“Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.” 

EP 385-1-95a 

 27 August 2004

SAFETY 

BASIC SAFETY CONCEPTS AND 

CONSIDERATIONS FOR MUNITIONS AND 

EXPLOSIVES OF CONCERN (MEC) 

RESPONSE ACTION OPERATIONS 

ENGINEER PAMPHLET 

EP 385-1-95a 

27 Aug 04 

AVAILABILITY 

Electronic copies of this and other U.S. Army Corps of Engineers publications are available on 

the Internet at http://www.hnd.usace.army.mil/techinfo/engpubs.htm. This site is the only 

repository for all official USACE engineer regulations, circulars, manuals, and other documents 

originating from HQUSACE. Publications are provided in portable document format (pdf). 

This EP supersedes EP 385-1-95a, dated 29 June 2001

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY EP 385-1-95a 

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 

CESO Washington, DC 20314-1000 

Pamphlet 

No. 385-1-95a 27 August 2004 

Safety 

BASIC SAFETY CONCEPTS AND CONSIDERATIONS FOR MUNITIONS AND 

EXPLOSIVES OF CONCERN (MEC) RESPONSE ACTION OPERATIONS 

1. Purpose. This pamphlet establishes U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) operating 

procedures for dealing with military munitions at Formerly Used Defense Sites (FUDS), Base 

Realignment and Closure (BRAC), and Installation Restoration projects. There are no absolutely 

safe procedures for dealing with military munitions, merely procedures considered to be the least 

dangerous; therefore, it is essential that a planned and systematic approach to dealing with such 

items be established. 

2. Applicability. This pamphlet applies to all Headquarters, USACE elements and all USACE 

commands having responsibility for performing munitions response to munitions and explosives 

of concern (MEC) response action operations. 

3. Distribution Statement. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 

4. References. References are at Appendix A. 

5. Explanation of Acronyms and Terms. Acronyms and special terms used in this document are 

explained in the glossary. 

6. Policy. The policy of USACE is to produce products and services that fully meet customers’ 

expectations of quality, timeliness, and cost effectiveness, within the bounds of legal 

responsibility. There will be no compromise of functional, health, or safety requirements. 

Adherence to the principles outlined in ER 5-1-11 and ER 1110-1-12 will contribute to achieving 

this goal. Procedures for munitions response to MEC will be formulated to ensure harmony with 

the USACE Strategic Vision and should be executed in concert with activities presented in other 

USACE guidance. 

7. Responsibilities. Personnel performing munitions response to MEC projects are responsible 

for safely executing these operations in accordance with the approved Safety Program including 

the Site Safety and Health Plan, Accident Prevention Plan, approved Work Plan, and all 

applicable laws, regulations, and policies. A detailed discussion of USACE organizational 

responsibilities for Military Munitions Response Program (MMRP) projects is presented in ER 
EP 385-1-95a 

27 Aug 04 

 2

1110-1-8153. Safety and health requirements, responsibilities, and procedures for MEC 

operations are defined in ER 385-1-95 and EM 385-1-1. 

8. General Safety Concerns and Procedures. 

a. As a general rule, all unexploded ordnance (UXO) and discarded military munitions 

(DMM) will be detonated in the original position found. This is the safest method to effect final 

disposition of munitions. Engineering controls may be required based on site-specific 

conditions. If authorized by the approved Work Plan, UXO and DMM may be moved to a 

consolidated area for demolition in accordance with EP 1110-1-17. 

b. All UXO will be destroyed daily unless circumstances beyond the contractor’s control 

(e.g., unexpected weather storms, unavailability of donor explosives, etc.) preclude their 

destruction. If a UXO cannot be destroyed on the day of discovery, then the item will be secured 

and guarded until destruction can be accomplished. Under no circumstances will UXO be left 

unsecured overnight. 

c. MEC operations will not be conducted until all applicable plans for the project in 

question are prepared and approved. Plans will be approved in accordance with ER 1110-1-

8153. These plans will be based upon the concept of limiting exposure to the minimum number 

of personnel, for the minimum amount of time, to the minimum amount of military munitions 

consistent with safe and efficient operations. 

d. Only UXO-qualified personnel will perform MEC procedures. As an exception, a UXO 

Technician I may assist in the performance of MEC procedures when under the supervision of a 

UXO Technician III or higher. Non-UXO-qualified personnel who have been determined to be 

essential for the operations being performed may be utilized to perform MEC-related procedures 

when supervised by a UXO Technician III or higher. All personnel engaged in field operations 

will be thoroughly trained and capable of recognizing the specific hazards of the procedures 

being performed. To ensure that these procedures are performed to standards, all field personnel 

will be under the direct supervision of a UXO Technician III or higher. Contact the Military 

Munitions Center of Expertise (MM CX) for current UXO Technician ratings. 

e. Personnel who will be handling military munitions will not wear outer or inner garments 

having static-electricity-generating characteristics. Materials made of 100-percent polyester, 

nylon, silk, and wool are highly static producing. Refer to DA Pam 385-64 for more information 

regarding non-static-producing clothing. 

f. Prior to any action being performed on an ordnance item, all fuzing will be definitively 

identified if it is possible to safely do so without disturbing the ordnance item This identification 
EP 385-1-95a 

27 Aug 04 

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will consist of fuse type by function and condition (armed or unarmed) and the physical 

state/condition of the fuse, i.e., burned, broken, parts exposed/sheared, etc. 

g. MEC operations will be conducted only during daylight hours. 

h. In accordance with the requirements of EP 1110-1-18, UXO-qualified personnel involved 

in performing MEC procedures will be limited to a 40-hour work week, either four 10-hour days 

or five eight-hour days. Two consecutive work weeks will be separated by 48 hours of rest. A 

waiver to the 40-hour work week requirement may be granted for conventional munitions 

response to MEC projects using the following protocols: 

(1) The contractor will be required to submit to the Contracting Officer for approval a 

comprehensive risk assessment for the work that is to be accomplished, taking into account a 

wide array of factors (e.g., fatigue, health, environment, type of work, etc.). This requirement 

must be met before an increase in the established 40-hour work week can commence. 

(2) For those work schedules exceeding 40 hours, but not exceeding 60 hours, concurrence 

will be required by the USACE Project Manager, the Ordnance and Explosives Safety Specialist 

(OESS) supporting the Project Delivery Team, and the Ordnance and Explosives (OE) Safety 

Manager/Administrator, if assigned. Two (2) consecutive work weeks should be separated by 48 

hours of rest. 

