water and Sediments: Report Series RJ 0119 B. (Unpublished study received Dec 29, 1980 under 10182

- EX

- 19; prepared by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., Engl and, submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL: 244018

- B)

45920801



## 163

- 1 Leach/adsorp/desorption

MRID Citation Reference

58861 2016265
summary pg 32 Kaufman, D.D.; Russell, B.A.; Helling, C.S.; et al. (1978) Movement of Decamethrin, Cypermethrin, Permethrin and Their Degradation Products in Soil. (Unpublished study received Nov 13, 1980 under 8340

- EX

- 6; prepared by U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agri

- cult ural Environmental Quality Institute, Pesticide Degradation Laboratory and Univ. of Maryland, Botany Dept., submitted by American Hoechst Corp., Somerville, N.J.; CDL:099744

- H)

65826 2016265=
summary pg 31 Prashad, S.; Newby, S.E. (1976?) PP 383: Leaching on Thick

- layer Soil Chromatograms: Report Series TMJ 1525 B. (Unpublished study received Dec 29, 1980 under 10182

- EX

- 19; prepared by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., England, submitted by ICI Americas, I nc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:244018

- N)

no MRID on
summary 2016265=
summary Prashad, S.; Newby, S.E. (1977)mobility of permethrin and its degradation products in soil

65827 2016265=
summary pg 33 Stevens, J.E.; Riley, D. (1971?) Pesticide Mobility in Soil: Determination by Soil Thick

- layer Chromatography: Report Series TMJ 1080A. (Unpublished study received Dec 29, 1980 under 10182

- EX

- 19; prepared by ICI Plant Protection, Ltd., England, submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:244018

- O)

No MRID 2016265
summary pg Clarke, C.E. 1977. Adsorption of PP557 and It’s Hydrolysis products

### 73 46

90004 2051032 2016265
summary pg 35 Stevens, J.E.B.; Hill, I.B. (1980) Cypermethrin: Mobility of Cypermethrin and Its Degradation Products in Soil Columns: Report Series RJ 0166B; 5B 1/9. (Unpublished study received Dec 30, 1981 under 10182

- 64; prepared by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., England, submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:070559

- T)

90053 2016265
summary pg 43 Stevens, J.E.B.; Poole, N.J. (1981) Cypermethrin: Adsorption and Desorption in Soil: Report Series RJ0184B; 5B 1/14. (Unpub

- lished study received Dec 30, 1981 under 10182

- 64; prepared by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., England, submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:070560

- B)

99038 Open lit Summary in 2016265 pg 32 Kaufman, D.D.; Russell, B.A.; Helling, C.S.; et al. (1981) Movement of cypermethrin, decamethrin, permethrin, and their degradation products in soil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 29 (2):239

- 245. (Also~In~unpublished submission received Dec 30, 1981 under 10182

- 64; submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilming

- to n, Del.; CDL:070559

- S)

152747 DER not located Weissler, M.; Hill, I. (1980) Cypermethrin: Leaching of Formulated Cypermethrin in Soil Columns: Report No. RJ0137B. Unpublished study prepared by Imperial Chemical Industries PLC. 16 p.

41403102 DER not located Hebert, V. (1990) Sorption Characteristics of Cypermethrin on Soils, Plastics, and Glass: Lab Project Number: 191E5589E1. Un

- published study prepared by FMC Corp. 27 p.

42129002 2016138 Curry, S. (1991) Leaching of Carbon 14

- Cypermethrin in Soil Follow

- ing Aerobic Aging: Lab Project Number: 191E3190E1. Unpublished study prepared by FMC Corp. 97 p.

42129003 2016427 Froelich, L. (1991) Soil Mobility Studies: Adsorption/Desorption Studies of Cypermethrin: Lab Project Number: 191E3290E1. Unpub

- lished study prepared by FMC Corp. 65 p.

44074404 DER not located Goggin, U.; Gentle, W.; Hamer, M.; et al. (1996) Cypermethrin: Adsorption and Desorption Properties in Sediment: Lab Project Number : RC0004: 95JH167. Unpublished study prepared by Zeneca Agrochemicals. 32 p.



## 164

- 1 Terrestrial field dissipation

MRID Citation Reference

65828 2016262=
summary pg 33 Ussary, J.P.; Pearson, F. (1980) Cypermethrin Dissipation in Soils: Report Series TMU0511/B. (Unpublished study received Dec 29, 1980 under 10182

- EX

- 19; submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:244018

- P)

115283 2016130

- summary Tilka, M.; Stearns, J.; Fullmer, O. (1982) Dissipation of Cyper

- methrin Residues in Soil: RAN

- 0046. (Unpublished study received Oct 1, 1982 under 279

- 3026; prepared in cooperation with Analyt

- ical Bio

- Chemistry Laboratories, Inc., submitted by FMC Corp., Philadelphia, PA; CDL:248522

- C)

141761 2016130

- summary Kinnee, G. (1984) Dissipation of Dichlorovinyl Acid and m

- Phenoxy

- benzoic Acid Residues in Soil: RAN

- 0129. Unpublished study pre

- pared by FMC Corp. 21 p.

155291 2016131 Sterns, J. (1985) Dissip ation of Cyperamide and m

- Phenoxybenzalde

- hyde

### 74 Residues in Soil Treated with Ammo Insecticide: RAN

- 0149. Unpublished study prepared by FMC Corp. with review of previous

- ly submitted soil studies appended. 39 p.

NO MRID 2016131 Sterns, J.W. (1985) Dissi pation of Cypermethrin, Dichlorovinyl Acid, and m

Phenoxybenzoic Residues in Soil RAN

- 148. FMC Corporation, Agricultural Chemical Group, Philadelphia, PA.

42459601 2016139 Leppert, B. (1992) Ammo 2.5 EC Insecticide

-- Terrestrial Field Dissipation: Lab Proj ect Number: 191E4191E1: RAN

- 0239. Unpublished study prepared by FMC Corporation. 182 p.

136798 Overview FMC Corp. (1982) EPA Overview: Cypermethrin Soil Dissipation. (Un

published study received Dec 20, 1983 under 279

- 3027; CDL: 072232

- C)

141760 FMC Corp. (1984?) Ammo Field Dissipation Studies. Unpublished study. 2 p.



## 164

- 2 Aquatic Field Dissipation

142856 Protocol Wildlife International Ltd. (1985) PP321: An Evaluation of Runoff and Drift into an Aquatic Ecosystem: Protocol: Project No. 123

- 1 35. Unpublished study. 35 p.

142857 Review not located Protocol Kennedy, J. (1985) Biological and Physiological Survey of Perkin's Hill Farm Pond in the Year Prior to Application of a Pesticide for Aquatic Impact Studies: Project No. 123

- 133. Unpublished protocol prepared by Wildlife International Ltd. 192 p.

150638 Preliminary site evaluation Wildlife International Ltd. (1984) A Preliminary Evaluation of Three Potential Farm Pond Study Sites on the Eastern Shore of Maryland. Unpublished study. 10 p.

155795 Modeling

– SETAC presentation summary in 2016262 Arnold, J. ; Hill, I. (1984) The Fate of Cypermethrin in Water

- sediment Models. Unpublished documents presented at the SETAC Fifth Annual Meeting; November, 1984, November, Washington, D.C. 2 p.

156082 Site evaluations Hosmer, A.; Ekoniak, P.; Hill, I. (1986) An E valuation of Farm Ponds in Midsouthern United States as Potential Exposure and Biological Effects Study Sites for Synthetic Pyrethroids. Un

- published study prepared by Wildlife International Ltd. 118 p.

65819 also under Aquatic Metabolism 2051041 201626 2=
summary Rapley, J.H.; Arnold, D.J.; Vincent, J.; et al. (1980) Cypermethrin: Degradation in River Water and Sediments: Report Series RJ 0119 B. (Unpublished study received Dec 29, 1980 under 10182

- EX

- 19; prepared by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., England, sub mitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL: 244018

- B)



## 165

- 0 Accumulation Studies

-- General

MRID Citation Reference

90055 2016265
summary pg 49 Ussary, J.P.; Fitzpatrick, R.D.; Claiborne, N.P. (1981) Cyper

- methrin Residues in Samples from a 1980 Alabama Runoff Study: Report Series TMU0541/B. Rev. (Unpublished study received Dec 30, 1981 under 10182

- 64; submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wil

- mingto n, Del.; CDL:070560

- D)

### 75 90056 2016265
summary pg 55 Cella, G.E. (1981) Monitoring the Fate of Cypermethrin after Aerial Applications on Cotton: UCCES Project No. 11507

- 92. (Unpub

- lished study received Dec 30, 1981 under 10182

- 64; prepared by Union Carbid e Corp., submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilming

- ton, Del.; CDL:070560

- E)



## 165

- 2 Field rotational crop

MRID Citation Reference

92027049 Registrant
summary Curry, K. (1990) ICI Americas Inc. Phase 3 Summary of MRID 00098000. Cypermethrin Field Crop Rotation Study: Report No. TMU0738/B; Laboratory Study Identification No. RR 90

- 322B. Prepared by ICI Americas, Inc. Biological Research Center. 22 p.
Not provid ed 2051036 2016265
summary pg 66

- 67 Woods, T.M. 1980. Cypermethrin Crop Rotation Study RJ 01618.

2016265
summary pg 67

- 76 Several Crop Rotation Studies with Cypermethrin and Permethrin



## 165

- 4 Bioaccumulation in fish

MRID Citation Reference

42868203 2016132 Giroir, E.; Stuerman, L. (1993) Cypermethrin (carbon 14) Bioconcentration by Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus): Lab Project Number: 191E5491E1: 40018: PC

- 0189. Unpublished study prepared by ABC Labs, Inc. 311 p.

92027050 Registra nt summary Hamer, M. (1990) ICI Americas Inc. Phase 3 Summary of MRID 00090061. The Accumulation and Elimination of WL 43467 by the Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri): Report No.: TLGR. 0041. 78.: 16 p.

92027051 Registrant
summary Hamer, M. (1990) ICI Americas Inc. Phase 3 Summary of MRID 00090062. The Accumulation, Distribution and Elimination of Ripcord by Rainbow Trout Using a Continuous

- Flow procedure: Report No. SBGR. 81. 026.: 17 p.

90061 2016265
summary pg 58 Baldwin, M.K.; Lad, D.D.; Selby, M.; et al. (1978) The Accumulation and Elimination of WL 43467 by the Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri): Group Research Report TLGR.0041.78; 5C 4/12. (Unpublished study received Dec 30, 1081 under 10182

- 64; prepared by Shell Research, Ltd. , England, submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:070560

- M)

90063 2051037 2016265
summary pg 65 Hamer, M.J.; Hill, I.R. (1980) Cypermethrin: The Accumulation of Cypermethrin and Its Degradation Products by Channel Catfish in a Model Soil/ Water System: Report Series RJ 0153B; 5C 4/8. (Un

- published study received Dec 30, 1981 under 10182

- 64; prepared by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., England, submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:070560

- O)

MRID not provided 2016265

s ummary pg 59 Bennett, D. 1981Acculmulation, Distribution and Elimination of Ripcord by Rainow trout

### 76 

# 165

- 5 Bioaccum

- aquatic non

- target

MRID Citation Reference

44074403 DER not located

- in review? Rapley, J.; Hamer, M.; Goggin, U. (1996) Cypermethrin: Bioavailability to Daphnia magna in Sediment

- Water Systems: Lab Project Number: RC0003: 95JH153. Unpublished study prepared by Zeneca Agrochemicals. 25 p.

44074405 DER not located

- in review? Gentle, W.; Goggin, U.; Rapley, J.; et al. (1996) Cypermethrin: Bioavailability to Chironomus tentans in Sediment

- Water Systems: Lab Project Number: RC0005: 95JH205. Unpublished study prepared by Zeneca Agrochemicals. 24
p.

44074407 DER not located

- brie f summary in 2050891 pg 19 Maund, S.; Hamer, M.; Kedwards, T. (1996) Partitioning, Bioavailability, and Toxicity of Cypermethrin in Aquatic Sediments: Overview of a Work Program of the Pyrethroid Working Group: Lab Project Number: RC0007. Unpublished study prepared by Zeneca Agrochemicals. 23 p.



