215094

JPRS 80922

27 May 1982

Worldwide Report

LAW OF THE SEA

No. 198

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REPRODUCED BY

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WORLDWIDE REPORT

LAW OF THE SEA

No. 198

CONTENTS

WORLDWIDE AFFAIRS

Asian States Decry U.S. LOS Obstructionism

(Vladimir Matyash; TASS, 13 May 82).

USSR Paper Explains Soviet Position on LOS Treaty

(Josef Pesek; ZEMEDELSKE NOVINY, 11 May 82)

Briefs

JPRS 8 0922

27 May 1982

USSR-Japan Seaweed Agreement

ASIA

INTER-ASIAN AFFAIRS

DPRK Red Cross Reports Capture of Japanese Fishermen

(KYODO, 16 May 82)

Joint New Zealand-Japan Survey of Tonga Trench Planned

(THE NEW ZEALAND HERALD, 17 Mar 82)

INDIA

Briefs

Economic Zone Minerals

INDONESIA

Mokhtar Hails Success of Sea Law Conference

(ANTARA, 4 May 82)

- a - [III - WW - 136]
JAPAN

Briefs

Indonesia Tallies Maritime Intrusions 8

Japan To Work Out Sea Law, Seabed Exploration

(KYODO, 1 May 82) . 9

Briefs

U.S. Fish-Quota Cut Protested 10

NEW ZEALAND

Paper Favors Law of the Sea Even Without U.S. Agreement

(Editorial; THE PEESS, 24 Mar 82).. 11

Moratorium Imposed on Issue of Coastal Fishing Permits

(THE EVENING POST, 19 Mar 82) 13

Great South Basin Oil Exploration Applications Weighed

(THE NEW ZEALAND HERALD, 24 Mar 82) 14

PAKISTAN

Adoption of Law-of-the-Sea Treaty Urged

(THE PAKISTAN TIMES, 28 Apr 82) 15

PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

'RENMTN RIBAO' Views U.S. Position on Law of Sea

(Wang Shifang; RENMIN RIBAO, 4 May 82) 17

Beijing Radio Views Draft Convention on Law of Sea

(Beijing Domestic Service, 6 May 82) 19

TAIWAN

Briefs

Nansha Islands Fisheries 20

THAILAND

'NATION REVIEW' Displeased by Law of Sea Treaty

(Editorial; NATION REVIEW, 5 May 82) 21

- b
EAST EUROPE

CZECHOSLOVAKIA

'PRAVDA' Comments on Approved Law of Sea Draft

(Josef Janto; PRAVDA, 6 May 82) .. 23

POLAND

Effect of Falklands Fighting on Fishing Explained

(Warsaw Domes tic Service, 12 May 82) 24

LATIN AMERICA

INTER-AMERICAN AFFAIRS

Briefs

Ecuador-U.S. Tuna Talks 25

Marine Resources Study 25

CHILE

Status of Beagle Channel Negotiations Viewed

(AFP, 16, 5 May 82) 26

Government Worried

Negotiations Unaffected by Falklands Conflict

GUYANA

Briefs

Suriname Fishing Licenses 27

WEST EUROPE

FRANCE

Fishing, Oil, Shipbuilding To Be Priorities in Ocean

Development

(Jean-Pierre Chevenement, Louis Le Pensec; LA NOUVELLE

REVUE MARITIME, Mar 82) 28

GREECE

National Interests Seen at Stake in LOS Issue

(I AVGI, 15 Apr 82) 33

- c -
WORLDWIDE AFFAIRS

ASIAN STATES DECRY U.S. LOS OBSTRUCTIONISM

LD131012 Moscow TASS in English 0853 GMT 13 May 82

[By TASS observer Vladimir Matyash]

[Text] Moscow, 13 May (TASS) — Irritation over the obstructionist position, taken by

Washington at the United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea [LOS], is not

concealed in many countries of the world, including Asia. Thus, the Malaysian press

sharply criticizes the Reagan administration for stalling adoption of the Convention'on

the Law of the Sea. The newspaper BUSINESS TIMES emphasizes that the negative actions

of the United States at the conference are evidence showing that the United States

obviously enjoys the part of "a difficult child" which tries to make the world community

accept its demands.

President Reagan must at least realize, says the Malaysian NEW STRAITS TIMES which is

in fact a semiofficial government publication, that the countries'of the world "are not

red Indians" which can be driven into reservations and forced to accept one's terms.

Governmental circles and the public of a number of Asian countries believe that

Washington's search of allies, prepared to join the United States in the conclusion of a

"mini-treaty" to the prejudice of the international agreement drafted, can but aggravate

international tension. The attempts by the Americans to circumvent a treaty signed by

the majority of countries, should be referred for consideration to the International.

Court of Justice in The Hague, as was suggested at the conference. Moreover, the demands

were voiced to deprive Washington of the right of free passage through the straits.

It will be recalled that the Convention of the Law of the Sea is a major document in

international law, called upon to become an effective tool for the development of '

fruitful cooperation in the use of the expanses of the seas and their resources, an

effective instrument of strengthening peace and the law on seas and oceans.

Only four states, including the United States and its closest ally Israel, voted against

the convention. Washington's negative stand conclusively proved that the United States

does not strive for the development of equal cooperation in the world ocean, the White

House imperial hegemonistic course; evidently, wholly and entirely fits in with the present

adventuristic strategy of the United States in the Worl.d arena, a strategy designed to aggravate international tension and subvert the process of detente.

CSO: 5200/2077
WORLDWIDE AFFAIRS

USSR PAPER EXPLAINS SOVIET POSITION ON LOS TREATY

AU121302 Prague ZEMEDELSKE NOVINY in Czech 11 May 82 p 2

[Article by Josef Pesek: "Seabed Wealth for All"]

[Excerpt] A few days ago, at the end of the UN Conference on the Law of the Sea, a

180-page draft text of the new convention was adopted, which regulates all aspects of

the use of all the world's seas and oceans and their natural resources. _ The most important

point of the treaty, which was adopted in New York, is the prerequisite for setting up a

new international agency which will control the exploitation and utilization of the seabed's

rich sources of raw materials.

The negotiations were immensely complicated and lasted several years. The wealth of the

seabed should serve all mankind — this was the principle arising from the draft convention,

on the formulation of which almost 150 states concurred and which was practically ready

for signing a year ago. But almost in the twelfth hour everything was changed — the

new American delegation sent by the Reagan administration torpedoed the draft and rejected

the demand that all oceans, with the exception of the coastal waters, be managed by an

international agency, in which all states would have equal voting rights and which would

determine the ceiling [uroven] and the manner of exploitation.

The American delegation substantiated its negative position by saying that the convention

would allegedly restrict the activity of private entrepreneurship. The Americans came

forward with the proposal of a "free" exploitation, in order that the big capitalist monopolies would be able to plunder without restriction the natural wealth which belongs to

all mankind. The U.S. position is a quite clear assertion of imperialist hegemonism, which

is taking the path of power interests and economic domination of big monopolies. And, of

course, also of the Pentagon hawks, who want in this manner to ensure for themselves

exclusive access to strategically important raw materials.

The stubborn position of the American delegation and the fact that some countries are

approaching the question of the exploitation of the seas' mineral wealth one-sidedly,

without waiting for an international accord, has led the Soviet Union to adopt measures

which regulate the activity of Soviet organizations when prospecting for and mining

mineral raw materials from the sea bed. However, the measures are of a temporary nature

and the USSR will rescind them when the new convention on the Law of the S^a becomes

effective. This is to happen before the end of the year, when the participants in the

conference will meet in Caracas for the final session, at which the new convention on the

Law of the Sea will be officially adopted.

