## PESTICIDE USE IN U.S. CROP PRODUCTION: 1997

National Summary Report

Leonard P. Gianessi Monica B. Marcelli

November 2000



## National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy 1616 P Street, NW Washington, DC 20036

Phone: (202) 328-5048

Fax: (202) 328-5133 E-mail: ncfap@ncfap.org Website: www.ncfap.org

Development of the national pesticide use database has been supported financially by the Office of Pest Management Policy of the U.S. Department of Agriculture under Agricultural Research Service Cooperative Agreement 58-0790-7-039.Table of Contents

1.0 Acknowledgements 2.0 Introduction 3.0 Database Parameters 4.0 Data Sources 5.0 Review Procedures 6.0 Results/Summaries 7.0 Caveats/Disclaimers 8.0 1992 Database Adjustments 9.0 Internet File Description 10.0 References – 1997 Database 11.0 References – 1992 Database1.0 Acknowledgements

The development of the national pesticide use database was supported by a Cooperative Agreement with the Office of Pest Management Policy (OPMP) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). We thank Al Jennings and Therese Murtagh for their encouragement and patience for the time required to complete the project. Kent Smith of OPMP served as the Project Officer.

Kathryn Kimble-Day and Dennis Kopp provided timely access to pesticide use reportsfunded by USDA’s CSREES. Larry Wilhoit of CALDPR and Norm Bennett of USDANASS provided electronic versions of databases that greatly facilitated our project’s completion.

Several hundred extension service specialists provided us data for this project. This project could not have been completed without their cooperation. They are all listed in the reference list. The database was reviewed by industry specialists in the agricultural chemical industry and by University pesticide information specialists; these individuals are listed in Tables 6 and 7.

Of all of the individuals who helped us with this database, several were particularly noteworthy for the efforts which they made in assembling and reviewing data for this project: Jere Downing of the Cranberry Institute, Rocky Lundy of the Mint Industry Research Council, Ann George of the U.S. Hop Industry Plant Protection Committee, Dudley Smith of Texas A&M University and William Spencer of Tomen Agro.2.0 Introduction

In 1995, the National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP) issued Pesticide Use in U.S. Crop Production: National Summary Report, which summarized the nationaluse of 200 active ingredients on 87 crops. The 1995 report was compiled from a statelevel usage database that quantified the use of each active ingredient by crop and state. 1 The 1995 NCFAP report quantified pesticide usage based on crop acreage for 1992 and usage patterns for the years 1990-93. The 1995 NCFAP report is referred to as the “1992 Report” in the following discussion. NCFAP has prepared a more recent version of the national pesticide usage database. This database is representative of usage patterns for the years of 1995-98 and is keyed to crop acreage data for 1997. The more recent NCFAP report is referred to as the “1997 Report” in the following discussion. All of the 1992 data records and summaries are included in the 1997 Report and database for comparison purposes.

The same basic methodology was used by NCFAP in assembling the 1997 Report as was used in assembling the 1992 Report: NCFAP has organized state and crop pesticide use data from publicly available reports into a national database of pesticide use in U.S. crop production. For states and crops not covered completely by the available surveys and reports, NCFAP conducted a survey of extension service specialists for pesticide use profile information. For some states and crops for which there are no published surveys or reports and no expert opinions from extension service specialists, imputations were made by assuming that the state’s pesticide use profile is identical to that of a neighboring state.

A separate report analyzes differences between the 1992 and 1997 estimates: Gianessi, L.P., and Cressida Silvers, Trends in Crop Pesticide Use: Comparing 1992 and 1997 Pesticide Use, National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy, November 2000. Available at www.ncfap.org

1 Pesticide Use in U.S. Crop Production: National Data Report, National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy, February 1995.3.0 Database Parameters

NCFAP’s 1997 pesticide usage database contains estimates for 220 active ingredients. These active ingredients and their product names are listed in Table 1A. Their manufacturers/registrants are listed in Table 1B. Fifteen active ingredients that had been included in the 1992 database are not included in the 1997 database due to their cancellation, withdrawal or minimal use in crop production: anilazine, carboxin, dinocap, thiabendazole, chloramben, diethatyl ethyl, diphenamid, isopropalin, methazole, siduron, tridiphane, fenvalerate, mevinphos, trichlorfon and trimethacarb. Thirty-five new active ingredients have been added to the 1997 usage database. These active ingredients can be identified in Tables 1A and 1B. (They have been assigned a triple asterisk: “***”)

The 1997 database includes four active ingredients that have been withdrawn, canceled or for which production has ceased since 1997. These active ingredients have been assigned a single asterisk: “*” or a double asterisk: “**” in Tables 1A and 1B.

Thirty-seven of the active ingredients have been classified as fungicides; 66 are classified as insecticides; 96 are classified as herbicides; and 21 are classified in the “other” category, that includes fumigants, growth regulators and defoliants. Each active ingredient is assigned to a single use category even though some active ingredients are used for multiple purposes. For example, although paraquat is used as both an herbicide and as a defoliant, all of paraquat’s uses are included in the herbicide category. Active ingredients that have some use as nematicides are included either in the insecticide category (such as fenamiphos, oxamyl and aldicarb) or in the “other” category (the fumigants 1,3-D, methyl bromide, etc.).

The NCFAP database (both 1992 and 1997 versions) includes applications to cropland only (foliar, soil and in furrow applications). Non-cropland applications are not included. Seed treatments, greenhouse uses, ornamental uses, livestock uses, rodenticides,mushrooms, beekeeping, animal repellants and postharvest uses also are not included. Applications to non-bearing orchards or vineyards are not included. Pesticide usage in governmental Areawide Eradication programs (such as boll weevil, Med-fly) are not included.

Some crop uses of particular active ingredients for which usage has been estimated in the 1997 database have been canceled or withdrawn subsequently. For example, propargite use is quantified in the 1997 report for apricots, green beans peaches and plums even though these crops had been removed from labels prior to 1997. They are included since there was legally labeled material still available for farmers to use in 1997. In some cases the 1997 database shows usage for crops that have been canceled for active ingredients since 1997. For example, the 1997 database includes 16 crops for methamidophos; subsequent to 1997, 13 of these crop uses were canceled. In some cases, some crop uses for an active ingredient included in the 1997 database are not labeled; However, usage was permitted in 1997 under a Section 18 emergency registration.

Not all active ingredients used in U.S. crop production are included in the 1997 database. Active ingredients used on a very small number of acres are not included (such as rotenone, sabadilla). Active ingredients that have been introduced since 1997 also are not included (such as imazamox, glufosinate, carfentrazone, isoxaflutole and cloransulam).

Eighty-seven crops are included in the 1997 database. These are the same 87 crops included in the 1992 database. Several minor changes have been made. The names of several crops have been changed. In the 1992 database the designation was “filberts” and “plums”; these crop names have been changed to “hazelnuts” and “plums/prunes” in the 1997 report. The crop category “sod” refers to sod farms.

Estimates of crop acreage by state were drawn from the 1997 Census of Agriculture. 2 In some cases, the Census reports several categories for a crop, such as “sorghum for grain,” “sorghum for dry forage,” and “sorghum for silage.” In these cases, NCFAP has added

2 Available on line at www.nass.usda.gov/census/the acreage estimates from the separate categories together into a single category for “sorghum.” Table 2 lists the 87 crops included in the NCFAP database and identifies the corresponding Census categories. NCFAP does not include all states with acreage of these 87 crops. Generally, NCFAP includes states that account for at least 90% of U.S. acreage. Table 2 lists for each crop the national Census acreage total and the total for the states included in the NCFAP database. As can be seen, the 1997 NCFAP database includes more than 90% of the national acreage for most crops. In the summary tables of pesticide use, NCFAP uses the national crop acreage total for only those states included in its database.

There are some differences in the acreage estimates included for some crops in the 1992 and 1997 NCFAP databases. The 1992 database included several states with extremely small acreage for certain crops because pesticide use data was readily available (for example, 72 acres of cauliflower in Ohio). However, pesticide use data for these minor acreage crops were not available for the 1997 database and no estimates were made. There are 48 crop/state combinations (such as cauliflower/Ohio) for which estimates were made in the 1992 database and not in the 1997 database. These dropped crop/state combinations accounted for 42,533 total acres that were included in the 1992 database. The dropped state/crop combinations are listed in Table 3. On the other hand, NCFAP has added 19 crop/state combinations to the 1997 database that were not included in the 1992 database (such as cotton/Virginia). These newly included crop/state combinations account for 7.6 million acres. The state/crop combinations added to the database are listed in Table 4.

In the 1992 database, NCFAP used crop acreage estimates for fallowland and pasture that were developed independently of the Census of Agriculture. In the 1997 database, the acreage estimates for pasture and fallowland are drawn from the 1997 Census.

The 1997 Census did not publish or release state acreage totals in those cases for which there are three or fewer growers of the crop in the state. In these cases the Census suppresses the state acreage total and lists a “D” instead. For 14 crop/state combinations,the 1997 NCFAP database uses the 1992 crop/state acreage estimates due to suppression of the Census total for 1997. Those 14 state/crop combinations are listed in Table 5.

Many crops included in the Census of Agriculture are not included in the NCFAP database: Chinese cabbage, mustard greens, chicory, endive, etc.

The NCFAP database is limited to the coterminous 48 states; Alaska and Hawaii are not included.4.0 Data Sources

The NCFAP 1997 pesticide use database is not specific for any particular year. While the crop acreage data in the database represents 1997, the use surveys compiled for the database cover the years 1994-1998.

The 1997 national database consists of 17,098 records that delineate the use of a specific active ingredient on a crop in a specified state. Each line of data contains a reference code that identifies the source of the data. These references are listed in section “10.0 References: 1997 Database” of this document. The sources of information are categorized as follows:

• Surveys Conducted by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) (4,080 records) The following 10 NASS Agricultural Chemical Usage surveys were used in assembling the 1997 NCFAP database: Field Crops (1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998), Vegetables (1994, 1996, 1998) and Fruits (1995, 1997). 3 NCFAP uses the NASS estimates for the following two parameters: rate per crop year (lbs/A) and area applied (%). The NCFAP record for a particular active ingredient/crop/state combination is drawn directly from a particular NASS report that is referenced. In some cases it was necessary for NCFAP to create a weighted average for a particular crop/state/active ingredient combination when NASS reports separate estimates for “processed tomatoes” and “fresh tomatoes” or “tart cherries” and “sweet cherries,” etc.

The use coefficients drawn from the NASS surveys were used in the 1997 NCFAP database by multiplication times the estimate of crop acreage from the 1997 Census of Agriculture. With this method, estimates of total

3 These reports are available on the worldwide web at usda.gov/nass/.pounds applied are calculated. There is not an exact agreement between the acreage estimates in the 1997 Census and those used in the NASS Agricultural Chemical Usage reports. As a result, there is not an exact agreement between NASS’s published estimates of pounds of active ingredient used and NCFAP’s – even though both sets of estimates rely on the same usage coefficients.

• Reports for individual states and selected crops funded by USDA’s Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service (CSREES) and national pesticide benefit assessments conducted by USDA’s National Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment Program (NAPIAP) (1,646 records)

CSREES has funded university specialists to prepare pesticide use surveys for many crops. 4 These reports were prepared in a variety of ways. Some are based on surveys of farmers; some are based on expert opinions from extension service specialists. NCFAP’s 1997 pesticide use database includes estimates from 46 of the CSREES funded reports.

Since 1995, USDA’s NAPIAP issued nine national assessment reports of pesticides used, by state, in the production of particular crops (citrus, tomatoes, alfalfa, strawberries, carrots, onions, asparagus, rice and potatoes). The NAPIAP reports include estimates of the usage of individual active ingredients for these crops on a state-by-state basis. These estimates are based on expert opinions of university specialists.

• USDA Crop Profiles (1,256 records)

For the past several years, the USDA has funded university specialists to develop documents known as “crop profiles,” that include descriptions of

4 For information on the CSREES and NAPIAP reports, contact Kathy Kimble-Day or Dennis Kopp at CSREES.pest problems and control alternatives for a specific crop and state. 5 Many of the crop profiles include pesticide usage data that are based either on growers’ surveys or expert opinion of extension specialists. For California crop profiles, pesticide usage data are drawn from the CALDPR’s full use reporting system (described below). NCFAP drew pesticide use estimates from 135 crop profiles.

• State of California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR) Annual Report (1997) (1,312 records) The DPR records have been assigned reference code 444.

The State of California requires full reporting of agricultural uses of pesticides. The California DPR compiles the individual use records into a statewide summary of the use of individual active ingredients by crop. 6 The published report includes estimates of pounds applied and acres treated.

The published acres treated estimates represent cumulative acres treated, meaning that if an acre of a crop is treated more than once with the same active ingredient, it is counted as many times as it is treated. The CALDPR has prepared an unpublished summary of the crop acreage treated data including totals of “Base Acres Treated,” that counts an acre treated with an active ingredient only once, even if it is treated multiple times with the same active ingredient. The CALDPR also estimated the total number of base acres of the crop in the state. By dividing the estimate of the number of base acres treated by an active ingredient by the number of base acres of the crop in the state, the DPR calculated estimates of “Percent Base Acres Treated,” that is definitionally similar to NASS’s parameter, “Area Applied, Percent.” By dividing DPR’s estimates of total

5 Crop Profiles are available on the internet at http://ipmwww.ncsu.edu/opmppiap. 6 The CALDPR annual summary reports are available on the worldwide web at www.cdpr.ca.gov.pounds applied by the estimates of base acres treated, estimates of the annual average application (lbs/AI/A/YR) are calculated.

NCFAP obtained an electronic version of the 1997 CALDPR statewide summary report, that includes the estimates of base acres treated and percent base acres treated. 7 NCFAP integrated the DPR data into the 1997 national database by assigning NCFAP’s standard names for crops and active ingredients in place of CALDPR’s. In some cases, NCFAP totaled DPR records by combining separate records for various crop subgroups (such as lemons, grapefruit, etc.) to conform with NCFAP’s crop definition (i.e. citrus). NCFAP also totaled DPR’s separate estimates for different salts of active ingredients (such as 2,4-D) into a single active ingredient total.

NCFAP recomputed the estimates of percent base acres treated by dividing the DPR estimates of number of base acres treated by the Census of Agriculture’s crop acreage estimates. In some cases, there is considerable discrepancy between the Census and the DPR statewide acreage estimates. 8 As a result, NCFAP’s estimates of percent acres treated are not in exact agreement with the unpublished DPR estimates. NCFAP recomputes the estimates of acres treated and pounds applied by multiplying the Census acreage estimates times the estimates of percent acres treated and annual application amounts (lbs/AI/A/YR). Generally, there is close agreement between NCFAP’s and CALDPR’s estimates of total pounds of active ingredient applied by crop. In some cases, NCFAP has drawn pesticide use coefficients for California crops from NASS surveys and from crop profiles.

7 The database was provided by Larry Wilhoit of DPR. 8 This discrepancy is discussed at length in several crop profiles from California, such as strawberries.For methyl bromide, the statewide DPR summaries include several large subtotals that are not disaggregated by crop, such as “uncultivated agricultural areas” and “soil applications, preplant – outdoors.” An examination of the detailed California usage file that contains the individual application records revealed that much of the unspecified methyl bromide usage is in three counties: Fresno, Madera and Tulare. The agricultural commissioners in those three counties were contacted and provided percentage estimates of the unspecified methyl bromide usage by crop. These percentages were used to distribute the estimates of unspecified methyl bromide usage in these counties to the individual crops identified by the county commissioners. 9 Usage records for methyl bromide that were developed with this adjustment procedure are assigned a reference code of 503.

• Survey of Extension Service Specialists (4,662 records)

Survey forms were sent to university extension service specialists asking for profiles of active ingredient usage by crop for 1997. The survey forms included the 1992 usage estimates. Survey forms were sent for crops and states not included in the sources listed above (NASS, CSREES, Crop Profiles, CALDPR).

The surveys were sent to specialists who were identified as having participated in previous NCFAP surveys and NAPIAP assessments. In addition, extension specialists were identified by discipline from the published pest management handbooks issued by state university extension services.

9 This procedure is discussed in more detail in the report The Economic Impact of the Scheduled U.S. Phaseout of Methyl Bromide available on NCFAP’s website: www.ncfap.org277 extension service specialists responded to the survey request. They are all listed individually in the reference list.

