IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT KNOXVILLE

July 10, 2012 Session

KIMBERLIE EDMONSON v. JEREMY JAMES McCOSH, ET. AL. 

Appeal from the Chancery Court for McMinn County

No. 23964 Hon. Jerri S. Bryant, Chancellor

No. E2010-01588-COA-R3-CV-FILED-SEPTEMBER 6, 2012

In this case, the child at issue was declared dependent and neglected and was placed in

grandmother’s custody following the child’s removal from mother. Months later, father

petitioned for custody of the child. The court granted father’s petition and awarded

grandmother reasonable visitation. Thereafter, father filed a petition to terminate mother’s

parental rights. Mother objected and sought custody or visitation, while grandmother asked

the court to either reinforce her court-ordered visitation or grant joint custody. The court

denied the petition to terminate mother’s parental rights, transferred grandmother’s courtordered visitation to mother, and advised grandmother that she would enjoy visitation as

designated by the parents. Grandmother appeals. We affirm the decision of the trial court.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court

Affirmed; Case Remanded

JOHN W. MCCLARTY, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which HERSCHEL P. FRANKS,

P.J., joined and CHARLES D. SUSANO, JR., J., concurred filing a separate concurring opinion.

Kimberlie Edmonson, Athens, Tennessee, Pro Se.

Shannon M. Holland, Knoxville, Tennessee, for the appellees, Jeremy James McCosh and

Robin Katheryn McCosh.

Sally C. Love, Cleveland, Tennessee, for the appellee, Mary Elizabeth Edmonson.
OPINION

I. BACKGROUND

The Child at issue was born to Mary Elizabeth Edmonson (“Mother”) on June 7, 2002.

Mother never married the Child’s father, Jeremy James McCosh (“Father”). Mother and

Kimberlie Edmonson (“Grandmother”) cared for the Child, while Father was absent from the

Child’s life for several years. In October 2004, Grandmother was granted custody of the

Child, following Mother’s agreement that it was in the best interest of the Child that custody

be transferred to Grandmother. Five months later, Father petitioned the court for custody of

the Child after learning that the Child was no longer in Mother’s custody. Grandmother and

Mother objected to the petition, arguing that Father was aware of the custody arrangement

and that Father had failed to support the Child and had not established a bond with the Child.

Mother asked the court to either return custody to her or award joint custody to her and

Grandmother. A hearing was held at which Mother, Father, and Grandmother were present;

however, Mother left during the hearing and did not return. Following the hearing, the court

found that the Child would not be placed in a substantial risk of harm if placed with Father

and transferred custody of the Child from Grandmother to Father in an order filed on July 25,

2006. The court also ordered Father to submit to a drug test, ordered Mother to pay child

support, and awarded Grandmother visitation with the Child every other weekend. This

order was not appealed from.

Approximately one and a half years later, Father filed a petition to terminate Mother’s

parental rights so that his wife, Robin Katheryn McCosh (“Stepmother”), could adopt the

Child. Mother and Grandmother were named in the petition in which Father alleged that

Mother had abandoned the Child by failing to remit child support and that it was in the best

interest of the Child to terminate Mother’s parental rights and proceed with Stepmother’s

adoption of the Child. Mother filed a counter-petition, requesting primary residential custody

of the Child or joint co-parenting time with the Child. Grandmother responded to the petition

to terminate Mother’s parental rights by asserting that Father had failed to comply with courtordered visitation and had been investigated for harming the Child.

Grandmother also filed several motions following the filing of the termination

petition. In her first motion, Grandmothersought to enforce her previously ordered visitation

with the Child and alleged that Father had refused to release the Child for the court-ordered

visitation on four occasions. In her second motion, Grandmother alleged that Father

continued to refuse to comply with the court-ordered visitation. In her third motion,

Grandmother requested joint custody of the Child and alleged that Father remained in

violation of his court-ordered visitation and had refused to submit to a hair follicle test.

