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37–471 2008

ISSUES FACING WOMEN AND MINORITY VETERANS 

JOINT HEARING 

BEFORE THE

SUBCOMMITTEE ON HEALTH 

AND THE

SUBCOMMITTEE ON DISABILITY ASSISTANCE 

AND MEMORIAL AFFAIRS 

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON VETERANS’ AFFAIRS 

U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 

ONE HUNDRED TENTH CONGRESS 

FIRST SESSION 

JULY 12, 2007 

Serial No. 110–33 

Printed for the use of the Committee on Veterans’ Affairs 

( 


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COMMITTEE ON VETERANS’ AFFAIRS 

BOB FILNER, California, Chairman 

CORRINE BROWN, Florida 

VIC SNYDER, Arkansas 

MICHAEL H. MICHAUD, Maine 

STEPHANIE HERSETH SANDLIN, South 

Dakota 

HARRY E. MITCHELL, Arizona 

JOHN J. HALL, New York 

PHIL HARE, Illinois 

MICHAEL F. DOYLE, Pennsylvania 

SHELLEY BERKLEY, Nevada 

JOHN T. SALAZAR, Colorado 

CIRO D. RODRIGUEZ, Texas 

JOE DONNELLY, Indiana 

JERRY MCNERNEY, California 

ZACHARY T. SPACE, Ohio 

TIMOTHY J. WALZ, Minnesota 

STEVE BUYER, Indiana, Ranking 

CLIFF STEARNS, Florida 

JERRY MORAN, Kansas 

RICHARD H. BAKER, Louisiana 

HENRY E. BROWN, JR., South Carolina 

JEFF MILLER, Florida 

JOHN BOOZMAN, Arkansas 

GINNY BROWN-WAITE, Florida 

MICHAEL R. TURNER, Ohio 

BRIAN P. BILBRAY, California 

DOUG LAMBORN, Colorado 

GUS M. BILIRAKIS, Florida 

VERN BUCHANAN, Florida 

Malcom A. Shorter, Staff Director 

SUBCOMMITTEE ON HEALTH 

MICHAEL H. MICHAUD, Maine, Chairman 

CORRINE BROWN, Florida 

VIC SNYDER, Arkansas 

PHIL HARE, Illinois 

MICHAEL F. DOYLE, Pennsylvania 

SHELLEY BERKLEY, Nevada 

JOHN T. SALAZAR, Colorado 

JEFF MILLER, Florida, Ranking 

CLIFF STEARNS, Florida 

JERRY MORAN, Kansas 

RICHARD H. BAKER, Louisiana 

HENRY E. BROWN, JR., South Carolina 

SUBCOMMITTEE ON DISABILITY ASSISTANCE AND MEMORIAL AFFAIRS 

JOHN J. HALL, New York, Chairman 

CIRO D. RODRIGUEZ, Texas 

PHIL HARE, Illinois 

SHELLEY BERKLEY, Nevada 

DOUG LAMBORN, Colorado, Ranking 

MICHAEL R. TURNER, Ohio 

GUS M. BILIRAKIS, Florida 

Pursuant to clause 2(e)(4) of Rule XI of the Rules of the House, public hearing records 

of the Committee on Veterans’ Affairs are also published in electronic form. The printed 

hearing record remains the official version. Because electronic submissions are used to 

prepare both printed and electronic versions of the hearing record, the process of converting 

between various electronic formats may introduce unintentional errors or omissions. Such occurrences are inherent in the current publication process and should diminish as the process 

is further refined. 


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C O N T E N T S 

July 12, 2007 

Page 

Issues Facing Women and Minority Veterans ...................................................... 1 

OPENING STATEMENTS 

Hon. Michael Michaud, Chairman, Subcommittee on Health ............................. 1 

Prepared statement of Chairman Michaud .................................................... 31 

Hon. John J. Hall, Chairman, Subcommittee on Disability Assistance and 

Memorial Affairs .................................................................................................. 3 

Prepared statement of Chairman Hall ........................................................... 31 

Hon. Doug Lamborn, Ranking Republican Member, Subcommittee on Disability Assistance and Memorial Affairs ............................................................ 2 

Prepared statement of Congressman Lamborn .............................................. 32 

Hon. Michael R. Turner .......................................................................................... 4 

Hon. Gus M. Bilirakis, prepared statement of ...................................................... 32 

WITNESSES 

U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs: 

Shirley A. Quarles, R.N., Ed.D., Chair, Advisory Committee on Women 

Veterans ......................................................................................................... 12 

Prepared statement of Dr. Quarles .......................................................... 33 

Colonel Reginald Malebranche, USA (Ret.), Member, Advisory Committee 

on Minority Veterans .................................................................................... 14 

Prepared statement of Col. Malebranche ................................................ 35 

Betty Moseley Brown, Ed.D., Associate Director, Center for Women Veterans .............................................................................................................. 27 

Prepared statement of Dr. Brown ............................................................ 47 

Lucretia M. McClenney, Director, Center for Minority Veterans ................. 29 

Prepared statement of Ms. McClenney ................................................... 51 

Disabled American Veterans, Joy J. Ilem, Assistant National Legislative Director ..................................................................................................................... 21 

Prepared statement of Ms. Ilem ...................................................................... 41 

Murdoch, Maureen, M.D., MPH, Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, 

Veterans Health Administration, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs ......... 17 

Prepared statement of Dr. Murdoch ............................................................... 40 

Rosenberg, Saul, Ph.D., Associate Clinical Professor of Medical Psychology, 

University of California, San Francisco, CA ...................................................... 15 

Prepared statement of Dr. Rosenberg ............................................................. 37 

Wilson, Hon. Heather, a Representative in Congress from the State of New 

Mexico ................................................................................................................... 4 

SUBMISSIONS FOR THE RECORD 

American Legion, Shannon L. Middleton, Deputy Director for Health, Veterans Affairs and Rehabilitation Commission, statement ................................ 54 

Brown, Hon. Corrine, a Representative in Congress from the State of Florida, 

statement .............................................................................................................. 56 

Miller, Hon. Jeff, Ranking Republican Member, Subcommittee on Health, 

and a Representative in Congress from the State of Florida, statement ........ 56 

Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States, Dennis Cullinan, Director, 

National Legislative Service, statement ............................................................ 56 

Vietnam Veterans of America, Marsha Four, Chair, Women Veterans’ Committee, and John J. Rowan, National President, joint statement .................... 58 

Women’s Research and Education Institute, Susan Scanlan, President, statement ...................................................................................................................... 62 


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iv 

MATERIAL SUBMITTED FOR THE RECORD 

Post Hearing Questions and Responses for the Record: 

Hon. John J. Hall, Chairman, Subcommittee on Disability Assistance 

and Memorial Affairs, Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, to Hon. R. 

James Nicholson, Secretary, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, letter dated July 26, 2007 ................................................................................. 64 

Hon. Michael H. Michaud, Chairman, Subcommittee on Health, Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, to Shirley A. Quarles, R.N., Ed.D., Chair, 

Advisory Committee on Women Veterans, U.S. Department of Veterans 

Affairs, letter dated August 2, 2007 ............................................................ 81 

Hon. Michael H. Michaud, Chairman, Subcommittee on Health, Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, to Colonel Reginald Malebranche, USA 

(Ret.), Member, Advisory Committee on Minority Veterans, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, letter dated August 2, 2007 ....................... 83 

Hon. Michael H. Michaud, Chairman, Subcommittee on Health, Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, to Saul Rosenberg, Ph.D., Associate Clinical Professor of Medical Psychology, University of California, San 

Francisco, CA, letter dated August 2, 2007 [NO RESPONSES WERE 

RECEIVED FROM DR. ROSENBERG] ................................................. 85 

Hon. Michael H. Michaud, Chairman, Subcommittee on Health, Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, to Joy J. Ilem, Assistant National Legislative Director, Disabled American Veterans, letter dated August 2, 2007 86 

Hon. Michael H. Michaud, Chairman, Subcommittee on Health, Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, to Betty Moseley Brown, Ed.D., Associate 

Director, Center for Women Veterans, U.S. Department of Veterans 

Affairs, letter dated August 2, 2007 ............................................................ 87 

Hon. Michael H. Michaud, Chairman, Subcommittee on Health, Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, to Lucretia M. McClenney, Director, Center 

for Minority Veterans, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, letter 

dated August 2, 2007 .................................................................................... 90 

Hon. Michael H. Michaud, Chairman, Subcommittee on Health, Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, to Shannon L. Middleton, Deputy Director 

for Health, Veterans Affairs and Rehabilitation Commission, American 

Legion, letter dated August, 2, 2007 ........................................................... 91 


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ISSUES FACING WOMEN AND 

MINORITY VETERANS 

THURSDAY, JULY 12, 2007 

U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, COMMITTEE ON VETERANS’ AFFAIRS, 

SUBCOMMITTEE ON HEALTH, 

SUBCOMMITTEE ON DISABILITY ASSISTANCE

AND MEMORIAL AFFAIRS, 

Washington, DC. 

The Subcommittee met, pursuant to notice, at 10:00 a.m., in 

Room 334, Cannon House Office Building, Hon. Michael H. 

Michaud [Chairman of the Subcommittee on Health] presiding. 

Present from the Subcommittee on Health: Representatives 

Michaud and Hare. 

Present from the Subcommittee on Disability Assistance and Memorial Affairs: Representatives Hall, Hare, Lamborn, Turner, and 

Bilirakis. 

OPENING STATEMENT OF CHAIRMAN MICHAUD, 

SUBCOMMITTEE ON HEALTH 

Mr. MICHAUD. The Subcommittee on Health will come to order. 

I’d like to thank everyone for coming today. This is a joint hearing 

with the Subcommittee on Disability Assistance and Memorial Affairs as well. 

Today we will examine the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs 

(VA) programs regarding women and minority veterans. The face 

of the military is changing and so is the face of the veterans’ population. According to the 2000 census, minorities make up over 14 

percent of the existing veterans’ population. The population of 

women veterans is projected to continue to rise from 6 percent in 

2000 to 8 percent in 2010 and to 10 percent in 2020. 

VA needs to consistently evaluate existing programs to address 

the needs of special groups and make changes when needed. I further believe that VA should implement new and innovative programs to help close the many gaps that exist today in delivering 

high-quality, safe health care and other benefits and services VA 

provides. 

Service in Operating Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation 

Iraqi Freedom (OIF) has created growing challenges for the VA in 

meeting the needs of women and minority veterans as they separate from service. We know that an unprecedented number of female servicemembers have been routinely exposed to combat or 

combat-like conditions. VA reports that the prevalence of potential 


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post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among new OEF/OIF women 

veterans treated at VA has grown from 1 percent in 2002 to nearly 

19 percent in 2006. Issues such as cultural differences, effective 

outreach, education, research and delivery of care should be carefully examined in an effort to provide the best possible service to 

these veterans. 

I hope that we will learn how the VA is meeting the needs of 

these populations, what challenges are on the horizon, and what 

we can do to provide veterans the best possible care available. 

At this time, I would yield to Mr. Lamborn who is the Ranking 

Member of the Disability Assistance and Memorial Affairs Subcommittee for an opening statement. 

[The prepared statement of Chairman Michaud appears on 

p. 31.] 

OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. DOUG LAMBORN, 

RANKING REPUBLICAN MEMBER, SUBCOMMITTEE ON 

DISABILITY ASSISTANCE AND MEMORIAL AFFAIRS 

Mr. LAMBORN. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, for recognizing me and 

I look forward to this hearing with you, with Mr. Hall from New 

York, with Mr. Turner and everyone else who can join us as we go 

through this hearing. 

I’m glad that we are having this hearing on the challenges facing 

minority and women veterans. I welcome our witnesses including 

my colleague from New Mexico Representative Heather Wilson. 

And I thank you all for your contributions to the Veterans’ Affairs 

system. 

America’s minorities and women of our great Nation are integral 

to the quality of our national security. Women make up nearly 10 

percent of our Nation’s 24 million living veterans. Women on active 

duty represent more than 15 percent of our armed forces. According to a 2005 Heritage Foundation study, about 25 percent of military recruits identify themselves as other than Caucasian. Further, 

military women are more likely to identify themselves as members 

of a racial or ethnic group than men. 

Our military has a higher percentage of some minorities such as 

African Americans, American Indians, Native Alaskans and Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders than the percentage of these minorities 

in the general population. These men and women are patriots. In 

more than 2 centuries of service to our country, women and minority servicemembers have created a rich legacy. This legacy has only 

been enriched by the intrepid and resolute accomplishments of 

their decedents in the global war on terror. 

Our challenge is to ensure that women and minority veterans indeed all veterans receive equal treatment for their qualifying service to our Nation. The VA Centers for Women and Minority Veterans and the Department’s associated Advisory Committees are 

charged with increasing awareness of VA programs, with identifying barriers and inadequacies in VA programs, and with influencing improvement. 

We do not look to these VA programs to merely identify and report, we want them to influence policy and accept a measure of accountability for departmental results. In that regard, I will, of 


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course, be very interested in hearing today about challenges facing 

women and minority veterans such as gender specific health care. 

I want to learn about disabilities more likely to effect minority 

veterans. I want to hear about the challenges facing veterans who 

wish to take advantage of economic opportunities in the public and 

private sectors. I will, however, especially want to learn today how 

the VA and it’s component organizations are effectively rising to 

meet these challenges. 

Mr. Chairman, I yield back. 

[The prepared statement of Congressman Lamborn appears on 

p. 32.] 

Mr. MICHAUD. Thank you very much, Mr. Lamborn. And now I 

would like to yield to a gentleman who feels strongly about veterans’ issues as well, Mr. Hall who is the Chairman for the Subcommittee on Disability Assistance and Memorial Affairs for an 

opening statement. 

Mr. Hall. 

OPENING STATEMENT OF CHAIRMAN HALL, SUBCOMMITTEE 

ON DISABILITY ASSISTANCE AND MEMORIAL AFFAIRS 

Mr. HALL. Thank you, Chairman Michaud and Mr. Lamborn. I 

always enjoy serving with you on our Disability Assistance Subcommittee. Good morning, all. 

I would first like to say that I am honored to join Mr. Michaud 

in cochairing this hearing and I applaud the leadership he exercises on behalf of our veterans, especially on veterans health care 

issues. I would also like to thank the witnesses for joining the 2 

Subcommittees this morning for a hearing to examine issues facing 

women and minority veterans. 

This rare joint hearing speaks volumes about how important 

these issues are to the Committee as a whole. I look forward to 

hearing from all of today’s witnesses. I also want to apologize in 

advance for the fact that I am double booked in another Committee 

meeting and will have to leave and then come back in a little while 

so that I can hear as much testimony as possible. I will read the 

written testimony that I may miss in person. 

Women veterans are the fastest growing segment of the veteran 

population comprising 7 percent of the total veteran population and 

5 percent of those using VA services. Over 14 percent of veterans 

are from a racial or ethnic minority group with African Americans 

comprising the bulk at 9.7 percent according to 2000 U.S. Census 

figures. I am certain that the VA does its best to ensure that all 

veterans encounter no barriers to access and the receipt of veterans’ benefits, treatment and services. However, the fact remains 

that the barriers in society at large that women and minorities 

often face might very likely translate into barriers in the smaller 

VA system. 

As such, Congress, in its wisdom, developed both the Center for 

Minority Veterans and the Center for Women Veterans in 1994 to 

ensure that these veterans are fully integrated into the VA system. 

I look forward to hearing from both Centers as well as their separate Advisory Committees, which developed detailed reports to help 

inform the policies of the VA for women and minority veterans. I 

especially would like to learn the VA’s and the Advisory Committee 


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on Minority Veterans’ views on the sunsetting provisions that 

would end the Advisory Committee in 2009 and what, if any, plans 

it has to replace this vital organization. 

I know that Representative Gutierrez has introduced a bill, H.R. 

674, that would prevent this from occurring. Getting rid of the Minority Veterans Advisory Committee would be a seriously troubling 

result in light of the recent findings by VA researchers that health 

disparities appear to exist in all clinical arenas and have a direct 

impact on the health outcomes for minority veterans. 

And last, but certainly not least, I welcome my colleague Congresswoman Heather Wilson, the only woman veteran in Congress. 

I am sure that all of our witnesses, including our experts and the 

veterans service organizations will provide critical insight on issues 

facing women and minority veterans, especially in light of returning OIF and OEF veterans. 

Thank you very much and I yield back, Mr. Chairman. 

[The prepared statement of Chairman Hall appears on p. 31.] 

Mr. MICHAUD. Thank you very much, Chairman Hall. Mr. Turner, do you have an opening statement? 

OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. MICHAEL R. TURNER 

Mr. TURNER. Mr. Chairman, I want to thank both of the Chairmen for our proceeding with this hearing. This is very important 

and I want to congratulate and thank Heather Wilson for all of her 

efforts in Congress, not only to be a strong advocate for veterans 

in our military, but also to bring her experience to assist us so that 

we can also better serve. Thank you. 

Mr. MICHAUD. Thank you. Mr. Bilirakis, do you have an opening 

statement? 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. I’ll submit my opening statement for the record, 

but I wanted to thank you for having this hearing. I also want to 

thank Congresswoman Heather Wilson for her great insight. And 

it is just a great subject and we need to concentrate more on minority veterans and women veterans. Thank you very much. I appreciate it. 

[The prepared statement of Congressman Bilirakis appears on p. 

32.] 

Mr. MICHAUD. Thank you very much. It is my pleasure now to 

introduce our first panelist, Congresswoman Heather Wilson of 

New Mexico. I want to thank you very much for your willingness 

to come here and give us your expertise and your insight on these 

very important issues. Thank you for your leadership as well on 

these issues. 

So without further ado, Congresswoman Wilson. 

STATEMENT OF HON. HEATHER WILSON, A REPRESENTATIVE 

IN CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO 

Ms. WILSON. Mr. Chairman, thank you. And thank you very 

much for having this hearing today and bringing some focus on an 

issue very important to me. 

Now all of us are concerned about whether the VA health care 

system is meeting the needs of our current generation of veterans, 

but there is a special subcategory that sometimes I think gets overlooked. And the fact that you are having this hearing today says 


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that the Congress and this Committee in particular cares about 

women veterans and whether they are getting the services that 

they need. 

In 1978, I got a one way ticket to Colorado Springs, Colorado, to 

attend the United States Air Force Academy in the third class with 

women. They opened the Air Force Academy to women when I was 

a junior in high school. And I got on the bus and went to the base 

of that big ramp at the front edge of the ramp part range in Colorado and walked up a ramp with huge letters over the top of it that 

said, ‘‘Bring me men.’’

It took over 25 years to get that sign taken down. It is gone now, 

but some of us as women veterans think that maybe the VA health 

care system is now only experiencing the kind of integration that 

the military saw 20 years ago because my classmates and the 

women who went into the military in the seventies are now starting to retire. And, we also have women returning from combat 

zones with health care needs that we haven’t seen in previous generations. So it creates a new challenge for the VA and I appreciate 

your willingness to look at this. 

Currently deployed in Iraq, 1 in 7 Americans deployed in Iraq 

and Afghanistan are women. They are doing jobs that in previous 

generations no women undertook in the military. And we need to 

orient our health care system toward the needs of both women and 

men. Women, frankly, face different obstacles when trying to get 

care from the VA, their needs are often different. Whether it is long 

term, whether the VA is going to be able to deal with the problems, 

whether it is osteoporosis or obstetrics/gynecology (OB/GYN) care 

or cancer screening and treatment or mental health issues and how 

they manifest themselves, they are often different needs. And we 

need to make sure that the VA is responsive to those needs. 

For example, if you are a veteran and you go to one of the clinics 

for a problem with PTSD at the VA hospital and they have a support group that is a bunch of guys, is that really where a woman 

feels particularly comfortable talking about her experiences? I am 

not sure I would. And I am not sure I would turn to the VA for 

the kind of care. Likewise, many women veterans do not even call 

themselves veterans. It is an interesting phenomena. But it is only 

now that women who have served in the military even use that 

term to describe themselves. And it is very different from men who 

have served. Someone, a fellow woman veteran gave me a tee shirt 

which I still have and wear from time to time around the house 

that says on the back of it, ‘‘I am a veteran too.’’

Getting women to that point where they feel like they are veterans and they feel comfortable calling on the VA health care system, that the door is open to them, is a hurdle that we have to get 

over and the VA has to reach out to women veterans, I believe. In 

addition to those kinds of social or psycho-social issues, there is a 

question of appropriate care. And while I haven’t seen too many 

specifics incidences of problems in the VA health care system, I certainly had my share of them going through the U.S. Department 

of Defense (DoD) health care system and I can’t imagine that the 

VA has magically addressed all of these problems without having 

to kind of go through their own learning curve. 


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You know, for example, when I was on active duty and they had 

opened up flight school to women, you had to have a flight physical. Well a flight physical for women included an OB/GYN exam. 

The rules said that a flight physical had to be done by a flight surgeon, but the flight surgeons often times had only done their, you 

know, their last OB/GYN exam was in medical school and they 

didn’t like it much when they did it the first time. So there were 

rules about how health care was to be provided for active duty 

women that weren’t—there wasn’t a most appropriate way to provide care. And I believe that those kinds of things probably exist 

in the VA health care system, but were only on the upward curve 

now with respect to the women that are getting care from the VA 

because their numbers have been so small, particularly the numbers of women veterans who are also combat veterans. 

In the 110th Congress, I have introduced a piece of legislation. 

It is a bipartisan commission on wounded women warriors. We focused a lot in the last year about the VA health care system and 

it’s responsiveness to veterans overall. And all of us are keenly 

aware of the problems at Walter Reed and elsewhere on the care 

of our returning soldiers and veterans, but I think there is a subgroup we also need to look at. And I introduced this legislation to 

establish a 12 member bipartisan commission to bring some focus 

and expertise on this issue, to identify major problems and surface 

them at senior levels. The military did this in the seventies and 

eighties and it was very effective at identifying policies that needed 

to be changed, capabilities and services that needed to be expanded 

and provided and to better support our women in the military. And 

now I need to—I think we need to do a similar kind of thing for 

women veterans. 

Last month during debate on the military construction and VA 

Appropriations bill for fiscal year 2008, I offered an amendment 

that was accepted by voice that would devote $2 million from the 

Administration’s general operations expenses account to the Advisory Committee on Women Veterans. The intent of that amendment was to provide the funding for a bipartisan commission on 

wounded women warriors to look at these issues and identify problems and plans to make sure health care for women veterans is 

what it needs to be so that we can adequately meet their needs. 

We can’t address the needs of women veterans unless we fully 

understand the problems. And I don’t think we are yet fully at the 

point of fully understanding the problems within the VA health 

care system. And I think this Congress needs to make sure that we 

put ourselves on a path to do so. 

I thank you very much for holding this hearing today. And to the 

extent I can, I would be very happy to answer any questions you 

may have of me. 

Mr. MICHAUD. Thank you very much, Congresswoman Wilson. 

Just a quick question, do you get a lot of communication between 

women veterans that might not go to a male Member of Congress 

that know your experience? And what has been some of their concerns, if there is anything different than what you have already 

given in your testimony? 

Ms. WILSON. Sure. I think women sometimes feel more comfortable coming to me and it is I am sure it is—all of us come here 


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with our own stories. And sometimes people will come where they 

feel more comfortable or feel somebody will get it. And so, yes, 

women veterans do come to me, both New Mexicans and some of 

the groups nationally or leaders nationally both veterans and active-duty servicemembers. 

Some of the kinds of issues is women’s health care clinics at VA 

hospitals. We have had a problem in some VA hospitals including 

our hospital in New Mexico where several years ago they wanted 

to close the women’s health care clinic. For some women being able 

to walk in and they are, you know, that they have a women’s clinic 

is kind of important. Now there are a lot of ways and different 

models to provide that, but that was an issue. And it wasn’t just 

an issue on the appropriateness of health care, it was the VA sending a message as to whether we are welcome here, or not, or do 

they want us to go somewhere else? 

And so that is an issue. I dealt with academy issues with respect 

to sexual assault, discrimination, those kinds of things come up. I 

was very active with Mr. Langevin of Rhode Island when women 

in Saudi Arabia were being asked to wear the abaya with the Muslim cloak while they were fighting to free the Afghan women from 

having to wear the burka. And they were required to wear by DoD 

policy, and we were able to change that by law. So, yes, women do 

come to me. 

Mr. MICHAUD. My last question, since there is not a large number of women veterans using VA facilities, trying to look on the fiscal side of the issue, do you think that VA should hire more women 

staff, or would it be more fiscally responsible to contract out the 

type of services a woman might need to help women veterans? 

Ms. WILSON. I think it is going to depend on the population 

served and, you know, we have clinics in all over New Mexico that 

are really quite small. And it so that a veteran can get primary 

care and in Truth or Consequences, New Mexico, without having 

to come all the way to Albuquerque. At the same time, the availability of services, particularly OB/GYN services in our major VA 

hospitals, I think is probably an issue. And the appropriateness of 

that care, whether it is by a contract doctor or an agreement with 

one of the universities or direct on-staff hire, and as you all know, 

the VA has had difficulty filling positions for a variety of reasons 

over time, but it is an issue of the appropriateness of care. And 

frankly, some women prefer to have a women doctor as an OB/ 

GYN. And even the policy that says for most hospitals now you are 

a primary provider. If your health care is from a health maintenance organization, I can go to my primary care doctor. I can also 

get direct access to my OB/GYN. I believe that is currently VA policy, but making clear that you can go. You don’t have to go through 

another gatekeeper. You can go directly. Those kinds of things I 

think are important to women. 

Mr. MICHAUD. Great. Thank you very much. Mr. Lamborn? 

Mr. LAMBORN. I thank you, Mr. Chairman. In counting back the 

years, I think you were leaving Colorado Springs just as I was arriving there, because I moved there in 1987. 

Ms. WILSON. I graduated in 1982. 

Mr. LAMBORN. Okay. How prevalent is the problem of women 

veterans being unaware that their military service qualifies them 


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for VA health care? We are finding that male veterans are many 

times unaware of the benefits that they are entitled to. 

Ms. WILSON. I think you were right, Mr. Lamborn, that there is 

a problem of awareness of what benefits you are eligible for across 

the board. When I left the service, I didn’t retire from the service, 

I left after 7 years as an officer. I had no clue, you know, that I 

left without any disability or any problems or anything. But I think 

most folks are pretty clueless. They, you know, we sign off on the 

forms and go on with our lives and things. 

So I think there does need to be outreach, but there really is a 

difference and it is starting to change, but women do not think of 

themselves. In my generation of women, we don’t call ourselves 

veterans. I mean it doesn’t, it didn’t feel comfortable. It is starting 

to more, but if you don’t even think of yourself as a veteran, it is 

unlikely that you are going to walk into the VA and say, ‘‘I am a 

veteran and I want to see if I can get help.’’ Mr. LAMBORN. Representative Wilson, you have made reference 

to that a couple of times now. Why do you think that is the case? 

Ms. WILSON. Because guys are veterans. You know, it is. And I 

don’t, I think, probably for younger women, that is not the case. I 

think for our generation of women there is also an association that 

you are only a veteran if you were in combat. It is the veterans of 

foreign wars kind of standard. I even remember I had an uncle, a 

World War II veteran, and I was serving in the military. He is a 

loveable person and I thought the world of him. And he arranged 

for me to be a member of the American Legion Auxiliary, because 

I thought I should. 

Mr. LAMBORN. Okay. 

Ms. WILSON. And I was on active duty in the military. And I 

thanked him so much and I was a member. But we didn’t think 

of ourselves as being necessarily part of the group. 

Mr. LAMBORN. Okay. Thank you. Now, the VA has brought authority to contract for care of women’s veterans to contract out 

these services for care. Do you think non-VA professionals understand the unique needs of women who have served in the military, 

or are they subject to the same possible issues that the VA is? 

Ms. WILSON. The difficulty in the VA is that you are still dealing 

with a fairly small percentage of the clientele who are women. So 

they are not dealing with these issues in large numbers. I think 

that one of the areas we do need to look at is combat disabled veterans, and particularly some of the mental health issues that can 

manifest themselves differently among men and women. How do 

women approach mental health issues? How do they present themselves? What kinds of therapies are effective? And I having worked 

with children, mentally ill children, there are some differences 

among teens and young adults, men and women and what is affective? And I think we’re going to need to take a look at that issue. 

And we know that there are large numbers of veterans returning 

with PTSD, acute PTSD as opposed to chronic PTSD, which we saw 

in the Vietnam cohort or we had been used to dealing with it in 

the Vietnam cohort. Do these 2 populations of women and men respond different, present differently, and what does that mean for 

the best kind of treatment, whether that is contract or whether 

that is within the actual VA system. 


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Mr. LAMBORN. Thank you. And my last question, to accomplish 

these goals that we are talking about today, should the VA have 

women’s clinics? Should it better integrate women’s health care 

into existing VA clinics or should it enhance the contracting out of 

care in community settings? 

Ms. WILSON. I like the idea of at least some point of presence. 

A women’s clinic is a way of reaching out to women in a place particularly for OB/GYN care, cancer screenings, those kind of things, 

preventative health care. But this was one of the reasons why I 

think we need a high level commission to focus on things for a 

while to identify major issues and give us advice as legislators as 

opposed to all of us taking a wag based on personal experience or 

what we are seeing in our communities. Lets get some smart people together to really focus on this. Call in a lot of women veterans. 

It is amazing what they will tell when you turn off the microphones and close the doors and say, ‘‘What is really happening? 

What works? What doesn’t work? What regulations are you facing 

that are barriers to you?’’ And when we did that with women in the Defense Department, 

it was amazing. Some of the stupid rules and regulations that were 

barriers to women getting care. 

Mr. LAMBORN. Well thank you for your answers. Thank you for 

your testimony today. And thank you for all the work that you are 

doing in this area. And most of all, thank you for your service to 

our country. 

Ms. WILSON. Thank you very much. 

Mr. MICHAUD. Mr. Hare. 

Mr. HARE. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. And thank you so much 

for coming this morning, Representative Wilson. I just had a comment, maybe a question. Well, actually, I was just thinking about 

what you said about a new generation of women veterans and perhaps that is because we see currently in Iraq, when causalities 

come, we are seeing a lot of women who are injured and who are 

losing their lives. I think it is very unfair to your generation, to our 

generation of veterans that preceded them that they are somehow 

forgotten. In other words, if they haven’t served recently are they 

really veterans? I think that is sad. 

I guess what I would like to know from your perspective is what 

can we, and the VA do, to really bring the attention back to the 

people like yourself who have served honorably? We have a responsibility, I think, to and I have said this many times to this Committee to all of our veterans irregardless of what branch, irregardless of what their gender is. What can we do, do you think, to get 

the VA and to promote the type of benefits for veterans so that 

they—you know you just said you get women behind a door and 

you shut off the microphones and they will talk a lot. What could 

we do to enhance that and to be able to get more women to be able 

to understand that there are benefits available, and how to get 

them? Because I think it is terribly important that we do this. 

Ms. WILSON. A couple of things. First of all, I think it is important for the Congress as a Congress to establish a commission and 

say, ‘‘Let’s get some smart people and get some recommendations 

on what legislation and programs we need to support. I think that 

is important and it allows us to provide some leadership. 


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One of the things that is important, and I heard someone slip recently in a position of public prominence, I don’t want to identify 

them in a speech talking about our men in military. Our men overseas. 

Mr. HARE. Uh huh. 

Ms. WILSON. It was the first Persian gulf war when the lexicon 

of American public life changed for the first time. When you heard 

at that time, General Colin Powell, Brent Scowcroft, the first President Bush, the Members of Congress, for the first time they talked 

about our men and women in the Persian Gulf. The military had 

gone co-ed. And that was the first Cable News Network (CNN) war 

really where, you know, America was surprised that we had women 

helicopter pilots flying into harms way in front of the infantry 

forces. It was a major social change. But we can’t go back, as I and 

that was just a slip, but I heard it. And when someone said, ‘‘Our 

men in the military. Our men in Iraq and Afghanistan.’’ Language 

matters, and people like me will hear that if you say it. 

I would also encourage, you there are now, there is at least in 

New Mexico and I think it is growing national movement. I look 

at all the flags behind you and all of us have the Jewish War veterans and the Purple Heart veterans and the American Legion and 

the VFW that all come to see us and see all of you annually. There 

is now a group starting and I think it is nationwide, but a chapter 

has started in New Mexico of a national Association of Women Veterans. We have to stand up first for ourselves. And I would encourage you to reach out to women veterans and ask them to come in 

and talk to you about what is going on with the VA in your community. 

And I am a member of some of those organizations of women veterans and there is an Association of Women Aviators that I am an 

honorary—well I am an associate member of I guess. I am not an 

aviator by profession. But those kinds of things I think help women 

to bring our issues to the floor just like the Reserve Officers Association does and make people aware of problems. 

So a commission, meet with people, and as leaders be careful to 

include us. 

Mr. HARE. Absolutely. I am sorry I came in late and I don’t know 

if you mentioned this in your testimony or not, but do you have any 

idea of how many women veterans we are talking about think are 

being underserved or not being served? 

Ms. WILSON. In Afghanistan and Iraq, 1 in 7 Americans serving 

there is a woman. There have been over 2 million American women 

who have served this country in uniform in our history. Over 2 million and every single one of them was a volunteer. 

Mr. HARE. That is amazing. Thank you very much. 

Mr. MICHAUD. Thank you, Mr. Hare. Mr. Bilirakis? 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I have one question. 

First of all, thank you for your testimony and enlightening us on 

this issue. Do you think it would be helpful if we had a program 

within the VA where women veterans can talk to women veterans 

and identify with them whether it is outreach, any kind of an 

issue. Would you think that would be helpful? 

Ms. WILSON. The VA does have an office for women’s veterans 

that does outreach and so forth, but I actually think it is helpful 


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to facilitate women coming together. At one time in my deep dark 

past, I served on the Defense Advisory Committee on Women in 

the Service after I had left the military but came back. And one 

of the great things about those conferences and meetings that we 

had was women in the military got together and there was cross 

talk. 

If you are in any group and you were talking about there is what 

6 percent now? Between 6 and 8 percent of our veterans are 

women. That means in any room with 100 people there are only 

6 women. You are feeling a little isolated in any group. If you make 

the effort to pull women together so that you can get cross talk 

about what is going on in my State, in your State, and the health 

care system and so on, you get good ideas that come out of that 

and you help to identify problems. 

The VA does have an office for women veterans. I am not sure 

how much they really bring together in a working group kind of 

way, those kinds of colloquy to pull together women veterans in a 

circumstance where they are not out numbered. And to be able to 

take our shoes off and say, ‘‘So what is going on in your State, because this one is a mess,’’ or whatever it is. I think it would be 

helpful. 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. And maybe making sure that we mandate that 

there is one, at least one person at an out-patient clinic or the VA 

where the veteran can go to that individual, making sure that that 

is a women so they feel comfortable talking to them. 

Ms. WILSON. There are up sides and down sides to that, which 

is why I get back to lets pull some people together and make sure 

the system of care is responsible. If you created it at one VA hospital the women’s office or the women’s advocate in some ways that 

says to the rest of the system, ‘‘Well, I don’t have to deal with that. 

Go down to the women’s office. Now that is not my job,’’ as opposed 

to if you are a cancer specialist or the oncology department has to 

be taking into account possible screenings for breast cancer and 

cervical cancer, so integrating into the way the VA does it’s business. 

But I do think that there is advantage, particularly in OB/GYN, 

care to having systems set up so that women feel as though they 

are welcome here. There is a place for——

Mr. BILIRAKIS. Sure. 

Ms. WILSON [continuing]. And they are not separate but equal or 

pushed out somewhere else. 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. Make sure that there is a women’s counselor 

there available for them. Would you agree with that? 

Ms. WILSON. Yeah, I would. But I don’t want to say, ‘‘All right, 

we are going to create a space within the VA for women and this 

is the women’s office and that is where we deal with that problem 

because we are the VA, and you know just stay over there. We 

have got a little office for you in the closet.’’

Mr. BILIRAKIS. Okay. Thank you very much. I appreciate it Mr. 

Chairman. Thank you. 

Mr. MICHAUD. Thank you very much. And once again, thank you 

very much, Congresswoman Wilson. We really appreciate you enlightening us on this particular area. And thank you for your servVerDate Aug 31 2005 23:46 Jun 20, 2008 Jkt 037471 PO 00000 Frm 00015 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 E:\HR\OC\37471.XXX 37471

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ice not only to your constituents back in your district, but also to 

your country. So thank you very much. 

Ms. WILSON. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I appreciate it. 

Mr. MICHAUD. We will now move to our second panel. And I 

would ask that the members of the second panel to please come forward. 

I would like to thank the second panel. We have for the second 

panel Shirley Ann Quarles who is Chairwomen of the Advisory 

Committee on Women Veterans; Colonel Reginald Malebranche 

who is a member of the Advisory Committee on Minority Veterans; 

Saul Rosenberg, who is Clinical Psychologist at the University of 

California, San Francisco; and Maureen Murdoch who is a VA 

Medical Center doctor in Minneapolis. 

So I want to thank the panelists for coming today. I look forward 

to hearing your testimony. Why don’t we start with Dr. Quarles 

and work our way down? 

Thank you once again for coming here this morning. Dr. 

Quarles? 

STATEMENT OF SHIRLEY A. QUARLES, R.N., ED.D., CHAIR, ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON WOMEN VETERANS, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS; COLONEL REGINALD MALEBRANCHE, 

USA (RET.), MEMBER, ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON MINORITY 

VETERANS, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS; SAUL 

ROSENBERG, PH.D., ASSOCIATE CLINICAL PROFESSOR OF 

MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN 

FRANCISCO, CA; AND MAUREEN MURDOCH, M.D., MPH, CENTER FOR CHRONIC DISEASE OUTCOMES RESEARCH, MINNEAPOLIS VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER, MINNEAPOLIS, MN, VETERANS HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, U.S. 

DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS (ON BEHALF OF HERSELF AND NOT VA) 

STATEMENT OF SHIRLEY A. QUARLES, R.N., ED.D. 

Dr. QUARLES. Thank you. Chairman Michaud, Chairman Hall 

and Members of the Subcommittees. I am Chair of the Department 

of Veterans Affairs Advisory Committee on Women Veterans and 

also a Colonel in the United States Army Reserve. I am pleased to 

testify today on behalf of the Department of Veterans Affairs Advisory Committee on Women Veterans regarding our views on: The 

Department of Veterans Affairs and how they serve women veterans through it’s current programs; the present and future needs 

of women veterans, which is a growing population; VA strategies 

to meet those needs; and outreach efforts that are being conducted 

on women veterans. 

The Advisory Committee was established in 1983 by Public Law 

98–160 and charged with advising the Secretary of Veterans Affairs on VA benefits and services for women veterans. The Committee submits a biennial report to the Secretary about findings 

and recommendations. 

The Advisory Committee on Women Veterans consists of 14 

members, men and women who are mostly veterans. As a means 

to obtain information regarding women veterans’ services, and programs provided by the VA, the Committee conducts site visits to 


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VA facilities throughout the U.S. During the site visits, the Committee tours the facilities, meets with senior leaders, and hosts an 

open forum for the local women veterans community. The forum 

provides an opportunity for open dialog to learn more about women 

veterans’ experiences within the VA, to discuss issues, and for 

women veterans to raise questions regarding gender specific VA 

benefits and services. 

Another means for the Advisory Committee on Women Veterans 

to obtain information regarding services provided by the VA is by 

meeting twice a year at VA Central Office in Washington, DC. During these meetings the Committee has briefs from various program 

leaders. The Committee also submitted recommendations to the 

Secretary in their 2006 Report. The Committee made 23 recommendations that addressed mental health, outreach, research, 

strategic planning, training, women veterans health program, and 

women veterans health program managers and coordinators and 

homeless women veterans. 

One recommendation that has already been implemented is the 

organizational realignment of the Women Veterans Health Program Office to Strategic Healthcare Group. This recent realignment elevated the Women’s Health Program Office and provided it 

an opportunity to gain more expertise in the area of women’s 

health. 

To address a strategy as it relates to VA meeting the present and 

future needs of women veterans, the Committee was able to witness first hand the need to provide mental health care during a 

site visit at Palo Alto VA Women’s Center for Mental Health. Another strategy that the Committee recommends for future needs is 

through research studies. Research studies were recommended in 

both the 2004 and 2006 Advisory Committee on Women Veterans 

Reports. 

Also there is a current national survey that is being conducted 

to address the knowledge gap we have regarding women veterans. 

The final findings for this national survey will be submitted December of 2008. As it relates to outreach, the Advisory Committee 

on Women Veterans 2004 Report recommended that materials such 

as brochures, pamphlets, booklets, and fact sheets be published in 

both English and Spanish languages. 

The Committee also encourages increased partnership with the 

Federal, State, county agencies, and national veterans service organizations. Additionally, the Committee plans to participate in the 

upcoming 2008 National Summit for Women Veterans. 

The Advisory Committee on Women Veterans is grateful to the 

VA and to the Center for Women Veterans for taking care of our 

women veterans of yesterday, today, and the future. 

This concludes my formal testimony. I will be pleased to answer 

any questions. 

[The prepared statement of Dr. Quarles appears on p. 33.] 

Mr. MICHAUD. Thank you very much. Colonel. 

Dr. QUARLES. Thank you. 


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STATEMENT OF COLONEL REGINALD MALEBRANCHE, USA 

(RET.) 

Colonel MALEBRANCHE. Chairman Michaud, Chairman Hall, and 

Members of the Subcommittee, I am indeed honored to represent 

the Chairman of the Advisory Committee on Minority Veterans and 

give you our views on the services provided by the Department of 

Veteran Affairs. 

Pursuant to Public Law 103–146, the Committee is tasked with 

assessing the needs of the minority veteran population and reporting back to the Secretary on the effectiveness of the programs and 

services at meeting those needs. The Committee works in close coordination and collaboration with the Center for Minority Veterans 

and relies on the expertise of the Center for current information 

about VA programs, policies, and services. 

In it’s 2006 report on the Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, the Committee made 11 recommendations with the key issues 

being outreach, research, staff diversity, and seamless transition. 

During its visit to the Los Angeles Ambulatory Care Center, the 

Committee was dismayed by the staggering number of homeless 

veterans. Twenty-three percent of the 90,000 homeless population 

in Los Angeles were reported to be veterans. The Committee was 

encouraged though by the range of programs identified by VA for 

homeless veterans, yet the Committee was concerned that these 

programs may not reach the targeted audience. 

Outreach is a major challenge for the VA. At the townhall meeting, the Committee learned that the major issue was that minority 

veterans were unaware of their VA benefits and other VA services 

available. Transportation to VA Centers in major metropolitan, 

rural and isolated areas is an impediment for minority veterans. 

Accessibility, affordability, and distances to VA Centers are major 

problems affecting minority veterans. 

Much remained to be accomplished in the area of outreach. The 

Committee recognize that is not simply a VA issue. Several of its 

members have taken the mantle to assist the VA in its quest to 

reach out to minority veterans. 

Access to care is another challenge for VA. The plight of Alaskan 

natives and other minority veterans living in rural and isolated 

areas cannot be ignored. The challenge for VA is to develop and implement innovative programs which target those minority veteran 

populations. Rural and remote areas in Alaska and the Navajo Nation may be good targets to test rural health initiatives. VA could 

enter into a reimbursable agreement with Alaska natives organizations, Health and Human Services, and the Indian Health Service 

to reach out to minority veterans and provide all the services which 

fall within the realm of VA. 

The Committee applauds the strides made by VA in expanding 

its telehealth and telemedicine programs and its ability to reach a 

significant number of the minority veteran population. 

Mental health is and will become a major challenge. The Committee recognizes the efforts and the programs put forth by VA to 

support, identify, and care for service personnel who serve and are 

serving in OEF and OIF. The early identification of post traumatic 

stress disorder will certainly help in the observation and treatment 

of veterans who served in those areas. Yet, the Committee is conVerDate Aug 31 2005 23:46 Jun 20, 2008 Jkt 037471 PO 00000 Frm 00018 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 E:\HR\OC\37471.XXX 37471

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cerned that the same level of services might not be readily available to minority veterans who have served in prior conflicts. 

Electronic health records are another part that we need to develop and embrace all services personnel with VA. The processing 

and adjudication of benefits seem to affect all veterans and to make 

them aware of their entitlements. The Veterans Claim Assistant 

Act of 2000 puts the onus on VA to maximize its assistance to all 

veterans. 

Senior staff diversity remains an issue at VA. The absence of minorities at the senior staff level has been, and continues to be, noticeable during site visits. Data presented and subscribed by VA 

suggest that VA’s problems is limited to recruiting white females 

and Hispanic females, yet all the data maintained at VA suggested 

that minorities were not well represented at senior staff levels. 

The professionalism, the expertise shown by VA personnel was 

striking. There was a perception that most staff would endeavor to 

do anything or everything for a veteran. The challenge is to include 

minority veterans in that equation and that philosophy. 

Sir, I thank you for this opportunity to address the Subcommittee. And I would be happy to answer any questions. Thank 

you very much. 

[The prepared statement of Colonel Malebranche appears on 

p. 35.] 

Mr. MICHAUD. Thank you very much, Colonel. Dr. Rosenberg. 

STATEMENT OF SAUL ROSENBERG, PH.D. 

Dr. ROSENBERG. Thank you both Chairmen and the Committee 

for inviting me this morning. I am Dr. Saul Rosenberg. I am a clinical psychologist. I did my very first clinical training at the Ann 

Arbor VA and it has stuck with me ever since. I currently teach 

and supervise interns in residence at the San Francisco VA, which 

is associated with University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) 

where I am on the faculty. I am not currently on the faculty or receive salary from the VA. So I am, I would say, independent of the 

VA and a friend of the VA. 

My interest is in mental health and what the needs are for 

screening returning troops, when troops screen positive what kind 

of diagnostic assessments are conducted, and what kinds of treatment recommendations are made, and how can we follow up treatments to make sure that the veterans are getting the most affective 

treatments. 

So we can start with screening. The DoD, and with the VA and 

the Deployment Center, have started the use of pre- and post-deployment questionnaires, which is a wonderful innovation. Soldiers 

coming back are filling out brief questionnaires regarding exposure 

to combat, regarding symptoms of PTSD, regarding possible exposure to roadside bombs and improvised explosive devices (IEDs). 

The returning soldier then has an interview with a primary care 

physician who goes over the form, and from that interview a determination is made whether they need to go on to more intensive 

evaluation and treatment. 

My colleagues at UCSF and the San Francisco VA recently completed a nationwide epidemiological study of veterans returning 

from Iraq. They studied over 100,000 veterans in VA health care 


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facilities all across the country. They found a high prevalence of 

mental disorders. Mental disorders that fit the criteria of the diagnostic and statistical manual of the American Psychiatric Association were about 25 percent and about 5 percent had psycho-social 

and social relational problems. 

So almost a third of this sample had diagnosed mental disorders. 

Now these disorders were not based on just the screening form, 

they were based on the actual diagnosis. There have been reports 

about the prevalence of PTSD based on the screening form and so 

it is important to note the difference. This was an actual diagnosis. 

The sample, I think, was pretty representative of women and racial groups. And one of the positive things about the study is that 

they did break their results down by racial groups. A simple recommendation that I would make that would help us understand 

better the needs and the treatment outcomes of women and minorities is to ask researchers to include gender and a description of 

race, education, and marital status, all of those variables, when 

they are doing research so that we have an opportunity to look and 

see if in fact there are differences. Oftentimes you will see reports 

in the literature in which there is no comment at all about race or 

gender as if everyone is the same. Researchers should be aware of 

that. 

A related point is that the assessment of mental disorders requires a clinician to do an interview and often benefits from psychological test, which is my area of expertise. Now psychological 

tests have often been developed on a white middle-class population. 

And so psychologist know, and the American Psychological Association has put out papers on this topic, that there needs to be more 

what is called culturally sensitive and culturally competent assessment. Having an individual of this same race interview and test a 

veteran is a proxy in a way for that cultural sensitivity. What we 

care about is does the interviewer or the doctor, the evaluator is 

that person capable of empathizing with the experience of the person that they are evaluating? And more particularly, do they know 

anything about the values and preferences of that person? Particularly if that person comes from another culture. So there has been 

a move within the American Psychological Association to do culturally sensitive training and the result has been more satisfaction 

of individuals of a different race than the treating doctor when the 

treating doctor has gone through a training program that helped 

him be more culturally sensitive. 

In this sample of 100,000, women comprised 13 percent; 69 percent were white; 18 percent were black; 11 percent Hispanic; and 

2 percent came from other racial groups. The most striking finding 

in the study wasn’t about race or gender, it was about the different 

risk of developing PTSD and mental disorders in our youngest veterans. Veterans between the ages of 18 and 24 had dramatically 

higher risk of developing PTSD or mental disorder than veterans 

40 years and over, irrespective of race. 

That is an important finding. And we have to think about, well 

how can we use this information? I have, like many of my academic 

colleagues, written papers and they get published in peer review 

journals and they are mostly read by other doctors and psychologists and clinical investigators. The serving the needs of the vetVerDate Aug 31 2005 23:46 Jun 20, 2008 Jkt 037471 PO 00000 Frm 00020 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 E:\HR\OC\37471.XXX 37471

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erans returning from Iraq requires a different kind of research. At 

UCSF, we call it clinical and translational research, which means 

we need research on real patients, clinical research, but we have 

to translate that research into actual services that benefit patients 

and then study whether the treatments we are doing actually 

work. 

We can’t expect providers to be going into the academic literature 

to find information they need about treating an individual. So, for 

example, this fact that young veterans are at much higher risk, 

that information belongs in a clinical practice guideline that comes 

up on the doctor’s screen automatically as the doctor is seeing the 

patient in that age group. You are about to interview a patient between the ages of 18 and 24 and a little alert or reminder comes 

up. A little pop-up comes up on the screen, ‘‘This group, younger 

veterans, may be at more risk. Consider asking a few additional 

questions.’’ Mr. MICHAUD. Doctor, I was wondering, since your time has expired, could you please summarize? I am sorry to interrupt you. 

Dr. ROSENBERG. The main point I want to make is the VA has 

conducted wonderful research and National Institute of Mental 

Health (NIMH) has conducted wonderful research. We need to 

bring that research into the clinical situation. The VA is an ideal 

place to do that because of its excellent electronic health record, 

VistA. What I am talking about is taking the next step, which is 

developing clinical practice guidelines within VistA and then the 

next step beyond that is developing clinical decision support systems. These are systems that can integrate biomedical and psychosocial data and suggest diagnosis or treatment plans and offer 

ways to evaluate how effective a treatment is. 

Clinical decision support has been used in medicine for decades. 

It has been relatively rare in mental health. And there is a possibility of a great contribution that could be made in mental health 

from clinical decision support systems. 

[The prepared statement of Dr. Rosenberg appears on p. 37.] 

Mr. MICHAUD. Thank you, Doctor. Dr. Murdoch. 

STATEMENT OF MAUREEN MURDOCH, M.D., MPH 

Dr. MURDOCH. Thank you. Mr. Chairman and Members of the 

Subcommittees, thank you for the opportunity to appear before you 

today. Today I will present some findings from my team’s research 

on possible disparities in PTSD disability awards among race and 

gender groups. I must note that the views presented here today are 

mine and do not necessarily represent the views of the Department 

of Veterans’ Affairs. And they reflect the results of my studies and 

not necessarily the findings of others. And I also need to point out 

that unfortunately after this panel is done I am on service at Minneapolis and so I have to leave and catch a plane and go back to 

the hospital. So, I apologize for that. 

PTSD as you may know is the most common psychiatric condition for which veterans seek VA disability benefits. And long-term 

health studies indicate that women have a higher prevalence of 

PTSD than men and may be more susceptible to PTSD. Conversely, 

African American or black persons appear to have similar risk for 

PTSD compared to persons of other race or ethnic groups. 


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In 2000, my colleagues and I began investigating if there were 

race and gender disparities in VA disability awards for PTSD. We 

assembled a representative sample of almost 5,000 men and 

women veterans who applied for disability benefits on the basis of 

PTSD between 1994 and 1998. We tested 4 hypotheses examining 

the relationships between PTSD symptoms severity, the level of 

disability, combat experience, and a race or gender differences as 

they impact the determination about service connection. 

Overall, the 3,337 respondents were highly symptomatic. About 

80 percent met our definition for PTSD and 62 percent were service 

connected for PTSD. Concerning the relationship between PTSD 

and gender: PTSD service connection and gender, once we controlled for combat exposure, the effect of gender and service connection for PTSD became insignificant. However, because men had notably greater combat exposure they likewise had a higher rate of 

service connection. 

In our investigation of racial disparities we found that in our 

sample African Americans were just as likely to be service connected for disorders other than PTSD as the rest of the respondents. However, they were substantially and significantly less likely 

to be service connected for PTSD compared to the other respondents. 

The negative association between African American race and 

service connection for PTSD was not found for any other racial or 

ethnic group. Now among the veterans who actually got service 

connection PTSD the service connected rating or the degree of service connection awarded was similar regardless of race. So African 

American respondents had an average service connected rating of 

43 percent—if they were service connected—and other veterans 

had an average service connected rating of 45 percent, if they were 

service connected. 

However, after fully adjusting for everything that we could think 

of, the estimated probability of being service connected for PTSD 

was 43 percent for African American veterans compared to 56 percent for other respondents; a 13 percent difference. Examining clinicians were about seven-tenths as likely to diagnose PTSD in African Americans as they were to diagnose PTSD in other veterans. 

When thinking about these results, there are several issues that 

need to be considered. First, the pool of respondents was selected 

based on their submitted claims for PTSD service connection. But 

our questions focused on their current health and adjustment status. It is distinctly possible that those with the greatest need at the 

time of their application have been receiving treatment and now 

may actually report better health outcomes then their peers. 

Second, the study relied on veterans’ self-reports of their PTSD 

symptoms severity, the degree of disability and trauma history, 

which may not have been clinically accurate or universally consistent. 

So, I have a few recommendations. In order to strengthen and 

expand this research, I would suggest that future studies identify 

and evaluate veterans shortly after applying for PTSD disability 

benefits, instead of 2 years later as we did. And in addition, we 

need to collect and assemble more data from the claims file to supplement survey data. And finally, I would recommend that future 


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studies investigate for possible disparities in disorders other than 

PTSD, when we think about service connection awards. 

Mr. Chairman and Committee Members, this concludes my statement. And I am pleased to respond to any questions that you may 

have. Thank you. 

[The prepared statement of Dr. Murdoch appears on p. 40.] 

Mr. HARE. Thank you, Doctor. And let me thank all the panelist 

for being here. I have a number of questions and I know, Doctor, 

you have to leave fairly soon. We will try to brief on this. I don’t 

want you to be late getting back to work and getting in trouble on 

my account. 

So Ms. Quarles, I was pleased to see that the National Survey 

of Women Veterans is being implemented with results expected in 

December of 2008. In your estimation, what do you think are the 

3 most prevalent or urgent issues facing women veterans today? 

Dr. QUARLES. I think that, or the Committee feels that, issues 

that are facing women veterans today certainly access to care. And 

these are women veterans who live in the rural areas. 

Another concern that we feel the Advisory Committee has observed through briefings and visits is that primary care in the 

Community Based Outpatient Centers (CBOCs), in the clinics is 

the same as the services provided at the facilities. 

And also another concern that we are hearing through our open 

dialog from women veterans is that women veterans want to know 

that they can receive the same equal health care as their male veteran counterparts. 

Mr. HARE. To my knowledge, the VA has not yet held any type 

of summit or conference on OEF or OIF female veterans and the 

unique needs that are arising with women being in combat. Has 

the Advisory Committee looked into this and if so what have you 

found, if anything? 

Dr. QUARLES. Well the Advisory Committee is learning through 

our briefs and through our visits that mental health care is certainly continuing to be an issue and that there is a need for mental 

health care to be enhanced throughout. One of the concerns we 

have is the training. Training for personnel with the VA as well as 

training for affiliated professionals who come to the VA to understand the women veterans population regarding unique needs they 

will have. And it is very important that we look at the continue 

monitoring of training for our professionals and the VA. 

Mr. HARE. Thank you. Colonel, I was just wondering in your testimony you stressed the absence of diversity at the senior staff 

level. When the Committee presented their concerns to the VA 

about this issue, how did they respond to you? 

Colonel MALEBRANCHE. They will look at it, sir, and then, however, though when we look at the data, the data that VA utilizes 

seems to suggest that their major problems is in the recruitment 

of white females and Hispanic females. However, all the data at 

VA suggests otherwise. So it appears to be an aspect of using the 

data that is available in terms of what it shows and then presenting that to—if you tell me that I can only recruit white female 

and Hispanic female that is all I am going to try to recruit. 

Mr. HARE. A big concern regarding the provisions of care to the 

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ferences of minority veterans. For example, the differences in how 

to approach an Alaskan Native veteran community as opposed to 

Hispanic veteran community. Does the VA provide education to 

many of it’s employees on cultural competencies and sensitivities, 

particularly to the frontline medical personnel, to your knowledge? 

Colonel MALEBRANCHE. Sir, I think there is an attempt at doing 

that for the staff. Alaska is a particular issue because, one, the location of really the population at risk and the ability to get to that 

population. The diverse dialects that they are spoken in Alaska. So 

it presents some different challenges. I think the challenge is basically to find means to use the Alaskan Native organization that already exist possibly even the U.S. Department of Health and 

Human Services or the Indian Health Service and enter into an 

agreement, reimbursable agreement or cooperative agreement that 

is going to target those population. 

Recently, Alaska probably had the largest deployment of Alaskan 

Natives to OEF and OIF. And those units are slowly coming back. 

Mr. HARE. Thank you. I guess this is both for Dr. Rosenberg and 

Dr. Murdoch or whoever would like to take a stab at this. You 

mentioned, and I know my time is running out, but I was interested in the testimony and your comments on the fact that African 

American veterans were about half as likely as other veterans to 

receive service-connected disability for post traumatic stress disorder. I am wondering from your perspective why this is happening. Do you have any thoughts on, why it is happening and 

what we can do to improve this? Because it seems to me to be 

grossly unfair here. 

Dr. MURDOCH. That is an excellent question. I think that, first 

of all, keeping in mind the limitations of the study it would be extremely helpful to replicate it collecting better data. And second of 

all, to expand upon it to try and understand why those differences 

exist. 

Mr. HARE. Dr. Rosenberg. 

Dr. ROSENBERG. That would cover it for me, but I would like the 

opportunity to add something of that——

Mr. HARE. Sure. 

Dr. ROSENBERG [continuing]. Unique needs of women veterans. 

The Institute of Medicine was asked to do a report on PTSD disability in veterans. It is an excellent report. And they expressed a 

concern that women are victims of sexual assault called military 

sexual assault. That those women victims are not getting sufficient 

treatment, identification, or disability determination. It is a lot 

harder to prove sexual assault than you were in combat. And the 

Institute of Medicine recommended much more attention be paid to 

understanding this phenomena of military sexual assault, doing everything we can to prevent it. And making sure that those individuals who are injured in that way do receive treatment, rehabilitation, and disability. 

Mr. HARE. Thank you, Doctor. Mr. Lamborn. 

Mr. LAMBORN. Thank you Representative Hare. Dr. Murdoch, 

just to clarify something, I think you eluded to this, but I just 

wanted to make sure I understand. Did you document and verify 

the combat history disability status or PTSD diagnosis of the individuals in your study or did they self report those factors? 


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Dr. MURDOCH. We got the disability status from VBA records. 

They self-reported their PTSD, their combat exposure, and I forget 

the last one that you asked about. 

Mr. LAMBORN. Combat history, disability status, and PTSD diagnosis. 

Dr. MURDOCH. Yeah. So PTSD diagnosis and their disability status in terms of how disabled they reported themselves to be, those 

were self-report. 

And then we did take a small sample, 11 percent, where we also 

audited their claims file and tried to verify what they reported in 

the survey. And it seems that the—that their reports of PTSD 

matched up with the clinical diagnosis that they were being given 

in the claims file. 

Mr. LAMBORN. And, Doctor, what was that percentage again? 

Dr. MURDOCH. About 80 percent. 

Mr. LAMBORN. That you audited their——

Dr. MURDOCH. Right. So about 80 percent met survey criteria for 

PTSD and then when we did the claims audit and looked for a clinical diagnosis by a qualified examiner in their claims file, 80 percent of them had a diagnosis of PTSD. 

Mr. LAMBORN. Okay. Thank you. And I yield back to the Chairman. 

Mr. HALL. Mr. Bilirakis. 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. I don’t have any questions. 

Mr. HALL. Okay. Thanks so much. Let me thank the panel and 

wish you a safe trip back to all of you. Thank you for taking the 

time to be here for this morning. Thanks so much. 

Dr. MURDOCH. Thank you. 

Dr. QUARLES. Thank you. 

Mr. HALL. Our next panelist is Joy Ilem who is the Assistant National Legislative Director for the Disabled American Veterans. 

Thank you, Ms. Ilem. Sorry for disappearing and then reappearing. You are now recognized for 5 minutes. Your written remarks will be submitted for the record. 

STATEMENT OF JOY J. ILEM, ASSISTANT NATIONAL 

LEGISLATIVE DIRECTOR, DISABLED AMERICAN VETERANS 

Ms. ILEM. Thank you very much. Mr. Chairman and Members of 

the Subcommittees, thank you for inviting DAV to provide testimony on the present and future needs of women and minority veterans seeking services from the Department of Veterans Affairs. 

In June 2007 the VA Health Services Research and Development 

Service completed a systematic review of racial and ethnic disparities in the VA health care system. Researchers concluded that disparities appear to exist in all clinical arenas. According to the researchers, one key finding was especially troubling since it may indicate that disparities in health care delivery are contributing to 

real disparities in health outcomes. 

It is clear from the findings of this recent study that much more 

needs to be done in this area, therefore, we urge VA to continue 

it’s research, to adjust policies, and to provide appropriate resources to eliminate racial disparities in VA health care. 

In preparing for this hearing, we also reviewed the most recent 

annual report available from the VA Advisory Committee on MiVerDate Aug 31 2005 23:46 Jun 20, 2008 Jkt 037471 PO 00000 Frm 00025 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 E:\HR\OC\37471.XXX 37471

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nority Veterans. The Committee made a number of recommendations, but of special concern was the issue of outreach to minority 

veteran populations. We agree with the Advisory Committee that 

the VA should clarify it’s policy with regard to outreach to ensure 

minority veterans are aware about their VA benefits. 

We support the recommendations made by the Advisory Committee and applaud it’s continued efforts to increase awareness 

about minority veteran issues and advance the quality of services 

minority veterans currently receive. 

With increasing numbers of women serving in the military and 

with more women veterans seeking VA health care following military service, it is essential that VA be responsive to the unique demographics of this population. In addition, VA must ensure that 

it’s special disability programs are tailored to meet the unique 

health care concerns of women who have served in combat theaters 

and those who have suffered catastrophic disabilities as a result of 

military service. 

Researchers report that VA care for women veterans is fragmented. Researchers also found a number of barriers to delivering 

high quality health care to women veterans. Specifically, field reports of insufficient funding for women’s health programs, competing local or network priorities, limited resources for outreach, 

inability to recruit specialists and an insufficient number of clinicians skilled in women’s health. We urge VA to implement recommendations by researchers to address these barriers. 

Several years ago VA established women’s health as a research 

priority to develop new knowledge about how to best provide for 

the health and care of women veterans. We strongly encourage VA 

as it takes steps to advance this agenda to focus on research and 

programs that enhance VA’s understanding of women veteran 

health issues and discover new ways to optimize health care delivery and improve health outcomes for this patient population. 

The challenge of addressing the unique health care needs of the 

newest generation of women veterans returning from combat theaters in Iraq and Afghanistan is daunting. In reviewing VA’s health 

care utilization data we see increasing numbers of women veterans 

accessing VA health care and increasing rates of PTSD and other 

medical conditions among women who served in combat theaters. 

DoD and VA need to coordinate and improve sharing of data and 

women’s health information. We also need to learn more about 

what barriers exist for women veterans trying to access VA care 

following deployments. 

In closing, VA needs to ensure priority is given to women veterans programs so quality health care and specialized services are 

available equally for women and men. VA must continue to work 

to provide an appropriate clinical environment for treatment even 

where there is a disparity in numbers. Given the changing in roles 

of women in the military, VA must also be prepared to anticipate 

the specialized needs of women who were sexually assaulted in the 

military or catastrophically wounded in combat theaters. 

Although it is anticipated that many of the medical problems of 

male and female veterans returning from combat operations will be 

the same, VA must address the health issues that pose special 

challenges for women. 


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DAV has recommended that VA focus its women health research 

on finding the health care delivery model that demonstrates the 

best clinical outcomes for women veterans. Likewise, VA should develop a strategic plan along with DoD to collect critical information 

about the health status and care needs of women veterans, with a 

focus on evidence based practices to identify other strategic priorities for its women health research agenda. 

Mr. Chairman, that concludes my testimony and I will be happy 

to answer any questions that you or Members of the Subcommittees may have. Thank you. 

[The prepared statement of Ms. Ilem appears on p. 41.] 

Mr. HALL. I thank you Director Ilem and thank all DAV members for their work and to their service. 

I first of all wanted to ask regarding your statement that it is 

unlikely that the past experiences of women veterans in the VA 

will serve as an accurate guide because of the unique experiences 

of women who served in OIF/OEF, particularly because of this ongoing exposure to combat conditions. Could you elaborate further, 

please, on why this is true and offer your opinion on a few things 

that the VA can do to prepare for the impending influx of women 

veterans of OIF/OEF? 

Ms. ILEM. Sure. Thank you for the question. I think that, you 

know, and this is—that came about as from talking to different 

mental health providers within the VA. And I think, you know, the 

equal access to health care for specialized programs for men and 

women is extremely important. And this newest generation of veterans returning are looking like there is some unique health concerns and mental health, perhaps mental health issues as well that 

need special attention. 

One of the things that I think would be important is to really 

talk to these women in terms of looking at the barriers for care 

that they perceive or have had and exist, you know, trying to access VA care. So just by doing the patient satisfaction report, I 

don’t think you are going to see that within VA. Those are people 

that are using the VA system, but what about those that have met 

up with a barrier and aren’t feeling that they, you know, can use 

VA health care or have had some problem getting that care. 

So I think it would be important to talk to them directly, for VA 

to hold focus groups with these women veterans. And people that 

have expressed a barrier to getting care for those services. 

Mr. HALL. You mentioned in your testimony that one of the Advisory Committee’s recommendations was to expand outreach to all 

veterans, including minorities. Can you elaborate on what you believe would be useful and adequate measure to improve those outreach programs? 

Ms. ILEM. I think that, you know, just outreach in general is extremely important I mean to all veterans, obviously. And then with 

special attention, I think, as has been mentioned by the previous 

panel to looking at unique concerns of either minority populations 

or women veteran population. Things that you need to do specifically to outreach to them that they have found, you know, seems 

where there is a barrier. And make sure that things are culturally 

sensitive to some, you know, to their needs. 


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And I think you know VA I think is trying to do a very good job 

in terms of the transitioning veterans that are coming out of the 

military, but I don’t know how much focus in terms of outreach has 

been put on specifically minority veterans and women veterans. I 

think that, you know, we would like to see more being done in that 

area as well in terms of working with DoD to get on those bases 

to make sure the people as they are transitioning out are aware of 

their benefits. 

And then I know that VA is providing doing a letter to all veterans coming back from OEF/OIF, but you know probably continued follow up needs to be done. There are reports from the Women 

Veterans Advisory Committee that often these veterans go back to 

their communities and then just disappear or their work, you 

know, they have children, they have other things that they are trying to accomplish in their lives and they just don’t get that message that there is great benefits out there in terms of VA health 

care and services that could help them. 

Mr. HALL. Thank you. You also mentioned that some women will 

suffer from severe PTSD, which will require more intensive evidence-based treatment. I am curious if you have noticed any difference between PTSD issues that women face compared to men? 

It is the old Mars and Venus thing. I have known that in the educational and psychological communities there is quite a lot awareness about the difference in how women perceive the world and 

react to it and how men do. 

Also with regard to women with children, the stress that they 

feel because of fear for their children or the stress that the children 

are feeling, that the women and mothers feed off of in some instances. In particular, is child care at VA facilities something that 

we should focus on more so that we remove that barrier to mothers 

who have no other option to seek treatment themselves when they 

have children at home? 

Ms. ILEM. Right. Right. Thank you for that question, those series 

of questions. I just spoke with a former VA mental health provider 

that for many years, that I really look to, that has been involved 

in this issue and participating on the Dole Shalala Commission as 

well. And you know, in talking to him about these evidence based 

treatments and how important they are and how case intensive 

they are. I asked him, you know, that very question, ‘‘What are you 

seeing? What are women reporting or what are the doctors reporting that are seeing them, you know, that have had combat PTSD 

related and males? Are you putting males and females together? 

What are, you know, what is happening out there?’’ And it was interesting he noted that women are reporting and 

he is hearing from clinicians that they are—when women have 

combat related PTSD that they prefer to be with their fellow soldiers, so male and female. That seems to be appropriate. They feel 

that connection. They have been through the same thing, they have 

had similar experiences. And although there is some evidencebased treatment, I understand in current research of evidencebased treatment and that is specific to women, you know, that it 

is still the clinical move for putting them together in that environment appears to work best for them so far from what they are seeing. 


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The difference is if it is the dual burden of sexual trauma and 

combat related, certainly women veteran may not feel comfortable 

being in an environment, you know, with male colleagues talking 

about something as personal as sexual assault. I am sure either a 

male or a female probably would have similar feelings. 

So you know that is more of a unique consideration in terms of 

being able to have the number of providers that are needed for this 

very intensive resource-based evidence-based treatments for PTSD. 

And making sure that clinicians not only are trained in it, but then 

have the time to work with these patients where it is, you know, 

on an outpatient basis but it may be very over a number of days 

a week, many hours a day. 

On the child care issue thinking long and hard on that. I mean 

certainly women often are the primary caretaker of women either 

if they are married or single parent. And attending the Evolving 

Paradigms seminar that VA put on conference out in Las Vegas, 

there was a panel on women veterans talking about their experiences. They were all from OEF or OIF. And I mean that was a real 

eye opener, but listening to women talk about sometimes having 

trouble re-connecting with their children because of the emotional 

distress that they are going through based on their experience in 

the military and exposure to combat. 

And if they are the primary caretaker that is obviously, you 

know, a real concern in the family to be able to have that re-connection and get them the help that they need in terms of re-connecting with their family and their children, but also if there are 

these evidence based treatments available, if they have child care 

as a responsibility and they can’t afford child care then, you know, 

what is the option for them? 

So I am hoping that VA will their Women Veterans Program 

managers are excellent group of people that, you know, are very innovative and can think of ways to maybe connect with the community or to see what the need is out there. What they are hearing 

and seeing from women veterans and if that is something that they 

can do to either work with the community or a voucher. Do something to make sure they can also participate in those programs. 

Mr. HALL. Thank you very much for your generous and detailed 

response. My time has expired. I will now recognize Mr. Bilirakis. 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. Thank you Mr. Chairman, I appreciate it. Thank 

you Ms. Ilem. You did an outstanding job. Thanks for your testimony. 

In your written testimony you state that, ‘‘Although the VA has 

improved health care services for women veterans . . . privacy 

issues for women veterans still exist at some VA facilities.’’ That 

really concerns me. Are these deficiencies concentrated in a particular region of the country or are the spread out throughout the 

health care system? That is my first question. 

Ms. ILEM. I think in general, I mean, I would say first of all that 

VA has done a really good job in the last several years really trying 

to deal with this, especially the Center for Women Veterans and 

the Women’s Health Program, to make sure that those deficiencies 

don’t exist. However, from being a member of that Advisory Committee and traveling around the country and just as my position 


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now I had the opportunity to visit many VA facilities and that is 

something that I am always on the look out for. 

And I think it is more of an issue that, you know, women’s clinics 

where they have, you know, had to make room for them and they 

try to make a very nice area in most places, but sometimes it is 

a space issue in the VA health care system in general of where 

those clinics are located and what space they were provided. 

And occasionally we see that there is an issue when you come 

in with regard to privacy one thing comes to mind is just being a 

user of the VA health care system myself and being in the clinic, 

coming in. Great people. Everybody is very friendly, wants to make 

my visit go well and I hear the person speaking on the phone to 

a veteran with being very, very nice to them, but in the conversation they have named their name. They have talked about a particular medical issue that they have had. And that was information 

that, you know, that clinic is very small, it is very confined space. 

And everyone in that clinic can overhear that information. And to 

me that is a privacy issue, you know, that gives me concern. 

And I know that sometimes there is just not, you know, there 

needs to be more, maybe more awareness. If the space is not available where that receptionist can have a private conversation with 

a person on the phone they need to be made aware then about the, 

you know, what they are saying and knowing that other people in 

the waiting room can hear that. 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. Thank you very much. What role do the Advisory 

Committees on Minority and Women Veterans and the Center for 

Women and Minority Veterans planning and influencing VA policy. 

Ms. ILEM. What role do they play? I——

Mr. BILIRAKIS. Yeah. No. Are they effective? 

Ms. ILEM. Yes. I think they are. It is really a committed group 

of veterans that have been willing to serve on those Committees. 

They are very active. They are usually in their other roles outside 

of the VA, active in women’s issues. People take it upon themselves 

to do extra visits, to really, I think, they really take on these 

issues. And I think that they try very hard in their reports to report that information to the Secretary and to Congress. And I think 

it was great that there was an opportunity for them to testify 

today. 

And I just hope that, you know, people pay attention to those reports and that, you know, their energies are not wasted. That those 

recommendations are taken to heart and things are made better for 

these populations. 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. Okay. Thank you very much. Thank you, Mr. 

Chairman, appreciate it. 

Mr. HALL. Thank you, Mr. Bilirakis. And Ms. Ilem, thank you for 

your testimony and your answers to our questions. You are now excused. Give us a minute for our changing of the guard. Welcome 

to our panel 4 witnesses, Betty Moseley Brown, Associate Director 

of the Center for Women Veterans of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs; and Lucretia McClenney, Director of the Center for 

Minority Veterans of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Welcome. 


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It is my understanding that we are going to have a vote called 

soon on the House floor, but we will begin and hope we can get 

through your testimony before they do that. 

Dr. Moseley Brown, you are recognized for 5 minutes. And your 

written statement is in the record. 

STATEMENT OF BETTY MOSELEY BROWN, ED.D., ASSOCIATE 

DIRECTOR, CENTER FOR WOMEN VETERANS, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS; AND LUCRETIA MCCLENNEY, 

DIRECTOR, CENTER FOR MINORITY VETERANS, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS 

STATEMENT OF BETTY MOSELEY BROWN, ED.D. 

Dr. MOSELEY BROWN. Chairman Hall and Members of the Subcommittees, I am pleased to testify today on behalf of the Department of Veterans Affairs and the Center for Women Veterans. The 

Center was established by Public Law 103–446 in November 1994 

to oversee VA programs for women veterans. The Center’s mission 

is to ensure that women veterans receive benefits and services on 

par with male veterans; and that VA programs are responsive to 

gender specific needs of women veterans; and that outreach is performed to improve women veterans awareness of services, benefits, 

and eligibility criteria. And, finally, that women veterans are treated with dignity and respect. 

