FINAL REPORT 

December 1996 

Prepared For: 

FLORIDA POWER CORPORATION 

3201 Thirty-Fourth Street South 

P. 0. Box 14042 

St. Petersburg, Florida 33733 

Prepared By: 

CCI ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. 

5010 U.S. Highway 19, North 

Post Office Box 35 

Palmetto, Florida 34220 

s ~~~~~~~~~~~ Bnc 

CCI ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Paae 

1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................ 1 

2.0 METHODOLOGY ....................................... 4 

2.1 PilotStudy. . ..................................... 4 

2.2 Full Scale Study, .................................. 17 

3.0 RESULTS ........................................... 28 

4.0 DISCUSSION.. ....................................... 54 

REPORTS:ANCLSURV.STD 

FILE NO. 0125-008(041 

CCI ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. 
LIST OF FIGURES 

Figure 1. 

Figure 2. .r 

Figure 3. 

Figure 4. 

Figure 5. 

Figure 6. 

Figure 7. 

Figure 8. 

Figure 9. 

Sampling Station Locations, Anclote Plant Entrainment 

Study, Pasco County, Florida .......................... 7 

Plots of Corrected Survival Values for Each Replicate Sample at 

the Condenser Station for the Acartia toma (A) and Amphipoda 

(B)Species Groups Against Condenser Discharge Temperature . . 39 

Plots of Corrected Survival Values for Each Replicate Sample at 

the Condenser Station for the Chaetognatha (A) and Crab Larvae 

(B)Species Groups Against Condenser Discharge Temperature . . 40 

Plots of Corrected Survival Values for Each Replicate Sample at 

the Condenser Station for the Caridean Shrimp (A) and lsopoda 

(B) Species Groups Against Condenser Discharge Temperature . . 41 

Plots of Corrected Survival Values for Each Replicate Sample at 

the Condenser Station for the Pisces Juvenile (A) and Pisces 

Larvae (B) Species Groups Against Condenser Discharge 

Temperature ..................................... 42 

Plots of Corrected Survival Values for Each Replicate Sample at 

the condenser Station for the Penaeid Shrimp (A) and Shrimp 

Larvae (B) Species Groups Against Condenser Discharge 

Temperature ..................................... 43 

Plots of Corrected Survival Values for Each Replicate Sample at 

the POD Station for the Acartia tonsa (A) and Amphipoda (B) 

Species Groups Against Condenser Discharge Temperature ..... 44 

Plots of Corrected Survival Values for Each Replicate Sample at 

the POD Station far the Chaetognatha (A) and Crab Larvae (B) 

Species Groups Against Condenser Discharge Temperature ..... 45 

Plots of Corrected Survival Values for Each Replicate Sample at 

the POD Station for the Caridean Shrimp (A) and lsopoda (B) 

Species Groups Against Condenser Discharge Temperature ..... 46 

REWRTSANCLSURV.ST0 

FILE NO. 0125-008W) 

CCI ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. 
LIST OF FIGURES 

(Continued) 

Figure IO. Plots of Corrected Survival Values for Each Replicate Sample at 

the POD Station for the Pisces Juvenile (A) and Pisces Larvae (B) 

Species Groups Against Condenser Discharge Temperature ..... 47 

Figure 11. Plots of Corrected Survival Values for Each Replicate Sample at 

the POD Station for the Penaeid Shrimp (A) and Shrimp Larvae (B) 

Species Groups Against Condenser Discharge Temperature ..... 48 

LIST OF TABLES 

Table 1. Summary of Abundance Data for the Dominant Species Collected 

During the Pilot Study, Anclote Entrainment Study, September 

12,13and 14, 1995. .............................. 14 

Table 2. Average Survival of Species Groups by Replicate Sample, 

Sampling Event and Condenser Discharge Temperature, Anclote 

Entrainment Study. ................................ 32 

Table 3. Grand Average, Corrected Grand Average, Standard Deviation, 

Frequency of Occurrence and Confidence Interval for Survival of 

Each Species Group at Three Stations, Anclote Entrainment 

Study.......................................... 34 

Table 4. Average Survival of Species Groups, after Correction for Control 

Station Mortality, by Replicate Sample, Sampling Event and 

Condenser Discharge Temperature, Anclote Entrainment Study. .. 38 

Table 5. Results of T-test Comparisons of Corrected and Uncorrected 

Zooplankton Survival Means Between Sampling Stations and 

Condenser Discharge Temperatures for the Anclote Entrainment 

Study. Uncorrected Results Are in Parentheses. ............ 50 

Table 6. Results of T-test Comparisons of Corrected Average Survival for 

Each Species; at the Condenser Station Between Condenser 

Discharge Temperature Groups and Between the Condenser and 

Point of Discharge Stations by Condenser Discharge Temperatures 

Groups, Anclote Entrainment Study. .................... 52 

REPORTSANCLSURV.STD ... FILE NO. 0125-008(041 - 111 - CCI ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. 
LIST OF TERMS 

Confidence lnterval - The rangie, above and below the average or mean, in which the 

true mean or average i3ctually occurs with 95% confidence limits. 

Control Station - Intake canal station. 

Corrected Mortality - The mortality at the Condenser or Point of Discharge stations 

following adjustment for sampling related mortality. Calculated by subtracting 

the control station mortality, less its confidence interval, from the observed 

mortality. 

h e - The average survival of a species group at treatment 

stations after correcting for mortality at the control station. 

Grand Avera% - Average survival of a species group based upon data for all samples 

in which that species occurred. 

ate Samole - For the purpose of this study, a replicate sample is one of the 

samples collected at i3 specific station for a sampling event. 

Sgecies GrouQ- A group of irelated taxa which have been combined for the purpose 

of data analysis. 

Treatment Stations - Condenser and Point of Discharge stations. 

REWRTS:ANCLSURV.STO 

FILE NO. 01 26-008(04) - IV - CCI ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. 

~ 
1.O INTRODUCTION 

The Florida Power Corporation Anclote Power Plant has been in operation near the 

mouth of the Anclote River iin Pasco County since October 1974, when Unit 1, the 

first of two planned 515 me!gawatt units, went on-line. As a means of cooling the -

expected thermal discharge! plume from this unit, four dilution pumps were also 

installed in the intake canal for the plant. These dilution pumps were permitted by 

both the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Florida Department of Air and 

Water Pollution Control (FDAWPC) to take cooler water from the intake side of the 

plant and pump this water to the discharge canal. This water would then mix with 

the warmer condenser wateir discharge and reduce the temperature of the effluent to 

meet thermal discharge limits. The approval of this operating practice was continued 

by the 1979 NPDES Permit for the operation of Unit 2 and has been included, to 

varying degrees, in all subsequent permit renewals. 

As a result of the 1979 permit negotiations, FPC, The Florida Department of 

Environmental Protection (FDEP, formerly FDAWPC) and USEPA reached an 

agreement for the construction of two sidestream, "helper" cooling towers at Anclote 

Plant. The purpose of these towers was to augment cooling capability at the plant, 

thus enabling FPC to meet new, stricter thermal discharge limits while avoiding 

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CCI ENVIRONMENTALSERVICES, INC. 
frequent capacity deratings during the summer season as a result of high ambient 

temperatures in the intake. 

As a condition of issuance of the initial operating permit for Unit 1, FPC was required 

to perform the Anclote Post-Operational Ecological Monitoring Study (1976). This 

study was performed both to determine baseline ecological conditions in the Anclote 

estuary and to determine any impacts from the initial years of plant operation. A 

major component of the overall study was a zooplankton population study within the 

immediate area of the plant. Zooplankton net tows were conducted throughout 1976 

and population densities were calculated for various species found both in the plant 

intake canal and in the Andote Anchorage (estuary). However, no sampling was 

performed in the plant discharges either to verify that actual entrainment of these 

populations was occurring or to allow for mortality estimates to be developed. 

Therefore, in the absence of actual entrainment mortality studies at the plant, the 

1976 population estimates were used as a worst case assumption of entrainment 

losses through the plant systems. In fact, agency concern over the issue of 

entrainment, coupled with tlhe above worst case assumption, has been translated into 

flow minimization conditions in the 1979 and all subsequent NPDES Permit renewals. 

The flow minimization condlitions in these permits have included restrictions on both 

the dilution pump hours of operation and circulating water pump flow during the 

winter months. In practical terms, these restrictions have led to a greater annual 

number of actual cooling 1:ower operating hours. Under certain conditions of intake 

temperature and plant loald, thermal discharge limits could be met by operating the 

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CCI ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. 
dilution pumps rather than cooliing towers. However, operation of the dilution pumps 

under these conditions is seveirely limited by the current permit. 

