# Patent

## Title
Magnetically attracted inspecting apparatus and method using a fluid bearing

## Abstract

An apparatus and method for inspecting a structure are provided which include probes with sensing elements and are disposed proximate opposite surfaces of a structure, where only one of the probes need be driven. A tracking probe may be magnetically coupled to a driven probe and move in coordination therewith. Ring magnets may be used in the driven and tracking probes to provide the magnetic coupling and align sensing elements disposed in the centers of the ring magnets. The probes may include a fluid bearing, such as a water bearing or an air bearing, for supporting the structure and maintaining the desired orientation and spacing of the probes relative to the structure. The fluid of a fluid bearing may be used as a couplant between an ultrasonic transducer and a structure. A flow moderating skirt may be used to with a probe employing a fluid bearing for support.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
The contents of co-pending applications filed concurrently herewith and entitled “Magnetically Attracted Inspecting Apparatus and Method using a Ball Bearing,” “Alignment Compensator for Magnetically Attracted Inspecting Apparatus and Method,” “Apparatus and Method for Area Limited-Access Through Transmission Ultrasonic Inspection,” and “End Effector Inspection Apparatus and Method” are incorporated by reference in their entireties. The contents of U.S. Pat. No. 6,722,202 to Kennedy are incorporated by reference in its entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to an apparatus and method for inspecting a structure and, more particularly, to using fluid bearing with a magnetically coupled inspection probe.
BACKGROUND
Non-destructive inspection (NDI) of structures involves thoroughly examining a structure without harming the structure or requiring significant disassembly of the structure. Non-destructive inspection is typically preferred to avoid the schedule, labor, and costs associated with removal of a part for inspection, as well as avoidance of the potential for damaging the structure. Non-destructive inspection is advantageous for many applications in which a thorough inspection of the exterior and/or interior of a structure is required. For example, non-destructive inspection is commonly used in the aircraft industry to inspect aircraft structures for any type of internal or external damage to or flaws in the structure. Inspection may be performed during manufacturing of a structure and/or once a structure is in-service. For example, inspection may be required to validate the integrity and fitness of a structure for continued use in manufacturing and future ongoing use in-service. However, access to interior surfaces is often more difficult or impossible without disassembly, such as removing a part for inspection from an aircraft.
Among the structures that are routinely non-destructively tested are composite structures, such as composite sandwich structures and other adhesive bonded panels and assemblies. In this regard, composite structures are commonly used throughout the aircraft industry because of the engineering qualities, design flexibility and low weight of composite structures, such as the stiffness-to-weight ratio of a composite sandwich structure. As such, it is frequently desirable to inspect composite structures to identify any flaws, such as cracks, voids or porosity, which could adversely affect the performance of the composite structure. For example, typical flaws in composite sandwich structures, generally made of one or more layers of lightweight honeycomb or foam core material with composite or metal skins bonded to each side of the core, include disbonds which occur at the interfaces between the core and the skin or between the core and a septum intermediate skin.
Various types of sensors may be used to perform non-destructive inspection. One or more sensors may move over the portion of the structure to be examined, and receive data regarding the structure. For example, a pulse-echo (PE), through transmission (TT), or shear wave sensor may be used to obtain ultrasonic data, such as for thickness gauging, detection of laminar defects and porosity, and/or crack detection in the structure. Resonance, pulse echo or mechanical impedance sensors may be used to provide indications of voids or porosity, such as in adhesive bondlines of the structure. High resolution inspection of aircraft structure are commonly performed using semi-automated ultrasonic testing (UT) to provide a plan view image of the part or structure under inspection. While solid laminates may be inspected using one-sided pulse echo ultrasonic (PEU) testing, composite sandwich structures typically require through-transmission ultrasonic (TTU) testing for high resolution inspection. In through-transmission ultrasonic inspection, ultrasonic sensors such as transducers, or a transducer and a receiver sensor, are positioned facing the other but contacting opposite sides of the structure to be inspected such as opposite surfaces of a composite material. An ultrasonic signal is transmitted by at least one of the transducers, propagated through the structure, and received by the other transducer. Data acquired by sensors, such as TTU transducers, is typically processed by a processing element, and the processed data may be presented to a user via a display.
The non-destructive inspection may be performed manually by technicians who typically move an appropriate sensor over the structure. Manual scanning generally consists of a trained technician holding a sensor and moving the sensor along the structure to ensure the sensor is capable of testing all desired portions of the structure. In many situations, the technician must repeatedly move the sensor side-to-side in one direction while simultaneously indexing the sensor in another direction. For a technician standing beside a structure, the technician may repeatedly move the sensor right and left, and back again, while indexing the sensor between each pass. In addition, because the sensors typically do not associate location information with the acquired data, the same technician who is manually scanning the structure must also watch the sensor display while scanning the structure to determine where the defects, if any, are located in the structure. The quality of the inspection, therefore, depends in large part upon the technician's performance, not only regarding the motion of the sensor, but also the attentiveness of the technician in interpreting the displayed data. Thus, manual scanning of structures is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and prone to human error.
Semi-automated inspection systems have been developed to overcome some of the shortcomings with manual inspection techniques. For example, the Mobile Automated Scanner (MAUS®) system is a mobile scanning system that generally employs a fixed frame and one or more automated scanning heads typically adapted for ultrasonic inspection. A MAUS system may be used with pulse-echo, shear wave, and through-transmission sensors. The fixed frame may be attached to a surface of a structure to be inspected by vacuum suction cups, magnets, or like affixation methods. Smaller MAUS systems may be portable units manually moved over the surface of a structure by a technician. However, for through-transmission ultrasonic inspection, a semi-automated inspection system requires access to both sides or surfaces of a structure which, at least in some circumstances, will be problematic, if not impossible, particularly for semi-automated systems that use a fixed frame for control of automated scan heads.
Automated inspection systems have also been developed to overcome the myriad of shortcomings with manual inspection techniques. For example, the Automated Ultrasonic Scanning System (AUSS®) system is a complex mechanical scanning system that employs through-transmission ultrasonic inspection. The AUSS system can also perform pulse echo inspections, and simultaneous dual frequency inspections. The AUSS system has robotically controlled probe arms that must be positioned proximate the opposed surfaces of the structure undergoing inspection with one probe arm moving an ultrasonic transmitter along one surface of the structure, and the other probe arm correspondingly moving an ultrasonic receiver along the opposed surface of the structure. Conventional automated scanning systems, such as the AUSS-X system, therefore require access to both sides or surfaces of a structure which, at least in some circumstances, will be problematic, if not impossible, particularly for very large or small structures. To maintain the ultrasonic transmitter and receiver in proper alignment and spacing with one another and with the structure undergoing inspection, the AUSS-X system has a complex positioning system that provides motion control in ten axes. This requirement that the orientation and spacing of the ultrasonic transmitter and receiver be invariant with respect to one another and with respect to the structure undergoing inspection is especially difficult in conjunction with the inspection of curved structures.
Furthermore, manual, semi-automated, and automated scanning systems typically are limited in the size of a structure that can be inspected, generally limited to areas just a few meters square and typically limited to much smaller areas, although some larger, more complicated systems are available. Stiffness and weight limitations often restrict the distance a manual, semi-automated, or automated system may be able to extend inspection devices over a structure for inspection. Thus, large composite structures may not be capable of complete inspection. For example, contemporary inspection methods are not well suited for inspecting a Sea Launch payload fairing with a diameter of approximately four meters, a cylindrical length of approximately five meters, and an overall length of over twelve meters.
