A Chronology of 

Middle Missouri Plains 

Village Sites

By Craig M. Johnson

with contributions by

Stanley A. Ahler, Herbert Haas, and Georges Bonani

Smithsonian Institution

Scholarly Press

Smithsonian Institution

Scholarly Press

The Smithsonian Institution 

African Mammal Project 

(1961–1972)

An Annotated Gazetteer of 

Collecting Localities and Summary of 

Its Taxonomic and Geographic Scope

David F. Schmidt, Craig A. Ludwig,

and Michael D. Carleton

s m i t h s o n i a n c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o z o o l o g y • n u m b e r 6 2 8
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s m i t h s o n i a n c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o z o o l o g y • n u m b e r 6 2 8

The Smithsonian Institution

African Mammal Project 

(1961–1972)

An Annotated Gazetteer of 

Collecting Localities and Summary of 

Its Taxonomic and Geographic Scope

David F. Schmidt, Craig A. Ludwig,

and Michael D. Carleton

washington d.c.

2008
ABSTRACT

Schmidt, David F., Craig A. Ludwig, and Michael D. Carleton. The Smithsonian Institution African Mammal Project (1961–1972): An Annotated Gazetteer of Collecting Localities and Summary of Its Taxonomic 

and Geographic Scope. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 628, viii + 320 pages, frontispiece 

+ 150 figures, 20 maps, 12 tables, 2008. — Conceived and directed by Henry W. Setzer, the African Mammal 

Project (1961–1972) covered portions of 20 countries concentrated in the northern, western, and southern 

regions of Africa and generated over 63,000 specimens of mammals. The geographic foundation of this 

ambitious field program is documented as an annotated gazetteer that provides coordinate data for 785 

cardinal collecting localities, collectors’ names and dates of collection, general ecological descriptions, and 

mammalian genera obtained at each site. In georeferencing localities, emphasis was given to primary archival 

sources—original specimen labels, collectors’ field journals, and contemporaneous field maps. Most localities 

surveyed fell within the Northern Savanna and Southern Savanna biotic zones. The Mediterranean, Sahara 

Desert, Guinea High Forest, and Southwest Arid zones were moderately sampled; the Southwest Cape and 

Afromontane zones were minimally represented. 

The principal inventory method applied by field teams involved multiple transect lines of snap traps, supplemented by hunting, roost searching, mist-netting, and specimen purchasing. Total collecting effort varied 

immensely among countries, from 13 days (Chad) to 770 days (South Africa), and the number of specimens 

obtained was strongly correlated; length of dedicated site inventory mostly ranged from 3 to 8 days of collecting effort per cardinal locality. The resulting 63,213 vouchers include examples of 15 orders, 47 families, and 

208 genera of African mammals; Rodentia (70%) and Chiroptera (20%) are most abundantly represented. 

The historical genesis of the African Mammal Project and its scientific goals as developed by H. W. Setzer are 

reviewed in the introduction to the gazetteer.

Cover images, left to right: Figure 140 (detail), Map 1, and Figure 144 (detail).

Published by Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press

P.O. Box 37012, MRC 957

Washington, D.C. 20013-7012

www.scholarlypress.si.edu

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Smithsonian Institution.

The Smithsonian Institution African Mammal Project (1961–1972) : an annotated gazetteer of collecting 

localities and summary of its taxonomic and geographic scope / David F. Schmidt, Craig A. Ludwig, and 

Michael D. Carleton.

 p. cm. — (Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 628)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

1. Mammals—Collection and preservation—Africa. 2. Mammals—Type specimens—Catalogs and 

collections—Washington (D.C.) 3. National Museum of Natural History (U.S.)—Catalogs. 4. Mammals—

Africa—Geographical distribution. 5. Mammals—Africa—Classification. I. Schmidt, David F. II. Ludwig, 

Craig A. III. Carleton, Michael D. IV. Title. 

QL731.A1S555 2008

599.096'074753—dc22

2008005666

ISSN: 0081-0282

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard 

for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48–1992.
Contents

LIST OF MAPS v

LIST OF TABLES vii

FRONTISPIECE viii

INTRODUCTION 1

Materials and Methods 3

 Data Sources and General Format of the Gazetteer 3

 Determination of Localities and Organization of Accounts 4

 Cardinal versus Satellite Localities 4

 Coordinates 5

 Collectors 6

 Habitat 6

 Remarks 8

 Taxa 8

Acknowledgments 8

HENRY W. SETZER AND THE AFRICAN MAMMAL PROJECT 11

Genesis and Scientific Goals of the AMP 11

 Why Africa? 11

 Setzer’s Scientific Legacy 14

AMP Collecting Tools, Survey Methods, and Field Procedures 18

 Trapping 18

 Salvage and Hand Capture 24

 Roost Searching and Mist-netting 24

 Hunting 26

 Purchasing Specimens 27

Taxonomic and Geographic Summary 28

 Taxonomic Survey and Geographic Coverage 28

 AMP and Earlier Smithsonian African Expeditions 33

 Sampling Effort and Voucher Preservation 35

 Sources and Standards of Geographic Documentation 39
ANNOTATED GAZETTEER OF THE AFRICAN 

MAMMAL PROJECT 43

Northern Africa 44

 Morocco 45

 Mauritania 70

 Algeria 80

 Niger 84

 Libya 85

 Chad 104

Western Africa 105

 Senegal and The Gambia 106

 Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast) 122

 Burkina Faso (Upper Volta) 137

 Ghana 147

 Togo 169

 Benin (Dahomey) 176

 Nigeria 188

Southern Africa 206

 Namibia (South West Africa) 207

 Botswana (Bechuanaland or Bechuanaland Protectorate) 215

 Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia) 232

 Mozambique 236

 South Africa and Lesotho 251

APPENDIX: CARTOGRAPHIC SOURCES 299

REFERENCES 303

INDEX OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES 309
Maps

1. Geographic scope of Henry W. Setzer’s African Mammal Project 

(1961–1972). 2

2. AMP cardinal collecting localities (1–229) in Northern Africa. 44

3. AMP cardinal collecting localities (1–81) in Morocco. 46

4. AMP cardinal collecting localities (82–102) in Mauritania. 71

5. AMP cardinal collecting localities (103–140) in Algeria and Niger. 81

6. AMP cardinal collecting localities (141–229) in Libya and Chad. 86

7. AMP cardinal collecting localities (230–440) in Western Africa. 105

8. AMP cardinal collecting localities (230–263) in Senegal and 

The Gambia. 107

9. AMP cardinal collecting localities (264–289) in Côte d’Ivoire. 123

10. AMP cardinal collecting localities (290–316) in Burkina Faso. 138

11. AMP cardinal collecting localities (317–377) in Ghana. 147

12. AMP cardinal collecting localities (378–384) in Togo. 171

13. AMP cardinal collecting localities (385–400) in Benin. 177

14. AMP cardinal collecting localities (401–440) in Nigeria. 189

15. AMP cardinal collecting localities (441–785) in Southern Africa. 207

16. AMP cardinal collecting localities (441–464) in Namibia. 208

17. AMP cardinal collecting localities (465–554) in Botswana. 216

18. AMP cardinal collecting localities (555–574) in Zimbabwe. 232

19. AMP cardinal collecting localities (575–632) in Mozambique. 237

20. AMP cardinal collecting localities (633–785) in South Africa 

and Lesotho. 252

Tables

1. Principal AMP collectors. 7

2. Orders, families, and genera of AMP vouchers represented 

in the NMNH. 9

3. NMNH voucher specimens of Rodentia resulting from the AMP. 19

4. Examples of locality trapping results, arranged by region, 

country and collector. 21

5. NMNH voucher specimens of Chiroptera resulting from 

the AMP. 25

6. NMNH voucher specimens of all Mammalia resulting from 

the AMP. 29

7. Collecting tools and methods employed during the African 

Mammal Project. 30

8. Distribution of AMP cardinal localities among Africa’s major 

biotic zones. 31

9. Vouchered specimens of African Mammalia generated 

by Smithsonian field surveys. 33

10. New mammalian taxa originating from the African 

Mammal Project. 34

11. Length of collecting effort, in days, at cardinal localities. 36

12. Sources of coordinate data for AMP cardinal localities. 40
Frontispiece. Henry (‘Hank’) W. Setzer and field personnel (standing from left to right: Michael G. Hearst, Judy Vaden, Ralph E. 

Vaden, Duane A. Schlitter, Lynn W. Robbins) near Aouinet Torkoz, Morocco (photographed by Ralph E. Vaden, November 1969). Such 

collecting teams formed the backbone of Setzer’s African Mammal Project (1961–1972), an immense biological survey program that 

sampled 20 countries and produced about 63,000 museum specimens. We dedicate this study to the memory of Henry Setzer (1916–1992), 

who instituted and coordinated the Project, and to the many AMP team members whose energy and dedication insured its success.
The Smithsonian Institution African 

Mammal Project (1961–1972): 

An Annotated Gazetteer of Collecting 

Localities and Summary of Its Taxonomic 

and Geographic Scope

INTRODUCTION

F

rom March 1961 to July 1972, the Smithsonian Institution supported a 

series of field surveys of small mammals in Africa, collectively designated 

as the African Mammal Project. This ambitious field program, known 

inside and outside the Institution by its familiar abbreviation AMP, was 

conceived, coordinated, and impelled by Henry W. Setzer, curator in the Division 

of Mammals, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, from 1948 to 1978. By 

its completion, the field program had enlisted the energies of some 40 main collectors, encompassed 20 countries distributed across the northern, western, and 

southern sectors of the African continent, and procured over 60,000 mammal 

specimens from 788 major collecting localities (Map 1).

Although AMP specimens have been used incidentally in numerous faunal 

reports and taxonomic studies, foremost of mammals but also of the abundant 

ectoparasites collected from them, nowhere are the scope and results of the 

project itself synthesized. Our central objective is to document here the basic 

geographic data of the African Mammal Project in the form of a generously annotated gazetteer that includes localities surveyed as determined from specimen 

labels and field catalogs; coordinate data for those localities as given by collectors or georeferenced by us; names of collectors and dates of visit at each locality; general ecological descriptions, both as quoted directly from field journals 

and as captured in habitat photographs by AMP collectors; and lists of mammalian genera obtained at each site. Secondary goals are to provide the historical 

background to the African Mammal Project, its genesis and scientific purpose as 

originally developed by Setzer, and to address in broad terms its taxonomic and 

geographic results.

David F. Schmidt, Craig A. Ludwig, and 

Michael D. Carleton, Division of Mammals, 

Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National 

Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian 

Institution, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012, 

USA. Manuscript received 31 May 2007; accepted 6 November 2007.
2 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Map 1. Henry W. Setzer’s African Mammal Project (1961–1972) was massive in geographic scale, as demonstrated by the 785 cardinal collecting localities distributed over 20 countries in the northern, western, and southern regions of the continent.

Equator

Prime Meridian

Senegal

Gambia

Burkina

Faso

Côte d’Ivoire

Ghana Togo

Benin

Nigeria

Morocco

Algeria

Mauritania

Libya

Chad

Niger

Lesotho South Africa

Namibia

Botswana

Zimbabwe

Mozambique
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 3

Materials and Methods

Data Sources and General Format of the Gazetteer

Our guiding rationale in documenting the scope and 

details of AMP collecting activities was to ground the geographic information presented only on preserved museum 

vouchers. All localities so gazetted and mapped herein are 

based on approximately 63,000 specimens collected over 

the years 1961–1972, now registered and housed in the 

Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Smithsonian Institution. Original specimen labels, as written in the field by AMP collectors, thus 

served as our primary information source for geographic 

location and, directly or indirectly, the coordinates used 

for mapping. Critical secondary sources included the companion field catalogs and field journals that AMP collectors regularly maintained, in varying amounts of detail 

according to the individual. We excluded those few places 

mentioned in field journals that yielded no mammal specimens or when the few specimens collected were deposited 

in institutions other than the NMNH. Because simultaneous screening of ectoparasites as potential disease vectors 

was an important objective of the AMP, we also consulted 

those entomological field catalogs (“bug books”) to verify 

or refine locality designations and dates of collection as 

found on skin tags and in mammal field catalogs and journals. A tertiary source of geographic information consisted 

of a large series of African road maps, topographic sheets, 

and aeronautical charts whose dates, grime, and wear and 

tear evidence hands-on use by AMP collectors in the field 

(see the Appendix). Many of these maps contain annotations of collecting sites apparently applied in the field. All 

of these supportive archival materials are also maintained 

in the Division of Mammals, NMNH, together with the 

cataloged specimens whose provenience they vouch.

All AMP specimens have been electronically data captured, and we heavily drew upon this NMNH computer 

database to generate preliminary lists of AMP localities, 

collectors, dates of collection, and taxa obtained. The existence of the database resulted from the efforts of many 

divisional and other museum staff over the years, pursuant to the larger goal to automate collections data of all 

NMNH mammals. The project started in 1969, one of the 

earliest initiatives in computerization of collections data 

in the NMNH and the country, and continued sporadically thereafter, using different software systems as they 

evolved (SELGEM, 1969–1988; INQUIRE, 1989–2003; 

and KE EMu, 2003 to present). Retrospective data capture 

of skin-and-skull specimens was completed by 1993, but 

fluid preparations were not completed until 2000. In consequence of the uneven effort applied over so many years, 

responsibility for gathering the data fell upon alwayschanging teams of inventory technicians whose familiarity 

with specimen data and African geography varied greatly. 

Much entropy and outright errors entered the database. 

In awareness of this history, we stress that, although helpful for preliminary collation of AMP collections information, the database was ignored in determining the locality 

accounts presented in this gazetteer: recourse to archival 

sources (specimen tags, field catalogs, and field journals) 

served as the primary authority to underpin geographic location. Two intended curatorial dividends of our research 

project were to remove such inconsistency involving AMP 

localities from the museum database and to provide coordinates for those sites that lacked them.

Intended as a compendium of geographic information, 

a gazetteer may emphasize either physical location (geopolitical or regional divisions, coordinates) or alphabetically 

ordered place-names to orient a user to that information. In 

view of the large number of localities covered, we adopted 

a combination of those approaches. African Mammal 

Project localities are broadly grouped by regions, trending 

from the northwestern to the southeastern sectors of the 

continent—northern Africa, western Africa, and southern Africa. Within each region, the surveyed countries are 

similarly presented in a loose northwest-southeast vector 

according to their current formal name. Any archaic country names in use when AMP fieldwork was conducted are 

provided in parentheses, but we did not similarly amend 

intermediate geopolitical divisions (provinces, states, regions) as used by collectors. Such first-order administrative sectors have been substantially redrawn for certain 

countries (e.g., Ghana, Libya, and Mozambique) since 

the era of the AMP and can be found in recent gazetteers 

or through several sources via the Internet (e.g., GEOnet 

Names Server). Each cardinal locality (see next section) is 

uniquely numbered, from 1 to 785, with an identifier that 

is applied to localities plotted on our maps (Maps 2–20) 

and also arranged from the northwest to southeast within 

a region and within a country (three of the 788 localities 

could not be certainly located and are not numbered and 

mapped). However, the gazetted localities of a particular 

country are themselves listed alphabetically to facilitate 

searching of the text for a specific place-name. Finally, an 

alphabetic index (Index of Geographic Names) is provided 

for all place-names and physical features mentioned in the 

locality accounts. A reader may locate any essential detail 
4 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

of AMP fieldwork by means of these several avenues of 

access to geographic information.

Regional and country accounts contain an introductory section, called “General Remarks,” that supplies 

information about AMP activities and personnel that 

broadly applies at those geographic levels. Within country 

accounts, we include a second subheading, “Itinerary,” to 

summarize the composition of the collecting teams and 

their major itinerary as represented by those localities 

identified in our maps. Members of a collecting team who 

participated for only a short time or at a single locality are 

given in parentheses.

The accounts of collecting localities comprise the nucleus of our annotated gazetteer, and their arrangement 

and standards are explained in the next section. Throughout the text we reserve the use of square brackets ([ ]) to 

indicate information supplied by us, typically metric conversions of English measurements but also clarifications of 

statements quoted from field journals.

Determination of Localities and 

Organization of Locality Accounts

Cardinal versus Satellite Localities.

In perusing the field journals, we soon became impressed 

that AMP collectors were relentlessly opportunistic about 

places and methods to collect small mammals and were 

always alert to sample different habitats. Although teams 

usually concentrated their collecting efforts at a base camp 

and its close vicinity, traplines were routinely relocated, 

road culverts and nearby caves were prospected for roosting bats, roadkills were opportunistically salvaged, supplementary night hunting on foot or from a vehicle was 

often conducted, and the purchase of mammals from local 

villagers was encouraged in different degrees and with 

varying success. As a result, skin tags and/or field catalogs contain innumerable locality combinations, many of 

which differ only slightly by distance or direction from 

some proper settlement or where specimen collection was 

clearly incidental and minor. In deciding which of these 

variants should be annotated and mapped, we made a distinction between cardinal localities and satellite localities 

according to the following criteria.

Cardinal localities represent the first line of each gazetted account, consisting of the geographical place-name 

to which the coordinates refer in bold font, followed by 

any supplemental modifiers and political subdivisions (all 

in regular font) as found on specimen labels (e.g., Ugar 

Jabar, 2 mi [3.2 km] N Jemaa, Jos Plateau, Northern Region). The boldface portion of the cardinal locality string 

is usually the most geographically precise place or physiographic feature identified by AMP collectors in formulating 

their locality as used in the field. In general, but not always, 

a cardinal locality constitutes the base camp and its immediate vicinity where field efforts were concentrated and 

most specimens were obtained. In general, but not always, 

we could locate these specific place-names in gazetteers or 

on maps. On occasion, AMP collectors, while remaining 

logistically based at one locality, traveled farther away to 

another region that they referenced by a different placename and where they sampled other distinctive habitats 

and genera. We treated such ancillary trips as cardinal localities and cross-referenced them under Remarks to the 

base camp being worked at the same time.

Locality information as found on original specimen 

labels was conventionally verified against corresponding 

field catalog and journal entries and judged for geographic 

plausibility on maps. In most cases, all data sources corroborated one another. Occasionally, a journal entry contained additional locality descriptors not written on labels 

or in the field catalog; infrequently, a catalog or journal 

contradicted the locality information on corresponding 

specimen labels. In cases of disparity, we selected the designation found on the majority of specimen labels for our 

cardinal locality and identified any variants by collectors 

in the Remarks section. Finally, there were rare instances, 

following careful examination of all corroborative data 

sources (catalogs, journals, gazetteers, and maps), when 

we concluded that the locality as represented on specimen labels was in error. Modifications of such cardinal 

localities are notated in brackets and discussed in the Remarks section (e.g., Konankira, [2 km S]). The locality is 

presented as spelled by the collector on specimen labels, 

with or without diacritical marks; where different, the 

preferred orthography of a place-name (including diacriticals) as found in the gazetteers produced by the U.S. 

Board of Geographic Names (USBGN) is provided in the 

Remarks section. Nonmetric indications of distance (or, 

infrequently, elevation) are given as indicated by the collector, with metric conversions provided in brackets.

Satellite localities are indicated in underlined font and 

appear only within the Remarks section under a cardinal 

locality (e.g., 24 km S Inhambane and 35 km S Inhambane

under Jangamo, 29 km S Inhambane, Inhambane District). 

Such peripheral localities were visited while based at the 

cardinal locality, typically reference the same settlement 

as the cardinal locality, although specifying different distances and directions (albeit nearby), and involve similar 

habitats and a comparable assemblage of genera collected. 

Latitude and longitude may be presented for satellite lo-
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 5

calities as well, either as indicated by the collector or interpreted by us, but these places are not depicted on maps.

Some subjectivity admittedly exists in distinguishing 

cardinal from satellite localities. We attempted to minimize inconsistency by means of independent assessments 

of archival sources to determine those localities that 

should be recognized as cardinal or satellite. Schmidt first 

synthesized all locality information to generate a preliminary recognition of cardinal localities and their coordinates. Ludwig and Carleton, in different order depending 

upon the country, provided second and third reviews of 

the same data sources, ratifying or modifying Schmidt’s 

initial collation of cardinal localities. By means of this 

triple-pass cross-checking, we realized a strong consensus 

and eventually distilled 788 cardinal locality accounts, 

each of which contains five standard subheadings (Coordinates, Collectors, Habitat, Remarks, and Taxa). Purpose, 

guidelines, assumptions, and format observed in composing each subheading follow.

Coordinates. Latitude and longitude, to degree and the nearest minute, are provided for almost every 

cardinal locality, followed by an italicized, single-letter abbreviation to indicate their source, whether collector (C), 

the gazetteers published by the USBGN (G), map (M), or 

a publication (P). These coordinates correspond specifically to that portion of the locality designation indicated 

in bold font. Although one primary source is acknowledged, we routinely cross-checked it against the other possible sources of geographic information in the course of 

verifying accuracy of the coordinates given. In this regard, 

the travelogues and itineraries related within collectors’ 

field journals proved invaluable in validating or at least 

localizing an AMP collecting site. A few cardinal localities 

could not be located precisely, but dates of collection and 

a team’s itinerary considerably narrow the search radius 

within which the locality could occur.

We retrieved the collector’s original field-determined 

coordinates (C) from primary archival material (specimen 

tags, field catalogs, and field journals). We routinely verified these against the USBGN gazetteers or faunal publications if a single place-name or judged their reasonableness 

on topographic maps if the locality designation was 

framed on distance and direction from some settlement 

or geographic feature. For localities where the USBGN 

figures differ by only 1–3 minutes from a collector’s coordinates, we deferred to the collector and accepted his data 

as suitably accurate for Geographic Information System 

(GIS) plotting; in such instances, the USBGN-approved 

coordinates are simultaneously provided in parentheses. 

We accepted such variance as trivial in view of the usually wide-ranging collecting activities by AMP field teams 

around their base camps. If the collector’s and the USBGN 

coordinates concord, both C and G are indicated. In only 

a few cases did we dismiss a collector’s original coordinates, as based on persuasive circumstantial evidence and 

as explained in the accompanying Remarks.

For those geographic place-names that lack data 

provided by the collector, we obtained USBGN coordinates (G), relying upon both the USBGN gazetteers individually published for African countries (1954–1992; see 

References for individual dates of publication) and the 

Geographic Names Database accessible via the Internet 

(GEOnet Names Server [GNS]; http://earth-info.nga.mil/

gns/html/index.html). The USBGN latitude and longitude 

were accepted only if the proper name could be convincingly associated with a single entry, as construed from 

the spatial logic of distance and compass direction, from 

itineraries related in field journals, and/or from inspection 

of period maps. African Mammal Project collectors often 

mentioned a smaller village in their field journal that was 

not used in the formal locality designation as written on 

skin tags and in catalogs. Instead, they employed distance 

and direction modifiers from some larger settlement, one 

usually appearing on the road maps used at the time. In 

these situations, we maintained the cardinal locality as 

specified by collectors but derived the coordinates on the 

basis of the smaller village as found in the USBGN gazetteers; such instances are flagged in parentheses next to 

the coordinates and explained in the locality Remarks. 

Multiple occurrences of common place-names were sometimes encountered within a restricted region, for example, 

provinces of South Africa, wherein a locality often contained somebody’s farm as the most geographically localized place-name. Unambiguous location of some of these 

farms proved impossible, and we relied upon other locality modifiers as the cardinal locality in order to plot the 

site (typically as a map estimation).

When the cardinal locality consisted only of distance 

and direction indicators and lacked a collector’s coordinates, latitude and longitude were interpreted from topographic maps and aeronautical charts (M), mostly at scales 

from 1:200,000 to 1:1,000,000 (see the Appendix). On 

specimen tags, AMP collectors rarely recorded whether 

their distances and directions were “straight-line” or “byroad” indicators, although this information could be occasionally surmised from field journals. Chronic omission 

of this critical qualifier forced the adoption of the following conventions. If no plausible road extends from the 

referenced place in the proper direction, we measured a 

straight-line azimuth and range to calculate coordinates. 
6 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

On maps that depict a road oriented in the correct direction from the named place, we assumed that collectors 

reached their destination via this road and accordingly 

used a by-road measurement of distance and direction to 

estimate coordinates. Google Earth, the basic freeware 

program of land-satellite imagery (version 4.0.2093 beta; 

http://earth.google.com/), provided another highly useful 

perspective for visualizing distances and directions, especially in the southern African region where the majority of 

localities lacked original coordinates. Given the variety of 

sources of error in extrapolating coordinates from maps, 

we caution that the M coordinate source is best considered 

an approximation: that is, all such coordinates are understood to be preceded by “circa.”

Latitude and longitude were infrequently extracted 

from faunal or taxonomic publications (P), with the exception of one country, Libya. Localities of Libyan specimens 

lack coordinates, but Ranck (1968) supplied this data for 

many AMP collecting sites in his monograph on the country’s Rodentia. Although we regularly checked “mammals 

of” books, many of these simply repeated the geographic 

information of NMNH specimens as contained in old database printouts and would have propagated any errors 

inherent therein.

Coordinates for each cardinal locality were extracted 

into a dBase IV file (Ashton-Tate) and converted to decimal degrees for plotting. Base maps were produced from 

ESRI ArcView (version 3.3), using a GIS database (World 

Resources Institute, 1995) and Robinson projection, 

and exported to Adobe Illustrator (version 9.0) for final 

refinement.

Collectors. In view of the multifaceted demands of fieldwork, corresponding economies of time and 

labor, and, in some places, security, AMP collectors typically worked in teams of two or more persons. Composition 

of each collecting team and dates of survey (in parentheses) 

are given for each numbered and mapped locality. This 

information was initially derived from original specimen 

labels, as collated by the NMNH collections database, then 

cross-checked and refined against AMP field catalogs (both 

mammal and ectoparasite) and field journals housed in the 

Division of Mammals archives. Identification of the 42 

principal collectors (Table 1) was partly a pragmatic judgment and includes individuals whose responsibility was 

basically entomological, some assistants not specifically 

hired under AMP funding, and one spouse. “Collectors” in 

this sense omits expedition cooks, locally hired field assistants, other spouses who just as meaningfully participated, 

and those temporary personnel on liaison from museums, 

universities, health agencies, or the Peace Corps who may 

have incidentally collected specimens at a given place. Such 

ancillary collectors are often mentioned in the General Remarks or Itinerary of a country introduction or in the Remarks section of a particular locality account.

We elected to base the beginning and ending dates cited 

for each cardinal locality on the first and last dates when 

specimens were collected there. This interval thus reflects 

actual collecting results at a particular site and excludes the 

time required for teams to establish and break camp (usually amounting to only one additional day, seldom two, 

without active collecting at a locality). These intervals of 

collecting activity do not signify that every team member 

actually collected specimens on each day that fieldwork 

was conducted. Traplines were sometimes unproductive, 

and larger field teams frequently split duties among the 

participants, so that not all collectors actively maintained 

a field catalog at a particular field site. For a few localities, we assumed the presence of an individual who was 

not explicitly mentioned on specimen labels or in catalogs 

when that person was known to participate in collecting at 

localities visited immediately before and after.

Habitat. The quality and quantity of environmental description contained on specimen tags and 

especially in field journals vary immensely between AMP 

collectors, depending upon individual variance in training, prior field experience, and personal curiosity about the 

local floras and faunas. Whether we should somehow standardize or enhance habitat descriptions across all locality 

accounts posed knotty issues of interpretation that would 

potentially introduce another layer of subjectivity. None 

of us is a specialist in botany or ecology, and there was no 

reliable means to verify plant identifications or habitat categories mentioned in field journals and on specimen labels 

(very little botanical material was preserved). In the end, we 

decided that the unvarnished, first-hand reactions by AMP 

collectors worked best to convey the kinds of environments 

they encountered in the field. Accordingly, information on 

habitat, soils, and sometimes geology was extracted from 

individual field journals and is quoted verbatim, followed 

by the author’s initials in parentheses for attribution in the 

case of multiple team members (or nothing in the case of 

a single collector at a locality). We liberally used ellipses 

in these quotations because collectors sporadically interspersed their habitat observations among many other topics. African Mammal Project collectors typically recorded 

a capsular description of habitat on specimen labels, and 

we also referenced this information, especially if no habitat 

observations could be gleaned from journals. We were unable to locate original habitat data for only a small number 

of gazetted localities.
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 7

Table 1. Principal African Mammal Project collectors, their initials as used in locality accounts, and countries where they conducted 

fieldwork (by general chronological order; see country itineraries for specific dates).

AMP Collector Initials Countries

Stanley B. Akpan SBA Nigeria

John H. Case JHC Mozambique

C. G. Coetzee CGC Mozambique

Ron E. Cole REC South Africa, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Mozambique

Richard M. Davis RMD Mozambique, South Africa, Botswana, Senegal, The Gambia

John E. W. Dixon JEWD South Africa

Stephen D. Durrant SDD Botswana, South Africa

Julius C. Geest JCG Nigeria, Ghana

Piet J. Geldenhuys PJG South Africa

S. W. Goussard SWG Botswana, Mozambique, Zimbabwe

O. F. Graupner OFG South Africa, Namibia

A. Frank Hallett AFH South Africa

Alan R. Hardy ARH Mozambique, South Africa, Botswana

Dean E. Harvey DEH Senegal, The Gambia, Mauritania,

Bruce J. Hayward BJH Ghana

Michael G. Hearst MGH Morocco

Ted A. Heist TAH South Africa

Robert D. Hepplewhite RDH South Africa, Botswana, Namibia

Dorothy L. Herbert DLH Nigeria

H. John Herbert HJH Mozambique, South Africa, Botswana, Nigeria

George R. Hughes GRH South Africa

A. Kofi AK Ghana

A. V. W. Lambrechts AVWL Zimbabwe, South Africa, Lesotho, Namibia

James E. LeDuc JWL Ghana, Benin, Togo, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire

J. Carl Lingebach JCL Mozambique

S. J. Liversedge SJL South Africa

Tim N. Liversedge TNL South Africa, Botswana, Mozambique, Zimbabwe

Thomas J. McIntyre TJM Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana

Alvin L. Moore ALM South Africa, Namibia, Mozambique, Botswana

Wallace P. Murdoch Jr. WPM Ghana

Harry L. Norman HLN Morocco

J. J. L. Pretorius JJLP South Africa

Gary L. Ranck GLR Libya

I. L. Rautenbach ILR South Africa

Arthur C. Risser Jr. ACR South Africa, Zimbabwe, Namibia

C. Brian Robbins CBR Mauritania, Senegal, Ghana, Benin, Togo

Lynn W. Robbins LWR Ghana, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Morocco, Algeria, Niger

Duane A. Schlitter DAS Namibia, Morocco

Henry W. Setzer HWS Libya, Chad, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Senegal, Botswana, Nigeria, 

Mauritania, Ghana, Burkina Faso, Namibia, Morocco

James H. Shaw JHS Libya

Alan R. Silberstein ARS Namibia, South Africa

Ralph E. Vaden REV Ghana, Burkina Faso, Morocco
8 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Photographic images of the vegetation found at the 

time a locality was surveyed allowed us another means 

of documenting habitat, in particular where journal notations by the collector are lacking or ecologically uninformative. Representative illustrations of habitat are 

provided whenever possible, but as with the written descriptions, the quality and quantity of AMP photography varied. Whenever several images existed for a given 

locality, we selected those that most closely matched the 

written habitat descriptions as provided by the collectors. 