In addition to retaining the above described flow limitations, the November 1994 

NPDES permit renewal for the facility, issued by the Florida Department of 

Environmental Protection (FDEP, formerly FDER), contained a condition requiring FPC 

to perform a study to deteirmine the actual mortality losses occurring due to 

zooplankton entrainment through the dilution pumps. Florida Power Corporation first 

requested a continuance of the! existing NPDES Permit to allow for certain conditions 

of concern to be discussed and possibly modified. After extensive negotiations with 

FDEP regarding these condiitions, the parties eventually agreed to perform an 

expanded zooplankton entrainment mortality study. The agreement was entered into 

by the parties with the condlition that the data would be used, if appropriate, to 

modify the dilution pump restriictions in the permit. The Plan of Study was designed 

to include an examination of the actual mortality losses occurring through both the 

circulating water system (condensers) and the dilution pumps. If the study data 

demonstrated that actual total zooplankton losses through the cooling systems at the 

plant would not be increased by using the dilution pumps for meeting thermal 

discharge limits under certaiin conditions, then this method of operation would be 

allowed by permit. The purpose of this report is to present the results of the 

completed 1995 Anclote Zooplankton Entrainment Survival Study for that purpose. 

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CCI ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. 
2.0 METHODOLOGY 

CCI Environmental Services, Inc. developed the Zooplankton Entrainment Survival 

Study methodology with direction and advice from FPC personnel. The Entrainment 

study consisted of two phases: a Pilot Study and the Full Scale Study. Both were 

developed based upon the FDEP approved Plan of Study and the need to obtain data 

to answer specific questions [relativeto the study methodology itself (Pilot Study) and 

entrainment survival under various water temperatures (Full Scale Study). Provided 

below is the methodology used to conduct the study. 

2.1 Pilot Studv 

The Pilot Study was conducted to address several questions outlined by FDEP as part 

of their review of the Plan of Study. The specific items to be addressed and resolved 

prior to implementation of tlhe Full Scale Study included: 

a. Sampling methods, including depth and location; 

b. Methods to miinimize sampling stress; 

c. Sampling intensity, i.e., number of replicates to achieve 

statistical validlity; 

d. Diel effects on species composition, abundance and density 

in order to determine the proper sampling time of day; 

e. Study species selection; and 

f. Exact location of control station within the intake canal. 

In addition, the Pilot Study was used to refine the field sampling and sample transfer 

procedures. Laboratory procedures for sample handling, tracking and processing 

were also refined. 

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CCI ENVIRONMENTALSERVICES, INC. 
Prior to initiation of the Pilot Study, a site visit of the Anclote Power Plant was 

conducted. The purpose of the site visit was to evaluate the sampling locations for 

accessibility and plankton net deployment. The field trailer was also inspected to 

determine initial sample transfer locations and improvements necessary for usage. 

Trailer dimensions and counter space was measured for analysis of sample processing 

station and water bath locations. 

The zooplankton nets (6) were custom made to handle the rigors of the field 

conditions, allow for rapid transfer of the samples and to minimize sampling related 

stress. The one-meter diameter nets had a 400 micron mesh screen leading to the 

sample bucket. A zippered mesh bag was attached to the cod end of the net and 

contained the sample bucket. Eight sample buckets were created using five-gallon 

plastic buckets equipped wit~htwo 500 micron mesh side panels. The buckets were 

placed in the zippered bags and further fastened to the net with a stainless steel 

strap. The bucket design allowed the transfer of approximately 4 to 6 liters of sample 

(see attached photographs). 

Based upon the trailer dimensions and anticipated number of sample bottles per 

replicate sample, water bathis were designed. The primary water bath was four feet 

wide, approximately four inches deep and twenty-nine feet long, consisting of a series 

of five smaller cells which interconnected. The bath was constructed of wood and 

double lined with plastic. Tlhis bath design was sufficient to contain bottles from 15 

replicate samples. 

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CCI ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. 
Prior to sampling, quality assurance (QA) procedures and Chain of CustodylSample 

Tracking forms were developed. The Chain of Custody forms (reference Appendix 

A) stayed with the sample during collection through final analysis and required logging 

of the samples in and out of the water baths. Other information contained on the 

form included: Station, repkate number, sampling depth, date and time of collection, 

length of sample tow, field personnel, laboratory recipient, initial sample processor, 

latent mortality sample processors and physical water quality data. 

Prior to sample collection, the laboratory facilities were set up, This included filling 

the water baths, setting up the taxonomic sample processing stations and collection 

of the water to be used in the latent mortality bottles. Field mobilization included 

launching of boats, installing plankton buckets in nets and attachment of net tow 

ropes, floats and weights. A test run was conducted before the Pilot Study was 

performed. This test run involved the collection and processing of a single replicate 

sample from each station. 

Field Sampling 

Samples were collected in the Intake Canal, Condenser discharge and the Point of 

Discharge (POD) stations (Figure 1). The Intake Canal serves as a control and 

samples were generally taken as a stationary tow within 100 feet of the condenser 

or dilution pumps. One Intake Canal sample was a circular tow approximately 700 

feet long and upstream of the pumps. Initially, trawling within the discharge canal 

was attempted to obtain a Condenser station sample. Sampling could not be 

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CCI ENVIRONMENTALSERVICES, INC. 
I Thermal Sensors

l o 0 

A 

Cool i ng POD 

Towers 

Outfall 

Canal 

I\ 

F1 ume 47, C 

Condenser. + 

Di scharge 

P1 ant 

Di 1uti on 

Condenser 

LEGEND 

C - Condenser Station 

I - Intake Canal/Control .A 

Stati on I 

POD - Point of Discharge Station 

0 

Not to 

1-1 

u 

Scale 

m 

Laboratory

Trailers 

/ 

Pump Di scharge 

on 

Pumps 

Bailey 's 

B1 uff 3 -d Road 

Intake Canal 

CCI ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. 
conducted from a stationary location in.this area due to the turbulence and lack of 

directional flow. All Condenser discharge samples were collected as stationary tows 

within the flume between the condensers and cooling towers. The Point of Discharge 

' 7 sampling location varied based upon cooling tower operation. When the cooling 

' towers were being used and the dilution pumps were off, the POD samples were 

collected as moving tows downstream of the condenser discharge but upstream of 

the cooling tower dischargle. The remaining point of discharge samples were 

collected as stationary tows immediately upstream of the thermal sensors with the 

cooling towers off and dilution pumps on. Sufficient time was allowed for the dilution 

pump/condenser discharge to displace the cooling tower discharge prior to sampling. 

Pilot Study sampling consisted of four distinct time and depth combination subsets 

(Le., Day-Surface, Day-Bottom, Night-Surface and Night-Bottom). Sample collection 

occurred September 12-14, 1995. A total of 46 replicate samples (18 - Intake Canal, 

17 - Condenser and 11 - Point of Discharge) were collected for the four time and 

depth combinations. An efFort was made to allow sufficient time between replicate 

sampling to minimize sample holding time prior to initial processing and to minimize 

latent mortality sampling overlap. 

The zooplankton nets were generally deployed from stationary boats located in the 

Intake Canal and at the POD and from the cooling tower flume wall at the 

Condensers. A tow rope was attached to the bridle ring and the nets were slowly let 

back to ensure that air had been displaced and that the net was "fishing" horizontally. 

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CCI ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. 
For surface sample collection, the top of the net ring was deployed at or within one 

foot of the surface. The length of the tow rope could be adjusted to raise or lower 

the net. A second rope and weight were attached to the bridle ring to lower the net 

for mid (4-7 ft. depth) or bolttom (I 0-15 ft. depth) sampling. A float was attached 

to the top of the net ring, with a predetermined amount of rope, to verify the net was 

sampling the appropriate depth (reference attached photographs). The float also 

served to keep the net mouth oriented vertically for proper sampling. The C station 

samples were all collected at the surface since the turbulence and velocity of flow 

through the condensers uniformly mixed the water. 

The nets were deployed at varying time intervals based upon the flow velocity and 

to minimize the amount of debris collected. The tow times were also varied to 

determine the time necessary to obtain a sufficient number of organisms for latent 

mortality processing. Duriing the Pilot Study, tow times varied from five to thirty 

minutes. 

Following field collection, samples were left in the plankton net bucket, detached from 

the net and immediately transported to the field laboratory for processing. 

Accumulations of seagrass; blades were gently swished in the bucket and discarded 

prior to processing. Each bucket was individually numbered to allow it to be tracked 

through processing. Intake Canal samples were taken to the shoreline and 

immediately driven by truck to the trailer. One member of the field crew held the 

bucket to minimize agitation and spitling. Condenser and Point of Discharge samples 

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CCI ENVIRONMENTALSERVICES, INC. 
were taken directly by boat to the outfall canal shoreline immediately adjacent to the 

trailer. Sample transfer from the time the net was pulled until it was received by the 

laboratory was generally less then ten minutes. 

Sample Processinq 

Ail samples were received at the laboratory trailer by the Quality Assurance/ Quality 

Control Officer (QA/QC officer). The QA/QC officer signed for the samples and 

1 -

I 

recorded the time. Military time was used to avoid potential confusion on latent 

mortality sample processing. The QA/QC officer then relinquished the sample to one 

of the laboratory personnel for processing. 

Sample processing occurred separately for each replicate sample. Two types of 

sorting.were used to identify the number of live and dead individuals of each species. 