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A hearing was held over the course of two days regarding the petition to terminate

Mother’s parental rights. Following the hearing, the court found that Mother had not

abandoned the Child and dismissed the petition to terminate Mother’s parental rights on

February 10, 2009. The court upheld Grandmother’s court-ordered visitation but withheld

ruling on Mother’s counter-petition and alternative request for shared parenting time. The

court also did not rule on Grandmother’s three motions. Prior to the second hearing,

Grandmother filed an amendment to her request for the enforcement of the court-ordered

visitation in which she alleged that Father refused to comply with the court-ordered visitation

even after the order was upheld in the court’s ruling denying the petition to terminate

Mother’s parental rights.

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A hearing was held over the course of two days regarding Grandmother’s pending

motions and Mother’s counter-petition for custody or visitation. Relative to Grandmother,

the court found that she had become the “de facto psychological parent” of the Child because

Mother and Father failed to care for the Child for the first four years of the Child’s life. The

court acknowledged Grandmother’s significant bond with the Child but asserted that Father

had been the primary residential parent of the Child since June 2006 and that the time had

come for Mother “to take on the duties of parent to the [C]hild from [Grandmother].” The

court held that it was in the best interest of the Child for Grandmother to “take on the role

of a traditional grandparent in the [C]hild’s life, rather than a parental role” and awarded

joint co-parenting time to Mother. The court stated,

It is appropriate and in the best interest[] of the [C]hild that he continue to

reside primarily with [Father], and that [Mother] exercise co-parenting time [],

free from involvement and interference of [Grandmother] or [F]ather.

Relative to future visitation between Grandmother and the Child, the court stated,

[Grandmother’s] visitation with the [C]hild shall continue as set forth herein

until May 1, 2010. After [that time], [Grandmother’s] independent visitation

time shall cease and she shall have no right to continuing independent

visitation. [Grandmother’s] visitation shall occur at the discretion of [Mother]

and [Father], and during co-parenting time, if any.

The court then set forth a detailed visitation schedule that allowed for Grandmother’s

continued visitation with the Child until May 2010. This order was filed on June 18, 2010.

It is from this order that Grandmother appeals.

Grandmother also filed other motions that are not relevant to this appeal. 

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II. ISSUES

Grandmother raises a myriad of issues on appeal that we consolidate and restate as

follows:

A. Whether Grandmother was entitled to an attorney at trial or on appeal.

B. Whether the court erred in denying Grandmother’s request for the

transcript of the proceedings at no cost to her.

C. Whether the court erred in granting custody to Father.

D. Whether the court erred in suspending Grandmother’s visitation.

Father also raises an issue on appeal for our consideration that we consolidate and restate as

follows:

E. Whether Father is entitled to attorney fees and costs on appeal.

III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

The record before this court does not contain a transcript or an approved statement of

the evidence. It is the appellant’s burden to prepare a record that “‘conveys a fair, accurate

and complete account of what transpired in the trial court with respect to the issues which

form the basis of the appeal.’” Nickas v. Capadalis, 954 S.W.2d 735, 742 (Tenn. Ct. App.

1997) (quoting State v. Boling, 840 S.W.2d 944, 951 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992)). Without a

transcript or sufficient statement of the evidence, appellate courts must assume that “there

was sufficient evidence before the trial court to support its judgment.” Outdoor Mgmt., LLC

v. Thomas, 249 S.W.3d 368, 377 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007) (citing McKinney v. Educator &

Exec. Insurers, Inc., 569 S.W.2d 829, 832 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1977)). Accordingly, this court’s

review will be limited to those issues for which an adequate legal record has been preserved,

namely whether there was an error of law based upon the technical record before this court.

Taylor v. Allstate Ins. Co., 158 S.W.3d 929, 931-32 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004). Nevertheless,

we will address each issue presented, in turn, and determine whether the record is sufficient

for our review.

