UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 19-1847

FLEXI-VAN LEASING, INC., 

Plaintiff – Appellant,

v. 

THE TRAVELERS INDEMNITY COMPANY,

Defendant – Appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina, at 

Charleston. David. C. Norton, District Judge. (2:15-cv-01787-DCN)

Argued: October 23, 2020 Decided: November 23, 2020

Before THACKER and QUATTLEBAUM, Circuit Judges, and Stephanie A. 

GALLAGHER, United States District Judge for the District of Maryland, sitting by 

designation. 

Affirmed by unpublished opinion. Judge Quattlebaum wrote the opinion, in which Judge 

Thacker and Judge Gallagher joined. 

ARGUED: Edward Kriegsmann Pritchard, III, PRITCHARD LAW GROUP, LLC, 

Charleston, South Carolina, for Appellant. William Pearce Davis, I, BAKER, RAVENEL 

& BENDER, L.L.P., Columbia, South Carolina, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Mariel D. 

Norton, BAKER, RAVENEL & BENDER, L.L.P., Columbia, South Carolina, for 

Appellee.
2

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
3

QUATTLEBAUM, Circuit Judge:

This appeal presents conflict of laws and conflict of interests questions in an

insurance coverage dispute.

1 The dispute arose from a tort action involving a mechanic 

named Charles Vititoe, who was injured while working on the rim assembly of a semitrailer chassis2 in Charleston, South Carolina (the “Underlying Action”). J.A. 32–37, 882. 

Flexi-Van Leasing, Inc. (“Flexi-Van”) owned the chassis to which the rim assembly was 

attached (the “Chassis”). J.A. 882. Through a series of leases, the Chassis became part of 

the South Atlantic Consolidated Chassis Pool (the “Pool”), J.A. 612, which stored chassis 

in hubs located in the Southeastern United States and leased them to Pool members on a 

short-term basis. J.A. 346–47, 350–51. 

In addition to supplying chassis to the Pool, Flexi-Van served as the Pool’s manager. 

J.A. 883. Flexi-Van, as manager, entered into a Master Maintenance and Repair Agreement 

(the “Agreement”) with Interstar North America, Inc. (“Interstar”), which required Interstar 

to maintain and repair chassis in the Pool. J.A. 883. Under the Agreement, Interstar agreed 

1 We apologize in advance for the excitement generated by our framing of the issues 

presented here. 

2 The term “chassis” may evoke an image of the underlying frame of a motor 

vehicle, but the term as it is used here refers instead to a component part of what is 

commonly known as an “eighteen-wheeler.” While oversimplified, an eighteen-wheeler is 

composed of two basic parts: the truck and the trailer. The truck component contains, 

among other essential things, the engine, cab and fuel tank. The trailer component, also 

called the chassis, comprises the vast length of the eighteen-wheeler and can be fashioned 

with various mechanisms to enable freight transport. Critical to the eighteen-wheeler’s 

name and mobility, the chassis must have numerous tires, which are then secured by rim 

assemblies.
4

to indemnify, defend and hold harmless both the Pool and Flexi-Van from lawsuits arising 

from Interstar’s negligence. J.A. 883. The Agreement also required Interstar to name both 

the Pool and Flexi-Van as additional insureds on its insurance policy. J.A. 883. To satisfy 

this requirement, Interstar added both the Pool and Flexi-Van as additional insureds on its 

existing commercial insurance policy (the “Policy”) with Travelers Indemnity Company 

(“Travelers”). J.A. 48, 284, 883.

While the Chassis moved among different hubs and was leased to different Pool 

members, at relevant times, the Pool stored the Chassis at its hub in Charleston, South 

Carolina. J.A. 346–47, 350–51, 612. Interstar hired Vititoe to replace the right rear tire on 

the Chassis. J.A. 35. But while Vititoe was replacing the tire, the rim assembly exploded 

and injured him. J.A. 37, 882. Vititoe sued Flexi-Van for its role in causing his injuries.