CSO: 5200/2077
WORLDWIDE AFFAIRS

BRIEFS

USSR-JAPAN SEAWEED AGREEMENT—Moscow, 14 May (KYODO—The Soviet Union Friday

agreed to extend for another year an agreement on Japanese seaweed gathering

in waters around the Soviet-held Kaigara Island east of Hokkaido in northern

Japan. Under the agreement, reached between the Soviet Fishing Ministry

and the non-governmental Hokkaido Fisheries Association, Japanese fishermen

can gather seaweed between June 1 and September 30. Japanese fishermen

last year were allowed to gather tangle for the first time in five years

since 1977 but actually worked for only one month because the agreement was

reached late in August. A maximum of 30 ships were allowed to operate last

year but the number this year was increased to 330, Japanese association

officials said. They said the Japanese fishermen would pay yen 66 million

in fishery fees to the Soviet Union, the same as last year. [Text]

[0W141151 Tokyo KYODO in English 1130 GMT 14 May 82]

CSO: 5200/2077
INTER-ASIAN AFFAIRS

DPRK RED CROSS REPORTS CAPTURE OF JAPANESE FISHERMEN

OW160642 Tokyo KYODO in English 0554 GMT 16 May 82

[Text] Tokyo, May 16, KYODO — Twenty-five fishermen of two Japanese trawlers captured last

Tuesday by a North Korean warship on the Yellow Sea for allegedly violating North Korea's

military water frontier are all in good physical condition, it was learned Sunday.

This was made known in a report from North Korea's Red Cross Society to Japan's Red Cross

Society. The North Korean side thus has officially confirmed the seizure of the two

Japanese ships for the first time.

At around 9:40 a.m. May 11, the 114-ton trawler No. 85 Kyofukumaru of a fishery company

in Fukuoka, Kyushu with 12 men aboard was captured by the North Korean vessel on the Yellow

Sea.

Its fellow ship, the 114-ton No. 83 Kyofukumaru with 13 men on board became missing after

sending a report that it would accompany the No. 85 Kyofukumaru, according to the maritime

safety office at Fukuoka.

The two trawlers left Hakata port on February 13 and were scheduled to return to the port

around May 20, maritime safety officials reported.

Two other ships of the same fishery company were captured by North Korea on May 5 last

year for allegedly intruding into North Korean territorial waters, but were freed five

days later.

Around the Yellow Sea, similar trawlers from Fukuoka were captured on April 25, but were

set free about 17 hours later.

CSO: 5200/2077
INTER-ASIAN AFFAIRS

JOINT NEW ZEALAND-JAPAN SURVEY OF TONGA TRENCH PLANNED

Auckland THE NEW ZEALAND HERALD in English 17 Mar 82 p 16

[Text] [Herald Corres Tokyo

j Japan and New Zealand will make a joint

geological survey in

search of resources in

; the little - explored

Tonga Trench north

of New Zealand, according to plans revealed in Tokyo last

week by the Japanese

Science and Technology Agency.

The entire geological and

marine survey, which represents the i first major scientific project to be undertaken

jointly by New Zealand and

Japan, is to be spread over

five years.

The Governments of Australia and Indonesia will also

take part.

; Australia's interest lies in

the New Britain Trench, in

the Solomon Sea, south of

New Britain. Indonesia is

interested in the Sunda

Trench, south-west of Sumatra.

Officially, the survey is intended to determine the complex undersea structure of

the three trenches to find

clues which might explain

their volcanic and earthquake movements.

; A Japanese survey ship, to

be' commissioned for the project, will be equipped with

devices that measure seabottom temperatures and

collect sea-bed silt and other

matter, evidence that natural

resources are also a target

of the survey:

The international affairs

division of the science

agency says the New Zealand Government has

approved the Tonga Trench

purvey plans. These were

proposed by the director-general of the agency, Mr Ich-_

iro ' Naka'gawa, during his

visit to New Zealand last

August.

Mr Nakagawa had requested New Zealand's coopeFatiön from the Minister

of Science and Technology,

Dr Shearer, who had described the proposals as "profitable."

TheJajgnese Government

bär_älread7~eärniärkear~B2

million yen ($310,000) for thd

Sunda Trench survey, from1

its 1982 budget. The survey

will begin next year.

CSO: 5200/9087
INDIA

BRIEFS

ECONOMIC ZONE MINERALS—Madras, April 18—How much mineral wealth can India

harness from its exclusive economic zone of 2 million square km in the Indian

Ocean? At least 36,000 tons of manganese, 17,000 tons of iron, 3,600 tons

of aluminium, 1,200 tons of cobalt and 10,000 tons of nickel, reports PTI,

quoting an estimate mentioned by Dr Suryanarayanan, head of the Department

of Area Studies at Madras University. He was speaking at a seminar here

today. There are 7 billion tons of nickel, 4 billion tons of copper, 2.5

billion tons of cobalt, and 200 billion tons of manganese in the entire

Indian Ocean according to the estimate. Oil resources are said to be

abundant but unestimated. Live resources potential is 15 million tons a

year, only one-fifth of which is utilized now. India gets 40% of its total

(live) sea products from this ocean which accounts for Rs 200 crore of its

annual foreign exchange earning. [Text] [Calcutta THE STATESMAN in English

19 Apr 82 p 6]

CSO: 5200/7038
INDONESIA

MOKHTAR HAILS SUCCESS OF SEA LAW CONFERENCE

BK041018 Jakarta ANTARA in English 1000 GMT 4 May 82

[Text] Jakarta, 4 May (ANTARA) — The decision of the United Nations Conference on the

Law of the Sea to pass the sea law convention is a historic and very important event for

Indonesian Foreign Minister Mokhtar Kusumaatmaja said here Monday.

In an airport statement on his return from attending the conference in New York, he said

the passage of the convention ensures that the Indonesian archepelagic state concept

(wawasan nusantar) is elevated into a new international law, thus bringing the wawasan

nusantara campaign on the international forum to a very satisfactory stage.

The convention, Mokhtar said, also guarantees Indonesia's interest with regard to international traffic in its straits, the exclusive economic zone, the continental shelf and

the extaction of mineral wealth on the international seabed. The acceptance of the

archipelagic state concept in the sea law convention extends Indonesia's maritime territory by more than three million square kilometres, comprising an economic zone of 200

miles and 800,000 square kilometers of continental shelf, Mokhtar noted.

The conference, according to Mokhtar, proceeded as scheduled but had to take a decision,

not by consensus, but by vote as proposed by the United States, with 130 countries in

favor, four against and 17 abstentions.

He regretted the non-participation of the United States in the convention, which he said .

actually would benefit United States interests, particularly in the military field. He,

however, expressed confidence that in due time the United States would join the convention.

The shining success of the conference, Mokhtar said, also pointed up the determination

and goodwill of developing nations to cooperate with advanced countries for the establisment of the ideal of all mankind, international peace and welfare.

The Conference on the Law of the Sea was started in 1973. Mokhtar hopes that the convention which has been welcomed by many as a comprehensive and detailed regulation of

how to use the seas and the natural resources therein, would be signed and ratified soon

by the participating countries in order for the convention to come into force.

Asked for his views on the British-Argentinian conflict over the Malvinas Islands

(Falkland Islands) Mokhtar said he continued to hope that the problem would be settled

by negotiations.

CSO: 5200/2076
INDONESIA

BRIEFS

INDONESIA TALLIES MARITIME INTRUSIONS—Jakarta, 9 May (AFP)—An average

100 foreign ships, including submarines, enter Indonesian waters each year

without permission or without prior notification, a fleet squadron commander

was today quoted as saying. The figure was obtained as the result of air

suveillance and detection operations during 1980 and 1981, the commander,

Col Iman Taufiq, told the "KNI" News Agency. Most of the intruders were

fishing vessels of which about 20 were detained annually. Most of them

were caught in the rich fishing grounds off East Indonesia, the colonel

said. [Text] [BK090844 Hong Kong AFP in English 0740 GMT 9 May 82]

CSO: 5200/5653
JAPAN

JAPAN TO WORK OUT SEA LAW, SEABED EXPLORATION

OW010514 Tokyo KYODO in English 0309 GMT 1 May 82

[Text] Tokyo, May 1, KYODO—Japan will work out a law of sea and seabed

exploration now that the United Nations has adopted an international law

of the sea convention, the government said Saturday.

