RECORD IMPOUNDED

SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY

APPELLATE DIVISION

DOCKET NOS. A-2848-17T1

 A-4072-17T1

 A-4631-17T1

NEW JERSEY DIVISION

OF CHILD PROTECTION

AND PERMANENCY,

Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

A.T.,

Defendant-Appellant,

N.G.,

Defendant.

_____________________________

THE MATTER OF THE

GUARDIANSHIP OF K.S.G.,

a Minor.

_____________________________

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE

APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION

This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the 

internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
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A-2848-17T1

NEW JERSEY DIVISION 

OF CHILD PROTECTION 

AND PERMANENCY,

Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

J.R.H. and A.E.T.,

Defendants-Appellants,

and

S.F.E.,

Defendant.

_____________________________

IN THE MATTER OF THE

GUARDIANSHIP OF

J.T.E. and A.J.T., 

Minors.

_____________________________

Submitted April 8, 2019 – Decided April 18, 2019

Before Judges Fasciale and Gooden Brown.

On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, 

Chancery Division, Family Part, Essex County, Docket 

Nos. FG-07-0191-17 and FG-07-0167-17.

Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for 

appellant A.T./A.E.T. (Kisha M. S. Hebbon, 

Designated Counsel, on the briefs).
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A-2848-17T1

Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for 

appellant J.R.H. (Robyn A. Veasey, Deputy Public 

Defender, of counsel; James D. O'Kelly, Designated 

Counsel, on the briefs).

Gurbir S. Grewal, Attorney General, attorney for 

respondent in A-2848-17T1 (Jason W. Rockwell, 

Assistant Attorney General, of counsel; Eric J. Boden, 

Deputy Attorney General, on the brief).

Gurbir S. Grewal, Attorney General, attorney for 

respondent in A-4072-17T1 and A-4631-17T1 (Jason 

W. Rockwell, Assistant Attorney General, of counsel; 

Lisa D. Cerasia, Deputy Attorney General, on the 

brief).

Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, Law Guardian, 

attorney for the minor K.S.G. (Meredith A. Pollock, 

Deputy Public Defender, of counsel; Danielle Ruiz, 

Designated Counsel, on the brief).

Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, Law Guardian, 

attorney for the minors J.T.E. and A.J.T. (David B. 

Valentin, Assistant Deputy Public Defender, on the 

brief).

PER CURIAM

These three FG cases consist of two consolidated appeals (A-4072-17 and 

A-4631-17) (the consolidated appeals), and one back-to-back appeal (A-2848-

17). In the appeals, defendant J.R.H. (the mother) and defendant A.T. (the 
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father)1(collectively defendants) challenge orders terminating their parental 

rights. 

In the back-to-back appeal, the father appeals from a February 13, 2018 

order terminating his parental rights to his daughter (K.S.G. or Kelly)

2 born in 

July 2015. Kelly is thriving with resource parents, who wish to adopt her. The 

father resisted the services offered by the Division of Child Protection and 

Permanency (the Division), and struggled with substance abuse problems, 

unemployment, and lack of stable housing. Judge James R. Paganelli conducted 

the trial, entered the February 13, 2018 order, and rendered a thorough written

opinion. 

In the consolidated appeals, defendants appeal from April 26, 2018 orders

terminating their parental rights to two children. In A-4631-17, the father 

appeals from the termination of his parental rights to his daughter (A.J.T. or 

Anna), born in October 2012, whom he shares with the mother. In A-4072-17, 

the mother appeals from the termination of her rights to Anna, and to her son 

 

1

 The record refers to the father as A.T. and A.E.T. 

2 For the purposes of this opinion, we use fictitious names to protect the identity 

of the minors. Kelly has a different biological mother, who is not involved in 

this appeal.
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(J.T.E. or John) born in September 2004.3 Anna's resource parents wish to adopt 

her. The mother struggles with severe alcohol abuse, and refused to complete 

services. Judge Nora J. Grimbergen conducted this trial, entered the April 26, 

2018 orders, and likewise rendered a comprehensive opinion.