(3) For proposed work schedules exceeding 60 hours, concurrence will be required by the 

District Commander and OE Director prior to approval by the Contracting Officer. 

9. MEC Procedures Safety Precautions. 

a. Every effort will be made to identify a suspect military munition. Under no 

circumstances will any MEC be moved in an attempt to make a definitive identification. The 

military munition will be visually examined for markings and other external features such as 

shape, size, and external fittings. If an unknown military munition is encountered, the onsite 

USACE representative will be notified immediately. If there is no onsite USACE representative, 

the Military Munitions (MM) Remedial Action District or the U.S. Army Engineering and 

Support Center, Huntsville (USAESCH) Chief of OE Safety will be notified as soon as possible. 

If research of documentation is required, it will be initiated by the MM CX. Following is 

additional guidance for the safe handling of military munitions: 

(1) Projectiles containing base-detonating fuses are to be considered armed if the round has 

been fired. 
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27 Aug 04 

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(2) Arming wires and pop out pins on unarmed fuses should be secured prior to moving 

military munitions. 

(3) Do not depress plungers, turn vanes, or rotate spindles, levers, setting rings, or other 

external fittings on military munitions. Such actions may arm or activate the items. 

(4) Do not attempt to remove any fuse(s) from military munitions. Do not dismantle or strip 

components from any military munitions. 

(5) UXO personnel are not authorized to render inert any military munitions found onsite. 

(6) Military munitions will not be taken from the project property as souvenirs/training aids. 

(7) Civil War era ordnance will be treated in the same manner as any other military 

munition. 

b. Prior to entering a Munitions Response Area or Munitions Response Site (MRS) that 

contains Improved Conventional Munitions (ICMs) or submunitions, a Department of the Army 

(DA) waiver will be obtained by the affected installation or the executing MM Remedial Action 

District for FUDS properties. The waiver will be obtained in accordance with the requirements 

listed in DA Pam 385-64. The waiver will be routed through the MM CX for concurrence. If an 

ICM or submunition is found at a project property not previously known to contain ICMs or 

submunitions, work will cease. If the item is found as a result of a munitions response to MEC 

project, then the team that discovered the item will perform the disposal. If the item is found as a 

result of some other activity (e.g., construction support), then the notification and disposal 

procedures identified in the approved Work Plan will be used to dispose of the item. The 

discovered item will be identified, then properly disposed of (including guarding the item if 

disposition is to be delayed). Work will resume only when an ICM waiver has been obtained. 

For guidance on the preparation of waiver requests, contact the MM CX. 

c. Any time munitions with unknown fillers are encountered during conventional munitions 

response to MEC project activities, all work will immediately cease. Project personnel will 

withdraw along cleared paths upwind from the discovery. A team consisting of a minimum of 

two personnel will secure the area in accordance with the provisions identified in the approved 

Work Plan to prevent unauthorized access. Personnel should position themselves as far upwind 

as possible while still maintaining security of the area. Personnel who could have been exposed 

to the unknown filler will not be released from the site until the presence of contamination has 

been verified by the U.S. Army Technical Escort Unit (TEU). 

(1) On FUDS properties, the UXO team will notify the local Point of Contact (POC) 

designated in the Work Plan. The local POC will facilitate the Explosive Ordnance Disposal 
EP 385-1-95a 

27 Aug 04 

 5 

(EOD) response, and two personnel will secure the location until the EOD unit’s arrival. If the 

local POC designated in the Work Plan is not the local law enforcement agency, then the local 

POC will inform the local law enforcement agency of the discovery if necessary. The EOD unit 

will notify the TEU and secure the area until TEU’s arrival. After notifying the local law 

enforcement agency (when necessary), the executing MM Remedial Action District will notify 

their safety group and the MM CX of the actions taken. Refer to EP 75-1-3 for more detailed 

instructions on the procedures to take in the event munitions with unknown fillers are 

encountered on FUDS properties. 

(2) Do not have munitions with unknown fillers exposed to direct sunlight after it has been 

excavated. Some fillers can detonate with the temperature change. 

(3) On active or BRAC installations, the UXO team will notify the POC designated in the 

Work Plan. 

d. Avoid inhalation and skin contact with smoke, fumes, and vapors of explosives and 

related hazardous materials. 

e. UXO are the most dangerous military munitions that may be encountered. All military 

munitions, regardless of their appearance or condition, will be considered dangerous and 

managed as UXO until assessed otherwise by an UXO-qualified individual. Military munitions 

that have experienced abnormal environments, such as demilitarization by open burning, open 

detonation, accidents, fires or where components have been armed or affected by certain tests 

(e.g., fuse arming tests, jolt and jumble tests), are very unstable. 

f. Do not rely on the color coding of military munitions for definitive identification. 

Military munitions having incomplete or improper color codes have been encountered. 

g. Avoid approaching the forward area of a military munition until it can be determined 

whether or not the item contains a shaped charge. The explosive jet, which is formed during 

detonation, can be lethal at great distances. Assume that all shaped-charge munitions contain a 

piezoelectric (PZ) fuzing system until investigation proves otherwise. PZ fuzing systems are 

extremely sensitive, can function at the slightest physical change, and can remain hazardous for 

an indefinite period of time. In some cases, merely casting a shadow across a PZ fuse can cause 

it to detonate. 

h. Approach an unfired rocket motor at a 45-degree angle from the rear. Accidental ignition 

can cause a missile hazard and hot exhaust. 

i. Do not expose unfired rocket motors to any electromagnetic radiation (EMR) sources. 

See DA Pam 385-64 for safe separation distances from various sources of EMR. 
EP 385-1-95a 

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j. Consider an emplaced landmine to be armed until proven otherwise. It may be 

intentionally booby trapped. Many training mines contain spotting charges capable of inflicting 

serious injury. 

k. Assume that a practice military munition contains a live charge until investigation proves 

otherwise. Expended pyrotechnic and practice devices can contain red or white phosphorus 

(WP) residue. Due to incomplete combustion, this residue may re-ignite spontaneously if the 

crust is broken and exposed to air. 

l. Do not approach a smoking WP munition. Burning WP may detonate the explosive 

burster charge at any time. 

m. Foreign ordnance was shipped to the United States for exploitation and subsequent 

disposal. Every effort will be made to research all applicable documentation prior to 

commencement of a project involving foreign ordnance. 