The Ministry of International Trade and Industry said it hopes to indroduce

a bill for seabed exploration during the current Diet session.

Japan at present maintains only vague regulations for seabed development

of manganese and other resources. And MITI officials consider the enactment

of a clear domestic sea law a prerequisite to international bidding on such

development programs.

Japan on Friday joined 129 other countries in adopting the U.N. convention

covering rules for seabed mining development and the creation of a 12

nautical mile territorial sea area.

MITI hailed the U.N. convention which stipulated the validity of previous

investment by Japan in a seabed mining development program in the South

Pacific.

CSO: 5200/1
JAPAN

BRIEFS

U.S. FISH-QUOTA CUT PROTESTED—Tokyo, May 4, KYODO—Japan has filed a protest

with the U.S. Government against its recent decision to drastically cut the

Japanese fish catch quota within the U.S. 200-mile fishery zone, the

government disclosed Tuesday. The protest was lodged with U.S. Secretary

of Commerce Malcolm Baldrige by Yoshio Okawara, Japanese ambassador to the

United States, officials said. In the representation, the Japanese Government

noted that the U.S. action is discriminatory against Japan, the officials

said. When Japan and the United States agreed late last year to set the

Japanese quota for this year at 1,148,000 tons, the U.S. Government was

expected to allocate 25 percent of the annual quota to Japan for the

second quarter, starting in April. But according to a notice received

April 26, the U.S. Government allocated only 15 percent of the annual quota

to Japan in this quarter, while allocating 25 percent of annual quotas to

other nations like South Korea and West Germany. In the representation, the

Japanese Government also complained that the U.S. Government was extremely

slow in setting the second catch quota, according to the officials. [Text]

[OW041301 Tokyo KYODO in English 1241 GMT 4 May 82]

CSO: 5200/2076

10
NEW ZEALAND

PAPER FAVORS LAW OF THE SEA EVEN WITHOUT U.S. AGREEMENT

Christchurch THE PRESS in English 24 Mar 82 p 24

[Editorial: "Time and a Law of the Sea"]

[Text] Time"fe ronhing out"over a new law of thesea. The eleventh session of the Third

United Nations Law of the Sea Conference

was to end this week, having met on March

9. Instead; the differences between the

United- State» and many of the 150 other

countries on the question of the mining of

the.deep seabed are so wide that there isno chance 'that the session will end

according tö plan. More troubling than the

failure to keep, to a timetable is the

possibility that a new law of the sea will,

not be concluded at all, or if it is

concluded, the United States will not be

part of it. These possibilities would have!

^serious implications^ for'''the international

4iile of law an<£ would weaken, the United

Nations as äff OTganisäööfl, '* * _ ::

- It was understandable that when the

ReagaS Administration:'was elected in theUnited States it would Want to examine the

law of the sea which had been negotiated^

and was about to be- signed. There was

nothing secret, about the text- which had

been arrived Ä at by Republican

Administrations as well as the Democratic j

Carter Ädniinfetration. The United States';

dismissed fee negotiators who had been

working for it and appointed others. Then

the United States delayed announcing its

position for much too long — in fact, the

position wa& not put formally until ^a

couple of weeks before the present session

began. When the position was announced as

amendments to the text, some of the

American proposals were found to be farreaching and have proved unacceptable to

the so-called "Group of 77," which includes

the more than 77 Third World countries.

Efforts are now being made to find a

compromise between the Group of 77 and

the United States. However, it is inaccurate

to regard the United States as being pitted

against the Group of 77; the United States

is really arguing about a text that was

negotiated over many years and acceded to

by all the countries taking part.

New Zealand is a member of the group

seeking a compromise; New Zealand takes

seriously the establishment of a new law of

the sea. The matter was also raised by

New Zealand and Australia with the United

States Secretary of State, Mr Alexander

Haig, when he was in New Zealand last

year for the A.N.Z.U.S. Ministerial talks.

New Zealand is not directly concerned in

the question of mining the deep seabed —

it has neither the companies nor the

technology to do that. Nor, as a developed

country, is it likely to benefit from any

profits" made and shared under the concept

of the deep seabed being the "common

heritage of mankind." But New Zealand isunwilling to see the new law of the sea

founder, as it were, on the mineral nodules

on the deep seabed.

"The points7 at "issue:relate to who

should mine the deep seabed, and how it

should be mined. The deep seabed is that

area of the oceans that lies beyond any

country's 200-mile zone or continental

shelf. (The exploration for the mining of

phosphorites in the Chatham Rise is within

the 200-mile zone of New Zealand and is

also on the continental shelf.) In 1970 the

United Nations adopted, without dissent, a

resolution declaring that there was an area

of seabed beyond the limits of national

jurisdiction which was to be the common:;

heritage of mankind. The difficulty lay in

mankind coming into its heritage.

Only a few nations hadfthe technology

to.m^,thc.de^pi.;s^b^,;:Iä:tiie end a

11
CSO: 5200/9088

compromise was arranged' under which an

international authority would have rights

to mine and be given the technology to

mine, as well as companies of those

countries which already had the money and

technology*- It is this parallel system,

including the transfer of technology,

representation on the council that will

decide what the international authority:

should do, the control.of production so that*

countries which already mine the minerals

are not faced with a glut on the market,

and the time of .review of the

arrangements, which the United States

finds unacceptable.

For a while it seemed that the United

States might get the European countries to

join it in a separate treaty. Without those

countries it was improbable that the Soviet

Union would accept the treaty. However, it

now seems that the United States is

isolated in its position. It would be very

unfortunate if the United States did not

adopt the convention on the law.of the sea,

but a number of countries, almost certainly

including New Zealand, are rapidly coming

to the view that it would be better to have

a new law of the sea to which the United

States had not agreed than it would be to

abandon the whole venture.

' In earlier claims over 200-mile zones

the United States showed a generosity and

willingness to show respect for other

countries' aspirations. It is a pity that the-:

same spirit is not to be found at the

moment. The claims that countries have

made for 200-mile zones, the special

provisions that have been made for

countries, such as New Zealand, with large

continental shelves, the rights of passage

through straits and archipelagos, and the

right to resources within Exclusive

Economic Zones, are all matters of prime

concern to New Zealand and to the smaller

countries of the Pacific. It would be a

tragedy if all the years of agreement and

compromise were brought to nothing now.

12
NEW ZEALAND

MORATORIUM IMPOSED ON ISSUE OF COASTAL FISHING PERMITS

Wellington THE EVENING POST in English 19 Mar 82 p 2

[Text] Major problems in thei

domestic fishing in-!

dustry have forced thej

Minister of Agriculture, ]

Mr Maclntyre, to im-|

- pose a moratorium on3j

; the issue of commercial;

fishing permits from!

mranight last night -J

• • '■■ ?. •!

Mr Maclntyre said vester-l

day several cöastaT^ish-;

eries were under stress4

because recent large in- "^

, creases injhe number of 1

'^permits issuedliad meant

too many fishermen were;

.competing for the avail-;

t able resource. -.-> :•'..-

"This has caused fish popu«!

i. lations to become strained

i? through heavy fishing5

pressure," he said.

"Mr Maclntyre said the.

v moratorium in itself!

* "would-not solve the prob-;

:

f lems, but it would stabil-|

t ise the industry while oth-^

':: er management measures^

'•;' were introduced to reduce|

r the dumber of oermits on

'(' issuer 'h'rJ^''}^ ■■ '''

the moratorium, is declare

under (Be controlled fish^

eries extension order,«

which came into forces

yesterday. s %; ;• s\

No further permits wUhbe?

issued for aH"wetfish ex*

cept tuna, and all shellfish,;

. except. squid, caught by*

.any method m the territo-i iiial.^sÄ, inJfernaLjrgtersi

arid all inland freshwaters,;

Mr Maclntyre said.

"Areas outside the 12 mile:}

limit which are closed to,

. joint venture and foreign'

licensed vessels, but open

to domestic vessels, and

vesselsJishing for south-;-

ern Wiiefin tuna inVarea G'.

of the exclusive economic

zone are also covered by

the moratorium," he said. .