The Center monitors these changes in services through briefings 

by the 3 VA administrations and assesses the impact these changes 

have on the delivery of care of our 1.75 million women veterans. 

As stated earlier, there are women veterans that still don’t believe 

that they are women veterans, so part of our charge is to make 

sure that every woman who served knows that she too is a veteran. 

Regarding health care, in fiscal year 2006, the Veterans Health 

Administration served over 235,000 women veterans in our health 

system. This is a 5-year relative increase of 37.8 percent. At each 

VA Medical Center there is a women veterans program manager 

and each regional office a women veterans coordinator to help our 

women to maneuver through the system of VA. We know that it 

can be difficult and those employees are there to help our women 

veterans coordinate for their benefits and services. 

Of the total number of women who have been discharged from 

active duty after deployment of Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom, 37.5 percent have been to a VHA health 

care facility at least once. 

I would like to also state that there is a 2006 study cosponsored 

by Dr. Yano from Los Angeles that actually clarified which model 

of care women prefer. There was earlier discussion regarding if 

women wanted to go to a primary care facility or a gender specific 

type environment and VA is currently looking at that to see what 

women really want, what their needs are, and then to make 

changes regarding that. 

In the area of mental health, there are specialized women’s mental health services. There are in-patient and residential programs 

for women veterans where the length of stay ranges from 28 days 

to 18 months. At every VA facility there is a designated military 


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sexual trauma coordinator who serves as a point of contact for military sexual trauma issues. 

In fiscal year 2007, VA’s Office of Mental Health Services established a military sexual trauma support team that is designed to 

help ensure that VA is in compliance with legally mandated monitoring of military sexual trauma screening and treatment. 

Currently, the VHA Office of Research and Development is supporting a broad portfolio focused on women’s health issues. In 2001, 

this Office created a Center of Excellence for Research aimed at 

identifying factors which cause disparities in health outcomes 

across racial, ethnic, and gender lines, as well as promoting equity 

in health and health care. 

These Centers are co-located in 2 sites in Pittsburgh and Philadelphia; has 29 core investigators and have contributed over 128 

peer reviewed scientific articles over the past 2 years. 

We have been talking about health care, but I do want to add 

some things about benefits, because our women veterans are also 

concerned about benefits. In fiscal year 2006, Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment Program received 57,856 applications of 

which almost 10,000 were female veterans. Also during fiscal year 

2006, there was an increase in the percent of guaranteed home 

loans for our women veterans. The average loan amount was 

$173,923 and it went to over 17,000 women veterans. 

Also in fiscal year 2006, 8,442 women veterans used their education benefits under the Montgomery GI Bill. Part of our mission 

in the Center for Women Veterans is to attend some of the transition assistance program briefings that are held nationally. And we 

listen to what is stated and last year 8,541 VA benefit briefings 

were given to both male and female servicemembers, including 

Guard and Reserve who were transitioning. 

I also wanted to state that to promote accuracy and consistency 

in the claims review process, VBA has taken a number of actions. 

For example, in the last 4 years, VBA has published guidance and 

conducted training for employees on a full range of issues related 

to PTSD claims adjudication—from development of the claim to 

proper application of the rating schedule. VBA and VHA are also 

working very closely regarding PTSD in modifying the examination 

request worksheet and template when a veteran applies for PTSD. 

In closing, I would like to say that the Center has developed a 

25 most frequently asked questions booklet that I believe you have 

received. We created this booklet from thousands of inquiries from 

women veterans. It has been published in both English and Spanish and is on our website as well as VA’s website. 

Next year, June 20 through the 22nd, we are going to hold a national Women Veterans Summit here in Washington, DC. We are 

planning to outreach to our military services, particularly our Reserves and National Guard. We are going to have workshops including ‘‘Readjustment Counseling Service: Outreach and Transition Services for Veterans Families,’’ ‘‘Gender Differences: What the 

Data Shows,’’ and workshops on mental health issues. 

Our Nation is proud of our women veterans and I am proud to 

be a women veteran and to serve our women veterans. This concludes my formal testimony, but I am pleased to take any questions. 


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[The prepared statement of Dr. Moseley Brown appears on p. 47.] 

Mr. HALL. Thank you very much for your testimony and for your 

service to our veterans and to our country. Ms. McClenney, I will 

now recognize you for a 5-minute statement. There is a vote that 

has just been called, but we are going to stay here and listen to 

you and then we may ask you to answer our questions in writing 

so that you don’t have to sit here and wait for an hour or more 

while we are across the street voting. 

Ms. McClenney, your statement is in the record and you are recognized for 5 minutes. 

STATEMENT OF LUCRETIA MCCLENNEY 

Ms. MCCLENNEY. Thank you Chairman Hall and Members of the 

Subcommittee. I appreciate the opportunity to come before you 

today to discuss the mission of the Center for Minority Veterans 

and address your specific questions on the Department of Veterans 

Affairs service to minority veterans through its current programs, 

present and future strategies addressing the needs of this growing 

population, and out reach efforts being conducted by VA to minority veterans. 

Like the Center for Women Veterans, the Center was created by 

Public Law 103–446 in November 1994. The Director of the Center 

serves as primary advisor to the Secretary and Deputy Secretary 

of Veterans Affairs on all matters related to minority veterans. 

The role of the Center is primarily one of advocacy for minority 

veterans. Pursuant to Public Law, the Center’s primary emphasis 

is on veterans who are African Americans, Asian Americans, Pacific Islanders, Hispanics and Native Americans including American Indians, Alaska Natives, and Native Hawaiians. 

To establish a national presence and to ensure issues are addressed at the local level, the Secretary directed the appointment 

of Minority Veterans Program Coordinators (MVPCs) at each VA 

health care facility, Regional Benefits Office, and National Cemetery. There are approximately 300 MVPCs serving across the Nation. 

The Center provides training to the MVPCs in cultural competency and outreach strategies. These coordinators educate their 

facility personnel to the needs of the minority veterans in their 

local communities and promote the use of VA benefits and services 

by minority veterans. In addition, the 3 administrations each have 

a designated central office MVPC Liaison. The Center’s staff meets 

monthly with these liaisons and quarterly with the senior leadership of each administration to discuss outreach activities and to 

benchmark best practices. 

The Advisory Committee on Minority Veterans advises the Secretary and Congress on VA’s administration of benefits and services and makes recommendations in an annual report to address 

unmet needs of the minority veteran population. The Center facilitates the Committee’s outreach to minority veterans by ensuring 

they are kept abreast of VA’s policies and programs that may impact minority veterans and coordinates the logistics and travel for 

all site visits and business meetings for the Committee. In addition, the Center tracks the Department’s action taken on the Committee’s recommendations. 


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The needs of our Nation’s 4.7 million minority veterans are not 

unlike the needs of minorities throughout our Nation. Some of 

these may include access to medical facilities, especially for veterans living in rural, remote, or urban areas. Disparities in health 

care centered on diseases that disproportionately affect minorities, 

homelessness, unemployment, limited medical research and limited 

statistical data related to minority veterans. VAs strategies to meet 

the needs of minority veterans include but are not limited to the 

following: VA is improving access to care as evidenced by the significant increase in outpatient clinics. For example, in 1995, VA 

had only 102 community based outpatient clinics and by 2007, 872 

ambulatory care and outpatient clinics were in operation. 

VA is addressing homelessness in the minority population by 

partnering with community stakeholders and expanding VA’s grant 

and per diem program. The Center is working with VHA’s Office 

of Health Services Research and Development Service to target minority groups and encourage minority veterans participation in research programs. 

The Center has staff who serves as veteran liaisons for each of 

the 5 minority groups that we are mandated to oversee. They establish active partnerships with veterans service organizations as 

well as internal and other external stakeholders to increase awareness of minority veterans issues and develop collaborative strategies to address unmet needs. 

Mr. Chairman, this concludes my prepared statement. 

[The prepared statement of Ms. McClenney appears on p. 51.] 

Mr. HALL. Thank you, Ms. McClenney. 

Ms. MCCLENNEY. I would be happy to answer any questions. 

Mr. HALL. Thank you so much for your work, for your statement, 

for the service that you give to our veterans and to our country. 

If Mr. Bilirakis would agree, which I think he does, neither of us 

have the power to control the schedule on the floor of the House. 

But some day, maybe we will. 

We appreciate your patience and we are sorry we can’t ask you 

questions now. We do have a number of them, but we will submit 

them to you in writing. If you would be so kind as to respond in 

writing, we would appreciate that. 

Ms. MCCLENNEY. It will be an honor, sir. 

Dr. MOSELEY BROWN. Yes. 

Mr. HALL. Once again, thank you very much. This hearing is adjourned. 

[Whereupon, at 11:45 a.m., the Subcommittee was adjourned.] 


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A P P E N D I X 

Prepared Statement of Hon. Michael H. Michaud, 

Chairman, Subcommittee on Health 

The Subcommittee on Health will come to order. I would like to thank everyone 

for coming today. 

This is a joint hearing with the Subcommittee on Disability Assistance and Memorial Affairs. 

Today, we will examine the Department of Veterans Affairs programs regarding 

women and minority veterans. 

The face of the military is changing and so is the face of the veteran population. 

According to the 2000 Census minorities make up over 14 percent of the existing 

veteran population. The population of women veterans is projected to continue to 

rise, from 6 percent in 2000, to 8 percent in 2010 and to 10 percent by 2020. 

VA needs to constantly evaluate existing programs to address the needs of these 

special groups, and make changes when needed. 

I further believe that VA should implement new and innovative programs to help 

close the many gaps that exist today in delivering high quality, safe health care and 

the other benefits and services VA provides. 

Service in Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom has created growing 

challenges for VA in meeting the needs of the women and minority veterans as they 

separate from service. 

We know that an unprecedented number of female servicemembers have been 

routinely exposed to combat or combat like conditions. 

VA reports that the prevalence of potential PTSD among new OEF/OIF women 

veterans treated at VA has grown from 1 percent in 2002 to nearly 19 percent in 

2006. This represents a considerable and disturbing increase. 

Issues such as cultural differences, effective outreach, education, research and delivery of care should be carefully examined in an effort to provide the best possible 

service to these veterans. 

I hope that we will learn how VA is meeting the needs of these populations, what 

challenges are on the horizon and what we can do to provide these veterans with 

the best possible care available. 

f 

Prepared Statement of Hon. John J. Hall, 

Chairman, Subcommittee on Disability Assistance and Memorial Affairs 

Good morning. 

I would first like to say that I am honored to join Mr. Michaud in cochairing this 

hearing and I applaud the leadership he exercises on behalf of our veterans, particularly on veteran health care issues. 

I would also like to thank the witnesses for joining the 2 Subcommittees this 

morning for a hearing to examine issues facing women and minority veterans. I 

think this rare joint hearing speaks volumes about how important these issues are 

to the Committee as whole and I look forward to hearing from all of today’s witnesses. 

Women veterans are the fastest growing segment of the veteran population, comprising 7% of the total veteran population and 5% of those using VA health services. 

Over 14% of veterans are from a racial or ethnic minority group with Blacks comprising the bulk at 9.7% (2000 U.S. Census figures). 

I am certain that the VA does its best to ensure that all veterans encounter no 

barriers to access in the receipt of VA benefits, treatment and services. 

However, the fact remains that the barriers in the society at large that women 

and minorities often face, might very likely translate into barriers in the smaller 

VA system. 


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As such, Congress in its wisdom developed both the Center for Minority Veterans 

and the Center for Women Veterans in 1994 to ensure that these veterans are fully 

integrated in the VA system. 

I look forward to hearing from both Centers, as well as their separate Advisory 

Committees, which develop detailed reports which help to inform the policies of the 

VA for women and Minority veterans. 

I especially would like to learn the VA’s and the Advisory Committee on Minority 

Veterans’ views on the sunsetting provisions that would end the Advisory Committee in 2009 and what if any plans it has to replace this vital organization. I 

know representative Gutierrez has introduced a bill, H.R. 674 that would prevent 

this from occurring. Getting rid of the Minority veterans’ Advisory Committee would 

be a seriously troubling result in light of recent findings by VA researchers that 

health disparities appear to exist in all clinical arenas and have a direct impact on 

the health outcomes for minority veterans. 

Last, but certainly not least, I welcome my colleague Congresswoman Heather 

Wilson, the only woman veteran in Congress. 

I am sure all of our witnesses, including our experts and the VSOs, will provide 

critical insight on issues facing women and Minority veterans, especially in light of 

returning OIF/OEF veterans. 

Thank you. 

f 

Prepared Statement of Hon. Doug Lamborn, Ranking Republican Member, 

Subcommittee on Disability Assistance and Memorial Affairs 

Thank you Mr. Chairman for recognizing me. I thank you for holding this hearing 

on the Challenges Facing Minority and Women Veterans. 

I welcome our witnesses, and thank you all for your contributions to the veterans’ affairs system. 

America’s minorities and the women of our great Nation are integral to the quality of our National security. Women make up nearly 10 percent of our Nation’s 24 

million living veterans. Women on active duty represent more than 15 percent of 

our armed forces. 

According to a 2005 Heritage Foundation study, about 25 percent of military recruits identify themselves as other than Caucasian; further, military women are 

more likely to identify themselves as members of a racial or ethnic group than men. 

Our military has a higher percentage of some minorities—such as African Americans, American Indians, Native Alaskans and Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders— than the percentage of these minorities in the general population. These men and 

women are patriots. 

In more than 2 centuries of service to country, women and minority 

servicemembers have formed a glorious legacy. That legacy has only been enriched 

by the intrepid and resolute accomplishments of their descendents in the global war 

on terror. 

Our challenge is to ensure that women and minority veterans—indeed all vet- erans—receive equal treatment for their qualifying service to our Nation. 

The VA centers for women and minority veterans and the department’s associated 

advisory Committees are charged with increasing awareness of VA programs, identifying barriers and inadequacies in VA programs, and influencing improvement. 

We do not look to these VA programs to merely identify and report. We want 

them to influence policy and accept a measure of accountability for departmental results. 

In that regard, I will of course be very interested in hearing today about the challenges facing women and minority veterans, such as gender-specific health care. 

I want to learn about disabilities more likely to affect minority veterans. I want 

to hear about the challenges facing veterans who wish to take advantage of economic opportunities in the public and private sectors. 

I will also, however, especially want to learn today how VA and its component 

organizations are effectively rising to meet those challenges. 

Mr. Chairman, I yield back. 

f 

Prepared Statement of Hon. Gus M. Bilirakis, 

a Representative in Congress from the State of Florida 

I want to thank Chairman Hall and Chairman Michaud for scheduling today’s 

joint hearing on the issues facing women and minority veterans. As a new Member 


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of the Veterans’ Affairs Committee, I am glad that we will be examining how women 

and minority veterans are being treated within the Department of Veterans’ Affairs. 

The numbers of women and minorities serving in our military continues to grow, 

and consequently, their ranks among our Nation’s veterans’ population is also rising. As a result of the changing demographics of our military personnel, I believe 

it is important for our Committee to examine the challenges that face women and 

minority veterans as they transition back into civilian life. 

We must also ensure that they have access to the services and benefits that they 

have earned through their service to our country. I am anxious to hear from our 

witnesses to learn more about how we improve the services provided to women and 

minority veterans. 

Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I look forward to working with you and our colleagues 

on the VA Committee on these important issues. 

f 

Prepared Statement of Shirley A. Quarles, R.N., Ed.D., Chair, 

Advisory Committee on Women Veterans, 

U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs 

Chairman Hall, Chairman Michaud, and Members of the Subcommittees, I am 

pleased to testify today on behalf of the Department of Veterans Affairs Advisory 

Committee for Women Veterans regarding our views on: how the Department of 

Veterans Affairs (VA) serves women veterans through its current programs; the 

present and future needs of a growing women veterans population; the strategies 

VA has for meeting these needs; and outreach efforts that are being conducted by 

VA for women veterans. 

The Advisory Committee on Women Veterans (ACWV) was established by Public 

Law 98–160 in 1983. The Advisory Committee is charged with advising the Secretary of Veterans Affairs on VA benefits and services for women veterans, assessing the needs of women veterans, reviewing VA programs and activities designed 

to meet the needs of women veterans, and developing recommendations that address 

unmet needs of women veterans. The Advisory Committee submits a biennial report 

to the Secretary of Veterans Affairs that delineates the Committee’s findings and 

recommendations. 

The Advisory Committee on Women Veterans consist of 14 members (women and 

men) most are veterans; who have served across all services of the Armed Forces. 

This Committee is supported by the Center for Women Veterans with advisors and 

ex-officio members from the Department of Defense (DoD), Veterans Benefits Administration (VBA), Veterans Health Administration (VHA), National Cemetery Administration (NCA), Department of Labor (DoL), and the Department of Health and 

Human Services (HHS). 

How is the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) serving women through its 

current programs? 

As a means to obtain information regarding women veterans’ services and programs provided by VA on health care and benefits, the Advisory Committee on 

Women Veterans (ACWV) conducts site visits to VA facilities throughout the U.S. 

Additionally, the ACWV tours the facilities and meets with senior leaders to discuss 

services and programs available to women veterans. During the site visits, the 

ACWV also hosts open forums with the local women veterans’ community to encourage open dialog from women veterans to share their experiences within VA, to discuss issues, and to raise questions related to gender specific VA benefits and services. 

As another means to obtain information regarding women veterans’ services and 

programs provided by VA, the ACWV meets twice a year at VA Central Office 

(VACO) and receives briefings from the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), Veterans Benefits Administration, (VBA), National Cemetery Administration (NCA), 

Office of Research and Development (ORD), and other staff offices. These briefings 

update the Committee on the status of VA programs and how these programs address the needs of women veterans. During these meetings, members have the opportunity to question presenters about services in their area of concentration and 

share their observations and concerns from site visits. The Advisory Committee uses 

information gathered from the site visits and briefings to formulate recommendations to the Secretary of Veterans Affairs in the biennial reports. The Center for 

Women Veterans provides support to the ACWV during their site visits and meetings at VACO. 


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In the 2006 Report of the Advisory Committee on Women Veterans, the Committee made 23 recommendations that addressed behavioral and mental health 

care, health care, military sexual trauma (MST), outreach, research studies, strategic planning, training, women veterans health program, women veterans program 

managers and women veterans coordinators, and homeless women veterans. 

One recommendation that has already been implemented was to organizationally 

realign the Women Veterans Health Program Office to the status of a Strategic 

Healthcare Group. With the recent elevation of the Women Veterans Health Program to the Women Veterans Health Strategic Healthcare Group, it has positioned 

the office to gain expertise in the population of women veterans, strategically plan 

for health care delivery and provide leadership in clinical knowledge of this unique 

group of women and to catalyze optimal integration of women veterans health issues 

across all VHA programs and offices. VA strives to be the lifetime provider of health 

care services to women veterans and exceed their expectations for care during each 

phase of their lifecycle. Additionally, VA aims to be a world leader in innovative and 

high quality for women veterans. 

In the area of women veterans health program, the Advisory Committee on 

Women Veterans 2006 Report recommended that VA ensure that the Center for 

Women Veterans is provided an annual update on the effectiveness of the responsibilities of the VHA Women Veterans Program Managers. VHA leaders and the 

Acting Chief Consultant, Women Veterans Health Strategic Healthcare Group (formerly known as Women Veterans Health Program), briefed the Committee on this 

issue at the February–March 2007 Advisory Committee for Women Veterans meeting. Additionally, the Acting Chief Consultant and the Women Veterans Health 

Strategic Healthcare Group work closely with the Center for Women Veterans on 

issues that are frequently referred to Women Veterans Program Managers in field 

facilities. 

The submission of the 2006 Report to Congress was at the discretion of the Secretary for Veterans Affairs; a strong supporter of the Advisory Committee on 

Women Veterans. As a courtesy to this Committee, the Secretary agreed to forward 

the report to Congress during May 2007. 

What are the present and future needs of these growing populations and 

what strategies does VA have for meeting them? 

One area the Advisory Committee for Women Veterans was able to witness first 

hand the present needs of women veterans’ mental health care was at our site visit 

in June 2007 to the Women’s Mental Health Center in Palo Alto, CA. The Women’s 

Trauma Recovery Program (WTRP) is a 60-day residential post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and military sexual trauma (MST) treatment program. 

The future needs can be met through research and studies specifically on women 

veterans. In the 2004 and 2006 Advisory Committee on Women Veterans Reports, 

research and studies have been recommended. The last national survey of female 

veterans was conducted in 1985, leaving VHA policy makers and managers with 

limited information with which to adequately plan for future health care services 

for women veterans. To address this knowledge gap, the WVHSHG commissioned 

Donna Washington, MD, MPH, VA Greater Los Angeles HSR&D Center of Excellence, to conduct a national Survey of Women Veterans. The objectives of the National Survey of Women Veterans are: (1) identify the current demographics, health 

care needs, and VA experiences of women veterans; (2) determine how health care 

needs and barriers to VA health care use differ among women veterans of different 

periods of military service, e.g., OEF/OIF versus earlier periods; and (3) assess 

women veterans preference for and perceived value of different types of VA interventions to improve access and quality. The survey will enroll from 2,500 to 3,200 

women veterans across the Nation, including equal numbers of VA users and 

nonusers. The final report will be submitted by December 31, 2008. The initial funding award was for $870,400. 

What outreach efforts are being conducted by VA to women veterans? 

We continue to outreach to the women veterans’ community with increased emphasis with our partnerships with federal, state, and country agencies, national veterans service organizations and community organizations. To enhance collaboration 

and better serve our women veterans, appointed advisors and ex-officio representatives from HHS, DoL, DoD, and VA Administrations (VHA, VBA and NCA) serve 

on the Advisory Committee on Women Veterans. The Center’s Director, Dr. Irene 

Trowell-Harris serves as an ex-officio member of the Defense Advisory Committee 

on Women in the Services (DACOWITS). In this role, she ensures that DoD and VA, 

as a team, address military and women veterans’ health and benefits issues. 


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The 2004 Advisory for Women Veterans Report recommended that brochures and 

outreach materials that are currently only available in English be translated in 

Spanish. VA has distributed brochures, pamphlets, fact sheets, and booklets in 

Spanish from VHA, VBA and NCA. Numerous benefit fact sheets and other informational materials, printed in Spanish, are available on VA’s Internet web site at 

www.va.gov. 

The Advisory Committee on Women Veterans plans to participate in the 2008 National Summit on Women Veterans Issues to be held in Washington, DC during 

June 2008 and to facilitate a townhall meeting to better serve our women veterans. 

The Advisory Committee on Women Veterans is grateful to the VA and the Center 

for Women Veterans on their vision and professional efforts to take care of our 

women veterans of yesterday, today, and the future. 

This concludes my formal testimony. I will be pleased to answer any questions. 

f 

Prepared Statement of Colonel Reginald Malebranche, USA (Ret.), 

Member, Advisory Committee on Minority Veterans, 

U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs 

Chairman Michaud, Chairman Hall, and Members of the Subcommittees, I am indeed pleased to represent the Chairman of the Advisory Committee on Minority Veterans, give you our views on the services provided by the Department of Veterans 

Affairs (VA) to Minority Veterans; on VA’s present and future strategies addressing 

the needs of this growing population; and VA’s outreach efforts toward Minority 

Veterans. 

The Advisory Committee on Minority Veterans (Committee) was established in 

November 1994, pursuant to Public Law 103–146. The Committee is tasked with assessing the needs of minority veteran populations, and reporting back to the Secretary on the effectiveness of VA programs and services at meeting those needs. The 

Committee works in close coordination and collaboration with the Center for Minority Veterans (Center) and relies on the expertise of Center staff for current information about VA programs, policies and services. 

The Advisory Committee on Minority Veterans members are appointed by the 

Secretary, and serve at his/her discretion. The majority of the Committee members 

are veterans and are representative of the 5 minority groups—African American, 

Asian American, Hispanic, Pacific Islander, Native American (including Alaskan 

Native, American Indian, and Native Hawaiian). 

As a means of obtaining information regarding the delivery of health care and 

services to minority veterans, the Committee conducts an annual site visit to a selected VA facility with a high density of minority veterans. During these visits, the 

Committee tours the facilities and meets with senior VA officials to discuss services 

and programs available to minority veterans. The Committee also hosts open forums 

with Veteran Services Organizations with the local veterans, to encourage them to 

discuss issues, problem areas, and seek information related to VA benefits and services. 

The Committee meets once a year at VA Central Office and receives briefings 

from the VA Senior leadership, the Center for Minority Veterans, Veterans Health 

Administration (VHA), Veterans Benefits Administration (VBA), National Cemetery 

Administration (NCA) and other staff offices. These briefings update the Advisory 

Committee on the status of VA programs and address issues and concerns raised 

during the site visits. 

In its 2006 Report on the Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, April 3–7, 

2006, the Advisory Committee made eleven recommendations, with the key issues 

being Outreach, Research, Staff Diversity, Seamless Transition, and the Native 

American Veteran Housing Loan Program. 

During its visit to the Los Angeles Ambulatory Care Center, The Committee was 

dismayed by the staggering number of homeless veterans. Twenty-three percent 

(23% or 21,424) of the 90,000 homeless populations in Los Angeles were reported 

to be veterans. The Committee was encouraged by the range of programs identified 

by VA for homeless veterans. Yet, the Committee was concerned that those programs may not reach the targeted audience. There was insufficient evidence that 

outreach programs had been designed and publicized to a level to ensure that homeless minority veterans were aware of their existence. The Committee believed that 

similar situations may affect the homeless veteran population throughout the Continental United States and its Territories. 


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What outreach efforts are being conducted by VA to minority veterans? 

Outreach is a major challenge for the VA. During its sessions with Veteran Services Organizations, and with minority veterans, at its townhall meeting, the Committee learned that the major issue was that minority veterans were unaware of 

their VA benefits, and other VA services available. The Committee recognized that 

VA made strides to reach out to minority veterans and inform them of their benefits 

and the services available. The Committee noted that VA had developed and distributed comprehensive and illustrative pamphlets. However, the Committee believes 

that additional resources such as publishing and distributing a veterans’ magazine 

similar to the VA employee magazine Vanguard, could be utilized to inform veterans 

of their entitlements. 

Transportation to VA centers, in major metropolitan, rural and isolated areas, is 

a major impediment for minority veterans. Accessibility, affordability, and distances 

to VA centers are major problems affecting minority veterans. Although Veterans 

Services organizations and many non-profit organizations provide some forms of relief, the Committee noted that a major segment of the minority veterans were not 

within easy or affordable reach to VA centers. 

Much remained to be accomplished in the area of outreach. The Committee recognized that it is not simply a VA challenge. Several of its members have taken the 

mantle to assist VA in its quest to reach out to minority veterans. Committee members head Veterans Services Organizations and insure that the VA’s efforts are well 

publicized and supported. Others visit medical centers and hold informal meetings 

with minority veterans to ensure that those veterans, and/or their family members/ 

friends/acquaintances are aware of their entitlements and benefits. 

The challenge to reach all minority veterans will require a concerted effort of VA, 

other Federal and state agencies, Veterans Services Organizations, Members of the 

Committee, and the public to make sure that all veterans are keenly aware of their 

entitlements. 

What are the present and future needs of those growing populations and 

what strategies does VA have for meeting them? 

Access to Care 

Minority veterans’ access to care is a major challenge for VA, particularly for minority veterans in large metropolitan areas, in rural and isolated areas. For example 

the plight of Alaska Natives, living in rural and isolated areas of the state, cannot 

be ignored; and neither can the plight of minority veterans living in rural and isolated areas within the Continental United States. The challenge for VA is to continue to develop and implement innovative programs which target those minority 

veteran populations. 

Rural and remote areas such as Alaska and the Navajo Nation may be good areas 

to test rural health initiatives. VA could enter in a reimbursable agreement with 

all Alaska Natives’ organizations, the Health and Human Services and Indian 

Health Service to reach out to all minority veterans and provide all the services, 

which fall within the realm of the VA. 

The Committee applauds the strides made by VA in expanding its telehealth and 

telemedicine programs, and its ability to reach a significant number of the minority 

veteran population. Yet, those programs are not stand alone, and will require significant investment and training. 

Mental Health 

Mental health is and will become a major challenge. The Committee recognizes 

the efforts and the programs put forth by VA to support, identify, and care for soldiers, sailors and airmen, who have served in Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom theaters of operations. The early identification of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder will certainly help in the observation and treatment of all veterans who served in those areas. Yet, the Advisory Committee is concerned that the 

same level of services might not be readily available to minority veterans who have 

served in prior conflicts. 

The Committee is also concerned that an interoperable electronic health record 

has not been developed to embrace all Uniformed Services personnel. 

Benefits 

The processing and adjudication of benefits seem to affect all veterans. The Committee recognized the initiatives approved by the Congress to improve the processing and adjudication of benefits by VA. The Veterans Claims Assistance Act of 

2000—Public Law 106–475—puts the onus on VA to maximize its assistance to all 

veterans and to make them aware of their entitlements. 


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Staff Diversity 

Senior staff diversity remains an issue at VA. The absence of minorities at the 

senior staff level has been and continues to be noticeable during site visits. Data 

presented and subscribed by VA suggests that VA’s problem is limited to recruiting 

white females, and Hispanics. Yet, other data maintained at VA suggested that minorities were not well represented at senior staff levels. The Committee was concerned at the inconsistency of the data, and its implications for minority veterans 

and the minority population at VA. 

How is the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) serving minorities 

through its current programs? 

The professionalism, the expertise shown by VA personnel was striking. The Committee noted in several instances that VA’s efforts in most areas were only limited 

by personnel and time. There was a perception that most staff would endeavor to 

do all possible for a veteran. The challenge is to include minority veterans in that 

equation and philosophy. 

VA’s strides in supporting veterans are especially noteworthy. Thank you for this 

opportunity to address the Subcommittees. I would be happy to address any questions you may have. 

f 

Prepared Statement of Saul Rosenberg, Ph.D., 

Associate Clinical Professor of Medical Psychology, 

University of California, San Francisco, CA 

Mr. Chairman, thank you for inviting me to this joint hearing of the Subcommittees on Health and Disability Assistance and Memorial Affairs to discuss the needs 

of women and minority veterans. My name is Dr. Saul Rosenberg. I have been engaged in assessing and treating veterans and civilians with Posttraumatic Stress 

Disorder (PTSD) for many years. As a clinical psychology intern at the Ann Arbor 

VAMC I learned that to be an effective therapist I had to understand the cultural 

experiences, preferences and values of the individual I was trying to help. The lessons I learned as a trainee I have taught to interns and psychiatry residents at the 

San Francisco VAMC. I am not employed by the VA nor do I represent the VA. 

With my colleagues in the Dept. of Psychiatry at the University of California, San 

Francisco and the San Francisco VAMC I have participated in the development of 

diagnostic interviews and psychological tests to help counselors and therapists better understand the psychological problems that contribute to social isolation. Social 

support from families, friends, Vet Centers and veterans’ service organizations play 

a huge role in healing the body, mind and spirit. 

My current professional interest is in the development of public-private partnerships, between University of California campuses, affiliated military hospitals and 

VAs, governmental agencies, foundations and the private sector to improve access 

to evidence-based, cost-effective mental health diagnostic and treatment services. I 

believe that public-private partnerships are essential to reduce the disparities in access to mental health services for racial and ethnic minorities, native Americans, 

rural populations, women, children, the elderly and all underserved and vulnerable 

populations. 

My colleagues at UCSF and the SFVAMC recently published the first detailed report on the prevalence of mental health and psychosocial problems, with a breakdown by gender and race, for over 100,000 veterans first seen at VA health care 

facilities. The prevalence of mental disorders was high: over 30% had a diagnosed 

mental disorder or psychosocial problem. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) was 

the most common diagnosis, and more than half of those diagnosed with a mental 

disorder had 2 or more mental health diagnoses. 

Women comprised 13% of the sample; 69% were White, 18% were Black, 11% 

were Hispanic and 2% came from other racial groups. The likelihood of receiving 

a diagnosis for PTSD or another mental disorder was the same for women and men 

and across all racial groups. The most striking finding in the study had to do with 

age and not with race or gender. The youngest veterans, between 18 and 24 years 

of age, had a significantly higher likelihood of being diagnosed with PTSD or another mental disorder, compared to veterans 40 years and older. The youngest men 

and women, Whites, Blacks and Hispanics, were more vulnerable to stress than 

those who were over 40 years of age. The results of this study point to the imporVerDate Aug 31 2005 23:46 Jun 20, 2008 Jkt 037471 PO 00000 Frm 00041 Fmt 6604 Sfmt 6621 E:\HR\OC\37471.XXX 37471

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1Karen H. Seal, MD, MPH; Daniel Bertenthal, MPH; Christian R. Miner, PhD; Saunak Sen, 

PhD; Charles Marmar, MD, ‘‘Bringing the Ware Back Home: Mental Health Disorders Among 

103 788 U.S. Veterans Returning from Iraq and Afghanistan Seen at Department of Veterans 

Affairs Facilities’’ Arch Intern Med. 1007, 167, 476–482. 

tance of funding programs that target the early identification and treatment of 

PTSD in the youngest servicemen and women.1

In this study, most mental disorders were identified in primary care and nonmental health settings within a few days of the first visit to a VA clinic. The detection of PTSD, depression and substance abuse in primary care settings is crucial 

in order to initiate treatment which can prevent chronic mental disorders and disability. This study shows that the emphasis the VA is placing on the early detection 

of mental disorders in primary care settings has been effective. 

Clinical research on the screening and psychological assessment of mental and 

substance abuse disorders and suicide risk in primary care deserves continued funding. Evidence-based clinical guidelines for the detection of PTSD, substance abuse 

and suicide risk should be continuously evaluated. The most effective protocols 

should be disseminated to all settings where veterans receive care, including the 

private sector. 

For many years, The VA, DoD, National Institute of Health (NIH) and the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) have supported research on evidencebased diagnostic tools and treatments for PTSD, depression and substance abuse. 

I have been grateful to the NIMH for supporting my own research. Like most academics, I have published my research in peer reviewed journals. However I now believe that research that benefits patients needs to be delivered to health care providers when they need it—at the point of care. 

The VA—more than any other public or private institution—is in the best position 

to implement computer-aided decision support for mental disorders at the point of 

care. The VA is the largest integrated delivery system that provides mental and behavioral health care. In addition, the VA has VistA, the oldest and most robust Electronic Health Record (EHR). The delivery of clinical practice guidelines matched to 

a patient’s diagnosis and delivered directly into to a patient’s EHR at the point of 

care deserves the highest priority. In addition, efforts now underway to develop 

portable longitudinal Personal Health Records that injured veterans can take with 

them wherever they seek care deserve continued support. 

Too much excellent research that could benefit veterans is buried in professional 

journals; we need one place to accumulate all the data from all the studies so that 

health care providers can learn from past experience and share knowledge about the 

best ways to treat and rehabilitate injured veterans. All researchers and contractors 

who receive Federal funding for health related projects should be encouraged to deposit their data in a secure, private and confidential data base. Investigators and 

contractors should be encouraged to report results by gender and race to insure that 

treatments are available that are attuned to the experiences, culture, values and 

preferences of injured veterans and their families. 

Many servicemen and women returning from Iraq have been exposed to roadside 

bombs and improvised explosive devices. Never before have so many soldiers received simultaneous injuries to their brain and mind. There is much that we have 

to learn about the diagnosis and cognitive rehabilitation of Traumatic Brain Injuries 

(TBI) from powerful bombs. These blast injuries are not the same as concussions 

resulting from a car accident or a sports injury. Thorough screening and comprehensive neurological and neuropsychological assessment is essential to characterize 

these injuries and to maximize the prospects for recovery, a good quality of life and 

the ability to work, contribute and participate in a community. 

Most veterans receive their health care outside the VA system. I am especially 

concerned about the lack of coverage provided by private health insurance plans for 

neuropsychological assessment. Many private insurance companies will pay over 

$1,000 for neuroimaging studies but refuse to pay for the costs of comprehensive 

neuropsychological testing. Proper neuroimaging studies are essential but they cannot measure cognitive functioning, like the ability to sustain and focus attention or 

short-term memory—only neuropsychological tests can do that. Congressional hearings that investigate the treatment of veterans with TBI should invite 

neuropsychologists and representatives of professional neuropsychological associations to provide testimony on this issue. Before the DoD and VA outsource the treatment of military personnel and veterans with brain injuries to private facilities they 

should have the assurance that unwarranted restrictions on neuropsychological assessment are the exception rather than the rule. 


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2Defense Health Board Task Force on Mental Health (2007). An achievable vision: Report of 

the Department of Defense Task Force on Mental Health. Falls Church, VA; Defense Health 

Board; ES 2–3 3 Charles R. Marmar; Shannon E. McCaslin; Thomas J. Metzler; Suzanne Best; Daniel S. 

Weiss; Jeffery Fagan; Akiva Liberman; Nnamdi Pole; Christian Otte; Rachel Yehuda; David 

Continued 

The VBA has acknowledged a backlog of over 400,000 disability claims awaiting 

disability determination. The VBA has acknowledged that the waiting time to complete disability examinations is unacceptably long. 

According to a 2007 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report regarding disability determination for veterans, the methodology the VBA uses for determining disability is 

outmoded and does not reflect current knowledge about the assessment of functional 

impairments. The IOM recommended development of pilot programs to immediately 

award partial disability to veterans who meet presumptive criteria for a disabling 

mental disorder. Implementing the IOM’s recommendations would assure that injured veterans received immediate help and financial support while waiting—sometimes for years—for their claims to be adjudicated. 

The IOM also recommended funding demonstration projects to implement the 

International Classification of Functioning, Health and Disability published by the 

World Health Organization. The IOM pointed out that we need better description 

and quantification of functional capacities that promote involvement. Projects 

should be encouraged that map the full range of impairments and also the full 

range of functional capacities. A major goal of rehabilitation is to reengage the disabled veteran and promote social connections. Injured veterans need to be engaged 

in their communities, working, volunteering and connecting with friends and veterans. 

