United States Court of Appeals

For the First Circuit

No. 05-2023

ABID ABDULLAH,

Petitioner,

v.

ALBERTO R. GONZALES,

UNITED STATES ATTORNEY GENERAL,

Respondent.

ON PETITION FOR REVIEW OF AN ORDER OF THE 

BOARD OF IMMIGRATION APPEALS

Before

 Howard, Circuit Judge,

Coffin and Campbell, Senior Circuit Judges.

Raymond J. Sanders and Immigrant Law Center on brief for

petitioner.

Peter D. Keisler, Assistant Attorney General, Anthony W.

Norwood, Senior Litigation Counsel, and Virginia Lum, Attorney,

Office of Immigration Litigation, U.S. Department of Justice, Civil

Division, on brief for respondent.

August 31, 2006
The INS has since become ICE, the Bureau of Immigration and 1

Customs Enforcement, which is part of the Department of Homeland

Security.

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CAMPBELL, Senior Circuit Judge. Abid Abdullah, a native

and citizen of Pakistan, petitions for review of a June 10, 2005

Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals ("Board") denying his

motion to reopen his asylum application and his application for

protection under the Convention Against Torture ("CAT"). We deny

the petition for review.

I. Background

On November 8, 2002, the Immigration and Naturalization

Service ("INS") issued to Abdullah a Notice to Appear, charging he 1

was removable because, after being admitted to the United States as

a non-immigrant visitor, he had remained beyond the authorized

period. While conceding removability on that ground, Abdullah

sought relief from removal in the form of asylum, withholding of

removal, and protection under the CAT. An immigration judge ("IJ")

held hearings. On July 17, 2003, she denied Abdullah's

applications for relief. On October 6, 2004, the Board affirmed

the decision of the IJ without opinion. On October 22, 2004,

Abdullah filed with the Board a motion to reconsider. The Board

denied that motion on January 6, 2005. Abdullah moved the Board to

reopen on March 11, 2005, which motion was denied on June 10, 2005.

This petition followed.
An alien seeking asylum has the burden of proving he is 2

unable or unwilling to return to his home country either because of

"'persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of

race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social

group, or political opinion.'" Makhoul v. Ashcroft, 387 F.3d 75,

79 (1st Cir. 2004) (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A)) (emphasis

supplied). 

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A. Petition for Asylum

Abdullah's asylum application stated that he is a citizen

and national of Pakistan who first entered the United States from

Pakistan on January 27, 2001. He remained here until April 26,

2001, when he returned to Pakistan. He came again to the United

States on July 2, 2002, on a visa that expired on October 1, 2002.

He said that in 1981 he had married Zarina Abid, a native and

citizen of Pakistan, and that she lived in Kashmir with their

children, who were born in 1983, 1985, 1986 and 1988. Abdullah

indicated that his application for asylum or withholding of removal

was grounded on persecution, or fear of persecution, based upon

political opinion. Abdullah stated that he had experienced past 2

harm in Pakistan because of "charges" and his membership in the

"political party--AWAMI National Party." He said he feared

returning to Pakistan because he "will be stoned and beaten" and

"tortured by Islamic fundamentalists" and militants because of his

"political association."

In a December 20, 2002 statement attached to his asylum

application, Abdullah wrote that he was arrested on October 17,

2002 by Middleboro, Massachusetts police for "having sex with two
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women." He wrote that the charges were dropped, but, according to

his information and "newspaper publishing's [sic] from Pakistan,

the Islamic fundamentalists in the wake of political animosity have

made this issue the basis of declaring death sentence for [him.]"

He wrote that the fundamentalists had made life "hell for [him] and

[his] family" and had threatened to murder him in public.