Stability \

The move is designed to sta-!

••• bilise fishing effortj

•'.. throughout New Zealand's:

* -domestic fishery and al-f

low time for longer-termj

management measures to]

r be put into place. It has?

: the support of the Fishing|

t Industry Board, the Shares

* Fishermen's" Association

Vvand the New Zealand Fed-|

IVeration of Commercial!

i"'* Fishermen. ", .1

'Anyone with a current fish-;?

* .tag permit will not be af-J

' fected by the moratorium;!

:

.: Mr Maclntyre said. Exist-1

tag permits would be re-|

--• newed'automatically. I

"However, people wishing toj

_ change fisheries, fishing!

:

'

f; methods or vessels witt*

* havg^to: meet-certain]

criteria before the change,

is allowed," he said. -.

"No permits';will be issued to allow new fish-,

ermen, or fishermen5

without a current permit,,

to enter any fishery unless

they meet one-of the spec-;

ified criteria."

CSO: 5200/9088

13
NEW ZEALAND

GREAT SOUTH BASIN OIL EXPLORATION APPLICATIONS WEIGHED

Auckland THE NEW ZEALAND HERALD in English 24 Mar 82 p 3

[Text] ~Öiiy

' exploration in the";

Great South Basin is likely

to- get a further boost next

month when the outcome

of. applications for exploration licences in the area is

announced. i|

" Th£jftihistry_of Energy^

^considering" applications for

licences in 10 survey blocks.

i Tenders for the licences;*

closed Ssläst month and,

ministry officials said yesterday that they expected a

decision early next -month.,\

ä v Work Programmes

VThe officials are maintain-!

mg-strict confidentiality ove*

the number and nature of

the applications received. -

The applications are

being judged on the basis

of the . work programmes;

planned'by prospective explorers. Programmes of

maximum work in the

shortest time are likely to be:;

favoured. "

J

ß

- And the ministry does not >

wish successful-applicants to;»

know the, strength of their«

Competition. ^ : « ■■'

pR is~expected that seismic?

survey work would take up1

to. two. year* before drilling I

by -sacees^fuirJicenee appli- j

cants beganV ;; •?• • • „

The Minister of Energy, Mr-;

Birch, said yesterday that j

"conservative calculations" \

indicated the potential off-;

shore reserves of oil gasi

around New Zealand were;

between1 15,000 million and;

20,000 million barrels. [

| A major contribution to

feat total could come from,

the Great South Basin, he

"Largely Guesswork"

The Hunt Petroleum Conn

pany and its partners had:

dominated oil and gas explor-;

ation im the basin for some

time, said Mr Birch, and4, three of Hunt's seven wells,

had s&own promlsei \

The Mcence applications*

now being considered re-j

mforced the potential of the;

area. " ' I

Some oil industry sources*

later advised that Mr Birch's;

.assessment of New Zealand'»

potential offshore oil reserves should! be received:

with caution. |

The figure of up to 20,000*

miMon barrels was one:

which some geologists bad*

come up with, they said, but;

it was based largely out

k

CSO: 5200/9088

14
PAKISTAN

ADOPTION OF LAW-OF-THE-SEA TREATY URGED

Lahore THE PAKISTAN TIMES in English 28 Apr 82 p 4

[Text] Pakistan has proposed

that States adhering to

the : international convention on the law of. the sea

should .be permitted to

make reservations on provisions governing the right

of access to and from the

sea by .f landlocked countries, the move forms part

of the formal debate to

achieve a general consensus on the texts leading to

the adoption of the convention bv the end of the

month. Since sovereignty

over territorial waters

rests with the coastal states the participation of

landlocked countries in

the livihg; resources of the

exclusive ' economic zone

cannot be recognised as a

matter of right. Inclusion

of this Drinciple in the

draft, convention is necessary /for; application in

some limited areas that

are not international in

character. , Resources near

the coast ' belong to the

coastal State and that is

why the concept of the

200-mile economic zone has

been universally acclaimed.

Given the •. obligations of

coastal States towards the

protection of benefits yielded by the sea, it is important that maritime activities of a landlocked country vv be« governed under

b i 1 ät er a I arrangements

with* the said States. Germane to the principle recognising national iuris-.

diction : over territorial

wafers is the right of

coastal States to safeguard

their security interests*

The free and unrestricted

movement of warships and

submarines in different

bodies ot water obviously

arouses the concern ot littoral and hinterland States.

In keeping with its policy

of building a tension-free

international environment,

therefore Pakistan was

co-snonsor of on'v one

minor amendment dealing

with the passage of warships through straits under

the territorial control of

coastal States. Pakistan

has demanded that the

coastal States should be

empowered to enact laws

and regulations requiring

authorisation or notification for a foreign warship to pass through their

territorial waters. '

These proposals echoing

the concern of many developing countries are aimed

at further strengthening

the convention negotiated

in an endeavour to create

norms of international law

applicable to areas outside

15
national jurisdiction and

the governance ot resources of the area declared to

be the common heritage of

mankind. But the United

States and six other countries have submitted

amendments seeking to

revise the convention in

order to place themselves

in an advantageous position. The changes sought

by the advanced States

relate to exploitation of

the sea-bed, The developed

countries possess the technology to exploit trillions

of dollars worth of sea-bed

resources. The underdeveloped nations want the proDosed Sea-bed Authority

to function äs ah international mining company in

which all countries will

have proprietary interests.

The advanced States/however, are insisting that the

sea-bed authority should

merely be a licensing body,

getting a royalty for leasing out areas under the

high seas to private mining

companies. Attempts to

bring about changes in the

text can undo an eight-year

effort to prepare the sea

code. The adoption of the

proposed law of the sea

convention would be a significant step towards creat

ing an atmosphere of international peace and security. It would also pave

the way for the establishment of a new world economic order. The developed countries, realising the

importance of the document for peace would do

well not to insist on the

inclusion of amendments

in the text at this late

stage.

CSO: 5200/5655

16
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

'RENMIN RIBAO' VIEWS U.S. POSITION ON LAW OF SEA

HK041300 Beijing RENMIN RIBAO in Chinese 4 May 82 p 7

[Article by Wang Shifang [3769 1102 2455]: "Retreat Is No Way Out — the Reagan Administration

Suffers a Setback for its Obstinate Stand at the Law of the Sea Conference"]

[Text] After repeatedly following a tortuous course and overcoming various obstacles, the

"draft convention of the law of the sea" was eventually adopted at the 11th Session of

the 3d UN Conference on the Law of the Sea. The fact that this longest marathon session in

the history of the United Nations could score the present achievements was the result of the

unity and cooperation of the broad masses of participating nations, the Third World nations

in particular, in carrying out their protracted struggle against the superpowers which have

attempted to dominate the sea.

The draft convention, which was adopted after 9 years of repeated consultations, reflects

the demands and principled stand upheld by the Third World nations for a long time: Every

coastal state can establish 12 nautical miles of territorial sea and have sovereign rights

to the waters for up to 200 nautical miles outside its territorial sea with regard to

economic activities. It has been particularly affirmed that "the international seabed area

and its resources are the common heritage of mankind." This convention pays attention to

the interests of the developing nations, the developed nations as well as coastal and landlocked states. Therefore, it is a comparatively rational international convention which

is acceptable to most countries.

