HFO-1234yf Low GWP Refr

LCCP Analysis

Mary Koban

DuPont Fluoroproducts
2

Agenda

 HFO-1234yf Refrigerant

 Thermodynamic Properties  Toxicity Update Environmental Properties Flammability Properties System Performance

 LCCP Analysis

 Performance Data Inputs IHX Optimization LCCP Scenarios  Global LCCP Results

 Conclusions
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HFO-1234yf

Excellent environmental properties

 Meets 2011 EU F-Gas Regulation Very low GWP of 4, Zero ODP Atmospheric chemistry determined and published

Low toxicity, similar to R-134a

 Low acute and chronic toxicity

System performance very similar to R-134a

 Excellent COP and Capacity, no glide Thermally stable and compatible with current R-134a ma

Mild flammability (manageable)

 Flammability significantly less than 152a  A2 recommended by ASHRAE [A2L classification under  Expect “A2L” ISO 817 classification versus “A2” for 152a

Global Solution

 Good performance in all climates, and car sizes Compatibility with current technology allows for rapid glo
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HFO-1234yf Thermo Propertie

Properties 1234yf 134aBoiling Point, Tb -29oC -26oC

Critical Point, Tc 95oC 102oC

Pvap, MPa (25oC) 0.677 0.665

Pvap, MPa (80oC) 2.44 2.63

GWP (100 ITH) 4 1410

ODP 0 0

Temperature, oC

Vapor Pressure

REFPROP EquationOf State available

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

-40 -20 0 20 40 60 

1H

Pressure (MPa)

Vapor Pressure similar to HFC-
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HFO-1234yf Has Low Toxicity

HFO-1234yf Toxicity

Test HFO-1234yf 

•Acute Lethality •No deaths 400,000 ppm •N

•Cardiac sensitization •NOEL > 120,000 ppm

•N•L

•13 week inhalation •NOAEL 50,000 ppm •N•Developmental (Rat) •NOAEL 50,000 ppm •N•Genetic Toxicity •Not Mutagenic •N•13 week genomic(carcinogenicity)

•Not active (50,000 ppm) •N

•2-yr carcinogenicity •Not required •N•Environmental Tox •NOEL > 83 mg/L (Pass) •N•Developmental (Rabbit)

•NOAEL 4,000 PPM, •LOAEL 5,500 PPM

•N•L

•1-Gen segment of 2-Gen Reproductive

•Interim NOAEL 5,000 -15,000ppm(6-hour exposures)

•N(1
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HFO-1234yf Toxicity Summary

Q Recently completed developmental and reprod

have shown that HFO-1234yf will not be classidevelopmental or reproductive toxin.

Q HFO-1234yf has recently been classified as a 

toxicity) refrigerant by ASHRAE.

Q HFO 1234yf WEEL was adopted at 500 ppm (8

AIHA WEEL Committee. AIHA Standards expassignment to be published in the 2009 set of 

Q After independent review of all toxicology test 

and Honeywell have concluded that HFO-1234commercialize for use in MAC.

Q Furthermore, industry risk assessments of vari

exposure scenarios have also concluded HFOuse in mobile AC applications.
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HFO-1234yf Environmental Propertie

ODP = 0100 Year GWP = 4 (GWP134a = 1300)

Measurements completed and published

 Papadimitrou, V.C. et al, “CF3CF=CH2 and ZCF3CF=CHF: Temperature dependent OH rate 

coefficients and global warming potentials”, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. Vol 10 (2008) pp 808-820.

 Hurley, M.D. et al, “Atmospheric chemistry of 

CF3CF=CH2: Products and mechanisms of Cl atom and OH radical initiated oxidation”, Chem. Phys. Lett.Vol 450 (2008) pp 263-267.

 Nielsen, O.J. et al, “Atmospheric Chemistry of 

CF3CF=CH2: Kinetics and mechanisms of gas phase reactions with Cl atoms, OH radicals and O3”, Chem. Phys. Lett. Vol 439 (2007) pp 18-22.

Atmospheric lifetime = 11 daysAtmospheric chemistry measured

 Atmospheric breakdown products are the same as for 

134a

 No high GWP breakdown products (e.g. NO HFC-23 

breakdown product)

 Results published in 2008
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HFO-1234yf Flammability Prope

HFC-134a* HFO-1234yf** HFC-15

Flame Limits- ASTM E681-04 at 21C

LFL (vol% in Air) N/A 6.2 3.9 

UFL (vol% in Air) N/A 12.3 16.9 

Minimum Ignition Energy -MIE (mJ) N/A >5000 0.38 Heat of Combustion (kJ/g) 4.2 10.7 16.5 Burning Velocity (cm/s) N/A 1.5 23 

* Reference: ASHRAE Standard 34** Reference: DuPont MSDS§ Reference NFPA 497 

Key TakeawaysHFO-1234yf has significantly milder flammability charthan those of HFC-152a, propane or gasoline.
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LCCP Analysis

Performance Data Inputs

 SAE CRP -1234-1

 Baseline 134a HFO-1234yf with and without IHX

 IHX Optimization

Global LCCP Analysis
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HFO-1234y

HFO-1234yf Capacity-SAE CRP-123

Better

Ref –H

HFO-1234yf meets or exceeds HFC-134a with m
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HFO-123

