NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

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No. 23-1911

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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 

v.

CRAIG ALEX LEVIN,

Appellant

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On Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania

(D.C. No. 2-19-cr-00728-001)

District Judge: Honorable Harvey Bartle, III

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Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)

September 17, 2024

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Before: RESTREPO, PHIPPS, and McKEE, Circuit Judges

(Filed: September 20, 2024)

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OPINION*

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PHIPPS, Circuit Judge.

After being indicted on sixteen counts related to his decades of travel to the 

Philippines to engage in illicit sexual conduct with minor girls, Craig Levin, a sixty-sixyear-old retired schoolteacher, pleaded guilty to six of those charges in District Court.

1

 See 

* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not 

constitute binding precedent.

1 Those six counts, as charged in the superseding indictment, were foreign travel to engage 

in sexual conduct with a minor in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2423(b) and (f) (Counts 6 and 

9); attempted sex trafficking of a minor in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1591(a)(1), (b)(2), (c), 

1594, and 1596(a)(1) (Count 11); distribution of child sexual abuse materials in violation 
2

18 U.S.C. §§ 3231 (conferring original jurisdiction on district courts for “all offenses 

against the laws of the United States”), 1596(a)(1) (conferring additional extra-territorial 

jurisdiction on United States courts over any offense under § 1591 if the alleged offender 

is a United States national). Before entering that plea, he met with federal prosecutors 

twice to make proffer statements. After those meetings, Levin switched counsel and signed 

a written plea agreement, which the District Court accepted after a colloquy. 

Five months later, while represented by his third attorney of record, Levin moved 

to withdraw his guilty plea on the grounds that his two prior attorneys provided ineffective 

assistance of counsel with respect to his proffer statements and the plea agreement. After 

a hearing, the District Court denied that motion and sentenced Levin to 420 months’ 

imprisonment and lifetime supervised release.2

Levin timely appealed, bringing the matter within this Court’s appellate jurisdiction. 

See Fed. R. App. P. 4(b)(1)(A); 28 U.S.C. § 1291. He now disputes the District Court’s 

denial of his motion to withdraw his guilty plea. On abuse-of-discretion review, see United 

States v. Wilson, 429 F.3d 455, 458 (3d Cir. 2005), we will affirm that ruling for the reasons 

below.

Under the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, before sentencing, a criminal 

defendant may seek to withdraw a guilty plea by demonstrating “a fair and just reason for

requesting the withdrawal.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(d)(2)(B); see also United States v. James, 

of 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(2) and (b)(1) (Counts 13 and 14); and transportation of child sexual 

abuse materials in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(1) and (b) (Count 16). 

2 The District Court also ordered Levin to pay a $600 special assessment, $30,000 in 

restitution split between six victims, $3,000 in additional assessments pursuant to the Amy, 

Vicky, and Andy Child Pornography Victim Assistance Act of 2018, see 18 U.S.C. 

§ 2259A, and another $30,000 assessment pursuant to the Justice for Victims of Trafficking 

Act of 2015, see id. § 3014. Finally, the District Court ordered Levin to comply with the 

requirements of the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act, 34 U.S.C. §§ 20901–

02, 20911–15, 20918–32, 20941–45, 20961–62; 18 U.S.C. § 2250.
3

928 F.3d 247, 253 (3d Cir. 2019) (“The burden of demonstrating [a fair and just reason] ‘is 

substantial’ and ‘falls on the defendant[.]’” (last alteration in original) (quoting United 

States v. Jones, 336 F.3d 245, 252 (3d Cir. 2003))). That analysis is guided by two or

potentially three factors: (i) the defendant’s assertion, or not, of innocence; (ii) the strength 

of the defendant’s reasons for requesting to withdraw the plea; and, if the defendant 

demonstrates that either of the first two factors favors withdrawal, then (iii) the prejudice 

to the Government. See Wilson, 429 F.3d at 458; United States v. Martinez, 785 F.2d 111, 

116 (3d Cir. 1986) (“The Government is not required to show prejudice when a defendant 

has shown no sufficient grounds for permitting withdrawal of a plea.” (cleaned up) (citation 

omitted)).

A. Assertion of Innocence

Levin offered no credible evidence to support his claim of innocence. It is well 

established that “[b]ald assertions of innocence . . . are insufficient to permit a defendant 

to withdraw [a] guilty plea.” United States v. Brown, 250 F.3d 811, 818 (3d Cir. 2001). 