Originally, this draft convention should have been adopted at the 10th session held in March

or August of last year. However, due to obstacles raised by the Reagan administration, which

had just taken power, on the pretext that further discussion and consideration were needed

prior to its approval of the draft convention, the session was put off till this year. At

that time, in accordance with the conciliatory spirit for settling disputes through negotiation,

the broad masses of the Third World nations accepted the demands of the United States and

agreed to listen to the opinions put forth by the United States on the revision of the draft

convention at the future session. At the same time, they also stressed that any proposal

which attempted to revise the principles of the draft convention was unacceptable. However,

after a year of examination and consideration, at the 11th Session of the Conference on the

Law of Sea held on 8 March, the Reagan administration issued a "green paper" which attempted

to make 230 amendments to the draft convention. To deal with this matter, Alvaro de Soto,

chairman of the "Group of 77" and Peruvian delegate, pointed out that the U.S. "green

paper" violated the spirit of the declaration of the law of the sea adopted by the UN General

Assembly held in 1970 because it attempts to downgrade the International Seabed Authority

into an organ which can only formulate regulations or issue licenses for exploitation

without any power to exercise control over exploitation activities, because it rejects the

ideas that the International Seabed Authority is a decisionmaking body which can exercise

real power, and that it is the duty of industrial countries to transfer exploitative

technology to the authority and developing countries. In a word, as revealed by the

U.S. NEWS & WORLD REPORT, the purpose of the United States "is to bid for the power to

17
freely exploit seabed resources of the oceans of the world so that the benefits will go

to those corporations and countries which carry out the exploitation work." Therefore,

De Soto solemnly declared that the "Group of 77" would not accept the amendments proposed

by the United States.

This stand by the United States was criticized bv other participating countries. Some

developed countries also expressed their discontent. The TIMES of England said:

"Even sympathetic Western countries were embarrassed at the undisguised and uncomprising

tactics of the Reagan adminstration for the sake of their own interests."

To extricate itself from isolation at the conference, the Reagan administration slightly

modified its attitude. It lowered some of its original requirements and abandoned part of the

revised draft. At the same time, the Third World nations and some developed nations

put forth some proposals for revision and made some compromises. This paved the way for

the final adoption of the draft convention.

It must be pointed out that although the Reagan administration modified its stand, it did

not make any further advancement. It still insisted that six amendments be made to the

draft convention's seabed provisions regarding the exploitation of deep sea and seabed

resources. It also declared that if these amendments are not made, the draft convention

would not be approved. What are the contents of these six amendments? According

to the TIMES, they can be summarized into the following two points: 1) In reality, the

United States wants to completely control the exploitation of deep-sea resources.

2) The United States will have the power to veto any activities proposed by the International Seabed Authority. In short, the United States has attempted to deny the principle

that the international seabed area and its resources are the common heritage of mankind.

It must be pointed out that the previous three U.S. administrations of Nixon, Ford and

Carter did not maintain a basically antagonistic attitude toward the content of the

present "draft convention on the law of the sea" on the question of the mining of seabed

resources. Therefore, the present stand adopted by the Reagan administration amounts to

a negation of the stand of the three previous U.S. administrations. This cannot be

considered other than a kind of retrogressive action. At the same time, the Reagan

administration has also announced that it is prepared, after the rejection of its amendments,

to immediately conclude a "minor treaty" with seven industrially advanced countries including

England, France, West Germany and Italy and oppose the draft convention outside the conference.

According to the disclosure of U.S. NEWS & WORLD REPORT, certain officials of the State

Department and industrial circles believe that even if there is no treaty (or 'draft convention on the law of the sea'), the mining of seabed resources will not be obstructed

because the United States can sign a unilateral agreement with other industrialized countries

of the West to protect its investment in the mining industry." A former important U.S.

representative who took part in the talks of the Law of the Sea Conference also said that

certain officials of the Reagan administration are not very keen on the signing of a treaty,

and they would rather have no treaty. This unwittingly revealed the secret of why the

Reagan administration has so obstinately stuck to its own views and why it has clashed with

the countries of the Third World! At present, the United States has cast a dissenting vote

in the balloting of this convention at the Law of the Sea Conference. This shows that we

must still continue to wage a struggle for safeguarding the rights of various countries to

develop mineral resources in international seabed areas, safeguarding the aim and principles

of the convention, and thereby establishing a new order in sea law.

However, the passing of the "draft convention on the law of the sea" shows that the Reagan

administration has underestimated the strength of Third World nations. Tommy Koh, the

representative from Singapore and chairman of the Law of the Sea Conference, predicted a

year ago that no matter how the United States may oppose it, the "draft convention on the

law of the sea" will be passed next spring. Now this prediction has finally become a reality.

It has dialectically proved that any country which attempts to resort to the old tactics

of the gunboat policy of a century ago and ignores the legitimate interests of the Third

World will definitely get nowhere. Only by adopting a spirit of reconciliation and cooperation

and by means of holding consultations and negotiations will we be able to settle all international disputes. _._

CSO: 5200/2076 l8
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

BEIJING RADIO VIEWS DRAFT CONVENTION ON LAW OF SEA

OW080207 Beijing Domestic Service in Mandarin 1100 GMT 6 May 82

["International Current Events" program commentary: "First Step in Establishing a New

Order of the Sea"]

[Excerpts] On 30 April, the 11th Session of the 3d UN Conference on the Law of the Sea

adopted by an overwhelming majority vote the draft convention on the law of the sea, thus

taking an important step toward establishing a new law and order of the sea. The convention's coming into being is the result of the protracted struggle of Third World

countries for equal rights to the sea and against the superpowers' domination of the

oceans.

In the course of the formulation of the convention on the law of the sea, the two superpowers, the Soviet Union and the United States, placed obstacles and employed tricks on a

series of important issues of principle, attempting to force their maritime hegemonist

trash on others. For example, the Soviet Union and the United States tried their utmost

to limit and reduce the width of territorial waters, opposed the establishment of 200-

nautical-mile exclusive economic zones, advocated free passage through straits, attempted

to exploit and monopolize international seabed resources at will with their money and

advanced' technology, and so forth. So the struggle was very complicated from the beginning

of the conference.

The 11th Session of the 3d UN Conference on the Law of the Sea was convened on 8 March

this year. The United States put forward a green paper at the meeting, proposing 230

amendments to the draft convention, including many changes that involved matters of

principle. This disgusting U.S. attitude in violation of the spirit of the conference

naturally met with opposition by Third World countries and also incurred dissatisfaction

and criticism from other participating countries at the conference. The United States

voted against the draft convention. It still clung to the six amendments it proposed with

regard to provisions in the convention concerning exploitation of deep seabed resources.

It indicated that unless the amendments are accepted, the United States would not ratify

the convention. The six amendments insisted upon by the United States in fact deny the

principle that the seabed under international waters is the hereditary property of all

mankind and are aimed at enabling the United States to exploit deep seabed resources without

restriction. The Reagan administration also threatened that if the U.S. amendments were

rejected, the United States was prepared to sign a small treaty to oppose the draft convention outside of the conference with seven industrial countries including Britain,

France, West Germany, Italy and so forth.

These facts show that to establish a new law and order of the sea to safeguard equal rights

for all countries, many obstacles remain to be overcome and it is necessary to continue

the struggle. However, in the source of events from the drawing up to the final adoption

of the draft convention on the law of the sea, it can be seen that no country will ever

succeed in attempting to ignore the Third World's legitimate interests and seek maritime

hegemony. Only by adopting a lawful and cooperative approach and by consultations and

negotiations will it be possible to resolve disputes.

CSO: 5200/2076

19
TAIWAN

BRIEFS

NANSHA ISLANDS FISHERIES—Makung, Penghu—A government plan for the development of fisheries on the Nansha Islands has been put into practice. The

experimental ship "Haifu" of the Taiwan Provincial Aquatic Products Experimental Institute is currently conducting a survey of aquatic resources in

waters off the Nansha Islands to gather data for the development of fisheries

by fishermen-settlers in the future. The ship "Haifu" left Keelung on

24 April for Nansha to conduct a survey of aquatic resources in waters there.

The ship is scheduled to return to the port in mid-May. Hu Hsing-hua, director

of the Penghu Branch of the Taiwan Provincial Aquatic Products Experimental

Institute, said: The experimental ship "Haifu" has a crew of more than

20 persons, most of whom are fishery experts. Hu Hsing-hua, who participated

in working out the plan for developing marine resources in waters off the

Nansha Islands, indicated that a difficult problem to be solved now is to

build communication facilities on the Nansha Islands in order to ensure

communications between the islands and Taiwan. Due to the lack of such

facilities, he said, he now had no way of knowing about the operations of

the ship "Haifu" in waters off the Nansha Islands. Measures for carrying out

the government plan for developing fisheries in waters off the Nansha Islands

include a survey of aquatic resources, the building of a fishing port and

supply facilities on Taiping Island, one of the Nansha Islands, and

encouraging fishermen to settle on the islands. [Text] [OW101239 Taipei

LIEN HO PAO in Chinese 5 May 82 p 2]

CSO: 5200/2076

20
THAILAND

'NATION REVIEW DISPLEASED BY LAW OF SEA TREATY

BK050225 Bangkok NATION REVIEW in English 5 May 82 p 4

[Editorial: "Thailand Must Counter Law of the Sea Curbs"]

[Excerpt] There has been eight years of wrangling over the Law of the Sea

and it finally came to a vote and was passed by a thumping majority. However,

it is passing strange that one superpower, the United States, voted against

it while the other superpower, the Soviet Union, abstained. Thailand, for

abstaining, could be accused of being in the shady company of Belorussia

and Ukraine, but looking at it from another point of view, Thailand is in

good company with Britannia who once ruled the waves and is now ruling

the South Atlantic. No, we do not want to appear supercilious but Thailand's

objections to the Law of the Sea in its present form has nothing to do with

the objections of the United Kingdom or the Soviet Union.

