DELAWARE ECONOMIC ENERGY EFFICIENCY POTENTIAL

May 24, 2013

Prepared for:

Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control

by:

Optimal Energy Inc., Bristol, Vermont

Shelter Analytics, Huntington, Vermont

Energy Futures Group, Hinesburg, Vermont

Optimal Energy, Inc. 14 School Street

802.453.5100 www.optenergy.com Bristol, VT 05443
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential 

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013

Back of Cover Page
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential 

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013

Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...........................................................................................................1

Background and Purpose of Study...............................................................................................................1

Summary Results.........................................................................................................................................1

Methodology................................................................................................................................................7

INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................8

Background and Purpose of Study...............................................................................................................8

Study Overview...........................................................................................................................................8

FINDINGS ..................................................................................................................................11

Sector-Level Results..................................................................................................................................11

Residential Results ....................................................................................................................................15

Commercial Results...................................................................................................................................19

Industrial Results.......................................................................................................................................22

Efficiency Supply Curves..........................................................................................................................25

METHODOLOGY .....................................................................................................................28

Methodology Overview.............................................................................................................................28

Energy Forecasts........................................................................................................................................30

Electric Forecast....................................................................................................................................30

Natural Gas Forecast.............................................................................................................................30

Petroleum Fuels Forecast ......................................................................................................................31

Forecast Disaggregation by Segment and End Use...............................................................................32

Measure Characterization ..........................................................................................................................33

Measure Data ........................................................................................................................................33

Economic Potential Analysis.....................................................................................................................35

Top-Down Approach ............................................................................................................................35

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis..................................................................................................................37

Estimating Economic Potential.............................................................................................................38

APPENDICES.............................................................................................................................40

Appendix A: Energy Sales Forecast ..........................................................................................................41

Appendix B: Energy Sales Disaggregation................................................................................................42

Appendix C: Average Retail Rates............................................................................................................48

Appendix D: Measure Characterizations...................................................................................................49

Abbreviations:.......................................................................................................................................49

Electric Measures..................................................................................................................................49

Gas and Petroleum Measures................................................................................................................76

Appendix E: Bibliography.........................................................................................................................83

Appendix F: Other Analysis Inputs and Assumptions...............................................................................91
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Tables

Table 1. Summary of Cumulative Efficiency Potential Relative to Forecast (2025).......................................4

Table 2. Summary of Cumulative Participant Costs and Benefits by Sector (2025) .......................................4

Table 3. Summary of Cumulative Efficiency Potential Relative to Forecast (2025).....................................14

Table 4. Summary of Cumulative Participant Costs and Benefits by Sector (2025) .....................................15

Table 5. Summary of Cumulative Net Benefits* by Sector and Fuel (2025) ................................................15

Table 6. Residential Electric Top-saving Measures 2025..............................................................................16

Table 7. Residential Natural Gas Top-saving Measures 2025.......................................................................17

Table 8. Residential Petroleum Fuels Top-saving Measures 2025 ................................................................18

Table 9. Commercial Electric Top-saving Measures 2025............................................................................20

Table 10. Commercial Natural Gas Top-saving Measures 2025 ...................................................................21

Table 11. Commercial Petroleum Fuels Top-saving Measures 2025 ............................................................22

Table 12. Electric Sales Forecast by Sector and Year (GWh) .......................................................................30

Table 13. Natural Gas Sales Forecast by Sector and Year (BBtu).................................................................31

Table 14. Petroleum Fuels Sales Forecast by Sector and Year (BBtu)..........................................................31

Table 15. Petroleum Fuels Forecast by Sector and Year (BBtu) ...................................................................41
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Figures

Figure 1. Electric Total Forecast and Economic Efficiency Potential by Sector.............................................2

Figure 2. Natural Gas Forecast and Economic Efficiency Potential by Sector................................................3

Figure 3. Petroleum Fuels Forecast and Economic Efficiency Potential by Sector.........................................3

Figure 4. Economic Electric Energy Efficiency Supply Curve by Sector and End Use ..................................5

Figure 5. Economic Natural Gas Energy Efficiency Supply Curve by Sector and End Use ...........................6

Figure 6. Economic Petroleum Fuel Energy Efficiency Supply Curve by Sector and End Use ......................6

Figure 7. Electric Total Forecast and Economic Efficiency Potential by Sector...........................................12

Figure 8. Natural Gas Forecast and Economic Efficiency Potential by Sector..............................................12

Figure 9. Petroleum Fuels Forecast and Economic Efficiency Potential by Sector.......................................13

Figure 10. Cumulative Savings Relative to Forecast (2025) .........................................................................14

Figure 11. Residential Electric Economic Efficiency Potential by End Use 2025 ........................................16

Figure 12. Residential Natural Gas Economic Efficiency Potential by End Use 2025..................................17

Figure 13. Residential Petroleum Fuels Economic Efficiency Potential by End Use 2025...........................18

Figure 14. Commercial Electric Economic Efficiency Potential by End Use 2025.......................................19

Figure 15. Commercial Natural Gas Economic Efficiency Potential by End Use 2025................................20

Figure 16. Commercial Petroleum Fuels Economic Efficiency Potential by End Use 2025 .........................22

Figure 17. Industrial Electric Economic Efficiency Potential by End Use 2025 ...........................................23

Figure 18. Industrial Natural Gas Economic Efficiency Potential by End Use 2025 ....................................24

Figure 19. Industrial Petroleum Fuels Economic Efficiency Potential by End Use 2025 .............................24

Figure 20. Economic Electric Energy Efficiency Supply Curve by Sector and End Use ..............................26

Figure 21. Economic Natural Gas Energy Efficiency Supply Curve by Sector and End Use .......................26

Figure 22. Economic Petroleum Fuel Energy Efficiency Supply Curve by Sector and End Use ..................27
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE OF STUDY

The Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (DNREC) 

commissioned this study to estimate the economic energy efficiency potential in Delaware for 

electricity, natural gas and unregulated fossil fuel usage (petroleum fuels) in the buildings 

sector.1 Optimal Energy, Inc. led the study, with assistance from Shelter Analytics and Energy 

Futures Group. This report covers Phase I of the project focusing on the economic potential, 

which reflects an upper bound of the amount of efficiency that could be pursued. It is intended 

to frame the magnitude of the efficiency opportunity in Delaware to support consideration of 

policy alternatives, and to be a stepping stone for a second phase. Phase II is planned to assess 

the economically achievable potential to better inform future Delaware efficiency program goals 

and planning. 

Economic efficiency potential is defined as the total opportunity for efficiency improvement 

that passes a cost-effectiveness test, assuming all energy efficiency opportunities that pass that 

test are adopted without regard to any market barriers or assumptions about how many people 

would actually choose to adopt them. For this study, cost-effectiveness is defined by the 

Participant Cost Test, which considers measures as cost-effective so long as the total lifetime 

cost savings to the energy consumer (based on retail energy costs) exceed the up-front initial 

efficiency measure investment. Measures are considered to pass the test when their benefits 

exceed or equal their cost, thus when the benefit-cost ratio is greater than or equal to 1.0.

Economic potential was estimated for a 12-year period, from 2014 to 2025. Due to schedule 

and budget constraints, this study relies solely on existing available data, and did not include 

any new primary data collection. Whenever possible existing data from Delaware or the MidAtlantic region was relied on.

SUMMARY RESULTS

Key findings include:

 Total electric economic potential is 4,091 GWh, representing 26.3% of the 2025 

base case forecasted load.2 If captured, this would result an average annual 

load decrease of 1.6% per year.

 

1 Petroleum fuels included oil #2, #4 and #6, propane and kerosene. All petroleum fuel potential was estimated in 

aggregate and is not provided for each individual fuel.

2 All electric energy (kWh) values sited in this report are at generation or point-of-purchase, and do not include line 

losses. See Appendix F (page 91) for the line loss factor used to convert from savings at the customer meter.
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Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 2

 Total natural gas economic potential is 8,234 billion Btu (BBtu), representing 

19.6% of the 2025 base case forecasted load. If captured, this would result an 

average annual load decrease of 1.4% per year.

 Total petroleum fuels economic potential is 1,319 BBtu, representing 12.6% of 

the 2025 base case forecasted load. If captured, this would result an average 

annual load decrease of 0.9% per year.

Total cumulative economic potential by fuel is shown below in Figures 1 to 3, as well as 

Table 1.

3 As can be seen in Figures 1 to 3, adopting all cost-effective measures in all Delaware 

buildings and factories would more than offset expected load growth through 2025, resulting in 

a downward trend in energy usage in the buildings sector in Delaware. How much of that can 

actually be captured cost-effectively with efficiency programs, and the costs of capturing it, 

have not been evaluated in this phase of the project.

The analysis considers efficiency potential by sector, or customer class: residential, 

commercial (including institutional and government), and industrial. We find the potential 

greatest in the commercial sector, with 39.2%, 33.3% and 34.1% reductions in usage by 2025 for 

electricity, gas and petroleum fuels respectively. The residential sector is the next highest at 

respective reductions of 18.0% (electric), 17.4% (gas) and 6.0% (petroleum). Finally, the 

industrial sector potential is estimated at 17.9% (electric), 13.4% (gas) and 8.6% (petroleum). 

Figure 1. Electric Total Forecast and Economic Efficiency Potential by Sector

 

3 The 2025 “cumulative” potential means the total potential efficiency savings due to all efficiency measures installed 

or adopted during the 12-year study period, but not including the savings of measures that reached the end of 

their effective useful life prior to 2025.

 -

 2,000

 4,000

 6,000

 8,000

 10,000

 12,000

 14,000

 16,000

GWh

Forecast

Residential EE

Commercial EE

Industrial EE
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Figure 2. Natural Gas Forecast and Economic Efficiency Potential by Sector

Figure 3. Petroleum Fuels Forecast and Economic Efficiency Potential by Sector

 -

 10,000

 20,000

 30,000

 40,000

 50,000

BBtu

Forecast

Residential EE

Commercial EE

Industrial EE

 -

 2,000

 4,000

 6,000

 8,000

 10,000

 12,000

 14,000

BBtu

Forecast

Residential EE

Commercial EE

Industrial EE
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Table 1. Summary of Cumulative Efficiency Potential Relative to Forecast (2025)

Forecast

Cumulative

Savings % of Forecast

Electric (GWh)

Residential 5,284 952 18%

Commercial 5,292 2,076 39%

Industrial 2,848 509 18%

Total 13,424 3,537 26%

Natural Gas (BBtu)

Residential 12,266 2,109 17%

Commercial 10,873 3,572 33%

Industrial 19,071 2,553 13%

Total 42,210 8,234 20%

Petroleum Fuels (BBtu)

Residential 6,136 368 6%

Commercial 2,103 720 34%

Industrial 2,699 231 9%

Total 10,938 1,319 12%

If the total economic potential were hypothetically captured, it would produce $438 million 

in net benefits (in real 2013 $) to the Delaware economy, at a benefit-cost ratio of 4.01. Total 

investment would be $146 million, with benefits to consumers (mostly energy bill savings) of 

$584 million. Table 2 shows the cumulative economic impacts through 2025, broken out by 

sector.

Table 2. Summary of Cumulative Participant Costs and Benefits by Sector (2025)

Sector

Benefits

(Million $)

Costs

(Million $)

Net Benefits

(Million $) BCR

Residential $194 $57 $137 3.39 

Commercial $322 $75 $247 4.30 

Industrial $68 $14 $54 4.95 

Total $584 $146 $438 4.01 

Figures 4 to 6 show efficiency supply curves by fuel. These graphically provide a sense of 

where the savings come from and how much potential is available from what sectors and end 

uses at different levels of cost-effectiveness. The Y-axis is the participant benefit-cost ratio, with 

the X-axis representing the total cumulative potential savings in 2025. All of the efficiency 
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shown on the supply curves is cost-effective, with a benefit-cost ratio of at least 1.0. As can be

seen, the efficiency opportunities are widely intermixed across sectors and by BCR. For electric 

efficiency, the commercial opportunities generally provide larger savings opportunities with 

higher BCRs than residential, while the industrial potential is largely concentrated in the 

process end use. For natural gas and petroleum fuels the potential is distributed mainly across 

space heating, water heating, and industrial process, with varying cost-effectiveness. 

Figure 4. Economic Electric Energy Efficiency Supply Curve by Sector and End Use

Participant BCR 20

15

10

5

0

Residential Commercial Industrial

1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 Cumulative GWh 2025

Space Heating Industrial Process Food Service Equip. Whole Building Ventilation Miscellaneous Refrigeration Behavior Whole Building

Lighting Plug Loads Lighting

Cooling Space Heating Refrigeration Water Heating Plug Loads Outdoor Lighting Indoor Lighting Cooling
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Figure 5. Economic Natural Gas Energy Efficiency Supply Curve by Sector and End Use

Participant BCR 20

15

10

5

0

Residential Commercial Industrial

2,000 Cumulative BBtu 2025

Water Heating Food Service Equip. Space Heating Space Heating

Whole Building

Space Heating Industrial Process Whole Building

Water Heating 4,000 6,000 8,000 Figure 6. Economic Petroleum Fuel Energy Efficiency Supply Curve by Sector and End Use

Participant BCR 20

15

10

5

0

Residential Commercial Industrial

300 Cumulative BBtu 2025

Space Heating Whole Building

Space Heating Space Heating Water Heating

Industrial Process 600 900 1,200

Whole Building
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METHODOLOGY

The Methodology section of the main report provides a more detailed discussion of the 

methods and assumptions used in the analysis. The steps below summarize the methodological 

approach for this project.

 Assess and adjust the energy forecasts for each fuel type for any known codes 

and standards, and estimate naturally occurring efficiency adoption to ensure 

it properly reflects consistent base case assumptions about customers and 

end uses.

 Disaggregate adjusted energy forecasts by sector (residential, commercial, 

industrial), by market segment (e.g., building types), and end uses (e.g., 

lighting, cooling, etc.).

 Characterize efficiency measures, including estimating costs, savings, 

lifetimes, and share of end use level forecasted usage for each market 

segment.

 Build up savings by measure/segment based on measure characterizations 

calibrated to total energy usage.

 Account for interactions between measures, including savings adjustments 

based on other measures as well as ranking and allocating measures when 

more than one measure can apply to a particular situation.

 Run the stock adjustment model to track existing stock and new equipment 

purchases to capture the eligible market for each measure in each year.

 Run the efficiency potential model to estimate total potential for each 

measure/segment/market combination to produce potential results.

 Screen each measure/segment/market combination for cost-effectiveness, for 

each install year of the 12-year study period. Remove failing measures from 

the analysis and rerun the model to re-adjust for measure interactions.
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INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE OF STUDY

The Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (DNREC) 

commissioned this study to estimate the economic efficiency potential in Delaware for 

electricity, natural gas and unregulated fossil fuel usage (petroleum) in the buildings sector.4

Optimal Energy, Inc. led the study, with assistance from Shelter Analytics and Energy Futures 

Group. This report covers Phase I of the project focusing on the economic potential, which 

reflects an upper bound of the amount of efficiency that could be pursued. It is intended to 

frame the magnitude of the efficiency opportunity in Delaware to support consideration of 

policy alternatives, and to be a stepping stone for a second phase. Phase II is planned to assess 

the economically achievable potential to better inform future Delaware efficiency program goals 

and planning. 

Economic potential is defined as the total opportunity for efficiency improvement that 

passes a cost-effectiveness test, assuming all efficiency opportunities that pass that test are 

adopted without regard to any market barriers or assumptions about how many people would 

actually choose to adopt them. For this study, cost-effectiveness is defined by the Participant 

Cost Test, which considers measures as cost-effective so long as the total lifetime cost savings to 

the energy consumer (based on retail energy costs) exceed the up-front initial efficiency 

measure investment. Measures are considered to pass the test whenever the benefit-cost ratio is 

greater than or equal to 1.0.

Economic potential was estimated for a 12-year period, from 2014 to 2025. Due to schedule 

and budget constraints, this study relies solely on existing available data, and did not include 

any new primary data collection. Whenever possible existing data from Delaware or the MidAtlantic region was relied on.

STUDY OVERVIEW

This section provides a brief overview of the study scope and approaches, with more detail 

provided in the sections below. The Phase I economic potential study included the following 

key components:

 A 12-year economic efficiency potential study for the period 2014-2025.

 An estimate of the economic efficiency potential for electricity, natural gas, 

and petroleum fuels. 

 

4 Petroleum fuels included oil #2, #4 and #6, propane and kerosene. All petroleum fuel potential was estimated in 

aggregate and is not provided for each individual fuel.
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- Petroleum fuels included distillate (#2 and #4) and residual (#6) fuel oil, 

propane, and kerosene, and these were analyzed in aggregate rather than 

separately.

 An estimate of the economic potential for the residential, commercial 

(including institutional and government), and industrial sectors. The study 

was restricted to the buildings sector and does not include transportation 

efficiency.

The focus of Phase I was to estimate the economic efficiency potential. The economic 

efficiency potential includes all efficiency that is considered to be cost-effective from a 

Participant Cost Test perspective. It quantifies an upper-bound of efficiency savings if all costeffective efficiency opportunities were captured when available. As such, it is a hypothetical 

upper limit of what could actually be captured with efficiency programs, ignoring the real 

world market barriers that often prevent people from adopting all cost-effective efficiency. The 

economic potential assumes 100% of all efficiency opportunities are captured. For measures that 

are not time discretionary, such as adding insulation to a building that is not undergoing any 

other renovations (hereinafter referred to as “retrofit” or “early retirement” opportunities), we 

assume these opportunities are captured evenly over the 12-year period. While in theory all 

these opportunities exist in 2014, constraints such as work force availability would limit the 

amount of these measures that could actually be captured in any given year. This results in the 

same cumulative potential savings by 2025, but evens out the annual results. This is more useful 

in that it reflects annual opportunities more in line with what could be considered during Phase 

II from actual efficiency programs. For time-dependent opportunities such as new construction 

or replacement on failure of equipment (hereinafter referred to as “market-driven” or “lost” 

opportunities), all measures are assumed installed at the time the opportunity is created. 

The Phase I scope was limited in several important respects:

 Only considers economic potential, based on a Participant Cost Test

 Relies solely on existing available data, in some cases from outside Delaware

 Does not include fuel switching measures 

 Does not include combined heat and power (CHP) measures 

 Does not include demand response measures 

The Methodology section below provides a detailed discussion of the methods and 

assumptions used in the analysis. The steps below lay out the basic methodological approach

for assessing the economic efficiency potential.

 Identify the baseline energy sales forecasts for each fuel type, and 

disaggregate the forecasts by building type/segment and end-use

 Characterize the efficiency measures for their costs and savings
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 Apply the measures to the potential study model and appropriate shares of 

disaggregated energy forecasts to analyze annual impacts

 Screen measures for cost-effectiveness in each install year of the 12-year 

study period, using the Participant Cost Test (a measure “passes” if its 

benefits exceed its costs)

 Remove any non-cost-effective measures in the years for which they are not 

cost-effective 

 Adjust all interaction factors between measures to avoid double counting and 

rerun the subset of measures that pass the PCT.
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FINDINGS

SECTOR-LEVEL RESULTS

This section provides sector-level and total results for each fuel type. The following sections 

provide more detailed results within each sector, at the end use and measure level.

Key findings include:

 Total electric economic potential is 4,091 GWh, representing 26.3% of the 2025 

base case forecasted load.5 If captured, this would result an average annual 

load decrease of 1.6% per year.

 Total natural gas economic potential is 8,234 billion Btu (BBtu), representing 

19.6% of the 2025 base case forecasted load. If captured, this would result an 

average annual load decrease of 1.4% per year.

 Total petroleum fuels economic potential is 1,319 BBtu, representing 12.6% of 

the 2025 base case forecasted load. If captured, this would result an average 

annual load decrease of 0.9% per year.

Total economic potential by fuel is shown below in Figures 7 to 9. As shown in those 

figures, adopting all cost-effective measures in all Delaware buildings and factories would more 

than offset expected load growth through 2025, resulting in a downward trend in energy usage 

in the buildings sector in Delaware. How much of that can actually be captured cost-effectively 

with efficiency programs, and the costs of capturing it, have not been evaluated in this phase of 

the project.

 

5 All electric energy (kWh) values sited in this report are at generation or point-of-purchase, and do not include line 

losses. See Appendix F (page 91) for the line loss factor used to convert from savings at the customer meter.
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Figure 7. Electric Total Forecast and Economic Efficiency Potential by Sector

Figure 8. Natural Gas Forecast and Economic Efficiency Potential by Sector

 -

 2,000

 4,000

 6,000

 8,000

 10,000

 12,000

 14,000

 16,000

GWh

Forecast

Residential EE

Commercial EE

Industrial EE

 -

 10,000

 20,000

 30,000

 40,000

 50,000

BBtu

Forecast

Residential EE

Commercial EE

Industrial EE
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Figure 9. Petroleum Fuels Forecast and Economic Efficiency Potential by Sector

The analysis considers efficiency potential by sector, or customer class: residential, 

commercial (including institutional and government), and industrial. As shown in Figure 10

and Table 3, we find the 2025 cumulative potential greatest in the commercial sector, with 

39.2%, 33.3% and 34.1% reductions in usage by 2025 for electricity, gas and petroleum fuels 

respectively.6 The residential sector is the next highest at respective reductions of 18.0% 

(electric), 17.4% (gas) and 6.0% (petroleum). Finally, the industrial sector potential is estimated 

at 17.9% (electric), 13.4% (gas) and 8.6% (petroleum). The following sections provide a more 

detailed breakdown of each sector by end use and at the measure level. 

 

6 The 2025 “cumulative” potential means the total potential efficiency savings due to all efficiency measures installed 

or adopted during the 12-year study period, up to 2025, but not including the savings of measures that reached 

the end of their effective useful life prior to 2025.

 -

 2,000

 4,000

 6,000

 8,000

 10,000

 12,000

 14,000

BBtu

Forecast

Residential EE

Commercial EE

Industrial EE
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Figure 10. Cumulative Savings Relative to Forecast (2025)

Table 3. Summary of Cumulative Efficiency Potential Relative to Forecast (2025)

Forecast

Cumulative

Savings % of Forecast

Electric (GWh)

Residential 5,284 952 18%

Commercial 5,292 2,076 39%

Industrial 2,848 509 18%

Total 13,424 3,537 26%

Natural Gas (BBtu)

Residential 12,266 2,109 17%

Commercial 10,873 3,572 33%

Industrial 19,071 2,553 13%

Total 42,210 8,234 20%

Petroleum Fuels (BBtu)

Residential 6,136 368 6%

Commercial 2,103 720 34%

Industrial 2,699 231 9%

Total 10,938 1,319 12%

If the total economic potential were hypothetically captured, it would produce $438 million 

in net benefits (in real 2013 $) to the Delaware economy. The benefit-cost ratio based on the 

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Electric Natural Gas Petroleum Fuels

Residential

Commercial

Industrial
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Participant Cost Test would be 4.01, implying that for every dollar invested in efficiency the 

economy would recoup 4.01 dollars in benefits. Total investment would be $146 million, with 

benefits to consumers (mostly energy bill savings) of $584 million. Table 4 shows the 

cumulative economic impacts through 2025, broken out by sector. Table 5 shows the net 

benefits for each fuel type within each sector.