Abdullah explained that the AWAMI National Party ("ANP")

had been founded by Abdul Khan, a progressive nationalist, and that

the party has fought against Islamic fundamentalists for the last

56 years. Abdullah stated that he had worked with the party for

the last thirty years in an effort to uphold human rights, and that

his activities caused him to be considered to be among the top

political leaders of the ANP at the national level. Abdullah wrote

that the Islamic fundamentalists label ANP party leaders to be

"pagans and agents of United States and India," and that they "blew

this baseless sex scandal out of proportion against [him] as a

political issue." He wrote that the difference between the ANP

party and the fundamentalists is that the "ANP is striving to

improve economic conditions of the citizens of Pakistan," and that,

by contrast, the fundamentalists do not work to improve citizens'

lives but rather "push for orthodox religious ideas."

Abdullah asserted that in a meeting in Pakistan of

fundamentalist religious leaders, he was "out caste [sic] from the

religion and ordered death by stoning" because, according to
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Islamic law, a married man who is caught having sex with a woman

other than his wife is punishable by death through stoning. He

wrote that "due to this bad publicity other religious organizations

are following the propaganda by using newspapers to declare death

sentence for [him.]" He claimed that "according to these

newspapers, these fundamentalists attacked [his] house in Mardan,

NWFP [Northwest Frontier Province] and injured [his] two sons," and

that the city mayor had put 24-hour police surveillance on his

house.

Abdullah wrote also that, prior to his coming to the

United States, the fundamentalist party in Pakistan had forced him

"not to compete against their candidate" during elections and had

asked him to "leave the country for a few months." He stated that

his "USA visa" expired on October 1, 2002, but since the general

elections were "due after nine days on October 10, 2002," he had to

overstay his visa. As he was preparing to return to Pakistan,

however, "suddenly Middleboro police arrested [him] for this sex

scandal" and jailed him for two months. He wrote that he was an

"accomplished political figure . . . successful businessman" and

owner of a company engaged in ocean cargo management that involves

millions of Pakistani rupees. 

B. Hearing before the IJ

On July 17, 2003, Abdullah, appearing pro se, testified

before the IJ. Abdullah said that Dilawar Jan, the "information
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secretary" of the Jamiat Ul Islam "religious fanatics

organization," told him to leave Pakistan before his arrival in the

U.S. in 2002, in order to allow the fundamentalists to have a

"position open for them" in the country's elections. He stated

that this was the only "trouble" he experienced in Pakistan and

admitted that he otherwise "ha[s] no political problems." 

Abdullah stated that the main reason that he is afraid to

return to Pakistan is that he believes "people have heard that [he

was] charged with a crime." He testified that people in Pakistan

"found out" about the Massachusetts charges against him derived

from the Middleboro incident and that "it was given to the

newspapers also." He testified that the Pakistani newspapers had

learned of the story because a friend of his in Texas, Kahlid, told

his brother, president of the Peshawar Press Club, that Abdullah

had been arrested in the United States. He claimed that three days

after the news was published in the Pakistani press, he "started

getting letters from the religious people," including one

affiliated with the Moahammadi ("M") organization. Abdullah

testified that the M group published in two local newspapers in

Mardan that Abdullah had become nonreligious, and "now we need to

stone him to death."

Abdullah testified that his family left Pakistan, went to

Kashmir, and are now living in a "jungle." He claimed he cannot

join them because he cannot live "in the jungle out there." He
Peshawar, located on the border of Afghanistan, is very close 3

to Mardan, Abdullah's hometown. Both places are within the

Northwestern Frontier Province, an area with the reputation, as we

later take note, infra, of containing Islamic extremists as well as

Taliban remnants.

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also claimed that he could not move to some other city in Pakistan

because "religious fanatics are everywhere." He testified that,

although the entire population of Pakistan does not know of the

accusations against him, "these people will find out somehow or the

other."