• Other Sources (821 records)

Several commodity organizations provided estimates of the use of individual active ingredients by state: the Mint Industry Research Council [344], the Cranberry Institute [336], the U.S. Hop Plant Protection Committee [253], the Oregon Hop Commission [254], the Minnesota Canola Council [347], and the Florida Fruit and Vegetable Association [380]. In addition, several commodity groups’ publications include pesticide use data that has been included in the 1997 database: the Michigan Potato Commission [027] [514], the Mint Industry Research Council [063] [064], the National Cotton Council [437], and Cotton Inc. [460]. Two independent crop consultants [290] [314] and five pest management specialists at food corporations [121] [186] [228] [373] [384] profiled usage patterns. Usage profiles for sugarbeets in Montana, North Dakota and Minnesota were drawn from an annual publication of the North Dakota State University Extension Service [436]. Usage records for Wisconsin were drawn from a report funded by the Wisconsin State Legislature [054]. Two states with pesticide use reporting requirements provided estimates for certain pesticides and crops for which statewide aggregations had been tabulated: New Hampshire [445] and Arizona [009]. One state provided estimates of use under Section 18 registrations [518]. Identification of acreage planted with herbicide tolerant cotton varieties came from a USDA/AMS publication [519].

During the review procedure (outlined below), six individuals from agricultural chemical manufacturers provided estimates of the usage of individual active ingredients that are included in the 1997 database [378] [379] [381] [493] [504] [506].• Assignments (3,321 records)

In certain cases (91 records), it was determined that the pesticide usage data for 1992 characterized the 1997 time period as well. In these cases the same references that had been included in the 1992 database are included as sources in the 1997 database: [475] [484] [492] [494] [495] [496] [497] [505] [515].

In certain cases (43 records), usage profiles provided by the above sources listed methyl bromide usage without listing a corresponding use amount for chloropicrin. Since methyl bromide is always applied in combination with chloropicrin, it was assumed that chloropicrin was used on the same percentage of acres as methyl bromide. Chloropicrin records that are based on this procedure are identified with a reference code of “900.”

In many cases (3,187 records), usage profiles were not available from the above sources for a crop in certain states. In these instances, usage estimates have been assigned by assuming that the state’s pesticide use profile for a particular active ingredient/crop combination is identical to that of a nearby state. Usage records that have been assigned based on the profile for a nearby state have been assigned a reference code of “999.”5.0 Review Procedures

A preliminary version of the 1997 usage database was sent out for review by contacts at university extension services and at agricultural chemical companies. The state university contacts are identified in Table 6. These individuals traditionally have been identified as State Liaison Representatives (SLRs) to CSREES’s NAPIAP. As such their responsibilities have included maintaining information on pesticide usage in their states. Accordingly, they were asked to review the preliminary usage estimates for their states in terms of accuracy and completeness. Several of these state contacts provided extensive comments on the preliminary database; others did not respond to this request.

The industry contacts listed in Table 7 were sent the preliminary usage estimates for their companies’ active ingredients. In some cases, no response was received regarding the review requests. In other cases extensive comments were made regarding the accuracy and completeness of the preliminary 1997 usage estimates. In six cases, the industry contacts were willing to serve as sources for particular usage estimates for their products. They are identified as references [378] [379] [381] [493] [504] and [506].

In those cases for which the industry or university contacts reported large discrepancies between the preliminary 1997 usage estimates and industry or university data, an effort was made to resolve the discrepancies. In some cases, the preliminary 1997 estimates were revised by substitution of data sources. For example, a preliminary estimate may have been based on the 1997 NASS Field Crop Survey, but, subsequently, was revised to the 1996 Field Crop Survey if that helped to resolve discrepancies. In other cases, usage estimates from crop profiles were substituted for NASS data that may have been utilized initially in the preliminary database. In some cases, follow-up surveys were made with extension service specialists to try to resolve discrepancies. In some cases, these procedures were successful and permitted revision of the preliminary data which resulted in estimates closer to those of industry or universities. However, in other cases, theseprocedures were not successful in resolving such differences and the preliminary estimates were not revised.

The listing of an individual or an organization in Tables 6 and 7 does not imply any endorsement of the accuracy of the 1997 national pesticide use database. These names are provided for informational purposes only: these are the individuals who were contacted for the purpose of reviewing the preliminary 1997 data.6.0 Results/Summaries

Tables 8, 9, 10 and 11 list the estimates of national usage in terms of pounds for individual active ingredients according to pesticide type (fungicides, herbicides, insecticides and other). These national estimates are sums of the individual records by state and crop. These tables include the national sums by active ingredient for both 1992 and 1997. It should be noted that the insecticide Bt is not reported in terms of pounds of active ingredient, due to its nature. Therefore, its totals are listed as blanks in Table 10. Table 12 lists the top 10 active ingredients in each pesticide category in terms of pounds of national usage in 1997.

Table 13 compares NCFAP’s 1997 national usage totals with EPA’s estimates of the national usage of the 25 largest volume “conventional” pesticide active ingredients used in agriculture. As can be seen, the NCFAP totals are within EPA’s range for 19 of the active ingredients. NCFAP’s 1997 estimates are lower than EPA’s usage range for 1 active ingredient while being higher than EPA’s usage range for 5 active ingredients.

It should be noted that since EPA’s ranking excludes certain pesticides (such as sulfuric acid, oil and sulfur), there is a discrepancy between EPA’s listing of the top 25 largest volume pesticides used in agriculture and NCFAP’s. The three active ingredients noted above (sulfuric acid, oil and sulfur) are all included in NCFAP’s highest volume 10 active ingredients listing (Table 12).

In the aggregate, there is rough agreement between the NCFAP national pesticide use estimates for agricultural uses and estimates made by USEPA’s Office of Pesticide Programs. Table 14 compares NCFAP’s and USEPA’s aggregate usage estimates for 1992 and 1997 by agricultural use category. The NCFAP totals for insecticides, fungicides and other pesticides have been adjusted so that they are definitionally the same as EPA’s: certain active ingredients are included in a category called “other chemicals”. (See the note for Table 14.)Eighty-seven crops are profiled for one or more of the 48 coterminous states. Table 15 lists the 87 crops and shows the total national usage amount for each crop. Table 16 lists the 48 States and shows the total usage for each state. Table 17 lists the 10 crops and states that rank the highest in terms of total volume of pesticide active ingredients applied in 1997.7.0 Caveats/Disclaimers

The NCFAP national pesticide use database is a compilation of records from a wide variety of sources. There is no way to determine the accuracy of any of the estimates in the database. Some of the estimates are based on surveys of farmers, others are expert opinions from knowledgeable extension service specialists. Because of the absence of data for many states and crops, many records have been assigned based on the data from a nearby state. It is unclear as to how accurate this procedure is. No claims of statistical accuracy are made with regard to the NCFAP national pesticide use database.

The NCFAP database is limited to cropland uses of pesticides only. Seed treatments, greenhouse uses, ornamental uses, livestock uses, rodenticides, postharvest uses and animal repellants are not included.

Although references made to the years 1992 and 1997 as the benchmark years for the database, the data records are drawn from the years 1990-1993 and 1994-1998. The NCFAP databases are more accurately described as circa 1992 and circa 1997.

Note: The active ingredient Bt is not estimated in terms of pounds of use. The only usage parameter included for Bt is acres treated.8.0 1992 Database Adjustments

In assembling the 1997 estimates and comparing them to the 1992 estimates, the need to adjust several of the 1992 records became necessary. The rate of azinphos-methyl on apples in Washington had been included, inadvertently, in the 1992 database as “2.02.” Upon review of the original data source, the estimate was converted to “3.02.” In the 1997 database, in all instances, when a crop is treated with methyl bromide a companion estimate for chloropicrin has been made. (See discussion above in Section 4.0.) This procedure was not used for the 1992 database. Consequently, there are several instances in the original 1992 database where methyl bromide’s use is included without a corresponding estimate for chloropicrin. To remedy this oversight, 23 records for chloropicrin have been added to the 1992 database so that in every instance where methyl bromide is used, a companion chloropicrin estimate exists. In addition, three chloropicrin estimates originally made in the 1992 database have been revised because of a significant discrepancy between the estimates for percent crop treated between chloropicrin and methyl bromide. In addition, to being used wherever methyl bromide is used, it also is assumed that the same percentage of acres would be treated with both methyl bromide and chloropicrin. In these three instances, chloropicrin had been estimated to have been used on significantly fewer acres than had methyl bromide. In these three instances, as in the 23 new records for chloropicrin, the estimate of percent acreage treated for chloropicrin is assumed to be the same as for methyl bromide. An additional reference code of “900” has been added to the 1992 database to identify those instances in which chloropicrin usage has been assumed to have been applied in combination with previously identified use of methyl bromide.

With these exceptions, for chloropicrin and azinphos-methyl, there is exact agreement between the usage estimates for 1992 in this report and those previously released. Since the 1992 database is included in its entirety on the NCFAP website, the list of references used in the 1992 database is included in this report as Section 11.0.9.0 Internet File Description

The entire NCFAP 1992 and 1997 pesticide use databases are available on NCFAP’s website: www.ncfap.org A visitor to the website has several options:

(1) View this National Summary report Pesticide Use in U.S. Crop Production: 1997.

(2) View National Summary Reports for Active Ingredients by Crop. These reports are available for both 1992 or 1997 by active ingredient. After selecting an active ingredient and year, a national summary of use is displayed. This national summary adds up the estimates of acres treated and pounds used from the individual database records to national totals. The computer routine accesses a file that contains estimates of the national acreage planted for each crop. These estimates are displayed in this report as “NCFAP Acres” in Table 2. The routine divides the national acreage of a crop treated with an active ingredient by the national estimate of acres planted to compute an estimate of “% Acres Treated” that represents the percent of the nation’s acres of the crop treated with the active ingredient. The routine also adds up the estimates of pounds of active ingredient applied to a national total by crop. By dividing the estimate of pounds of active ingredient applied by crop by the estimate of acres treated, the routine computes a value for the average annual national rate of application (Lbs AI/A) for the active ingredient on the crop. These estimates are displayed in this report in two summary tables for each activie ingredient: Table 18A and Table 18B, the national summaries for 1992 and 1997, respectively. (3) View Reports for Active Ingredients by Crop and State. These reports format the individual data records for either 1992 or 1997. The selection can be made by either active ingredient, crop or state. Thus, all of the records can be previewed for any individual active ingredient. Likewise, all of the records can be previewed for a particular crop or state. The routine allows the user to apply filters by state, crop or active ingredient. However, there is no guarantee that a search will produce anyrecords that meet the specified combination. It is advised to use the option “All pesticides” or “All crops” or “All states” initially in order to see which states or crops or active ingredients are included for the area of interest. These tables are included as Tables 1A and 1B in this report, including records from 1992 and 1997, respectively.

Each record in the database is specific by active ingredient, crop and state. The following description applies to the individual fields displayed on each record:

(a) Pesticide: 235 Unique Active Ingredient Names There are 200 active ingredients included in the 1992 database and 220 in the 1997. One hundred eighty-five ingredients are included for both years. Fifteen active ingredients that were included in the 1992 file are not included in the 1997 file. Thirty-five new active ingredients have been added to the 1997 file. (b) Crop: 87 Unique Crop Names The crop names are identical for the 1992 and 1997 databases. (c) State: 48 State Names (d) Acres Planted: From the Census of Agriculture (either 1992 or 1997) (e) % Acres Treated: The percentage of the crop in the state treated with the active ingredient on an annual basis (f) LBS AI/Acre: The amount of the active ingredient used on a treated acre on an annual basis (g) Acres Treated: Acres Planted x % Acres Treated x 0.01 (h) LBS AI Applied: Acres Treated x LBS AI/A (i) REF: The Reference Code The reference code identifies the source of the usage parameters. These “REF’s” are identified in Sections 10.0 and 11.0 of this report for 1997 and 1992, respectively.

Note: The active ingredient Bt is not estimated in terms of pounds of use. The only usage parameter included for Bt is acres treated.(4) Download Records from the Database The user has the option of downloading the entire database or selected records from the database. The entire database may be downloaded in either Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Access or common delimited text (.csv) format. Selected records may be downloaded in comma delimited text (.csv) format only.

The entire file contains 20886 records. Each record contains fields for data for 1992 and 1997. There are records for crop uses and active ingredients that are included for 1992 and for which usage was not tabulated for 1997. This is the result of three factors: (1) the active ingredient used was canceled subsequent to 1992; (2) the state/crop combination is no longer tracked by NCFAP (See Table 3 for a list of state/crop combinations not included in the 1997 database.); and (3) the active ingredient is not reported as having been used on the crop in the state in 1997. Likewise there are records for which the 1997 parameters are filled in while the 1992 fields are blank. These situations arise because of three factors: (1) the active ingredient was newly introduced subsequent to 1992; (2) NCFAP added the state/crop combination to its database subsequent to the 1992 compilation (See Table 4 to identify state/crop combinations that were added to the 1997 database.); and (3) the active ingredient was not reported as being used on the crop in the state in 1992 but was reported as being used in 1997.

The format of the downloaded records is as follows:

a. Pesticide Name: 235 unique active ingredient names b. Type: Each active ingredient is classified into one of four categories: Herbicides Insecticides Fungicides Other Pesticides c. Crop: 87 Unique Crop Names d. State: 48 State Names e. AC92: Acres Planted (1992 Census) f. PCT92: Percent Acres Treated (1992)g. Rate92: Annual Application Amount (LBS AI/A) (1992) h. REF92: Reference Code for 1992 Estimates (See Section 11.0) i. ACTRT92: Acres Treated (1992) PCT92 x AC92 x 0.01 j. LBS92: LBS AI Applied (1992) ACTRT92 x Rate92 k. AC97: Acres Planted (1997 Census) l. PCT97: Percent Acres Treated (1997) m. Rate97: Annual Application Amount (LBS AI/A) (1997) n. REF97: Reference Code for 1997 Estimates (See Section 10.0) o. ACTRT97: Acres Treated (1997) PCT97 x AC97 x 0.01 p. LBS97: LBS AI Applied (1997) ACTRT97 x Rate97TABLE 1A: Active Ingredients Included in the 1997 National Pesticide Use Database A. FUNGICIDES Active Ingredient Trade Names Azoxystrobin*** Abound Quadris Benomyl Benlate Captan Chlorothalonil Bravo Echo Thalonil Copper Kocide Nucop Champ Cymoxanil*** Curzate DCNA Dicloran Botran Dimethomorph*** Acrobat Dodine Syllit Etridiazole Terraguard Fenarimol Rubigan Fenbuconazole*** Enable Indar Ferbam Carbamate Flutolanil*** Prostar Moncut Fosetyl-AL Aliette Iprodione Rovral Mancozeb Dithane Manzate Penncozeb Maneb Manex Mefenoxam*** Ridomil Gold Apron XL Metalaxyl Apron Ridomil Metiram Polyram Myclobutanil Nova Rally Oxytetracycline Mycoshield PCNB Terraclor Propamocarb*** Tattoo Propiconazole Orbit Tilt Break Streptomycin Agrimycin Sulfur Thiolux Microthiol Tebuconazole*** Folicur Elite Thiophanate Methyl Topsin Thiram Triadimefon Bayleton Triflumizole*** Procure Triforine Funginex Triphenyltin Hyd Supertin Du-Ter Vinclozolin Ronilan Ziram