J.A. 32. Under the Agreement, Flexi-Van tendered the defense of the Underlying Action

to Travelers. J.A. 314–16, 883. In a letter to Flexi-Van, Travelers noted it was “not in a 

position to determine whether or not there might be any coverage in this matter and if there 

is any obligation under the policy,” and it “[did] not waive any rights or defenses that might 

be available.” J.A. 317–18. Travelers nonetheless provided Flexi-Van with an attorney, 

Mark Wall, during its investigation. J.A. 317.

Later, Travelers sent Flexi-Van a reservation of rights letter (the “Reservation of 

Rights Letter”), indicating Travelers would not defend or indemnify Flexi-Van for any 

issues arising outside of Travelers’ coverage. J.A. 321–25, 883. Travelers stated that it had 

“no responsibility to cover injuries or damages due to the independent acts or omissions of 
5

Flexi-Van[,]” and that the Policy’s Aircraft, Auto or Watercraft exclusion may apply. J.A. 

324. 

Flexi-Van became concerned that there was a “real possibility that Flexi would not 

be covered under the Policy if a judgment was rendered against it in the Underlying 

Action.” J.A. 354. Thus, Flexi-Van requested Wall bring a third-party complaint against 

Interstar. J.A. 328, 379. Wall informed Flexi-Van he was willing to do so, but Flexi-Van 

would have to pay him to bring the third-party complaint, as Travelers would not. J.A. 334. 

As a result, Flexi-Van then claimed that Wall had a conflict of interest and could no longer 

protect Flexi-Van’s interests. J.A. 883. After Flexi-Van terminated Wall’s representation, 

it hired substitute counsel. J.A. 884. When Travelers sent Flexi-Van a letter saying it would 

not pay for substitute counsel, Flexi-Van brought the current suit against Travelers. J.A. 

884.3

In its suit against Travelers, Flexi-Van asserted three causes of action: (1) 

declaratory judgment that it is entitled to a defense and indemnity from Travelers for the 

claims in the Underlying Action; (2) breach of the Policy for failing to defend and 

indemnify; and (3) breach of the implied obligation of good faith and fair dealing. J.A. 884. 

3 Flexi-Van, through its new counsel, filed a third-party complaint against Interstar 

in the Underlying Action, alleging claims including breach of contract for failure to defend 

and indemnify. J.A. 884. In response, Interstar filed a third-party counterclaim, alleging 

that Flexi-Van breached the Agreement by terminating Wall’s representation. J.A. 884. All 

claims in the Underlying Action, except those third-party claims between Flexi-Van and 

Interstar, were settled. J.A. 312–13. As to the remaining claims, a jury ruled against FlexiVan on its breach of contract, contractual indemnity claims, negligent hiring and negligent 

supervision claims. J.A. 884. The jury returned a verdict for Interstar on its breach of 

contract counterclaim. J.A. 884–85. 
6

All of these claims arose from Flexi-Van’s assertion that Wall had a conflict of interest 

based on his failure to bring a third-party complaint, entitling Flexi-Van to terminate Wall 

and hire its own counsel at Travelers’ expense.

As the result of multiple motions for summary judgment, the district court issued a 

series of orders. J.A. 885. First, with regard to which state’s law applied, the court found 

that it was South Carolina’s. J.A. 627. In reaching this decision, the court relied on 

paragraph four of Flexi-Van’s Complaint. That paragraph provides:

This case involves a policy of insurance issued by Travelers, which insures 

interests in South Carolina. The law of South Carolina applies to the 

interpretation of this policy in accord with S.C. Code § 38-61-10. 

J.A. 20. The court found that based on paragraph four, Flexi-Van judicially admitted that 

South Carolina law applies. J.A. 623–627.

The district court also granted Travelers’ Motion for Summary Judgment as to 

Flexi-Van’s breach of the implied obligation of good faith and fair dealing claim. J.A. 633.