Wide variability exists between military and VA disability ratings and across different regions of the U.S. I am especially concerned about the possibility of racial 

disparities in disability ratings for PTSD. In a presentation to the Institute of Medicine, Dr. Charles Engel, the Director of the Deployment Health Clinical Center, reported that African American veterans were about half as likely as other veterans 

to receive service connected disability for PTSD (Medical Care 2003;41(4):536–549). 

This issue deserves urgent attention. Culturally sensitive assessment tools need to 

be developed to insure that consistent and equitable procedures are implemented 

and that any racial disparities that exist are eliminated. 

A 2007 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report, PTSD Compensation and Military 

Service, recommended that new methods should be developed to identify women 

who are victims of military sexual assault. Because PTSD from sexual assault is 

more difficult to prove than PTSD resulting from combat, the IOM recommended 

that more attention should be focused on the prompt identification and treatment 

of women who are victims of sexual assault and that better procedures be established for awarding disability compensation. 

A 2007 report form the DoD Task Force on Mental Health has called for more 

attention to the prevention of mental disorders and the building of resilience and 

coping strategies to deal with the stress of deployment. The report stated: 

‘‘The mission of caring for the psychological health of the military has fundamentally changed—new programs are needed—to meet current and future demands for a full spectrum of services including: resilience-building, 

assessment, prevention, early intervention, and provision of an easily accessible continuum of treatment for psychological health of service members 

and their families in both the Active and Reserve Components. There are 

not sufficient mechanisms in place to assure the use of evidence-based 

treatments or the monitoring of treatment effectiveness’’ 2

Currently, health information technology contracts and clinical research are conducted along parallel separate tracks. I recommend that contracts and research be 

funded for joint projects that integrate health services research and health information technology. Programs like the VA Special Fellowship Program in Medical 

Informatics provide a bridge for connecting patients, providers and researchers to 

health information technologies. The next generation of providers will be increasingly sophisticated in utilizing cutting edge technologies for telemedicine such as 

those being developed by the Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center (TATRC). 

A recent study by Dr. Charles Marmar at the San Francisco VAMC and UCSF 

and his colleagues across the country, found predictors of PTSD for police and other 

first responders following a disaster or critical incident.3 This study measured perVerDate Aug 31 2005 23:46 Jun 20, 2008 Jkt 037471 PO 00000 Frm 00043 Fmt 6604 Sfmt 6621 E:\HR\OC\37471.XXX 37471

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Mohr; and Thomas Neylan, ‘‘Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress in Police and Other First Responders’’ Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1071: 1–18 (2006). 

sonal characteristics prospectively—prior to exposure to a stressful event. Factors 

that predicted chronic and severe PTSD symptoms and greater functional impairments included the use of maladaptive coping strategies, especially self-medication 

with alcohol. In contrast, police officers who had a strong social support network 

after exposure to a critical stressful incident, exhibited less symptoms and impairments in functioning and were more likely to return to duty. The National Institute 

of Mental Health has generously funded research on vulnerabilities and protective 

factors related to the development of PTSD; congress should continue to support 

these promising initiatives. 

The Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Centers (MIRECC) were established by Congress to translate clinical research and best practices in mental 

health care into tangible benefits for patients of the VA. The MIRECCs are conducting research on post-deployment mental disorders, PTSD, substance abuse and 

suicide prevention. In addition, the MIRECCs produce clinical educational programs. These excellent programs deserve continued support and new programs 

should be funded, such as centers of excellence for the study of resilience—an idea 

promoted by the DoD Task Force on Mental Health. 

The Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center (TATRC) was established by congress to implement innovative telemedicine and technology projects to 

deliver medical expertise anywhere it is needed. Technologies developed by TATRC 

to help injured servicemen and women on the battlefield, and in remote rural communities, can be transferred to the private sector. Like many technology projects 

sponsored by the VA, the benefits accrue not only to veterans and their families but 

to the whole community. VistA, the VA’s EHR is being installed around the world; 

countries that cannot afford to spend millions of dollars to develop an EHR can install VistA for a tiny fraction of the cost of commercial EHR. 

Thank you for your support for research and for the education and training of the 

clinicians who provide health care to injured veterans. I will be happy to answer 

any questions. 

f 

Prepared Statement of Maureen Murdoch, M.D., MPH, 

Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research, 

Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 

Veterans Health Administration, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs 

(on behalf of herself) 

Mr. Chairman and Members of the Subcommittees, thank you for the opportunity 

to appear before you today to present findings from my team’s research on possible 

disparities in PTSD disability awards among race and gender groups. I must note 

the views presented today are mine and do not necessarily represent the views of 

the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and reflect the results of my studies and 

not necessarily the findings of other research. 

Background 

PTSD is the most common psychiatric condition for which veterans seek VA disability benefits. Long-term health studies indicate women have a higher prevalence 

of PTSD than men, and may be more susceptible to PTSD. Conversely, African 

American or blacks appear to have similar risks for PTSD compared to whites. 

In 2000, my colleagues and I began investigating if there were race and gender 

disparities in VA disability awards for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We 

assembled a representative sample of almost 5,000 men and women veterans who 

applied for PTSD disability benefits between 1994 and 1998. 

We developed and tested 4 hypotheses: 

1. Veterans reporting more severe PTSD symptoms would be more likely to be 

Service-Connected for PTSD than veterans reporting less severe PTSD symptoms. 

2. Veterans reporting more severe disablement would be more likely to be Service-Connected for PTSD than veterans reporting less disablement. 

3. Veterans with combat experience would be more likely to be rated Service-Connected for PTSD than veterans not in combat. 

4. These 3 covariates (PTSD symptom severity, degree of disability, and combat 

exposure) would explain any race or gender differences in VA PTSD disability 

awards. 


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Results of the Studies 

Overall, the 3,337 respondents were highly symptomatic. About 80 percent met 

our definition for PTSD and 62 percent were service connected for PTSD. Our results yielded several interesting findings. Concerning the relationship between 

PTSD service connection and gender, despite fewer major medical complications and 

superior physical functioning, women’s overall role functioning was similar to men’s. 

Almost 94 percent of men and 29 percent of women reported at least some combat 

exposure. Most importantly, once combat exposure was controlled, the effect of gender on service connection for PTSD became insignificant. Specifically, more than 90 

percent of combat-injured veterans, regardless of gender, became service-connected 

for PTSD. Those with higher levels of combat exposure were substantially more likely than those with lower levels to be service connected for PTSD. Since men had 

notably greater exposure to combat, they likewise had higher rates of service connection. In sum, instead of a gender bias in awards for PTSD service connection, 

we found evidence of a combat advantage that disproportionately favored men and 

adversely affected women. 

We also compared PTSD symptom severity and Social Adjustment scores of veterans reporting sexual assault and combat exposure. We found, on average, veterans 

reporting combat alone had marginally less severe PTSD symptoms than those reporting sexual assault. Veterans reporting only combat exposure also reported significantly better Social Adjustment Scores than those reporting sexual assault. Men 

and women who reported sexual assault were equally unlikely to be service connected for PTSD. 

In our investigation of racial disparities, we found that the African Americans in 

our sample were just as likely to be service connected for other disorders, but were 

substantially and significantly less likely than other respondents to be service connected for PTSD. The negative association between African Americans and service 

connection for PTSD was not found for any other racial or ethnic group. Among veterans receiving service connection for PTSD, the service-connected rating was almost identical, regardless of race—an average rating of 43 percent for African Americans versus 45 percent for all other veterans. Controlling for gender, African Americans’ modified combat exposure scores were similar to other veterans, but African 

Americans were significantly less likely to have a documented combat injury. With 

full adjustment, the estimated probability of being awarded service connection for 

PTSD was 43 percent for African American veterans compared with 56 percent for 

other respondents. Examining clinicians were about seven-tenths as likely to diagnose PTSD in African Americans as they were for other veterans, although this difference was not statistically significant. 

Discussion About the Studies 

There are several issues warranting consideration when evaluating this research. 

First, the pool of respondents was selected based upon their submitted claims for 

PTSD service connection, while our questions focused on their current health and 

adjustment status. It is distinctly possible that those with the greatest need at the 

time of their application have been receiving treatment and may now actually report 

better health outcomes than their peers. Second, the study relied on veterans’ selfreports of their PTSD symptom severity, degree of disability, and trauma history, 

which may not have been clinically accurate or universally consistent. 

Recommendations 

In order to strengthen and expand this research, future studies should identify 

and evaluate veterans shortly after applying for PTSD disability benefits. In addition, we need to collect and assemble more data from the claims files. Finally, future 

studies should investigate claims for disorders other than PTSD. 

Mr. Chairman, this concludes my statement. I am pleased to respond to any questions you or the Subcommittee members may have. Thank you. 

f 

Prepared Statement of Joy J. Ilem, 

Assistant National Legislative Director, Disabled American Veterans 

Messrs. Chairmen and Members of the Subcommittees: 

Thank you for inviting the Disabled American Veterans (DAV) to provide testimony at this joint hearing on the present and future needs of women and minority 

veterans seeking services from the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). You have 

called a hearing on important topics that demand attention by the Committee, the 

VA, and the Department of Defense (DoD). 


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MINORITY VETERANS 

In June 2007 the VA Health Services Research & Development Service (HSR&D) 

released a new report, Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the VA Healthcare System: 

A Systematic Review. 

For many years, the VA has expressed its commitment to eliminating ethnic disparities in health care to ensure equal access and quality health care for all veterans using VA services. Researchers systematically reviewed the existing evidence 

on disparities to determine which clinical areas racial and ethnic disparities are 

prevalent within VA, described what is known about the sources of those disparities 

and qualitatively synthesized that knowledge to determine the most promising avenues for future research aimed at improving equity in VA health care. 

Researchers looked at a number of clinical areas including: arthritis and pain 

management; cancer; cardiovascular diseases; diabetes; HIV and Hepatitis C; mental health and substance abuse; preventative and ambulatory care; and rehabilitative and palliative care. The findings of the study concluded that disparities appear 

to exist in all clinical arenas and a number of reasons were offered as to why disparities exist. More notably, researchers commented in nearly each case that the underlying causes of these disparities were not explored or remain unclear. One key 

finding was that in studies examining quality indicators representing immediate 

health outcomes—such as control of blood sugar, blood pressure, or cholesterol—

non-white veterans generally fared worse than whites. The researchers noted that 

this finding was especially troubling since it may indicate that disparities in health 

care delivery are contributing to real disparities in health outcomes. It was also 

noted that fewer studies examined Hispanics, American Indians, and Asians and 

that in general, disparities in the VA appear to affect African American and Hispanic veterans most significantly. 

The study relates specific sources of disparities and offers a number of future research recommendations to further elucidate and reduce/eliminate racial disparities 

in VA health care including: 

• Designing decision aids and information tools for minority veterans with a focus 

on literacy, language and cultural issues. 

• Interventions to make patients more active participants in their health care decisions. 

• Improved communication strategies for patients and clinicians to help strengthen patient-provider relationships. 

• Additional studies to determine sources of variation in clinical judgment by patient race. 

• Interventions to promote evidence-based decisionmaking by providers. 

• Interventions to provide support to veterans to improve adherence to medication 

and treatment plans. 

It is clear from the findings of this recent study that much more needs to done 

in this area. We urge VA to continue its research and provide appropriate resources 

and policies to eliminate racial disparities in VA health care. 

In preparing for this hearing we also reviewed the most recent annual report 

(July 1, 2006) available from the VA Advisory Committee on Minority Veterans. The 

Advisory Committee made a number of recommendations including: improved outreach to all veterans including minority veterans; expansion of Internet based access 

to VA benefits and health care with particular attention given to cultural and linguistic diversity; continued research to help eliminate barriers for minority veterans 

to access health care and other benefits; increased attention to minority veterans 

living in rural areas, increase staff diversity; hire minority veterans from Operation’s Enduring and Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) to ensure sensitivity to a new generation of minority veterans seeking benefits and health care services from VA; improve coordination between VA and DoD to ensure basic information about VA benefits and services is made available to newly returning minority veterans from OEF/ 

OIF. Of special concern to the Advisory Committee was the issue of outreach versus 

marketing. The Committee reported that field facilities may be under the impression that they are prohibited from marketing including conducting outreach to minority veteran populations. We agree with the Advisory Committee that this interpretation of policy is a serious impediment to minority veterans’ knowledge of their 

VA benefits. 

We support and applaud the Advisory Committee for its continued efforts to increase awareness about minority veteran issues and advance the quality of the services minority veterans currently receive. 


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WOMEN VETERANS 

With increasing numbers of women serving in the military, and with more women 

veterans seeking VA health care following military service, it is essential that the 

VA be responsive to the unique demographics of this veteran population cohort. In 

addition, VA must ensure that its special disability programs are tailored to meet 

the unique health concerns of women who have served in combat theaters and those 

who have suffered catastrophic disabilities as a result of military service. 

Although VA has markedly improved health care services for women veterans 

over the past 10 years, privacy issues at some facilities and other deficiencies still 

exist. VA needs to monitor and enforce, at the network and local levels, the legislation, regulations, and policies specific to health care services for women veterans. 

Only then will women veterans receive high quality primary and gender-specific 

care, continuity of care, and the privacy they expect and need at all VA facilities. 

Messrs. Chairmen, there has been a trend in the Veterans Health Administration 

(VHA) to move away from comprehensive or full-service women’s health clinics for 

the purpose of providing both primary and gender-specific health care to women veterans. According to VA, less than half of its facilities surveyed provide care to 

women through mixed gender primary care teams and refer women to specialized 

women’s health clinics for gender-specific care. As you are aware, in the mid-nineties VA reorganized from a predominantly hospital-based delivery care model to an 

outpatient health care delivery model focused on preventative and health maintenance care. While we supported that shift, we are concerned about the incidental 

impact of the primary care model on the quality of health care delivered to women. 

VA’s 2000 conference report ‘‘The Health Status of Women Veterans Using Department of Veterans Affairs Ambulatory Care Services’’ noted that with the advent of 

primary care in VA, many women’s clinics were being dismantled and that women 

veterans were assigned to primary care teams on a rotating basis, essentially without regard to gender. Findings from the report indicated that this practice further 

reduced the ratio of women to men in any one practitioner’s caseload, making it 

even more unlikely that the clinician would gain the clinical exposure necessary to 

develop and maintain expertise in women veterans’ health. We understand that a 

follow on study is currently being conducted and we look forward to those findings. 

VA acknowledges that full-service women’s primary care clinics that provide comprehensive care, including basic gender-specific care, are the optimal milieu for providing care to women veterans. Or, in cases where there are relatively low numbers 

of women being treated at a given facility it is preferable to assign all women to 

one primary care team in order to facilitate the development and maintenance of 

provider clinical skills in women’s health. VA also notes that the health care environment directly affects the quality of care provided to women veterans and has a 

significant impact on the patient’s comfort, privacy, feeling of safety, and sense of 

welcome. 

According to VA researchers, although women veterans surveyed reported that 

they prefer receiving primary and gender-specific health care from the same provider or clinic, in actuality, their care is fragmented, with different components of 

care being provided by different clinicians with variable degrees of coordination and 

expertise of caring for women. Additionally, researchers found a number of barriers 

to delivering high quality health care to women veterans. Specifically, insufficient 

funding for women’s health programs, competing local or network priorities, limited 

resources for outreach, inability to recruit specialists, lower numbers of women veterans’ caseloads, limited availability of afterhours emergency health services, and an 

insufficient number of clinicians skilled in women’s health. 

VA Researchers made several recommendations to address these barriers, including concentrating women’s primary care delivery to designated providers with wom- en’s health expertise within primary care or women’s health clinics; enhancing provider skills in women’s health; providing telemedicine access to experts to aid in 

emergency health care decisionmaking; and, increasing communication and coordination of care for women veterans using fee-basis or contract care services. We are 

pleased that funding has been approved for VA researchers to study the impact of 

the practice structure on the quality of care for women veterans and fragmentation 

of care for women veterans including unmet health care needs for women with 

chronic physical and mental health conditions. 

Messrs. Chairmen, VA previously established women’s health as a research priority to develop new knowledge about how to best provide for the health and care 

of women veterans. In 2004, VHA’s Office of Research and Development held a 

groundbreaking conference, ‘‘Toward a VA’s Women’s Health Research Agenda: Setting Evidence-Based Research Priorities for Improving the Health and Care of 

Women Veterans.’’ The participants of the conference were tasked with identifying 

gaps in understanding women veterans’ health and health care and with identifying 


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the research priorities and infrastructure required to fill these gaps. In April 2005, 

a special solicitation was issued for research proposals to assess health care needs 

of women veterans and demands on the VA health care system in targeted areas, 

such as mental health and combat stress, military sexual trauma (MST), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), homeless women veterans, and differences in era of 

service (e.g., Iraq vs. Gulf war). An entire issue of the Journal of General Internal 

Medicine was dedicated to VA research and women’s health in March 2006. Published findings included articles on why women veterans choose VA health care; barriers to VA health care for women veterans; health status of women veterans; PTSD 

and increased use in certain VA medical care services; and, MST. 

We have strongly encouraged VA, as it takes steps to advance this agenda, to 

focus on research and programs that enhance VA’s understanding of women vet- erans’ health issues and discover new ways to optimize health care delivery and improve health outcomes for this patient population. 

Addressing the Needs of Women Veterans Who Served in Operations Enduring and Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) 

According to the VA Women Veterans Health Program Office, as of August 31, 

2006, approximately 70,000 women have served and separated from military service 

in OEF/OIF. Among this group nearly 37.2 percent, or 25,960, have sought and received health care from VA since separation from military service (up from 32.9 percent, or 15,903, in the previous year). According to VAthe prevalence of potential 

PTSD among new OEF/OIF women veterans treated at VA from fiscal year 2002–

2006 has grown dramatically from approximately 1 percent in 2002 to nearly 19 percent in 2006. 

The challenge of addressing the health care needs of the growing number of 

women veterans exposed to combat with and without obvious injury is daunting. In 

the future, the needs will likely be significantly greater with more women seeking 

access to care, increased health care utilization, and a more diverse range of medical 

conditions. It is unlikely the past experience of women veterans in the VA will serve 

as an accurate guide because of the unique experiences of women who have served 

in OEF/OIF. 

Equal access to quality mental health services is critical for women veterans, especially women veterans who have readjustment problems associated with serving 

in a combat theater or those who have suffered sexual or other trauma during military service. The VA Women’s Health Project, a study designed to assess the health 

status of women veterans who use VA ambulatory services, found that active duty 

military personnel reported rates of sexual assault higher than comparable civilian 

samples, and there is a high prevalence of sexual assault and harassment reported 

among women veterans accessing VA services. The study noted and we agree, that 

it is ‘‘essential that VA staff recognizes the importance of the environment in which 

care is delivered to women veterans, and that VA clinicians possess the knowledge, 

skill, and sensitivity that allows them to assess the spectrum of physical and mental 

conditions that can be seen even years after assault.’’

According to VA, approximately 19 percent of the women screened between fiscal 

years 2002 and 2006 responded ‘‘yes’’ to experiencing MST, compared to 1 percent 

of men screened. In response to these reports, VA established a Committee to explore ways to address the mental health needs of women veterans and to improve 

mental health services to women who have experienced MST. In 2006, VA developed 

an MST support team under its mental health service to specifically work with MST 

coordinators in the field to better monitor tracking, screening, treatment, and training programs for MST. VA is yet to implement earlier recommendations made by 

the Mental Health Strategic Health Care Group Subcommittee on Women’s Mental 

Health, including development of an MST provider certification program, providing 

separate sub-units for inpatient psychiatry and other residential services, and improved coordination with DoD on transition of women veterans. We encourage VA 

revisit these recommendations. 

Given the increasing role of women in combat deployments and with more than 

70,000 women now having served in OEF/OIF combat theaters, we are pleased that 

VA’s Women’s Health Science Division of VA’s National Center for PTSD is evaluating the health impact of combat service on women veterans, including the dual 

burden of exposure to traumatic events in the war zone and MST. According to the 

center, although there is no current empirical data to verify MST is occurring in 

Iraq there have been numerous reports in the popular press citing cases of sexual 

misconduct. In the center’s Women’s Stress Disorder Treatment Team, of 49 returning female veterans, 20 (41 percent) reported MST. 

The Center notes that anecdotal reports from OEF/OIF veterans suggest a number of unique concerns that have a more direct impact on women than their male 


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counterparts returning from combat theaters, including lack of privacy in living, 

sleeping, and shower areas; lack of gynecological health care; health care impact of 

women choosing to stop their menstrual cycle; health consequences of dehydration 

and chronic urinary tract infection. There are also reported findings that suggest 

distinct differences in homecoming, including that women may be less likely to have 

their military service recognized or appreciated; possible differential access to treatment services; and possible increased parenting and financial stress. Additionally, 

women may be more likely to seek help for psychological difficulties. 

We are pleased the Center is looking at gender differences in mental health, MST 

in the war zone, and gender differences in other stressors associated with OEF/OIF 

service and homecoming. We understand a number of research initiatives/projects 

are focused on treatment of PTSD in women, enhancing sensitivity toward and 

knowledge of women veterans and their health care needs among VA staff, and MST 

among Reserve components of the armed forces. 

Some women will suffer from severe PTSD which will require more intensive evidence based treatment. VA has conducted ground breaking research on evidence 

based treatment for PTSD, including a recent study that established the efficacy for 

women. The most effective approaches often require intensive outpatient or residential care. Lack of adequate child care is a significant problem for women requiring 

such care, as is transportation to treatments which require frequent, even daily attendance. Furthermore, while the establishment of the efficacy of these approaches 

is an important first step, they will only have an impact on the thousands of women 

veteran affected when they are fully deployed throughout the VA system and easily 

accessible to patients. This is not currently the case, as acknowledged by the National Center representative in recent testimony before the President’s Wounded 

Warriors Commission. 

We recognize that VA is attempting to address the needs of women veterans returning from combat theaters in a variety of ways and has provided guidance for 

medical facilities to evaluate the adequacy of programs and services for returning 

OEF/OIF women veterans in anticipation of gender-specific health issues. We understand that the Women Veterans Health Program Office and the local women veterans’ program managers (WVPMs) have partnered with the VA Seamless Transition Office to provide information during National Guard, Reserves, and family 

member demobilization briefings on VA services and programs for women veterans. 

VA should continue to strengthen its partnership with the DoD to ensure a seamless 

transition for women from military service to veteran status. An improvement in 

sharing data and health information between the Departments is essential to understanding and best addressing the health concerns of women veterans. Unlike female 

veterans from previous conflicts, this new cohort of female veterans has been routinely exposed to combat in Iraq. It is imperative to acknowledge that we do not 

fully understand the barriers that may prevent OEF/OIF women from accessing VA 

care. We do know from recent studies of OEF/OIF active duty and reserve component personnel that stigma is a major in accessing mental health services; with over 

40% reporting that stigma would impact their access. Furthermore, we must acknowledge that we will never adequately understand the barriers to seeking VA 

care by only studying the minority of female veterans who actually receive care, as 

is the case with VA patient satisfaction surveys. 

Therefore, DAV makes the following recommendations to better serve women veterans returning from combat theaters. 

• VA and DoD should collaborate to conduct surveys of recently discharged active 

duty women and recently demobilized female reserve component members that 

fully assess the barriers that they perceive or have experienced to seeking 

health care through VA. These surveys should include assessments of the effect 

of sigma, driving distance, absence of child care, understanding of VA eligibility 

and services, user friendliness of VA services for those who have attempted to 

access care, cultural sensitivities that differentially affect women, and other key 

potential barriers. 

• VA should quickly disseminate and deploy resources to make evidence based 

PTSD treatment easy accessible for women veterans across the country, and explore options for providing child care for those needing it to attend treatment. 

• DoD should fund a prospective, population-based health study of women who 

served in OEF/OIF. An epidemiologic study with at least a 10 year follow-up 

is needed. This study should be carried out by DoD, VA and University researchers collaboratively. 

• VA should conduct a comprehensive assessment of its Women Veterans’ Health 

Programs, including specialized programs for women who are homeless or have 

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prove services for this population and projected future needs of OEF/OIF 

women veterans. 

• VA’s sexual trauma programs should be enhanced. 

• Family counseling programs should be expanded and enhanced to meet the 

needs of the spouses and children of veterans who have served in combat theaters. These mental health programs are critical to veterans and their families 

after military deployments. 

• Each VA Medical Center should establish a consumer council that includes veterans’ service organizations, family members, and veterans including OEF/OIF 

veterans to ensure that care is veteran centered. 

• VA’s Women Veterans and Minority Advisory Committees should include representative(s) who served in Iraq and Afghanistan. 

At a recent VA National Conference: Evolving Paradigms—Providing Health Care 

to Transitioning Combat Veterans—one track focused on women veterans who 

served in Iraq. A panel discussion by those women was very revealing about their 

unique experiences in the military and the impact of that service on their physical 

and mental health, as well as their existing impressions of access to VA services 

post-deployment. The women who participated in this panel, as well as other women 

who have served in combat theaters, could offer valuable insight on the impact of 

military experience on this new generation of women veterans. We understand that 

VA had planned to convene a focus group of approximately 50 women veterans of 

the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan to examine gaps in service and how VA could better meet the needs of this group. It is not clear whether VA still plans to convene 

such a group, but DAV believes this could stimulate an effective policy debate within VA and greatly benefit this new generation of women veterans. 

Finally, some women serving in the military may suffer the dual burden of combat exposure and MST. While the DoD has established an office to deal with the 

incidence of sexual trauma, the conditions of a combat theater, quartering and lack 

of personal security offer special threats to women. VA and DoD need to better coordinate policies and treatment for transitioning women veterans who suffer readjustment issues related to combat exposure and/or have suffered MST. With increasing pressure to address MST, DoD established a Sexual Assault Prevention & Response Office (SAPRO). Veterans now have the option to file either a ‘‘restricted’’

or ‘‘unrestricted’’ report of sexual assault in the military. In the case of a ‘‘restricted’’

report there is no investigation or legal action sought on behalf of the veteran but 

he or she will have access to medical treatment, counseling and advocacy support. 

Records detailing the assault and medical findings are kept for 1 year following the 

incident. It is our understanding that after the 1 year period if the veteran has not 

filed an unrestricted report any evidence collected including records of the incident 

will be destroyed. It is our hope that VA will collaborate with the SAPRO to ensure 

these records are either provided to the veteran or put in safe keeping. If a veteran 

is diagnosed with a mental health or physical disorder related to the assault during 

military service the records at the time of the assault would be essential in supporting the veterans claim for service-connection. 

As we see growth in the number of women veterans using VA health care services, we also expect to see increased VA health care expenditures for women’s health 

programs. Unfortunately, VA medical center administrators are under continued 

pressure to streamline programs and impose every efficiency practicable. Often, 

smaller programs, such as programs for women veterans, are at risk of discontinuation. The loss of a key staff member responsible for delivering specialized health 

care services or developing outreach strategies and programs to serve the needs of 

women veterans, can threaten the overall success of a program. 

Women veterans program managers (WVPM) and benefits coordinators are another key component to addressing the specialized needs of women veterans. These 

program directors and benefits coordinators are instrumental to the development, 

management, and coordination of women’s health and benefits services at all VA facilities. Given the importance of this position, DAV is concerned about the actual 

amount of time WVPMs are able to dedicate to women veterans issues and if they 

have appropriate administrative support to carry out their duties. According to VA, 

71 percent of all WVPMs serve in a collateral role. Only 20 percent reported they 

were allocated more than 20 administrative hours per week to fulfill their program 

responsibilities during the fiscal year. With increasing numbers of women veterans, 

VA WVPMs must have appropriate support staff and adequate time allocated to successfully perform their program duties and to conduct outreach to women veterans 

in their communities. Increased focus on outreach to these veterans is especially important because they tend to be less aware of their veteran status and eligibility 

for benefits than male veterans. 


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In closing, VA needs to ensure priority is given to women veterans’ programs so 

quality health care and specialized services are available equally for women and 

men. VA must continue to work to provide an appropriate clinical environment for 

treatment, even where there is a disparity in numbers. Given the changing roles 

of women in the military, VA must also be prepared to anticipate the specialized 

needs of women veterans who were sexually assaulted in military service or catastrophically wounded in combat theaters, suffering amputations, blindness, spinal 

cord injury, or traumatic brain injury. Although it is anticipated that many of the 

medical problems of male and female veterans returning from combat operations 

will be the same, VA facilities must address the health issues that pose special challenges for women. DAV has recommended that VA focus its women’s health research on finding the health care delivery model that demonstrates the best clinical 

outcomes for women veterans. Likewise, VA should develop a strategic plan along 

with DoD to collect critical information about the health status and care needs of 

women veterans with a focus on evidence-based practices to identify other strategic 

priorities for women’s health research agenda. 

Messrs. Chairman, this concludes my testimony and I will be happy to address 

questions from you or other Members of the Subcommittees. 

f 

Prepared Statement of Betty Moseley Brown, Ed.D., Associate Director, 

Center for Women Veterans, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs 

Chairman Hall, Chairman Michaud, and Members of the Subcommittees, I am 

pleased to testify today on behalf of the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) about 

services in VA for women veterans. Particularly, I will address how VA serves 

women veterans through its current programs, how present and future strategies 

will address the needs of this growing population, and what outreach efforts are 

being conducted by VA to women veterans. The Center for Women Veterans was 

established by Public Law No. 103–446 in November 1994 to oversee VA programs 

for women veterans. The Center’s mission is to ensure that women veterans receive 

benefits and services on par with male veterans; that VA programs are responsive 

to gender-specific needs of women veterans; that outreach is performed to improve 

women veterans’ awareness of services, benefits and eligibility criteria; and that 

women veterans are treated with dignity and respect. The Director, Center for 

Women Veterans, acts as the primary advisor to the Secretary and Deputy Secretary on all matters related to policies, legislation, programs, issues, and initiatives 

affecting women veterans. 

How is the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) serving women through its 

current programs? 

The Center for Women Veterans monitors changes in services through briefings 

by the 3 VA administrations and assesses the impact these changes may have on 

the delivery of services for the Nation’s 1.75 million women veterans—from programs for homeless women veterans with children, elderly women veterans, women 

veterans living in rural areas, and for those women still unaware they, too, are veterans, since many do not identify themselves as such. The Center regularly monitors VA briefings during Transition Assistance Programs to ensure that active duty 

women are provided access to information on the benefits and services available to 

them as veterans prior to their release from active duty. 

The Advisory Committee on Women Veterans was established by Public Law 98–

160 in 1983. The Advisory Committee is charged with advising the Secretary of Veterans Affairs on VA benefits and services for women veterans, assessing the needs 

of women veterans, reviewing VA programs and activities designed to meet those 

needs, and developing recommendations addressing unmet needs. The Advisory 

Committee submits a biennial report to the Secretary incorporating the Committee’s 

findings and recommendations. 

As a means of obtaining information regarding the delivery of health care and 

services to women veterans, the Advisory Committee conducts site visits to VA facilities throughout the country. In addition, the Advisory Committee tours the facilities and meets with senior officials to discuss services and programs available to 

women veterans. During site visits, the Advisory Committee also hosts open forums 

with the women veterans’ community, encouraging women veterans to discuss 

issues and ask questions related to VA benefits and services. The Advisory Committee meets twice a year at VA Central Office (VACO) and receives briefings from 

the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), Veterans Benefits Administration 

(VBA), National Cemetery Administration (NCA) and other staff offices. These briefVerDate Aug 31 2005 23:46 Jun 20, 2008 Jkt 037471 PO 00000 Frm 00051 Fmt 6604 Sfmt 6621 E:\HR\OC\37471.XXX 37471

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ings update the Committee on the status of VA programs and respond to concerns 

raised during the site visits. The Advisory Committee uses information from these 

site visits and briefings in its biennial reports to the Secretary. 

In the 2006 Report of the Advisory Committee on Women Veterans, the Advisory 

Committee made 23 recommendations. Some of the key report issues included outreach, behavioral and mental health care, military sexual trauma, health care, research and studies, strategic planning, training, and women veterans who are homeless. The 2006 Report has been provided to Congress. 

Regarding women veterans health program, the Advisory Committee, in its 2006 

Report, recommended VA ensure the Center is provided an annual update on the 

effectiveness of the VHA Women Veterans Program Managers Program. VHA officials, including the Women Veterans Health Strategic Healthcare Group (formerly 

known as Women Veterans Health Program), briefed the Center and Advisory Committee members on this issue at the February– March 2007 meeting of the Advisory 

Committee. In addition, the Women Veterans Health Strategic Healthcare Group 

works closely with the Center on issues that are frequently referred to Women Veterans Program Managers in field facilities. 

• In FY 2006, the VHA served 235,901 women veterans in our health system. By 

comparison, in FY 2001 VHA served 171,161 women veterans. This is a 5 year 

relative increase of 37.8 percent. • In FY 2006, 14 percent of the census-projected number of all women veterans 

utilized VHA services. This compares to 22 percent of all male veterans utilization. • Of the total number of women who have been discharged from active duty after 

deployment in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom (OIF/ 

OEF), 37.5 percent, or 25,960 women veterans, have been to a VHA health care 

facility at least once. This compares to a male utilization rate of 32 percent for 

OIF/OEF veterans. • There are 22 VA health care facilities that have dedicated, comprehensive women’s center space. 

VHA’s Women Veterans Health Strategic Healthcare Group (WVHSHG) studies 

the continuum of care available to women veterans through an annual Plan of CareClinical Inventory Report. This Report surveys availability of all related types of 

physical and mental health services for women at each medical facility. Every facility has a designated Women Veterans Program Manager to serve as program administrator, veteran advocate and referral source to appropriate care; this report 

also tracks their time allotment. 

In addition, in 2006 WVHSHG cosponsored Elizabeth Yano, PhD, MSPH, Deputy 

Director VA Greater Los Angeles HSR&D Center of Excellence and Associate Professor at UCLA, to survey VISN Leadership, facility and program directors regarding provision of care models in women’s health in VHA. We expect delivery of this 

report in late 2007, informing VHA of the provision of primary care to women veterans through models of specialized women’s health clinics and in models of mixedgender primary care sites, including community based outpatient sites. This study 

will clarify which models of care for women provide the best performance outcomes 

and higher patient ratings of care. 

Realizing the current influx of returning women veterans will increase the number of women seen by VHA in the next several years, VHA has initiated programs 

to identify interested primary care providers and provide them with intensive training in women’s health. The needs assessment for this program will be implemented 

in September 2007 through VA’s Employee Education Service efforts. This program 

will be especially important in addressing the health care needs of rural women. We 

also recognize that the majority of women veterans new to VHA are of childbearing 

age and could be at risk for birth defects from some prescription medications. This 

presents new challenges which we are addressing through initiatives in pharmacy 

management and provider education. 

VHA is committed to expanding the focus of women veterans’ health care beyond 

the issues of gender specific screening for breast and cervical cancer. In the United 

States, heart disease is the number one cause of death in women, and WVHSHG 

has proposed initiatives in improved management and prevention for heart disease 

risk including cholesterol, weight management and smoking cessation. On June 22, 

2007, VHA’s Office of Public Health and Environmental Hazards awarded 2 clinical 

demonstration grants specific to smoking cessation programs for women veterans. 

Another focus area for women veterans’ health is prevention and detection of cancers, particularly colorectal cancers, through improved screening of women veterans. 

We are evaluating factors related to the fact that fewer women than men receive 

colorectal cancer screening, both within VA and in community samples. 


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Mental Health 

There are specialized women’s mental health services in VHA: 

• Specialized inpatient and residential programs for women veterans—these programs are for women who need more intensive treatment and support. While 

in these programs, women live either in the hospital or in a residence with 

other women. Length of stay for these programs ranges from 28 days to 18 

months. • Inpatient and residential programs with cohort treatment for women or separate 

women’s wings—these are programs for women who need more intensive treatment and support, like the specialized inpatient and residential programs discussed above. However, these programs accept both men and women and accept 

women in groups at specific start dates or have separate space for women. • Women’s Stress Disorder Treatment Teams (WSDTTs)—these are specialized 

outpatient mental health programs that focus on the treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and other problems related to trauma. • Women’s Homelessness Programs—although many VA homelessness programs 

serve women, there are also programs specific for women veterans that provide 

services for those who are homeless or at risk of becoming homeless. • Military Sexual Trauma (MST) Coordinators—every VA facility has a designated MST Coordinator who serves as a point of contact for MST-related 

issues. Vet Centers also have specially trained sexual trauma counselors. • Sexual Trauma Treatment Provided in Residential or Inpatient Settings—there 

are programs that offer sexual trauma-specific treatment in a residential or inpatient setting. Programs range from those solely dedicated to the treatment of 

sexual trauma; to those with a special track emphasizing the treatment of sexual trauma; to those with 2 or more staff members with expertise in sexual 

trauma who, in the context of a larger program not focused on sexual trauma, 

provide treatment targeting this issue. • MST Support Team—In FY07, VA’s Office of Mental Health Services (OMHS) 

established a Military Sexual Trauma (MST) Support Team that is designed to 

help ensure that VA is in compliance with legally mandated monitoring of MST 

screening and treatment. The team also helps to coordinate and expand legally 

mandated education and training efforts related to MST, and to promote best 

practices in the field. • National Training Initiatives in Evidence-Based Practices for PTSD—there are 

currently 2 national initiatives to train therapists in evidence-based practice for 

PTSD being funded by VA’s Office of Mental Health. The first one is to train 

and support therapists to conduct cognitive processing therapy (CPT), a highly 

effective treatment for PTSD and related symptoms. The second therapy is an 

exposure therapy for PTSD called prolonged exposure. There have been a number of studies supporting the use of exposure treatment for PTSD. 

