J-A04036-20

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

IN RE: GARY W. THOMSON

APPEAL OF: JAMES W. THOMSONCALIENDO

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 1075 EDA 2019

Appeal from the Order Entered March 19, 2019

In the Court of Common Pleas of Pike County Civil Division at No(s): 31-

2018 OC

BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., STRASSBURGER, J.*, and COLINS, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY COLINS, J.: FILED JUNE 23, 2020

This appeal arises out of the March 19, 2019 order of the orphans’ court 

relating to the trust established by Eleanor R. Thomson (Eleanor) in her will 

for the benefit of her son Gary Wayne Thomson (Gary). James William 

Thomson-Caliendo (James), the trustee of the trust and also Gary’s brother, 

appeals from the order arguing that it infringes on his discretion, reduces 

certain obligations that the trust imposed upon Gary, and improperly ordered 

an award of attorneys’ fees from the trust in favor of Gary. We affirm the 

order in part, vacate it in part, and remand for further proceedings consistent 

with this decision.

____________________________________________

* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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Eleanor died on February 8, 2014 leaving a will that divided her estate 

in equal shares among her five children. Exhibit P-1, Eleanor Thomson Will 

¶1. The will provided that Gary’s share would be placed in trust as follows:

If my son GARY WAYNE THOMSON survives me, I direct that the 

share of my estate distributable to him shall be retained by my 

Trustee, hereinafter named, IN TRUST, to invest and reinvest the 

same, to collect the income, and after paying all expenses incident 

to the management of the Trust, to use and apply as much of the 

net income and principal as may be necessary, in the sole and 

absolute discretion of my Trustee, for GARY’s maintenance, 

support, and well-being, provided that GARY has proven to the 

satisfaction of my Trustee, in my Trustee’s sole and absolute 

discretion, that GARY is and remains alcohol and drug free, 

capable of holding employment, and capable of making 

responsible financial decisions.

Id. ¶2. The will further provided that any remaining trust funds at Gary’s 

death would be distributed equally to his two sons, per stirpes. Id.

On May 25, 2018, Gary filed a petition to terminate the trust or, in the 

alternative, to remove James as the trustee; Gary also sought distributions 

from the trust for his living expenses.

1

 A hearing was held in the orphans’ 

court on September 10, 2018. The testimony and evidence submitted at the 

____________________________________________

1 Although Eleanor died in Philadelphia and the will was probated there, Gary 

filed the petition in Pike County, where he resides. James did not argue below 

that venue was improper in the Court of Common Pleas of Pike County. Cf.

20 Pa.C.S. § 722 (“When a Pennsylvania court has jurisdiction of any trust, 

testamentary or inter vivos, except as otherwise provided by law, the venue 

for all purposes shall be in the county where at the time being is the situs of 

the trust. The situs of the trust shall remain in the county of the court which 

first assumed jurisdiction of the trust, unless and until such court shall order 

a change of situs under the provisions of this chapter.”); 20 Pa.C.S. § 

7708(b)(1)(i) (providing that the situs of a testamentary trust is where letters 

were granted to the personal representative).
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hearing demonstrated that Gary, who was 55 at the time of the hearing, was 

living in a dilapidated travel trailer parked on his friends’ property in Pike 

County. Gary testified at the hearing that the trailer had a leaky roof and 

insufficient heating and that he owed at least $10,000 in rent. Gary testified 

that he also owed over $17,000 to the IRS in back taxes and interests from 

the 2015 tax year, which resulted in the IRS filing a lien against him. Gary 

owns a pickup truck that requires a new transmission and other substantial 

repairs in order to be brought into working condition. Gary, who had worked 

as a union roofer in Philadelphia from the age of 17, sustained a serious 

shoulder injury, and, in July 2018, the Social Security Administration

determined that he was disabled and eligible for $750 monthly Supplemental 

Security Income (SSI) disability benefits, back-dated from the date of his 

application in January 2018. 

Gary acknowledged at the hearing that he had previously abused drugs 

and alcohol, and that, at the time of his mother’s death, he was incarcerated 

on a 90-day sentence for “[d]riving on a DUI suspended license.” N.T., 

9/10/18, at 50. However, Gary successfully completed a drug and alcohol 

rehabilitation program in 2017, and he testified at the hearing that he

remained drug and alcohol free through the date of the hearing. Gary 

submitted into evidence reports from three negative drug and alcohol urine 

tests from March, May, and August 2018.

Gary and James are estranged and, prior to the hearing, had not spoken

since their father’s funeral in 2002. The correspondence submitted into 
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evidence between Gary and James likewise reveals a difficult history of the 

administration of the trust. Gary had begun requesting funds from the trust 

to pay for his living expenses as early as February 2016, but James had not 

made any distributions until Gary submitted the results of his first urine test; 

James then issued three distributions between April and June 2018 totaling 

approximately $6,200. The trust was managed by Charles Schwab and had a 

value of over $715,000 as of December 2017, having grown from 

approximately $567,000 in March 2016. Gary submitted expense statements 

to the orphans’ court and testified regarding the distributions he sought from 

the trust, including $169,000 for the purchase of a three bedroom home, 

$10,000 for repairs to his truck, and funds to pay his IRS debt and back rent 

for his trailer, in addition to his regular monthly expenses.