Smaller (microscopic) and more abundant species were analyzed within one or two 

25 cc draws after gently stirring the sample. The draws were counted on a gridded 

petri dish under a microscope. Larger (macroscopic) species were analyzed by sorting 

the entire sample. A magnifying ring equipped with a light was used to view the 

macroscopic samples. All of the four time and depth combinations were processed 

in this manner. Reference sp'ecimens for several species were preserved for 

subsequent, more detailed taxonomic classification. 

One set of replicate samplesl was processed for latent mortality observation. Latent 

mortality bottles were set up for the required number of species at each station. 

Intake Canal water was strlained through a 355 micron mesh screen and used to fill 

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CCI ENVIRONMENTALSERVICES, INC. 
each bottle. This mesh size was selected to ensure that no additional sample 

organisms’or predator species; were introduced, while still allowing phytoplankton for 

oxygen production and prey organisms to pass through. Each bottle was labeled with 

a unique number or alpha character combination which could be referenced to the 

date, time of sampling, station location, species introduced and number of individuals. 

Microscopic organisms were ,transferredto the latent mortality bottles by wide mouth 

pipette. Macroscopic organisms were transferred to latent bottles by eye dropper, 

spoon or beaker depending upon their size and motility. -The initial emphasis of 

sample processing was the rapid transfer of live individuals of the selected species 

into latent mortality containers. The remaining number of live and dead individuals 

of each macroscopic species in each replicate was then determined by direct count 

of the entire sample. 

Up to 30 live individuals of each dominant species per station per replicate were 

transferred to the latent mortality bottles. Most species were stored in 125 ml clear 

wide mouth bottles. Large individuals were stored in low numbers in 500 ml bottles. 

Highly carnivorous or cannibalistic life stages, such as the megalops and zoea larvae, 

were stored individually in smaller jars to prevent predation. Upon reaching 30 

specimens or a complete count of the sample, the number of individuals in each latent 

mortality bottle was recorded. Organisms placed within the latent mortality bottles 

were randomly selected on1 an opportunistic basis (Le., the first individuals located 

were transferred). 

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The latent mortality bottles were then placed in the water bath maintained at the 

appropriate temperature. Aeration was introduced as necessary into some fish ~ 

1 

~ 

containers. Grow light(s) suspended above the water bath were used so that 

photosynthesis and natural oxygen production could occur for each sample bottle. 

Aquarium heaters were used to heat the water in each cell which was circulated by 

a small bilge pump. Thermoimeters were placed in each water bath cell. The water 

bath temperature was monitored constantly to maintain both at the canal average 

ambient water temperature. Hot water was occasionally added to raise the water 

temperature. 

At approximately 6, 12 and 24 hour intervals after sample collection, each latent 

mortality bottle was inspected to determine survival. Specimen bottles were swirled 

in front of a light and a count of live specimens was recorded. For species not visible 

without magnification, a miciroscope was utilized in an effort to count live specimens. 

Dead specimens were generally removed and preserved as they were found. The 

rapid nature of the initial sort of live organism precluded identification to the lowest 

practical taxon in some ca:;es. Therefore, upon completion of the latent mortality 

study, the preserved individuals were accurately identified. 

Thirty-six (36) hours after sample collection, the remaining latent mortality bottles 

were processed. The live organisms were counted within the bottles and then 

preserved. The preserved specimens were viewed under a microscope to allow for 

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CCI ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. 
, .I 

identification to the lowest practical taxon. Each species at each station for each 

replicate was processed separately. 

The QA/QC officer's function, in addition to field sample acceptance, was 

maintenance of water bath 'temperature. The QA/QC officer also ensured that the 

latent mortality analysis occurred at the required time interval and that bottles were 

returned to the proper bath location. 

A clipboard labeled with the station and replicate identification number contained the 

Chain of Custody Sheet arid the sample processing sheets. This clipboard was 

suspended by a nail on the water bath immediately adjacent to the latent mortality 

bottles for that sample. The laterit mortality bottles for each sample were organized 

in individual nursery trays to prevent mixing with adjacent samples. 

Results 

Table 1 depicts a summary of the results of the Pilot Study. Information has only 

been provided for the most abundant species and those dominant species being 

entrained, except that most fish species were noted. The table presents the average 

number of individuals for each day-night and depth combination. The one condenser 

replicate collected in the early evening (6:20 p.m.) has been separated due to its 

unique species composition. The POD samples taken with the dilution pumps off (i.e., 

upstream from the cooling tower discharge) have also been separated from the other 

POD samples since they were almost exclusively influenced by the condenser 

discharge. 

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- CCI ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. 
The condenser station generally had the highest abundance values, followed by the 

POD. More species were geneirally represented at the Condenser and POD stations. 

These findings appear to be due to two factors: 1) the condenser and, to a lesser 

extent, POD station are uniformly mixed by the turbulence; and 2) the velocity of 

flow, and thus sample concentration, is greatest at the condenser station followed by 

the POD station. Flow at the lritake station was low with just the condenser pumps 

on and moderate with condenser and dilution pumps on. -

The abundance and diversity of species was generally greater during the early evening 

to night hours. Most samples were taken on a rising to high tide and some tidal 

effects were observed. For latent mortality, with only rare exception, those 

individuals which survived for 12 hours after sampling were still alive at 36 hours 

after sampling. 

The September 21, 1995 report titled “Anclote Power Plant Zooplankton Entrainment 

Pilot Study,” prepared by CCI Environmental Services, Inc. provides additional 

analysis of the results. This report also provides answers to the FDEP questions 

noted earlier. The reader is referred to this report if more detailed information is 

desired. 

Based upon th results of the Pilot Study, some methodologies and parameters of the 

Full Scale Study were further refined. The specific changes implemented are 

described in detail under the Fiull Scale Study methodology section below. 

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CCI ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. 
2.2 F uII Scale Studv 

The Full Scale Study was conducted following completion of the Pilot Study and 

analysis of its results. The Full Scale Study's purpose was to determine the mortality 

caused by entrainment through the plant circulating water system and through the 

4 

dilution pumps. This information could then be used to specify permit conditions for 

appropriate use of the dilutiam pumps and cooling towers to meet thermal discharge 

limits- without increasing the current level of entrainment losses. Due to FPC's desire 

to increase use of dilution pumps for thermal control, the study was scheduled so that 

sampling would be performed generally within the range of Intake and Condenser 

discharge temperatures at which dilution pumps would be used to meet thermal limits. 

The higher temperatures witlhin this range were hypothesized to represent the upper 

tolerance limits of the study species and worst case mortality. 

A total of 120 replicate samples were collected, 40 at each of the three stations (I, 

C and POD). Twenty-five replicate samples were collected at each station from 

September 25-29, 1995 and represent the upper end of the Intake Canal temperature 

range (28.4 - 31.I "C)and Condenser discharge temperature range (31.8 - 38.3"C) 

for the study. The next sampling event occurred October 9-11, 1995 and involved 

the collection of 30 samples; (IO replicates per station) within the temperature ranges 

of 27.8 - 28.2"C and 29.7 - 35.3"C for the Intake Canal and Condenser discharge, 

respectively. The final saimple collection occurred November 1 and 2, 1995 and 

included five replicates from each station at Intake Canal temperatures of 23.8 ­

23.9"C and Condenser discharge temperatures of 28.8 - 30.5"C. 

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CCI ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. 
Several modifications and refinements to the field and laboratory procedures were 

made as a result of evaluating the Pilot Study findings. The following paragraphs 

describe primarily how the methodology was revised from that of the Pilot Study and 

why the changes were made. Aspects of the Pilot Study methodology not specifically 

i discussed are unchanged from that described in Section 2.1 of this report. 

Field Samplinq 

-

Field sampling was divided into eight sampling events. Each event consisted of the 

concurrent collection of five replicate samples from each station (15 samples total). 

Each event generally took eight or nine hours to complete. 

The Pilot Study revealed that the number of species and the number of individuals of 

each species increased after sunset (night samples). Based upon the observed 

species diversity and abundance values, the full scale study was primarily conducted 

at night. Sampling was iinitiated approximately one-half hour after sunset and 

continued until the desired number of samples were obtained. 

The September 27, 28 and 29 events were exceptions to the nighttime sampling 

schedule. These events were conducted at alternate times to reflect the effects of 

high Intake and discharge temperature and in the hope of finding additional species. 

One event (September 291) occurred from before sunrise (5:30 a.m.) until early 

afternoon, another event (September 28)started mid-morning (10:30 a.m.) and 

proceeded until evening (7:30 p.m.1, and the September 27 event started late 

afternoon (3:30 p.m.1 and was completed by 10:45 p.m. 

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CCI ENVIRONMENTALSERVICES, INC. 

I 

I 
The sampling station locations remained basically unchanged from those used in the 

Pilot Study. All Condenser samples were collected as stationary tows within the 

cooling tower intake flume with the cooling tower pumps on to generate sufficient 

flow velocity within the flume. All Point of Discharge samples were collected as 

I stationary tows upstream of the thermal sensors with the cooling towers off and the ~ 

, 

I , dilution pumps operating.. Intake canal samples were also collected as stationary 

tows, except for six replicates (two replicates each for the two October and one 

November sampling event). Moving tows were conducted during these events since 

flow was too low to allow stationary tows. 