To increase the rate or speed at which the inspection of a structure is conducted, the scanning system may include ultrasonic probes that have arrays of ultrasonic transmitters and receivers. As such, the inspection of the structure can proceed more rapidly and efficiently, thereby reducing the costs associated with the inspection. Unfortunately, the use of arrays of ultrasonic transmitters and receivers is generally impractical during the scanning of curved structures, such as large-scale curved composite structures. While some array systems may be capable of scanning gently sloping structures, more complicated curved structures typically are impractical to inspect with an array, such as requiring that the array system be flexible. In this regard, conventional ultrasonic scanning systems for inspecting large-scale curved composite parts use water jets to provide water between the surface of the structure undergoing inspection and the ultrasonic transmitter or receiver to effectively couple ultrasonic signals into and out of the structure. In instances in which the ultrasonic probes include an array of ultrasonic transmitters or receivers, it has been difficult to design a corresponding water jet array that does not produce significant interference or crosstalk between the elements of the array.
Accessibility to the structure requiring inspection and particular features thereof is one consideration in choosing a non-destructive inspection device. Access to the structure requiring inspection may be so limited that a manual inspection by a technician or a semi-automated or automated system is not possible, typically due to systems requiring access to exterior and interior surfaces of the structure to be inspected. For example, the backside of an inlet duct for an Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle (UCAV) or an F-35 has limited access for inspection. Alignment and positioning of sensors such as transducers is similarly complicated by accessibility to the structure such as inaccessibility to one side of a composite structure.
Accordingly, a need exists for an improved non-destructive inspection device and method to inspect a structure.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An improved apparatus and method for inspecting a structure, such as a composite structure and, especially a curved composite structure, provides fluid bearing support for magnetically coulped inspection probes. An inspection apparatus or method according to an embodiment of the present invention may advantageously provide increased access to surfaces of a structure for inspection and allow for continuous inspection of large areas of a structure while maintaining alignment and positioning of sensing transducers and/or receivers. The method and apparatus of the present invention use probes including respective sensing elements, such as ultrasonic transducers, that are disposed proximate the opposed surfaces of a structure. Only one of the probes need be driven. Thus, the method and apparatus of the present invention are advantageously adapted to inspect structures in which one surface of the structure is relatively inaccessible. Additionally, embodiments of the method and apparatus of the present invention are capable of operating in an ultrasonic array mode, even in conjunction with the inspection of curved structures, thereby increasing the speed and efficiency with which such structures may be inspected and correspondingly reducing the cost associated with the inspection. Further, embodiments of the method and apparatus of the present invention permit the probes to be suspended against and glide along the respective surfaces of the structure. Thus, embodiments of the present invention may reduce the necessary sophistication of the motion control system that is otherwise required by conventional scanning systems to maintain the ultrasonic probes in a predefined orientation and at a predefined spacing from the respective surface of a structure undergoing inspection and may maintain alignment between the probes or the sensors of the probes.
The apparatus of the present invention includes a driven probe disposed proximate a first surface of the structure and a tracking probe disposed proximate an opposed second surface of the structure. The driven probe is moved along the first surface of the structure in response to the application of motive force, such as by means of a robotic arm or other positioning system. In contrast, the tracking probe generally moves along the second surface of the structure in response to the movement of the driven probe and independent of the application of any other motive force. Thus, the tracking probe generally passively follows the movement of the driven probe such that the tracking probe need not be engaged by a robotic arm or other positioning system. The tracking probe can therefore be disposed on the backside or other surface of a structure that is relatively inaccessible.
To facilitate the coordinated movement of the tracking probe in conjunction with the driven probe, both the driven probe and the tracking probe advantageously include a magnet which draws the driven and tracking probes toward the first and second surfaces of the structure, respectively. Ring magnets may be used in the driven and tracking probes to provide magnetic coupling of the two probes to the respective surfaces of the structure. Additionally, the magnetic attraction between the magnets of the driven and tracking probes causes the tracking probe to be moved over the second surface of the structure in response to corresponding movement of the driven probe.
The driven probe includes a sensing element for inspecting a structure as the driven probe is moved along the first surface of the structure. While the sensing element may be an x-ray detector, a camera or the like, the sensing element is typically an ultrasonic transducer. Typically, the tracking probe also includes a sensing element, such as an ultrasonic transducer. The ultrasonic transducers may be an ultrasonic transmitter, an ultrasonic receiver, or both. For a probe having a ring magnet, a sensor, such as an ultrasonic transducer, may be positioned at the center of the ring magnet; thus, as the ring magnets of the probes align the two probes on respective surfaces of the structure, the sensors of the probes are also aligned at the centers of the ring magnets.
To facilitate the coupling of the ultrasonic signal between the ultrasonic transducer of the driven probe and the structure, a couplant may be disposed between the ultrasonic transducer and the respective surfaces of the structure. While air or water jets may be used as a couplant, the driven probe of one advantageous embodiment may instead include an inlet for fluid that is pumped between the ultrasonic transducer and the first surface of the structure. In this regard, the driven probe may include a housing in which the magnet and the ultrasonic transducer are disposed, and which defines the inlet. The housing may also define a fluid conduit to direct fluid flow from the inlet to a plurality of channels to disperse the flow of fluid between the probe and the second surface of the structure. The plurality of channels may be, for example, a series of radially directed recesses or a plurality of holes. The fluid conduit may be in fluid communication with that portion of the ultrasonic transducer that faces the first surface of the structure. Thus, the fluid that is pumped between the ultrasonic transducer and the first surface of the structure may facilitate coupling of the ultrasonic signals produced by the ultrasonic transducer into the structure. Likewise, the tracking probe may include an inlet for fluid that is pumped between the ultrasonic transducer of the tracking probe and the second surface of the structure. In this regard, the tracking probe can also include a housing in which the magnet and the ultrasonic transducer are disposed, and which defines the inlet. The housing may also define a fluid conduit to direct fluid flow from the inlet to a plurality of channels to disperse the flow of fluid between the probe and the first surface of the structure. The plurality of channels may be, for example, a series of radially directed recesses or a plurality of holes. Again, the fluid conduit may be in fluid communication with that portion of the ultrasonic transducer of the tracking probe that faces the second surface of the structure. Thus, ultrasonic signals emerging from the structure may be effectively coupled to the ultrasonic transducer of the tracking probe by the fluid that is pumped therebetween. By pumping fluid between the ultrasonic transducers and the respective surfaces of the structure, water jets are not required such that the ultrasonic transducers of the driven and tracking probes may include arrays of ultrasonic transducers, thereby permitting the rate at which the structure is inspected to be increased and the associated inspection cost accordingly decreased.