10. Military Munitions and Commercial Explosives Storage. 

a. On Department of Defense (DOD) installations, DOD 6055.9-STD and Service 

requirements (Army – AR 385-64; Navy – NAVSEA OP 5; Air Force – AFM 91-201) will be 

met. For the remainder of this pamphlet, reference to DOD standards (i.e., DOD 6055.9-STD) 

also implies that Service explosives safety publications will be adhered to. Generally, the 

contractor may be able to use an existing explosives storage facility on an installation that meets 

DOD standards. If not, the contractor will establish a temporary storage facility. The 

compatibility of explosives defined in DOD 6055.9-STD, will be followed. Recovered 

munitions awaiting final disposition will not be stored with serviceable explosives. Commercial 

explosives will be assigned a DOD hazard classification (e.g.., 1.1, 1.2, etc.) and storage 

compatibility grouping by the U.S. Army Technical Center for Explosives Safety prior to being 

stored on a military installation. Contact the MM CX for a current listing of commercial 

explosives that have been assigned a DOD hazard classification. 

b. Off DOD installations, the contractor will be responsible for establishing a temporary 

explosives storage area. This temporary explosives storage area will meet local, state, 27 CFR 

55, 29 CFR 1910.1201, and DOD 6055.9-STD requirements to the greatest extent practicable. 

c. Temporary Explosives Storage Area. 

(1) It is required that each contractor establish a temporary explosive storage area for each 

project when explosives will be stored for the purpose of disposing of military munitions onsite. 

Recovered military munitions may have to be stored onsite depending on the final disposal 

method selected. 
EP 385-1-95a 

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(2) Magazines must meet the requirements of 27 CFR 55 and each magazine must have a Net 

Explosive Weight (NEW) and hazard classification established for the explosives to be stored. 

The NEW is calculated in accordance with the procedures identified in DA Pam 385-64. 

(3) EM 1110-1-4009 provides the criteria for establishing temporary storage areas using 

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF), Type II Magazines. 

(4) When a project is being conducted on an installation, the installation has an approved 

storage facility, and permission to store the demolition explosives in an approved storage facility 

is obtained from the installation and/or Major Army Command (MACOM), as applicable, the 

explosives will be stored in accordance with the approved procedures used by the installation. 

Otherwise, the contractor will establish a temporary storage area using ATF, Type II magazines. 

Installations require MACOM approval for storage of commercial explosives. Contact the MM 

CX for procedures to be used to obtain MACOM approval. 

(5) A log of the stored material will be maintained at the storage facility and at the project 

administrative office. 

d. Temporary Explosives Storage Area Explosives Siting Requirements. 

(1) EM 1110-1-4009 provides guidance for siting an explosives storage magazine. 

(2) Compliance with 29 CFR 1910.1201 and DOD 6055.9-STD is required. 

(a) The following facilities will be located at the Inhabited Building Distance (IBD) from the 

storage magazines. For any magazine (ATF Type II, Earth Covered, Aboveground, etc.) use the 

standards identified in DOD 6055.9-STD (Revision 3). 

• Office facilities occupied by administrative support personnel. 

• Quantity-Distance (Q-D) from Explosive Storage Magazines to Scrap Vendor Pickup 

Points. Scrap pickup points will be positioned as far as possible from project magazines, 

consistent with operational needs. At a minimum, the scrap pickup point will be sited at 

the Public Traffic Route (PTR) from the magazines. 

• The distances identified in DOD 6055.9-STD apply to all inhabited buildings. 

(b) There is no Minimum Separation Distance (MSD) required from the explosives storage 

area to a MEC work area where MEC procedures are ongoing. The explosives storage area will 

be sited at a MSD of one hazardous fragment per 600 square feet based on the Munition with the 

Greatest Fragmentation Distance (MGFD) from the MEC work area boundary. 
EP 385-1-95a 

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(c) Siting of Magazines to PTRs. The type of distance (IBD, PTR, etc.) required to a PTR 

depends on the traffic density. The criteria, defined in DOD 6055.9-STD include: 

• For PTRs, the minimum fragment and debris distance for Hazard Division 1.1 

ammunition and explosives will be based on the traffic density considered at three levels: 

high traffic density, medium traffic density, and low traffic density. The traffic density 

will be averaged over a normal (non-holiday) week in terms of the number of passengers 

during a 24-hour period. 

• High Traffic Density. If routes have 10,000 or more car and/or rail passengers per day, 

or 2,000 or more ship passengers per day, then the IBD criteria apply. 

• Medium Traffic Density. If routes have 400 or more, but less than 10,000 or more car 

and/or rail passengers per day, or 80 or more, but less than 2,000 ship passengers per day, 

then 60 percent of the specified minimum fragment distance for the IBD applies. 

• Low Traffic Density. If routes have less than 400 cars and/or rail passengers per day, or 

less than 80 ship passengers per day, then no minimum fragment distance is required. 

Minimum distance will be based on the blast criteria (K24/K30) only. 

(3) In cases where the facility cannot meet the intermagazine, IBD, and PTR Q-D 

requirements specified in DA Pam 385-64 and DOD 6055.9-STD, a barricading plan or other 

engineering controls to protect the public from accidental detonation will be submitted to the 

MM CX for approval. 

(4) Material Potentially Presenting an Explosive Hazard (MPPEH) Processing Areas. For 

MPPEH that has been inspected in the MEC work area and brought to a processing area for 

metals segregation, certification, verification, containerization, etc., apply the intraline distance 

from the storage magazines to the scrap processing area, based on the quantity of explosives at 

the magazine. See the appropriate tables in DOD 6055.9-STD. 

(5) Siting Magazines at Operational Installations. 

(a) On-Post Roads. For magazines supporting munitions response to MEC work at 

operational installations, on-post roads are normally not considered PTRs and no Q-D applies 

from the magazine to them. Exceptions are as follows: 

• On-post roads open to the public are PTRs. 

• On-post roads that are closed to the public, but are used by installation personnel who are 

unrelated to the installation’s ammunition mission are considered PTRs. 
EP 385-1-95a 

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(b) Installation Personnel and Operations. 

• Installation ammunition personnel and operations. Site the magazine at the intraline 

distance to these exposures (note: magazine distance applies from installation explosives 

locations to magazines supporting munitions response to MEC projects). 