It is not within the scope of this space to analyse the Law of the Sea which contains

320 articles covering a whole range of the rights of nations to exploitation of the sea

and the seabed and even landlocked countries like Laos, Afghanistan, Czechoslovakia,

Austria, etc, had a say in the matter. The primary question is that the exploitation of

the resources of the seabed require high technology and only a few countries like the

U.S., Western Europe and Japan fall into that category. The U.S. did not agree because

she wanted her superior technology to rule. Japan agreed because she saw quick profit

by cooperating with underdeveloped countries. The Soviet Union abstained because she

does not have the technology but at the same time did not want to go along with the

U.S.

Thailand's problem has nothing to do with all this. According to the Law of the Sea

every nation claims 12 miles of territorial waters and 200 miles as economic zone.

Thailand can make no such claim because Burma, Malaysia and Kampuchea, making equal

claims, can make this country as good as landlocked and that is why this newspaper had

to indulge in the neologism of "sealocked." It is not necessary here to recapitulate

the problems our fishermen have had with Burma, Malaysia, Bangladesh, India, Vietnam,

etc. But the problem is Thailand, once the fifth largest fishing nation in the world,

is deeply hurt by the Law of the Sea. As a matter of fact we still haven't proclaimed

the 200 mile economic zone because such a move may hurt us more.

21
Thailand has an opening to the east into the Pacific Ocean and an opening to the west

to the Indian Ocean. In this part of the world, we have the finest fishing fleet and

the most experienced and aggressive fishermen. But if they are to be hamstrung by

international conventions, the government has to find some sort of an escape for them.

Thailand cannot fish in international waters as easily as the Japanese or Soviet fishing

fleet which are accompanied by factory ships which process the fish as soon as they are

caught. But the government must also recognize that the high expertise of our fishermen

should not be lost. They should not be reduced to poaching, exposing themselves to the

gunboats of neighboring countries and frequently languishing in foreign prisons.

Now that we have the Law of the Sea and there is nothing we can do about it, it is high

time that our government worked out a strategy which conforms with the regulations set

forth therein. Possibly the spadework has already been done since Thailand had expected

an unfavourable conclusion some year ago. And if there is a plan — we have every

reason to think there is — we do not see any point in putting it off.

CSO: 5200/2077

22
CZECHOSLOVAKIA

' PRAVDA' COMMENTS ON APPROVED LAW OF SEA DRAFT

AU071243 Bratislava PRAVDA in Slovak 6 May 82 p 7

[Commentary by Josef Janto: "Fault of Those Greedy of Profit"]

[Text] As is known, the recent 11th session of the third UN Law of the Sea Conference

approved in its conclusion the draft text of a new agreement on solving the main problems

of the world seas, especially the extraction of raw materials from the seabed. For several

years more than 150 UN member countries have been working on this draft convention.

Finally, at last year's 10th session, the delegations of socialist, developing and capitalist

countries were able to note that they had prepared a good basis for a successful conclusion

of many years work.

The draft convention (it consists of about 500 articles) contained compromise solutions of

the main problems, and all that remained to be done was to give the final touch to the

wording of the individual provisions. The draft provided for the solution of complex problems

concerning coastal waters, international straits, the 200-mile economic zone, continental

shelves and the seabed outside the borders of such shelves. Besides establishing stable

conditions for the development of sea navigation, fishing and the extraction of raw materials

from the seabed, it also formulated the urgency of the struggle against sea pollution and

so forth.

When everything was virtually clear, the United States (to be more accurate, the new White

House administration) came up with more than 40 amendments which it wanted to smuggle into

the convention. Their main aim was to ensure the right for American supranational monopolies

to engage in uncontrollable extraction of raw materials — copper, nickel, cobalt, managenese —

from the seabed. The White House did not even bother to wait for the convention's approval

and, using the channels of the U.S. Congress, unilaterally approved a bill allowing private

American companies to exploit resources from the seabed.

This cynical approach naturally called forth great indignation all over the world. With

this stubborn act, Washington unscrupulously swept off the table the results of many years

of efforts by the majority of states. The new draft of the convention's text that has just

been approved contains, indeed, some additional important provisions — for example about the

right of landlocked states to have access to the sea, which is the culmination of their

efforts of more than 50 years to have this right recognized — but the amendments adopted

as a result of U.S. pressure favor only the main capitalist countries. In spite of this,

the United States voted against the convention's approval. It finds even that which it

usurped to be too little, though some delegations yielded to its pressure only to prevent

the work on the convention from going completely to waste.

Yet this discriminates against many states on the world seas, S. Kozyrev, USSR deputy minister

of foreign affairs, noted on that occasion. That is why the Soviet Union abstained in the

voting. However, guilty of the foiled joint work and its results are those greedy of profit —

American supranational monopolies and those striving to assert their interests in international

relations.

CSO: 5200/2076 23
POLAND

EFFECT OF FALKLANDS FIGHTING ON FISHING EXPLAINED

LD121038 Warsaw Domestic Service in Polish 0500 GMT 12 May 82

[Marek Szelewicki report Gransk]

[Text] A number one subject of foreign agency dispatches is, of course, the.conflict

over the Falkland/Malvinas. The development of events in that part of the world is

being followed particularly attentively by our fishing enterprises. I would like,

as briefly as possible; to tell you why our deep-sea long-range fleet is awaiting

anxiously the speediest possible settlememt of the Argentine-British dispute. I often

come across the question of whether there is really anywhere for us to fish. It turns

out that possibilities of pentration are indeed limited. As a result of the American

restrictions our fishing vessels had to leave the traditionally exploited fisheries of

the North Atlantic and the North Pacific. They were sent to the sub-Arctic zone which

was surveyed by scientific research vessels just a few years ago.

At the beginning of this year a very large flotilla of Polish fishing vessels appeared

in the area of the Falklands and South Georgia. At the time when the conflict erupted

there were about 40 of them. The imposition of the 200-mile military zone has caused

the loss of yet another fishery ground. One figure alone idicates clearly its significance: Last year fishing on the waters of the Falklands and South Georgia accounted

for one-fifth of the entire catch of the Polish deep-sea fleet, and that is a great

deal. Hopes for a further exploitation of those waters might turn out to be futile,

since every month our fishing fleet must move closer and closer to the Falklands, following

shoals of fish, something that is impossible in the present situation.

This is why the quantities of deliveries of fish to our tables depends on the course

of the conflict in this southern region of the world. As you can see yourselves, grand

politics_also affects our menu.