According to one advantageous embodiment, the driven probe includes a bearing contact, such as, a water bearing, or an air bearing, for contacting the first surface of the structure, supporting or suspending the driven probe, maintaining orientation and spacing of the probe with respect to the surface, and reducing the frictional drag of the driven probe on the surface of the structure being inspected to permit smooth translation of the driven probe across the surface of the structure. Thus, the driven probe may translate along the first surface of the structure with the orientation of the driven probe relative to the first surface of the structure and the spacing of the driven probe relative to the first surface of the structure being maintained by the bearing contact between the driven probe and the first surface of the structure without requiring the complex motion control systems used by conventional scanning systems. Likewise, the tracking probe may include a bearing contact, such as a water bearing, or an air bearing, for contacting the second surface of the structure, supporting the tracking probe, maintaining orientation and spacing of the probe with respect to the surface, and reducing the frictional drag of the tracking probe on the surface of the structure being inspected to permit smooth translation of the tracking probe across the surface of the structure and magnetic coupling with the driven probe. Like the driven probe, the tracking probe may therefore be maintained in a predefined orientation and at a predefined spacing relative to the second surface of the structure without requiring the complex motion control systems used by conventional scanning systems. This independence from the motion control systems used by conventional scanning systems may further reduce the cost of the apparatus of the present invention and permit the tracking probe to be moved in a controlled fashion over a surface of a structure that is relatively inaccessible for a robotic arm or other conventional motion control system. The driven and tracking probes may also use the water or pressurized air that is used for bearing contact as a couplant between a sensor, such as an ultrasonic sensor, and the surface of the structure being inspected. However, the water or pressurized air that is used for bearing contact need not pass in front of the transducer, i.e., between the transducer and the surface of the part under inspection, to act as a couplant but may be used only between the probe and the surface of the structure, such as where holes or recesses of a fluid channel are disposed around the transducer of a probe. Other fluids, such as a gases, liquids, or gas-liquid mixtures, may be used as couplants and/or to provide a bearing contact between a probe and a surface being inspected. A probe employing a fluid bearing, such as an air bearing, may include a flow moderating skirt to create a pocket to contain the fluid acting as a fluid bearing. A flow moderating skirt may be a rubber ring disposed around a probe, including around fluid flow channels on the surface of the probe proximate the surface of the structure under inspection. A flow moderating skirt may be positioned with a rounded edge protruding below the surface of the probe proximate the surface of the structure under inspection.
According to another aspect of the present invention, a method of inspecting a structure is provided. In this regard, the driven probe is positioned proximate the first surface of the structure, and the tracking probe is positioned proximate the opposed second surface of the structure. For example, driven and tracking probes may be suspended by bearing contact above the first and second surfaces of the structure, respectively, thereby simplifying the alignment and spacing of the probes relative to the respective surfaces of the structure and relative to the other probe or a sensor of the other probe. The method of inspecting a structure also establishes magnetic attraction between the driven and tracking probes such that the driven and tracking probes are drawn toward the first and second surfaces of the structure, respectively. The driven probe is then moved along the first surface of the structure, such as in response to the application of a motive force by a robotic arm or other positioning system. The movement of the driven probe and the magnetic attraction between the driven and tracking probes causes the tracking probe to be correspondingly moved along the second surface of the structure. Advantageously, the tracking probe moves along the second surface of the structure independent of the application of any motive force. Thus, the tracking probe may be disposed proximate a relatively inaccessible surface of a structure since the movement of the tracking probe need not be controlled by a robotic arm or other positioning system.
As the driven probe is moved along the first surface of the structure, ultrasonic signals are transmitted to the structure by the ultrasonic transducer of one of the probes and are received by the ultrasonic transducer of the other probe following propagation through the structure. The driven and/or tracking probes are advantageously spaced from the respective surface by bearing contact. For example, a fluid may be pumped between the driven and/or tracking probes and the first and second surfaces of the structure, respectively, to create a bearing contact between the probes and the structure to suspend the probes above the respective surfaces and to permit smooth translation of the probes along the surfaces of the structure. To effectively couple the ultrasonic signals between the driven and tracking probes and the structure, a fluid may be pumped between the sensors of the driven and tracking probes and the first and second surfaces of the structure, respectively, while ultrasonic signals are transmitted into and received from the structure. In embodiments in which fluid is used to create bearing contact, the fluid may also serve as the couplant. Additionally, or alternatively, air or water jets may be used as the couplant.
These and other characteristics, as well as additional details, of the present invention are further described in the Detailed Description with reference to these and other embodiments.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING(S)
Having thus described the invention in general terms, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, and wherein:
FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram of two probes of an apparatus according to embodiments of the present invention magnetically coupled to surfaces of a structure for inspection;
FIG. 1B is a magnified schematic diagram of two probes of an apparatus according to embodiments of the present invention magnetically coupled to surfaces of a structure for inspection;
FIG. 2A is an exploded view of a probe according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2B is yet another exploded view of the probe according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is an overhead perspective view of a probe according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a bottom perspective view of a probe according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5A is a side perspective view of a probe according to an embodiment of the present invention including a yoke attachment;
FIG. 5B is a bottom perspective view of the probe according to an embodiment of the present invention including a yoke attachment;
FIG. 5C is yet another side perspective view of the probe according to an embodiment of the present invention including a yoke attachment;
FIG. 6 is a cross-section of a wire frame diagram of a flow moderating skirt for a fluid bearing embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7A is an overhead perspective wire frame diagram of a flow moderating skirt for a fluid bearing embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7B is an overhead perspective diagram of a flow moderating skirt for a fluid bearing embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a bottom perspective diagram of a flow moderating skirt for a fluid bearing embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a cross-section of a wire frame schematic diagram of a probe with a flow moderating skirt according to an embodiment of the present invention; and
FIG. 10 is a bottom perspective diagram of a probe with a flow moderating skirt according to an embodiment of the present invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The present invention will be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings. Some, but not all, embodiments of the invention are shown. The invention may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments described. Like numbers and variables refer to like elements and parameters throughout the drawings.
I. Fluid Bearing Magnetically Coupled Inspection Probes
Referring now to FIGS. 1A and 1B, an apparatus 10 for inspecting a structure 12 according to one embodiment of the present invention is depicted. The apparatus can inspect a variety of structures formed of various materials. Since the apparatus relies to some extent upon the establishment of magnetic fields through the structure, however, the structure is preferably non-magnetic, that is, the structure preferably has no magnetic permeability. Structures that may be inspected with an embodiment of an inspection device of the present invention may include, but are not limited to, composites, non-ferromagnetic metals (e.g. aluminum alloy, titanium alloy, or aluminum or titanium hybrid laminates such as GLARE or Ti/Gr), and polymers. It should be noted that the surfaces, and the material therebetween such as intermediate surfaces commonly referred to as septums, which collectively define the material through which the driven and tracking probes are magnetically coupled, preferably comprise a non-ferromagnetic material because the magnetic coupling between the probes would be diminished or eliminated by a ferromagnetic material located between the actuating portion and the inspecting portions.