Operating conditions were constant throughout the study for each of the two 

treatments, as follows. Due to the necessity to have cooling towers on for the 

Condenser samples and off for the POD samples, and the complexity of startup and 

shutdown procedures, all five Condenser replicates were collected consecutively at 

the beginning of sampling with the cooling towers running and the dilution pumps off. 

Following collection of the final Condenser sample for that event, the cooling towers 

were shut off and the dilution pumps turned on. Samples at the POD station were 

then collected after sufficient time (approximately 20 minutes) was allowed to 

displace the cooling tower diischarge water. The Intake samples, which represent the 

control, were uniformly distributed throughout the entire sampling event. 

Plant operation was also manipulated to represent the worst case conditions relative 

to zooplankton mortality. In this regard, the plant was operated at a peak load to 

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generate the highest change in temperature (AT) from the Intake Canal to the 

Condenser discharge. Peak load was maintained for as long as possible during each 

sample event to achieve these conditions. 

Due to scheduled maintenance outages, only one unit was operational during the 

October and November sampling events. To create flow proportional temperature 

conditions at the POD during these events, only two of the four dilution pumps were 

operated. It was the partial use of dilution and condenser pumps during these events 

that necessitated some moviing tows in the Intake Canal to obtain a sample. High tide 

conditions seemed to reduce flow in the Intake Canal to the point where the moving 

tows were required to obtain a sufficient sample. 

The Pilot Study results indicated that the type and number of organisms varied by 

sampling depth at the Control and the POD stations. This indicated that a depth 

composited sample was required. Therefore, sampling occurred at mid-depth (4-7 

feet deep) and surface for each replicate sample at these stations. To accomplish 

this, two nets were deployed siinultaneously from the boat. Both nets were towed 

concurrently for the same (durationbefore retrieval. 

The duration of the stationary tows was standardized for each station and was based 

upon the ability to obtain a sufficient number of organisms for latent mortality 

analysis balanced against the stress caused by prolonged tows. The Condenser 

station was sampled for 20 minutes and the Intake Canal and Point of Discharge 

stations were sampled for :30minutes per replicate sample. The use of two nets and 

- 20 - CCI ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. 
30 minute tows allowed for the collection of an adequate sample under the low flow 

conditions found at the Intake and POD stations. 

Upon retrieval, the sample from one bucket was gently poured into the other sample 

bucket with the excess water being allowed to drain through the bucket mesh. The 

composite sample was then returned to the laboratory for processing as a single 

sample. This method also i3ssisted in concentrating the sample at these stations 

without increasing the stress associated with longer hold time or sampling duration. 

At the suggestion of Department staff, a hand rake was used to remove seagrass 

from the sample bucket, eliminating potential sample contamination caused by 

residual sunscreen or bug spray on the samplers' hands. 

Water quality data was also collected, in situ, with a hydrolab during some of the 

sampling events. Data collected included temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and 

salinity. Flow measurements at various depths were obtained, by Marsh-McBirney 

water current meter, during a few intake canal sampling events to determine where 

flow was greatest. The flow measurements revealed only minor variance in flow 

velocity between various depths in the canal. 

le Processing 

The Pilot Study revealed the need to provide an increased number of laboratory 

personnel to minimize sample processing time. The goal was to remove all 

macroscopic latent mortality organisms and perform the counts within one hour of 

- 21 - CCI ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. 
I 

i -

sample receipt, thereby minimizing predation and other stresses. The species and life 

stages sorted microscopically did not appear to be adversely effected by longer hold 

times. 

Initial sorting was accomplished by lab scientists specializing in either micro or 

macroscopic processing. One or more individuals were also dedicated to latent 

mortality sample processing. The hboratory coordinator was responsible for receiving 

samples from the QA/QC officer and assigning the sample for processing. The 

laboratory coordinator also assisted the QA/QC officer to ensure that latent mortality 

bottles were reviewed at the designated time. A laboratory technician was 

responsible for labeling latent bottles, bottle washing and sample preservation. 

The Pilot Study results indicated potential study species for the Full Scale Study. 

However, species selection for the Full Scale Study was based upon various criteria. 

First, the species must be abundant enough to provide enough live individuals for use 

in the latent mortality study (approximately 30 individuals/Replicate). Second, all 

study species were relatively abundant in both the Control and in the discharge 

samples, thus verifying the occurrence of through plant entrainment. 

Based upon the observed abundance of organisms in the Pilot Study, the following 

species were initially included in the full scale study: Acurfiutomu, Menippe mercemriu 

zoea larvae, Penaeidea zoea larvae, Penaidea juveniles and Chaetognatha sp. 

- 22 - CCI ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. 

I 
Several species of amphipodls were present in sufficient number for study and two 

individual species of amphipod were included. 

I 

Due to relatively low abundarices during the Study, Pisces species were evaluated as 

analyzed individually (Le.,one category for Pisces larvae and one for Pisces juveniles). 

Sample processing also included the counting and analysis of any other species or 

species groups which were present in sufficient numbers. All abundant taxa were 

included in the study. Caridean shrimp and Isopods were included since they were 

consistently abundant. The crab larvae category included all species of crabs and 

both zoea and megalops lairval stages. The shrimp larvae category included both 

Penaeidea and Caridean shrimp larvae. All amphipod species were also combined as 

a single taxonomic group for study purposes. 

The Chain of Custody and Sample Processing Forms were revised based upon the 

Pilot Study results. Separate processing forms were prepared for the microscopic and 

macroscopic processors tat improve their efficiency. The initial target species were 

included on the preprinted form to expedite data recording. Copies of the forms are 

attached as Appendix A. 

- 23 - CCI ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. 
a 

Based on the Pilot Study, a latent mortality duration of 24 hours was determined to 

be appropriate. Generally five or fewer individuals of a species category were placed 

in each latent mortality bottle. Crab larvae were each placed in their own jar to 

prevent predation and 15 individuals were studied. Unlike the Pilot Study, apparently 

dead individuals were not removed from the latent jar until the 24-hour check. The 

24-hour checks generally occurred under magnification after pouring the sample in 

a shallow dish. On several occasions, the 24-hour check revealed that individuals 

previously recorded as dead at 6 or 12 hours were actually alive. 

The latent mortality water was collected from the sampling station and sieved through 

either a 125 micron mesh sieve or 8 355 micron mesh sieve. The smaller sieve was 

used for the initial sampling events, but was replaced by a larger sieve so more 

phytoplankton would be present in samples to provide oxygen. Nevertheless, the 

latent water was aerated by ian aquarium pump to minimize stress to the organisms 

during the transfer process. 

Several adjustments were made to the water bath in order to maintain the appropriate 

temperature. Submersible 200 or 300 watt aquarium heaters were placed in each cell 

of the water bath. A garden hose was connected from the sink to the water bath to 

allow the direct addition of hiot water, if necessary. A bilge pump was used at the 

low end of the system to primp water to the top of the system, which provided a 

continuous mixing and uniform temperature. The thermometers used in each cell 

were calibrated against a certified laboratory thermometer to ensure their accuracy, 

- 24 - CCI ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. 
' I 

The air temperature in the trailer was controlled so it would not adversely affect water 

bath temperature. 

The water bath was maintained within one degree of the average ambient water 

temperature of the intake canal for the previous seven days. The water bath target 

ranged from 29.9"C - 30.3"C during the September event, 28.9"C for the October 

event and was 25.6"C for the November event. 

Microscopic analysis included four 25 cc draws. Live and dead counts were 

performed on all four draws i3nd live organisms were collected to provide the required 

number for latent study. Additional draws were made if more latent organisms were 

needed. 

On a few occasions, subsampling of the macroscopic sample was conducted for 

species which were particularly abundant. After gently stirring the sample, a 

representative.portion of the sample was counted to obtain the initial mortality data. 

Quality assurance procedures were also conducted during sample processing. 

Approximately one out of every ten samples was designated as a QA sample. This 

sample was coprocessed by two scientists or the results were checked by a scientist 

other than the sorter. The CIA procedures followed the sample through its 6, 12 and 

24 hour latent mortality checks ahd included confirmation of species identification and 

number. 

- 25 - CCI ENVIRONMENTALSERVICES, INC, 
Data Analvsis 

The data was entered into a computer from the sample processing sheets. As part 

of the QA procedures, all datal entered was proofed by the QA/QC officer. The time, 

date, station, replicate number, species, initial live and dead count and latent mortality 

j 

counts at 0, 6, 12 and 24 hours were entered. The temperature of the Condenser 

water discharge was recorded for the Condenser samples and the Condenser and 

~ Point of Discharge temperatures were recorded for the POD samples. These 

temperatures are relative to the time of sample collection and allow the data to be 

sorted by temperature. 

During the 24-hour latent mortality checks, a larger number of live individuals was 

occasionally observed than would be indicated by the previous observations. As long 

as all live and dead individuals within the sample were accounted for, the data was 

revised to reflect the number of individuals found alive at the 24-hour check. 

The proofed and corrected1 data was transferred into the spread sheet program 

Quattro Pro for analysis. The initial analysis involved the calculation of initial, latent 

and overall survival for each species observed and each latent mortality bottle 

identified. Initial percent survival was determined by dividing the number of live 

organisms for a given species by the total number of live and dead organisms for that 

species. Latent survival was determined by dividing the number of individuals 

surviving at 24 hours for that bottle by the number initially placed in the bottle. 