### * Active Ingredient canceled or withdrawn



### ** Active Ingredient no longer manufactured



### *** New Active IngredientTABLE 1A: Active Ingredients Included in the 1997 National Pesticide Use Database (Cont.) B. HERBICIDES Active Ingredient Trade Names 2,4-D Hi-Dep Formula 40 Weedar 64 2,4-DB Butyrac Butoxone Acetochlor*** Harness Surpass Acifluorfen Blazer Alachlor Lasso Micro-Tech Partner Ametryn Evik Asulam Asulox Atrazine Aatrex Benefin Balan Bensulfuron Londax Bensulide Prefar Bentazon Basagran Bromacil Hyvar Bromoxynil Buctril Bromox Butylate Sutan Chlorimuron Classic Chlorsulfuron Glean Clethodim Select Prism Clomazone Command Clopyralid Stinger Cyanazine Bladex Cy-Pro Cycloate Ro-Neet DCPA** Dacthal Desmedipham Betanex Dicamba Banvel Clarity Dichlobenil Casoron Dyclomec Diclofop Hoelon Difenzoquat Avenge Dimethenamid*** Frontier Diquat Reglone Diuron Direx Karmex DSMA Ansar 8100 Endothall Accelerate Des-I-Cate Herbicide 273 EPTC Eptam Eradicane Ethalfluralin Curbit Sonalan Ethofumesate Nortron Progress Fenoxaprop Option II Whip Acclaim Fluazifop Fusilade Flumetsulam*** Broadstrike Flumiclorac*** ResourceTABLE 1A: Active Ingredients Included in the 1997 National Pesticide Use Database B. HERBICIDES (Cont.) Active Ingredient Trade Names Fluometuron Cotoran Meturon Flo-Met Fomesafen Reflex Flexstar Glyphosate Roundup Glyphos Halosulfuron*** Permit Hexazinone Velpar Pronone Imazapic*** Cadre Imazamethabenz Assert Imazaquin Scepter Imazethapyr Pursuit Lactofen Cobra Linuron Linex Lorox MCPA Chiptox Rhonox MCPB Thistrol MCPP Mecoprop Metolachlor Dual Metribuzin Lexone Sencor Metsulfuron Ally Escort Molinate Ordram MSMA Bueno 6 Ansar 6-6 Napropamide Devrinol Naptalam Alanap Nicosulfuron Accent Norflurazon Evital Solicam Zorial Oryzalin Surflan Oxyfluorfen Goal Paraquat Cyclone Gramoxone Starfire Pebulate Tillam Pendimethalin Prowl Phenmedipham Spin-Aid Betanal Picloram Tordon Primisulfuron Beacon Prometryn Caparol Cotton-Pro Pronamide Kerb Propachlor Ramrod Propanil Stam Prosulfuron*** Peak Pyrazon Pyramin Pyridate Tough Pyrithiobac*** Staple Quinclorac Facet Quizalofop AssureTABLE 1A: Active Ingredients Included in the 1997 National Pesticide Use Database B. HERBICIDES (Cont.) Active Ingredient Trade Names Rimsulfuron*** Matrix Basis  Sethoxydim Poast Conclude G Torpedo Simazine Princep Sulfentrazone** * Authority Spartan Tebuthiuron Spike Terbacil Sinbar Thifensulfuron Pinnacle Basis**** Thiobencarb Bolero Abolish Triallate Far-Go Triasulfuron Amber Tribenuron Express Triclopyr Garlon Trifluralin Treflan Tri-4 Trilin Triflusulfuron*** Upbeet Vernolate* Vernam 

### * Active Ingredient canceled or withdrawn 

### ** Active Ingredient no longer manufactured 

### *** New Active Ingredient 

###   Basis contains two active ingredients: rimsulfuron and thifensulfuron.TABLE 1A: Active Ingredients Included in the 1997 National Pesticide Use Database (Cont.) C. INSECTICIDES Active Ingredient Trade Names Abamectin Agri-Mek Avid Zephyr Acephate Orthene Payload Aldicarb Temik Amitraz Mitac Ovasyn Azadirachtin** * Neemix Trilogy Azatin Azinphos-Methyl Guthion Sniper Bifenthrin Brigade Capture Bt Novodor Condor Dipel Buprofezin*** Applaud Carbaryl Sevin Carbofuran Furadan Chlorethoxyfos*** Fortress Chlorpyrifos Lorsban Chlorfos Nufos Clofentezine Apollo Cryolite Kryocide Prokil Cyfluthrin Baythroid Cypermethrin Ammo Cymbush Fury/ Mustang Cyromazine Trigard Deltamethrin*** Decis Diazinon D-Z-N Dicofol Kelthane Dicrotophos Bidrin Diflubenzuron Dimilin Micromite Dimethoate Cygon Disulfoton Di-Syston Endosulfan Thiodan Phaser Golden Leaf Esfenvalerate Asana Ethion Ethoprop Mocap Ethyl Parathion Fenamiphos Nemacur Fenbutatin Oxide Vendex Hexakis Fenpropathrin Danitol Fonofos* Dyfonate Formetanate HCL Carzol Hexythiazox*** Savey Imidacloprid*** Admire Provado Lambdacyhalothrin Karate Warrior Lindane Malathion Cythion Metaldehyde DeadlineTABLE 1A: Active Ingredients Included in the 1997 National Pesticide Use Database (Cont.) C. INSECTICIDES (Cont.) Active Ingredient Trade Names Methamidophos Monitor Methidathion Supracide Methomyl Lannate Methoxychlor Marlate Methyl Parathion Penncap-M Naled Dibrom Oil Volck Supreme Sunspray Citri Oil Oxamyl Vydate Oxydemeton-Methyl Metasystox Oxythioquinox Morestan Joust Permethrin Ambush Pounce Phorate Thimet Phosmet Imidan Profenofos Curacron Propargite Comite Omite Pyridaben*** Pyramite Nexter Sanmite Pyriproxyfen*** Knack Spinosad*** Conserve Success Tracer Sulprofos* Bolstar Tebufenozide*** Confirm Tebupirimphos*** Aztec Tefluthrin Force Terbufos Counter Thiodicarb Larvin Tralomethrin Scout



### * Active Ingredient canceled or withdrawn 

### ** Active Ingredient no longer manufactured 

### *** New Active IngredientTABLE 1A: Active Ingredients Included in the 1997 National Pesticide Use Database (Cont.) D. OTHER PESTICIDES Active Ingredient Trade Names 1,3-D Telone Benzyladenine*** Accel RiteSize Butenoic Acid*** Retain Cacodylic Acid Cotton-Aide Montar Chloropicrin Cyclanilide*** Finish Cytokinins Burst Promalin  Triggrr Dimethipin Harvade Ethephon Cerone Ethrel Prep Flumetralin** * Prime Gibberellic Acid Provide Progibb Promalin**** Maleic Hydrazide Royal MH-30 Sprout Stop Mepiquat Chloride Pix Mepichlor Pill Metam Sodium Vapam Methyl Bromide NAA Fruitone Liqui-Stik Fruit Fix NAD Amid-Thin Sodium Chlorate Defol Sulfuric Acid Thidiazuron Dropp Tribufos Def Folex 

### * Active Ingredient canceled or withdrawn



### ** Active Ingredient no longer manufactured 

### *** New Active Ingredient 

###   Promalin contains two active ingredients: cytokinins and gibberellic acidTABLE 1B: Active Ingredients Included in the 1997 National Pesticide Use Database A. FUNGICIDES Active Ingredient Producers/Registrants Azoxystrobin** * Zeneca Benomyl Dupont Captan Micro Flo Drexel UAP Chlorothalonil Zeneca Sipcam Copper Griffin Agtrol Micro Flo Cymoxanil*** Dupont DCNA Gowan Wilbur Ellis Dimethomorph*** American Cyanamid Dodine UAP Etridiazole Uniroyal Fenarimol Dow Agro Fenbuconazole*** Rohm and Haas Ferbam UCB Flutolanil*** Agrevo Gowan Fosetyl-AL Rhone-Poulenc Iprodione Rhone-Poulenc Mancozeb Rohm and Haas Griffin Atochem Maneb Atochem Griffin Mefenoxam*** Novartis Metalaxyl Novartis Gustafson Metiram UAP Myclobutanil Rohm and Haas Oxytetracycline Novartis PCNB Uniroyal Amvac Propamocarb*** Agrevo Propiconazole Novartis Streptomycin Novartis Sulfur Atochem Drexel Platte Tebuconazole*** Bayer Thiophanate Methyl Atochem Cleary Thiram UCB Triadimefon Bayer Triflumizole*** Uniroyal Triforine Novartis Triphenyltin Hyd Griffin Vinclozolin BASF Ziram Atochem UCB



### * Active Ingredient canceled or withdrawn



### ** Active Ingredient no longer manufactured 

### *** New Active IngredientTABLE 1B: Active Ingredients Included in the 1997 National Pesticide Use Database (Cont.) B. HERBICIDES Active Ingredient Producers/Registrants 2,4-D Dow Agro Albaugh 2,4-DB Albaugh Cedar Acetochlor*** Monsanto Zeneca Acifluorfen BASF Alachlor Monsanto Ametryn Novartis Asulam Rhone-Poulenc Atrazine Novartis Drexel Benefin Dow Agro Platte Bensulfuron Dupont Bensulide Gowan Platte Bentazon BASF Bromacil Dupont Bromoxynil Rhone-Poulenc Micro Flo Butylate Micro Flo Chlorimuron Dupont Chlorsulfuron Dupont Clethodim Valent Clomazone FMC Clopyralid Dow Agro Cyanazine Dupont Griffin Cycloate Zeneca DCPA** Zeneca Desmedipham Agrevo Dicamba BASF Dichlobenil Uniroyal Diclofop Agrevo Difenzoquat American Cyanamid Dimethenamid*** BASF Diquat Zeneca Diuron Griffin Drexel DSMA Drexel Zeneca Endothall Atochem EPTC Zeneca Ethalfluralin UAP Dow Agro Ethofumesate Agrevo Fenoxaprop Agrevo Fluazifop Zeneca Flumetsulam*** Dow Agro Flumiclorac*** ValentTABLE 1B: Active Ingredients Included in the 1997 National Pesticide Use Database (Cont.) B. HERBICIDES (Cont.) Active Ingredient Producers/Registrants Fluometuron Novartis Griffin Micro Flo Fomesafen Zeneca Glyphosate Monsanto Cheminova Halosulfuron*** Monsanto Hexazinone Dupont Proserve Imazapic*** American Cyanamid Imazamethabenz American Cyanamid Imazaquin American Cyanamid Imazethapyr American Cyanamid Lactofen Valent Linuron Griffin Drexel MCPA Albaugh Nufarm MCPB Rhone-Poulenc MCPP Riverdale Metolachlor Novartis Metribuzin Dupont Bayer Metsulfuron Dupont Molinate Zeneca MSMA Drexel Zeneca Helena Napropamide United Phosphorus Naptalam Uniroyal Nicosulfuron Dupont Norflurazon Novartis Oryzalin Dow Agro Oxyfluorfen Rohm and Haas Paraquat Zeneca Pebulate Zeneca Pendimethalin American Cyanamid Phenmedipham Agrevo Picloram Dow Agro Primisulfuron Novartis Prometryn Novartis Griffin Gowan Pronamide Rohm and Haas Propachlor Monsanto Propanil Rohm and Haas Cedar Prosulfuron*** Novartis Pyrazon BASF Pyridate Novartis Pyrithiobac*** Dupont Quinclorac BASF Quizalofop DupontTABLE 1B: Active Ingredients Included in the 1997 National Pesticide Use Database (Cont.) B. HERBICIDES (Cont.) Active Ingredient Producers/Registrants Rimsulfuron*** Dupont Sethoxydim BASF Simazine Novartis Drexel Sulfentrazone*** Dupont FMC Tebuthiuron Dow Agro Terbacil Dupont Thifensulfuron Dupont Thiobencarb Valent Triallate Monsanto Triasulfuron Novartis Tribenuron Dupont Triclopyr Dow Agro Trifluralin Dow Agro Griffin Albaugh Triflusulfuron*** Dupont Vernolate* Drexel



### * Active Ingredient canceled or withdrawn



### ** Active Ingredient no longer manufactured 

### *** New Active IngredientTABLE 1B: Active Ingredients Included in the 1997 National Pesticide Use Database (Cont.) C. INSECTICIDES Active Ingredient Producers/Registrants Abamectin Novartis Acephate Valent Micro Flo Aldicarb Rhone-Poulenc Amitraz Agrevo Azadirachtin*** Olympic Thermo Trilogy Amvac Azinphos-Methyl Bayer Gowan UAP Bifenthrin FMC Bt Abbott Ecogen Mycogen Buprofezin*** Agrevo Carbaryl Rhone-Poulenc Drexel Carbofuran FMC Chlorethoxyfos*** Dupont Amvac Chlorpyrifos Dow Agro Griffin Cheminova Clofentezine Agrevo Cryolite Atochem Gowan Cyfluthrin Bayer Cypermethrin FMC Cyromazine Novartis Deltamethrin*** Agrevo Diazinon Novartis Gowan Drexel Dicofol Rohm and Haas Dicrotophos Amvac Diflubenzuron Uniroyal Dimethoate Cheminova UAP Drexel Disulfoton Bayer Endosulfan FMC Agrevo Esfenvalerate Dupont Ethion FMC Micro Flo Cheminova Ethoprop Rhone-Poulenc Ethyl Parathion Cheminova Fenamiphos Bayer Fenbutatin Oxide Griffin Fenpropathrin Valent Fonofos* Zeneca Formetanate HCL Agrevo Hexythiazox*** Gowan Imidacloprid*** Bayer Lambdacyhalothrin Zeneca Lindane Drexel Malathion Cheminova Helena UAP Metaldehyde Pace AmvacTABLE 1B: Active Ingredients Included in the 1997 National Pesticide Use Database (Cont.) C. INSECTICIDES (Cont.) Active Ingredient Producers/Registrants Methamidophos Bayer Valent Methidathion Gowan Methomyl Dupont Terra Methoxychlor Kincaid Methyl Parathion Atochem Cheminova Wilbur Ellis Naled Amvac Oil Valent Sun Wilbur Ellis Oxamyl Dupont Oxydemeton-Methyl Gowan Oxythioquinox Olympic Permethrin Zeneca FMC Phorate American Cyanamid UAP Terra Phosmet Gowan Profenofos Novartis Propargite Uniroyal Pyridaben*** BASF Pyriproxyfen*** Valent Spinosad*** Dow Agro Sulprofos* Bayer Tebufenozide*** Rohm and Haas Tebupirimphos*** Bayer Tefluthrin Zeneca Terbufos American Cyanamid Thiodicarb Rhone-Poulenc Tralomethrin Agrevo



### * Active Ingredient canceled or withdrawn



### ** Active Ingredient no longer manufactured



### *** New Active IngredientTABLE 1B: Active Ingredients Included in the 1997 National Pesticide Use Database (Cont.) D. OTHER PESTICIDES Active Ingredient Producers/Registrants 1,3-D Dow Agro Benzyladenine*** Abbott Agtrol Butenoic Acid*** Abbott Cacodylic Acid Monterey Chloropicrin Great Lakes Cyclanilide*** Rhone-Poulenc Cytokinins Abbott Westbridge Dimethipin Uniroyal Ethephon Agrevo Rhone-Poulenc Griffin Flumetralin*** Novartis Gibberellic Acid Abbott Micro Flo Maleic Hydrazide Uniroyal Drexel Mepiquat Chloride BASF Micro Flo Metam Sodium Amvac UCB Methyl Bromide Albemarle Great Lakes Trical NAA Amvac NAD Amvac Sodium Chlorate Drexel Sulfuric Acid Asarco Kennecott Noranda Thidiazuron Agrevo Tribufos Rhone-Poulenc Bayer