• In addition, there is a wide range of services for women available through VA’s 

Readjustment Counseling Services and Vet Center Programs. Female veterans 

who served in combat theaters are eligible for the full range of readjustment 

services as provided by VA’s Vet Center Program. Since the onset of the Vet 

Center program, women veterans have been provided outreach services to promote early intervention and access to VA care, preventive educational services, 

counseling for substantive readjustment problems (including war-related PTSD 

services), family counseling and employment related services. Since 1993, female veterans of any era have also been able to access military related sexual 

trauma counseling at Vet Centers. Vet Centers promote the hiring of female 

veteran service providers at equal to or higher than the representation of 

women in the military. Access to care for women veterans is also promoted 

through the Vet Center program’s working group. The working group is composed of female staff members who assist management by educating their fellow 

Vet Center staff on the contributions made by women in the military and exploring gender-related issues to promote gender-sensitive services to women veterans. 

Research 

Currently, the VHA Office of Research and Development (ORD) is supporting a 

broad portfolio focused on women’s health issues, including studies on diseases prevalent solely or predominantly in women [e.g., certain types of cancer (breast, cervical, ovarian), lupus, human papillomavirus (HPV) and hormonal effects on diseases in post-menopausal women], research focusing on women subjects (e.g., PTSD 

in women, osteoporosis in women, multiple sclerosis in women) and research on the 

health care of women veterans. 


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ORD’s efforts to support research that will improve the health care of the growing 

number of women veterans can be categorized in 3 areas: 

• Research assessing VA’s organization of care for women veterans and the implications for improved quality of care. 

• Research on the unique experiences of women veterans regarding risks, treatment and health care outcomes related to sexual and other military traumas. 

• Research examining the general health care needs and service utilization of 

women veterans. 

• In 2001, VA’s Office of Research and Development created a Center of Excellence for Research aimed at identifying factors which cause disparities in health 

outcomes across racial, ethnic, and gender lines, as well as ways for promoting 

equity in health and health care. This center, co-located at 2 sites (Pittsburgh 

and Philadelphia), has 29 core investigators who have contributed over 128 

peer-reviewed scientific articles over the past 2 years. 

Veterans Benefits Administration 

• In fiscal year 2006, Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment Program 

(VR&E) received 57,856 applications of which 9,895 were female veterans. During the entire fiscal year, VR&E had 52,982 active participants of which 12,627 

were female veterans. 

• In fiscal year 2006, 193,112 female veterans received compensation for a service-connected disability. 

• In fiscal year 2006, the percent of guaranteed loans was increased for women 

veterans with 12.2 percent in FY06 with 17,355 loans to women veterans at an 

average loan amount of $173,923. 

• In fiscal year 2006, 8,442 women separating from service used their education 

benefits under the Montgomery GI Bill (MGIB). Since the inception of the 

MGIB, 214,369 female veterans have used their benefits under Chapter 30 of 

the program. This represents a 72.7-percent rate of usage. 

• There are 58,086 female veterans covered under the Veterans Group Life Insurance (VGLI) program. The total amount of coverage in force for female veterans 

is $17.6 billion for an average coverage of $123,300. 

• Presented and participated in 8,541 VA benefits briefings attended by 393,345 

active duty military service members including Guard and Reserve members. 

• To promote accuracy and consistency in the claims review process, VBA has 

taken a number of actions. For example, in the past 4 years, VBA has published 

guidance and conducted training for employees on the full range of issues related to PTSD claims adjudication—from development of the claim to proper application of the rating schedule. 

• VBA and VHA have worked collaboratively to modifying the examination request worksheets and the examination templates related to PTSD. This ensures 

that the information gathered during the exam is uniform and sufficient to 

make the determinations concerning entitlement and degree of impairment. 

What are the present and future needs of these growing populations and 

what strategies does VA have for meeting them? 

The last national survey of female veterans was conducted in 1985, leaving VHA 

policy makers and managers with limited information with which to adequately 

plan for future health care services for women veterans. To address this knowledge 

gap, the WVHSHG commissioned Donna Washington, MD, MPH, VA Greater Los 

Angeles HSR&D Center of Excellence, to conduct a national Survey of Women Veterans. The objectives of the National Survey of Women Veterans are: (1) identify 

the current demographics, health care needs, and VA experiences of women veterans; (2) determine how health care needs and barriers to VA health care use differ 

among women veterans of different periods of military service, e.g., OEF/OIF versus 

earlier periods; and (3) assess women veterans preference for and perceived value 

of different types of VA interventions to improve access and quality. VA will survey 

between 2,500 and 3,200 women veterans across the Nation, including equal numbers of VA users and nonusers. The survey began in April of 2007 and the final report will be submitted by December 31, 2008. 

The recent elevation of the Women Veterans Health Program to the Women Veterans Health Strategic Healthcare Group has positioned the office to gain expertise 

in the population of women veterans, strategically plan for health care delivery and 

provide leadership in clinical knowledge of this unique group of women and to catalyze optimal integration of women veterans health issues across all VHA programs 


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and offices. We aim to be a world leader in innovative and high quality care to 

women veterans. 

What outreach efforts are being conducted by VA to women veterans? 

We continue to outreach to the women veterans’ community with increased emphasis on our partnerships with Federal, state, and county agencies, national Veterans Service Organizations and community organizations. To enhance collaboration 

and better serve our women veterans, representatives from the Department of 

Health and Human Services (HHS), the Department of Labor (DoL), the Department of Defense (DoD), and VA Administrations (VHA, VBA and NCA) serve on the 

Advisory Committee on Women Veterans as appointed ex officio members. The Center’s Director serves as an ex officio member on the Defense Advisory Committee 

on Women in the Services (DACOWITS). In this role, she ensures that DoD and VA 

collaboratively address military and women veterans’ health and benefits issues. 

The Center published the 25 most Frequently Asked Questions from women veterans in English and Spanish based on thousands of inquiries from women veterans. 

These questions are posted on the Center’s website and the VA website. 

The next National Summit on Women Veterans Issues will be June 20–22, 2008. 

We are planning to outreach to the military services, particularly the Reserves and 

National Guard. We are planning various workshops, including ‘‘Readjustment 

Counseling Service: Outreach and Transition Services for Veterans Families,’’ ‘‘Gender Differences: What the Data Shows,’’ and ‘‘Mental Health Issues.’’ Our previous 

summit was attended by over 300 women veterans, Federal, state and veteran advocates and developed recommendations for how to better serve women veterans. 

Since October 2001, the Center staff has completed nearly 100media interviews 

and hundreds of keynote speeches, participated in veterans forums, and monitored 

Transition Assistance (TAP) sessions and veterans briefings. To ensure veterans’

issues are addressed quickly during forums, VA has assigned local women veterans 

program managers from VA Medical Centers and women veteran coordinators from 

Regional Offices to accompany Center staff to answer general questions and see that 

health care and benefit issues raised regarding individual cases receive immediate 

attention. In addition, Center staff works closely with numerous other VA advisory 

Committees and councils, DoD, DoL, HHS, Women’s Policy, Inc., state and local 

agencies, and VSO’s to address and resolve women veterans issues. 

VA is grateful for the work of the Advisory Committee because its activities and 

reports play a vital role in helping VA assess and address the needs of women veterans. 

This concludes my formal testimony. I will be pleased to answer any questions. 

f 

Prepared Statement of Lucretia M. McClenney, Director, 

Center for Minority Veterans, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs 

Chairman Hall, Chairman Michaud, and Members of the Subcommittees, I appreciate the opportunity to come before you today to discuss the mission of the Center 

for Minority Veterans and address your specific questions on the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) service to minority veterans through its current programs; 

present and future strategies addressing the needs of this growing population; and 

outreach efforts being conducted by VA to minority veterans. 

Center for Minority Veterans 

The Center for Minority Veterans was created by Public Law 103–446, in November 1994. The Director of the Center serves as primary advisor to the Secretary and 

Deputy Secretary of Veterans Affairs on all issues related to minority veterans. 

Our Mission 

The mission of the Center for Minority Veterans includes serving in an advisory 

role to the Secretary and Deputy Secretary on the adoption and implementation of 

policies and programs affecting veterans who are minorities; making recommendations to senior VA officials for the establishment or improvement of programs; promoting minority veterans’ use of benefits; analyzing and evaluating complaints 

made by or on behalf of minority veterans; and consulting with, and providing assistance and information to external local, state and Federal stakeholders. 

Who We Serve 

The Center serves all veterans regardless of race or ethnicity, but pursuant to 

Public Law 103–446, the Center’s primary emphasis is on minority veterans. Specifically, veterans who are: African Americans, Asian Americans, Pacific Islanders, 


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Hispanics, or Native Americans, including American Indians, Alaska Natives, and 

Native Hawaiians. 

How is the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) serving minority veterans 

through its current programs? 

Minority Veterans Program Coordinators (MVPC) 

To establish a national presence and to ensure issues are addressed at the local 

level, the Secretary of Veterans Affairs in 1995 directed the appointment of Minority 

Veterans Program Coordinators (MVPCs) at each VA Health Care Facility, Regional 

Benefits Office and National Cemetery. There are approximately 300 MVPCs across 

the Nation. The Center provides training to MVPCs in cultural competency and outreach strategies. These coordinators educate and sensitize facility personnel to the 

needs of minority veterans in the community and promote the use of VA benefits, 

programs and services by minority veterans. In addition, the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), Veterans Benefits Administration (VBA) and National Cemeteries Administration (NCA) each have designated a Central Office MVPC Liaison. 

The Center staff meets monthly with these liaisons and quarterly with the senior 

leadership of each Administration to discuss outreach activities, issues and concerns 

that impact minority veterans. 

The Center has converted the coordinators’ annual written report to a quarterly 

web based report to provide greater visibility on their outreach efforts, identify opportunities for improvement, benchmark best practices and recognize the Minority 

Veterans Program Coordinator of the Quarter and Year for each Administration. 

Advisory Committee on Minority Veterans (ACMV) 

The Advisory Committee on Minority Veterans (ACMV) was also established 

under Public Law 103–446. The Committee is composed of veterans of all ranks and 

services appointed by the Secretary. Members represent the 5 minority groups the 

Center is mandated to oversee. The Committee advises the Secretary and Congress 

on VA’s administration of benefits and provision of health care to minority veterans; 

assessing the needs of minority veterans, reviewing VA programs and activities designed to meet those needs and developing recommendations to address unmet 

needs. 

The Committee submits an annual report to the Secretary incorporating its findings and recommendations. In order to assess the delivery of health care services 

and benefits, the Committee conducts 2 meetings annually (one site visit and 1 business meeting). During the site visits the Committee tours VA facilities (of all 3 Administrations), meets with senior officials to discuss services and programs available 

for minority veterans, and conducts Town Hall meetings for local veterans and the 

community to hear firsthand their concerns and/or issues. The Committee meets 

once annually at VA Central Office (VACO) and receives briefings from VHA, VBA 

and NCA and other staff offices. These briefings provide the Advisory Committee 

an update on current VA policies and programs and afford them the opportunity to 

discuss their findings and concerns impacting minority veterans. 

What are the present and future needs of this growing population and 

what strategies does VA have for meeting them? 

Needs of Minority Veterans: 

In many instances, any challenges that minority veterans encounter as they seek 

services from VA are magnified by the adverse conditions in their local communities. These challenges may include access to VA medical facilities (especially for 

American Indians, Alaska Natives, and Pacific Islanders, and other veterans residing in rural, remote or urban areas), disparities in health care centered on diseases 

and illnesses that disproportionately effect minorities, homelessness, unemployment, 

lack of clear understanding of VA claims processing and benefit programs, limited 

medical research and limited statistical data related to minority veterans. 

Cultural competency and diversity training assist VA employees when serving our 

very diverse minority veteran population. 

VA Strategies to Meet the Needs of Minority Veterans include but are not 

limited to the following: 

• Access to VA medical care has been addressed by dramatically increasing the 

number of Community Based Outpatient Clinics (CBOC). In 1995, VA had 102 

Community Based Outpatient Clinics and by 2000, VA had 600 Community 

Based Outpatient Clinics. In the second quarter of 2007, 872 Ambulatory Care 

and Outpatient Clinics were in operation. One hundred Operation Enduring 


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Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom Patient Advocates have recently been assigned to assist our newest veterans as they seek care from VA. 

• VA is addressing homelessness in the minority veteran population by 

partnering with community stakeholders; enhancing outreach activities; and expanding VA’s Grant and Per Diem Program. 

• In 2001, VA’s Office of Research and Development created a Center of Excellence for Research aimed at identifying factors which cause disparities in health 

outcomes across racial, ethnic, and gender lines, as well as ways for promoting 

equity in health and health care. This center, co-located at 2 sites (Pittsburgh 

and Philadelphia), has 29 core investigators who have contributed over 128 

peer-reviewed scientific articles over the past 2 years. 

• The Center is working with VHA’s Office of Health Services Research and Development and the Center for Health Equity Research Program to target minority groups such as the Tuskegee Airmen, Buffalo Soldiers, Montford Point Marines, and National Congress for American Indians by actively encouraging minority veteran’s participation in research programs. 

• Since 2003, VHA has encouraged minority veterans to voluntarily self identify 

by racial and ethnic groups to assist in data retrieval of minority veteran demographics and utilization of VA services and benefits. 

• VA’s Office of Patient Care Services is developing a 3 year phased educational 

cultural competency curriculum for clinicians and administrative leadership. 

• Native American traditional healing has been recognized as an additional avenue to pursue to enhance clinical outcomes. Several VA medical centers have 

sweat lodges, and some VA facilities utilize the fee basis program to secure the 

services of Native American healers. 

• To promote accuracy and consistency in the claims review process, VBA has 

taken a number of actions. For example, in the past 4 years, VBA has published 

guidance and conducted training for employees on the full range of issues related to PTSD claims adjudication—from development of the claim to proper application of the rating schedule. 

• VBA and VHA have worked collaboratively to modifying the examination request worksheets and the examination templates related to PTSD. This ensures 

that the information gathered during the exam is uniform and sufficient to 

make the determinations concerning entitlement and degree of impairment. 

• VBA’s Native American Veteran Direct Loan Program (NADL) enables a Native 

American veteran or a veteran who is married to a Native American veteran 

to use their VA home loan guaranty benefit on Federal trust land. The program 

began as a pilot in 1992 and was made permanent by Public Law 109–233, The 

Veterans Housing Opportunity and Benefits Act of 2006. Nearly 550 loans have 

been made to eligible veterans in 14 states and 3 U.S. territories. 71 tribal governments and 3 territorial governments have participated in the program. 

• With enactment of Public Law 109–461, The Veterans Benefits, Health Care, 

and Technology Information Act of 2006, on December 22, 2006, the National 

Cemetery Administration (NCA) may now award grants to Tribal Organizations 

for the establishment, expansion and improvement of veteran cemeteries on 

trust lands. 

• NCA strives to accommodate the special needs of Native American veterans. 

This includes active participation in meetings with tribal nations, the encouragement of participation in new VA national cemetery dedications, and accommodating the religious customs during committal services at VA national cemeteries. 

What outreach efforts are being conducted by VA to minorities? 

The Center for Minority Veterans has staff who serve as veteran liaisons for each 

of the 5 minority groups: African Americans, Asian Americans, Pacific Islanders, 

Hispanics and American Indians and serve as consultants to the Minority Veterans 

Program Coordinators. They establish partnerships with Veterans Service Organizations as well as internal and external stakeholders to increase awareness of minority veteran issues and develop collaborative strategies to address unmet needs. The 

Center has active partnerships with VA’s Center for Veterans Enterprise, National 

Veterans Employment Program, Women Veterans Health Program, and Health and 

Human Services’ Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services who are active participants in our community outreach efforts and presenters in our biennial training 

conferences. 


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Other active partnerships with minority organizations include, but are not 

limited to: 

African Americans—Congressional Black Caucus, NAACP and The National 

Urban League 

Hispanics/Latinos—American GI Forum and League of United Latin American 

Citizens (LULAC) 

Native American—National Congress of American Indians, United South and 

Eastern Tribes, Navajo Nation Washington Office, and the White House Indian Affairs Working Group 

Asian/Pacific Islanders—Japanese American Veterans Association and Federal 

Asian Pacific Americans Council 

VA is most appreciative of the outstanding accomplishments of the Advisory Committee on Minority Veterans and the Minority Veterans Program Coordinators because their outreach activities and reports are critical in helping VA assess and address the needs of minority veterans. 

This concludes my prepared statement. I would be happy to answer any questions 

you may have. 

f 

Statement of Shannon L. Middleton, Deputy Director for Health, 

Veterans Affairs and Rehabilitation Division, American Legion 

Mr. Chairman and Members of the Subcommittee: 

Thank you for this opportunity to submit The American Legion’s views on VA’s programs addressing women and minority veterans. The American Legion commends the Subcommittees for holding a hearing to discuss these very important 

issues. 

Programs Serving Women and Minority Veterans 

The Center for Women Veterans and the Center for Minority Veterans were established by Congressional mandates to ensure that the needs of the growing populations of women and minority veterans are reflected in policies implemented and 

services and benefits provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). Through 

these offices, VA has improved access to benefits and services for women and minority veterans and shaped policy addressing the provision of health care for female 

veterans. 

The Center for Women Veterans’ activities include monitoring changes in VA policy to ascertain the impact of the changes on the delivery of services to homeless 

women with children, rural and elderly women veterans, and minority women veterans; ensuring that active duty women are provided access to information on VA 

benefits and services available to them, prior to their release from active duty; conducting outreach to allow women veterans to express their needs and concerns; ensuring that VA research initiatives include adequate consideration for the effects of 

the military experience on women veterans; and working with Veteran Service Organizations (VSO) to disseminate information. The Center for Women Veterans also 

serves as a conduit through which the Advisory Committee on Women Veterans 

makes recommendations to the Secretary of VA. 

The Center for Minority Veterans’ activities include ensuring that minority veterans are aware of VA programs, benefits, and services; conducting outreach initiatives to allow minority veterans to voice concerns; making VA benefits and health 

care services more accessible to minority veterans; and making recommendations on 

how VA can better serve minority veterans. The Center for Minority Veterans also 

supports an advisory Committee and works with the Center for Women Veterans 

to address concerns faced by minority women veterans. 

The VA offers a full continuum of comprehensive medical services to include disease prevention, primary care, women’s gender-specific health care, acute medical/ 

surgical, substance abuse and mental health treatment, domiciliary, rehabilitation 

and long-term care options. 

Present and Future Needs 

The current Global War on Terror illustrates a few deficiencies in services provided for women veterans. Never before have women service members been engaged 

in constant combative environments. Participation in Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) 

and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) has forced them to expand their military 

roles to ensure their own survival, as well as the survival of their units. They sustain the same types of injuries that their male counterparts endure. Any future 

women veterans’ research conducted by VA will need to take into consideration the 

physical effects of combat on women veterans, not just mental effects of combat and 

military sexual trauma (MST). 

Since women veterans are sometimes the family’s sole care givers, services and 

benefits designed to promote independent living for combat-injured veterans will 


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need to consider other needs—like child care during rehabilitation. This dynamic 

should also be considered more when designing domiciliary and homeless women 

veteran programs. Not making provisions that would accommodate the children of 

homeless women veterans would bring more devastation to an already unstable 

home life and may actually be a deterrent for seeking assistance from the VA. 

Providing quality health care in a rural setting has proven to be very challenging, 

given factors such as limited availability of skilled care providers and inadequate 

access to care. Even more challenging will be VA’s ability to provide treatment and 

rehabilitation to rural veterans, to include women veterans, who suffer from the signature ailments of the on-going Global War on Terror—traumatic blast injuries and 

combat-related mental health conditions. VA’s efforts need to be especially focused 

on these issues. 

Gaining access to the nearest facility providing gender-specific services can prove 

even more of an obstacle, since the nearest facility may be a Community Based Outpatient Clinic (CBOC) which may not offer these services. 

The American Legion believes veterans should not be penalized or forced to travel 

long distances to access quality health care because of where they choose to live. 

Women veteran who reside in rural areas need to have improved timely, access to 

gender-specific care. We urge VA to improve access to quality primary and specialty 

health care services—to include gender-specific services—using all available means 

at VA’s disposal, for veterans living in rural and highly rural areas. 

Some minority veterans, especially those who suffer from combat-related injuries, 

have to rely on family and friends as care givers. In this situation, communication 

can literally be a matter of life, or death. Some of these care givers may not speak 

English as their first language. When there is a language barrier, there is a great 

chance that the veteran may not be informed of benefits and services to which he/ 

she may be entitled and coordinating rehabilitation or care becomes daunting. 

VA has made the effort to have several of its brochures printed in Spanish and 

is attempting to make staff and health care providers more knowledgeable about 

cultural diversity. However, given the diverse make-up of the veteran population, 

materials and outreach have to address more than Spanish-speaking populations. 

The American Legion believes that VA needs to remove any hindrance that prevents 

veterans from obtaining the care they have earned through their military service. 

VA Outreach Efforts 

The Center for Women Veterans outreach activities include: a national Summit 

on Women Veterans Issues to address emerging needs facing female veterans and 

provide information about VA benefits and services that female veterans have 

earned through their military service; creation of the Women Veterans Frequently 

Asked Questions pocket guide; and conducting townhall meetings and community forums. 

The Center for Minority Veterans provides veteran outreach through minority veteran program coordinators, who inform minority veterans of VA benefits and services on the local level; collaboration with VA’s Office of Small and Disadvantage 

Business Utilization (OSDBU) to cosponsor business outreach activities to sponsor 

business and entrepreneurial outreach conferences for minority and disabled veterans; and through the Advisory Committee for Minority Veterans, conducts site visits and townhall meetings. 

The VA utilizes opportunities to address veteran service organizations (VSO) to 

disseminate information. These opportunities or information exchanges include: participating in VSOs annual conventions and training conferences; collaborating in 

writing informative articles for membership magazines and newsletters; and inviting VSOs to participate in focus groups/work groups and planning for outreach activities. By participating in activities sponsored by the various VSOs, VA provides 

information to advocates who directly work with and for veterans to ensure that 

they receive the quality of care and benefits to which they are entitled. 

The Center for Women Veterans, the Center for Minority Veterans and the Office 

of Research and Development eagerly participate in The American Legion’s annual 

Convention and training conferences. They provide speakers to address specific topics affecting women and minority veterans. 

Again, thank you for allowing the American Legion this opportunity to present 

its views on women and minority veterans. We look forward to working with the 

subcommittees and VA to improve access to quality health care for all veterans. 

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Statement of Hon. Corrine Brown, 

a Representative in Congress from the State of Florida 

Thank you, Mr. Chairman for holding this hearing. 

I am pleased to hear the testimony from the many interested parties today. 

As we are all aware, the face of the military has changed dramatically over the 

last 10 years. With the all-volunteer force the military is made up of now, more minorities and women are choosing this career. 

I am sure you have noticed, I am both a woman and a minority. This issue is 

very important to me. 

The total veteran population in the United States and Puerto Rico, is about 24 

million. The population of women veterans approaches 2 million. Florida is the third 

largest state with the women veterans. 

Almost 20 percent of the veterans in this country, in the 2000 census, are of a 

minority. 

Is the VA addressing the needs of this changing military? Are they adequately 

addressing the needs of the increasing number of women and minorities coming out 

of the minorities? 

I look forward to the answers of these and other questions as the hearing moves 

forward. 

Thank you again, Mr. Chairman. 

f 

Statement of Hon. Jeff Miller, 

Ranking Republican Member, Subcommittee on Health, 

and a Representative in Congress from the State of Florida 

Thank you, Chairman Michaud. 

I ask unanimous consent that my statement be included in the record, and that 

I may have 5 legislative days to revise and extend my remarks. 

It is good to be here with our colleagues from the Subcommittee on Disability Assistance and Memorial Affairs, and I would like to welcome Chairman Hall and 

Ranking Member Lamborn. 

We have seen both women and minorities answer the call of duty in growing numbers and it is vitally important that we make sure that there are not any barriers 

for these veterans to access VA benefits and services, and that VA provides specialized services to meet their unique needs. 

Seven percent of our Nation’s veterans or roughly 1.7 million are women. My 

home state of Florida is 1 of the 5 States with the largest number of women veterans, with over 132,000. As the number of women serving in the active duty, guard 

and reserve continue to increase, so must our over oversight to monitor the activities of VA to serve this population. 

I am pleased to see our colleague, Representative Heather Wilson from New Mexico before the Subcommittees. She holds the distinct honor of being the only woman 

veteran of the United States Congress. Previously, she testified before the Health 

Subcommittee in the 107th Congress. I look forward to her testimony and to learn 

how VA’s performance in meeting the specialized needs of women veterans has 

evolved over the past 5 years. 

Similarly, there are over 3.8 million minority veterans, accounting for roughly 15 

percent of the veteran population according to the 2000 Census. We need to be 

aware of the actions VA is taking to support the use of VA benefits, programs, and 

services by minority veterans; to target outreach efforts through community networks and to initiate activities that educate and sensitize staff to the unique needs 

of minority veterans. 

I thank all of our witnesses for joining us today. Your testimony will provide us 

insight into how well VA is attending to the specific needs of women and minority 

veterans and help us to identify gaps in services and necessary improvements with 

respect to both benefit and health care programs including outreach and mental 

health treatment. 

Thank you and I yield back the balance of my time. 

f 

Statement of Dennis Cullinan, 

Director, National Legislative Service, 

Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States 

MESSRS. CHAIRMEN AND MEMBERS OF THE SUBCOMMITTEES: 


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On behalf of the 2.4 million members of the Veterans of Foreign Wars of the U.S. 

(VFW) and our Auxiliaries, I would like to thank you for allowing us to express our 

views on this very important and timely subject. 

According to recent Department of Veterans Affairs and Military Services data 

10% of all veterans are women and 15% of today’s active duty military are women. 

VA has made vast improvements in care and services provided to female veterans 

in the last 10 years, but with increasing numbers of females deployed to Iraq and 

Afghanistan a system-wide change may be in order. VA must be prepared to meet 

the needs of the increasing number of women veterans who will be seeking health 

care services, including mental health care and ensure that its special disability programs are tailored to meet their unique health concerns, especially those who have 

served in combat. 

VFW is concerned that although VA has markedly improved the way health care 

is provided to women veterans, deficiencies still arise in the area of privacy and delivery of services across the Veterans Integrated Service Networks (VISN). The 

Independent Budget, of which VFW is a co-author, found that the model used for 

delivery of primary health care to women veterans using VA health care services 

is variable. The trend has been to move away from full-service women’s health clinics dedicated to both primary and gender-specific health care to providing mixed 

gender primary care teams and contracting out other more specific gender care. 

VA’s 2000 conference report ‘‘The Health Status of Women Veterans Using Department of Veterans Affairs Ambulatory Care Services’’ noted that with the advent 

of primary care in VA, many women’s clinics were dismantled and female veterans 

were assigned to primary care providers on a rotating basis. The report also found 

that this further reduced the ratio of women to men using VA, making it more unlikely that a clinician will gain clinical knowledge to develop and maintain expertise 

in women’s health. 

VFW believes that VA needs to increase the priority given to women veterans and 

take the necessary steps to focus on research and programs that enhance their understanding of women veterans’ health issues. This will enable them to evaluate 

which health care delivery model demonstrates the best clinical outcomes for 

women. VA must ensure that clinicians caring for women veterans are knowledgeable about women’s health and that they participate in ongoing education about the 

health care needs of women and be competent to provide gender-specific care to 

women. They must also ensure that its specialized programs for post-traumatic 

stress disorder, spinal cord injury, prosthetics and homelessness are equally available to women veterans as to male veterans. Most importantly VA needs to increase 

its outreach efforts toward this population as women veterans tend to be less aware 

of their veteran status and eligibility for benefits than their male counterparts. 

VFW believes that the future needs of women veterans can only be met through 

continued research and studies specifically tailored toward women veterans. VA 

should collaborate with DOD to collect critical information about the health care 

needs of women veterans to identify current priorities of returning female 

servicemembers. An improved environment of sharing data and health information 

between Departments is essential to ensuring a truly seamless transition from military service to veteran status. 

We are pleased to hear that a national survey currently being conducted by the 

Women Veterans Health Strategic Healthcare Group (WVSHCG) will survey 2,500 

to 3,200 women veterans across the Nation, including VA users and non-users. The 

objectives of the survey include identifying the current demographics, health care 

needs and VA experiences of women veterans. It will also address how health care 

needs and barriers to VA health care differ among periods of service including OEF/ 

OIF veterans and earlier periods and last assess women veterans’ preference for and 

perceived value of types of VA services and how to improve access to care. We look 

forward to reading the findings of the report due out in December 2008. 

The challenges facing minority veterans are both similar and different to those 

facing women veterans. Barriers to service and health care access among minority 

veterans remain prevalent within the VA system. VA’s Health Services Research 

and Development Service released a report in June 2007 entitled Racial and Ethnic 

Disparities in the VA Healthcare System: a Systematic Review. The findings of the 

study concluded that disparities appear to exist in all clinical areas of VA. Most 

troubling was the fact that researchers commented in nearly each case that the underlying cause of these disparities were not explored or remained unclear. 

The study did offer a number of future research ideas to help reduce racial disparities within VA—the VFW acknowledges that increased outreach and marketing 

geared toward literacy, language and cultural issues is a start. Studies centered on 

diseases and illness that disproportionately affect minorities, along with creating an 

environment where patients are more active participants in their health care deciVerDate Aug 31 2005 23:46 Jun 20, 2008 Jkt 037471 PO 00000 Frm 00061 Fmt 6604 Sfmt 6621 E:\HR\OC\37471.XXX 37471

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sions are also keys to change. Materials (federal benefit handbooks, brochures and 

other materials) printed and made available in Spanish are also critical. 

We would also like to recognize recommendations made in the July 1, 2006 report 

of the (VA) Advisory Committee on Minority Veterans (ACMV). 

The ACMV conducts site visits and meets with VA officials in preparation for 

their annual report of recommendations to better service minority veterans. Their 

input as to what improvements need to be made is invaluable. Some of the current 

recommendations include: 

• Coordination with local, Federal and state veterans services organizations in VA 

outreach activities. 

• Periodic Town Hall meetings to discuss minority veteran issues/concerns. 

• Expanding and improving Internet-based access to VA benefits/health care with 

particular attention given to cultural and linguistic diversity. 

• Full-time Minority Outreach Coordinators. 

• More staff diversity in VA facilities. 

• Research that focuses on minority veterans issues to help understand potential 

barriers to access and find ways to eliminate the barriers. 

• More funding for minority veterans programs. 

We applaud the efforts VA has made to reach out to identify and care for the current generation of returning veterans but much remains to be done to improve care 

and services provided all veterans, in particular women and minority veterans. VA 

must continue to work to provide an appropriate environment so that all veterans 

can access the health care, benefits and services they have so deservedly earned. 

Mr. Chairman and Members of the Subcommittees, this concludes the VFW testimony. We again thank you for including us in this important discussion. 

f 

Statement of Marsha Four, Chair, Women Veterans’ Committee, and 

John Rowan, National President, Vietnam Veterans of America 

Good morning Chairman Michaud, Chairman Hall, and Ranking Member Miller, 

Ranking Member Lamborn and distinguish Members of these Subcommittees. 

Thank you for giving Vietnam Veterans of America (VVA) the opportunity to offer 

our comments for the record on the issues facing Women Veterans. 

WOMEN’S HEALTH ISSUES 

According to figures supplied by the Department of Defense (DoD), 20% of new 

recruits are women, almost 15 percent of America’s active duty military is women, 

and nearly half of them have been deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan (i.e., 1 in 7 

Americans deployed to Iraq is a woman). This has particularly serious implications 

for the VA health care system because the VA itself projects that by 2010, over 14 

percent of all veterans will be women, compared with 2 percent in 1997. The VA 

has made vast improvements in treating women veterans since 1992. However, this 

increase in potential health care system ‘‘users’’ coupled with returning female OIF 

and OEF veterans, who, in particular, face a variety of co-occurring ailments and 

traumas heretofore unseen in the VA health care system, we believe that the VA 

is in need of ramping up its efforts to bring into modern times, the delivery of its 

medical and mental health care to women veterans. Even today, some women continue to report a less than ‘‘accepting’’, ‘‘friendly’’, or ‘‘knowledgeable’’ attitude or environment both within the VA and/or by its third party vendors. This may, in part, 

be the result of a system that has evolved principally on the medical needs of the 

male veteran. Reports also indicate that in mixed gender residential programs 

women remain fearful and unsafe. 

Compounding the emotional turmoil for women are wounds and injuries that 

range from life-changing—the loss of limbs and brain injuries—to temporary, such 

as infections and rashes. Although some of the short-term health problems are likely 

tied to the harsh realities of war, where women can go weeks without a shower and 

spend months hauling gear and lifting heavy weapons in triple-digit heat, the VA 

has found 29 percent of the women veterans it evaluated returned with genital or 

urinary system problems, 33 percent had digestive illnesses and 42 percent had 

back troubles, arthritis and other muscular ailments. 

This obviously points up the need for a well-conceived and well-implemented longrange plan for health care services and delivery for our women veterans. To VVA’s 

knowledge there is no such plan that exists today. As we have already noted, the 

VA has taken great strides in the past 15 years toward improvement of the quality 

of care for female veterans, but there is always room for improvement. While it is 


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fair to say that the quality of care at most VA facilities is equal to that of any other 

medical system in the world, it does not help women veterans who cannot access 

that fine care because it’s not available. 

DELIVERY OF SERVICES 

Providing care and treatment to women veterans by professional staff that have 

a proven level of expertise is vital in delivering appropriate and competent genderspecific care. It is not sufficient to simply have training in internal medicine. Women’s health care is a specialty recognized by medical schools throughout the country. 

Providers who have both a knowledge base and training in women’s health are able 

to keep current on health care and its delivery as it relates to gender. In order to 

maintain proficiency in delivering care and performing procedures, these providers 

must meet experience standards and maintain an appropriate panel size. This cannot occur if women veterans are lost in the general primary care setting. It is critical that women receive care from a professional who is experienced in women’s health. If attention is not given to defining qualified providers, it will be a detriment 

to the quality of care provided to women veterans. 

VVA does, however, feel comprehensive women’s health care clinics are most desirable where the medical center populations indicate because comprehensive consolidated delivery systems present increased advantage to the patients they serve. 

Vietnam Veterans of America (VVA) believes women’s health care is not evenly 

distributed or available throughout the VA system. Although women veterans are 

the fastest growing population within the VA, there seems to remain a need for increased focus on women health and its delivery. It seems clear that although VACO 

may interpret women’s health as preventative, primary and gender specific care, 

this comprehensive concept remains ambiguous and splintered in its delivery 

throughout all the VA medical centers. Many view women’s health as only a GYN 

clinic. As you are aware, throughout medical schools across the country and in the 

current health care environment, women’s health is viewed as a specialty onto itself 

and involves more that gender specific GYN care. VVA is hopeful that the revision 

of VHA Services for Women Veterans, Handbook 1330.1, and its recommendations 

for an integrated primary care/mental health model of service delivery will pass concurrence. Additionally, that after concurrence it will be strongly supported and recommended to all medical centers in the VHA system. 

VVA supported VHA’s past creation of ‘‘Centers of Excellence’’ for women vet- erans’ health. We believe these should be evaluated for standard compliance and reestablished. These Centers of Excellence are an investment in innovative health 

care delivery specifically addressing the unique needs of women, serving as a model 

in prevention, education, outreach, and research programs. This emphasis could 

lead to the creation of VA training fellowships in women’s health care. These centers could also assist in the recruitment and retention of women health care specialists. 

There are increasing numbers of women veterans of childbearing age. More than 

62 percent of all women veterans are under 45, and of women veterans seeking 

health care from the VA, 56 percent are under 45. Providing for the cost of maternity services but not providing newborn care for a reasonable post-delivery period 

presents an unfair financial burden to the woman veteran. It could additionally 

compromise adequate health care for her newborn. VVA seeks legislation to provide 

contract care, for up to 14 days post-delivery, for infants born to women veterans 

who receive delivery benefits through the VA and are in need of this extended care. 

WOMEN VETERAN PROGRAM MANAGERS 

The duties, responsibilities, advocacy, oversight and reporting of the VA Women 

Veteran Program Managers, as defined in their handbook (1330.2), are substantial. 

As such, it is not difficult to understand why VVA stands with a firm resolve to 

call for the VA to provide the Women Veteran Program Managers with a minimum 

of 20 hours per week to accomplish the responsibilities of the position. VVA believes 

that these significant duties and responsibilities are essential and should not be 

minimized in light of the collateral duties they usually must perform. ‘Further, we 

believe that while each VISN must designate, support, and utilize one of its Medical 

Center Woman Veteran Program Managers as the VISN Women Veteran Program 

Manager, we believe additional time must be allocated for these increased duties 

and responsibilities. 

PTSD AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE 

The VA counts PTSD as the most prevalent mental health malady (and one of 

the top illnesses overall) to emerge from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, but the 

VA is facing a wave of returning veterans who are struggling with memories of a 

war where it’s hard to distinguish innocent civilians from enemy fighters and where 


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the threat of suicide attacks and roadside bombs hovers over the most routine mission. Moreover, the return of so many veterans from Afghanistan and Iraq is 

squeezing the VA’s ability to treat yesterday’s soldiers from Vietnam, Korea, the 

Cold war, and World War II. Top VA officials have said that the agency is wellequipped to handle any onslaught of mental health issues and that it plans to continue beefing up mental health care and access under the administration’s budget 

proposal released in mid-February. 