## 201

- 1 Droplet size spectrum

MRID Citation Reference

43766502 DER not located Hewitt, A. (1995) Spray Drift Task Force: Atomization Droplet Size Spectra for Selective Active Ingredients: Lab Project Number: A92/004. Unpublished study prepared by SpraySearch

- Daratech Pty. Ltd. and Spray Drift Task Force. 175 p.



# Non Guideline Selections

49145 Open lit

- DER not located Wauchope, R.D. (1978) The pesticide content of surface water drain

- ing from agricultural fields

-- a review. Journal of Environmen

- tal Quality 7(4):459

- 472. (Also~In~unpublished submission re

- ceived Nov 10, 1980 under 100

- 614; submitted by Ciba

- Geigy Corp., Greensboro, N.C.; CDL:099692

- K)

62770 Not located FMC Corporation (19??) Qualitative Gas Chromatographic Analyses of NRDC

- 149 Technical. Undated method IV

- A. (Unpublished study received Dec 5, 1980 under 279

- EX

- 86; CDL:243861

- I)

62771 Not located FMC Corporation (1980) High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Method of Analysis for Cypermentrin (sic) (NRDC

- 149) by Internal Standard Used for Technical and Formulated Goods (Total Isomer Assay Only). Method IX dated Sep 15, 1980. (Unpublished study received Dec 5, 1980 under 279

- EX

- 86; CDL:243861

- J)

65829 2016262= summary pg 34 Fitzpatrick, R.D. (1980) A Gas

- liquid Chromatographic Method for the Determination of Cypermethrin (PP383) in Soils: Report Series GRAM

- 7. Method dated Sep 1980. (Unpublishe d study received Dec 29, 1980 under 10182

- EX

- 19; submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:244018

- Q)

89998 Open lit Summary in Chapman, R.A.; Tu, C.M.; Harris, C.R.; et al. (1981) Peristence of five pyrethroid insecticides in s terile and natural, mineral and organic soil. Bulletin

### 77 2016265 pg 22 of Environmental Contamination and Toxi

- cology 26:513

- 519. (Also in unpublished submission received Dec 30, 1981 under 10182

- 64; submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wil

- mington, Del.; CDL:070559

- I)

89 999 2016265 summary pg 26 Johnen, B.G.; Drew, E.A.; Davies, P.I. (1977) Evaluation of the Effects of Agrochemicals on Soil Microorganisms and Their Activ

- ities

-- Methods Currently in Use at Jealott's Hill Research Sta

- tion: AR 2660A; 5B 4/3. (Unpublished study received Dec 30, 1981 under 10182

- 64; prepared by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., England, submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:070559

- L)

No MRID on Summary 2016265 summary pg 26 Johnen, B.G.; Drew, E.A.; Davies, P.I. (1977) P P557 Effects of on Soil Microbial Populations and Enzymic Activities

90002 2016265 summary pg 30 Street, J.R.; Hill, R.W.; Harland, B.J. (1981) Assessment of the Effect of Cypermethrin on the Activated Sludge Sewage Treatment Process Using a Semi

- continuous Laboratory System: BL/B/2062; 5C 3/2. (Unpublished study received Dec 30, 1981 under 10182

- 64; prepared by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., England, submit

- ted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:070559

- Q)

90003 2016265 summary pg 31 Leahey, J.P.; Stapleton, A.P.; Milner, S.D.; et al. (1981) Cyper

- methrin: Degradation by Activated Sl udge: Report Series RJ 0179B; 5C.1/4. (Unpublished study received Dec 30, 1981 under 10182

- 64; prepared by Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd., sub

- mitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:070559

- R)

97456 Open lit DER not located Tu, C.M. (1980 ) Influence of five pyrethroid insecticides on mi

- crobial populations and activities in soil. Microbial Ecology 5:321

- 327. (Also~In~unpublished submission received Mar 17, 1982 under 59

- 200; submitted by Burroughs Wellcome Co., Research Triangle Park, N.C .; CDL:247048

- D)

99037 2016265 summary pg 25 Castle, D.L.; Drew, E.A.; Slinger, J.M.; et al. (1980) Cypermeth

- rin: Effects on Soil Microbial Processes: Report Series RJ 0165B; 5B 4/7. (Umpublished study received Dec 30, 1981 under 10182

- 64; prepared by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., Eng

- land, submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL: 070559

- K)

46535601 Registrant
assessment Cheplick, J. (2005) National Runoff, Erosion, and Leaching Assessment with the Pesticide Root Zone Model (PRZM ): Pyrethroid. Project Number: WEI/794/05. Unpublished study prepared by Waterborne Environmental, Inc. (WEI). 14 p.

46535602 Registrant
assessment Cheplick, J. (2005) Direct Observation Based Method to Assign Topographic Factor (LS) to Areas of Concern with Quantified Statistical Confidence: (Pyrethroid). Project Number: WEI/794/05. Unpublished study prepared by Waterborne Environmental, Inc. (WEI). 12 p.

46535603 Registrant
assessment Holmes, C. (2005) Proposed Methodology to Redistribute Doane Pestici de Use Data Based on NASS 2002 Census of Agriculture Data: (Pyrethroid). Project Number: WEI/794/05. Unpublished study prepared by Waterborne Environmental, Inc. (WEI). 14 p.

46535604 Registrant modeling
assessment Ritter, A. (2005) Approach for the Monte Carlo Assessment (Task I) of the Sensitivity Analysis of Synthetic Pyrethroid Sediment Exposure Assessments to Drift and Runoff Entry Routes. Project Number: WEI/794/05. Unpublished study prepared by Waterborne Environmental, Inc. (WEI). 49 p.

### 78 47944086 R egistrant
assessment Marks, L. (2009) Comparison of Environmental

- Fate Endpoints for Alpha

Cypermethrin, Cypermethrin and Zeta

- Cypermethrin. Project Number: 2009/7006352/OCR, 2009/7006352. Unpublished study prepared by BASF Agro Research. 16 p.

### 79 

## Cypermethrin Ecotoxicity Bibliography

71

- 1 Avian Single Dose Oral Toxicity

MRID Citation Reference

25769 2016140 Ross, D.B.; Cameron, D.M.; Roberts, N.L. (1977) The Acute Oral Toxicity (LD50) of PP 383 to the Mallard Duck. (Unpublished study received Dec 31, 1979 under 10182

- EX

- 19; prepared by Huntingdon Research Centre, submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, D el.; CDL:241598

- G)

90070 2016174 Roberts, N.L.; Fairley, C. (1980) The Acute Oral Toxicity (LDI50^) of Cypermethrin to the Mallard Duck: ICI 302/80305; CTL/8/994. (Unpublished study received Dec 30, 1981 under 10182

- 64; pre

- pared by Huntington Research Centre, England, submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:070561

- B)

44546024 2016193 Johnson, A. (1998) Acute Toxicity (LD50) to Bobwhite Quail: Betacypermethrin: Lab Project Number: PWT 129: PWT 129/962076. Unpublished study prepared by Hu ntingdon Life Sciences Ltd. 38 p.

92027002 Registrant Summary Edwards, P. (1990) ICI Americas Inc. Phase 3 Summary of MRID 00090070. The Acute Oral Toxicity (LD50) of Cypermethrin to the Mallard Duck: Report No. CTL/C/994; Study No. ICI/302/80305.: 10 p.



## 71

- 2 Avian Dietary Toxicity

MRID Citation Reference

90071 2016164 Roberts, N.L.; Fairley, C.; Woodhouse, R.N. (1980) The Subacute Dietary Toxicity (LCI50^) of Cypermethrin to the Mallard Duck: ICI 330/WL/80812; 55 1(a)/3. (Unpublished study received Dec 30, 1981 under 10182

- 64; prepared by Hungtindon Research Centre, England, submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL: 070561

- C)

90072 2016165 Roberts, N.L.; Fairley, C.; Woodhouse, R.N. (1981) The Subacute Di

- etary Toxicity (LCI50^) of Cypermethrin to the Bobwhite Quail: ICI 331 WL/80811; 5E.1(a)/4. (Unpublished study received Dec 30, 1981 under 10182

- 64; prepared by Huntingdon Research Centre, England, submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL: 070561

- D)

44546025 2016184 Johnson, A. (1998) Dietary (LC50) to the Mallard Duck: Betacypermethrin: Lab Project Number: PWT 128: PWT 128/962075. Unpublished study prepared by Huntingdon Li fe Sciences Ltd. 40 p.

44546026 2016185 Johnson, A. (1998) Dietary LC(50) to the Bobwhite Quail: Betacypermethrin: Lab Project Number: PWT 127: PWT 127/962074. Unpublished study prepared by Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd. 40 p.

92027003 Of 90072 Registra nt Summary Edwards, P. (1990) ICI Americas Inc. Phase 3 Summary of MRID 00090072. The Subacute Dietary Toxicity (LC50) of Cypermethrin (PP383) to the Bobwhite Quail: Report No. ICI331WL/80811; Study No. ICI331WL/80811. Prepared by Huntingdon Research Centr e 11 p.

### 80 92027004 Of 90071 Registrant Summary Edwards, P. (1990) ICI Americas Inc. Phase 3 Summary of MRID 00090071. The Subacute Dietary Toxicity (LC50) of Cypermethrin (PP383) to the Mallard Duck: Report No. ISK/ICIWL284/79835. Prepared by Huntingdon Research Centre 11 p.



## 71

- 4 Avian Reproduc tion

MRID Citation Reference

90073 DER not located

reviewed in 1981 Roberts, N.L.; Fairley, C.; Chanter, D.O.; et al. (1981) The Effect of the Dietary Inclusion of Cypermentrin on Reproduction in the Mallard Duck: ICI 341/8164; CTL/C/1091. (Unpublished study re

- ceived Dec 30, 1981 under 10182

- 64; prepared by Huntingdon Re

- search Centre, England, submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wil

- mington, Del.; CDL:070561

- E)

90074 2016144 Roberts, N.L.; Fairley, C.; Chanter, D.O.; et al. (1981) The Effect of Dietary Inclusion of Cypermethrin on Reproduction in the Bob

- white Quail: ICI 342/81341; CTL/C/1105. (Unpublished study re

- ceived Dec 30, 1981 under 10182

- 64; prepared by Huntingdon R e

- search Centre, England, submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wil

- mington, Del.; CDL:070561

- F)

92027005 Registrant Summary Edwards, P. (1990) ICI Americas Inc. Phase 3 Summary of MRID 00090074. The Effect of Dietary Inclusion of Cypermethrin on Reproducti on in Bobwhite Quail: Report No. CTL/C/1105; Study No.: ICI342/81341.: 15 p.

92027006 Registrant Summary Edwards, P. (1990) ICI Americas Inc. Phase 3 Summary of MRID 00090073. The Effect of the Dietary Inclusion of Cypermethrin on Reproduction in the Mal lard Duck: Report No. CTL/C/1091; Study No.: ICI341/8164.: 15 p.