CSO: 5200/2076

24
INTER-AMERICAN AFFAIRS

BRIEFS

ECUADOR-U.S. TUNA TALKS—Orlando Alcivar, minister of industries, commerce

and integration, will travel to Lima to meet with a U.S. foreign trade

official. The goals of his visit are to restore the U.S. tuna market which

was closed 1 1/2 years ago; to discuss a bill being considered in the

U.S. Senate, which would establish a tariff on Ecuadorean shrimp exports;

and to talk about the problem that Ecuadorean exports will face when

Panama Canal tolls are raised at the end of the year. Here are Alcivar's

statements: [begin recording] Basically, I "want to get the tuna market

with the United States opened again and to secure special treatment for our

ships in the Panama Canal this year. However, I want to note that, in this

regard, the regulations that control navigation in the Panama Canal allow

no preferential treatment for any ship, regardless of its country of origin

or any other factor. Therefore, this will not be an easy matter, [end

recording].[Text] [PA112356 Quito Voz de los Andes in Spanish 1230 GMT

11 May 82]

MARINE RESOURCES STUDY—The Institute of Marine Affairs (IMA), in co-operation

with the Commonwealth Science Council (CSC) and the University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, is hosting a two-week regional Marine Resources Workshop

from April 19 to 30, at the Institute of Marine Affairs, Chaguaramas. The

participants represent the English-speaking Caribbean, including the Bahamas,

Barbados, Dominica, Guyana, Grenada, Jamaica, St. Kitts, St. Lucia, St. Vincent as well as Trinidad and Tobago. The participants will be involved in an

intensive programme of laboratory and field studies involving the development

of skills to survey marine plants and animals for potential commercial significance. The Workshop will aim at developing a uniform method of study and

cataloguing so that data from any island could be readily interpreted by workers from another. According to Dr. Desmond Ali, Deputy Secretary of the Commonwealth Science Council, the Caribbean islands need to know what is in their

coastal waters, where it is exactly, how much of it is there and its growth

potential; only then can they study successfully the marine plants and animals

in their region and establish the potential for commercial utilisation. The

participants will learn methods of identification of marine life and ways of

preserving unidentified species for later study. They will also receive training in safety aspects of diving, care of diving equipment, kinds of equipment

needed for such survey work and the need for proper supervision. Another outcome of the Workshop will be to assist the participants in designing pilot

projects for developing a marine products industry—work which they will continue in their home waters after the Workshop. This Workshop will also provide an information network among the islands to further develop marine resources. IPort-of-Spain TRINIDAD GUARDIAN in English 17 Apr 82 p 3]

25

CSO: 5200/7533
CHILE

STATUS OF BEAGLE CHANNEL NEGOTIATIONS VIEWED

Government Worried

PY180525 Paris AFP in Spanish 1505 GMT 16 May 82

[Text] Santiago, Chile, 16 May (AFP) — President Augusto Pinochet stated here that the

procrastination in solving the dispute with Argentina over the Beagle Channel, in the

extreme south, is worrying the Chilean Government.

In the field of foreign relations, one of the greatest concerns is the status of this

conflict, which now subject to mediation by Pope John Paul II, has had no solution so far

even though Chile has accepted the papal proposal for a solution, General Pinochet stated

in an interview in the Santiago paper LA TERCERA DE LA HORA.

The pope was designated mediator in January 1979, when the two countries were on the verge

of war, and 23 months later the pope presented a proposal for a solution which has not yet

been accepted by Argentina, the paper said.

Negotiations Unaffected by Falklands Conflict

PY050315 Paris AFP in Spanish 0139 GMT 5 May 82

[Text] Santiago, Chile, 4 May (AFP) — Chilean Ambassador to the Vatican City Hector

Riesle stated here that the conflict over the Malvinas Islands in the South Atlantic

will not affect the negotiations between Chile and Argentina to overcome the dispute over

the Beagle Channel, in which Pope John Paul II is acting as mediator.

We must look hopefully at the reactivation of the mediation process, Ambassador Riesle

stated at the end of a meeting with President Augusto Pinochet. The ambassador added

that what is happening between Argentina and Great Britain does not directly affect the

talks which are developing.

Riesle briefed the chief of state directly on the new dynamics acquired by the mediation

as of 23 April when Pope John Paul II received the delegations of the two countries and

urged them to begin the preparation of a treaty which will put an end to the conflict.

The ambassador indicated that he will return to Vatican City within the next few hours.

CSO: 5200/2076

26
GUYANA.

BRIEFS

SURINAME FISHING LICENSES—Forty-one Guyanese fishermen have been granted

fishing licences from the Suriname authorities in Nickerie to continue

their fishing trade in the Corentyne River. The fishermen who operate with

small outboard motorboats are members of the Upper Corentyne Fishermen's

Co-operative Society at Corriverton. A, few more persons who are also

involved in fishing in the Corentyne river are expected to travel to Nickerie

over the week-end to renew their licences. A senior officer of the Fishermen's Co-operative Society said that so far no problem has been encountered

by any of its members who had renewed their boat licences to carry on with

their legal business. (GNA) [Text] [Georgetown GUYANA CHRONICLE in English

26 Mar 82 p l]

CSO: 5200/7535

27
FRANCE

FISHING, OIL, SHIPBUILDING TO BE PRIORITIES IN OCEAN DEVELOPMENT

Paris LA NOUVELLE REVUE MARITIME in French Mar 82 pp 92-96

[Presentations given by Minister of State for Scientific Research and Technology Jean-Pierre Chevenement and Minister of Maritime Affairs Louis Le Pensec

on 2 Mar 1982]

[Text] Coordination of Oceanographic Research—Joint Presentation by Messrs

Chevenement and Le Pensec on 2 March 1982

The Stakes and the Priorities

In the course of the coming decades, the sea will take on increasing importance in the life of mankind, both as regards the living, energy and mineral

resources that will be extracted from it and in terms of the increase in maritime traffic and the development of activities in the coastal zones with their

precious and fragile equilibriums.

The government, aware of these stakes for France, and especially for its overseas departments and territories, has decided to increase the research and

technological development effort that it intends to devote to this sector, and

at the same time to consolidate the public apparatus that will ensure its coherence. This effort is, in effect, based on a common stock of scientific and

technical knowledge specific to the milieu of the sea.

In order to do this, it is important for the priorities and target dates to be

defined clearly:

—in the short term, the essential economic stakes lie in the development of

maritime fishing (in which our external deficit is higher than Fr 3 billion),

of exploitation of continental-shelf oil, and of shipbuilding. Research and

technological development will be given preferential effort in these areas;

—in the medium term, aquaculture with new species should be able to result in

sizable production quite rapidly. In the areas of exploitation of deep oil,

mining of metallic nodules, and development of the hydrothermal sources and

the thermal energy of the seas, there should be studies and preparatory research aimed at establishing technical feasibility and determining the economic interest.

28
Development of the littoral and monitoring of the environment of the coastal

zones should be prepared for more particularly by an augmented research effort;

—finally, the entire fundamental and exploratory research effort must lead—

beyond the partial results that may be applicable in the short term—toward

establishment of the models of the entirety of the marine mechanisms and the

sedimentary and tectonic phenomena, knowledge of which is indispensable to the

earth scientists and to development of applications.

"Ocean engineering," which groups the activities relating to underwater electronics and acoustics, naval architecture and shipbuilding, the equipment for

underwater penetration, deep-water construction and maritime engineering, has

to be developed especially. The techniques for rational exploitation of the

sea, such as farming concentrations of living resources (fish, crustaceans,

algae, etc), will also have to be given special support, with establishment of

closer links between the laboratories and professional experimentation.

Organization at the Level of the State and the Mission of the Public Organisms

In order to carry on effectively this complex of research and technologicaldevelopment activities, an organization that ensures good articulation between

the actions of the state and the activities of the various public organisms is

being set up in accordance with the following modalities:

—interministerial coordination of the major orientations and of the means,

through the meeting, on a joint basis, of the interested members of two existing committees (the Interministerial Committee on Scientific and Technical Research and the Interministerial Committee on the Sea);

—conduct of the purpose-directed programs (hydrocarbons, nodules, fishing,

aquaculture, environment) under the control of the technical ministries responsible for the sectorial policies;

—a system of flexible and effective coordination instituted between the organisms and the administrations in the form of a committee for coordination of

the programs of marine research and technology;

—systematic consultation of scientific experts within a scientific council on

oceanography placed under the minister of scientific research and technology.