Lastly, the court concluded that “Flexi-Van acted prematurely by firing Wall before the 

interests diverged and an actual conflict arose.” J.A. 890. Thus, it granted summary 

judgment to Travelers on Flexi-Van’s remaining two causes of action.

4 J.A. 897. FlexiVan timely appealed, and we have jurisdiction over the appeal. 28 U.S.C. § 1291. 

4 The district court in its initial order stated that a genuine issue of material fact 

existed as to whether Wall had a conflict of interest. J.A. 633. But, in a subsequent order

the district court concluded that summary judgment for Travelers was proper. J.A. 895–97. 

It explained “[u]pon further review, the court has determined that the potential divergence 

of interests that it previously discussed does not create a genuine issue of material fact. 

Insurers generally have both the right and the duty to defend their insured. During the 

representation of an insured, it is the ethical duty of counsel to conduct a conflicts analysis 
7

I.

Summary judgment requires the movant show “that there is no genuine dispute as 

to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. 

P. 56(a). “We review de novo a district court’s decision to grant summary judgment,

applying the same legal standards as the district court and viewing all facts and reasonable 

inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Ballengee v. CBS Broad., 

Inc., 968 F.3d 344, 349 (4th Cir. 2020) (citing News & Observer Publ’g Co. v. RaleighDurham Airport Auth., 597 F.3d 570, 576 (4th Cir. 2010)).

A.

Flexi-Van first challenges the district court’s determination that the statements in 

paragraph four of the Complaint constitute a judicial admission. According to Flexi-Van, 

those statements were matters of law, which cannot be judicially admitted.

To be sure, the doctrine of judicial admission is largely concerned with matters of 

fact. New Amsterdam Cas. Co. v. Waller, 323 F.2d 20, 24 (4th Cir. 1963). “A judicial 

admission is usually treated as absolutely binding, but such admissions go to matters of 

fact which, otherwise, would require evidentiary proof.” Id. Judicial admissions are not, 

and withdraw as counsel if a conflict exists when representing the rights of the insured 

while being paid by the insurer.” J.A. 888–89. Because the court’s earlier order merely 

“hypothesized about the potential for a conflict to arise,” and did not consider whether an 

actual conflict existed at the time of Wall’s termination, its prior analysis was purely 

hypothetical. J.A. 890 (emphasis removed). Additionally, after the jury rendered a verdict 

against Flexi-Van on its indemnity claims against Interstar in the Underlying Action,

Travelers claimed it was entitled to summary judgment as to Flexi-Van’s claims against it 

under the theory of collateral estoppel. J.A. 886–87. The district court disagreed primarily

because the Agreement and the Policy were separate contracts. J.A. 886–87.
8

however, limited to affirmative statements of fact, but also can include “intentional and 

unambiguous waivers that release the opposing party from its burden to prove the facts 

necessary to establish the waived conclusion of law.” Meyer v. Berkshire Life Ins. Co., 372 

F.3d 261, 264–67 (4th Cir. 2004) (finding the doctrine of judicial admission precluded a 

defendant from later refuting its status as an ERISA fiduciary after the district court had 

previously granted summary judgment as to all state law claims based on the defendant’s 

concession that ERISA applied). 

Here, the district court properly found that South Carolina law governed based on 

Flexi-Van’s admission in its Complaint that the Policy insures interests in South Carolina. 

While Flexi-Van is correct that paragraph four of its Complaint, in its entirety, is more than 

a mere factual assertion, it contains two discrete parts. The first sentence is a factual 

assertion that the Policy insures interests in South Carolina. J.A. 20. As correctly stated by 

the district court, because “the Policy does not specify the location of the interest it insures 

. . . the scope of ‘coverage territory’ is an issue of fact that determines whether § 38-61-10 

applies . . . .” J.A. 625. This statement in paragraph four thus conceded a factual point with 

legal significance that Flexi-Van now attempts to walk back. Nevertheless, parties may 

admit facts that determine legal issues. See Meyer, 372 F.3d at 265. Flexi-Van has done 

just that.