## 72

- 1 Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Fish

MRID Citation Reference

62791 See 65812 Hill, R.W.; Maddock, B.G.; Harland, B.J. (1980) Determination of the Acute Toxicity of Cypermethrin (PP 383) to Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus): BL/B/2011. (Unpublished study received Dec 5, 1980 under 279

- EX

- 86; prepared by Imperial Chemical Indust ries, Ltd., England, submitted by FMC Corp., Philadelphia, Pa.; CDL:243861

- AE)

62792 DER not located

Reviewed in 1982 Hill, R.W.; Maddock, B.G.; Harland, B.J. (1980) Determination of the Acute Toxicity of Cypermethrin (PP 383) to Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri): BL/B/2006. (Unpublished study received Dec 5, 1980 under 279

- EX

- 86; prepared by Imperial Chemical Industries, L td., England, submitted by FMC Corp., Philadelphia, Pa.; CDL:243861

- AF)

65812 2016475 Hill, R.W.; Maddock, B.G.; Harland, B.J. (1980) Determination of the Acute Toxicity of Cypermethrin (PP 383) to Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus): BL/B/2011. (Unpu blished study received Dec 29, 1980 under 10182

- EX

- 19; prepared by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., England, submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:244017

- D)

65813 DER not located

Hill, R.W.; Maddock, B.G.; Harland, B .J. (1980) Determination of the Acute Toxicity of GFU 061, a 36% w/v Formulation of Cypermethrin to Rainbow Trout

### 81 reviewed in 1981 (Salmo gairdneri): BL/B/2016. (Unpublished study received Dec 29, 1980 under 10182

- EX

- 19; prepared by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., Engl and, submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:244017

- E)

65814 DER not l.ocated Hill, R.W.; Maddock, B.G.; Harland, B.J. (1980) Determination of the Acute Toxicity of GFU 061, a 36% w/v Formulation of Cypermethrin to Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomi s macrochirus): BL/B/ 2017. (Unpublished study received Dec 29, 1980 under 10182

- EX

- 19; prepared by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., England, submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:244017

- F)

65816 Permethrin study Hill, R.W.; Young, B .E. (1978) The Acute Toxicity of Permethrin Acid and 3

- Phenoxy Benzyl Alcohol to Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri): BL/B/1918. (Unpublished study received Dec 29, 1980 under 10182

- EX

- 19; prepared by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., England, submitted by I CI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:244017

- J)

88947 2016176 2079552 = contract draft Hill, R.W.; Maddock, B.G.; Comber, M.H.I. (1981) Cypermethrin: Determination of the Acute Toxicity of Formulation GFU 070 to Rainbow Trout (?~ Salmo gairdneri~?): BL/B/2093. (Unpublished study received Dec 30, 1981 under 10182

- 64; prepared by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:070558

- C)

88948 2016177 Hill, R.W.; Maddock, B.G.; Comber, M.H. I. (1981) Cypermethrin. Determination of the Acute Toxicity of Formulation GFU 070 to Bluegill Sunfish (?~Lepomis macrochirus~?): BL/B/2099. (Unpub

- lished study received Dec 30, 1981 under 10182

- 64; prepared by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., submitte d by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:070558

- D)

89036 DER not located Reiff, B.; Pearson, N.; Rees, H.J.; et al. (1978) The Effect of Suspended Solids on the Toxicity of WL 43467 to Rainbow Trout (?~Salmo gairdneri~?): Group Research Report TLGR .0007.78. (Un

- published study received Dec 30, 1981 under 10182

- 64; prepared by Shell Research, Ltd., England, submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:070562

- A)

89037 2016146 Hill, R.W.; Young, B.E.; Comber, M.H.I. (1981) Determination of the Acute Toxicity of 3

- Phenoxy Benzoic Acid to Rainbow Trout (?~Salmo gairdneri~?): Brixham Report No. Bl/B/2038. (Unpub

- lished study received Dec 30, 1981 under 10182

- 64; prepared by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., England, submitted by ICI America s, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:070562

- B)

89038 2016147 Hill, R.W.; Young, B.E.; Comber, M.H.I. (1981) Determination of the Acute Toxicity of 3

- Phenoxy Benzoic Acid to Bluegill Sunfish (?~ Lepomis macrochirus~?): Brixham Report No. BL/B/2086. (Un

- published study received Dec 30, 1981 under 10182

- 64; prepared by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., England, submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:070562

- C)

41068002 Open lit C oats, J.; O'Donnell

- Jeffery, N. (1979) Toxicity of four synthetic pyrethroid insecticides to rainbow trout. Bulletin of Enviro

- mental Contamination and Toxicology 23:250

- 255.

41068003 Open lit McLeese, D.; Metcalfe, C.; Zitko, V. (1980) Lethality of per methrin, cypermethrin and fenvalerate to salmon, lobster and shrimp. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 25:950

- 955.

41068004 Open lit Stephenson, R. (1981) Aquatic toxicology of cypermethrin: I acute toxicology to some freshwater fish and invertebrates in labora

- tory tests. Aquatic Toxicology 2:175

- 185.

41968208 2016167 Overman, M.; Barron, M.; Vaishnav, D. (1990) Cypermethrin

- S (FMC 56701):

### 82 Acute Toxicity to Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Under Flow

- through Test Conditions: La b Project Number: 3903026

- 0700

- 3140. Unpublished study prepared by Environmental Science and Engineering, Inc. 48 p.

41968209 2016173 Vaishnav, D.; Yurk, J. (1990) Cypermethrin (FMC 45806): Acute Toxi

- city to Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Under Flow

- through Test Conditions: Lab Project Number: 3903026

- 0750

- 3140. Unpub

- lished study prepared by Environmental Science and Engineering , Inc. 46 p.

44546027 2016194 Sousa, J. (1998) (Carbon 14)

- Cypermethrin

-- Acute Toxicity to Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Under Flow

- Through Conditions: Final Report: Lab Project Number: 97

- 11

- 7166: 12442.1096.6223.108. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Labs., Inc. 91 p.

44546028 2016196 Sousa, J. (1998) Cypermethrin Technical

-- Acute Toxicity to Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Under Flow

- Through Conditions: Final Report: Lab Project Number: 98

- 1

- 7213: 12442.1096.6222.108. Unpublished stu dy prepared by Springborn Labs., Inc. 78 p.

44546029 2016186 Sousa, J. (1998) (Carbon 14)(Beta)

- Cypermethrin

-- Acute Toxicity to Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) Under Flow

- Through Conditions: Final Report: Lab Project Number: 97

- 12

- 7177: 12442.1096 .6225.105. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Labs., Inc. 91 p.

44546030 2016187 Sousa, J. (1998) Cypermethrin Technical

-- Acute Toxicity to Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) Under Flow

- Through Conditions: Final Report: Lab Project Number: 97

- 1 2

- 7195: 12442.1096.6224.105. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Labs., Inc. 76 p.

92027007 Registrant
summary Adams, D. (1990) ICI Americas Inc. Phase 3 Summary of MRID 00065812. Cypermethrin Technical PP383: Determination of the Acute Toxicity to Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus): Report No. BL/B/2011; Study No.: F342/D. Prepared by ICI Brixham Laboratory 13 p.

92027008 Registrant Summary Adams, D. (1990) ICI Americas Inc. Phase 3 Summary of MRID 00089038 . 3

- Phenoxybenzoic Acid: Determination of the Acute Toxicity to Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus): Report No. BL/2086; Study No.: G145/D.: 12 p

92027009 Registrant Summary Adams, D. (1990) ICI Americas Inc. Phase 3 S ummary of MRID 00088948. Cypermethrin (PP383): Determination of the Acute Toxicity of a 2lb/US gallon formulation to Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus): Report No. BL/B/2099; Study No.: G244/C. Prepared by ICI Brixham Laboratory 13 p.

92027010 Regist rant Summary Hill, R. (1990) ICI Americas Inc. Phase 3 Summary of MRID 00089037 . 3

- Phenoxybenzoic Acid: Determination of the Acute Toxicity of the Active Ingredient (99% Purity w/w) to Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri): Report No. BL/B/2038; Study No.: G 145 /C. Prepared by ICI Brixham Laboratory 12 p.

92027011 Registrant Summary Treacy, C. (1990) ICI Americas Inc. Phase 3 Summary of MRID 00062792. Cypermethrin (PP383): Determination of the Acute Toxicity of Active Ingredient (91. 5% purity) to Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Report No. BL/B/2006; Study No.: F342/B.: 12 p.

92027012 Registrant Summary Coleman, C. (1990) ICI Americas Inc. Phase 3 Summary of MRID 00088947

. Cypermethrin: Determination of the Acute Toxicity of a 25% w/w Formulation to Rainbow Trout (Salbo gairdneri): Report No. BL/B/2093; Study No.: G244/B.: 12
p.

92027013 Registrant Treacy, C. (1990) ICI Americas Inc. Phase 3 Summary of MRID 00065 813

.

### 83 Summary Cypermethrin: Determination of the Acute Toxicity of Formulation GFU 061 to Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri): Report No. BL/B/2016; S No. F617/B.: 12 p.



## 72

- 2 Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Invertebrates

MRID Citation Reference

62793 Or 92027014 2016162 Edwards, P.J.; Brown, S.M.; Sapiets, A.S. (1980) Cypermethrin (PP383): Toxicity of Technical and Formulated Material to First Instar Daphnia magna: Report Series RJ 0110B. (Unpublished study received Dec 5, 1980 under 279

- EX

- 86; prepared b y Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., England, submitted by FMC Corp., Philadelphia, Pa.; CDL:243861

- AG)

65815 See 62793 Edwards, P.J.; Brown, S.M.; Sapiets, A.S.; et al. (1980) Cypermethrin (PP383): Toxicity of Technical and Formulated Material to First Instar Daphnia magna: Report Series RJ 0110B. (Unpublished study received Dec 29, 1980 under 10182

- EX

- 19; prepared by Impe rial Chemical Industries, Ltd., England, submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:244017

- H)

65817 Permethrin study Getty, C.; Wilkinson, W.; Davies, P.J.; et al. (1978) Permethrin Acid and 3

- Phenoxybenzyl Alcohol : Toxicity to First Instar D aphnia magna: Report Series RJ 0042B. (Unpublished study received Dec 29, 1980 under 10182

- EX

- 19; prepared by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:244017

- K)

88949 DER not located Edwards, P.J.; Brown, S.M.; Swaine, H.; et al. (1981) Cypermethrin (PP383): Toxicity of Formulation GFU070 to First Instar ?~Daphnia magna~?: Report Series RJ 0199B. (Unpublished study received Dec 30, 1981 under 10182

- 64; prepared by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., Englan d, submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:070558

- E)

89040 2016162 Edwards, P.J.; Brown, S.M.; Swaine, H.; et al. (1980) Cypermethrin (PP383): Toxicity of Formulation GFU061 to First Instar~Daphnia~ ?~magna~?: Report Series RJ 0149B. (Unpu blished study received Dec 30, 1981 under 10182

- 64; prepared by Imperial Chemical In

- dustries, Ltd., submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:070562

- E)

89041 2016150 Stephenson, R.R.; Bennett, D.; Francis, W.H.P.; et al. (1980) The Acute T oxicity of Cypermethrin (WL 43467) to the Freshwater Shrimp (?~Gammarus pulex~?) and Larvae of the Mayfly, (?~Cloeon~ ?~dipterum~?), in Continuous

- flow Tests: Group Research Report TLGR.80.079. (Unpublished study received Dec 30, 1981 under 10182

- 64; prepa red by Shell Research, Ltd., England, submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:070562

- G)

89042 DER nor located

reviewed in 1982

- core Jaber, M.J.; Hawk, R.E. (1981) The Acute Toxicity of Cypermethrin to Crayfish (?~Orconectes sp~?.): Report Series TMUE0008/B. (Unpublished study received Dec 30, 1981 under 10182

- 64; sub

- mitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:070562

- H)

8904 6 2016153 Edwards, P.J.; Brown, S.M.; Swaine, H.; et al. (1980) 3

- Phenoxy

- benzoic Acid: Toxicity to First Instar~Daphnia magna~?:Report Series RJ 0148B. (Unpublished study received Dec 30, 1981 under 10182

- 64; prepared by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd ., submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:070562

- L)

### 84 89048 2016155 Edwards, P.J.; Brown, S.M.; Hamer, M.J.; et al. (1980) Cyper

- methrin: Acute Toxicity to the Mayfly, Baetis rhodani: Report Series RJ 0173B. (Unpublished study received Dec 30, 1981 under 10182

- 64; prepared by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., sub

- mitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:070562

- N)

140833 2016149 Stephenson, R.R.; Sherwood, C.M.; Bennett, D.; et al. (1980) The Acute Toxicity of WL 43467 to So me Freshwater Invertebrates in Static Water Tests: Group Research Report TLGR.80.040. (Un

- published study received Dec 30, 1981 under 10182

- 64; prepared by Shell Research, Ltd., England, submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:070562

- F)

4 1068004 Open lit Stephenson, R. (1981) Aquatic toxicology of cypermethrin: I acute toxicology to some freshwater fish and invertebrates in labora

- tory tests . Aquatic Toxicology 2:175

- 185.

41968210 2016168 Ward, T.; Boeri, R. et al. (1991) Acute Toxicity of FMC 56701 Tech

- nical and Cypermethrin Technical to the Daphnid, Daphnia magna: Lab Project Number: 90186

- FMC: A90

- 3310. Unpublished study prepared by Resource Analysts, Inc. 46 p.

43293501 DER not loca ted

contract draft available Wheat, J.; Evans, J. (1994) Zetacypermethrin Technical and Cypermethrin Technical: Comparative Acute Toxicity to the Water Flea (Daphnia magna), under Flow

- Through Test Conditions: Lab Project Number: J9210001B: A92/3636. Unpu blished study prepared by Toxikon Environmental Sciences. 76 p.

