#### Dominick Doyle, Appellant, *against*James Baird, Respondent.

( Decided June 3d, 1889.)

In an action for injuries sustained by plaintiff from the caving in of the walls of a trench in which he was working in defendant’s employ, there was evidence that the trench was constructed through “ made ” ground, and that the walls were almost perpendicular, and were not guarded or braced so as to prevent caving in; and experts testified that, in such a trench, some precautions in the way of bracings, or large girders, or careful sloping in the excavation, are necessary. *Held,*that this made a *prima'facie ease*of defendant’s negligence.

Appeal from a judgment of this court, entered upon the dismissal of a complaint at the trial.

On the 17th day of September, 1880, the respondent was engaged, under a contract with the City of New York, in laying large water mains or pipes in Eightv-fifth Street. For such purpose a cut had been excavated about nine feet deep and seven feet wide. Appellant was one of the employés of respondent, and on said day he was ordered by the respondent’s foreman to go to the bottom of said cut and prepare the bed place for one of the mains then about to be lowered. While so engaged, the sides of the trench caved in on the appellant and his fellow-workmen. He sustained serious in*288jury, which he claims is in law to be attributed to the negligence of his employer in not properly guarding and bracing the walls of the ditch; and this action is to recover damages for such injury. Upon the trial the complaint was dismissed at the conclusion of the plaintiff’s case. From the judgment entered thereon plaintiff appealed.

*A. & T. B. Wakeman,*for appellant.

*Elliott Sandford*and *C. W. West,*for respondent.

Larremore, Ch. J.

[After stating the facts as above.]— Counsel for respondent contends that there is no proof in the case tending to show that the employer had neglected to protect the side walls of the trench so that a cave-in could not occur. But in this he errs. Plaintiff testifies that “ there had not been any supports of any kind used to sustain the banks at the time.” The witness Daniel Doyle also says that “ there were no timber or braces that I saw in that point. I mean that open space.” This evidence must be considered in connection with the fact that all of plaintiff’s expert witnesses concur in the opinion that, in a trench of the general size and character here described, dug in made ground, some precautions in the way of bracings, or large girders, or careful sloping in the excavation, are necessary. It is true that said experts substantially agree in the belief that what amounts to reasonable care in any particular case must be determined by the peculiar facts of such case, and that they do not express the absolute opinion that respondent had been negligent, because they had not examined the trench in question. Nevertheless, plaintiff himself and his fellow-workmen described the trench in Eighty-fifth Street with sufficient particularity for the jury to apply thereto the general principles to be deduced from the evidence of the experts. It was alleged on behalf of plaintiff that defendant had caused to be excavated a deep and wide trench with sides almost perpendicular,” and that he had omitted all artificial safeguards against a caving-in of the ground, which, moreover, was “ made ” ground. These facts, in conjunc*289tion with the testimony of said experts, made out a *prima facie*case of negligence on the part of the master.

Nor do we think contributory negligence is to be imputed to the appellant because he obeyed the foreman’s command, and went to work at the bottom, of the trench, although he had the same opportunity for observing any apparent insecurity which said foreman, or even the master, had. At the last General Term of this court, in the case of *McGrath,*v. *Walsh (ante*p. 210) we held, following the direct intimation of the Court of Appeals in *Cahill*v. *Hilton*(106 N. Y. 512), that a workman of ordinary skill must be presumed to be acquainted with such a simple implement as a ladder, and that if he continued work on one, after he had discovered that the rounds would turn under his feet, he was guilty of contributory negligence if injured in consequence of such defect. Here the case is quite different. Whether the banks of a deep trench will*or will not cave in involves a question in civil engineering. A workman of ordinary intelligence cannot be required at his peril to solve a problem fitted only for specially educated experts. When his master commands him to enter an excavation and perform certain work there, he has a right to assume that the place and all the existing and necessary conditions for the performance of such work have been rendered safe.

We think the views above expressed are directly within the spirit and reasoning of the decision in *Pantzer*v. *Tilly Foster Iron Manuf. Co.*(99 N. Y. 368) in which case, as in the case at bar, the defendant endeavored, without success, to escape all liability, on the ground that the command to enter the unsafe place emanated from a foreman and not from the master in person.

The judgment appealed from should be reversed and a new trial ordered, with costs to appellant to abide the event.

Allen and Bookstaver, JJ., concurred.

Judgment reversed and new trial ordered, with costs to appellant to abide event.