UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460 

MAY 3· 0 2012 

MEMORANDUM 

OFFICE OF CHEMICAL SAFETY 

AND POLLUTION PREVENTION 

SUBJECT: BEAD Chemical Profile for Registration Review: Iprodione (109801) 

FROM: 

THRU: 

TO: 

Carl Chen, Plant Pathologist 

Biological Analysis Branch 

Jihad Alsadek, Economist 

Science Information and Analysis Branch __. ---=- ~ 

Derek Berwald, Economist ~c.---;?' Economic Analysis Branch 

Biological and Economic Analysis Division (7503P) 

Arnet Jones, Chief 

Biological Analysis Branch ~ u,._..._. 

Diann Sims, Chief D·~~ry--- Science Information and Analysis Branch 

Economic 

Timothy Kiely, 

Analysis 

Chief 

Branch 

9: 

j \;\/\_ ~ Biological and Economic Analys Division (75 ) 

James Parker, Chemical Review Manager 

Risk Management and Implementation Branch 1 

Pesticide Re-evaluation Division (7508P) 

Product Review Panel date: May 16, 2012 

INTRODUCTION 

The purpose of this document is to convey usage information and a broad overview of the pest 

management roles of pesticides that are beginning to undergo registration review. The 

anticipated audience consists of the team of EPA staff currently evaluating the registration status 

of iprodione, and eventually the general public. This document builds upon the data already 

provided in the "Usage and Label Use Data Packages" that are also provided to Registration 

1 
Review teams by BEAD. The document is based on information and data available to BEAD as 

of May 2012. 

lprodione is in a group of dicarboximide fungicides with a mode of action inhibiting the 

MAP/Histidine-Kinase in osmotic signal transduction. This is a contact fungicide with 

protective and curative action (BC Agriculture, 2004), and is used to control many fungal 

diseases such as Monilinia taxa on almonds, Sclerotinia spp. on lettuce, and Alternaria spp. on 

carrots and onions. On turfgrass, iprodione may provide good to excellent preventative control 

of dollar spot and Helminthosporium leaf spots, and moderate to good brown patch activity 

(Pettis and Guillebeau, 2004). Iprodione also has nematicidal activities (Patent 20090209605), 

and has recently been registered as Enclosure® 4 Plowable Fungicide and Nematicide (EPA Reg. 

No. 86153-3) to control nematodes on crops such as carrots, cotton, and peanuts. 

COMMON FORMULATIONS AND APPLICATION METHODS 

lprodione is formulated as water dispersible granules, emulsifiable and soluble concentrate. 

Irrigation systems may be considered as application methods. 

USE SITES 

Agricultural Use Sites 

lprodione is a fungicide registered for use on bushberries, caneberries, almonds, stone fruits, 

pome fruits, poppy, marigold, brassica cole crops, leafy and stem vegetables, carrots, onions, 

potatoes, bulb vegetables, beans, forage legumes, rice, ginseng, palm, cotton, peanuts and 

rapeseed. 

Non-Agricultural Use Sites 

lprodione is also registered for use on forest trees, herbaceous plants (flowering and foliage 

types), ornamental plants, ornamental lawns and turf, ornamental woody shrubs and vines, 

ornamental trees, and for commercial, industrial and institutional maintenance. 

USAGE 

Agricultural Usage Sites 

Figures 1 and 2 show iprodione usage trends in terms of total pounds used. Figure 1 shows a 

decline in the use ofiprodione from 2000 to 2002, and fluctuations in usage from 2003-2010. 

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Figure 1. Agricultural Usage Data for Iprodione in Pounds A.I. on All Crops, 2000-2010 

PoundsA.I. 

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 

Years 

Source: Proprietary Data, 2000 - 2010 

Figure 2 provides usage data for from 2006-2010. The use ofiprodione on almonds increased 

from 2006 to 2007, decreased in 2008 and increased thereafter. The use on lettuce increased in 

2007 and then decreased and kept steady from 2008 to 2010, but use was less than half of the 

2007 high. The use on onions decreased from 2006 to 2008 and increased from 2008 to 2010, 

while the use on carrots fluctuated during this timeframe. The use on other crops was highest in 

2009; otherwise the use was almost steady during 2006-2010. 

Figure 2. Agricultural Usage Data for Iprodione, 2006-2010 

300,000 

PoundsA.I. 

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 

Years 

-+-Almonds 

Lettuce 

.....,_Onions 

Carrots 

_..Other 

Other crops include green beans and cherries (5% each), peaches (4%), plums/prunes and apricots (2% each), and 

tobacco/potatoes/cane berries/and garlic (1% each). 

Source: Proprietary Data, 2006-2010 

From 2006-2010, the annual total agricultural usage averaged approximately 440,000 pounds 

active ingredient (a.i.) for 700,000 treated acres with an overall application rate of0.6lbs. a.i. per 

acre. 