Following an unsuccessful settlement conference, the orphans’ court 

issued an opinion and order on March 19, 2019. In its order, the orphans’ 

court denied Gary’s petition to the extent it sought to terminate the Trust or 

remove James as trustee. Order, 3/19/19, ¶¶1-2. However, the orphans’ 

court directed James to make the following distributions within 20 days of the 

order: (i) issue a check payable to Gary’s attorney to satisfy the negotiated 

IRS lien; (ii) issue a check to Gary’s attorney in the amount of $13,957.10 for 

legal fees through December 31, 2018 and any additional amount of accrued 

legal fees; and (iii) issue a check to Gary in the amount of $40,000, 

representing eight monthly payments of $5,000 per month from the date of 

the hearing through the date of the order. Id. ¶3. The orphans’ court further 
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directed James to make future monthly payments of $5,000 to Gary upon 

Gary submitting proof quarterly that he is substance and alcohol free. Id. ¶4. 

The order also provided that Gary “shall be permitted to select his own health 

insurance plan” and that James “shall not deny Gary [] adequate housing.” 

Id. ¶¶5-6.

In its opinion, the orphans’ court found that James had seriously 

breached his duties as trustee, had not acted in good faith, and that the 

purpose of the trust was not being fulfilled. Opinion, 3/19/19, at 6 (citing 20 

Pa.C.S. § 7766 (relating to removal of trustee)). The court based these 

determinations on the fact that James had undertaken no efforts to 

understand Gary’s dire financial situation and he had the unrealistic 

expectation that Gary could survive on under $24,000 per year. Id. at 6-7. 

Moreover, the court noted that the relationship between the brothers on a 

personal level is non-existent and James has made unrealistic, excessive 

demands in correspondence with Gary. Id. at 2. 

The court, however, declined to remove James as trustee because there 

was insufficient evidence that either their sister Jennifer, who was designated 

as the successor trustee in Eleanor’s will, or any other party was willing and 

able to replace James as trustee. Id. at 7-8. The orphans’ court also declined 

to terminate the trust because no testimony was adduced as to how Gary 

would manage the funds if they were disbursed to him and the funds were 

being well-managed. Id. at 8. The orphans’ court also found that all of the 

distributions requested by Gary and the expenses noted in his presentation to 
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the court were reasonable. Id. at 10-11. The orphans’ court based its 

distribution on expense statements submitted by Gary, which did not 

incorporate his SSI income or his food stamp and other benefits. Id.; see 

also Exhibits P-17, P-18.

Regarding the three conditions imposed on Gary pursuant to the trust, 

the orphans’ court found that testing was the only reasonable manner by 

which Gary could substantiate that he was not using drugs or alcohol, but 

James had not distributed any funds to allow Gary to pay for the tests or to 

arrange transportation to get to a testing site. Id. at 5. The court further 

found that the obligation that Gary be capable of employment could no longer 

be seen as a trust requirement because Gary had been determined to be 

disabled by the Social Security Administration. Id. With regard to the 

requirement that Gary be “capable of making responsible financial decisions,” 

the court concluded that this requirement is so vague as to be unenforceable 

and that, apart from the fact that Gary had accrued over $17,000 in debt to 

the IRS, James had not submitted any other evidence to substantiate that 

Gary could not manage his finances. Id. at 5-6. 

James filed a timely appeal of the orphans’ court’s March 19, 2019 

order.2 James raises the following issues on appeal:

A. Did the orphans’ court err as a matter of law when it deviated 

from the settlor’s intent by disregarding the trust require[ment] 

____________________________________________

2 James filed his concise statement of errors complained of on appeal on May 

8, 2019. The orphans’ court filed its Rule 1925(a) opinion on June 3, 2019, 

in which it relied on the reasons stated in its March 19, 2019 opinion. 
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that the beneficiary must satisfy the trustee of his sobriety, 

employment and financial situation before being eligible for a trust 

distribution?

B. Did the orphans’ court err as a matter of law when it 

misinterpret[ed] the settlor’s intent by not allowing the trustee to 

consider the beneficiary’s government benefits when making a 

distribution, and instead, ordered a direct payment from the trust 

to the beneficiary which disqualified him from benefits?

C. Did the orphans’ court abuse its discretion by ignoring the 

beneficiary’s duty to provide information to the trustee and then 

relying on information not available to the trustee in determining 

he abused his discretion, and ordering distributions which will 

allow the beneficiary to determine the amounts to be distributed?

D. Did the orphans’ court err by ordering the beneficiary’s 

attorney’s fees be paid from the trust even though there is no 

legal authority for doing so, and when the amount awarded was 

unspecified and unsupported by the record?

James’ Brief at 5 (unnecessary capitalization omitted).

When reviewing an order entered by the orphans' court, the “decision 

will not be reversed unless there has been an abuse of discretion or a 

fundamental error in applying the correct principles of law.” In re Estate of 

Leipold, 208 A.3d 507, 510 (Pa. Super. 2019) (citation omitted). We review 

the orphans’ court’s findings of fact with deference to determine “whether the 

record is free from legal error and the court's factual findings are supported 

by the evidence.” Id. (citation omitted). The orphans’ court, as fact-finder, 

determines the credibility of the witnesses and as such its credibility 

determinations will not be reversed absent an abuse of that discretion. Id.

