Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-JT-2083 | February 19, 2019 Page 1 of 16

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT 

Daniel G. Foote

Indianapolis, Indiana

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Curtis T. Hill, Jr.

Attorney General of Indiana

Katherine A. Cornelius

Deputy Attorney General

Indianapolis, Indiana

IN THE

COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

In the Termination of the ParentChild Relationship of:

R.L.-P. (Minor Child) 

and

M.E. (Father), 

Appellant-Respondent, 

v. 

The Indiana Department of Child 

Services, 

Appellee-Petitioner. 

February 19, 2019

Court of Appeals Cause No.

18A-JT-2083

Appeal from the Marion

Superior Court

The Honorable Marilyn A. 

Moores, Judge

The Honorable Scott 

Stowers, Magistrate

Trial Court Cause No. 

49D09-1712-JT-1364

Riley, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-JT-2083 | February 19, 2019 Page 2 of 16

STATEMENT OF THE CASE

[1] Appellant-Respondent, M.E. (Father), appeals from the trial court’s Order 

terminating his parental rights to his minor child, R.L.-P. (Child).

[2] We affirm.

ISSUES

[3] Father presents three issues on appeal, which we consolidate and restate as:

(1) Whether the trial court erred when it denied his motion to dismiss; and 

(2) Whether the trial court’s Order terminating his parental rights to Child 

was clearly erroneous.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

[4] Child was born to Father and D.P. (Mother)1 in March of 2016. On April 28, 

2016, the Department of Child Services (DCS) filed a petition alleging that 

Child was a child in need of services (CHINS) based on allegations that Mother 

had failed to provide Child with a stable home free from substance abuse, 

Child’s meconium had tested positive for marijuana at birth, Father had failed 

to demonstrate an ability or willingness to appropriately parent Child or to 

ensure her wellbeing while in Mother’s care, and Mother reported that Father 

was abusing heroin. On June 20, 2016, Mother admitted that Child was a 

 

1

 Mother’s parental rights to Child were terminated in the same proceeding. Mother is not a party to the 

instant appeal. 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-JT-2083 | February 19, 2019 Page 3 of 16

CHINS due to Mother and Child testing positive for marijuana at the time of 

Child’s birth. Father failed to appear for the CHINS fact-finding hearing, but 

after hearing evidence from the family case manager (FCM), the trial court 

found that Mother had reported domestic violence involving Father, DCS had 

only had two telephone contacts with Father, Father did not have stable 

housing, Father had not participated in services to address his substance abuse 

or domestic violence issues, Father had never appeared in court, and Father 

had not demonstrated an ability or willingness to parent Child. The trial court 

found that Child was a CHINS; however, Child remained in Mother’s home,

and Mother was ordered to engage in a number of services. On September 19, 

2016, Child was removed from Mother’s home due to safety concerns, and 

Child was placed in foster care where she has resided ever since. 

[5] During the CHINS proceedings, Father was arrested for possession of 

methamphetamine. Father pleaded guilty and on December 7, 2016, was 

sentenced to time served. On February 28, 2017, Father committed the offense 

of conspiracy to commit robbery. He pleaded guilty to the offense and on 

December 13, 2017, was sentenced to nine years in the Department of 

Correction (DOC), with five years suspended, and two years of probation. 

[6] On May 1, 2017, the permanency plan for Child was changed from 

reunification to adoption due to Mother and Father’s failure to comply with 

Child’s case plan. On August 28, 2017, the trial court entered an order 

directing Father to submit to a buccal swab to establish paternity. On October 

8, 2017, Child was moved into a pre-adoptive foster home, which was her final 
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placement. DNA results dated October 12, 2017, confirmed that Father was 

Child’s biological father. DCS referred Father to Father Engagement services

with Greg Hruby (Hruby). Father told Hruby that he felt that he was not 

capable of being a father to Child but that paternal Grandfather (Grandfather) 

was capable. After Father told Hruby that he wished Child to be placed with 

Grandfather, Hruby met with Grandfather in his home and eventually 

performed a home assessment. Father was unable to complete Father 

Engagement due to being transferred to another DOC facility which did not 

provide services. 