IV. DISCUSSION

As a threshold issue, we must address the fact that there are a multitude of problems

with Grandmother’s brief. She failed to comply with the majority of the requirements

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contained in Rule 27(a) of the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure and presented a

rambling and, at times, incoherent brief. Furthermore, by not providing any relevant citations

to the record, Grandmother has failed to comply with Rule 6 of the Tennessee Court of

Appeals which states in part:

(b) No complaint of or reliance upon action by the trial court will be

considered on appeal unless the argument contains a specific reference to the

page or pages of the record where such action is recorded. No assertion of fact

will be considered on appeal unless the argument contains a reference to the

page or pages of the record where evidence of such fact is recorded.

Tenn. Ct. App. 6(b). Failure to comply with these rules may result in waiver of the issues

presented for review by this court. Bean v. Bean, 40 S.W.3d 52, 54-55 (Tenn. Ct. App.

2000). We believe that these shortcomings in the brief are due, in part, to Grandmother’s

status as a pro se litigant. This court “must not excuse pro se litigants from complying with

the same substantive and procedural rules that represented parties are expected to observe.”

Young v. Barrow, 130 S.W.3d 59, 63 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003) (citing Edmundson v. Pratt, 945

S.W.2d 754, 755 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996); Kaylor v. Bradley, 912 S.W.2d 728, 733 n. 4 (Tenn.

Ct. App. 1995)). However, “[t]he courts give pro se litigants who are untrained in the law

a certain amount of leeway in drafting their pleadings and briefs.” Id. Accordingly, we will

proceed with our review of the issues presented on appeal.

A.

Grandmother argues that as the de facto parent of the Child with ongoing visitation

rights, the trial court should have appointed an attorney to represent her in the proceedings

at trial. During oral argument, Grandmother also requested an attorney to represent her on

appeal. Father and Stepmother respond that the record does not reflect that Grandmother

ever requested an attorney at trial and that Grandmother cannot establish thatshe was entitled

to an attorney at trial. They assert that she is also not entitled to an attorney on appeal.

The record is devoid of any proof that Grandmother requested an attorney at trial. A

party may not offer a new issue for the first time on appeal. See Lane v. Becker, 334 S.W.3d

756, 764 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2010) (citing Campbell Cnty. Bd. of Educ. v. Brownlee-Kesterson,

Inc., 677 S.W.2d 457, 467 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1984)). If Grandmother had requested an

attorney, the trial court could have ruled upon the issue and provided a record for this court’s

review. Regardless of any potential waiver, Grandmother was not entitled to an attorney at

trial regarding the matters she has appealed.

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Generally, “[i]ndigent civil litigants, unlike indigent criminal litigants, possess neither

the constitutional nor the statutory right to court-appointed legal assistance.” Bell v. Todd,

206 S.W.3d 86, 92 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005) (citing Hessmer v. Miranda, 138 S.W.3d 241, 245

(Tenn. Ct. App. 2003); Coakley v. Daniels, 840 S.W.2d 367, 372 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992);

Lyon v. Lyon, 765 S.W.2d 759, 763 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1988)). However, “Tennessee Supreme

Court Rule 13 requires the trial court to ‘advise any party without counsel’ of his [or her]

right to counsel and to appoint such counsel [to indigent parties] upon request in any case

‘involving allegations against parents that could result in finding a child dependent or

neglected or in terminating parental rights.”’ State v. Mims, 285 S.W.3d 435, 450 (Tenn. Ct.

App. 2008) (quoting Tenn. Sup. Ct. 13 § 1(d)(2)(B)). While the wording of Rule 13

indicates that Grandmother may have had a statutory right to an attorney during the

termination proceeding, the court bifurcated the proceedings and held a separate hearing to

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consider Grandmother’s motions that are the subject of this appeal. Any potential error

regarding the court’s alleged failure to advise Grandmother of her possible statutory right to

an attorney during the termination proceeding was cured by the dismissal of the termination

petition. Moreover, Grandmother was not entitled to an attorney at the separate hearing

regarding her motions for visitation or joint custody and the record does not indicate that she

ever requested an attorney. Grandmother is also not entitled to the appointment of an

attorney on appeal. Indeed, her appeal is civil in nature and does not involve the termination

of parental rights or a finding of dependency and neglect. See generally Tenn. Sup. Ct. 13.