44074401 DER not located Rapley, J.; Hamer, M. (1996) Cypermethrin: Toxicity to Chironomus riparius and Hyalella azteca: Lab Project Number: RC0002: 95JH082. Unpublished study prepared by Ze neca Agrochemicals. 15 p.

44074402 2063977 Gentle, W.; Goggin, U.; Rapley, J.; et al. (1996) Cypermethrin: Toxicity to Chironomus tentans in Sediment

- Water Systems: Lab Project Number: RC0001: 96JH007. Unpublished study prepared by Zeneca Agrochemicals. 31 p.

44074406 2063978 Farrelly, E.; Gentle, W.; Goggin, U.; et al. (1996) Cypermethrin: Toxicity to Hyalella azteca in Sediment

- Water Systems: Lab Project Number: RC0006: 95JH228. Unpublished study prepared by Zeneca Agrochemicals. 30 p.

44423501 DER not located Hamer, M. (1997) Cypermethrin: Acute Toxicity of Short

- Term Exposures to Hyalella Azteca: Lab Project Number: TMJ3904B. Unpublished study prepared by Zeneca Agrochemicals. 10 p.

44546031 2016188 Putt, A. (1998) (Carbon 14)(Beta)Cypermethrin

-- Acute Toxicity to Daphnids (Daphnia magna) Under Flow

- Through Conditions: Final Report: Lab Project Number: 97

- 9

- 7079: 12442.1096.6227.115. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Labs., Inc. 95 p.

44546032 2016189 Putt, A. (1998) Cypermethrin Technical

-- Acute Toxicity to Daphnids (Daphnia magna) Under Flow

- Through Conditions: Final Report: Lab Project Number: 97

- 11

- 7138: 12442.1096.6226.115. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Labs., Inc. 74 p.

92027014 Registrant Summary Hamer, M. (1990) ICI A mericas Inc. Phase 3 Summary of MRID 00062793

. Cypermethrin (PP383): Toxicity of Technical and Formulated Material to First Instar Daphna (sic) magna: Report No.: RJ011OB; Study No.: PP383/CN/01. Prepared by ICI Agrochemicals, Jealott's Hill Research Stati on. 17 p.

92027015 Registrant Summary Hamer, M. (1990) ICI Americas Inc. Phase 3 Summary of MRID 00089046. 3

- Phenoxybenzoic Acid: Toxicity to First Instar Daphna (sic) magna: Report No.:

### 85 RJ0148B; Study No.: PP383/CN/03. Prepared by ICI Agrochemicals, Jealott's Hill Research Station. 14 p.

92027016 Registrant Summary Hamer, M. (1990) ICI Americas Inc. Phase 3 Summary of MRID 00065817

. Permethrin Acid and 3

- Phenoxybenzyl Alcohol: Toxicity to First Instar Daphnia Magna: Report No.: RJ0042B; Study No.: PP557/CN/01. Prepared by ICI Agrochemicals Jealott's Hill Research Station 18 p.

92027017 Registrant Summary Hamer, M. (1990) ICI Americas Inc. Phase 3 Summary of MRID 00152739 . 3 Phenoxybenz oic Acid: Toxicity to First Instar Daphnia magna (II): Report No.: RJ0318B; PP563/CN/01. Prepared by ICI Agrochemicals Jealott's Hill Research Station 14 p.

31225 DER not located Leblanc, G.A. (1976) Acute Toxicity of FMC

- 30980 to Daphnia magna: ACT 011. 12. (Unpublished study received Sep 28, 1976 under 279

- EX

- 63; prepared by EG&G, Bionomics, submitted by FMC Corp., Philadelphia, Pa.; CDL:227762

- E)

152739 2016175 Everett, C.J., M.J. Hamer and I.R. Hill (1983) 3

- Phenoxybenzoic Acid: Toxicity to First Ins tar Daphnia magna



## 72

- 3 Acute Toxicity to Estuarine/Marine Organisms (II). Report Series RJ 0318B. Prepared and Submitted by ICI Plant Protection Division, Bracknell, Berkshire, England. EPA MRID No. 152739.

MRID Citation Reference

89043 2016151 2016161 Jaber, M.J.; Hawk, R.E. (1981) The Acute Toxicity of Cypermethrin to Pink Shrimp (Penaeus duorarum): Report Series TMUE004/B. (Unpublished study received Dec 30, 1981 under 10182

- 64; sub

- mitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL :070562

- I)

89044 2016166 Jaber, M.J.; Hawk, R.E. (1981) The Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Cypermethrin to Mysid Shrimp (?~Mysidopsis bahia~?): Report Series TMUE0005/B. (Unpublished study received Dec 30, 1981 under 10182

- 64; submitted by ICI Americas, I nc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:070562

- J)

89045 2016152 Jaber, M.J.; Hawk, R.E. (1981) The Acute Toxicity of Cypermethrin to Fiddler Crabs (?~Uca pugilator~?): Report Series TMUE0003/B. (Unpublished study received Dec 30, 1981 under 10182

- 64; sub

- mitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:070562

- K)

89049 2016154 Jaber, M.J.; Hawk, R.E. (1981) The Acute Toxicity of Cypermethrin to Eastern Oysters (Crassostrea virginica): Report Series TMUE0009/B. (Unpublished study received Dec 30, 1981 under 10182

- 64; submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del. ; CDL:070562

- O)

89050 2016143 Hill, R.W.; Thompson, R.S.; Comber, M.H.I. (1981) Investigation of the Acute Toxicity of PP 383 to Larvae of the Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas): Brixham Report No. BL/B/2088. (Unpub

- lished study received Dec 30, 1981 un der 10182

- 64; prepared by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., England, submitted by ICI Americas, Inc.; Wilmington, Del.; CDL:070562

- P)

90075 DER not located Jaber, M.J.; Hawk, R.E. (1981) The Acute Toxicity of Cypermethrin to Sheepshead Minnows (?~Cypri nodon variegatus?~): Report Series TMUE0002/B. (Unpublished study received Dec 30, 1981 under 10182

- 64; submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:079561

- G)

### 86 41968211 2016171 Overman, M.A., M.G. Barron and D.D. Vaishnav (1990) Cypermethrin

- S ( FMC 56701): Acute Toxicity to Sheepshead Minnow ( Cyprinodon variegates ) under Flow

- Through Test Conditions. Laboratory Project No. 3903026

- 0600

- 3140. Study Performed by Environmental Science and Engineering, Inc., Gainesville, FL. Submitted by FMC Corporat ion, Philadelphia, PA. EPA MRID No. 31968211.

41968212 2016170 Chandler, A. (1990) FMC 45806: Acute Toxicity to Sheepshead Minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus) Under Flow

- through Test Conditions: Lab Project Number: 3903026

- 0350

- 3140. Unpublished study prepared by Environmental Science and Engineering(ESE), Inc. 43 p.

419 68213 2016169 Ward, T.; Boeri, R. (1991) Acute Toxicity of FMC 56701 Technical and Cypermethrin Technical to the Mysid, Mysidopsis bahia: Lab Project Number: 90187

- FMC: A90

- 3309. Unpublished study prepared by Resource Analysts, Inc. 52
p.

42364701 Regist rant rebuttal Anon. (1992) Response to the EPA's Review of MRID 41968212 Cypermethrin: Acute Toxicity to Sheepshead Minnows Under Flow

- Through Test Conditions: Unpublished study prepared by FMC Corp. 8 p.

44546033 2016195 Dionne, E. (1998) Cypermethrin T echnical

-- Acute Toxicity to Sheepshead Minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus) Under Flow

- Through Conditions: Final Report: Lab Project Number: 97

- 12

- 7197: 12442.1096.6230.505. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Labs., Inc. 75 p.

44546034 2016187 Sousa, J. (1998) (Carbon 14)(Beta)

- Cypermethrin

-- Chronic Toxicity to Sheepshead Minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus) Under Flow

- Through Conditions: Final Report: Lab Project Number: 97

- 1

- 7212: 12442.1096.6231.505. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Labs., Inc. 91 p.

44561209 2016191 Putt, A. (1998) (Carbon

- 14) Beta

- Cypermethrin

-- Acute Toxicity to Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) Under Flow

- Through Conditions: Final Report: Lab Project Number: 97

- 11

- 7153: 12442.1096.6229.515. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Laboratories, Inc. 79 p.

44561210 2016190 Putt, A. (1998) Cypermethrin Technical

-- Acute Toxicity to Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) Under Flow

- through Conditions: Final Report: Lab Project Number: 98

- 1

- 7224: 12442.1096.6228.815. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn laboratories, In c. 76 p.

92027018 Registrant Summary Royal, P. (1990) ICI Americas Inc. Phase 3 Summary of MRID 00090075. Cypermethrin: Acute Toxicity of Technical Material for Sheepshead Minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus): Report No.: TMUE 0002/B.: 15 p.

92027019 Registr ant Summary Royal, P. (1990) ICI Americas Inc. Phase 3 Summary of MRID 00089049. Cypermethrin: The Acute Toxicity to Eastern Oysters (Crassostrea virginica): Report No. TMUE 0009/B. Prepared by Springborn Laboratories, Inc. 13 p.

92027020 Registrant Summ ary Royal, P. (1990) Ici Americas Inc. Phase 3 Summary of MRID 00089043. Cypermethrin: Determination of the Acute Toxicity of Technical Material to Pink Shrimp (Penaeus duorarum): Report No. TMUE 0004/B. Prepared by Springborn Laboratories, Inc. 15 p.

92 027021 2016166 Registrant Summary Royal, P. (1990) ICI Americas Inc. Phase 3 Summary of MRID 00089044. Cypermethrin: Determination of Acute Toxicity to Mysid Shrimp (Mysidopsis bahia): Report No. TMUE 0005/B. Prepared by Springborn Laboratories, Inc. 12 p.

92027022 Registrant Summary Roy al, D. (1990) ICI Americas Inc. Phase 3 Summary of MRID 00089045. Cypermethrin: Determination of the Acute Toxicity of Technical Material to the

### 87 Fiddler Crab (Uca pugilator): Report No. TMUE 0003/B. Prepared by Springborn Laboratories, Inc. 15 p.

89051 S tability test Ussary, J.P.; Fitzpatrick, R.D.; Foreman, L.A.; et al. (1981) Cy

- permethrin Stability in Marine Laboratory Test Systems: Report Series TMU0558/B. (Unpublished study received Dec 30, 1981 under 10182

- 64; submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmi ngton, Del.; CDL:070562

- Q)

46591503 Contract draft available Putt, A. (2005) Cypermethrin

- Toxicity to Estuarine Amphipods (Leptocheirus plumulosus) During a 28

- Day Sediment Exposure. Project Number: 13656/6111. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 85 p.

Accession No. 070562 2016143 2016156 Thompson, R.S. (1981) Investigation of the Acute Toxicity of PP383 to Larvae of the Pacific Oyster ( Crassostrea gigas

42444601 ). Unpublished Report by the Brixham Laboratory of Imperial Chemical Ind ustries, Ltd., Submitted 12/28/81 by ICI Americas Inc., Wilmington, Delaware.

2016178 2016179 Ward, Timothy J., Robert L. Boeri and Mark A. Palmieri (1992) Acute Toxicity of FMC 56701 Technical and Cypermethrin Technical to the Mysid, Mysidopsis bahia . FMC Study Number A91

- 3454. Submitted by FMC Corporation. Performed by EnviroSystems Division, Resource Analysts, Inc. Hampton, New Hampshire. MRID No. 42444601.



## 72

- 4 Fish Early Life Stage/Aquatic Invertebrate Life Cycle Study

MRID Citation Reference

25770 2016141 Hill, R.W.; Maddock, B.G.; Hart, B. (1976) Determination of the Acute Toxicity of PP383 to Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdnerii): Report No. BL/B/1711. (Unpublished study received Dec 31, 1979 under 10182

- EX

- 19; prepared by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., s ubmitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL: 241598

- H)

25771 2016142 Hill, R.W.; Maddock, B.G.; Hart, B.; et al. (1977) Determination of the Acute Toxicity of PP 383 to Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus): Report No. BL/B/1775. (Unpublished study received Dec 31, 1979 under 10182

- EX

- 19; prepared by Imperial Chemical Indu stries, Ltd., submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:241598

- I)

31224 DER not located Bentley, R.E. (1976) Acute Toxicity of FMC

- 30980 to Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus): NCT 634.61. (Unpublished study received Sep 28, 1976 under 279

- EX

- 63; prepared by EG&G, Bionomics, submitted by FMC Corp., Philadelphia, Pa.; CDL:227762

- D)

89039 2016148 Jaber, M.J.; Hawk, R.E. (1981) The Toxicity of Cypermethrin to Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas) Embryos and Larvae: Report Series TMUE0007/B. (Unpubl ished study received Dec 30, 1981 under 10182

- 64; submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:070562

- D)

89047 2016163 Edwards, P.J.; Hamer, M.J.; Bull, J.M.; et al. (1981) Cypermethrin: 21 Day~Daphnia magna~Life Cycle Study: Report Series RJ 0177B. (Unpublished study received Dec 30, 1981 under 10182

- 64; pre

- pared by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:070562

- M)

### 88 42725301 2016180 Wheat, J. (1993) FMC

- 30980(carbon 14)

- Cypermethrin: Chroni c Toxicity to the Mysid, Mysidopsis bahia, Under Flow

- Through Test Conditions: Lab Project Number: J9205004A. Unpublished study prepared by Toxikon Environmental Sciences. 63 p.