[7] In December 2017, Grandfather attended a family-child team meeting for Child 

where he disclosed that he was unable to care for Child at that time, citing work 

schedule concerns. On December 21, 2017, DCS filed a petition seeking the 

termination of Father’s parental rights to Child (TPR). Grandfather was 

referred for grandparent visitation in February of 2018. At an April 2018 

family-child team meeting, Grandfather requested that Child be placed with 

him. Child’s current foster family also attended the meeting. DCS interviewed 

Grandfather and Child’s current foster family at the meeting, and after that 

interview, concluded that Grandfather had not been able to answer their 

questions as adequately as the foster family. DCS did not alter Child’s 

placement. In March 2018, Child’s foster family filed a petition to adopt her. 

After mediation in the TPR proceedings failed to produce an agreement, the 

TPR was set for a two-day trial on July 24 and July 25, 2018. 
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[8] On July 19, 2018, Father filed a motion to dismiss the TPR in which he averred 

that Mother and Father had executed consents for Grandfather to adopt Child. 

Father also averred that on July 10, 2018, Grandfather had filed a petition to 

adopt Child. Father argued that, in light of his consent to adoption and the 

filing of Grandfather’s adoption petition, 

[i]t is not necessary to have a trial to prove that termination is in 

the best interests of [Child] or that there is a satisfactory plan for 

the care and treatment of [Child]; both parents agree that this is 

the case. The only dispute remaining in this matter is whether

one plan (Paternal Grandfather’s home) or another (foster 

parents’ home) is more appropriate for [Child]; however, this 

[c]ourt is not the proper venue to resolve that dispute. 

(Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 72). In its response to Father’s motion to dismiss, 

DCS averred that Grandfather did not request placement until April 9, 2018, 

and that the consents that Mother and Father had executed were insufficient 

because Child’s name was misspelled and her date of birth was not provided. 

The trial court denied Father’s motion to dismiss without entering findings or 

conclusions. 

[9] On July 24, 2018, the trial court held the TPR hearing. Mother did not appear, 

but Father appeared by teleconference and by counsel. Father’s counsel 

renewed the motion to dismiss, commenting that 

[a]t this point in time, my client doesn’t have a case to present 

with respect to the termination of parental rights because he has 

already consented to termination. The only issue at this point is 

placement . . . But, I don’t think it’s appropriate for this [c]ourt to 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-JT-2083 | February 19, 2019 Page 6 of 16

have a hearing about placement today. I think that is a matter 

for the adoption court. 

(Transcript p. 8). The trial court denied Father’s renewed motion to dismiss, 

finding that DCS was not required to accept Father’s consent to adoption, DCS 

appeared to have a satisfactory plan for Child—adoption—and that it was for 

the adoption court to decide appropriate placement for Child. 

[10] As of the TPR hearing, Father had not seen Child for approximately one and 

one-half years. Father was studying for his high school equivalency 

examination. Father’s projected release date was February 28, 2020. After his 

release, Father planned to live with Grandfather. 

[11] The FCM testified that neither parent had worked toward establishing a 

relationship with Child and that termination of parental rights and adoption by 

Child’s current foster family was in her best interests because the home was free 

of abuse and neglect, Child experienced consistent relationship and routines 

there, Child’s hygiene and developmental milestones were being met, and her 

foster family functioned well which ensured permanency. Child’s guardian ad 

litem (GAL) testified that child was well-bonded with her foster family, was 

well-integrated into their home, and that she was having all of her needs met. It 

was the GAL’s opinion that Child required permanency because she had been 

in three foster homes and needed stability. The GAL felt that termination was 

in Child’s best interests because the efforts made toward reunifying Child with 

her biological parents had not been successful and Child deserved lifelong 
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stability. Child’s foster mother testified regarding Child’s daily routine and her 

bond with the family, including her foster brothers. 

[12] On August 6, 2018, the trial court issued its Order terminating Father’s parental 

rights to Child and entering the following relevant findings of fact and 

conclusions of law:

39. There is a reasonable probability that the conditions that 

resulted in the removal and continued placement of [Child] 

outside the home will not be remedied by [Father]. [Father] will 

remain unavailable for another year and one-half. He will then 

have to address concerns, stay out of jail, and obtain stability.