Table 4. Summary of Cumulative Participant Costs and Benefits by Sector (2025)

Sector

Benefits

(Million $)

Costs

(Million $)

Net Benefits

(Million $) BCR

Residential $194 $57 $137 3.39 

Commercial $322 $75 $247 4.30 

Industrial $68 $14 $54 4.95 

Total $584 $146 $438 4.01 

Table 5. Summary of Cumulative Net Benefits* by Sector and Fuel (2025)

Sector

Net Electric

Benefits (Million $)

Net Natural Gas

Benefits (Million $)

Net Petroleum 

Fuel Benefits 

(Million $)

Total Net 

Benefits 

(Million $)

Residential $114 $18 $6 $137 

Commercial $222 $20 $5 $247 

Industrial $34 $18 $2 $54 

Total $370 $55 $13 $438 

* Net benefits are calculated as the sum of the present value of avoided retail energy costs and other resource 

savings, minus the present value of the upfront investment costs of the efficiency measures

The following sections provide more disaggregated details by sector, in particular showing 

how each major end use contributes to the sector level potential, and the top measures that offer 

the greatest opportunities.

RESIDENTIAL RESULTS

The residential sector accounts for 27% of the total electric potential. This reflects 952 GWh, 

which is 18% of the 2025 forecast. 

Figure 11 shows how the electric energy (GWh) residential potential breaks out by major 

end use. As can be seen, water heating accounts for the greatest share of potential at 26%, 

followed by lighting at 20%, and refrigeration and cooling each at 16%. Table 6 shows the top 

residential measures and their contribution to the overall residential potential. Heat pump 

water heaters (<55 gallons) represent the largest single measure opportunity with 20% of the 

total residential potential (increased standards for larger heat pump water heaters are expected 

in 2015).
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Figure 11. Residential Electric Economic Efficiency Potential by End Use 2025

Table 6. Residential Electric Top-saving Measures 2025

Measure Name

Cumulative 

MWh 2025

Percent of 

Residential 

Sector Total

Participant 

BCR

Electric heat pump water heater <55gal 224,485 20.4% 4.13 

Efficient Refrigerator Tier 2 113,381 10.3% 4.32 

Duct Sealing, cooling 82,745 7.5% 2.35 

Controlled power strip 73,842 6.7% 3.09 

LED screw based Lamp <450 Lumens 71,967 6.5% 6.26 

LED screw based lamp 450-1600 Lumens 65,590 6.0% 6.26 

Enhanced behavior-based efficiency 48,109 4.4% 7.39 

Efficient Central AC, ESTAR 44,387 4.0% 1.58 

LED recessed downlight retail 43,324 3.9% 5.44 

Pool Pump 40,974 3.7% 7.67 

808,804 73.4%

The residential sector accounts for 26% of the total gas potential. This reflects 2,109 BBtu, 

which is 17% of the 2025 forecast. 

Figure 12 shows how the gas residential potential breaks out by major end use. As is 

expected, virtually all gas savings potential comes from just two end uses: space and water 

heating, with being roughly equal at 51% and 49%, respectively. Table 7 shows the top 

residential measures and their contribution to the overall residential potential. The ENERGY 

4%

26%

8%

20%

16%

16%

4% 6%

Whole Building

Water Heating

Plug Loads

Lighting

Refrigeration

Cooling

Miscellaneous

Space Heating
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STAR furnace and the Condensing gas water heater (<55 gal) represent together account for 

nearly 60% of the entire residential gas potential.

Figure 12. Residential Natural Gas Economic Efficiency Potential by End Use 2025

Table 7. Residential Natural Gas Top-saving Measures 2025

Measure Name

Cumulative 

BBtu 2025

Percent of 

Residential 

Sector Total*

Participant 

BCR

Gas Furnace, ESTAR 682 30.6% 5.47 

Condensing Gas water heater <55gal 637 28.6% 1.20 

Duct Sealing, gas 395 17.7% 18.16 

Water Heating, petroleum fuels 339 15.2% 1.65 

Gas Boiler, ESTAR 96 4.3% 3.67 

Air Sealing, heating, gas 14 0.6% 1.93 

Clothes Washer - Retail 10 0.4% 4.02 

Clothes Washer - Early Replacement 4 0.2% 1.67 

2,177 97.6%

* Sector total excluding increased gas usage due to waste heat adjustment for electric equipment.

The residential sector accounts for 28% of the total petroleum fuels potential. This reflects 

368 BBtu, which is 6% of the 2025 forecast. Petroleum potential is overall relatively small 

because of the large availability of natural gas to the Delaware population, which is expected to 

gradually increase in the coming years. 

49% 51%

Space Heating

Water Heating
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Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 18

Figure 13 shows how the petroleum fuels residential potential breaks out by major end use. 

As with the gas potential, space and water heating account for virtually all the potential, with 

space heating representing 84% of total residential potential. Table 8 shows the top residential 

measures and their contribution to the overall residential potential. Duct sealing for heating

accounts for fully 61% of the entire residential electric potential.

Figure 13. Residential Petroleum Fuels Economic Efficiency Potential by End Use 2025

Table 8. Residential Petroleum Fuels Top-saving Measures 2025

Measure Name

Cumulative 

BBtu 2025

Percent of 

Residential 

Sector Total*

Participant 

BCR

Duct Sealing, Fossil Fuel heat 272 61.5% 18.16 

Oil Furnace, ESTAR 102 23.1% 1.54 

Water Heating, petroleum fuels 49 11.2% 1.65 

Air Sealing, fossil fuels -Heat 10 2.3% 1.93 

Clothes Washer - Retail 6 1.4% 4.02 

Clothes Washer - Early Replacement 2 0.6% 1.67 

441 100.0%

* Sector total excluding increased fuel usage due to waste heat adjustment for electric equipment.

84%

16%

Space Heating

Water Heating
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COMMERCIAL RESULTS

The commercial sector accounts for 59% of the total electric potential. This reflects 2,076

GWh, which is 39% of the 2025 forecast. 

Figure 14 shows how the electric energy (GWh) commercial potential breaks out by major 

end use. Interior lighting and cooling account for the greatest shares of potential, representing 

28% and 26% respectively. The whole building end use accounts for 17% of the potential, nearly 

half of that from whole-building deep energy retrofits. Table 9 shows the top commercial 

measures and their contribution to the overall residential potential. High-efficiency lighting 

fixtures/design Tier III accounts for the largest savings at 14.5% of the entire residential electric 

potential.

Figure 14. Commercial Electric Economic Efficiency Potential by End Use 2025

26%

28%

4%

17%

11%

6%

4%

1% 1% 1% 0% 1%

Cooling

Indoor Lighting

Plug Loads

Whole Building

Refrigeration

Ventilation

Outdoor Lighting

Food Service/Prep

Data Center

Space Heating
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Table 9. Commercial Electric Top-saving Measures 2025

Measure Name

Cumulative 

MWh 2025

Percent of 

Commercial 

Sector Total

Participant 

BCR

HE lighting fixtures/design Tier III 347,345 14.5% 2.80 

Deep Energy Retrofit - Electric 184,900 7.7% 9.71 

High-efficiency small walk-in cooler 101,908 4.2% 20.81 

Cool roof 97,291 4.1% 5.19 

LED Recessed Fixture 93,016 3.9% 2.08 

High-efficiency plug loads 92,368 3.9% 6.36 

Retrocommissioning -Elec 81,840 3.4% 14.35 

Integrated bldg design Tier I -Elec 78,200 3.3% 4.51 

Opt unitary HVAC dist/control sys 78,012 3.3% 6.08 

High-efficiency chillers Tier II 70,851 3.0% 2.93 

1,225,731 51.0%

The commercial sector accounts for 43% of the total gas potential. This reflects 3,572 BBtu, 

which is 33% of the 2025 forecast. 

Figure 15 shows how the gas commercial potential breaks out by major end use. Space 

heating accounts for the largest share at 69%, with the whole building end use at 21%. Table 10

shows the top commercial measures and their contribution to the overall commercial potential. 

Demand controlled ventilation provides the largest portion of savings at 26.5% of the entire 

commercial gas potential.

Figure 15. Commercial Natural Gas Economic Efficiency Potential by End Use 2025

69%

21%

6%

4%

Space Heating

Whole Building

Water Heating

Food Service/Prep
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Table 10. Commercial Natural Gas Top-saving Measures 2025

Measure Name

Cumulative 

BBtu 2025

Percent of 

Commercial 

Sector Total*

Participant 

BCR

Demand controlled ventilation 1,066 26.5% 16.04 

High-efficiency boiler 427 10.6% 1.41 

Duct insulation and sealing, FF heat 393 9.8% 7.10 

Deep Energy Retrofit -Fossil Fuel 308 7.7% 2.71 

Demand controlled ventilation -Vent 259 6.4% 20.42 

Retrocommissioning -Fossil Fuel 219 5.4% 4.57 

Opt unitary HVAC dist/control sys 213 5.3% 6.08 

High-eff built-up refrigeration 135 3.4% 3.24 

Gas HE tank-type water heater 117 2.9% 8.10 

Gas kitchen equipment, 3 meal 113 2.8% 12.91 

3,250 80.8%

* Sector total excluding increased fuel usage due to waste heat adjustment for electric equipment.

The commercial sector accounts for 55% of the total petroleum fuels potential. This reflects 

720 BBtu, which is 34% of the 2025 forecast. Petroleum potential is overall relatively small 

because of the large availability of natural gas in Delaware, which is expected to gradually grow 

in the coming years. 

Figure 16 shows how the petroleum fuels commercial potential breaks out by major end use. 

As with the gas potential, space and water heating account for virtually all the potential, at 76%

and 23% of total residential potential, respectively. Table 11 shows the top commercial measures 

and their contribution to the overall commercial potential. Half of the potential is provided by 

the top three measures: demand controlled ventilation (22%), high-efficiency boilers (16%), and 

duct insulation and sealing (14%).
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Figure 16. Commercial Petroleum Fuels Economic Efficiency Potential by End Use 2025

Table 11. Commercial Petroleum Fuels Top-saving Measures 2025

Measure Name

Cumulative 

BBtu 2025

Percent of 

Commercial 

Sector Total*

Participant 

BCR

Demand controlled ventilation -Heat 175 22.1% 16.04 

High-efficiency boiler 129 16.3% 1.41 

Duct insulation and sealing -FF Heat 109 13.8% 7.10 

Deep Energy Retrofit - Fossil Fuel 66 8.3% 2.71 

Retrocommissioning -Fossil Fuel 45 5.7% 4.57 

Demand controlled ventilation -Vent 43 5.4% 20.42 

Opt unitary HVAC dist/control sys 35 4.4% 6.08 

Integrated bldg design Tier I -FF 28 3.5% 1.30 

High-eff built-up refrigeration 22 2.8% 3.24 

Blow-down heat recovery 21 2.7% 5.20 

673 85.0%

* Sector total excluding increased fuel usage due to waste heat adjustment for electric equipment.

INDUSTRIAL RESULTS

The industrial sector accounts for 14% of the total electric potential. This reflects 509 GWh, 

which is 18% of the 2025 forecast. The industrial sector was estimated as a whole, and includes 

all manufacturing and other industrial energy use in Delaware, including both process and 

facility loads. Results are not available by specific industrial sector.

76%

23%

1%

Space Heating

Whole Building

Water Heating
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Figure 17 shows how the electric energy (GWh) industrial potential breaks out by major end 

use. Process energy represents the greatest opportunity for efficiency, at 87% of the total 

industrial potential. Lighting and the whole building end use account for most of the remaining 

potential. Process end use opportunities were estimated in aggregate, and as such we do not 

show individual top technologies driving the potential.

Figure 17. Industrial Electric Economic Efficiency Potential by End Use 2025

The industrial sector accounts for 31% of the total gas potential. This reflects 2,553 BBtu, 

which is 13% of the 2025 forecast. 

Figure 18 shows how the gas industrial potential breaks out by major end use. As is 

expected, most gas savings potential comes from just two end uses: process and non-process 

space heating, with process accounting for the largest share at 66%. 

87%

6%

5% 1% 1%

Industrial Process

Lighting

Whole Building

Space Heating

Cooling
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Figure 18. Industrial Natural Gas Economic Efficiency Potential by End Use 2025

The industrial sector accounts for 18% of the total petroleum fuels potential. This reflects 231

BBtu, which is 9% of the 2025 forecast. Petroleum potential is overall relatively small because of 

the relatively large availability of natural gas in Delaware. 

Figure 19 shows how the petroleum commercial potential breaks out by major end use. 

Industrial process accounts for 66% of the total petroleum fuels potential. 

Figure 19. Industrial Petroleum Fuels Economic Efficiency Potential by End Use 2025

66%

22%

12%

Industrial Process

Whole Building

Space Heating

66%

22%

12%

Industrial Process

Whole Building

Space Heating
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EFFICIENCY SUPPLY CURVES

Below are efficiency supply curves by fuel type for the total 12-year economic potential. 

Supply curves graph the total amount of savings potential in 2025 (x-axis) vs. the participant 

benefit-cost ratio (y-axis). The benefit-cost ratio is based on the Participant Cost Test (PCT), as 

described in greater detail below in the Methodology section. 

This use of the benefit-cost ratio (BCR) for the y-axis differs from typical supply curves that 

often graph the potential against a levelized cost of efficiency in terms of $/kWh or $/Btu. The 

Participant Cost Test BCR more directly indicates the cost-effectiveness of the measures that 

would the levelized cost of energy saved, which ignores other consumer benefits such as 

operation and maintenance and water savings. 

The efficiency supply curves graphically provide a sense of where the savings come from 

and how much potential is available from what sectors and end uses, and at different levels of 

cost-effectiveness. The Y-axis is the participant benefit-cost ratio, with the X-axis representing 

the total cumulative potential savings in 2025. All of the efficiency shown on the supply curves 

is cost-effective, with a benefit-cost ratio of at least 1.0. As can be seen, the efficiency 

opportunities are widely intermixed across sectors and by BCR, and the vast majority of 

efficiency opportunities have BCRs well above 1.0. For electric efficiency, the commercial 

opportunities generally provide larger savings opportunities with higher BCRs than residential, 

while the industrial potential is largely concentrated in the process end use. For natural gas and 

petroleum fuels the potential is distributed mainly across space heating, water heating, and 

industrial process, with varying cost-effectiveness. 
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Figure 20. Economic Electric Energy Efficiency Supply Curve by Sector and End Use

Participant BCR 20

15

10

5

0

Residential Commercial Industrial

1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 Cumulative GWh 2025

Space Heating Industrial Process Food Service Equip. Whole Building Ventilation Miscellaneous Refrigeration Behavior Whole Building

Lighting Plug Loads Lighting

Cooling Space Heating Refrigeration Water Heating Plug Loads Outdoor Lighting Indoor Lighting Cooling

Figure 21. Economic Natural Gas Energy Efficiency Supply Curve by Sector and End Use

Participant BCR 20

15

10

5

0

Residential Commercial Industrial

2,000 Cumulative BBtu 2025

Water Heating Food Service Equip. Space Heating Space Heating

Whole Building

Space Heating Industrial Process Whole Building

Water Heating 4,000 6,000 8,000
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Figure 22. Economic Petroleum Fuel Energy Efficiency Supply Curve by Sector and End Use

Participant BCR 20

15

10

5

0

Residential Commercial Industrial

300 Cumulative BBtu 2025

Space Heating Whole Building

Space Heating Space Heating Water Heating

Industrial Process 600 900 1,200

Whole Building
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METHODOLOGY

METHODOLOGY OVERVIEW

This section provides a brief overview of our approach to the analysis. The subsequent 

sections provide more detailed descriptions of the analysis inputs and the analysis 

methodology.

The economic energy efficiency potential analysis involves the following steps:

 Assess and adjust energy forecasts for any known codes and standards and 

estimate naturally occurring efficiency adoption to ensure it properly reflects 

consistent base case assumptions about customers and end uses.

 Disaggregate adjusted energy forecasts by sector (residential, commercial, 

industrial), by market segment (e.g., building types), and end uses (e.g., 

lighting, cooling, etc.).

 Characterize efficiency measures, including estimating costs, savings, 

lifetimes, and share of end use level forecasted usage for each market 

segment.

 Build up savings by measure/segment based on measure characterizations 

calibrated to total energy usage.

 Account for interactions between measures, including savings adjustments 

based on other measures as well as ranking and allocating measures when 

more than one measure can apply to a particular situation.

 Run the stock adjustment model to track existing stock and new equipment 

purchases to capture the eligible market for each measure in each year.

 Run the efficiency potential model to estimate total potential for each 

measure/segment/market combination to produce potential results.

 Screen each measure/segment/market combination for cost-effectiveness. 

Remove failing measures from the analysis and rerun the model to re-adjust 

for measure interactions.

Annual energy sales forecasts were developed for each energy type (electricity, natural gas, 

and petroleum fuels), and for each sector (residential, commercial, industrial), for the 12-year 

study period. Electric and natural gas forecasts were provided by Delaware utilities and 

cooperatives, as further describe below. The petroleum fuels forecast was based on data from 

the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). We then disaggregated the sales forecasts by 

end use and building type in order to apply each efficiency measure to the appropriate segment

of energy use. This study applied a top-down analysis of efficiency potential relative to the 

energy sales disaggregation for each sector, merged with a bottom-up measure level analysis of 

costs and savings for each applicable technology.
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The efficiency economic potential estimated savings from a wide range of efficiency 

measures (i.e., efficiency technologies and practices). The study analyzed both technologies that 

are commercially available now and emerging technologies considered likely to become 

commercially available over the study horizon. 

The study applied a Participant Cost Test (PCT) to determine measure cost-effectiveness. 

Efficiency measure costs for market-driven measures represent the incremental cost from a 

standard baseline (non-efficient) piece of equipment or practice to the high efficiency measure. 

For retrofit markets the full cost of equipment and labor was used because the base case is 

assumed to be no action on the part of the building owner. Measure benefits are driven 

primarily by customer lifetime energy bill savings, but also include other benefits associated 

with the measures, including water savings, operation and maintenance savings, and other nonenergy benefits where readily identified and quantified. The energy impacts may include 

multiple fuels and end uses. For example, efficient lighting reduces waste heat, which in turn 

reduced the cooling load, but increases the heating load, all of which are accounted for in the 

estimation of the measure’s costs and benefits over its lifetime.

There are two aspects to electric efficiency savings: annual energy and coincident peak 

demand impacts. The former refers to the reductions in actual energy usage, which typically 

drive the greatest share of electric economic benefits as well as emissions reductions. However, 

because it is difficult to store electricity the total reduction in the system peak load is also an 

important impact. Power producers need to ensure adequate capacity to meet system peak 

demand, even if that peak is only reached a few hours each year. As a result, substantial 

economic benefits can accrue from reducing the system peak demand, even if little energy and 

emissions are saved during other hours. For this study, we do not quantify the coincident 

system peak impacts. This was not included in Phase I because the focus was on participant 

economics, and it would be difficult to accurately model the peak demand contributions for 

each building and what the economic benefits associated with them might be.7 However, the 

average retail rates used to assess the benefits of electric energy savings include the costs of 

both energy (kWh) and peak demand charges (kW-year).

For the economic potential, we generally assumed that all cost-effective measures would be 

immediately installed for market-driven measures such as for new construction, major 

renovation, and natural replacement (“replace on burnout”). For retrofit measures we generally 

assumed that resource constraints (primarily contractor availability) would limit the rate at 

which retrofit measures could be installed, depending on the measure, but that all or nearly all 

efficiency retrofit opportunities would be realized over the 12-year period. This results in 

smoother and lower estimates of retrofit potential in the early years, but provide a more realistic 

 

7 Large commercial and industrial customers typically pay both an energy charge and a billed peak demand charge 

each month. However, to determine the impact of an efficiency measure in every month on a hypothetical 

customers bill requires a complete modeling of each customer’s likely hourly usage and how that coincides with 

the hourly savings from each measure. This was beyond the Phase I scope of this project. For participant 

economics we relied on average annual revenue collected per unit of energy sold for each fuel.
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ramping up over time that would likely be reflected in any actual efficiency plans Delaware 

chooses to adopt.

ENERGY FORECASTS

Electric Forecast

The electric forecast was developed primarily from the individual utility forecasts provided by 

Delmarva Power, Delaware Electric Cooperative, and Delaware Municipal Electric 

Corporation.8 Reported sales categories aligned with traditional utility categories, which closely 

mirror the three customer sectors that were analyzed. In some cases, energy loads were 

aggregated to the sector level using standard conventions (e.g., street lighting energy use is 

included in the commercial sector). The electric base case forecast represents a weather 

normalized forecast, and reflects an estimated average annual growth rate of 1.01% per year. 

Table 12 shows the electric forecast, by sector and year. This reflects electric usage at the meter 

level, in other words, not including line losses from the generator to the point of use. 

Table 12. Electric Sales Forecast by Sector and Year (GWh)

Natural Gas Forecast

The natural gas forecast was developed using both forecasts provided by Chesapeake Utilities9

and from the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA).10 As only Chesapeake Utilities 

provided a natural gas forecast, the EIA data for Delaware was leveraged to estimate sales for 

other natural gas providers, i.e., Delmarva and Eastern Shore. Eastern Shore serves primarily as 

a transmission provider for local distribution companies but does provide direct sales to select 

industrial customers. While the EIA does report commercial and industrial sales for Eastern 

Shore, only the industrial sales were explicitly used as the commercial were reportedly already 

included in the forecast provided directly by Chesapeake Utilities. As the Chesapeake Utilities 

natural gas forecast was only provided through 2017, the 5-year average forecast growth rate 

(2013-2017) was assumed to project sales for the remainder of the analysis period. Similarly, EIA 

 

8 D. Pirtle, Delmarva Power, personal communication, March 8, 2013; M. Nielson, Delaware Electric Cooperative, 

personal communication, March 30, 2013; S. Lynch, Delaware Municipal Electric Corporation, personal 

communication, March 20, 2013.

9 S. Hardy, Chesapeake Utilities, personal communication; February 22, 2013.

10 U.S. Energy Information Administration, Natural Gas Annual Respondent Query System (EIA-176 Data Through 

2011), November 2012

Sector 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

Residential 4,510 4,586 4,661 4,729 4,798 4,869 4,942 5,016 5,090 5,172 5,256 5,338

Commercial 4,835 4,877 4,917 4,954 4,991 5,029 5,068 5,108 5,148 5,190 5,233 5,276

Industrial 2,735 2,754 2,768 2,776 2,787 2,801 2,809 2,815 2,822 2,820 2,814 2,810

Total 12,080 12,218 12,346 12,458 12,576 12,698 12,818 12,938 13,060 13,182 13,303 13,424
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data was leveraged to project Delmarva natural gas sales by using the 4-year average growth 

rate (2008-2011) applied to reported 2011 sales. Due to the volatility of historic industrial sector 

natural gas sales of Eastern Shore, driven primarily by the 2009 closure and 2011 reopening of 

the Delaware City Refinery, the sales forecast assumes annual sales consistent with 2011 sales 

for the analysis period. 

The gas base case forecast represents a weather normalized forecast, and reflects an estimated 

average annual growth rate of 0.49% per year. Table 13 shows the gas forecast, by sector and 

year. 

