COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Benton, Coleman and Moon*

Argued at Salem, Virginia 

DANNY RICARDO JONES 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION** BY 

v. Record No. 2489-96-3 JUDGE JAMES W. BENTON, JR. 

 DECEMBER 9, 1997 

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA 

 FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF LYNCHBURG 

Mosby G. Perrow, III, Judge 

 James J. Angel for appellant. 

 Kathleen B. Martin, Assistant Attorney 

General (James S. Gilmore, III, Attorney 

General, on brief), for appellee. 

 Danny Ricardo Jones was indicted and tried for murder and 

use of a firearm in the commission of murder. A jury convicted 

him of voluntary manslaughter and use of a firearm in the 

commission of murder. Jones contends that the Commonwealth 

failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt malice, an essential 

element of murder, and, therefore, the evidence is insufficient 

to support the conviction for use of a firearm in the commission 

of murder. 

 I. 

 The Commonwealth's evidence proved that Jones gave a 

statement to the police admitting that he shot and killed Robert 

 

 *When the case was argued Judge Moon presided. Judge 

Fitzpatrick was elected Chief Judge effective November 19, 1997. 

 Judge Moon participated in the hearing and decision of this case 

prior to his retirement on November 25, 1997. 

 **Pursuant to Code § 17-116.010 this opinion is not 

designated for publication. 
- 2 - 

Lewis Allen on January 21, 1996, in the parking lot of a 

nightclub. His statement indicated that Allen approached him 

"mouthing off" in the parking lot, hit Jones without provocation, 

and knocked Jones to the pavement. Allen and other men then 

beat, stomped, kicked, and hit him in the testicles. Jones told 

the police that, while he was on the ground, he saw a gun on the 

pavement and shot Allen. 

 Jones' friend, Gary Smith, testified that before the 

shooting occurred he saw Jones outside the nightclub after 

closing. Smith saw what looked like the handle of a revolver 

tucked inside Jones' pants. Fifteen minutes later, Robert Lewis 

Allen and a group of men approached Jones and Smith, yelling 

vulgarities. When Allen approached Jones, Jones told Allen that 

Jones had no problem with Allen and that Jones was "no punk." 

Jones and Allen shook hands. However, Allen then punched Jones. 

 When Jones fell to the icy pavement, "everyone started 

fighting." 

 The nightclub's security guard testified that before the 

nightclub closed he observed that Allen had been rowdy inside the 

nightclub. He testified that Allen had forcefully bumped several 

people and that he had to speak to Allen about his conduct. 

After the nightclub closed, the security guard went to 

investigate a report of a fight in the parking lot. He testified 

that more than one hundred people were in the parking lot. As he 

approached the crowd, he heard a gunshot and saw Jones with a 
- 3 - 

gun. Allen was lying on the ground wounded. When the security 

guard asked Jones to stop, Jones got in a car and drove away. 

 At trial, Jones testified in his own defense. He stated 

that when the club began to close, he got his coat and went out 

to the parking lot, looking for his cousin and a friend. While 

he was in the parking lot, Allen started yelling vulgarities at 

him. After Jones told him that he didn't have a problem with 

Allen, they shook hands. Allen then swung and hit Jones, 

knocking him to the ground. While Jones was on the ground, Allen 

and his companions attacked Jones. Jones felt a series of blows, 

stomps, and kicks to his head, his testicles, and body. Jones 

testified that he saw a gun in a holster lying on the ground and 

reached for the gun. He testified, "I was fearful for my life. 

I was scared that somebody else might pick [the gun] up and use 

it on me and I was terrified." Jones shot and killed Allen. 

Jones testified that he did not aim at Allen. 

 Jones testified that as he walked to his car, a security 

guard from the club approached him and told him to "freeze." 

Jones got into his car and fled. He threw the gun and holster 

out of the window. Jones denied that the gun was his and 

testified that earlier he only had a large brush in his pocket. 

 Charles Reaves, Jr., Jones' cousin, testified that he saw 

Jones and Allen talking and then shake hands. Allen struck 

Jones, and Jones fell to the ground. At that point, five or six 

other men around Allen started punching and kicking the fallen 
- 4 - 

Jones. Several other witnesses testified to the same chain of 

events. 

 At the conclusion of the evidence, Jones made a motion to 

strike the indictments, arguing that there was no evidence of 

malice. The trial judge overruled the motion. The jury found 

Jones guilty of voluntary manslaughter and use of a firearm in 

the commission of murder. 

 II. 

 "The Constitution prohibits the criminal conviction of any 

person except upon proof of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt." 

Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 309 (1979). It follows from 

this principle that "the prosecution is burdened with proving 

beyond a reasonable doubt each and every constituent element of a 

crime before an accused may stand convicted of that particular 

offense." Martin v. Commonwealth, 13 Va. App. 524, 529, 414 

S.E.2d 401, 403 (1992). To support a conviction of use of a 

firearm in the commission of murder, the Commonwealth must prove 

all of the elements of murder. 

 Murder is the unlawful killing of another with malice. See

Jenkins v. Commonwealth, 244 Va. 445, 457, 423 S.E.2d 360, 368 

(1992). Malice, an essential element of murder, see Essex v. 