Abdullah proffered several documents in support of his

claim, including newspaper clippings in Urdu with which he

submitted English translations. One, said to be from the Daily

Gouj in Mardan, was dated October 21, 2002 and was translated to

say that Abdullah had been arrested on rape charges in the United

States. The translations reflected that a similar bureau report

appeared in the Daily Parwaz of Peshawar on October 21, 2002. A 3

report in the Daily Pukhtoon of Mardan on October 23, 2002 stated

that Abdullah had been declared a "pagan" by religious clerics. A

translation from the Daily Badban in Peshawar on October 22, 2002

was headlined "Abdullah Abid insulted Islam in America" because he

had allegedly raped someone. A translation of an October 26, 2002

report from the Daily Shaheen in Mardan reported that rocks were

thrown and gunshots taken at Abdullah's house. A similar report

appeared in the Daily Haider of Peshawar on October 23, 2002. A

translation of a report appearing in the Daily Ittefaq of Mardan on
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October 24, 2002 stated, "Abdullah Abid will be shot to death on

return to Pakistan." An English clipping from the Daily

Microscreen in Peshawar on November 28, 2002 is headlined "Abdullah

Abid comes to stoning" and states that religious extremists have

sentenced him to death as a result of the charges against him in

the United States. All of the articles are stated to be from

newspapers in the northwest region of Pakistan.

One unlabeled, undated article contained a picture of a

person holding a banner on which was handwritten, in English, and

in reverse, as if it had been flipped in xeroxing, "We want

Abdullah Abid." Asked why the document appeared altered (the

lettering went outside the confines of the banner, as if it had

been written onto the picture after the fact), Abdullah stated that

he "did not know" because he was "in jail at the time" and did not

know "how they were published or how they were done." The

government challenged the authenticity of Abdullah's proffered

newspaper clippings and stated that after an extensive search

through electronic sources, it could "not find any existence of any

of these newspapers."

Abdullah reiterated his belief that he would be harmed by

religious people if he returned to his hometown and stated that

they would kill him since, he alleged, they had already issued a

"[killing] order" that "cannot be taken back." He also testified

that when he was in Pakistan, he was "rolling in millions," and
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claimed that he worked at the Stop and Shop in Middleboro,

Massachusetts only because his friend owned it. He said he did not

know what happened to his "millions."

Abdullah admitted that in Pakistan, if one is accused of

rape, the law requires that "four Muslim men of good moral

character have to have witnessed it," which was not the case in the

Middleboro incident, but stated that when "religious fanatics do

the decision, they just do it without any witnesses; they can

decide whatever."

Ronaz Zaman, a United States citizen, testified that he

had met Abdullah in Pakistan three years previously at a political

function. Zaman testified that he himself was not politically

active and had no business dealings with Abdullah. Zaman testified

that he had visited Pakistan three months ago and tried to visit

Abdullah's factory but found a "big lock" on the door.

Waheed Mansur, an acquaintance who had recently met

Abdullah, testified that he helped Abdullah translate some

documents. Mansur testified that he had very little knowledge of

the ANP party but knew that it was a very small party based in the

Northwest Frontier Province that was never able either to gain

power or take over the government in Pakistan.

The record contains numerous results of computerized

searches for the names of the newspapers which Abdullah said had
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published stories about the Middleboro incident. Those results

verify that the search did not return any hits.

Abdullah submitted other evidence, including copies of

unidentified photos and letters, an October 17, 2002 Criminal

Complaint from the Trial Court of Massachusetts (Wareham District

Court) charging him with indecent assault and battery on a person

over fourteen and also with assault and battery.

C. IJ's Decision

On July 17, 2003, after reviewing the testimony and

evidence, the IJ denied Abdullah's application for asylum,

withholding of removal, and protection under CAT, and ordered his

removal to Pakistan. She noted that Abdullah's two witnesses

appeared credible but not very knowledgeable about Abdullah's

activities. The IJ stated that she would "take [Abdullah] at his

word" regarding some proffered photographs of Abdullah and ANP

members.

The IJ noted Abdullah's testimony that he was involved

with the ANP, helped with humanitarian causes in Pakistan, and was

"rolling in millions" in his home country as a businessman, but she

found it "difficult to characterize [Abdullah's] credibility." She

credited his testimony that he had never had any political problems

prior to his arrival in the United States in 2001 and that the only

"trouble" he experienced in Pakistan occurred when the secretary of

the Jamiat Ul Islam party "whispered" to him that "it would be a
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good thing if [he] le[ft] the country." The IJ also noted the

Massachusetts complaint issued against Abdullah concerning an

"incident" with two girls at a store was later dismissed and that

he was presumed innocent.