Table 13. Natural Gas Sales Forecast by Sector and Year (BBtu)

Petroleum Fuels Forecast

EIA data on current petroleum consumption in Delaware was used with an assumed 

consumption growth rate to develop the petroleum fuels forecast.11 A 1% annual growth rate 

has been assumed for years 2014 and 2015. From 2016 forward, the analysis assumes petroleum 

fuels sales remain static at the projected 2015 levels to reflect the on-going significant 

displacement of petroleum fuels by the expansion of natural gas service in the state.

The petroleum fuels base case forecast represents a weather normalized forecast, and reflects an 

estimated average annual growth rate of 0.09% per year. Table 14 shows the gas forecast, by 

sector and year. 

Table 14. Petroleum Fuels Sales Forecast by Sector and Year (BBtu)

 

11 U.S. Energy Information Administration, Adjusted Sales of Distillate Fuel Oil by End Use, November 30, 2013; U.S. 

Energy Information Administration, Adjusted Sales of Residual Fuel Oil by End Use, November 30, 2013; U.S. 

Energy Information Administration, Adjusted Sales of Kerosene by End Use, November 30, 2013; U.S. Energy 

Information Administration, State Profiles and Energy Estimates, “Table F12: Liquefied Petroleum Gases 

Consumption Estimates,” 2011

Sector 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

Residential 10,557 10,711 10,869 11,028 11,188 11,348 11,508 11,668 11,828 11,988 12,149 12,309

Commercial 9,638 9,838 10,038 10,244 10,458 10,674 10,891 11,109 11,329 11,551 11,774 11,998

Industrial 19,837 19,606 19,387 19,181 18,987 18,804 18,631 18,468 18,314 18,169 18,032 17,903

Total 40,032 40,155 40,295 40,454 40,634 40,826 41,030 41,245 41,472 41,708 41,955 42,210

Sector 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

Residential 6,208 6,270 6,270 6,270 6,270 6,270 6,270 6,270 6,270 6,270 6,270 6,270

Commercial 2,174 2,195 2,195 2,195 2,195 2,195 2,195 2,195 2,195 2,195 2,195 2,195

Industrial 2,449 2,473 2,473 2,473 2,473 2,473 2,473 2,473 2,473 2,473 2,473 2,473

Total 10,830 10,938 10,938 10,938 10,938 10,938 10,938 10,938 10,938 10,938 10,938 10,938
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Forecast Disaggregation by Segment and End Use

The commercial, industrial, and residential sales disaggregations draw upon many sources, and 

the discussion that follows is not an exhaustive description of all sources employed or steps in 

the analysis. The industrial disaggregation is primarily based on the EIA Manufacturing Energy 

Consumption Survey (MECS) 2010, assuming the “South” census region (MECS data are only 

available for the four major census regions).

12 The commercial disaggregation relies on a 

number of sources. First, total forecasted energy sales are divided across building types using 

data from Optimal Energy’s recent Energy Efficiency and Renewable Resource Potential in New 

York State study. Unfortunately, reliable data specific to Delaware was not available, so data for 

Long Island, NY has been used as a proxy. Next, data from the recent Pennsylvania Statewide 

Commercial & Industrial End Use & Saturation Study was used to develop the electric 

disaggregation at the end-use level.13 While a similar study was recently completed for 

Delaware, that study did not provide estimates of energy-use intensities that would support the 

disaggregation. The commercial natural gas and petroleum fuels end-use break-outs were 

estimated using data from the EIA 2003 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

(CBECS)14 The residential building type and end-use disaggregation was developed using data 

from the EIA 2009 Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS),15 the most recent Annual 

Community Survey from the US Census Bureau,16 and the EIA 2013 Annual Energy Outlook.17

Finally, relative changes in end-use distribution over the analysis period were adapted from the 

EIA 2013 Annual Energy Outlook.

Sales were further disaggregated into sales for new construction and renovated spaces and 

those for existing facilities. New construction activity for commercial and industrial facilities 

was estimated using national projections of new additions and surviving square footage from 

the EIA 2013 Annual Energy Outlook and assuming simple sector-wide energy use intensities. 

Residential new construction was projected assuming the 7-year average annual growth rate 

(1995-2001) in housing units for Delaware from the U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits 

Survey.18 This period was assumed to reflect stable growth in housing starts before the housing 

boom and bust of the mid to late 2000s. Growth in number of housing units was translated to 

energy sales using average electric/fuel consumption per housing unit estimated from EIA 2009 

 

12 U.S. Energy Information Administration, Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey, “Table 5.5 End Uses of 

Fuel Consumption, 2010,” March 2013

13 Nexant, Pennsylvania Statewide Commercial & Industrial End Use & Saturation Study, April 18, 2012 

14 U.S. Energy Information Administration, Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey, “Table E7A. 

Natural Gas Consumption (Btu) and Energy Intensities by End Use for All Buildings, 2003,” September 2008

15 U.S. Energy Information Administration, Residential Energy Consumption Survey, “Table CE4.4 Household Site 

End-Use Consumption by Fuel in the South Region, Totals, 2009,” August 2011

16 U.S. Census Bureau, 2007-2011 American Community Survey, “DP04 Selected Housing Characteristics”

17 U.S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2013, “Table 4. Residential Sector Key Indicators 

and Consumption,” April 2013.

18 U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, “Table 2au. New Privately Owned Housing Units Authorized

 Unadjusted Units for Regions, Divisions, and States,” 1995-2012
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Residential Energy Consumption Survey. Finally, all buildings are assumed to be on a 25-year 

renovation cycle. In other words, 4% of total energy sales are assumed to be available for 

renovation measure opportunities annually.

Appendix B, page 42, shows the disaggregated annual energy forecasts. In all cases, the 

available forecast data relied upon was either not developed with (or the data was not available 

to understand) detailed end-use modeling and explicit assumptions about future codes and 

standards, changes in baseline practices, major shifts among fuels (e.g., driven by electric 

vehicles). As a result, we assume the forecasts represent the best estimate of future weather 

normalized loads and reflect assumptions about future baselines and codes and standards 

consistent with our analysis at the measure level.

MEASURE CHARACTERIZATION

The first process in developing measure characterizations is to define an initial list of 

measures to consider. This list was developed and qualitatively screened for appropriateness in 

consultation with DNREC and other Stakeholders. The final list of measures considered in the 

analysis is shown with their characterizations in Appendix D, page 49, which also shows in 

which markets each measure was considered.

A total of 188 measures were included and characterized for up to three applicable markets 

(new construction/renovation, natural replacement, and retrofit). This is important because the 

costs and savings of a given measure can vary depending on the market it is applied to. For 

example, a retrofit or early retirement of operating but inefficient equipment entails covering 

the costs of entirely new equipment and the labor to install it and dispose of the old equipment. 

For new construction or other market-driven opportunities, installing new high efficiency 

equipment may entail only the incremental cost difference between a standard efficiency piece 

of equipment and the high efficiency one, as other labor and capital costs would be incurred in 

either case. Similarly, on the savings side, retrofit measures can initially save more when 

compared to older existing equipment, while market-driven measure savings reflect only the 

incremental savings over current standard efficiency purchases. For retrofit measures, often we 

model a baseline efficiency shift at the time when the retrofit measure being replaced is 

assumed to have needed to be replaced anyway.

For each measure, in addition to separately characterizing them by market, we also 

separately analyze each measure/market combination for each building segment (e.g., single vs. 

multifamily; office vs. retail vs. hospital, etc.). The result is that we modeled 2,374 distinct 

measure/market/segment permutations for each year of the analysis.

Measure Data

The overall potential model relies on a top-down approach that begins with the forecast and 

disaggregates it into loads attributable to each possible measure, as described in the next 

section. In general, measure characterizations include defining, for each combination of 

measure, market, and segment, the following characteristics:
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 Measure lifetime (both baseline and high efficiency options if different)

 Measure savings (both baseline and high efficiency options)

 Measure cost (incremental or full installed depending on market)

 O&M impacts (both baseline and high efficiency options if different)

 Water impacts (both baseline and high efficiency options if different)

Savings

For each technology, we estimate the energy usage of baseline and high efficiency measures 

based primarily on engineering analysis. We rely heavily on the Delaware Technical Reference 

Manual (TRM), as well as the Mid-Atlantic TRM, for measure savings for those measures 

covered by these documents. For more complex measures not addressed by the TRMs 

engineering calculations are used based on the best available data about current baselines in 

Delaware and the performance of high efficiency equipment or practices. Delaware baseline 

studies completed in 2012 for the residential and commercial-industrial sectors, were drawn on 

to identify baseline efficiency levels and practices wherever possible.19 Because of budget and 

time constraints the scope did not include any building simulation modeling or other 

sophisticated engineering approaches to establishing detailed, weather normalized savings. 

Costs

Measure costs were drawn from Optimal Energy’s measure characterization database when 

no specific Delaware costs were available. These costs have been developed over time, and are 

continually updated with the latest information, including a recent update for an ongoing 

potential study in New York State. Major sources include the Delaware and Mid-Atlantic TRMs, 

baseline studies, incremental cost studies, direct research into incremental costs, and other 

analyses and databases that are publicly available.

Lifetimes

As with measure costs, lifetimes are drawn from Optimal’s measure characterization 

database. These have been developed over time, and were revised for this study based on the 

Delaware and Mid-Atlantic TRMs.

Operations and Maintenance

Operation and maintenance (O&M) impacts are those other than the energy costs of 

operations. They represent, for example, things like replacement lamp purchases for new high 

efficiency fixtures, or changes in labor for servicing high-efficiency vs. standard-efficiency 

measures. High efficiency equipment can often reduce O&M costs because of higher quality 

components that require less-frequent servicing. On the other hand, some high efficiency 

 

19 See Appendix E for full citations to all referenced documents.
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Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 35

technologies require enhanced servicing, or have expensive components that need to be 

replaced prior to the end of the measure’s lifetimes. For most measures, O&M impacts are very 

minimal, as many efficient and baseline technologies have the same O&M costs over time. 

Where they are significant, we estimate them based on our engineering and cost analyses, the 

Delaware and Mid-Atlantic TRMs, and other available data.

Additional aspects of measure characterization are more fully described below in the 

potential analysis section, along with other factors that merge the measure level engineering 

data with the top-down forecast of applicable loads to each measure.

ECONOMIC POTENTIAL ANALYSIS

Top-Down Approach

The general approach for this study, and for all sectors, is “top-down” in that the starting 

point is the actual forecasted loads for each fuel and each sector, which are then broken down 

into loads attributable to individual building equipment. In general terms, the top-down 

approach starts with the energy sales forecast and disaggregation and determines the 

percentage of the applicable end-use energy that may be offset by the installation of a given 

efficiency measure in each year. This contrasts with a “bottom-up” approach in which a specific 

number of measures are assumed installed each year.

Various measure-specific factors are applied to the forecasted building-type and end-use 

sales by year to derive the potential for each measure for each year in the analysis period. This 

is shown below in the following central equation:

Measure 

Savings =

Segment/ 

End-use 

/year kWh 

Sales 

x

Applicability 

Factor x

Feasibility 

Factor x

Turnover 

Factor 

(replacement 

only)

x

Not 

Complete 

Factor 

(retrofit 

only)

x

Savings 

Fraction x

Net 

Penetration 

Rate

Where:

 Applicability is the fraction of the end-use energy sales (from the sales 

disaggregation) for each building type and year that is attributable to 

equipment that could be replaced by the high-efficiency measure. For 

example, for replacing office interior linear fluorescent lighting with a higher 

efficiency LED technology, we would use the portion of total office building 

interior lighting electrical load consumed by linear fluorescent lighting. The 

main sources for applicability factors at the Delaware and Pennsylvania 

baseline studies. 

 Feasibility is the fraction of end-use sales for which it is technically feasible 

to install the efficiency measure. Numbers less than 100% reflect engineering 
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 36

or other technical barriers that would preclude adoption of the measure. 

Feasibility is not reduced for economic or behavioral barriers that would 

reduce penetration estimates. Rather, it reflects technical or physical 

constraints that would make measure adoption impossible or ill advised. An 

example might be an efficient lighting technology that cannot be used in 

certain low temperature applications. The main sources for feasibility factors 

are the Delaware baseline studies and engineering judgment.

 Turnover is the percentage of existing equipment that will be naturally 

replaced each year due to failure, remodeling, or renovation. This applies to 

the natural replacement (“replace on burnout”) and renovation markets only. 

In general, turnover factors are assumed to be 1 divided by the baseline 

equipment measure life (e.g., assuming that 5% or 1/20th of existing stock of 

equipment is replaced each year for a measure with a 20-year estimated life).

 Not Complete is the percentage of existing equipment that already 

represents the high-efficiency option. This only applies to retrofit markets.

For example, if 30% of current single family home sockets already have 

compact fluorescent lamps, then the not complete factor for residential CFLs 

would be 70% (1.0-0.3), reflecting that only 70% of the total potential from 

CFLs remains. The main sources for not complete factors are the Delaware 

baseline studies, and the findings of other baseline and potential studies.

 Savings Fraction represents the percent savings (as compared to either 

existing stock or new baseline equipment for retrofit and non-retrofit 

markets, respectively) of the high efficiency technology. Savings fractions are 

calculated based on individual measure data and assumptions about existing 

stock efficiency, standard practice for new purchases, and high efficiency 

options.

- Baseline Adjustments adjust the savings fractions downward in future 

years for early-retirement retrofit measures to account for the fact that 

newer, standard equipment efficiencies are higher than older, existing 

stock efficiencies. We assume average existing equipment being replaced 

for retrofit measures is at 60% of its estimated useful life.

 Annual Net Penetrations are the difference between the base case measure 

penetrations and the measure penetrations that are assumed for an economic 

potential. For the economic potential, it is assumed that 100% penetration is 

captured for all markets, with retirement measures generally being phased in 

and spread out over time to reflect resource constraints such as contractor 

availability.

The product of all these factors results in total potential for each measure permutation. 

Costs are then developed by using the “cost per energy saved” for each measure applied to the 

total savings produced by the measure. The same approach is used for other measure impacts, 

e.g., operation and maintenance savings. 
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Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 37

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

This study uses the Participant Cost Test (PCT) as the basis for excluding non-cost-effective 

measures from economic potential. The PCT test includes the following costs and benefits:

Costs

 Measure incremental cost (or full cost for early-retirement retrofit)

 Increased alternative energy usage (e.g., increased gas usage associated with 

an electric efficiency measure)

 Operation & Maintenance costs (e.g., more costly or frequent component 

replacement or maintenance costs)

 Early-retirement retrofit deferred replacement credit (e.g., the reduction in 

future costs resulting from early retiring measures and permanently shifting 

the capital investment cycle) 

 Any increased water usage.

Benefits

 Avoided retail energy costs, based on average retail costs per unit for each 

fuel

 Water savings

 Operation & Maintenance savings

 Non-energy benefits associated with measures.

Average Retail Rates

Delaware 2011 average retail rates for electricity, natural gas, distillate fuel oil, residual fuel 

oil, and propane were determined by sector from the EIA State Energy Data System (SEDS).20

The EIA estimates retail rates by dividing estimated utility revenue by estimated energy sales. 

Retail rates for each fuel were projected through the analysis period assuming growth rates for 

the “South Atlantic” region from the EIA’s 2013 Annual Energy Outlook.21 Retail rates for the 

aggregated petroleum fuels were determined by weighting the individual fuel rates by their 

relative share of the projected 2013 fuel sales from the sales forecast on a Btu basis. Appendix C, 

page 48, shows the average retail rates, by fuel, sector and year.

 

20 U.S. Energy Information Administration, Electric Power Annual - Form EIA-861, “Average Price by State by 

Provider 1990-2011,” October 1, 2012; U.S. Energy Information Administration, State Profile and Energy 

Estimates, April 18, 2013.

21 U.S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2013, “Table 3.3 Energy Prices by Sector and 

Source – South Atlantic,” April 2013.
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Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 38

Estimating Economic Potential

The above central equation, along with all the data inputs, produces the measure-level 

potential, with the economic potential being limited to cost-effective measure installs. However, 

the total economic potential is less than the sum of each separate measure potential. This is 

because of interactions between measures and competition between measures. Interactions 

result from installation of multiple measures in the same facility. For example, if one insulates a 

building, the heating load is reduced. As a result, if one then installs a high efficiency furnace, 

savings from the furnace will be lower because the overall heating needs of the building have 

been lowered. As a result, interactions between measures should be taken into account to avoid 

over-estimating savings potential. Because economic potential assumes all possible measures 

are adopted, interactions assume every building does all applicable measures. Interactions are 

accounted for by ranking each set of interacting measures by total savings, and assuming the 

greatest savings measure is installed first, and then the next highest savings measure. This is a 

conservative approach in that it is more likely that some measures with marginal savings may 

not pass the cost-effectiveness test after all interactions are accounted for.

Measures that compete also need to be adjusted for. These are two or more efficiency 

measures that can both be applied to the same application, but only one can be chosen. An 

example is choosing between replacing an incandescent lamp with either a CFL or an LED, but 

not both. In this case, the total penetration for all competing measures is 100%, with priority 

given to the measures based on ranking them from highest savings to lowest savings. If the first 

measure is applicable in all situations, it would have 100% penetration and all other competing 

measures would show no potential. If on the other hand, the first measure could only be 

installed in 50% of opportunities, then the second measure would capture the remaining 

opportunities.

To estimate the economic potential we generally assumed 100% installation of marketdriven measures (natural replacement, new construction/renovation) constrained by measure 

cost-effectiveness and other limitations as appropriate, such as to account for mutually 

exclusive measures.

Implementation of retrofit measures was considered to be resource-constrained, i.e., it 

would not be possible to install all cost-effective retrofit measures all at once. The retrofit 

penetrations rates ramped up from 2% to 10% per year over the first 5 years, then continued at 

10% per year through year 12. This effectively represented capturing all retrofit opportunities 

over the 12-year study period. With these assumptions the economic potential essentially 

captures all available cost-effective efficiency potential for retrofit measures by the end of the 

study period.

For measures that are market-driven only (new construction, renovation, and/or natural 

replacement) and which have measure lives longer than 12 years, the turnover rate is such that 

not all of the economic potential will be captured over the 12-year study period. For example, a 

high-efficiency boiler measure with a 20-year measure life may not be cost-effective for earlyretirement retrofit, but passes for natural replacement. If so, only about 5% (1/20th) of the 
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 39

market turns over every year, so the entire market would not be replaced within the 12-year 

study period. For this measure the 12-year economic potential would be less than the 20-year 

economic potential.
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 40

APPENDICES

Appendix A: Energy Sales Forecast

Appendix B: Energy Sales Disaggregation

Appendix C: Average Retail Rates

Appendix D: Measure Characterizations

Appendix E: Bibliography

Appendix F: Other Analysis Inputs and Assumptions
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Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 41

APPENDIX A: ENERGY SALES FORECAST

See the Energy Forecasts section of the report (page 30) for a description of the derivations 

of these energy sales forecasts and the data sources used.

Electric Forecast by Sector and Year (GWh)

Natural Gas Forecast by Sector and Year (BBtu)

Table 15. Petroleum Fuels Forecast by Sector and Year (BBtu)

Sector 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

Residential 4,510 4,586 4,661 4,729 4,798 4,869 4,942 5,016 5,090 5,172 5,256 5,338

Commercial 4,835 4,877 4,917 4,954 4,991 5,029 5,068 5,108 5,148 5,190 5,233 5,276

Industrial 2,735 2,754 2,768 2,776 2,787 2,801 2,809 2,815 2,822 2,820 2,814 2,810

Total 12,080 12,218 12,346 12,458 12,576 12,698 12,818 12,938 13,060 13,182 13,303 13,424

Sector 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

Residential 10,557 10,711 10,869 11,028 11,188 11,348 11,508 11,668 11,828 11,988 12,149 12,309

Commercial 9,638 9,838 10,038 10,244 10,458 10,674 10,891 11,109 11,329 11,551 11,774 11,998

Industrial 19,837 19,606 19,387 19,181 18,987 18,804 18,631 18,468 18,314 18,169 18,032 17,903

Total 40,032 40,155 40,295 40,454 40,634 40,826 41,030 41,245 41,472 41,708 41,955 42,210

Sector 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

Residential 6,208 6,270 6,270 6,270 6,270 6,270 6,270 6,270 6,270 6,270 6,270 6,270

Commercial 2,174 2,195 2,195 2,195 2,195 2,195 2,195 2,195 2,195 2,195 2,195 2,195

Industrial 2,449 2,473 2,473 2,473 2,473 2,473 2,473 2,473 2,473 2,473 2,473 2,473

Total 10,830 10,938 10,938 10,938 10,938 10,938 10,938 10,938 10,938 10,938 10,938 10,938
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 42

APPENDIX B: ENERGY SALES DISAGGREGATION

Commercial Electric Sales, 2014 (MWh)

EXISTING BUILDINGS

End-Use Office Retail Grocery Warehouse Education Health Lodging Restaurant Data Center Streetlighting Other Com Total

Indoor Lighting 404,251 147,752 72,816 119,230 124,755 84,768 42,412 68,232 2,325 - 323,510 1,390,050

Outdoor Lighting 14,357 7,038 2,781 - 4,073 3,300 2,094 2,527 - 39,969 16,793 92,933

Cooling 237,119 98,330 40,621 9,142 87,352 133,232 36,949 56,133 65,268 - 201,452 965,599

Ventilation 111,263 51,422 12,439 29,008 96,172 34,950 21,346 23,251 23,815 - 119,924 523,590

Water Heating 7,313 16,132 1,417 3,235 29,048 1,681 - 3,432 - - 8,554 70,811

Refrigeration 42,892 26,282 198,032 31,626 28,395 11,502 10,427 83,035 - - 75,252 507,443

Space Heating 20,072 6,324 1,776 7,273 17,003 6,788 2,055 5,380 - - 26,311 92,982

Plug Loads 187,481 10,604 6,286 6,380 24,550 19,889 5,259 5,076 - - 50,604 316,128

Food Service/Prep - - 4,207 - 12,323 6,656 7,391 88,331 - - 25,401 144,309

Miscellaneous 7,113 20,922 9,646 18,882 80,729 35,971 8,300 10,015 - - 74,880 266,459

Data Center - - - - - - - - 151,781 - - 151,781

Total 1,031,861 384,805 350,020 224,778 504,401 338,736 136,235 345,413 243,190 39,969 922,679 4,522,086

NEW CONSTRUCTION and RENOVATION

End-Use Office Retail Grocery Warehouse Education Health Lodging Restaurant Data Center Streetlighting Other Com Total

Indoor Lighting 26,058 9,524 4,694 7,686 8,042 5,464 2,734 4,398 150 - 20,853 89,602

Outdoor Lighting 923 452 179 - 262 212 135 162 - 2,569 1,079 5,974

Cooling 15,267 6,331 2,615 589 5,624 8,578 2,379 3,614 4,202 - 12,971 62,171

Ventilation 7,164 3,311 801 1,868 6,193 2,250 1,375 1,497 1,534 - 7,722 33,715

Water Heating 473 1,043 92 209 1,878 109 - 222 - - 553 4,578

Refrigeration 2,765 1,694 12,767 2,039 1,831 742 672 5,353 - - 4,851 32,715

Space Heating 1,297 409 115 470 1,099 439 133 348 - - 1,701 6,010

Plug Loads 12,096 684 406 412 1,584 1,283 339 328 - - 3,265 20,397

Food Service/Prep - - 271 - 794 429 476 5,689 - - 1,636 9,295

Miscellaneous 460 1,353 624 1,221 5,220 2,326 537 648 - - 4,842 17,230

Data Center - - - - - - - - 9,756 - - 9,756

Total 66,504 24,802 22,563 14,493 32,526 21,832 8,779 22,260 15,642 2,569 59,474 291,443
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 43