The second sentence of paragraph four states, “[t]he law of South Carolina applies 

to the interpretation of this policy in accord with S.C. Code Ann. § 38-61-10.” J.A. 20. 

Certainly, whether or not S.C. Code Ann. § 38-61-10 applies may be a legal determination. 

By making this statement, however, Flexi-Van expressly acknowledged the legal 
9

implication of its preceding factual statement. This sentence supports the district court’s 

determination that the factual statement was made intentionally and unambiguously. In 

sum, the district court properly treated Flexi-Van’s statement in its Complaint as a judicial 

admission, resulting in application of South Carolina law.

A judicial admission, however, is not necessarily the final word. “[A] court, 

unquestionably, has the right to relieve a party of his judicial admission if it appears that 

the admitted fact is clearly untrue and that the party was laboring under a mistake when he 

made the admission.” New Amsterdam, 323 F.2d at 24. Flexi-Van insists that paragraph 

four is clearly untrue because the Chassis is a movable item not sufficiently connected to 

South Carolina. We disagree. 

Even without Flexi-Van’s judicial admission, it appears that South Carolina law 

applies. The South Carolina General Assembly has codified the state’s conflict of laws 

approach to insurance contracts:

All contracts of insurance on property, lives, or interests in this State are 

considered to be made in the State and all contracts of insurance the 

applications for which are taken within the State are considered to have been 

made within this State and are subject to the laws of this State. 

S.C. Code. Ann. § 38-61-10 (2015) (emphasis added). Further, the South Carolina Supreme 

Court has stated that in determining the applicability of S.C. Code. Ann. § 38-61-10, 

“[w]hat is solely relevant is where the property, lives, or interests insured are located.” 

Sangamo Weston, Inc., v. Nat’l Sur. Corp., 414 S.E.2d 127, 130 (S.C. 1992). Here, the 

district court identified the interest as “defense and indemnification for suits seeking bodily 

injury damages . . . .” J.A. 627. Flexi-Van’s suit against Travelers was based, at least in 
10

part, on Flexi-Van’s role as manager of the Pool’s South Carolina location and Interstar’s 

provision of maintenance and repair services at that location and roadside in South 

Carolina. Given these connections to South Carolina, the district court did not err in 

declining to relieve Flexi-Van of its admission and finding there was no genuine dispute 

of material fact as to whether South Carolina law applied.

B.

Flexi-Van next challenges the district court’s determination that there was no 

conflict of interest. Flexi-Van claims there was a conflict for two reasons. 

First, it argues the Travelers’ Reservation of Rights Letter created a conflict. As this 

Court has previously noted, there is no South Carolina law directly addressing this issue.

Twin City Fire Ins. Co. v. Ben Arnold-Sunbelt Beverage Co. of S.C., 433 F.3d 365, 367

(4th Cir. 2005). In Twin City, however, we affirmed a district court’s prediction that South 

Carolina courts would find “a reservation of rights letter contesting coverage of certain 

claims but not other claims does not automatically trigger a conflict of interest . . . .” Id. 

We explained:

We are equally unable to conclude that the Supreme Court of South Carolina 

would profess so little confidence in the integrity of the members of the South 

Carolina bar. Rigorous ethical standards govern South Carolina attorneys. 

Rule 1.8(f) of the South Carolina Rules of Professional Conduct mandates 

that a lawyer cannot accept compensation for representing a client from a 

third party unless certain conditions are met, including that the lawyer’s 

judgment must remain independent. 
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Id. at 373. Based on that, we held that if an insured refuses to consent to an insurer’s choice 

of counsel without a conflict, “‘the insured foregoes its right to compensation for defense 

fees.’” Id. at 374 (quoting Finley v. Home Ins. Co., 975 P.2d 1145, 1155 (Haw. 1998)). 