### * Active Ingredient canceled or withdrawn



### ** Active Ingredient no longer manufactured



### *** New Active IngredientTABLE 2: Cro p s Included in the 1997 National Pesticide Use Database Crop Census Acres NCFAP Acres % (Census Definition) Alfalfa 21 , 309 , 784 21 , 301 , 399 99 ( Alfalfa Ha y) Almonds 540 , 276 540 , 222 99 ( Almonds ) A pp les 570 , 320 563 , 655 99 ( A pp les ) A p ricots 25 , 776 23 , 454 91 ( A p ricots ) Artichokes 10 , 821 10 , 678 99 ( Artichokes ) As p ara g us 78 , 088 73 , 225 94 ( As p ara g us ) Avocados 77 , 144 74 , 404 96 ( Avocados ) Barle y 5 , 944 , 951 5 , 887 , 826 99 ( Barle y for Grain ) Beets 10 , 993 9 , 005 82 ( Beets ) Blackberries 7 , 611 5 , 629 74 ( Blackberries ) Blueberries 69 , 679 62 , 011 89 ( Tame Blueberries , Wild Blueberries ) Broccoli 143 , 661 140 , 078 98 ( Broccoli ) Brussel S p routs 3 , 315 3 , 185 96 ( Brussels S p routs ) Cabba g e 82 , 407 77 , 470 94 ( Head Cabba g e ) Canola 533 , 343 526 , 941 99 ( Canola and Other Ra p eseed ) Cantalou p es 108 , 099 100 , 993 93 ( Cantalou p es ) Carrots 135 , 898 133 , 337 98 ( Carrots ) Cauliflower 45 , 516 44 , 673 98 ( Cauliflower ) Celer y 33 , 215 31 , 791 96 ( Celer y) Cherries 120 , 649 118 , 942 99 ( Cherries , Total )TABLE 2: Cro p s Included in the 1997 National Pesticide Use Database (Cont.) Crop Census Acres NCFAP Acres % (Census Definition) Citrus 1,345,352 1,343,919 99 (All Citrus Fruit) Collards 15,703 11,587 74 (Collards) Corn 75,524,310 75,522,035 99 (Corn for Silage or Green Chop, Corn for Grain or Seed) Cotton 13,235,235 13,227,053 99 (Cotton) Cranberries 35,250 35,090 99 (Cranberries) Cucumbers 144,606 133,959 93 (Cucumbers and Pickles) Dates 6,611 6,302 95 (Dates) Dry Beans 1,939,311 1,893,661 98 (Dry Edible Beans (Excluding Dry Limas), Dry Lima Beans, Lentils) Dry Peas 317,864 233,385 73 (Dry Edible Peas, Dry Cowpeas and Dry Southern Peas) Eggplant 7,903 5,001 63 (Eggplant) Fallowland 20,905,910 19,333,869 92 (Cropland in Cultivated Summer Fallow) Figs 20,301 20,007 99 (Figs) Flax 139,776 135,474 97 (Flaxseed) Garlic 33,227 32,412 98 (Garlic) Grapes 1,004,545 999,579 99 (Grapes) Green Beans 323,756 316,793 98 (Green Lima Beans, Snap Beans) Green Onions 14,588 9,111 62 (Green Onions) Green Peas 307,672 302,138 98 (Green Cowpeas, Green Southern Peas, Green Peas (Excluding Green Cowpeas)) Hazelnuts 32,721 32,235 99 (Filberts and Hazelnuts)TABLE 2: Cro p s Included in the 1997 National Pesticide Use Database (Cont.) Crop Census Acres NCFAP Acres % (Census Definition) Hops 43,996 43,996 100 (Hops) Hot Peppers 45,032 38,651 86 (Hot Peppers) Kiwi 6,037 5,854 97 (Kiwi Fruit) Lettuce 308,501 306,875 99 (Lettuce and Romaine) Melons 37,386 37,088 99 (Honeydew Melons) Millet 353,885 348,256 98 (Proso Millet) Mint 169,847 166,691 98 (Mint for Oil) Nectarines 43,937 40,427 92 (Nectarines) Oats 2,680,958 2,666,972 99 (Oats for Grain) Okra 3,323 2,018 61 (Okra) Olives 37,714 37,714 100 (Olives) Onions 165,266 163,950 99 (Dry Onions ) Other Hay 39,490,004 29,539,565 75 (Hay – Other Tame, Small Grain, Wild, Grass Silage, Green Chop (Alfalfa Hay Subtracted)) Parsley 5,430 3,062 56 (Parsley) Pasture 491,045,004 489,332,861 99 (Pastureland, All Types) Peaches 180,223 172,937 96 (Peaches) Peanuts 1,352,155 1,345,916 99 (Peanuts for Nuts) Pears 77,917 74,962 96 (Pears) Pecans 519,054 509,000 98 (Pecans)TABLE 2: Cro p s Included in the 1997 National Pesticide Use Database (Cont.) Crop Census Acres NCFAP Acres % (Census Definition) Pistachios 94,893 91,395 96 (Pistachios) Plums/Prunes 155,625 154,097 99 (Plums and Prunes) Pomegranates 4,242 4,198 99 (Pomegranates) Potatoes 1,355,241 1,353,108 99 (Potatoes, Excluding Sweet Potatoes) Pumpkins 74,354 56,422 76 (Pumpkins) Radishes 24,168 20,709 86 (Radishes) Raspberries 17,328 14,941 86 (Raspberries) Rice 3,122,120 3,110,864 99 (Rice) Rye 268,452 209,150 78 (Rye for Grain) Safflower 195,100 145,576 75 (Safflower) Seed Crops 1,327,579 1,249,301 94 (Field Seed and Grass Seed Crops) Sod 302,930 231,744 76 (Sod Harvested) Sorghum 8,936,684 8,846,903 99 (Sorghum Cut for Dry Forage or Hay, Sorghum for Silage or Green Chop, Sorghum for Grain or Seed) Soybeans 66,147,726 66,143,049 99 (Soybeans for Beans) Spinach 41,360 35,902 87 (Spinach) Squash 67,458 60,100 89 (Squash) Strawberries 53,477 52,310 98 (Strawberries) Sugarbeets 1,453,824 1,435,052 99 (Sugarbeets for Sugar)TABLE 2: Cro p s Included in the 1997 National Pesticide Use Database (Cont.) Crop Census Acres NCFAP Acres % (Census Definition) Sugarcane 919,125 885,527 96 (Sugarcane for Sugar, Sugarcane for Seed) Sunflowers 2,534,708 2,515,133 99 (Sunflower Seed) Sweet Corn 723,023 714,381 99 (Sweet Corn) Sweet Peppers 61,581 58,849 96 (Sweet Peppers) Sweet Potatoes 77,384 76,966 99 (Sweet Potatoes) Tobacco 838,530 838,159 99 (Tobacco) Tomatoes 414,624 412,078 99 (Tomatoes) Walnuts 235,175 234,408 99 (English Walnuts) Watermelons 177,469 169,563 95 (Watermelons) Wheat 58,836,344 58,835,105 99 (Wheat for Grain, Total) Wild Rice 28,753 28,493 99 (Wild Rice)TABLE 3: State/Crop Combinations Not Included in the 1997 NCFAP Database State/Crop 1992 Acreage Alabama: Grapes 280 Arkansas: Sweet Peppers 69 Colorado: Cauliflower 145 Delaware: Apples 1,029 Delaware: Carrots 680 Delaware: Strawberries 118 Delaware: Sweet Peppers 142 Florida: Broccoli 435 Florida: Cauliflower 863 Florida: Onions 121 Florida: Peaches 1,468 Florida: Pumpkins 299 Illinois: Onions 302 Louisiana: Grapes 103 Maryland: Carrots 394 Massachusetts: Carrots 250 Massachusetts: Onions 53 Mississippi: Alfalfa 26,632 Nebraska: Onions 199 New Hampshire: Raspberries 70 New Jersey: Cauliflower 168 New Jersey: Onions 249 New York: Celery 320 North Carolina: Carrots 116 North Carolina: Eggplant 300 North Carolina: Green Peas 1,009 North Carolina: Onions 300 Ohio: Asparagus 124 Ohio: Broccoli 388 Ohio: Cauliflower 72 Ohio: Celery 200 Ohio: Eggplant 44 Ohio: Green Peas 91 Ohio: Plums 136 Ohio: Spinach 213 Oklahoma: Sweet Peppers 65 Pennsylvania: Carrots 196 Pennsylvania: Celery 129 Pennsylvania: Eggplant 86 Pennsylvania: Onions 400 Rhode Island: Strawberries 112 Rhode Island: Sweet Peppers 63 South Carolina: Onions 300 Texas: Cauliflower 900 Texas: Celery 1,400 Virginia: Spinach 1,000 West Virginia: Strawberries 100 Wisconsin: Celery 400 Total 42,533TABLE 4: State/Cro p Combinations Added to the 1997 NCFAP Database State/Crop 1997 Acreage Alabama: Canola 3,148 Arizona: Hot Peppers 4,072 Arizona: Sweet Corn 2,554 California: Mint 417 California: Other Hay 754,717 California: Wild Rice 10,501 Delaware: Pasture 19,722 Florida: Okra 1,098 Georgia: Canola 4,766 Indiana: Cantaloupes 2,686 Indiana: Grapes 428 Nevada: Pasture 5,503,307 New Mexico: Peanuts 16,132 New York: Blueberries 797 New York: Raspberries 362 Oregon: Canola 5,672 Rhode Island: Sod 2,591 Texas: Fallowland 1,139,194 Virginia: Cotton 98,244 Total 7,570,408TABLE 5: State/Cro p Combinations for Which 1992 Acreage Data Used in 1997 Database State/Crop Acreage Delaware: Asparagus 248 Delaware: Cabbage 680 Kentucky: Seed Crops 17,798 Maine: Broccoli 2,367 Michigan: Seed Crops 14,596 Minnesota: Seed Crops 72,637 New Hampshire: Sod 944 New Mexico: Sweet Peppers 1,717 Ohio: Onions 500 Oklahoma: Potatoes 1,352 Rhode Island: Corn 2,000 Tennessee: Spinach 885 Washington: Broccoli 623 Washington: Cauliflower 2,176TABLE 6: State Contacts for Pesticide Use Data Review Alabama Jesse LaPrade Auburn University Arkansas Ples Spradley University of Arkansas Arizona Ken Agnew University of Arizona Arizona Paul Baker University of Arizona California Rick Melnicoe University of California Colorado Sandra McDonald Colorado State University Connecticut Candace Bartholomew University of Connecticut Delaware Susan Whitney University of Delaware Florida Norman Nesheim University of Florida Georgia Paul Guillebeau University of Georgia Iowa Sorrel Brown Iowa State University Idaho Ronda Hirnyck University of Idaho Illinois David Pike University of Illinois Indiana Fred Whitford Purdue University Kansas Donald Cress Kansas State University Kentucky Monte Johnson University of Kentucky Louisiana Mary Grodner Louisiana State University Massachusetts Patricia Vittum University of Massachusetts Maryland Amy Brown University of Maryland Maine James Dill University of Maine Michigan Lynnae Jess Michigan State University Minnesota William Hutchison University of Minnesota Missouri George Smith University of Missouri Mississippi Ruth Morgan Mississippi State University Montana Reeves Petroff Montana State University North Carolina Stephen Toth North Carolina State University North Dakota Phillip Glogoza North Dakota State University Nebraska Shripat Kamble University of Nebraska Nevada Glenn Miller University of Nevada New Hampshire William Lord University of New Hampshire New Jersey George Hamilton Rutgers University New Mexico Richard Lee New Mexico State University New York George Good Cornell University New York Lee Stivers Cornell University Ohio Joseph Kovach Ohio State University Oklahoma Jim Criswell Oklahoma State University Oregon Jeff Jenkins Oregon State University Pennsylvania Win Hock Pennsylvania State University Rhode Island Steven Alm University of Rhode Island South Carolina Robert Bellinger Clemson University South Dakota Brad Ruden South Dakota State University Tennessee Darrell Hensley University of Tennessee Texas Rodney Holloway Texas A&M University Texas Dudley Smith Texas A&M University Utah Howard Deer Utah State University Virginia Michael Weaver Virginia Polytechnic University Vermont Alan Gotlieb University of Vermont Washington Catherine Daniels Washington State University Wisconsin Jeffrey Wyman University of Wisconsin West Virginia John Baniecki West Virginia University Wyoming Mark Ferrell University of WyomingTABLE 7: Industry Contacts for Pesticide Use Data Review Company Contact ABBOTT Ryan Solberg, Ricardo Menendez AGREVO Roger Boatman ALBAUGH Spencer Vance AMERICAN CYANAMID Randy Boomgaarden AMVAC Eric Wintemute ATOCHEM Beth Sears BASF Chris Jarrett BAYER Dave Crank, Guido Hommelsheim CHEMINOVA Diane Allemang (JSC) DOW AGRO Jack Mitenbuler DREXEL Gerald Manley DUPONT Steve Ball FMC Ruben Villasante GOWAN Cindy Baker GRIFFIN Jim Bone HY-YIELD BROMINE Cal Lewis MICROFLO Morris Gaskins MONSANTO Mike Hilton MONTEREY Lynn Georges NOVARTIS Gene Hill, Arn Vogt, Beth Carroll PACE Don Claeys RHONE POULENC Spencer Cohen RIVERDALE Curtis Clark ROHM AND HAAS Jay Holmdal, Jan Ollinger, Steve Longacre, Richard Costlow, Michel Castagner SIPCAM John French TOMEN AGRO William Spencer UAP James Sell UCB John Kelly UNIROYAL John Wescott, Kevin Kelley, David Cote, Richard Caliberté UNITED PHOSPHOROUS Buzz Spaulding VALENT Gail Santoro ZENECA Gary GriesTABLE 8: NATIONAL PESTICIDE USE BY ACTIVE INGREDIENT PESTICIDE TYPE: FUNGICIDES LBS AI APPLIED PER YEAR ACTIVE INGREDIENT 1992 1997 ANILAZINE 168,835 AZOXYSTROBIN 228,614 BENOMYL 1,198,371 675,500 CAPTAN 3,197,989 3,992,782 CARBOXIN 46,968 CHLOROTHALONIL 11,566,092 11,916,713 COPPER 8,270,289 13,682,409 CYMOXANIL 45,886 DCNA 169,333 188,683 DIMETHOMORPH 51,536 DINOCAP 10,902 DODINE 264,664 151,538 ETRIDIAZOLE 193,896 91,669 FENARIMOL 47,600 46,272 FENBUCONAZOLE 32,818 FERBAM 219,486 317,125 FLUTOLANIL 24,960 FOSETYL-AL 533,646 904,718 IPRODIONE 873,547 689,648 MANCOZEB 8,062,374 9,585,777 MANEB 3,525,322 3,039,930 MEFENOXAM 210,101 METALAXYL 855,400 659,997 METIRAM 539,206 1,385,330 MYCLOBUTANIL 136,849 174,482 OXYTETRACYCLINE 30,163 33,536 PCNB 1,662,371 819,086 PROPAMOCARB 173,885 PROPICONAZOLE 281,355 493,998 STREPTOMYCIN 100,029 50,434 SULFUR 82,883,332 77,788,188 TEBUCONAZOLE 478,568 THIABENDAZOLE 155,403 THIOPHANATE METHYL 498,283 453,792 THIRAM 199,251 179,809 TRIADIMEFON 135,112 53,098 TRIFLUMIZOLE 92,481 TRIFORINE 73,644 23,625 TRIPHENYLTIN HYD 424,910 660,971 VINCLOZOLIN 135,035 121,959 ZIRAM 2,804,087 1,992,552 FUNGICIDES TOTAL 129,263,743 131,512,471TABLE 9: NATIONAL PESTICIDE USE BY ACTIVE INGREDIENT PESTICIDE TYPE: HERBICIDES LBS AI APPLIED PER YEAR ACTIVE INGREDIENT 1992 1997 2,4-D 41,938,491 40,589,955 2,4-DB 980,980 603,975 ACETOCHLOR 32,591,175 ACIFLUORFEN 1,477,973 1,846,789 ALACHLOR 51,591,633 15,159,641 AMETRYN 321,656 445,571 ASULAM 726,577 551,775 ATRAZINE 72,315,295 74,560,407 BENEFIN 478,205 161,983 BENSULFURON 30,134 31,884 BENSULIDE 449,951 545,406 BENTAZON 7,171,284 7,749,130 BROMACIL 1,333,728 614,219 BROMOXYNIL 3,444,727 2,920,222 BUTYLATE 8,468,938 2,251,426 CHLORAMBEN 1,335,274 CHLORIMURON 236,871 190,345 CHLORSULFURON 46,013 59,745 CLETHODIM 80,003 670,721 CLOMAZONE 1,801,776 2,531,160 CLOPYRALID 89,112 891,662 CYANAZINE 32,189,859 20,233,056 CYCLOATE 938,925 877,657 DCPA 1,746,892 596,723 DESMEDIPHAM 152,864 205,144 DICAMBA 9,064,161 10,447,441 DICHLOBENIL 65,424 43,711 DICLOFOP 1,597,585 974,268 DIETHATYL ETHYL 454,336 DIFENZOQUAT 175,042 346,308 DIMETHENAMID 5,991,003 DIPHENAMID 105,009 DIQUAT 161,449 266,858 DIURON 3,994,531 4,370,448 DSMA 1,257,802 842,665 ENDOTHALL 134,016 86,622 EPTC 14,457,278 8,791,984 ETHALFLURALIN 2,738,309 2,422,198 ETHOFUMESATE 378,488 409,666 FENOXAPROP 390,976 984,697 FLUAZIFOP 897,988 608,520 FLUMETSULAM 308,892 FLUMICLORAC 43,158 FLUOMETURON 3,907,191 5,313,290 FOMESAFEN 425,657 1,100,341 GLYPHOSATE 16,793,371 34,817,639 HALOSULFURON 53,919TABLE 9: NATIONAL PESTICIDE USE BY ACTIVE INGREDIENT PESTICIDE TYPE: HERBICIDES (CONT.) LBS AI APPLIED PER YEAR ACTIVE INGREDIENT 1992 1997 HEXAZINONE 460,058 332,116 IMAZAMETHABENZ 231,898 458,875 IMAZAPIC 19,002 IMAZAQUIN 924,799 756,915 IMAZETHAPYR 914,090 1,253,046 ISOPROPALIN 129,287 LACTOFEN 227,475 389,388 LINURON 2,026,683 516,133 MCPA 4,540,632 5,360,932 MCPB 42,475 27,542 MCPP 32,584 13,415 METHAZOLE 510,692 METOLACHLOR 59,383,910 67,336,211 METRIBUZIN 3,440,715 3,320,231 METSULFURON 18,576 45,336 MOLINATE 4,886,748 3,669,398 MSMA 6,021,679 4,867,366 NAPROPAMIDE 500,695 448,400 NAPTALAM 162,366 185,376 NICOSULFURON 169,743 211,881 NORFLURAZON 2,670,328 2,459,703 ORYZALIN 822,759 899,044 OXYFLUORFEN 457,644 705,255 PARAQUAT 4,658,597 6,884,630 PEBULATE 673,046 343,322 PENDIMETHALIN 20,281,766 27,284,718 PHENMEDIPHAM 183,311 196,442 PICLORAM 2,042,016 1,322,430 PRIMISULFURON 47,013 133,171 PROMETRYN 1,448,310 1,675,421 PRONAMIDE 239,773 206,779 PROPACHLOR 4,316,315 904,932 PROPANIL 9,132,883 8,035,946 PROSULFURON 73,076 PYRAZON 340,501 118,294 PYRIDATE 84,556 161,697 PYRITHIOBAC 208,136 QUINCLORAC 111,656 287,704 QUIZALOFOP 216,204 340,818 RIMSULFURON 19,774 SETHOXYDIM 1,350,566 1,717,271 SIDURON 745 SIMAZINE 3,978,487 5,224,439 SULFENTRAZONE 69,073 TEBUTHIURON 111,215 115,712 TERBACIL 298,026 342,277 THIFENSULFURON 93,563 105,145TABLE 9: NATIONAL PESTICIDE USE BY ACTIVE INGREDIENT PESTICIDE TYPE: HERBICIDES (CONT.) LBS AI APPLIED PER YEAR ACTIVE INGREDIENT 1992 1997 THIOBENCARB 1,473,511 1,925,093 TRIALLATE 1,590,727 2,178,254 TRIASULFURON 6,942 57,320 TRIBENURON 33,126 63,114 TRICLOPYR 115,514 590,366 TRIDIPHANE 262,516 TRIFLURALIN 25,686,076 22,263,693 TRIFLUSULFURON 23,023 VERNOLATE 520,412 181,789 HERBICIDES TOTAL 454,218,983 461,432,823TABLE 10: NATIONAL PESTICIDE USE BY ACTIVE INGREDIENT PESTICIDE TYPE: INSECTICIDES LBS AI APPLIED PER YEAR ACTIVE INGREDIENT 1992 1997 ABAMECTIN 8,642 14,932 ACEPHATE 3,389,865 2,462,354 ALDICARB 4,022,468 4,277,552 AMITRAZ 79,473 137,097 AZADIRACHTIN 556 AZINPHOS-METHYL 2,548,867 2,091,014 BIFENTHRIN 116,716 110,246 BT BUPROFEZIN 20,598 CARBARYL 4,570,414 4,857,542 CARBOFURAN 5,101,406 3,398,067 CHLORETHOXYFOS 252,792 CHLORPYRIFOS 14,764,535 13,463,879 CLOFENTEZINE 1,537 21,467 CRYOLITE 4,053,299 2,560,365 CYFLUTHRIN 124,360 177,782 CYPERMETHRIN 228,082 187,991 CYROMAZINE 16,997 14,297 DELTAMETHRIN 27,045 DIAZINON 1,265,739 918,087 DICOFOL 1,391,691 786,805 DICROTOPHOS 666,136 359,726 DIFLUBENZURON 16,470 57,112 DIMETHOATE 2,619,437 1,896,947 DISULFOTON 1,806,527 1,196,066 ENDOSULFAN 1,796,726 1,601,195 ESFENVALERATE 331,522 228,885 ETHION 990,706 504,535 ETHOPROP 1,449,743 1,010,807 ETHYL PARATHION 2,318,251 529,379 FENAMIPHOS 614,937 726,675 FENBUTATIN OXIDE 414,195 265,275 FENPROPATHRIN 63,368 31,839 FENVALERATE 66,281 FONOFOS 3,233,797 417,372 FORMETANATE HCL 290,467 134,527 HEXYTHIAZOX 12,802 IMIDACLOPRID 272,207 LAMBDACYHALOTHRIN 205,329 321,284 LINDANE 61,188 39,366 MALATHION 3,377,678 5,809,943 METALDEHYDE 47,587 53,977 METHAMIDOPHOS 1,088,479 965,584 METHIDATHION 372,953 314,091 METHOMYL 2,754,907 1,997,489 METHOXYCHLOR 88,906 77,957 METHYL PARATHION 5,961,740 5,918,849TABLE 10: NATIONAL PESTICIDE USE BY ACTIVE INGREDIENT PESTICIDE TYPE: INSECTICIDES (CONT.) LBS AI APPLIED PER YEAR ACTIVE INGREDIENT 1992 1997 MEVINPHOS 283,887 NALED 230,244 605,456 OIL 51,104,310 102,336,882 OXAMYL 945,861 938,838 OXYDEMETON-METHYL 241,288 154,227 OXYTHIOQUINOX 149,657 35,231 PERMETHRIN 1,068,598 1,066,056 PHORATE 4,452,622 3,218,465 PHOSMET 941,175 1,333,468 PROFENOFOS 2,062,744 879,776 PROPARGITE 3,628,217 2,538,969 PYRIDABEN 17,719 PYRIPROXYFEN 13,284 SPINOSAD 117,315 SULPROFOS 852,352 308,039 TEBUFENOZIDE 104,413 TEBUPIRIMPHOS 272,177 TEFLUTHRIN 238,429 576,865 TERBUFOS 8,690,363 6,515,603 THIODICARB 1,705,528 821,267 TRALOMETHRIN 60,105 23,767 TRICHLORFON 13,974 TRIMETHACARB 156,800 INSECTICIDES TOTAL 149,147,575 182,402,176TABLE 11: NATIONAL PESTICIDE USE BY ACTIVE INGREDIENT PESTICIDE TYPE: OTHER PESTICIDES LBS AI APPLIED PER YEAR ACTIVE INGREDIENT 1992 1997 1,3-D 40,083,611 34,717,237 BENZYLADENINE 518 BUTENOIC ACID 1,475 CACODYLIC ACID 135,915 47,571 CHLOROPICRIN 11,086,567 13,882,188 CYCLANILIDE 177,086 CYTOKININS 2,970 2,518 DIMETHIPIN 212,365 282,458 ETHEPHON 2,701,284 5,407,986 FLUMETRALIN 352,742 GIBBERELLIC ACID 30,636 35,964 MALEIC HYDRAZIDE 2,073,238 2,143,154 MEPIQUAT CHLORIDE 123,081 182,576 METAM SODIUM 29,095,179 60,023,092 METHYL BROMIDE 44,196,554 32,803,943 NAA 13,146 10,486 NAD 3,527 2,187 SODIUM CHLORATE 8,293,087 7,261,557 SULFURIC ACID 17,240,871 47,994,188 THIDIAZURON 325,241 326,239 TRIBUFOS 3,963,864 4,918,265 OTHER PESTICIDES TOTAL 159,581,136 210,573,430TABLE 12: Highest Volume Pesticide Active Ingredients Used in U.S. Agriculture: 1997 Fungicides 000 LBS AI/YR Sulfur 77,788 Copper 13,682 Chlorothalonil 11,917 Mancozeb 9,586 Captan 3,993 Maneb 3,040 Ziram 1,993 Metiram 1,385 Fosetyl-Al 905 PCNB 819 Herbicides Atrazine 74,560 Metolachlor 67,336 2,4-D 40,590 Glyphosate 34,818 Acetochlor 32,591 Pendimethalin 27,285 Trifluralin 22,264 Cyanazine 20,233 Alachlor 15,160 Dicamba 10,447 Insecticides Oil 102,337 Chlorpyrifos 13,464 Terbufos 6,516 Methyl Parathion 5,918 Malathion 5,809 Carbaryl 4,857 Aldicarb 4,278 Carbofuran 3,398 Phorate 3,218 Cryolite 2,560 Other Pesticides Metam Sodium 60,023 Sulfuric Acid 47,994 1,3-D 34,717 Methyl Bromide 32,804 Chloropicrin 13,882 Sodium Chlorate 7,262 Ethephon 5,408 Tribufos 4,918 Maleic Hydrazide 2,143 Flumetralin 353TABLE 13: Com p arison of NCFAP and USEPA National A g ricultural Pesticide Use Estimates (1997) Million lbs AI/Year EPA Rank EPA NCFAP 1. Atrazine 75-82 75 2. Metolachlor 63-69 67 3. Metam Sodium 53-58 60 4. Methyl Bromide 38-45 33 5. Glyphosate 34-38 35 6. 1,3-D 32-37 35 7. Acetochlor 31-36 33 8. 2,4-D 29-33 41 9. Pendimethalin 24-28 27 10. Trifluralin 21-25 22 11. Cyanazine 18-22 20 12. Alachlor 13-16 15 13. Copper 10-13 14 14. Chlorpyrifos 9-13 13 15. Chlorothalonil 7-10 12 16. Dicamba 7-10 10 17. Mancozeb 7-10 10 18. EPTC 7-10 9 19. Terbufos 6-9 7 20. Dimethenamid 6-9 6 21. Bentazon 6-8 8 22. Propanil 6-8 8 23. Simazine 5-7 5 24. MCPA 5-6 5 25. Chloropicrin 5-6 14 EPA's ranking includes "conventional" pesticides only. Sulfur, oil, and sulfuric acid are excluded from the EPA ranking. Source for EPA estimates: Aspelin, Arnold L., and Arthur H. Grube, Pesticide Industry Sales and Usage: 1996 and 1997 Market Estimates, USEPA, OPP, November 1999. Available on the Internet at: http://www.epa.gov/oppbead1/pesticides/TABLE 14: Com p arison of NCFAP’s and USEPA’s National A g ricultural Pesticide Usa g e Estimates: 1992 and 1997 1992 1997 NCFAP USEPA NCFAP USEPA Fungicides 46 45 53 53 Herbicides 454 450 461 470 Insecticides 98 90 80 82 Other Conventional 143 150 163 165 Other Chemicals 151 161 228 174 Total 892 896 985 944 Note: USEPA totals are from : Aspelin, Arnold L., and Arthur H. Grube, Pesticide Industry Sales and Usage: 1996 and 1997 Market Estimates, USEPA, OPP, November 1999. Available on the Internet at: http://www.epa.gov/oppbead1/pesticides/ The NCFAP totals for insecticides, fungicides and other pesticides have been adjusted from Tables 8, 10 and 11 by assigning the following active ingredients to the “other chemicals” category for compatibility with USEPA’s definition: sulfur, oil, and sulfuric acid.TABLE 15: NATIONAL PESTICIDE USE BY CROP