Yet according to a GAO report issued in November 2006, the VA did not spend all of the extra $300 million budgeted to increase mental health services and failed 

to keep track of how some of the money was used. The VA launched a plan in 2004 

to improve its mental health services for veterans with PTSD and substance-abuse 

problems. To fill gaps in services, the department added $100 million for mental 

health initiatives in 2005 and another $200 million in 2006. That money was to be 

distributed to its regional networks of hospitals, medical centers, and clinics for new 

services. But the VA fell short of the spending by $12 million in 2005 and about 

$42 million in fiscal 2006, said the GAO report. It distributed $35 million in 2005 

to its 21 health care networks but didn’t inform the networks the money was sup- posed to be used for mental health initiatives. VA medical centers returned $46 million to headquarters because they couldn’t spend the money in FY’06. 

More troubling, however, is the fact that the VA cannot determine to what extent about $112 million was spent on mental health services improvements, or new services in 2006. In September 2006, the VA said that it had increased funding for mental health services, hired 100 more counselors for the Vet Center program, and was 

not overwhelmed by the rising demand. That money is only a portion of what VA 

spends on mental health. The VA planned to spend about $2 billion on mental 

health services in FY’06. But the additional spending from existing funds on what 

the VA dubbed its Mental Health Care Strategic Plan was trumpeted by VA officials 

as a way to eliminate gaps in mental health services now and services that would 

be needed in the future. 

Furthermore, an investigation by McClatchy Newspapers in early February of this 

year found that even by its own measures, the VA isn’t prepared to give returning 

veterans the care that could best help them overcome destructive, and sometimes 

fatal, mental health ailments. For example, the McClatchy report found that VA 

mental health care is extremely inconsistent and highly variable from state to state 

and from facility to facility. In some places, there is no mental health care, while 

at others, veterans may get individual psychotherapy sessions, or in others, they 

meet mostly for group therapy. 

Some veterans are cared for by psychiatrists; others see social workers. Some veterans get in quickly. Others wait. Once they’re in the door, some veterans get visits 

of 75 to 80 minutes, while others get 20 to 30-minute appointments. In other words, 

the VA’s mental health system is nonexistent for many of the veterans it is supposed to be serving. 

Last, the nature of the combat in Iraq and Afghanistan is putting service members at an increased risk for PTSD. In Iraq, close-quarters urban combat is unpredictable, with a constant risk of roadside bombs. Troops end up feeling out of control 

of their surroundings, a major risk factor for PTSD. Service members are serving 

multiple tours, and the intensity of the conflict is constant. 

In these wars without fronts, ‘‘combat support troops’’ are just as likely to be affected by the same traumas as infantry personnel. This has particularly important 

implications for our female soldiers, who now constitute about 16 percent of our active-duty fighting force. Returning female OIF and OEF troops face ailments and 

traumas of other sorts. For example, studies conducted at the Durham, North Carolina Comprehensive Women’s Health Center by VA researchers have demonstrated 

higher rates of suicidal tendencies among women veterans suffering depression with 

co-morbid PTSD. And according to a Pentagon study released in March 2006, more 

female soldiers report mental health concerns than their male comrades: 24 percent 

compared with 19 percent. In addition, roughly 40 percent of these women warriors 

have musculoskeletal problems that doctors say likely are linked to carrying tooheavy and ill-fitted equipment. A considerable number—28 percent—return with 

genital and urinary system infections. In addition, there are gender-related societal 

issues that make transitioning tough. 

For example, women are more likely to worry about body image issues, especially 

if they have visible scars or amputations, and their traditional roles as care givers 

in civilian life can set them back when they return. They are the ones who have 

traditionally had the more nurturing role within our society, not the ones who need 

nurturing. Although the VA has, after much prodding by Congress, finally come to 

implement services to women to treat PTSD and other after-effects of military sexual trauma at VA medical centers, there are very few clinicians within the VA who 


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are prepared to treat combat situation-induced PTSD as opposed to MST-induced 

PTSD. Additionally, there are already cases where returning women service personnel have a combination of the 2 etiologies, making it extremely difficult for the 

average clinician to treat, no matter how skilled in treating either combat-incurred 

PTSD in men, or MST-induced PTSD in women. Because of the number of women 

who are now de facto combat veterans and because of the nature of the conflicts 

in both Afghanistan and particularly Iraq, VVA believes that we have entered a 

whole new world of mental health needs for our veterans. 

Furthermore, VVA believes there is a need for increased VA research specifically 

focused on women veterans’ health care issues. For example, as of August 2006 VA 

data showed that 25,960 of the 69,861 women separated from the military during 

fiscal years 2002–06 sought VA services. Of this number approximately 35.8 percent 

requested assistance for ‘‘mental disorders’’ (i.e., based on VA ICD–9 categories) of 

which 21 percent was for post traumatic stress disorder or PTSD, with older female 

vets showing higher PTSD rates. Also, as of early May 2007, 14.5 percent of female 

OEF/OIF veterans reported having endured military sexual trauma (MST). Although all VA medical centers are to have MST clinicians, very few clinicians within 

the VA are prepared to treat co-occurring combat-induced PTSD and MST. These 

issues singly are ones that need address, but concomitantly create a unique set of 

circumstances that demonstrates another of the challenges facing the VA. The VA 

will need to directly identify its ability and capacity to address these issues along 

with providing oversight and accountability to the delivery of services in this regard. 

VVA believes that the VA has twelve programs that address PTSD in women veteran, but they are not exclusively for MST (some are general PTSD programs), and 

not all are gender specific programs. 

As previously mentioned, studies conducted at the Durham, North Carolina Comprehensive Women’s Health Center by VA researchers have demonstrated higher 

rates of suicidality among women veterans suffering depression, substance abuse 

and co-occurring PTSD. But at the present time there are only 3 VA women’s residential treatment centers for PTSD and substance abuse in the country (i.e., a 

fourth with 8 beds is scheduled to open later this summer in the Boston area). 

VVA calls upon this Committee to appoint a task force within the VA to begin 

work to produce a reasonable and practical plan of how VA can best reach this ever 

increasing veteran cohort in the coming years, providing them a delivery model of 

inclusive comprehensive and integrated care. 

Few of us can know the dark places in which those who have suffered as the result of rape and physical violence must live every day for the rest of their lives. It 

is a very long road to find the path that leads them to some semblance of ‘‘nor- malcy’’ in order to feel the free, outside of the secluded, lonely, fearful, angry corner 

into which they have been hiding. A concern for the environment of the delivery of 

services also exists in the residential programs of the VA. Most, if not all residential 

programs, are designed for treatment of mental health problems. The veterans of 

these programs are a very vulnerable population. This was particularly brought to 

our attention in regard to women veterans, who, in light of the high incidence of 

past sexual trauma, rape, MST, and domestic violence find it difficult, if not impossible, to share residential programs with male veterans. They openly discuss their 

concern for a safe treatment setting, especially on units where the treatment unit 

layout does not provide them with a physically segregated, secured area. They also 

discuss the need for gender specific group sessions, in light of the nature of some 

of their personal and trauma issues. VVA asks that all residential treatment areas 

be evaluated for the ability to provide and facilitate this environment and that medical center facilities develop cost plans to address this accommodation. 

This submission points to the need for a well-conceived and well-implemented 

long-range plan for medical and mental health care services and delivery for our 

women veterans. VVA has not been made aware that any such inclusive comprehensive plan exists today. As we have already noted, the VA has taken great strides 

in the past 15 years toward improvement of the quality of care for female veterans, 

but there exists a need for increased attention, followed by enhancement of programs and services, in a concerted effort to meet the increasing demand and complexity of women’s health. This enhancement will certainly put a demand on the 

ever-present budget. VVA respectfully requests that women’s health care be evaluated for budgetary consequences and that Congress considers this when determining 

the dollars required to meet these needs. VVA also respectfully requests that continued oversight be requested of the VA in regard to the issues of this submission and 

those of others during this hearing. While it is fair to say that the quality of care 

at most VA facilities is equal to that of any other medical system in the world, it 

does not help women veterans who cannot access that fine care because it’s not 

available. 


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Vietnam Veterans of America thanks the Committee for this opportunity to provide submitted testimony. 

f 

Statement of Susan Scanlan, 

President, Women’s Research and Education Institute 

Military Women and Women Veterans and Stress Urinary Incontinence 

On behalf of the Women’s Research and Education Institute (WREI), I appreciate 

the opportunity to submit this written testimony to the Committee. I am Susan 

Scanlan, President of the Women’s Research & Education Institute. For thirty 

years, WREI has provided timely information and expert issue analysis about 

women and their families to policymakers and the public. 

For nearly that long, WREI has been one of the few, if not the only progressive 

organization with a nonpartisan focus on the rights and responsibilities of women 

in uniform. The Women in the Military project was established in 1983, and is now 

headed by Captain Lory Manning, a veteran of 26 years of service in the U.S. Navy. 

This project provides research and analysis of issues of importance to military 

women and female veterans to legislators, the media, scholars, and the general public. WREI publishes Women in the Military: Where they Stand, now in its 5th edition, and we also hold a Women in the Military Conference every other spring. 

Women veterans are the second fastest growing segment of the veteran population. By 2040, it is estimated that women will exceed 11% of the veteran population. Women veterans today are younger, more ethnically diverse, and have fewer 

socioeconomic resources than previous generations of military women. In addition, 

the changing nature of war and its porous battlefields means servicewomen—and 

men—are faced with new health risks. 

I want to bring to the Committee’s attention a health condition that affects up 

to 30% of military women—namely, stress urinary incontinence (SUI). At our May 

2007 Women in the Military Conference, Lieutenant Colonel Irene Rosen, M.D., Assistant Chief of Family Medicine at Madigan Army Medical Center in Fort Lewis, 

Washington, reported that genitourinary problems are the fifth most common disease and non-battle injury (DNBI), and accounted for 5% of hospital admissions during Desert Shield/Storm. The VA Health Services Workgroup also identified urinary 

incontinence among women veterans as a high-priority issue for research. 

Stress urinary incontinence is the involuntary leakage of urine associated with 

laughing, coughing, sneezing, sexual, and recreational activities. The condition is 

caused by a variety of factors, most commonly childbirth, and often restricts the social, professional, and personal lives of an estimated 15 million women in the U.S. 

alone. Physical fitness requirements and the demands of military life put both men 

and women, but particularly women, at risk for SUI during and after their military 

service. Environmental barriers in the field often limit access to hygienic measures 

and can lead to urinary tract infections that can lead to incontinence. 

According to Dr. Rosen’s research, 30% of female soldiers reported urinary incontinence in the field. Similarly, Dr. Roger Dmochowski, a professor of urology and researcher at Vanderbilt University, cited studies that found that 30% of female parachutists reported experiencing urinary incontinence when they hit the ground. An 

April 2001 article entitled ‘‘Urinary Incontinence in Vulnerable Populations: Female 

Soldiers’’ published in Urologic Nursing (attached) reported the following additional 

statistics: 

• Nearly one-third of 450 female soldiers in field-oriented environments at Fort 

Lewis had significant problems with exercise-induced urinary incontinence. 

• At Fort Benning, 100% of active duty women airborne trainees (n=10) who had 

no incontinence before airborne training demonstrated SUI after training. 

• In a study involving 563 female soldiers from several units at Fort Lewis, Fort 

Benning, and Fitzsimons Army Medical Center, 33% reported UT during physical training. 

• 24% reported urine loss during recreational activities such as exercise and 

walking and 30% reported urine loss during the annual 2-mile physical fitness 

run. 

• Field exercises, which involve long road marches with heavy field backpacks, 

precipitated urinary incontinence. 

• Alarmingly, 30% of active duty military women with SUI reported restricting 

fluid intake in order to control symptoms. 

• Women veterans of the Persian Gulf War have a higher proportion of genitourinary problems than other populations. 


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Given that approximately 20% of the total U.S. military active duty force in the 

future will be women, it is important for the military—both the Department of Defense and the Veterans Health Administration—to address this growing problem. 

As Dr. Rosen’s research found, lack of awareness or embarrassment or reluctance 

concerning SUI may preclude optimal prevention and treatment of this common 

problem. This research reinforces the results of a June 2007 Lewin Group report, 

Prevalence and Treatment Patterns of Pelvic Health Disorders Among U.S. Women, 

which found that approximately 50 to 75 percent of women who likely have SUI fail 

to tell their health care providers about their symptoms and, therefore, are never 

properly diagnosed and treated. 

Non-treatment of SUI can put women at increased risk for numerous physical, social, and psychological conditions. Avoidance of exercise and an active life, depression, loss of self-esteem, loss of a sense of control over one’s life, social withdrawal, 

and sexual dysfunction related to embarrassment, are just a few of the potential 

physical, psychological, and social impacts associated with non-treatment of SUI. 

Withdrawal from physical and social activities can lead to a reduction in physical 

well-being, which may in turn lead to obesity, diabetes, heart disease, and other 

medical complications. 

In order to properly diagnose and treat SUI, Dr. Rosen recommends educating 

and screening military women and veterans for the condition, and providing appropriate treatment. Walter Reed Army Medical Center’s Internet fact sheet on stress 

incontinence (which was last updated in September 2004) recommends the following 

treatments: 

• Practicing good hygiene. 

• Learning and practicing Kegel pelvic floor muscle exercises. 

• Weight loss, smoking cessation, and cough suppression. 

• Biofeedback, electrical stimulation, or special weights to strengthen pelvic muscles. 

• Wearing absorbent underpants or incontinence pads. 

• A pessary (support device) made of rubber or other materials to fit inside the 

vagina for support. 

• Surgery. 

With regard to medications, alpha-adrenergic drugs or estrogen therapy may be 

prescribed. 

Walter Reed’s list of treatments fails to include Renessa, an FDA-cleared non-surgical treatment for SUI that would be particularly beneficial in the military and VA 

health care settings. This procedure is a non-surgical approach that can be performed in the convenience of a physician’s office or other outpatient setting. It takes 

less than 30 minutes and involves the use of radiofrequency energy to treat tissue 

targets within the lower urinary tract. Most importantly, the procedure allows 

women to return to their duties quickly. Most patients return to normal activities 

within 24 hours, and heavy lifting within days, not weeks. 

It is my understanding that this procedure has already been performed at several 

military facilities, including Dr. Rosen’s institution—Madigan Army Medical Center, 

Evans U.S. Army Community Hospital (Fort Carson, CO), and Travis Air Force 

Base in California. A non-surgical option for the treatment of SUI would also be an 

attractive option for female dependents of military men. 

As Members of Congress know, FDA approval does not automatically lead to the 

adoption of new medical technologies. The Veterans Health Administration and the 

Department of Defense should do more to ensure that women veterans and active 

duty women are educated about stress urinary incontinence, screened, and provided 

with access to the full range of FDA-approved treatments—including non-surgical 

procedures—to address this debilitating condition. 

Thank you for the opportunity to submit this testimony and bring this important 

women’s health issue to the attention of the Veterans’ Affairs Committee. 


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POST-HEARING QUESTIONS AND RESPONSES FOR THE RECORD 

Committee on Veterans’ Affairs 

Subcommittee on Disability Assistance and Memorial Affairs 

Washington, DC 

July 26, 2007 

Honorable R. James Nicholson 

Secretary 

Department of Veterans Affairs 

Washington, DC 20420 

Dear Mr. Secretary: 

In reference to our Subcommittee hearing on Issues Facing Women and Minority 

Veterans on July 12, 2007, I would appreciate it if you could answer the enclosed 

hearing questions. 

In an effort to reduce printing costs, the Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, in cooperation with the Joint Committee on Printing, is implementing some formatting 

changes for materials for all Full Committee and subcommittee hearings. Therefore, 

it would be appreciated if you could provide your answers consecutively on letter 

size paper, single-spaced. In addition, please restate the question in its entirety before the answer. 

Please provide your response to Orfa Torres and fax your responses to Orfa at 

202–225–2034. If you have any questions, please call 202–225–9756. 

Sincerely, 

JOHN J. HALL 

Chairman 

Questions for the Record 

The Honorable John J. Hall Chairman 

Subcommittee on Disability Assistance and Memorial Affairs, 

House Committee on Veterans’ Affairs 

July 12, 2007 

Issues Facing Women and Minority Veterans 

Questions for Center for Minority Veterans 

Question 1: Please explain in detail what the VA is doing to address the findings 

in the report entitled Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the VA Health System, dated 

June 2007, which found that health disparities exist throughout all of the VA and 

that these disparities in treatment yielded poorer health outcomes for minority veterans. 

Response: The Department of Veterans Affairs’ (VA) Office of Research and Development (ORD) within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) is continuing 

to support a broad portfolio of research into health care disparities. While earlier 

ORD-funded research focused on identifying disparities, more recently funded studies have highlighted important determinants explaining ethnic minority health care 

disparities, such as patient-physician communication, patient attitudes and health 

literacy; suggesting that patients, providers, health care facilities and health care 

systems may all contribute to these disparities. Accordingly, ORD has issued a priority solicitation for research proposals to develop and evaluate interventions to reduce racial and ethnic disparities in health care. ORD understands that interventional studies aimed at these sources, as well as other identified sources, may 

playa significant role in promoting equitable health care services among all veterans. 

ORD strives to obtain adequate representation of minorities in its funded clinical 

trials. ORD requires potential investigators to acknowledge its policy to include 

women and minorities in clinical research. 

Questions for Center for Women Veterans 

Question 1: The Committee is aware that the Director of the Center reports to 

the Secretary. 


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Question 1(a): Does the Center provide any type of annual updates to the Secretary? 

Response: The Center for Women Veterans (CWV) provides quarterly reports on 

its outreach activities, performance measures and financial obligations to the Secretary. The CWV director presents updates on key issues related to women veterans 

at the Secretary’s senior staff meetings; and provides a monthly update on its key 

activities to the Deputy Secretary. 

Question 1(b): Please describe the Center’s annual performance goals? 

Response: CWV’s annual performance goals are linked to VA’s Strategic Goal 2 

and its Enabling Goal. 

Strategic Goal 2 is to ensure a smooth transition for veterans from active military 

service to civilian life. In order to achieve this goal VA’s operational objective is to 

increase awareness of, access to, and use of VA health care, benefits and services. 

CWV’s goal (in support of VA’s goal) is to attend transition assistance program 

(TAP) briefings and assess the quality of the briefing materials and its focus on 

women veteran-specific issues. 

VA’s Enabling Goal is to apply sound business principles, and one of the objectives to meet this goal is to improve communications with veterans, employees and 

stakeholders about VA’s mission, goals and current performance as well as benefits 

and services that VA provides. CWV’s goal linked to this is to facilitate, sponsor, 

or attend collaborative meetings with agencies representatives and stakeholders; 

and community-based forums for women veterans. CWV also has as its goals to provide prompt responses to inquiries and resolve complaints timely. 

Question 1(c): How does the Secretary measure the Center’s effectiveness in 

meeting its performance goals? 

Response: The Secretary measures CWV’s effectiveness in meeting its performance goals by reviewing its quarterly and annual reports. 

Question 2: The Center provides administrative support to the Advisory Committee and the Advisory Committee through its site visits prepares reports which 

are transmitted to the Secretary and then to Congress. 

Question 2(a): Please explain what if any interface occurs between the Center 

and the Advisory Committee. 

Response: There is extensive interface that occurs between CWV and the Advisory Committee on Women Veterans (ACWV). CWV collects data, provides written 

materials on key issues, and obtains subject matter experts to address ACWV at its 

bi-annual meetings and annual site visits to a medical center. CWV and ACWV collaborate on developing legislative proposals affecting women veterans; and annual 

Congressional meetings. CWV hosts ACWV meetings, arranges lodging, transportation and conference room space. CWV introduces new ACWV members to VA, and 

arranges ethics briefings. 

Question 2(b): For the recommendations made by the Advisory Committee, and 

for which the VA concurs, who is responsible for ensuring implementation of the recommendations? 

Response: VHA, Veterans Benefits Administration (VBA), and National Cemetery Administration (NCA), along with various staff offices are responsible for implementing the recommendations of ACWV. CWV tracks the status of recommendations to ensure implementation; and requests briefings on unresolved recommendations at ACWV bi-annual meetings. 

Question 2(c): How are these missives sent down throughout all of the VA? 

Response: CWV assigns each recommendation to the appropriate administration 

or staff office, and then monitors and follows up as needed. 

Questions for VA 

MINORITY VETERANS 

Question 1: It seems as if both Directors of the Centers and the Advisory Committees report directly to the Secretary. 

Question 1 (a): Please explain the working relationship, if any, between the Centers and the Advisory Committees and the VA (Secretary’s office) and the Advisory 

Committees? 

Response: Both the Center for Minority Veterans (CMV) and CWV fall under the 

Office of the Secretary. The directors of CMV and CWV serve as the primary advisors to the Secretary and Deputy Secretary on all issues related to minority and 

women veterans and serve as the designated Federal officials to the Advisory Committee on Minority Veterans (ACMV) and ACWV. CMV and CWV facilitate ACMV’s 

and ACWV’s outreach to minority and women veterans by ensuring they are kept 

abreast of VA’s policies, programs, and services that may impact minority and 

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ness meetings. In addition, CMV and CWV track VA’s action taken on ACMV and 

ACWV recommendations. 

Question 1(b): Whose role is to ensure that there are no disparities in the receipt 

of benefits and services for these veterans? 

Response: CMV, CWV, ACMV, and ACWV identify needs of minority and women 

veterans and make recommendations to address unmet needs. The administrations 

and staff offices are responsible for ensuring that the areas highlighted as in need 

of improvement are addressed in a timely manner. It is every VA employee’s responsibility to ensure all veterans are treated equally without regard to sex, race, or ethnicity. 

The Secretary directed the appointment of the minority veterans’ program coordinators (MVPC) to be located at each VA health care facility, regional office and national cemetery, thus ensuring that issues regarding benefits and services for minority and women veterans are addressed at the local level. CMV provides oversight, 

and training to the MVPCs in cultural competency and outreach strategies. MVPCs 

educate facility personnel to the needs of minority veterans in the community. 

MVPCs promote the use of VA benefits, programs and services by minority veterans. 

In addition, each administration has a designated MVPC liaison at VA central office. CMV staff meets monthly with these liaisons and quarterly with the senior 

leadership of each administration to discuss outreach activities, issues and concerns 

that impact minority veterans. 

VHA medical facilities have specially designated outreach coordinators who conduct outreach to various populations (i.e., minority veterans, women veterans, homeless veterans, former prisoners of war, recently separated veterans) to provide these 

individuals information about VA health care issues. VHA central office provides 

guidance and support to these coordinators. 

VHA has implemented various programs within the networks to ensure that the 

issues and needs of minority veterans are adequately addressed. Some examples of 

this in action are: 

• Veteran Integrated Service Network (VISN) 15’s Diversity Implementation Plan 

a 3 pronged approach to implementing diversity within the Heartland Network. • Fargo VA Medical Center’s (VAMC) Comprehensive Diversity Management Program dedicated to promoting diversity awareness through training with special 

emphasis on outreach programs, and clinical guidelines to promote the concept 

of culturally competent care and quality improvement in various community 

partnerships. In collaboration with the Dakotas VA Regional Office, veterans 

service organizations, and the Social Security Administration, the Fargo VAMC 

sustained outreach efforts on 7 of the 8 Native American Nations and cosponsored with Indian Health Services (IHS) the first Annual/Tribal Open House. • Southern Arizona VA Healthcare System (VAHCS) is recognized for its sustaining leadership, governance, and incorporation of diversity management into 

strategic business plans. The Southern Arizona VAHCS sponsored the first Annual Diversity Day that incorporated educational information on special emphasis groups and MVPCs. 

In addition, VHA’s Office of Research and Development (ORD) continues to support a broad portfolio in health disparities research. While earlier ORD-funded research focused on identifying disparities, more recently funded studies have highlighted important determinants explaining ethnic minority health care disparities, 

such as patient-physician communication, patient attitudes and health literacy, suggesting that patients, providers, health care facilities and health care systems may 

all contribute to these disparities. Accordingly, ORD has issued a priority solicitation for research proposals to develop and evaluate interventions to reduce ethnic 

minority health care disparities. ORD understands that interventional studies 

aimed at these sources, as well as other identified sources, may play a significant 

role in promoting equitable health care services among all veterans. 

VBA regional offices have also specially designated outreach coordinators who 

conduct outreach to various populations (i.e., minority veterans, women veterans, 

homeless veterans, former prisoners of war, recently separated veterans) to provide 

these individuals information about VA benefits and services. VBA central office 

provides guidance and support to these coordinators to ensure that they provide all 

needed services and benefits. VBA coordinators work closely with their counterparts 

in VHA, NCA, veterans service organizations, and other Federal and State agencies 

to provide complete assistance to all veterans. 

In addition to its outreach coordinators, VBA uses the systematic technical accuracy review (STAR) to assess accuracy of claims processing decisions made at all regional offices. VBA also regularly conducts site visits to regional offices to ensure 

that policies and procedures pertaining to compensation and pension are consistent 


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nationwide. During these site visits outreach practices are reviewed to ensure activities are reaching targeted groups. 

NCA conducts local and national initiatives in an effort to identify minority veterans. The outreach practices to these veterans include all national cemetery directors having the responsibility to identify groups of veterans within the service area 

of their cemetery and providing information about VA memorial benefits to these 

individuals. NCA regularly attends 10 to 12 national conferences each year to increase awareness of memorial benefits among minority groups. 

NCA memorializes every deceased veteran who has served honorably in the 

Armed Forces, regardless of their race, sex, religion, or national origin. Every day 

the 1,500 employees of NCA commemorate the service of America’s veterans at 125 

national cemeteries, where more than 2.7 million gravesites are maintained. NCA 

provides headstones and markers for placement on the graves of eligible veterans, 

provides Presidential Memorial Certificates to veterans’ loved ones, and assists 

States and tribal governments in the construction of veterans’ cemeteries. 

Question 2: In the Minority Advisory Committee’s last Report dated July 2006, 

it recommended that the VA clarify and disseminate its policies pertaining to the 

issue of marketing, as it had observed during its field visits to VA facilities that the 

confusion served as a ‘‘serious impediment’’ to minority veterans’ knowledge of their 

VA benefits and VA health care entitlements. What has the VA done to educate 

staff at VA facilities of the rescission of this 2002 rule regarding marketing? Please 

explain. 

Response: VA supports an extensive array of outreach efforts to inform and educate veterans about their eligibility for health care, benefits, and other services. In 

fact, VA strongly encourages its leadership and staff to participate in community activities as a forum for outreach. Every separating service member receives a letter 

from the Secretary to advise them on how they might receive VA benefits (including 

health care). Additionally, VA is working closely with the Department of Defense 

(DoD) to ensure that returning Global War on Terror (GWOT) veterans are aware 

of the services VA offers. One example is the post deployment health reassessment 

activity (PDHRA) which provides outreach, education, screening for deployment-related health conditions and readjustment issues, outreach and referrals to military 

treatment facilities (MTFs), VA health care facilities, TRICARE providers and others for additional evaluation and/or treatment. 

Question 3: The IOM in its report Separate and Unequal regarding Healthcare 

and Health Disparities found that Minorities receive disparate health care treatment regardless of income or insurance status and that as a direct result, they suffer higher mortality and morbidity rates. Has the VA performed any research to determine whether there are parallels in the VA health care and benefits system? Are 

you aware of any parallels that translate in poorer health and benefits outcomes for 

minority veterans? 

Response: Because of its structure, VA’s health care system provides unique opportunities for researchers to distinguish racial and ethnic differences from economic differences in health care. Minorities are well represented in ORD’s cooperative studies program clinical trials and currently comprise 20 percent of participants 

in trials that have ongoing recruitment. 

ORD funds a research center of excellence for health equity research and promotion. Its mission is to reduce disparities and promote equity in health and health 

care among vulnerable groups of veterans and other populations. The center’s research agenda is based on the natural progression of research projects from detecting unrecognized disparities, to identifying and understanding reasons for these disparities, to designing interventions to promote equity in health care among vulnerable populations. 

ORD also funds a targeted research enhancement program to understand racial 

and ethnic variations in health outcomes for chronic diseases. The goals of this program are to advance knowledge on racial and ethnic variations in care by focusing 

on patient trust and patient preferences for care, and to evaluate the incremental 

effect of these patient level factors on racial and ethnic disparities in health outcomes for chronic medical conditions such as diabetes and hypertension. 

Examples of recently completed ORD-sponsored health disparities research include: 

• While demographics and health experiences vary by race among women veterans, race was not significantly associated with any primary care domain (i.e., 

patient preference for provider, interpersonal communication, accumulated 

knowledge and coordination) or satisfaction among women receiving care at VA 

(Journal of General Internal Medicine, Vol. 21, October 2006, 1105) 


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• There are no significant racial differences in general innovativeness between 

Black and White veterans, but White veterans had higher medical technology 

innovativeness scores 

• Medical technology innovativeness scores correlated with a greater likelihood 

that veterans would be favorably oriented to new medical devices and prescription drugs 

• Both Black and White veterans with low innovativeness scores were hesitant 

to accept a new medical device, but White veterans were more likely to adopt 

a new prescription than Black veterans 

• More Black than White veterans expressed discomfort with taking risks 

(Journal of General Internal Medicine, June 2006) 

• Black veterans had less severe coronary artery disease than White veterans, 

and treating physicians’ estimates of the probability of coronary disease were 

similar for Black and White veterans 

• Findings suggest that despite less frequent use of coronary angiography, 

Black veterans who undergo the procedure are at lower risk for having coronary obstructive disease than White veterans who undergo the procedure 

(Journal of the American College of Cardiology, May 2006) 

• Black patients appear to have lower trust in physicians regarding lung cancer 

treatment because of poorer physician-patient communication 

• Physician communication was perceived as less supportive, less partnering 

and less informative, accounting for Black patients’ lower trust in physicians 

(Journal of Clinical Oncology, Vol. 24, 2006 Feb 20. 904) 

• End of life wishes vary among racial and ethnic groups, as a result of divergent 

views regarding health care, spirituality, family and dying (Journal of the 

American Geriatrics Society, Vol. 54, No.1, January 2006) 

• There are ethnic variations in the use of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) 

among smokers receiving care from VA, with Black and Hispanic smokers about 

half as likely as White smokers to use NRT to quit smoking 

• These disparities were not explained by social, physiologic or psychological 

factors or by facility differences in prescribing policy of tobacco dependence 

medications (American Journal of Health Promotion, Nov/Dec 2005, 20 

(12):108) 

• Black and White patients in VA displayed similar knowledge about coronary 

heart disease (CHD) risk factors. However, Black patients had 

• Less specific knowledge, such as the difference between ‘‘good’’ and ‘‘bad’’ cholesterol 

• More fear related to physical activity after a CHD diagnosis 

• Belief that racism contributed to stress as a risk factor (Patient Educ. Couns. 

2005 May;57(2):225–31) 

• Hispanic and Black VA patients had a higher frequency of severe diabetic retinopathy 

• This was not accounted for by traditional risk factors (Diabetes Care 28: 

19541958, 2005) 

• In the year following prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing, Black patients 

strictly under VA care were more likely to 

• Know about their PSA test 

• Have higher rates of urology referrals and prostate biopsies 

• However, for Black patients under partial VA care, these differences did not 

occur (Am J Public Health. 2004 Dec;94(12):2076–8) 

• Black veterans in VA had poorer outpatient access to mental health services 

than White veterans during 1995–2001 

• On some measures their access to care improved relative to White veterans 

(Adm. Policy Mental Health. 2003 Sep;31(1):31–43) 

• In VA stroke patients referred to inpatient rehabilitation 

• No racial differences in proportion of patients referred or in the intensity of 

rehabilitation 

• However, there was less recovery of function in Black patients (Stroke. 2003 

Apr;34(4): 1027–31) 


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• No significant systematic differences in post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 

treatment or outcome between White, Black and Hispanic VA patients overall 

(Med Care. 2002 Jan;40(1 Suppl):I52–61) 

• In a VA administrative database (28,934 White and 7,575 Black), Black patients had lower mortality rates than White patients at 30 days and 6 months 

in 

• Pneumonia 

• Angina pectoris 

• Congestive heart failure 

• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 

• Diabetes 

• Chronic renal failure (JAMA. 2001 Jan 17;285(3):297–303) 

It is important to note that ORD-sponsored studies focus on health and health 

care related research and not on the services provided by VBA or NCA. 

ORD did, however, recently fund a study examining racial disparities in PTSD 

disability awards. The study reported a significant difference in Black veterans odds 

of being service connected for PTSD compared to other veterans’ odds, and this 

could not be explained by variation in PTSD symptom severity, degree of disablement or race differences in combat exposure. Among veterans who were awarded 

PTSD disability benefits, the service-connected rating (‘‘degree of service connection’’) did not vary by race (Medical Care. 2003;41(4):536–549). 

Past ACMV reports findings/recommendations have addressed minority veterans’

perceptions of disparities in the VA claims process. VBA presently does not collect 

racial or ethnics data that can be used to make a comparative analysis. VBA has 

responded that it will give consideration to collecting this data as it modifies its 

business practices. 

Question 4: The Advisory Committee also recommended that the DVA design, develop and fund research agendas focusing on minority veteran issues in order to inform minority veterans and those entities serving the minority community of potential barriers to access. Please update the Committee on efforts to promote this recommendation and eliminate this barrier. 

Response: ORD strives to disseminate its research results to all applicable parties. While this is accomplished primarily through publication of research results in 

scientific journals and presentations at scientific meetings, ORD also publishes a variety of publications highlighting recent research advances, such as its monthly Research Currents newsletter. A diverse audience, including VA staff, Congressional 

staff and veterans service organizations (VSO) receives Research Currents newsletter. ORD also supports speakers and information booths about its research programs and projects at numerous VSO meetings and conventions, including organizations such as the Montford Point Marine Association that was established to perpetuate the legacy of the first African Americans who entered the United States Marine Corps from 1942 to 1949, at Montford Point Camp, New River, NC. Finally, 

ORD maintains a Web site containing information on research programs and recent 

findings (http://www.research.va.gov). and so do many of its centers of excellence 

(http://www.cherp.research.med.va.gov). 

In addition, ORD has been working with CMV to develop other mechanisms for 

disseminating research results to veterans. Currently, CMV’s Web site has a link 

to the ORD Web site for research related to minority veterans. 

Question 5: Has the VA performed research to identify barriers that prevent minority veterans from accessing and using their benefits? Has the VA identified any 

culturally appropriate practices that would support greater participation in VA benefits and services by minority veterans as advocated by the Committee? (p.21). 

Response: ORD has funded extensive research examining barriers to health care 

for minority veterans and, in recent years, considerable attention has been focused 

on cultural factors that affect the use of VA health care services, and potentially 

the health care status and outcomes of veterans. Those areas where potential barriers, cultural factors and other contributors to racial disparities in VA health care 

have been identified in ORD-sponsored research are summarized below. 

• Veteran medical knowledge and information sources. Minority and nonminority veterans differ in their degree of familiarity with and knowledge about 

medical interventions. This difference stems from different levels of experience 

with those interventions among minority vs. non-minority veterans and their 

families, friends, and communities; from different amounts of information conveyed by health care providers; and from different levels of health literacy and 

understanding among veterans. Different knowledge and information may affect 

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fits of medical interventions in relation to their risks. Uncertainty about the necessity of interventions may in turn reduce patients’ willingness to accept and 

adhere to them. Several studies indicate that minority veterans are less informed about their care, compared to non-minority veterans, and that this difference affects decisionmaking. 

• Veteran trust and skepticism. Minority veterans tend to harbor less trust 

and more skepticism about the benefits of medical interventions, relative to 

their risks. These perceptions appear to be influenced by lack of familiarity with 

medical interventions, by historical or personally experienced discrimination, 

and for some Black veterans in particular, by a reliance on religious and spiritual avenues for coping with illness as opposed to medical therapies. Studies 

in our review suggest that minority veterans are more skeptical of information 

provided by health care professionals, as compared to non-minority veterans. It 

is important, however, not to misconstrue this skepticism as unwarranted. Nonminority veterans’ general lack of skepticism may be more problematic if it 

leads to acceptance of unnecessary or undesired care. 

• Racial/cultural milieu. Some have suggested that a more racially and culturally congruent health care environment (including racially concordant health 

care providers) for minority veterans may elevate trust, reduce skepticism, and 

enhance the acceptability of care. Two studies directly examined this issue and 

found that Black veterans experienced better interactions and fared somewhat 

better clinically, when cared for by Black vs. White providers. Another study 

suggested that Black patients in group therapy might fare better when grouped 

with other Black patients. 

• Patient participation. Several studies suggest that minority veterans are less 

active participants in their care as compared to non-minority veterans. Minority 

veterans tend to ask fewer questions of their providers, who in turn provide less 

information. Less information may lead to lower acceptance of and adherence 

to medical interventions. In addition, lower patient participation diminishes the 

strength of the patient-provider partnership, which may in turn lead to less investment by both parties in following recommended care plans, and to lower 

trust and greater skepticism among minority veterans. 

• Clinician judgment. Studies suggest that clinicians’ diagnostic and therapeutic decisionmaking varies by veteran race. The degree to which this differential decisionmaking is based on clinical factors vs. non-clinical factors, including 

racial stereotypes, is unclear. For instance, in one study clinicians judged Black 

veterans to be less appropriate candidates for coronary interventions, even after 

accounting for chart-documented variables. The degree to which this judgment 

reflected undocumented clinical factors vs. non-clinical influences was not clear. 

Similarly, clinicians prescribe opioid medications less frequently to Black vs. 

White veterans and are more likely to diagnose Black veterans presenting with 

mental illness as having psychotic vs. affective disorders. The degree to which 

these phenomena are driven by racial differences in co-existing substance abuse 

disorders, by cross-cultural misunderstanding of symptom presentations, or by 

racial bias, remains unclear. 

• Veteran social support and resources. Minority veterans may have fewer 

social support and other external resources to help with both illness management and decisionmaking. This is particularly relevant in that minority veterans may rely more heavily on external resources than on health care professionals for information and support. This may particularly affect adherence and 

decisionmaking around high-risk procedures. 