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During this timeframe, the crops with the most use in terms of total pounds of active ingredient 

and total area treated are almonds, lettuce, onions, and carrots, Table 1. 

On average, the states with the most agricultural usage in terms of pounds a.i. applied are 

California (76%), Arizona (8%), Georgia and Oregon (4% each). 

T a bl e . 1 C rops WI 'th th e H' IgJ h t es U se o f I Lpro d' 10ne, 2006-2010 

Total Lbs A.I. Total Area 

Crop (%) Treated(%) 

Almonds 46 57 

Lettuce 18 11 

Onions 9 9 

Carrots 6 5 

Source: Propnetary Data, 2006-2010. 

Iprodione's Agricultural Usage by Crop Reporting District 

Another measure of usage is the use intensity. In this analysis, the use intensity is expressed as 

the pounds a.i. applied per acre of land in farms. This differs from the application rate, whjch is 

expressed as the pounds a.i. applied per treated acre. Figure 3 spatially represents iprodione's 

use intensity in the US. Areas where the intensity of use is higher can be seen on the map, such 

as the southern part of the Central Valley of California where almonds are grown and coastal 

California and Southern Arizona, which are lettuce growing areas. The area of high intensity in 

Georgia probably reflects use as a fungicide on onion. This intensity may reflect the importance 

of iprodione for production in this area, as use in Georgia is higher in many years than states 

with substantially larger onion acreage. 

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Figure 3. lprodione Usage by Crop Reporting District (2006-2010) 

Average Pounds Per 

1.000 Acres of Farmland 

. 0.0-0.7 

0.8-2 .3 

0 2.4 - 4 .7 

4.8-15.4 

15.5- 30 

This is a map of agricultural pesticide usage at the Crop Reporting District (CRD) level. CRDs are 

boundaries created by USDA NASS which are aggregates of counties (USDA, 201 0). Pesticide usage 

is displayed as average pounds (for the years 2006-2010) per 1,000 acres of farmland in a CRD to 

normalize for the variation in farmland between CRDs. Farmland acreage was obtained from USDA 

(2007). 

Usage is based on private market surveys of pesticide use in agriculture (Proprietary Data, 2006-

201 0). The survey data are limited to the states that represent the top 80-90% of acreage for the 

individual crops; therefore, use may be occurring in regions outside the scope of the survey. CRDs 

showing no usage of pesticides may be due to either the lack of pesticide use in the region or nonparticipation in the agricultural surveys. In addition, across the years, there may be variations in the 

specific crops included in the CRD survey. This may result in a lower annual average for the CRD. 

Non-Agricultural Use 

The use ofiprodione, Table 2, on golf courses increased from 187,000 lbs. a.i. in 2002 to 

227,000 lbs. a.i. in 2004 and then decreased to 195,000 lbs a.i. in 2006. The use on institutional 

turf increased almost three fold, 5000 lbs a.i. in 2004 to 15,000 lbs. a.i. in 2006. The use on 

landscape increased by 1,000 lbs. a.i. from 2,000 lbs. a.i. in 2002 to 3,000 lbs. a.i. in 2004. The 

use of this chemical by lawn care operators (LCOs) increased from 14,000 lbs. a.i. in 2002 to 

17,000 lbs. a.i. in 2004. The use ofiprodione in nurseries and greenhouses decreased from 

43,000 lbs. a.i. in 2002 to 14,000 lbs. a.i. in 2006. There was almost 1,000 lbs. a.i. ofiprodione 

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used on turf farms in 2006. Total pounds ofiprodione increased in 2004 and then decreased in 

2006. 

T a e . bl 2 P oun d so fi Lpro d" 10ne A ~ppl lidti e or N A . I on- .gricu tura IU ses 

Pounds A.I. Applied 

Segment/Site 2002 

Golf Courses 187,000 

Institutional Turf N/A 

Landscape 2,000 

Lawn Care Operators (LCOs) 14,000 

Nurseries/Greenhouses 43,000 

Turf Farms N/A 

Total 246,000 

Note: N/A means data are not available 

Source: Kline and Company, Inc., 2002-2006 

2004 

227,000 

5,000 

3,000 

17,000 

30,000 

N/A 

282,000 

BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS RELEVANT TO IPRODIONE 

2006 

195,000 

15,000 

N/A 

N/A 

14,000 

1,000 

225,000 

Iprodione is a Group 2 fungicide. This group in general has a medium to high risk in resistance 

development. Resistance is common in Botrytis (FRAC, 2012a) and some other fungal diseases 

such as Sclerotinia minor on lettuce that is a resistant pathogen to Group 2 fungicides (FRAC, 

2012b). Cross resistance is common between the group members (FRAC, 2012a). Iprodione as 

a Group 2 fungicide may be used in a program to alternate or mix-use with another group of 

fungicides in resistance management. Iprodione is recommended for disease control in some 

important agricultural and non-agricultural commodities such almonds and golf course turfgrass 

(California IPM, 2009). 