Furthermore, we attempted to retain captions as worded 

by the collector­-photographer and cited dates for photographs when known. Not surprisingly, many of the gazetted localities lack any habitat images.

Original photographic media consisted of black and 

white prints (most with negatives) and 35 mm color transparencies (both Agfachrome and Kodachrome). All photographic media were scanned as 24 bit color images and 

digitally desaturated and otherwise edited with Adobe 

Photoshop 6.0.

Remarks. This subsection is a catchall that 

qualifies or amplifies information presented in any of the 

other subsections. Most importantly, we employed this 

subsection to address the accuracy or origin of coordinate 

data used to plot the cardinal locality. Map annotations, 

believed to be applied by collectors in the field, are sometimes quoted to clarify ambiguities of interpretation. Satellite localities (in underlined font), side trips to other places 

here recognized as cardinal localities (in bold font), and 

trapline placements not reflected on specimen tags may 

be related here. Itinerary relevant to base-camp selection 

and actual disposition of the campsite in relation to locality designations written on labels, as gleaned from field 

journals, are also mentioned. Any deviations in locality 

designation between specimen tags and field catalogs or 

among collectors working at the same locality are covered 

in the Remarks. Variant place-name spellings by different 

collectors and/or preferred orthography (including diacriticals) as found in the USBGN are similarly explained. 

Finally, this subsection includes any miscellaneous collectors’ observations, again as extracted from field journals, 

that bear on the habitats sampled and specimens obtained 

at the site.

Taxa. Together with habitat quotations and 

photographs, the kinds of mammals obtained at a locality 

offer indirect evidence of the variety and quality of environments sampled at the time of the AMP survey. Genera 

are thus given for all AMP specimens that are cataloged 

and currently maintained in the NMNH Division of 

Mammals. With one exception, the genera are listed as 

recognized in Wilson and Reeder (2005) and sequenced 

according to their classification hierarchy (see Table 2), 

with semicolons separating mammalian orders. That exception involves the discrimination of small gerbils as 

Dipodillus or Gerbillus. Specimens in the NMNH collection, many of them unidentified as to species, are arranged under the former broad concept of Gerbillus that 

included Dipodillus as a subgenus (e.g., Musser and Carleton, 1993); indication of Gerbillus in a list of taxa may 

therefore signify the presence of Gerbillus or Dipodillus

or both genera as currently recognized (Musser and Carleton, 2005). The generic enumeration for a cardinal locality may not exhaustively mirror AMP field results because 

some specimens were left in the country or deposited in 

other institutions (as occasionally noted in the Remarks 

section). Nonetheless, donated specimens were relatively 

few in number, and these were considered “duplicates,” 

such that the listing provides a reliable indication of the 

diversity of small terrestrial mammals present at those 

sites where collecting was conducted over several days. 

This contribution is foremost a geographic synopsis of the 

AMP field teams, not a systematic treatise of all mammals 

they collected. Verification of specific identities of some 

63,000 specimens, according to the updated taxonomies 

contained in Wilson and Reeder (2005), was considered 

beyond the scope of a gazetteer and impractical for the 

time and effort required.

Acknowledgments

Foremost, we acknowledge the many participants in 

the African Mammal Project. Their considerable and conscientious efforts in specimen preparation, record keeping, 

and habitat photography ensured the enduring value of 

the AMP collections, mammals and ectoparasites alike, 

and made this gazetteer possible. Several former AMP collectors—Ron E. Cole, Richard M. Davis, Julius C. Geest, 

Dean E. Harvey, James W. Leduc, I. L. “Naas” Rautenbach, Arthur C. Risser Jr., C. Brian Robbins, Lynn W. 

Robbins, and Ralph E. and Judy Vaden—reviewed portions of this manuscript, in particular the accounts of 

countries where they conducted their fieldwork some 40 

years ago. We gratefully welcomed their comments and 

hands-on insights. Gary Ranck kindly gave permission to 

use habitat photographs that were previously published in 

his 1968 monograph on the rodents of Libya. Additionally, we thank Johan du Toit of the Mammal Research 

Institute, University of Pretoria, for providing information 

about the Orange River Survey. Nancy Setzer Luria and 

Elizabeth Setzer, daughter and wife of Henry W. Setzer, 
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 9

Table 2. Orders, families, and genera of African mammals (taxonomy following Wilson and Reeder, 2005) represented by voucher 

specimens in the National Museum of Natural History and their taxonomic sequence as observed in the locality subsection Taxa.

Order Family Genus

Afrosoricida Chrysochloridae Carpitalpa, Chrysochloris, Chrysospalax, Cryptochloris, Eremitalpa, Amblysomus, Calcochloris

Macroscelidea Macroscelididae Elephantulus, Macroscelides, Petrodromus

Tubulidentata Orycteropodidae Orycteropus

Hyracoidea Procaviidae Dendrohyrax, Heterohyrax, Procavia

Primates Lorisidae Arctocebus, Perodicticus

Galagidae Galago, Otolemur

Cercopithecidae Cercocebus, Cercopithecus, Chlorocebus, Erythrocebus, Macaca, Papio, Colobus, Piliocolobus, Procolobus

Hominidae Pan

Rodentia Sciuridae Atlantoxerus, Xerus, Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Paraxerus, Protoxerus

Gliridae Graphiurus, Eliomys

Dipodidae Jaculus

Spalacidae Spalax

Nesomyidae Cricetomys, Saccostomus, Dendromus, Malacothrix, Steatomys, Mystromys, Petromyscus

Cricetidae Microtus

Muridae Acomys, Lophuromys, Uranomys, Desmodilliscus, Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Gerbillus,a

Meriones, Pachyuromys, Psammomys, Taterillus, Aethomys, Apodemus, Arvicanthis, Dasymys,

Dephomys, Grammomys, Hybomys, Hylomyscus, Lemniscomys, Malacomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, 

Mus, Myomyscus, Oenomys, Pelomys, Praomys, Rattus, Rhabdomys, Stochomys, Thallomys, Zelotomys,

Myotomys, Otomys, Parotomys

Anomaluridae Anomalurus, Idiurus

Pedetidae Pedetes

Ctenodactylidae Ctenodactylus, Felovia, Massoutiera

Bathyergidae Bathyergus, Cryptomys, Georychus, Heliophobius

Hystricidae Atherurus, Hystrix

Petromuridae Petromus

Thryonomyidae Thryonomys

Lagomorpha Leporidae Lepus, Oryctolagus, Pronolagus

Erinaceomorpha Erinaceidae Atelerix, Paraechinus

Soricomorpha Soricidae Crocidura, Suncus, Myosorex

Chiroptera Pteropodidae Eidolon, Epomophorus, Epomops, Hypsignathus, Lissonycteris, Megaloglossus, Micropteropus,

Myonycteris, Nanonycteris, Rousettus, Scotonycteris

Rhinolophidae Rhinolophus

Hipposideridae Asellia, Hipposideros, Triaenops

Megadermatidae Lavia

Rhinopomatidae Rhinopoma

Emballonuridae Saccolaimus, Taphozous, Coleura

Nycteridae Nycteris

Molossidae Chaerephon, Mops, Myopterus, Otomops, Sauromys, Tadarida

Vespertilionidae Eptesicus, Nycticeinops, Scotoecus, Scotophilus, Pipistrellus, Otonycteris, Plecotus, Glauconycteris, 

Hypsugo, Laephotis, Mimetillus, Neoromicia, Cistugo, Myotis, Miniopterus, Kerivoula

Pholidota Manidae Manis

Carnivora Felidae Caracal, Felis, Leptailurus, Panthera

Viverridae Civettictis, Genetta

Nandiniidae Nandinia

Herpestidae Atilax, Crossarchus, Cynictis, Galerella, Helogale, Herpestes, Ichneumia, Mungos, Paracynictis, 

Rhynchogale, Suricata

Hyaenidae Crocuta, Hyaena, Proteles

Canidae Canis, Lycaon, Otocyon, Vulpes

Mustelidae Hydrictis, Ictonyx, Mellivora, Mustela, Poecilogale

Perissodactyla Equidae Equus

Artiodactyla Suidae Phacochoerus, Potamochoerus, Sus

Hippopotamidae Hexaprotodon

Bovidae Aepyceros, Alcelaphus, Connochaetes, Damaliscus, Antidorcas, Eudorcas, Gazella, Neotragus, Ourebia, 

Raphicerus, Tragelaphus, Ammotragus, Cephalophus, Philantomba, Sylvicapra, Hippotragus, Oryx, 

Kobus, Pelea, Redunca

Cetacea Delphinidae Delphinus, Stenella, Steno, Tursiops

a Includes Dipodillus (see text).
1 0 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

made some of their personal correspondence available to 

us and generally showed great interest (and patience) in 

the completion of this project.

Many colleagues at the NMNH, Smithsonian Institution, provided assistance at various stages in our research. 

Dan Cole, GIS Coordinator, NMNH Office of Information Technology, supplied the geographic database of Africa used for the preparation of maps and offered guidance 

in the application of ArcView. Thanks also go to Donald Hurlbert and John Steiner of the Smithsonian Photo 

Services, NMNH branch, for their expert advice relating 

to the digital processing of the habitat figures. Alfred L. 

Gardner (Biological Resources Division, U.S. Geological 

Survey), Richard W. Thorington Jr., and Don E. Wilson 

reviewed some or all of the introductory text, while Linda 

K. Gordon, James G. Mead, and Richard P. Vari provided 

steady encouragement. To all we extend our thanks.

We especially recognize Guy G. Musser, emeritus curator in the Department of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, for his insightful review of the 

introductory text and engaging perspectives about Henry 

Setzer and his enduring systematic contributions. James 

G. Mead and Peter J. Taylor courageously performed a 

thorough review of the entire text and earn our profound 

gratitude for their doggedness and the useful recommendations tendered. The final steps toward publication of 

any study rely on a talented editorial staff, and we count 

ourselves fortunate that freelance copyeditor Tshawna L. 

Byerly and Publications Specialist Meredith R. McQuoid 

of the SI Scholarly Press served to edit our manuscript into 

its final form.

In a personal context, Dave Schmidt extends his heartfelt thanks to the late Professor James W. Bee, his mentor 

and friend at the Natural History Museum (Dyche Hall), 

The University of Kansas. Jim’s affection for the meticulous recording of natural history was inspiring, as was 

his warm, earthy sense of humor. Additionally, Schmidt 

would like to express his gratitude and deep appreciation 

to Karen Mudar (Archeology Program, National Park Service, Washington, DC) for the many unselfish hours she 

devoted to reviewing an early rendition of this manuscript 

and improving its general readability.
Henry W. Setzer and 

the African Mammal Project

Genesis and Scientific Goals of the AMP

F

rom the latter 1960s to the middle 1980s, visitors to the Division of 

Mammals, NMNH, would have been greeted by a large map of Africa 

in the office range where the divisional office and sign-in log were located. Conspicuous because of its size and scale (1:4,000,000), the map 

had been divided into two parts (near the equator), mounted on 4 × 8 ft bulletin 

boards, and placed atop the type cases opposite NHB Room 388, the office 

of Dr. Henry W. Setzer (Figure 1). Hundreds of multicolor Graffco Maptacks 

dotted the partitioned map and formed distinct color patterns: a line of orangeheaded pins (naturally) traced the Orange River that flows between Namibia 

and South Africa from the interior Cape Province; a lone thread of green-headed 

pins bisected the Sahara Desert through Algeria and Niger; and other groupings 

of same-colored pins identified places in various countries clustered in northern, 

western, and southern Africa. When one considers the coordinating efforts and 

collecting exertions symbolized by any one map pin, the many hundreds of localities so pinpointed bespoke an ambitious intent, immense energy, and a daunting 

undertaking. These pins and mounted maps served as a ready visual summary, 

pre-GIS software yet far more impressive than our Map 1, of the wide-ranging 

biological inventory that was Setzer’s African Mammal Project. More impressive still were the thousands of AMP specimens then stored in green-labeled 

hold-up cases and intermingled throughout the office, sciurid, and rodent ranges 

of the Mammal Division, with smaller caches found in other secluded museum 

warrens. Now integrated into taxonomic order and fully data-captured, these 

63,213 vouchers constitute the empirical achievement and tangible reminder of 

the African Mammal Project.

Why Africa?

Little in Setzer’s early professional experiences foretold that his enduring 

contributions to systematic mammalogy—the African Mammal Project (1961–

1972) and its companion endeavor, The Mammals of Africa: An Identification 

Manual (Meester and Setzer, 1971–1977)—would involve the fauna of a continent far away from North America. Setzer graduated (B.A., 1942) from the 
1 2 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

University of Utah during World War II, and following 

his service in the army, he returned to the University of 

Utah for graduate study (M.A., 1944) under the direction 

of Stephen D. Durrant (the student would later invite the 

major professor to join him for fieldwork in Botswana 

and South Africa). The substance of Setzer’s Master’s 

thesis concerned the species and subspecies of kangaroo 

rats, genus Dipodomys, of Utah and included identification keys, specimen-based distribution maps, diagnoses of 

species and subspecies, and descriptions of new subspecies (Durrant and Setzer, 1945). Fresh with this experience 

in alpha-level taxonomy and geographic variation and 

considering that Durrant was a former student of the renowned mammalogist E. Raymond Hall, it was apparent 

that the next step in Setzer’s graduate education should be 

spent at the Natural History Museum, The University of 

Kansas (Ph.D., 1948) under the supervision of Hall himself. Building upon his work with Dipodomys in Utah, 

Setzer developed a doctoral thesis on subspeciation in a 

broadly distributed and highly variable species, D. ordii, 

to determine which populations represent valid subspecies, 

delimit their geographic ranges, collate patterns of pelage 

color and cranial size and shape variation, consider selective factors influencing the formation of subspecies, and 

assess interspecific relationships within the genus. This 

was a fine study for its era. His published results (Setzer, 

1949) were emblematic of much museum-based systematic 

research conducted over the middle 1900s and reflected 

the integration of the biological species concept, as then 

propounded foremost by Mayr (1942), with revisionary 

taxonomy and faunal study. Setzer’s formative training in 

the museum and in the field, under the firm tutelage of 

first Durrant and then Hall, would become apparent in his 

direct, specimen-oriented approach to understanding African mammal species, interpreting their interpopulation 

variation, and documenting distributions.

Setzer’s extensive background in museum and field 

work and prestigious credentials as one of Hall’s students 

made him a natural fit for the U.S. NMNH, Smithsonian 

Institution, with its synoptic holdings of North American mammals and substantial international collections. 

He began employment in 1948 as an Assistant Curator, 

Division of Mammals (we do not know the specific circumstances of his hiring), and soon took advantage of 

this position to travel and collect mammals outside the 

United States in Costa Rica (1949), Alaska (1951), and 

Panama (1953). Description of a new subspecies of Microtus (Setzer, 1952a) emerged from the Alaska trip. He also 

turned to various unreported accessions in the NMNH 

collections and demonstrated a budding interest in Neotropical groups, evidenced by incidental reports on mammals from Panama (Setzer, 1950a) and Venezuela (Setzer, 

1950b). Goodwin (1959) renamed his Oaxacan subspecies 

Sigmodon planifrons minor as S. p. setzeri because Setzer 

discovered the nomenclatural preoccupation and brought 

it to his attention.

Among those unstudied NMNH accessions was a series of Egyptian mammals collected by personnel of the 

U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3 (NAMRU-3), 

headquartered in Cairo, Egypt, and under the direction of 

its then commanding officer Harry Hoogstraal, an ectoparasitologist interested in epidemiology. Setzer’s (1952b) 

short paper on these specimens, which were collected in 

1946–1947, marks the beginning of his interest in African mammal systematics. It would launch a productive series of faunally oriented, taxonomic reviews of taxa from 

Egypt (Setzer, 1955, 1957a, 1957b, 1958a, 1958b, 1959a, 

1959b, 1959c, 1960b, 1961a, 1961b, 1963a), the AngloEgyptian Sudan (Setzer, 1953a, 1953b, 1954, 1956a, 

1969b), and Libya (Setzer, 1956b, 1956c, 1957c, 1960a) 

Figure 1. Henry W. Setzer, curator (1948–1978) in the Division 

of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, conceived 

and directed the Smithsonian Institution African Mammal Project 

(1961–1972).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 3

based on NAMRU-3 specimens deposited in the Field 

Museum of Natural History, Chicago, and the NMNH. 

Many of these articles appeared in a local medical series, 

The Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association. 

The reports on mammals from the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 

and Libya culminated in the first substantive faunal summaries for those countries (Setzer, 1956a, 1957c), but a 

planned monograph on the mammals of Egypt was never 

realized (Osborn and Helmy, 1980, would later produce 

one, based extensively upon the same NAMRU-3 collections). Setzer expressed his indebtedness to NAMRU-3 

and, in particular, Hoogstraal in his designation of certain 

new subspecies from these countries (Heliosciurus gambianus hoogstraali Setzer, 1954a; Canis adustus namrui

Setzer, 1969b). The early papers on Libyan gerbils (Setzer, 

1956b, 1956c) issued not only from examination of older 

museum specimens but also from Setzer’s collection of 

new material, his first field experience in Africa (Oct–Dec 

1955) on a trip sponsored by the Office of Naval Research 

and facilitated by Hoogstraal. In his inaugural paper on 

African mammals, Setzer (1952b:343) introduced the hostparasite theme that he would replay and expand upon in 

the funding proposals that sustained AMP fieldwork in the 

next decade: “Since impetus is being given study of the 

role wild mammals play in diseases of man, a brief diagnosis of the external characters plus comments on taxonomic problems as relating to the commoner mammals 

from Egypt . . . will be useful to epidemiologists working 

in the Nile Delta region.”

Up to the middle 1950s, Setzer had conducted more 

field work in North and Central America than in Africa, 

and the eventual geographic focus of his professional interest was suggestive but indefinite. An administrative directive in 1956, however, was decisive in restricting his area 

of future mammalogical research to Africa and Southwest 

Asia (Smithsonian Institution Archives, Record Unit 208). 

The internal politics and personal enmities that spawned 

this directive are now cloaked largely in speculation and 

better passed over as historical mystery, but afterward 

NMNH mammalogists were to align their research programs along nonoverlapping geographic realms: Charles 

O. Handley Jr. (1949–2000), all New World mammals; 

Henry W. Setzer (1948–1978), African and Southwest 

Asian mammals; and David H. Johnson (1941–1967), 

mammals of Southeast Asia, Australia, and Oceania. The 

restriction sowed lasting feelings of resentment in Setzer 

and engendered long-­smoldering rancor in the Division 

of Mammals, but in retrospect, it proved to be a happy 

circumstance for African mammalogy. Thereafter, Setzer 

turned his attention to improving NMNH collections of 

African mammals with his characteristic purpose and energy, which ultimately blossomed as the integrated series of 

expeditions to be known as the African Mammal Project.

Deciding the exact starting and ending dates of the 

AMP in order to establish geographic limits to this gazetteer poses some arbitrariness. The project evolved over 

several years out of Setzer’s growing field program and 

was tailored to available funding opportunities at different stages. After Setzer’s early trips to Libya (1955) and 

Egypt (1958), a more or less continual series of teamorganized field surveys began in 1961. Setzer’s reconnaissance of prospective sites in Libya and Chad (Mar–May 

1961) emerged through his opportunistic participation 

as the lone scientist in a loosely focused adventure into 

the interior Sahara. Memorialized in the popular travelogue The Great Sahara Mousehunt (Collins and Pomeroy, 

1963), Setzer identified this field excursion as the Alan C. 

Collins Expedition in recognition of one of the principal 

U.S. organizers (Smithsonian Institution, NMNH Office 

of the Registrar, Accession 234288) and for whom the 

jerboa Jaculus jaculus collinsi was named (Ranck, 1968). 

Surveying in Libya was systematically amplified later in 

the year to an eight-month expedition (Nov 1961 to Jun 

1962), coordinated by G. L. Ranck as the principal field 

mammalogist. The latter fieldwork actually stemmed from 

a proposal entitled “Mammals and Their Ectoparasites 

from Ethiopia (including Eritrea),” which Setzer had submitted (Jul 1960) as a research contract to the Entomology Research Section, U.S. Army Medical Research and 

Development Command, Office of the Surgeon General 

(Smithsonian Institution Archives, Record Unit 155). Although positively received, it was not formally approved 

until the next year (Jul 1961), but owing to a changed 

political situation and in-country logistical difficulties, the 

arena of biological survey was pragmatically shifted from 

Ethiopia to Libya. The flexibility to abruptly redirect field 

plans from one country to another depending upon local 

political instability or social unrest would prove essential, 

especially in western Africa. The Ethiopian proposal was 

the conceptual antecedent to Setzer’s subsequent inventory 

work in Africa under the expansive title “Potential Vectors 

and Reservoirs of Disease in Strategic Overseas Areas” 

and also funded through the U.S. Army Office of the Surgeon General (Smithsonian Institution Archives, Record 

Unit 150). This second research contract and its several 

extensions provided the stable funding that supported the 

multiple collecting teams in southern, western, and northern Africa, beginning in South Africa (Aug 1963) and ending in Morocco (Jul 1970). Two additional years of field 

activity transpired in Morocco (Sep 1970 to Jul 1972), but 
1 4 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

the purpose was to study the ecology of small mammals, 

especially gerbilline rodents, not to conduct basic field inventory, and it was supported by PL-480 funds administered through an internal Smithsonian research award 

(Smithsonian Institution Archives, Record Unit 197). Two 

collectors who had been involved in the directed Moroccan mammal inventory (H. L. Norman and R. E. Vaden) 

remained through the final years of fieldwork, which sporadically included general collecting as time permitted. In 

summary, this gazetteer recognizes the AMP as extending 

from March 1961 to July 1972 because field surveys were 

conducted almost continuously over those years.

Neither the initiating grant proposals nor their annual 

extensions and summaries mentioned an African Mammal Project per se, but the name assumed cohesion within 

the institution and museum as much for its administrative as for its curatorial convenience. The explanation for 

the absence of the phrase “African Mammal Project” in 

these documents is straightforward: “The overall objectives of this research proposal are to ascertain the kinds 

of mammals and their ectoparasites and the geographic 

distribution of the several kinds in Africa” (Setzer, 1967 

continuation request; Smithsonian Institution Archives, 

Record Unit 150). Mammals and their ectoparasites were 

complementary objectives of the African surveys from the 

inception of the AMP, and the goal to improve the taxonomic and distributional understanding of both is what 

attracted the army’s Office of the Surgeon General and, 

notably, its residing Chief of the Entomology Research 

Section, Robert Traub, a flea specialist. The epidemiological research interests and influential bureaucratic role of 

Traub, as with Hoogstraal and NAMRU-3 before him, 

were pivotal in advancing the African field surveys of possible mammalian hosts. Accordingly, the personnel line in 

Setzer’s proposals regularly budgeted entomological field 

assistants to accompany the field mammalogists, the tandem usually forming the main collecting team; in addition, preparators, sorters, and labelers were hired in the 

museum to process the undetermined thousands of ectoparasites preserved from AMP field sites for distribution 

to research specialists around the world.

In his justifications for enhancing systematic knowledge on both fronts, Setzer stressed two points: (1) the importance of diseases borne by certain arthropods (e.g., flies, 

mites, ticks, and fleas) for which mammals serve as hosts 

and are the usual reservoirs for transmission to humans; 

and (2) the influence of epidemics throughout the history of 

warfare, highlighting the depredations of scrub (tickborne) 

typhus during World War II and hemorrhagic fever during 

the Korean War. Setzer’s thesis resonates with the delightful biography of typhus fever (Rats, Lice and History) by 

Hans Zinsser (1935) and Jared Diamond’s (1997) persuasive essay (Guns, Germs, and Steel) on the factors shaping 

the development of human societies. Zinsser’s wider subtext is captured in his chapter entitled “On the influence of 

epidemic diseases on political and military history, and on 

the relative unimportance of generals” and as more specifically stated within (Zinsser, 1935:153): “And typhus, 

with its brothers and sisters,—plague, cholera, typhoid, 

dysentery,—has decided more campaigns than Caesar, 

Hannibal, Napoleon and all the inspector generals of history.” Setzer’s alertness to governmental funding sources 

and to the appeal of this research theme was acquired early 

in his research career. Much of his specimen collection related to the study (Setzer, 1949) of Dipodomys ordii was 

supported by the Office of Research and Inventions, U.S. 

Navy, in an effort to determine the geographic ranges of 

suspected hosts of tularemia (deerfly fever). A contemporaneous and direct geographic connection to Setzer’s 

articulated goals may be found in the publications of his 

colleague Hoogstraal, especially that (Hoogstraal, 1956) 

on “Faunal Exploration as a Basic Approach for Studying 

Infections Common to Man and Animals,” which Setzer 

occasionally cited. Hoogstraal drew attention to the uniformly poor understanding of vertebrate hosts and their 

parasites in Africa and underscored their inadequate taxonomy as the primary need to be redressed. Nation-states, 

understandably, must be concerned with supplying any 

martial advantage to their own armed forces, and Setzer’s 

faunal objectives found a willing and receptive audience, 

one with very deep pockets, in those army and navy biomedical units charged with preventing contagious diseases. 

National priorities inevitably shift and budgets with them, 

and it is doubtful that such lavish governmental support 

for fundamental biological inventory, over so sweeping a 

geographic scale, will ever exist again.

Setzer’s Scientific Legacy

The Mammals of Africa: An Identification Manual

(Meester and Setzer, 1971–1977) will remain a foremost 

achievement of Setzer’s African research, if second only 

to the AMP collections themselves. Its undertaking was 

organized and coedited with his friend and colleague Jurgens A. J. (“Waldo”) Meester, founder and initial director 

of the Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria. 

Conceived as a feature contribution to the nascent International Biological Program, the publication was partially 

funded by the U.S. and South African national committees of that organization and, significantly, enjoyed the 
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 5

earnest backing of S. Dillon Ripley, then Secretary of the 

Smithsonian Institution (Smithsonian Institution Archives, 

Record Unit 150). Certainly, the utility and currency of 

the Identification Manual are now diminished, especially 

for the identification and taxonomy of the shrews, bats, 

and rodents whose convoluted alpha systematics have 

been dramatically overhauled by the multifaceted research 

of the past decade. The fruitful collaboration of Meester 

and Setzer, however, must be understood in the context 

of its era and original twofold purpose. At the time, the 

only pan-African treatment of mammals was Glover M. 

Allen’s (1939) classic “A Checklist of African Mammals,” 

which, as Setzer repeatedly emphasized in his AMP funding requests, was based on a literature compilation, not 

critical review of specimens. Of their two purposes, the 

first (Meester and Setzer, 1971:iii) was simply “to serve as 

an identification manual, for use by non-taxonomists,” in 

particular the growing user communities of African ecologists and conservationists. Beyond this, the coeditors never 

pretended that the Identification Manual would dispel the 

confused state of African mammal taxonomy, notwithstanding the AMP, and achieve a definitive synthesis of 

valid species, synonyms, and geographic ranges. And so 

their second purpose—“to identify the remaining problems most urgently in need of solution”—encapsulates the 

enduring value of the Identification Manual, and those 

problems to be resolved are copiously mentioned by the 

various experts who composed the taxonomic chapters 

(see Meester et al., 1986:1–2, for authors and publication dates of those accounts). In this regard, Meester and 

Setzer’s publication succeeded famously, far surpassing 

Allen’s (1939) checklist as a window to poorly understood 

groups and a catalyst to future taxonomic investigation. 

Few systematic papers that deal with African mammals 

can omit citation of Meester and Setzer as a milepost of 

taxonomic understanding, and few researchers could hope 

to bequeath a greater scientific legacy.

One is still led to wonder whether Setzer had envisioned a more definitive “Mammals of Africa,” modeled 

after Mammals of North America, the landmark faunal 

synthesis by his former thesis advisor E. Raymond Hall 

(Hall and Kelson, 1959; Hall, 1981), to follow the Identification Manual. Although the AMP quietly dissolved in 

1972, Setzer’s early funding proposals had identified future 

fieldwork by multiple teams through 1975, and he clearly 

intended to survey many other countries (Angola, Central 

African Republic, Gabon, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Rio Muni, 

Sierra Leone, Sudan, and Western Sahara), including the 

return to Ethiopia, whose planned inventory was aborted 

in 1962. Hall, of course, had a much sounder framework of 

taxonomic and distributional understanding to build upon 

in composing his seminal Mammals of North America. 

“Mammals of” faunal studies existed for numerous states 

by the middle 1950s, and more importantly, taxonomic revisions of most North American genera and families had been 

completed, many accomplished by Biological Survey staff 

and reported in the august series North American Fauna. 

Faunal treatments of African countries are much improved, 

many of them benefiting from AMP material and vouchered distributional records (e.g., Botswana, Smithers, 1968, 

1971; Ghana, Grubb et al., 1998; Libya, Ranck, 1968; 

Mozambique, Smithers and Lobão Tello, 1976; Nigeria, 

Happold, 1987; the Southern African Subregion, Smithers, 

1983, and Meester et al., 1986; The Gambia, Grubb et al., 

1998; Zimbabwe, Smithers and Wilson, 1979). However, 

the gritty, collections-based revisionary studies of problematic African groups required to resurrect valid species from 

names long buried in synonymy remained undone within 

the lifetimes of Setzer and Meester. Another generation of 

African researchers would be required to achieve this level 

of understanding, even now ongoing. In retrospect, the 

modest accomplishments that Meester and Setzer intended 

for their Identification Manual were the appropriate and 

achievable aims at the time.

Aside from the AMP and the Identification Manual, 

Setzer can legitimately claim his own niche in the progress of taxonomic understanding of African Mammalia. 

As exemplified by Rodentia (Figure 2), the species-rich 

order that attracted most of his taxonomic attention, he 

described 35 species-group taxa, most from the northeastern region of the continent where he undertook his early 

research and fieldwork (Egypt, Libya, and Sudan). Knowledge of the diversity of African rodents initially grew slowly 

in the post-Linnaean discovery phase (ca. 1800–1860s), 

and an eruptive phase of natural history exploration and 

taxonomic description commenced in the late 1800s (ca. 

1880–1930s), during which the subspecies emerged as a 

standard rank to nomenclaturally identify intraspecific 

variation. By the conclusion of this era, over 600 species 

of African rodents were recognized (Allen, 1939). During 

the middle 1900s (ca. 1940–1970s), the number of species 

considered to be valid dipped to less than 300 (Corbet and 

Hill, 1980), a decrease driven by widespread acceptance 

of the biological species concept and its taxonomic application as intergrading geographic races (subspecies). New 

subspecies continued to be named at a high rate, and many 

species described during the preceding eruptive phase were 

cursorily demoted to subspecies.