LBS AI APPLIED PER YEAR CROP 1992 1997 ALFALFA 10,852,632 7,404,788 ALMONDS 14,296,776 12,083,354 APPLES 23,445,680 24,345,398 APRICOTS 517,747 341,356 ARTICHOKES 70,003 83,667 ASPARAGUS 620,381 555,563 AVOCADOS 631,488 267,402 BARLEY 3,222,240 3,502,153 BEETS 91,549 78,660 BLACKBERRIES 112,625 119,713 BLUEBERRIES 647,346 542,157 BROCCOLI 934,459 919,487 BRUSSEL SPROUTS 207,315 214,362 CABBAGE 818,819 462,361 CANOLA 5,960 377,566 CANTALOUPES 1,227,397 1,794,800 CARROTS 6,086,432 11,047,489 CAULIFLOWER 511,501 208,643 CELERY 718,012 691,379 CHERRIES 2,686,743 4,519,442 CITRUS 33,582,067 85,851,908 COLLARDS 113,794 90,773 CORN 239,613,819 225,439,648 COTTON 71,511,601 75,998,748 CRANBERRIES 380,723 572,644 CUCUMBERS 1,728,962 1,898,305 DATES 128,109 731,074 DRY BEANS 5,427,799 4,828,907 DRY PEAS 483,050 652,027 EGGPLANT 337,357 405,387 FALLOWLAND 7,845,090 9,861,689 FIGS 59,890 36,565 FLAX 60,382 57,869 GARLIC 111,266 72,486 GRAPES 56,015,421 53,037,195 GREEN BEANS 1,939,696 1,918,824 GREEN ONIONS 91,641 61,643 GREEN PEAS 409,300 327,900TABLE 15: NATIONAL PESTICIDE USE BY CROP (CONT.)

LBS AI APPLIED PER YEAR CROP 1992 1997 HAZELNUTS 117,931 134,143 HOPS 211,725 2,338,779 HOT PEPPERS 73,812 1,199,079 KIWI 26,482 43,477 LETTUCE 2,624,568 2,459,644 MELONS 336,917 446,490 MILLET 60,005 15,907 MINT 1,156,766 725,079 NECTARINES 2,038,464 2,656,953 OATS 861,782 438,749 OKRA 4,248 4,520 OLIVES 345,866 333,555 ONIONS 2,776,047 7,214,925 OTHER HAY 5,350,399 2,809,490 PARSLEY 70,680 77,068 PASTURE 25,003,334 21,678,185 PEACHES 11,483,337 11,222,650 PEANUTS 24,164,438 16,893,042 PEARS 6,696,530 6,923,475 PECANS 3,331,670 2,294,582 PISTACHIOS 721,732 1,977,611 PLUMS/PRUNES 3,984,683 5,199,259 POMEGRANATES 52,719 109,592 POTATOES 59,607,034 110,681,406 PUMPKINS 312,554 524,823 RADISHES 33,811 25,246 RASPBERRIES 182,776 296,141 RICE 18,825,615 19,617,495 RYE 45,232 22,544 SAFFLOWER 112,213 164,767 SEED CROPS 1,944,526 1,796,500 SOD 541,955 475,209 SORGHUM 18,885,319 17,587,271 SOYBEANS 74,434,680 84,745,198 SPINACH 240,988 210,956 SQUASH 733,857 730,801 STRAWBERRIES 9,075,467 11,819,073 SUGARBEETS 20,308,646 12,780,980TABLE 15: NATIONAL PESTICIDE USE BY CROP (CONT.)

LBS AI APPLIED PER YEAR CROP 1992 1997 SUGARCANE 4,401,888 6,136,189 SUNFLOWERS 2,329,725 2,127,132 SWEET CORN 4,634,798 3,169,404 SWEET PEPPERS 5,644,789 6,622,611 SWEET POTATOES 3,096,686 2,148,333 TOBACCO 24,400,552 26,974,241 TOMATOES 29,273,419 26,646,709 WALNUTS 2,297,422 2,985,886 WATERMELONS 9,716,868 3,215,142 WHEAT 22,083,205 25,763,707 WILD RICE 8,203 53,544 TOTAL: 892,211,437 985,920,900TABLE 16: NATIONAL PESTICIDE USE BY STATE LBS AI APPLIED PER YEAR STATE 1992 1997 ALABAMA 12,362,576 7,169,606 ARIZONA 7,495,849 5,510,314 ARKANSAS 21,675,555 20,113,989 CALIFORNIA 153,789,664 165,716,348 COLORADO 15,311,977 16,681,429 CONNECTICUT 401,297 262,299 DELAWARE 1,502,474 1,275,603 FLORIDA 58,056,649 104,603,868 GEORGIA 31,514,492 23,748,011 IDAHO 24,360,905 56,750,995 ILLINOIS 54,198,727 48,718,048 INDIANA 30,296,854 28,320,221 IOWA 53,103,261 55,817,215 KANSAS 17,876,378 23,547,235 KENTUCKY 10,396,935 9,070,118 LOUISIANA 17,243,305 15,751,541 MAINE 1,453,094 2,874,571 MARYLAND 3,706,163 3,564,086 MASSACHUSETTS 795,150 780,929 MICHIGAN 22,151,069 21,366,385 MINNESOTA 31,380,104 26,868,073 MISSISSIPPI 20,402,732 16,270,442 MISSOURI 20,659,490 20,778,070 MONTANA 5,210,478 7,384,915 NEBRASKA 33,366,324 35,579,535 NEVADA 168,939 177,247 NEW HAMPSHIRE 212,011 177,859 NEW JERSEY 2,492,427 2,287,699 NEW MEXICO 2,907,980 2,636,829 NEW YORK 10,551,734 10,731,293 NORTH CAROLINA 32,784,472 36,199,426 NORTH DAKOTA 15,020,330 17,872,188 OHIO 20,274,252 18,225,623 OKLAHOMA 6,736,877 6,379,936 OREGON 13,187,960 21,602,557 PENNSYLVANIA 8,114,917 8,882,478 RHODE ISLAND 74,327 37,727 SOUTH CAROLINA 11,450,688 12,187,739TABLE 16: NATIONAL PESTICIDE USE BY STATE (CONT.)

