MIDDLE

RIO GRANDE

BASIN BOUNDARY

35°

45'

35°

45'

30' 30'

15'

15'

35°

00'

35°

00'

34°

15'

45'

30'

107° 15'

107° 15'

107° 00'

107° 00'

45'

45'

30'

30'

106° 15'

106° 15'

M

c

K I N

L

E

Y

C

O

U

N

T

Y

34°

15'

45'

30'

Cochiti

Indian

Reservation

Santo

Domingo

Laguna

Indian 

Reservation

Jemez Indian

Reservation

Jemez Indian

Reservation

Zia

Indian 

Reservation

Zia

Indian 

Reservation Indian 

Reservation

Indian 

Reservation

Indian 

Reservation

Zia

Indian 

Reservation

Laguna

Indian 

Reservation

Laguna

Indian 

Reservation

Jemez

Indian

Reservation

Santa 

Ana San

Felipe

Sandia

Indian

Reservation

Isleta

Indian

Reservation

Isleta

Indian

Reservation

Cañocito

Navajo

Indian

Reservation

0

0

30 KILOMETERS

20

20

10

10

30 MILES

AREA OF PRE-1961

WATER LEVELS ONLY

Predevelopment Water-Level Map of the Santa Fe Group Aquifer System in the Middle Rio Grande Basin

between Cochiti Lake and San Acacia, New Mexico

By Laura M. Bexfield and Scott K. Anderholm

Rio

Puerco

San

Jose

Albuquerque

Cedar

Crest

Tijeras

Arroyo

Bernardo

San Acacia

Rio

Salado

Arroyo

S

a

n

d i a

M

o

u

n t a i n

s

Manzanita

Mountains

M

a

n

z

a

n

o

M

o

u

n t a i n

s

Sierra

Lucero

Ladron

Peak

L o s

P i n o s

M o u n t a i n s

BERNALILLO COUNTY

TORRANCE COUNTY

SOCORRO COUNTY

C IB

O

L

A

C

O

U

N

T

Y

Mesa

Lucero

Los Lunas

Belen

Rio

G

r

a

n

d

e

VALENCIA COUNTY

Mesita

Rio

Abo

Cañoncito

Mountainair

E

s t a

n

c i a

B

a

s i n

S

A

N

T

A

F

E

C

O

U

N

T

Y

Tijeras

Isleta Pueblo

River

Rio

Rio

Puerco

P

u

erco

Salado

San Ysidro

Jemez

Jemez 

Pueblo

Zia

Pueblo

Santa Ana

Pueblo

Jemez

Canyon

Reservoir

Cochiti

Pueblo

Santo

Domingo

Pueblo

Rio

Galisteo

Creek

Santa Fe

River

Madrid

Golden

Placitas

San Felipe

Pueblo

Las

Cre

e

k

G

ra

n

de

Sandia Bernalillo

Pueblo

Rio 

Rancho

Corrales

River

Rio

S a n

J u a n

B a s i n

Sierra

N

a

cimie

nto

Jemez

Mountains

E s p a ñ o l a B a s i n

SANDOVAL COUNTY

Tonque

Huertas

Jemez

Cochiti

Lake

Arroyo

5400

5500

5300

5600

5500

5500

5400

5300

5200

5100

5000

4850

4825

4875

4900

4800

4

700

4725

4750

4775

4

9

0

0

5

2

0

0

48

75

4825

4850

4900

5300

5

3

0

0

5

4

0

0

5

5

0

0

5

4

0

0

5

3

0

0

5

6

0

0

5800

5700

510

0

5200

5100

4800

5500

5400

5300

5300

5500

5200

5100

5000

4875

5300

5400

5200

5200

5100

5400

5500

5500

5600

5900

5800

5700

5

2

0

0

5

3

0

0

5100

5050

5000

4900

4925

4975

4975

4950

5000

5

5

0

0

5

6

0

0

5

7

0

0

5

8

0

0

52

0

0

5300

Base compiled from U.S. Geological Survey digital data,

1:100,000, 1977, 1978; and City of Albuquerque digital data, 1:2,400, 1994.