We affirm on each appeal. 

I.

Termination of a parent's rights to his or her children raises issues of a 

constitutional dimension. See, e.g., In re Guardianship of K.H.O., 161 N.J. 337, 

346 (1999); see also In re Guardianship of J.C., 129 N.J. 1, 9-10 (1992). The 

Legislature has recognized the importance of this constitutionally protected 

relationship between a parent and a child by imposing a high burden upon the

Division to terminate those rights in a guardianship case. That burden requires 

the Division to prove, by clear and convincing evidence, the following four 

prongs under N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a):

(1) The child's safety, health, or development has been 

or will continue to be endangered by the parental 

relationship;

(2) The parent is unwilling or unable to eliminate the 

harm facing the child or is unable or unwilling to 

provide a safe and stable home for the child and the 

delay of permanent placement will add to the harm. 

 

3

John has a different biological father, who is not involved in this appeal. 
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Such harm may include evidence that separating the 

child from his resource family parents would cause 

serious and enduring emotional or psychological harm 

to the child;

(3) The [D]ivision has made reasonable efforts to 

provide services to help the parent correct the 

circumstances which led to the child's placement 

outside the home and the court has considered 

alternatives to termination of parental rights; and

(4) Termination of parental rights will not do more 

harm than good.

The four prongs of the test are not "discrete and separate," but "relate to and 

overlap with one another to provide a comprehensive standard that identifies a 

child's best interests." K.H.O., 161 N.J. at 348. "The considerations involved 

in determinations of parental fitness are 'extremely fact sensitive' and require 

particularized evidence that address the specific circumstances in the given 

case." Ibid. (quoting In re Adoption of Children by L.A.S., 134 N.J. 127, 139 

(1993)).

"Because of the family courts' special jurisdiction and expertise in family 

matters, appellate courts should accord deference to [the judge's] fact[-]finding." 

Cesare v. Cesare, 154 N.J. 394, 413 (1998). Thus, the judge's findings of fact 

are not disturbed unless they are "so manifestly unsupported by or inconsistent 

with the competent, relevant and reasonably credible evidence as to offend the 
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interests of justice." Id. at 412 (quoting Rova Farms Resort, Inc. v. Inv'rs Ins. 

Co., 65 N.J. 474, 484 (1974)).

"When a biological parent resists termination of his or her parental rights, 

the [trial judge]'s function is to decide whether that parent has the capacity to 

eliminate any harm the child may already have suffered, and whether that parent 

can raise the child without inflicting any further harm." N.J. Div. of Youth & 

Family Servs. v. R.L., 388 N.J. Super. 81, 87 (App. Div. 2006). The judge's 

factual findings, "should not be disturbed unless 'they are so wholly 

insupportable as to result in a denial of justice,' and should be upheld whenever 

they are 'supported by adequate, substantial and credible evidence.'" In re 

Guardianship of J.T., 269 N.J. Super. 172, 188 (App. Div. 1993) (quoting Rova,

65 N.J. at 483-84). The father argues the Division failed to prove all four prongs 

of N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a). The mother contends that the Division failed to 

prove prongs one, three, and four. Here, the judges' applied the correct law and 

their findings are supported by substantial credible evidence in the record.

II.

We begin by addressing the father's contentions that the Division failed to 

meet its burden as to the four prongs in both trials.
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As to prong one, the father argues that there was no substantial, credible 

evidence in the record to find that Kelly's and Anna's safety, health, or 

development had been or would continue to be endangered by the parental 

relationship. He contends that because Anna and Kelly never resided with him, 

he could not have harmed them. We conclude that there exists substantial 

credible evidence to support the judges' findings that the Division proved prong 

one as to Kelly and Anna. 

