1

 At time of the hearing, the children were 13 and 10. 

THIRD DIVISION

BARNES, P. J.,

BOGGS and BRANCH, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

http://www.gaappeals.us/rules/

July 11, 2014

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A14A0609. MORGAN v. FORDHAM.

BOGGS, Judge.

Following the January 2005 divorce of Venus Morgan and David Fordham,

Morgan was awarded sole physical custody of the couples’ children and jointly shared

legal custody of the children with Fordham. In 2013, the trial court determined that it

was in the children’s best interest to give Fordham physical custody of the children, and

Morgan appeals.1 Because it appears from the trial court’s order that it modified

custody based upon an erroneous theory of law, we vacate the trial court’s order and

remand this case to the trial court for consideration of all factors required to modify

custody.
2

On February 22, 2012, Fordham filed a petition for modification of custody in

which he alleged a substantial change in circumstances and specifically contended that

Morgan used corporal punishment inappropriately, had put the eldest minor child out

of the home on several occasions, and that Morgan’s new husband was incarcerated

and would be residing in the same home with the children upon his release. On

December 5, 2012, Fordham filed a motion for contempt and amended his custody

modification petition. Fordham complained that Morgan was in contempt of the divorce

decree in that she had willfully denied him visitation with his children, and also alleged

that Morgan had medically neglected the oldest child. 

On April 22, 2013, the trial court held a hearing and afterward entered an order

stating that “[a]fter considering the evidence, including the guardian ad litem’s report,

and the law, this Court finds that it is in the best interest of the parties’ minor children

for Mr. Fordham to have sole physical custody.” The trial court also ordered Morgan

to pay child support, and further ordered that the children were not to visit Morgan’s

current husband in prison, or upon his release “be around this man at any time, unless

this Court modifies this provision in an order.” Nowhere in the trial court’s order,

however, does it refer to the legal requirement for material changes in conditions and

circumstances substantially affecting the interest and welfare of the child. See Todd v.
2

 We note that Morgan attached several exhibits to her appellate brief, including

a “Notarized Child Support Arrearage Statement.” But pursuant to Court of Appeals

Rule 24 (g), “[d]ocuments attached to an appellate brief, which have not been certified

by the clerk of the trial court as a part of the appellate record and forwarded to this

Court, shall not be considered on appeal.” As this document was not certified by the

clerk of the trial court as part of the appellate record, we can cannot consider it on

appeal. See Gateway Atlanta Apts. v. Harris, 290 Ga. App. 772 n.1 (660 SE2d 750)

(2008). 

3

Casciano, 256 Ga. App. 631, 632-633 (1) (569 SE2d 566) (2002); OCGA § 19-9-3

(b). Nor does it make any factual findings regarding such material changes.

A petition to change child custody should be granted only if the trial court

finds that there has been a material change of condition affecting the

welfare of the child since the last custody award. If there has been such

a change, then the court should base its new custody decision on the best

interest of the child. If the record contains any reasonable evidence to

support the trial judge’s decision on a petition to change custody, it will

be affirmed on appeal. Although trial courts have wide discretion in

change of custody proceedings, that discretion is not without limits. 

(Citations and footnotes omitted.) Durham v. Gipson, 261 Ga. App. 602, 605 (1) (583

SE2d 254) (2003).

Although Morgan complains on appeal2 that the trial court did not make any

factual findings supporting the change in custody, unless requested by either party, the

judge is not required to include factual findings in its order, and it does not appear that
4

either Morgan or Fordham asked for such findings. See Weickert v. Weickert, 268 Ga.

App. 624, 629 (2) (602 SE2d 337) (2004); OCGA § 19-9-3 (a) (8) (“If requested by

any party on or before the close of evidence in a contested hearing, the permanent court

order awarding child custody shall set forth specific findings of fact as to the basis for

the judge’s decision in making an award of custody including any relevant factor relied

upon by the judge.”) Even in the absence of such a request, however, existing

precedent requires that we vacate the trial court’s order.

In Johnson v. Hubert, 175 Ga. App. 169 (333 SE2d 21) (1985), we addressed

a similar order and wrote:

In the case sub judice, as reflected in the trial court’s findings of fact and

conclusions of law, the trial court awarded custody of the child to the

plaintiff father solely upon the conclusion that it was in the “best interest

and welfare of the child” without first finding “a change in material

conditions or circumstances of the parties or the child, subsequent to the

original decree of divorce and award of custody.” Although the evidence

presented in the trial court may have been sufficient to support a change

of custody (of which we cannot make a determination in the absence of

a transcript), it appears that the trial court failed to apply the complete

correct legal standard in this case. Accordingly, we must reverse the

judgment in the case and remand to the trial court for proceedings

consistent with this opinion.
5

Id. at 170 (1). Likewise, though in a different factual context, this court vacated a trial

court’s order dismissing a plaintiff’s complaint based upon the doctrine of judicial

estoppel, because the trial court’s order did not list one of the factors that can be used

to apply the doctrine of judicial estoppel. Daniel v. Fulton County, 324 Ga. App. 865

(752 SE2d 1) (2013). We explained that “[w]here, as here, it appears from the trial

court’s stated explanation for its ruling that it engaged in an incomplete exercise of

discretion based on an erroneous theory of law, the proper remedy from this court is

to remand the case to the trial court for its full consideration of the appropriate factors.

[Cits.]” Id. at 867.

The dissent in Daniel by the author of this opinion advocated against returning

a case to the trial court when the record fails to establish that the trial court

affirmatively ruled based upon an erroneous legal theory. Id. at 868-870 (1). While we

believe that the presumption of regularity should be applied to affirm an order that

merely fails to discuss a portion of an applicable legal standard, this view did not

prevail in Daniel. We therefore are bound to apply the majority’s decision in Daniel

to the case now before us.

We take this opportunity, however, to question once again the wisdom of this

court’s position that a trial court’s order should be vacated based upon what is not
6

contained within the trial court’s order. This position fails to recognize this court’s

obligation to apply the presumption of regularity on appeal, discourages a trial court

from providing any explanation of its reasoning to the parties, and encourages the

issuance of boilerplate one-sentence orders. 

Judgment vacated and case remanded with direction. Branch, J., concurs.

Barnes, P. J., concurs in judgment only.