Setzer’s descriptions of new African forms occurred 

within this last period (Figure 2), and the majority of 
1 6 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

those (29 of 35) were described as subspecies. In his generic and species revisions, he also was predisposed to interpret population-level variation at the subspecific rank 

(e.g., Acomys as a genus of five polytypic species according to Setzer, 1975, compared with 19 species as currently 

recognized per Musser and Carleton, 1993, 2005). The 

prevailing acceptance of the biological species over the 

middle 1900s, widespread employment of polytypic species to convey geographic variation under the concept, 

and Setzer’s early training under Durrant and Hall tellingly molded his taxonomic approach at the species level. 

In the modern era (ca. 1980 to present), a foremost systematic mammalogist, Walter N. Verheyen, named 13 of 

his 18 new rodent discoveries as species. The revived appreciation of greater species richness in African Rodentia signaled a paradigmatic transition between the times 

of Setzer and Verheyen (Figure 2), a change impelled not 

only by new field discoveries and reinvigorated museumYear

Heuglin (22)

Peters (34)

Gray (22)

Temminck (13)

Cuvier (13)

Lichtenstein (11)

Linnaeus (6)

Verheyen (18)

Setzer (35)

Roberts (190)

Osgood (39)

Thomas (387)

Heller (65)

Dollman (79)

Wroughton (67)

De Winton (41)

Lataste (19)

African Rodentia:

Taxonomic Discovery & Major Authors

Number of Taxa

0

500

1000

1500

2000

1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000

Smith (29)

Allen (21)

Valid Species

Cumulative no. Species

& Subspecies

Figure 2. Chronological plots of African rodent taxa. Solid line: Cumulative number of species-group taxa (species and subspecies) described 

from Linnaeus through the year 2003 (total = 1,729); principal authors are indicated, with number of African taxa they described (in parentheses) and approximate period of their taxonomic activity (horizontal dashed line). Dotted line: Number of species considered scientifically valid 

(large dots correspond to species recognized by Murray, 1866; Trouessart, 1897–1898; Allen, 1939; Ellerman, 1940, 1941; Corbet and Hill, 

1980, 1991; and Wilson and Reeder, 1993, 2005; the line was visually fitted). Henry W. Setzer described 6 species and 29 subspecies of African 

rodents over a 20-year period (1953–1972) when the biological species concept heavily influenced the treatment of interpopulation variation 

by systematists.
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 7

based revision but especially by improved methodologies 

for evaluating and taxonomically interpreting intra- and 

interpopulation differences. It is noteworthy that the fresh 

appreciation of small-mammal diversity, as exemplified by 

the investigations of Verheyen and his students, has been 

informed in no small way by the AMP collections (e.g., 

Van der Straeten, 1975, 1980a, 1980b, 1981, 1984; Van 

der Straeten and Verheyen, 1978a, 1978b, 1979a, 1979b, 

1980, 1981; Verheyen and Van der Straeten, 1985; Verheyen et al., 1996, 2002, 2003). The contribution of AMP 

collections to this phase of systematic study is vastly greater 

than the aforementioned publications of Verheyen and his 

students but impractical to exhaustively document here 

(some indication may be gleaned from the recent museumbased studies of African taxa referenced in the chapters on 

shrews, bats, and rodents in Wilson and Reeder’s, 1993, 

2005, Mammal Species of the World). The scientific value 

of any museum collection accrues with its repeated use 

and the citation of its vouchers under a paper’s “Specimens Examined.” In this sense and compared with the 

NMNH holdings acquired by the Biological Survey in 

the late 1800s or the Smithsonian African expeditions of 

the early 1900s, the AMP collection has yet to realize its 

scientific potential.

A curious irony about Setzer’s professional career is 

that the majority of his scientific publications on African 

mammals were based on the older NAMRU-3 collections, 

not the vastly greater AMP series that he helped to amass: 

22 papers over the years 1952–1969 versus nine over 

1969–1985 (we exclude those publications on mammal 

viruses [Kemp et al., 1974; Lourie et al., 1975; Monath 

et al., 1974] and book reviews [Setzer, 1965a,b, 1970, 

1971b, 1977]). Many of the systematic investigations that 

issued directly from the AMP were coauthored with former 

collectors and students (C. B. Robbins and Setzer, 1985; 

L. W. Robbins and Setzer, 1979; Schlitter and Setzer, 

1972; Setzer and Ranck, 1971) but not all (Setzer, 1969a, 

1971a, 1975). The administrative responsibilities necessary to oversee the AMP were substantial and must partly 

account for the disparity in productivity. At its height in 

the 1960s, three field teams were simultaneously operating, and Setzer involved himself in much fieldwork in many 

countries (Table 1), spending time with new field teams at 

least at the start of a survey and inculcating the “Setzer 

methods” of mammal collecting. The huge and steady influx of specimens to the Division of Mammals, NMNH, 

created a cleaning and cataloging bottleneck, which was 

alleviated by the employment of museum technicians, a 

preparator, and a part-time secretary under the umbrella 

of AMP funding. Setzer himself helped to relieve AMPrelated curatorial chores, devoting much time to sorting 

specimens and matching skulls with skins. Computer automation was adopted in 1969, as an outgrowth of the 

necessity to streamline specimen cataloging and with the 

intention to collate data among hosts, ectoparasites, geographic distributions, and ecological preference. Setzer’s 

institution of “machine cataloging” must represent one 

of the earliest initiatives in computerization of collections 

data in the NMNH and the country. Entomology technicians were also hired to mount and prepare the many 

ectoparasites collected along with their mammal hosts. 

And the paperwork—the funding proposals, requests for 

continuance, annual reports, country summaries of mammal species by field numbers (skulls not always cleaned 

and numbered in time for preliminary reports) needed by 

the Army Entomology Research Section and collaborating 

ectoparasitologists, hiring forms and purchase vouchers, 

import and collecting permits, and so on—was unrelenting, if not at times overwhelming. Such administrative and 

supervisory demands of the AMP occurred simultaneously 

with management of other large field programs in Madagascar (1962–1963; see Carleton and Schmidt, 1990, for 

rodent localities) and in Iran and Pakistan (1962–1965; 

e.g., Schlitter and Setzer, 1973) and with production of the 

Identification Manual (1965–1970).

Setzer retired in 1978, and he and his wife Elizabeth 

relocated in 1981 from their home of 26 years in Germantown, Maryland, to Gainesville, Florida. There he 

volunteered to help with curation in the Florida Museum 

of Natural History, University of Florida, and renewed his 

interest in North American mammals, their geographic 

variation, and subspecific classification (Humphrey and 

Setzer, 1989a, 1989b).

Setzer’s contributions to mammalian systematics are 

conveyed by the several taxa named in his honor, some 

based on collections generated through his own research 

(Myomimus setzeri Rossolimo, 1976; Gerbillus setzeri

Schlitter, 1973; Mus setzeri Petter, 1978). His unique 

relationship to African mammalogy was touchingly and 

insightfully captured by his friend Waldo Meester in the 

dedication to his book Classification of Southern African 

Mammals (Meester et al., 1986): “To all whose work is reflected in these pages, and in particular to H. W. (‘Hank’) 

Setzer, but for whose stubborn dedication there would have 

been a great deal less to write about.” Setzer’s stubbornmindedness must have been a useful trait in overseeing the 

AMP, along with the requisite ego and pertinacity that 

each scientist must bring to his/her research. Two other 

candid glimpses of his personality are drawn from the field 

journal of one of his AMP collectors, H. John Herbert. 
1 8 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

The first was from Herbert’s maiden collecting trip to Mozambique (11 Jul 1964): “Hank is a very good molder of 

men and has a winning way which compels you to get on 

the bandwagon.” At the time of the second entry (12 Dec 

1965) Herbert was an experienced field hand in Nigeria: 

“Setzer is in rare form, yelling & screaming & skinning 

mice like mad.” 

Many mice and other kinds of mammals were collected and preserved as the AMP ran its 12-year course. 

Our own individual responsibilities with those collections 

over many years have brought complementary perspectives to the preparation of this gazetteer: Schmidt as processor of AMP accessions and research assistant for Setzer, 

Ludwig in the capture and management of AMP collections data, and Carleton in the use of AMP specimens in 

systematic research.

AMP Collecting Tools, Survey Methods, 

and Field Procedures

The 788 cardinal localities covered in our gazetteer 

are ultimately grounded on museum specimens deposited 

in the NMNH. We here summarize the various capture 

devices and inventory methods by which these specimens 

were procured in order to supply context to the generic 

lists in the Taxa subsection and background to various 

comments under Habitat and Remarks. The following information was gathered and collated from the collectors’ 

field journals stored in the Division of Mammals, NMNH. 

We emphasize that the amount of detail mentioned by 

collectors about their field activities and trapping results 

varies immensely, and we do not intend to imply that 

the inventory procedures here encapsulated were practiced by every collector at each collecting site. Rather, 

this summary conveys our firm understanding of “typical” or “standard” field activities across all AMP teams 

over the 12-year course of the project, and our statements 

are purposefully qualified to indicate apparent frequency, 

preference, or normalcy of field practices and collecting 

equipment. Rarely could we quantify an observation.

Trapping

Kill trapping, by means of sustained removal transect 

lines, was the principal inventory method applied by AMP 

collectors in all regions. The wood-base, metal-bail snap 

traps used in regular traplines included the two standard 

sizes designed to catch “mice” (Woodstream Museum Special) and “rats” (Victor Four-way). Traps were conventionally dispersed in linear transects, dissecting uniform habitats 

as visibly definable or following along natural or unnatural ecotones (stream beds, gallery forest, marshland edge, 

overgrown fence rows, stone walls, boundaries around and 

between agricultural fields). Many collectors recorded only 

how many traplines were set on a particular day without 

specifying how many traps were placed in each line, and 

when the number of traps was specified, they irregularly 

identified which kind (or kinds) of snap trap was used in 

a trapline. However, those explicit notations we gleaned 

from field journals make clear that the Museum Special 

formed the backbone of AMP traplines, with the Victor 

snap trap deployed less commonly and in fewer numbers. 

Museum Specials proved effective in capturing small terrestrial mammals that weighed from 5 to 75 g, a size range 

abundantly represented in Africa by soricomorph shrews 

(Soricidae: Crocidura, Myosorex, Suncus), the smaller elephant shrews (Macroscelididae: Elephantulus, Macroscelides), and a rich variety of rodents, including particular 

genera of the families Gliridae (Eliomys, Graphiurus) and 

Dipodidae (Jaculus sp.) and numerous genera representing Nesomyidae (Cricetomyinae [1], Dendromurinae [3], 

Mystromyinae [1], Petromyscinae [1]) and the ubiquitous Muridae (Deomyinae [3], Gerbillinae [9], Murinae 

[22]) (see Tables 2, 3). The smaller Museum Special was 

less trustworthy for trapping rodents above 75 g, allowing regular escape of the more robust forms of Muridae 

(Gerbilliscus, Meriones, Psammomys, Aethomys, Arvicanthis, Otomys). Collectors preferred the stronger Victor rat 

trap at localities where such species were commonplace; 

rat traps were either interspersed among Museum Specials 

within a trapline or concentrated at select microhabitats 

to catch particular taxa. The latter application also produced minor numbers of certain Sciuridae (Atlantoxerus, 

Euxerus, Paraxerus), Nesomyidae (Cricetomys), and Petromuridae (Petromus), although shooting and purchasing 

were more profitable methods for acquiring such taxa (see 

below). Most traps and traplines were placed in terrestrial 

settings, but some collectors opportunistically positioned 

traps in lower tree limbs within reachable heights (usually 

1.5–2.5 m). In several locales, emphasis was given to such 

arboreal trapping, especially in fruit trees such as mangoes 

and figs, in order to secure certain small, habitually scansorial rodents (Gliridae: Graphiurus; Muridae: Grammomys, 

Hylomyscus). Each type of snap trap had its ardent proponents among AMP collectors, some favoring the Victor rat 

trap for its advantage in catching the larger murids, others 

preferring the Museum Special for its greater flexibility in 

placement, especially in arboreal stations.

During site inventory, collectors readily adapted their 

traplines and trap numbers to the variety of habitats present 
Table 3. Number of National Museum of Natural History voucher specimens of Rodentia resulting from the African Mammal Project (AMP), as summarized by 

region, country, and family.Country

Northern Africa

Algeria 0 0 40 0 0 0 314 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 357

Chad 0 0 0 0 0 0 61 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 61

Libya 0 6 161 7 0 3 1,595 0 0 29 0 0 0 0 1,801

Mauritania 11 0 94 0 0 0 1,995 0 0 31 0 1 0 0 2,132

Morocco 141 68 324 0 0 0 5,642 0 0 45 0 1 0 0 6,221

Niger 0 0 16 0 0 0 159 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 175

Regional subtotal 152 74 635 7 0 3 9,766 0 0 108 0 2 0 0 10,747

Western Africa

Benin 87 11 0 0 18 0 1,702 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1,821

Burkina Faso 79 0 0 0 78 0 2,479 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2,637

Côte d’Ivoire 159 21 0 0 138 0 1,596 18 0 0 0 8 0 17 1,957

The Gambia 7 2 0 0 4 0 243 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 256

Ghana 234 83 0 0 74 0 3,249 21 0 0 13 3 0 1 3,678

Nigeria 161 18 0 0 225 0 2,970 7 0 0 6 2 0 4 3,393

Senegal 57 0 0 0 77 0 1,229 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 1,366

Togo 24 13 0 0 6 0 887 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 939

Regional subtotal 808 148 0 0 620 0 14,355 55 0 0 19 17 0 25 16,047

Southern Africa

Botswana 277 27 0 0 284 0 3,558 0 125 0 122 5 0 0 4,398

Lesotho 0 0 0 0 0 0 84 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 84

Mozambique 19 4 0 0 161 0 2,038 0 6 0 39 0 0 4 2,271

Namibia 11 0 0 0 69 0 812 0 3 0 0 0 13 0 908

South Africa 72 42 0 0 634 0 7,962 0 93 0 335 8 30 2 9,178

Zimbabwe 5 0 0 0 67 0 1,233 0 0 0 23 0 0 1 1,329

Regional subtotal 384 73 0 0 1,215 0 15,687 0 227 0 519 13 43 7 18,168

AMP total 1,344 295 635 7 1,835 3 39,808 55 227 108 538 32 43 32 44,962

ciuridaeS

Gliridae

Dipodidae

palacidaeS

esomyidaeN

Cricetidae

Muridae

nomaluridaeA

Pedetidae

Ctenodactylidae

athyergidaeB

Hystricidae

Petromuridae

hryonomyidaeT

odentiaR otal T
2 0 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

and according to their productivity in terms of trap success, 

extending or moving initial lines and laying new transects 

as appropriate. Because a team usually arrived at a site in 

the late afternoon, initial traplines tended to be shorter (50–

100 traps) and simply radiated from the base camp itself; 

often one member would quickly throw out a preliminary 

line while light remained and others pitched tents and readied the camp. Among 111 representative trapping sessions 

sufficiently detailed in field journals, the modal size of a 

trapline numbered 200 snap traps (mean = 245), and approximately 70% of the lines totaled from 200 to 400 traps 

(Table 4; Figure 3, top right). Whereas shorter lines could 

be set and maintained by an individual collector, the higher 

numbers clearly represent multiple lines and collective results of the AMP team, consisting of at least two principal 

collectors and their field assistants, over a 24-hour cycle of 

trapping (i.e., total trap-nights of survey effort). Whether 

the figures enumerated in Table 4 constitute a single collector’s 24-hour trapping results or that of the team was often 

indefinite from the context of journal remarks.

Longer traplines could be expected to garner more 

specimens, all other factors being equal, as underscored 

by the significant regression of number of animals caught 

against number of traps per trapline (F = 32.0, P ≤ 0.001; 

Figure 3, top left). That all other factors were not equal, 

however, is indicated by the substantial variance around the 

regression line; no significant relationship exists between 

percent trap success and the number of traps per trapline 

(F = 0.20, P = 0.658). Besides setting more traps, most collectors also enhanced trap returns by running their lines 

at least twice (Table 4)—once in the evening and again at 

early dawn—to remove first captures and retrigger a trap 

for the remaining hours of nocturnal activity. In addition 

to augmenting trap success, this practice was dictated by 

the need to save specimens and bait from the ravages of 

scavenging shrews, scarab beetles, palm crickets, and the 

ever-present, always voracious driver ants. African Mammal Project collectors experienced much variability in 

their trapping returns, both in number of animals caught 

(mostly shrews and rodents) and the percent trap success (Table 4), and counts of both of these variables were 

highly skewed to the right for those trapping sessions adequately documented in field journals (Figure 3, bottom). 

Although poor trap returns understandably frustrated collectors for the exhausting labor involved—R. D. Hepplewhite exclaimed “It’s heartbreaking!” after finding only 

five mice in his line of 275 traps at Brucharos Mountain, 

Namibia—such meager results were atypical and incidental over the course of the AMP endeavor writ large. Over 

half of the trap successes tallied were 10% or less (mean 

= a very respectable 9.9%), but rates of 10%–20% were 

also commonplace (Table 4; Figure 3, bottom right). Such 

rates, issuing from traplines numbering 200–400 snap 

traps, ensured that collectors often faced a long, grueling 

day of specimen processing, even well into the evening.

In addition to snap traps, field workers irregularly 

employed four other kinds of traps—live traps, steel leghold traps, MacAbee gopher traps, and gin or native snare 

traps—albeit in much fewer numbers, in particular microhabitats, and/or for certain species. Aluminum folding box 

traps (Sherman traps) and wire mesh traps (National or 

Tomahawk live traps) were in evidence in many countries 

surveyed in all regions but were never relied upon as the 

workhorse of transect lines as were the snap traps. Sherman live traps were a major tool for capture at those few 

localities intended for long-term, grid-trapping studies (see 

below). In Côte d’Ivoire and Nigeria, Sherman traps were 

used wherever personnel from the Viral Research Laboratory, University of Ibadan, accompanied AMP teams to 

collect live animals for the removal of fresh tissues for virological investigations (e.g., see Kemp et al., 1974) and 

were occasionally borrowed from that lab in small numbers. In Namibia and South Africa, moderate numbers 

(25–60) of live traps were more regularly dispersed along 

with snap-trap lines, with the apparent objective of obtaining live animals for chromosomal preparations.

Steel leg-hold traps (mostly size no. 11⁄2) were sporadically employed by most AMP teams in all regions. Usually baited with fresh mouse carcasses from the morning’s 

catch, they were typically deployed in small numbers (4–

12), in specific situations (around fresh scat or near burrow openings), and for designated species, generally small 

carnivores (Genetta, Cynictis, Herpestes, Canis, Vulpes) 

or dassies (Procavia). In a few instances, steel traps were 

deliberately interspersed with snap traps where fennecs 

(Vulpes zerda) or jackals (Canis spp.) were running lines 

and poaching the trapped rodents. Our impression is that 

success rates using steel traps were discouragingly poor 

and that no unique species or unusual numbers of particular kinds were acquired by this means. The few small 

carnivores so trapped were more efficiently obtained with 

other methods, predominantly by hunting at night.

MacAbee gopher traps, or mole rat traps as termed 

by AMP collectors, were regularly used in southern Africa 

and locally in northern (Libya) and western Africa (Nigeria). These traps proved effective for obtaining fossorial 

rodents of the families Spalacidae (Spalax) and Bathyergidae (Cryptomys, Georychus, Heliophobius) and, infrequently, the burrowing golden moles (Chrysochloridae: 

Amblysomus, Carpitalpa). Traps in groups of 10–20 were 
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 1

Table 4. Representative examples of locality trapping results, arranged by region, country, and collector.

Country (Collector) and locality Trap-nights a Number of specimens b Percent success

Northern Africa

Morocco (L. W. Robbins)

Chechaouen 375 27 7.2

Essaouira, 13 km E 575

 (2 teams) 155 (65 pm, 90 am) 26.9

Figuig, 5 km NW 375 46 (21 pm, 25 am) 12.2

Safi, 13 mi S 250 24 9.6

Tan-Tan, 11 km W 375 27 7.2

Tarfaya, 8 km S 475 51 10.7

Taza, 18 km S 400 54 13.5

Tiznit, 8 km S 375 42 11.2

Morocco (R. E. Vaden)

Ain Benimathar, 10 km S 1,375

 (4-day total) 27 2.0

Aoulouz, 16 km W 1,500

 (5-day total) 85 5.7

Ben Slimane, 5 km N 1,000

 (5-day total) 28 2.8

Goulimine, 20 km SW 1,515

 (6-day total) 135 8.9

Icht, 7 km NW 1,000

 (4-day total) 60 6.0

Taroudant, 5 km S 1,640

 (5-day total) 79 4.8

Zagora, 10 km W 400 66 (40 pm, 26 am) 16.5

Mauritania (C. B. Robbins)

Tiguent 150 50 33.3

Algeria (L. W. Robbins)

Beni-Abbes 200 59 (39 pm, 20 am) 29.5

Western Africa

Côte d’Ivoire (J. W. LeDuc)

Diali 120 4 (1 pm, 3 am) 3.3

Niebe 200 4 (2 pm, 2 am) 2.0

Côte d’Ivoire (L. W. Robbins)

Banco Forest 200 27 13.5

Jacqueville 180 38 (19 pm, 19 am) 21.1

Yapo-Sud 200 19 (9 pm, 10 am) 9.5

Burkina Faso (R. E. Vaden)

Petoye 1,200

 (3-day total) 12 1.0

Seguenega, 6 km SE 200 1 0.5

Benin (J. W. LeDuc)

Ketou 150 24 (14 pm, 10 am) 18.0

Zizonkame 100 6 (3 pm, 3 am) 6.0

Southern Africa

Namibia (R. D. Hepplewhite)

Brucharos Mountain 200 7 (4 pm, 3 am) 3.5

Lovedale Farm 200 30 15.0 

Sandfontein 225 1 0.4

Skaanskolk Farm 100 16 (8 pm, 8 am) 16.0

Sossus Vlei 200 60 (30 pm, 30 am) 30.0

Namibia (A. C. Risser)

Gobabeb 150 26 17.3

Hakos Mountains 200 44 22.0

Swartbank Mountain 235 39 16.6

(continued)
2 2 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

maintained in active burrow systems, and in several cases 

involving Cryptomys, an individual trap produced multiple catches over the course of a trapping period. In certain 

microhabitats, especially in southern Africa, the gopher 

or mole rat trap materially augmented the inventory of 

subterranean rodents and moles obtained by other capture 

methods (purchasing, excavating burrows).

Native snares or gin traps may have accounted for an 

unknown number of specimens purchased by AMP teams, 

but they were not an intended component of the trapping 

routine except for certain countries in southern Africa. 

In Mozambique, R. E. Cole was impressed by the utility 

of a native snare design and employed a local trapper to 

fabricate a moderate number of snares to complement the 

standard snap-trap lines. At Massinga, for example, Cole 

set 68 native snare traps in bush and 160 Museum Specials around grassy marshland. Snare traps apparently did 

not improve trap success by any significant measure, but 

they were appreciated for securely holding a catch when 

sprung, for not damaging the skull as sometimes occurred 

with snap traps, and for the wider range in body size of 

specimens captured.

Compared with the standard transect trapline, disposition of traps into measured grids was attempted in only a 

few instances. We encountered one case (Nieman’s Farm, 

South Africa) where the collectors laid a grid of 50 snap 

traps, spaced five paces apart, but such a kill-trapping layout was apparently not repeated elsewhere. Trapping grids 

composed of live traps, on the other hand, were implemented at one site in Nigeria and several in Morocco. In 

Nigerian high forest (Sapoba Forest Reserve), H. J. Herbert 

established a live-trapping grid 250 m2 in area, which consisted of two live traps at each of 18 stations, either a pair 

of Sherman traps or a Sherman and homemade wooden 

box trap. The purpose of the grid was unclear, perhaps 

to determine home ranges of small forest mammals, but 

Table 4. (continued)

Country (Collector) and locality Trap-nights a Number of specimens b Percent success

Southern Africa

Botswana (T. N. Liversedge)

Maboane, 10 mi S 235 4 1.7

Mozambique (R. E. Cole)

Inharrime, 3 km NE 200 34 17.0

Jangamo 250 30 12.0

Panda, 6 km W 200 24 12.0

Mozambique (R. M. Davis)

Furancungo, 30 mi NNW 170 48 28.2

Mozambique (H. J. Herbert)

Vila Coutinho 900 

 (4-day total) 36 0.4

Zimbabwe (A. C. Risser)

Buffalo Game Ranch 100 3 3.0

South Africa (R. D. Hepplewhite)

Drakensberg Garden(s), 2 mi N 200 5 2.5

Klaserie 133 8 (2 pm, 6 am) 6.0

Magoebaskloof 150 22 (10 pm, 12 am) 14.7

Nelspruit, 4 mi E, 2 mi S 350 59 (31 pm, 28 am) 8.8

Vlakfontein 85 7 (1 pm, 6 am) 8.2

Weenkop 200 9 4.5

South Africa (A. V. W. Lambrechts)

Aliwal North, 2 mi E 400 83 20.7

Jansenville, 8 mi NE 564 11 1.9

Sterkspruit, 12 mi N 400 92 23.0

South Africa (T. N. Liversedge)

Brakrivier 200 4 2.0

Moordrift 200 33 16.5

Rooiberg, 2 mi W 200 11 5.5

a In some cases, trap-nights are totals for a given locality.

b Where specified by a collector, the numbers of specimens captured in the evening (pm) and morning (am) checks of traplines are indicated in parentheses.
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 3

sighting straight grid lines in the dense forest undergrowth 

proved difficult, trap success was disappointingly low, 

and the project lasted only a short time (28 Jun to 16 Jul 

1966). In Morocco, several potential sites were explored 

(13 km E Essaouira, 5 km W Rissani, 10 km W Zagora), 

and two permanent grids (5 km NE Essaouira, 28 km SW 

Goulimine) were eventually erected and monitored continually and simultaneously over a 10-month period (Sep 

1970 to Jun 1971) by H. L. Norman and R. E. Vaden. 

The latter localities, situated in desert scrub formations, 

were mark-and-release studies designed to understand the 

microhabitat distributions of naked-footed (Dipodillus) 

and hairy-footed (Gerbillus) gerbils, their activity patterns, 

reproductive cycles, and demographic changes. Two live 

traps (one Sherman and one National) were emplaced at 

each of 100 stations, for a total of 200 traps arrayed in a 

grid approximately 200–225 m per side (approximately 4–

5 ha); captured animals were assessed for sex, age, weight, 

molt, and reproductive condition, individually marked 

with ear tags or toe clipping, and released. Animals that 

died in traps from cold exposure were routinely prepared 

as museum vouchers, and off-site necropsy transect lines, 

Figure 3. Four graphic views of AMP snap-trapping results based on 111 well-documented, 24-hour trapping sessions as determined from 

collectors’ field journals (excluding specimens acquired by purchasing or hunting). Top left: Regression of number of small mammals captured 

against number of traps deployed in a trapline. Top right: Histogram of numbers of snap traps dispensed in a trapline. Bottom left: Histogram 

of number of small mammals captured per trapline. Bottom right: Histogram of percent trap successes realized (number of animals trapped/

number of traps in trapline × 100). Also see Table 4 and text for discussion.
2 4 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

composed of snap traps, were also set to procure specimens at these two localities. When not chasing camels off 

their grid or foiling clever jackals that learned to open rear 

trapdoors and snatch escaping gerbils, Norman and Vaden 

seem to have had highly productive and biologically informative grid-trapping results, but we are unaware of any 

published papers.

The common attractant to both snap and live traps 

was the familiar bait of peanut butter and rolled oats, 

moistened with water to form a moldable paste. Sometimes only oats were used and different moisturizers, such 

as vanilla extract or palm oil, were added or substituted 

for water. Particularly when trap success was poor, collectors experimented with a wide variety of other ingredients as trap baits: unmacerated ground nuts or pellets of 

commercial mouse chow (noted as inferior to cassava as a 

bait by H. J. Herbert at Sapoba Forest Reserve, Nigeria); 

guinea corn and rice; dates, oil palm fruit, or whichever 

fruits were locally ripening; cassava meal instead of oatmeal; and mixtures of sunflower seeds, oats, and mixed 

grain or of pumpkin seeds and prunes. Some collectors 

systematically compared trapping results using different 

baits, but these analyses were short in duration and generally inconclusive. Over the 12-year course of the AMP, 

none of these alternatives displaced the dependable “p.b. 

& o.” as a standard bait, although some of them enjoyed 

short-term usage by certain collectors.

Salvage and Hand Capture

AMP teams logged innumerable hours on the road, 

driving to and from localities, and were continually alert 

to stop and inspect the condition of road-killed animals as 

potential museum vouchers. Few specimens were salvaged 

in this manner, and most species were rodents (Dipodidae: 

Jaculus; Nesomyidae: Cricetomys) and small carnivores 

(Herpestidae: Cynictis; Canidae: Otocyon; Mustelidae: 

Ictonyx). The few dolphins (Cetacea) collected in Morocco 

were beach pickups of dead animals (i.e., strandings); 

those acquired in Côte d’Ivoire formed a small orphaned 

collection enthusiastically accepted by a budding marine 

mammalogist, Thomas J. McIntyre.

African Mammal Project collectors were always inventive and energetic in sampling the mammal fauna and 

exploited any opportunities for capture by hand. Logs 

or fallen palm fronds were overturned, cavities of hollow trees were explored, and surface nests and shallow 

tunnel systems were dismantled. The escaping denizens 

were grabbed, scooped with an insect net, or ensnared 

in a makeshift, mist net corral. Searching of such sites 

sometimes uncovered examples of gerbilline (Gerbilliscus, Taterillus), murine (Arvicanthis, Mastomys, Mus, 

Rhabdomys), and otomyine rodents (Myotomys) and less 

often specimens of white-toothed shrews (Soricidae: Crocidura) and elephant shrews (Macroscelididae: Elephantulus). In Côte d’Ivoire, dead fan palms (Borassus) were 

felled, a tactic that yielded examples of arboreal rodents 

(Heliosciurus, Hylomyscus) and pangolins (Manis). Enterprising teams or individuals doggedly excavated deeper 

burrows of certain fossorial rodents to obtain examples of 

Muridae (Parotomys) and Bathyergidae (Cryptomys, Heliophobius). In open landscapes, such as desert and Sahel 

Savanna, driving at night and spotlighting startled jerboas 

(Dipodidae: Jaculus) and gerbils (Muridae: Desmodilliscus, Gerbillus, Pachyuromys) proved to be a popular 

and productive collecting technique. Such species would 

momentarily freeze in the light and allow the collector to 

approach closely; one field assistant in Morocco (Lahcen) 

became especially adept at running down jerboas. Some 

of the larger series of Jaculus in Morocco and all Desmodilliscus in Mauritania (as noted by Setzer, 1969b) were 

appreciably amplified in this manner. Hand capture was a 

supplementary collecting method and, except for Desmodilliscus in Mauritania, yielded no species that were not 

also obtained by trapping or hunting; however, specimens 

so captured were welcomed as they would make fine skinand-skull preparations, unmarred by ant damage or fur 

slippage, or could be processed for karyotypes.