Commercial Gas Sales, 2014 (MMBtu)

EXISTING BUILDINGS

End-Use Office Retail Grocery Warehouse Education Health Lodging Restaurant Multifamily Com Other Com Total

Space Heating 1,795,806 1,466,592 169,401 210,180 438,764 542,688 97,935 186,227 1,015,168 119,853 6,042,614

Water Heating 107,756 157,352 13,321 8,041 83,259 313,481 201,441 205,024 431,800 6,107 1,527,583

Food Service/Prep 24,801 198,235 53,145 - 11,221 42,250 22,683 332,283 9,853 2,030 696,502

Miscellaneous 182,497 261,615 - - 40,927 93,269 - - 51,286 9,419 639,014

Total 2,110,861 2,083,793 235,867 218,220 574,171 991,688 322,060 723,534 1,508,108 137,410 8,905,713

 -

NEW CONSTRUCTION and RENOVATION

End-Use Office Retail Grocery Warehouse Education Health Lodging Restaurant Multifamily Com Other Com Total

Space Heating 115,900 94,652 10,933 13,565 28,317 35,025 6,321 12,019 65,518 7,735 389,985

Water Heating 6,952 10,151 859 519 5,371 20,223 12,995 13,226 27,856 394 98,547

Food Service/Prep 1,599 12,784 3,427 - 724 2,725 1,463 21,429 635 131 44,917

Miscellaneous 11,851 16,988 - - 2,658 6,056 - - 3,330 612 41,495

Total 136,301 134,576 15,220 14,084 37,070 64,029 20,779 46,674 97,340 8,872 574,943

Commercial Petroleum Fuel Sales, 2014 (MMBtu)

EXISTING BUILDINGS

End-Use Office Retail Grocery Warehouse Education Health Lodging Restaurant Multifamily Com Other Com Total

Space Heating 452,841 452,350 50,989 47,828 125,084 133,801 68,355 152,253 253,438 30,046 1,766,984

Water Heating - 10,942 1,233 1,157 5,715 45,851 - 3,683 87,575 727 156,883

Food Service/Prep - - - - - - - - - - -

Miscellaneous 31,756 11,196 1,262 1,184 - 46,915 2,876 3,768 2,242 744 101,943

Total 484,597 474,488 53,484 50,169 130,799 226,566 71,231 159,704 343,256 31,516 2,025,810

NEW CONSTRUCTION and RENOVATION

End-Use Office Retail Grocery Warehouse Education Health Lodging Restaurant Multifamily Com Other Com Total

Space Heating 29,121 29,089 3,279 3,076 8,044 8,604 4,396 9,791 16,298 1,932 113,629

Water Heating - 705 79 75 368 2,955 - 237 5,645 47 10,112

Food Service/Prep - - - - - - - - - - -

Miscellaneous 2,041 720 81 76 - 3,016 185 242 144 48 6,553

Total 31,162 30,514 3,440 3,226 8,412 14,575 4,581 10,270 22,087 2,027 130,293
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 44

Residential Electric Sales, 2014 (MWh)

EXISTING BUILDINGS

End-Use Single Family Multifamily Res Total

Indoor Lighting 378,928 47,329 426,257

Cooling 387,005 48,338 435,344

Ventilation 102,647 12,821 115,468

Water Heating 535,282 66,859 602,141

Refrigeration 437,044 54,588 491,632

Space Heating 587,092 73,330 660,422

Plug Loads 346,956 43,336 390,292

Food Service/Prep 84,865 10,600 95,465

Kitchen/Laundry 255,725 31,941 287,667

Miscellaneous 710,263 88,714 798,977

Total 3,825,808 477,857 4,303,665

NEW CONSTRUCTION and RENOVATION

End-Use Single Family Multifamily Res Total

Indoor Lighting 20,641 2,578 23,219

Cooling 21,056 2,630 23,686

Ventilation 5,585 698 6,283

Water Heating 29,246 3,653 32,899

Refrigeration 23,810 2,974 26,784

Space Heating 32,066 4,005 36,071

Plug Loads 18,917 2,363 21,280

Food Service/Prep 4,619 577 5,196

Kitchen/Laundry 13,987 1,747 15,734

Miscellaneous 38,811 4,848 43,658

Total 208,738 26,072 234,811
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Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 45

Residential Gas Sales, 2014 (MMBtu)

EXISTING BUILDINGS

End-Use Single Family Multifamily Res Total

Space Heating 5,705,426 495,852 6,201,278

Water Heating 2,490,682 216,462 2,707,145

Food Service/Prep 787,223 68,417 855,640

Miscellaneous 210,545 18,298 228,843

Total 9,193,876 799,030 9,992,906

 -

NEW CONSTRUCTION and RENOVATION

End-Use Single Family Multifamily Res Total

Space Heating 312,853 27,190 340,042

Water Heating 136,517 11,865 148,381

Food Service/Prep 43,133 3,749 46,882

Miscellaneous 11,616 1,010 12,626

Total 504,119 43,812 547,931

Residential Petroleum Fuel Sales, 2014 (MMBtu)

EXISTING BUILDINGS

End-Use Single Family Multifamily Res Total

Space Heating 4,626,571 - 4,626,571

Water Heating 446,371 - 446,371

Food Service/Prep 111,704 - 111,704

Miscellaneous 673,253 - 673,253

Total 5,857,899 - 5,857,899

NEW CONSTRUCTION and RENOVATION

End-Use Single Family Multifamily Res Total

Space Heating 256,346 - 256,346

Water Heating 24,790 - 24,790

Food Service/Prep 6,193 - 6,193

Miscellaneous 37,286 - 37,286

Total 324,615 - 324,615
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Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 46

Industrial Electric Sales, 2014 (MWh)

EXISTING BUILDINGS

End-Use Industrial Total

Indoor Lighting 129,552 129,552

Outdoor Lighting 12,165 12,165

Cooling 228,781 228,781

Space Heating 28,047 28,047

Miscellaneous 104,942 104,942

Industrial Process 2,059,715 2,059,715

Total 2,563,201 2,563,201

NEW CONSTRUCTION and RENOVATION

End-Use Industrial Total

Indoor Lighting 8,447 8,447

Outdoor Lighting 791 791

Cooling 14,899 14,899

Space Heating 1,834 1,834

Miscellaneous 6,864 6,864

Industrial Process 132,003 132,003

Total 164,837 164,837
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Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 47

Industrial Gas Sales, 2014 (MMBtu)

EXISTING BUILDINGS

End-Use Industrial Total

Space Heating 2,733,527 2,733,527

Miscellaneous 6,643,813 6,643,813

Industrial Process 9,426,450 9,426,450

Total 18,803,791 18,803,791

 -

NEW CONSTRUCTION and RENOVATION

End-Use Industrial Total

Space Heating 174,007 174,007

Miscellaneous 425,524 425,524

Industrial Process 607,237 607,237

Total 1,206,768 1,206,768

Industrial Petroleum Fuel Sales, 2014 (MMBtu)

EXISTING BUILDINGS

End-Use Industrial Total

Space Heating 231,747 231,747

Miscellaneous 849,230 849,230

Industrial Process 1,260,061 1,260,061

Total 2,341,038 2,341,038

NEW CONSTRUCTION and RENOVATION

End-Use Industrial Total

Space Heating 14,903 14,903

Miscellaneous 54,586 54,586

Industrial Process 80,863 80,863

Total 150,352 150,352
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Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 48

APPENDIX C: AVERAGE RETAIL RATES

Average Retail Rates by Sector and Year (2013$)

Electricity ($/kWh) Natural Gas ($/MMBtu) Petroleum Fuels ($/MMBtu)

Year Res Com Ind Res Com Ind Res Com Ind

2014 0.14 0.10 0.08 13.90 12.27 11.15 25.95 19.74 16.92

2015 0.14 0.10 0.08 13.64 12.01 11.24 25.49 19.34 16.64

2016 0.14 0.10 0.09 14.18 12.60 12.15 25.71 19.57 16.87

2017 0.14 0.10 0.09 14.48 12.87 12.47 26.40 20.25 17.31

2018 0.14 0.10 0.09 14.87 13.25 12.98 26.86 20.73 17.80

2019 0.14 0.10 0.09 15.07 13.44 13.20 27.33 21.21 18.15

2020 0.14 0.10 0.09 15.24 13.59 13.37 27.77 21.64 18.58

2021 0.14 0.10 0.09 15.43 13.77 13.57 28.14 22.04 18.94

2022 0.14 0.10 0.09 15.74 14.08 13.97 28.53 22.49 19.33

2023 0.14 0.10 0.09 16.04 14.37 14.36 28.91 22.85 19.69

2024 0.14 0.10 0.09 16.23 14.55 14.60 29.26 23.20 20.06

2025 0.14 0.10 0.09 16.39 14.68 14.75 29.62 23.56 20.38

2026 0.14 0.10 0.09 16.62 14.88 15.03 29.97 23.90 20.76

2027 0.14 0.10 0.09 16.73 14.96 15.12 30.29 24.22 21.13

2028 0.14 0.10 0.09 16.94 15.13 15.34 30.61 24.53 21.50

2029 0.14 0.10 0.09 17.13 15.28 15.53 30.92 24.83 21.81

2030 0.14 0.10 0.09 17.35 15.46 15.76 31.21 25.11 22.21

2031 0.14 0.10 0.09 17.61 15.68 16.08 31.50 25.39 22.33

2032 0.14 0.10 0.09 17.78 15.81 16.23 31.79 25.69 22.80

2033 0.14 0.10 0.09 18.00 16.00 16.49 32.12 26.03 23.17

2034 0.14 0.10 0.09 18.36 16.35 16.98 32.49 26.42 23.48

2035 0.14 0.10 0.09 18.76 16.75 17.54 32.91 26.85 24.05

2036 0.14 0.11 0.10 19.21 17.21 18.21 33.34 27.31 24.48

2037 0.14 0.11 0.10 19.64 17.66 18.84 33.80 27.78 24.98

2038 0.14 0.11 0.10 20.10 18.14 19.54 34.17 28.17 25.31

2039 0.15 0.11 0.10 20.29 18.29 19.73 34.60 28.61 25.88

2040 0.15 0.11 0.10 20.65 18.65 20.25 35.00 29.04 26.32

2041 0.15 0.11 0.10 20.65 18.65 20.25 35.00 29.04 26.32

2042 0.15 0.11 0.10 20.65 18.65 20.25 35.00 29.04 26.32

2043 0.15 0.11 0.10 20.65 18.65 20.25 35.00 29.04 26.32

2044 0.15 0.11 0.10 20.65 18.65 20.25 35.00 29.04 26.32

2045 0.15 0.11 0.10 20.65 18.65 20.25 35.00 29.04 26.32

2046 0.15 0.11 0.10 20.65 18.65 20.25 35.00 29.04 26.32

2047 0.15 0.11 0.10 20.65 18.65 20.25 35.00 29.04 26.32

2048 0.15 0.11 0.10 20.65 18.65 20.25 35.00 29.04 26.32

2049 0.15 0.11 0.10 20.65 18.65 20.25 35.00 29.04 26.32

2050 0.15 0.11 0.10 20.65 18.65 20.25 35.00 29.04 26.32
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Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 49

APPENDIX D: MEASURE CHARACTERIZATIONS

Abbreviations:

Applicable Markets: Sector: Other:

Ret = Retrofit Com = Commercial NG = Natural Gas

NC = New Construction Res = Residential Petro = Petroleum Fuels

Reno = Renovation Ind = Industrial CEE = Consortium for Energy Efficiency

Repl = Natural Replacement IECC = International Energy Conservation Code

Electric Measures

Sector Primary 

Fuel End 

Use

Applicable 

Markets

Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life 

(yr)

% 

Savings

Incremental 

Cost/kW

h Saved

Measure 

Life 

Source

Savings 

Data 

Sources

Costs 

Data 

Sources

Com Cooling NC, Reno, 

Repl

High-eff AC CEE 

Tier I

Packaged or split system unitary air 

conditioner meeting CEE Tier I efficiency 

criteria (CEE Commercial Unitary AC & HP 

Specs, Jan 2012). High efficiency level 

reflects weighted average by size and type 

of units.

New unitary air conditioner 

meeting relevant energy codes 

or federal standards. Baseline 

efficiency reflects weighted 

average by size and type.

15.0 6% $1.09 90 134,102,

93, 168

135

Com Cooling Ret High-eff AC CEE 

Tier I

Packaged or split system unitary air 

conditioner meeting CEE Tier I efficiency 

criteria (CEE Commercial Unitary AC & HP 

Specs, Jan 2012). High efficiency level 

reflects weighted average by size and type 

of units.

Existing stock efficiency unitary 

air conditioner. Existing stock 

efficiency reflects weighted 

average by size and type.

15.0 19% $2.91 90 134,92,9

3,102,16

8

3, 135
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 50

Sector Primary 

Fuel End 

Use

Applicable 

Markets

Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life 

(yr)

% 

Savings

Incremental 

Cost/kW

h Saved

Measure 

Life 

Source

Savings 

Data 

Sources

Costs 

Data 

Sources

Com Cooling NC, Reno, 

Repl

High-eff AC CEE 

Tier II

Packaged or split system unitary air 

conditioner meeting CEE Tier II efficiency 

criteria (CEE Commercial Unitary AC & HP 

Specs, Jan 2012). High efficiency level 

reflects weighted average by size and type 

of units.

New unitary air conditioner 

meeting relevant energy codes 

or federal standards. Baseline 

efficiency reflects weighted 

average by size and type.

15.0 10% $1.09 90 134,102,

93, 168

135

Com Cooling Ret High-eff AC CEE 

Tier II

Packaged or split system unitary air 

conditioner meeting CEE Tier II efficiency 

criteria (CEE Commercial Unitary AC & HP 

Specs, Jan 2012). High efficiency level 

reflects weighted average by size and type 

of units.

Existing stock efficiency unitary 

air conditioner. Existing stock 

efficiency reflects weighted 

average by size and type.

15.0 23% $2.55 90 134,92,9

3,168

3135

Com Cooling NC, Reno, 

Repl

High-eff HP CEE 

Tier I -Cool

Single or polyphase packaged or split 

system unitary heat pump meeting CEE 

Tier I efficiency criteria. High efficiency 

level will reflect weighted average by size 

and type of units.

New unitary heat pump 

meeting relevant energy codes 

or federal standards. Baseline 

efficiency reflects weighted 

average by size and type.

15.0 4% $3.00 90 134,102,

93, 168

136, 135

Com Cooling Ret High-eff HP CEE 

Tier I -Cool

Single or polyphase packaged or split 

system unitary heat pump meeting CEE 

Tier I efficiency criteria. High efficiency 

level will reflect weighted average by size 

and type of units.

Existing stock efficiency unitary 

heat pump. Existing stock 

efficiency will reflect weighted 

average by size and type.

15.0 14% $5.35 90 134,92,9

3,168

136, 135

Com Cooling NC, Reno, 

Repl

High-eff HP CEE 

Tier II -Cool

Single or polyphase packaged or split 

system unitary heat pump meeting an 

efficiency criteria substantially above CEE 

Tier II. High efficiency level will reflect the 

maximum level available from multiple 

major manufacturers, weighted by size 

and type of units.

Standard efficiency new unitary 

heat pump. Baseline efficiency 

will reflect weighted average by 

size and type.

15.0 11% $0.79 90 134,102,

93,168

136
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 51

Sector Primary 

Fuel End 

Use

Applicable 

Markets

Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life 

(yr)

% 

Savings

Incremental 

Cost/kW

h Saved

Measure 

Life 

Source

Savings 

Data 

Sources

Costs 

Data 

Sources

Com Cooling Ret High-eff HP CEE 

Tier II -Cool

Single or polyphase packaged or split 

system unitary heat pump meeting an 

efficiency criteria substantially above CEE 

Tier II. High efficiency level will reflect the 

maximum level available from multiple 

major manufacturers, weighted by size 

and type of units.

Existing stock efficiency unitary 

heat pump. Existing stock 

efficiency will reflect weighted 

average by size and type.

15.0 22% $3.37 90 134,92,9

3,168

136

Com Cooling NC, Reno, 

Repl

Water src HP v. 

air src -Cool

Water cooled heat pump using a water 

loop as a heat sink.

Standard efficiency unitary heat 

pump.

15.0 29% $0.49 1, 18, 

22

93, 102, 

103, 168

1, 170

Com Cooling NC, Reno, 

Repl

Ground source 

HP -Cool

Heat pump using ground as a heat sink. 

Either trench or well type.

Standard efficiency unitary heat 

pump.

20.0 49% $1.71 1, 18, 

22

93, 102, 

103, 168

104

Com Cooling Reno, Repl HE Room AC A 'room air conditioner' is defined as a 

consumer product, other than a 

‘packaged terminal air conditioner,’ which 

is powered by a single phase electric 

current and which is an encased assembly 

designed as a unit for mounting in a 

window or through the wall for the 

purpose of providing delivery of 

conditioned air to an enclosed space. It 

includes a prime source of refrigeration 

and may include a means for ventilating 

and heating. Upgrade to EER 10.8 

(consistent with ENERGY STAR criteria for 

typical unit as of 5/27/09)

Standard efficiency Room AC 

unit meeting federal 

manufacturing standards.

9.0 9% $0.39 90 15, 16, 

93

17
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 52

Sector Primary 

Fuel End 

Use

Applicable 

Markets

Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life 

(yr)

% 

Savings

Incremental 

Cost/kW

h Saved

Measure 

Life 

Source

Savings 

Data 

Sources

Costs 

Data 

Sources

Com Cooling Ret HE Room AC A 'room air conditioner' is defined as a 

consumer product, other than a 

‘packaged terminal air conditioner,’ which 

is powered by a single phase electric 

current and which is an encased assembly 

designed as a unit for mounting in a 

window or through the wall for the 

purpose of providing delivery of 

conditioned air to an enclosed space. It 

includes a prime source of refrigeration 

and may include a means for ventilating 

and heating. Upgrade to EER 10.8 

(consistent with ENERGY STAR criteria for 

typical unit as of 5/27/09)

Old window AC unit (7.5+ years 

old)

9.0 9% $1.70 90 15, 16, 

93

17

Com Cooling NC, Reno, 

Repl

High-efficiency 

chillers Tier I

High efficiency water cooled chillers 

(represents weighted average of different 

types and sizes) - Tier I

Standard efficiency water 

cooled chiller 

25.0 20% $1.54 1 102, 

105, 93, 

168

3, 39

Com Cooling Ret High-efficiency 

chillers Tier I

High efficiency water cooled chillers 

(represents weighted average of different 

types and sizes) - Tier I

Standard efficiency water 

cooled chiller 

25.0 29% $2.62 1 92, 93, 

105, 168

3, 39

Com Cooling NC, Reno, 

Repl

High-efficiency 

chillers Tier II

High efficiency water cooled chillers 

(represents weighted average of different 

types and sizes) - Tier II

Standard efficiency water 

cooled chiller 

25.0 31% $1.22 1 102, 

105, 93, 

168

3

Com Cooling Ret High-efficiency 

chillers Tier II

High efficiency water cooled chillers 

(represents weighted average of different 

types and sizes) - Tier II

Standard efficiency water 

cooled chiller 

25.0 38% $2.15 1 92, 93, 

105, 168

3

Com Cooling NC, Reno Opt unitary 

HVAC dist/ctrl 

sys

High efficiency distribution system for 

unitary systems, based on mix of 

measures to optimize the total system 

efficiency. Potentially including controls, 

economizers, VFDs, VAV, better design, 

etc. This is mainly a design measure, 

applicable to NC and large renovation.

New construction standard 

efficiency unitary HVAC 

distribution system

15.0 30% $0.53 40 51,93 3, 74, 39
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 53

Sector Primary 

Fuel End 

Use

Applicable 

Markets

Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life 

(yr)

% 

Savings

Incremental 

Cost/kW

h Saved

Measure 

Life 

Source

Savings 

Data 

Sources

Costs 

Data 

Sources

Com Cooling NC, Reno Opt chiller 

dist/ctrl sys

High efficiency distribution system for 

chiller systems, based on mix of measures 

to optimize the total system efficiency. 

Potentially including controls, 

economizers, VFDs, better design, etc.

New construction standard 

efficiency unitary HVAC 

distribution system

10.0 20% $0.53 22 64, 39 3, 74, 39

Com Cooling NC, Reno EMS/Controls -

Cool

Energy management system and/or other 

controls to optimize control of HVAC 

system. Could include scheduling, optimal 

start-stop, chiller reset control, dual 

enthalpy economizers, CO2 sensors, etc.

No building automation 15.0 18% $0.70 22 41, 

42,114, 

150

48, 75, 

114

Com Cooling Ret EMS/Controls -

Cool

Energy management system and/or other 

controls to optimize control of HVAC 

system. Could include scheduling, optimal 

start-stop, chiller reset control, dual 

enthalpy economizers, CO2 sensors, etc.

No building automation 15.0 18% $1.05 22 41, 42, 

114, 150

48, 75, 

114

Com Cooling NC, Reno, 

Repl

Dual enthalpy 

economizer

Dual enthalpy economizers with 

electronic controls to optimize use of 

outside air to reduce cooling loads.

Standard efficiency 

economizers, represents a mix 

of dry-bulb and single enthalpy.

9.8 7% $1.37 1 168, 1 3

Com Cooling Ret Dual enthalpy 

economizer

Dual enthalpy economizers with 

electronic controls to optimize use of 

outside air to reduce cooling loads.

Existing stock, represents a mix 

of dry-bulb and fixed dampers.

9.8 10% $1.01 1 168, 1 3

Com Cooling NC, Reno, 

Repl

Demand 

controlled 

ventilation -

Cool

Adjust ventilation rates based on indoorair quality (typically by monitoring CO2 

levels with sensors)

Ventilation system in which the 

outside air ventilation rate is 

fixed when the building is 

occupied

10.0 19% $0.26 1 41, 25, 

76, 150, 

168

109

Com Cooling Ret Demand 

controlled 

ventilation -

Cool

Adjust ventilation rates based on indoorair quality (typically by monitoring CO2 

levels with sensors)

Ventilation system in which the 

outside air ventilation rate is 

fixed when the building is

occupied

10.0 19% $0.32 1 41, 25, 

76, 150, 

168

109

Com Cooling Ret HVAC tune-up -

Cool

Optimize an existing HVAC system by 

adjusting refrigerant charge, air flow, and 

control set-points for maximum 

efficiency.

HVAC system with unoptomized 

airflow and refrigerant charge

6.0 8% $0.13 39 61, 150 78, 79
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 54

Sector Primary 

Fuel End 

Use

Applicable 

Markets

Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life 

(yr)

% 

Savings

Incremental 

Cost/kW

h Saved

Measure 

Life 

Source

Savings 

Data 

Sources

Costs 

Data 

Sources

Com Cooling NC, Reno Duct sealing -

Cool

Seal HVAC ductwork with aerosol-based 

sealant to reduce air leakage outside the 

conditioned space and the consequent 

energy loss.