• Installation non-ammunition personnel and operations. Site the magazine at the IBD to 

these exposures. 

e. Lightning Protection for Explosives Storage Areas. 

(1) Each magazine will be provided lightning protection in accordance with DA Pam 385-64. 

The provisions of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 780, which are consistent 

with Army guidance, may be used to supplement Army guidance where necessary. 

(2) DOD 6055.9-STD requires functional lightning protection for all explosives storage 

areas. 

(3) Approved explosives storage areas on active installations will have a Lightning 

Protection System (LPS) installed. 

(4) Temporary explosives storage areas used to support an on-going project will have a LPS. 

Existing earth-covered magazines at a FUDS project property will have a LPS. 

(5) Prior to storing explosives in any magazine with an installed LPS, the system will be 

inspected and tested to ensure it is functional. Existing facilities without a LPS will have a LPS 

installed and tested to ensure it is functional prior to storing explosives. Inspection and testing 

criteria are contained in DA Pam 385-64. 

(6) NFPA 780 allows the metal walls of the magazine to act as both the air terminal and 

down conductor of a LPS, provided the portable magazine meets the following criteria: 

magazines manufactured entirely from metal that are at least 3/16 inches thick and that have 

doors bonded to the side of the magazine. ATF-approved, portable Type II magazines meet 

these criteria. Lightning protection is completed by grounding the magazine in accordance with 

EM 1110-1-4009; however, the grounding system will be inspected and tested in accordance 

with DA Pam 385-64. The Interim Holding Facilities (IHF) used for Recovered Chemical 

Warfare Materiel (RCWM) projects do not meet these criteria; therefore, they will have a LPS 

designed, installed, and tested prior to use, if the IHF is to be sited for explosively-configured 

RCWM. If the IHF is not sited for explosively-configured items, a LPS is not required. 
EP 385-1-95a 

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 10

(7) When more than one portable magazine is used on a project property, they will be 

separated by a minimum of 2 meters (6.5 feet) if they are grounded separately, or they will be 

bonded to a common grounding system if the 2 meter (6.5 foot) criteria cannot be met. Fences 

installed around magazines will be at least 2 meters (6.5 feet) from the magazine or bonded into 

the grounding system. 

f. Munitions Debris Storage Inside the Fenced Explosives Storage Area. Certified, verified, 

containerized munitions debris may be stored in the fenced explosives storage area. However, 

the munitions debris containers will be made of non-flammable materials. Wood or cardboard 

containers are not acceptable as they constitute a fuel source in case of fire near the magazine. 

g. Fire Protection. 

(1) A fire plan for either an on-installation or off-installation explosives storage facility will 

be prepared and coordinated with the local fire department. 

(2) Clear all combustible material a minimum of 15.25 meters (50 feet) around portable 

magazines. Do not store any combustible materials within 15.25 meters (50 feet) of any 

magazine. 

(3) Placarding. 

(a) On DOD Installations. Affix a fire symbol to the magazine in accordance with DA Pam 

385-64. 

(b) FUDS and Other Munitions Response to MEC Projects Not on DOD Operational 

Installations. Placarding of magazines will be performed in accordance with local rules and 

regulations. 

(c) Routine emergency response drills will be conducted in accordance with the approved 

Work Plan to familiarize the response personnel with the hazards. 

h. Physical Security. A physical security survey will be conducted in accordance with AR 

190-11 to determine if fencing or guards are required. For BRAC or active installations the 

physical security survey will be coordinated through the Provost Marshall’s office. For FUDS, 

this survey will be coordinated with local law enforcement agencies. See EP 1110-1-18 for 

additional details on physical security. 

(1) Generally, a fence around the magazine is not needed, in accordance with 27 CFR 55. 

However, the degree of protection needed to prevent the theft of the military munitions will be 

provided. 
EP 385-1-95a 

27 Aug 04 

 11 

(2) USACE contractors must be aware of 49 CFR 172, Subparts H and I concerning the 

offering, preparing, or transporting of designated hazardous materials, as well as the necessary 

security requirements. 

i. Magazines for Storage of RCWM. Refer to EP 75-1-3 and EP 1110-1-18 for RCWM 

IHF siting requirements. 

j. Requirements for the physical security of a RCWM IHF are contained in EP 75-1-3. 

11. Military Munitions Transportation, Offsite. In the event that military munitions will be 

transported offsite, the provisions of EP 1110-1-18 will be followed. In addition, USACE 

contractors are prohibited from transporting UXO offsite for destruction until the provisions of 

Technical Bulletin 700-2 have been met. 

12. Military Munitions Transportation, Onsite. The following safety procedures will be followed 

for the transportation of military munitions that are acceptable to be moved/transported onsite: 

a. Do not transport WP munitions unless they are immersed in water, mud, or wet sand. 

b. If loose pyrotechnic, tracer, flare, or similar mixtures are to be transported, they will be 

placed in Number 10 mineral oil or equivalent to minimize the fire and explosion hazards. 

c. Incendiary-loaded munitions will be placed on a bed of sand and covered with sand to 

help control the burn if a fire should start. 

d. If an unfired rocket motor will be transported, it will be positioned in the vehicle parallel 

to the rear axle and secured in place with sandbags. This will afford maximum protection for the 

personnel operating the vehicle. 

e. If a base-ejection projectile will be transported to a disposal facility, the longitudinal axis 

of the projectile will be oriented parallel to the rear axle and secured in place with sandbags. 

This will afford maximum protection for the personnel operating the vehicle. 

f. Military munitions with exposed hazardous fillers, such as High Explosive, will be 

placed in appropriate containers with packing material to prevent migration of the hazardous 

fillers. Padding will be added to protect the exposed filler from heat, shock, and friction. 
EP 385-1-95a 

27 Aug 04 

 12

13. Exclusion Zone Operations. On munitions response to MEC projects, it is the responsibility 

of the contractor’s Unexploded Ordnance Safety Officer (UXOSO) to establish the exclusion 

zone (EZ) for each MRS. 

a. The purpose of the EZ is to protect nonessential personnel from blast overpressure and 

fragmentation hazards. Calculating EZs with respect to intentional and unintentional detonations 

is discussed below. Approved engineering controls may be used to reduce the EZ for either 

intentional or unintentional detonations. 