Faults modified from Mark Hudson and Scott Minor, U.S. Geological Survey,

written commun., 1999

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Prepared in cooperation with the

CITY OF ALBUQUERQUE

WATER-RESOURCES INVESTIGATIONS REPORT 00-4249

Predevelopment Water-Level Map of the Santa Fe Group Aquifer System in the

Middle Rio Grande Basin between Cochiti Lake and San Acacia, New Mexico

STUDY

AREA

NEW MEXICO

EXPLANATION

SPRING DATA

DATA DEVIATING FROM CONTOURED VALUE

 BY MORE THAN 50 FEET

INNER VALLEY

WATER-LEVEL CONTOUR--Interval, in feet, is variable. 

 Dashed where inferred. Datum is sea level

MAJOR FAULT LOCATED IN THE VICINITY OF A 

 LARGE HYDRAULIC DISCONTINUITY

AREA OF APPARENT HYDRAULIC DISCONTINUITY, 

 NOT LOCATED NEAR A KNOWN FAULT

DATA SOURCE:

National Water Information System

Meeks (1949)

Ugrinic (1950)

Caprio (1960)

Bjorklund and Maxwell (1961)

Titus (1963)

Spiegel (1955)

Kernodle (1998;

 written commun., 1996)

Risser and Lyford (1983)

known to exist within the basin close to land surface (Kelley, 1977). These units INTRODUCTION SELECTION OF PREDEVELOPMENT DATA

include rocks of Cretaceous and Jurassic age on the west side of the basin and 

rocks of Permian and Pennsylvanian age on the east side. The geologic units with

 Because of its increasing population and limited water resources, the Middle In most areas of the basin, development is sparse and ground-water 

which wells and springs in these areas are in hydraulic connection are not always

Rio Grande Basin between Cochiti Lake and San Acacia, New Mexico, has recently withdrawals were assumed to be small enough to have only minimal effects on 

known. Also, any differences in water-level elevations between these older

become the subject of intense study. In particular, the U.S. Geological Survey water levels. Consequently, water levels measured in most areas during any year 

geologic units and Santa Fe Group aquifer materials have not been clearly

(USGS) in cooperation with the City of Albuquerque has constructed a series of were assumed to be reasonably representative of predevelopment conditions and

established. Therefore, although an attempt was made to contour water levels in

ground-water-flow models of the Tertiary and Quaternary basin-fill deposits of the were included in the data set used to construct the water-level map.

these areas, the contours need to be regarded with caution because they may not

Santa Fe In the vicinity of Albuquerque, only data determined to be representative of Group aquifer system (Kernodle and Scott, 1986; Kernodle and others,

be representative of water levels in the Santa Fe Group aquifer system or in any 

1987; Kernodle predevelopment conditions were used. Ground-water withdrawals are known to and others, 1995; Kernodle, 1998; Tiedeman and others, 1998). The

other single aquifer system. Instead, along different sections of its length, a

ground-water-flow system have affected water levels over large areas (Thorn and others, 1993). Although the also has been the focus of hydrochemical studies and 

contour could be representing water levels from different geologic materials that 

other efforts intended largely to help develop an improved flow model. Among the extents of these areas and the temporal changes in their boundaries have not been

are not in hydraulic connection. clearly defined, they can be approximated using municipal-supply well locations, information critical to a thorough understanding of the ground-water-flow system Discussion of the implications of this water-level map for predevelopment

are water-level estimates of ground-water withdrawals, and long-term water-level data available data that indicate the directions of ground-water flow and the

directions of ground-water flow and magnitudes of hydraulic gradients is beyond magnitudes of

for selected wells in the basin (Rankin, 1996). Prior to 1955, most City of hydraulic gradients in the aquifer prior to perturbation by 

the scope of this report. Such detailed interpretation is left to subsequent

substantial ground-water withdrawals (under predevelopment conditions). Albuquerque municipal-supply wells were located in the inner valley of the Rio

investigations.