The interpretation of a trust presents a question of law. In re Jackson, 

174 A.3d 14, 29 (Pa. Super. 2017). As such, our standard of review is de 
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novo, and our scope of review is plenary. Id. We are guided by the following 

principles in interpreting a trust:

In interpreting a trust instrument, the intent of the settlor is 

paramount and if that intent is not contrary to law, it must prevail. 

The settlor’s intent is to be determined from all the language 

within the four corners of the trust instrument, the scheme of 

distribution, and the circumstances surrounding the execution of 

the instrument. Only when the language of the trust is ambiguous 

or conflicting or when the settlor’s intent cannot be garnered from 

the trust language do the tenets of trust construction become 

applicable. However great the temptation is to supply terms in 

accordance with what the settlor presumably would have provided 

had the omission been called to his attention, the court is without 

power to reform an unambiguous instrument.

In re Insurance Trust Agreement of Sawders, 201 A.3d 192, 197 (Pa. 

Super. 2018) (citations and quotation marks omitted).

I.

In his first issue, James challenges the orphans’ court’s order to the 

extent it imposed the following prospective monthly distributions:

4. Trustee James [] shall forthwith issue a monthly check in the 

amount of $5,000 beginning April 1, 2019 to Gary [] upon proof 

of Gary’s being substance and alcohol free. Gary shall provide 

proof of same quarterly beginning April 1, 2019 and every three

(3) months thereafter.

Order, 3/19/19, ¶4. James argues that the orphans’ court’s order “completely 

discards the settlor’s intentions in favor of new less restrictive Trust terms” 

and “took away James’ sole and absolute discretion to make maintenance, 

support and well-being decisions.” James’ Brief at 23. James contends that 

the orphans’ court removed entirely two of the requirements set forth in the 
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will by holding that Gary need not show that he was capable of employment 

because he was receiving SSI disability benefits and that the requirement that 

Gary make responsible financial decisions was vague and imposed no 

workable standard. James argues that the orphans’ court improperly limited 

the third requirement – that Gary remain drug and alcohol free – to only 

quarterly drug and alcohol tests. Finally, James argues that the court’s 

fashioning of a prospective remedy at a fixed $5,000 per month payment does 

not afford James the discretion he was granted in the trust instrument and 

“allows no sensitivity to [Gary’s] changing needs and the Trust’s 

performance.” Id. at 24-25.

We agree with James that the orphans’ court’s improperly restricted the 

trustee’s oversight of Gary’s compliance with the trust requirements. 

“Pennsylvania follows the view of the Restatement of Trusts that when 

discretion is conferred upon a trustee with respect to the exercise of a power, 

its exercise is not subject to control by the courts, except to prevent an abuse 

by the trustee of his discretion.” In re Scheidmantel, 868 A.2d 464, 481 

(Pa. Super. 2005) (citing Restatement (First) of Trusts § 187 (1929)). 

“Generally, this Court will not interfere with the exercise of a discretionary 

power by a trustee unless the trustee in exercising or failing to exercise the 

power acts dishonestly, or with an improper even though not a dishonest 

motive, or fails to use his judgment, or acts beyond the bounds of reasonable 

judgment.” Id. at 482 (citation and quotation marks omitted). However, a 

court may interfere in the trustee’s exercise of his duties when the trustee 
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acts outside the bounds of reasonable judgment, “[n]o matter how wide the 

field within which” the trustee is empowered to act. Id. at 481.

The will provides that James, as trustee, shall apply income and principal 

of the trust for Gary’s maintenance, support, and well-being so long as Gary 

“has proven to the satisfaction of” James, in his “sole and absolute discretion,” 

that Gary “remains alcohol and drug free, capable of holding employment, and 

capable of making responsible financial decisions.” Exhibit P-1, Eleanor 

Thomson Will ¶2. The plain language makes clear Eleanor’s intention that 

Gary was required to alter his behavior in these three ways before he would 

be entitled to his share of her estate and that Gary’s brother, James, would 

serve as the sole arbiter of Gary’s compliance. We place special emphasis on 

the fact that Eleanor provided the trustee with the “sole” and “absolute” 

discretion, which demonstrated the broadness of the zone of discretion in 

which the trustee can act. See Lang v. Department of Public Welfare, 

528 A.2d 1335, 1342-43 & n.10 (Pa. 1987) (noting that a trust document’s 

use of qualifiers such as “complete,” “absolute,” or “unlimited” demonstrate a 

broadened, albeit not entirely unconstrained, zone of discretion for a trustee); 

In re Estate of Tashjian, 544 A.2d 67, 71 (Pa. Super. 1988) (the use of the 

adjective “sole” in reference to a trustee’s discretion “emphasizes the 

especially broad or exclusive nature of a trustee’s discretion”). As the 

orphans’ court put it, Eleanor’s intention was “to impose restrictions on the 

trust monies available to Gary to ensure that he remained on a healthy path.” 