While a portion of a relatively simple but large structural panel 12 is depicted during the course of an inspection in FIGS. 1A and 1B, a structure may be any myriad of shapes and/or sizes. In addition, the structure that is inspected may be used in a wide variety of applications, including in vehicular applications, such as in conjunction with aircraft, marine vehicles, automobiles, space craft and the like, as well as other non-vehicular applications, such as in conjunction with buildings and other construction projects. Moreover, the structure may be inspected prior to assembly or following assembly, as desired.
An apparatus 10 of the present invention includes a driven probe 14 disposed proximate a first surface 12a of the structure 12 and a tracking probe 16 disposed proximate an opposed second surface 12b of the structure. Embodiments of the present invention may be used with an inspection device similar to that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,722,202 to Kennedy directed to magnetically attracted probes for inspection of a structure, which is incorporated by reference. The shape and size of an inspection probe, and housing thereof, which may employ the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments describe and disclosed herein or in the U.S. Pat. No. 6,722,202 patent or referenced co-pending applications, but may be any shape or size capable of operating in accordance with the present invention. As described below, the driven and tracking probe may be disposed in contact with the first and second surfaces of the structure, respectively. Driven and tracking probes are advantageously initially positioned in alignment so as to be directly opposed one another or otherwise in positional correspondence with one another, as shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B. As shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, for example, this alignment provides a linear relationship between the probes 14, 16 such that one probe is not translated or offset laterally across the surface of the structure 12 from the other probe. As described below, this positional relationship or correspondence between the driven and tracking probes is maintained as the probes are moved along the respective surfaces of the structure.
Each probe 14, 16 includes a ring magnet 18 that may be disposed within a housing 24. The magnets of the probes magnetically attract the driven and tracking probes toward the respective surfaces of the structure 12. Using probes with ring magnets on opposing surfaces of a structure also aligns the two probes with respect to the other. By comparison, magnetically coupled inspecting probes using bar magnets, flat magnets, cylindrical magnets, and the like, require configurations of magnets and/or ferromagnetic materials to align the probes. Such configurations typically cannot provide the flexibility of ring magnets which may permit a tracking probe to rotate freely with respect to a magnetically coupled driven probe while maintaining alignment of ultrasonic transducers located within the center of the ring magnets in the driven and tracking probes. Magnetically coupled probes employing embodiments of the present invention may alternatively, or in addition, use magnets and/or ferromagnetic materials to provide alignment and/or magnetic attraction between probes. While each probe may include any number of magnets, each probe need only include one ring magnet which reduces the size, weight, cost, and complexity of the probes. Magnets of the illustrated embodiments may be ring magnets formed of neodymium iron boron, which have advantageously have greater magnetic flux (around 12,000 gauss) than standard ceramic or ferrite magnets (around 3,900 gauss). Further embodiments of the invention may include magnets of different material, such as Samarium Cobalt or Alnico and/or electromagnets or other magnetic coupling means. The term “magnet” as used herein is inclusive of electromagnets. The probes of the present invention may further comprise magnetic shunting mechanisms to control the magnetic flux of the magnetic couplings, a non-limiting example being rare earth metal switched magnetic devices disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,180,928. While various types of ring magnets may be used, the driven and tracking probes of one embodiment include permanent ring magnets, such as NdFeB ring magnets. The size of ring magnets for both the driven and tracking probes may be dependent, at least in part, upon the weight of the respective probes, the thickness of the structure undergoing inspection, and the material that forms the structure undergoing inspection. For example, a ring magnet of a probe may be 4 inches in diameter and 1 inch in height with a magnetic flux of 3.9 k Gauss across the surface of the ring magnet if the magnet is a standard ferrite ring magnet or 12 k Gauss if the magnet is an NdFeB ring magnet. Additionally, driven and tracking probes may include ring magnets having either the same or different sizes. Different size ring magnets may help to maintain alignment of the probes and may permit adjustment of the weight of a probe, such as to reduce the weight of a probe which hangs beneath the surface of a structure.
Although ring magnets may be used independently to positionally align probes of embodiments of the present invention, rotational alignment of probes may be enhanced by incorporating at least one additional magnet or ferromagnetic material to at least one of the probes. Selecting the magnetic polarity of at least one additional magnet of one of the probes to be such that the respective additional magnet is repelled by one or more of the magnets of the other probe or attracted by one or more of the magnets or a ferromagnetic material of the other probe. For example, if one of the probes includes ferromagnetic material, such as a plug of ferromagnetic material, the other probe may include an additional magnet positioned such that the probes are properly positioned with respect to one another when the ferromagnetic plug and the additional magnet are aligned since the ferromagnetic plug and the additional magnet of the other probe will be attracted to one another when these elements are properly aligned to position the probes with rotational alignment. Similarly, if the probes each include two additional magnets, where the two additional magnets of each probe have opposite polarities, when the probes are misaligned, the additional magnets of the probes would be repelled and produce a rotation of the probes until the additional magnets of the probes align with the additional magnets of the other probe that are of the opposite polarity. As such, these types of additional magnets and ferromagnetic materials may be used as rotational alignment keys for an apparatus of an embodiment of the present invention.
In determining the type of magnets 18 to be included in the probe 14, 16, the weight of the magnets, the surface area of the magnets and the increased demagnetization effects attributable to the cylindrical length to diameter ratio and/or cylindrical length to radial width ratio of the magnet are generally taken into account. In this regard, magnets that are relatively thin and flat may have a substantial surface area so as to generate significant magnetic flux. However, these magnets are generally inefficient since they suffer from increased demagnetization effects due to their relatively small cylindrical length to diameter ratio and/or cylindrical length to radial width ratio relative to thicker, more rod-like ring magnets having a smaller surface area.
At least one of the probes 14, 16, usually the driven probe, includes a sensing element 32 for inspecting the structure 12 as the probe is moved over the respective surface of the structure. Further with respect to FIGS. 2A, 2B, 3, and 4, the sensing element 32 is advantageously disposed or positioned in the center of a ring magnet 18 of a probe, such as affixed within a central cavity 40 of a housing 24. A sensing element may be a camera, an x-ray detector, pulse echo sensor, or the like, but generally is an ultrasonic transducer, such an ultrasonic transmitter and/or an ultrasonic receiver. For example, the ultrasonic transducer may be a 1 MHz immersion transducer from Agfa/Krautkramer of Lewistown, Pa.
Such probes provide for through transmission ultrasonic (TTU) inspection. Ultrasonic signals are transmitted into the structure by the ultrasonic transducer of one probe and received by the ultrasonic transducer of the other probe to detect flaws, including cracks, voids and/or porosity. However, only one probe needs to include a sensing element 32, 132 for inspection from one side of the structure 12. For example, one of the probes may include an ultrasonic transducer that is operated in a reflection or pulse echo mode. Thus, the same ultrasonic transducer both transmits and receives ultrasonic signals in this exemplary alternative embodiment. As another alternative example, the sensing element may be a camera that captures images of the respective surface of the structure from one side thereof. In these alternative embodiments, therefore, the probe that does not include a sensing element effectively serves to magnetically attract the probe with the sensing element to the respective surface of the structure. In the embodiments described, however, both the driven and tracking probes include a respective sensing element, such as an ultrasonic transducer.
A probe of an embodiment of the present invention may also include a housing 24 in which a magnet 18 and the sensing element, such as an ultrasonic transducer, are disposed and/or retained. The housing may be constructed of various non-magnetic materials and, in one embodiment, is constructed of Delrin® material available from E.I. DuPont Nemours and Company of Wilmington, Del.