 Although maps of water-level elevations in the basin have been previously Grande and annual ground-water withdrawals were fairly small (generally less than 

published, these maps focused on particular subsections of the basin and (or) about 25,000 acre-feet), even though withdrawals had begun to increase in the late 

1940's because of population growth (Thorn and others, 1993). Therefore, effects SELECTED REFERENCES included water levels that may have been affected substantially by ground-water 

pumpage. This report, prepared in cooperation with the City of Albuquerque Public of development on regional water levels until about 1955 probably were fairly

Works Department, limited. During the 1960's and 1970's, many additional municipal-supply wells were Bjorklund, L.J., and Maxwell, B.W., 1961, Availability of ground water in the  provides a water-level map representing general predevelopment conditions installed outside the inner valley and annual ground-water withdrawals increased Albuquerque area, Bernalillo and Sandoval Counties, New Mexico:

 throughout the Middle Rio Grande Basin between Cochiti Lake and

 New Mexico State Engineer Technical Report 21, 117 p. San Acacia, primarily in about the upper 300 feet of the saturated zone. to as much as 90,000 acre-feet, probably resulting in greater effects on water levels

 Completion of this map would not have been possible without the efforts of across a much wider area. Consistent with this pattern of ground-water develop- Blanchard, P.J., 1993, Ground-water-level fluctuations in the Cochiti Dam-Peña

Lauren Todd of the USGS, who diligently entered data from older ground-water ment, the longest water-level records of Rankin (1996) indicate that substantial 

 Blanca area, Sandoval County, New Mexico, 1976-89: U.S. Geological Survey

declines (more Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4193, 72 p. studies into computer files and transferred information onto maps to obtain well than 2 feet per year) in some areas, particularly near pumping 

centers, may have begun as early as the mid-1950's. To minimize the amount of Caprio, E.R., 1960, Water resources of the western slopes of the Sandia locations and land-surface elevations. The authors also thank Doug McAda and 

water-level data Mountains, Bernalillo and Sandoval Counties, New Mexico: Albuquerque, Ward Sanford of the USGS for their technical advice. affected by ground-water withdrawals while still retaining enough

data to University of New Mexico, M.S. thesis, 176 p. create a reasonably accurate picture of regional conditions, a region was 

Craigg, S.D., 1992, Water resources on the Pueblos of Jemez, Zia, and Santa DATA SOURCES AND COMPILATION defined around Albuquerque within which only data collected prior to 1961 were

 Ana, Sandoval County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Waterincluded in the overall data set (see map).

 Resources Investigations Report 89-4091, 122 p.

 Water levels throughout the inner valley of the Rio Grande have historically

 The water-level data used to complete this map were obtained from a variety of Heynekamp, M.R., Goodwin, L.B., Mozley, P.S., and Haneberg, W.C., 1999, been affected on a short (seasonal) time scale by natural and human-induced

sources, including the USGS National Water Information System (NWIS) database,

 Controls on fault-zone architecture in poorly lithified sediments, Rio Grande processes; thus, a detailed characterization of this area was not attempted. Water

reports published by Federal and State agencies, and unpublished master's theses 

 Rift, New Mexico Implication for fault-zone permeability and fluid flow, in 

levels in the inner valley have been affected not only by ground-water withdrawals 

from the University of New Mexico. In general, well or spring information from any

 Haneberg, W.C., Mozley, P.S., Moore, J.C., and Goodwin, L.B., eds., Faults in the vicinity of Albuquerque and locally near smaller communities, but also by 

of the sources discussed in this report was included in the data set used to produce and subsurface fluid flow in the shallow crust: American Geophysical Union,

long-term irrigation throughout the basin. Surface water from the Rio Grande is

the map if the location and land-surface elevation of the well or spring could be 

 Geophysical Monograph 113, p. 27-49. diverted into canals (many of which are unlined) that carry water to fields in the 

determined reasonably accurately and if the reported water level could be Hudson, M.R., Minor, S.A., Grauch, V.J.S., and Personius, S.F., 1999, Preliminary

inner valley. Interior and riverside drains constructed in the 1920's and 1930's 

expected to broadly represent predevelopment conditions (as discussed below). 

 characterization of faults in the Middle Rio Grande Basin, in Bartolino, J.R., prevent ground-water levels from rising within a few feet of land surface and Additional investigations that show water-level contours (but generally not 

 ed., U.S. Geological Survey Middle Rio Grande Basin study Proceedings of damaging crops. Interactions among the Rio Grande, the irrigation system, and the

individual data points) for parts of the region are included in the list of references 

 the third annual workshop, Albuquerque, New Mexico, February 24-25, 1999: ground-water system are complex and transient (probably changing at least

at the end of this report.