40. There is a reasonable probability that the continuation of the 

parent-child relationship poses a threat to [Child’s] well-being in 

that it would pose as a barrier to obtaining permanency for her 

through an adoption when [Mother] has stopped services and 

parenting time, and [Father] remains unavailable to parent and 

offer permanency. 

41. [Child] is in a [pre-adoptive] foster placement where she has 

resided since October of 2017. She has bonded with her 

caregivers and family, and enjoys a consistent routine. Her needs 

are being met as demonstrated in the developmental progress she 

has made since resided [sic] in this placement.

* * * 

43. [Child’s] [GAL] recommends adoption for [Child] and has 

observed her as being very bonded with her [pre-adoptive] 

family.
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44. Termination of the parent-child relationship is in the best 

interests of [Child]. Termination would allow her to be adopted 

into a stable and permanent home where her needs will be safely 

met. She has become bonded with her foster family while 

[Mother] has not made herself available to form a bond and 

[Father] has also done so through criminal activity.

45. There exists a satisfactory plan for the future care and 

treatment of [Child], that being adoption. 

(Appellant’s App. Vol. II, pp. 17-18).

[13] Father now appeals. Additional facts will be provided as necessary.

DISCUSSION AND DECISION

I. Motion to Dismiss

[14] Father argues that the trial court erred when it denied his motion to dismiss the 

TPR because he and Mother were willing to consent to Child’s adoption by 

Grandfather. DCS counters that Father “is not a designated party who may file 

a motion to dismiss pursuant to I.C. § 31-35-2-4.5(d).” (Appellee’s Br. p. 15). 

As such, resolution of Father’s argument will entail examination of that statute. 

“We interpret statutes de novo.” Z.B. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs., 108 N.E.3d 895, 

898 (Ind. Ct. App. 2018), trans. denied. However, before interpreting a statute, 

we consider whether the legislature has spoken clearly and unambiguously on 

the point in question. Id. If a statute is clear and unambiguous, it leaves no 

room for judicial construction and simply requires that we take words and 

phrases in their plain, ordinary, and usual sense. Id. 
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[15] Indiana Code section 31-35-2-4.5 provides for the filing of TPRs. Subsection 

(d) states in relevant part, “A person described in section 4(a) of this chapter 

may file a motion to dismiss the petition to terminate the parent-child 

relationship if any of the following circumstances apply . . .” Indiana Code 

section 31-35-2-4(a) provides that 

A petition to terminate the parent-child relationship involving a 

delinquent child or a child in need of services may be signed and 

filed with the juvenile or probate court by any of the following:

(1) The attorney for the department.

(2) The child’s court appointed special advocate.

(3) The child’s guardian [ad litem].

Father does not contend that the statute is ambiguous, and we do not find it to 

be so. Reading these two unambiguous sections of the TPR statute together 

and giving their terms their plain, ordinary, and usual sense, reveals that only a 

DCS attorney, a child’s court appointed special advocate, or a child’s GAL may 

file a motion to dismiss a TPR. Thus, Father was not authorized by the TPR 

statute to file his motion, and we likewise find no basis in the statute for the trial 

court to have sua sponte dismissed the TPR, as Father urges in his Reply Brief. 

We conclude that the trial court did not err when it denied Father’s motion to 

dismiss which Father was not authorized to file. 

II. Termination of Father’s Parental Rights

[16] The remainder of Father’s argument on appeal is essentially that termination 

was not warranted because Child could have and should have been placed with 
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Grandfather during the CHINS proceeding, thus avoiding the need to terminate 

Father’s parental rights. It is well-settled that when reviewing the evidence 

supporting the termination of parental rights we neither reweigh the evidence 

nor determine the credibility of witnesses. In re E.M., 4 N.E.3d 636, 642 (Ind. 