(1) Intentional Detonations. The minimum separation distances specified in DOD 6055.9-

STD will be used unless lesser distances have been calculated using TP Number 16. 

(2) Unintentional Detonations. If the identity of the military munitions to be found is 

unknown, the minimum separation distance specified in DOD 6055.9-STD will be used to 

establish the EZ. If the identity of the military munitions to be found is known, use TP Number 

16 to determine the criteria for establishing the EZ. 

b. When multiple teams are working onsite, a Team Separation Distance (TSD) will be 

established. The minimum TSD will be the greater of 61 meters (200 feet), the hazardous 

fragment distance of the MGFD (lesser distance authorized if supported by a hazard assessment), 

or the K50 (0.9 pounds per square inch) overpressure distance. 

c. While MEC procedures are being conducted, only personnel essential for the operation 

and authorized visitors will be allowed to enter a MRS EZ. When nonessential personnel enter 

the EZ, all MEC procedures will cease. In addition to this work stoppage, the following actions 

will be taken: 

(1) The individual(s) will receive a safety briefing and sign the visitors log prior to entering 

the EZ. 

(2) The individual(s) will be escorted by a UXO-qualified individual. 

d. All personnel working within the EZ will comply with the following: 

(1) There will be no smoking within the EZ, except in areas designated by the UXOSO. 

(2) There will be no open fires for heating or cooking (gas stoves, grills, etc.) within the EZ, 

except where authorized by the UXOSO. If open fires for heating or cooking are to be allowed 

on the project property, then the appropriate fire fighting measures and plans need to be 

established in the approved Work Plan. 
EP 385-1-95a 

27 Aug 04 

 13 

(3) During geophysical detection operations, personnel will not wear any metal (e.g., rings, 

watches, keys, etc.) that would interfere with the instrument’s operation. 

e. On RCWM project properties, EZs will be established in accordance with EP 75-1-3. 

14. Authorized Visitors. 

a. Explosives Safety Policy. 

(1) In accordance with DOD 6055.9-STD and DA Pam 385-64, it is DOD and DA policy to 

limit the exposure to a minimum number of persons, for a minimum time, to the minimum 

amount of ammunition and explosives (i.e., MEC) consistent with safe and efficient operations. 

(2) DA Pam 385-64 provides the following discussion concerning personnel limits: 

(a) Tasks not necessary to the operation will be prohibited within the immediate area of the 

hazard produced by the operation. (For USACE MMRP projects, multi-discipline and multiple 

MEC project teams performing tasks required to execute the project may be in the EZ while 

MEC procedures are being performed as long as minimum team separation distances are 

maintained.) 

(b) Personnel limits, to include authorized visitors, will be clearly posted for each operation 

and must not be exceeded during the operation. (For USACE MMRP projects, personnel limits 

are based on the approved Work Plan designating the number and types of teams that may be 

required to complete the field operations.) 

(c) Personnel not needed for the operation will be prohibited from visiting. (For USACE 

MMRP projects, essential personnel and authorized visitors, as defined in this guidance, may 

visit the EZ while MEC procedures are being conducted.) 

(3) DA Pam 385-64 and ER 385-1-95 require the contractor to establish an EZ around each 

work area where MEC procedures are being performed. The EZ is established to protect nonessential personnel from the damaging effects of blast overpressure and fragmentation should an 

unintentional detonation occur. The EZ will be delineated in the approved Work Plan, 

Explosives Siting Plan, and Explosives Safety Submission. 

b. Responsibilities. 

(1) Authorized visitors will obtain written approval from the executing district’s Safety and 

Occupational Health Office (SOHO). 
EP 385-1-95a 

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(2) Project team members listed in the Quality Assurance Surveillance Plan (QASP) do not 

require additional SOHO approval. They will be considered as authorized visitors when 

performing assigned quality assurance functions. If a QASP is not available, or personnel are 

not listed in the QASP, SOHO approval is required. 

(3) The contractor is responsible for considering all explosives safety policies and principles 

when making determinations regarding EZ operations and personnel limits. 

(4) The contractor is responsible for posting personnel limits and ensuring all personnel are 

aware of and comply with the posted limits. 

(5) All personnel entering, or working in, EZs are responsible for ensuring personnel limits 

are not exceeded. 

c. Requirements and Procedures. 

(1) All requests for approval as an authorized visitor for entry into the EZ during MEC 

procedures will be submitted through the Project Manager (PM). The PM will provide the 

request to the project OE safety Specialist for review prior to transmitting it to the executing 

district’s SOHO for approval. An exception to this is provided in paragraph 14.b.(2) above. All 

visitor authorization requests will: 

(a) Describe the purpose of the visit and the tasks to be performed. 

(b) Explain why the tasks must be performed during MEC procedures. 

(c) Specify whether the visit will be a single visit or one in a series of visits. 

(d) State the frequency of the visits and the time required to perform the task. 

(2) The on-site UXOSO will ensure: 

(a) The documentation approving the authorized visitors is reviewed for adequacy based on 

this guidance and the tasks to be performed. This documentation will become part of the project 

file. 

(b) Non-essential personnel, which include unauthorized visitors, are prohibited within the 

EZ where MEC procedures are being performed. 

(c) All authorized visitors are provided a safety briefing prior to entering the EZ and a UXOqualified escort regardless of their qualifications. 
EP 385-1-95a 

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(d) Posted personnel limits are not exceeded while MEC procedures are being conducted. If 

more than the posted number of personnel are in the EZ while MEC procedures are being 

performed, MEC procedures must cease and the required number of personnel must leave before 

they may continue. 

(e) Personnel limits are posted at or near the contractor’s on-site office. As a minimum, the 

limits should be posted at a central site accessible to all personnel. 

(f) Personnel limits are a topic covered during the contractor’s daily safety briefings. 

(3) Once the personnel limits are established, the contractor has the flexibility to manage 

team sizes to accomplish the mission provided the personnel limits are not exceeded. 

15. Munitions Response Excavation Operations. 

a. By their nature, MEC procedures/anomaly excavations are hazardous and certain 

calculated risks will be taken. Ingenuity, judgment, common sense, and above all, the mastery of 

EOD techniques and observance of EOD principles will determine success or failure. UXOqualified technicians will be alert at all times and be in observance of EOD safety precautions. 

EOD/UXO-qualified personnel are the most experienced and best qualified to perform these 

operations. 

b. Hand excavation is the most reliable method for uncovering a military munition. 