Regarding Abdullah's proffered documents, the judge

expressed "serious doubts about the authenticity of [a particular]

document," noting that it did "not seem that everything even

matches up." The IJ pointed out that the photograph on the page

showed that it may have been "at one time of persons holding a

banner but it seems quite clear that whatever was on that, or if it

was a blank, has been written on but written on the photograph, not

the banner," suggesting that after the photograph was taken,

someone had manually created the text of the banner. The IJ said

the writing on the banner in the picture seemed "to go outside of

the border," and that the "A" in "Abdullah" "simply, even to the

naked eye, looks like a composite and/or altered document."

The IJ concluded that this unexplained and material

discrepancy "severely hampers [Abdullah's] credibility on the issue

of what would occur to him if he were to return to his home based

on the incident in the United States," and found that she could

"not accept these documents as authentic documents." She wrote

that even if the documents had been "published" (while noting that

there was no evidence of how they were published), that "they

certainly do [] appear to be . . . fraudulent document[s] and so on
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that part, which is actually the central part of [Abdullah's]

claim . . . [Abdullah] is not credible."

Further, the IJ wrote that even if there was publicity in

Pakistan that Abdullah had "raped two girls . . . that publicity in

his home country, even if it was not altered, or doctored in some

way, is certainly inaccurate." The IJ also found Abdullah's claim

that this information appeared in local Pakistani papers because

his friend's friend decided to publish it, and that an Islamic

organization "now wished to harm him," to be a contention that was

"not . . . terribly likely." The IJ, noting Abdullah's admission

that the real issue was "not his political matter," but the

"incident that occurred in the U.S." and the alleged follow-up

publicity, found Abdullah "not credible on that issue as to the

publicity," and found that even if [the claimed newspaper

clippings] were published and circulated, "that they were, at least

in some respects, doctored."

Regardless of her finding that Abdullah was "not credible

on the core of his claim," due to the "doctoring of the documents,"

the IJ also found it "unlikely that this would be such big news in

his home country." She wrote that even if Abdullah were a man of

means and involved with his party, it did "not seem that he was

such a public figure that this would be of particular interest,"

pointing out that "the claim is false and he was not charged with

raping two girls." Finally, she also found it "highly unlikely
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that in the country of 200,000,000 people in Pakistan, that

[Abdullah] could not find some area of safety in his home country

by relocating, if necessary, within Pakistan."

The IJ concluded that Abdullah failed to meet his burden

to establish entitlement to asylum. In the IJ's view, having not

met the more generous well-founded fear of persecution standard,

"he cannot meet the more stringent standard for withholding of

removal." An alien seeking withholding of removal bears the burden

of proving that his or her "life or freedom would be threatened in

that country because of the alien's race, religion, nationality,

membership in a particular social group, or political opinion." 8

U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A); 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(b). An alien who fails

to satisfy the standard for asylum automatically fails to satisfy

the more stringent standard for withholding of removal. Mekhoukh

v. Ashcroft, 358 F.3d 118, 130 (1st Cir. 2004); Guzman v. INS, 327

F.3d 11, 16 (1st Cir. 2003). The IJ further pointed out that

Abdullah "has not shown that he has ever been tortured in the past

by the government of Pakistan, nor does it seem likely that he

would be tortured in the future," reiterating her finding that

Abdullah was not credible on matters substantial to his claim. The

IJ thus found Abdullah not eligible for protection under the CAT

and ordered him removed to Pakistan.
Except for Karachi, these cities are all located in or, in 4

the case of Rawalpindi, on the border of, Pakistan's so-called

Northwest Frontier Province in northern Pakistan, next to

Afghanistan. Abdullah's hometown, Mardan, is similarly located in

that province, not far from Afghanistan. Accordingly, Abdullah's

characterization of newspapers in Peshawar, Islamabad and

Rawalpindi as "national daily newspapers" would seem questionable

if that characterization is meant to suggest that Abdullah's

affairs were being reported in Pakistan nationwide, beyond the

Northwest Frontier Province where the main players in the drama

appear to have lived. (The piece in the Karachi newspapers was a

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D. Motion to Reconsider and Motion to Reopen