Roost Searching and Mist-netting

Upon establishing a base camp, teams soon afterward interviewed local villagers, farmers, and officials about nearby 

concentrations of bats and/or explored possible haunts for 

themselves, relying on sight, sound, and smell. Several of 

our cardinal localities originated as ancillary trips from a 

main campsite, made expressly to investigate suspected or 

reported bat roosts. Natural caves and grottoes, road culverts and abandoned mines, cisterns and dug wells, standing 

hollow trees and fallen hollow logs, dense vegetation and 

large furled leaves, and buildings of all size and function 

were thus checked for resting aggregations of bats.

Once a roost was discovered, various kinds of equipment and methods were employed to collect the bats. A 

mist net, or section cut from a mist net, was often erected 

at openings to caves, building attics, culverts, and hollow 

trees, and collectors would either await the emergent flight 

at dusk or excite bats from inside to depart early. Large series of Rhinolophus (Rhinolophidae), Hipposideros (Hipposideridae), Miniopterus (Vespertilionidae), and certain 
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 5

Molossidae (Chaerephon, Mops, Tadarida) were captured 

in this manner (Table 5). In a couple of instances—a batinfested house (Mops) and large bush with dense foliage 

(Nycteris)—entire bat congregations were collected by 

tightly encircling the roosts with mist nets. In Mozambique, 

while companions were busy inside a mine tunnel or cistern, one or two collectors were stationed at the entrance 

and used branches as a flail to knock swarming bats out of 

the air. Inside caves, large cisterns, and attics, long forceps 

and insect nets were used to hand capture bats hanging 

from out-of-reach ceilings or huddling in protected crevices. Another reliable means to obtain bats from inaccessible areas in these same types of roost sites was shooting 

with fine-pellet cartridges (.22 caliber revolver loaded with 

“dust shot” or 16 gauge shotgun with number 9 shot or 

with a .32 caliber auxiliary [“aux”] insert to fire handloaded dust shot). Collectors regularly stopped along roads 

and railroad tracks to check culverts and closed aqueducts, 

spelunking such man-made tunnels for bats. African Mammal Project personnel in western Africa frequently sought 

large hollow trees, especially baobabs, as well as hollow 

logs and gathered roosting inhabitants by placing mist nets 

Table 5. Number of National Museum of National History voucher specimens of Chiroptera resulting from the African Mammal 

Project (AMP), as summarized by region, country, and family.

Country

Northern Africa

Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2

Chad 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 4

Libya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3

Mauritania 0 0 47 0 78 1 177 103 16 422

Morocco 0 179 49 0 74 0 20 3 660 985

Niger 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Regional subtotal 0 179 100 0 152 1 197 107 680 1,416

Western Africa

Benin 160 5 30 0 0 1 148 522 137 1,003

Burkina Faso 200 16 103 37 0 32 618 88 23 1,117

Côte d’Ivoire 239 4 193 0 0 1 73 122 70 702

The Gambia 12 1 44 0 0 1 47 7 1 113

Ghana 1,343 16 273 11 0 11 538 1,060 215 3,467

Nigeria 314 72 293 2 0 65 193 369 97 1,405

Senegal 93 133 150 0 0 38 161 114 26 715

Togo 23 69 39 75 0 9 27 192 20 454

Regional subtotal 2,384 316 1,125 125 0 158 1,805 2,474 589 8,976

Southern Africa

Botswana 24 138 44 0 0 0 95 107 138 546

Lesotho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 17

Mozambique 50 60 154 0 0 3 105 446 240 1,058

Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 10 7 27

South Africa 6 274 2 0 0 1 26 136 275 720

Zimbabwe 6 7 2 0 0 0 15 0 83 113

Regional subtotal 86 479 202 0 0 4 251 699 760 2,481

AMP total 2,470 974 1,427 125 152 163 2,253 3,280 2,029 12,873 Pteropodidae

RhinolophidaeHipposideridaeMegadermatidaeRhinopomatidaeEmballonuridaeNycteridaeMolossidaeVespertilionidaeTotal Chiroptera
2 6 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

at their base, shooting into the interior, or smoking them 

out. Appreciable numbers of Lissonycteris (Pteropodidae), 

Hipposideros (Hipposideridae), and Nycteris (Nycteridae) 

were captured in such settings. Large furled leaves of banana trees were inspected as fertile sites for hand capture 

of the small vespertilionids Neoromicia and Pipistrellus, 

especially in Mozambique. Both shotguns and .22 caliber 

revolvers were standard collecting tools for roosting bats in 

all regions. In addition to their advantage in collecting bats 

from the high ceilings of interior roosts and upper reaches 

of hollow trees, firearms accounted for a majority of the 

large Pteropodidae (Eidolon, Epomops, Hypsignathus) 

that aggregated in small to large colonies, hanging high in 

palms and other tall trees.

Other means of securing bats included mist-netting in 

flyways, purchasing, and shooting free-flying individuals. 

Mist nets were more often positioned to block openings into 

roosts, where dense bat aggregations could be expected, 

but they were also strung in probable flight paths to obtain 

foraging bats. Nets were deployed, usually as singletons 

or occasionally in pairs, across streams and narrow fordable rivers, over water troughs and open cisterns, by ponds 

and impoundments, under fig trees and in banana groves, 

and simply between tents in camp. Our strong impression 

is that mist nets set in flight paths were more successful in 

catching many kinds of Vespertilionidae (Glauconycteris, 

Eptesicus, Myotis, Nycticeinops, Scotoecus, Scotophilus) 

and the smaller Pteropodidae (Micropteropus, Myonycteris, Nanonycteris) than were other means. Local peoples, 

predominantly in western Africa, brought forth bats to 

sell, though seldom in the same numbers or frequency as 

they did the small terrestrial mammals (see below). Species 

purchased in greatest abundance—Epomophorus (Pteropodidae), Hipposideros (Hipposideridae), Nycteris (Nycteridae), and Chaerephon (Molossidae)—represent those that 

commonly cluster underneath the roofs of thatched huts or 

storage sheds and so were easily accessible to villagers. Pot 

shooting of bats on the wing, usually with a .22 caliber revolver armed with dust shot, occurred infrequently and opportunistically, for example, bats that were hawking insects 

around camp (e.g., Hipposideridae: Triaenops; Emballonuridae: Taphozous; Vespertilionidae: Nycticeinops).

Hunting

Hunting was conducted in all three regions by nearly all 

teams, whether on a routine or opportunistic basis. Shotguns 

(12 and 16 gauges, usually with numbers 6, 71⁄2, or 9 shot, 

or an auxiliary insert to adapt the 16 gauge to .32 caliber 

dust-shot loads), rifles (.22, .30, and .375 H&H calibers), 

and revolvers (.22, usually with dust-shot loads) were the 

firearms of choice, and their use entailed interminable hours 

spent with federal and local officials to secure gun permits, 

hunting licenses, and clearance to hunt in farms, parks, and 

reserves. Overall, AMP collectors appeared to devote less 

time to hunting during the day than at night. Processing the 

night’s catch from traplines commonly occupied the morning and early afternoon, leaving the late afternoon to dusk 

as the usual daylight interval to hunt. Collectors often carried along a .22 rifle or shotgun when they checked and 

rebaited traplines, both during the day and night, and thus 

managed some opportunistic hunting while engaged in a 

trapping activity. In addition to their own hunting, AMP 

field crews sometimes engaged local hunters to acquire 

larger game in the environs of the base camp. Specimens 

either were purchased outright with cash, as with small 

mammal transactions (see below), or a trade was negotiated, bartering ammunition for specimens. Contracting or 

bartering with local hunters was a method employed more 

often by crews that operated in western Africa.

Among predominantly diurnal mammals, day hunting, usually on foot but sometimes from a vehicle, yielded 

many to most specimens of rock hyraxes (Procaviidae: 

Procavia), cercopithecid Primates (Cercopithecus, Chlorocebus, Colobus, Erythrocebus, Piliocolobus), gundis 

(Ctenodactylidae: Ctenodactylus, Felovia), Sciuridae, including both ground squirrels (Atlantoxerus, Xerus) and 

tree squirrels (Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Protoxerus), 

certain large gerbils (Muridae: Psammomys), and dassie 

rats (Petromuridae: Petromus). Of course, some nocturnal mammals were also obtained during the day by discharging firearms into roosts and by disturbing nests and 

burrows to flush occupants. For example, hollow trees 

were a favorite source for rodents of the families Gliridae 

(Graphiurus) and Anomaluridae (Anomalurus, Idiurus) as 

well as numerous bats (see above), and arboreal stick nests 

amply yielded specimens of Thallomys (Muridae). Certain 

carnivores were also obtained more commonly during the 

day (Canidae: Lycaon; Mustelidae: Mellivora; Herpestidae: Helogale, Mungos, Suricata) as were the majority of 

medium-sized to large artiodactyls (Suidae: Phacochoerus; 

Bovidae: many genera).

Night hunting was typically undertaken between 

dusk and midnight and was also conducted on foot, outfitted with headlamps, or from the expedition trucks or 

Land Rovers, using headlamps and spotlights. The latter 

method (“jack lighting”) was favored in open environments and typically required three individuals: the driver, 

someone controlling the spotlight to locate eyeshine, and 

the third literally “riding shotgun.” In such landscapes, 
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 7

ready access to long, unpopulated stretches of road was 

one factor weighed in selecting a base camp. Hunting at 

night secured most specimens of prosimians (Lorisidae: 

Perodicticus; Galagidae: Galago, Otolemur) and rabbits 

(Leporidae: Lepus, Pronolagus) as well as some elephant 

shrews (Macroscelididae: Petrodromus) and many rodents, 

both small (Dipodidae: Jaculus; Muridae: Meriones) and 

large species (Nesomyidae: Cricetomys; Anomaluridae: 

Anomalurus; Pedetidae: Pedetes; Hystricidae: Atherurus, 

Hystrix; Thryonomyidae: Thryonomys). Night hunting 

also accounted for a majority of small- to medium-sized 

carnivores (Felidae, Viverridae, Herpestidae, Hyaenidae, 

Canidae, Mustelidae) and of the smaller, solitary antelopes that inhabit denser vegetation (Bovidae: Neotragus, 

Raphicerus, Cephalophus, Sylvicapra).

Collectors rarely tallied the amount of effort devoted 

to hunting, so we could not develop any measure to compare its relative effectiveness at one locality versus another. Remarks in field journals are anecdotal and scant 

in nature, usually consisting of a brief mention of a companion’s success. Some exceptions include the remarks of 

L. W. Robbins, who noted that 18 Atlantoxerus were shot 

over a 2 km distance when squirrel hunting from a truck 

(Morocco, 6 km SE Tafraoute); R. E. Vaden, who reported 

that 20 man-hours of hunting over three days produced no 

mammals in a degraded habitat (Petoye, Burkina Faso); 

and again R. E. Vaden, who recorded a four-day camp 

total of 12 specimens, resulting from 300 traps per night 

and 12–20 man-hours of hunting per day (30 km N Markoye, Burkina Faso).

Purchasing Specimens

Direct purchase of mammals from local residents supplied a steady source of specimens throughout the course 

of AMP fieldwork, and minor amounts were always budgeted for this purpose in the recurring funding proposals 

submitted by Setzer. Soon after camp was established, 

team members typically visited nearby farms and villages 

to spread the word that they were anxious to buy mammals of all kinds. If not always deliberately advertised, a 

field camp would naturally attract the curious, who observed the peculiar activities of the strangers and thereby 

learned their willingness to buy animals. Museum Specials 

and Victor rat traps were occasionally loaned to individuals, especially young boys, to catch mice in their homes, 

granaries, and agricultural fields, an arrangement that 

generally yielded mixed returns (of specimens and traps). 

In some areas, people were wholly disinterested in collecting animals regardless of the monetary inducement. More 

often, the response proved to be so overwhelming that 

collectors had to quit setting traps or to declare a moratorium on new purchases in order to handle the deluge of 

specimens. In the latter case, the gas-powered, portable 

refrigerators carried by many teams were indispensable to 

stabilize specimens until they could be prepared.

Comments extracted from collectors’ field journals 

convey some notion of the habit and scale of purchasing 

activity by AMP crews and the variety and numbers of 

mammals so obtained. “Locals saved the day though with 

another 13 Meriones” (R. E. Vaden, 10 Apr 1970, 20 km 

S Chichaoua, Morocco). “Reached the town about 9:30 

[am] and were swamped by people with jerboas [Jaculus] 

. . . we now had to buy 63 more” (R. E. Vaden, 29 Jun 

1970, 3 km E Ifkern, Morocco). “All in all this has been 

quite a day with some fifteen Cricetomys brought to us 

plus a hedgehog [Atelerix] and two Lemniscomys” (H. W. 

Setzer, 29 Oct 1965, 6 km NW Tivaouane, Senegal). “People were bringing in all sorts of things [including specimens of Cercopithecus, Colobus; Heliosciurus, Euxerus; 

Lepus; Epomophorus, Nycteris; Genetta] . . . Needless to 

say it was complete chaos with trying to make sure all of 

the tags got on the right specimen” (R. M. Davis, 13 Jan 

1966, 8 mi W Bathurst, The Gambia). “We won’t need 

them [traps] tonight, as the locals are digging rats out 

faster than we are trapping them” (R. E. Vaden, 18 Nov 

1968, Goden, Burkina Faso). “The villagers came through 

again, though—we put up 73 specimens, all but 6 of which 

we bought” (including specimens of Galago; Gerbilliscus, 

Taterillus, Mus, Praomys; Lepus; Atelerix) (R. E. Vaden, 

5 Mar 1969, 6 km SE Seguenega, Burkina Faso). “People 

didn’t start coming until after 2 [pm], & by the end of the 

day, we had 40 specimens” (including specimens of Cricetomys, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Uranomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys; Nycteris). “Busy late and we set no traps” 

(L. W. Robbins, 7 Mar 1969; Tyenko, Côte d’Ivoire). “We 

have increased the price of mammals to see if that will 

stimulate larger scale collecting” (C. B. Robbins, 20 Apr 

1968, Soubroukou, Benin). “We informed the people of 

our needs. Sit and wait . . . rats and mice are coming in 

now” (including specimens of Galago; Xerus, Graphiurus, 

Cricetomys, Gerbilliscus, Tatera, Arvicanthis, Mastomys, 

Mus; Atelerix; Crocidura; Epomophorus) (C. B. Robbins, 25–26 Apr 1968, Kouande, Benin). “Shortly after we 

spread the word we wanted animals, the Arvicanthis started 

to arrive” (J. C. Geest, 13 Jan 1967, Karaduwa, Nigeria). 

“[Six] natives brought in an Ichneumia in a bag . . . Local 

people bringing in 4 types of bats from their houses and 

nearby trees [= Lavia, Taphozous, Nycteris, Glauconycte

ris] . . . They also bring in Mastomys from the houses & 
2 8 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Xerus from the fields” (H. J. Herbert, 11 Apr 1966, 31 mi 

NE Dikwa, Nigeria). “Local people have kept us swamped 

with squirrels [Xerus, Paraxerus], mongoose [Cynictis, 

Helogale, Mungos], and the like” (A. R. Hardy, 26 Mar 

1965, Tsau, Botswana). “The natives brought in 3 molerats (Cryptomys) and a Petrodromus” (R. M. Davis, 16 

Aug 1964, 5 mi N Mungari, Mozambique). “The natives 

are coming from far and wide to sell us animals . . . the 

animals purchased formed the major part of today’s catch” 

(including specimens of Aethomys, Mastomys, Mus, Rattus, Rhabdomys, Otomys; Myosorex) (R. D. Hepplewhite, 

20 Oct 1966, 2 mi E Haenertsburg, South Africa).

Taxonomic and Geographic Summary

Taxonomic Survey and Geographic Coverage

Field collections generated by the African Mammal 

Project include representatives of 14 of Africa’s 15 orders 

of terrestrial mammals. Rodents comprise approximately 

70% of all AMP specimens (Table 6), hardly a surprising 

proportion in view of the predominant reliance on snap 

traps distributed in long transect lines, the epidemiological objectives of the AMP, and the diversity of the order in 

Africa (e.g., see Allen, 1939; Delany and Happold, 1979; 

Nowak, 1999). Within Rodentia, the taxonomically diverse and ecologically widespread Muridae (gerbils, jirds, 

mice, and rats) is the most conspicuously represented 

family (63% of AMP specimens; Table 3); the 13 other 

families of Rodentia, totaling about 5,000 specimens, 

were acquired by various means (Table 7), in particular 

trapping with gopher traps (Bathyergidae) and hunting 

(Sciuridae, Anomaluridae, Pedetidae, and other hystricognath families). Second to Rodentia in species diversity, 

Chiroptera was also second in abundance among AMP 

collections, amounting to 20% of all mammals collected 

and cataloged (Table 6). By far, the majority of Chiroptera were obtained by inspecting day-roost sites for resting 

bats. As a collecting method, roost searching is a catchall of tools and procedures because, having once located 

a roost, actual capture of bats required using mist nets, 

firearms, insect nets, or gloved hands (see Roost Searching and Mist-netting section above). Huge series of Hipposideridae, Nycteridae, and Molossidae were gathered 

from cavernous roosts, whether natural (caves and hollow 

trees) or man-made (attics and cisterns). Higher numbers 

and greater diversity of Vespertilionidae may have resulted 

from mist-netting of free-flying foraging bats, although we 

cannot quantify this observation given the uneven detail 

imparted in collectors’ journals. Inventory of bats, by all 

of the above methods, was more intensively pursued by 

teams that worked in western Africa (Tables 5, 6).

Excluding Rodentia and Chiroptera, other mammalian orders collectively total only 8.5% of the AMP 

specimens obtained and none exceeds 2% (Table 6). The 

project’s objectives, as identified in funding proposals, 

were loosely intended “to ascertain the kinds of mammals” without specifying any particular group or size 

class, but Setzer himself (1971a:259) emphasized “collecting small mammals and their ectoparasites” as a central 

goal of the AMP. Clearly, AMP field methods, especially 

reliance on snap traps, were not designed to thoroughly 

inventory large mammals, so the absence of proboscideans and the low numbers of carnivores, perissodactyls, 

and artiodactyls are predictable. Nonetheless, hunting of 

medium- to large-size mammals was an integral collecting 

method employed by AMP field teams, notwithstanding 

the rarity of documentation of the time collectors devoted 

to it. Hunting served as the principal means for acquiring certain groups, notably those of Primates, Carnivora, 

Artiodactyla, and Lagomorpha as well as certain families 

of Chiroptera (Pteropodidae) and Rodentia (Sciuridae, 

Anomaluridae, Pedetidae, Ctenodactylidae, Hystricidae, 

Thryonomyidae). Without using firearms, the taxonomic 

diversity and especially the series recovered of these orders 

and families would have been decidedly less (Tables 3, 5, 

6); the sampling of small carnivores (Viverridae, Herpestidae, Mustelidae) and reclusive cephalophine ungulates 

(Cephalophus, Philantomba, Sylvicapra) is noteworthy. 

Two-thirds of ungulate and over one-half of carnivore 

vouchers issued from the southern African region (Table 

6), where the continental distributions of many taxa are 

localized and where expansive open savannahs and low 

human population densities fostered productive hunting 

by AMP collectors. Of the two marine mammal orders 

found along Africa’s littoral margins, no specimens of Sirenia were collected, and the 21 Cetacea obtained represent either happenstance beach pickups (Morocco) or T. J. 

McIntyre’s fortuitous acquisition of an abandoned collection (Côte d’Ivoire).

The taxonomic diversity of specimens purchased was 

surprisingly broad wherever people were enthusiastically 

cooperative, nearly matching the ordinal variety derived 

from all other collecting methods employed at a locality 

(Table 7). Purchasing served as an important secondary 

source for many groups of mammals, in particular Rodentia, Soricomorpha, and smaller Carnivora, whereas 

hunting still appeared to be the far superior means for obtaining specimens of Primates, Lagomorpha, larger Carnivora, and most Artiodactyla. Time and again, purchased 
Table 6. Number of National Museum of Natural History voucher specimens of Mammalia resulting from the African Mammal Project (AMP), as summarized by 

region, country, and order.Country

Northern Africa

Northern Africa

Algeria 0 3 0 0 0 357 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 363

Chad 0 0 0 0 0 61 4 0 0 4 0 1 0 3 0 73

Libya 0 1 0 0 0 1,801 7 0 6 3 0 10 0 7 0 1,835

Mauritania 0 0 0 24 8 2,132 13 4 15 422 0 33 0 4 0 2,655

Morocco 0 225 0 0 13 6,221 22 43 41 985 0 37 0 3 2 7,592

Niger 0 0 0 0 0 175 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 177

Regional subtotal 0 229 0 24 21 10,747 46 49 62 1,416 0 82 0 17 2 12,695

Western Africa

Benin 0 0 0 0 54 1,821 5 74 79 1,003 1 7 0 15 0 3,059

Burkina Faso 0 0 0 0 138 2,637 70 52 8 1,117 0 55 0 13 0 4,090

Côte d’Ivoire 0 0 2 5 118 1,957 9 0 77 702 11 96 0 56 19 3,052

The Gambia 0 0 0 0 59 256 2 0 1 113 0 4 0 2 0 437Ghana 0 0 0 0 56 3,678 6 15 131 3,467 4 26 0 2 0 7,385

Nigeria 0 0 0 4 41 3,393 14 61 191 1,405 3 50 0 7 0 5,169Senegal 0 0 0 0 62 1,366 17 79 34 715 0 50 0 2 0 2,325Togo 0 0 0 2 11 939 4 39 35 454 0 9 0 1 0 1,494

Regional subtotal 0 0 2 11 539 16,047 127 320 556 8,976 19 297 0 98 19 27,011

Southern Africa

Botswana 0 112 1 12 117 4,398 86 3 105 546 0 260 1 142 0 5,783

Lesotho 0 0 0 0 0 84 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 0 101Mozambique 5 73 0 2 60 2,271 57 0 67 1,058 0 41 0 66 0 3,700

Namibia 0 53 0 14 0 908 38 0 4 27 0 7 0 0 0 1,051South Africa 39 600 0 57 25 9,178 120 3 315 720 0 151 0 16 0 11,224

Zimbabwe 1 22 1 1 23 1,329 13 0 116 113 0 19 0 10 0 1,648

Regional subtotal 45 860 2 86 225 18,168 314 6 607 2,481 0 478 1 234 0 23,507

AMP total 45 1,089 4 121 785 44,962 487 375 1,225 12,873 19 857 1 349 21 63,213

frosoricidaA

Macroscelidea

ubulidentata T

Hyracoidea

Primates

odentiaR

Lagomorpha

rinaceomorphaE

oricomorphaS

Chiroptera

Pholidota

Carnivora

Perissodactyla

rtiodactylaA

Cetacea

otal Mammalia T
3 0 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

specimens substantially increased sample sizes from a locality; indeed, in many instances, the incoming specimens 

proved to be so steady and numerous that collectors ceased 

running their traplines altogether. Some average quota of 

specimens seemed to be expected from AMP teams, and 

when traplines were unproductive, collectors hoped that 

local people would “save the day” by appearing with 

small mammals for sale. On the other hand, purchasing 

held certain disadvantages as a method of collection. Although the variety of purchased taxa was overall broad, 

their numbers were strongly skewed to those coming out 

of huts and fields, yielding a superabundance of the indigenous semicommensals (Arvicanthis, Mastomys, certain Praomys) and nonnative commensals (Mus, Rattus) 

only from anthropogenic settings. (At Tsanchaga, Nigeria, 

J. C. Geest noted that the carcasses of Mastomys smelled 

like wood smoke.) In general, collectors inconsistently discriminated between animals purchased and those taken in 

traplines, an uncertainty that complicates a researcher’s 

interest in estimating trap success, determining habitat fidelity, or inferring microsympatry (syntopy). The isolation 

of specimens for the uncontaminated removal of ectoparasites, a central objective of the project, was compromised 

by the villagers’ habit of bringing mixed species assemblages in whatever container was available (At 1 mi W 

Bichi, Nigeria, H. J. Herbert mentioned that three young 

boys brought in 31 rats—Arvicanthis, Dasymys, and Mastomys—all alive and jumping in a single box). Finally, as 

remarked by at least two AMP workers, reliance on acquisition of specimens from local peoples removed the collector from a firsthand knowledge of their habitat of origin 

and related ecological detail.

African Mammal Project faunal surveys were organized and directed around a geopolitical entity, the country, but the many country inventories undertaken over 

broad continental regions realized incidental sampling, 

in varying degrees, of most of Africa’s major biotic zones 

(Table 8). Africa’s open landscapes, its deserts and savanTable 7. Summary of collecting tools and methods employed during the African Mammal Project, graded according to effectiveness for 

various mammalian orders. Codes: 1 = major tool or method that generated the greatest number of specimens over the entire project; 2 

= secondary tool or method that produced appreciable specimen numbers or was most effective for particular taxa (families or genera) 

in certain areas; 3 = tool or method that yielded specimens in low numbers or only incidentally; ? = a tool or method that was known to 

produce specimens, but grading its effectiveness was uncertain; a dash (–) indicates a tool or method that only rarely yielded specimens 

or that was never used for a given order.

Country

Afrosoricida 2? – 1 – – – – – – – 3?

Macroscelidea 1 – – – – 3 – – – 3 2

Tubulidentata – – – – – – – – – 2? 1?

Hyracoidea – 3 – – – – – – – 1 2

Primates – – – – – – – – – 1 2

Rodentia 1 – 2 2 3 3 – – – 2 2

Lagomorpha – – – – 3 – 3 – – 1 2

Erinaceomorpha 2 – – – – 3 – – – 2 1

Soricomorpha 1 – – – – 3 – – – – 2

Chiroptera – – – – – – – 1 2 3 2

Pholidota – – – – – – – – – 1 2

Carnivora – 3 – 3 – – 3 – – 1 2

Perissodactyla – – – – – – – – – 1 –

Artiodactyla – – – – – – 3 – – 1 2

Cetacea – – – – – – 1 – – – –

Snap trapsSteel trapsGopher trapsLive trapsSnaresHand captureSalvageRoost searchingMist-nettingHuntingPurchasing
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 3 1

nas, are conspicuously represented among AMP collecting 

sites (approximately 80% of the 788 cardinal localities). 

Xeric environments of the Sahara Desert and Southwest 

Arid Zone are present in moderate numbers, and more 

mesic habitats situated within the Northern and Southern 

Savanna zones that frame the continent’s wet forests were 

densely surveyed. The abundant series of bats and of gerbilline and murine rodents obtained from these savannas 

are particularly noteworthy. Although modest in number, 

sites from the Mediterranean Zone importantly document 

species that occur in refugia along Africa’s northern rim 

(Barbarian Region, Morocco; Cyrenaica Plateau, Libya), 

where a prevailing temperate climate harbors faunas that 

exhibit Palearctic resemblances. Most AMP localities 

within high-canopied, lowland rainforest fall within the 

Guinea Rainforest province of western Africa, but the two 

Table 8. Distribution of African Mammal Project (AMP) cardinal localitiesa among the major biotic zones of Africab, summarized by 

region and country.

Country and statistic

Northern Africa

Algeria – 28 – – – – – –

Chad – 5 – – – – – –

Libya 22 62 – – – – – –

Mauritania – 8 13 – – – – –

Morocco 66 15 – – – – – –

Niger – 2 8 – – – – –

Regional subtotal 88 120 21 – – – – –

Western Africa

Benin – – 14 2 – – – –

Burkina Faso – – 27 – – – – –

Côte d’Ivoire – – 13 12 – – – –

Ghana – – 45 16 – – – –

Nigeria – – 29 11 – – – –

Senegal–The Gambia – – 34 – – – – –

Togo – – 4 3 – – – –

Regional subtotal – – 166 44 – – – –

Southern Africa

Botswana – – – – 29 61 – –

Mozambique – – – – – 56 – 2

Namibia – – – – 24 – – –

South Africa–Lesotho – – – – 56 78 10 9

Zimbabwe – – – – – 17 – 3

Regional subtotal – – – – 109 212 10 14

AMP total 88 120 187 44 109 212 10 14

Percentage 11.2 15.3 23.9 5.6 13.9 27.0 1.3 1.8

aTallies exclude one oceanic locality and three localities not georeferenced.

b Certain biotic zones are accepted in their broad sense as follows: Mediterranean includes coastal plain, the Barbarian or Maghreb Region, Atlas 

Mountains, and the Cyrenaica Plateau; Northern Savanna includes the Sahel, Sudan, and Guinea zones sensu Rosevear (1953, 1965); Southwest Arid 

Zone includes the Namib and Kalahari deserts; Southern Savanna includes the Southern Savanna Woodlands and Southern Savanna Grasslands sensu 

Rautenbach (1978).

MediterraneanZoneSahara DesertNorthernSavannaRainforestSouthwestArid ZoneSouthernSavannaSouthwest CapeAfromontane
3 2 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

sites in southeastern Nigeria (15 mi N Calabar and 14 mi 

S Oban) originate from an area that has stronger biogeographic affinity to the larger Congo Rainforest block of 

central Africa (e.g., see Booth, 1958; Carleton and Robbins, 1985; Happold, 1996). Rainforest localities are relatively few in number (and collectors’ remarks indicate that 

most were already degraded at the time of inventory), but 

their faunal documentation is invaluable in view of the accelerating fragmentation and disappearance of Afrotropical rainforest (e.g., Beier et al., 2002; Myers et al., 2000). 

We are surprised that the Southwest Cape Zone in southernmost South Africa was so meagerly inventoried (Table 

8). We are not surprised by the minimal representation of 

the Afromontane Zone (sensu White, 1981) among AMP 

localities because these wet montane uplands are concentrated in eastern Africa (Ethiopian Highlands and rift 

mountains) and only marginally penetrate southern Africa 

(e.g., Drakensberg Mountains).

Categorization of biomes is perhaps most standardized in western Africa thanks to the timely publication 

of Rosevear’s (1965) Bats of West Africa. Rosevear precisely outlined High Forest and Guinea, Sudan, and Sahel 

savannas (here treated as subzones of Northern Savanna) 

and criteria for their recognition, and many collectors 

mentioned his book in their field notes. Although the tallies in Table 8 suffice to convey the relative intensity of 

AMP survey among major biotic zones, we acknowledge 

some arbitrariness in classifying any individual site for 

reasons of geographic intermediacy, indefinite ecological characterization, or lack of habitat information altogether. In such cases, we accepted geographic location 

as the deciding factor in categorizing the locality. Such 

ambiguity sometimes confronted the AMP collectors in 

the field, as underscored by the complaint of H. J. Herbert in Nigeria (31 Jan 1966): “the area (according to 

Rosevear) is High Forest . . . yet the area where all my 

collecting has been done is in open fields and farmed pasture lands.”