Overall survival is obtained by multiplying the initial and latent percent survival values. 

- 26 -

CCI ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. 
To accomplish final data analysis, several steps were required. First, the data needed 

to be composited to obtain a single survival value for each species. This was 

necessary since some categories, such as the crab larvae and shrimp larvae, were 

1 

represented by up to thirty latent mortality jars and values which each factored into ~ 

the overall survival value. The data were also composited when several species were 

I combined at a higher taxonomic level due to low abundance for individual species. 

The initial step was the finalization of the ten taxa/life stages to be analyzed. Based 

on the composited raw data, the ten categories selected for further analysis were: 

Acartia toma, crab larvae, shrimp larvae, Chaetognatha sp., Amphipods, Isopods, 

Penaeid shrimp juveniie/adult, Caridean shrimp juvenile/adults, Pisces larvae and 

Pisces juvenile. These categories include those species, species groups and life 

stages which were consistenitly abundant and which represent the expected spectrum 

of sensitivity to heat stress, and turbulence. Species codes were assigned to each 

category to assist in data reduction. 

The data was then reduced such that each species group was represented by a single 

value. This manipulation provided a single initial, latent and overall survival value for 

the ten species groups for reach replicate. 

Mean survival values were calculated for each species, replicate sample and sampling 

event. The mean and standard deviation were calculated for each station by species 

and overall for all species. The 95% confidence interval around the mean was also 

calculated to determine the potential range of the actual mean. 

- 27 - CCI ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. 
In an effort to determine the effect of Condenser discharge temperature on survival, 

additional analyses were performed. The overall survival value for each species by 

replicate was adjusted for Control mortality. The observed mortality for a given 

species at the control station (average of all 40 replicates) was reduced by the 

observed confidence interval1 for that species. This value represents the lowest 1 .' 

I possible mortality (at 95% confidence) due to natural means and sampling stress. 

This value was then added 'to the observed survival values for that species for the 

Condenser and Point of Dischiarge samples. This resulted in survival values at these 

stations which most accurately reflect the effects of entrainment. The survival results 

wwe then plotted by Condenser discharge temperature for each species. Regression 

analyses were performed for these data plots to determine if any statistical trends in 

survival occur based upon tlie Cdndenser discharge temperature. 

T-tests were also performed between the various stations and average Condenser 

discharge temperatures to determine if the average survival values observed were 

significantly different. 

3.0 RESULTS 

A total of eight sampling events, each consisting of the collection and processing of 

five samples from each station, were conducted. The ambient temperature of the 

Intake Canal varied from 23.8 to 31.1"C during sample collection. Five sampling 

events occurred at the uplper end of the intake canal range (28.4 - 31.I"C), two 

- 28 - CCI ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. 
1 

events at the middle of the range (27.8 - 28.2"C) and one event at the low end of the 

range (23.8 - 23.9"C). 

The Condenser discharge temperature varied from 28.9 to 38.3"C during the study. 

The Condenser discharge tempbrature was affected both by the Intake Canal 

temperature and the plant load. The higher the load, the greater the change in 

temperature (AT) from the Intake Canal ambient temperature. The highest Condenser 

temperatures were reached during the September events, with the lowest 

temperature recorded for the November event. The AT varied from 4.0 to 7.0"C 

throughout the study, depending on the above factors. 

The species composition anld diversity varied somewhat by the time of day and by 

the tide. As observed for the Pilot Study, the diversity of species was low during the 

middle part of the day but increaskd in the early morning and early evening. Species 

such as Chaetognatha sp. arid Penaeid shrimp were generally absent from these midday samples. Generally speaking, there were no apparent patterns in the occurrence 

of the various taxa during the full scale study. An exception to this was the absence 

of Chaetognatha sp. at the Conddnser station during both October events. During the 

September 29 sampling, a wave bf fish eggs appeared to have been brought in near 

the end of the event by a high tide. Otherwise, fish eggs were generally absent. 

The relative abundance of speciles varied some over the course of the study based 

upon the time of day and date of sampling. As noted in the Pilot Study, organism 

abundance was low during the middle of the day. Acartia tuma abundance appeared 

- 29 - CCI ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. 
I 

highest in the early evening hours and Chaetognatha sp. abundance appeared to 

increase throughout the night. Isopod abundance appeared greatest in October as did 

that of the Amphipods and Pisces larvae. Caridean shrimp juveniles increased in 

abundance in October and November. Acartia tonsa was somewhat more abundant in 

November and amphipod abundance remained high. 

An attempt was made to comipare the results of this study with those of the Anclote 

Post-operational Ecologkal Monitoring Program (1976). Acartia tonsa was by far the 

dominant species observed throughout the year in the 1976 study and for the 

duration of this study. A total of 27 species of ichthyofauna and commercially 

important crustacea larvae anid post larvae observed throughout the year in the Intake 

Canal during the 1976 study were also observed during this study. Almost all of the 

most abundant species in the 1976 survey were recorded during this survey. 

Therefore, the results of this study appear representative of the species composition 

previously identified in the 11976 study. 

A taxonomic list of all species observed during the study is presented in Appendix B. 

Appendix C contains a list of the ten species groups used, the species code and a 

taxonomic list of the species included in the analysis for each species group. Of the 

species contained in the ten taxonomic groups, 12 were ranked in the top five 

dominant species during various months in 1976. 

Attached as Appendix D are the observed survival values for each station grouped by 

species. As discussed earlier, the observed survival at the Condenser and Point of 

- 30 - CCI ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. 
Discharge stations were increased by Control mortality for that species based upon 

the Intake Canal data. The adjustment to the survival of each species is depicted in 

the "Sample Mortality" box in the Intake Canal (Control) station tables in Appendix 

D. The survival values adjusted for Control mortality are depicted under the 

I 

! "Corrected Survival" column ;and are represented in the Grand Average calculation for 

I 

1 the Condenser and POD stations. 

~ 

The September data can be! divided into subsets based upon the average AT and 

Condenser discharge temperature for the sampling event. The Intake Canal average 

temperature was 30.0"C for all five events. However, the average Condenser 

discharge temperature and AT were 37.6"C and 7.1 "C for the September 25-27 

events, whereas the Condenser temperature and AT were 35.0"C and 5.6"C for the 

September 28 and 29 events. The Condenser discharge temperatures were similar 

for the September 28 and 29 events and the October events, but the AT was highest 

in October (7.1 "C). The October and September 28 and 29 results were comparable. 

The September 25-27 mortalities were noticeably different from the October and 

September 28 and 29 events. Thb mortalities were higher and/or the range of results 

was wider for all species grctups, except Isopods, during the September 25-27 event. 

Provided in Table 2 is a. summary of the uncorrected average survival for each 

replicate and sampling event by station. The results have been grouped by the 

average Condenser discharge terhperature at the Condenser station for the sampling 

event. Temperature Group 1 (TI) has average Condenser discharge temperatures at 

- 31 -

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the upper end of the range (37.1 - 38.1 "C) and includes the September 25-27 

sampling events. Temperature Group 2 (T2) has average Condenser discharge 

temperatures of 34.5 - 35.5"'Cand includes the September 28 and 29 and October 

I 

9-11sampling events. The Novedber sampling event makes up Temperature Group 

I 

i' 3 (T3) and has an average Condenser discharge temperature of 29.6"C. 

I 0 

As expected, survival was lowest at the Condenser station averaging 55.5% (before 

correcting) for all species groups and sampling events. Survival at the Point of 

Discharge averaged 9.5% higiher than the Condenser station overall at 66.0% (before 

correcting). Survival observed during the October and November events was 

generally higher than the observed September survival values. 

Based upon the overall samplling results at the Control station, mortality due to natural 

causes and sampling stress was 31.8% which could be decreased by the confidence 

interval of 3.7% to 28.1 %. Correcting the overall means for control station mortality 

results in overall survival !values of 83.6 and 93.1 for the Condenser and POD 

stations, respectively. 

1 I e. 

! 

Table 3 summarizes the observed results by station for each species. Control 

mortality, as determined from the Intake Canal station, averaged 32.8% overall and 

was decreased by the confidence interval to average 22.2. This adjusted mortality 

was quite variable between species, ranging from a low of 6.5 percent for Penaeid 

shrimp to a high of 42.7 and 37.2 percent for Chaetognatha sp. and Acam'a tonsa, 

respectively. The mortality values used to correct the treatment survival values for 

- 33 - CCI ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. 
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each species represent the lowest mortality due to sampling with 95% confidence. 

Correcting the observed survival occasionally resulted in values in excess of loo%, 

however, 100% was used as the upper limit for survival. 

As expected, survival values varied by species for each replicate sample. High 

average survival values of 91.5, 139.5, 84.6 and 79.4 were recorded at the Condenser 

station for Acmu fonsa, Crab larvae, Shrimp larvae and Isopods, respectively. Lower 

average survivals of 48.5% and 27.2% were observed for the Amphipods and Pisces 

larvae, respectively, at the Condenser. The remaining species groups had moderate 

survival values from 63.8 to 69.9 percent. 