As to Kelly, Judge Paganelli found the uncontroverted testimony of Dr. 

Peter DeNigris, a psychologist, to be credible. Dr. DeNigris opined that the 

father was not a viable caretaker. The father had an excessive history of poor 

judgment, and a lengthy history of substance abuse. He refused to engage in 

substance abuse treatment, and failed to acknowledge he had a substance abuse 

problem. The father had an extensive criminal history; a history involving 

domestic violence; failed to accept his role in the Division's involvement in the 

family's life; failed to attend visitation; and lacked an understanding of childcare 

despite attending a parenting skills class. 

As to Anna, Judge Grimbergen explained that the father failed to 

participate in services and consistently engage in visitation. The judge found 

the father demonstrated a history of poor judgment; including the failure to treat 
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his substance abuse problems and find stable housing. The judge concluded that 

Dr. DeNigris, who recited multiple examples of the father's poor judgment, was 

credible. 

The first prong of the best interests test requires that the Division 

demonstrate that the "child's safety, health, or development has been or will 

continue to be endangered by the parental relationship[.]" N.J.S.A. 30:4C15.1(a)(1); K.H.O., 161 N.J. at 352. Thus, a judge examines the effect of the 

harm that stems from the parent-child relationship over time. N.J. Div. of Youth 

& Family Servs. v. P.P., 180 N.J. 494, 506 (2004). The court may consider 

physical and psychological harm and, also, emotional injury in the absence of 

physical harm. In re Guardianship of R., G. & F., 155 N.J. Super. 186, 194 

(App. Div. 1977). The Court has explained that a parent's withdrawal of nurture 

and care for an extended period – like here – is a harm that endangers the health 

of a child. In re Guardianship of D.M.H., 161 N.J. 365, 379 (1999). A judge 

need not wait until the child is actually harmed by a parent's inattention or 

neglect. Id. at 383. 

As to prong two, Judge Paganelli found that the father was unwilling or 

unable to eliminate the risk of harm that he posed to Kelly. Specifically, the 

father failed to participate in substance abuse treatment and refused to admit that 
10 A-2848-17T1

he had a substance abuse problem, which made successful treatment unlikely. 

The father lacked an understanding of parenting skills, failed to comply with 

services, and did not remedy his parenting problems despite being given ample 

time. The judge also found that the father was unable to provide a safe and 

stable home due to his substance abuse, lack of understanding of child 

development, failure to obtain stable housing, and lack of consistent 

employment. 

As to prong two in the matter involving Anna, Judge Grimbergen held that 

the father was unwilling to address his substance abuse issues, failed to attend 

court hearings, and was "serially terminated" from services due to noncompliance. His attendance at visitation was sporadic. The judge accepted Dr. 

DeNigris's opinion that the father displayed poor judgment, that he had a poor 

prognosis for achieving sobriety, and that he was unfit to parent. The father was 

unwilling to eliminate his substance abuse problem. He made little to no effort 

to engage in a lifestyle that would be conducive to raising children, did not look 

for employment, and relied on others for financial support and housing. His 

transient lifestyle led to multiple arrests and incarceration.

As to prong three, Judge Paganelli found that the Division provided 

reasonable efforts to reunify the father with Kelly. And the judge found that the 
11 A-2848-17T1

Division provided tailored services to meet the father's needs. The judge 

considered alternatives to termination of parental rights, including relative 

assessments, kinship legal guardianship (KLG), independent living, and longterm specialized care. All of the alternatives were ruled-out. 

As for Anna, Judge Grimbergen found that the Division provided the 

father with services including substance abuse evaluations, substance abuse 

treatment, risk assessments, paternity testing, parenting classes, transportation,

and visitation. The judge considered alternatives to terminating the father's

parental rights, including relative placement options and KLG, but ruled them 

out. Anna's resource parents wish to adopt her.