After the Board had affirmed the IJ's order without

opinion on October 6, 2004, Abdullah moved to reconsider on October

22, 2004. The Board denied the motion on January 6, 2005. On

March 11, 2005, Abdullah filed a motion to reopen, submitting "new

evidence" consisting of "national daily newspapers, which amount to

testimonials and affidavits," and asserting the same claims made in

his applications for asylum, withholding of removal, and CAT

protection, and claiming that his previous testimony was credible.

He argued that the IJ had erred in questioning his credibility

regarding the newspaper articles when "the printing technology

based in Pakistan couldn't be compared to that of the United

States." He further argued in the motion that his family and

property were under attack in Pakistan and that his family was in

hiding.

The attached exhibit contained 21 newspaper clippings

allegedly from newspapers said to be circulated in Peshawar,

Karachi, Islamabad, and Rawalpindi, Pakistan. The clippings were 4
paid advertisement by Abdullah's wife, not a news report.)

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dated between January 24, 2005 and January 31, 2005 and were

accompanied by translations done by an Ovais Shekhani, along with

several dozen additional, untranslated and unmarked pages. 

The translation of one clipping from the Daily Katehra,

allegedly circulated in Peshawar on January 31, 2005, referred to

the "heaving (sic) firing on the house of Awami National Party's

Provisional Leader Abdullah Abid." A clipping from the Daily Jihad

in Peshawar on January 31, 2005 is translated by Shekhani to say

that Abdullah's family has been threatened over the telephone and

that his wife and son "want to Hunger Strike in front of the United

Nation office and Human rights office." Two similar reports are

included from the Daily Haider in Peshawar and the Daily Surkhab in

Peshawar on January 31, 2005. A clipping in English from the Daily

Times in Karachi dated January 27, 2005 appears to be an

advertisement placed by Abdullah's wife entitled "Appeal for

Protection." It details attacks on her family's home, her

financial difficulties, and closes with an appeal to the Human

Rights Commission in Pakistan "to help our family relocate in any

third country to spend threats-free life." 

A translated excerpt from the Daily Musalmaan in

Islamabad, dated January 27, 2005, is a bureau report from Mardan

stating that a human rights commissioner and reporter separately

"strongly condemned the gun fire from terrorist [sic] at ANP's
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provisional leader Abdullah Abid house, and gave assurance of full

support." The same Mardan bureau report seems to have been printed

in the Daily Ausaf and Daily Jinnah in Islamabad and the Daily

Katehra in Peshawar on January 27, 2005. A translated Mardan

bureau report from the Daily Jihad in Peshawar dated January 25,

2005 states that a firing on the house of Abdullah was designed to

target his family and stop his return home from the United States.

A translated Mardan bureau report from the Daily Islam in Peshawar

dated January 25, 2005 states that "some unknown guys did a heavy

gun fire at the house of Awami National Party Abdullah Abid,

however, all family members are save [sic]." It goes on to state

that police officers rushed to the house to begin an investigation.

A translated Mardan bureau report from the Daily Katehra in

Peshawar dated January 25, 2005 states that Abdullah's wife has

said that she has been getting telephonic threats designed to

change her husband's political views. 

A translated Mardan bureau report from the Daily Jihad in

Peshawar dated January 25, 2005 refers to the gun shots at

Abdullah's house and the fact that Abdullah's wife has said that

she has received telephonic threats. The report explained that the

shots are designed to keep her husband from returning to Pakistan.