2014). In addition, we consider only the evidence that supports the judgment 

and the reasonable inferences to be drawn from that evidence. Id. “We confine 

our review to two steps: whether the evidence clearly and convincingly 

supports the findings, and then whether the findings clearly and convincingly 

support the judgment.” Id. We must give due regard to the trial court’s 

opportunity to judge the credibility of witnesses firsthand, and we do not set 

aside the trial court’s findings or judgment unless it is clearly erroneous. Id. 

“Clear error is that which leaves us with a definite and firm conviction that a 

mistake has been made.” C.A. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs., 15 N.E.3d 85, 93 (Ind. 

Ct. App. 2014) (quotation omitted). 

[17] “[O]ne of the most valued relationships in our culture” is that between a parent 

and his or her child. In re G.Y., 904 N.E.2d 1257, 1259 (Ind. 2009), reh’g denied. 

Indeed, “[a] parent’s interest in the care, custody, and control of his or her 

children is ‘perhaps the oldest of the fundamental liberty interests.’” Id.

(quoting Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65 (2000)). Accordingly, the 

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution safeguards “the 

traditional right of parents to establish a home and raise their children.” Id. 

Nevertheless, parental interests are not absolute; rather, termination of parental 
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rights is appropriate when parents are unable or unwilling to meet their parental 

responsibilities. In re A.B., 887 N.E.2d 158, 164 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008). 

[18] Termination of parental rights is an extreme sanction that is intended as a “last 

resort” and is available only when all other reasonable efforts have failed. C.A., 

15 N.E.3d at 91. As such, before a termination of parental rights is merited, the 

State is required to prove a host of facts by clear and convincing evidence, the 

most relevant for our purposes being that termination is in the best interests of 

the child and that there is a satisfactory plan for the child’s care and treatment. 

Ind. Code §§ 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(C), (D); 31-37-14-2. 

A. Child’s Best Interests

[19] Father contends that the evidence did not support the trial court’s conclusion 

that termination of his rights was in Child’s best interests. Our supreme court 

has recently recognized that one of the most difficult aspects of a termination of 

parental rights determination is the issue of whether the termination is in the 

child’s best interests. E.M., 4 N.E.3d at 647 (noting that the question 

“necessarily places the children’s interest in preserving the family into conflict 

with their need for permanency”). The trial court’s determination that 

termination was in the child’s best interests requires it to look at the totality of 

the evidence of a particular case. In re D.D., 804 N.E.2d 258, 267 (Ind. Ct. App. 

2004), trans. denied. “In doing so, the trial court must subordinate the interests 

of the parents to those of the children involved.” Id. 
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[20] Here, Father was incarcerated for all but three or four weeks of the underlying 

CHINS case and the instant TPR proceedings and was not available to parent 

Child.

2

 Before he was incarcerated, Father was not employed, had not 

addressed the substance abuse and domestic violence issues that came to light 

during the CHINS case, and had not established paternity for Child. There was 

no evidence in the record that Father had engaged in any programs to address 

those issues or better himself during his incarceration, apart from studying for 

his high school equivalency examination. As of the TPR hearings, Father had 

not seen Child for approximately one and one-half years, and he would not be 

available to parent Child until February 2020. 

[21] Child, who had been in her pre-adoptive foster care placement since October 

2017, was thriving there and was well-bonded with her foster family. Child’s 

FCM and GAL felt that Child, who had been in three foster homes, needed 

permanency and that it was in her best interests that Father’s rights be 

terminated. Given the totality of this evidence that supports the trial court’s 

Order, we cannot conclude that the trial court’s conclusion was clearly 

erroneous. See D.D., 804 N.E.2d at 267; E.M., 4 N.E.3d at 642. 

[22] Father does not dispute the evidence supporting the trial court’s judgment. 

Indeed, at the TPR hearing, Father took the position that termination was a 

 

2

 There is evidence in the record that after paternity was established, Father moved the trial court for 

parenting time while incarcerated. The portion of the trial court’s order which may have revealed the trial 

court’s rationale for denying that request has been redacted. 
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foregone conclusion because he had already consented to it in order to facilitate 

Child’s adoption by Grandfather. On appeal, however, Father argues that 

termination was not in Child’s best interests because Child should have been 

placed with Grandfather during the CHINS proceedings. In support of his 

argument, Father relies on portions of the CHINS statute that mandate that a 

relative or de facto custodian be considered for placement upon removal and 

DCS’s internal policy statements favoring engagement of relatives in CHINS 

proceedings. 