Leaky and unsealed ducts 25.0 12% $0.16 25 93, 150 80, 119

Com Cooling Ret Duct sealing -

Cool

Seal HVAC ductwork with aerosol-based 

sealant to reduce air leakage outside the 

conditioned space and the consequent 

energy loss.

Leaky and unsealed ducts 25.0 12% $0.16 25 93, 150 80, 119

Com Cooling NC, Reno, 

Repl

Low Flow Fume 

Hood

High efficiency low-flow fume hoods, 

typically used in laboratories, operate on 

the principle of an air supply with low 

turbulence intensity in the face of the 

hood. This alternative design results in 

significantly reduced volumes of exhaust 

air, which means less energy needed to 

move that air, while still providing 

sufficient air flow to dilute contaminants 

in the hood.

Constant volume (CV) and 

variable air volume (VAV) fume 

hoods with an average face 

velocity of >= 90 ft/min

25.0 44% $0.38 88 88, 89 88, 89

Com Cooling NC, Reno, 

Repl

HE stove hood -

Cool

Optimized stove hoods to minimize 

conditioned make-up air requirements.

Standard stove hoods 20.0 10% $0.51 27 62, 63, 

81

63, 81

Com Cooling Ret HE stove hood -

Cool

Optimized stove hoods to minimize 

conditioned make-up air requirements.

Standard stove hoods 20.0 10% $0.51 27 62, 63, 

81

63, 81

Com Cooling NC, Reno, 

Repl

HP window 

glazing Tier I -

Cool

Currently available high efficiency glazing The baseline condition is 

assumed to be single pane clear 

glass with a solar heat gain

coefficient of 0.87

20.0 6% $0.08 91 93 39

Com Cooling Ret Window Film Window films reduce solar heat gain in 

the summer by blocking infrared radiation 

passing through windows. This reduces 

the cooling load in the summer

single pane clear glass in 

commercial buildings with a 

solar heat gain

coefficient of 0.87

10.0 5% $0.68 0 93 91

Com Cooling NC, Reno, 

Repl, Ret

Hospitality 

control -

cooling

System controlling HVAC and lighting for 

hotels/motels

Typical hotel room with no key 

card control or occupancy 

sensor

15.0 20% $0.17 25 25 25
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 55

Sector Primary 

Fuel End 

Use

Applicable 

Markets

Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life 

(yr)

% 

Savings

Incremental 

Cost/kW

h Saved

Measure 

Life 

Source

Savings 

Data 

Sources

Costs 

Data 

Sources

Com Cooling Ret Cool roof White roofing material or coating, to 

reflect the sun and reduce airconditioning loads

Typical black roof 20.0 32% $5.13 90 141 142

Com Cooling NC, Reno, 

Repl

Cool roof White roofing material or coating, to 

reflect the sun and reduce airconditioning loads

Typical black roof with typical 

reflectance and absorption

20.0 32% $0.46 90 141 142

Com Cooling NC, Reno, 

Repl

Data centers 

virtualization -

Cool

Data Center reduced cooling loads 

associated with electric savings for 

computer loads.

Typical data center without 

server virtualization

5.0 48% $0.17 57 57, 62 86, 39

Com Cooling Ret Data centers 

virtualization -

Cool

Data Center reduced cooling loads 

associated with electric savings for 

computer loads.

Typical data center without 

server virtualization

5.0 48% $0.17 57 57, 62 86, 39

Com Data 

Center

NC, Reno, 

Repl

Data centers 

virtualization -

IT

Data Center energy savings for 

information technology (computer loads) 

at facilities or rooms used to house 

computer servers and data systems 

through the use of server virtualization.

Typical data center without 

server virtualization

5.0 48% $0.17 57 57, 62 86, 39

Com Data 

Center

Ret Data centers 

virtualization -

IT

Data Center energy savings for 

information technology (computer loads) 

at facilities or rooms used to house 

computer servers and data systems 

through the use of server virtualization.

Typical data center without 

server virtualization

5.0 48% $0.17 57 57, 62 86, 39

Com Whole 

Building

NC, Reno Commissioning 

-Elec

Whole building commissioning of new 

buildings to ensure optimized design, 

installation and operation of systems.

New Construction building with 

no commissioning performed

7.0 7% $0.55 25, 54, 

55, 56

115 115
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 56

Sector Primary 

Fuel End 

Use

Applicable 

Markets

Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life 

(yr)

% 

Savings

Incremental 

Cost/kW

h Saved

Measure 

Life 

Source

Savings 

Data 

Sources

Costs 

Data 

Sources

Com Whole 

Building

NC Integrated bldg 

design Tier I -

Elec

Reflects comprehensive, optimized design 

of new buildings addressing all end-uses 

and interactions between them on a 

systems basis. Measures include, but are 

not limited to, improved air barrier 

performance, minimum IAQ performance, 

lighting controls, improved lighting power 

density, improved mechanical equipment 

efficiency, and demand controlled 

ventilation. 

New building conforming to 

ASHARE 90.1-2007

15.3 36% $0.61 58 184 184

Com Whole 

Building

NC Building 

operational 

efficiency 

(behavioral)

Reflects an amalgamation of both postconsumption (indirect) and real-time 

(direct) energy usage feedback to building 

managers and occupants via monthly 

mailing, on-site displays, etc., as could be 

supported by Advanced Metering 

Infrastructure (AMI) - an emerging 

technology.

New building without planned 

direct / indirect feedback on 

electric usage

5.0 3% $0.52 0 0 25, 39

Com Whole 

Building

Ret Building 

operational 

efficiency 

(behavioral)

Reflects an amalgamation of both postconsumption (indirect) and real-time 

(direct) energy usage feedback to building 

managers and occupants via monthly 

mailing, on-site displays, etc., as could be 

supported by Advanced Metering 

Infrastructure (AMI) - an emerging 

technology.

Building without direct / 

indirect feedback on electric 

usage

5.0 3% $0.52 0 0 25, 39

Com Whole 

Building

Ret Behavioral 

Measures -Elec

Includes occupant training, interactive 

meters w/ real-time pricing capability.

No Behavioral Modification 

Program

1.0 3% $0.09 185 185 39

Com Food 

Preparat

ion

Ret HE kitchen 

equipment -

elec, 2 meal

High-efficiency commercial electric 

kitchen cooking/warming equipment 

(holding cabinet, steamer, combination 

oven, deep fryer, griddle) for a restaurant 

that serves 2 meals or less per day

Standard Food Preparation 

Equipment

11.8 27% $1.35 91, 97 97 97
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 57

Sector Primary 

Fuel End 

Use

Applicable 

Markets

Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life 

(yr)

% 

Savings

Incremental 

Cost/kW

h Saved

Measure 

Life 

Source

Savings 

Data 

Sources

Costs 

Data 

Sources

Com Food 

Preparat

ion

NC, Reno, 

Repl

HE kitchen 

equipment -

elec, 2 meal

High-efficiency commercial electric 

kitchen cooking/warming equipment 

(holding cabinet, steamer, combination 

oven, deep fryer, griddle) for a restaurant 

that serves 2 meals or less per day

Standard Food Preparation 

Equipment

11.8 27% $0.12 91, 97 97 97

Com Food 

Preparat

ion

Ret HE kitchen 

equipment -

elec, 3 meal

High-efficiency commercial electric 

kitchen cooking/warming equipment 

(holding cabinet, steamer, combination 

oven, deep fryer, griddle) for a restaurant 

that serves 3 meals per day

Standard Food Preparation 

Equipment

11.9 26% $1.41 91, 97 97 97

Com Food 

Preparat

ion

NC, Reno, 

Repl

HE kitchen 

equipment -

elec, 3 meal

High-efficiency commercial electric 

kitchen cooking/warming equipment 

(holding cabinet, steamer, combination 

oven, deep fryer, griddle) for a restaurant 

that serves 3 meals per day

Standard Food Preparation 

Equipment

11.9 26% $0.11 91, 97 97 97

Com Space 

Heating

NC, Reno, 

Repl, Ret

Hospitality 

control -

heating

System controlling HVAC and lighting for 

hotels/motels

Typical hotel room with no key 

card control or occupancy 

sensor

15.0 20% $0.17 25 25 25

Com Indoor 

Lighting

Ret HPT8 

lamp/ballast

(T12 baseline)

Install High Performance T8 lamps and 

low-ballast factor electronic ballast in 

existing fixtures, replacing T12 lighting

EE T12 with EEMAG ballast 15.0 32% $0.67 1 168, 168 1

Com Indoor 

Lighting

Ret HPT8 

lamp/ballast 

(T8 baseline)

Install High Performance T8 lamps and 

low-ballast factor electronic ballast in 

existing fixtures, replacing standard T8 

lighting

Standard T8s 15.0 16% $1.67 1 168, 168 1

Com Indoor 

Lighting

Repl Reduce W T8 

lamp/ballast 

(for HPT8)

When replacing a High Performance T8 

and ballast, replace with a 25 or 28 Watt 

lamp and high performance ballast as 

opposed to a HP 32 watt lamp.

32 Watt High Performance T8s 15.0 13% - 1 168, 87 68

Com Indoor 

Lighting

Ret Reduce W T8 

lamp/ballast 

(for HPT8)

When replacing a High Performance T8 

and ballast, replace with a 25 or 28 Watt 

lamp and high performance ballast as 

opposed to a HP 32 watt lamp.

32 Watt High Performance T8s 15.0 13% $2.71 1 168, 87 68
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 58

Sector Primary 

Fuel End 

Use

Applicable 

Markets

Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life 

(yr)

% 

Savings

Incremental 

Cost/kW

h Saved

Measure 

Life 

Source

Savings 

Data 

Sources

Costs 

Data 

Sources

Com Indoor 

Lighting

Repl Reduce W T8 

lamp/ballast 

(for stnd T8)

When replacing a Standard T8, replace 

with a 25 or 28 watt T8 and CEE certified 

ballast as opposed to a standard lamp and 

ballast

32 Watt Standard T8 lamp and 

ballast

15.0 16% $0.71 1 168, 168 68

Com Indoor 

Lighting

Ret Reduce W T8 

lamp/ballast 

(for stnd T8)

When replacing a Standard T8, replace 

with a 25 or 28 watt T8 and CEE certified 

ballast as opposed to a standard lamp and 

ballast

32 Watt Standard T8 lamp and 

ballast

15.0 16% $1.62 1 168, 168 68

Com Indoor 

Lighting

Repl Reduce W T8 

relamp (for 

HPT8)

When replacing a High Performance T8, 

replace with a 25 or 28 Watt lamp as 

opposed to a HP 32 watt lamp.

32 Watt High Performance T8 

lamp and ballast

5.1 11% - 1 168, 87 68

Com Indoor 

Lighting

Ret Reduce W T8 

relamp (for 

HPT8)

When replacing a High Performance T8, 

replace with a 25 or 28 Watt lamp as 

opposed to a HP 32 watt lamp.

32 Watt High Performance T8 

lamp and ballast

5.1 11% $2.42 1 168, 87 68

Com Indoor 

Lighting

Repl Reduce W T8 

relamp (for 

stnd T8)

When replacing a Standard T8, replace 

with a 25 or 28 Watt lamp as opposed to a

HP 32 watt lamp.

32 Watt High Performance T8 

lamp 

5.1 22% $0.14 1 168, 168 68

Com Indoor 

Lighting

Ret Reduce W T8 

relamp (for 

stnd T8)

When replacing a Standard T8, replace 

with a 25 or 28 Watt lamp as opposed to a

HP 32 watt lamp.

32 Watt Standard T8 5.1 22% $0.43 1 168, 168 68

Com Indoor 

Lighting

Ret HPT8 fixture 

(T12 baseline)

High Performance T8 fixture w/ Electronic 

Ballast and tandem wiring where 

appropriate, replacing T12

EE T12 with EE Mag ballast 15.0 32% $1.07 1 168, 168 68

Com Indoor 

Lighting

NC, Reno, 

Repl

HPT8 fixture 

(T8 baseline)

High Performance T8 fixture w/ Electronic 

Ballast and tandem wiring where 

appropriate, replacing standard T8

Standard T8s 15.0 16% $0.76 1 168, 168 1

Com Indoor 

Lighting

Ret HPT8 fixture 

(T8 baseline)

High Performance T8 fixture w/ Electronic 

Ballast and tandem wiring where 

appropriate, replacing standard T8

Standard T8s 15.0 16% $2.67 1 168, 168 68
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 59

Sector Primary 

Fuel End 

Use

Applicable 

Markets

Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life 

(yr)

% 

Savings

Incremental 

Cost/kW

h Saved

Measure 

Life 

Source

Savings 

Data 

Sources

Costs 

Data 

Sources

Com Indoor 

Lighting

NC, Reno, 

Repl

HE 

fixtures/design 

Tier I (2009 

baseline)

High efficiency fixtures and design to 

reduce lighting power density. Generally 

reflects mid-level efficiency, typically 

including high efficiency fixtures and 

improved fixture layout, including use of 

indirect lighting. Does not include 

controls, which are covered elsewhere. 

Baseline of IECC 2009.

IECC 2009 15.0 21% $0.37 168 168, 50 69

Com Indoor 

Lighting

NC, Reno, 

Repl

HE 

fixtures/design 

Tier II

High efficiency fixtures and design to 

reduce lighting power density. Generally 

reflects state-of-the-art systems to 

achieve maximum reductions. This can 

include numerous things, potentially 

including direct/indirect, auto dimming, 

low glare, T5s, specular reflectors, task 

lighting, distribution technologies (eg, 

light pipes, fiber optics), etc. Does not 

include controls, which are covered 

elsewhere.

HE fixtures/design Tier I 15.0 33% $0.75 168 168, 52 69

Com Indoor 

Lighting

Ret HE 

fixtures/design 

Tier II

High efficiency fixtures and design to 

reduce lighting power density. Generally 

reflects state-of-the-art systems to 

achieve maximum reductions. This can 

include numerous things, potentially 

including direct/indirect, auto dimming, 

low glare, T5s, specular reflectors, task 

lighting, distribution technologies (eg, 

light pipes, fiber optics), etc. Does not 

include controls, which are covered 

elsewhere.

HE fixtures/design Tier I 15.0 45% $1.59 168 0 69
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 60

Sector Primary 

Fuel End 

Use

Applicable 

Markets

Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life 

(yr)

% 

Savings

Incremental 

Cost/kW

h Saved

Measure 

Life 

Source

Savings 

Data 

Sources

Costs 

Data 

Sources

Com Indoor 

Lighting

NC, Reno, 

Repl

HE 

fixtures/design 

Tier III

Emerging technologies (e.g., LEDs, Organic 

LEDs, daylighting) combined with 

emphasis on increased overall system 

efficiency.

HE fixtures/design Tier II 15.0 41% $0.75 168 168, 39 69

Com Indoor 

Lighting

Ret HE 

fixtures/design 

Tier III

Emerging technologies (e.g., LEDs, Organic 

LEDs, daylighting) combined with 

emphasis on increased overall system 

efficiency.

HE fixtures/design Tier II 15.0 53% $1.59 168 0 69

Com Indoor 

Lighting

NC, Reno, 

Repl

CFL fixture -

interior 2012-

14

Permanently installed Compact 

Fluorescent Lamp fixture

Incandescent fixture meeting 

EISA 2007 lighting performance 

standards (e.g., efficient 

halogen lamp)

12.0 59% $0.42 168 168, 1 168

Com Indoor 

Lighting

Ret CFL fixture -

interior 2012-

14

Permanently installed Compact 

Fluorescent Lamp fixture

Incandescent fixture meeting 

EISA 2007 lighting performance 

standards (e.g., efficient 

halogen lamp)

12.0 59% $1.34 168 168, 1 70

Com Indoor 

Lighting

NC, Reno, 

Repl

CFL spiral 2012-

14

Compact Fluorescent Lamp spiral, for 

interior

High-efficiency halogen lamp 4.8 62% $0.03 168 168, 53 71, 168

Com Indoor 

Lighting

Ret CFL spiral 2012-

14

Compact Fluorescent Lamp spiral, for 

interior

High-efficiency halogen lamp 4.8 62% $0.04 168 168, 53 71, 168

Com Indoor 

Lighting

NC, Reno, 

Repl

LED track 

lighting

LED replacements for track lighting Halogen Par 38 15.0 80% $0.73 1, 157, 

162

1, 156 1, 157

Com Indoor 

Lighting

Ret LED track 

lighting

LED replacements for track lighting Halogen Par 38 15.0 80% $1.04 1, 157, 

162

1, 156 1, 157

Com Indoor 

Lighting

NC, Reno, 

Repl

LED

downlighting

LED replacements for recessed 

downlights. Recessed lights are used to 

concentrate light in a downward 

direction.

Weighted average of 65W BR30 

& 50W PAR30 downlight lamps

15.0 68% $0.48 1, 157, 

162

1, 157 46, 157

Com Indoor 

Lighting

Ret LED 

downlighting

LED replacements for recessed 

downlights. Recessed lights are used to 

concentrate light in a downward 

direction.

Weighted average of 65W BR30 

& 50W PAR30 downlight lamps

15.0 68% $0.98 1, 157, 

162

1, 157 46, 157
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 61

Sector Primary 

Fuel End 

Use

Applicable 

Markets

Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life 

(yr)

% 

Savings

Incremental 

Cost/kW

h Saved

Measure 

Life 

Source

Savings 

Data 

Sources

Costs 

Data 

Sources

Com Indoor 

Lighting

NC, Reno, 

Repl

LED Lamp, 

directional

LED screw and pin-based lamps that 

replace PAR bulbs in non-dedicated 

fixtures. These are common in retail and 

museum applications where directional 

highlighting is common

weighted average of CFL and 

Halogen PAR bulb

13.6 79% $0.31 1, 62 1, 156 1, 157

Com Indoor 

Lighting

Ret LED Lamp, 

directional

LED screw and pin-based lamps that 

replace PAR bulbs in non-dedicated 

fixtures. These are common in retail and 

museum applications where directional 

highlighting is common

weighted average of CFL and 

Halogen PAR bulb

13.6 79% $0.47 1, 62 1, 156 1, 157

Com Indoor 

Lighting

NC, Reno, 

Repl

LED Lamp, 

standard and 

decorative

LED screw and pin-based lamps that fit 

into traditional incandescent and CFL 

sockets. Varieties include PAR, MR, 

decorative candelabra, and standard Astyle lamps.

Weighted average of EC 

Halogens, and incandescents

8.5 67% $0.48 1, 62 1, 157 46, 168

Com Indoor 

Lighting

Ret LED Lamp, 

standard and 

decorative

LED screw and pin-based lamps that fit 

into traditional incandescent and CFL 

sockets. Varieties include PAR, MR, 

decorative candelabra, and standard Astyle lamps.

Weighted average of EC 

Halogens, and incandescents

8.5 67% $0.65 1, 62 1, 157 46, 1, 

168

Com Indoor 

Lighting

NC, Reno, 

Repl

LED refrig case 

light fixtures

LED refrigerated case light fixtures are 

installed in walk-in refrigerated coolers 

and freezers where they excel due to the 

cold temperature. They replace linear 

fluorescent fixtures that perform poorly in 

cold temperatures.

T8 linear fluorescent 8.1 55% $0.46 168 168 168

Com Indoor 

Lighting

Ret LED refrig case 

light fixtures

LED refrigerated case light fixtures are 

installed in walk-in refrigerated coolers 

and freezers where they excel due to the 

cold temperature. They replace linear 

fluorescent fixtures that perform poorly in 

cold temperatures.

T8 linear fluorescent 8.1 55% $0.90 168 168 168
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 62

Sector Primary 

Fuel End 

Use

Applicable 

Markets

Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life 

(yr)

% 

Savings

Incremental 

Cost/kW

h Saved

Measure 

Life 

Source

Savings 

Data 

Sources

Costs 

Data 

Sources

Com Indoor 

Lighting

NC, Reno, 

Repl

LED Recessed 

Fixture

LED Recessed Fixtures replace linear 

fluorescent fixtures

average of T8 and HPT8 4' 

fixtures

19.5 37% $1.70 1, 62, 

158

1, 158 46, 1, 

168

Com Indoor 

Lighting

Ret LED Recessed 

Fixture

LED Recessed Fixtures replace linear 

fluorescent fixtures

average of T8 and HPT8 4' 

fixtures

19.5 37% $3.03 1, 62, 

158

1, 158 46, 1, 

168

Com Indoor 

Lighting

NC, Reno, 

Repl

LED task 

lighting

LED task lighting is used to increase light 

levels in work spaces above ambient 

levels. Replaces Halogen and Fluorescent 

technology

Average of 50W Hal, 13W CFL 

and Linear T5

19.5 80% $0.40 126, 

162

124, 155 1, 124, 

155

Com Indoor 

Lighting

Ret LED task 

lighting

LED task lighting is used to increase light 

levels in work spaces above ambient 

levels. Replaces Halogen and Fluorescent 

technology

Average of 50W Hal, 13W CFL 

and Linear T5

19.5 80% $0.61 126, 

162

124, 155 1, 124, 

155

Com Indoor 

Lighting

NC, Reno, 

Repl

Fluor high-low 

bay fixture -

interior

Fluorescent fixture for high and low bay 

applications (assumes 4-lamp fixture). 

Generally for industrial warehouse and 

similar applications. Low bay is 10-15 ft.

average of 200W and 320W 

PSMH

15.0 47% $0.15 168 1, 168 1, 60

Com Indoor 

Lighting

Ret Fluor high-low 

bay fixture -

interior

Fluorescent fixture for high and low bay 

applications (assumes 4-lamp fixture). 

Generally for industrial warehouse and

similar applications. Low bay is 10-15 ft.

average of 200W and 320W 

PSMH

15.0 47% $0.49 168 1, 168 1, 60, 68

Com Indoor 

Lighting

NC, Reno, 

Repl

LED High-Low 

Bay

LED fixture for high and low bay 

applications. Generally for industrial 

warehouse applications. Low bay is 10-15 

ft.

MH 250 W CWA Pulse Start 15.0 55% $0.58 1, 158, 

168

1, 158, 

168

1

Com Indoor 

Lighting

Ret LED High-Low 

Bay

LED fixture for high and low bay 

applications. Generally for industrial 

warehouse applications. Low bay is 10-15 

ft.

MH 250 W CWA Pulse Start 15.0 55% $1.20 1, 158, 

168

1, 158, 

168

1

Com Indoor 

Lighting

NC, Reno, 

Repl

Occupancy 

on/off lighting 

control

On/off lighting control based on space 

occupancy

Manual control 10.0 30% $0.21 168 168 48, 60, 

168
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 63

Sector Primary 

Fuel End 

Use

Applicable 

Markets

Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life 

(yr)

% 

Savings

Incremental 

Cost/kW

h Saved

Measure 

Life 

Source

Savings 

Data 

Sources

Costs 

Data 

Sources

Com Indoor 

Lighting

Ret Occupancy 

on/off lighting 

control

On/off lighting control based on space 

occupancy

Manual control 10.0 30% $0.43 168 168 48, 60, 

168

Com Indoor 

Lighting

NC, Reno, 

Repl

Occupancy 

hi/low lighting 

control

Multilevel lighting control based on space 

occupancy. For example, to reduce 

lighting in the aisles of a warehouse.