However, hand excavation exposes personnel to the hazard of detonation. Only EOD or UXOqualified personnel are to perform these operations. 

c. Specific Procedures for Anomaly Excavation. 

(1) Start all excavations from the side of the anomaly. Carefully dig from the side until 

identification of the anomaly is made. Excavation operations, whether by hand or Earth-Moving 

Machinery (EMM), will employ a step-down or offset access method. Under no circumstances 

will any excavation be made directly over suspected military munitions. 

(2) Clear debris/dirt from the subsurface anomaly only enough to permit identification of the 

anomaly and to apply the necessary MEC procedure. 

(3) All UXO will be blown in place, when possible. 

(4) Move with slow, deliberate motions; avoid abrupt moves. 

(5) Avoid impacting, jarring, or striking UXO. 
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(6) Do not subject UXO to shock, rough handling, heat, or any other force. 

(7) Observe EMR precautions in accordance with DA Pam 385-64. 

d. EMM may be used to excavate overburden from suspected military munitions. EMM 

will not be used to excavate within 12 inches of a suspected military munition. Once the EMM 

is within 12 inches of the suspected military munition, the excavation will be completed by hand 

excavation methods. Personnel who are not UXO-qualified may operate EMM only when 

supervised by a UXO Technician III or higher. 

(1) If more than one earth-moving machine is to be used onsite, the same minimum 

separation distances required for multiple work teams apply. 

(2) EMM operations will be conducted within the guidelines of EM 385-1-1 and 29 CFR 

1926, subpart P. 

16. Procedures for Assessing Munitions with Unknown Fillers. 

a. Background. 

(1) For explosives and chemical safety reasons, the complete identification of recovered 

munitions is required before destruction or disposal. This is particularly true with regard to 

munitions that can be filled with chemical warfare materiel (CWM) and could present a 

downwind chemical vapor hazard. 

(2) Many munitions have sufficient physical properties (e.g., design characteristics, 

markings) that allow USACE OESS and UXO personnel to positively identify the munition and 

the filler. However, the design or physical condition of some munitions may not allow their 

complete identification by visual inspection. 

(3) Munitions whose external design does not always allow for positive identification of their 

filler include: 4.2-inch mortars (M1, M2, and the M2A1 models) and Livens projectiles (MK II 

(M1) and MKIIAI). 

(a) Because the 4-inch Stokes mortar’s physical dimensions (see Appendix B) clearly 

indicate whether or not it contains a suspect chemical filler, it is not included in this list. 

(b) Because this list is not all inclusive, the MM CX should be contacted about other 

munitions when questions arise. 

(4) The identification of the filler of some munitions is very difficult, if not impossible, 

through visual inspection when the munition has been used or otherwise impacted (e.g., disposed 
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 17 

of after ineffective treatment) or exposed to the environment (e.g., buried as a means of disposal) 

for years. 

(5) Only EOD or TEU will be allowed to determine the most likely filler of these munitions. 

b. Procedures. When performing munitions responses on USACE project properties and the 

filler of a munition listed above cannot be determined, the following procedures will be 

followed. Refer to EP 75-1-2 for additional details on procedures to be followed in the event 

that munitions with unknown fillers are identified on conventional munitions response to MEC 

project properties. 

(1) On conventional munitions response to MEC project properties, contact the POC 

identified in the approved Work Plan for performing the assessment or response (i.e., military 

EOD or TEU). Typically, the Work Plan will address how to “safe the hole / item” to mitigate 

the possible downwind hazards pending the arrival of the appropriate response personnel. 

(2) On RCWM projects, TEU will normally be present at the project property and will 

perform the assessment as part of their daily routine and per their procedures. 

(3) If the assessment has ruled out RCWM as a filler, then the item will be returned to 

USACE for disposal operations as specified in the approved conventional munitions response to 

MEC Work Plan. 

(4) If the assessment indicates RCWM as a filler: 

(a) On a RCWM project, TEU will package and secure the item per the approved Chemical 

Safety Submission, usually on site. 

(b) On a conventional munitions response to MEC project, TEU will assume control of the 

item. (Note: TEU may require some logistical support during the assessment process.) 

(5) The use of these procedures is a precautionary measure to confirm that the munition can 

be safely destroyed; to help ensure that an uncontrolled, unintentional release of CWM does not 

occur; and to validate site-specific information. 

c. It is important that terminology used not cause unnecessary public or regulatory concern. 

Generally, these munitions should be referred to as munitions with unknown fillers, rather than 

suspect chemical munitions. 

17. Military Munitions Disposal Operations. All disposal operations will be conducted in 

accordance with TM 60A-1-1-31, EP 1110-1-17, and the unnumbered USAESCH publication 
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entitled Procedures for Demolition of Multiple Rounds (Consolidated Shots) on Ordnance and 

Explosives (OE) Sites. 

a. As a general rule, all disposal operations will be accomplished by electrical means to 

ensure maximum safety. There are exceptions to this requirement in situations where static 

electricity or EMR hazards are present. Unintentional detonations can occur because of these 

induced currents (or lightning). The following precautions from DA Pam 385-64 are to be 

followed: 

(1) Premature detonation of electric blasting caps by induced current from radio frequency 

signals is possible. Refer to DA Pam 385-64 for minimum safe distance with respect to 

transmitter power and indication of distance beyond which it is safe to conduct electric blasting 

even under the most adverse conditions. 

(2) Lightning is a hazard with respect to all field activities. Lightning strikes, even at distant 

locations, may cause extremely high local earth currents. Effects of remote lightning strikes are 

multiplied by their proximity to conducting elements such as those found in buildings, fences, 

railroads, bridges, streams, and underground cables or conduits. The only safe procedure is to 

suspend all field activities when an electrical storm approaches to within 5 miles of the project 

location. 

(3) Electric power lines also pose a hazard with respect to electric initiating systems. It is 

recommended that any disposal operation closer than 155 meters (517 feet) to electric power 

lines be done with a non-electric system. 

b. The only acceptable disposal method is the one stated in the appropriate TM 60 Series 

manual for specific ordnance types. Any commercial explosives being used will be equivalent to 

the military explosive required for the disposal operation. 

c. If justified by the situation, protective measures to reduce shock, blast overpressure, and 

fragmentation will be taken. The MM CX will assist in any design work and will review for 

approval all proposed protective measures. 

d. MSDs for personnel during MEC disposal operations will be in accordance with DOD 

6055.9-STD, TP 16, or the distance provided by the MM CX. 

e. During open detonation operations, personnel will be located away from lifting lugs, 

strong backs, base plates, etc.. 

f. Once disposal operations are completed, a thorough search of the immediate area will be 

conducted with a magnetometer to ensure that a complete disposal was accomplished. 