Thus, there is ample evidence in the record to support each judges' 

conclusions that the Division provided reasonable services including substance 

abuse evaluations, substance abuse treatment, anger management courses, 

relapse prevention classes, individual and group counseling, family team 

meetings, paternity testing, drug screenings, psychiatric evaluations, bonding 

evaluations, psychological evaluations, bus passes and transportation assistance, 

and visitation and therapeutic visitation. The Division promptly identified and 

investigated relatives as possible placements for Kelly and Anna. As for Kelly, 

the Division investigated and ruled out the placement suggestions. And, as for 
12 A-2848-17T1

Anna, the Division evaluated and ruled-out several potential placements. At the 

time of trial, both girls were in permanent placements with resource families and 

had healthy bonds with their respective caregivers. 

As to prong four, Judge Paganelli found that terminating the father's rights 

to Kelly would not do more harm than good. The judge accepted Dr. DeNigris's 

opinion that the father and Kelly lacked a healthy bond; Kelly would not 

experience any harm if the judge terminated the father's rights; Kelly shared a 

healthy bond with her resource parent; and Kelly would experience harm if 

removed from her resource parent. The judge found that her resource parent

was "a capable and loving resource who is committed to adoption." 

Relying on Dr. DeNigris, Judge Grimbergen found that the father and 

Anna lacked a healthy bond. She found that Anna viewed her resource parents 

as her psychological parents and those individuals could meet her needs. The 

judge also found that Anna would suffer greater harm if her relationship with 

her resource parents was severed and that the termination of the father's rights 

would not do more harm than good. 

The fourth prong requires that the Division show that "[t]ermination of 

parental rights will not do more harm than good." N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a)(4). 

To evaluate whether the Division met this criteria, the court weighs the harm 
13 A-2848-17T1

that a child might suffer from the termination of parental rights against any harm 

stemming from the removal from the resource placement. K.H.O., 161 N.J. at 

355; N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. E.P., 196 N.J. 88, 108 (2008). 

Importantly, children should not "languish indefinitely" in a resource placement 

while a parent attempts to correct parenting difficulties. N.J. Div. of Youth & 

Family Servs. v. S.F., 392 N.J. Super. 201, 209 (App. Div. 2007). Termination 

is necessary under certain circumstances to allow children to have a secure and 

permanent home. See N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. B.G.S., 291 N.J.

Super. 582, 599 (App. Div. 1996). Here, the judges correctly relied on expert 

testimony to reach their conclusions. K.H.O., 161 N.J. at 363.

III.

We now turn to the mother's contentions that the Division failed to prove 

the first, third, and fourth prongs of the best interests test as to John and Anna.

As to prong one, the judge found that the mother harmed the children by 

her substantial substance abuse problem, her refusal to participate in treatment 

"meaningfully or consistently," and her repeated unwillingness to submit to 

urine screenings, despite being court-ordered to do so. The mother's alcohol 

abuse impaired her ability to function and parent. And the judge found that the 

mother's inconsistent visitation had caused the children "emotional difficulty." 
14 A-2848-17T1

The judge relied on testimony from Dr. DeNigris, who opined that the mother 

accepted minimal responsibility for how her actions contributed to the Division's 

involvement. Dr. DeNigris also opined that she would be unable to maintain 

sobriety for an extended period of time. 

The mother's alcohol problem, and use of other illicit substances, resulted 

in the children's removal from her care. And afterwards, she continued to drink

alcohol and use drugs in an incapacitating manner for years. Moreover, the 

mother had inconsistent attendance at visitation and struggled to care for the 

children effectively during those sessions. Again, a parent's withdrawal of care 

and nurture is harm that negatively affects the health and development of a child. 

D.M.H., 161 N.J. at 379. Moreover, as time progressed, the mother also 

struggled with providing a stable home. 