Opinion, 3/19/19, at 3.
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The orphans’ court’s decision, however, effectively supplanted the 

authority entrusted to James under the will and shifted the burden to James 

to prove that Gary was not adhering to the trust’s terms. First, the orphans’ 

court’s conclusion that Gary can satisfy the requirement that he remain drug 

and alcohol free solely through a quarterly urine test does not allow the trustee 

to devise a way to confirm that Gary remains substance-free in the intervals 

between tests. Second, while the orphans’ court correctly determined that 

Gary’s SSI disability currently renders him unable to resume work, Gary 

remains under a continuing obligation to demonstrate that his disability 

prevents future employment. Regarding the third requirement, while we 

agree with the orphans’ court that the financial responsibility requirement is 

an amorphous standard, we cannot agree that the vagueness of the 

requirement renders it entirely unenforceable. Rather, as trustee, James was 

endowed with the authority to reasonably ensure that Gary was making 

responsible financial decisions through such efforts as requiring that Gary 

provide information on his expected and actual expenditures and confirmation 

that he was taking such essential actions as filing his taxes. Finally, we note 

that the orphans’ court’s imposition of a $5,000 monthly payment in 

perpetuity does not take into account any change in circumstances that might 

require that this amount be decreased or increased in order to provide for 

Gary’s maintenance, support, and well-being.

Gary argues that the orphans’ court’s restrictions on James’ authority 

as trustee should be affirmed because James did not meet his fiduciary duties 
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as trustee due in large part to his personal animosity to Gary. Gary contends 

that he was in fact in compliance with the terms of the trust and the orphans’ 

court was required to ensure that Gary received necessary distributions. 

According to Gary, the orphans’ court did not divest James of his discretion 

but rather rectified James’ abuses of discretion by awarding Gary the trust 

funds to which he was rightfully entitled. 

We agree with Gary that the record supports the orphans’ court’s 

conclusion that James showed a persistent unwillingness and inability to 

administer the trust in the interest of the beneficiary of the trust, Gary. See

20 Pa.C.S. § 7766(b)(3) (providing that a trustee’s failure to “effectively 

administer[] the trust because of the trustee’s unfitness, unwillingness or 

persistent failures” may serve as the basis for the trustee’s removal); In re 

Paxson Trust I, 893 A.2d 99, 119 (Pa. Super. 2006) (“In general, the trustee 

is under a duty to the beneficiary to administer the trust solely in the interest 

of the beneficiary.” (citation, brackets, and quotation marks omitted)). Ample 

evidence was adduced at the orphans’ court hearing showing James’ inability 

to effectively communicate with Gary, his lack of understanding of and lack of 

curiosity to learn about Gary’s living conditions, and his copious demands for 

information and releases from Gary, many of which were unnecessary for 

James’ effective administration of the trust.3 

____________________________________________

3

In addition, we note a troubling June 17, 2016 letter in which James refused 

to respond to Gary’s inquiries in two prior letters regarding the status of the 
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However, the record does not reflect any deficiencies in James’ 

performance as trustee with respect to his determinations of Gary’s 

compliance with the three trust requirements. Gary first submitted proof of 

his negative drug and alcohol tests in April 2018, at which point James initiated 

three provisional monthly distributions to Gary. Furthermore, Gary did not 

submit documentation substantiating his disability or receipt of SSI benefits 

until the date of the hearing. Likewise, Gary refused to provide James with 

any documentation of his expenses until the hearing. Thus, to the extent the 

____________________________________________

trust because Gary had stated in his letters that he had received advice from 

an attorney. Exhibit R-1, at 16. James improperly invoked Pennsylvania Rule 

of Professional Conduct 4.2, which prohibits attorney communications to a 

person represented by counsel, as the basis for his refusal to respond to Gary 

even though James is not an attorney. Id.; see Pa.R.P.C. 4.2, Explanatory 

Comment 4 (“Parties to a matter may communicate directly with each other, 

and a lawyer is not prohibited from advising a client concerning a 

communication that the client is legally entitled to make.”). Separately, when 

Gary’s counsel first wrote James in April 2018 with a letter addressed to the 

trustee’s residence in Florida, an address Gary had previously used, James 

responded that Gary’s counsel should write instead to his P.O. box and 

threatening to “ask the Court to admonish your office and move for a penalty 

for each and every prospective violation of this request.” Exhibit R-3, at 344. 

James did not identify a legal basis for such “penalty.”

We further observe that the relationship between the brothers had so soured

that James hired – at the trust’s expense – a “personal security escort” to 

accompany him to the orphans’ court hearing based on his perception that 

Gary and his “clan” of “biker” friends were prone to violence. N.T., 9/10/18, 

at 125-26. While we understand that a certain amount of friction may be 

expected when one sibling serves as a trustee of a trust for the benefit of 

another sibling, we question whether a trustee can continue to serve in his 

role if he cannot appear at a court hearing with the beneficiary without fearing 

for his personal safety. Cf. Restatement (Third) of Trusts § 37, Comment e.1

(2003) (stating that an incurable breakdown in communications may justify 

the trustee’s removal).
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orphans’ court had authority to oversee the prospective distributions to Gary, 

we conclude that the court abused its discretion by determining that Gary was 

and would remain in compliance with his obligations under the trust and by 

setting a fixed $5,000 distribution rate from which James could not increase 

or decrease the distributions as circumstances require.

II.