Iprodione was originally registered to control fungal diseases, and the use of iprodione as a 

nematicide is a new use pattern, first labeled for use on peanut in 2009. PDMR (2009) reports 

indicate there were attempts to test and evaluate the potential of iprodione as an alternative to 

fumigant nematicides such as Telone and Vapam to control root-knot nematodes, the major 

nematode problem of numerous crops. The use of iprodione as a nematicide needs to be 

identified and reported in usage data in the future to demonstrate its potential as an alternative to 

other nematicides. In resistance management, it is generally not a concern for nematodes to 

develop resistance to iprodione (Chitwood, 2002). 

IDSTORY OF BEAD ASSESSMENTS FOR IPRODIONE 

BEAD has not assessed the benefits for iprodione. Prior BEAD work includes an evaluation of 

alternatives for new uses of iprodione on canola, canola seed, and pistachio (Kaul, 2006). In that 

case, BEAD concluded that effective alternatives to iprodione exist, but iprodione might be 

useful as a replacement for vinclozolin, a fungicide of the same group that is being phased out. 

BEAD has also projected the maximum percent crop treated for new uses of iprodione as a 

nematicide on fruiting vegetables (peppers, bell and non-bell peppers, tomatoes, both fresh and 

processed, and eggplant), cucurbits (cantaloupes, honeydew melon, cucumbers, summer squash, 

and watermelons), and percent share of canola oil imports. This reported that no data showed 

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use of iprodione as a nematicide, despite being registered on peanut, cotton, and carrot (Alsadek 

and Chen, 2011). 

DATA NEEDS RELEVANT TO BEAD'S FUTURE WORK ON IPRODIONE 

Obtaining additional information on the following items would improve future BEAD 

assessments of the importance of Iprodione and may be required as part of the registration 

review of this pesticide. 

-Additional data on forest trees, herbaceous plants (flowering and foliage types), and for 

commercial, industrial and institutional maintenance, would improve future BEAD assessment 

for the registration of this chemical. 

-Usage information ofiprodione as a nematicide. 

-Non-agricultural usage information, including the sectors shown in Table 2 (Golf Courses, 

Institutional Turf, Landscape, Lawn Care Operators, Turf Farms, Nursery/Greenhouse, Aquatic 

Areas, Consumer -Lawn, and Consumer-Fertilizer Combinations) for 2006 onwards. 

REFERENCES: 

Alsadek, Jihad, and Carl Chen, New Percent Crop Treated (PCTn) for Iprodione on All Non-Bell 

Peppers,Balsam Pear, Bell Peppers, Cantaloupes, Casaba, Chayote Fruit, Chinese 

Waxgourd, Cucumbers, Eggplant, Honeydew Melon, Okra, Pumpkins, Squash, Tomatillo, 

Tomatoes, Watermelons (Fresh and Processed), and Canota Oil Percent Share of Imports 

(PC# 109801, DP # 389852) December 6, 2011 

BC Agriculture. 2004. Pesticide Info Sheet - Iprodione. British Columbia, Ministry of 

Agriculture. http:/ /www.al.gov.bc.ca/pesticides/infosheets/iprodione.pdf 

California IPM. 2009. UC Pest Management Guidelines. UC IPM Online. 

http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/crops-agriculture.html 

Chitwood, DJ. 2002. Nematicides. USDA Agricultural Research Service. 

http://ddr.nal.usda.gov/bitstream/1 0 113/43874/1/IND44430492.pdf 

FRAC. 2012a. FRAC Code List. Fungicide Resistance Action Committee. 

http://www .frac.info/frac/index.htm 

FRAC. 2012b. List of Resistant Plant Pathogens. Fungicide Resistance Action Committee. 

http://www .frac.info/frac/publication/ anhang/List -of-resistant -plant -pathogens 2012. pdf 

Kaul, Monisha. Preliminary Alternatives Assessment for lprodione use on Canola, Canola Seed, 

and Pistachios, DP# 328771 May 30, 2006. 

Kline and Company, Inc., 2002-2006 

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PDMR. 2000-2011. Plant Disease Management Reports (PDMR) (Vol. 1-5 2007-2011 online; 

Fungicide & Nematicide Tests Vol. 55-61 2000-2006 online; Biological and Cultural 

Tests (Vol. 16-21 2001-2006 online). 

http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/ 

Pettis GV, Guillebeau P. 2004. Pest Management Strategic Plan for Turfgrass in the Southern 

United States. Southern Region Integrated Pest Management Center. 

Proprietary Data, 2000-2010 

USDA, 2006-2010. NASS Crop Reporting Districts. Online: 

http:/ /www.ers. usda. gov /briefing/arms/resourceregions/resourceregions.htm#nass. 

USDA, 2007. Census of Agriculture. Online: 

http://www .agcensus. usda.gov /Publications/2007 /index.asp. 

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