Survival observed at the Point of Discharge station generally paralleled that of the 

Condenser station. Again, Crab larvae, Acm'a, Shrimp larvae and Isopods had the 

highest observed survival, but no species exhibited low survival. The observed 

survivals of several species groups (Acama toma, Crab larvae, Chaetognatha sp., 

Isopods, Pisces juveniles, Penaeid shrimp and Shrimp larvae) were close enough at 

both stations such that the corrected grand averages fell within each other's 

confidence interval. That is, the observed survival of these species groups at the 

Condenser and Point of Discharge stations were not significantly different from each 

other, thereby falling within the 95% confidence interval. Only Pisces larvae, 

Amphipods and Caridean shrimp exhibited substantially greater survival, 35.0, 24.4 

and 16.7 percent, respectively, at the Point of Discharge station. 

- 36 -

CCI ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. 
; 

.. . 

The standard deviation and confidlence interval values in Table 3 provide information 

as to the variability of the observed survival values. The 95% Confidence Interval 

.is the range within which the true survival mean is expected to fall 95% of the time. 

The confidence intervals are acitually quite small, ranging from 4.7 to 17.3 at the 

Condenser and 5.0 to 13.4 at the Point of Discharge for each species. 

Table 4 provides a summary (of the average survival for each replicate at the 

Condenser and POD stations after correction for Control station mortality. The table 

is presented in the same format as Table 2. It is interesting to note that the overall 

survival at the treatment stations is less than the overall survival expected from Table 

2 (Le., 83.6% at Condenser and 93.1% at POD). This is the result of two factors 

used in determining the corrected survival. First, the mortality values used for 

correction were calculated by species, which resulted in larger confidence intervals 

(10.7% vs. 3.7%) and lower mortality values (22.2% average vs. 28.1 %). Limiting 

corrected survival to 100%also was a factor since the entire mortality value could 

not be used in several cases. The corrected overall survival value and confidence 

interval for the Condenser and P’oint Of Discharge stations are 69.4% and 4.3%, and 

78.8% and 3.9%, respectively. Therefore, the overall Control station mortality 

adjustment to the Condenser and POD stations after correction was 13.9% and 

13.8%, respectively. 

Provided as Figures 2 through I1 are plots of the corrected survival values for each 

replicate sample plotted against the Condenser discharge temperature for each 

- 37 ­ ~ CCI ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. 
INC. 
P 

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Condenseir Statidn 

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25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 

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Figure 2. Plots of correcteid survival values for each replicate sample at the 

Condenser Statim for the Acartia tonsa (A) and Amphipoda (B) 

species groups against condenser discharge temperature. 

-,39- CCI ENVIRONMENTALSERVICES, INC. 
I 

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Figure 3. Plots of corrected survival values for each replicate sample at the 

Condenser Station for' the Chaetognatha (A) and Crab Larvae (9) 

species groups against condenser discharge temperature. 

- 40 - CCI ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. 
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- 41 - CCI ENVIRONMENTALSERVICES, INC. 
species groups again$t condenser discharge temperature. 

- 42 - CCI ENVIRONMENTALSERVICES, INC. 
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Figure 6. Plots of corrected survival values for each replicate sample at the 

Condenser Station for the Penaeid Shrimp (A) and Shrimp Larvae (9) 

species groups against condenser discharge temperature. 

- 43 - CCI ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. 
i 

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-1i:I POD Station . 0% : * I ~ ~ ' ' ' * ' ~ ~ I 

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Figure 7. Plots of corrected survival values for each replicate sample at the 

POD Station for the Acartia tonsa (A) and Amphipoda (B) species 

groups against condenser discharge temperature. 

- 44 - CCI ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. 
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groups against condenser discharge temperature. 

- 45 - CCI ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. 
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Figure 9. Plots of correcteld survival values for each replicate sample at the 

POD Station for the Caridean Shrimp (A} and lsopoda species (B) 

groups against condenser discharge temperature. 

- 46 - CCI ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. 
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the POD Staition for the Pisces Juvenile (A) and Pisces Larvae 

(B) species {groupsagainst condenser discharge temperature. 

- 47 - CCI ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. 
1.' 

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Figure 11. Plots of corrected survival values for each replicate sample at 

the POD Staltion for the Penaeid Shrimp (A) and Shrimp Larvae 

(B) species (groupsagainst condenser discharge temperature. 

- 48 - CCI ENVIRONMENTALSERVICES, INC. 
species and treatment station. Since some replicate samples were collected at the 

same temperature and the species had the same survival value, a dot on the figure 

may represent more than one data point. 

The Condenser and POD stations have the same general pattern of survival based 

upon temperature. No clear trends can be observed on the plots, except that survival 

generally declines and becomes; more variable as the temperature increases. The 

Amphipod results at the Condenser station are an exception and show a clearer 

temperature related decline in survivdl. 

Regression analyses were performed on the survival versus temperature data as 

reflected in the plots and the results are presented in Appendix E. No statistically 

significant trends were observed and the correlations were generally weak. However, 

it is possible that clearer mortality trends would emerge at higher Condenser 

discharge temperatures. 

Table 5 contains the results of T-test comparisons for uncorrected survival for the 

entire study as well as by temperature group. Information on corrected survival 

comparisons between the POD (andCondenser stations is also included. The results 

in this table are presented to depict where observed survival is significantly different 

based upon the comparison of different temperature groups and stations. The 

uncorrected overall survival at tlhe Condenser is significantly different than the Control 

and POD station, whereas the POD and Control stations are not significantly different. 

The temperature group comparisons show significantly lower survival at the 

- 49 - CCI ENVIRONMENTALSERVICES, INC. 

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CCI ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. 
Condenser station for the two highest discharge temperatures (Tl and T2), but no 

difference at T3 when compared to the POD station. Temperature group comparisons 

for the Condenser station reveal significant differences in survival between each 

temperature group pair. The TI group survival at the POD station was significantly 

lower than the T2 and T3 groups, whereas the T2 and T3 groups were similar. 

To determine which species groups were responsible for the observed significant 

differences in survival between stations and/or temperature groups (as depicted in 

Table 5), additional T-test analyses were performed using the corrected survival data. 

The results of theseeanalyses are reflected in Table 6. Except for the Isopods and 

Pisces juveniles, all species groups exhibited some significant differences between 

temperature groups at the Condenser station. Seven species groups demonstraled 

significantly lower survival in the TI group when compared to the T2 and T3 groups. 

Only four species groups (Amphipoda, Caridean shrimp, Pisces larvae and Penaeid 

shrimp) had significantly different survival when the T2 and T3 groups were analyzed. 

Review of the comparisons of corrected grand average survival for each species 

group between the Condenser and POD stations indicates that three species 

(Amphipoda, Caridean shrimp and Pisces larvae) have significantly lower survival. 

The corrected overall survival of the POD station was notably higher for 

Chaetognatha, Isopoda, Pisces juvenile and Penaeid shrimp, but these differences 

were not statistically significant. 

- 51 -

CCI ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. 
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- 52-
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CCI ENVIRONMENTALSERVICES, INC. 

- 53 -

i 
The Condenser and POD stations were also compared by temperature group for each 

species group. Only three species, Acartia tonsa, Crab larvae and Penaeid shrimp, 

were not significantly different for any temperature group. Six species had 

significantly higher survival at the POD station within temperature group 1. Only 

Amphipods and Caridean shrimp had Significantly higher survival at the POD for the 

T2 group, whereas shrimp larvae were significantly higher at the Condenser. Overall, 

the T3 group was not significantly different between the two statipns, however, 

Caridean shrimp and Pisces jiuveniles had significantly higher survival at the 

Condenser station. Four species (Chaetognatha, Isopoda, Pisces juvenile and Shrimp 

larvae) had one significant difference in a temperature group comparison but their 

Grand Average was not significantly different. 

4.0 DISCUSSION 

The sample collection and processing procedures combined with natural mortality 

resulted in an overall average mortality at the control station of 31.8% (Table 2). 

Unfortunately, natural mortality cannot be separated for sampling related mortality to 

E. .. 

evaluate the sampling and sorting procedures. Review of the sampling procedures 

indicates that they were standardized appropriately to reduce sampling stress as 

much as possible for the purploses of this study. Importantly, the collection and 

sorting procedures were standiardized which allows unbiased comparison of results 

between stations and sampling events. 

- 54-

CCI ENVIRONMENTALSERVICES, INC. 
3 

$: 

The corrected overall mortality averaged 30.6% for all events at the Condenser 

station (Table 4) with a confidence interval of 4.3%. The overall mortality was 

significantly different (higher) than that of the Control station and Point of Discharge 

(Table 5). There is a trend of higher mortality at higher Condenser discharge 

temperatures based upon the temperature groups investigated in this study. 

When comparing species group mortality at the Condenser (Table 6), differences are 

observed. Generally, mortality became more variable and higher as the temperature 

increased. Only Isopods, Pisces jiuvenile and Pisces larvae did not display significantly 

lower survival in the TI group (37.6"C average Condenser discharge temperature) 

when compared to T2. Isopods ;and Pisces juveniles were also not significantly lower 

for the TI to T3 comparison vvhereas the Pisces larvae were significantly lower. 