The mother argues for the first time that the judge erred by considering 

her substance abuse evaluation dated July 27, 2016. The admission of the

substance abuse evaluation and the judge's acknowledgement of the mother's 

drinking problem was not an error, much less an error capable of producing an 

unjust result. See R. 2:10-2. The record reflects that the mother admitted to 

drinking excessive amounts and conceded to her alcohol dependency during her 

repeated failed attempts at treatment. 
15 A-2848-17T1

Even without the July 2016 substance abuse evaluation, there was ample 

credible evidence in the record to support the judge's conclusion that the mother 

suffered from a substance abuse problem that required treatment. See State v. 

McCandless, 190 N.J. Super. 75, 79 (App. Div. 1983) (explaining that a judge 

can make permissible inferences based upon facts and common experience). A

trial judge's findings are given deference unless they are "so wide of the mark 

that a mistake must have been made." N.J. Div. of Youth and Family Servs. v. 

M.M., 189 N.J. 261, 279 (2007) (quoting C.B. Snyder Realty Inc. v. BMW of 

N. Am. Inc., 233 N.J. Super. 65, 69 (App. Div. 1989)). Here, the record supports 

the judge's inference that the mother suffered from an ongoing and pervasive 

substance abuse problem. 

Furthermore, the judge did not refer to the evaluation or the diagnosis in 

her findings of facts; instead, the judge acknowledged the mother's positive drug 

test conducted on the same date. The judge did not refer to either the evaluation 

or the diagnosis in her conclusions of law. The judge based her findings on the 

testimony of Dr. DeNigris, the mother's routine failure to submit to drug 

screenings, and the mother's inability to complete substance abuse treatment. 

Thus, there is no indication in the judge's opinion that she relied upon the July 

27, 2016, diagnosis when she formulated her conclusions. 
16 A-2848-17T1

As to prong three, the judge found the Division provided referrals for 

substance abuse evaluations, substance abuse treatment programs,

psychological evaluations, bonding evaluations, family team meetings,

individual therapy, visitation, and transportation. Also, the Division explored 

relative placements, and considered alternatives to the termination of parental 

rights, including KLG. In fact, the Division considered several alternative 

placements with family members or family friends prior to seeking the 

termination of parental rights, but those individuals were ultimately ruled-out or 

did not timely respond to the Division. The Division is only obligated to assess 

"each interested relative's ability to provide . . . care and support[.]" N.J.S.A. 

30:4C-12.1(a). KLG is not an option when adoption is both feasible and likely. 

P.P., 180 N.J. at 512-13. Here, the caseworker testified that the plan for Anna 

was adoption and, therefore, KLG was not available. 

As to prong four, the judge found that the mother lacked a healthy 

relationship with Anna and John. She found that the mother struggled to give 

both John and Anna attention, did not participate in visitation, and failed to 

understand that the children may need services to adjust with the transition if 

reunification occurred. 
17 A-2848-17T1

The judge found that Anna would suffer greater harm if removed from her 

resource parents, than if the mother's rights were terminated. Anna was thriving 

in her resource placement where she had been since November 2016. Anna 

considers her resource parents to be her psychological parents and has a healthy 

bond with them. 

The mother also failed to understand John's needs. Although John lacked 

an adoptive home, the judge believed that freeing him for adoption provided him 

with more opportunities to find permanent placement. The judge heard 

testimony that John would have more opportunities for adoption if he were 

legally free. The Court has stated that "there will be circumstances when the 

termination of parental rights must precede the permanency plan." N.J. Div. of 

Youth & Family Servs. v. A.W., 103 N.J. 591, 611 (1986); see also B.G.S., 291 

N.J. Super. at 592-93 (stating that it was not in best interests of a child to 

indefinitely prolong resolution of the child's status when a parent is unable to 

provide proper care). Such is the case here.

To the extent that we have not addressed all of the parties' arguments, we 

conclude that they lack sufficient merit to warrant discussion in this written 

opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E). We otherwise affirm for the reasons expressed by 

the judges.
18 A-2848-17T1

Affirmed.