To facilitate the coupling of ultrasonic signals between ultrasonic transducer(s) of the driven and/or tracking probes 14, 16 and the structure 12, a couplant may be used. While air or waterjets may be used as a couplant, the driven and/or tracking probes 14, 16 and, in particular, the respective housings may include an inlet 22 for a liquid, such as water, that is pumped between an ultrasonic transducer and a respective surface 12a, 12b of the structure. Fluids may be used as a couplant to provide a coupling path for the ultrasound signals between a transducer and a structure. Liquids such as water are particularly well suited to decrease the density differential between the transducer, air, and the surface of the structure. Gases such as air may be used as couplants, but typically require use of lower frequency ultrasonic signals. Because of the increased effectiveness of water as a couplant, air has not traditionally been used as a couplant for through-transmission ultrasonic inspection. While ambient pressure gases may be used as couplants, pressurized gases provide improved coupling paths and provide increased signal-to-noise ratios than non-pressurized gases for non-contact or airborne ultrasonic transducers; thus, for example, the pressurized air of an air bearing is a better couplant than ambient air. Increasing the pressure of the gas reduces the transfer loss at the interfaces at the transducer and surface of the structure allowing higher inspection frequencies. A waterless, non-contact or airborne, through-transmission ultrasonic transducer may be used with air or pressurized air. Also, a pressure control valve with a bleed value may be used to maintain a constant pressure for an air bearing, or other gas bearing. Improved flaw resolution may be obtained by using improved couplants. For example, the signal-to-noise ratio increases and the ultrasonic frequency may be increased. Both of these improvements, associated with increased fluid pressure, result in improved flaw resolution than would normally be obtained by non-pressurized couplants such as ambient air between a transducer and a structure.
As shown in FIGS. 2A, 2B, 3, and 4, the housing 24 includes a fluid conduit from one or more fluid inlets 22 to fluid dispersion channels, such as recesses or holes. The fluid conduit and/or the fluid dispersion channels may also be in fluid communication with a portion of the sensing element 32, such as an ultrasonic transducer, that faces a surface of the structure 12 proximate the probe. The sensing element 32, such as an ultrasonic transducer, may be recessed within the housing 24. Thus, fluid that is introduced through the inlet 22 flows through the fluid conduit 23, including an internal channel, defined by the housing 24 and effectively fills the gap between the ultrasonic transducer and the surface of the structure 12. Advantageously, the fluid flows smoothly over and between the ultrasonic transducer and the surface of the structure with no bubbles, cavitation or turbulence that could otherwise detrimentally affect the signal to noise ratio. The shape and size of the housing does not dictate the present invention, but may be adapted to incorporate or facilitate features of the present invention. For example, the shape and size of the housing 24 shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B are dictated to provide support for the ring magnet 18 and fluid inlets 22. The shape is further dictated to provide smooth edges which may be proximate a surface of a part to avoid the housing interfering with the operation of embodiments of the present invention.
The fluid is supplied from a reservoir connected to the inlet 22. A tube press fit around the inlet 22 leads to a flow control valve. A flow control valve, also referred to as a pressure control valve, may be used to control the flow of fluid through the inlet 22. For example, the flow control valve may be adapted to control the flow of fluid through the inlet 22 based upon a measure of fluid volume or fluid pressure flowing through the inlet 22 or another portion of the fluid system. A flow control valve may be located proximate the inlet 22 or may be in fluid communication with the inlet 22, such as where the flow control valve is located proximate the fluid source and controls the flow of fluid through tubes to the inlet 22. By positioning a flow control valve remote from an inlet prevents adding additional weight and complexity to the probe. A flow control valve or an inlet 22 may include a bleed to maintain constant pressure and prevent excess pressure or volume of fluid.
FIGS. 2A and 2B show perspective views of an exploded diagram of a probe according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2A shows a view from the side and above the exploded diagram; FIG. 2B shows a view from the side and below the exploded diagram. A housing 24 may include a central cavity 40 to retain a sensor such as an ultrasonic transducer. The housing 24 may form a cylindrical portion around the central cavity 40 around which a ring magnet 18 may be disposed. The housing 24 may further form a cup below and around the ring magnet 18 to form the bottom and outer surface of the housing 24. A cap 25 may be attached to the housing 24 to secure the ring magnet 18 into the cup formed in the housing 24 to retain the ring magnet 24. Alternatively, a ring magnet 18 may be sealed in a housing with a cap integrally formed by the housing. The bottom of the housing 24 may include channels to direct the flow of a fluid to create a fluid bearing. These channels may be recesses 42, holes, or other outlets for a fluid. The fluid may flow from the inlets 22 through the housing 24 to the channels. If the fluid is also used as a couplant, the fluid may pass from the inlets 22, through the housing 24, over an ultrasonic transceiver affixed within the central cavity 40 of the housing 24, and out through the channels.
As shown in FIGS. 2B, 4, and 5B, a star pattern of recesses may be defined by the surface of the housing of the probe proximate the surface of the structure to be inspected. A star pattern provides an even distribution and flow of fluid over the face of the probe to improve the effectiveness of a fluid bearing. The fluid flows down the radially directed recessed arms of the star pattern and moves out of the recesses between the flat portion of the face of the probe and the surface of the structure being inspected.
FIGS. 3 and 4 are perspective views of a probe according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 3 shows a view from the side and above the probe; FIG. 4 shows a view from the side and below the probe. The probe may include, or have attached, a handle or other connector, such as a yoke attachment 30, for controlling and driving the probe 14 across a surface of a part. For example, a yoke attachment for embodiments of the present invention may include at least two points to provide multi-axis rotation of an inspection probe. The yoke attachment 30 may include hinge pivots 34, 36 on either side 34 of a housing and at a point 36 above the housing connecting to each of the side pivots 34. Alternatively or additionally, a rotating pivot 38 may be included at a point above the housing connecting to each of the side pivots 34. An attachment for an embodiment of the present invention may be gimbaled to permit the probe to remain in a magnetically coupled position regardless of the axes of motion of a connection providing movement of the probe across the surface of a structure under inspection. The described yoke attachment and similar handles and/or connectors enable inspection of parts with significant contours, including where a handle or connector is attached to a manual lever 32 or robotic arm fixed to a control system for the robotic arm. Because the probes of embodiments of the present invention are magnetically attached, only a driven probe need be controlled, such as attached to or held by a yoke. FIGS. 5A, 5B, and 5C show perspective views of a driven probe according to an embodiment of the present invention including a yoke attachment with a manual or robotic arm extension 32.
In operation, the driven and tracking probes 14, 16 are disposed proximate the first and second surfaces 12a, 12b of the structure 12. As shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, the driven and tracking probes may advantageously be disposed in contact with or in bearing contact with the respective surfaces of the structure. Bearing contact may provide suspension of a probe above a surface of a structure, such as by a fluid bearing. For example, a water bearing or an air bearing may support and suspend a probe in bearing contact with a surface of a structure. To facilitate contact of the probes with the respective surfaces of the structure and to avoid any undesirable damage or other marring of the respective surfaces of the structure as the result of contact with the probes, the driven and tracking probes can each also include at least one contact member, such as a ball and socket bearing or a skid, which can be used in conjunction with or independently from a fluid bearing. Typically, the contact member(s) extend outwardly from the face or surface of the housing 24 that faces the respective surface of the structure. Various types of contact members can be used, such as skids or the like. Skids may include a Teflon® material available from E.I. DuPont Nemours and Company of Wilmington, Del., on a surface of the skid for contact with the surface of the structure being inspected and to provide for translation thereacross. Skids may be beneficial for fluid bearing embodiments of probes of the present invention such as to prevent damage or marring of a surface of a structure under test when initially placing a probe on the structure or magnetically coupling two probes on opposite sides of the part, particularly when the fluid bearing may not be in use, such as before fluid is provided to the probe or after fluid is stopped flowing to the probe. Alternatively, a probe may include one or more ball and socket bearings that contact the respective surface of the structure and that permit the probe to ride therealong when not using a fluid bearing. Fluid bearings, such as water bearing and air bearings, and ball bearings may be used to maintain the spacing and orientation of the probes. Water, air, or ball bearings may be used to reduce the fiction between the inspection probe and the surface of the structure under inspection, such as to displace the probe from contacting the surface of the structure using hydraulic flotation or a hydrostatic bearing. Further, use of bearing contact between the inspection probe and the surface of the structure may prevent scratching of soft skins or denting of panels of the skins. Use of bearing contact may also provide smooth translation of an inspection probe over the surface of a structure to allow an inspection probe to maintain an intended direction, maintain alignment of transducers and/or receivers in inspection probes, and allow continuous scanning of a surface regardless of size, smoothness, or flatness of the surface.