 U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-203, p. 40-41.

seasonally), so a detailed characterization of their effects on water levels is

 The NWIS database contains water-level information for the entire Middle Rio Kelley, V.C., 1977, Geology of Albuquerque Basin, New Mexico: Socorro, 

beyond the scope of this report. Therefore, although the data shown on the map Grande Basin from as early as the 1930's to the present. The database includes well 

 New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Memoir 33, 60 p.

include inner-valley water levels that were readily available from the NWIS 

locations by latitude and longitude, land-surface elevations, water levels and the Kernodle, J.M., 1998, Simulation of ground-water flow in the Albuquerque Basin,

database, and although some consideration in contouring was given to data shown associated dates of measurement, and other ancillary data available for some 

 central New Mexico, 1901-95, with projections to 2020: U.S. Geological

in the inner valley by previously published reports (Theis, 1938; Spiegel, 1955; wells, such as well depth, source of water-level data, and pumping status of the Survey Open-File Report 96-209, 54 p.

Titus, 1963), no effort was made to compile additional data for this area. Because well at the time of measurement. Locations and land-surface elevations of springs Kernodle, J.M., McAda, D.P., and Thorn, C.R., 1995, Simulation of ground-water

seasonal water-level changes likely are about 5 feet or less, the contours shown on also are included. Many of the data included in the database have previously been flow in the Albuquerque Basin, central New Mexico, 1901-1994, with

the map probably represent a reasonable approximation of typical water levels in published in reports by the USGS or others. projections to 2020: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations

the inner valley after development for irrigation but prior to extensive ground-

 Several studies prior to the mid-1960's compiled water-level data specifically Report 94-4251, 114 p.

water development. For detailed pre-1940 water-level maps of parts of the Middle for Bernalillo and (or) Sandoval Counties in the vicinity of Albuquerque. These Kernodle, J.M., Miller, R.S., and Scott, W.B., 1987, Three-dimensional model

Rio Grande Basin inner valley, the reader is referred to Theis (1938). studies include Meeks (1949), Ugrinic (1950), Caprio (1960), and Bjorklund and simulation of transient ground-water flow in the Albuquerque-Belen Basin,

Maxwell (1961). Most data for wells and springs included in these studies had not New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report

been entered into the NWIS database. These studies do not include site locations METHODS OF CONTOURING 86-4194, 86 p.

by latitude and longitude or State plane coordinates; instead, locations are listed Kernodle, J.M., and Scott, W.B., 1986, Three-dimensional model simulation of

 Contouring of water levels for the map was done by hand (rather than by use of

in tables by township, range, and section, which do not provide unique positions. steady-state ground-water flow in the Albuquerque-Belen Basin, New

computer software), taking into consideration all water-level and riverbed- Consequently, wells and springs that had not previously been entered into the Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 

elevation data. However, not every data point was ultimately included in NWIS database were plotted on USGS 7.5-minute quadrangle maps (scale 84-4353, 58 p.

contouring. This water-level map is intended to represent predevelopment 1:24,000) based on maps of site locations included in the original reports, in McAda, D.P., 1996, Plan of study to quantify the hydrologic relations between 

conditions in the upper few hundred feet of the saturated zone of the Santa Fe addition to detailed location descriptions when available (such as provided by the Rio Grande and the Santa Fe Group aquifer system near Albuquerque,

Group aquifer system, which (as previously defined in Thorn and others, 1993) Bjorklund and Maxwell, 1961). Unique locations were then determined from the 7.5- central New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations

includes Quaternary alluvium along the Rio Grande. Therefore, preference in minute quadrangles, along with the land-surface elevations that were used in Report 96-4006, 58 p.