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A-1

APPENDIX A 

References 

27 CFR 55, Commerce in Explosives. 

29 CFR 1910.1201, Retention of DOT Markings, Placards, and Labels. 

29 CFR 1926, Subpart P, Excavations. 

49 CFR 172, Hazardous Materials Table, Special Provisions, Hazardous Materials 

Communications, Emergency Response Information, and Training Requirements. 

DOD 6055.9-STD 

Department of Defense Ammunition and Explosives Safety Standards, Latest Revision. 

DODD 4715.11 

Environmental and Explosive Safety Management on Operational Ranges Within the United 

States. 

Department of Defense Explosives Safety Board Technical Paper No. 16 

Methodologies for Calculating Primary Fragment Characteristics. 

Technical Bulletin 700-2 

Department of Defense Ammunition and Explosives Hazard Classification Procedures. 

AR 190-11 

Physical Security of Arms, Ammunition, and Explosives. 

AR 385-64 

U.S. Army Explosives Safety Program. 

DA Pam 385-64 

Ammunition and Explosives Safety Standards. 

FM 3-09.21 

Tactics, Techniques and Procedures for the Field Artillery Battalion. 

TM 60A-1-1-31 

Explosive Ordnance Disposal Procedures: General Information on Explosive Ordnance Disposal 

Procedures. 
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ER 5-1-11 

Program and Project Management. 

ER 385-1-95 

Safety and Health Requirements for Ordnance and Explosives (OE) Operations. 

ER 1110-1-12 

Quality Management. 

ER 1110-1-8153 

Ordnance and Explosives Response 

EP 75-1-2 

Munitions and Explosives of Concern (MEC) Support During Hazardous, Toxic, and 

Radioactive Waste (HTRW) and Construction Activities. 

EP 75-1-3 

Recovered Chemical Warfare Materiel (RCWM) Response. 

EP 1110-1-17 

Establishing a Temporary Open Burn and Open Detonation Site for Conventional Ordnance and 

Explosives Projects. 

EP 1110-1-18 

Ordnance and Explosives Response. 

EM 385-1-1 

Safety and Health Requirements Manual. 

EM 1110-1-4009 

Ordnance and Explosives Response 

U.S. Army Engineer and Support Center, Huntsville Document 

Procedures for Demolition of Multiple Rounds (Consolidated Shots) on Ordnance and 

Explosives (OE) Sites, U.S. Army Engineering and Support Center, Huntsville, Terminology 

Update March 2000. This document is available on the Internet at 

http://www.hnd.usace.army.mil/oew/proceddocs.asp. 

AFM 91-201 

Explosives Safety Standards. 
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NAVSEA OP 5 

Ammunition and Explosives Ashore Safety Regulations for Handling, Storing, Production, 

Renovation, and Shipping. 

NFPA 780 

Standard for the Installation of Lightning Protection Systems. 

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APPENDIX B 

4-Inch Stokes Mortar Round Measurements 

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GLOSSARY 

Section I 

Acronyms 

AFM...................................................Air Force Manual 

AR......................................................Army Regulation 

ATF....................................................Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms 

BRAC.................................................Base Realignment and Closure 

CFR....................................................Code of Federal Regulations 

CWM..................................................Chemical Warfare Materiel 

DA......................................................Department of the Army 

DA Pam..............................................Department of the Army Pamphlet 

DMM..................................................Discarded Military Munition 

DOD...................................................Department of Defense 

EM......................................................Engineer Manual 

EMM..................................................Earth-Moving Machinery 

EMR...................................................Electromagnetic Radiation 

EOD ...................................................Explosive Ordnance Disposal 

EP.......................................................Engineer Pamphlet 

ER ......................................................Engineer Regulation 

EZ.......................................................Exclusion Zone 

FUDS .................................................Formerly Used Defense Sites 

HTRW................................................Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste 

IBD.....................................................Inhabited Building Distance 

ICM....................................................Improved Conventional Munition 

IHF .....................................................Interim Holding Facility 

LPS.....................................................Lightning Protection System 

MACOM............................................Major Army Command 

MC .....................................................Munitions Constituents 

MEC...................................................Munitions and Explosives of Concern 
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MGFD................................................Munition with Greatest Fragmentation Distance 

MM ....................................................Military Munitions 

MM CX..............................................Military Munitions Center of Expertise 

MMRP................................................Military Munitions Response Program 

MPPEH ..............................................Material Potentially Presenting an Explosive Hazard 

MRA ..................................................Munitions Response Area 

MRS ...................................................Munitions Response Site 

MSD...................................................Minimum Separation Distance 

NAVSEA OP .....................................Naval Sea Systems Command Ordnance Pamphlet 

NEW ..................................................Net Explosive Weight 

NFPA .................................................National Fire Protection Association 

OE ......................................................Ordnance and Explosives 

OESS..................................................OE Safety Specialist 

pdf ......................................................Portable Document Format 

POC....................................................Point of Contact 

PTR ....................................................Public Traffic Route 

PZ.......................................................Piezoelectric 

Q-D ....................................................Quantity-Distance 

QAR ...................................................Quality Assurance Representative 

QASP .................................................Quality Assurance Surveillance Plan 

RCWM...............................................Recovered Chemical Warfare Materiel 

SOHO.................................................Safety and Occupational Health Office 

STD....................................................Standard 

TEU....................................................U.S. Army Technical Escort Unit 

TM......................................................Technical Manual 

TP.......................................................Technical Paper 

TSD....................................................Team Separation Distance 

USACE ..............................................U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 

USAESCH .........................................U.S. Army Engineering and Support Center, 

Huntsville 

UXO...................................................Unexploded Ordnance 

UXOSO..............................................Unexploded Ordnance Safety Officer 

WP......................................................White Phosphorus 
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Section II 

Terms 

Authorized Visitors

DOD, DA, USACE, or other personnel (MM CX, Department of Defense Explosives Safety 

Board , HQ Safety, etc.) conducting project or mission related functions, e.g., Quality Assurance 

Representatives (QARs), safety and quality inspectors (including geophysicists performing 

quality assurance functions), and project management. Authorized visitors must be escorted 

while in the EZ and be approved for entry into the EZ in accordance with this guidance. No 

more than 2 authorized visitors will be permitted in the EZ at any given time. 