HFO-1234yf COP-SAE CRP-1234-1

Ref –Hi

HFO-1234yf meets or exceeds HFC-134a with m
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HFO-1234yf IHX Optimization

HFO-1234yf IHX development will continue to prov
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HFO-1234yf LCCP Study

Q Used GREEN-MAC-LCCP© Model, ve

 A Tool for Assessing the Life Cycle Energy &

Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Alternative Re

 Standard model supported by US EPA Includes vehicle usage patterns by key city Includes number of vehicle registrations per r

Q Evaluated several potential scenarios

 Included charge impacts Included weight impacts Included leak impacts

Q Determined potential CO2 equivalent em

 benefit based on model’s assumption for 201
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Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Refrig

CO2 CO2 CO2

Min Transportatione

CO2

CO2

Refrigerant

MANUFACTURING

Transportation

Indirect Emissions

End-use of chemicals

Direct Emissions

HFC

Atmospheric degradation prod

+

Recycling

HCOF COF2

HF

CO2

TFA 

HFC

Refrigera

Refrigerant End-

Raw Materials

HFC

Ref-Papasavva and Ander
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Refrigerant System 

 Leakages System M Temperat COP, Qe  Condense

conditions

 Front End  Engine Co

Vehicle Assumptions 

 Car Size

 Compact [current] Midsize [current] SUV [current]

 Engine type

 L4 [current] V6 [current] V8 [current]

Vehicle Usage & Climate Assumptions: 

 Distance based on region % Drive Time in Ambient during 6AM -

24PM Different for Each City 

 Cabin Comfort -% Time with A/C ON  Driving cycle based on region

Environmental Assump

 CO2-eq from r Transportation

Product Emiss

 Ambient Temp Humidity effec

Model

GREEN-MAC-LCCP©

Model Input Assumptions Model Input Assumptions

Ref-Papasavva and And
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Potential LCCP Scenarios

HC-134a capacity and COP data from SAE CRP-1234-1 

baseline

Conditions Evaluated at Equal Capacity:HFO-1234yf Scenario 1-No added components 

 HFO-1234yf has COP equal compared to HFC-134a.  HFO-1234yf charge used is 5% less than HFC-134a. 

HFO-1234yf Scenario 2 –Internal Heat Exchanger

 HFO-1234yf has 3% greater COP compared to HFC-134a  The HFO-1234yf charge used is 23% more than the HFC- Entire system weight is increased by 1 kg 

HFO-1234yf Scenario 3 – Internal Heat Exchanger

 HFO-1234yf has 5% greater COP compared to HFC-134a  The HFO-1234yf charge used is 23% more than the HFC-

the needs of the internal heat exchanger. 

 Entire system weight is also increased by 1 kg
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LCCP Model Input Logbook

Yellow boxes indicate difference from baseline H
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LCCP Scenario Results-Key Cit

Results show improved CO2 equiv emissions with H
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HFO-1234yf Global LCCP

Assumption based on global adoption and looking afirst year all new cars have HFO-1234yf as refrigeran

Key city input used with vehicle registrations by city/region 
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HFO-1234yf Potential CO2 Reduction

Refrigerant Systems

Africa & 

M.East Asia

E. 

Europe

W. 

Europe

A

HFO-1234yf Scenario #1 0.198 1.774 0.405 1.387 HFO-1234yf Scenario #2 0.207 2.013 0.405 1.416 HFO-1234yf Scenario #3 0.217 2.208 0.415 1.466 

LCCP CO2 Equivalent Emissions Savings based o

Estimated 2017 global CO2 equivalent emission reductions of 17-20% based on different scenariResults indicated HFO-1234yf will yield significaenvironmental benefit by replacing HFC-134a in automotive air-conditioning
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Conclusions

Q HFO-1234yf system evaluations performed 

OEM’s and Tier 1/2 manufacturers in prepaEU F-Gas deadline

 HFO-1234yf system improvements expected to conti HFO-1234yf COP improvements may exceed HFC-1

systems.

Q Several potential LCCP scenarios were run 

environmental impact. 

 HFO-1234yf was evaluated with equal capacity and s

 equal to HFC-134a 3% improved versus HFC-134a 5% improved versus HFC-134a

Q In all LCCP scenarios, HFO-1234yf provide

(17-20%) reductions to total contribution to versus the baseline refrigerant HFC-134a
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HFO-1234yf Summary

Excellent environmental properties

 Meets 2011 EU F-Gas Regulation Very low GWP of 4, Zero ODP Atmospheric chemistry determined and published

Low toxicity, similar to R-134a

 Low acute and repeated exposure toxicity Significant testing completed

System performance very similar to R-134a

 Excellent COP and Capacity, no glide Thermally stable and compatible with current R-134a ma

Mild flammability (manageable)

 Flammability significantly less than 152a  A2 recommended by ASHRAE [A2L classification under  Expect “A2L” ISO 817 classification versus “A2” for 152a

Global Solution

 Good performance in all climates, and car sizes Compatibility with current technology allows for rapid glo
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Additional Information

For further information on HFO-1234yf please vwww.SmartAutoAc.comwww.refrigerants.dupont.com