The literature on methods of biological inventory 

and comparative studies of collecting hardware are vastly 

richer than that available at the inception of the AMP 

in the early 1960s. Having characterized the collecting 

tools and field procedures employed by AMP collectors, 

it is instructive to consider their taxonomic results in light 

of certain inventory methodologies now recommended as 

standard for conducting a geographic inventory and assessing diversity of mammals (e.g., Wilson et al., 1996). African Mammal Project traplines predominantly consisted 

of snap traps placed on the ground, whereas placement of 

arboreal traps was, overall, sporadic and opportunistic, 

mostly confined to reachable heights of 1.5–2.5 m where 

attempted. Prolonged, systematic efforts to trap arboreal 

small mammals at greater heights, such as canopy platform stations erected at 10–12 m (Malcolm, 1991; Patton 

et al., 2000), are not apparent. Canopy traps could have 

been effectively employed at the relatively few high-forest localities in western Africa but would have been an 

impractical method for the desert biotopes and low-canopied woodlands and savannas that form the majority of 

AMP localities. Although greater emphasis on trapping in 

trees may have improved sample sizes of certain scansorial 

or arboreal Rodentia (Sciuridae, Gliridae, Anomaluridae, 

Muridae) and lorisiform Primates (Lorisidae, Galagidae), 

we doubt that it would have expanded the taxonomic diversity of these groups as obtained by trapping, hunting, 

and purchasing. Mist nets were erected to catch foraging 

bats, but only one or two nets were typically deployed, 

and their use in flight paths was clearly secondary to the 

capture of resting bats at their diurnal roosts. Techniques 

such as sustained maintenance of many mist nets in staggered patterns and using rigging systems to elevate nets 

into canopy spaces (e.g., Kunz and Kurta, 1988; Kunz 

et al., 1996) are not in evidence, and the era of the AMP 

predates the harp trap as a popular bat-collecting device 

(Tuttle, 1974). Here again, adopting these devices and 

techniques may have substantially increased specimen 

numbers but would less likely have increased their familial 

and generic diversity. African Mammal Project collectors 

aggressively sought roosting sites, and their extensive collections of resting bats would seem to compensate for the 

lower effort devoted to mist-netting. The 1,225 specimens 

of Soricomorpha, obtained mainly by snap trap or purchase, represent approximately 2% of AMP collections 

(Table 6), a proportion that seems incommensurate with 

the richness and ecological ubiquity of the order in Africa 

(e.g., Hutterer, 2005; Hutterer et al., 1987). The AMP 

ended about 15–20 years before the conventional use of 

pitfalls to collect small mammals, although the method has 

a much longer history of sporadic use (see Handley and 

Kalko, 1993). Trapping arrays of pitfalls linked by drift 

fences are highly effective for capture of small terrestrial 

mammals and are demonstrably superior for procuring a 

wide variety of shrews over small rodents (Williams and 

Braun, 1983; Kirkland and Sheppard, 1994), including 

African soricomorphs (Goodman et al., 2001; O’Brien et 

al., 2006). In this instance, using pitfall traps would have 

certainly enhanced the numbers and diversity of Soricomorpha. Of course, the foregoing observations have the 

great advantage of hindsight, and our judgments must 

forever contain some element of conjecture.
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 3 3

AMP and Earlier Smithsonian African Expeditions

Faunal results of the AMP invite comparison with previous African surveys conducted by Smithsonian personnel 

in the early 1900s. Setzer deliberately, and reasonably, developed his funding proposals to cover continental regions 

other than the eastern sector of Africa, whose mammalian fauna he explicitly considered well known as a result 

of those earlier surveys. The two largest and historically 

most important were the Smithsonian African Expedition 

(Apr 1909 to Mar 1910) and the Rainey African Expedition (Mar 1911 to Mar 1912), and Hollister (1918, 1919, 

1924) carefully synthesized the mammalian findings of 

both. The Smithsonian African Expedition was proposed 

and directed by Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President of the 

United States (1901–1908) and a self-described hunternaturalist (Roosevelt, 1910). The expedition included three 

experienced field scientists: Edmund Heller, who mainly 

assisted Teddy and son Kermit with the preservation of 

larger mammals; Edgar A. Mearns, who emphasized bird 

collecting but also obtained a wide variety of mammals; 

and J. Alden Loring, who focused on collection and preparation of small mammals. Independently wealthy, devoted 

to reckless adventure, and occasionally a philanthropist, 

Paul J. Rainey was a fervent big-game hunter who assumed 

all expenses for the second African expedition that bore his 

name. Fortunately, those expenses covered the services of 

Edmund Heller, who participated as the enterprise’s sole 

naturalist and scientific collector of mammals. The itineraries of the two surveys overlapped in colonial British East 

Africa, but collecting efforts were concentrated in the territory equivalent to modern day Kenya, with marginal stops 

in Uganda, northeastern Tanzania, and southern Sudan.

The significantly longer duration of the AMP (12 years 

versus 2 years) naturally accounts for a much larger collection of mammals in total (~63,000 versus ~8,000), but 

conspicuous proportional differences are apparent among 

the various orders (Table 9). In concert with the overriding 

hunting pursuits of their principal benefactors, the African 

surveys of Roosevelt and Rainey obtained higher numbers 

for those orders that include big game (Proboscidea, Carnivora, Perissodactyla, Artiodactyla), these amounting to 

nearly 20% of all mammals collected compared to about 

2% for the AMP. The lack of mist nets must explain, in 

large measure, the lower numbers of bats, absolutely and 

relatively, in the collections made in the early 1900s, but 

we are surprised by and cannot readily account for the 

comparatively higher success in procuring soricomorph 

shrews by those earlier collectors. As in the AMP, rodents 

are also predominant among the early eastern African collections, given their great diversity in species, abundant 

populations in all manner of habitats, and deployment of 

snap-trap lines by Heller, Loring, and Mearns. Other differences among orders are slight and unremarkable (Macroscelidea, Hyracoidea, Primates, Lagomorpha) or reflect 

continental patterns of endemism (absence of Afrosoricida 

in eastern Africa) or a lack of deliberate collecting effort 

(Pholidota, Cetacea). The earlier inventories (1909–1912) 

transpired amid a fertile period of natural history exploration and taxonomic discovery in Africa (ca. 1880–1930); 

consequently, many more mammals were reported as new 

to science, most described by the prolific Heller (e.g., 1909, 

1910, 1911, 1912, 1913), who accompanied the expeditions of both Roosevelt and Rainey. The 165 new taxa included both species and subspecies (geographic races) of 

small, reclusive shrews and rodents (see Hollister, 1919) 

as well as large, diurnal mammals such as primates, antelopes, and carnivores (see Hollister, 1918, 1924). The 39 

new forms so far issuing from the AMP (Table 10) are all 

Table 9. Vouchered specimens of African Mammalia generated 

by Smithsonian field surveys.

Smithsonian African African

Expedition, Rainey African Mammal Project

Expedition (1909–1912) (1961–1972)

Order or group Number Percent Number Percent

Afrosoricida 0 0 45 <0.1

Macroscelidea 105 1.4 1,089 1.7

Tubulidentata 0 0 4 <0.1

Hyracoidea 114 1.5 121 0.2

Proboscidea 15 0.2 0 0 

Primates 207 2.7 785 1.2

Rodentia 4,613 60.2 44,962 71.1

Lagomorpha 56 0.7 487 0.7

Erinaceomorpha 13 <0.1 375 0.6

Soricomorpha 577 7.5 1,225 1.9

Chiroptera 509 6.6 12,873 20.4

Pholidota 0 0 19 <0.1

Carnivora 449 5.8 857 1.3

Perissodactyla 128 1.7 1 <0.1

Artiodactyla 891 11.6 349 0.5

Cetacea 0 0 21 <0.1

Mammalia 7,695 a 63,213

Type specimens 165 39

a Hollister (1918, 1919, 1924) reported a total of 7841 USNM specimens for 

these two expeditions. Some were subsequently traded to other institutions 

(e.g., the Field Museum of Natural History), but their absence does not materially alter the percentages of the orders. 
3 4 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Table 10. New mammalian taxa originating from the African Mammal Project, supplemented by geographic coordinates for their type 

localities.

Taxon, author, date:page no.

(type specimen no.) Type locality Coordinates

Rodentia

Eliomys quercinus denticulatus a Ranck, 1968:216 (USNM 322757) Libya, El Gatrun 24°57′N, 14°39′E P

Jaculus deserti fuscipes b Ranck, 1968:226 (USNM 322761) Libya, 7 km S El Gheddahia 31°23′N, 15°12′E P

Jaculus deserti rarus b Ranck, 1968:228 (USNM 319781) Libya, Gebel Uweinat, Ain Zueia 21°53′N, 24°50′E P

Jaculus deserti vastus b Ranck, 1968:230 (USNM 325837) Libya, Wadi er Rueis, 340 km WNW Tazerboc 26°52′N, 18°31′E P

Jaculus jaculus arenaceous Ranck, 1968:234 (USNM 322812) Libya, Edri 27°32′N, 13°12′E P

Jaculus jaculus collinsi Ranck, 1968:236 (USNM 325797) Libya, Tazerbo Oasis 25°45′N, 21°09′E P

Jaculus jaculus cufrensis Ranck, 1968:238 (USNM 325785) Libya, Cufra Oasis, El Giof 24°11′N, 23°19′E P

Jaculus jaculus tripolitanicus Ranck, 1968:240 (USNM 325773) Libya, 25 km N Gharian 32°25′N, 13°03′E P

Jaculus jaculus whitchurchi Ranck, 1968:242 (USNM 325807) Libya, 10 km S Agedabia 30°42′N, 20°19′E P

Steatomys caurinus roseveari Swanepoel and Schlitter, 1978:73 Côte d’Ivoire, Yama 09°36′N, 06°18′W C

(USNM 467496)

Dipodillus maghrebi Schlitter and Setzer, 1972:387 (USNM 472714) Morocco, 15 km WSW Taounate 34°29′N, 04°48′W C d

Gerbillus setzeri e Schlitter, 1973:13 (USNM 342253) Namibia, Gobabeb, 1 mi E Namib Desert 23°33′S, 15°02′E G

Research Station

Gerbillus aureus nalutensis f Ranck, 1968:90 (USNM 321816) Libya, 40 km ENE Nalut 32°01′N, 11°22′E P

Gerbillus eatoni inflatus g Ranck, 1968:97 (USNM 325527) Libya, 10 km SW Fort Capuzzo 31°31′N, 24°59′E P

Gerbillus eatoni versicolor g Ranck, 1968:98 (USNM 325298) Libya, 2 km N Coefia 32°14′N, 20°11′E P

Gerbillus gerbillus aeruginosus Ranck, 1968:103 (USNM 325146) Libya, Cufra Oasis, El Giof 24°11′N, 23°19′E P

Gerbillus gerbillus discolor Ranck, 1968:106 (USNM 322461) Libya, Ghat 24°58′N, 10°11′E G h

Gerbillus gerbillus psammophilous Ranck, 1968:112 (USNM 325078) Libya, Gialo Oasis 29°15′N, 21°14′E P

Gerbillus pyramidum hamadensis i Ranck, 1968:118 (USNM 321827) Libya, 5 km E Derg 30°12′N, 10°29′E P

Gerbillus pyramidum tibesti i Setzer and Ranck, 1971:55 (USNM 319721) Chad, Zouar 20°27′N, 16°32′E G h

Meriones caudatus amplus j Ranck, 1968:165 (USNM 322681) Libya, El Gatrun 24°57′N, 14°39′E P

Meriones caudatus luridus j Ranck, 1968:173 (USNM 325597) Libya, Bahr el Tubat, 21 km ESE Giarabub 29°36′N, 24°53′E P

Taterillus arenarius Robbins, 1974:397 (USNM 401919) Mauritania, Tiguent 17°16′N, 16°01′W C

Mus setzeri Petter, 1978:377 (USNM 428742) Botswana, 55 mi W Mohembo k 18°20′S, 21°00′E M

Soricomorpha

Crocidura agadiri l Vesmanis and Vesmanis, 1980:67 (USNM 470588) Morocco, 15 km NE Tiznit m 29°49′N, 09°39′W C

Crocidura aleksandrisi Vesmanis, 1977:3 (USNM 325010) Libya, 5 km W Tocra 32°31′N, 20°32′E M

Crocidura bolivari tamrinensis n Vesmanis and Vesmanis, 1980:41 Morocco, 10 km N Tamri 30°46′N, 09°50′W M o

(USNM 476091)

Crocidura chaouianensis p Vesmanis and Vesmanis, 1980:64 Morocco, 3 km N Settat 33°02′N, 07°37′W M q

(USNM 476081)

Crocidura essaouiranensis r Vesmanis and Vesmanis, 1980:61 Morocco, 5 km NE Essaouira 31°31′N, 09°46′W C

(USNM 485839)

Crocidura gouliminensis l Vesmanis and Vesmanis, 1980:52 Morocco, 28 km SW Goulimine 28°46′N, 10°14′W C

(USNM 482864)

Crocidura heljanensis safii p Vesmanis and Vesmanis, 1980:49 Morocco, 13 km S Safi 32°11′N, 09°15′W C

(USNM 476078)

Crocidura longipes Hutterer and Happold, 1983:53 (USNM 402309) Nigeria, Dada 11°34′N, 04°29′E C

Crocidura mesatanensis r Vesmanis and Vesmanis, 1980:69 Morocco, 10 km S Oued Zem 32°46′N, 06°35′W M

(USNM 476088)

Crocidura tarfayaensis Vesmanis and Vesmanis, 1980:47 (USNM 470590) Morocco, 8 km S Tarfaya 27°53′N, 12°52′W M s

Crocidura tiznitensis l Vesmanis and Vesmanis, 1980:54 (USNM 470589) Morocco, 15 km NE Tiznit 29°49′N, 09°39′W C

Crocidura zaianensis r Vesmanis and Vesmanis, 1980:62 (USNM 476071) Morocco, 5 km N Ben Slimane 33°39′N, 07°08′W C

(continued)
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 3 5

confined to small mammals—the shrews, bats, and rodents 

whose taxonomy is still poorly understood and that remain 

the focus of current revisionary research (e.g., see Hutterer, 

2005; Musser and Carleton, 2005; Simmons, 2005).

Sampling Effort and Voucher Preservation

The amount of collecting effort devoted per country covered herein is highly uneven, ranging from as few 

as 13 days of survey (Chad) to 770 days (South Africa). 

Setzer’s early visit to Chad was only an exploratory survey to identify possible areas for future work (Libya was 

eventually selected as the primary focus); L. W. Robbins’ 

fieldwork in Algeria and Niger was designed as a transect 

across the Sahara, not as broadscale inventory of those 

countries; LeDuc’s and C. B. Robbins’ efforts in Togo 

were curtailed by bureaucratic hurdles; and activities in 

The Gambia and Lesotho were little more than side excursions by AMP teams working in their larger neighbors 

(Senegal and South Africa, respectively). Collecting effort 

in each of the 14 remaining countries totaled at least 80 

days of survey (Table 11) and may be expected to provide 

better documentation of their small mammals. A strong 

association logically exists between the total collecting effort (in days) and the number of specimens obtained per 

country (Figure 4). Teams active in Ghana and Morocco 

realized extremely productive results for the total number 

of days spent collecting, as indicated by the large, positive 

residuals relative to the regression line.

Collecting activities at a cardinal locality ranged anywhere from 1 to 16 days (weighted mean = 4.0 days). 

Slightly more than 25% of the localities were visited on a 

single day (Table 11), and nearly all of these involved opportunistic acquisitions, such as side trips to bat haunts, 

pickups of roadkills, and purchasing or shooting specimens while traveling between localities. In three countries, 

the length of survey effort was necessarily constrained to 

mostly one-day stops: G. L. Ranck in Libya logistically 

relied upon army convoys for much of his fieldwork, 

especially into the interior; collecting by L. W. Robbins 

in Algeria and Niger was essentially a one-way, by-road 

transect across the middle Sahara, accomplished in about 

10 weeks. Most two-day stays appear to represent localities where collectors abruptly terminated their inventory 

because of unpromising initial trapping results. Approximately 60% of the localities encompass 3–8 days of faunal 

inventory (Table 11), and only a few were longer (surveys 

of 9–16 days total < 5%). We regard the 3–16 day range 

of collecting periods to represent dedicated site inventory, 

that is, localities where AMP field teams employed a variety of survey methods and equipment, applied them in a 

sustained manner, and obtained a representative mixture 

Table 10. (continued)

Taxon, author, date:page no.

(type specimen no.) Type locality Coordinates

Chiroptera

Scotophilus nucella Robbins, 1983:19 (USNM 412141) Ghana, 1 mi N Nkawkaw 06°33′N, 00°44′W C

Laephotis botswanae Setzer, 1971a:260 (USNM 425349) Botswana, 50 mi W, 12 mi S Shakawe 18°32′S, 21°05′E M h

Laephotis namibensis Setzer, 1971a:259 (USNM 342152) Namibia, Gobabeb, Namib Desert 23°33′S, 15°02′E G h

Research Station

a A junior synonym of Eliomys munbyanus according to Holden (2005). b A junior synonym of Jaculus jaculus according to Harrison (1978). c Published type locality also included “Gebel el Harug el Asued,” a modifier that does not appear on the type specimen label. d Published type locality included erroneous coordinates (= 34°29′N, 

40°48′W). e A species of Gerbillurus as reviewed by Musser and Carleton (2005). f A junior synonym of Gerbillus latastei according to Cockrum (1977). g A junior synonym of G. andersoni according to Cockrum et al. 

(1976). h Published type locality did not include coordinates.

i A junior synonym of G. tarabuli according to Lay (1983).

j A junior synonym of Meriones libycus according to Lay and Nadler 

(1969).

k Published type locality given as “82 km W Mohembo.”

l A junior synonym of Crocidura tarfayensis according to Hutterer 

(1987). m Published type locality given as “15 km N Tiznit.”

n A junior synonym of C. viaria according to Hutterer (1984). o Published type locality included erroneous coordinates (= 30°21′N, 

09°49′W). p A junior synonym of C. russula yebalensis according to Genoud and 

Hutterer (1990). q Published type locality included erroneous coordinates (= 33°02′N, 

07°46′W). r A junior synonym of C. whitakeri according to Hutterer (1987, 1991). s Published type locality included erroneous coordinates (= 27°50′N, 

12°30′W). 
3 6 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

of mammals. Within this 3–16 day subset, 5 days of collecting effort per locality forms the weak mode, and 5.4 

days is the weighted mean.

Jones et al. (1996) advised that a biological inventory 

devote a minimum of 500 trap-nights for preliminary sampling of small-mammal diversity in any particular habitat. 

Given a preponderance of 3–8 days of collecting per locality (Table 11) and an average number of 245 snap traps 

dispensed per trapline (see above), an AMP team typically 

exceeded this standard by a large margin. Such trapping 

levels, together with other collecting methods, produced 

taxonomic results sufficient to reflect real biogeographic 

differences and regional trends in African biodiversity. In 

western Africa, for example, a significant negative association exists between the number of genera documented 

per AMP locality and degrees north latitude (Figure 5). 

Table 11. Length of collecting effort, in days, at cardinal localities, summarized by region and country. a

Number of days Weighted

Country and statistic 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11–16 total b

Northern Africa

Morocco 16 9 6 12 32 10 0 1 0 0 0 328

Mauritania 7 2 2 2 5 0 4 2 0 0 0 94

Algeria 21 6 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37

Niger 9 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25

Libya 57 16 5 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 149

Chad 3 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 13

Regional total 113 33 14 22 40 11 5 3 0 0 0 646

Regional percent c 46.9 13.7 5.8 9.1 16.6 4.6 2.1 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 –

Western Africa

Senegal–The Gambia 3 2 1 3 7 11 2 1 0 1 1 188

Côte d’Ivoire 3 2 1 1 7 5 4 2 0 0 0 123

Burkina Faso 0 2 2 2 5 13 0 2 0 0 0 137

Ghana 26 3 2 2 3 7 5 8 1 2 1 235

Togo 0 1 0 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 31

Benin 2 0 1 2 6 3 0 1 2 0 0 87

Nigeria 2 4 0 1 4 4 12 7 0 4 2 258

Regional total 36 14 7 13 35 44 23 21 3 7 4 1,059

Regional percent c 17.4 6.8 3.4 6.3 16.9 21.3 11.1 10.1 1.4 3.4 1.9 –

Southern Africa

Namibia 6 0 6 4 5 2 1 0 0 1 1 105

Botswana 38 2 12 11 14 6 4 5 1 2 5 385

Zimbabwe 3 2 4 2 0 3 2 0 0 0 4 104

Mozambique 7 5 17 14 9 3 2 1 2 0 0 227

South Africa–Lesotho 18 10 26 44 46 12 6 6 2 2 4 770

Regional total 72 19 65 75 74 26 15 12 5 5 14 1,591

Regional percent c 18.8 5.0 17.0 19.6 19.4 6.8 3.9 3.1 1.3 1.3 3.7 –

Grand total 221 66 86 110 149 81 43 36 8 12 18 3,296

Grand percent d 26.6 7.9 10.4 13.3 18.0 9.7 5.2 4.3 1.0 1.4 2.2 –

a Country totals may exceed number of cardinal localities (see Table 12) because different African Mammal Project teams visited the same locality at 

different times or the same team worked the same locality multiple times. We distinguished these separate visits as individual collecting periods.

b Weighted totals = ∑ locality counts × number of days spent at locality. c

 Regional percent = locality counts per number of days ÷ unweighted ∑ of regional totals. d

 Grand percent = locality counts per number of days ÷ unweighted ∑ of grand totals.
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 3 7

Habitats noted on specimens collected at lower latitudes 

(5°–9°N) frequently mention High Forest or Guinea Savanna; those on specimens obtained from higher latitudes 

(12°–16°N) indicate capture in Sudan or Sahel zones. 

“Degrees north latitude” thus serves as a coarse index of 

major biomes in western Africa, where moist High Forest 

gives way to progressively dryer zones of Guinea, Sudan, 

and Sahel savannas, distributed in more or less parallel 

and continuous bands from the Gulf of Guinea (south) 

toward the Sahara Desert (north). On a smaller regional 

scale, Happold (1987) recorded a similar stepped decrease 

in mammalian species richness among those same biomes 

within Nigeria. The scatter around the regression line is 

broad, but so is the variation among AMP workers in the 

collecting techniques applied, the days spent at a locality 

(3–16), and the quality of the environments surveyed. The 

significance level attained by the regression (P < 0.001) is 

all the more remarkable because we used the genus rank 

to assay diversity instead of the prescribed unit of biodiversity discussion, the species.

Although generating taxonomic results that track broad 

ecological and biogeographic gradients, the typical span of 

AMP dedicated site inventories was probably inadequate 

to fully document the small-mammal community at any 

particular locality. The brevity of most locality fieldwork, 

a three- to eight-day collecting period, must temper inferences about species richness given the stochastic interplay 

of seasonal patterns in rainfall, corresponding responses in 

habitat productivity and population densities, and differences in collecting probability between species. Only the 

Orange River Survey in southern Africa, coordinated by 

A. V. W. Lambrechts, was purposefully designed to collect 

Figure 4. Association between the total numbers of specimens collected per country and total collecting effort, by all methods, in days. 

Country abbreviations: AL, Algeria; BE, Benin; BF, Burkina Faso; BO, Botswana; CH, Chad; CI, Côte d’Ivoire; GH, Ghana; LI, Libya; MA, 

Mauritania; MO, Morocco; MZ, Mozambique; NA, Namibia; NG, Niger; NI, Nigeria; SA, South Africa (and Lesotho); SE, Senegal (and The 

Gambia); TO, Togo; ZI, Zimbabwe.
3 8 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

twice at each locality, separated by about six months, but 

both visits together seldom exceeded 10–12 days of inventory. The shortness of the AMP site inventory is highlighted 

by comparisons between those western African localities set 

in Afrotropical wet forests and places in Neotropical lowland rainforest. Faunal syntheses of the few Neotropical 

lowland sites that have received extended inventory (by a 

variety of methods) fail to demonstrate a clear asymptote 

of species richness after 100–175 person-days of collecting 

effort (number of collectors × field days); such intensive and 

multifaceted site studies are thought to substantiate only 

50% of the expected mammalian fauna (Voss and Emmons, 1996). Taxa recovered from most AMP dedicated 

site surveys issued from 9 to at best 24 person-days of collecting effort, given that collectors worked in teams of two 

or sometimes three principal collectors. Unknown factors 

that may elevate these levels of effort in places include independent collecting by miscellaneous assistants and specimen 

purchasing from local peoples; it is impossible to meaningfully integrate these variables in view of the incomplete and 

inconsistent documentation of these specimen sources in 

field journals. In view of the lower biodiversity that typifies Africa’s savannas and deserts, shorter inventory periods 

may suffice to adequately substantiate the kinds of mammals present. We are not aware of any study, however, that 

systematically examines collecting techniques, amount of 

sampling effort, and cumulative success in documenting 

species richness in such structurally simpler environments 

compared with high-canopied rainforest. We stress that 

the foregoing remarks about locality collecting effort and 

Figure 5. Association between the numbers of genera documented per dedicated site inventory (3–16 days of survey effort) locality, by all 

collecting methods, and degrees north latitude in western Africa (including 146 localities in Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, The Gambia, 

Ghana, Mauritania, Nigeria, Senegal, and Togo; see Map 7). The significant negative regression tracks the decrease in species richness with 

increase in prevailing aridity and corresponding biotic zones across this region (High Forest through Sahel Savanna).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 3 9

success in representing diversity were not predicated on the 

preferred common denominator of biodiversity, the species. 

There are many AMP localities, however, where detailed 

examination of collectors’ field books and refined taxonomic identification could be used to generate species accumulation curves, assessed by trap-nights or person-days 

of collecting effort, and thereby reveal a firm glimpse of asymptotic levels of mammal diversity and faunal completeness (at least for small mammals).

Precautions about uneven inventory effort and reliability of species estimates in no sense tarnish the enduring 

contribution of the AMP: the empirical documentation of 

mammals that were definitely known to occur at a particular place at a given time. As argued by Setzer in his funding 

proposals, the majority of countries that were to become 

the geographic foci of the AMP then lacked any coordinated and sustained biological survey for understanding 

indigenous species and their distributions. Thanks to the 

AMP, knowledge of mammalian faunas that occur over 

a broad swath of African landscapes was significantly 

and dramatically increased, undergirded by concrete and 

ample museum-based evidence. These thousands of specimens, coupled with collectors’ ecological observations 

and contemporaneous habitat photographs, form an invaluable foundation for future monitoring of changes in 

biodiversity and environmental quality. Select AMP localities, exemplary of the major African biomes, should 

be identified for long-term site inventory, with the intent 

of applying a broader and standardized array of collecting methodologies to develop exhaustive documentation 

of species richness. Such follow-up surveys, conducted 

35–45 years since localities were last visited by the AMP, 

would be highly informative for systematists, ecologists, 

and conservationists alike.

African Mammal Project mammal specimens were 

by and large preserved, and their data were recorded 

according to standard field practices employed in the 

middle 1900s. Setzer’s (1963b) own instructional leaflet on “Directions for Preserving Mammals for Museum 

Study” closely observes the methods of his graduate mentor E. Raymond Hall (Hall, 1962). Specimens were thus 

saved as the standard round skin-plus-skull preparation, 

as whole carcasses preserved in fluid, or as full skeletons. 

The skin-plus-skeleton preparation had not yet gained acceptance as the preferred museum study specimen (Hafner et al., 1984; Reynolds et al., 1996). Skin-and-skull 

preparations total a staggering 92% of all AMP vouchers, 

whereas fluids (4,331) and skeletons (478) respectively 

constitute only 6.9% and <1.0% of preserved material. By 

contrast, specimen preparations saved during the earlier 

Smithsonian African expeditions (1909–1912) were apportioned approximately as 75% skins and skulls, 20% 

fluids, and 5% full skeletons. Setzer (1963b:17) was not 

a proponent of formalin fixation for scientific study of 

museum specimens, as underscored by his comments on 

fluid preservation—“Specimens that have spoiled or have 

been damaged in some manner may be preserved as ‘alcoholics’”—and he seemingly instilled this attitude in his 

field teams. Spoiled and damaged specimens make poor, if 

not useless, candidates for preservation in fluid, and given 

the impossibility of ever again conducting a survey on so 

grand a scale, it is regretful that freshly captured specimens 

were not preferentially fixed in fluid and more of them. 

In addition to the standard external measurements (total 

length, length of tail vertebrae, length of hind foot, length 

of ear), most AMP specimens contain a fresh weight in 

grams. The AMP occurred before efficient chromosomal 

techniques (Patton, 1967) and tissues preserved for genetic 

analyses (Yates, 1996) emerged to become standard specimen preparations in mammalian field studies. In Benin, 

Nigeria, and Togo, internal organs (liver, spleen, kidney, 

heart, and lung) and occasionally blood were extracted 

and cryogenically saved by staff of the Viral Research Laboratory, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, but those tissues 

were used immediately for ongoing virologic assays (e.g., 

see Kemp et al., 1974; Lourie et al., 1975), not long-term 

storage. Besides mammals, AMP field crews remained 

alert to collect other vertebrates whenever opportunities 

were presented (6,826 amphibians and reptiles, about 300 

birds, and undetermined numbers of freshwater fish) as 

well as miscellaneous insects, spiders, and plants. Collection of ectoparasites (predominantly fleas, mites, and ticks) 

from their mammalian hosts was a coequal objective of 

the AMP from its inception and throughout its existence 

and generated huge but unknown numbers of specimens. 

These were promptly distributed to medical entomologists 

(K. C. Emerson, R. Traub, and K. E. Zumpt, among others) and their collaborators for identification and revisionary research and are now widely disseminated in museum 

collections. Synthesis of the AMP ectoparasite data and 

collation with the vouchered mammal hosts would be an 

immensely useful but daunting undertaking.

Sources and Standards of Geographic Documentation

In georeferencing cardinal localities, we depended 

upon four sources, namely, the collector’s original fielddetermined coordinates (C) and those latitudes and longitudes obtained from secondary sources such as gazetteers 

(G), map estimations (M), or publications (P). Among the 
4 0 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

788 cardinal localities covered below, nearly 40% of the 

coordinates can be attributed to the collectors, as usually 

found on specimen tags or infrequently in their field catalogs and journals, and about 60% were based on gazetteers, cartographic estimates, or faunal publications (Table 

12). However, there are distinct regional differences in the 

relative utility of these sources, which mirrors a chronological trend in the adoption of locality coordinates by 

AMP collectors. That is, collectors who worked during 

the later phase (1966–1972) of the AMP tended to include 

geographic coordinates as part of the locality designation 

with greater regularity than those who worked during the 

earlier years (1961–1965). Correspondingly, most countries where fieldwork was inaugurated later, particularly 

in northern and western Africa, contain a higher proportion of localities with original coordinates (Table 12).