And with nothing more than such an assertion, Levin has not made the requisite showing 

under this factor. 

B. Strength of Rationale for Withdrawal 

Levin sought to withdraw his plea based on a claim of ineffective assistance of his 

first two attorneys, which he argued illegitimized his guilty plea. See Hill v. Lockhart,

474 U.S. 52, 56 (1985) (explaining that a defendant may in some circumstances “attack the 

voluntary and intelligent character of the guilty plea” based on ineffective assistance of 

counsel (quoting Tollett v. Henderson, 411 U.S. 258, 267 (1973))). To sustain such a 

claim, Levin had to prove for at least one of those attorneys that the “advice was under all 

the circumstances unreasonable under prevailing professional norms,” Jones, 336 F.3d at 
4

253, and “that he suffered sufficient prejudice from his counsel’s errors,” id. at 254 

(internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Levin did not make the first showing with 

respect to either of his prior attorneys.

Levin’s first attorney, Richard Maurer, did not perform deficiently by allowing him 

to engage in proffer sessions with the Government. At the hearing on Levin’s withdrawal 

motion, Maurer testified that he met with Levin repeatedly to discuss the Government’s 

extensive evidence. That evidence included notebooks in which Levin rated the victims 

based on their sexual interactions with him, appearances, and ages. Also, there were

Facebook messages in which Levin made “disturbing, graphic references to sex with 

underage girls.” Mot. Hr’g Tr. 163:23 (Feb. 2, 2023) (App. 278). Despite acknowledging

the weight of the evidence against him, Levin asked Maurer to arrange a proffer session 

with the Government. Maurer reviewed a sample proffer letter with him and explained the 

risks involved, including that Levin would lose the ability to contradict anything he said in 

a proffer at trial. Still, on Levin’s insistence, Maurer arranged two proffer sessions. In 

those meetings, Levin admitted to having sex with underage girls in the Philippines, 

traveling there with that purpose, and knowing it was wrong to take advantage of their 

socioeconomic status but doing it anyway. On that evidence, it was not an abuse of 

discretion for the District Court to conclude that Maurer’s actions did not provide a basis 

for withdrawing the plea. 

Levin’s second attorney, Luis Ortiz, likewise did not perform deficiently. Levin

alleged that Ortiz failed to obtain relevant discovery, primarily affidavits in which three 

victims purported to recant their earlier videotaped statements to police. But at the hearing, 

Ortiz testified that he obtained those affidavits well in advance of the plea and fully 

discussed their contents with Levin. Nor was Ortiz’s performance deficient with respect 
5

to his advice that Levin plead guilty. Ortiz had good reason to doubt the veracity of those 

affidavits: he had confirmed with the Government that at least two of those witnesses had 

visas and were prepared to testify at trial consistent with their original statements to police, 

not their alleged recantations.

Similarly, Ortiz explained that Levin’s alibis were not credible. For instance, 

Levin’s assertion that he resided in the Philippines and traveled there to visit his residence, 

not to have sex with minors, was contradicted by a deed to a house he owned in 

Pennsylvania and an active Pennsylvania driver’s license, as well as internet and travel 

records. And even on its face, that assertion would not have helped Levin because, as Ortiz 

explained, the Government would have to prove not that Levin’s sole purpose of travel was 

to have sex with minors but only that it was one of his motivating purposes. See, e.g.,

United States v. Schneider, 801 F.3d 186, 194 (3d Cir. 2015) (“[S]exual contact with the 

victim need not be [the defendant’s] only or most important purpose for a jury to convict 

him of violating § 2423(b).”). After remarking that “it is inconceivable that this affirmative 

defense would have succeeded at trial[,]” United States v. Levin, 2023 WL 2290255, at *4 

(E.D. Pa. Feb. 28, 2023), the District Court determined that Ortiz’s performance was not 

deficient, see id. at *5. Accordingly, it was not an abuse of discretion to deny Levin’s 

motion to withdraw his guilty plea on that ground.3

* * *

For these reasons, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court.

3 Because Levin failed to satisfy either of the first two factors, it is not necessary to address 

the third: prejudice to the Government. See Martinez, 785 F.2d at 116.