LBS AI APPLIED PER YEAR STATE 1992 1997 SOUTH DAKOTA 15,709,041 15,816,099 TENNESSEE 7,938,654 8,106,645 TEXAS 29,264,359 39,357,607 UTAH 2,379,746 1,025,953 VERMONT 534,388 507,648 VIRGINIA 8,195,353 9,725,332 WASHINGTON 37,761,753 37,744,667 WEST VIRGINIA 1,175,546 815,423 WISCONSIN 14,180,755 15,852,242 WYOMING 2,383,423 1,046,838

TOTAL: 892,211,437 985,920,900TABLE 17: Highest Volume Pesticide Active Ingredient Usage Overall and by State and Crop: 1997 Crops Million LBS AI/YR Corn 225 Potatoes 111 Citrus 86 Soybeans 85 Cotton 76 Grapes 53 Tobacco 27 Tomatoes 27 Wheat 26 Apples 24 States California 166 Florida 105 Idaho 57 Iowa 56 Illinois 49 Texas 39 Washington 38 North Carolina 36 Nebraska 36 Indiana 28 Overall Oil 102 Sulfur 78 Atrazine 75 Metolachlor 67 Metam Sodium 60 Sulfuric Acid 48 2,4-D 41 1,3-D 35 Glyphosate 35 Methyl Bromide 3310.0 References: 1997 Database 001. Crop Profile for Squash (Summer and Winter) in Ohio. 002. Crop Profile for Sweet Peppers in Ohio. 003. Crop Profile for Pumpkins in Ohio. 004. Crop Profile for Cucumbers (Processing) in Ohio. 005. Crop Profile for Beets in New York. 006. USDA, Agricultural Chemical Usage: 1997 Fruits Summary, National Agricultural Statistics Service, July 1998. 007. Smith, Dudley T., et al., Pests, Pesticide Use and Management Practices in the Southwestern Peanut Industry, Technical Report 98-08, Texas A & M University, December 1998. 008. McDonald, Sandra, Colorado Pesticide Use Database, Colorado State University, 1999. 009. Agnew, Ken and Paul Baker, Summary of Arizona Department of Agriculture Form 1080 Data, University of Arizona, 1999. 010. Crop Profile for Peaches in North Carolina. 011. Crop Profile for Cucumbers in New York. 012. Crop Profile for Lettuce in New York. 013. Crop Profile for Dry Beans in New York. 014. Crop Profile for Onions in New York. 015. Crop Profile for Carrots in New York. 016. Crop Profile for Snap Beans in New York. 017. Crop Profile for Tomatoes in New York. 018. Crop Profile for Squash in New York. 019. Crop Profile for Pumpkins in New York.020. Crop Profile for Peppers in New York. 021. Crop Profile for Peas in New York. 022. Crop Profile for Cabbage in New York. 023. Crop Profile for Potatoes in New York. 024. Crop Profile for Sweet Corn in New York. 025. USDA, Agricultural Chemical Usage: 1998 Field Crops Summary, National Agricultural Statistics Service, May 1999. 026. USDA, Agricultural Chemical Usage: 1997 Field Crops Summary, National Agricultural Statistics Service, May 1998. 027. 1997 Michigan Potato Pest Survey, by the Michigan Potato Commission and the Potato Growers of Michigan, Inc. 028. Cotton Integrated Pest Management and Pesticide Use Survey for Florida in 1996, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, May 1998. 029. Crop Profile for Strawberries in Ohio. 030. Crop Profile for Sugarbeets in Idaho. 031. Crop Profile for Cotton in Tennessee. 032. Crop Profile for Sugarcane in Louisiana. 033. Crop Profile for Hops in Washington. 034. Crop Profile for Tomatoes in Indiana. 035. USDA, Agricultural Chemical Usage: 1998 Vegetable Summary, National Agricultural Statistics Service, July 1999. 036. Crop Profile for Canola in Montana. 037. Crop Profile for Blueberries in Georgia. 038. Crop Profile for Barley in Idaho. 039. Crop Profile for Sweet Peppers in Georgia. 040. Crop Profile for Peanuts in North Carolina.041. Crop Profile for Grapes in North Carolina. 042. Crop Profile for Tomatoes in North Carolina. 043. Crop Profile for Blueberries in North Carolina. 044. Crop Profile for Tobacco in North Carolina. 045. Crop Profile for Sorghum in North Carolina. 046. Crop Profile for Sweet Potatoes in North Carolina. 047. Crop Profile for Potatoes in North Carolina. 048. Crop Profile for Corn in North Carolina. 049. Crop Profile for Cucumbers in North Carolina. 050. Crop Profile for Apples in North Carolina. 051. Crop Profile for Cantaloupes in Indiana. 052. USDA, Agricultural Chemical Usage: Vegetables 1996 Summary, National Agricultural Statistics Service, July 1997. 053. Crop Profile for Mint in Oregon. 054. 1996 Wisconsin Pesticide Use, Wisconsin Agricultural Statistics Service, November 1997. 055. Ferrell, Mark A., et al., Pesticide Use in Wyoming on Major Crop and Livestock – 1994, University of Wyoming Cooperative Extension Service, RJ-214, September 1996. 056. Carpenter, Gene P., and Samuel J. Fuchs, Benefit Data for Pesticide Use in Idaho on Peas and Lentils, University of Idaho, College of Agriculture, 1997. 057. USDA, Agricultural Chemical Usage: 1996 Field Crop Summary, NASS, AgCh 1 (97), September 1997. 058. USDA, Agricultural Chemical Usage: 1995 Field Crop Summary, NASS, AgCh 1 (96), March 1996. 059. USDA, Agricultural Chemical Usage: 1995 Fruits Summary, NASS, AgCh 1 (96), July 1996.060. USDA, Agricultural Chemical Usage: Vegetables 1994 Summary, NASS, AgCh 1 (95), July 1995. 061. USDA, Agricultural Chemical Usage: 1994 Field Crop Summary, NASS, AgCh 1 (95), March 1995. 062. Petroff, A. Reeves and Gregory Johnson, Pesticide Use on Barley in Montana, 1994, Montana State University, 1997. 063. Morrell, Anne, Alan Schreiber and Rocky Lundy, Pests, Pest Control and Fertilizer Use in Washington Mint, Washington State University and the Mint Industry Research Council, 1996. 064. Weller, Stephen C., and Larry K. Binning, Pesticide Use Survey for the Midwestern Mint States of Indiana, Wisconsin and Michigan, 1997. 065. Crop Profile for Tobacco in Kentucky. 066. Crop Profile for Apples in Kentucky. 067. Crop Profile for Cotton in Tennessee. 068. Crop Profile for Apples in West Virginia. 069. Crop Profile for Tomatoes in Florida. 070. Crop Profile for Bell Peppers in Florida. 071. Crop Profile for Sweet Corn in Florida. 072. Crop Profile for Potatoes in Florida. 073. Crop Profile for Corn in Iowa. 074. A Survey of Pesticides Used in Iowa Crop Production in 1995, Iowa State University, University Extension, PM 1718/May 1997. 075. Crop Profile for Soybeans in Iowa. 076. Crop Profile for Cabbage in Wisconsin. 077. Crop Profile for Carrots in Wisconsin. 078. Crop Profile for Sweet Potatoes in Texas.079. Martin, D. L., et al., 1996 Oklahoma Sod Production Pest Control Survey , Oklahoma State University, 1998. 080. Criswell, Jim T., Pesticide Use on Watermelon in Oklahoma 1993, Oklahoma State University, April 1997. 081. Criswell, Jim, Processing Greens and Spinach Pesticide Use for Oklahoma, Oklahoma State University, 1997. 082. Crop Profile for Onions in Wisconsin. 083. Crop Profile for Tomatoes (fresh market and processing) in Ohio. 084. Crop Profile for Tomatoes in Michigan. 085. Crop Profile for Celery in Michigan. 086. Crop Profile for Blueberries in Michigan. 087. Crop Profile for Asparagus in Michigan. 088. Crop Profile for Cabbage in Michigan. 089. Crop Profile for Corn in Kansas. 090. Ruden, Brad E., and James A. Wilson, Pesticide Use in South Dakota on Minor Crops 1993. 091. Ruden, Brad E., 1994 South Dakota All Crop Pesticide Use Survey, South Dakota State University, ESS-46-AL-1997. 092. Ruden, Brad E., 1995 South Dakota Selected Minor Crop Pesticide Use Survey, College of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, South Dakota State University. 093. USDA, Questionnaires Completed for USDA Commodity Assessment of Carrots, 1998. 094. Partridge, Mary S., et al., Pesticide Use Assessment and Personal Protection Equipment Use for Field Corn Production Systems in New York State for 1994, Pesticide Management Education Program, Cornell University. 095. Toth, Stephen J., A Survey of Pesticide Use in Peanuts in North Carolina: Data Report, North Carolina State University, March 20, 1998.096. Toth, Stephen J. Jr., A Survey of Pesticide Use on Potatoes and Christmas Trees in North Carolina, Data report Part 1: Potatoes, Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, June 28, 1996. 097. Toth, Stephen J., A Survey of Pesticide Use on Poultry and Tomatoes in North Carolina, Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, March 21, 1995. 098. Waldron, Acie C., et al., Pesticide Use on Popcorn and Tomatoes in Ohio 1993 , Ohio State University Extension, Bulletin 856, 1995. 099. Criswell, Jim T., 1994 Corn Pesticide Survey, Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, March 10, 1997. 100. Ayers John Pennsylvania State University 101. Baldwin Jack Louisiana State University 102. Bean Brent Texas A&M University 103. Bessin Ricardo University of Kentucky 104. Bhowmik Prasanta University of Massachusetts 105. Boerboom Chris University of Wisconsin 106. Bonanno Richard University of Massachusetts 107. Bost Steven University of Tennessee 108. Brecke Barry University of Florida 109. Bristow Peter Washington State University 110. Brown Steve L. University of Georgia 111. Byrd, Jr. John Mississippi State University 112. Cannon Mike Louisiana State University 113. Chapin Jay Clemson University 114. Derr Jeffrey Virginia Polytechnic University 115. Doll Jerry University of Wisconsin116. Drye Charles Clemson University 117. Edelson Jonathan Oklahoma State University 118. English Michael New Mexico State University 119. Everest John Auburn University 120. Flanders Kathy Auburn University

121. Flood Brian Del Monte 122. Forster Robert University of Idaho 123. Fortnum Bruce Clemson University 124. Freeman Barry Auburn University 125. Gallian John University of Idaho 126. Griffin Randall Clemson University 127. Hagan Austin Auburn University 128. Hale Frank University of Tennessee 129. Hammond Abner Louisiana State University 130. Harris Pat Misissippi State University 131. Hausbeck Mary Michigan State University 132. Hayes Robert University of Tennessee 133. Hein Gary University of Nebraska 134. Hershman Donald University of Kentucky 135. Hoelscher Clifford Texas A&M University 136. Hollier Clayton Louisiana State University 137. Horton Dan University of Georgia 138. Hull Jerome Michigan State University139. Jackson Kenneth Oklahoma State University 140. Jacobsen Barry Montana State University 141. Jardine Douglas Kansas State Unversity 142. Johnson Douglas University of Kentucky 143. Jones Roger University of Minnesota 144. Karner Miles Oklahoma State University 145. Kee Ed University of Delaware 146. Keinath Anthony Clemson University 147. Kendig Andy University of Missouri 148. Klosterboer Arlen Texas A&M University 149. Lamey Arthur North Dakota State University 150. Latin Richard Purdue University 151. Legaspi Jesusa Texas A&M University 152. Lencse Reed Louisiana State University 153. Lewis Donald Iowa State University 154. Lyon Drew University of Nebraska 155. Manley Donald Clemson University 156. Masiunas John University of Illinois 157. Matheron Michael University of Arizona 158. McMullen Marcia North Dakota State University 159. Miller Robert Clemson University 160. Miller Stephen University of Wyoming 161. Miller Travis Texas A&M University162. Milus Eugene University of Arkansas 163. Mizell Russell University of Florida 164. Mohan Krishna University of Idaho 165. Moore Michael University of Georgia 166. Mueller John Clemson University 167. Mullins Charles University of Tennessee 168. Mulrooney Robert University of Delaware 169. Murphy Tim University of Georgia 170. Murray Timothy Washington State University 171. Musick Joe Louisiana State University 172. Nesmith William University of Kentucky 173. Obermeyer John Purdue University 174. Palumbo John University of Arizona 175. Patrick Carl Texas A&M University 176. Patrick Charles University of Tennessee 177. Patterson Mike Auburn University 178. Pedersen Wayne University of Illinois 179. Pike David University of Illinois 180. Pritts Marvin Cornell University 181. Rawlinson Jeff University of Nebraska 182. Reding Michael Utah State University 183. Reighard Gregory Clemson University184. Renner Karen Michigan State University 185. Roof Mitchell Clemson University 186. Rozeff Norman Rio Grande Sugar Growers 187. Sanders Dearl Louisiana State University 188. Schroeder Jill New Mexico State University 189. Semtner Paul Virginia Polytechnic University 190. Sikora Edward Auburn University 191. Smith Ronald Auburn University 192. Spradley Ples University of Arkansas 193. Stewart Scott Mississippi State University 194. Strickne Charles Texas A&M University 195. Stoltz Robert University of Idaho 196. Street Joe Mississippi State University 197. Studebaker Glenn University of Arkansas 198. Taber Hank Iowa State University 199. Townsend Lee University of Kentucky 200. Umeda Kai University of Arizona 201. Waldron Keith Cornell University 202. Weeks James Auburn University 203. Weinzierl Richard University of Illinois 204. Whalen Joanne University of Delaware 205. Whitam Kenneth Louisiana State University 206. Wilson Robert University of Nebraska207. Wrather Allen University of Missouri 208. Wrage Leon South Dakota State University 209. Wright David University of Florida 210. Yarborough David University of Maine 211. Zandstra Bernie Michigan State University 212. Zollinger Richard North Dakota State University 213. Mason Lonnie Purdue University 214. Sorensen Kenneth North Carolina State University 215. Becker Roger University of Minnesota 216. Morgan Ruth Mississippi State University 217. Orzolek Michael Pennsylvania State University 218. Johnston Stephen Rutgers University 219. Shaner Gregory Purdue University 220. Foster Rick Purdue University 221. Robinson James Texas A&M University 222. Isakeit Tom Texas A& M University 223. McVay John Auburn University 224. Lewis Brad New Mexico State University 225. Catangui Mike South Dakota State University 226. Royer Tom Oklahoma State University 227. Thomson Sherman Utah State University 228. Smith Duane Agripac, Inc. 229. Stacey Bill Oklahoma State University230. Maynard Elizabeth Purdue University 231. Ree Bill Texas A&M University 232. Baldwin Ford University of Arkansas 233. Baird Craig University of Idaho 234. Parker Robert Washington State University 235. Jordan Thomas Purdue University 236. Van Gessel Mark University of Delaware 237. Petroff Reeves Montana State University 238. William Ray Oregon State University 239. Karren Jay Utah State University 240. Seward Ron University of Tennessee 241. Oelke Ervin University of Minnesota 242. Herbert Ames Virginia Polytechnic University 243. Morishita Don University of Idaho 244. Stall William University of Florida 245. Reagan Gene Louisiana State University 246. Curran William Pennsylvania State University 247. Zehnder Geoffrey Auburn University 248. Swann Charles Virginia Polytechnic University 249. Hollingsworth Craig University of Massachusetts 250. Higgins Randall Kansas State University 251. Hamilton George Rutgers University 252. Sweets Laura University of Missouri253. George Ann U.S. Hop Industry Plant Protection Committee 254. Palacios Michelle Oregon Hop Commission 255. Reynolds Robert Oregon State University 256. Fisher Glenn Oregon State University 257. Adams David University of Georgia 258. Handley David University of Maine 259. Walker Derby University of Delaware 260. Raid Richard University of Florida 261. Sprenkel Richard University of Florida 262. Durgan Beverly University of Minnesota 263. Riesselman Jack Montana State University 264. Mitchell James University of New Hampshire 265. Lord William University of New Hampshire 266. Gorsuch Clyde Clemson University 267. Cook Wilton Clemson University 268. Murdock Edward Clemson University 269. Ferrell Mark University of Wyoming 270. Martin James University of Kentucky 271. Pollet Dale Louisiana State University 272. Collins Daniel Auburn University 273. Hazzard Ruth University of Massachusetts 274. Becker Susan University of Missouri275. Jarman James University of Missouri 276. O'Day Maureen University of Missouri 277. Howell John University of Massachusetts 278. Felland Carl Pennsylvania State University 279. Welty Celeste Ohio State University 280. Van Duyn John North Carolina State University 281. Brandenburg Rick North Carolina State University 282. York Alan North Carolina State University 283. Monks David North Carolina State University 284. Yelverton Fred North Carolina State University 285. Bailey Jack North Carolina State University 286. Pscheidt Jay Oregon State University 287. Smith William North Carolina State University 288. Bacheler Jack North Carolina State University 289. Walgenbach James North Carolina State University 290. Morin Glenn New England Fruit Consultants 291. McEachern George Texas A&M University 292. Ogg Alex Washington State University 293. Ferro Dave University of Massachusetts 294. Regehr David Kansas State University 295. Olsen Jeff Oregon State University 296. Sauls Julian Texas A&M University 297. French Victor Texas A&M University298. Johnson Jarrel Texas A&M University 299.. Salisbury Clay Texas A&M University 300. Roper Teryl University of Wisconsin 301. Michaelis Bruce University of Wisconsin 302. Hopen Herbert University of Wisconsin 303. Drilias Michael University of Wisconsin 304. Kells James Michigan State University 305. Grafius Ed Michigan State University 306. DiFonzo Christina Michigan State University 307. Jones Alan Michigan State University 308. Ramsdell Donald Michigan State University 309. Ruden Brad South Dakota State University 310. Murray Don Oklahoma State University 311. Deer Howard Utah State University 312. Hagood Scott Virginia Polytechnic University 313. Phipps Patrick Virginia Polytechnic University 314. Spitko Roberta New England Fruit Consultants 315. Gay Danny University of Georgia 316. MacDonald Gregory University of Georgia 317. Hudson Randall University of Georgia 318. Brown Steven M. University of Georgia 319. Roberts Phillip University of Georgia 320. Ellis H. C. University of Georgia321. Bellinder Robin Cornell University 322. Agnello Arthur Cornell University 323. Martinson Timothy Cornell University 324. Ellerbrock Leroy Cornell University 325. Bergstrom Gary Cornell University 326. Yoder Keith Virginia Polytechnic University 327. Majek Brad Rutgers University 328. Ritter Ronald University of Maryland 329. Beste Edward University of Maryland 330. Linduska James University of Maryland 331. Everts Kathryne University of Maryland 332. Grybauskas Arvydas University of Maryland 333. Jarratt James Mississippi State University 334. Layton Blake Mississippi State University 335. Andrews Gordon Mississippi State University 336. Downing Jere Cranberry Institute 337. Jemison John University of Maine 338. Williams Mat University of Maine 339. Bartholomew Candace University of Connecticut 340. Boucher T. Jude University of Connecticut 341. Gotlieb Alan University of Vermont 342. Calvin Dennis Pennsylvania State University 343. Nissen Scott Colorado State University 344. Lundy Rocky Mint Industry Research Council345. Lee Thomas A., Jr. Texas A&M University 346. Grichar James Texas A&M University