African Mammal Project collectors appear to have determined their field coordinates from topographic maps, 

as explicitly remarked by several collectors in their field 

journals. In addition, we discovered telltale pencil marks 

on many AMP-era maps in the position of a locality whose 

collector’s coordinates we were verifying (e.g., see 3 km 

SE Nayoure, Burkina Faso, or Efeipo Krom, Ghana). Reliance on maps is indirectly suggested by the few instances 

where we rejected the collector’s original coordinates: they 

were off by some improbable multiple of minutes for the 

distance or place indicated and so intimated a map-­reading 

error (e.g., see 3 km E Ifkern, Morocco, or Tyenko, Côte 

d’Ivoire). Somewhat under half (44%) of the 149 collectors’ coordinates for place-names alone (i.e., cardinal localities that lack distance and direction modifiers) match 

the USBGN latitude and longitude for those same names; 

the remainder (56%) differ by only 1–3 minutes, which 

we regard as trivial in view of the wide-­ranging collecting activities around a base camp (see below). The agreement is remarkable because many USBGN gazetteers of 

the African countries surveyed by the AMP were published 

contemporaneously with the project or after its termination (see USBGN references) and thus would have been unavailable for field determination of coordinates. Where a 

specific locality was based on distance and direction from 

some village or geographic feature (149 instances), we 

were regularly impressed by how closely the collectors’ coordinates jibed with our own by-road calculations derived 

from map plots or land-satellite imagery (Google Earth). 

The provision of field-determined latitude and longitude by 

the collector is strongly recommended as an integral component of a specimen’s geographic documentation (McDiarmid and Wilson, 1996; McLaren et al., 1996), a standard 

now more readily fulfilled with the advent of the affordable 

and portable Global Positioning Systems (GPS) that came 

into prominent field use in the 1990s. That so many AMP 

specimens possess original collectors’ coordinates is a progressive characteristic of Setzer’s field program.

Map estimation and gazetteers constituted the second 

and third sources, respectively, in frequency of utility for 

georeferencing cardinal localities. Together they accounted 

for the majority of coordinates obtained for collecting sites 

in southern Africa (Table 12). We regularly consulted the 

Table 12. Sources of coordinate data, by region and country, 

for the 788 African Mammal Project cardinal localities gazetted 

herein. Abbreviations: C, collector; G, gazetteer; M, map; P, 

publication; NL, not located (see “Materials and Methods” for 

explanation of coordinate sources).

Country (number of Source

localities) and statistic C	 G	 M	 P NL

Northern Africa

Morocco (81) 66 4 11 0 0

Mauritania (21) 14 2 5 0 0

Algeria (28) 26 1 1 0 0

Niger (10) 10 0 0 0 0

Libya (84) 0 6 13 65 0

Chad (5) 1 3 1 0 0

Regional subtotal (229) 117 16 31 65 0

 Regional percent 51.1 7.0 13.5 28.4 0.0

Western Africa

Senegal–The Gambia (34) 1 23 10 0 0

Côte d’Ivoire (26) 25 1 0 0 0

Burkina Faso (27) 26 1 0 0 0

Ghana (61) 58 0 3 0 0

Togo (7) 7 0 0 0 0

Benin (16) 15 1 0 0 0

Nigeria (40) 14 13 13 0 0

Regional subtotal (211) 146 39 26 0 0

 Regional percent 69.2 18.5 12.3 0.0 0.0

Southern Africa

Namibia (24) 2 15 7 0 0

Botswana (92) 1 25 57 7 2

Zimbabwe (20) 0 16 4 0 0

Mozambique (58) 31 10 17 0 0

South Africa–Lesotho (154) 1 72 77 3 1

Regional subtotal (348) 35 138 162 10 3

 Regional percent 10.1 39.6 46.5 2.9 0.9

Grand total (788) 298 193 219 75 3

Percent 37.8 24.5 27.8 9.5 0.4
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 4 1

large collection of road and topographic maps dating from 

the period of the AMP to aid our extrapolations of coordinates based on distance and direction from some other feature or place-name. Many maps bore evidence of use in the 

field, containing hatch marks, penciled indications of river 

courses, and inscriptions of place-names that increased our 

confidence in the coordinates so estimated (e.g., see 14 mi 

ESE Chicoa, Botswana, or 22 mi NNW Lichtenburg, South 

Africa). Remarks on itinerary, as related in the collector’s 

field journal, repeatedly proved invaluable in judging routes 

taken, identifying landmarks or small villages not recorded 

on specimen labels, and ultimately deriving credible map 

estimates (e.g., see 5 mi S Zaria, Nigeria, or Gansfontein, 

South Africa). In this context, we renewed our appreciation 

for the practice of maintaining tandem field books—the 

collector’s field catalog and his/her field journal—a worthy 

tradition of museum-based research handed down from 

Merriam and Grinnell to Hall to Setzer and his AMP collectors. We suspect that the accuracy of our map-estimated 

coordinates decreases as the distance from the referenced 

town or other named feature increases. Realistically, there 

is some variance in real-world accuracy of the various topographic maps used to derive map-based coordinates, and 

further ambiguity is introduced when attempting to graft the 

collectors’ road miles and direction onto such a reduced and 

stylized scale. Latitude and longitude extracted for placenames listed in the USBGN gazetteers (and its Internet presence, GEOnet Names Server) were used only if we could 

convincingly relate them to the specific locality intended by 

the collector. Here again, field journals proved critical in 

selecting among USBGN entries with the same or similar 

spellings. Also, such referential evidence was often inherent 

in the construct of AMP collecting localities, which typically 

consist of several terms of increasingly specific geographic 

location, including a province or state, a locality modifier 

(or reference point and reference point modifier in the parlance of McLaren et al., 1996), and the specific locality.

Faunal publications were infrequently consulted for 

sources of latitude and longitude (<10% of cardinal localities). The majority of those involve Libyan localities, all 

of which lack collector’s coordinate data (Table 12), and 

the most frequently cited publication is Ranck’s (1968) 

monograph on the rodents of Libya. Because Ranck was 

also the principal collector of most Libyan specimens, we 

regard this literature source as comparable to a collector’s 

original coordinates. We could not determine plausible coordinates for only 3 of the 788 cardinal localities, two in 

Botswana and one in South Africa. One of those localities 

is inexplicitly framed (Camp 4, Botswana), and two are 

common place-names that lacked other reference-point 

modifiers that might supply locational clues (Pink Pan, Botswana, and Groenkloof, South Africa).

The American Society of Mammalogists’ (ASM) Committee on Information Retrieval (McLaren et al., 1996) 

developed a coordinate precision index to convey the “reliability of the coordinates that have been applied to a given 

collecting locality.” Among the nine grades of coordinate 

origin defined, the highest reliability (1.1–1.3) is accorded 

to those derived directly from the original collector. Indeed, 

we considered the AMP collectors’ coordinates (C), as substantiated by cross-checking to gazetteers, field journals, 

maps, and/or satellite imagery, to have the highest authenticity and greatest accuracy of our four sources. This class 

of coordinate data most closely corresponds to the ASM 

1.3 category, or data as provided by the collector, accurate 

to within ±1 km, and derived from medium-scale topographic maps (1:200,000–1:1,000,000 in this case). We 

consider the supplementary information gleaned from field 

journals and original maps to adequately compensate for 

the lack of finer map scales. We extracted approximately 

25% of our coordinates from the USBGN gazetteers (G), 

and these equate to ASM category 2, or coordinates obtained from tables of place-names and accurate to ±5 km. 

This reliability grade could be subdivided to identify reliance on primary archival material that corroborates the 

selection of a particular place-name among multiple homonyms or one spelling among phonetic alternatives. Our 

map-based interpretations of latitude and longitude (M) 

do not strictly match any of the ASM reliability indices 

as defined. Their category 3 accommodates coordinates 

derived from relative distance and direction but stipulates 

computerized interpolations. We regard our map-based estimations, drawing upon original collectors’ journals, contemporaneous field maps, and satellite imagery, as more 

accurate than such straight-line computerized calculations. 

Georeferencing research that utilizes such primary archival sources more closely approaches the intent of category 

1, given its dependence upon the original collectors if not 

literal coordinate data provided by them. Finally, the relatively few coordinates that we supplied from publications 

(P) nominally meets the ASM category 2, data extracted 

from tables of place-names. Reliability among tables can 

differ, however, and attention must be given to their sources 

and the nature of their use (corroborative research versus 

simple extraction). We judge the coordinates based on the 

field activities of the original collector in the major publication we consulted (Ranck, 1968) to be more rigorous than 

values extracted from generic tables. Given the proliferation of online, open-access collections data, a coordinate 

precision index would usefully serve to caution users about 
4 2 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

coordinate data sources and confidence in their geographic 

precision. Refinement of category definitions and criteria 

would enhance its utility.

Given the nature and conduct of much biological 

field inventory, particularly as exemplified by the AMP, 

ultimate exactitude of geographic coordinates can be an 

impractical goal and a misleadingly precise datum. At a locality, collectors always strove to broadly sample the small 

mammals present and accordingly dispersed traplines in all 

manner of biotopes, as conveyed by the environmental descriptions extensively quoted in the locality accounts. Our 

locality Remarks collectively demonstrate that field workers roamed broadly around the base camp, on foot or in 

vehicles, seeking “better habitat” that promised improved 

trapping results and novel species. Some of these peripheral 

sites were individually discriminated by different locality 

designations (our underlined satellite localities); others received the same provenience as the base camp. In consequence of the AMP collectors’ propensity to range widely, 

our cardinal locality coordinates at best define the center 

point of a circle of field activity whose conventional radius 

may approximate 2–5 km (potentially 40–250 km2 of area 

inventoried). Within such a potential area of collecting, 

density of inventory would tend to be higher in the vicinity 

of the base camp and sparser toward the periphery. Rather 

than exact accuracy (ideally obtained by the collector from 

GPS readings in the field), reasonable precision of coordinate data is a more attainable objective under such circumstances. We are confident that the coordinates presented 

below robustly meet requirements to depict mammalian 

distributions and similar GIS applications.

Each one of us emerged from the preparation of this 

gazetteer with high regard for the AMP collectors and 

their documentation of field activities for posterity, especially in view of the challenging field conditions they often 

faced and the pre-GPS period when they undertook their 

incomparable survey.
Countries are arranged under the subheadings northern Africa, western Africa, and southern Africa. These regional associations correspond to the densities of AMP field activity (Map 1), and principal 

collectors, with some exceptions, tended to operate within a single 

region (Table 1). In his funding proposals, Setzer had targeted northern Africa 

and western Africa as continental regions in conspicuous need of basic biological survey, but at the time, mammals in southern Africa were comparatively well 

understood on the basis of the faunal syntheses of Roberts (1951) and Ellerman 

et al. (1953). Nonetheless, the collegial partnership of Setzer and Meester supplied an obvious logistical framework for expanded inventory in that region too, 

and considerable survey effort was eventually devoted to southern Africa by the 

conclusion of the AMP (e.g., Tables 6, 10). The three regional groupings more 

roughly identify major biogeographic divisions within the African continent. 

Northern Africa includes the Mediterranean littoral and great Sahara Desert, 

zones that share many taxa with European and Asian biotas. Western Africa 

and southern Africa, sub-Saharan in geography and mostly tropical in climate, 

comprise major sectors of the classical Ethiopian Region, where so many animals display such high degrees of endemism (e.g., Darlington, 1957). Western 

Africa acquired much zoogeographic cohesion through Rosevear’s influential 

synopses of bats (Rosevear, 1965), rodents (Rosevear, 1969), and carnivores 

(Rosevear, 1974) of “West” Africa. For the region’s northern limits, Rosevear 

(1965:viii) settled upon 18°N latitude, which parallel approximately marks the 

boundary between Sahel Savanna and the Sahara Desert. By this criterion, the 

southern areas of Mauritania and Niger also could be considered as part of 

western Africa, but we elected not to divide coverage of countries and procedurally maintained both within northern Africa. Southern Africa, as circumscribed 

here, is largely congruent with the Southern African Subregion as recognized 

by previous authors for those landscapes that lie south of the Zambezi–Cunene 

rivers (e.g., Smithers, 1983; Meester et al., 1986). Only those AMP localities in 

northernmost Mozambique, north of the Zambezi River, strictly fall outside the 

Southern African Subregion.

Map series and navigational charts frequently referenced in the subsequent 

gazetteer are abbreviated as follows: AM, Atlas de Moçambique; AMS, Army 

Map Service; BCG, Brigada de Cartografia Geológia; CAO, Carte de l’Afrique 

Annotated Gazetteer of the 

African Mammal Project
4 4 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

de l’Ouest; CDSM, Chief Directorate, Surveys and Mapping; CGM, Carte Général du Moroc; IGC, Instituto 

Geográfico e Cadastral; ITM, International Travel Maps; 

LIGN, L’Institut Géographique National; ONC, Operational Navigation Chart; TPC, Tactical Pilotage Chart; 

WAC, World Aeronautical Chart (see the Appendix for 

sheets referenced, scales, and publication dates).

NORTHERN AFRICA

General Remarks. Localities in northern 

Africa embrace the beginning (Libya, 1961–1962) and 

ending phases (Morocco, 1969–1972) of AMP field activities as we recognize the chronological limits of Setzer’s 

program (see above discussion). With only 10 principal 

collectors active (Table 1), the amount of collecting effort expended and numbers of specimens collected are 

concomitantly lower for northern Africa compared to the 

two sub-Saharan regions (Tables 6, 10). The density of 

sampling and collecting effort are greatest for Libya and 

Morocco, less so for Mauritania (Map 2, Table 10). Collecting trips into Algeria, Niger, and Chad were never designed to accomplish wide-scale biological inventory of 

those countries. In view of the many dry scrub and arid 

desert formations surveyed, fine series of jerboas (Dipodidae) and gerbil rodents (Muridae: Gerbillinae) were 

obtained (Table 3); also noteworthy are the examples of 

mammalian families (Ctenodactylidae, Rodentia; Rhinopomatidae, Chiroptera) endemic to the northern sector 

of the continent (Tables 3, 5).

Certain Arabic words for geographic features often 

form components of compound locality names or were 

commonly used by collectors in their habitat descriptions, 

as follows: bahr, lake or intermittent lake; bir, cistern or 

well; gebel or jebel, hill, mountain, or mountainous area; 

hamada, desert composed of barren, hard, rocky plateaus, 

with little top soil; oued, wadi or stream; wadi, a dry riverMap 2. African Mammal Project cardinal collecting localities 1–229 in northern Africa.

Morocco

 1-81

Mauritania

82-102

Algeria

103-130

Niger

131-140

Libya

141-224

Chad

225-229

200 0

Kilometers

400
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 4 5

bed or watercourse that contains water only following a 

heavy rain.

Morocco

General Remarks. Among the six northern 

African countries, Morocco was most thoroughly surveyed, as reflected by the remarkably even density of sites 

inventoried (Map 3), total collecting effort (Table 10), and 

the number of mammals obtained (Table 6). The efficiency 

of the Moroccan survey undoubtedly benefited from the 

considerable experience of the two principal field mammalogists, L. W. Robbins and R. E. Vaden, who arrived 

immediately after their AMP tours of duty in western 

Africa. Judy Vaden again accompanied Ralph and participated in every aspect of fieldwork and camp routine, 

including picking specimens for ectoparasites (son Lyle 

was born in Rabat, 14 Apr 1971, and occasionally served 

only as an observer from a parent’s backpack). Besides 

mammals and ectoparasites, some general collecting of 

insects (by M. G. Hearst) and plants (by H. L. Norman) 

was also conducted. Various locally hired field assistants, 

especially Lahcen and Mohammed, ably helped the main 

teams and gradually assumed more responsibility in checking and setting traplines. By the beginning of fieldwork in 

Morocco (Oct 1969), Ranck’s (1968) Libyan monograph 

had been recently published and was regularly consulted 

to help with rodent field identifications.

The itineraries do not mention each visit to 5 km NE

Essaouira and 28 km SW Goulimine, localities where a 

capture­-and-release, live-trapping study was conducted over 

a prolonged but discontinuous period (Nov 1970–Jul 1972).

Itineraries. M. G. Hearst, L. W. Robbins, 

and R. E. Vaden (D. A. Schlitter and H. W. Setzer): 3 km 

SW Sidi Sibara, 12 Oct 1969; 17 km SW Rabat, 14–15 

Oct 1969; Imlil, 16–20 Oct 1969; Refuge Louis Neltner, 

19 Oct 1969; 2 km N Asni, 20 Oct 1969; 11 km E Rabat, 

20–23 Oct 1969; Grottes of Hercules, 24–25 Oct 1969; 

Aouinet Torkoz, 2–9 Nov 1969; Assa, 5 Nov 1969; 13 km 

E Essaouira, 21–24 Nov 1969.

M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins: 11 km W Tan-Tan, 28 

Nov–1 Dec 1969; 8 km S Tarfaya, 3–7 Dec 1969; TuisguiRemz, 10–15 Dec 1969; 8 km S Tiznit, 17–20 Dec 1969; 6 

km SW Ksar-es-Souk, 28 Jan–1 Feb 1970; 30 km NE Bouanane, 3–7 Feb 1970; 5 km NW Figuig, 8–13 Feb 1970; 15 

km W Tendrara, 15–17 Feb 1970; 9 km SE Ouarzazate, 

23–28 Feb 1970; 3 km NW Tazarine, 1–5 Mar 1970; 4 

km S Foum Zguid, 7–11 Mar 1970; 7 km NW Tazenakht, 

11 Mar 1970; 15 km S Tata, 13–17 Mar 1970; Tizgui-­IdaOu-Ballou, 19 Mar 1970; 6 km SE Tafraoute, 19–20 Mar 

1970; 27 km SW Tafraoute, 21 Mar 1970; 8 km N Tamri, 

9–13 Apr 1970; 13 km S Safi, 15–19 Apr 1970; 3 km N

Settat, 21–24 Apr 1970; 11 km SE Mechra Benabbou, 22 

Apr 1970; 5 km S Oued Zem, 26–30 Apr 1970; 18 km NW 

Tiflet, 2–6 May 1970; 20 km SE Larache, 8–11 May 1970; 

Grottes of Hercules, 13–14 May 1970; 3 km S Cap Spartel, 

13–17 May 1970; Chechaouen, 21–25 May 1970; 9 km 

SE Al Hoceima, 27–31 May 1970; 3 km NE Taforalt, 2–6 

Jun 1970; 18 km S Taza, 15–19 Jun 1970; 6 km SE Azrou, 

21–24 Jun 1970; 16 km W Missour, 26 Jun–1 Jul 1970; 

Anoual, 2–4 Jul 1970; 18 km S Oulmes, 8–9 Jul 1970; 6 km 

SE Demnate, 13–15 Jul 1970; 13 km W Telouet, 17–18 Jul 

1970; 9 km SE Ouarzazate, 18–19 Jul 1970.

R. E. Vaden: 40 km N Meseied, 28–30 Nov 1969; 7 

km NW Icht, 2–7 Dec 1969; 20 km SW Goulimine, 9–14 

Dec 1969; 15 km E Agadir, 16–20 Dec 1969; 15 km SW 

Rabat, 21 Jan 1970; Rissani, 27 Jan–1 Feb 1970; 5 km 

E Boudenib, 2–7 Feb 1970; 9 km SW Bouarfa, 9–13 Feb 

1970; 10 km S Ain Benimathar, 15–18 Feb 1970; Irherm-nOugdal, 21 Feb 1970; 11 km SW Tinerhir, 24–27 Feb 1970; 

Tizi-n-Tinififft, 1 Mar 1970; Tinezouline, 1 Mar 1970; 10 

km W Zagora, 1–5 Mar 1970; 7 km NW Tazenakht, 7–11 

Mar 1970; 16 km W Aoulouz, 13–17 Mar 1970; 5 km S

Taroudant, 19–23 Mar 1970; 20 km S Chichaoua, 9–13 

Apr 1970; 5 km NW Youssoufia, 16–19 Apr 1970; 6 km 

E El Jadida, 20–24 Apr 1970; 5 km N Ben Slimane, 26–30 

Apr 1970; 11 km W Kenitra, 2–6 May 1970; 15 km WSW 

Taounate, 8–12 May 1970; 13 km N Tetouan, 13–16 May 

1970; 20 km SE Nador, 22–26 May 1970; Aknoul, 28–29 

May 1970; 10 km W Ouezzane, 1–5 Jun 1970; 10 km E

Guercif, 15–19 Jun 1970; 5 km W Bouloutane, 20–25 Jun 

1970; 3 km E Ifkern, 26–29 Jun 1970; 7 km E Midelt, 

1–5 Jul 1970; 22 km E Khenifra, 7–11 Jul 1970; Ait Mehammed, 14–16 Jul 1970; Imlil, 18–20 Jul 1970.

H. L. Norman and R. E. Vaden: 13 km E Essaouira, 

24–27 Sep 1970; Rissani, 29–30 Sep 1970; Mischliffen, 

30 Sep 1970; 6 km SW Ksar-es-Souk, 18–19 Oct 1970; 10 

km W Zagora, 23 Nov–6 Dec 1970; Moulay-Bousselham, 

12–13 Jan 1971; 20 km SW Goulimine, 20–21 Feb 1971.

H. L. Norman and L. W. Robbins: 35 km N Agadir, 

16 Dec 1970; 20 km SW Goulimine, 17 Dec 1970; 28 km 

SW Goulimine, 17, 19 Dec 1970; 5 km NE Essaouira, 24 

Dec 1970, 24 Jan 1971.

Agadir, 15 km E, Agadir Province (Map 3: 65).

Coordinates: 30°24′N, 09°28′W C.

Collectors: R. E. Vaden (16–20 Dec 1969); L. W. Robbins 

(16 Dec 1970). 

Habitat: “Dominant vegetation is argon ‘trees’ about 6–8 

feet [1.8–2.4 m] high, with a lot of grass and smaller 
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Map 3. African Mammal Project cardinal collecting localities 1–81 in Morocco.

1. Grottes of Hercules 22. Kenitra, 11 km W 43. Mechra Benabbou, 11 km SE 64. Agadir, 35 km N

2. Cap Spartel, 3 km S 23. Rabat, 11 km E 44. Settat, 3 km N 65. Agadir, 15 km E

3. Tetouan, 13 km N 24. Rabat, 15 km SW 45. Oued Zem, 5 km S 66. Tiznit, 8 km S

4. Chechaouen 25. Rabat, 17 km SW 46. Ait Mehammed 67. Tafraoute, 27 km SW

5. Larache, 20 km SE 26. Ben Slimane, 5 km N 47. Demnate, 6 km SE 68. Tafraoute, 6 km SE

6. Moulay-Bousselham 27. Sidi Sibara, 3 km SW 48. Asni, 2 km N 69. Taroudant, 5 km S

7. Ouezzane, 10 km W 28. Tiflet, 18 km NW 49. Imlil 70. Aoulouz, 16 km W

8. Taounate, 15 km WSW 29. Oulmes, 18 km S 50. Refuge Louis Neltner 71. Tizgui-Ida-Ou-Ballou

9. Taza, 18 km S 30. Khenifra, 22 km E 51. Irherm-n-Ougdal 72. Tata, 15 km S

10. Aknoul 31. Mischliffen 52. Telouet, 13 km W 73. Icht, 7 km NW

11. Al Hoceima, 9 km SE 32. Azrou, 6 km SE 53. Ouarzazate, 9 km SE 74. Tarfaya, 8 km S

12. Nador, 20 km SE 33. Ifkern, 3 km E 54. Tazenakht, 7 km NW 75. Tan-Tan, 11 km W

13. Taforalt, 3 km NE 34. Missour, 16 km W 55. Foum Zguid, 4 km S 76. Meseied, 40 km N

14. Guercif, 10 km E 35. Midelt, 7 km E 56. Tizi-n-Tinififft 77. Goulimine, 28 km SW

15. Bouloutane, 5 km W 36. Ksar-es-Souk, 6 km SW 57. Tinezouline 78. Goulimine, 20 km SW

16. Ain Benimathar, 10 km S 37. Boudenib, 5 km E 58. Zagora, 10 km W 79. Aouinet Torkoz

17. Tendrara, 15 km W 38. Rissani 59. Tazarine, 3 km NW 80. Assa

18. Anoual 39. El Jadida, 6 km E 60. Tinerhir, 11 km SW 81. Tuisgui-Remz

19. Bouanane, 30 km NE 40. Safi, 13 km S 61. Essaouira, 5 km NE

20. Bouarfa, 9 km SW 41. Youssoufia, 5 km NW 62. Essaouira, 13 km E

21. Figuig, 5 km NW 42. Chichaoua, 20 km S 63. Tamri, 8 km N
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 4 7

shrubs. Soil is heavy silty-clay very hard on the surface. 

I’m not absolutely sure about the argons—may be acacias instead . . . I’m calling it ‘Argon savanna,’ using 

‘savanna’ to mean ‘grassy woodland’ . . . along the edge 

of the ‘bush’ where it borders onto old fields . . . maze 

of small interconnected canyons . . . hills” (REV).

Remarks: In his journal, Vaden placed this locality about 

5 km above Oued Sous and just below the foothills 

of the High Atlas Mountains. A map plot of the collectors’ coordinates (CGM, Marrakech, 1:500,000) 

places this locality within 2 km of Oued Sous.

Taxa: Gerbillus, Meriones, Lemniscomys, Mastomys.

Agadir, 35 km N, Agadir Province (Map 3: 64).

Coordinates: 30°38′N, 09°54′W G (for Cap Rhir; see Remarks).

Collectors: H. L. Norman and L. W. Robbins (16 Dec 

1970). 

Habitat: “Argon and Euphorb on a coastal rocky ridge” 

(HLN).

Remarks: This site was prospected as a potential captureand-release site, but only three Mastomys specimens 

were preserved and prepared (by Robbins). In his 

journal, Norman indicated that this locality was 1 km 

S Cap Rhir, a feature that is actually northwest (as opposed to north) of Agadir and whose coordinates we 

adopted for the field site.

Taxon: Mastomys.

Ain Benimathar, 10 km S, Oujda Province (Map 3: 16).

Coordinates: 33°55′N, 02°02′W C.

Collector: R. E. Vaden (15–18 Feb 1970). 

Habitat: “Habitat is the same as we saw to the west—a loose 

clay soil, pretty well baked with a cover of small rocks 

ranging from course sand to 4 or 5 inches [10.2–12.7 

cm] across. Vegetation is of four types—large clumps 

of wire-like grass about 15 inches [38.1 cm] high, low 

juniper-like shrubs about 4 inches [10.2 cm] high and 6 

inches [15.2 cm] across, small very woody shrubs about 

the same size . . . and a fine carpet of very small leafy 

herbs . . . rocky [hills] . . . total change in elevation isn’t 

more than 30 or 40 feet [9.1–12.2 m] . . . Tonight’s traps 

extend through a more open, rocky area of the smaller 

vegetation . . . Most of the area we’ve seen within 35 

km of town has the wire-grass as the dominant vegetation and doesn’t seem to support any populations of 

rodents. (Even the donkeys don’t eat it!)”

Remarks: From Ain Benimathar (Berguent G), the Vadens 

first drove west 36 km to explore for a good site, then 

returned to town and drove 10 km south where they 

established camp on the southern slope of a low hill. 

The elevation given is greater than 1,000 m. On 16 

Feb, they also trapped at a culvert (“flat desert”) under 

the railroad, located 3 km south of the main camp.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones, Pachyuromys.

Ait Mehammed, Beni-Mellal Province (Map 3: 46).

Coordinates: 31°53′N, 06°28′W C, G (as Aït Mehammed).

Collector: R. E. Vaden (14–16 Jul 1970). 

Habitat: “The area near camp is mainly overgrazed rocky 

hills with scattered thorny scrub (acacia?); there are 

scattered oak trees in some areas but mostly in farmland and never very dense . . . thorn bush—planted 

pine . . . rock-lined creek.”

Remarks: Vaden scouted a number of potential collecting localities on 12 and 13 Jul, all deemed unsuitable, before 

establishing camp on the east side of Ait Mehammed.

Taxa: Gerbillus, Apodemus; Atelerix.

Aknoul, Taza Province (Map 3: 10).

Coordinates: 34°40′N, 03°53′W C (34°39′N, 03°52′W G).

Collector: R. E. Vaden (28–29 May 1970). 

Habitat: “Planted forest of Aleppo pines and a few cedars [Figure 6]. There’s not much undergrowth but 

some low scrub in the larger clearings . . . total lack 

of native vegetation in the whole area. The areas not 

planted to forest are being farmed.”

Remarks: Camp was established at a forestry post situated 2 km NW Aknoul. According to the foresters, 

the forest was planted starting in 1935 and, insofar as 

known, the trees were intended to represent the same 

species that originally grew there centuries ago.

Taxa: Gerbillus, Apodemus, Mus.

Al Hoceima, 9 km SE, Al Hoceima Province (Map 3: 11).

Coordinates: 35°12′N, 03°53′W C.

Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (27–31 May 

1970).

Habitat: “Hilly but completely cultivated or solid rock . . . 

Some bushes along the sand, an acacia forest backing 

up to the beach and behind the forest—a swampy area 

and some bushy area bordering farms” (LWR). 12 km 

SE Al Hoceima: “Grain fields and rocky hillsides—the 

grain has already been [harvested]” (LWR).

Remarks: Hearst and Robbins had considerable difficulty finding a campsite in the Al Hoceima area but 

finally settled on the beach 9 km to the southeast. On 

28 May, they drove inland to collect from a rocky 

hillside 12 km SE Al Hoceima. On 29 May, they went 
4 8 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

bat hunting in caves along the beach at Al Hoceima

(35°16′N, 03°56′W C; 35°15′N, 03°56′W G), where 

they collected Miniopterus and Myotis.

Taxa: Eliomys, Gerbillus, Meriones, Mus; Atelerix; Rhinolophus, Myotis, Miniopterus; Mustela.

Anoual, Ksar-es-Souk Province (Map 3: 18).

Coordinates: 32°41′N, 03°05′W C (32°40′N, 03°06′W G).

Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (2–4 Jul 1970). 

Habitat: “Rocky sandy hillside . . . on the flat—a few big 

bushes . . . wash—some very sandy areas” (LWR).

Remarks: The field team intended to camp somewhere 

north of Anoual but decided to stay near town because of the availability of water and vegetation.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Atlantoxerus, Eliomys, Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones, Mus, Ctenodactylus; Lepus; Atelerix, Paraechinus; Pipistrellus; Vulpes.

Aouinet Torkoz, Agadir Province (Map 3: 79).

Coordinates: 28°29′N, 09°52′W C, G.

Collectors: M. G. Hearst, L. W. Robbins, D. A. Schlitter, 

H. W. Setzer, and R. E. Vaden (2–9 Nov 1969). 

Habitat: “Very arid-pebble desert with scattered low shrubs 

cut through with rocky washes . . . rocky wash with 

scattered thorn shrubs just west of the station” (REV).