calculations of water-level elevations. Because the process of transferring data

contouring was given to wells known to be completed in sediment of the Santa Fe McAda, D.P., and Wasiolek, Maryann, 1988, Simulation of the regional 

points to 7.5-minute quadrangles may increase the amount of error associated with Group aquifer system (as opposed to older geologic units present near basin geohydrology of the Tesuque aquifer system near Santa Fe, New Mexico:

margins) and to shallower rather than deeper wells. Preference also was given to any particular data point, water-level elevations likely are accurate only to within a U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4056, 

few feet. wells with static (as opposed to pumping) water-level measurements and to wells 71 p. However, this error is negligible because of the scale and contour

with the oldest water-level measurements and (or) measurements that were Meeks, T.O., 1949, The occurrence of ground water in the Tijeras Soil intervals used for the predevelopment water-level map. Meeks (1949), Ugrinic

assumed to be the least affected by regional ground-water withdrawals. Conservation District, Bernalillo County, New Mexico: U.S. Department of (1950), and Caprio (1960) do not provide dates when water levels were measured; 

measurements were

 Because error is inherent in determining well locations and land-surface Agriculture Regional Bulletin 109, Geological Series I, Soil Conservation assumed to have been made within a few years of the date of 

elevations and potentially is particularly large for data points transferred from Service Region 6, variously paged.

the report. Although Bjorklund and Maxwell (1961) do not provide dates for all 

water-level measurements,

smaller to larger scale maps, the smallest contour interval used was 25 feet. Data Minor, S.A., and Shock, N.A., 1998, Characterizing faults in the Middle Rio 

 most of the dates listed range between 1956 and 1958.

points with water-level elevations deviating more than 50 feet from values that Grande Basin Results from the Cochiti and Santo Domingo Pueblos: U.S. Spiegel (1955) and Titus (1963) compiled early water-level data for the southern

would be inferred from the contours are indicated on the map. Contour segments part of

 Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-337, p. 22-23. the Middle Rio Grande Basin. The water-level measurements compiled by

Spiegel (1955)

believed to have the largest potential for error are dashed, typically in areas where Rankin, D.R., 1996, Water-level data for the Albuquerque Basin, New Mexico, 

 are for Socorro County and were collected during 1949-50. Titus

few data points were available or where the available data conflicted. However, period of record through September 30, 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open- (1963) compiled water-level measurements for Valencia County, most of which

were collected

segments also are dashed in areas of Albuquerque where many of the data File Report 96-664A, 28 p.

 during 1956-57. Most of the data collected for these studies had not

been entered

available were believed to have been affected by early ground-water withdrawals. Risser, D.W., and Lyford, F.P., 1983, Water resources on the Pueblo of Laguna, 

 into the NWIS database. Similar to early studies in the vicinity of

Albuquerque, these

These areas coincide with the locations of several of the oldest (pre-1960) well west-central New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources 

 studies list well and spring locations only by township, range,

fields of the City of Albuquerque (Thorn and others, 1993). Investigations Report 83-4038, 308 p. and section. Therefore, each data point not already in the NWIS database was 

 Along limited sections of the Rio Grande and the Jemez River, the density of Spiegel, Zane, 1955, Geology and ground-water resources of northeastern 

transferred from the investigator's study-area map to a 7.5-minute quadrangle to 

predevelopment water-level data was sufficient to indicate the configuration of Socorro County, New Mexico: Socorro, New Mexico Bureau of Mines and obtain latitude, longitude, and land-surface elevation.

water-level contours in close proximity to the river. The configuration of water- Mineral Resources Ground-Water Report 4, 99 p.

 Investigations of water resources have been conducted on several Indian

level contours in these areas can be used to infer whether ground water generally Theis, C.V., 1938, Ground water in the middle Rio Grande valley, in (U.S.) Pueblos within the basin. Risser and Lyford (1983) compiled water-level data for

wells and

has flowed toward the surface-water drainage (upgradient flexures in contours at National Resources Committee, Regional Planning part VI The Rio Grande 

 springs in the vicinity of the Pueblo of Laguna, near the western edge of

the river channel) or whether water generally has flowed outward from the surface- joint investigation in the upper Rio Grande basin in Colorado, New Mexico,

the Middle Rio Grande Basin. Each data point in their report included latitude and

water drainage into the aquifer (downgradient flexures in contours). However, the and Texas, 1936-37: U.S. Government Printing Office, v. 1, p. 268-291.