347. Dockter John Minnesota Canola Council 348. Baniecki John West Virginia University 349. Biggs Alan West Virginia University 350. Hogmire Henry West Virginia University 351. Cartwright Richard University of Arkansas 352. Hartman John University of Kentucky 353. Lockwood David University of Tennessee 354. Baker Marvin Texas A & M University 355. Rutledge Alvin University of Tennessee 356. Hensley Darrell University of Tennessee 357. Bledsoe Larry Purdue University 358. Koehler Glen University of Maine 359. Griffin Tom University of Maine 360. Stivers Lee Cornell University 361. MacNab Alan Pennsylvania State University 362. Larson Erick Mississippi State University 363. Rasberry Freddie Mississippi State University 364. McCarthy Will Mississippi State University 365. Dwyer James University of Maine 366. Minner David Iowa State University367. New Marty Oklahoma State University 368. Newman Melvin University of Tennessee 369. Smith George University of Missouri 370. Smith Dudley Texas A & M University 371. Kamas J. Texas A & M University 372. Anciso Juan Texas A & M University 373. Taylor Jim C.T. Smith Company 374. Bade David Texas A & M University 375. Roquette Monty Texas A & M University 376. Taylor Gene Texas A & M University 377. Winter Steve Texas A & M University 378. Caliberté Richard Uniroyal 379. Holmdal Jay Rohm and Haas 380. Aerts Mike Florida Fruit and Vegetable Association

381. Bone Jim Griffin 382. Treadaway Joyce University of Florida 383. Whitty E.B. University of Florida 384. Moore Guy Larriland Farm 385. Fournier Al University of Maryland 386. Guillebeau Paul University of Georgia 387. Culpepper Stan University of Georgia 388. Crop Profile for Grapes (Lambrusca/Vinefera and French Hybrid) in New York.389. Crop Profile for Carrots in Washington.

390. Crop Profile for Peas in Maryland.

391. Crop Profile for Soybeans in Kansas. 392. Crop Profile for Strawberries in Pennsylvania. 393. Crop Profile for Cotton in Arizona.

394. Crop Profile for Grapes in Missouri.

395. Crop Profile for Peaches in Missouri.

396. Crop Profile for Grapes in Virginia.

397. Crop Profile for Strawberries in Virginia.

398. Crop Profile for Wheat in Idaho.

399. Crop Profile for Peas (Dry) in Idaho.

400. Davis, Mike, et al., The Importance of Pesticides and Other Pest Management Practices in US Tomato Production, University of California, Department of Plant Pathology, NAPIAP Report Number 1-CA-98, 1998.

401. Rinehold, John W., and Jeffrey J. Jenkins, Chemical and Non-chemical Small Fruit Pest Control Strategies in Oregon, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Oregon State University, June 30, 1996.

402. Bellinger, Robert G., and Rachel C. Ronee, South Carolina Peach Pesticide Use Survey for 1995, Department of Entomology, Clemson University, December 1997.

403. Morrell, Anne and Alan Schreiber, Biologic and Economic Assessment of Pesticide Use on Pacific Northwest Wine and Juice Grapes, Washington State University, 1997.

404. James, David, and S. R. Alm, Rhode Island Pesticide Use on Cabbage, Sweet Corn, Peppers and Tomatoes, University of Rhode Island, Cooperative Extension Service, June 1994.

405. Deer, Howard, and Alan Roe, Pesticide Use on Utah’s Vegetable Crops, Utah State University, December 1994.406. Deer, Howard, and Alan H. Roe, Pesticide Use on Utah’s Small Grain Crops, Utah State University, October 1997.

407. Weaver, Michael J., et al., Pesticide Use in Virginia on 24 Selected Crops for 1991-93, Virginia Cooperative Extension Service, May 1998.

408. Rinehold, John, and Jeffrey J. Jenkins, Oregon Pesticide Use Estimates for Small Grains, Forage, and Livestock 1994, Oregon State University Extension Service, June 1995.

409. Rinehold, John W., and Jeffrey J. Jenkins, Chemical and Non-Chemical Tree Fruit Pesticide Use Estimates in Oregon, Oregon State University, June 30, 1997.

410. Dahl, Greg, et al., Pesticide Use and Pest Management Practices for Major Crops in North Dakota in 1996, North Dakota State University, 1997.

411. Domoto, Paul, et al., Survey of Pesticides Used in the Iowa Fruit and Vegetable Industry in 1992, Department of Horticulture, Iowa State University.

412. Foster, R. E., et al., Use of Pesticides and Pest Management Practices in Indiana Fruit Crops, Purdue University, May 1997.

413. Bellinder, Robin R., New York State Pea Growers Weed Management Strategies and Herbicide Use Survey - 1996.

414. Crop Profile for Broccoli in Michigan.

415. Crop Profile for Beans (Snap) in Michigan.

416. Crop Profile for Carrots in Michigan.

417. Crop Profile for Cauliflower in Michigan.

418. Crop Profile for Carrots in United States.

419. Crop Profile for Peanuts in Alabama.

420. Crop Profile for Cotton in Texas.

421. Taylor, Paul, et al,. A Survey of Pesticide Use and Pest Management Practices on Tomatoes in Maryland, University of Maryland, 1997.

422. Sorensen, Kenneth A., et al., The Importance of Pesticides and Other Pest Management Practices in U.S. Strawberry Production, USDA, NAPIAP, 1997.423. Eskelsen, Steve, et al., Biologic and Economic Assessment of the Impact of Pesticide Use in Asparagus, Washington State University, 1997.

424. Spradley, J. Ples, and Tony E. Windham, The Biologic and Economic Assessment of Pest Management in Rice, USDA, NAPIAP, Document Number 2-CA-95.

425. Hall, Kent D., and Rodney L. Holloway, 1993 Texas Pesticide Use for Selected Crops, Texas A&M University, E-8005-1, 1997.

426. Hower, Arthur A., et al., The Importance of Pesticides and Other Pest Management Practices in US Alfalfa Production, USDA, NAPIAP 2-CA-99, 1999.

427. Crop Profile for Apples in Ohio.

428. Crop Profile for Grapes in Ohio.

429. Wiese, Maury, et al., Use, Target Pests and Economic Impact of Major Pesticides Applied to Potatoes in the United States, University of Idaho, USDA, NAPIAP 2- CA-98, 1999.

430. Hamilton, George, Pesticide Use in New Jersey: An Analysis of Pesticide Use by New Jersey’s Agricultural Community During 1994, Rutgers Cooperative Extension.

431. Eckenrode, C.J., Onion Pesticide Benefit Assessment – Preliminary Usage Data, Cornell University, Department of Entomology, August 1996.

432. Beste, C. Edward, et al., Pesticide Usage and Benefits for Processing Peas in Maryland, University of Maryland, Lower Eastern Shore Research and Education Center, December 31, 1997.

433. Crop Profile for Tomatoes in Maryland.

434. Crop Profile for Watermelons in Delaware and Maryland.

435. Knapp, Joseph, Citrus Commodity: A Biologic and Economic Assessment of Pesticide Usage, University of Florida, NAPIAP 1-CA-99, February 1999.

436. 1997/1998 Sugarbeet Research and Extension Reports, North Dakota State University, Volume 28/29,

437. Byrd, J.D., Jr., “Report of the 1996/97/98 Cotton Weed Loss Committee,” 1996/97/98 Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences, National Cotton Council.438. Lamey, H.A., et al., 1997 Sunflower Growers Survey of Pest Problems and Pesticide Use in Kansas, Minnesota, North Dakota and South Dakota, NDSU Extension Service, Extension Report No. 46, February 1999.

439. Lamey, H.A., et al., 1996/1997 Dry Bean Growers Survey of Pest Problems and Pesticide Use in Minnesota and North Dakota, NDSU Extension Service, Report No. 44/47,

440. Derr, Jeffrey, “Apple Herbicide Assessment Survey,” draft, VPI, 1999.

441. Crop Profile for Lima Beans in Delaware.

442. Crop Profile for Spinach in Texas.

443. Crop Profile for Squash in Maryland.

444. CALEPA, Summary of Pesticide Use Report Data 1997: Indexed by Chemical, Department of Pesticide Regulation, July 1999. Data set provided by Larry Wilhoit, CALDPR.

445. Wolff, Bob, “Pesticide Usage Database – 1997,” New Hampshire Department of Agriculture, Markets and Food, Division of Pesticide Control.

446. Crop Profile for Watermelons in Texas.

447. Crop Profile for Sugarcane in Texas.

448. Fuchs, Samuel J., Idaho Winter Wheat Survey – 1996, College of Agriculture, University of Idaho, 1998. 449. Buntin, G. David, Pesticide Use Survey and Assessment of Pest Management Strategies for Canola in the Southeastern U.S., University of Georgia, Department of Entomology, February 1998. 450. Crop Profile for Dry Beans in Michigan. 451. Crop Profile for Sugarbeets in Michigan. 452. Crop Profile for Potatoes in Texas. 453. Crop Profile for Green Beans in California. 454. Crop Profile for Sunflowers in North Dakota. 455. LaPrade, Jesse C., et al., Alabama 1996 Statewide Soybean Producer Survey , Alabama Cooperative Extension Service.456. LaPrade, Jesse C., et al., Alabama 1997 Statewide Cotton Producer Survey , Alabama Cooperative Extension Service. 457. LaPrade, Jesse , Alabama 1995 Statewide Pecan Producer Survey, Alabama Cooperative Extension Service. 458. LaPrade, Jesse, et al., Alabama 1996 Statewide Peanut Producer Survey , Alabama Cooperative Extension Service. 459. LaPrade, Jesse, Alabama 1995 Statewide Peach Producer Survey, Alabama Cooperative Extension Service. 460. Hook, J., et al., “Systematic Analysis of Pesticide Use and Benefits,” A Cooperative Project of Cotton Incorporated and the University of Georgia, Data Base Report (preliminary), October 1997. 461. Crop Profile for Grapes in Indiana. 462. Crop Profile for Spinach in California. 463. Crop Profile for Peaches in California. 464. Crop Profile for Nectarines in California. 465. Crop Profile for Prunes in California. 466. Crop Profile for Sweet Corn in Wisconsin. 467. Crop Profile for Peas in Wisconsin. 468. Crop Profile for Apples in Oregon. 469. Crop Profile for Figs in California. 470. Crop Profile for Wild Rice in Minnesota. 471. Crop Profile for Cotton in Alabama. 472. Crop Profile for Peppers in North Carolina. 473. Crop Profile for Pears in Oregon.

474. Crop Profile for Onions in Texas.475. USDA, The Importance of Pesticides and Other Pest Management Practices in U.S. Cotton Production NAPIAP Report Number 1-CA-93, June 1993.

476. Crop Profile for Melons in Arizona.

477. Crop Profile for Sorghum in Illinois.

478. Crop Profile for Brussel Sprouts in California.

479. Crop Profile for Lettuce in Arizona.

480. Crop Profile for Rice in Louisiana.

481. Crop Profile for Peppers (Chile) in New Mexico.

482. Crop Profile for Sweet Potatoes in Louisiana.

483. Crop Profile for Pears in New York.

484. Rinehold, John and Jeffrey J. Jenkins, Oregon Pesticide Use Estimates for Specialty Crops and Seed Crops, 1992, Cooperative Extension Service, Oregon State University, April 1994.

485. Crop Profile for Grapes (Table) in California.

486. Crop Profile for Rice in Missouri.

487. Crop Profile for Alfalfa in Minnesota.

488. Crop Profile for Blueberries in New York.

489. Crop Profile for Strawberries in New York.

490. Crop Profile for Raspberries in New York.

491. LaPrade, Jesse, et al., Alabama 1998 Statewide Forage Crops (Hay and Pasture) Production Survey for Pest Management, Auburn University, Alabama Cooperative Extension System.

492. Hickey, Kenneth D., Fungicide Benefits Assessment Fruit and Nut Crops – East, USDA, National Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment Program, January 1991.

493. Manley Gerald Drexel Chemical494. Rinehold, John, and Jeffrey Jenkins, Oregon Pesticide Use Estimates for Vegetable Crops, 1993, Oregon State University Extension Service, 1994.

495. USDA, Agricultural Chemical Usage 1991 Fruits and Nuts Summary, National Agricultural Statistics Service, June 1992.

496. USDA, Agricultural Chemical Usage 1991 Field Crops Summary, National Agricultural Statistics Service, March 1992.

497. USDA, Agricultural Chemical Usage 1990 Vegetables Summary, National Agricultural Statistics Service, June 1991.

498. Crop Profile for Walnuts in California.

499. Crop Profile for Olives in California.

500. Crop Profile for Caneberries in California.

501. Smith David North Carolina State University

502. Loske Thomas Louisiana State University

503. Carpenter, Janet, et al., The Economic Impact of the Scheduled U.S. Phaseout of Methyl Bromide, National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy, February 2000.

504. Lewis Cal Hy-Yield Bromine

505. Sorenson, Clyde E., and John DeWitt, Pesticide Use in Nevada Agriculture: Growers Response, 1990, University of Nevada, Reno.

506. Carroll Beth Novartis

507. Crop Profile for Peas (Green) in Idaho.

508. Crop Profile for Corn in Nebraska.

509. Fisher Loren North Carolina State University

510. Crop Profile for Apples in Idaho.

511. Crop Profile for Green Peas in Delaware.

512. Crop Profile for Sorghum in Nebraska.

513. Crop Profile for Potatoes in Idaho.514. 1998 Michigan Potato Pest Survey, by the Michigan Potato Industry Commission and the Potato Growers of Michigan, Inc.