Remarks: The team established camp at the Institute Scientifique research station, which Hearst recorded in his 

journal as 2 km SE Aouinet Torkoz and “at the edge of 

the Sahara.” They collected extensively on the grounds 

of the institute and made short journeys to various 

places around Aouinet Torkoz, mostly to the west and 

southwest. On 3 Nov, traps were set 12 km S Aouinet 

Torkoz (28°22′N, 09°52′W C) in the bed of the OuedDrâa, and collecting was conducted the next day at 

8 km W Aouinet Torkoz (28°29′N, 09°55′W C). The 

field team made a side trip to Assa on 5 Nov to collect 

bats. Also that day, Robbins collected a Jaculus 15 km 

W Aouinet Torkoz. On the 6th, Robbins, Hearst, and 

Setzer traveled 20 km N Aouinet Torkoz to a palm 

grove and there collected Atlantoxerus. Schlitter and 

Figure 6. Morocco, Aknoul: Apodemus (photograph by R. E. Vaden, 29 May 1970).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 4 9

Vaden collected, according to Vaden, “on a sandy 

plain dotted with vegetation” at a locality 22 km W 

Aouinet Torkoz. On 8 Nov, traps were set in washes 5 

km southwest of town, but the four Elephantulus collected there are labeled as Aouinet Torkoz. On 9 Nov, 

a sandy, hummocky area was trapped 22 km SW Aouinet Torkoz (28°29′N, 10°12′W C).

Taxa: Elephantulus; Atlantoxerus, Jaculus, Acomys, Gerbillus, Meriones, Pachyuromys; Lepus; Paraechinus; 

Canis, Vulpes.

Aoulouz, 16 km W, Agadir Province (Map 3: 70).

Coordinates: 30°42′N, 08°18′W C.

Collector: R. E. Vaden (13–17 Mar 1970). 

Habitat: “Coastal type of vegetation and most of the land is 

cultivated (some kind of grass). Vegetation is predominantly argon trees and grass . . . clumps, up to 25 or 30 

feet [7.6–9.1 m] in diameter of assorted shrubs from 

sage through thorn-bushes (acacia?) up to small argons, 

maximum of about 6 feet [1.8 m] in height [Figure 7]. In 

between it’s grassy but grazed down to about 2 inches 

[5.1 cm] in height; various annual herbs are present.”

Remarks: Vaden, searching for a campsite, remarked that 

“suitable habitat was hard to find.” It should be noted 

that collecting was also done 2 km to the west in habitat similar to that closer to camp but “possibly a little 

more over-grazed.”

Taxa: Elephantulus; Gerbillus, Meriones, Lemniscomys, 

Mastomys, Mus; Atelerix.

Asni, 2 km N, Marrakech Province (Map 3: 48).

Coordinates: 31°16′N, 07°59′W M (CGM, Marrakech, 

1:500,000).

Collectors: M. G. Hearst, L. W. Robbins, D. A. Schlitter, 

H. W. Setzer, and R. E. Vaden (20 Oct 1969).

Habitat: Cave.

Remarks: After leaving Imlil, the field team stopped at a 

cave near Asni (31°15′N, 07°59′W G), where Robbins 

collected a hibernating bat.

Taxon: Rhinolophus.

Figure 7. Morocco, Aoulouz, 16 km W (photograph by R. E. Vaden, Mar 1970).
5 0 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Assa, Agadir Province (Map 3: 80).

Coordinates: 28°37′N, 09°25′W G.

Collectors: M. G. Hearst, L. W. Robbins, D. A. Schlitter, 

H. W. Setzer, and R. E. Vaden (5 Nov 1969). 

Habitat: “Underground aqueduct” (REV).

Remarks: Specimen labels simply read Assa, but Vaden 

and Hearst indicated in their journals that this locality was 50 (or 55) km east of Aouinet Torkoz. Because coordinates on specimen labels and in catalogs 

(28°46′N, 09°25′W C) plot approximately 20 km to 

the north of Assa, we have elected to use the USBGN 

coordinates.

Taxon: Asellia.

Azrou, 6 km SE, Meknès Province (Map 3: 32).

Coordinates: 33°24′N, 05°10′W C.

Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (21–24 Jun 

1970). 

Habitat: “Cedar forest . . . edge of an open area with some 

rocks and small vegetation—the forest is all cedars 

with some rocky areas” (LWR). 5 km S Azrou: “Beautiful cedar and oak forest . . . tall cedars” (LWR).

Remarks: The team drove southeast from Azrou and 

camped. They learned that monkeys were seen “near 

a dirt road going to Aïn-Leuh” (33°17′N, 05°23′W G) 

and drove along this road until they encountered some 

Macaca “in tall cedars” at 5 km S Azrou (33°24′N, 

05°13′W C). On 22 Jun, they obtained more macaques at 18 km S Azrou (33°16′N, 05°12′W C) in a 

cedar-oak forest; Robbins and Hearst identified this 

collecting site as Aïn Kahla (33°15′N, 05°13′W G) 

in their journals but not on specimen labels. On this 

same date, they returned to 5 km S Azrou and set a 

trapline in cedar-oak forest with rocky outcrops. On 

24 Jun, Hearst collected a single Jaculus at 12 km SE 

Azrou.

Taxa: Macaca; Eliomys, Jaculus, Apodemus; Vulpes.

Ben Slimane, 5 km N, Settat Province (Map 3: 26).

Coordinates: 33°39′N, 07°08′W C.

Collector: R. E. Vaden (26–30 Apr 1970). 

Habitat: “Cork-oak forest . . . The oaks are fairly dense, 

with considerable undergrowth consisting of small-tolarge woody shrubs, smaller non-woody shrubs and 

grass in the clearings. Soil is clay or possibly silty-clay 

and is baked fairly hard on top with cracks. Low spots 

are somewhat muddy . . . large pond about 50 meters 

to the east” (Figure 8).

Remarks: After some scouting for a suitable collecting site, 

the Vadens traveled north of Ben Slimane about 5 km 

and then east another 0.5 km into the forest and established their camp in a small clearing.

Taxa: Apodemus; Crocidura.

Bouanane, 30 km NE, Ksar-es-Souk Province 

(Map 3: 19).

Coordinates: 32°07′N, 02°51′W C.

Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (3–7 Feb 1970). 

Habitat: “A small dry wash, some bushes on hummocks 

and a lot of flat gravel-pebble ‘small’ vegetated areas—

also some sandy areas . . . mud flats . . . pebble area 

with sandy substrate” (LWR). 20 km NE: “Rocky 

mountains near by . . . very rocky and steep” (LWR).

Remarks: The field team drove 60 km northeast of Bouanane (Bou Anane; 32°02′N, 03°03′W G), but “the 

area looked bad,” so they returned to 30 km northeast (“not much better looking”) to establish camp. 

They conducted daily side trips to 20 km NE Bouanane and successfully hunted Ctenodactylus in steep, 

rocky mountains.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones, Pachyuromys, Psammomys, Ctenodactylus.

Bouarfa, 9 km SW, Oujda Province (Map 3: 20).

Coordinates: 32°30′N, 02°03′W C.

Collector: R. E. Vaden (9–13 Feb 1970). 

Habitat: “The soil is very sandy with dunes in places; 

some small areas of more clay than sand. Vegetation 

is mostly small shrubs (juniper?) with some grasses in 

clumps— no thorn bushes that I’ve seen. Parts of the 

area have been cultivated, some fairly recently (last 

year?), although no crop plants are seen . . . dunes . . . 

mud flats (still basically sandy soil)” (Figure 9).

Remarks: Unable to find suitable habitat north of town, the 

Vadens returned and set up camp “where the sand begins” southwest of Bouarfa (Bou Arfa G). On 11 Feb, 

they trapped approximately 2 km southwest of camp 

in “an open, sandy area,” and about 4 km southwest 

of Bouarfa a dead Jaculus was salvaged. These variant 

distances are not indicated on specimen labels.

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones, Pachyuromys, Psammomys.

Boudenib, 5 km E, Ksar-es-Souk Province (Map 3: 37).

Coordinates: 31°57′N, 03°33′W C.

Collector: R. E. Vaden (2–7 Feb 1970). 

Habitat: “The country is relatively flat . . . The soil is 

fairly sandy with an overlay of gravel and rocks. Vegetation is sparse, concentrated in the washes, which 

are fairly shallow . . . thorn bushes of the geometric 
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 5 1

type (. . . each branch comes off at about 60° from 

the axis of the stem) . . . a river with some water, apparently standing. Beyond that is a mountain range 

with considerable sand at its base . . . hamada to the 

north . . . sand dunes . . . sandy soil, shrub-covered 

plain.”

Remarks: Vaden noted that this locality was in the “northern reaches of the Hamada du Guir.”

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones, Pachyuromys.

Bouloutane, 5 km W, Taza Province (Map 3: 15).

Coordinates: 33°32′N, 03°25′W C.

Collector: R. E. Vaden (20–25 Jun 1970). 

Habitat: “The vegetation in the river valley is fairly dense, 

the hills are covered by clumps of the ‘wire grass’ we 

had at Ain Benimather. The whole area is extremely 

rocky . . . river bed vegetation.”

Remarks: According to Vaden, Bouloutane appeared to 

comprise the remains of just a few houses, and he 

mentioned a Zerouiet (“supposed to be a fort but we 

found only cross roads”) in the vicinity. They “returned to the western slope of the mountains, and set 

up camp in the valley of the Oued Taquit.”

Taxa: Elephantulus; Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones, Psammomys, Ctenodactylus; Lepus.

Cap Spartel, 3 km S, Tanger Province (Map 3: 2).

Coordinates: 35°46′N, 05°55′W C.

Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (13–17 May 

1970).

Habitat: “Large hill with much natural vegetation and a 

lot of rocks” (LWR).

Remarks: Cap Spartel is located north of the Grottes of 

Hercules, where the field team also collected on 13 

and 14 May. On 15 May, traps were also set 1 km S 

Cap Spartel.

Taxa: Eliomys, Gerbillus, Apodemus, Lemniscomys, 

Mus.

Figure 8. Morocco, Ben Slimane, 5 km N (photograph by R. E. Vaden, 28 Apr 1970).
5 2 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Chechaouen, Tétouan Province (Map 3: 4).

Coordinates: 35°10′N, 05°16′W G.

Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (21–25 May 

1970).

Habitat: “Rocky vegetated mountainside” (LWR).

Remarks: A house in Chechaouen served as base of operations for Hearst and Robbins. On 21 and 24 May, 

they collected bats in a cave behind town, and on 23 

and 24 May, traps were set at 4 km W Chechaouen

(35°10′N, 05°18′W M) in an oak forest with low 

scrub. The collectors’ original coordinates for the village (35°19′N, 05°16′W) must represent an errant 

reading of latitude in view of the USBGN values (as 

cited) as well as the maps we consulted.

Taxa: Eliomys, Apodemus, Mus; Crocidura; Rhinolophus, 

Hypsugo, Myotis, Miniopterus.

Chichaoua, 20 km S, Marrakech Province (Map 3: 42).

Coordinates: 31°23′N, 08°48′W C.

Collector: R. E. Vaden (9–13 Apr 1970).

Habitat: “The area [around camp?] is only about 25 acres 

[10.1 ha] (estimated) and is bordered on the east by a 

dry river bed and on the other sides by fields. There 

are scattered eucalyptus trees, some large, fairly dense 

growths of shrubs and extensive old-field areas of grain 

(oats?) growing wild. Soil is good silt with a fair number 

of rocks up to about 6 inches [15.2 cm] in diameter.”

Remarks: The Vadens established their campsite in a small 

old-field area, 20 km south of Chichaoua. Because a 

local official indicated that all local farm lands had 

been treated with rat poison, most trapping was conducted at distances far enough from camp to preclude 

night checks of the traplines (including 5 km west of 

camp on 10 Apr and 1 km east of camp on 11 Apr 

across a river bed, both in cultivated fields). Specimen 

labels do not indicate these variant distances. Local 

inhabitants brought in many specimens to compensate for an otherwise meager collecting success.

Figure 9. Morocco, Bouarfa, 9 km SW (photograph by R. E. Vaden, Feb 1970).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 5 3

Taxa: Elephantulus; Gerbillus, Meriones; Rhinolophus, 

Nycteris, Myotis; Vulpes.

Demnate, 6 km SE, Marrakech Province (Map 3: 47).

Coordinates: 31°43′N, 06°56′W C.

Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (13–15 Jul 

1970).

Habitat: “Juniper scrub area—hilly . . . old fields are bordering the scrub area and they probably poisoned here 

also . . . rocky hillside covered by cactus-like euphorb 

and a few junipers and other plants . . . a lot of other 

shrubs” (LWR).

Remarks: On 13 Jul, Hearst and Robbins looked for caves 

with bats near a natural bridge located close to camp, 

but without success, and later set traps in this same 

area. The trap success was overall very low, but Robbins remarked that the habitat looked good. The standardized USBGN spelling of Demnate is Demnat.

Taxa: Eliomys, Gerbillus, Apodemus, Mus.

El Jadida, 6 km E, El Jadida Province (Map 3: 39).

Coordinates: 33°17′N, 08°24′W C.

Collector: R. E. Vaden (20–24 Apr 1970).

Habitat: “The area to the south and west of El Jadida is all 

under cultivation but a forested area starts about 5 km 

east along the coast. The area is all sandy [Figure 10], 

densely vegetated by native shrubs and dominated by 

planted eucalyptus. There are other plantings, mostly 

conifers, but these are in small areas some distance from 

camp . . . native shrubs on the border of the forest.”

Taxa: Gerbillus, Mus.

Essaouira, 5 km NE, Safi Province (Map 3: 61).

Coordinates: 31°31′N, 09°46′W C.

Collectors: H. L. Norman and R. E. Vaden (numerous 

dates in 1970, 1971, and 1972); H. L. Norman and 

L. W. Robbins (24 Dec 1970 and 24 Jan 1971).

Habitat: “Coastal dunes . . . low scrub on sand dunes to 

juniper scrub on stabilized dunes” (REV).

Figure 10. Morocco, El Jadida, 6 km E (photograph by R. E. Vaden, 24 Apr 1970).
5 4 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Remarks: This locality served as both a live-trapping grid 

and a general collecting site. Capture-and-release studies 

were also conducted at 28 km SW Goulimine and 10 

km W Zagora.

Taxa: Eliomys, Gerbillus, Lemniscomys, Mus; Crocidura; 

Delphinus.

Essaouira, 13 km E, Safi Province (Map 3: 62).

Coordinates: 31°30'N, 09°40′W M (CGM, Marrakech, 

1:500,000).

Collectors: M. G. Hearst, L. W. Robbins, and R. E. Vaden 

(21–24 Nov 1969); H. L. Norman and R. E. Vaden 

(24–27 Sep 1970). 

Habitat: “Camp in a cleared area in a juniper(?)-scrub 

habitat. Soil is sandy with plenty of rocks up to about 

a foot [0.3 m] in diameter. Vegetation is very thick: 

the juniper is about 8 to 10 feet [2.4–3.0 m] tall and 

relatively dense; many scattered smaller shrubs and 

grasses. We decided the habitat is ‘juniper scrub’” 

(REV).

Remarks: The collectors’ original latitude, 35°30′N as recorded on specimen labels and in field catalogs, places 

the site some 450 km north of Essaouira (31°31′N, 

09°46′W G) in the Atlantic Ocean. This surely represents an errant reading of their map that we have 

accordingly corrected.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Eliomys, Gerbillus, Lemniscomys, 

Mastomys, Mus.

Figuig, 5 km NW, Oujda Province (Map 3: 21).

Coordinates: 32°09′N, 01°15′W C.

Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (8–13 Feb 

1970).

Habitat: “The area is mostly sandy with some areas with 

a lot of rocks, some rocky mountains [hills] and some 

sand dunes . . . flat rocky-sandy areas . . . sand dunes 

with vegetation tufts” (LWR).

Remarks: While en route to this camp, Robbins collected a 

Psammomys from under a rock at 41 km NW Figuig.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Eliomys, Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones, Psammomys, Ctenodactylus.

Foum Zguid, 4 km S, Ouarzazate Province (Map 3: 55).

Coordinates: 30°04′N, 06°53′W C.

Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (7–11 Mar 

1970).

Habitat: “On the edge of the oasis—on the edge of 

palm trees and sand and acacias and pebble desert [Figure 11] . . . sandy palm area on the edge of 

town . . . rocky hillsides” (LWR).

Remarks: Hearst indicated that the camp was about 5 km 

south at the “end of a sandy finger of a palm grove.” 

On 7 Mar, he set traps just north of Foum Zguid in a 

sandy oasis with a rocky hillside.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Atlantoxerus, Jaculus, Acomys, Gerbillus, Meriones, Mus, Rattus; Lepus; Atelerix, Paraechinus; Tadarida, Pipistrellus; Ictonyx.

Goulimine, 20 km SW, Agadir Province (Map 3: 78).

Coordinates: 28°53′N, 10°14′W C.

Collectors: R. E. Vaden (9–14 Dec 1969); H. L. Norman 

and L. W. Robbins (17 Dec 1970); H. L. Norman and 

R. E. Vaden (20–21 Feb 1971).

Habitat: “Scrub—mostly euphorbs including ‘cactus’ 

with some small juniper-like flowering shrubs. Soil is 

just plain dirt! There’s a little gravel on the surface 

and some pebble areas but few large rocks . . . lower 

‘flat’ area . . . [Hillside] gets steeper as you near the 

top (the last 30 feet [9.1 m] or so is almost straight 

up!) and becomes shaly, then rocky. Vegetation is the 

same as . . . on the lower slopes, with the addition of a 

small, organpipe-like succulent (not an euphorb) and 

one acacia ‘bush’ about 4 feet [1.2 m] high” (REV).

Remarks: When Norman and Vaden visited this locality in 

Feb 1971, they were searching for future capture-andrelease study sites and collected no specimens. The 

earlier visits by Vaden and by Norman and Robbins 

were collecting surveys.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Eliomys, Gerbillus, Meriones, Pachyuromys, Psammomys.

Goulimine, 28 km SW, Agadir Province (Map 3: 77).

Coordinates: 28°46′N, 10°14′W C.

Collectors: H. L. Norman and L. W. Robbins (17, 19 Dec 

1970); H. L. Norman (numerous dates in 1971); R. E. 

Vaden (numerous dates in 1971 and 1972).

Habitat: “Desert scrub on a sandy-silt soil, with shrubs up 

to about 2 feet [0.6 m] high and 3–4 feet [0.9–1.2 m] 

in diameter. Some hummocks in the area” (REV).

Remarks: While this locality was a major site for a 

capture­-and-release study associated with the AMP, 

many specimens that expired in the live traps were 

preserved for the NMNH collection. Live-trapping 

grids at 28 km SW Goulimine were run concurrently 

with those at 5 km NE Essaouira. An AMP field assistant obtained a Gazella from Bedouins who captured 

it nearby on Jbel Iskou (28°42′N, 10°30′W G, as Jebel 

Isko), although this provenience is not mentioned on 

the specimen label. Two Jaculus were collected at 30 

km SW Goulimine, but they were not shipped to the 
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 5 5

collection at NMNH. On 17 Dec 1970, Robbins collected a specimen of Atlantoxerus from 38 km SW 

Goulimine along with three Psammomys that were 

donated to the University of Arizona, the University 

of Michigan, and L’Institut français de recherche 

scientifique pour le développement en coopération 

(­ORSTOM).

Taxa: Elephantulus; Atlantoxerus, Jaculus, Gerbillus, 

Meriones, Psammomys, Hystrix; Lepus; Atelerix, 

Paraechinus; Crocidura; Canis; Gazella.

Grottes of Hercules, 13 km W Tanger, Tanger Province 

(Map 3: 1).

Coordinates: 35°46′N, 05°56′W C, G (as Grottes 

d’Hercules).

Collectors: M. G. Hearst, L. W. Robbins, D. A. Schlitter, 

and R. E. Vaden (24–25 Oct 1969); M. G. Hearst and 

L. W. Robbins (13–14 May 1970).

Habitat: “Sea cave down a cliff” (LWR).

Remarks: Most bats were collected on the second visit, by 

Hearst and Robbins, and these specimens are labeled 

Grottes of Hercules. Specimens taken on the first visit 

were instead labeled as 13 km W Tanger, although 

Hearst did mention “caves of Hercules” in his field 

catalog.

Taxa: Rhinolophus, Myotis, Miniopterus.

Guercif, 10 km E, Taza Province (Map 3: 14).

Coordinates: 34°16′N, 03°17′W C.

Collector: R. E. Vaden (15–19 Jun 1970). 

Habitat: “Soil is slightly sandy but basically silt. Vegetation on the flats is primarily low scrub (up to about 8 

inches [20.3 cm] high) with scattered grain-field stubble—this is pretty limited though—and a few hummocks of larger shrubs. Wadis occur every kilometer 

or so and are vegetated more heavily” (­Figure 12).

Figure 11. Morocco, Foum Zguid, 4 km S (11 Mar 1970).
5 6 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Remarks: Camp was located 10 km east and slightly north 

of Guercif. On 16 Jun, Vaden drove into the mountains looking for caves but had no luck.

Taxa: Jaculus, Meriones.

Icht, 7 km NW, Agadir Province (Map 3: 73).

Coordinates: 29°05′N, 08°53′W C.

Collector: R. E. Vaden (2–7 Dec 1969). 

Habitat: “Kind of a sandy-silt soil with plenty of small 

rocks; vegetation mostly of small shrubs with scattered larger thorn bushes [Figure 13]. There are a 

lot of mountains around with plenty of rocky outcroppings . . . nomad camps nearby so there are camels and goats . . . flat plain to the north. Soil is sandy 

all over, but except in the washes is covered by pebbles 

and small (to 10 inches [25.4 cm]) rocks. I’m calling 

it a ‘vegetated sandy plain’ but I’m not sure this is a 

really accurate name—perhaps ‘sandy pebble desert’ 

would be better for the rest of the camp.”

Remarks: After canvassing the area around Foum-elHassane (29°02′N, 08°55′W G), the Vadens determined 

that it “didn’t look good” and hence established their 

camp northwest of Icht. On 3 Dec, because of poor trap 

success, they drove southeast 4 km to 3 km NW Icht

(29°04′N, 08°52′W C), a “vegetated sandy plain that 

extends part way up a range of large steep rocky hills.” 

On 5 Dec, traps were set 2 km northwest of camp in 

what Vaden described as “sandy-silt, sometimes gravelly area where shrubs grow rather densely on hillocks.” 

Side trips were taken to Icht and to the cliffs north of 

Foum-el-Hassane in search of bats but without success.

Taxa: Jaculus, Acomys, Gerbillus, Meriones, Mus.

Figure 12. Morocco, Guercif, 10 km E (photograph by R. E. Vaden, Jun 1970).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 5 7

Ifkern, 3 km E, Fès Province (Map 3: 33).

Coordinates: 33°21′N, 04°24′W M (CGM, Rabat, 

1:500,000).

Collector: R. E. Vaden (26–29 Jun 1970). 

Habitat: “This is rolling hill country surrounded by higher 

mountains. Vegetation is almost nonexistant—badly 

overgrazed. Small clumps of sage (?—I’m not sure 

about it) and a few areas of the same wire-grass. Very 

rocky. Mountains just to the east of us are covered 

with what looks like scrub oak from a distance. [Upon 

closer examination, these mountains are vegetated 

with] small oak trees instead of scrub [oak] and are 

absolutely barren underneath.”

Remarks: Because of the high populations of both people 

and livestock around Ifkern (33°20′N, 04°26′W G), 

Vaden did not night hunt or set steel traps. The local 

populace swamped the Vadens with Jaculus during 

their short stay here to make up for their rather meager 

trapping results. The coordinates provided by Vaden 

(33°31′N, 04°24′W) are improbably too far north, by 

about 10 minutes, for a 3 km distance according to 

our maps; our coordinates reflect that correction.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones, 

Apodemus.

Imlil, 1,740 m, Marrakech Province (Map 3: 49).

Coordinates: 31°09′N, 07°56′W C (31°08′N, 07°55′W G).

Collectors: M. G. Hearst, L. W. Robbins, D. A. Schlitter, H. W. Setzer, and R. E. Vaden (16–20 Oct 1969); 

R. E. Vaden (18–20 Jul 1970).

Habitat: “In a canyon with rocky brushy sides, some walnut trees, a rocky river bottom with some cultivation 

Figure 13. Morocco, Icht, 7 km NW: Meriones habitat (photograph by R. E. Vaden, Dec 1969).
5 8 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

around . . . rock walls and grass fields and near ‘a 

stream’” (LWR). “Rocky and grassy river bed north 

of the village . . . fields on the mountainside west of 

the Kasbah . . . blackberry-rock wall area” (REV, 

1969). “Rocky river-wash behind the building” (REV, 

1970).

Remarks: On 16 Oct 1969, the field team “drove southwest 

then south through Marrakech to Asni, then followed 

a track southward through the mountains to the village 

of Imlil, where the Alpine Club has a rest house.” Collections were also made at the Refuge Louis Neltner on 

19 Oct 1969. The Vadens revisited Imlil in Jul 1970 

and set up camp at the Alpine Club. Although trapping 

effort was made elsewhere in the vicinity, they had no 

success because of the heavy poisoning campaign in 

the area. There is no indication that specimens were 

collected anywhere but around camp.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Atlantoxerus, Eliomys, Apodemus, 

Mus, Rattus; Crocidura.

Irherm-n-Ougdal, 1,970 m, Ouarzazate Province 

(Map 3: 51).

Coordinates: 31°15′N, 07°26′W C.

Collector: R. E. Vaden (21 Feb 1970). 

Habitat: “Rocky mountain slopes.”

Remarks: While traveling to the next camp at 11 km SW 

Tinerhir, Vaden stopped to purchase an Atlantoxerus

at this locality, just south of the pass at Tizi n’Tichka 

(31°17′N, 07°21′W G).

Taxon: Atlantoxerus.

Kenitra, 11 km W, Kenitra Province (Map 3: 22).

Coordinates: 34°14′N, 06°42′W C.

Collector: R. E. Vaden (2–6 May 1970). 

Habitat: “We’re separated from the ocean by a high hill 

of sand covered by very dense shrubs, the hill is several km long and is actually more of a dune than anything else. Vegetation consists of a few trees (cedars?), 

plenty of woody shrubs (flowering and juniper) smaller 

non woody shrubs and grasses. Shrubs are extremely 

dense over most of the area. Soil is sandy to sandy-silt, 

mostly very soft.”

Remarks: Kenitra was surrounded by farmland and 

planted eucalyptus forest. Camp was 11 km west of 

town, near the coast.

Taxa: Eliomys, Apodemus, Mus.

Khenifra, 22 km E, 1,600 m, Meknès Province 

(Map 3: 30).

Coordinates: 32°58′N, 05°27′W C.

Collector: R. E. Vaden (7–11 Jul 1970). 

Habitat: “Clear lake . . . oak-cedar forest . . . forest on a 

steep mountain side” (Figure 14).

Remarks: The Vadens drove east from Khenifra, stopping 

briefly at a forestry station where they were told of the 

presence of many monkeys in the area. They continued on to Aguelmane Azigza (32°58′N, 05°26′W G) 

according to Vaden’s journal. There is no mention of 

Aguelmane Azigza on specimen labels, however.

Taxa: Macaca; Eliomys, Apodemus, Mus; Crocidura.

Ksar-es-Souk, 6 km SW, Ksar-es-Souk Province 

(Map 3: 36).

Coordinates: 31°54′N, 04°29′W C.

Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (28 Jan–1 Feb 

1970); H. L. Norman and R. E. Vaden (18–19 Oct 

1970).

Habitat: “[Camp] . . . in a hummock area with bushes 

on the hummocks—not much other vegetation in the 

area—in fact for this area we find very little sign of 

life . . . flat . . . rocky hillside. [Town] dump” (LWR). 

25 km SW Ksar-es-Souk: “Sandy area with vegetated 

hummocks and flat areas with large pebbles with a 

sandy substrate . . . some small dunes—much small 

vegetation and some flat sandy areas with small rocks 

and vegetation” (LWR). 20 km SW Ksar-es-Souk: 

“Area very similar to where our camp is—vegetated 

hummocks and rocky ground—only there are more 

outcroppings here and a wash” (LWR). “Sandy hummocks . . . higher pebble covered sand” (REV).

Remarks: Although Hearst and Robbins established their 

main camp at 6 km SW Ksar-es-Souk, they set traplines at two satellite localities at 25 km SW Ksares­-Souk (31°50′N, 04°35′W C) on 28 Jan and at 20 

km SW Ksar-es-Souk on 29 Jan. On the way back to 

camp, on the evening of 31 Jan, Jan Hearst shot a 

Canis aureus. 

Norman and Vaden revisited the area southwest 

of Ksar-es-Souk in Oct 1970, presumably to reconnoiter for future grid sites for livetrapping. No specimens 

were collected at that time.

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones, Pachyuromys; Lepus; 

Canis.

Larache, 20 km SE, Tétouan Province (Map 3: 5).

Coordinates: 35°02′N, 06°03′W C.

Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (8–11 May 

1970).

Habitat: “More natural oak forest” (LWR). 3 km NE 

Larache: “Much low brush around the old stone walls 
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 5 9

and rocky hillsides” (LWR). 1 km N Larache: “A sandy 

area with a lot of vegetation” (LWR).

Remarks: After noting that the oak and eucalyptus forest near Larache appeared “too barren,” Hearst and 

Robbins moved 20 km SE to set up camp “in a more 

natural oak forest.” On 9 May, they ventured to the 

salt works at the Roman ruins of Lixus (Ruines de 

Lixus; 35°12′N, 06°06′W G) at 3 km NE Larache

(35°12′N, 06°07′W C); Lixus is not mentioned on 

specimen labels, however. The next day they sampled a heavily vegetated coastal dune area at 1 km 

N Larache.

Taxa: Gerbillus, Apodemus, Mus, Rattus; Atelerix; Crocidura; Myotis; Mustela.

Mechra Benabbou, 11 km SE, Settat Province 

(Map 3: 43).

Coordinates: 32°36′N, 07°43′W C.

Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (22 Apr 1970).

Habitat: “Large natural cave down in the rocks—large 

with big chambers” (LWR).

Remarks: To collect bats at this cave, Hearst and Robbins 

made a one-day side trip while encamped at 3 km N

Settat (21–24 Apr).

Taxa: Rhinolophus, Miniopterus.

Meseied, 40 km N, Tarfaya Province (Map 3: 76).

Coordinates: 28°13′N, 10°55′W C.

Collector: R. E. Vaden (28–30 Nov 1969). 

Habitat: “Mountainous and very rocky vegetated with (I 

think) euphorbs, ‘cactus’ and low thorny shrubs. Soil 

seems to be basically silt—it’s mostly muddy right 

now! . . . Low shrubs on hillocks.”

Remarks: The Vadens headed toward Meseied (Messeïed 

G), which is 85 km south-southeast of Tan-Tan, 

“down about 10 km” from Tilemsen (Tilemsoun; 

Figure 14. Morocco, Khenifra, 22 km E (photograph by R. E. Vaden, May 1970).
6 0 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

28°18′N, 10°54′W G). The weather they found there 

was foul, and the trap success was poor.

Taxa: Gerbillus, Meriones.

Midelt, 7 km E, 1,488 m, Ksar-es-Souk Province 

(Map 3: 35).

Coordinates: 32°42′N, 04°40′W C.

Collector: R. E. Vaden (1–5 Jul 1970). 

Habitat: “Rocky flats and hills south of camp . . . Habitat 

same as [Ifkern]—rocky soil (very red in color here), 

clumps of wire grass dominant with smaller areas 

of sage (?) in formerly cleared areas and a few small 

patches of open ground” (Figure 15).