Defense Sites

Locations that are or were owned by, leased to, or otherwise possessed or used by the 

Department of Defense. The term does not include any operational range, operating storage or 

manufacturing facility, or facility that is used for or was permitted for the treatment or disposal 

of military munitions. (10 U.S.C. 2710(e)(1)) 

Discarded Military Munitions (DMM)

Military munitions that have been abandoned without proper disposal or removed from storage 

in a military magazine or other storage area for the purpose of disposal. The term does not 

include unexploded ordnance, military munitions that are being held for future use or planned 

disposal, or military munitions that have been properly disposed of consistent with applicable 

environmental laws and regulations. (10 U.S.C. 2710(e)(2)) 

Essential Personnel

USACE and contractor project personnel necessary for the safe and efficient completion of field 

operations conducted in an EZ. This is limited to: contractor work team members including the 

Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) Safety Officer (UXOSO), UXO Quality Control Specialist, Senior 

UXO Supervisor, and a USACE Ordnance and Explosives (OE) Safety Specialist. 

Exclusion Zone (EZ)

A safety zone established around a MEC work area where MEC procedures are being conducted. 

Improved Conventional Munition (ICM)

ICMs are delivered by 105 and 155 Howitzers and the Multiple Launch Rocket System (rockets 

and missiles). There are three types of ICM: 1) Antipersonnel (APICM); 2) Antipersonnel, 

Antimaterial (APAM); and 3) Dual Purpose (DPICM). (FM 3-09.21) 

Material Potentially Presenting an Explosive Hazard (MPPEH)

Material potentially containing explosives or munitions (e.g., munitions containers and 

packaging material; munitions debris remaining after munitions use, demilitarization, or 
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disposal; and range-related debris); or material potentially contaminated with a high enough 

concentration of explosives such that the material presents an explosive hazard (e.g., equipment, 

drainage systems, holding tanks, piping, ventilation ducts) associated with munitions production, 

demilitarization or disposal operations. Excluded from MPPEH are munitions within DOD’s 

established munitions management system and other hazardous items that may present explosion 

hazards (e.g., gasoline cans, compressed gas cylinders) that are not munitions and are not 

intended for use as munitions. 

MEC Procedures

Procedures which include, but are not limited to, the following actions performed by a UXOqualified individual: 

 a. Gaining access to (manual excavation) and identifying subsurface anomalies and assessing 

the condition of buried MEC. 

 b. Identifying and assessing the condition of surface MEC. 

 c. Recovering and making final disposal of all MEC. 

MEC-Related Procedures

Procedures which include, but are not limited to, the following actions which may be performed 

by a non-UXO-qualified individual: 

 a. Locating and marking subsurface anomalies. 

 b. Locating and marking suspected surface MEC. 

 c. Transporting and storing recovered MEC. 

 d. Utilizing EMM to excavate overburden from suspected MEC. 

Military Munitions

Military munitions means all ammunition products and components produced for or used by the 

armed forces for national defense and security, including ammunition products or components 

under the control of the Department of Defense, the Coast Guard, the Department of Energy, and 

the National Guard. The term includes confined gaseous, liquid, and solid propellants, 

explosives, pyrotechnics, chemical and riot control agents, smokes, and incendiaries, including 

bulk explosives and warfare agents, chemical munitions, rockets, guided and ballistic missiles, 

bombs, warheads, mortar rounds, artillery ammunition, small arms ammunition, grenades, mines, 

torpedoes, depth charges, cluster munitions and dispensers, demolition charges, and devices and 

components thereof. 
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The term does not include wholly inert items, improvised explosive devices, and nuclear 

weapons, nuclear devices, and nuclear components, other than non-nuclear components of 

nuclear devices that are managed under the nuclear weapons program of the Department of 

Energy after all required sanitization operations under the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 

U.S.C. 2011 et seq.) have been completed. (10 U.S.C. 101(e)(4)). 

Munitions Constituents (MC)

Any materials originating from unexploded ordnance, discarded military munitions, or other 

military munitions, including explosive and nonexplosive materials, and emission, degradation, 

or breakdown elements of such ordnance or munitions. 

(10 U.S.C. 2710(e)(4)). 

Munitions and Explosives of Concern (MEC)

This term, which distinguishes specific categories of military munitions that may pose unique 

explosives safety risks, means: 

a. Unexploded Ordnance (UXO), as defined in 10 U.S.C. 2710(e)(9); 

b. Discarded Military Munitions (DMM), as defined in 10 U.S.C. 2710(e)(2); or 

c. Munitions Constituents (e.g., TNT, RDX) present in high enough concentrations to pose an 

explosive hazard. 

Munitions Response

Response actions, including investigation, removal and remedial actions to address the 

explosives safety, human health, or environmental risks presented by unexploded ordnance 

(UXO), discarded military munitions (DMM), or munitions constituents (MC). 

Munitions Response Area (MRA)

Any area on a defense site that is known or suspected to contain UXO, DMM, or MC. Examples 

include former ranges and munitions burial areas. A munitions response area is comprised of 

one or more munitions response sites. 

Munitions Response Site (MRS)

A discrete location within a MRA that is known to require a munitions response. 

Personnel Limits

The maximum number of personnel that may be in the EZ at any one time. This includes 

essential personnel as defined above, plus 2 authorized visitors. 
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Submunition

Any munition that, to perform its task, separates from a parent munition. (DODD 4715.11) 

Unexploded Ordnance (UXO)

Military munitions that: 

 a. Have been primed, fused, armed, or otherwise prepared for action; 

 b. Have been fired, dropped, launched, projected, or placed in such a manner as to constitute a 

hazard to operations, installations, personnel, or material; and 

 c. Remain unexploded either by malfunction, design, or any other cause. 

(10 U.S.C. 101(e)(5)) 

UXO-Qualified Individual

Individual meeting the requirements for the positions of UXO Technician II, UXO Technician 

III, UXO Safety Officer, UXO Quality Control Specialist, or Senior UXO Supervisor. For 

qualification requirements, refer to EP 1110-1-18.