42898301 2016182 Wheat, J. (1993) FMC

- 30980 ((carbon 14) labeled Cypermethrin): Chronic Life

Cycle Toxicity to the Water Flea, Daphnia magna, Under Flow

- through Test Conditions: Lab Project Number: J9205004B: A91

- 3479. Unpublished study prepared by Toxikon Environmental Sc iences. 71 p.

44546035 2016192 Sousa, J. (1998) (Carbon 14)(Beta)

- Cypermethrin

-- Chronic Toxicity to Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) Under Flow

- Through Conditions: Final Report: Lab Project Number: 97

- 12

- 7170: 12442.1096.6232.530. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Labs., Inc. 101 p.

92027023 Registrant Summary Royal, P. (1990) ICI Americas Inc. Phase 3 Summary of MRID 00089039

. Cypermethrin: Early Life Stages Test Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas): Report No. TMUE 0007/B. Prepared by Springborn Labor atories, Inc. 14 p.

92027024 Registrant Summary Royal, P. (1990) ICI Americas Inc. Phase 3 Summary of MRID 00089044

. Cypermethrin: Invertebrate Life

- Cycle Test in Mysid Shrimp (Mysidopsis bahia): SLI TMUE 0005/B.: 16 p

92027025 Registrant Summary Hame r, M. (1990) ICI Americas Inc. Phase 3 Summary of MRID 00089047

. Cypermethrin: 21 Day Daphnia magna Life

- cycle Study: Report No.: RJ0177B; PP383/CN/04. Prepared by ICI Agrochemicals Jealott's Hill Research Station 17 p.

4 6591503 2086352 Marine Amphipod 28 Day Whole Sediment toxicity



## 850.1300 Daphnid chronic toxicity test

MRID Citation Reference

47885103 Contract draft available Cafarella, M. (2008) Cypermethrin: Full Life Cycle Toxicity Test with Water Fleas, Daphnia magna under Flow

- Through Conditions: Reformatted Final Report. Project Number: 1084/012/231, A2007/6309. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories (Europe). 87 p.

47944027 DER not located Garforth, B. (1982) WL 85871 and Cypermethrin: Chronic Toxicity to Daphnia magna. Project Number: AL/523/001/OCR, AL/523/001, SBGR/82/119. Unpublished study prepared by Sittingbourne Research Center. 46 p.



## 72

- 5 Life cycle fish

MRID Citation Reference

40102101 Status report Hill, R.; Tapp, J. (1987) Status Report at Day 30 Post

- hatch Cypermethrin (PP383) Fathead Minnow Lifecycle Study: Lab. Pro

- ject ID: (P171/C). Unpublished study prepared by Imperial Chem

- ical Industries PLC, Brixham Laboratory. 7 p.

### 89 40427901 Status report Hill, R.; Tapp, J. (1987) Status Report on Cypermethrin (PP383) Fathead Minnow Lifecycle Study (P171/C): Laboratory Project ID P171/C. Unpublished study prepared by Imperial Chemicals Industries PLC. 13 p.

40529601 Status report Hill, R.; Tapp, J. (1988) Status Report of Cypermethrin (PP383) Fathead Minnow Lifecycle Study (P171/c). Laboratory Project ID P171/C. Unpublished study prepared by Imperial Chemicals Industries PLC, England. 4 p.

40641701 DER not located Tapp, J.; Hill, R.; Maddock, B.; et al. (1988) "Cypermethrin: Determination of Chronic Toxicity to Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas) Full Lifecycle": Laboratory Project ID BL/B/3173. Unpublished study prepared by ICI PLC, Brixham Laboratory. 189 p.

41092101 addendum Tapp, J. (1988) C ypermethrin: Determination of Chronic Toxicity to Fathead Minnow (Pimephales Promelas) Full Lifecycle. Addendum to Brixham Laboratory Report No. BL/B/3173: Laboratory ID No. FT5/86/P171/C. Unpublished study prepared by ICI Brixham Labor

- atory. 12 p.

920 27026 Registrant
summary Adams, D. (1990) ICI Americas Inc. Phase 3 Summary of MRID 40641701

. Cypermethrin: Determination of the Chronic Toxicity to Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas): Report Nos. BL/B/3173/3507; Study No. P171/C.: 19 p.

40102100 Interim report Imperial Chemical Industries PLC (1987) Interim Report on Fish Lifecycle Study of Cypermethrin in Response to Data Call

- in Notice. Compilation of 1 study.



## 72

- 6 Aquatic org. accumulation

MRID Citation Reference

42868203 Check Fate Data Giroir, E.; Stuerman, L. (1993) Cypermethrin (carbon 14) Bioconcentration by Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus): Lab Project Number: 191E5491E1: 40018: PC

- 0189. Unpublished study prepared by ABC Labs, Inc. 311 p.



## 72

- 7 Simulated or Actual Field Testing

MRID Citation Reference

40125601 Suitability evaluation Cole, J.; Brantly, T.; Hodges, J.; et al. (1987) Cypermethrin: Evaluation during 1986 of "Speir II" (Alabama, USA) Farm Pond Drainage Basin and Ecosystem for Suitability for a 1987 Cyper

- methrin Study: I: Laboratory Project ID: RJ0553B. Unpublished study prepared by Imperial Chemical Industries. 382 p.

40125602 Suitability evaluation Cole, J.; Brantly, T.; Hodges, J.; et al. (1987) Cypermethrin: Evaluation during 1986 of "Mayo" (Alabama, USA) Farm Pond Drain

- age Basin and Ecosystem for Suitability for a 1987 Cypermethrin Study: I: Laboratory Project ID: RJ0557B. Unpublished study prepared by Imperial Chemical Industries. 376 p.

40125603 Suitability evaluation Hill, I.; Cole, J. (1987 ) Comparison of "Speir II" and "Mayo" Farm Ponds (Alabama) USA: Laboratory Project ID: M4428B. Unpublished study prepared by

### 90 Imperial Chemical Industries. 20 p.

40804501 2016160 Rea, D.; Brantly, T.; Grimmett, J.; et al. (1988) Cypermethrin: Evaluation of the Impact of Aerially Sprayed Cypermethrin on the Aquatic Ecosystem of a Farm Pond in the Drainage Basin of a Cotton Crop: 1987: Laboratory Project ID RH0629B. Unpublished study prepared by ICI Agrochemicals. 744 p.

40804502 Suitability evaluation Cole, J.; Brantly, T.; Hodges, J.; et al. (1988) Cy permethrin: Evaluation during 1986 of "Speir II" (Alabama, USA) Farm Pond Drainage Basin and Ecosystem for Suitability for a 1987 Cypermethrin Study: II: Laboratory Project ID RJ0591B. Unpub

- lished study prepared by ICI Agrochemicals. 508 p.

41011501 ad dendum Sadler, J. (1989) Cypermethrin: Addendum to RJ0629B: Evaluation of the Impact of Aerially Sprayed Cypermethrin on the Aquatic Eco

- system of a Farm Pond in the Drainage Basin of a Cotton Crop: 1987: Project ID: PP383

- CF

- 04/2. Unpublished study prepa red by Jeallot's Hill Research Station. 14 p.

41218801 Progress report Palmieri, M. (1989) Aquatic Mesocosm Study of Pesticide Products Containing the Active Ingredient Cypermethrin: Progress Rept. 1: Study No. A89

- 2847. Unpublished study prepared by Wil dlife International, Ltd. 17 p.

41336201 Progress report Palmieri, M. (1989) Aquatic Mesocosm Study of Pesticide Products Containing the Active Ingredient Cypermethrin: Progress Report 3: FMC Study No. A89

- 2847. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. and FMC Corp. 5 p.

41403101 Progress rep ort Palmieri, M. (1990) Aquatic Mesocosm Study of Pesticide Products Containing the Active Ingredient Cypermethrin: Progress Report 4: Lab Project Number: A89

- 2847. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. in association with FMC Corp. 55 p.

41466301 Progress report Palmieri, M. (1990) Aquatic Mecocosm Study of Pesticide Products Containing the Active Ingredient Cypermethrin: Progress Report. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. 7 p.

41541101 Progress report Palmi eri, M. (1990) Aquatic Mesocosm Study of Pesticide Products Containing the Active Ingredient Cypermethrin: Progress Report 6: Lab Project No. A89

- 2847. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. 14 p.

41616201 Progress report Palmieri, M. (1990) Aquatic Mesocosm Study of Pesticide Products Containing the Active Ingredient Cypermethrin: Progress Report 7: Project Number: A89

- 2847. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd., and FMC Corp. 14 p.

41670701 Progress report Palmeri, M. (1990) Aquatic Mesocosm Study of Pesticide Products Containing the Active Ingredient Cypermethrin: Progress Report 8: Lab Project Number: A89

- 2847. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd., and FMC Corp. 14 p.

41732501 Progr ess report Palmieri, M. (1990) Aquatic Mesocosm Study of Pesticide Product Containing the Active Ingredient Cypermethrin: Progress Report 9: Project Number: A89

- 2847. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd and FMC Corp. 13 p.

41800601 Progress report Palmieri, M. (1991) Aquatic Mesocosm Study of Pesticide Products Containing the Active Ingredient Cypermethrin: Progress Report 10. Lab Project Number: A89

- 2847. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. and FMC Corp. 12 p.

41862501 Progress report Palmieri, M. (1991) Aquatic Mesocosm Study of Pesticide Products Containing the Active Ingredient Cypermethrin: Progress Report 11: Lab Project Number: A89

- 2847. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. & FMC C orp. 58
p.

### 91 42148201 DER not located Palmieri, M.; Freda, J.; Krueger, H.; et al. (1991) An Evaluation of the Impact of Cypermethrin Exposure on Managed Aquatic Ecosystems: Lab Project Number: 104

- 160: A89

- 2847. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife Inte rnational Ltd. 1612 p.

40125604 Protocol Hill, I. (1987) Protocol

-- Cypermethrin: A Study of the Impact of Aerially Sprayed Cypermethrin on the Aquatic Ecosystem of a Farm Pond in the Drainage Basin of a Cotton Crop: Laboratory Project ID: 383/CF/04. Unpublished study prepared by Imperial Chemical Industries. 31 p.

409 67301 Addendum Sadler, J.; Hill, I. (1989) Cypermethrin: Addendum to RJ0629B ...; Evaluation of the Impact of Aerially Sprayed Cypermethrin on the Aquatic Ecosystem of a Farm Pond in the Drainage Basin of a Cotton Crop; 1987: Project ID; PP383

- CT

- 04/1. Unp ublished study prepared by ICI Agrochemicals. 11 p.

41293901 Progress report Palmieri, M. (1989) Aquatic Mesocosm Study of Pesticide Products Containing the Active Ingredient Cypermethrin: Progress Report 2: Lab Project Number: A89/2847. Unpublished stud y prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. in Association with FMC Corp. 5 p.

42081101 Progress report Palmieri, M. (1991) Aquatic Mesocosm Study of Pesticide Products Containing the Active Ingredient Cypermethrin: Progress Report 14: Lab Project Number: A89

- 2847. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. and FMC Corp. 8
p.