Commonwealth, 228 Va. 273, 280, 322 S.E.2d 216, 219 (1984), "is 

evidenced either when the accused acted with a sedate, deliberate 

mind, and formed design, or committed any purposeful and cruel 

act without any or without great provocation." Branch v. 
- 5 - 

Commonwealth, 14 Va. App. 836, 841, 419 S.E.2d 422, 426 (1992). 

See also Pugh v. Commonwealth, 223 Va. 663, 668, 292 S.E.2d 339, 

341 (1982). 

 The trier of fact may infer malice from the deliberate use 

of a deadly weapon, see Doss v. Commonwealth, 23 Va. App. 679, 

685-86, 479 S.E.2d 92, 96 (1996); Perricllia v. Commonwealth, 229 

Va. 85, 91, 326 S.E.2d 679, 683 (1985), unless the evidence 

raises a reasonable doubt whether malice existed. Morris v. 

Commonwealth, 17 Va. App. 575, 578, 439 S.E.2d 867, 870 (1994). 

"Proof of malice excludes the presence of passion, and proof of 

passion presupposes the absence of malice." Hodge v. 

Commonwealth, 217 Va. 338, 345, 228 S.E.2d 692, 697 (1976). 

Thus, malice is absent when a person acts under "passion brought 

on by an unlawful assault." Moxly v. Commonwealth, 195 Va. 151, 

158, 77 S.E.2d 389, 393 (1953). 

 When the evidence proves "'a homicide committed in hot 

blood, growing solely out of the combat for which a defendant was 

not responsible,'" the evidence fails to prove malice. Moxly, 

195 Va. at 158, 77 S.E.2d at 393 (citation omitted). Likewise, 

where the killing is "committed in the course of a sudden 

quarrel, in mutual combat, upon a sudden provocation, which was 

unquestionably resented, and the provocation, was more than 'very 

slight,'" malice cannot be presumed from the fact of the killing. 

Richardson v. Commonwealth, 128 Va. 691, 695-96, 104 S.E. 788, 

790 (1920). Thus, malice cannot be inferred when "upon being 
- 6 - 

assaulted, the passion of the assaulted person become greatly 

excited, and under that impulse he kill his assailant, though it 

be with a deadly weapon." Moxly, 195 Va. at 158, 77 S.E.2d at 

393. 

 Applying these principles to the record before us, we find 

that the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the 

Commonwealth, is insufficient to support a finding of malice. 

Although Jones used a firearm to kill Allen, the circumstances 

were such that the trier of fact could not have inferred beyond a 

reasonable doubt that Jones acted with malice. The evidence 

proved that the killing occurred while Allen and other men were 

kicking and stomping Jones. Jones did not cause the fighting to 

begin. After Jones was punched and fell, Allen and other 

individuals punched and kicked Jones while he was on the ground. 

 A reasonable jury could not have found malice under these 

circumstances. The killing "was certainly accompanied with such 

circumstances of extenuation that malice . . . could not be 

presumed from the fact of the killing," Richardson, 128 Va. at 

695-96, 104 S.E. at 109, or from the fact of the use of a deadly 

weapon. Moxly, 195 Va. at 158, 77 S.E.2d at 393. 

 For these reasons, we reverse Jones' conviction for use of a 

firearm in the commission of murder and dismiss the indictment. 

 Reversed and dismissed.
- 7 - 

Moon, J., dissenting. 

 I respectfully dissent. "On appeal, we review the evidence 

in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, granting to it 

all reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom." Martin v. 

Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 438, 443, 358 S.E.2d 415, 418 (1987). 

In order for the defendant to prevail in this appeal, it must be 

true that, as a matter of law, the jury could not have reasonably 

inferred that he acted with malice. 

 The trier of fact may infer malice from the deliberate use 

of a deadly weapon. Doss v. Commonwealth, 23 Va. App. 679, 686, 

479 S.E.2d 92, 96 (1996). Malice and passion cannot coexist, 

Turner v. Commonwealth, 23 Va. App. 270, 275, 476 S.E.2d 504, 506 

(1996), but the jury reasonably could have concluded that Jones 

acted not in the heat of passion but with malice. 

 The jury learned that Jones previously had an altercation 

with Allen concerning Jones' girlfriend. Jones' friend, Gary 

Smith, testified that after he expressed to Jones his concern 

about a group of men in the club the night of the homicide, Jones 

told him not to worry about them and then showed him what 

appeared to be a gun. Jones claimed that the object was actually 

a brush and that he "spotted" on the pavement the gun he used to 

shoot Allen, but nevertheless he took the gun with him as he 

walked away from Allen's wounded body and placed it back in its 

holster before discarding it on the highway. 

 Furthermore, despite Jones' allegation that he was seriously 
- 8 - 

injured by Allen's and his friends' attack, Jones had no visible 

injuries other than a few bruises on his forehead. Indeed, he 

shot Allen not from a crouched position on the pavement but 

rather while standing. He then walked without incident toward 

his car, in slick-soled shoes on icy pavement, and drove away. 

 The jury could reasonably infer from these facts that 

contrary to Jones' allegation that he merely was defending 

himself in the heat of passion from an unprovoked attack, Jones 

acted with malice aforethought. Because we are required on 

appeal to grant all reasonable inferences to the Commonwealth, I 

would affirm the conviction.