• Health care facility characteristics. Some disparities are at least partly explained by the fact that minority and non-minority veterans tend to receive care 

at different VA medical centers (VAMCs). In some cases, VAMCs that disproportionately serve minority veterans have fewer available services or deliver 

lower quality care overall than VAMCs serving predominantly non-minority veterans. This potential source of disparities, however, remains under-explored. It 

should be noted that many studies have demonstrated disparities within single 

VAMCs, suggesting that system-level factors are unlikely to explain all observed disparities. 

CMV and ORD have collaborated to provide a link from the CMV Web site to the 

ORD Web site to provide veterans information related to VA research initiatives. 

Minority veterans program coordinators (MVPC) were provided cultural competency 

training during their biennial training conference in June of 2007. 

At CMV’s request, ORD has provided briefings to our MVPCs during the biennial 

MVPC training conferences and to minority groups such as: Tuskegee Airmen, BufVerDate Aug 31 2005 23:46 Jun 20, 2008 Jkt 037471 PO 00000 Frm 00074 Fmt 6621 Sfmt 6621 E:\HR\OC\37471.XXX 37471

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falo Soldiers, Montford Point Marines, and the National Association of Black Veterans. 

Question 6: Please advise what the VA is doing with regard to its land use policies that allow greater flexibility to make business decisions that would result in 

more funds for ancillary programs such as those that address outreach to minority 

veterans and homeless veteran populations. 

Response: VA has been using its enhanced use (EU) leasing program to turn 

underused land and buildings into transitional housing for homeless veterans. This 

has been successful in 12 instances providing housing to more than 550 homeless 

veterans; and will be used more in the future as properties are identified via the 

Capital Asset Realignment for Enhanced Services (CARES) reuse studies, VA’s own 

internal site review initiative, and individual initiatives presented by homeless providers through a sponsoring VAMC. 

In addition VA has numerous sharing agreements and sort term leases that are 

allowing more than 2 dozen nonprofit organizations to provide transitional housing 

to more than 1,300 homeless veterans. The more than half of all veterans seen in 

VA’s homeless providers grant and per diem program are identified as minority. The 

largest single program for women veterans in the country is operated on the 

grounds of the VAMC at Coatesville, Pennsylvania. 

Question 7: The Advisory Committee observed that staff diversity during its Los 

Angeles VA facilities was not representative of the Minority Veteran population, especially with regard to the higher pay grades and for African Americans, Hispanics, 

and Americans Indians. The ACMV noted that this appears to be a systemic problem throughout VA. Please advise what the VA is doing to ensure staff diversity 

in these subsets of veterans. 

Response: The Los Angeles Regional Office (RO) has 221 employees serving approximately 737,000 veterans. Of the 221 employees, 40.7 percent are veterans. 

Within that number, minorities comprise the following: 15.4 percent Black, 8.6 percent Hispanic, 1.4 percent Native American, and 2.7 percent Asian American and 

Pacific Islander American. Of the veteran employees at the higher grade levels, GS–

12 and above, 53 percent are minority veterans. 

VA work force is comprised of 74 percent women and minorities; 24.43 percent 

of the work force is Black, 7 percent Hispanic, 1 percent Native American, and 6.24 

percent Asian American. Veterans make up 33 percent of VA’s work force. Of employees at a GS–13 and above, 38 percent are minorities. 

VHA work force is comprised of 75 percent women and minorities; 24 percent of 

the work force is Black, 7 percent Hispanic, 1 percent Native American and 7 percent Asian American. Veterans make up 31 percent of VHA’s work force. Of employees at a GS–13 and above, 30 percent are minorities. 

VHA has consistently provided career development training opportunities designed to prepare all VA employees with knowledge and skills necessary to perform 

in higher grades. These programs include the technical career field program (TCF)- 

GS–5-9; the leadership, effectiveness, accountability, development program (LEAD)- 

GS–11–13; the executive career field candidate development program (ECFCDP)- 

GS–1314/nurse IV/physician tier 2), and Leadership VA (LVA)-G8–13 and higher. 

The percentages of minority participation for these programs in FY 2006 were: 

LEAD, 27.12 percent; TCF, 29.90 percent; ECFCDP, 20 percent; and LVA, 24.29 

percent. 

VBA’s work force of over 13,000 employees is comprised of 69 percent women and 

minorities; 27 percent of the work force is Black, 6 percent Hispanic, 2 percent Native American, and 3 percent Asian American. Veterans make up 48 percent of 

VBA’s work force. Of employees at a G8–13 and above, 51 percent are minorities. 

The Under Secretary for Benefits aggressively supports hiring veterans as reflected in the high percentage of veterans in the workforce. Within the next 18 

months, VBA plans to hire more than 2,000 employees. Recruitment of veterans and 

any underrepresented minority groups will be a focus of this hiring effort. 

NCA’s work force is comprised of 49 percent women and minorities; 20 percent 

of the work force is Black, 9 percent Hispanic, 1.55 percent Native American and 

3.58 percent Asian American. Veterans make up 72 percent of NCA’s work force. 

Of employees at a GS–13 and above, 64 percent are minorities. 

NCA strives to increase the percentage of women and minorities in the ranks of 

leadership by providing career development training. In 2006, 40 percent of the participants in the training program for cemetery directors were women and 30 percent 

were Black. In this year’s class, 33 percent are women, 22 percent are Black, and 

11 percent are Hispanic. 

Staff offices’ work force is comprised of 59 percent women and minorities; 22 percent of the work force is Black, 6 percent Hispanic, 1 percent Native American, and 


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5 percent Asian American. Veterans make up 40 percent of staff offices’ work force. 

Of employees at a G8–13 and above, 44 percent are minorities. 

Question 8: The ACMV also recommended that the VA should hire OIF/OEF Minority veterans into the agency to ensure departmental sensitivity to a new generation of minority veterans seeking services. 

Question 8(a): What processes has the VA put into place to advance this recommendation? 

Response: VA remains committed to hiring veterans, particularly disabled veterans and those transitioning from active service in OEF/OIF. VA’s National Veterans Employment Program (NVEP) continues to advance efforts by the Department 

to employ veterans VA-wide, promoting or participating in targeted outreach and recruiting events nationally. VA is a regular participant of the DoD Hiring Heroes Career Fairs, the Annual Road to Recovery Conference hosted by the Coalition to Salute 

America’s Heroes and other events targeting seriously injured and wounded OEF/ 

OIF servicemembers transitioning to the civilian work force. NVEP has also helped 

establish veteran employment coordinators (VEC) at human resource facilities 

throughout the department to lead local efforts to attract, recruit, and retain veterans in VA. 

VHA’s fiscal year (FY) 2007 equal employment opportunity Initiatives were to increase the representation of individuals with targeted disabilities, particularly increasing the veterans and disabled veterans, and the number of minorities and 

women in the qualified applicant pool. To enhance the employment of OEF/OIF minority veterans and people with disabilities, VHA will continue to network with 

military installations, State vocational rehabilitation services, the Work force Recruitment Program, and community organizations (i.e. job accommodation networks 

and computer electronic accommodation program). VHA has an overall plan to increase the number of people with targeted disabilities. Each VISN director was 

asked to increase the employment of individuals with targeted disabilities to 1.5 

percent in FY 2007, and incremental increases to 2.2 percent by FY 2011. It is anticipated that this effort will also increase the number of disabled veterans in the 

Department’s work force. 

VHA has appointed 98 transition patient advocates (TPA) since March 2007 when 

the Secretary authorized 100 new positions in VA’s continuing commitment to help 

severely injured OEF/OIF veterans and their families navigate VA’s system for 

health care. The TPAs serve as the point of contact for these veterans transitioning 

to VA from military treatment facilities. As in other recruitment activities, selecting 

officials were instructed to make every effort to ensure a representative number of 

women and minority candidates were selected. VHAs commitment of hiring OEF/ 

OIF veterans was demonstrated during this recruitment effort by including qualification requirements that targeted these veterans. VHA continues to aggressively 

use the special veteran appointing authorities, including the veterans’ recruitment 

appointment, the veterans’ preference program for disabled veterans, and the Veterans Employment Opportunities Act 1998. 

Currently, no means exists to identify employees who are OEF/OIF veterans, minority or otherwise. VA has addressed this issue with the Office of Personnel Management (OPM). So, until OPM establishes a code for OEF/OIF veterans, much in 

the same way Vietnam Era veterans were coded, their numbers in VA and the rest 

of the Federal work force will remain unknown. Certain programs (i.e. Coming 

Home to Work) can possibly provide raw numbers of OEF/OIF veterans hired, but 

when it comes to sorting them demographically, that presents a greater challenge. 

Question 8(b): For instance has the VA established processes at the Cabinet 

level to ensure that all applicable agencies are engaged? 

Response: VA participates with the Department of Labor (DoL), Department of 

Transportation and DoD in the transitional assistance program (TAP) to provide 

servicemembers who are within 6 months of discharge or 2 years of retirement with 

information and assistance they need to transition to civilian life. 

Question 8(c): Can the VA seamlessly help these veterans transition? 

Response: In January 2005, VA established a permanent Office of Seamless 

Transition which reports through VA/DoD coordination officers to the Principal Deputy Under Secretary for Health and is composed of representatives from VHA and 

VBA, as well as an active duty Marine Corps officer and an Army officer. Since its 

inception, the seamless transition program has achieved numerous accomplishments 

that result in great strides toward the seamless transition of OEF/OIF 

servicemembers into civilian life, including minority and women veterans. The ability to register for VA health care and file for benefits prior to separation from active 

duty is the result of the seamless transition. 

VA/DoD social work liaisons and VBA benefit counselors are now located at 10 

military treatment facilities (MTFs) to assist active duty servicemembers as they 


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transfer from MTFs to VAMCs. In addition, our VHA liaisons help newly wounded 

servicemembers and their families plan a future course of treatment for their injuries after they return home. VA nurses, social workers, benefits counselors, and outreach coordinators advise and explain the full array of VA services and benefits. 

VHA staff has coordinated over 7,900 transfers of OEF/OIF servicemembers and 

veterans from a MTF to a VA medical facility. Active duty Army liaison officers are 

assigned to each of the 4 VA polytrauma rehabilitation centers to assist 

servicemembers and their families from all branches of service on issues such as 

pay, lodging, travel, movement of household goods, and non-medical attendant care 

orders. 

The Office of Seamless Transition established an OEF/OIF Polytrauma Call Center to assist our most seriously injured veterans and their families with clinical, administrative, and benefit inquiries. The Call Center which opened February 2006, 

is operational 24 hours a day, 7 days a week to answer clinical, administrative, and 

benefit inquiries from polytrauma patients and their families. In addition, the Call 

Center has contacted 950 veterans since February 2007. Through these outreach 

phone calls, we have been able to provide these veterans additional assistance with 

health or benefits concerns. 

VA has implemented an automated tracking system to track servicemembers and 

veterans transitioning from MTFs to VA facilities. As part of this system, VHA implemented a 2007 performance measure to ensure VHA assigns a case manager to 

seriously injured servicemembers being referred from a MTF to a VA treatment facility in a timely fashion. This performance measure monitors the percent of severely ill/injured servicemembers and veterans who are contacted by their assigned 

VA case manager within 7 days of notification of transfer to the VA system. 

In April 2007, VA integrated the tracking system with DoD’s joint patient tracking application (JPTA) which tracks servicemembers from the battlefield through 

Landstuhl, Germany, to MTFs in the States. The new application, known as the veterans tracking application (VTA), is a modified version of DoD’s JPTA—a web-based 

patient tracking and management tool that collects, manages, and reports on patients arriving at MTFs from forward-deployed locations. VTA is compatible with 

JPTA and allows the electronic transfer of DoD medical data JPTA on medically 

evacuated patients to VA on a daily basis. 

VA is participating in DoD’s post deployment health reassessment (PDHRA) program for returning deployed servicemembers at Reserve and Guard locations by providing information on VA care and benefits, enrolling interested Reservists and 

Guardsmen in the VA health care system, and arranging appointments for referred 

servicemembers. Since its inception, over 121,721 Reserve and Guard members have 

completed the PDHRA on-site screen resulting in over 27,755 referrals to VA facilities and 13,848 referrals to vet centers. 

In order to ensure that OEF/OIF combat veterans receive high quality health care 

and coordinated transition services and benefits as they transition from the DoD 

system to the VA, VA developed a robust outreach, education and awareness program. The signing of a memorandum of agreement (MOA) between the National 

Guard and VA, in May 2005, and the formation of VA/National Guard State coalitions in each of the 54 States and territories now provides the opportunity for VA 

to gain access to returning troops and families as well as join with community resources and organizations to enhance the integration of the delivery of VA services 

to new veterans and families. This is a major step in closer collaboration with the 

National Guard soldiers and airmen. A similar MOA is being developed with the 

U.S. Army Reserve Command and the U.S. Marine Corps at the national level. VA 

and the National Guard Bureau teamed up to train 54 National Guard transition 

assistance advisors who assist VA in advising Guard members and their families 

about VA benefits and services. 

VA participates in TAP workshops to provide servicemembers who are within 6 

months of discharge or 2 years of retirement with information and assistance as 

they transition to civilian life. Part of the briefing conducted by DoL includes reviewing servicemembers’ job seeking skills and allowing them to use DoL services 

to obtain employment following separation from service. At this time DoD does not 

make attendance at TAP briefings mandatory for servicemembers. The Marine 

Corps is the only branch of service that requires all discharging and retiring Marines to attend TAP. Currently just over 50 percent of all eligible servicemembers 

attend TAP. Following TAP briefings VA military service coordinators are available 

on most military bases to meet with interested servicemembers to discuss VA services and benefits. 

The Secretary of Veterans Affairs sends a personal ‘‘thank you’’ letter together 

with information brochures to each returning OEF/OIF veteran based on lists routinely provided by the DoD. These letters provide information on health care and 


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other VA benefits, toll-free information numbers, and appropriate VA Web sites for 

accessing additional information. In addition, VA and DoD are collaborating to ensure VA is notified of severely ill or injured servicemembers transitioning to civilian 

life. Under this initiative, DoD is transmitting the names of servicemembers entering Do D’s physical evaluation board (PEB) process. This list enables VA to contact 

active duty servicemembers to inform them of VA benefits and health care services 

available to them and to assist them in accessing these services. 

Question 8(d): Has the VA pursued the collection of DoD data identifying the 

upcoming release/discharge of minority servicemembers within 90 days of their release to assist the VA with outreach to the service member? 

Response: VA and DoD are collaborating to ensure VA is notified of severely ill 

or injured servicemembers transitioning to civilian life. Under this initiative, DoD 

is transmitting the names of servicemembers entering DoD’s physical evaluation 

board (PEB) process. This list enables VA to contact active duty servicemembers to 

inform them of VA benefits and health care services available to them and to assist 

them in accessing these services. In addition the Secretary of Veterans Affairs sends 

a personal ‘‘thank you’’ letter together with information brochures to each returning 

OEF/OIF veteran based on lists routinely provided by the DoD. These letters provide information on health care and other VA benefits, toll-free information numbers, and appropriate VA Web sites for accessing additional information. 

Question 9(a): How does the Center/VA identify Minority Vets? 

Response: CMV uses the U.S. Census data to identify minority veterans. In order 

to identify minority veterans using VA health care services, veterans applying for 

enrollment in the VA health care system, or for nursing home, domiciliary or dental 

benefits, veterans (or their legal proxies) must complete the 1010 EZ form. The form 

includes 2 questions, similar to those used in the 2000 Census, asking the applicant 

to self-identify Spanish, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity (yes or no) and to self-identify 

race (one or more). This information is self-reported, is strictly voluntary, and a disclaimer is offered that any information collected is used for statistical purposes only. 

Enrollment and benefit eligibility decisions are not influenced by the answer to one 

or both of these questions, including a non-response. Once a veteran is enrolled, information on ethnicity and race is not routinely collected, although it may be referenced in the enrollee’s confidential electronic health record. 

Since 1999, VHA has conducted comprehensive nationwide surveys designed to 

provide input into estimates of enrollees’ demand for health care services. Surveys 

consist of telephone interviews with random stratified samples of enrolled veterans. 

Recognizing that good administrative data on race and ethnicity are lacking, the 

2005 survey, for the first time, asked respondents their race and ethnicity. 

Question 9(b): What are your outreach practices to these subsets of veterans for 

VA facilities to ensure equitable access to benefits? 

Response: CMV has program analysts who serve as veterans liaisons for each 

of the 5 minority groups: Asian Americans, Blacks, Hispanics, Native Americans, 

and Pacific Islander Americans. They establish partnerships with VSOs as well as 

internal and other external stakeholders to increase awareness of minority veterans’

issues and develop collaborative strategies to address unmet needs. 

VHA has developed a wide range of outreach programs in response to the health 

care and other benefits needs of veterans and their families, which focus on minority, women, newly separated and younger veterans, as well as on their health care 

providers. Many of these represent ‘‘lessons learned’’ from VA’s experiences responding to the outreach, education, health care and other benefits needs of minority and 

women veterans returning from the 1991 gulf war, and from the Vietnam War. 

These include: 

• Since 2005, VA has published and distributed over 250,000 brochures titled VA 

Reaching Out to Women Veterans. 

• VA’s Secretary sends a letter to all newly separated OEF/OIF veterans, based 

on records provided by DoD, thanking them for their service, welcoming them 

home, and providing basic information about VA health care and other benefits. 

• Expanded VA provider education on combat health care including: 

• Preparing for the Return of Women Veterans from Combat Theater, USH IL 

10–2003–011, on special care needs for women OEF and OIF combat veterans; 

• A Guide to gulf war Veterans Health originally for 1991 gulf war combat veterans, remains relevant for OEF/OIF combat veterans; 

• Endemic Infectious Diseases of Southwest Asia, on infectious disease risks not 

typically seen in North America; 

• Military Sexual Trauma on recognition and treatment of health problems related to military sexual trauma; 


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• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Implications for Primary Care on PTSD diagnosis, treatment, referrals, support and education; • Traumatic Amputation and Prosthetics for patients with traumatic amputations, their rehabilitation, primary and long-term care, prosthetic, clinical and 

administrative issues. 

• Publish the quarterly OIF and OEF Review newsletter mailed to all separated 

OEF/OIF veterans (nearly 700,000 as of May 2007) and their families, on VA 

health care and assistance programs for these newest combat veterans. • Published and distributed more than 1 million copies of brochure A Summary 

of VA Benefits for National Guard and Reservists Personnel, which summarizes 

health care and other benefits available to this special population of combat veterans upon their return to civilian life. • Published Health Care and Assistance for U.S. Veterans of Operation Iraqi Freedom, a brochure on basic health issues for that deployment. • Developed and distributed the VA Health Care and Benefits Information for Veterans, wallet card concisely summarizing all VA health and other benefits for 

veterans, along with contact information, in a single, wallet-sized card for easy 

reference. • Promoted eligibility rules providing reservists and active duty personnel who 

served in a designated combat zone such as Afghanistan or Iraq with 2 years 

of free VA health care, in posters, information letters and news letters for veterans. • Developed a clinical reminder (part of VA’s computerized reminder system) to 

assist VA primary care clinicians in providing timely and appropriate care to 

new combat veterans. • Sponsored a 3-day National Conference on Providing Health Care for a New 

Generation of Combat Veterans Returning From OEF/OIF, April 10–12, 2007, 

in Las Vegas, Nevada to sharpen VA’s response to new and transitioning combat veterans coming to VA, and to the new physical and behavioral health care 

challenges they bring with them. The national conference attracted 1,400 primary care providers from around the country, including social workers, psychologists and mental health professionals, physicians, physician assistants, 

nurses and others who provide direct care to new combat veterans returning 

from Afghanistan and Iraq. 

VBA’s outreach efforts are designed to reach a broad spectrum of veterans, generally irrespective of race. However, each regional office has specially designated 

outreach coordinators who conduct outreach to various populations, including minority veterans, to provide these individuals information about VA benefits and services. MVPCs are also available to respond to requests concerning VA benefits and 

services. 

NCA conducts local and national initiatives in an effort to identify minority veterans. The outreach practices to these veterans include all national cemetery directors having the responsibility to identify groups of veterans within the service area 

of their cemetery and providing information about VA memorial benefits to these 

individuals. NCA regularly attends 10 to 12 national conferences each year to increase awareness among minority groups of memorial benefits. 

Question 9(c): How do they differ for non-minority vets? 

Response: Minority veterans experience many of the same challenges that all 

veterans experience. However, minority veterans have experienced and often experience racial/ethnic discrimination or lack of cultural sensitivity more often than nonminority veterans. Minority veterans are more likely to be effected by chronic diseases, disparities in health care, homelessness, and unemployment. 

Question 10: During its last site visit to the Los Angeles Ambulatory Center, the 

ACMV was overwhelmed by the staggering number of homeless veterans. In Los 

Angeles, it was reported that the veterans’ homeless population comprised 23 percent of the total 90,000 total population in Los Angeles. Despite the fact that Los 

Angeles has the highest homeless population in the country, the Committee believed 

that these numbers might be similar throughout the country. While it wasn’t clear 

what percent of these veterans were minority veterans. 

Question 10(a): Please update the Committee on what the VA is doing to stem 

the rising tide of homeless amongst our veterans? 

Response: Since 1987, VA has developed the largest integrated network of services and programs designed to address the treatment, rehabilitation, and residential 

needs of homeless veterans. VA specialized homeless programs include domiciliary 

care for homeless veterans (DCHV); compensated work therapy/transitional residence (CWT/TR); health care for homeless veterans (HCHV), homeless providers 

grant and per diem [GPD], and supported housing [SH]. VA in partnership with 


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Housing and Urban Development (HUD) provides HUD–VA supported housing program [HUD–VASH]). 

VA homeless programs are designed to provide a continuum of care for homeless 

veterans. Key elements of this continuum are: 

• outreach to identify veterans among homeless persons encountered in communities • clinical assessment to determine the needs of those veterans; • rehabilitation in VA domiciliary, in community-based contracted residential 

treatment facilities, or in transitional residences; • supportive transitional housing to facilitate community re-entry (such as those 

supported by the VA grant and per diem program); • supportive case management to maintain independent jiving in the community 

(such as the supportive housing program provided by HUD–VA). 

For the past several years, VA specialized homeless programs have treated 70,000 

to 75,000 homeless veterans. In fiscal year (FY) 2006, VA homeless programs provided services to approximately 72,000 homeless veterans. Approximately 4 percent 

of VA homeless program clients are female; about 46 percent are White; about 46 

percent are Black; about 5 percent are Hispanic; about 1 percent are Native American; and 1 percent are Asian American and Pacific Islander American. Consistent 

with the missions of the programs, the vast majority of clients have serious psychiatric, substance abuse or medical problems. 

About two-thirds of clients in these programs are seen on an outpatient basis, receiving direct services and referral to other treatment as needed. About one-third 

are seen more intensively in the residential programs. A recent longitudinal study 

of clients discharged from VA residential treatment programs indicated that approximately 80 percent are stably housed 1 year later. Similarly favorable housing 

outcomes have been observed in studies of VA’s longer term supportive case management programs. 

Question 10(b): What is it doing for homeless Minority vets with dependents? 

Response: VA homeless programs provide outreach and assessment services to 

minority veterans with dependents. The programs provide referral to community resources for dependents of homeless patients requiring shelter, residential services, 

medical and psychiatric care, or other social services. 

Question 11: The ACMV was concerned that the early identification of PTSD and 

the accompanying services might not be readily available to minority veterans who 

have served in the Vietnam Conflict. What is the VA doing to ensure access to treatment and benefits, when warranted, are made available to this particular subset of 

veterans? 

Response: VA is successful in providing mental health services to minority veterans of the Vietnam era and other service eras. VA has had clinical practice guidelines (CPG) that include PTSD since the mid eighties with the current PTSD CPG 

released in 2004. Following the release of the 2004 PTSD CPG, all veterans have 

been screened for PTSD (as well as for depression and alcohol abuse) on an annual 

basis. Beginning in FY 2007, PTSD screen is completed once every 5 years for Vietnam era veterans. 

Data from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study, that sampled 

Black and Hispanic veterans, and the subsequent Matsunaga study that specifically 

targeted Native American and Pacific Islander American veterans, showed increased 

incidence of PTSD among minority veterans. As a result, in the 1990s, training videos were created by VA’s National Center for PTSD directed at providers and veterans and their families on PTSD in these minority groups. 

Data on use of VA mental health services by minority Vietnam era veterans indicates that overall, minorities are no less likely than non-minorities to use VA services (Rosenheck & Fontana, Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 1994). 

VA’s ongoing program evaluation of PTSD care, entitled the Long Journey Home, 

is produced annually by VHA’s Northeast Program Evaluation Center (NEPEC). 

NEPEC data for FY 2000 indicated that 33 percent of veterans using special outpatient PTSD services were members of minority groups. For FY 2006, the percentage was 35 percent. A special survey of the 10,131 new Vietnam era veterans, who 

received intake assessments for the specialized outpatient PTSD program in FY 

2006, showed that 37.5 percent were members of minority groups. This is about double the proportion of minorities in the general population of Vietnam era veterans. 

While VBA does not conduct specific outreach to veterans who may suffer from 

PTSD, all outreach coordinators and telephone representatives are knowledgeable 

about the condition. They can inform an inquirer what is needed to file a claim and 

how to request treatment. They are also trained in how to deal with callers with 

extreme mental conditions, including PTSD, who are threatening suicide. AdditionVerDate Aug 31 2005 23:46 Jun 20, 2008 Jkt 037471 PO 00000 Frm 00080 Fmt 6621 Sfmt 6621 E:\HR\OC\37471.XXX 37471

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ally, VA’s Web site has a wealth of information on PTSD for the veteran and his 

or her family. 

Question 12(a): Please provide a demographic breakdown of the number of Minority Veterans, African American, Hispanic, Samoan, Native American, and so 

forth. 

Response: The U.S. Census Bureau, Census Bureau 2006 American Community 

Survey data show the following veteran demographics: 

Race Number 

Blacks 42,436,205 

Hispanic 1,100,977 

American Indian/Alaskan Native 163,975 

Asian American 281,100 

Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander 23,425 

Question 12(b): How does the VA gather this information and make determinations for resources accordingly, please explain? For instance the Advisory Committee 

was very concerned about how the VA collects its data on ethnicity, especially as 

it seemed to disadvantage Native American veterans. 

Response: The VA Office of the Actuary within the Office of Policy and Planning 

develop estimates of veterans by race and ethnicity based on assumptions derived 

from analysis of U.S. Census Bureau data. Since 1999, VHA has conducted comprehensive nationwide surveys designed to provide input into estimates of enrollees’

demand for health care services. Surveys consist of telephone interviews with random stratified samples of enrolled veterans. Recognizing that good administrative 

data on race and ethnicity are lacking, the 2005 survey, for the first time, asked 

respondents their race and ethnicity. 

National estimates of enrollee demographics derived from responses to the 2005 

Annual Survey of Veteran Enrollees, a telephone survey random stratified sample 

of approximately 42,000 enrollees. The estimated distributions from each source are 

as follows: 

Hispanic 

American 

Indian or 

Alaska 

Native 

Asian 

Black/ 

African 

American 

Native 

Hawaiian 

or Other 

Pacific 

Islander 

White 

More 

than one 

race 

Office of the Actuary (2007) 5.6% 0.8% 1.2% 10.9% 0.1% 79.9% 1.4% 

Survey of Veteran 

Enrollees 

(2005)* 4.5% 4.6% 0.7% 10.0% 0.5% 84.1% 2.8% 

*Does not add to 100% because of non-responses 

In addition, to apply for enrollment in the VA health care system, or for nursing 

home, domiciliary or dental benefits, veterans (or their legal proxies) must complete 

the 1010 EZ form. The form includes 2 questions, similar to those used in the 2000 

Census, asking the applicant to self-identify Spanish, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 

(yes or no) and to self-identify race (one or more). This information is self-reported, 

is strictly voluntary, and a disclaimer is offered that any information collected is 

used for statistical purposes only. Enrollment and benefit eligibility decisions are 

not influenced by the answer to one or both of these questions, including a non-response. Once a veteran is enrolled, information on ethnicity and race is not routinely collected, although it may be referenced in the enrollee’s confidential electronic health record. 

Each administration is responsible for making resource determinations in order 

to serve this minority population. At the Department level the Secretary established 

minority veterans’ program coordinators (MVPC) at each VA health care facility, regional office and national cemetery. The directors of the health care facility, regional 

office and national cemetery are responsible to ensure that MVPCs have the necessary resources to be effective and efficient to perform the functions needed (e.g., 

numbers of hours allocated to perform the duties, computer access/email, and funding for projects and/or special programs as required). 


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Question 13(a): For the recommendations made by the Advisory Committee, and 

for those in which the VA concurs, who is responsible for ensuring implementation 

of the recommendations made by the Advisory Committee? 

Response: The administrations along with various staff offices are responsible for 

implementing the recommendations of ACMV. CMV tracks the status of recommendations to ensure implementation; and requests briefings on unresolved recommendations at ACMV bi-annual meetings. 

Question 13(b): How are these missives sent down throughout all of the VA? 

Response: CMV assigns each recommendation to the appropriate administration 

or staff office, and then monitors and follows up as needed. 

Questions on the Backlog 

Question 1: During its visit, the Committee also noted that the LA VARD had 

a significant backlog in its appellate reviews. In fact, it was reported to the Advisory 

Committee that 4,000 appeals were pending but that only 8 percent of the VARO 

staffing was designated to work on those appeals. How does the VA determine the 

allocation of resources for these backlogged areas? 

Response: Under the claim process improvement (CPI) model, a regional office 

has established claims processing teams performing the functions of triage, pre-determination, rating, post-determination, appeals, and public contact. 

The claims processing taskforce recommends the following distribution of staffing: 

Triage: 20–25 percent 

Pre-determination: 15–20 percent 

Rating: 20–25 percent 

Post-determination: 10–15 percent 

Appeals: 5–10 percent 

Public contact: 15–18 percent 

The Los Angeles RO allocates 12.4 percent of its Veterans Service Center decisionmakers, to the appeals process. Because of the complexity of the appeals process, 

these decisionmakers are highly skilled and more experienced. 

Since October 2006, the Los Angeles Regional Office has reduced its appeals workload by 15 percent, and improved the timeliness of the notice of disagreement process by 24 percent. There are currently 3,673 appeals pending. 

Question 2: Has been omitted. 

Question 3: What percentage of the VA population is Native American? 

Response: Public Law 103–446 denotes that Native Americans include American 

Indians, Alaskan Natives, and Native Hawaiians. The U.S. Census 2006 reflects 

that there are 163,975 American Indian veterans and 23,425 Native Hawaiians and 

Pacific Islanders. U.S. Census data doesn’t provide a separate breakdown for Native 

Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders. 

Question 4: What is being done in terms of outreach for this special set of Minority Veterans? 

Response: The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the VA 

signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) in February 2003 to encourage cooperation and resource sharing between the Indian Health Service (IHS) and VHA 

to deliver quality health care services and enhance the health status of American 

Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) veterans. 

Outreach. Most networks are engaged in a variety of outreach activities, including 

meetings and conferences with IHS program and tribal representatives, VA membership in the Native American Healthcare Network, VA participation in traditional 

Native American ceremonies, transportation support to AI/AN, and so forth. 

Education. VHA Employee Education Service (EES) provides training programs to 

IHS staff and the tribal community. In FY 2007, VHA has delivered 123 training 

programs to IHS staff and the tribal community of which 68 were made available 

using satellite technology and 55 using web based technology. These educational 

programs will be continued in 2008, and VHA will also provide selected IHS staff 

an opportunity to attend regional EES workshops. 

Behavioral Health. The Behavioral Health workgroup developed a framework for 

AI/AN communities to assist returning OEF/OIF AI/AN servicemembers and veterans reintegrate with their families and communities and readjust to civilian life. 

The objective is to promote a community health model with tools that is provided 

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justment reactions, traumatic stress, and PTSD, emphasizing recovery as the goal. 

The Joint Committee has developed a slide presentation to be used by outreach 

teams. There have been briefings using the slide presentation in Montana, with approximately 30 veterans now receiving services from VA. 

Expanded Health Care Services. At the local level, 10 VHA networks are engaged 

in targeted initiatives aimed at providing a full continuum of health care services, 

such as; health fairs, VA/IHS advisories, use of Health Buddy, and education and/ 

or shared services in substance abuse, domestic violence programs, cardiac rehabilitation, dietetics, behavioral medicine, and so forth. 

Care Coordination. The VHA–IHS Shared Health Care workgroup is working on 

developing an Inter-Departmental coordinated care policy. The goals are to optimize 

the quality, appropriateness and efficacy of the health care services provided to eligible AI/AN veterans receiving care from both VHA and IHS or Tribes and to improve the patients’ satisfaction with the coordination of care between the 2 Departments. A separate memorandum of understanding to facilitate electronic record 

sharing was signed in August 2007. 

Tribal Veteran Representatives. In July 2007 9 Tribal veteran representatives 

(TVRs) and a drum group participated in a Wounded Warriors program in Park 

City, Utah for returning OEF/OIF veterans. A similar program is being considered 

for women and then another for men. American Vet video filmed and will have a 

new film come out soon. TVRs are working on an outreach program to urban veterans in October 2007. Training to add TVRs continues. 

Telemedicine. Telemedicine has proven to be an extremely effective in the treatment of PTSD in Alaskan Native villages. VA and IHS are working to spread the 

use of telemedicine services by AI/AN veterans, which will allow VA to bring physical and mental health care to the tribes, especially those in remote areas of the 

country. 

Traditional Healing. Some VHA facilities and Vet Centers have incorporated traditional healing ceremonies along with modern methods of treatment and counseling. As a national initiative, VA has sent over 500 letters to tribal leaders to ask 

them to provide information on appropriate providers of traditional practices so that 

they may be called upon for religious/spiritual care of AI/AN veterans. 

The majority of VBA’s outreach to this group is in those States where there are 

concentrations of Native American veterans. Several regional offices have been very 

successful in establishing relationships with tribal councils to allow VBA to meet 

with Native American veterans in familiar settings. Currently, VBA works closely 

with TVRs a liaison between the Tribes and VBA in processing of claims. 

NCA has recently added a Native American member to its Advisory Committee 

on Cemeteries and Memorials. In addition to his regular duties as a Committee 

member he will assist in identifying and conducting outreach to Native American 

populations unaware of VA memorial benefits. 

Public Law 109–461, Veterans Benefits, Health Care, and Information Technology 

Act of 2006 amended section 2408 of title 38, United States Code, to allow the Secretary to make cemetery grants to tribal organizations in the same manner, and 

under the same conditions, as grants to States are made under the State cemetery 

grants program. 

Inclusion of tribal organizations into the State cemetery grants program will assist NCA in identifying groups of veterans interested in learning about VA memorial 

benefits when they initiate the grant process. 

Question 5: What metrics does the VA use to measure success in its outreach 

programs to Minority veterans? 

Response: The purpose of outreach is to make individuals aware of the benefits 

available from VA. Of course, awareness does not always translate into applying for 

benefits. Under section 805 of Public Law 108–454, VA is charged with conducting 

a national survey to ascertain servicemembers’ and veterans’ and their family members’ and survivors’ levels of awareness of VA benefits and services. When this survey is completed we will have a better understanding of the effectiveness of the outreach initiatives. 

Question 6: What has the VA done to implement the establishment of full-time 

Minority Outreach Coordinators where warranted? 

Response: The Secretary’s memorandum dated April 25, 1995, established 

MVPCs at each VA medical center, regional office, and national cemetery. VA Directive 0801, Minority Veterans Program Coordinator signed by the Secretary of Veterans Affairs on April 15, 2007 States that each administration shall support facility 

MVPCs and ensure they are provided the necessary resources to be effective and 

efficient to perform the functions needed (e.g., numbers of hours allocated to perform the duties, computer access/email, and funding for projects and/or special programs as required). 


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VHA has designated MVPCs at each medical center. The MVPC assist the medical center director and CMV with identifying the needs of minority veterans 

through outreach activity. The primary goal of this outreach initiative is to increase 

local awareness of minority veteran related issues and develop strategies for increasing their participation in existing VA benefit programs for eligible veterans. 

MVPC’s are responsible for: 

• Promoting the use of VA benefits, programs, and services by minority veterans. 

• Supporting and initiating activities that educate and sensitize internal staff to 

the unique needs of minority veterans. 

• Targeting outreach efforts to minority veterans through community networks. 

• Advocating on behalf of minority veterans by identifying gaps in services and 

make recommendations to improve service delivery within their facilities. 

VBA has designated outreach coordinators at every regional office for several specific audiences of servicemembers and veterans including minority, OEF/OIF, 

women, the elderly, Native American, former prisoners of war, and homeless. Because of the overlap of groups, a few regional offices have consolidated their outreach activities with one coordinator. In 20 States, the homeless coordinator is a 

full-time position because of the size of the homeless veteran population in those 

States. In only a few other cases is there a substantial specific population to justify 

assigning a full-time coordinator to any specific targeted group. 

NCA now has an outreach coordinator staff position at the national level within 

the Communications Management Service. The position includes responsibilities for 

minority outreach as well as other program outreach on the national level. 

Questions for Women Veterans 

Question 1: In its 2004 Report, the VA Advisory Committee on Women Veterans 

indicate that the VA perform a study to determine the prevalence of Military Sexual 

trauma among homeless women veterans and the psychosocial consequences of Military Sexual Trauma (MST) and whether a correlation exists between MST and 

homelessness. The VA concurred. Please update the Committee on the results of any 

follow-up studies that may have been conducted. (p. 36). 