longitude, land-surface elevation, water level and date of measurement (generally

density of water-level data was not sufficient to determine the configuration of Thorn, C.R., McAda, D.P., and Kernodle, J.M., 1993, Geohydrologic framework 1973-74), principal water-bearing unit, and other ancillary data. Most data points in

water-level contours across most sections of most surface-water drainages in the and hydrologic conditions in the Albuquerque Basin, central New Mexico:

their report had been entered into the NWIS database, but the points that had not 

basin. Because interactions between the ground-water and surface-water systems U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4149, were added to the data set used to construct the predevelopment water-level map. 

are complex and generally not well characterized over large areas, no attempt was 106 p. Craigg (1992) compiled water-level data on Jemez, Zia, and Santa Ana Pueblos.

made in areas of limited data to draw water-level contours in such a manner as to Tiedeman, C.R., Kernodle, J.M., and McAda, D.P., 1998, Application of nonlinear- Because all data from his investigation were previously entered into the NWIS

 regression methods to a ground-water flow model of the Albuquerque Basin, infer a particular type of interaction. Therefore, the lack of flexures in water-level database, Craigg's report is not listed as a separate data source on the map.

contours across New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report most surface-water drainages is not intended to indicate that no Kernodle (1998; and written commun., 1996) compiled water-level data for 35 

 98-4172, 90 p. wells that

interaction exists between the ground-water and surface-water systems in those had not previously been entered into the NWIS database, all of which

areas; instead, Titus, F.B., Jr., 1961, Ground-water geology of the Rio Grande trough in north- the lack of flexures indicates the lack of sufficient data to fully have been included in the data set for the predevelopment water-level map. Twentycharacterize any central New Mexico, with sections on the Jemez Caldera and Lucero Uplift,

 interactions that may exist.

three of these wells are concentrated in the northern part of the basin. Information

 Hydraulic discontinuities, or large differences in water levels over short lateral 

 in Northrop, S.A., ed., Guidebook of the Albuquerque country: New Mexico

available for the 35 wells includes State plane coordinates, land-surface

distances, appear

 Geological Society, 12th Field Conference, p. 186-192.

 to occur in several areas. The discontinuities typically are elevations, water levels, dates of water-level measurement (generally 1993-94), 

located in the proximity of major faults near the basin margins and appear on the 

 1963, Geology and ground-water conditions in eastern Valencia County, New

and ancillary information.

map as closely spaced or truncated contour lines. Faults shown near the Mexico: Socorro, New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources

 To eliminate duplicate data, individual data points that had been included in

discontinuities were

 Ground-Water Report 7, 113 p. more than

 extracted from a digital compilation of major faults for the one of the data sources previously discussed were identified, when

Ugrinic, G.M., 1950, The geology and ground-water resources of Bernalillo basin (Mark Hudson and Scott Minor, U.S. Geological Survey, written commun., possible. If more than one water level was available for a particular data point, the 

 County, New Mexico: Albuquerque, University of New Mexico, M.S. thesis, 1999). Information for the fault compilation was derived from geologic mapping, oldest water level was included in the data set used for the map. Exceptions were 

 variously paged.

wells in

gravity data, and high-resolution aeromagnetic data (Hudson and others, 1999).

 which the oldest water level was measured while a well was being pumped 

Areas where hydraulic discontinuities appear to occur but no faults have been or the water level appeared erroneous in comparison to data for nearby wells.

mapped also are shown on the map. The apparent discontinuities across major In addition to water-level data for wells and springs compiled from the sources 

previously discussed, riverbed elevations were included in the data set used to faults likely are associated with large contrasts in hydraulic-conductivity values

construct the between fault-juxtaposed geologic materials. Some investigators, however, have  predevelopment water-level map. Elevations of the riverbeds of the 

Rio Grande and the Jemez River were used because both rivers probably are in suggested that ground-water flow near a fault could possibly be affected by

decreased permeability caused by cementation or clay minerals in the fault zone or 

fairly good hydraulic connection with the Santa Fe Group aquifer system (Craigg,

1992; McAda, 1996). Elevations of the Rio Grande were digitized from 7.5-minute by preferential flow along the fault (Minor and Shock, 1998; Heynekamp and

quadrangles; those others, 1999). of the Jemez River were obtained from USGS 30-meter digital

 Outside the major faults near the east and west sides of the Middle Rio Grande elevation models.

Basin, geologic units older than those of the Santa Fe Group aquifer system are