Accordingly, we deny Grandmother’s motion for the appointment of an attorney on appeal

and conclude that the trial court did not err in failing to appoint an attorney at trial.

B.

Grandmother asserts that the trial court erred in denying her request for a transcript

of the evidence at no cost to her. She contends that she was constitutionally entitled to a

transcript of the evidence and any other documents needed for her appeal. Father and

Stepmother respond that the court was not required to provide the requested documentation

when Grandmother was unwilling to pay for them as required.

As previously mentioned, it was Grandmother’s burden to prepare a record that

“conveys a fair, accurate and complete account of what transpired in the trial court with

respect to the issues which form the basis of the appeal.” Nickas, 954 S.W.2d at 742

(quoting Boling, 840 S.W.2d at 951). Rule 24(b) of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure

The provision provides that in a dependency and neglect or termination proceeding, “any party without 2

counsel” should be advised of the “right to be represented throughout the case by counsel and that counsel

will be appointed if the party is indigent and . . . requests appointment of counsel.” Tenn. Sup. Ct. 13 §

1(d)(2)(B) (emphasis added).

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provides that appellants should submit a transcript of the proceedings, if necessary to convey

a “fair, accurate and complete account of what transpired.” However, in termination

proceedings, the court may be required to furnish a transcript for an indigent parent appealing

the termination of that parent’s parental rights. M.L.B. v. S.L.J., 519 U.S. 102, 128 (1996)

(holding that the court may not withhold a record of sufficient completeness from indigent

parents who appeal the termination of parental rights); see also In re J.M.C.H., No. M2002-

01097-COA-R3-JV, 2002 WL 31662347, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 26, 2002) (providing

that an indigent parent was entitled to “the availability of a record of trial evidence and

events which is sufficiently complete to allow an appellate court to review the evidence in

accordance with applicable standards” when her parental rights had been terminated and a

transcript or statement of the evidence was not available). The proceeding at issue did not

involve the termination of parental rights because the court denied the termination petition,

leaving the motions for visitation and joint custody to be determined at a later date.

Additionally, if a party cannot afford to pay for a transcript of the proceedings, the Tennessee

Rules of Appellate Procedure allow appellants to present a statement of the evidence in lieu

of a transcript. See Tenn. R. App. P. 24(c). While Grandmother presented a statement of the

evidence, thatstatement wasrejected because it did not “convey a fair, accurate and complete

account of what transpired.” Id. Under these circumstances, we conclude that Grandmother

was not entitled to a transcript of the proceedings and other documents relevant to the appeal

at no cost to her.

C.

Grandmother asserts that the trial court erred in transferring custody of the Child to

Father. Father and Stepmother respond that this issue is not properly before this court

because Grandmother never appealed the court’s grant of custody to Father. The order

granting Father custody of the Child was filed on July 25, 2006. Grandmother did not appeal

that order but only filed a motion for visitation in 2008 after Father refused to deliver the

Child for Grandmother’s court-ordered visitation. “As a general rule, a trial court’sjudgment

becomes final thirty days after its entry unless a timely notice of appeal or a specified posttrial motion is filed.” State v. Pendergrass, 937 S.W.2d 834, 837 (Tenn. 1996) (citing Tenn.

R. App. P. 4(a) and (c); State v. Moore, 814 S.W.2d 381, 382 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991)).

This issue is not properly before this court because Grandmother never appealed the initial

custody determination.

D.

Grandmother asserts that the court erred in denying her request to continue the courtordered visitation when she had an established relationship with the Child as the Child’s de

facto parent. She claims that Father erroneously interfered with the Child’s right to maintain

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a relationship with her. She believes that the interference with that relationship was a

violation of her constitutional rights and the Child’s constitutional rights and asks this court

to reinstate the visitation order. She alleges that she was “not permitted to argue violation

of due process of law or be heard in regards to liberty interest on behalf of the [C]hild.”