As regards the CNEXO [National Center for Exploitation of the Oceans], which

will be relieved of its role of coordination of oceanography, which has proved

incompatible with its other functions, its missions as a research and technological development organism will be reoriented and reinforced. It will be

called on to continue, with increased means, the execution of the programs of

fundamental, exploratory and applied research that it has gone into in coordination with other organisms, activation of the big resources of general interest and exploitation of the research. In particular, it will be called on to:

—conduct on a priority basis, in close liaison with the organisms and professions concerned, a greatly increased effort in development of marine technologies capable of being used in the activities of fishing, offshore oil and

shipbuilding, as well as in the new sectors of application;

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—give particular attention to development of the littoral, the coastal environment and preparation for exploitation of the 200-nautical-mile economic

zone;

—be in a position to provide prime contractorship over complex projects of

general interest that may bring different public and private partners into ascosiation;

—develop its capacity to originate and develop the future programs of oceanic

research and technological development, bringing the scientific and industrial

circles, as well as the potential users, into close association in them.

To advise the Establishment [as published] on the technological programs, a

Technical and Industrial Council will be created, under its chairman.

The Scientific and Technical Institute of Maritime Fishing is to recommence a

vigorous research and development effort in favor of fishing and the traditional kinds of marine cultivation. It is to open up to collaboration with the

outside. The measures relating to its status, the organization of its missions, its recruiting and its resources are to be decreed during 1982.

As regards ORSTOM [Bureau of Overseas Scientific and Technical Research], which

plays an important role in the sector of tropical-zone ocean sciences, especially in the overseas territories, better articulation with the national organisms and better utilization of its competencies are to be sought.

Finally, for the whole of the laboratories coming under the universities or the

CNRS [National Center for Scientific Research], the Interdisciplinary Oceanographic Research Program (PIRO) will be given, within the framework of the reforms under study, powers enabling it to carry out its role fully and be a representative interlocutor vis-a-vis other organisms and administrations.

Mr Le Pensec's Comments on the Priorities in Oceanographic Research

The government has created, within the framework of its own organization, a

double structure for coordination of oceanographic research: a functional-coordination structure, which the minister of state for scientific research and

technology is in charge of, and a spatial-coordination structure for which the

minister of maritime affairs is responsible.

The justification for the spatial coordination lies in the homogeneity of the

marine milieu, the unity of status of the men of the sea, as well as in the

specificity of the techniques of marine exploitation.

This double structure very logically leads to shared oversight vis-a-vis the

specifically maritime research organisms, the ISTPM [Scientific and Technical

Institute for Ocean Fishing] and the CNEXO, as well as to joint responsibility

for activation of the coordination structures. Without prejudging the work and

the conclusions that these coordination structures may lead to, it is useful to

note two important orientations of oceanographic research:

—development of ocean engineering as an instrument for mastering the marine

milieu;

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—improvement of the techniques for development of the sea as an area of concentration of living resources.

Developing Ocean Engineering as an Instrument for Mastering the Marine Milieu

Under the term "ocean engineering" can be grouped the activities relating to

underwater electronics and acoustics, naval architecture and shipbuilding, the

equipment for underwater penetration, deep-water construction and maritime engineering.

Ocean engineering constitutes a technological-research slot especially wellsuited to a developed country such as France that presently occupies a certain

advanced position, notably in the area of exploitation of the deep marine bottoms—an advanced position that it should take advantage of by accentuating its

research efforts. Ocean engineering also presents the advantage of producing

fallout in the sectors of maritime activity as a whole, whether offshore oil is

involved, mining of polymetallic nodules, deep-water farming or shipbuilding.

Affirmation of the unity of the ocean-engineering technologies should make it

possible to create a continuous front of knowledge, ensuring that the discoveries made in one branch of maritime activity rapidly flow into the other sectors

of activity. By way of example, our techniques of underwater investigation

must be able to be used to improve the effectiveness of the active fishing

equipment. Likewise, progress in fish-farming technology can benefit shellfishfarming. Also in the same way, knowledge acquired in the area of naval architecture can be used to advantage in the designing of marine structures as a

whole.

Development of intersectorial technology transfer will ultimately ensure a more

homogeneous progression of all marine activities. That is why it is envisioned,

within the framework of the preparation of the program-law on research, that

the theme of ocean engineering be approached through a program of "ocean" technological development.

Improving the Techniques for Development of the Sea as a Repository of Living

Resources

The sea will play a more important role in feeding people tomorrow, as regards

both fishing and marine farming (protein of marine origin presently represents

about 15 percent of mankind's food supply).

With reference to fishing, it is urgent to develop research on rational management of the natural stocks, in order to eliminate a harvesting system by which,

today, both the capital and the interest of the sea are being withdrawn, whereas rational management of the stocks would make it possible to fill the needs

for consumption by tapping the increasing surpluses only.

As regards marine farming—the unity of which should be stressed, whether it

involves the cultivation of shellfish or algae or fish-raising—a phase of

technological transfer to the benefit of the professionals should be actively

initiated.

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With a lag of 10,000 years, the sea is presently undergoing its neolithic revolution. But no one knows how the mutation that led to the domestication of

animals occurred 10,000 years ago. In any case, to be sure, it was done without the support of research organisms and had to go forward on the basis of a

pragmatic methodology based on trial and error and observation of nature.

As regards the sea's living resources, it appears desirable to assign a more

important place to experimentation in the field, and consequently to establish

closer links between the activity of the laboratories—which is obviously indispensable—and professional experimentation.

11267

CSO: 5200/2067

32
GREECE

NATIONAL INTERESTS SEEN AT STAKE IN LOS ISSUE

Athens I AVGI in Greek 15 Apr 82 p 5

/fext7 The basic problems of the Law of the Sea /}&§/ Conference, in session in

New tork since 8 March, concern the »heart1» of the North-South relations and the

search for an equitable economic order on a world scale and in such a way that

the exploitation of the seabeds with their rich minerals will be to the benefit

of all mankind and especially the poorer countries.

It must be noted that from the very beginning the conference assumed the character

of an intense clash between the developing countries and the United States. The

Reagan administration, moreover, did not at all want to hide its hostile attitude

toward the third world countries. It is for this reason that it reacted against

the proposals for transferring to these countries the technology which would make

them capable of exploiting the undersea area. In fact, the U.S. is not interested

in an international agreement for exploiting the ocean resources but in an agreement between the great western powers. The Pentagon was particularly interested

in a treaty which would guarantee the "free passage" of fleets and aircraft

through the straits and the extraction of strategic ores from the bottom of the

oceans such as cobalt and magnesium which at present they get from unreliable

countries.

The U.S. is also interested in safeguarding the interests and participation of

multinational companies in the exploitation of the undersea wealth. "They would

not be interested," they argue, "in facing another consortium like GPEK which the

developing countries could form albeit with the approval of the UN Assembly in

which they have a majority."

This purely imperialistic and aggressive policy has met with strong opposition.

The developing countries made it clear that they would oppose any solution which

would practically secure "only the mutuality between the industrial powers for

the exploitation of the sea bottoms" and would contest as unacceptable—as a

representative of the 122 third world countries stated—an agreement »which would

provide a one-sided exploitation of a mankind heritage in the undersea depths

to those states which have the know-how and the ability to undergo the necessary

expense at the expense of the states which lack such capabilities."

The conference, now in its last and critical phase, directly concerns our country

also, not only because it has a large sea area but also because of Ankara^

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designs in the Aegean and its position that the Greek eastern Aegean islands

ostensibly lack their own continental shelf and are located on the Turkish one

while the Greek territorial waters must be limited to 6 miles, regardless of the

conference's decision which sets the territorial waters at 12 miles (a measure

Turkey already applies to its northern Mediterranean shores and the Black Sea).

We believe that the Greek side which must defend so many vital national interests

in the conference will also contribute to the solution of the controversial problems—a solution which will provide a more equitable relationship between North

and South, a fact which will also be in the interest of our country.

7520

CSO: 5200/5311 END

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