In embodiments in which the probes include a water or air bearing, a fluid bearing, also referred to as a fluid dynamic bearing, may be created by pumping a thin layer of fluid between the surface of a housing for a probe which is adjacent to the part under inspection and the surface of the part under inspection adjacent to the probe. The pressure from the magnetic attraction of the housing for the probe towards the part on the fluid creates the fluid bearing, where the housing for the probe rests upon the thin layer of fluid between the probe and the surface of the part under inspection. Variables such as fluid pressure and density, viscosity, and temperature affect the functioning of a fluid bearing. For example, an air bearing would typically result in a narrower fluid bearing than a water bearing because the density of the air is lower, allowing the pressure of the housing for the part upon the surface of the part to compress the air into a narrow fluid bearing. Although typical fluid bearings use a seal to maintain hydrostatic fluid in a defined space, pumping fluid into the space for the fluid bearing at the rate that the fluid escapes from the fluid bearing would maintain sufficient volume and pressure of fluid in the space for the fluid bearing required to achieve a fluid bearing. As described herein, a fluid used for a fluid bearing may also be used to provide a couplant between a sensor and a surface of the part under inspection. For example, the water of a water bearing may flow between the transmitting end of an ultrasonic transducer and the adjacent surface of the part under inspection and then may flow between a surface of the housing for the probe and an adjacent surface of the part under inspection to produce a fluid bearing.
By permitting bearing contact between the driven and tracking probes 14, 16 and the respective surfaces 12a, 12b of the structure 12, and by the magnetic attraction between the ring magnets of the probes, the orientation and alignment of the probes and, more particularly, the sensing elements, such as the ultrasonic transducers, of the probes may generally be maintained without requiring the orientation of the probes to be controlled by means of a complex motion control system or other type of positioning system. Additionally, the bearing contact between the driven and tracking probes and the respective surfaces of the structure may similarly maintain a consistent spacing between the respective sensing elements, such as the respective ultrasonic transducers, and the structure, without requiring complex motion control systems or other positioning systems. Further, the use of magnetically attracted inspection probes of embodiments of the present invention permit continuous scanning techniques such as manual scanning of an entire surface by comparison to point-by-point or grid-type inspection methods that may commonly be used for manual, semi-automated, and automated scanning systems. Because magnetically attracted probes maintain alignment of the transducers, an inspection area may be as large as the entire structure and a single operator may be able to inspect the structure. Enabling inspection of an entire structure rather than discrete points or areas for inspection improves the ability to detect imperfections in the structure and ensure structural integrity of a part.
Embodiments of the present invention may be scaled and adapted to be driven by a MAUS or AUSS system or other automated or semi-automated system or used as a manual inspection tool. For example, a yoke attachment to a magnetically attracted scanning probe may be connected to a MAUS or AUSS scanning bridge for in-service through-transmission ultrasonic inspection of a composite sandwich structure. This type of arrangement enables C-scan images of in-service TTU inspection data, such as using a MAUS system.
The operation of the apparatus 10 of the present invention will now be described in conjunction with driven and tracking probes 14, 16 configured to conduct a through transmission ultrasonic inspection. However, the driven and tracking probes may be used in other manners as described below. By way of example of the operation of one embodiment of the driven and tracking probes, however, the driven and tracking probes are disposed proximate to and generally in contact with the opposed first and second surfaces 12a, 12b of a structure 12 while maintaining alignment and magnetic attraction between the probes. Fluid, such as water, may then be bubbled through the inlet 22 of each probe and between the ultrasonic transducers and the respective surfaces 12a, 12b of the structure 12. Bearing contact, such as a fluid bearing, including liquid and air bearings, may be used to maintain adequate spacing between the probe and the surface of the part under inspection. In such a manner, the bearing contact may be used to prevent the probe from contacting and possibly damaging the surface of the part. Further, the bearing contact provides the probe the ability to translate along the surface of the part for continuous scanning. The ultrasonic transducers are activated such that the ultrasonic transducer of one probe, such as the driven probe 14, emits ultrasonic signals into the structure. Although not shown, a drive element, such as a voltage or current source, is generally associated with the ultrasonic transducer of the driven probe so as to actuate the ultrasonic transducer to emit the ultrasonic signals. This drive element may be co-located with the driven probe or may be remote therefrom and electrically connected to the ultrasonic transducer. Correspondingly, the ultrasonic transducer of the other probe, such as a tracking probe 16, receives the ultrasonic signals originally transmitted by the ultrasonic transducer of the driven probe following the propagation of the ultrasonic signals through the structure.
While the ultrasonic signals are transmitted through the structure 12 and fluid is passed over the respective ultrasonic transducers, the driven probe 14 is moved along the first surface 12a of the structure. While the motive force required to move the driven probe along the first surface of the structure may be applied in various manners, the driven probe of the illustrated embodiment includes a handle 30 that may be engaged by a robotic arm 32 or the like. As known to those skilled in the art, the robotic arm can be controlled by a motion control system or other positioning system so as to controllably move the driven probe in a predefined manner and in accordance with a defined pattern along the first surface of the structure. Since the driven probe is in contact with and rides along the first surface of the structure, the motion control system or other positioning system need not be as complex as that required by conventional scanning systems. By way of comparison to the AUSS-X system that requires a motion control system capable of controllably positioning the probes about ten axes, the motion control system used in conjunction with the apparatus 10 need only control the probes in five axes.
As a result of the magnetic attraction established between the driven and tracking probes 14, 16 and, more particularly, between the magnets 18 of the driven and tracking probes, the tracking probe moves in a like manner and in correspondence with the driven probe without requiring the application of any additional motive force directly to the tracking probe. Thus, the tracking probe moves so as to remain in an aligned, opposed position relative to the driven probe as the driven probe is moved along the first surface 12a of the structure 12. As such, the tracking probe need not be engaged by a robotic arm or other positioning system. Accordingly, the tracking probe can be disposed proximate to and can ride along a second surface 12b of a structure that is relatively inaccessible, such as the interior of a cylindrical structure or other structure having a closed shape.
The ultrasonic signals that are received by the ultrasonic transducer of the tracking probe 16 can be stored along with an indication of the time at which the ultrasonic signals are received and/or an indication of the relative position of the tracking probe when the ultrasonic signals are received. The ultrasonic signals may be stored by a memory device that is either co-located with the tracking probe or remote from the tracking probe and electrically connected therewith. By analyzing the ultrasonic signals received by the ultrasonic transducer of the tracking probe, the integrity of the structure 12 as well as any flaws therein can be determined.