Father and Stepmother respond that the court’s decision to defer visitation determinations to

the parents was within the court’s discretion.

A biological parent’s right to the care and custody of his or her child is among the

oldest of the judicially recognized liberty interests protected by the Due Process Clauses of

the Federal and State constitutions. Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65 (2000); Hawk v.

Hawk, 855 S.W.2d 573, 578-579 (Tenn. 1993); Ray v. Ray, 83 S.W.3d 726, 731 (Tenn. Ct.

App. 2001). While this right is fundamental, it is not absolute. State v. C.H.K., 154 S.W.3d

586, 589 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004). It continues without interruption only so long as a parent

has not relinquished it, abandoned it, or engaged in conduct requiring its limitation or

termination. Blair v. Badenhope, 77 S.W.3d 137, 141 (Tenn. 2002); In re S.M., 149 S.W.3d

632, 638-39 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004); In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d 643, 652-53 (Tenn. Ct. App.

2004). Grandmother appears to argue that as the de facto parent of the Child, she enjoyed

the same constitutional rights to parent the Child as the biological parents. While it is true

that Grandmother parented the Child and was ultimately granted custody of the Child for a

number of years, Mother and Father’s parental rights were never terminated. Thus,

Grandmother enjoyed the custodial rights to the Child for a period of time but never

possessed any constitutional rights to the Child. When the Child was returned to Father, her

rights were limited to those transcribed in the grandparent visitation statutes. See Tenn. Code

Ann. § 36-6-306.

In suspending Grandmother’s visitation with the Child, the court effectively modified

the visitation order. Our review of the modification of a visitation order is “governed by an

abuse of discretion standard, with the child’s welfare given paramount consideration.”

Smallwood v. Mann, 205 S.W.3d 358, 361 (Tenn. 2006) (citing Eldridge v. Eldridge, 42

S.W.3d 82, 85 (Tenn. 2001)). In reaching its decision to suspend Grandmother’s visitation,

the court stated that it relied upon the testimony from the parties, the arguments of counsel

and Grandmother, and the pleadings before the court. As previously mentioned, the record

contains neither a transcript of the hearing nor a statement of the evidence. Without a proper

record to review all of the evidence before the court, we must conclude that the court did not

abuse its discretion in modifying Grandmother’s court-ordered visitation. “It is well settled

that, in the absence of a transcript or statement of the evidence, there is a conclusive

presumption that there was sufficient evidence before the trial court to support its

judgment[.]” Thomas, 249 S.W.3d at 377 (citing McKinney, 569 S.W.2d at 832).

Additionally, we must also reject Grandmother’s contention that the trial court did not permit

her to present arguments regarding the alleged interference with her liberty rights and the

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alleged denial of due process. Again, without a proper transcript, we cannot review this

issue.

E.

Father asserts that Grandmother’s appeal was frivolous and that he is entitled to

damages in the form of attorney fees and costs for having to defend against the appeal.

Tennessee Code Annotated section 27-1-122 provides for an award of damages, including

attorney fees, when an appeal is determined to be frivolous. To find an appeal frivolous, the

appeal must be wholly without merit and lacking in justiciable issues. See Davis v. Gulf Ins.

Grp., 546 S.W.2d 583, 586 (Tenn. 1977); Indus. Dev. Bd. of Tullahoma v. Hancock, 901

S.W.2d 382, 385 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995). An appellate court’s decision on this issue is

discretionary, and this court is generally reluctant to award such damages because we do not

want to discourage legitimate appeals. Whalum v. Marshall, 224 S.W.3d 169, 180-81 (Tenn.

Ct. App. 2006). Following our review, we respectfully deny Father’s request for attorney

fees on appeal because we do not believe the appeal was wholly without merit and lacking

in justiciable issues.

V. CONCLUSION

The judgment of the trial court is affirmed, and the case is remanded for such further

proceedings as may be necessary. Costs of the appeal are taxed to the appellant, Kimberlie

Edmonson.

_____________________________________

JOHN W. McCLARTY, JUDGE

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