Manual control 10.0 30% $0.59 168 168, 1 72

Com Indoor 

Lighting

Ret Occupancy 

hi/low lighting 

control

Multilevel lighting control based on space 

occupancy. For example, to reduce 

lighting in the aisles of a warehouse.

Manual control 10.0 30% $1.00 168 168, 1 72

Com Indoor 

Lighting

NC, Reno, 

Repl

Daylight 

dimming

Automatic dimming in response to 

daylight, lumen depreciation and task 

needs to maintain light levels. For NC, 

optimization of natural light through shell 

measures is included under integrated 

building design.

Manual control 8.0 30% $0.27 168 168 1, 168

Com Indoor 

Lighting

Ret Daylight 

dimming

Automatic dimming in response to 

daylight, lumen depreciation and task 

needs to maintain light levels. For NC, 

optimization of natural light through shell 

measures is included under integrated 

building design.

Manual control 8.0 30% $0.38 168 168 1, 168

Com Indoor 

Lighting

Ret Wireless on-off 

lighting 

controls

On/off lighting controls attached to 

occupancy sensors. Eliminates the need 

for expensive cabling attached to each 

controlled light.

Manual control 10.0 30% $0.47 0 0 183

Com Indoor 

Lighting

Ret LED exit sign Light emitting diode exit sign Fluorescent exit sign 7.0 94% $0.26 1, 20 168 168

Com Indoor 

Lighting

NC, Reno, 

Repl, Ret

Hospitality 

control -

lighting

System controlling HVAC and lighting for 

hotels/motels

Typical hotel room with no key 

card control or occupancy 

sensor

15.0 33% $0.17 25 25 25
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 64

Sector Primary 

Fuel End 

Use

Applicable 

Markets

Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life 

(yr)

% 

Savings

Incremental 

Cost/kW

h Saved

Measure 

Life 

Source

Savings 

Data 

Sources

Costs 

Data 

Sources

Com Miscella

neous

Ret ECM Circulator 

Pump

Install a variable speed circulation pump 

instead of a constant speed pump

Circulator pump using a low 

efficiency shaded pole motor 

installed on the primary loop of 

a multiloop system, which runs 

constantly during the cooling 

season

20.0 65% $0.65 1 1 1

Com Office 

Equipme

nt

MD HE plug loads Plug Load equipment, including 

computers, display, copier, fax, printer, 

power supply, TVs, and set top boxes

Standard Office equipment 4.0 66% $0.07 168 131 131133

Com Office 

Equipme

nt

Ret Office 

equipment 

control

Low cost measures that can be done as a 

retrofit to an office building. Includes 

Power Management, advanced plug 

strips/timers, monitor brightness settings, 

and occupant behavior.

Standard Office equipment 

control and standard power 

strips

3.2 29% $0.11 131, 

132

131 131

Com Office 

Equipme

nt

Ret Hotel 

guestroom plug 

load reduction

efficient TVs and refrigerators in hotel 

guest rooms

Standard efficiency TVs and 

refrigerators

12.0 12% $0.53 146 147 147

Com Office 

Equipme

nt

Ret, Repl Smart strip 

plug outlets

A multi-plug power strip with the ability 

to automatically disconnect specific loads 

that are plugged into it depending on the 

power draw of a control load, also 

plugged into the strip.

Conventional power strip with 

no mechanism for 

disconnecting loads

8.0 3% $0.66 0 118 118

Com Outdoor 

Lighting

NC, Reno, 

Repl

LED minor 

exterior area 

lighting

LED general area lighting on the outside of 

commercial buildings. This includes 

walkway, security, signage, and façade 

lighting

175W MH 13.7 72% $0.71 162 127 127

Com Outdoor 

Lighting

Ret LED minor 

exterior area 

lighting

LED general area lighting on the outside of 

commercial buildings. This includes 

walkway, security, signage, and façade 

lighting

CFLs, Halogen, and linear t5 13.7 72% $1.03 162 127 127

Com Outdoor 

Lighting

NC, Reno, 

Repl

CFL - exterior 

2012-2014

Spiral CFL for exterior applications to 

replace incandescent, 2012-14

Halogen PAR38 spot lamp 3.5 62% $0.04 1 1, 59 59
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 65

Sector Primary 

Fuel End 

Use

Applicable 

Markets

Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life 

(yr)

% 

Savings

Incremental 

Cost/kW

h Saved

Measure 

Life 

Source

Savings 

Data 

Sources

Costs 

Data 

Sources

Com Outdoor 

Lighting

Ret CFL - exterior 

2012-2014

Spiral CFL for exterior applications to 

replace incandescent, 2012-14

Halogen PAR38 spot lamp 3.5 62% $0.08 1 1, 59 59

Com Outdoor 

Lighting

NC, Reno LED 

Parking/Roadw

ay Fixtures

LED outdoor lighting for parking areas and 

general area lighting (not utility-owned). 

This includes cobra heads, other more 

decorative street lights and canopy 

lighting. 

Weighted average of 400W MH, 

250W MH and 250W HPS, 

lamps and housing/fixtures

11.4 72% $0.49 162 46, 162 1

Com Outdoor 

Lighting

Ret LED 

Parking/Roadw

ay Fixtures

LED outdoor lighting for parking areas and 

general area lighting (not utility-owned). 

This includes cobra heads, other more 

decorative street lights and canopy 

lighting. 

Weighted average of 400W MH, 

250W MH and 250W HPS lamps

11.4 72% $0.60 162 46, 162 1

Com Outdoor 

Lighting

NC, Reno, 

Repl

Exterior 

Occupancy 

Sensors

Occupancy sensors controlling outdoor 

lighting

no occ sensor 10.0 41% $0.74 1 1 1

Com Outdoor 

Lighting

Ret Exterior 

Occupancy 

Sensors

Occupancy sensors controlling outdoor 

lighting

no occ sensor 10.0 41% $1.22 1 1 1

Com Outdoor 

Lighting

NC, Reno, 

Repl

LED Municipal 

Streetlighting

LED street lighting owned by utilities Combination of 250W MH and 

250W HPS cobra heads

11.4 41% $0.76 19 169 169

Com Outdoor 

Lighting

Ret LED Municipal 

Streetlighting

LED street lighting owned by utilities Combination of 250W MH and 

250W HPS cobra heads

11.4 41% $1.15 19 169 169

Com Outdoor 

Lighting

NC, Reno Improved ext 

lighting design

Reduced light levels and better outdoor 

lighting design. Includes reduced wattage 

lamps, better spacing, and use of cut-offs 

and reflectors to better control light and 

minimize glare

Standard exterior lighting 

practice

15.0 42% $1.59 1 1, 30 30
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 66

Sector Primary 

Fuel End 

Use

Applicable 

Markets

Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life 

(yr)

% 

Savings

Incremental 

Cost/kW

h Saved

Measure 

Life 

Source

Savings 

Data 

Sources

Costs 

Data 

Sources

Com Outdoor 

Lighting

NC, Reno, 

Repl

Outdoor 

Lighting 

Timeclocks

Time controls save energy by reducing 

lighting time of use through 

preprogrammed scheduling. Generally 

they dim the fixture during periods of low 

activity, such as 12am-5am. Time controls 

are applicable to utility owned street 

lights as well as non-utility owned 

outdoor light fixtures such as those in 

parking garages and security lighting

Standard efficiency exterior 

area lighting using metal halide 

and high-pressure sodium 

technologies

15.0 50% $0.36 1 0 154

Com Outdoor 

Lighting

Ret Outdoor 

Lighting 

Timeclocks

Time controls save energy by reducing 

lighting time of use through 

preprogrammed scheduling. Generally 

they dim the fixture during periods of low 

activity, such as 12am-5am. Time controls 

are applicable to utility owned street 

lights as well as non-utility owned 

outdoor light fixtures such as those in 

parking garages and security lighting

Standard efficiency exterior 

area lighting using metal halide 

and high-pressure sodium 

technologies

15.0 50% $0.72 1 0 154

Com Refrigera

tion

NC, Reno, 

Repl

Energy Star 

vending 

machine

High-efficiency refrigerated vending 

machines. Includes better lighting, 

controls and refrigeration. 

Standard efficiency new 

vending machine purchases.

14.0 42% - 34, 35, 

26, 94

94 47

Com Refrigera

tion

Ret Vending miser Vending miser or equivalent control to 

reduce lighting and refrigeration energy 

during low use periods

No control 10.0 38% $0.28 1 93 85

Com Refrigera

tion

NC, Reno, 

Repl

High-eff builtup refrigerationHigh-efficiency built-up refrigeration 

systems for grocery and refrigerated 

warehouses. This potentially includes HE 

compressors, better design and controls, 

HE motors and VFDs.

Standard efficiency built-up 

refrigeration systems

10.0 25% $0.48 18, 34 34, 62 34
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 67

Sector Primary 

Fuel End 

Use

Applicable 

Markets

Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life 

(yr)

% 

Savings

Incremental 

Cost/kW

h Saved

Measure 

Life 

Source

Savings 

Data 

Sources

Costs 

Data 

Sources

Com Refrigera

tion

Ret High-eff builtup refrigerationHigh-efficiency built-up refrigeration 

systems for grocery and refrigerated 

warehouses. This potentially includes HE 

compressors, better design and controls, 

HE motors and VFDs.

Existing stock efficiency built-up 

refrigeration systems

10.0 31% $2.59 18, 34 34, 62 34

Com Refrigera

tion

NC, Reno, 

Repl

High-eff reachin refrig, 

freezers

High-efficiency stand-alone reach-in 

refrigeration & freezer units for grocery, 

convenience stores, restaurants and 

cafeterias. Efficiency improvements 

include better door heater control, better 

lighting, HE compressors, greater 

insulation.

Standard efficiency new reachin refrigeration units.9.0 26% $0.39 20, 34, 

35

93 97

Com Refrigera

tion

NC, Reno, 

Repl

HE Ice Makers High efficiency new ice machines Standard efficiency new ice 

machines

8.0 9% $0.09 98, 97 97 97

Com Refrigera

tion

NC, Reno, 

Repl

High-efficiency 

small walk-in

High-efficiency small walk-in cooler with 

self-contained refrigeration system

Standard efficiency walk-in 

refrigeration system

13.0 54% $0.10 1 34, 62 34

Com Refrigera

tion

Ret Walk-in refrig 

retrofit 

package

High efficiency walk-in refrigeration 

system retrofit improvements (includes 

economizer, humidistat, evaporator fan 

control, etc.)

Standard efficiency existing 

stock walk-in refrigeration 

systems

16.0 17% $0.23 34, 38 49 49

Com Refrigera

tion

NC, Reno, 

Repl

High-efficiency 

display coolers

High-efficiency refrigerated display 

coolers

Standard efficiency one door 

beverage merchandiser

8.5 35% $0.26 34 62 34

Com Refrigera

tion

Ret High-efficiency 

display coolers

High-efficiency refrigerated display 

coolers

Standard efficiency existing 

stock display cooler

8.5 35% $4.01 34 62 34

Com Refrigera

tion

NC, Reno, 

Repl

Heat pump 

H2O heat from 

refrig -Refrig

Heat pump water heating using waste 

heat recovery from refrigeration systems 

(refrigeration component)

Air cooled refrigeration, 

traditional gas or electric water 

heating (note some electric 

water heating savings result as 

well)

14.0 5% - 20 62 20
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 68

Sector Primary 

Fuel End 

Use

Applicable 

Markets

Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life 

(yr)

% 

Savings

Incremental 

Cost/kW

h Saved

Measure 

Life 

Source

Savings 

Data 

Sources

Costs 

Data 

Sources

Com Refrigera

tion

Ret Heat pump 

H2O heat from 

refrig -Refrig

Heat pump water heating using waste 

heat recovery from refrigeration systems 

(refrigeration component)

Air cooled refrigeration, 

traditional gas or electric water 

heating (note some electric 

water heating savings result as 

well)

14.0 5% - 20 62 20

Com Space 

Heating

NC, Reno, 

Repl

High-eff HP CEE 

Tier I -Heat

See corresponding "Cool" measure. New unitary heat pump 

meeting relevant energy codes 

or federal standards. Baseline 

efficiency reflects weighted 

average by size and type.

15.0 2% $3.00 90 134,102,

93,168

136, 135

Com Space 

Heating

Ret High-eff HP CEE 

Tier I -Heat

See corresponding "Cool" measure. Existing stock efficiency unitary 

heat pump. Existing stock 

efficiency will reflect weighted 

average by size and type.

15.0 7% $5.35 90 134,92,9

3,168

136, 135

Com Space 

Heating

NC, Reno, 

Repl

High-eff HP CEE 

Tier II -Heat

See corresponding "Cool" measure. Standard efficiency new unitary 

heat pump. Baseline efficiency 

will reflect weighted average by 

size and type.

15.0 11% $0.79 90 134,102,

93,168

136

Com Space 

Heating

Ret High-eff HP CEE 

Tier II -Heat

See corresponding "Cool" measure. Existing stock efficiency unitary 

heat pump. Existing stock 

efficiency will reflect weighted 

average by size and type.

15.0 14% $3.37 90 134,92,9

3,168

136

Com Space 

Heating

NC, Reno, 

Repl

Water src HP v. 

air src -Heat

Water cooled heat pump using a water 

loop as a heat sink.

Standard efficiency unitary heat 

pump.

15.0 40% $0.49 1, 18, 

22

93, 102, 

103, 168

104

Com Space 

Heating

NC, Reno, 

Repl

Ground source 

HP -Heat

Heat pump using ground as a heat sink. 

Either trench or well type.

Standard efficiency unitary heat

pump.

20.0 33% $1.71 1, 18, 

22

93, 102, 

103, 168

104

Com Space 

Heating

NC, Reno, 

Repl

HP window 

glazing Tier I -

Elec Heat

Currently available high efficiency glazing The baseline condition is 

assumed to be single pane clear 

glass with a solar heat gain

coefficient of 0.87

20.0 24% $0.08 91 93 39

Com Ventilati

on

NC, Reno EMS/Controls -

Vent

See corresponding "Cool" measure. No building automation 15.0 18% $0.70 22 41, 42, 

114, 150

48, 75, 

114
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 69

Sector Primary 

Fuel End 

Use

Applicable 

Markets

Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life 

(yr)

% 

Savings

Incremental 

Cost/kW

h Saved

Measure 

Life 

Source

Savings 

Data 

Sources

Costs 

Data 

Sources

Com Ventilati

on

Ret EMS/Controls -

Vent

See corresponding "Cool" measure. No building automation 15.0 18% $1.05 22 41, 42, 

114, 150

48, 75, 

114

Com Ventilati

on

NC, Reno, 

Repl

Demand 

controlled 

ventilation -

Vent

See corresponding "Cool" measure. Ventilation system in which the 

outside air ventilation rate is 

fixed when the building is 

occupied

10.0 10% $0.26 1 25, 150 76

Com Ventilati

on

Ret Demand 

controlled 

ventilation -

Vent

See corresponding "Cool" measure. Ventilation system in which the 

outside air ventilation rate is 

fixed when the building is 

occupied

10.0 10% $0.32 1 25, 150 77

Com Ventilati

on

NC, Reno Duct sealing -

Vent

See corresponding "Cool" measure. Leaky and unsealed ducts 25.0 9% $0.16 25 93, 80, 

150

80, 119

Com Ventilati

on

Ret Duct sealing -

Vent

See corresponding "Cool" measure. Leaky and unsealed ducts 25.0 9% $0.16 25 93, 80, 

150

80, 119

Com Ventilati

on

NC, Reno, 

Repl

Variable 

Frequency 

Drive (VFD)

Variable frequency drive on applicable 

fans and pumps

No control or manual control 

with Inlet/outlet dampers or 

throttle valves

15.0 40% $0.14 1, 18 1, 65 1, 48, 82

Com Ventilati

on

Ret Variable 

Frequency 

Drive (VFD)

Variable frequency drive on applicable 

fans and pumps

No control or manual control 

with Inlet/outlet dampers or 

throttle valves

15.0 40% $0.13 1, 18 65, 93 1, 48, 82

Com Ventilati

on

NC, Reno, 

Repl

HE stove hood -

Vent

See corresponding "Cool" measure. Standard stove hoods 20.0 68% $0.51 27 62, 63, 

81

63, 81

Com Ventilati

on

Ret HE stove hood -

Vent

See corresponding "Cool" measure. Standard stove hoods 20.0 68% $0.51 27 62, 63, 

81

63, 81

Com Water 

Heating

Ret Electric DHW 

pipe insulation

Electric Domestic Hot Water pipe 

insulation

Uninsulated hot water pipe 15.0 0% $0.01 31, 32 93 127

Com Water 

Heating

Ret Electric water 

heater tank 

insulation

Electric water heater tank wrap insulation Hot water tank without a tank 

wrap

10.0 1% $0.09 91 93 127

Com Water 

Heating

NC, Reno, 

Ret

Elec instant 

water heat vs. 

elec DHW

Electric point-of-use water heating with 

no storage capacity, as compared to 

electric DHW storage.

Standard centrally located 

electric storage water heater

10.0 34% $0.01 30 45, 62 172
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 70

Sector Primary 

Fuel End 

Use

Applicable 

Markets

Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life 

(yr)

% 

Savings

Incremental 

Cost/kW

h Saved

Measure 

Life 

Source

Savings 

Data 

Sources

Costs 

Data 

Sources

Com Water 

Heating

Ret Elec instant 

water heat vs. 

elec DHW

Electric point-of-use water heating with 

no storage capacity, as compared to 

electric DHW storage.

Standard centrally located 

electric storage water heater

10.0 34% $0.13 30 45 172

Com Water 

Heating

Ret Low-flow prerinse spray 

valve, elec 

DHW

Low-flow pre-rinse spray valve for food 

service applications

Pre-rinse spray valve greater 

than 1.6gpm

5.0 47% $0.03 168 168 39

Com Water 

Heating

NC, Reno, 

Repl

HE clothes 

washer, elec 

DHW

High-efficiency commercial coin-op 

washers

Standard efficiency washer, elec 

DHW, electric dryer

11.0 28% $0.47 33 168, 33, 

62, 94

168, 33

Com Water 

Heating

Ret HE clothes 

washer, elec 

DHW

High-efficiency commercial coin-op 

washers

Standard efficiency washer, elec 

DHW, electric dryer

11.0 20% $3.18 33 168, 33, 

62, 94

33

Com Water 

Heating

NC, Reno, 

Repl

Heat pump 

H2O heat from 

refrig -WH

Heat pump water heating using waste 

heat recovery from refrigeration systems 

(water heating component)

Air cooled refrigeration, 

traditional gas or electric water 

heating (note some electric 

water heating savings result as 

well)

14.0 43% $0.35 20 64, 20 20

Com Water 

Heating

Ret Heat pump 

H2O heat from 

refrig -WH

Heat pump water heating using waste 

heat recovery from refrigeration systems 

(water heating component)

Air cooled refrigeration, 

traditional gas or electric water 

heating (note some electric 

water heating savings result as 

well)

14.0 50% $0.38 20 64, 20 20

Com Water 

Heating

Ret Low-flow 

showerhead, 

elec DHW

0 0 10.0 0% $0.01 91 91, 1, 

116

91, 116

Com/ 

Ind

Elec 

Total

Reno Deep Energy 

Retrofit -

Electric

Deep energy retrofit going after deep 

savings in every building systems, mostly 

for the renovation market

Energy use of the existing 

building, before the deep 

energy retrofit occurs. Assumes 

energy use of typical existing 

building.

20.0 43% $0.37 143 137 137
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 71

Sector Primary 

Fuel End 

Use

Applicable 

Markets

Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life 

(yr)

% 

Savings

Incremental 

Cost/kW

h Saved

Measure 

Life 

Source

Savings 

Data 

Sources

Costs 

Data 

Sources

Com/ 

Ind

Elec 

Total

Ret Retrocommissi

oning -Elec

Optimizing energy usage of existing 

buildings and systems using O&M, control 

calibration, etc.

A typical existing building that 

hasn't been commissioned

7.0 9% $0.09 25, 54, 

55, 56

115, 25 115

Ind Cooling NC, Reno, 

Repl

Industrial space 

cooling

Represents a comprehensive suite of 

industrial energy efficiency measures 

addressing space cooling

Standard efficiency for 

aggregated measures

10.0 6% $0.75 181, 

182

181, 

182, 39

181, 

182, 39

Ind Cooling Ret Industrial space 

cooling

Represents a comprehensive suite of 

industrial energy efficiency measures 

addressing space cooling

Standard efficiency for 

aggregated measures

10.0 6% $0.75 181, 

182

181, 

182, 39

181, 

182, 39

Ind Indoor 

Lighting

NC, Reno, 

Repl

Industrial 

lighting

Represents a comprehensive suite of 

industrial energy efficiency measures 

addressing indoor lighting.

Standard efficiency for 

aggregated measures

11.5 25% $0.15 181, 

182

181, 

182, 39

181, 

182, 39

Ind Indoor 

Lighting

Ret Industrial 

lighting

Represents a comprehensive suite of 

industrial energy efficiency measures 

addressing indoor lighting.

Standard efficiency for 

aggregated measures

11.5 34% $0.15 181, 

182

181, 

182, 39

181, 

182, 39

Ind Industria

l Process

NC, Repl Industrial 

process

Represents a comprehensive suite of 

industrial energy efficiency measures 

addressing electric process energy.

Standard efficiency for 

aggregated measures

13.9 21% $0.09 181, 

182

181, 

182, 39

181, 

182, 39

Ind Industria

l Process

Ret Industrial 

process

Represents a comprehensive suite of 

industrial energy efficiency measures 

addressing electric process energy.

Standard efficiency for 

aggregated measures

13.9 21% $0.09 181, 

182

181, 

182, 39

181, 

182, 39

Ind Miscella

neous

NC, Reno, 

Repl

Water & sewer 

process

Municipal water and wastewater 

treatment system optimization, including 

replacing coarse-bubble aeration with 

fine-pore aeration, right-sizing pump, 

impeller trimming, addition of pony pump 

for smaller loads or VFD, leak reduction, 

better O&M practices.

Existing practices including 

coarse-bubble aeration, 

oversized pumps with no VFD.

10.0 15% $0.49 0 39 39
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 72

Sector Primary 

Fuel End 

Use

Applicable 

Markets

Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life 

(yr)

% 

Savings

Incremental 

Cost/kW

h Saved

Measure 

Life 

Source

Savings 

Data 

Sources

Costs 

Data 

Sources

Ind Miscella

neous

Ret Water & sewer 

process

Municipal water and wastewater 

treatment system optimization, including 

replacing coarse-bubble aeration with 

fine-pore aeration, right-sizing pump, 

impeller trimming, addition of pony pump 

for smaller loads or VFD, leak reduction, 

better O&M practices.

Existing practices including 

coarse-bubble aeration, 

oversized pumps with no VFD.