By passing fluid between the ultrasonic transducer and the respective surface of the structure 12, the ultrasonic signals are effectively coupled into and out of the structure in one advantageous embodiment. Moreover, while a single ultrasonic transducer is depicted in FIGS. 2a and 2b, the driven and/or tracking probes 14, 16 may include an array of ultrasonic transducers to increase the inspection area since the coupling provided by the fluid permits inspection in an ultrasonic array mode, thereby increasing the speed with which the inspection is performed and correspondingly reducing the cost associated with the inspection.
A tracking probe may include a larger diameter transducer than the transducer of a driven probe. Using a larger tracking probe transducer enables a more uniform signal over a larger area than would a corresponding smaller transducer. Thus, using a larger tracking probe transducer may minimize the effect of small misalignments between the driven probe and tracking probe, and transducers thereof, such as misalignments due to discontinuities in the surfaces of the structure, positional lagging of the tracking head, and gravitational offset.
II. Flow Moderating Skirt
As air or pressurized air is pumped through a fluid conduit of a probe and between the probe and a surface of the structure under inspection to create a fluid bearing, a flow moderating skirt may be employed to control the functioning of the fluid bearing, such as to moderate the flow of fluid which escapes from beneath the probe and reduces the lifting force of the fluid bearing. For example, a flow moderating skirt may provide a pocket to define the fluid bearing. A flow moderating skirt may help to maintain support and smooth translation of the probe across the surface of the structure, such as to assist in avoiding bouncing or vibrating effects caused by contours, roughness, and other discontinuities of a surface of the structure under inspection, particularly when using a probe with a small surface area adjacent to a surface of the structure under inspection, and particularly when using a non-liquid fluid bearing, such as an air bearing which requires high airflow to provide a sufficient lifting force to support a probe.
Referring now to FIGS. 6, 7A, 7B, and 8, FIG. 6 is a wire frame diagram of a flow moderating skirt for a fluid bearing embodiment of the present invention as viewed from a cross-section of a portion of the flow moderating skirt. FIG. 7A is a perspective wire frame diagram and FIG. 7B is a perspective diagram of a flow moderating skirt for a fluid bearing embodiment of the present invention as viewed from above the flow moderating skirt. FIG. 8 is a perspective diagram of the flow moderating skirt shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B as viewed from below the flow moderating skirt. A flow moderating skirt 700 is fabricated from a sheet of rubber folded in half lengthwise. The folded sheet of rubber may be bonded along an interior portion 705 where the folded sheets 704, 706 meet to form a seam so as to produce and upper flat portion 701 and a lower round edge 702 as shown in FIGS. 6, 7A, 7B, 8, 9, and 10. The sheet of rubber may be folded in half around a rod (not shown) to help define the round edge 702 separate from the flat portion 701 during the bonding process. A rigidity or stiffness of a flow moderating skirt, such as provided by two layers of bonded rubber, reduces the tendency of the flow moderating skirt to non-uniformly release air, also referred to as burping air. A low-friction surface, such as Teflon® tape, may be applied to the exterior 708 of the rounded edge 702 of a flow moderating skirt 700. The use of a smooth, rounded edge of a flow moderating skirt reduces drag or friction between the flow moderating skirt and a surface of a structure under inspection and reduces the tendency of the flow moderating skirt to skid and/or catch on the surface of the structure, such as catching on a rough surface, which tends to pull the leading edge of the probe downward and possibly collapse the flow moderating skirt and disturb the functioning of the fluid bearing. The two ends of the folded and bonded rubber sheet may be bonded or otherwise fixed together to form a ring, as shown in FIGS. 7A, 7B, 8, and 10. Although described using a rubber sheet, an embodiment of a flow moderating skirt according to the present invention may be formed in other manners and/or using different materials.
FIG. 9 is a wire frame schematic diagram of a probe with a flow moderating skirt according to an embodiment of the present invention as viewed from a cross-section of a portion of the probe and the flow moderating skirt. A flow moderating skirt 700 may be disposed around a probe 16, such as attached, affixed, or adhered around the housing 24 of a probe 16 and around the fluid conduit channels 23 which disburse the fluid below the probe 16 to form the fluid bearing. Typically, a flow moderating skirt 700 is disposed around a probe 16 such that at least a portion of the round edge 702 of the flow moderating skirt 700 protrudes below the base or face of the probe 16, that is below the planar surface of the probe 16 proximate the surface of the part under inspection. A flow moderating skirt 700 may be adjustably affixed, such as with a hose clamp 710, 712 shown in FIG. 10, around the probe 16 to permit adjustment of the height of the flow moderating skirt 700 with respect to the probe 16, such as to adjust the protrusion of the round edge 702 of the flow moderating skirt 700 past the surface of the probe 16 proximate a surface of the structure under inspection. In such a manner, a flow moderating skirt 700 may be used to create a smaller or larger pocket for the fluid of a fluid bearing. Such adjustment may also help to account for surface curvature, roughness, and other discontinuities of the surface of the structure under inspection with the flow moderating skirt generally being extended further beyond the surface of the probe in instances of greater surface curvature or roughness or in instances in which larger surface discontinuities are present.
FIG. 10 is a perspective diagram of a probe with a flow moderating skirt according to an embodiment of the present invention as viewed from below the probe and the flow moderating skirt. In one example embodiment, a hose clamp 710, 712 may be used to affix a flow moderating skirt 700 around a probe 14. The ring 710 of a hose clamp may be attached around the upper, flat, edge 701 of the flow moderating skirt 700 to hold the flow moderating skirt 700 in position against the probe 14.
If water, or another liquid, is used with an embodiment of the present invention, the probe or apparatus will likely include or be used with a reservoir to collect the expelled water and, possibly, recycle the water. For example, if water is used as a couplant and/or to provide a water bearing for a probe, the water that spills or drains off of a part may be collected and recycled to be used again as a couplant or for a water bearing. Similarly, if a gas is used to provide a fluid bearing, a reservoir such as a containment housing, a sealed room, or the like, may be used to capture and recycle the gas. For example, if an oxygen enriched air mixture or other gaseous mixture, such as a composition of 35% oxygen (O2), 63.5% nitrogen (N2), 1% argon (Ar), and 0.5% carbon dioxide (CO2) with trace amounts of neon (Ne), helium (He), methane (CH4), etc., is found to increase coupling of an ultrasonic signal and, therefore, used as a couplant, a sealed chamber may be used to surround the structure being inspected and the probes such that the oxygen enriched air mixture may be present in the sealed chamber and may be pumped through the probe to be used as a fluid bearing and/or a pressurized gas couplant. Various considerations may impact a selection of a couplant or fluid for a bearing, such as whether internal systems of a structure can be exposed to the fluid such as water, the availability of a fluid, and the difficulty to maintain, collect, and/or recycle a fluid. Similar considerations may impact the selection of the type of inspection method or sensor to be used. For example, non-contact air ultrasonic transducers typically require lower frequency signals compared to water-coupled ultrasonic transducers. Thus, although water may be a better couplant than air, a system using the pressurized air of an air bearing as a couplant may be selected to eliminate the complications associated with using water with an inspection system. An embodiment of the present invention may use one type of a bearing contact for the driven probe and the same or a different type of bearing contact for the tracking probe, such as where the tracking probe is located inside a part and proximate components which may not readily accept the presence of certain bearing contact such as a water bearing. For example, a driven probe may use a water bearing and a tracking probe may use an air bearing. Alternatively, the driven probe may use an air bearing and the tracking probe may use a water bearing. Regardless of the type of fluid selected for a fluid bearing, the additional elements of a fluid bearing system such as hoses add weight to a probe, particularly water hoses which may make an air bearing more appropriate for some inspection situations.
Many modifications and other embodiments of the inventions set forth will come to mind to one skilled in the art to which these inventions pertain having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore, it is to be understood that the inventions are not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. Although specific terms are employed, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.