Acc No. 250506 128704 2016157 Jaber, M.; Hawk, R. (1983) Cypermethrin: Aquatic Ecological Effects under Field Use Conditions in Cotton: Selma, Alabama, 1980: Re

- por t Series TMUE0026/B. (Unpublished study received Mar 24, 1983 under 10182

- 65; submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilming

- ton, DE; CDL:250506

- A)

152737 DER not located Getty, C.; Wilkinson, W.; Swaine, H.; et al. (1983) Cypermethrin: Effects of Multiple Low Rate Applications on Experimental Ponds: Report No. RJ0182B. Unpublished study prepared by Imperial Chemical Industries PLC. 62 p.

155770 Open lit Crossland, N. (19 82) Aquatic toxicology of cypermethrin. II. Fate and biological effects in pond experiments. Aquatic Toxicology 2:205

- 222

.
155772 Open lit Crossland, N.; Shires, S.; Bennett, D. (1982) Aquatic toxicolofy of cypermethrin. III. Fate, and biological effects of spray drift deposits in fresh water adjacent to agricultural land. Aquatic Toxicology 2:253

- 270

.



## 141

- 1 Honey bee acute contact

MRID Citation Reference

155740 2016158 Bull, J.; Wilkinson, W. (1980) Cypermethrin: Laboratory Determina

- tion of the Acute Toxicity to Honeybees of Technical Material and an Emulsifiable Concentrate (GFU 061): Report Series: RJ 0169B. Unpublished study prepared by ICI Plant Protection Div. 35 p.

44544208 2016183 Halsall, N. (1998) Betacypermethrin 10 EC: Acute Toxicity to Honey Bees (Apis mellifera): Lab Project Number: PWT 131/963589: PWT 131. Unpublished study prepared by Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd. 29 p.

92027047 Registrant Summary Lewis, G. (1990) ICI Americas Inc. Phase 3 Summary of MRID 00155740. Cypermethrin: Acute Contact and Oral Toxicity to Honey Bees (Apis mellifera:

### 92 Report No. RJ0169B; Study No.: PP383/CM/01. Prepared by ICI Agrochemicals Jealott's Hill Research Station. 14 p.

92027048 Registrant Summary Lewis, G. (1990) ICI Americas Inc. Phase 3 Summary of MRID 40274001. Cypermethrin: Toxicity of Residues on Foliage to Honey Bees (Apis mellifera): Report No. RJ0587B; Study No.: PP383CM03. Prepared by ICI Agrochemicals Jeal ott's Hill Research Station. 13 p.

47800504 Open lit

- DER not located Decourtye, A.; Devillers, J.; Genecque, E.; et al. (2005) Comparative Sublethal Toxicity of Nine Pesticides on Olfactory Learning Performances of the Honeybee Apis mellifera. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 48:242

- 250.

47800530 Open lit

- DER not located Chauzat, M.; Carpentier, P.; Martel, A.; et al. (2009) Influence of Pesticide Residues on Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Colony Health in France. Environ. Entom ol. 38(3):514

- 523.



## 141

- 2 Honey bee residue on foliage

MRID Citation Reference

40274001 2016159 Gough, H.; Jackson, D.; Wilkinson, W. (1987) Cypermethrin: Toxicity of Residues on Foliage to Honey Bees (Apis mellifera): Laborato

- ry Project ID: RJ0587B. Unpublished study prepared by ICI Plant Protection Division. 27 p.

41699401 Registrant
summary Le wis, G. (1990) Phase 3 Summary of MRID 40274001 : Cypermethrin: Toxicity of Residues on Foliage to Honey Bees (Apis mellifera): Lab Project Number: RJ0587B: PP383CM03. Unpublished study pre

- pared by ICI Agrochemicals, Jealotts Hill Research Station. 13 p.



## 141

- 3 Toxicity to Non Target Insects

5009995 Open lit 2079040 Waddill, V.H. (1978) Contact toxicity of four synthetic pyrethroids and methomyl to some adult insect parasites. Florida Entomologist 61(1):27

- 30.

127368 Open lit Harris, C.; Turnbull, S. (1978) Laboratory studies on the contact toxicity and activity in soil of four pyrethroid insecticides . Canadian Entomologist 110(Mar):285

- 288. (Submitter AW

- 81

- 0099; also In unpublished submission received Apr 8, 1983 under 39398

- 16; submitted by Sumitom o Chemical America, Inc., New York, NY; CDL:249939

- B)



## 850.1790 Chironomid Sediment Toxicity Test

MRID Citation Reference

46871501 Summary of multiple studies Giddings, J. (2006) Overview of Sediment Toxicity Studies with Synthetic Pyrethroids. Project Number: 06723, 06273. Unpublished study prepared by

### 93 Compliance Services International. 62 p.



## 850.7100 Data reporting for environmental chemistry methods

MRID Citation Reference

47053001 DER not located Robinson, N. (2007) Residue Analytical Method for the Determination of Residues of Bifenthrin, Cypermethrin, Cyfluthrin, Deltamethrin, Esfenvalerate, Fenpropathrin, Lambda

- cyhalothrin and Permethrin in Sediment. Unpublished study prepared by Syngenta Jealotts Hill International. 185 p.

47053002 DER not located Reed, R. (2006) Laboratory Validation: Validation of the Residue Analytical Method: Residue Analytical Method for the Determination of Residue s of Bifenthrin, Cypermethrin, Cyfluthrin, Deltamethrin, Esfenvalerate, Fenpropathrin, Lambda

- Cyhalothrin and Permethrin in Sediment: Final Report. Project Number: MLI/06/02, ML06/1286/PWG. Unpublished study prepared by Morse Laboratories Inc. 418 p.



## 850.1735 Whole sediment: acute freshwater invertebrates

MRID Citation Reference

47946601 Contract draft available Picard, C. (2009) 10

- Day Toxicity Test Exposing Freshwater Amphipods (Hyalella azteca) to Cypermethrin Applied to Glen Charlie Pond Sediment Under Static

Renewal Conditions. Project Number: 13656/6130, 100808/OPPTS/10/DAY/HYALELLA/MA/SED. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 117 p.

47946602 Contract draft available Picard, C. (2009) 10

- Day Toxicity Test Exposing Freshwater Amphipods (Hyalella azteca) to Cypermethrin Applied to Formulated Sediment Under Static

- Renewal Conditions. Project Number: 13656/6129. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 118 p.

47946603 Contract draft

ava ilable Picard, C. (2009) 10

- Day Toxicity Test Exposing Freshwater Amphipods (Hyalella azteca) to Cypermethrin Applied to California Sediment 2 Under Static

- Renewal Conditions. Project Number: 13656/6127. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers La boratories. 119 p.

47946604 Contract draft available Picard, C. (2009) 10

- Day Toxicity Test Exposing Freshwater Amphipods (Hyalella azteca) to Cypermethrin Applied to CA Sediment 1 Under Static

- Renewal Conditions. Project Number: 13656/6126. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 118 p.

47946605 Contract draft available Picard, C. (2009) 10

- Day Toxicity Test Exposing Freshwater Amphipods (Hyalella azteca) to Cypermethrin Applied to California Sediment 3 Under Static

- Renewal Condi tions. Project Number: 13656/6128, 100808/OPPTS/10/DAY/HYALELLA/CAS3. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 116 p.

### 94 46591504 2086351 Putt, A. (2005) Cypermethrin

- Toxicity to Midge (Chironomus tentans) During a 10

- Day Sediment Exposure. Project Number: 13656/6110. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 88 p.

46725701 2086353 Putt, A. (2005) Cypermethrin

- Life

- Cycle Toxicity Test with Midge (Chironomus tentans) During a 60

- Day Sediment Exposure. Project Number: 13656/6112. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 117 p.



# Non Guideline Selections

90000 2016265 summary pg 29 Brown, S.M.; Edwards, P.J. (1980) Cypermethrin (PP383): Effects on Earthworms,~ Lumbricidae?~: Report Series RJ 0151B. (Unpublished study received Dec 30, 1981 under 10182

- 64; prepared by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., England, submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:070559

- O)

90001 2016265 summary pg 29 Cole, J. F.H.; Wilkinson, W. (1980) Cypermethrin (PP383): Effects on Soil Microarthropods: Report Series RJ 0150B; 5B 4/6. (Unpub

- lished study received Dec 30, 1981 under 10102

- 64; prepared by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., England, submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:070559

- P)

90059 2016265 summary pg 56

2016265 summary pg 57 Curl, E.A.; Milner, S.D. (1980) Cypermethrin: Accumulation and De

- pletion of Radioactive Residues in the Tissues of Mallard Duck and Bobwhite Quail following Dai ly Dosing: Report Series RJ 0147B. (Unpublished study received Dec 30, 1981 under 10182

- 64; prepared by Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd., England, submit

- ted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:070560

- K)

Leahey 1977. Similar study with Permet hrin and Mallard and Japanese Quail

138935 DER not located Hill, I. (1984) A Review of the Effects of Pyrethrum and Synthetic Pyrethroids on Non

- target Organisms in Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments: Report Series RJ0349B. (Unpublished study re

- ceived Jan 30, 1984 under 10182

- 65; prepared by Imperial Chemi

- cal Industries, Ltd., Eng., submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, DE; CDL:252348

- A)

149692 DER not located Rajakulendran, S.; Plapp, F. (1982) [Comparative Toxicities of Five Synthetic Pyrethroids to Various Parasites and Predators]. Un

- published compilation. 8
p.

149693 DER not located Zoecon Corp. (1983) Effects on Pollinators:[Fluvalinate]. Unpub

- lished compilation. 15 p.

155785 Open lit Stephenson, R.; Choi, S.; Olmos

- Jerez, A. (1984) Determining the toxicity and hazard to fish of a rice insecticide. Crop Protec

- tion 3(2):151

- 165.

155797 Check SETAC publications Hill, I.; Hamer, M. (1984) The Influe nce of Adsorption and Degradation on the Toxicity of Permethrin, Cyperthrin and Cyhalothrin to Aquatic Organisms. Unpublished documents presented at the SETAC Fifth Annual Meeting, November, 1984; Washington, D.C. 2 p.

40135801 DER not located Kaminski, B. (1987) Cypermethrin: Effect on Earthworms and Bio

accumulation Potential of Residues. Unpublished study prepared by ICI Americas. 7 p.

40135802 DER not located Arnold, J.; Edwards, P. (1983) Cypermethrin: Effects on Earthworms Lumbricidae of Repeated Annual Field Applications: Lab Project ID: RJ0311B.

### 95 Unpublished study prepared by ICI Plant Protec

- tion Division. 36 p.

40135803 DER not located Curl, E.; Leahey, J. (1984) Permethrin and Cypermethrin: Character

- isation of Radioactive Residues Found in Earthworms Which Have Been Exposed to Soil Treated with [Carbon 14]

- Permethrin and [Carbon 14]

- Cypermethrin: Lab Project ID: RJ0343B. Unpublished study prepared by ICI Plant Protection Division. 36 p.

40135804 DER not located Edwards, P.; Arnold, J. (1984) Cypermethrin and Permethrin: Accumu

- lation of [Carbon 14]

- Cypermethrin and [Carbon 14]

- Permethrin Equivalents by the Earthworms Allolobophora calliginosa and Lu m

- bricus terrestris: Lab Project ID: RJ0341B. Unpublished study prepared by ICI Plant Protection Division. 30
p.

40135805 DER not located Collis, W.; Leahey, J. (1984) Cypermethrin: Evaluation of Bio

- accumulation Potential in Quail Dosed with Earthworm s Containing Cypermethrin Derived Residues: Lab Project ID: RJ0330B. Unpub

- lished study prepared by ICI Plant Protection Division. 35 p.

40135806 DER not located Cavell, R.; Leahey, J.; Lloyd, S. (1984) Cypermethrin: Evaluation of Bioaccumulation Potent ial in Rats Dosed with Earthworms Con

- taining Cypermethrin Derived Residues: Lab. Project ID: RJ0352B. Unpublished study prepared by ICI Plant Protection Division. 35 p.

40135807 DER not located Leahey, J.; Curl, E.; Edington, C.; et al. (1985) Permethrin and Cypermethrin: Identification of a Major Component of the Radio

- active Residue in Earthworms Exposed to Soil Treated with [Carbon

- 14]

- Benzyl

- labeled Cypermethrin (Addendum to RJ0343B): Lab Pr oject No.: RJ0391B. Unpublished study prepared by ICI Plant Protection Division. 21 p.

40359505 Open lit DER not located Watters, F.; White, N.; Cote, D. (1983) Effect of temperature on toxicity and persistence of three pyrethroid insecticides applied to fir plywood for the control of the red flour beetle (coleoptera: Tenebrionidae. Journal of Economic Entomology 76: 11

- 16.