Response: North East Program Evaluation Center (NEPEC) has conducted a follow-up study of homeless female veterans in the course of which we have collected 

data on military sexual trauma (MST). These data show that among female veterans being served at 1 of the 11 specialized homeless women veterans programs 

throughout the country, 43 percent reported being raped while in the military. This 

rate of MST can be compared to rates reported among VA ambulatory female outpatients of 23 percent (Skinner, 2000) and rates noted through mandatory VA 

screening procedures of 21 percent (external peer review package data). Skinner, 

Katherine M; Kressin, Nancy; Frayne, Susan; Tripp, Tara J; Hankin, Cheryl S; Miller, Donald R; Sullivan, Lisa M. The prevalence of military sexual assault among 

female Veterans’ Administration outpatients. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. Vol. 

15(3) Mar 2000, 291–310. 

Question 2: Are there any correlations between MST and Homelessness? 

Response: NEPEC collected data on homeless female veterans. These data show 

that among female veterans being served at specialized homeless women veterans 

programs throughout the country, 43 percent reported being raped while in the military. This rate of MST can be compared to rates reported among VA ambulatory 

female outpatients of 23 percent (Skinner, 2000) and rates noted through mandatory 

VA screening procedures of 21 percent (external peer review package data). This difference suggests that homeless female veterans under VA care may be more likely 

to have suffered MST than non-homeless female VA clients. However, without longitudinal data it is not possible to conclude that experiencing MST significantly increases the risk of homelessness among all female veterans. Skinner, Katherine M; 

Kressin, Nancy; Frayne, Susan; Tripp, Tara J; Hankin, Cheryl S; Miller, Donald R; 

Sullivan, Lisa M. The prevalence of military sexual assault among female Veterans’

Administration outpatients. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. Vol. 15(3) Mar 2000, 

291–310. 

Question 3(a): As women are increasingly prevalent on the frontlines of combat, 

what is the VA doing to prepare for and address the needs of the growing number 

of veterans who are minority? 

Response: VA is aware that the number of women serving on active duty and 

in combat area deployments has dramatically increased. Because of the numbers of 

new OEF/OIF veterans, VA is preparing for the population of women veterans to 

double in the next 2 to 5 years. To address the needs of these women veterans, including minority women, VA plans to: 


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• Enhance the skills of primary care providers treating women through primary 

care education initiatives; • Increase the focus on comprehensive care, including those conditions that have 

high mortality for women, such as heart disease and obesity; and, • Help new OEF/OIF women veterans stay fit and healthy for life, since we expect them to be receiving care from VA throughout their adult years. Special 

attention to issues for minority veterans, and veterans’ perception of health care 

are being addressed in this program. 

Question 3(b): Please inform the Committee what percentage of OIF/OEF women 

veterans are minority? 

Response: As of August 31, 2006, of the 69,861 women veterans who had served 

in OEF/OIF 42 percent are minorities. Of this 42 percent, 26 percent are Black, 9 

percent are Hispanic, and 7 percent are members of other minority groups or multiple races. 

Question 4: Based on a recommendation by the Women’s Advisory Committee, 

what has the VA done specifically to ensure that Veterans Benefits advisors at the 

Transition Assistance Program (TAP) briefings specifically address MST (military 

sexual trauma) information, Le. placing in packets? 

Response: The VA TAP benefits briefing presentation used by military services 

coordinators includes 5 slides on Military Sexual and Other Personal Trauma. These 

slides are mandatory at all VA benefits briefing presentations conducted for separating and retiring servicemembers. When VBA conducts site visits to evaluate TAP 

VA benefits presentations, this requirement is on our checklist to confirm it is included in the briefings. 

f 

Committee on Veterans’ Affairs 

Subcommittee on Health 

Washington, DC. 

August 2, 2007 

Shirley Ann Quarles, R.N., Ed.D 

Chairwoman, Advisory Committee on Women Veterans 

U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs 

810 Vermont Avenue, NW 

Washington, DC 20420 

Dear Shirley: 

In reference to our joint Subcommittee hearing on ‘‘Issues Facing Women and Minority Veterans’’ held on July 12, 2007, I would appreciate it if you could answer 

the enclosed hearing questions by the close of business on October 2, 2007. 

In an effort to reduce printing costs, the Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, in cooperation with the Joint Committee on Printing, is implementing some formatting 

changes for materials for all full and Subcommittee hearings. Therefore, we would 

appreciate it if you would provide your answers consecutively and single-spaced. In 

addition, please restate the question in its entirety before the answer. 

Please provide your response to Cathy Wiblemo. If you have any questions, please 

call 202–225–9154. 

Sincerely, 

MICHAEL H. MICHAUD 

Chairman 

Dr. Shirley Quarles, R.N., Ed.D. 

Response to Follow-Up Questions for the Record 

From Joint Subcommittee Hearing 

U. S. House of Representatives Committee on Veterans’ Affairs 

Subcommittees on Health and the 

Subcommittee on Disability Assistance and Memorial Affair 

Question 1—

I was pleased to see that there is a national Survey of Women Veterans being 

implemented with the results expected in December 2008. 

• In your estimation, what are the 3 most prevalent and urgent issues facing 

women veterans today? 


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As stated in earlier testimony in July 2007, 1) access to care for women veterans 

in rural areas, 2) primary care in community-based outpatient clinics that offer the 

same services that are provided at VA medical centers, and 3) that women veterans 

receive health care on par as male veterans. 

Question 2—

To my knowledge, VA has not yet held any type of summit or conference on OEF/ 

OIF female veterans and the unique needs that are arising as a result of women 

in combat. 

• Has the Advisory Committee looked at this, and if so, what have you found? 

In April 2007, VA held a national conference in Las Vegas, Nevada called ‘‘Evolving Paradigms: Providing Health Care to Transitioning Combat Veterans’’. The 

main attendees to the conference were VA and DoD primary care givers and related 

health care professionals from all disciplines who work with new combat veterans 

returning from Iraq and Afghanistan to include: physicians, nurses, pharmacists, 

psychologists, social workers, rehabilitation and mental health staff. The primary 

purpose of the conference was to disseminate information to VA and DoD health 

care providers on unique and challenging health care needs for transitioning veterans with war wounds. Veterans transition to VA with multiple and complex war 

wounds and the environment of care is critical to the healing process. VA health 

care providers need to understand all of these complex health care needs in a variety of settings, as these new veterans transition from DoD to VA for their immediate and long-term health care needs. Sessions focused toward women included: 

Health Issues of Female Soldiers in Garrison, Combat and VA; Sexual Trauma; and 

Gender Differences: What the Data Shows. 

More recently, on February 19, 2008, the Department of Veterans Affairs held a 

1-day conference entitled Update on Health Care: Responding to the Needs of VA’s 

Newest Generation of Combat Veterans, in the Sonny Montgomery Conference Center. Speakers from VA and the Department of Defense covered such topics as traumatic brain injury and polytrauma; mental health, post-traumatic stress disorder, 

and readjustment issues; DoD/VA data sharing, changes in VA and DoD disability 

evaluation; an individual veteran’s experience, case management: role of the Federal 

recovery coordinators, transition patient advocates, and VA social workers; pay and 

compensation; and special issues for national guard and reserve. 

Veterans Health Administration is scheduled to participate in the 6th Annual 

Battlefield Healthcare Combat Casualty Care from the Front Line to CONUS on 

March 31–April 2, 2008 at Georgetown University Conference Center (and Hotel), 

Washington, DC. The conference will discuss the continued operations in Iraq and 

Afghanistan and addressing new challenges in care for combat veterans who serve 

in theater. 

Also, The Department of Veterans Affairs, Center for Women Veterans is planning the 2008 National Summit on Women Veterans Issues scheduled for June 20–

22, 2008 in Washington, DC. This is the 4th such Summit, the prior Summits having been held in 1996, 2000, and 2004. Summit 2008 will look at the issues and 

recommendations from the 2004 Summit, review VA’s progress on these issues, provide information on current issues, and develop recommendations and a plan for 

continuous progress on women veterans’ issues. A special focus of this Summit is 

on updates for the Reserve and Guard. Breakout sessions have been designed for 

our returning OEF/OIF service members and veterans, however, there will be breakout sessions that are relevant for women veterans of all eras as well. A townhall 

meeting and health expo are also planned. 

Question 3—

Could you tell me what the biggest barriers to care for women veterans are? 

Access to care continues to be a barrier for women veterans. We continue to outreach to the women veterans’ community with increased emphasis, working with 

our partnerships with Federal, state, and county agencies, national veterans service 

organizations and community organizations. HVAC, Subcommittees on Health and 

DAMA, 7–12–07, Questions for the Record, Malebranche 

f 


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Committee on Veterans’ Affairs 

Subcommittee on Health 

Washington, DC. 

August 2, 2007 

Colonel Reginald Malebranche, USA (Ret.) 

4919 Donovan Dr. 

Alexandria, VA 22304 

Dear Reginald: 

In reference to our joint Subcommittee hearing on ‘‘Issues Facing Women and Minority Veterans’’ held on July 12, 2007, I would appreciate it if you could answer 

the enclosed hearing questions by the close of business on October 2, 2007. 

In an effort to reduce printing costs, the Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, in cooperation with the Joint Committee on Printing, is implementing some formatting 

changes for materials for all full and Subcommittee hearings. Therefore, we would 

appreciate it if you would provide your answers consecutively and single-spaced. In 

addition, please restate the question in its entirety before the answer. 

Please provide your response to Cathy Wiblemo. If you have any questions, please 

call 202–225–9154. 

Sincerely, 

MICHAEL H. MICHAUD 

Chairman 

Follow-Up Questions for 

Col. Reginald Malebranche, USA (Ret.) 

Question: 

In your testimony you stress the absence of diversity at the senior staff level. 

• When the Committee presented their concern to the VA about this issue, how 

did they respond? 

Answer: 

VA’s answer has been to ‘‘concur in principle.’’ The Committee did note that VHA 

planned on adding a 2007 work force performance measure for diversity management for all Senior Managers that includes the following: 

‘‘a. VISNs will take action to remove any barriers to full participation of the 

local work force. 

‘‘b. Based on the analysis of the results from the Diversity Acceptance factors 

from the 2006 All Employee Survey (AES), VISNs will develop goals for improvement and implement the resulting action plan.’’

The absence of diversity at the senior staff level is a systemic issue, which has 

been addressed and discussed in the majority of ACMV reports. Yet, diversity at the 

senior staff level continues to be a major problem at and within VA. 

VA perceives its problem to be the lack of white and Hispanic females at its senior 

staff level, even though the supportive data is inconclusive. It stands to reason that 

VA’s targets will be white and Hispanic females, although analysis of VA data 

would suggest that minorities, excluding white and Hispanic females, were significantly absent from senior staff level positions at and in VA settings. 

The Committee has been on record to recommend that VA exercise all leverage 

available, including performance bonuses to bring required changes, including the 

establishment of goals or floors, and hold all leaders and managers personally accountable to meet established or required goals, for the hiring of minority staff. The 

Committee believes that these actions would result in a work force population which would be more representative of the veteran population being 

served. 

Question: 

• To your knowledge, has the VA put forth a strategic plan that would target recruitment and retention of minority veterans among the senior staff level? 

Answer: 

I am unaware of a specific strategic plan, which would remedy the issue. During 

the Committee’s meeting in Washington, DC, April 16–19, 2007, the Office of Diversity Management and EEO Administration, VA, presented data in the Executive 

Summary, EEOC Form 715–01 Part E, for Fiscal Year 2007, which may be construed as VA’s strategic plan. The Executive Summary, EEOC Form 715–01, offered 

the following: 


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‘‘WORKFORCE PROFILE: VA has a workforce of approximately 238,580 

employees. During Fiscal Year (FY) 2006, total VA staffing increased by 

more than 4,700 employees, including about 600 temporary appointments. 

White women are 35.7% of the permanent positions, significantly below 

their 47.5% in the Relevant Civilian Labor Force (RCLF) for VA occupations, and declining slightly. Hispanic women are 3.6% of the permanent 

positions, well below their 4.4% in the RCLF, and not making meaningful 

progress toward RCLF parity. Hispanic men and American Indian women 

are slightly underrepresented, but at the current rate of gains should reach 

parity within 2 years. No other groups are underrepresented in national 

total. Black men are represented at almost 3 times the RCLF and Black 

women are represented at almost double the RCLF.’’ This would suggest that VA’s strategic plan is to focus on the recruitment, hiring, 

and training of white and Hispanic females, only. This would also suggest that VA 

does not consider having problem with minorities hiring, promotion, and so forth., 

except for White and Hispanic females. Data available at VA does not support this 

conclusion. 

There have been indications that VA had developed strategic initiatives targeting 

the recruitment and retention of minority veterans at the senior staff level. The 

plan and/or programs have not, to my knowledge, been presented to the Committee, 

which will ask for a comprehensive brief during its fall 2007 meeting in Washington, DC. 

Question 2: 

A big concern regarding the provision of care to the minority veteran population 

is sensitivity to the cultural differences of minority veterans—for instance, the differences in how to approach the Alaska Native veteran community as opposed to 

the Hispanic veteran community. • Does VA provide education to its many employees on cultural competencies and 

sensitivity, particularly to the frontline medical personnel? 

Answer: 

Indications are that the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) is developing a 

3-year phased cultural competency plan, targeting Alaska Natives, Native Americans and Hispanic Americans veterans. The Committee will endeavor to seek a comprehensive brief on the plan, during its fall 2007 meeting in Washington, DC. 

The Center for Minority Veterans does conduct a biennial training conference for 

its Minority Veterans Program Coordinators (MPVC). Included in that format is a 

cultural and sensitivity competency module. 

Question 3: 

Outreach is a major challenge for the VA. In your testimony you mention transportation to VA centers, in major metropolitan, rural, and isolated areas, is a major 

impediment for minority veterans. 

• What kinds of recommendations concerning outreach has the committee made 

to VA to be more effective? 

Answer: 

In its July 1, 2006 report, the Committee recommended: 

Outreach Program 

‘‘The Secretary mandates that an outreach program be established by all Veterans Affairs Administrations and appropriate staff offices to reach out and support all veterans. As a minimum, the program must incorporate the following 

goals/activities: 

a. ‘‘Inclusion of and coordination with local, Federal and state veteran 

serving organizations in VA facilities’ outreach activities. These entities 

should include, as a minimum, state and county Veterans Affairs Agencies, 

Veteran Service Organizations (VSOs), veteran serving organizations (i.e. 

minority veterans’ organizations that have not been granted VSO status), 

agencies and organizations that serve the minority community in the local 

area, faith-based organizations that serve veterans, etc.; 

b. ‘‘Establishment of periodic Veteran Town Hall meetings with veterans 

and their families to determine needs and issues; meetings/processes must 

ensure that minority veterans and communities are targeted in culturally 

appropriate venues; 

c. ‘‘Allow facilities to advertise veteran benefits and health care services 

and consult Marketing experts to help VA facilities conduct effective communication of VA offerings with particular attention to marketing to minority 

communities; 

d. ‘‘Expand and improve the use of Internet based access to VA benefits 

and health care, with particular attention given to cultural and linguistic 

diversity; 


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e. ‘‘Establish Minority Outreach Coordinators that are full time, where 

warranted. Further recommend that these be additional billets that are fully 

resourced for those facilities, rather than requiring facility directors to give 

up other billets to fill those positions; 

f. ‘‘Mandate enhanced outreach communication and coordination between 

VHA, VBA, NCA and appropriate staff offices; 

g. ‘‘Identify Federal grants for states to conduct grassroots outreach programs.’’

The Committee also recommended that That VA’s Outreach program is extended 

and/or modified to include all means and processes to advise minority veterans of 

their entitlements. 

f 

Committee on Veterans’ Affairs 

Subcommittee on Health 

Washington, DC. 

August 2, 2007 

Saul Rosenberg, Ph.D. 

Associate Clinical Professor of Medical Psychology 

University of California, San Francisco 

401 Parnassus Avenue 

San Francisco, CA 94143 

Dear Dr. Rosenberg: 

In reference to our joint Subcommittee hearing on ‘‘Issues Facing Women and Minority Veterans’’ held on July 12, 2007, I would appreciate it if you could answer 

the enclosed hearing questions by the close of business on October 2, 2007. 

In an effort to reduce printing costs, the Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, in cooperation with the Joint Committee on Printing, is implementing some formatting 

changes for materials for all full and Subcommittee hearings. Therefore, we would 

appreciate it if you would provide your answers consecutively and single-spaced. In 

addition, please restate the question in its entirety before the answer. 

Please provide your response to Cathy Wiblemo. If you have any questions, please 

call 202–225–9154. 

Sincerely, 

MICHAEL H. MICHAUD 

Chairman 

Questions for the Record 

Joint Subcommittee Hearing 

‘‘Issues Facing Women and Minority Veterans’’

held on July 12, 2007, 10:00 a.m. 

Room 334, Cannon House Office Building 

Follow-Up Questions for Saul Rosenberg, Ph.D. 

I was particularly interested in the part of your testimony that comments on the 

fact that African American veterans were about half as likely as other veterans to 

receive service connected disability for PTSD. 

• Was there an explanation as to why this was so? 

You also mention in your testimony an idea promoted by the DoD Task Force on 

Mental Health regarding Centers of Excellence for the Study of Resilience. 

• Would you elaborate on that for the Subcommittee? 

[DR. ROSENBERG DID NOT RESPOND TO THESE QUESTIONS SUBMITTED BY THE SUBCOMMITTEE.] 

f 


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Committee on Veterans’ Affairs 

Subcommittee on Health 

Washington, DC. 

August 2, 2007 

Joy J. Ilem 

Assistant National Legislative Director 

Disabled American Veterans 

807 Maine Ave. SW 

Washington, DC 20024 

Dear Joy: 

In reference to our joint Subcommittee hearing on ‘‘Issues Facing Women and Minority Veterans’’ held on July 12, 2007, I would appreciate it if you could answer 

the enclosed hearing questions by the close of business on October 2, 2007. 

In an effort to reduce printing costs, the Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, in cooperation with the Joint Committee on Printing, is implementing some formatting 

changes for materials for all full and Subcommittee hearings. Therefore, we would 

appreciate it if you would provide your answers consecutively and single-spaced. In 

addition, please restate the question in its entirety before the answer. 

Please provide your response to Cathy Wiblemo. If you have any questions, please 

call 202–225–9154. 

Sincerely, 

MICHAEL H. MICHAUD 

Chairman 

POST-HEARING QUESTIONS FOR 

JOY J. ILEM 

OF THE 

DISABLED AMERICAN VETERAN 

Question 1: 

In testimony provided, DAV gives 8 recommendations to better serve women veterans from combat theaters. The first recommendation concerns barriers to seeking 

health care through VA. 

• In your estimation, what are the 3 biggest barriers female veteran encounter 

when trying to access health care through VA? 

Response: DAV believes women veterans face many barriers, some very tangible 

and others that are seemingly invisible. As for the top 3 I offer the following remarks. 

Women’s programs are small. When a new VA initiative or program is created, 

for mental health, homeless veterans, or residential care, for example, women typically constitute the smallest fraction of veterans to be served. Sometimes this causes 

VA planners and managers significant difficulty in program design and management. Additionally, women’s care is often complicated by a history of military sexual 

assault, or they have minor children. Program planners typically design these programs for the majority of patients who will use them, and the majority of VA’s patients are males. Fitting in women with their special needs is often problematic, or 

women are required to accept the program designed ‘‘as is,’’ without special consideration for their circumstances. This is a barrier to care. 

Second, there are no ‘‘best models’’ of care for women in VA. VA is becoming recognized as a system that bases its services on evidence and efficacy. We believe evidence-based care is the best care because VA has tested its methods and has measured its outcomes for certain health issues versus other health care techniques and 

practices that have not been subjected to rigorous review. DAV supports this policy 

because it produces higher quality of care for veterans. In respect to women, however, until 2006 VA had no systematic research agenda for women’s health. While 

now underway, the results of this research agenda will not be known or implemented for some time. In the interim, VA clinicians are treating women without 

best-practices guidance. This is a barrier to care. 

Third, privacy and security for women remains a problem in VA facilities. DAV 

continues to hear from women veterans that their personal security and privacy are 

regularly compromised in VA facilities that lack adequate space, secured rooms, private restrooms, dressing rooms and sufficient privacy curtains in some VA clinics. 

Women are frequently integrated into VA primary care teams, often without regard 


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to these gender and privacy issues. DAV and the Independent Budget veterans service organizations have raised these issues in the past, but progress in improving privacy and security for women patients has been slow. This is a barrier to care. 

Today’s military will soon be comprised of 20 percent women. Additionally women 

veterans are the fastest growing segment of the VA-enrolled population. VA Central 

Office has established an Office of Women’s Health and a Center for Women Veterans, and VA has a Women’s Advisory Committee. Field facilities of the VA have 

designated women’s coordinators to help women move more smoothly through VA’s 

various processes. We hope that some of these developments and efforts will help 

VA better address the needs of women who need VA health care as urgently as their 

male counterparts who do not face these barriers to care. 

Question 2: 

Women and minority OEF/OIF veterans returning from theater face, what I believe, are additional challenges than their returning peers, due, in part, to the lack 

of cultural education, lack of adequate research on meeting their unmet needs and 

other issues. 

• What has your organization done to help in the outreach effort? 

Response: While outreach is a statutory responsibility of the Department of Veterans Affairs, to ensure veterans are fully aware of the benefits and services for 

which they may be eligible, DAV has a fully trained corps of 260 National Service 

Officers (NSOs) who work in both VA regional offices and VA medical centers, to 

ensure veterans have full access to their rights and benefits. Also, DAV has stationed NSOs and special Transition Service Officers (TSOs) in or near major military treatment facilities to aid active duty members and veterans who are under 

care in those facilities. The primary purpose of our out-stationing the NSOs and 

TSOs in military facilities is to ensure that claims for benefits are filed early and 

that we at DAV are able to help get those claims processed in an expedited fashion. 

The TSO corps of over 30 specially trained individuals plays an additional key role, 

of providing VA benefits presentations, reviewing service medical records, and assisting transitioning servicemembers with filing original VA claims for benefits at 

nearly 100 military separation sites in the U.S. These TSOs also participate in Department of Labor programs in transition assistance. 

Question 3: 

Does your organization have any recommendations as to how to address the growing need for specialized services for both women and minority veterans? 

Response: DAV believes that these matters are improved when they are not concealed within VA but are properly brought out and to the attention of the veterans 

service organization community and to Congress. The more oversight the Committee 

is able to provide helps keep these important issues surfaced. If the Department 

sees that the Committee places a high priority on them, they will draw necessary 

resources (in whatever form) so that progress can be made. 

f 

Committee on Veterans’ Affairs 

Subcommittee on Health 

Washington, DC. 

August 2, 2007 

Betty Moseley Brown, Ed.D. 

Associate Director, Center for Women Veterans 

U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs 

810 Vermont Avenue, NW 

Washington, DC 20420 

Dear Betty: 

In reference to our joint Subcommittee hearing on ‘‘Issues Facing Women and Minority Veterans’’ held on July 12, 2007, I would appreciate it if you could answer 

the enclosed hearing questions by the close of business on October 2, 2007. 

In an effort to reduce printing costs, the Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, in cooperation with the Joint Committee on Printing, is implementing some formatting 

changes for materials for all full and Subcommittee hearings. Therefore, we would 

appreciate it if you would provide your answers consecutively and single-spaced. In 

addition, please restate the question in its entirety before the answer. 


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Please provide your response to Cathy Wiblemo. If you have any questions, please 

call 202–225–9154. 

Sincerely, 

MICHAEL H. MICHAUD 

Chairman 

Questions for the Record 

Hon. Michael H. Michaud, Chairman 

Subcommittee on Health, House Committee on Veterans’ Affairs 

July 12, 2007 

‘‘Issues Facing Women and Minority Veterans’’

Question 1: Your testimony indicates that there are 22 VA health care facilities 

that have dedicated comprehensive women’s center space. I have 3 questions on 

that: 

Are you saying that 22 of the 154 VA Medical Centers have space for women? 

That isn’t a very good percentage if that is what you are saying. Why don’t all of 

the V AMC’s have dedicated space for women? Is the space proportionate to the 

number of female veterans provided services at those locations? 

Response: The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) provides high quality primary and specialty health care to women veterans at its facilities and clinics 

throughout the country. At 22 of these facilities, VHA has comprehensive women’s 

primary care clinics that provide coordinated care such as mental health treatment, 

and gynecological and breast services at the same visit and within the same physical space. 

Any specialty care that is needed but not available at a specific facility can be 

provided by another Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) facility in the same geographic area, or fee-for-service arrangements with a community provider. 

The women veterans’ strategic health care group monitors services provided to 

women veterans through an annual, Web-based survey, Plan of Care/Clinical Inventory (POC/CI). The fiscal year (FY) 2006 Annual Report of 153 VA medical facilities found that 41 percent of VA medical facilities have designated women’s primary 

care clinics and teams. An additional 43 percent of VA medical facilities provide separate gender-specific care in a women’s health clinic, with the woman veteran receiving her primary care in a mixed gender primary care clinic. Only 16 percent of 

VA facilities have no separate women’s health clinic to provide care to women veterans. The Under Secretary for Health has asked for program proposals to address 

gender gaps during FY 2008. Decisions on those proposals will occur in the next 60 

days. 

With regard to space, the women’s comprehensive health clinic spaces are designed locally to meet the needs of the women veterans in that geographic area. 

Most commonly the development has been in response to the increasing numbers 

of women presenting for care and using the medical facility. In addition, VA research has shown that having strong physician leadership in women’s health has 

been a key factor in development of comprehensive women’s clinics. 

Question 2: Are the Military Sexual Trauma (MST) Coordinators that are designated in every VA facility full time? 

Response: Every VA facility is required to appoint an MST coordinator to serve 

as a point person for staff and veterans regarding MST issues. This position is currently a collateral one, such that coordinators are usually performing their MST coordinator duties along with other clinical and/or administrative duties related to 

their primary position. Many MST coordinators provide clinical care to veterans 

with experiences of MST as part of their primary position. However, clinical care 

is not a required component of the MST coordinator position itself. 

Question 3: The MST Support Team that was established in FY 2007 in VA’s 

Office of Mental Health Services help to ensure that VA is in compliance with mandated monitoring of MST screening and treatment. When in FY 2007 was this team 

established? How are they monitoring compliance of MST screening and treatment? 

What have been the findings so far? 

Response: The MST support team was established in October, 2006. The MST 

support team uses data from VHA electronic medical records to monitor MST 

screening and treatment. The team submits annual screening reports that describe 

the proportion of all veteran patients who have been screened for MST in the past 

fiscal year. A screening rate is provided for VHA nationally and for each VHA facility. The information is also aggregated by gender, as is mandated by public law. 


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The team also submits annual treatment reports, which contain the proportion of 

all veterans with positive MST screens that have received free MST-related treatment, and the amount of treatment provided. These reports also provide both national treatment rates and treatment rates for each VHA facility, and provide data 

aggregated by gender. 

During FY 2007 the MST support team accomplished the following: 

• Produced and distributed MST screening reports for FY 2005 and FY 2006. 

These reports improved upon existing MST monitoring by aggregating data by 

VA facility, and for the first time enabled VA facilities to monitor the proportion 

of all patients screened for MST. Prior to this time, only national MST Screening rates were reported. 

• Created benchmarks for MST screening performance and identified facilities 

functioning below the benchmark. VA’s Office of Mental Health Services 

(OMHS) set the target MST screening rate at 90 percent and above. The target 

was met by 96 out of 127 VA facilities. There were 13 facilities with rates below 

90 percent but greater than or equal to 80 percent and 18 facilities with rates 

below 80 percent. 

• Provided consultation to sites regarding issues of monitoring and performance 

benchmarking, with special attention to sites not meeting the 90 percent criterion. 

• Identified that MST-related treatment is provided at all VA facilities. These 

data also provide key feedback to VA clinicians regarding the proportion of MST 

patients they are able to engage in treatment. 

• Identified facility-based information resources management (IRM) errors in clinical reminder implementation and provided technical assistance for these facilities to correct implementation and effectively screen for MST. 

• Identified the need to develop a more refined screening tool that provides more 

specific data about the range of MST. 

Question 4: What do you believe is the biggest challenge facing women veterans 

today? 

Response: The biggest challenge facing women veterans today is gaining awareness of the benefits and services for which they are entitled. According to a VA 

study, titled Women Veterans’ Perceptions and Decision-Making about Veterans Affairs Health Care (Washington et al 2007), in spite of efforts to make women veterans knowledgeable about available gender-specific services, there is an information gap regarding women veterans’ VA eligibility and advances in care. A second 

article, titled To Use or Not to Use: What Influences Why Women Veterans Choose 

VA Health Care (Washington et al 2006), cited that’’ . . . non-VA users had substantial knowledge deficits of VA benefits, eligibility, and availability of women’s health 

care service.’’ The study notes that 48.5 percent of non-VA users cite lack of knowledge of VA eligibility and benefits as the reason for not using them. 

VA is tenaciously addressing this information deficit. Not only are we aggressively 

informing women veterans of their benefits, we have women veterans program managers at each VA medical center and women veteran coordinators at each VA regional office to assist women veterans. 

The number of women using VA health care continues to rise, and is projected 

to be 8.11 percent of all veteran users by FY 2011. VA is committed to meeting the 

needs of returning deployed women veterans as well as those of our aging women’s 

population, and to create an environment that serves the woman veteran by providing excellent comprehensive health care services. 

In order to increase focus on quality of care issues and comprehensive longitudinal care for women veterans, additional initiatives in FY 2008 are focused on comprehensive care of women, including those conditions which have high mortality for 

women, such as heart disease, obesity, and cancers such as lung cancer and 

colorectal cancer. HVAC, Subcommittees on Health and DAMA, 7–12–07, Questions 

for the Record, McClenney 

f 


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Committee on Veterans’ Affairs 

Subcommittee on Health 

Washington, DC. 

August 2, 2007 

Lucretia McClenney 

Director, Center for Minority Veterans 

U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs 

810 Vermont Avenue, NW 

Washington, DC 20420 

Dear Lucretia: 

In reference to our joint Subcommittee hearing on ‘‘Issues Facing Women and Minority Veterans’’ held on July 12, 2007, I would appreciate it if you could answer 

the enclosed hearing questions by the close of business on October 2, 2007. 

In an effort to reduce printing costs, the Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, in cooperation with the Joint Committee on Printing, is implementing some formatting 

changes for materials for all full and Subcommittee hearings. Therefore, we would 

appreciate it if you would provide your answers consecutively and single-spaced. In 

addition, please restate the question in its entirety before the answer. 

Please provide your response to Cathy Wiblemo. If you have any questions, please 

call 202–225–9154. 

Sincerely, 

MICHAEL H. MICHAUD 

Chairman 

Questions for the Record 

Hon. Michael H. Michaud, Chairman 

Subcommittee on Health, House Committee on Veterans’ Affairs 

July 12, 2007 

‘‘Issues Facing Women and Minority Veterans’’

Question 1: In your testimony you indicate that the Minority Veterans Program 

Coordinators’ annual report has been converted to a quarterly web based report. 

Question 1(a): Could you elaborate on what measures are taken once your Center identifies opportunities for improvement? 

Response: The Center for Minority Veterans (CMV) meets on a monthly basis 

with senior Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) officials and program offices to 

identify opportunities for improvement, to develop strategies, and to track progress. 

The Director of CMV meets monthly with the Deputy Secretary and provides updates on the status of these opportunities. 

Question 1(b): What type of support do the coordinators get at the local level 

from the director’s of the facilities? 

Response: The directors of the health care facility, regional office and national 

cemetery are responsible to ensure that MVPCs have the necessary resources to be 

effective and efficient to perform the functions needed (e.g., numbers of hours allocated to perform the duties, computer access/email, and funding for projects and/or 

special programs as required). In addition, each administration has a designated 

MVPC liaison at VA central office. CMV staff meets monthly with these liaisons and 

quarterly with the senior leadership of each administration to discuss outreach activities, issues and concerns that impact minority veterans. 

Question 1(c): Are these full time positions? 

Response: As of September 2007, 5 minority veterans program coordinators are 

full time positions. The majority are part time or collateral duties. 

Question 2: You mention that the Center provides cultural competency training 

to the field. 

Question 2(a): How comprehensive is the training and is it hands on or remote 

training as in web based? 

Response: CMV provides training to the minority veterans program coordinators 

by 2 primary means: 

• Biennial Training Conference—Every 2 years, CMV sponsors a minority veterans program coordinator training conference. During these conferences 

attendees are provided instruction on various topics of interest to support their 

local programs. Cultural competencies are one of the subject areas covered. 

After the recent 2007 conference, slides from the cultural competencies presenVerDate Aug 31 2005 23:46 Jun 20, 2008 Jkt 037471 PO 00000 Frm 00094 Fmt 6621 Sfmt 6621 E:\HR\OC\37471.XXX 37471

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tation were posted on the VA Employee Education Service (EES) website for use 

by minority veteran program coordinators who were not able to attend the conference. • Monthly Conference Calls—Cultural competencies have been a training topic 

during monthly conference calls with minority veterans program coordinators. 

Question 3: Outreach to minority veterans can be particularly challenging given 

the differences in cultures. There are many ways to conduct outreach, but to conduct 

effective outreach is critical. How does the center measure its success in reaching 

minority veterans through the various partnerships and programs that you have? 

Response: CMV measures its success in reaching minority veterans by tracking 

the number of veterans calling or writing directly for assistance, participation at 

outreach activities, and partnerships that have been established with external 

stakeholders. 

Question 4: What do you believe is the biggest challenge facing minority veterans 

today? 

Response: Minority veterans experience many of the same challenges that all 

veterans experience. However, minority veterans have experienced and often experience racial/ethnic discrimination or lack of cultural sensitivity more often than nonminority veterans. Minority veterans are more likely to be effected by chronic diseases, disparities in health care, homelessness, and unemployment. HVAC, Subcommittees on Health and DAMA, 7

f 

–12–07, Questions for the Record, Middleton 

Committee on Veterans’ Affairs 

Subcommittee on Health 

Washington, DC. 

August 2, 2007 

Shannon L. Middleton 

Deputy Director, Veterans Affairs and Rehabilitation Division 

The American Legion 

1608 K Street, NW 

Washington, DC 20006 

Dear Shannon: 

In reference to our Subcommittee on Health hearing on ‘‘Vet Centers’’ held on 

July 19, 2007, and our joint Subcommittee hearing on ‘‘Issues Facing Women and 

Minority Veterans’’ held on July 12, 2007, I would appreciate it if you could answer 

the enclosed hearing questions by the close of business on October 2, 2007. 

In an effort to reduce printing costs, the Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, in cooperation with the Joint Committee on Printing, is implementing some formatting 

changes for materials for all full and Subcommittee hearings. Therefore, we would 

appreciate it if you would provide your answers consecutively and single-spaced. In 

addition, please restate the question in its entirety before the answer. 

Please provide your response to Cathy Wiblemo. If you have any questions, please 

call 202–225–9154. 

Sincerely, 

MICHAEL H. MICHAUD 

Chairman 

Questions for the Record 

Joint Subcommittee Hearing 

Issues Facing Women and Minority Veterans 

Held on 

July 12, 2007, 10:00 a. m. 

Follow-Up Questions for Shannon L. Middleton 

1. In testimony provided, DAV gives 8 recommendations to better serve 

women veterans from combat theaters. The first recommendation concerns 

barriers to seeking health care through VA. 

• In your estimation, what are the 3 biggest barriers female veterans encounter when trying to access health care through VA? 

The 3 biggest barriers female veterans encounter when trying to access health 

care through VA are: lack of knowledge about VHA services, not knowing that they 


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may be eligible for health care benefits, and the perception that VA only caters to 

male veterans. 

2. Women and minority OEF/OIF veterans returning from theater face, 

what I believe, are additional challenges than their returning peers, due, 

in part, to the lack of cultural education, lack of adequate research on 

meeting their unmet needs and other issues. 

• What has your organization done to help in the outreach efforts? 

The American Legion publishes a booklet entitled Guide for Women Veterans that 

provides information about VA health care, services provided by The American Legion, information about health issues (like breast cancer, PTSD, sexual trauma, 

heart disease, drug and alcohol addiction) and a list of resources to enable them to 

find information about various issues. We disseminate them through our department service officers, outreach events, on our website and make them available 

upon request to the public. 

In the past, The American Legion has participated in a homeless female veteran 

workgroup for the Southeast Veterans Service Center and served on Subcommittees 

for the 2004 Women Veterans Summit hosted by the Department of Veterans Affairs. 

The American Legion is currently planning to collaborate with the Center for 

Women Veterans to organize a Women Veterans’ Forum to be held in conjunction 

with the organization’s mid-winter conference. The American Legion is also participating in the 2008 Women Veteran’s Summit. 

We are constantly seeking new ways to bring information to veterans, all veterans. 

• Does your organization have any recommendations as to how to address the growing need for specialized services for both women and minority veterans? 

One effective way to ascertain the need for specialized services is to find various 

ways to ask women and minority veterans what needs they have that are not being 

met by current services. This can be patient survey, or an outreach initiative that 

includes a survey that VA disseminates by mail or via web. The information gathered would be useful in determining system-wide need for specific programs or services and may be useful in depicting geographical or population trends for needed 

services. 

Once these needs are identified, The American Legion recommends that VA develop and implement policy to address these deficiencies in a timely manner and 

conduct an extensive outreach campaign to make these special populations—and 

those who serve them—aware of the enhancements. The organization also recommends that Congress appropriate adequate funding to maintain these enhancements, once they are in place. 

Finally, DAV’s recommendations that VA and DoD collaborate to conduct surveys 

of recently discharged active duty women and recently demobilized female Reserve 

component members to assess the barriers that they perceive or have experienced 

in seeking health care through VA and that VA Medical Centers establish a consumer council that includes veterans’ service organizations, family members, and 

veterans—especially OEF/OIF veterans—would be excellent approaches as well. 

Æ 


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