His wife then said in response "that her husband is being declare

[sic] innocent by USA courts on which they response [sic] back that

when they don't accept USA how they going to accept there [sic]
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courts and there [sic] decisions." A translated Mardan bureau

report from the Daily Surkhab in Peshawar dated January 24, 2005

reports heavy gun fire at Abdullah's house but that his family was

unharmed. A translated Mardan bureau report from the Daily Jinnah

in Islamabad dated January 24, 2005 reports gun fire at Abdullah's

house. Similar reports ran the same day in the Daily Subh in

Peshawar, the Daily Khabrain in Peshawar, the Daily Jang of

Rawalpindi/Islamabad, the Daily Mashriq in Peshawar, the Daily

Pakistan in Peshawar and the Daily AAJ in Peshawar. No specific

mention is made in these articles of the Massachusetts sexual

assault charges against Abdullah.

On June 10, 2005, the Board denied Abdullah's motion to

reopen, observing that motions to reopen are disfavored and that

Abdullah bore a very heavy burden in making his request to seek

reopening. The Board stated that Abdullah had submitted "a variety

of newspaper articles similar in nature to the article that the

Immigration Judge found to be doctored." The Board wrote:

while the articles are of recent date, we do not find

that [Abdullah] has made a persuasive case that the new

evidence he has submitted would change the previous

decisions in this case, in which both the Immigration

Judge and this Board concluded that [Abdullah] had not

established that he qualifies for asylum or withholding

of removal. Accordingly, [the Board found] that

[Abdullah] has not met his "heavy burden" to have his

proceedings reopened.
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II. Discussion

A. Standard of Review

A court of appeals reviews the Board's denial of motions

to reopen or to reconsider for an abuse of discretion. INS v.

Doherty, 502 U.S. 314, 315 (1992) (denial of motion to reopen

reviewed for abuse of discretion regardless of the underlying basis

of the alien's request to reopen); Herbert v. Ashcroft, 325 F.3d

68, 70 (1st Cir. 2003). The Attorney General has discretion to

determine whether to reopen or reconsider a case. INS v. Abudu,

485 U.S. 94, 108 (1988). Our review is highly deferential,

focusing on the rationality of the decision to deny reconsideration

and reopening, not on the merits per se, of the underlying claim.

The Board's decision "will be upheld unless it is arbitrary,

irrational, or contrary to law." Ahwazi v. INS, 751 F.2d 1120,

1122 (9th Cir. 1985). 

A motion to reopen must be based upon new material

evidence that was not available and which the alien could not have

presented at the prior hearing. Doherty, 502 U.S. at 323. There

is a "strong public interest in bringing litigation to a close."

Abudu, 485 U.S. at 107. The Board's discretion is broad:

If INS discretion is to mean anything, it must be that

the INS has some latitude in deciding when to reopen a

case. The INS should have the right to be restrictive.

Granting such motions too freely will permit endless

delay of deportation by aliens creative and fertile

enough to continuously produce new and material facts

sufficient to establish a prima facie case. It will also

waste the time and efforts of immigration judges called
A motion to reopen must "state the new facts that will be 5

proven at a hearing to be held if the motion is granted and shall

be supported by affidavits or other evidentiary material." 8

C.F.R. § 1003.2(c).

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upon to preside at hearings automatically required by the

prima facie allegations.

Abudu, 485 U.S. at 108.

It is the burden of the alien seeking asylum to prove

that he is unable or unwilling to return to his home country either

because of past persecution or a well-founded fear of future

persecution based on race, religion, nationality, membership in a

particular social group, or political opinion. Makhoul, 387 F.3d

at 79 (citing 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A)). If, as here, the agent

of the persecution is other than the government or governmentsponsored force, the alien must show that it would not be

reasonable to expect him to relocate internally to avoid the risk

of persecution. 8 C.F.R. §§ 208.13(b)(2)(ii), 208.13(b)(3)(i).

B. Analysis

Abdullah argues that the Board erred in finding that he

had not met his heavy burden to have the proceedings reopened. He

points out that his motion to reopen was accompanied by stories

from ten different newspapers in Pakistan. These, he contends, 5

demonstrate that his original exhibits were credible. 

Abdullah insists that the Board "did not review[] the

newly submitted exhibits" or take "any time at all to analyze the
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content of the stories regarding [him], his political activities,

[or] the incident in the USA," which allegedly triggered "enormous

publicity and impressive volume of coverage in the Pakistan press."