515. USDA, Agricultural Chemical Usage: 1993 Fruits Summary, National Agricultural Statistics Service, June 1994.

516. Damicore John Oklahoma State University

517. Jarri Keith University of Nebraska

518. North Dakota State Department of Agriculture

519. USDA, Cotton Varieties Planted: 1997 Crop, Agricultural Marketing Service, July 1997.

900. Chloropicrin Assumed Used on Same Percent of Acres as Methyl Bromide. 999. Assigned based on data for a neighboring state.11.0 References: 1992 Database 600. USDA, Agricultural Chemical Usage 1992 Vegetables Summary, National Agricultural Statistics Service, June 1993. 601. Cress, Donald C., Kansas Agricultural Chemical Usage 1991 Sorghum and Wheat Summary, Cooperative Extension Service, Kansas State University, July 1992. 602. USDA, Agricultural Chemical Usage 1992 Field Crops Summary, National Agricultural Statistics Service, March 1993. 603. USDA, Agricultural Chemical Usage 1991 Field Crops Summary, National Agricultural Statistics Service, March 1992 604. Cress, Donald C., Kansas Agricultural Chemical Usage 1990 Corn and Soybean Summary, Cooperative Extension Service, Kansas State University, April 1991. 605. Cress, Donald C., Kansas Agricultural Chemical Usage 1992 Alfalfa Summary, Cooperative Extension Service, Kansas State University, June 1993. 606. Legg. 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Deer, Howard, and Alan Roe, Pesticide Use On Utah's Grain and Forage Crops, Cooperative Extension Service, Utah State University, June 1993. 633. Dively, Galen P., et al, Pesticide Use Profiles and Pesticide-Related Practices and Alternatives Associated with Tree Fruit Growers in Maryland, University of Maryland, 1992. 634. Deer, Howard and Alan Roe, Pesticide Use on Utah's Fruit Crops, Cooperative Extension Service, Utah State University, December 1993. 635. Bohmont, Bert L., Survey of Pesticide Use and Alternative Pest Control Measures in Colorado for Field-Crops Alfalfa for Hay, Feed Barley, Malting Barley, and Oats, Colorado State University, June 1992. 636. West Virginia 1992 Pesticide Usage Survey: Alfalfa, Apples, Tobacco,, West Virginia Agricultural Statistics Service, June 1993. 637. Baniecki, John F., West Virginia 1991 Pesticide Use Survey: Alfalfa, Apples, Tobacco, West Virginia University, June 1992. 638. Baniecki, John F., 1990 West Virginia Pesticide Usage on Tobacco, Alfalfa and Apples. 639. Baker, Paul, et al, 1993 Arizona Corn and Barley Agrochemical Use Survey, Final Report, Department of Entomology, University of Arizona. 640. Baker, Paul, et al, 1992 Arizona Apple, Grape and Wheat Agrochemical Use Survey, Final Report, Department of Entomology, University of Arizona. 641. Baker, Paul, et al, 1990 Arizona Alfalfa Agrochemical Use Survey , Final Report, submitted to USDA, 1992.642. Toth, Stephen J., A Survey of Pesticide Use on Apples, Cucumbers and Peanuts in North Carolina, Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, June 30, 1991. 643. Toth, Stephen J., A Survey of Pesticide Use in Sweet Potatoes and Irish Potatoes in North Carolina, North Carolina State University, July 27, 1992. 644. Toth, Stephen J., A Survey of Pesticide Use on Cotton in North Carolina, Data Report, Cooperative Extension Survey, North Carolina State University, October 15, 1993. 645. Foster, R.E., et al, Pesticide Use on Potatoes Grown in Indiana, Purdue University, 1993. 646. Foster, R.E., et al, Pesticide Use on Processing Tomatoes Grown in Indiana, Purdue University, 1993. 647. Foster, R.E., et al, Pesticide Use on Melons Grown in Indiana, Purdue University, 1993. 648. Zollinger, Richard K., et al, Pesticide Use and Pest Management Practices for Major Crops in North Dakota 1992, North Dakota State University, Cooperative Extension Service, Extension Report No. 15, 1993. 649. Langner, Charles, Pesticide Use in South Dakota, Results of 1990 Survey on Oat, Barley and Sunflowers, South Dakota State University. 650. Carpenter, Gene, "Pesticide Use Estimates, Mint," University of Idaho Cooperative Extension Service, 1992. 651. Marose, B.H., and T. Patton, "Survey of Herbicide Use and Management Practices in Maryland Agronomic Crops," Research Poster, 48th Annual Meeting Northeastern Weed Science Society, January 4, 1994. 652. Beste, C. Edward, and James L. Linduska, Pesticide Impact Comparison for Fresh and Processed Sweet Corn Maryland, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Maryland, December 21, 1993. 653. Becker, S. Anastasia et al, Grain Crop Pesticide Use Missouri, 1992, Integrated Pest Management Unit, University of Missouri, 6/93. 654. Bridges, David C., et al, An Analysis of the Use and Benefits of Pesticides in U.S. Grown Peanuts: I Southeastern Production Region, Crop and Soil Science Department, University of Georgia, 1994.655. Bridges, David C., et al, An Analysis of the Use and Benefits of Pesticides in U.S. Grown Peanuts: II Southwestern Production Region, Crop and Soil Science Department, University of Georgia, 1994. 656. Bridges, David C., et al, An Analysis of the Use and Benefits of Pesticides in U.S. Grown Peanuts: III Virginia - Carolina Production Region, Crop and Soil Science Department, University of Georgia, 1994. 657. USDA, Agricultural Chemical Usage, 1993 Field Crops Summary, National Agricultural Statistics Service, March 1994. 658. Regehr, Dave, Kansas State University, personal communication, 1994. 659. Carpenter, Gene, "Pesticide Use Estimates, Onions," University of Idaho Cooperative Extension Service, 1992. 660. George, Ann, US Hop Industry Plant Protection Committee, personal communication, 1994. 661. Carpenter, Gene, "Pesticide Use on Sugarbeets in Idaho in 1990," University of Idaho Cooperative Extension Service, 1993. 662. Spradley, Ples, Pesticide Use Survey on the Major Vegetable Crops of Arkansas, University of Arkansas, Cooperative Extension Service, September 25, 1991. 663. Spradley, J. Ples, 1992 Arkansas Rice Pesticide Use Survey, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Arkansas, ETB 251, 1994. 664. Spradley, Ples, Survey of Pesticide Use on the Major Fruit Crops in Arkansas in 1991, University of Arkansas, June 15, 1992. 665. Pesticide Use Survey for Sugarcane and Corn in Louisiana, Final Report, Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service, January 7, 1994. 666. Waldron, Acie C., et al, Pesticide Use on Selected Field Crops in Ohio in 1991, Ohio State University Extension Service, Bulletin 842, 1993. 667. Waldron, Acie, C., et al, Pesticide Use on Fruit and Vegetable Crops in Ohio - 1990, Ohio Cooperative Extension Service. 668. Johnson, Gregory, et al, Pesticide Use on Canola in Montana 1991, Final Report, Montana State University Extension Service. 669. Johnson, Gregory D., Pesticide Use on Sugarbeets in Montana-1990, Entomology Research Laboratory, Montana State University.670. USDA, The Biologic and Economic Assessment of Chlorpyrifos, Supplemental Document, National Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment Program, November 1993. 671. Johnston, Stephen A., Fungicide Benefits Assessment Vegetables - East, USDA, National Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment Program, January 1991. 672. Kucharek, Thomas, Fungicide Benefits Assessment Field Crops - South, USDA National Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment Program, January 1991. 673. Shaner, Gregory, Fungicide Benefits Assessment Cereal Crops, USDA, National Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment Program, January 1991. 674. Gubler, W. Douglas, Fungicide Benefits Assessment Fruit and Nut Crops - West, USDA, National Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment Program, January 1991. 675. Davis, Michael, Fungicide Benefits Assessment Vegetables - West, USDA, National Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment Program, January 1991. 676. Dexter, Alan G., et al, "Survey of Fungicide Use in Sugarbeets in North Dakota, Minnesota and Montana, 1991," 1991 Sugarbeet Research and Extension Reports, North Dakota State University, Extension Service, January 1992. 677. Hickey, Kenneth D., Fungicide Benefits Assessment Fruit and Nut Crops - East, USDA National Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment Program, January 1991. 678. USDA, Agricultural Chemical Usage 1990 Vegetables Summary, National Agricultural Statistics Service, June 1991. 679. Partridge, Mary, S., et al, Pest and Pesticide Use Assessment for Dairy Cattle and Cabbage Production Systems in New York State for 1991, Pesticide Management and Education Program, Cornell University, 1992. 680. Martinez, Natalie, and Michael J. Weaver, A Survey of Pesticide Use and Pest Severity in Virginia Vineyards in 1990 and 1991, VPI, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. 681. Kelly, Patrick A., and John W. Hines, 1990 Pesticide Use in Rural Minnesota (draft), State of Minnesota, Department of Agriculture, Agronomy Services Division, Environment Quality Section, May 5, 1992. 682. Rinehold, John and Jeffrey J. Jenkins, Oregon Pesticide Use Estimates for Tree Fruits, 1991, Oregon State University, EM 8553, September 1993.683. Rinehold, John, and Jeffrey Jenkins, Pesticide Uses and Benefits in Production of Oregon Crops: A Report on the Use of Pesticides on Small Fruits for 1990. Oregon State Cooperative Extension Service, September 30, 1991. 684. Carpenter, Gene P., Benefit Data for Pesticides Used in Idaho on Dry Beans - 1992, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Idaho, 1994. 685. Rinehold, John and Jeffrey J. Jenkins, Oregon Pesticide Use Estimates for Specialty Crops and Seed Crops, 1992, Cooperative Extension Service, Oregon State University, April 1994. 686. Lamey, H.A., et al, 1991 Sunflower Grower Survey of Pest Problems and Pesticide Use in Kansas, Minnesota and North Dakota, North Dakota State University, Extension Service, Report No. 12, January 1993. 687. Ramil, Donna M., et al, Pest and Pesticide Use Assessment for Forage, Field Crops and Vegetable Production Systems in New York State for 1990, Pesticide Management Education Program, Cornell University, 1992. 688. Hein, Gary L., and Shripat Kamble, Pesticide Use on Specialty Crops in Nebraska - 1992, preliminary report, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, 1994. 689. Bowman, James S., Pesticide Usage Profiles on Certain Non-Food Crops Grown in New Hampshire During 1991, University of New Hampshire, June 22, 1993. 690. Bowman, James S., Pesticide Usage Profiles on Certain Agricultural Crops Grown in New Hampshire during 1990, University of New Hampshire, July 6, 1992. 691. Toth, Stephen, Pesticide Use by North Carolina Flue-Cured Tobacco Producers, Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University 1990. 692. Turner, James J., and Candace L. Bartholomew Pesticide Use on Turf Farms in Connecticut: 1992, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Connecticut, December 1993. 693. Pesticide Use Report Annual 1991 Indexed by Chemical, State of California, Environmental Protection Agency. Computer file provided by Statewide Integrated Pest Management Project, University of California at Davis. 694. Coli, William M., et al, A Microcomputer Database of Massachusetts Pesticide Use Estimates for Tree Fruits, Cranberries and Vegetables, 1990, University of Massachusetts, Department of Entomology, 1994.695. Pike, David, "Herbicide Use for Corn and Soybeans: Expert Estimates," University of Illinois, 1994. 696. The Biologic and Economic Assessment of Pesticides on Grain Sorghum, preliminary draft, 1994. 697. Spradley, Ples, "Preliminary Results of 1993 Louisiana Rice Growers Pesticide Use Survey," University of Arkansas, June 1994. 698. Davis, Ron, "Fungicide Use Patterns: Leafy Greens Fungicide Assessment," NAPIAP, 1994. 699. Mississippi Pesticide Use on Peanuts and Wheat, Cooperative Extension Service, Mississippi State University, 1994. Computer file provided by Ruth Morgan. 700. Mississippi Pesticide Use on Rice, Cooperative Extension Service, Mississippi State University, 1994. Computer file provided by Ruth Morgan. 701. Hall, Kent D., and Rodney L. Holloway, Pesticide Use by Texas Turfgrass Growers, Texas Agricultural Extension Service, 1994. 702. Brown, Steve M., "1990 Georgia Herbicide Use Survey Summary." 703. Bertrand, Paul, and James Hadden, "Fungicide Use on Georgia Pecans," Proceedings Southeastern Pecan Growers Association, Eighty-Fifth Annual Convention, 1992. 704. USDA, The Biologic and Economic Assessment of Methyl Bromide, National Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment Program, April 1993. 705. USDA, Agricultural Chemical Usage: 1993 Fruits Summary, National Agricultural Statistics Service, June 1994. 706. USDA, "Agricultural Production and Natural Resources Data Linked in Mid Columbia River Basin Study," RTD Updates: Area Studies, September 1993.

707. USDA, "Agricultural Production and Natural Resources Data Linked in Central Nebraska Basin Study," RTD Updates: Area Studies, January 1993. 708. USDA, "Agricultural Production and Natural Resources Data Linked in Lower Susquehanna River Basin Study," RTD Updates: Area Studies, August 1993. 709. USDA, "Upper Snake River Basin Area Study Links Agricultural Production and Natural Resources Data," RTD Updates: Area Studies, December 1993.710 USDA, "Georgia-Florida Coastal Plains Area Study Links Agricultural Production and Natural Resources Data," RTD Updates: Area Studies, February 1994. 711. USDA, "Albemarle-Pamlico Drainage Area Study Links Agricultural Production and Natural Resources Data," RTD Updates: Area Studies, January 1994. 712. USDA, "Pesticides," Agricultural Resources: Inputs, Situation and Outlook Report, October 1993. 713. "Phenoxy Herbicide Benefit Assessment: Expert Estimates," NAPIAP, 1994. 714. USEPA, "Section 18 Pesticide Use Records," Office of Pesticide Programs, 1994. 715. 1993 Michigan/Colorado Potato Beetle Survey Report, by Potato Growers of Michigan Inc. and the Michigan Potato Industry Commission. 716. USDA, "Pesticides," Agricultural Resources: Inputs, Situation and Outlook Report, February 1993. 717. USDA, "Pesticides," Agricultural Resources: Inputs, Situation and Outlook Report, October 1992. 718. Bartholomew, Candace L. and James J. Turner, Pesticide Use on Broadleaf and Shade Tobacco in Connecticut: 1993, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Connecticut. 719. Waldrum, Acic L., et al, Pesticide Use on Turf and Watermelons in Ohio - 1992, Ohio Pesticide Impact Assessment Program, 1994. 720. Rinehold, John and Jeffrey Jenkins, Oregon Pesticide Use Estimates for Vegetable Crops, 1993, Oregon State University Extension Service, 1994. 721. USDA, "Characteristics of Onion Growers and Farms in Six Major Onion States," Vegetable and Specialties Situation and Outlook, Economic Research Service, TVS-253, April 1991 722. USDA, Biologic and Economic Assessment of Propargite, National Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment Program, August 1994. 723. Pesticide Use Report Annual 1992 Indexed by Chemical, State of California, Environmental Protection Agency. 724. USDA, Agricultural Chemical Usage Vegetables 1992 Summary, correction sheet, National Agricultural Statistics Service, August 4, 1994.725. Cress, Donald C., Kansas Agricultural Chemical Usage: 1993 Rangeland and Pasture Summary, Cooperative Extension Service, Kansas State University, June 1994. 726. Lamey, H.A., et. al., 1991 Dry Bean Grower Survey of Pest Problems and Pesticide Use in Minnesota and North Dakota, North Dakota State University, Extension Report No.13, May 1993. 727. Lamey, H.A., et.al., 1992 Dry Bean Grower Survey of Pest Problems and Pesticide Use in Minnesota and North Dakota, North Dakota State University, Extension Report No. 19, December 1994. 728. Kamble, T. Shripat, and Robert W. Davis, Pesticide Use on Agricultural Crops in Nebraska - 1991 and 1992, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, draft, 1994. 729. Ogg, Alex, Washington State University, USDA-ARS, personal communication, 1994. 730. Pesticide Use Estimate 1990, Office of Pest Management, Commonwealth of Virginia. 900. Chloropicrin assumed used on same percent of acres as methyl bromide. 995. Gianessi, Leonard P. and Cynthia A. Puffer, The Use of Herbicides in U.S. Crop Production: Use Coefficients Listed by Active Ingredient, Resources for the Future, April 1991. 996. Gianessi, Leonard P. and Cynthia A. Puffer, Insecticide Use in U.S. Crop Production, Resources for the Future, November 1992. 997. Gianessi, Leonard P. and Cynthia A. Puffer, Fungicide Use in U.S. Crop Production, Resources for the Future, August 1992. 998. Coefficient values from late 1980’s assigned. See references 995, 996, or 997 for source of original estimate. 999. Coefficient values assigned from nearby state.