While not a per se conflict, a reservation of rights letter may still establish an actual

conflict where the parties lack a “common interest.” Id. at 374. As the district court found, 

however, at the time of the issuance of the Reservation of Rights Letter, “Flexi-Van and 

Travelers had a common interest in proving that Vititoe was at fault in the [U]nderlying 

[A]ction . . . .” J.A. 888. Flexi-Van has not identified any genuine issue of material fact on 

this point. Given that common interest, the district court properly found the Reservation of 

Rights Letter did not create a conflict of interest. Accordingly, Flexi-Van’s termination of 

Wall was premature. 

Second, Flexi-Van argues a conflict of interest existed based on Wall’s alleged 

failure to bring a third-party complaint against Interstar. But the record shows that Wall 

did not refuse to bring a third-party complaint against Interstar. In fact, he expressly stated 

he would. Wall merely insisted Flexi-Van pay him to do so, as Travelers would not because

it believed it had no duty to pay for Flexi-Van’s third-party claim under the Policy and

South Carolina law. As stated by Wall to Flexi-Van’s subsequently-hired counsel:

I need to correct one important misstatement: pursuant to my duty to both 

clients, Flexi-van and Travelers, I am taking my instructions from both. 

Flexi-van told me they wanted to bring a 3rd Party against Interstar. I told 

them that I would be happy to and will, but Travelers will not pay me for 

doing so. Thus Flexi-van and I had to reach some agreement as to payment 

of fees and expenses as to the 3rd Party Action. 

J.A. 334. 
12

The district court rightly found “the refusal to initiate a third-party action against 

Interstar arose from Travelers’s refusal to pay Wall to file a third-party action, not from 

any independent decision-making on the part of Wall.” J.A. 893. In fact, “[f]inding a 

conflict of interest in this scenario would destroy the ability of an insurer to hire counsel to 

defend its insured solely within the scope of an insurance policy.” J.A. 894. The existence 

of a coverage issue alone does not give rise to an actual conflict. 

Thus, the facts, even when construed in the light most favorable to Flexi-Van, do 

not create a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Wall’s actions created an actual 

conflict. Similarly, because Flexi-Van fired Wall before an actual conflict arose, thereafter 

settling with its substitute counsel, Flexi-Van is not entitled to indemnification for 

settlement costs in the Underlying Action.5 Accordingly, the district court’s grant of 

summary judgment to Travelers was proper.

C.

Finally, Flexi-Van challenges the district court’s order granting Travelers’ Motion 

for Summary Judgment on Flexi-Van’s claim alleging breach of the implied obligation of 

good faith and fair dealing. Flexi-Van’s bad-faith claim relates to the Policy’s Aircraft, 

Auto or Watercraft exclusion. It claims the exclusion is inconsistent with the Agreement 

between Flexi-Van and Interstar and thus should be removed. The district court disagreed,

5 Indemnification was not required where “defendants ousted the insurance 

companies from the [underlying cases], refused to cooperate with the companies 

throughout the litigation, and negotiated and paid a settlement without the insurance 

companies’ consent.” Twin City, 433 F.3d at 376. 
13

finding that Travelers’ Reservation of Rights Letter “was reasonable as a matter of law and 

did not create an actual conflict per se and Flexi-Van provides no further facts or evidence 

of unreasonable conduct on Travelers’s part.” J.A. 633. “‘If there is a reasonable ground 

for contesting a claim, there is no bad faith.’” Snyder v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co.,

586 F. Supp. 2d 453, 458 (D.S.C. 2008) (quoting Crossley v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins.

Co., 415 S.E.2d 393, 397 (S.C. 1992)). Importantly, Travelers was not a party to the 

Agreement. In fact, it issued the Policy prior to the execution of the Agreement. Under this 

record, there is no genuine issue of material fact. Travelers had reasonable grounds for 

believing coverage might not be a certainty under the exclusion, and Flexi-Van failed to 

submit any additional evidence that Travelers’ Reservation of Rights Letter was 

unreasonable. Thus, the district court did not err in granting summary judgment for 

Travelers as to Flexi-Van’s claim for breach of the implied obligation of good faith and 

fair dealing.

II.

For the reasons stated above, the district court’s judgment is

AFFIRMED.