He claims that the Board "blindly affirmed and adopted the decision

of the judge . . . based on the fact that the judge did not find

him credible as to the most important part of his claim."

The Board's order denying the motion to reopen is not,

however, without indication that the Board considered the newly

submitted exhibits. The Board stated that it found Abdullah's

"variety of newspaper articles to be similar in nature" to

previously submitted evidence and concluded that the "new evidence"

was similar to the article that the IJ had "found to be doctored."

The Board went on to state that, although it recognized that "the

articles are of recent date," Abdullah had still failed to make a

case that the submitted new evidence would change the previous

decisions in the case in which the IJ and the Board had determined

that Abdullah had not established eligibility for asylum or

withholding of removal on the merits.

In making the latter point, the Board may be understood

to have referred not just to whether the newspaper accounts were

themselves authentic but to the broader issue of whether Abdullah

had established a right to asylum even if the articles were as

represented. The IJ concluded, and the Board earlier affirmed,

that even if the articles were accurate, it did not seem that
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Abdullah was such a public figure that the news would be of

particular interest throughout Pakistan. Abdullah's own witness

portrayed the ANP party as a very small party based in the

Northwest Frontier Province that was never able to gain power in

Pakistan. The IJ observed that, in a country of 200,000,000

people, it was highly unlikely that Abdullah would not be able to

find some area of safety by relocating in Pakistan. All the

articles included in the motion to reopen, as in the earlier

evidence, came from newspapers in or proximate to the Northwest

Frontier Province, save for the advertisement inserted by

Abdullah's wife in a paper in Karachi. The latter, being a paid

advertisement, did not necessarily show that Abdullah and his

plight were newsworthy throughout the many parts of Pakistan lying

outside the Northwest Frontier Province. Indeed, the central

government is reputed to lack firm control over portions of the

Northwest Frontier Province. See Carlotta Gall and Elisabeth

Bumiller, Pakistan is Tense as Bush Arrives on 24-Hour Visit, N.Y.

Times, March 4, 2006, at A1 ("In the North West Frontier Province,

which borders Afghanistan, the army is fighting a long campaign

against Islamic extremists, including Taliban remnants. Many say

Osama bin Laden may be hiding there."). In fact, Abdullah did not

argue in his brief in support of his review petition that he would

be unable to avoid persecution by the fundamentalist groups

allegedly seeking to harm him were he to relocate to another part
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of Pakistan. See 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(2)(ii); see also Sepulveda

v. U.S. Attorney General, 401 F.3d 1226, 1231 (11th Cir. 2005)

("[W]here the alleged persecutors are not affiliated with the

government, it is not unreasonable to require a refugee who has an

internal resettlement alternative in his own country to pursue that

option before seeking permanent resettlement in the United States,

or at least to establish that such an option is unavailable."). 

It is true that Abdullah stated at the hearing before the

IJ that he could not move to some other city in Pakistan because

"religious fanatics are everywhere" and "these people will find out

somehow or the other." But the IJ declined to accept this

assessment relative to Abdullah, finding instead that even if he

were a man of means and involved with his party, it did not seem he

was such a public figure that he could not find a safe haven in a

country the size of Pakistan. The IJ's conclusion is supported by

evidence that the ANP party is itself based in the Northwest

Frontier Province, is very small, and has not gained power

nationally, as well as by the absence of other persuasive evidence

that Abdullah was a nationally known personage, all factors

indicating that any danger to Abdullah was likely to be local

rather than national in scope. In his rehearing petition, Abdullah

submitted no new evidence on the lack of feasability of his

relocating somewhere in Pakistan. Accordingly, even assuming the

Board were to have accepted as true the version of events presented
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in the alleged news accounts from Peshawar, Islamabad, and

Rawalpindi in Northern Pakistan, it could reasonably accept the

IJ's conclusion that it was unlikely that Abdullah would not be

able to find refuge elsewhere in a country the size of Pakistan.

We hold that the Board did not abuse its considerable

discretion in denying Abdullah's motion to reopen. 

We deny the petition for review.