## Claims

1. An apparatus for inspecting a structure comprising:
a driven probe structured for traveling over a first surface of the structure, said driven probe comprising a ring magnet and an sensor disposed within said ring magnet for inspecting the structure as said driven probe is moved over the first surface of the structure; and
a tracking probe structured for traveling over an opposed second surface of the structure, said tracking probe also comprising a ring magnet for cooperating with said ring magnet of said driven probe to draw the driven and tracking probes toward the first and second surfaces of the structure, respectively, wherein magnetic attraction between said driven and tracking probes causes said tracking probe to be moved over the second surface of the structure in response to corresponding movement of said driven probe, and wherein at least one of said driven probe and said tracking probe comprise a fluid conduit for injecting a fluid between said respective probe and the surface of the structure to create a fluid bearing.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said sensor is an ultrasonic transducer.

3. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a flow moderating skirt disposed around said respective probe comprising a fluid conduit.

4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein said flow moderating skirt comprises a ring with a round edge.

5. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein an edge of said flow moderating skirt proximate the respective surface of the structure being inspected extends beyond the surface of said respective probe.

6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said fluid is water.

7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said fluid is air.

8. The probe of claim 7, further comprising a flow moderating skirt disposed around said respective probe to define a pocket for said air.

9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said fluid conduit comprises:
at least one fluid inlet; and
a plurality of channels to evenly disperse a flow of fluid over the surface of said probe in proximity with the surface of the structure being inspected.

10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein said channels comprise recesses in the surface of said probe proximate to the surface of the structure being inspected wherein said recesses are directed radially from the center of said ring magnet to allow fluid to flow radially through the recesses.

11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein said channels distribute fluid between said sensor of said probe and the surface of the structure being inspected to provide a coupling path for said sensor of said probe.

12. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein said channels comprise a plurality of holes in the surface of said probe proximate to the surface of the structure being inspected.

13. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein said fluid is water.

14. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein said fluid is air.

15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said ring magnet of said driven probe and said ring magnet of said tracking probe are different sizes.

16. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said tracking probe further comprises a sensor disposed within said ring magnet of said tracking probe for receiving signals from said sensor of said driven probe.

17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein said sensor of said tracking probe and said sensor of said driven probe are ultrasonic transducers.

18. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein said sensor of said tracking probe has a larger inspection area than an inspection area of said sensor of said driven probe.

19. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein both said driven probe and said tracking probe comprise a fluid conduit for injecting a fluid between said respective probe and the surface of the structure to create a fluid bearing, and wherein said driven probe and said tracking probe use different fluids.

20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein said driven probe uses one of the fluid bearings selected from the group of a water bearing and an air bearing for bearing contact, and wherein said tracking probe uses one of the fluid bearings selected from the group of a water bearing and an air bearing for bearing contact.

21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein said driven probe uses water to create a water bearing and said tracking probe uses air to create an air bearing.

22. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein said driven probe uses air to create an air bearing and said tracking probe uses water to create a water bearing.

23. An apparatus for inspecting a structure comprising:
a driven probe structured for traveling over a first surface of the structure, said driven probe comprising a magnet and a sensor for inspecting the structure as said driven probe is moved over the first surface of the structure; and
a tracking probe structured for traveling over an opposed second surface of the structure, said tracking probe also comprising a magnet for cooperating with said magnet of said driven probe to draw the driven and tracking probes toward the first and second surfaces of the structure, respectively, wherein magnetic attraction between said driven and tracking probes causes said tracking probe to be moved over the second surface of the structure in response to corresponding movement of said driven probe, and wherein at least one of said driven probe and said tracking probe comprise a fluid conduit for injecting air between said respective probe and the surface of the structure to create an air bearing.

24. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein said magnet is a ring magnet, and wherein said sensor is disposed within said ring magnet.

25. The apparatus of claim 23, further comprising a flow moderating skirt disposed around said respective probe comprising a fluid conduit.

26. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein said sensor is an ultrasonic transducer.

27. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein said magnet is a ring magnet, and wherein said ultrasonic transducer is disposed within said ring magnet.

28. A probe for inspecting a structure comprising:
a housing;
a ring magnet carried by said housing, wherein said ring magnet defines an inner cylindrical surface, and wherein said ring magnet is configured to be carried by said housing with a surface of the structure being inspected generally perpendicular to the inner cylindrical surface; and
a sensor disposed within said ring magnet, wherein said sensor is configured to inspect the surface of the structure being inspected that is positioned generally perpendicular to the inner cylindrical surface and such that the sensor is configured to employ an inspection path generally parallel to the inner cylindrical surface.

29. A probe for inspecting a structure comprising:
a housing, comprising:
a fluid inlet; and
a plurality of channels to evenly disperse a flow of fluid over a surface of said housing in proximity with a surface of the structure being inspected;

a ring magnet carried by said housing; and
a sensor disposed within said ring magnet.

30. The probe of claim 29, further comprising a flow moderating skirt disposed around said plurality of channels.

31. The probe of claim 30, wherein said flow moderating skirt comprises a ring with a round edge.

32. The probe of claim 31, wherein the round edge of said flow moderating skirt comprises a low-friction surface designed to be proximate the surface of the structure being inspected and having a lower coefficient of friction than another portion of said flow moderating skirt.

33. The probe of claim 31, wherein said flow moderating skirt comprises inner and outer layers of rubber affixed together to form a ring with an flat portion and a round edge.

34. The probe of claim 33, wherein said flow moderating skirt comprises a low-friction substrate affixed to the exterior of the round edge.

35. The probe of claim 30, wherein an edge of said flow moderating skirt proximate the surface of the structure being inspected extends beyond the surface of said housing.

36. The probe of claim 29, wherein said channels comprise recesses in the surface of said housing proximate to the surface of the structure being inspected wherein said recesses are directed radially from the center of said ring magnet to allow fluid to flow radially through the recesses.

37. The probe of claim 36, wherein said channels distribute fluid between said sensor of said probe and the surface of the structure being inspected to provide a coupling path for said sensor of said probe.

38. The probe of claim 29, wherein said channels comprise a plurality of holes in the surface of said housing proximate to the surface of the structure being inspected.

39. The probe of claim 29, wherein said fluid is water.

40. The probe of claim 29, wherein said fluid is air.

41. The probe of claim 40, further comprising a flow moderating skirt disposed around said plurality of channels to define a pocket for said air.

42. The probe of claim 29, further comprising a flow control valve affixed to said fluid inlet to control the flow of fluid through said fluid inlet.

43. The probe of claim 42, wherein fluid flow is controlled by said flow control valve based upon at least one of fluid volume or fluid pressure.

44. The probe of claim 28, further comprising an array of ultrasonic transducers, carried by said housing.

45. A method of inspecting a structure comprising:
positioning a driven probe proximate a first surface of the structure and a tracking probe proximate an opposed second surface of the structure;
establishing magnetic attraction between the driven probe and the tracking probe such that the driven probe and the tracking probe are drawn toward the first and second surfaces of the structure, respectively;
aligning the driven probe and the tracking probe using a ring magnet of the driven probe and a ring magnet of the tracking probe;
moving the driven probe along the first surface of the structure which causes the tracking probe to be correspondingly moved along the second surface of the structure; and
transmitting inspection signals into and receiving inspection signals from the structure as the driven probe is moved along the first surface of the structure and the tracking probe is correspondingly moved along the second surface of the structure.

46. The method of claim 45, further comprising the steps of:
pumping a fluid between at least one of the driven probe and the tracking probe and the first and second surfaces of the structure, respectively, to create a fluid bearing between the respective probe and the respective surface; and
coupling inspection signals between at least one of the driven probe and the tracking probe and the first and second surfaces of the structure, respectively.

47. The method of claim 45, further comprising the step of pumping water between at least one of the driven probe and the tracking probe and the first and second surfaces of the structure, respectively, to create a water bearing between the respective probe and the respective surface.

48. The method of claim 47, further comprising the step of controlling the flow of water pumped between the respective probe and the respective surface.

49. The method of claim 45, further comprising the step of pumping air between at least one of the driven probe and the tracking probe and the first and second surfaces of the structure, respectively, while moving the driven and tracking probes across the first and second surfaces of the structure, respectively, to create an air bearing between the respective probe and the respective surface.

50. The method of claim 49, further comprising the step of controlling the flow of air pumped between the respective probe and the respective surface.

51. The method of claim 45, further comprising the steps of:
pumping a fluid between at least one of the driven probe and the tracking probe and the first and second surfaces of the structure, respectively, to create a fluid bearing between the respective probe and the respective surface; and
creating a pocket for the fluid bearing between the respective probe and the respective surface.

52. The method of claim 51, wherein said step of pumping a fluid comprising pumping air.