In his next issue, James argues that the orphans’ court erred by 

interpreting the trust as requiring distributions to Gary in a fixed amount 

without any consideration of Gary’s government benefits or other sources of 

income. In support of this argument, James points to the terms of the trust 

that give the trustee sole discretion to apply as much of the trust principal and 

income as necessary for Gary’s maintenance, support, and well-being. James 

also highlights the circumstances surrounding the creation of the trust, which 

James contends show that the Eleanor was aware of Gary’s struggles with 

alcohol and drugs and she did not want to provide him with excess money 

that he could use to indulge in his habits. 

In Estate of Tashjian, this Court summarized the relevant legal 

principles relating to this issue as follows:

The question of whether a trustee should consider the 

independent resources of a trust beneficiary has been frequently 

litigated in Pennsylvania and in other jurisdictions. In the majority 

of cases, Pennsylvania courts have concluded that by establishing 

a testamentary trust, the testator intended to relieve the 

beneficiary of the need to pay for living expenses out of her own 

funds. In Demitz’ Estate, 208 A.2d 280 (Pa. 1965), the 

Pennsylvania Supreme Court summarized the case law on this 
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subject by stating that: “Where a trustee has been given 

discretionary power to invade principal, the general rule is that 

the existence of an independent estate by a wife is not sufficient 

justification for a trustee’s refusal to pay principal for her 

maintenance and support.” 208 A.2d at 282. Thus, in the absence 

of evidence of a contrary intent, an ambiguous trust provision 

should ordinarily be viewed as authorizing the invasion of trust 

principal even where the beneficiary has access to substantial 

income from other sources.

544 A.2d at 70 (some citations omitted). However, the Court noted that this 

general rule “should not be rigidly or mechanically applied” and that “the 

primary goal of a court is to effectuate the intent of the testator.” Id. The 

Court noted that this “individualized,” “case-by-case approach” is consistent 

with the majority rule in other jurisdictions:

It is a question of interpretation whether the beneficiary is entitled 

to support out of the trust fund even though he has other 

resources. Where the trustee is directed to pay to the beneficiary 

or to apply for him so much as is necessary for his maintenance 

and support, the inference is that the settlor intended that he 

should receive his support from the trust estate, even though he 

might have other resources. The settlor may, however, manifest 

an intention that the trust property should be applied to his 

support only if and to the extent that he is in actual need, in which 

case he is not entitled to support out of the trust fund if he has 

other sufficient resources.

Id. at 71 (quoting 2 A. Scott, The Law of Trusts, § 128.4 at 353–55 (4th ed. 

1987)). 

In Estate of Tashjian, a husband left a portion of his estate in trust to 

his wife with the provision that she receive net income for life along with any 

other amount of principal that the trustee, “in her sole discretion, determines 

necessary for the support and maintenance of said wife.” Id. at 68. This 
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Court found that the trustee could appropriately take into account the 

beneficiary’s substantial other income; first, we noted that the trust granted 

the trustee with wide discretion in deciding whether to invade the trust 

principal. Id. at 71. In addition, this Court highlighted that the circumstances 

of the execution of the trust showed that the wife lived comfortably on the 

trust income and social security benefits, the wife had little financial literacy, 

and the husband intended the trust to keep the trust corpus from falling into 

the hands of a disinherited son. Id. at 71-72.

In the present case, we are not persuaded that the terms of the trust 

require a departure from the general rule that support payments should be 

made without regard to the beneficiary’s other sources of income. Demitz’ 

Estate, 208 A.2d at 282; Estate of Tashjian, 544 A.2d at 70. We 

acknowledge that the trust grants the trustee “sole and absolute discretion” 

to determine the distributions to be made for Gary’s benefit, lending support 

to James’ contention that he has complete authority to limit payments to Gary. 

Exhibit P-1, Eleanor Thomson Will ¶2; see also Lang, 528 A.2d at 1342-43 

& n.10; Estate of Tashjian, 544 A.2d at 71. However, unlike in Estate of 

Tashjian where the beneficiary was not “in actual need” of trust principal 

distributions, 544 A.2d at 71-72, Gary’s existing assets and income does not 

afford him a comfortable standard of living, but rather his SSI disability 

payments and food stamp benefits are the result of his impoverished financial 
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state; the parties agree that Gary will be required to forgo these benefits upon 

the receipt of trust distributions.4 

Furthermore, while in Estate of Tashjian the trust provided for the 

payment of trust income and only so much of the principal as necessary to 

support the beneficiary, id. at 68, here the trust imposes no limitation on the 

spending of trust income, providing that the trustee shall “use and apply as 

much of the net income and principal as may be necessary” for Gary’s 

“maintenance, support, and well-being.” Exhibit P-1, Eleanor Thomson Will 

¶2. We take particular note of the fact that the trust provides not only for 

Gary’s maintenance and support, but also for his well-being; with this latter 

requirement, Eleanor expressed an intention to afford Gary a more 

comfortable lifestyle beyond provision for shelter, food, clothing and other 

bare essentials. See Lang, 528 A.2d at 1342 (“The use of the words ‘welfare 

and benefit’ in addition to the usual ‘support and maintenance’ language in 

the first clause of [the trust], which defines the support standard, also 

indicates an intent to give [the] trustee the discretion to do more than ensure 

a minimum standard of living for [the beneficiary].”); In re Swinson’s 

____________________________________________

4 James further argues that, because Gary’s receipt of trust funds would 

disqualify him from SSI benefits pursuant to federal regulations, James should 

be permitted to make distributions on Gary’s behalf rather than directly to 

Gary in order to protect his receipt of the benefits. James appears to be 

arguing that Gary’s SSI “disability” entitles him to convert the trust into a 

special needs trust. But see 62 P.S. § 1414 (setting forth requirements to 

establish special needs trust). James did not seek relief on this basis in the

orphans’ court, nor did the orphans’ court rule on this issue; therefore, we will 