10.0 10% $0.14 0 39 39

Res Cooling NC, Reno, 

Repl

Efficient 

Window AC 

ESTAR

Replace room AC with energy star labeled 

unit; 8-13kbtu, >10.8 EER

Federal standard efficiency 

window air conditioner, EER 9.8

12.0 9% $1.53 168 168 168

Res Cooling NC, Reno, 

Repl

Efficient 

Window AC 

Tier I

Replace room AC with CEE tier 1 unit; 8-

13kbtu, >11.3 EER

Federal standard efficiency 

window air conditioner, EER 9.8

12.0 13% $2.14 168 168 168

Res Cooling NC, Reno, 

Repl

Efficient 

Central AC Tier 

II

Replace or upgrade standard efficiency 

central AC with CEE Tier 2 model (SEER 

15, EER 12.5)

Federal standard efficiency 

central air conditioning system, 

SEER 13, EER 11

18.0 13% $3.82 168 168 168

Res Cooling NC, Reno, 

Repl

Air Source Heat 

Pump Tier 2 -

Cool

Replace existing electric ASHP cooling 

system with CEE Tier 2 unit 15SEER, 

12.5EER

Standard efficiency, ducted, 

ASHP, 13 SEER, 11 EER

18.0 13% $4.40 176 176 176

Res Cooling NC, Reno, 

Repl

Efficient fan 

motor -Cool

Efficient furnace fan motor (ECM or BPM) 

to replace standard efficiency (PSC) 

motors

standard efficiency permanent 

split capacitor (PSC) motor for 

central AC

18.0 50% $1.12 176 168 176

Res Cooling Ret Duct Sealing -

Cool

Air-seal duct work to reduce loss of 

conditioned air into unconditioned space, 

cooling only

Leaky ductwork within 

unconditioned space 

20.0 33% $1.83 176 176 127

Res Cooling Ret Air Sealing -

Cool

Reduce air leakage in building shell using 

blower door guidance and durable 

materials

The building's air leakage before 

reduction

15.0 5% $8.29 176 176 1005

Res Cooling Ret Insulation -Cool Add R-19 insulation to attic modestly insulated attic (R-25) 25.0 43% $254.93 176 176 1005

Res Cooling NC, Reno, 

Repl

Efficient 

Central AC 

ESTAR

Replace standard efficiency central AC 

with Energy Star qualified model (SEER 

14.5, EER 12)

Federal standard efficiency 

central air conditioning system, 

SEER 13, EER 11

18.0 10% $2.46 176 176 176
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 73

Sector Primary 

Fuel End 

Use

Applicable 

Markets

Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life 

(yr)

% 

Savings

Incremental 

Cost/kW

h Saved

Measure 

Life 

Source

Savings 

Data 

Sources

Costs 

Data 

Sources

Res Cooling NC, Reno, 

Repl

Air Source Heat 

Pump ESTAR -

Cool

Replace existing electric ASHP cooling 

system with Energy Star qualified model 

(SEER 14.5, EER 12)

Standard efficiency, ducted, 

ASHP, 13 SEER, 11 EER

18.0 10% $2.84 176 176 176

Res Whole 

Building

Ret Enhanced 

Behavior based 

Efficiency 

initiative

Customer is provided with feedback and 

guidance to save energy at home.

No Initiative 1.0 2% $0.03 175 175 175

Res Indoor 

Lighting

NC, Reno, 

Repl

CFL - spiral 

retail

A CFL replaces an incandescent or 

halogen general service lamp

A blended average of 

incandescent and halogen 

general service lamp

5.5 64% $0.03 176 176 176

Res Indoor 

Lighting

NC, Reno, 

Repl

CFL - specialty 

retail

A specialty CFL replaces a specialty 

incandescent or halogen general service 

lamp

A blended average of 

incandescent and halogen 

specialty lamp

6.8 75% $0.10 176 176 176

Res Indoor 

Lighting

NC, Reno, 

Repl

CFL fixture, 

hardwired, 

interior retail

A CFL fixture replaces an incandescent or 

halogen general service fixture

A blended average of 

incandescent and halogen 

general service lamp

2.8 64% $0.82 176 176 176

Res Indoor 

Lighting

NC, Reno, 

Repl

LED Recessed 

Downlight 

retail

A recessed SSL downlight replaces an 

incandescent or halogen general service 

lamp

A blended average of 

incandescent and halogen 

general service lamp

20.0 82% $0.51 176 176 176

Res Indoor 

Lighting

NC, Reno, 

Repl

CFL fixture, 

hardwired, 

exterior

A CFL fixture replaces an incandescent or 

halogen general service fixture

A blended average of 

incandescent and halogen 

general service lamp

7.0 64% $0.30 176 176 176

Res Indoor 

Lighting

NC, Reno, 

Repl

Exterior Motion 

Sensor

A motion sensor controlled exterior 

fixture replaces and uncontrolled fixture

an exterior fixture without 

motion sensor or any other 

controls

15.0 60% $0.18 127 127 127

Res Indoor 

Lighting

NC, Reno, 

Repl

LED Screw 

Based Lamp 

retail <450 

Lumens

A SSL replaces an incandescent or halogen 

general service lamp

A blended average of 

incandescent and halogen 

general service lamp

20.0 79% $0.24 176 176 176

Res Indoor 

Lighting

NC, Reno, 

Repl

LED Screw

Based Lamp 

retail 450 to 

1600 Lumens

A SSL replaces an incandescent or halogen 

general service lamp

A blended average of 

incandescent and halogen 

general service lamp

20.0 32% $0.24 176 176 176
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 74

Sector Primary 

Fuel End 

Use

Applicable 

Markets

Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life 

(yr)

% 

Savings

Incremental 

Cost/kW

h Saved

Measure 

Life 

Source

Savings 

Data 

Sources

Costs 

Data 

Sources

Res Indoor 

Lighting

NC, Reno, 

Repl

LED Screw 

Based Lamp 

retail >1600 

Lumens

A SSL replaces an incandescent or halogen 

general service lamp

A blended average of 

incandescent and halogen 

general service lamp

20.0 56% $0.29 176 176 176

Res Miscella

neous

NC, Reno, 

Repl

Pool Pump the purchase of a multi speed swimming 

pool pump capable of running at 50% 

speed and being run twice as many hours 

to move the same amount of water 

through the filter. 

Single speed pool pump 10.0 87% $0.28 176 176 176

Res Plug 

Loads

NC, Reno, 

Repl

Controlled 

Power Strip

Controlled power strips eliminate standby 

loads by turning off devices connected to 

the same power strip as the controlling 

appliance

Power strip with no control 4.0 82% $0.28 176 176 176

Res Plug 

Loads

NC, Reno, 

Repl

Desktop 

Computer, 

Energy Star 

labeled

Advanced new power supply designs offer 

more than 80% efficiency across a wide 

range of load conditions and often need 

no cooling fan. 

Standard efficiency power 

supply

4.0 50% $0.06 127 127 127

Res Refrigera

tion

NC, Reno,

Repl

Efficient 

Refrigerator, 

ESTAR

An Energy Star labeled refrigerator 

replaces a minimum federal standard 

efficiency unit

Federal standard efficiency 

refrigerator

17.0 20% $0.81 168 168 168

Res Refrigera

tion

NC, Reno, 

Repl

Efficient 

Refrigerator 

Tier II

A high efficiency refrigerator replaces a 

minimum federal standard efficiency unit

Federal standard efficiency 

refrigerator

17.0 25% $0.65 168 168 168

Res Refrigera

tion

Ret Refrigerator 

Retirement

An extra refrigerator is taken out of 

service

A homeowner has an extra 

refrigerator running (often in 

basement, garage or porch)

8.0 100% $0.33 176 176 176

Res Refrigera

tion

Ret Refrigerator 

Early 

Replacement

An aging refrigerator is replaced with a 

new, energy star model.

An older, inefficient refrigerator 

remains in use until it dies.

12.0 17% $1.58 176 176 176

Res Refrigera

tion

NC, Reno, 

Repl

Energy Star 

Freezer

Customer purchases an Energy Star 

Freezer instead of baseline 

Customer purchases a baseline 

freezer

12.0 12% $0.59 176 176 176
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 75

Sector Primary 

Fuel End 

Use

Applicable 

Markets

Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life 

(yr)

% 

Savings

Incremental 

Cost/kW

h Saved

Measure 

Life 

Source

Savings 

Data 

Sources

Costs 

Data 

Sources

Res Refrigera

tion

Ret Freezer early 

retirement

An extra freezer is taken out of service A homeowner has an extra 

freezer running (often in 

basement, garage or porch)

8.0 100% $0.13 127 127 127

Res Refrigera

tion

NC, Reno, 

Repl

Multi Family 

refrigerator 

An CEE tier 2 listed refrigerator is 

purchased in place of a minimum federal 

standard efficiency unit

Federal standard efficiency 

refrigerator

17.0 25% $0.72 127 127 127

Res Refrigera

tion

Ret Multi Family 

refrigerator, 

early replace

A CEE tier 2 listed refrigerator replaces an 

existing, inefficient refrigerator

An inefficient refrigerator 

remains in use

17.0 35% $2.00 127 127 127

Res Space 

Heating

NC, Reno, 

Repl

Air Source Heat 

Pump Tier 2 -

Heat

Replace a standard efficiency electric 

ASHP with a CEE Tier 2 qualified unit

Standard efficiency, ducted, 

ASHP, 7.7 HSPF

18.0 9% $1.71 176 176 176

Res Space 

Heating

NC, Reno, 

Repl

Efficient fan 

motor -Heat

Efficient furnace fan motor (ECM or BPM) 

to replace standard efficiency (PSC) 

motors

standard efficiency permanent 

split capacitor (PSC) motor for 

heating system

18.0 50% $0.83 176 168 176

Res Space 

Heating

Ret Duct Sealing, 

Heat Pump -

Heat

Air-seal duct work to reduce loss of 

conditioned air into unconditioned space, 

heat pump

Leaky ductwork within 

unconditioned space 

20.0 33% $0.50 168 168 127

Res Space 

Heating

Ret Air Sealing, 

Heat Pump -

Heat

Reduce air leakage in building shell using 

blower door guidance and durable 

materials

The building's air leakage before 

reduction

15.0 5% $1.91 176 176 1005

Res Space 

Heating

Ret Insulation, Heat 

Pump -Heat

Add R-19 insulation to attic modestly insulated attic (R-25) 25.0 43% $8.54 176 176 1005

Res Space 

Heating

NC, Reno, 

Repl

Air Source Heat 

Pump ESTAR -

Heat

Replace a standard efficiency electric 

ASHP with Energy Star qualified unit, min 

8.2 HSPF

Standard efficiency, ducted, 

ASHP, 7.7 HSPF

18.0 6% $1.32 176 176 176

Res Water 

Heating

NC, Reno, 

Repl

Clothes Washer 

- Retail

An efficient clothes washer is purchased 

in place of a conventional clothes washer. 

Includes dryer savings for average dryer 

energy mix

a new conventional clothes 

washer

14.0 27% $1.16 176 176 176
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 76

Sector Primary 

Fuel End 

Use

Applicable 

Markets

Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life 

(yr)

% 

Savings

Incremental 

Cost/kW

h Saved

Measure 

Life 

Source

Savings 

Data 

Sources

Costs 

Data 

Sources

Res Water 

Heating

Ret Clothes Washer 

- Early 

Replacement

Removal of an existing inefficient clothes 

washer prior to its natural end of life and 

replacement with a new unit exceeding 

ENERGY STAR standards. Includes dryer 

savings for average dryer energy mix

an existing conventional clothes 

washer

14.0 45% $2.51 176 176 176

Res Water 

Heating

NC, Reno, 

Repl

Electric Heat 

Pump Water 

Heater >55gal

High efficiency heat pump water heater 

replaces electric resistance water heater, 

COP>2.0

Measure null; April 2015

Standard efficiency electric 

resistance water heater, >55 

gallons, .90 EF

10.0 48% $0.53 168 168 168

Res Water 

Heating

NC, Reno, 

Repl

Electric Heat 

Pump Water 

Heater <55gal

High efficiency heat pump water heater 

replaces electric resistance water heater, 

COP>2.0

Standard efficiency electric 

resistance water heater, <55 

gallons, .90 EF

10.0 48% $0.53 168 168 168

Res Water 

Heating

NC, Reno, 

Repl

Tank wrap, 

electric water 

heater

Additional R-20 insulation blanket, 50 gal 

water heater

Uninsulated, 50 gal storage 

water heater

5.0 5% $0.22 176 176 176

Res Water 

Heating

NC, Reno, 

Repl

Pipe insulation, 

electric water 

heater

Add R-3.5 insulation to uninsulated hot 

water pipes

Uninsulated hot water pipes 15.0 1% $0.12 176 176 176

Res Water 

Heating

NC, Reno, 

Repl

Multi Family inunit clothes 

washer

An CEE tier 2 listed clothes washer is 

purchased in place of a minimum federal 

standard efficiency clothes washer

A baseline clothes washer 14.0 43% $1.23 127 127 127

Res Water 

Heating

Ret Multi Family 

clothes washer 

early replace

A CEE tier 2 listed clothes washer replaces 

an existing, inefficient clothes washer

An inefficient clothes washer 

remains in use

14.0 54% $2.53 127 127 127

Gas and Petroleum Measures
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 77

Sector Fuel 

Type

Primary 

Fuel End 

Use

Applicable 

Markets

Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life 

(yr)

% 

Savings

Incremental 

Cost/kW

h Saved

Measure 

Life 

Source

Savings 

Data 

Sources

Costs 

Data 

Sources

Com Gas Food 

Preparat

ion

Ret Gas kitchen 

equipment, 2 

meal

High-efficiency commercial gas 

kitchen cooking/warming equipment 

(holding cabinet, steamer, 

combination oven, deep fryer, 

griddle, grill) - 2 meals per day

Non-Energy Star gas-fired 

commercial kitchen 

equipment, prototype 

setup

11.8 33% $138.7 91, 97 97 97

Com Gas Food 

Preparat

ion

NC, Reno, 

Repl

Gas kitchen 

equipment, 3 

meal

High-efficiency commercial gas 

kitchen cooking/warming equipment 

(holding cabinet, steamer, 

combination oven, deep fryer, 

griddle) for a restaurant that serves 3 

meals per day

Standard Food Preparation 

Equipment

11.9 29% $15.8 91, 97 97 97

Com Gas Whole 

Building

NC, Reno Commissioning -

Fossil Fuel

Whole building commissioning of 

new buildings to ensure optimized 

design, installation and operation of 

systems.

New Construction building 

with no commissioning 

performed

7.0 13% $161.6 25, 54, 

55, 56

115 115
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 78

Sector Fuel 

Type

Primary 

Fuel End 

Use

Applicable 

Markets

Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life 

(yr)

% 

Savings

Incremental 

Cost/kW

h Saved

Measure 

Life 

Source

Savings 

Data 

Sources

Costs 

Data 

Sources

Com Gas/ 

Petro

Space 

Heating

NC Integrated bldg 

design Tier I -

Fossil Fuel

Reflects comprehensive, optimized 

design of new buildings addressing all 

end-uses and interactions between 

them on a systems basis. Measures 

include, but are not limited to, 

improved air barrier performance, 

minimum IAQ performance, lighting 

controls, improved lighting power 

density, improved mechanical 

equipment efficiency, and demand 

controlled ventilation. 

New building conforming 

to ASHARE 90.1-2007

15.3 36% $179.6 58 148 184

Com Gas/ 

Petro

Space 

Heating

Ret Programmable 

thermostat, 

fossil fuel heat

Programmable thermostat allows 

user to automatically cycle space 

heating equipment on and off to 

desired set point throughout the day 

using pre-programmed timers, for gas 

heat

Assume space heating 

equipment size of 1,000 

Mbtu/h at 75% AFUE

12.0 5% $11.6 93 116 91

Com Gas/ 

Petro

Space 

Heating

MD Duct insulation 

and sealing, FF 

heat

Seal HVAC ductwork with aerosolbased sealant to reduce air leakage 

outside the conditioned space and 

the consequent energy loss.

Leaky and unsealed ducts 25.0 12% $46.5 119 93 0
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 79

Sector Fuel 

Type

Primary 

Fuel End 

Use

Applicable 

Markets

Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life 

(yr)

% 

Savings

Incremental 

Cost/kW

h Saved

Measure 

Life 

Source

Savings 

Data 

Sources

Costs 

Data 

Sources

Com Gas/ 

Petro

Space 

Heating

Ret Duct insulation 

and sealing, FF 

heat

Seal HVAC ductwork with aerosolbased sealant to reduce air leakage 

outside the conditioned space and 

the consequent energy loss.

Leaky and unsealed ducts 25.0 12% $46.5 119 93 0

Com Gas/ 

Petro

Space 

Heating

Ret Behavioral 

Measures -Fossil 

Fuel Heat, DHW

Includes occupant training, 

interactive meters w/ real-time 

pricing capability.

No Behavioral Modification 

Program

1.0 5% $12.0 185 0 0

Com Gas Water 

Heating

Ret Gas boost H2O 

heater on HE 

dishwasher

Gas fired boost heater for intake hot 

water pipe on HE commercial 

dishwasher

Commercial Dishwasher 

with a tank temp set to 

deliver sanitizing water 

(180° F) without a boost 

heater

20.0 38% $3.5 117 97 97

Com Gas Water 

Heating

NC, Reno, 

Repl

Gas HE tanktype water 

heater

Gas fired high efficiency stand-alone 

tank-type water heater

Stand-alone gas-fired tank 

type water heater with a 

thermal efficiency of .8

13.0 12% $15.0 93 116 91

Com Gas Water 

Heating

Ret Gas HE tanktype water 

heater

Gas fired high efficiency stand-alone 

tank-type water heater

Stand-alone gas-fired tank

type water heater with a 

thermal efficiency of .8

13.0 21% $27.3 93 116 91

Com Gas/ 

Petro

Water 

Heating

Ret Low-flow 

showerhead, FF 

DHW

reduces flow rate on showers Standard shower head 

(average rated at 3.25 

GPM)

5.0 62% $2.9 116 91, 1, 

116

116

Com Gas/ 

Petro

Water 

Heating

Ret Faucet aerator, 

FF DHW

reduces flow rate on sinks Standard faucet (average 

rated at 2.2 GPM)

5.0 32% $22.4 93 91, 1, 

116

116

Com Gas/ 

Petro

Water 

Heating

Ret Pre-rinse spray 

valves, FF DHW

Reduces flow rate for commercial 

food service dish pre-rinse sprayers

Pre-rinse spray valve at 3.2 

gpm (1.5 hours/per day; 

360 day/year. Water 

temperature rise 70F; gas 

heater thermal efficiency 

0.8)

5.0 4% $2.3 91 91 91, 177
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 80

Sector Fuel 

Type

Primary 

Fuel End 

Use

Applicable 

Markets

Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life 

(yr)

% 

Savings

Incremental 

Cost/kW

h Saved

Measure 

Life 

Source

Savings 

Data 

Sources

Costs 

Data 

Sources

Com Gas Water 

Heating

Ret Water heater 

tank insulation, 

FF DHW

Wrapping a stand-alone water heater 

in insulating blanket

Stand-alone gas-fired water 

heater (thermal efficiency 

.8) without tank insulation

10.0 1% $21.0 116 91, 1, 

116

116

Com Gas Water 

Heating

NC, Reno Hot water pipe 

insulation, FF 

DHW

Wrapping hot water send and return 

pipes in Insulation

Stand-alone gas-fired water 

heater (thermal efficiency 

.8) without outlet pipe 

insulation

10.0 0% $3.4 116 91, 1, 

116

116

Com/ 

Ind

Gas/ 

Petro

Whole 

Building

Ret Retrocommissio

ning -Fossil Fuel

Optimizing energy usage of existing 

buildings and systems using O&M, 

control calibration, etc.

A typical existing building 

that hasn't been 

commissioned

7.0 16% $25.9 25, 54, 

55, 56

115 115

Com/ 

Ind

Gas/ 

Petro

Space 

Heating

Reno Deep Energy 

Retrofit - Fossil 

Fuel

Deep energy retrofit going after deep 

savings in every building systems, 

mostly for the renovation market

Energy use of the existing 

building, before the deep 

energy retrofit occurs. 

Assumes energy use of 

typical existing building.

20.0 43% $108.0 143 137 137

Com/ 

Ind

Gas/ 

Petro

Space 

Heating

Ret Envelope 

Upgrade

Add attic insulation, wall insulation, 

and air sealing to small commercial 

building envelopes

Typical envelope insulation 

levels and tightness for 

existing northeastern small 

commercial buildings

15.0 15% $86.0 144 149, 152 149

Com/ 

Ind

Gas/ 

Petro

Space 

Heating

NC, Reno, 

Repl

High-efficiency 

fossil fuel 

furnace

Higher Efficiency (typically 

condensing) gas fired Furnace

Standard efficiency furnace 

(non-condensing for gas)

15.0 15% $101.1 93 0 0

Com/ 

Ind

Gas/ 

Petro

Space 

Heating

NC, Reno, 

Repl

High-efficiency 

boiler

Higher Efficiency gas or oil fired 

boiler, AFUE 85% or greater

Standard efficiency gas 

fired boiler, AFUE 80%

25.0 11% $236.4 0 116 91

Com/ 

Ind

Gas/

Petro

Space 

Heating

NC, Reno, 

Repl

High-efficiency 

boiler

Higher Efficiency gas or oil fired 

boiler, AFUE 85% or greater

Standard efficiency gas 

fired boiler, AFUE 75%

25.0 17% $253.3 0 91, 116 91
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 81

Sector Fuel 

Type

Primary 

Fuel End 

Use

Applicable 

Markets

Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life 

(yr)

% 

Savings

Incremental 

Cost/kW

h Saved

Measure 

Life 

Source

Savings 

Data 

Sources

Costs 

Data 

Sources

Com/ 

Ind

Gas/ 

Petro

Space 

Heating

NC, Reno, 

Repl

High-efficiency 

gas infrared 

heater

High efficiency gas-fired infrared 

heating unit

Standard efficiency gas unit 

heater

17.0 17% $15.2 91 91, 116 91

Ind Gas Industria

l Process

NC, Reno, 

Repl

Industrial 

Process - NG

Represents a comprehensive suite of 

industrial energy efficiency measures 

addressing Natural gas process 

energy.

Standard efficiency for 

aggregated measures

15.0 15% $45.0 181, 

182

181, 182 181, 182

Ind Gas Industria

l Process

Ret Industrial 

Process - NG

Represents a comprehensive suite of 

industrial energy efficiency measures 

addressing Natural gas process 

energy.

Standard efficiency for 

aggregated measures

15.0 15% $45.0 181, 

182

181, 182 181, 182

Ind Petro Industria

l Process

NC, Reno, 

Repl

Industrial 

Process - Oil

Represents a comprehensive suite of 

industrial energy efficiency measures 

addressing Petroleum Fuels process 

energy.

Standard efficiency for 

aggregated measures

15.0 15% $90.0 181, 

182

181, 182 181, 182

Ind Petro Industria

l Process

Ret Industrial 

Process - Oil

Represents a comprehensive suite of 

industrial energy efficiency measures 

addressing Petroleum Fuels process 

energy.