44388401 Registrant Assessment Maund, S.; Travis, K.; Hendley, P.; et al. (1997) Evaluation of the Ecological Risks of Cotton Pyr ethroids to Aquatic Ecosystems: Lab Project Number: RC0009B. Unpublished study prepared by Zeneca Agrochemical (Zeneca Ltd.). 30 p.

44396501 Registrant Assessment Solomon, K. (1997) Review of the Laboratory Aquatic Organism Toxicity Data for the Cotton P yrethroids: Distributional Analysis of the Acute Toxicity Data. Unpublished study prepared by University of Guelph. 76 p.

44396502 Registrant Assessment Travis, K. (1997) A Modified Tier II Aquatic Exposure Analysis of Cotton Pyrethroids, Incorporating Landscape

- Level Exposure Factors: Lab Project Number: PYRETHROIDS \ 3. Unpublished study prepared by Zeneca Agrochemical (Zeneca Ltd). 221 p.

44396503 Regis trant Assessment Giddings, J. (1997) Aquatic Mesocosm and Field Studies with Cotton Pyrethroids: Observed Effects and Their Ecological Significance: Lab Project Number: 97

- 6

- 7014: 13656.0497.6100.900. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Labs., Inc. 10 2 p.

44396504 Registrant Assessment Ritter, A.; Williams, W.; Cheplick, J. (1997) Tier 1 and Tier 2: Modeling of Pyrethroid Exposure to Aquatic Nontarget Organisms Associated with Use on Cotton: Lab Project Number: WEI 794.01: PWG. Unpublished study prep ared by Waterborne Environmental, Inc. (WEI). 80 p.

### 96 45245501 Registrant Assessment Soderlund, D.; Clark, J.; Mullin, L. et al. (2000) Pyrethroid Insecticides: Is there a Common Mechanism of Mammalian Toxicity?: Lab Project Number: PWG FQPA 2000

- 01. Unpub lished study prepared by Pyrethroid Working Group. 144 p.

45867701 DER not located

- not a cypermethrin study Smith, E.; Du Preez, L.; Solomon, K. (2003) Field Exposure of Xenopus laevis to Atrazine and Other Triazines in South Africa: Exposure Character ization and Assessment of Laryngeal and Gonadal Responses: Final Report: Lab Project Number: SA

- 01B: 109

- 02: C1. Unpublished study prepared by The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University and School of Environmental Sciences and D evelopment Potchefstroom, University for CHE. 91 p.

45867709 DER not located

– not a cypermethrin study Smith, E.; Du Preez, L.; Solomon, K. (2003) Field Exposure of Xenopus laevis to Atrazine and Other Triazines in South Africa: Feasibility Study for Site Characterization and Assessment of Laryngeal and Gonadal Responses: Final Report: Lab Project Number: S A

- 01A: 2011

- 02: C1. Unpublished study prepared by The Institute of Environmental and Human Health Texas Tech University and School of Environmental Sciences and Development Potchefstroom University for CHE. 104 p.

46051301 Registrant Assessment Ritter, A .; Williams, W. (2003) Tier 2 Modeling of Pyrethroid Compounds Exposure to Aquatic Nontarget Organisms Associated with Use on Cotton: Final Report. Project Number: WEI/794/03. Unpublished study prepared by Waterborne Environmental, Inc. (WEI). 180 p.

4705 0501 Registrant Assessment Breckenridge, C.; Holden, L. (2007) Evidence for Separate Mechanism of Action for Type I and Type II Pyrethroid Insecticides. Project Number: PWG/TOX/2007/01. Unpublished study prepared by Pyrethroid Working Group. 144 p.

470505 02 Open lit Burr, S.; Ray, D. (2004) Structure

- Activity and Interaction Effects of 14 different Pyrethroids on Voltage

- Gated Chloride Ion Channels. Toxicological Sciences 77(2):341

- 346.

47506602 DER not located Hall, L.; Killen, W.; Anderson, R. (2008) A Comparison of Sediment Sampling Methods for Pyrethroids in Urban/Residential Sediments of California Streams and Additional Pyrethroid Sampling in Pleasant Grove Creek Backwater Surrogate Sites

- Pyrethroid: Assessment. Project Number: T001584/08. Unpublish ed study prepared by Wye Research and Education Center. 62 p.

47506603 DER not located Hall, L.; Killen, W.; Anderson, R.; et. al. (2008) An Assessment of Benthic Communities with Concurrent Physical Habitat, Pyrethroid, and Metals Analysis in an Urban and Residential Stream in California in 2006 and 2007

- Pyrethroid: Assessment. Project Number: T001523/08. Unpublished study prepared by Wye Research and Education Center and Northern Illinois University. 229 p.

47543609 Published deNoyelles, F.; Dewey, S. ; Huggins, D.; et al. (1994) Aquatic Mesocosms in Ecological Effects Testing: Detecting Direct and Indirect Effects of Pesticides. P. 577

- 603 in Ecological Risk Assessment, CRC Press.

47929401 Progress report Giddings, J. (2009) Pyrethroid Working Group S ediment Toxicity Testing Program: Progress Report #1: (Hyalella azteca). Project Number: 09713. Unpublished study prepared by Compliance Services International. 26 p.

47929402 Overview Giddings, J. (2009) Pyrethroid Working Group Sediment Toxicity Testing Program: Overview of Part 1 (Comparison of Sediments with Different Organic Content): (Hyalella azteca). Project Number: 09718. Unpublished study

### 97 prepared by Compliance Services International. 25 p.

47929403 Progress report Giddings, J. (2009) Pyrethroid Working Group Sediment Toxicity Testing Program: Progress Report #2: (Hyalella azteca). Project Number: 09744. Unpublished study prepared by Compliance Services International. 11 p.

47929404 Registrant Assessment Hall, L.; Killen, W.; Anderson, R.; et al. (2009) An Assessment of the Potential Influence of Physical Habitat, Pyrethroids and Metals of Benthic Communities in a Residential Stream in California in 2008: (Tubificidae, Paratanytarsus sp., Hyalella sp., Physa sp., Dugesia tigrina and Dero digata ta): Final Report. Project Number: T001605/09. Unpublished study prepared by Compliance Services International. 126 p.

47929405 DER not located Hall, L.; Killen, W.; Alden, R. (2007) An Assessment of Benthic Communities with Concurrent Physical Habitat, P yrethroid, Metals and PAH Analysis in an Urban and Residential Stream in California: (Seed Shrimp, Snails, Chironomids, Oligochaetes and Black Flies). Unpublished study prepared by Wye Research and Education Center, and Northern Illinois University. 173 p.

47929406 DER not located Hall, L.; Killen, W.; Anderson, R. (2009) A Comparison of Targeted Sedimemt Sampling Methods for Pyrethroids in Urban/Residential Sediments of a California Stream in 2008: (Hyalella azteca): Final Report. Project Number: T001763/ 09. Unpublished study prepared by Wye Research and Education Center. 56 p.

47944033 Comparison
summary Wisk, J. (2010) Comparison of Ecotoxicology Endpoints for Alpha

Cypermethrin and Cypermethrin. Project Number: 2010/7002965/OCR, 2010/7002965. Unpublish ed study prepared by BASF Agricultural Products Center. 9 p.

41068006 Open lit

different chemical Bradbury, S.; Coats, J.; McKim, J. (1985) Differential toxicity and uptake of
two fenvalerate formulations in fathead minnows (Pimepholes promelas). Environ mental Toxicology and Chemistry 4:531

- 541.

### 98 Appendix A. PRD D ata R equest J ustification T ables

The following proposed Data Call

- in tables include rationales for requiring the data requested in this problem formulation, explanations of the utility of the data, and explanations for how the data might impact risk assessment, following the format provid ed by PRD

.

Guideline Numbers and Study Titles:

**•** Test Method 100.4 (OCSPP 850.1770, in prep.); Whole sediment: chronic invertebrates freshwater ( Hyalella azteca )

**•** Test Method 100.5 (OCSPP 850.1760, in prep.); Whole sediment: chronic invertebrates freshwater ( Chironomus dilutus ) US EPA 2001,

**•** EPA 600/R

- 01/020 (OCSPP 850.1780, in prep.); Whole sediment: chronic invertebrates marine ( Leptocheirus plumulosus )

Rationale for Requiring the Data
No chronic sediment toxicity tests for freshwater or marine invertebrates have been submitted for cypermethrin to satisfy the Agency’s updated data requirements for outdoor uses in 40 CFR Part 158 (October 26, 2007). For cypermethrin , available information indicates that benthic organisms may be exposed via run

- off or spray drift applications used in agricultural, forest, and residential settings. Based on calculations in the most recent EFED assessment, the 21

- day sediment porewater EECs predicted for cypermethrin ranged from 0.0036 to 0.0253 μg a.i./L (US EPA 2006 b ). The upper end of this range exceeds 0.1 of the most sensitive acute LC/EC 50 (0.0036 μg a.i./L for amphidpod), which satisfies one of the criteria for requiring chronic whole sediment toxicity testing under 40 CFR Part 158. Furthermore, chronic reproductive effects were seen in water column studies with aquatic invertebrates (mysid shrimp), with a NOAEC = 0.000781 μg a.i./L and LOAEC = 0.00197 μg a.i./L.

P Cypermethrin is expected to persist in sediments, based on half

- lives in submitted soil met abolism and aquatic metabolism studies (aerobic soil ~ 60 days; aerobic aquatic metabolism, 10 days; anaerobic aquatic metabolism, 15 days) (MRIDs 42156601, 45920801 and 44876105). These half

- life values exceed the 40 CFR Part 158 criterion of 10 days.

T he third set of trigger criteria for requiring chronic testing (K d > 50 or log K OW >3 or K OC > 1000) is also met for cypermethrin (log K OW is 6.4, the mean K OC value is ~141,700

. The physicochemical property triggers (K d , K OW and K OC ) reflect the propensity of the chemical to partition onto the particulate or organic matter phases of sediments. Exceeding any one of the physicochemical property triggers listed above is sufficient for indicating the pesticide has reasonable potential f or partitioning to the sediment compartment.

Chronic whole sediment tests on Hyalella azteca

, Chironomus tentans , and Leptocheirus plumulosus are requested. Although both are freshwater species, Hyalella and Chironomus differ substantially in their ecolo gical niche (epibenthic v. infaunal species), physiology, and there is some evidence suggesting Hyalella is among the more sensitive invertebrates to pyrethroids based on water column tests (Maund et al., 2002; Weston and Jackson, 2009). Pyrethrins have t he potential to enter estuarine/marine water bodies based on current usage patterns that include coastal areas. Therefore, testing is also needed for an estuarine/marine sediment

- dwelling invertebrate species.

Until the final OCSPP guidelines for chroni c sediment toxicity tests are published, the registrant should

### 99 submit a protocol to EFED for approval prior to test initiation.

**•** Test Method 100.4: Hyalella azteca 42

- d Test for Measuring the Effects of Sediment Associated Contaminants on Survival, Growth, and Reproduction in USEPA 2000 Methods for Measuring the Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Sediment

- associated Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates EPA 600/R

- 99/064 ( OCSPP 850.1770, in prep. );

**•** Test Method 100.5: Life

- cycle Test for Measuring the Effects of Sediment

- associated Contaminants on Chironomus dilutus (formerly known as C. tentans ) in USEPA 2000 Methods for Measuring the Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Sediment

- associated Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates EPA 600/R

- 99/064 ( OCSPP 850.1760, in prep. ); and

**•** Leptocheirus plumulosus in USEPA 2001 Method for Assessing the Chronic Toxicity of Marine and Estuarine Sediment

- associated Contaminants with the Amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus EPA 600/R

- 01/020 ( OCSPP 850.1780, in prep. ). Practical Utility of the Data

How will the data be used? Data from sediment toxicity studies will be used to estimate potential risks to benthic organisms associated with uses of cypermethrin . The data will reduce uncertainties associated with the current risk assessment for benthic species and will improve our understanding of the potential effects of cypermethrin

.
How could the data impact the Agency’s future decision

- making? Although there was uncertainty in estimating the effect of pyrethrins on benthic organisms in previous assessments, there was a potent ial risk associated with adverse effects identified for other aquatic organisms. Acceptable data for benthic organisms will reduce the uncertainty from the previous
assessment If the data indicates that registered cypermethrin usage may pose a risk of a dverse effects to

non

- target benthic organisms above the Agency Level of Concern, the Agency may explore decision options to mitigate this risk. T he lack of these data will limit the flexibility the Agency and registrants have in coming into compliance wi th the Endangered Species Act, and could result in use restrictions which may otherwise be avoided, or which are unnecessarily severe.