not address James’ arguments on this point in this decision. 
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Estate, 74 A.2d 485, 486 (Pa. Super. 1950) (observing that a trust providing 

for the “care, support and maintenance” of a beneficiary – as opposed to 

merely “maintenance and support” – indicated an intention to provide for 

payment of funeral expenses even though not explicitly provided for in the 

trust); Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019) (defining “support” as 

“[s]ustenance or maintenance; esp., articles such as food and clothing that 

allow one to live in the degree of comfort to which one is accustomed”); 

Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 2595 (2002) (defining “wellbeing” as “a condition characterized by happiness, health, or prosperity” and 

“moral or physical welfare”).

Finally, we reject James’ argument that the circumstances surrounding 

the creation of the trust evinced Eleanor’s intention to only provide Gary with 

the bare minimum distributions for his living expenses so that Gary would not 

be tempted to use excess funds to purchase drugs and alcohol. The conditions 

imposed upon Gary’s receipt of funds under the trust makes clear that he is 

only able to receive distributions from the trust upon showing that he is 

financially responsible, employed, and substance-free. Therefore, Eleanor 

expressed a prophylactic intention to keep trust funds from Gary until he had 

satisfied the trust requirements, but she did not intend to limit distributions 

to Gary for his maintenance, support, and well-being once he had reformed 

his unhealthy habits. 
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III.

In his third appellate issue, James claims that the orphans’ court abused 

its discretion in four respects.

5

 First, James argues that the court abused its 

discretion by disregarding the remainder beneficiaries under the trust. The 

will provides that:

In the event GARY dies before all such Trust funds are distributed, 

the balance of principal and in any accumulation of income 

remaining in the hands of my Trustee at the time of Gary’s death 

shall be distributed equally to his children, CORY TRAVIS 

THOMSON and MARSHAL DAMIEN THOMSON, per stirpes.

Exhibit P-1, Eleanor Thomson Will ¶2. James argues that, as a result of the 

trust language, he “has a duty to balance the lifetime and remainder 

beneficiaries’ interest.” James’ Brief at 35. 

This argument misconstrues the interests of Gary’s sons. Pennsylvania 

law provides that “[s]ubject to the specific language of the trust instrument, 

a trustee under Pennsylvania law must exercise discretion in preserving the 

balance of interests between successive beneficiaries.” In re Estate of 

Feinstein, 527 A.2d 1034, 1037 (Pa. Super. 1987); see also 20 Pa.C.S. § 

7773 (setting forth duty of impartiality where trust has more than one 

beneficiary); In re Estate of Weiss, 309 A.2d 793, 799 (Pa. 1973); 

Scheidmantel, 868 A.2d at 482. This duty of impartiality between successive 

beneficiaries attaches, however, in cases where the trust directs that income 

____________________________________________

5 James raises four additional issues with the orphans’ court’s order and 

supporting opinion in his brief, which we have addressed in our analysis of 

James’ first two appellate issues. 
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or a portion of the trust’s assets be paid to one beneficiary for a set period or 

that beneficiary’s lifetime, with the remainder to be paid to a different

beneficiary. See Estate of Weiss, 309 A.2d at 799 (the rule of impartiality 

between successive beneficiaries applies “where the beneficiaries are 

successive, and occupy the positions of income beneficiary and 

remainderman”); Estate of Feinstein, 527 A.2d at 1035, 1037 (trustee was 

required to balance interests of beneficiaries where trust provided that 5% of 

net trust value be paid to two beneficiaries for their lifetime and, upon their 

death, remainder of assets would be paid to charity); Restatement (Third) of 

Trusts § 79, Comment e (2007); Restatement (Second) of Trust § 232, 

Comments b, d (1959). The duty to successive beneficiaries does not apply 

to a “wholly discretionary trust, which involves discretionary beneficial 

interests [] that, with or without standards (e.g., ‘support’) to guide the 

trustee, do not distinguish between income and principal sources and 

therefore allow the trustee to disregard income productivity in managing trust 

investments.” Restatement (Third) of Trusts § 79, Comment f (2007).

The trust in this case provides the trustee with wide discretion to “use

and apply as much of the net income and principal as may be necessary” for 

Gary’s maintenance, support, and well-being. Exhibit P-1, Eleanor Thomson 

Will ¶2. No requirement is set forth that the trustee must reserve any income 

or principal to pay to Gary’s sons upon Gary’s death. Thus, with respect to 

Gary’s sons, James currently owes no more of a duty than to administer the 

trust in good faith and preserve the assets of the trust. 20 Pa.C.S. §§ 7771, 
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7772, 7774; Estate of Pew, 655 A.2d 521, 542 (Pa. Super. 1994). No issue 

was raised with respect to James’ management of the assets of the trust, and, 

therefore, the orphans’ court did not err or abuse its discretion in failing to 

account for the interests of Gary’s sons in its order and opinion. 