[23] Even if we were to assume, without deciding, that these were relevant 

considerations for the TPR court, Father’s argument overlooks that paternity 

was not established until October 2017, approximately one and one-half years

after the CHINS proceedings were initiated and a little over a year after Child 

was actually removed from Mother’s care. Thus, Grandfather had no legal 

status in Child’s life until that time, and there was no evidence that Grandfather

had any previous contact or bond with Child or that he was even willing to 

foster Child during the early stages of the CHINS proceedings. Around the 

time paternity was established, Child’s previous foster home had decided 

against adoption, and so DCS sought another placement. Grandfather attended 

a DCS meeting in December 2017 where he disclosed that he was unable to 

have Child placed with him at that time. Child had been placed with her 

current pre-adoptive home in October 2017, and so at a time when she 

potentially could have been transitioned to Grandfather’s home with a 

minimum of extra disruption, Grandfather was unable or unwilling to take 
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Child. Instead, Child stayed in her pre-adoptive placement where she bonded 

with her foster parents and brothers, thrived, and became integrated into the 

home. When Grandfather requested in April 2018 that Child be placed with 

him, he was interviewed along with Child’s current foster family, who, at that 

juncture, was assessed by DCS to be the better placement for Child. In light of 

these facts and circumstances, we find no error, let alone error that firmly 

convinces us that a mistake has been made, in the trial court’s conclusion that 

termination was in Child’s best interests. See C.A., 15 N.E.3d at 93. 

B. Satisfactory Plan

[24] Father also briefly asserts that no satisfactory plan existed for Child’s care and 

treatment. “In order for the trial court to terminate the parent-child relationship 

the trial court must find that there is a satisfactory plan for the care and 

treatment of the child.” D.D., 804 N.E.2d at 268. The plan for care and 

treatment need not be detailed if it offers a general sense of the direction in 

which the child will be going after the parent-child relationship is terminated. 

Id. Generally, adoption is a satisfactory plan. In re S.L.H.S., 885 N.E.2d 603, 

618 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008). 

[25] Here, the permanency plan for Child was adoption. This was a suitable and 

adequate plan to support termination. Id. Nevertheless, Father argues that it 

was an inadequate plan in this case because DCS failed “to follow the dictates 

of statute and its own written policies with respect to [Child’s] placement and 

possible adoption.” (Appellant’s Br. p. 28). We have already found Father’s 

arguments regarding Child’s placement to be unavailing, and Father fails to 
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identify any statutes or written DCS policies pertaining to adoption violated by 

DCS in this case. We also note that Father acknowledged at the TPR hearing 

that it was for the probate court to determine who adopted Child, not the TPR 

court. See I.C. § 31-19-1-2(b) (providing that for counties that have a separate 

probate court, “[t]he probate court has exclusive jurisdiction in all adoption 

matters.”). 

[26] Inasmuch as Father appears to insinuate in other parts of his Brief that there 

was something irregular or improper about the GAL in this case bringing 

Child’s final, pre-adoptive foster family to the attention of DCS, we find that 

concern to be ungrounded. The GAL testified at the TPR hearing that she 

knew the foster family because they had fostered another child in her caseload 

who was going home, so the GAL knew they would have a vacancy in their 

home. The GAL was not friends with the family and had no other contact with 

them prior to the other case. Concluding that DCS had a plan of adoption for 

Child, we find that the trial court’s conclusion that a satisfactory plan existed 

for Child’s care and treatment was not clearly erroneous. See E.M., 4 N.E.3d at 

642.

CONCLUSION

[27] Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the trial court did not err when it 

denied Father’s motion to dismiss the TPR and that the trial court’s TPR Order 

was not clearly erroneous. 

[28] Affirmed.
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[29] Kirsch, J. and Robb, J. concur