Standard efficiency for 

aggregated measures

15.0 15% $90.0 181, 

182

181, 182 181, 182

Res Gas/ 

Petro

Space 

Heating

Ret Duct Sealing, 

Fossil Fuel -Heat

Air-seal duct work to reduce loss of 

conditioned air into unconditioned 

space

Leaky ductwork within 

unconditioned space 

20.0 33% $19.7 168 168 127

Res Gas Space 

Heating

NC, Reno, 

Repl

Gas Boiler ESTAR High efficiency gas boiler meeting 

Energy Star criteria (>85 AFUE)

Gas boiler meeting 

minimum federal standards 

(82 AFUE)

18.0 9% $78.9 176 168 176
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 82

Sector Fuel 

Type

Primary 

Fuel End 

Use

Applicable 

Markets

Measure Name Measure Description Baseline Description Life 

(yr)

% 

Savings

Incremental 

Cost/kW

h Saved

Measure 

Life 

Source

Savings 

Data 

Sources

Costs 

Data 

Sources

Res Gas Space 

Heating

NC, Reno, 

Repl

Gas Furnace 

ESTAR

High efficiency gas furnace meeting 

Energy Star criteria (>90 AFUE)

Gas furnace meeting 

minimum federal standards 

(80 AFUE)

18.0 11% $52.9 168 168 168

Res Petro Space 

Heating

NC, Reno, 

Repl

Oil Furnace 

ESTAR

High efficiency oil furnace meeting 

Energy Star criteria (>85 AFUE)

oil furnace meeting 

minimum federal standards 

(83 AFUE)

18.0 2% $258.7 168 168 168

Res Gas/ 

Petro

Space 

Heating

NC, Reno, 

Repl

Air Sealing, 

Fossil Fuel -Heat

Reduce air leakage in building shell 

using blower door guidance and 

durable materials

The building's air leakage 

before reduction

15.0 5% $147.6 176 176 1005

Res Gas/ 

Petro

Space 

Heating

NC, Reno, 

Repl

Insulation, Fossil 

Fuel -Heat

Add R-19 insulation to attic modestly insulated attic (R25)25.0 43% $655.1 176 176 1005

Res Gas Water 

Heating

Ret Condensing Gas 

Water Heater 

>55gal

High efficiency gas condensing 

storage or on demand water heater

Standard efficiency gas 

water heater, >55 gallons, 

.58 EF

13.0 30% $182.4 176 176 176

Res Gas Water 

Heating

Ret Condensing Gas 

Water Heater 

<55gal

High efficiency gas condensing 

storage or on demand water heater

Standard efficiency gas 

water heater, <55 gallons, 

.58 EF

13.0 30% $182.4 176 176 176

Res Petro Water 

Heating

NC, Reno, 

Repl

Water Heating, 

petroleum fuels

High-efficiency water heating by 

petroleum fuels

Standard efficiency 

petroleum-fueled water 

heating

18.0 10% $182.4 176 176 176
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 83

APPENDIX E: BIBLIOGRAPHY

# Source

1 Efficiency Vermont, 2012, "Technical Reference User Manual (TRM), Measure Savings Algorithms and Cost Assumptions", version 

2012-77 or later

3 CA Public Utilities Commission, June 2008, "Database of Energy Efficient Resources (DEER): Technology and Measure Cost Data", 

http://www.deerresources.com/

15 Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, 1997, "Energy Conservation Program for Consumer 

Products: Final Rule Regarding Energy Conservation Standards for Room Air Conditioners", Code of Federal Regulations, 10 CFR 

Part 430

16 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy, 2005, "ENERGY STAR Program Requirements for Room Air 

Conditioners", Accessed 10/29/2009, 

http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/product_specs/program_reqs/room_air_conditioners_prog_req.pdf

17 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy, 2005, ENERGY STAR Room Air Conditioners Savings 

Calculator, accessed 6/14/2012, 

http://www.energystar.gov/ia/business/bulk_purchasing/bpsavings_calc/CalculatorConsumerRoomAC.xls

18 RLW Analytics, Inc., October 2001, "NSTAR Electric and Gas Corporation, Large C&I Retrofit and C&I New Construction Programs, 

Impact Evaluation Report on 1999/2000 Measure Installations"

19 Calculation based on lamp and/or ballast life and annual hours of use

20 American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (ACEEE), 1998, "Emerging Energy-Savings Technologies and Practices for the 

Buildings Sector"

22 ASHRAE, 1999, "1999 ASHRAE Handbook HVAC Applications"

25 American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (ACEEE), 2004, "Emerging Energy-Savings Technologies and Practices for the 

Buildings Sector", http://aceee.org/getfile.cfm?publicationid=53

26 E Source, 1995, "E Source Technology Atlas Series Volume II Commercial Space Cooling and Air Handling"

27 Personal Communication with Tim Hill, CaptiveAire

30 Optimal Energy Inc., August 2003, "Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Resource Development Potential in New York State 

Final Report", prepared for NYSERDA, http://www.nyserda.org/sep/EE&ERpotentialVolume1.pdf

31 Energy & Resource Solutions, November 17, 2005, "Measure Life Study prepared for The Massachusetts Joint Utilities", 

http://www.mass.gov/Eoeea/docs/dpu/electric/08-10/1609nstrspaa.pdf
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 84

# Source

32 GDS Associates, January 2007, "Vermont Electric Energy Efficiency Potential Study Final Report", Prepared for the VT Department 

of Public Service, http://publicservice.vermont.gov/energy/vteefinalreportjan07v3andappendices.pdf

33 Federal Energy Management Program, "Energy Cost Calculator for Commercial Clothes Washers", 

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/

34 Arthur D. Little, June 1996, "Energy Savings Poential for Commercial Refrigeration Equipment, Final Report"

35 American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (ACEEE), 2001, "Opportunities for New Appliance and Equipment Standards: 

Energy and Economics Savings Beyond Current Standards Programs", http://www.aceee.org/energy/a016full.pdf

38 Personal communication with WDP Refrigeration Inc. (Alex), April 2002

39 Professional estimate/experience

40 Professional estimate, same as or less than High-Efficiency Air Conditioning, High-Efficiency Heat Pump, Ground Source Heat 

Pump. Represents mix of relatively permanent ductwork design & shorter-lived controls.

41 ACEEE, 1996, "An innovative approach to impact evaluation of energy management system incentive programs", ACEEE Summer 

Study Proceedings

42 Department of Energy, April 2005, "Advanced Sensors and Controls for Building Applications: Market Assessment and Potential 

R&D Pathways"

45 SETS-Systems, manufacturer of tankless water heating systems, http://www.sets-systems.com/index.htm

46 Gabe Arnold, Efficiency Vermont, 5/26/2009, "LED Street Lighting Workshop"

47 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy, ENERGY STAR Vending Machine Calculator, 

http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=vending_machines.pr_vending_machines

48 CA Public Utilities Commission, "Database of Energy Efficient Resources (DEER)", http://www.deerresources.com/

49 Efficiency Vermont, 8/1/2007, EVT Refrigeration Analysis Tool

50 Professional estimate based on best available equipment compared with baseline incremental to Tier I efficient unit

51 Conservative values of 30% for cooling and 15% for heating relative to CEE Guidelines for EE Unitary HVAC 2001, and estimates

from EPA case studies. Annual kWh calculated based on avg space cooling energy intensity (kWh/ft2) for analysis region (CBECS 

2003, eShapes 8760 data 2002).

52 Engineering estimate, incremental weighted average kW/sf above Tier 1, based on current experience in MA programs

53 Engineering calculation per VEIC estimate of CFL and baseline watts for 2013. Assumes adoption of 20% higher efficacy 

requirement for CFLs in 2012. Proportion of 60/75/100W-equivalent bulbs based on 2 years of EVT data. EVT TRM in-service rate.

54 LBNL, PECI, Texas A&M, December 15, 2004, "The Cost-Effectiveness of Commercial Buildings Commissioning", 

http://eetd.lbl.gov/Emills/PUBS/PDF/Cx-Costs-Benefits.pdf
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 85

# Source

55 Bourassa et al., May 2004, "Evaluation of Persistence of Savings from SMUD Retrocommissioning Program", 

http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2494&context=lbnl

56 Turner et al, May 2001, "Persistence of Savings Obtained from Continuous Commissioning", 

http://buildings.lbl.gov/cec/pubs/E5P22T5a2_ncbc2001.pdf

57 Environmental Protection Agency, Aug 2007, "Report to Congress on Server and Data Center Energy Efficiency Public Law 109-

431", http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/prod_development/downloads/EPA_Datacenter_Report_Congress_Final1.pdf

58 VT CORE Performance requirement

59 Available equipment search (bulbs.com)

60 Available equipment search, Grainger Industrial Supplies, http://www.grainger.com/

61 Professional estimate based on average space cooling energy intensity (kWh/ft2) for analysis region (CBECS 2003, eShapes 8760 data 

2002).

62 Engineering calculation

63 Food Service Technology Center, September 2006, "Demand Ventilation in Commercial Kitchens - An Emerging Technology Case 

Study, Melink Intelli-Hood Controls Supermarket Application", FSTC Report 5011.06.13, prepared for Pacific Gas & Electric 

Company, http://www.melinkcorp.com/pdf/Case-Studies/Case-Study-IH-Supermarket.pdf

64 Personal communication with Harvey Sachs, ACEEE, 2003

65 Engineering calculation, weighted average of % savings for range of motor horsepowers

68 Efficiency Vermont, 2007, "Direct Install Lighting Retrofit Opportunities", Excel workbook

69 Professional estimate based on lighting analysis by Sardo and Benya for NJ collaborative in 2002, and ERS performance lighting

analysis for MA in 2006.

70 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy, 2007, ENERGY STAR Lighting Fixtures Calculator, 

http://www.energystar.gov/ia/business/bulk_purchasing/bpsavings_calc/Consumer_RLF_Sav_Calc.xls

71 Vermont Energy Investment Corp., Professional judgement of CFL cost for 2013, and baseline replacement to meet EISA 2007 

lighting performance standards.

72 Available equipment search (wattstopper.com), http://wattstopper.com/

74 National Grid, "Design 2000plus" Program cost data

75 Energy Design Resources, 2003, "How to Save Energy with an EMS", Design Brief on Energy Management Systems, 

http://www.energydesignresources.com/resources/publications/design-briefs/design-brief-energy-management-systems.aspx

76 ASHRAE, 2003, "Demand Controlled Ventilation", ASHRAE Journal

77 Cost of a motorized damper, average of three sizes, http://www.nextag.com/motorized-dampers/search-html
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 86

# Source

78 Proctor Engineering Group, CheckMe! System

79 Energy Information Agency (EIA), 2003, "Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey", http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/

80 ASHRAE, May 2003, "Improved Duct Sealing", ASHRAE Journal

81 Food Service Technology Center, November 2004, "Demand Ventilation in Commercial Kitchens - An Emerging Technology Case 

Study, Melink Intelli-Hood Controls, Commercial Kitchen Ventilation System, Intercontinental Mark Hopkins Hotel", FSTC Report 

5011.04.17, prepared for Pacific Gas & Electric Company, http://www.fypower.org/pdf/mark_hopkins_melink_report.pdf

82 Available equipment search (web site not recorded)

85 VendingMiserStore.com, accessed Oct 2008

86 Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Program cost/incentive data, as of October 2008

87 KEMA, March 22, 2010, "Business Programs: Deemed Savings Manual V1.0", 

http://www.focusonenergy.com/files/Document_Management_System/Evaluation/deemedsavingsparameterdevelopmentfinal_eval

uationreport.pdf

88 State of Wisconsin, 2000, "Fume Hood Performance Test and Life Cycle Cost Analysis", 

http://www.hbsponline.com/products/UWM-HBASC5.pdf

89 Lawrence Berkely National Laboratory, 2005, "Laboratory Fume Hood Energy Model", 

http://fumehoodcalculator.lbl.gov/disclaimer.php

90 CA Public Utilities Commission, Oct 1, 2008, "DEER Effective Useful Life (EUL) Summary", 

http://www.deeresources.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=40&Itemid=55

91 NYSERDA, Multiple revisions available, "NYSERDA Deemed Savings Database Revision <nn>"

92 ASHRAE, 1999, "Energy Efficient Design of New Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings", Standard 90.1-1999

93 TecMarket Works et al., 2010, "New York Standard Approach for Estimating Energy Savings from Energy Efficiency Programs: 

Residential, Multi-Family, and Commercial/Industrial Measures", 

http://www3.dps.state.ny.us/W/PSCWeb.nsf/0/06F2FEE55575BD8A852576E4006F9AF7?OpenDocument

94 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy, 2009, "Life Cycle Cost Estimate for ENERGY STAR 

Qualified Commercial Clothes Washer(s)",

http://www.energystar.gov/ia/business/bulk_purchasing/bpsavings_calc/CalculatorCommercialClothesWasherBulk.xls

97 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy, July 2011, "Savings Calculator for ENERGY STAR Qualified 

Commercial Kitchen Equipment", 

http://www.energystar.gov/ia/business/bulk_purchasing/bpsavings_calc/commercial_kitchen_equipment_calculator.xls
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 87

# Source

98 Navigant Consulting, 2009, "Energy Savings Potential and R&D Opportunities for Commercial Refrigeration", 

http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/corporate/commercial_refrig_report_10-09.pdf

102 International Code Council, 2010, "2010 Energy Conservation Construction Code of New York State", Effective December 28, 2010, 

http://publicecodes.citation.com/st/ny/st/b1200v10/index.htm

103 Climate Master, November 2011, "Climate Mastern Heat Pump Tranquility 27 Series", 

http://www.climatemaster.com/downloads/LC374.pdf

104 NYSERDA, 2007, "Information for Evaluating Geoexchange Applications", 

http://www.nyserda.org/programs/geothermal/geothermal_manual.pdf

109 Federal Energy Management Program, 2004, "Demand Controlled Ventilation Using CO2 Sensors", 

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/fta_co2.pdf

113 ACDirect, 2011, "Air Conditioning Sizing Table", http://www.acdirect.com/systemsize.php

114 EMS Analysis, 2011, "Analysis of EMS Measures for 99 Big Lots Retail Stores"

115 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2009, "Building Commissioning: A Golden Opportunity for Reducing Energy Costs and 

Greenhouse Gas Emissions", http://cx.lbl.gov/documents/2009-assessment/LBNL-Cx-Cost-Benefit.pdf

116 Navigant Consulting, Inc., 2009, "Measures and Assumptions for Demand Side Management Planning Appendix C: Substantiation 

Sheets"

117 Massachusetts Electric and Gas Energy Efficiency Program Administrators, 2010, "Massachusetts Technical Reference Manual for 

Estimating Savings from Energy Efficiency Measures"

118 Vermont Energy Investment Corporation, 2010, "State of Ohio Energy Efficiency Technical Reference Manual"

119 Architectural Energy Corp, 2008, "Michigan Measures Database"

124 TecMarket Works et al., 2010, "New York Standard Approach for Estimating Energy Savings from Energy Efficiency Programs: 

Residential, Multi-Family, and Commercial/Industrial Measures, Appendix M, Guidelines for Early Replacement Conditions", 

http://www3.dps.state.ny.us/W/PSCWeb.nsf/0/06F2FEE55575BD8A852576E4006F9AF7?OpenDocument

126 Navigant Consulting, 2012, "2010 U.S. Lighting Market Characterization"

127 Efficiency Vermont, 2012, "Technical Reference Manual version 2012-74"

131 eCos consulting, December 2011, "Commercial Office Plug Load Savings Assessment", 

http://www.efficientproducts.org/reports/plugload/PlugLoadSavingsAssessment.pdf

132 EnergyStar, Accessed May 2012, "Energy Star Commecial Office Plug Load Savings Calculator", 

http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=power_mgt.pr_power_mgt_low_carbon_join
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

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# Source

134 Consortium for Energy Efficiency (CEE), January 2012, "CEE Commercial Unitary AC and HP Specification", Effective January 6, 

2012, http://www.cee1.org/files/CEE_CommHVAC_UnitarySpec2012.pdf

135 Navigant, September 2011, "Incremental Cost Study Report", Prepared for the Evaluation, Measurement and Verification Forum, 

http://neep.org/uploads/EMV%20Forum/EMV%20Products/Incremental%20Cost%20%20study%20FINAL%20REPORT%202011Sep

23.pdf

136 CA Public Utilities Commission, October 2005, "Database of Energy Efficient Resources (DEER): Technology and Measure Cost 

Data", http://www.deerresources.com/

137 New Buildings Institute, July 2011, "NEEA Study: Examples of Deep Energy Savings in Existing Buildings", Prepared for 

BetterBricks, http://www.betterbricks.com/sites/default/files/nbi_neea_deep_savings_search_phase_1_final.pdf

141 DOE/ORNL, June 2012, "DOE Cool Roof Calculator", http://www.ornl.gov/sci/roofs+walls/facts/CoolCalcEnergy.htm

142 EPA, October 2008, "Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies", 

http://www.epa.gov/hiri/resources/pdf/CoolRoofsCompendium.pdf

143 EERE, September 2011, "Advanced Energy Retrofig Guides: Office Buildings", http://www.peci.org/sites/default/files/aerg-office.pdf

144 NY PSC, July 2011, "CASE 07-M-0548 - Proceeding on Motion of the Commission Regarding an Energy Efficiency Portfolio 

Standard, Order Approving Modifications to the Technical Manual", Issued and Effective July 18, 2011, 

http://documents.dps.ny.gov/public/Common/ViewDoc.aspx?DocRefId=207D90AD-22A3-486B-861F-115DCC235F7B

146 Energy Star, Accessed June 2012, "Energy Star Consumer Residential Refrigerator Savings Calculator", 

http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&pgw_code=RF

147 PNNL, September 2009, "Technical Support Document: 50% Energy Savings Design Technology Packages for Highway Lodging 

Buildings`", http://www.pnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-18773.pdf

148 Greg Kats, 2010, "Greening Our Built World: Costs, Benefits, and Strategies"

149 ORNL, 2002, "Meeting the Challenge: The Prospect of Achieving 30 Percent Energy Savings Through the Weatherization Assistance 

Program", http://weatherization.ornl.gov/pdfs/ORNL_CON-479.pdf

150 Global Energy Partners, March 2010, "Energy Efficiency Potential Study for Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Inc. 

Volume 2: Electric Potential Report", http://www.coned.com/documents/Volume_2_Executive_Summary.pdf

152 Robert Parkhurst, 2011, "Wisconsin Weatherization Assistance - Evaluation of Program Savings Fiscal Years 2007-2009", 

http://homeenergyplus.wi.gov/docview.asp?docid=22310

154 Gabe Arnold, 2012, "Municipal Streetlighting Calculator"
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 89

# Source

155 U.S. Department of Energy, EERE, February 2008, "LED Application Series: Portable Desk/Task Lighting", 

http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/portable_desk_task.pdf

156 U.S. Department of Energy, EERE, 2010, "Demonstration Assessment of Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Accent Lighting", Final Report 

prepared in support of the U.S. DOE Solid-State Lighting Technology Demonstration GATEWAY Program , 

http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/gateway_field-museum.pdf

157 U.S. Department of Energy, EERE, June 2012, "Demonstration of LED Retrofit Lamps at the Smithsonian American Art Museum, 

Washington, DC", http://www.pnnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-21476.pdf

158 U.S. Department of Energy, EERE, October 2011, "CALIPER Summary Report: Round 13 of Product Testing", 

http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/caliper_round13_summary.pdf

162 DesignLights Consortium, 2012, "DesignLights Consortium Qualified Products List", 

http://www.designlights.org/documents/NEEPDLCQPL.xls

168 Opinion Dynamics, April 30, 2012, "Delaware Technical Resource Manual, An Update to the Mid Atlantic TRM", 

http://www.dnrec.delaware.gov/energy/information/otherinfo/Documents/EM-and-V-guidancedocuments/DELAWARE_TRM_August%202012.pdf

169 CA Public Utilities Commission, 2005, "Database for Energy Efficiency Resources (DEER) Update Study Final Report"

170 Reed Construction Data, 2010, "RSMeans Mechanical Cost Data 2010"

172 Biulding Energy Resource Center, 2006, "Exterior Lighting Power Requirements in the National Energy Codes", 

http://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/documents/ta_exterior_lighting_power_requirements_in_the_national_energy_code

s.pdf

175 Bonneville Power Administration, 2011, "Residential Behavior Based Energy Efficiency Program Profiles", 

http://www.bpa.gov/energy/n/pdf/BBEE_Res_Profiles_Dec_2011.pdf

176 Shelter Analytics, 2013, "Mid-Atlantic Technical Reference Manual Version 3.0"

177 "Illinois Energy Efficiency Stakeholder Advisory Group (SAG), Sep 14, 2012, ""State of Illinois Energy Efficiency Technical Reference 

Manual

181 ACEEE, 2006, "Ripe for the Picking: Have we Exhausted the Low-Hanging Fruit in the Industrial Sector", Research Report IE061

182 ACEEE, 2011, "Advancing Energy Efficiency in Arkansas: Opportunities for a Clean Energy Economy", Research Report E104

183 ETAP, 2011, "ETAP: Wireless Lighting Controls", http://energy-solution.com/etap/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/ETAP-WirelessLighting-Controls.pdf
Delaware Economic Energy Efficiency Potential

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# Source

184 Navigant Consulting, 2011, "NEEP Incremental Cost Study Report", chaired by NEEP

185 Opinion Dynamics, 2011, "Massachusetts Cross-Cutting Behavioral Program Evaluation", http://www.maeeac.org/Docs/8.1_EMV%20Page/2011/2011%20Residential%20Studies/MACC%20Behavioral%20Report%20Volume%201%20Final.p

df

187 Nextant, 2012, "Delaware Statewide Commercial and Industrial End Use and Saturation Study", Submitted to the DNREC, 

http://www.dnrec.delaware.gov/energy/information/otherinfo/Documents/EM-and-V-guidancedocuments/Delaware%20Commercial%20Baseline%20Report%20July%202012.pdf

188 Opinion Dynamics, 2012, "Delaware Statewide Residential Baseline Study", Prepared for the DNREC, 

http://www.dnrec.delaware.gov/energy/information/otherinfo/Documents/EM-and-V-guidancedocuments/Delaware%20Statewide%20Residential%20Baseline%20Study%20July%202012.pdf
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Optimal Energy, Inc. May 24, 2013 91

APPENDIX F: OTHER ANALYSIS INPUTS AND ASSUMPTIONS

The table below provides a summary of analysis inputs and assumptions, most of which are not specifically described in the 

report.

Screening Input Value Notes

Years of analysis 2014-2025

Real Discount Rate (RDR) 3% The U.S. Department of Energy recommendation for projects related to 

energy conservation, renewable energy, and water conservation is a real 

discount rate of 3%, as of 2010, consistent with the Federal Energy 

Management Program (FEMP) (see page 1 in 

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/ashb10.pdf).

Accounting of Costs & Benefits The items below can be accounted for as costs or benefits. The choice 

does not affect net benefits, but does affect the benefit-cost ratios (BCRs).

Fossil Fuel Impacts Costs & Benefits Savings are benefits, increased usage (e.g., the “heating penalty” for 

lighting measures) is a cost.

O&M Savings Benefit Usually accounted for as a benefit.

Deferred Replacement Credit for 

Early-retirement Retrofit Measures

Benefit Usually accounted for as a benefit. When working equipment is retired 

early for the energy savings of new equipment, the equipment 

replacement cycle is deferred. The benefit is a portion of the cost that 

would have been incurred at the end-of-life of the existing equipment 

(levelized over the remaining life of the efficiency equipment).

Electric Line Loss Factors – Energy 15.7% of meter EIA data: Average statewide line loss factors over the period 2001-2010

(see http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=105&t=3)

Electric Line Loss Factors – Capacity Not applicable to Phase I

Emission Impact Factors (e.g., SOx and 

NOx)

Not applicable to Phase I