Next, James argues that the orphans’ court abused its discretion by 

ordering that Gary “shall be permitted to select his own health insurance plan.” 

Order, 3/19/19, ¶5. James argues that this order impinged on his discretion 

as trustee to oversee distributions to Gary to the extent it could be interpreted 

to require the trust to write a “blank check” to cover the premium for any 

health insurance plan Gary selected. James’ Brief at 36.

As the orphans’ court explained in its opinion, Gary’s health insurance 

was one of the many disputed issues at the hearing. Opinion, 3/19/19, at 9-

10. In their correspondence, James urged Gary on several occasions to 

contact a non-profit in Philadelphia that would assist him in obtaining health 

insurance and sent several release forms to authorize the release of Gary’s 

medical records. While it appears that Gary understood James’ repeated 

requests to contact the non-profit as demands that he do so, James did not 

explicitly condition any release of funds on Gary obtaining coverage through 

the non-profit. At the orphans’ court hearing, Gary testified that he receives 

health insurance coverage through “welfare,” he could “buy [his] own health 

insurance,” and he did not need James’ assistance in procuring insurance. 

N.T., 9/10/18, at 79. However, in correspondence, Gary’s counsel also 

requested James’ assistance in procuring health insurance. 
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We are not persuaded that the statement in the orphans’ court’s order 

that Gary “shall be permitted to select his own health insurance plan” 

constitutes an abuse of discretion. The order is technically consistent with the 

trust as the text of that instrument does not authorize the trustee to have any 

role in Gary’s medical decisions, including his choice of health care providers 

or insurers. Furthermore, although the orphans’ court does not explicitly state 

that the trustee is required to reimburse Gary’s coverage, the trust’s provision 

for Gary’s well-being indicates that the trustee should provide Gary funds for 

his so long as Gary needs such assistance and he is in compliance with the 

trust’s terms. Nevertheless, we do not interpret the orphans’ court’s order as 

requiring James to fully relinquish his discretion to approve distributions and 

agree to release any amount of funds Gary would request for his health care 

needs. As Gary has not yet requested, nor has James refused, distributions 

from the trust for health insurance, we need not address any potential dispute 

that might arise in the future with respect to health care distributions. See

Yocum v. Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board, 161 A.3d 228, 234 (Pa. 

2017) (claims that are speculative, not concrete, and would require courts to 

issue advisory opinions are non-justiciable). 

James next challenges the portion of the orphans’ court’s order 

providing that James, as trustee, ”shall not deny Gary [] adequate housing.” 

Order, 3/19/19, ¶6. James argues that this order, in conjunction with the 

orphans’ court’s discussion in its opinion of Gary’s desire to purchase a three 

bedroom house near his current residence that had been listed for $169,000, 
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Opinion, 3/19/19, at 9, encroaches on his sole discretion to determine the 

appropriateness of distributions to Gary. 

Again, under the terms of the trust, we do not discern an abuse of 

discretion in the orphans’ court’s order. The order provides that distributions 

shall be made to Gary for his maintenance, support, and well-being if he 

satisfies the three trust requirements, which the orphans’ court accurately

interpreted as requiring that the trust provide for Gary’s housing should he 

have a need for housing. However, neither the order nor the opinion direct 

the trustee to make a distribution for the purchase of the house Gary had 

identified; therefore, the orphans’ court did not impinge James’ discretion over 

trust distributions.

Finally, James challenges the portion of the order mandating that he 

“[i]ssue a check payable to [Gary’s attorney] for an amount to satisfy the IRS 

lien after a satisfaction amount is negotiated by her.” Order, 3/19/19, ¶3(a). 

This tax debt relates to Gary’s inheritance of an investment retirement account 

from Eleanor outside the estate in 2015 that had grown to over $17,000 by 

the September 2018 hearing. Gary did not initially pay the federal taxes on 

the inheritance; however, it appears from his first communications with James 

regarding the trust in early 2016 that he believed that he was entitled to 

substantial immediate trust distributions from which he might have timely paid 

his taxes. 

While James maintains that the IRS debt is “further proof of [Gary’s] 

failure to exercise financial responsibility,” James’ Brief at 37, the debt was 
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incurred years prior to the initiation of this litigation and, as was made plainly 

clear at the hearing, Gary has no income and resources by which he can satisfy 

the debt and repair the damage by his previous financial lapses in judgment. 

Thus, withholding distributions to Gary to pay the debt will prevent him from 

establishing to James in the future that he is capable of making responsible 

decisions and prevents him from attaining the well-being that the trust 

provides for him. We therefore do not find an abuse of discretion in the 

trustee’s order directing that the trust be responsible for payment of 

Appellant’s IRS debt. 

IV.