### 100 Appendix B

. Reported Cypermethrin s Ecological Incident Summaries in the EIIS Database
Table B

- 1. Cypermethrin and Zeta

- Cypermethrin Incident Report Summaries

Incident # Organism(s) Affected Certainty of Involvement Legality of Use Description

I008737

- 001 Lobster (Decapoda) Probable Registered Use In a 5000 gal. saltwater tank in Cocoa Beach, FL 32931, an owner, Rancher/Breeder/Farmer found 800 lobsters dead and another 25 lobsters still alive in the tank. He used a product (EPA Reg. No. 4822

- 452): RAID Concentrate

- Deep Reach Fogger in a room adjacent to the tank
room t hen closed the tank room door for the night, but did not place a towel under the door. An air conditioner was turned off. He does not have UV/ozone sterilization. He has added another 200

- 300 lobsters to this same tank and they seem fine. He has tested water, ammonia nitrites, nitrate, pH and all are within normal limits. He could not locate the EPA Reg. No. on the container. I009966

- 002 Bass ( Micropterus spp. ) Bluegill ( Lepmis

macrochirus ) Carp ( Cyprinus carpio )

Catfish (Ictaluridae) Crappie (Centrarchidae)

Minnow (Cyprinidae)

Shad (Clupeidae) Probable Misuse A fish kill was reported on February 9, 1998 in Chattanooga, the result of a termiticide containing cypermethrin entering Rogers Branch and its un

named tributaries. The Tennessee Wildlife Resources Association assessed the cost of the dead fish at $609.33. Civil penalties and damages were assessed, suggesting misuse of the pesticide. Further information was provided by a 6(a)(2) report from Zenaca Ag Products (I006971

- 001). They claim that their investigation indicate that the kill was not likely the result of any labeled use of Demon TC or of the minor spill reported on the property in November

- December 1997. They claim the exposure characteristics suggest "introduction of rel atively massive amounts of chemical directly into the water course. I011346

- 001 Crayfish (Decapoda) Highly probable Misuse According to a report from the Environment Agency

- UK, thousands of crayfish had been killed in the Sherston Avon at Pinkney, upstr eam of Malmesbury, Wiltshire. Within 24 hours of the first report, the Environment Agency's Exeter laboratory pinpointed cypermethrin as the cause. An investigation led to the

### 101 Table B

- 1. Cypermethrin and Zeta

- Cypermethrin Incident Report Summaries

Incident # Organism(s) Affected Certainty of Involvement Legality of Use Description
Badminton sewage treatment works and, ultimately, to a kennel where a sheep di p called Crovert (containing cypermethrin) had been used to treat hounds for mange. After treatment, the Crovert was washed off and entered the river through the effluent of the sewage treatment plant. I001031

- 001 Bluegill ( Lepmis macrochirus ) Carp ( Cy prinus carpio ) Catfish (Ictaluridae)

Largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ) Highly probable Undetermined This fish kill resulted from the application of Demon TC as a termite barrier around a home in Henderson, Kentucky. Underground drainage tile had been installed around the home to divert water to a pond 50 feet away, and the night following the application of Demon there was a heavy rainfall which resulted in dumping some of the Demon into the pond. Approximately 44 fish we re killed. I 018158

- 017 Koi ( Cyprinus carpio ) Probable Undetermined Koi allegedly died from a drift exposure caused by an Eagle Pest Control technician performing a routine quarterly perimeter treatment using the labeled rate of Probuild TC (a.i. cypermethrin). Koi fish pond was located at the backyard of the treatment location. I017029

- 001 Unknown fish Highly probable Misuse (Accidental) This is an update of a previous incident that occurred in Takoma Park, MD, in which a cypermethrin

based pesticide called "Prevail" spilled from one of the company's pesticide application trucks onto a driveway while an employee was attempting to repair or replace a pump. The employee used a hose to wash off the driveway, causing the pesticide to drain into a creek and, subsequently, into Ches apeake Bay. A large number of fish were killed as the result of this incident.The pest control company was fined $7,300 and its license was suspended for 4 years as a part of the consent agreement with the Maryland Department of Agriculture. I006971

- 001 U nknown fish Highly probable Undetermined Zeneca reported that Tennessee Dept. of Agriculture was contacted about fish kill in several small ponds fed by a small stream. State investigators estimated 2,200 dead fish (i.e., bass, bluegill, shad) were impacte d along with various other unspecified aquatic organisms. Soil and water samples

### 102 Table B

- 1. Cypermethrin and Zeta

- Cypermethrin Incident Report Summaries

Incident # Organism(s) Affected Certainty of Involvement Legality of Use Description

were obtained. Analysis showed trace levels of chlorpyrifos and permethrin, and exceptionally high levels of cypermethrin. Initial investigation focused on a local pest contro l applicator. A multi

agency investigation team later focused its attention to alternative explanations. I007107

- 003 Minnow (Cyprinidae) Highly probable Undetermined This incident is one of the incidents stated on a consolidated report submitted by the Pesticide Investigation Unit, California Dept. of Fish and Game for the year 1997. One thousand Gambusia (minnows) reported dead in Placer County on 2

- 7

- 1997. The PIU confirmed that Cypermethrin was the cause of this fish kill. I010444

- 004 N/R Probable Misuse (Accidental) To comply with 6(a)2 regulations, FMC reported an incident that occurred in Silver Spring, MD (the location was not given in the report but was known to this writer). A treatment tank was being cleaned out by an applicator and the wash ings entered Rock Creek, causing a fish kill extending from an area near Walter Reed Hospital to the Potomac River. Initial estimates that there were between 1000 and 150,000 dead fish but later, the estimate was revised to 10,000. The Maryland Dept. of Agricuoture found 50 ppb cypermethrin in the water. I013857

- 01 1 Unknown fish Probable Misuse (Intentional) To comply with 6(a)2 requirements, Syngenta reported that the February 25, 2003, issue of the Independent (London) carried an account of a large fish kill in the river Slea, in Lincolnshire. According to this newspaper, someone had dumped Cypermethrin into surface water drai ns at an industrial site, infecting 13 miles of the river and causing the death of 100,000 fish. I004876

- 011 Crayfish (Decapoda) Stonefly (Plecoptera) Highly probable Misuse (Accidental) This information was sent in response to a letter from Gerard Desir, EPA. It concerns a fish kill in the Salmon River as the result of cypermethrin poisoning. I000011

- 001 N/R Possible Registered Pond fishkill via alleged underground

### 103 Table B

- 1. Cypermethrin and Zeta

- Cypermethrin Incident Report Summaries

Incident # Organism(s) Affected Certainty of Involvement Legality of Use Description

Use stream under home, after termite control. I01509 4

- 001 Unknown fish Possible Registered Use FMC 6(a)(2) incident report stated that a contractor applied Prevail (cypermethrin) on a horizontal soil surface where a concert slab was to be poured. Dead fish were found in a stream 1/2 to 1 mile from the construction site. No analyses we re given. I017984

- 001 Crayfish (Decapoda) Possible Misuse (Accidental) A web site from the UK reports that the joint mater of the Duke of Beaufort appeared at Avon magistrates on 10/20/1998. He pleaded guilty to allowing hounds treated with cypermethrin, which is used to treat mange, to enter the River Avon. The pesticide killed around 10,000 endangered white clawed crayfish in the river. I011348

- 001 Sparrow (Fringillidae) Unlikely Undetermined A report on the Internet (Third World Network) described a massive killing of sparrows in a small village in Bangladesh as the result of a massive use of cypermethrin. In eggplant and pointed gourd fields there was a spraying of Ustad the night before. T he sparrows ate insects that had died from the spraying and they, in turn, died by the thousands. An original estimate was that 5000 had died but later indications were that the number was much higher. Residents were shocked by the massive kill of these birds and protests were made against the use of pesticides. I021456

- 001 Bluegill ( Lepomis macrochirus ) Largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ) Possible Undetermined Iowa Departmewnt of Natural Resources reported an incident on dozens of fish kill in a pri vate pond surrounded by soybean field on three sides and live pasture field to the south in Iowa. There was aerial spraying of pesticides onto the soybean field. I000340

- 009 Goat (Bovidae) Possible Undetermined The report implied that an unspecified number of goats may have suffered illness due to nearby application of cypermethrin. I000103

- 010 Barred owl ( Strix varia ) Mockingbird ( Mimus polyglottos ) White

- throated sparrow Unlikely Undetermined According to the investigative report 11 dead birds were found near a private dwelling (9 sparrows, a mockingbird, and a barred owl). It

### 104 Table B

- 1. Cypermethrin and Zeta

- Cypermethrin Incident Report Summaries

Incident # Organism(s) Affected Certainty of Involvement Legality of Use Description
( Zonotrichea albicollis ) was suspected that the mortality was due to toxicosis. Four birds were selected for necropsy (1 mockingbird and 3 sparrows). The premises had been periodically sprayed for termites for 8 years, the most recent being 2 month prior to the event with cypermethrin. Earlier treatments had been done with lindane. Analysis of brain ChE activity gave normal results. Residue analysis of gizzard/crop content s revealed the presence of Heptachlor Epoxide and a significant amount of Dieldrin. there was an insufficient amount of brain tissue left to make a residue analysis of the brain for Dieldrin. According to the report brain tissue residue of 1ppm is consi dered significant but body residues are usually many times greater than brain residue. The birds were observed to undergo convulsions just before dying. Crop/gizzard content residue analysis revealed Dieldrin at 7480 ppb and Hrptachlor Epoxide at 710 ppb . There was no evidence of organophosphate, carbamate, lindane, or cypermethrin pesticides. I000340

- 006 Dog ( Canis familiaris ) Possible Undetermined According to the investigative report, a dog was dipped and also exposed to pyrethroid products. The dog 's illness was suspected to be due to one of these exposures. I000340

- 002 Cat ( Felix domesticus ) Probable Registered Use According to the report A cat was exposed to toxic fumes of cypermethrin by following applicator around as he worked. I014202

- 007 Honey Bee ( Apis millifera ) Possible Registered Use On Aug 9, 2002, a bee keeper reported that queenless hives was observed on Aug 8, 2002. Yard was inspected where there use to be 32 hives, but has declined to 26 hives. All 26 hives were open and inspected. 8 of the hives were queenless or failing. No diseases were found, but Varroa mite was positive for one hive. An erratic or spotty brood pattern was common. Pesticide exposure was suspected. One hybrid poplar field was identified 3.5 miles from the yard, and this field had not been treated in 2002. An alfalfa field 2.75 miles from the yard

### 105 Table B

- 1. Cypermethrin and Zeta

- Cypermethrin Incident Report Summaries

Incident # Organism(s) Affected Certainty of Involvement Legality of Use Description
was identified and it was sprayed with
zeta

- cypermethrin 23 days prior to the observation in the bee yard. Samples of pollen were taken and analyzed with no detection of zeta

cypermethrin, carbaryl, 1

- naphthol

a nd carbofuran. The insecticide coumaphos was detected. It is used in Check Mite Strips used to control Varroa mites. Note: The insecticide used on the alfalfa field was identified by the name Mustang and the EPA Reg. # 279

- 3126 was also given. Mustang i s a pyrethin pesticide cancelled in 1983. The Reg. # identified the product Fury and its active ingredient is zeta

cypermethrin. I014202

- 008 Honey Bee ( Apis millifera ) Unlikely Registered Use A bee keeper reported on Sept 4, 2002 that there were dead bees in his bee yard. It was also stated that on Aug. 27, 2002, the bee keeper removed honey and that the hives were fine. The inspector opened and examined 20 of the twenty hives. Colonies appeared to be disease free, except for two hives with normal c halkbrood. Two hybrid poplar fields, 3,25 and 8 miles from the bee yard, were identified. There were no insecticide treatments to these fields in 2002. An alfalfa field had been treated with
zeta

- cypermethrin about 50 days before symptoms were reported. Bee tissue and pollen samples were obtained. Analyses of the samples did not detect any carbaryl, 1

- naphthol or carborfuran. Coumaphos was detected in both the bee tissue and pollen samples. Level were not given. Test for Varroa mites was negative.