Mortality was also significantly higher for the T2 group when compared to the T3 

group, but only four species groups were significantly different. Seven species 

groups were significantly different for the T I-T2 and T I-T3 comparisons, apparently 

indicating more uniform stress between species groups at higher Condenser discharge 

temperatures. 

The Isopods and Pisces juveniles data indicates variable survival at all temperatures 

and the mortality for these speciies may be more directly related to the physical stress 

of entrainment and less associated with the increase in temperature. The results 

appear to indicate that the Condenser discharge temperature is more directly related 

- 55 -

CCI ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. 
*. 

to mortality than is the AT since the October and September 28 and 29 results are 

comparable even though the AT varies by 1.4"C. 

Entrainment mortality at the Point of Discharge was also low. The corrected overall 

mortality averaged 21.2% with a confidence interval of 3.9% (Table 4). The overall 

mortality was significantly lower than the Condenser station (Table 5), probably due 

to the high survival of the dilution pumps upstream contribution. When comparing 

-

species group mortality for the POD station, the trends paralleled those of the 

Condenser station. 

Entrainment mortality at the POD station was lowest for the T2 and T3 temperature 

groups (Table 4). Mortality at thlis range of Intake Canal (23.8 - 30.2"C) and average 

Condenser discharge (29.6 - 35.0"C) temperature, with the average AT of 6.2"C, is 

minimal. Overall survival was nlearly identical for the T2 and T3 data, but individual 

species groups exhibit more variability in mortality at the higher temperature. 

As mentioned earlier, the avelrage overall survival at the Point of Discharge was 

significantly higher than the Condenser station survival. The differences in mortality 

were primarily attributable to the TI and T2 temperature group sampling events 

(Table 5). The overall survival results for the T3 sampling event were nearly identical 

for these stations (Table 4). The largest differences in survival were noted during the 

TI and T2 events at 15.5 and 7.6 percent, respectively. 

- 56 -

CCI ENVIRONMENTALSERVICES,INC. 
The species group mortality trends between these stations, relative to temperature, 

are similar. This is not unexpected since the Condenser discharge comprises a 

portion of the water sampled at the Point of Discharge station. Three species groups, 

Acurfiu tomu, Crab larvae and Shrimp larvae, had nearly identical overall mortality 

(Table 3)and mortality trends. The Chaetognatha sp., Isopods, Pisces juveniles and 

Penaeid shrimp had a noticeably higher survival at the POD station at high 

temperatures, but the overall survival was only moderately higher. Amphipods, 

Caridean shrimp and Pisces Iiarvae exhibited more sporadic survival relative to 

temperature at the POD station. These three species groups also had substantially 

higher survival at the POD station of 35.0, 24.4 and 16.7 percent, respectively, for 

Pisces larvae, Amphipods and Caridean shrimp. 

Similar mortality rates for species groups, as observed for Acum'u tomu, Crab larvae 

and Shrimp larvae, may indicate that mortality caused by entrainment through the 

Condensers is similar to stress caused by passage through the dilution pumps. At the 

other extreme are the species groups with dramatically higher survival at the POD 

station (Pisces larvae, Amphipods and Caridean shrimp) which appear to pass through 

the dilution pumps with minimum stress. The remaining species groups have 

moderately higher survival riates at the POD station, significantly so at peak 

temperatures, indicating the dilution pumps do not cause significant mortality as 

compared to the Condensers. 

- 57 - CCI ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. 
The dilution pumps appear to be iable to greatly reduce mortality of zooplankton when 

compared to the use of cooling towers. Mortality would be expected to be extensive, 

if not complete, for those organisms being entrained and passed through the cooling 

towers. The high survival valuers of zooplankton entrained through the Condensers 

indicates that the cooling towers would cause the majority of zooplankton mortality 

under most operating conditions. It is important to note that the POD and Condenser 

mortalities represent the worst case conditions since the best case mortality from the 

control station was used to correct the survival data. 

- 58 - CCI ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. 
APPENDIX A 

CHAIN OF CUsTODY RECORD AND 

SAMPLE PROCESSING FORMS 

CCI ENVIRONMENTALSERVICES, INC. 
CCI ENVIRONMENTAL. SERVICES, INC

5010 US. Highway 19 North 

Post Office Box 35 

Palmetto, FL 34220-0035 

Telephone: (941) 7224667 

Fax: (941) 722-8384 

CHAIN OF CUSTODY RECORD 
CCI ENVIRONMENTALSERVICES, INC 

5010 US. Highway 19 North 

Post Office Box 35 

Palmetto, FL 342204035 

Telephone: (941) 7228667 

Fax.(941) 7228384 

Page No. 

1 I I I I I I I I I I 
CCI ENVIRONMENTALSERVICES,INC 

5010 US. Highway 19 North 

Post omce Box 35 

Palmetto, FL 3422Mx335 

Telephone:(961) 722-6667 

Far (941) 722-3384 

I I 1 I I 

PROCESSED BY: 

'ProjedNumber: I 0125-008 

Project Title: 1Anclote Power Station Entrainment Study 

Clie~:Addresb;..: lFLORlDAPOWERCOW. 

Page No. 

I I I I J 

DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE: 

QUALITY ASSURANCE BY. NO. OF MICRO DRAWS: 

I 
! 

” 

> APPENDIX B 6 

I: TAXONOMIC LIST OF SPECIES OBSERVED 

DURING THE ANCLOTE ENTRAINMENT STUDY 

i 

3 

t‘I: 

9. 

CCI ENVIRONMENTALSERVICES, INC. 
APPENDIX B 

Taxonomic List of Species Observed 

During the Anulote Entrainment Study 

Phylum Platyhelminthes 

Class Turbellaria 

Phylum Nemlertinea 

Phylum Annelida 

Class Polychaeta 

Phylum Mollusca 

Turbelllaria sp. 

Nemertinea sp. 

Polyclhaeta sp. 

Nereitlae sp. 

Onupht sp. 

scoloplos sp. 

Class Pelecypoda (Bivalvia) 

Family Limitlae 

Lima .sp. 

Phylum Arthropoda 

Class Merostomata 

Subclass Xiphosura

Limulus polyphemus 

Class Crustacea 

Subclass Copepoda

Acamia toma 

Subclass Malacostraca 

Superorder Hoplorcarida 

Order Stomatopoda 

Storriatopoda sp. 

squizila sp. 

Superorder Peraciarida 

Order Mysidacea 

BownllanielZa sp. 

Bowrir2aniellQfloridana 

Brasilomysis castroi 

Mysitdacea sp. 

Mysirdopsis1 bahia 

Mysiclopsis bigelowi 

Taphromysis bo-' 

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(CONTINUED) 

Order Cumacea 

Cumacea sp. 

Cychaspis gp. 

Oxyurostylus smithi 

Order Tanaidacea 

Hageria rcZpax 

Tanaidacea sp. 

Order lsopoda 

Aegothoa sp. 

Cleantis fllanicauh 

Cynzodocefaxoni 

Hotea sp. 

Eri'chsondlluJiliformis 

sphaerok walken 

Order Amphipoda 

Acuminodeutopus nugki 

Arnpeliscu sp. AmphipOda sp. 

mea cahhrinensis 

Ca,preliidae sp. 

Cerapus ,tubuluris 

Carophi@m sp. 

Cymadusa compta 

Elnsmoplus levis 

Erichthqnius brasiliensis 

Gtzmmum-us mucronutus 

Gmmab sp. 

Grandidierella bonneroides 

Ltmbos unicomis 

Lcmbos sp. 

Liistriel& bamardi 

Lysiandpsis alba 

Maera ldanae 

hfelita dentQta 

Melita sp. 

Melita nitida 

ddicrodeutopus sp. 

Pardahca cuspidata 

PIatyischnopus sp. 

Stenothoe minuta 
APPENDIX B 

(CONTINUED) 

Superorder Eucarirda 

0rder Decapoda 

Section Penaeidea 

Penaleidea sp. 

Penacws dourarum 

Sicyonia brevirostris 

Trachypen@us constn'ctus 

Family Leuciferidae 

Leuctferfioni 

Section Caridea 

Cariclea sp. 

Family Alptieidae 

Alphcw hekrochaelis 

Alpheus nomuuuzi 

Alpheus sp. 

Family Palaiemorlidae 

Pah?monetesintermedius 

Pakzmonetes pugio 

Palaemonefesvulgaris 

Palaemonetes sp. Periclimenes amencanus 

Pen'climews sp. Pen'clirnenks longicaudatus 

Family Processidae 

Processa Sp. 

Processa hemphilli 

Family Hippolytidae 

Hippolyte pleuracanthus 

Hippolyte ISp. Hippolyte Izosten'cola 

Tozeiuma darolinense 

Section Anomura 

Superfamily Pagwroidea 

Pag1urus sip. 

Paguroidea sp. 