In his final issue, James argues that the orphans’ court’s award of 

attorneys’ fees to Gary was an error of law and abuse of discretion. James 

contends that the orphans’ court did not cite any statute or rule or make any 

factual findings that would justify the award. James asserts that the orphans’ 

court resolved a genuine disagreement regarding the terms of the trust and 

there was no allegation of wrongdoing by James or his counsel during the 

course of the litigation. James further argues that there was no support for 

the attorneys’ fee award of $13,975.10 as Gary’s counsel had only submitted 

invoices showing that she had billed approximately $8,000, there was no 

analysis of the reasonableness of the fees Gary’s counsel had billed, and the 

court’s award of “any subsequent legal fees through the date of this Order” 

lacked any evidentiary support. Order, 3/19/19, ¶3(b).
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We review a court’s award of attorneys’ fees for a palpable abuse of 

discretion. Trust Agreement of Sawders, 201 A.3d at 200. Here, the 

orphans’ court did not enunciate any basis for the award in its order or opinion. 

We note that “[t]he general rule is that each party to adversary litigation is 

required to pay his or her own counsel fees.” Id. (citation omitted). Section 

2503(7) of the Judicial Code permits the award of counsel fees “as a sanction 

against another participant for dilatory, obdurate or vexatious conduct during 

the pendency of a matter.” 42 Pa.C.S. § 2503(7). Our Supreme Court has 

held that “any award of counsel fees pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S. § 2503(7) must 

be supported by a trial court’s specific finding of dilatory, obdurate or 

vexatious conduct.” Township of South Strabane v. Piecknick, 686 A.2d 

1297, 1301 (Pa. 1996). In this case, the orphans’ court did not make a finding 

that James engaged in dilatory, obdurate, or vexatious conduct during the

actual course of the litigation, nor do we perceive any such conduct from our 

review of the record. Furthermore, while Gary’s petition seeking James’ 

removal or the dissolution of the trust was meritorious in part, this fact alone 

does not provide grounds for an award of counsel fees. See Trust 

Agreement of Sawders, 201 A.3d at 200 (holding that a party is not entitled 

to an award of counsel fees by virtue of the fact that she prevails in litigation 

concerning the interpretation of a trust). Therefore, Section 2503(7) of the 

Judicial Code does not justify the attorneys’ fee award.

6

____________________________________________

6 Section 2503 of the Judicial Code sets forth several other bases for the award 

of attorneys’ fees, none of which are relevant here.
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Citing Estate of Wanamaker, 460 A.2d 824 (Pa. Super. 1983), Gary 

argues that “exceptional circumstances” existed here to support the award of 

attorneys’ fees. In Estate of Wanamaker, we explained that “[i]n the 

absence of a statute allowing counsel fees, recovery of such fees will be 

permitted only in exceptional circumstances.” Estate of Wanamaker, 460 

A.2d 824, 825 (Pa. Super. 1983); see also Trust Agreement of Sawders, 

201 A.3d at 200. We conclude that exceptional circumstances exist here that 

support an award of attorneys’ fees to Gary’s counsel from the trust. As set 

forth above, Gary lives in poverty and lacks any resources from which to pay 

the amounts billed by his counsel and, to the extent he currently receives 

benefits through the SSI and food stamp programs, he will likely be required 

to forfeit these benefits as a result of trust distributions. In the absence of an 

award of attorneys’ fees in Gary’s favor, the debt Gary incurred in bringing 

this action to obtain distributions from the trust for his living expenses will 

only further deepen his need for support from the trust for his maintenance, 

support, and well-being. In such a situation, an award of attorneys’ fees from 

a trust to the beneficiary’s counsel is warranted.

However, we agree with James that the attorneys’ fee award of 

$13,975.10 lacked support in the record. At the orphans’ court hearing, 

Gary’s counsel submitted invoices demonstrating that she had billed 

$8,138.35, of which $5,063.35 remained outstanding. Exhibit P-16. The 

figure that the orphans’ court arrived at for its award does not find support in 

the invoices, nor did the orphans’ court make any factual findings regarding 
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the reasonableness of the work performed and fees charged. Accordingly, we 

remand to the orphans’ court to review the invoices submitted by Gary’s 

counsel and make such factual findings as are appropriate to support the

award of attorneys’ fees. 

Conclusion

We conclude that paragraph 4 of the orphans’ court’s March 19, 2019 

order providing for prospective $5,000 monthly payments to Gary from the 

trust upon his submission of a quarterly drug and alcohol test improperly 

encroached upon James’ discretion as trustee to determine the appropriate 

distributions to provide for Gary’s maintenance, support, and well-being. We 

therefore vacate that portion of the order. James did not challenge the portion 

of the orphans’ court order directing that he distribute $40,000 to Gary 

representing eight monthly payments from the date of the orphans’ court 

hearing through the date of the order, and therefore we leave this portion of 

the order intact. Regarding the interim period between the date of the 

orphans’ court’s order and this decision, we remand to the orphans’ court to 

determine whether James appropriately exercised his discretion in the 

distributions made to Gary under the terms of the trust. 

Furthermore, while we do not conclude that the orphans’ court abused 

its discretion in awarding attorneys’ fees to Gary, we vacate the award as 

lacking any support in the record. We remand to the orphans’ court to accept 
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such further evidence as is necessary, make the necessary findings of fact, 

and fix the amount of the award.

We affirm the order in all other respects. 

Order affirmed in part and vacated in part. Remanded for further 

proceedings consistent with this memorandum. Jurisdiction relinquished.

President Judge Panella joins the Memorandum.

Judge Strassburger files a Concurring and Dissenting Memorandum.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 6/23/2020