Section Brachyura 

Family Poirtunidae 

Calr!inectessapidus 

Family Xanthidae 

Panopeus herbstii 

Meriippe mercenun'a 

Xarithidae sp. 
APPENDIX B 

(CONTINUED) -

Family Pinnotheridae 

Pinnixa sp. 

Pinnixa sajana 

Family Mijildae 

Libinlia dubia 

Phylum Chaetognath 

Chaetogniatha sp. 

Phylum Chordata 

Superclass Pisces 

Pisc.es sp. 

Class Osteichthyes 

Family Elolphidaie 

Megalops ptluntica 

Family Clupeidqe 

DorasomU sp. Harengulajaguana 

Family Engraulidae 

Anchoa sp. 

Amboa mktchilli 

Family Syingnalthidae 

Hipivocdpus sp. Hippocardpus zosterae 

SyngnathlFsfloridae 

Syngnuthw scovelli 

Syngnathw sp. 

Family Centronomidae 

cefirtropohusundecimalis 

Family Cairangildae 

Ch2lorosct)mbnrs chrysunrs 

Oli,goplit$ssaurus 

GllWlx qppos 

mranx sip. 

Family Luitjanidae 

Lwjanus lgriseus 

Family Gerreid~ae 

Eu~cinOstQmussp. Family Sciaenildae 

Menticimhus sp. Pogonid cromis 

Scieanidae sp. 

Sciaerwfls ocelluta 
APPENDIX B 

(CONTINUED) 

Family Mu!gilidae 

Mugiil sp. 

Family Gobiidae 

Gobiidae sp. 

Gobilosomp robusturn 

Gobiiosomh sp. Family Triglidael 

Prionotus 1sp. 

Triglidae sp. 

Family Soleidae 

Achi’rus liheata 

Trinectes pp. 

Family Os’traciidge 

LaaFophylt;Fsp. 

Family Teitraod ntidae 

SphzeroiBes sp. 
APPENDIX C 

TAXONOMIC; LISTS BY SPECIES GROUP 

USED IN THE AFKLOTE ENTRAINMENT STUDY 

CCI ENVIRONMENTALSERVICES, INC. 
APPENDIX C 

Taxonomic Lists by Species Group 

Used in the Anclote Entrainment Studv 

Acartia tonsa (AC) 

Phylum Arthropoda 

Class Crustacea 

Subclass Copepoda 

Acam'a tonsa 

AmrJhiDoda (AM) 

Phylum Arthropoda 

Class Crustacea 

Subclass Malacostraca 

Superorder Peracarida 

Order Amphipoda 

Acumiizodeutopus naglei 

Ampelisca sp,. Amphipoda sp. 

Batea catharinensis 

Caprelllidae sp. 

Cerapzlls tub&lizris 

Corophium sp. Cymdusa compta 

E~LUC~US &vis 

Erichthwnius brasiliensis 

Gammurus wucronatus 

Gammzrus sp. 

Grandidierelb bonneroides 

Lemboir unicorn's 

Lemboii. sp. 

Listriella bamrdi 

Lysiampsis alba 

Maera h e 

Melita dentada 

Melita sp. 

Melita nitida 

Microdeutopw sp. 

Pardalhca cuspidata 

Pluqist:hnopars sp. Stenothoe minuta 

Chaetoqnatha (CHI 

Phylum Chaetognatha 

Chaetognatha sp. 
APPENDIX C 

(CONTINUED) 

Crab Larvae (CLL 

Phylum Arthropoda 

Class Crustacea 

Subclass Malacostraca 

Superorder Eucarida 

Order Decapoda 

Section Brachyura 

Family Portunidae 

Callinectes sapidus zoea and megalops 

Family Xanthidae 

Menippe mercenuria zoea and megalops 

Xanthidae sp. zoea 

Caridean ShrimD CCS) 

Phylum Arthropoda 

Class Crustacea 

Subclass Malacostraca 

Superorder Eucarida 

Order Decapoda 

Section Caridea 

Caridea sp. 

Family Alpheidae 

Alpheus heterochuelis 

Alpheus namnni 

Alpheus sb. 

Family Paliaemooidae 

Palaemor&es intermedius 

PaIaemondtes pugio 

Palaemoqtes vulgaris 

Palaremo&es sp. 

Periclimeqes americanus 

periclime+?ssp. 

Periclime s bngicaudatus 

Family ProcessTdae 

Processa tip. 

Processa kmphilli 

Family Hippoly$dae 

Hipolyte~pleuracanthus 

HippoEytei sp. 

Hippolyte zostericola. 

Tozeumu carolinerne 
APPENDIX C 

(CONTINUED) 

lsoooda (Is1 

Phylum Arthropoda 

Class Crustacea 

Subclass Malacostraca 

Superorder Peracarida 

Order lsopoda 

Aegoirhoa sp. Clearitis plmnicaudu 

Cymcidocefaxoni 

Edotea sp. 

Erichsonellajiliformis 

Sphueroma walkeri 

Taphromysis bowmuni 

Pisces Juvenile (PJL 

Phylum Chordata 

Superclass Pisces 

Pisces sp. 

Class Osteichthyes 

Family Eloplhidaq 

Megadops Cttlantica 

Family Clupeidacj 

Harenguh yaguana 

Family Engraulidae 

Anchoa sp, 

Anchoa rnilichilli 

Family Syngnathidae 

Hippocamdus sp. Hippocam~uszosterae 

Syngirlathusjloridae 

Syngiwhus scovelli 

Syngilathus sp. 

Family Centropomidae 

Cemropomw undecimalis 

Family CarimgidBe 

Chloroscombrus chrysurus 

Oligoplites saurus 

CQranX hippos 

Family Lutjanidap 

Lutjanus griseus 

Family Gerueidae 

Eucirwstornus sp. 
APPENDIX C 

(CONTINUED) 

Family Sciaenidae 

Pogoizias cromis 

Scieanidae sp. 

Family Muglilidaq 

Mugil sp. 

Family Gobiidae 

Gobiidae $p. 

Gobiiosomd robustum 

Gbbiiosomasp. 

Family Triglidae 

PriOlZOtus sp. 

Family Soleidae 

Achim lineata 

Family Ostraciidae 

Lasophyrs sp. 

Family Tetraoddntidae 

Sphaeroides sp. Pisces Larvae (PlL 

Phylum Chordata 

Superclass Pisces 

Pisces sp. 

Class Osteichthyes 

0 

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1 

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Family Clupeidqe 

Dorosowut sp. 

Family Engraulidae 

Anchoa sp. 

Anchoa qitchilli 

Family Syngnathidae 

Syngnuthh scovelli 

Syngnuthlu sp. 

Family Centropomidae 

Centropdpus undecimalis 

Family Carangidae 

Chloroscvmbrus chrysurus 

Caranx Nppos 

Caranx $p. 

Family Sciaenidae 

Mtmicirt-hus sp. 

Scieanidae sp. 

Sciaenops ocelhta 

Family Giobiidae 

Gobiidde sp. 

Gbbiosoma robusturn 
APPENDIX C 

(CONTINUED) 

Family Trigilidae 

Prionotus sp. 

Triglidae sp. 

Family Soleidae 

Achirus lirleata 

Tn'nectes sp. 

Penaeid ShrimD (PSI 

Phylum Arthropoda 

Class Crustacea 

Subclass Malacostraca - Superorder Eucarida 

Order Decapoda 

Section Penaeidea 

Penaeidea sp. 

Pentaeus dourarum 

Sicyonia Brevirostris 

Trachypehueus comtrictus 

Family Leiuciferidae 

Leucifer fihxoni 

Shrimr, Larvae (SLL 

Phylum Arthropoda 

Class Crustacea 

Subclass Malacostreica 

Superorder Eucarida 

Order Decapaida 

Section Periaeidea 

Peinaeidea sp. 

Family Leuciferidae 

Leiicifer fmoni 

Section Cairidea 

Calridea sp. 

Family Palaemonidae 

Palaemmetes vulgaris 

Pericliwnes sp. 

Periclimenes longicaudatur 

Family Processidae 

Processq sp. 

Processa hemphilli 

Family Plippolytidae 

Hippolyre sp. Hippolyre zostericola 

Tazem carolinense 
APPENDIX D 

COMPOSITE SURVIVAL DATA BY SPECIES 

AND !SAMPLING STATION 

CCI ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. 
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APPENDIX E 

RESULTS OF REGRESSION ANALYSES BETWEEN 

CORRECTED SURVIVAL AND CONDENSER 

TEMPERATURE AT THE 

CONDENSER AND POD STATIONS 

CCI ENVIRONMENTALSERVICES, INC. 
ANCLOTE ENTRAINMENT STUDY - REGRESSION ANALYSES 

Corrected Survival vs. Condenser Discharge Temperature 

Acartia tonsa 

Amphipoda 

Chaetognatha 

Crab Larvae 

Caridean Shrimp 

lsopoda 

Pisces Juvenile 

Pisces Larvae 

Penaeid Shrimp 

Shrimp Larvae 

0.37 0.48 

0.71 0.31 

0.62 0.36 

0.40 0.48 

0.69 0.26 

0.18 0.38 

0.23 0.16 

0.52 0.31 

0.07 0.02 

0.48 0.21 

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CCI ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. 
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