Remarks: After several aborted attempts to find a campsite where tent pegs could be securely driven, Vaden 

traveled east of Midelt (32°41′N, 04°45′W G) to an 

old field.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Gerbillus, Apodemus, Mus.

Mischliffen, Meknès Province (Map 3: 31).

Coordinates: 33°30′N, 05°09′W C (33°25′N, 05°07′W G, 

as Michlifene).

Collectors: H. L. Norman and R. E. Vaden (30 Sep 

1970).

Habitat: “Oak-cedar forest on rocky mountainside” 

(REV).

Remarks: Mischliffen (1,900 m per Vaden’s journal) was 

explored as a possible grid-trapping study site, and 

although Apodemus were trapped alive and released 

here, no specimens reside in the NMMH. On 1 Oct, 

the party, consisting of H. L. Norman, the Vadens, 

E. Hooper, and R.W. Thorington, departed Mischliffen and drove toward Ifrane, where they photographed and observed a troop of Macaca.

Missour, 16 km W, Fès Province (Map 3: 34).

Coordinates: 33°03′N, 04°07′W C.

Figure 15. Morocco, Midelt, 7 km E (photograph by R. E. Vaden, Jul 1970).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 6 1

Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (26 Jun–1 

Jul 1970).

Habitat: “Undulating rocky-variable desert near a river—

some mud mounds with holes in them and some vegetation near the river . . . rocky hills nearby” (LWR). 

15 km SW Missour: “There is a series of washes 

with some large bushes in this area—also a few 

rocks . . . bushy wash area” (LWR).

Remarks: Robbins and Hearst at first traveled south of 

Missour, but upon finding “just flat rocky desert,” 

they returned to town and finally settled into a campsite to the west. After setting up camp, they went 

hunting at 8 km S Missour, as indicated on specimen labels. On 26 Jun, they hunted Ctenodactylus

in washes with large bushes on nearby Mt. Missour 

(Jebel Missour; 33°00′N, 04°12′W G), labeled as 15 

km SW Missour; trapped around camp; and later 

hunted and trapped along the road to Midelt (also 15 

km SW Missour according to specimen labels). Both 

localities were hunted and trapped on subsequent 

dates.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones, Psammomys, Apodemus, Ctenodactylus; Lepus; Atelerix; 

Pipistrellus; Canis, Vulpes.

Moulay-Bousselham, Kenitra Province (Map 3: 6).

Coordinates: 34°53′N, 06°18′W C, G (as Moulay Bou 

Selham).

Collectors: H. L. Norman and R. E. Vaden (12–13 Jan 

1971).

Habitat: “Coastal dunes and rocky outcrops on opposite 

sides of a farm” (REV).

Remarks: Vaden and Norman set up camp less than a 

kilometer north of Moulay-Bousselham, but poor 

weather and lack of sufficient equipment resulted in 

poor trap success.

Taxon: Gerbillus.

Nador, 20 km SE, Nador Province (Map 3: 12).

Coordinates: 35°07′N, 02°45′W C.

Collector: R. E. Vaden (22–26 May 1970). 

Habitat: “Nowhere else [in the vicinity of Nador] was 

there any native vegetation and I suspect this area 

has been planted. Habitat is planted hardwood trees 

(some eucalyptus) but none above 10 or 12 feet [3.0 

or 3.7 m]. Very little undergrowth. Soil ranges from 

fairly hard packed sandy-silt to actual dunes (we’re 

only a hundred meters or so from the coast) . . . 

Beyond the dunes the land is flat—might have been 

salt marsh . . . and probably still subject to flooding 

from the sea.” On 24 May: “Different habitat—low 

coastal scrub on dunes instead of planted forest of 

before.”

Remarks: Camp was established at the base of a spit into 

the Mediterranean Sea about 100 m from the coast.

Taxa: Gerbillus, Meriones, Mus, Rattus; Crocidura; Pipistrellus.

Ouarzazate, 9 km SE, Ouarzazate Province (Map 3: 53).

Coordinates: 30°52′N, 06°52′W C.

Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (23–28 Feb 

1970, 18–19 Jul 1970).

Habitat: “Sandy wash with rocky hillsides with little vegetation. Town dump . . . small stream” (LWR). 7 km 

E Ouarzazate: “Sandy area with rocky hills” (LWR).

Remarks: On 23 Feb, Hearst and Robbins set up camp in 

a wide river wash southeast of Ouarzazate. Several 

nearby sites were visited. The team collected Plecotus

during a side trip to a mesa at 6 km N Ouarzazate with 

cliff dwellings said locally to be 2,700 years old. They 

stopped at the Ouarzazate town dump (which they 

did numerous times on subsequent collecting trips in 

the area) and collected a Meriones. They explored old 

mines at 5 km S Ouarzazate as well as 5 km SE and 

5 km SW and collected bats and a squirrel along the 

way. Traps were set in sandy and rocky hills at 7 km E 

Ouarzazate. On 18 Jul, Hearst and Robbins returned 

to the abandoned mines at 5 km S Ouarzazate and 

abandoned cliff dwellings 19 km E Ouarzazate to collect bats. These visits were conducted to contrast winter (Feb) and summer (Jul) populations of bats in the 

area of Ouarzazate.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Atlantoxerus, Eliomys, Gerbillus, 

Meriones, Mus; Lepus; Rhinolophus, Rhinopoma, 

Pipistrellus, Plecotus, Myotis; Canis, Vulpes.

Oued Zem, 5 km S, Khouribga Province (Map 3: 45).

Coordinates: 32°49′N, 06°35′W C.

Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (26–30 Apr 

1970).

Habitat: “Area of planted pine trees but what I believe 

is natural vegetation is growing between them. There 

are also large areas near by of planted cactus—beaver 

tail type” (LWR). 10 km S Oued Zem: “A more open 

scrub area—more rocky areas and [fewer] big shrubs, 

no trees, and a lot of open space—some larger rocks 

on hillside” (LWR).

Remarks: On 29 Apr, traps were set in an open scrub area 

10 km S Oued Zem.

Taxa: Gerbillus, Meriones, Lemniscomys, Mus; Crocidura.
6 2 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Ouezzane, 10 km W, Kenitra Province (Map 3: 7).

Coordinates: 34°46′N, 05°41′W C.

Collector: R. E. Vaden (1–5 Jun 1970). 

Habitat: “Habitat is woody-scrub on rolling hills; soil 

is baked clay . . . farm land all around but we have 

some chaparral-type vegetation right around camp 

and a little more further west . . . a stream—shrubs 

along the stream includes oleanders (?) and smaller 

woody shrubs . . . wheat field on a moderately steep 

slope south of camp . . . low palmetto-scrub-old field 

on another slope.”

Taxa: Apodemus, Mus; Crocidura; Rhinolophus.

Oulmes, 18 km S, Kenitra Province (Map 3: 29).

Coordinates: 33°20′N, 06°00′W C.

Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (8–9 Jul 

1970).

Habitat: “Camped in a sandy wash with some low scrub 

in the bottom land and oak forest and some rocky 

areas on the hillsides . . . brush fence row . . . sandy 

wash . . . some low scrub . . . rocky oak hillside 

on the north side of the river . . . shale-type rocks 

and . . . large boulders and cliff-type rocks—both 

[gerbils and Apodemus] were on steep hillsides with 

oak” (LWR).

Remarks: Arriving at Oulmes, Hearst and Robbins headed 

west but eventually set up camp to the south in a small 

valley and along a river (probably the Aguennour as 

found on their field map; CGM, Rabat, 1:500,000). 

They broke camp the next day because they felt they 

had “used up” the habitat and were not having much 

success.

Taxa: Gerbillus, Meriones, Apodemus.

Rabat, 11 km E, Rabat Province (Map 3: 23).

Coordinates: 34°02′N, 06°43′W M (CGM, Rabat, 

1:500,000).

Collectors: M. G. Hearst, L. W. Robbins, D. A. Schlitter, 

H. W. Setzer, and R. E. Vaden (20–23 Oct 1969). 

Habitat: “Open oak forest” (LWR).

Remarks: The field team stayed in Rabat (34°02′N, 

06°50′W G) while they collected at this locality. Robbins’ habitat description is likely a reference to the 

Forêt de Mamora, which lies to the east of Rabat.

Taxa: Gerbillus, Apodemus, Mus, Rattus.

Rabat, 15 km SW, Rabat Province (Map 3: 24).

Coordinates: 33°57′N, 06°57′W C.

Collector: R. E. Vaden (21 Jan 1970).

Habitat: “Coastal scrub” (specimen labels).

Remarks: We identified this locality from specimens and 

from Vaden’s field catalog; nothing about this locality 

was entered in his field journal.

Taxa: Lemniscomys, Mus; Crocidura.

Rabat, 17 km SW, Rabat Province (Map 3: 25).

Coordinates: 33°55′N, 06°59′W C.

Collectors: M. G. Hearst, L. W. Robbins, D. A. Schlitter, 

H. W. Setzer, and R. E. Vaden (14–15 Oct 1969). 

Habitat: “Rocky area . . . flat around bushes . . . sandy 

areas” (LWR). “Rocky outcrop in coastal dunes. Vegetation occurs in clumps . . . all shrubs and grasses. 

The area is surrounded by fields, which we did not 

trap in” (REV).

Taxa: Gerbillus, Lemniscomys, Mus, Rattus; Crocidura.

Refuge Louis Neltner, Marrakech Province (Map 3: 50).

Coordinates: 31°04′N, 07°56′W M (CGM, Marrakech, 

1:500,000).

Collectors: M. G. Hearst, L. W. Robbins, D. A. Schlitter, 

H. W. Setzer, and R. E. Vaden (19 Oct 1969).

Habitat: “Rocks . . . Some short vegetation was in evidence and on the level areas it looked like tundra—

thick, very short vegetation” (LWR).

Remarks: The field team made a side trip from Imlil (16–

20 Oct) to collect in the alpine zone at Refuge Louis 

Neltner, an “alpine club refuge . . . seven miles [11.3 

km] up” Jebel Toubkal (31°03′N, 07°55′W G). In his 

journal, Hearst indicated that “Chalet Louis Neltner 

[is at] 3,200 m on Toubkal.”

Taxa: Eliomys, Apodemus, Mus.

Rissani, Ksar-es-Souk Province (Map 3: 38).

Coordinates: 31°17′N, 04°16′W C (31°17′N, 04°17′W G).

Collectors: R. E. Vaden (27 Jan–1 Feb 1970); H. L. Norman and R. E. Vaden (29–30 Sep 1970).

Habitat: “Camp on a dried mud flat. Soil is variable—

sandy-silt on the flats, sand in the washes . . . quite a 

bit of sand blown up around shrubs and on the sides of 

mountains. Vegetation is limited to the sandy washes 

and is very low; a few clumps of grass, a very few 

thorn bushes and junipers (?) and several shrubs with 

small succulent leaves . . . sandy-rocky mountainside 

(actually a very rugged hill of about 100 feet [30.5 m] 

in height) . . . hummocky-washy area of clay with considerable vegetation and standing water in places. A 

few palm trees, some grasses and a lot of shrubs make 

up the vegetation. The soil is sandy-clay with a thin 

crust of dried mud over most of the area . . . sandybaked clay area SW of camp. Vegetation is relatively 
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 6 3

heavy—one shrub every 5 or 6 yards [4.6 or 5.5 m] on 

the average. The region is basically a place with some 

hummocks and a few washes . . . Area is SE of camp, 

a sandy plain with hummocks of cedars as well as the 

other regular plants. At the southern end of the lines 

is an area of low dunes up to about 6 or 7 feet [1.8 or 

2.1 m] high on the steep side. The dunes are without 

vegetation” (REV).

Remarks: In his journal entries for Jan, Vaden wrote that 

camp was situated 3 km west of Rissani. On 29 Sep, 

Vaden and Norman headed west of Rissani to an area 

near a sandstone outcrop “where we had previously 

had good trapping success.” They set live traps, and 

on the 30th they departed to look for other possible 

live-trapping sites. No specimens from this second 

visit are preserved in the NMNH collection.

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones, Pachyuromys.

Safi, 13 km S, Safi Province (Map 3: 40).

Coordinates: 32°11′N, 09°15′W C.

Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (15–19 Apr 

1970).

Habitat: “Near the coast—some natural scrubby bush 

on hillsides and some vegetated sandy areas on the 

flat . . . partially full cistern . . . sand area is very isolated along the coast and [found] only here—rocky 

coasts are both north and south of us for quite a ways 

and farm land inland . . . went out looking for places 

to trap but the area looks barren for miles around” 

(LWR).

Remarks: Most of the land around Safi was plowed, but 

Hearst and Robbins sited their camp 13 km south, 

on the coast. On 16 Apr, Hearst and Robbins again 

looked for another locality to collect but only confirmed their first impressions that the area was heavily farmed and learned that there was an extensive 

rat-poisoning campaign in the region as well. On the 

18th, the crew set traps to the north of camp “above 

the beach.” They shot or netted a number of Myotis

and Rhinolophus from a cistern.

Taxa: Gerbillus, Mastomys, Mus, Rattus; Crocidura; Rhinolophus, Myotis.

Settat, 3 km N, Settat Province (Map 3: 44).

Coordinates: 33°02′N, 07°37′W M (CGM, Rabat, 

1:500,000).

Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (21–24 Apr 

1970).

Habitat: “Arrived in Settat . . . went north to the only 

place with any vegetation—a planted forest—there is 

some underbrush . . . traps set in the forest and near 

some neighboring farms” (LWR).

Remarks: The collectors’ coordinates (33°02′N, 07°46′W) 

plot an improbable 15 km WNW Settat, conflicting 

with the distance and direction traveled from Settat as 

recorded on tags and in journals (33°00′N, 07°37′W 

G). We accordingly adjusted the coordinates for 3 km 

N (by road). While at this camp, the team also visited a 

cave at 11 km SE Mechra Benabbou to look for bats.

Taxa: Gerbillus, Mus, Rattus; Oryctolagus; Crocidura.

Sidi Sibara, 3 km SW, Kinetra Province (Map 3: 27).

Coordinates: 33°23′N, 06°46′W M (CGM, Rabat, 

1:500,000).

Collectors: M. G. Hearst, L. W. Robbins, D. A. Schlitter, 

H. W. Setzer, and R. E. Vaden (12 Oct 1969). 

Habitat: Abandoned copper mines.

Remarks: The AMP team left Rabat to collect bats at a 

series of abandoned copper mines southwest of Sidi 

Sibara.

Taxon: Rhinolophus.

Taforalt, 3 km NE, Oujda Province (Map 3: 13).

Coordinates: 34°49′N, 02°24′W C.

Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (2–6 Jun 

1970). 

Habitat: “We are in a mountain forest with rocky outcrops 

on the hillsides and the main tree is juniper . . . mountain scrub-rock hillside” (Figure 16) (LWR). 3 km 

S Taforalt: “Farm land—flat plain down the mountain but returned to the mountain [habitat] south of 

town—juniper scrub” (LWR). 

Remarks: The field team made two visits to a large cave, 

cited by Hearst as Cave of the Camel, 9 km NE Taforalt (34°50′N, 02°22′W C), where they collected 

Rhinolophus, Miniopterus, and Myotis. On 5 Jun, 

they also collected on a mountain 3 km S Taforalt

(Taforhalt G).

Taxa: Elephantulus; Eliomys, Gerbillus, Apodemus, Mus, 

Rattus; Oryctolagus; Atelerix; Crocidura; Rhinolophus, Myotis, Miniopterus; Sus.

Tafraoute, 6 km SE, Agadir Province (Map 3: 68).

Coordinates: 29°42′N, 08°55′W M (CGM, Marrakech, 

1:500,000).

Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (19–20 Mar 

1970).

Habitat: “[Camped] in a valley with many granite boulders and many argon trees and a small intermittent 

stream . . . rocky hillside” (LWR).
6 4 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Remarks: The coordinates provided by Hearst and Robbins (30°12′N, 08°57′W) are incorrect because of 

a map-reading error. The section of their field map 

is clearly marked at the approximate coordinates 

cited above. According to Robbins’ field catalog, 

three specimens of Atlantoxerus collected at 5 km 

E Tafraoute (Tafraout G) were donated to the University of Arizona, ORSTOM, and the University of 

Michigan.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Atlantoxerus, Meriones.

Tafraoute, 27 km SW, Agadir Province (Map 3: 67).

Coordinates: 29°35′N, 09°12′W M (CGM, Marrakech, 

1:500,000).

Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (21 Mar 1970).

Habitat: No information available.

Remarks: Robbins picked up a Canis aureus at this locality after leaving Tafraoute en route to Agadir.

Taxon: Canis.

Tamri, 8 km N, Agadir Province (Map 3: 63).

Coordinates: 30°45′N, 09°50′W M (CGM, Marrakech, 

1:500,000).

Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (9–13 Apr 

1970).

Habitat: “Area immediately around camp I am calling coastal 

scrub-mixed bushes and some sandy soil . . . to the north, 

across a gully is an area of sand dunes, some just bare 

sand and others with some low vegetation on them” 

(LWR). 10 km N Tamri: “Near by mountain is what 

would be called argon woodland or scrub” (LWR).

Remarks: Hearst and Robbins set up camp on a narrow 

coastal plain. Their own coordinates (30°20′N, 09°50′W) 

place this locality in the sea, but their field map bears a 

mark at the approximate coordinates indicated above. 

On 10 Apr, Hearst set traps at 10 km N Tamri.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Atlantoxerus, Gerbillus, Meriones, 

Apodemus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus; Atelerix; 

Crocidura; Vulpes.

Figure 16. Morocco, Taforalt, 3 km NE (6 Jun 1970).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 6 5

Tan-Tan, 11 km W, Tarfaya Province (Map 3: 75).

Coordinates: 28°28′N, 11°09′W C.

Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (28 Nov–1 

Dec 1969); H. L. Norman (17 Dec 1970).

Habitat: “Sandy desert . . . with a fair amount of vegetation . . . rocky slope with rocky outcropping near 

by” (LWR). 4 km W Tan-Tan: “Sandy hummock 

area—more sandy than our camp area . . . non-sandy 

plateau—quite a bit of vegetation—a lot of euphorbs 

(cactus-type)” (LWR).

Remarks: On 29 Nov, Gerbillus and Jaculus were collected 4 km W Tan-Tan (28°28′N, 11°04′W C). Norman’s journal referred to John (John Gruwell), who 

was collecting insects, and Lynn (Robbins) as collectors at 10 km W Tan-Tan on 17 Dec 1970, although 

no specimens from this site were accessioned into 

the NMNH. Norman mentioned that live specimens 

went to the University of Michigan and the National 

Zoological Park (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC).

Taxa: Elephantulus; Eliomys, Jaculus, Gerbillus, 

Meriones.

Taounate, 15 km WSW, Fès Province (Map 3: 8).

Coordinates: 34°29′N, 04°48′W C.

Collector: R. E. Vaden (8–12 May 1970). 

Habitat: “Habitat is old-field for the most part, the rest 

being new field [Figure 17] . . . Soil is basically clay 

not rocky. Plants are nonwoody shrubs and grasses 

(grain field left overs).”

Remarks: The Vadens established camp in a flower field 

about 200 m south of the Oued Ouerrha, at an elevation of 350 m.

Taxa: Gerbillus, Mus; Pipistrellus; Vulpes.

Figure 17. Morocco, Taounate, 15 km WSW: Habitat where Mus was collected (photograph by R. E. Vaden, 11 May 1970).
6 6 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Tarfaya, 8 km S, Tarfaya Province (Map 3: 74).

Coordinates: 27°53′N, 12°52′W M (ONC, Sheet H-1, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (3–7 Dec 

1969). 

Habitat: West: “Sandy with small clumps of vegetation 

with small dunes behind them and leading into large 

dunes” (LWR). East: “Flat rocky (small) desert—nonsandy with a fair amount of vegetation, bushes and 

euphorbs (cactus-type)” (LWR).

Taxa: Elephantulus; Eliomys, Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones, Psammomys; Atelerix; Crocidura.

Taroudant, 5 km S, Agadir Province (Map 3: 69).

Coordinates: 30°26′N, 08°54′W C.

Collector: R. E. Vaden (19–23 Mar 1970). 

Habitat: “Heavily vegetated sandy dune area. Soil is more 

sand than not, but is fairly hard packed and solid 

under the surface. The ‘dunes’ are old and pretty well 

packed under the vegetation; perhaps ‘hummocks’ is 

a better term. Dominant shrubs are the same thorny 

bushes we’ve had all along . . . some sage . . . Plenty 

of grass . . . under the shrubs and out in the few small 

open areas. Except for the absence of junipers, it reminds me of Essaouira.”

Remarks: The Vadens found a suitable campsite along the 

south side of the Sous River. 

Taxa: Gerbillus, Meriones, Lemniscomys, Mus; Atelerix.

Tata, 15 km S, Agadir Province (Map 3: 72).

Coordinates: 29°38′N, 07°57′W C.

Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (13–17 Mar 

1970).

Habitat: “Palm trees, some sand, some vegetated flat [Figure 18] and some rocky hills with sand on the sides” 

(LWR). 8 km N Tata: “Natural caves” (LWR). 4 km 

S Tata: “Rocky-hilly area” (LWR).

Figure 18. Morocco, Tata, 15 km S (17 Mar 1970).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 6 7

Remarks: On 15 Mar, Hearst and Robbins drove to 8 km 

N Tata to some caves, used as homes in the past, and 

collected a number of Rhinopoma. On the same day, 

they also collected at 4 km S Tata.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Jaculus, Acomys, Gerbillus, Meriones; Rhinopoma, Pipistrellus; Felis.

Taza, 18 km S, Taza Province (Map 3: 9).

Coordinates: 34°08′N, 04°04′W C.

Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (15–19 Jun 

1970).

Habitat: “Oak forest in between two mountain ridges with 

rocky sides” (Figure 19) (LWR). 23 km S Taza: “Oak 

scrub area, some rocky areas—quite dense” (LWR). 

16 km S Taza: “Scrub oak and other small shrubs on 

a somewhat rocky hillside” (LWR).

Remarks: Hearst and Robbins established a campsite to 

the south of Taza (34°13′N, 04°01′W). A couple of 

small caves near Ras El Oued (34°09′N, 4°00′W G), 

at 13 km S Taza, were visited to collect Plecotus. They 

also set traplines at 23 km S Taza and at 28 km S 

Taza (34°06′N, 04°05′W C). The team traveled south 

in hopes of finding bats at the Grottes of Chiker but 

were unsuccessful. Hearst and Robbins also went 

squirrel hunting at 16 km S Taza and afterward set a 

trapline in the same area.

Taxa: Atlantoxerus, Eliomys, Apodemus; Plecotus.

Tazarine, 3 km NW, Ouarzazate Province (Map 3: 59).

Coordinates: 30°48′N, 05°36′W C.

Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (1–5 Mar 

1970).

Habitat: “We drove out NW of town along the river to a sandy 

area—many palm trees and such—an oasis . . . sand 

dune area, near oasis . . . rocky hillside” (LWR). 10 km 

SE Tazarine: “Savanna area—lots of acacias and pretty 

flat, some very shallow washes with vegetation and some 

sand but mostly flat rock—pebble area” (LWR).

Figure 19. Morocco, Taza, 18 km S (19 Jun 1970).
6 8 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Remarks: From Tazarine (30°48′N, 05°34′W G, as Assif 

Tazarine), Hearst and Robbins drove northwest along 

a river (perhaps the Asif Amred or a tributary thereof) 

to locate a campsite. On 3 Mar, they visited mines and 

a nearby well and collected two Plecotus. Specimen 

labels identify this locality simply as Tazarine. The 

next day they set traps at 10 km SE Tazarine.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Atlantoxerus, Jaculus, Acomys, Gerbillus, Meriones, Pachyuromys, Mus; Paraechinus; 

Pipistrellus, Plecotus.

Tazenakht, 7 km NW, Ouarzazate Province (Map 3: 54).

Coordinates: 30°37′N, 07°15′W C.

Collectors: R. E. Vaden (7–11 Mar 1970); M. G. Hearst 

(11 Mar 1970). 

Habitat: “Hamada hills and hummocks in a riverbed. 

Vegetation is sparse and very scrubby” (REV).

Remarks: From Tazenakht (30°35′N, 07°12′W G), the 

Vadens drove 5 km into the mountains where they 

collected squirrels and set traps in the “vegetated 

rocky washes and on the hillside”; these specimens 

were labeled as 7 km NW Tazenakht. On 9 Mar, 

specimens were collected at 17 km NNW Tazenakht

(30°43′N, 07°17′W C) in hills above a river bed, in 

fairly thick vegetation composed of thorn bushes and 

small, woody shrubs. Following his stay at 4 km S

Foum Zguid (7–11 Mar), Hearst collected a Vulpes at 

7 km SE Tazenakht.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Atlantoxerus, Eliomys, Gerbillus, 

Meriones; Vulpes.

Telouet, 13 km W, Ouarzazate Province (Map 3: 52).

Coordinates: 31°16′N, 07°23′W C.

Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (17–18 Jul 

1970).

Habitat: “We are in a small valley or big gully—juniper 

is dominant, rocky hillsides and brushy bottom land” 

(Figure 20) (LWR).

Remarks: On 18 Jul, the crew took a side trip to 9 km SE

Ouarzazate to collect bats from some caves that they 

had visited earlier in the year.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Atlantoxerus, Eliomys, Gerbillus, 

Apodemus.

Tendrara, 15 km W, Oujda Province (Map 3: 17).

Coordinates: 33°08′N, 02°10′W C.

Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (15–17 Feb 

1970).

Habitat: “Area around Tendrara . . . is kind of a high 

plain with a few higher peaks, no trees and a very homogeneous plant community—tufts of grass and not 

much else” (LWR).

Remarks: According to Hearst, the campsite was reached 

by driving “about 1 km north of Tendrara, [where] 

we turned northwest on a dirt road and continued 15 

km.” He also indicated that a trapline was set 2 km 

closer to town, and on 15 Feb, another site was visited a couple of miles from their camp, in habitat that 

appeared similar to that around the 15-km-W camp. 

Robbins decided to use the base-camp locality to designate these peripheral collecting areas.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Jaculus, Meriones; Lepus; Atelerix.

Tetouan, 13 km N, Tétouan Province (Map 3: 3).

Coordinates: 35°41′N, 05°18′W C.

Collector: R. E. Vaden (13–16 May 1970). 

Habitat: “Habitat is scrub—I’ll call it Mediterranean 

chaparral—mostly low, woody shrubs, some larger 

ones. Terrain is hilly; soil is silty-clay.”

Remarks: From Tetouan (35°34′N, 05°22′W G), the Vadens continued north to the Cabo (Cap) Negro turnoff and established camp about 1 km off the road to 

Ceuta.

Taxa: Apodemus, Mus; Crocidura.

Tiflet, 18 km NW, Kenitra Province (Map 3: 28).

Coordinates: 33°57′N, 06°27′W C.

Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (2–6 May 

1970).

Habitat: “Cork oak forest with a fair amount of under 

brush” (LWR).

Remarks: Robbins and Hearst established camp to the 

northwest of Tiflet in a region of heavy farming. On 

3 May, they drove to a brushy hillside surrounded by 

grain fields at 10 km NW Tiflet and set traps. On 4 

May, they found a cave at 21 km W Tiflet and collected 

specimens of Nycteris and Rhinolophus. Two days 

later, they obtained more Rhinolophus as well as Myotis in an extensive network of mines at 15 km W Tiflet, 

where they also collected Apodemus and Eliomys.

Taxa: Eliomys, Gerbillus, Apodemus, Mus, Rattus; Rhinolophus, Nycteris, Myotis; Mustela.

Tinerhir, 11 km SW, Ouarzazate Province (Map 3: 60).

Coordinates: 31°27′N, 05°36′W C.

Collector: R. E. Vaden (22–27 Feb 1970). 

Habitat: “Habitat is mostly small, scattered evergreen 

shrubs and very scattered thorn bushes, now in 

bloom . . . Soil is basically sandy, but the only real 

sandy areas are the washes. The soil is overlaid with 
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 6 9

pebbles and small rocks (to about 8 inches [20.3 cm] 

in diameter). We’re in a valley between two rugged 

but not very high mountain ranges; the slopes are cut 

by numerous washes . . . rocky outcrop at the base of 

the mountains.”

Remarks: The Vadens set up camp about 50 yards [45.7 

m] north of Oued Todra (Oued Todrha G) and southwest of Tinerhir. On 24 Feb, they drove another 5 

or 6 km southwest of camp to set traps “in a sandy 

area near the riverbed” with thorn bushes on sandy 

hummocks.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones, Psammomys, Mus.

Tinezouline, Ouarzazate Province (Map 3: 57).

Coordinates: 30°31′N, 06°07′W C (30°31′N, 06°05′W G, 

as Rbate Tinezouline).

Collector: R. E. Vaden (1 Mar 1970). 

Habitat: “Vegetated rocky desert” (specimen label).

Remarks: Vaden was on his way to 10 km W Zagora when 

he collected an Atelerix at Tinezouline.

Taxon: Atelerix.

Tizgui-Ida-Ou-Ballou, Agadir Province (Map 3: 71).

Coordinates: 29°45′N, 08°29′W G (as Tizgui Ida Ou 

Baloul).

Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (19 Mar 

1970).

Habitat: “Rocky hillside” (specimen label).

Remarks: En route to 6 km SE Tafraoute, Robbins collected an Atlantoxerus.

Taxon: Atlantoxerus.

Tizi-n-Tinififft, 1,660 m, Ouarzazate Province 

(Map 3: 56).

Coordinates: 30°44′N, 06°37′W C.

Collector: R. E. Vaden (1 Mar 1970).

Habitat: “Steep rocky mountains” (specimen label).

Figure 20. Morocco, Telouet, 13 km W (20 Jul 1970).
7 0 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Remarks: Vaden was on his way to 10 km W Zagora when 

he collected at this pass in the Anti-Atlas Mountains.

Taxon: Atlantoxerus.

Tiznit, 8 km S, Agadir Province (Map 3: 66).

Coordinates: 29°38′N, 09°43′W C.

Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (17–20 Dec 

1969).

Habitat: “We are on a rocky plain with very little vegetation . . . large bush . . . flat” (LWR). 18 km S Tiznit: 

“Base of the mountains . . . bottom farm land (very 

rocky soil) with rock walls and occasional large 

bushes. As you . . . go up the mountain the vegetation 

gets thicker with more euphorbs (cactus-type) and a 

few shrubs. Farther up some small trees are in evidence. The whole mountain side is rocky” (LWR). 15 

km NE Tiznit: “Recently planted eucalyptus grove—

much smaller vegetation on sandy soil” (LWR).

Remarks: On 18 Dec, Robbins and Hearst drove to the 

foot of the mountains and set traps at 18 km S Tiznit

(29°32′N, 09°43′W C), and on the next day, they collected at 15 km NE Tiznit (29°49′N, 09°39′W C).

Taxa: Elephantulus; Eliomys, Gerbillus, Meriones, Lemniscomys, Mastomys; Crocidura.

Tuisgui-Remz, Tarfaya Province (Map 3: 81).

Coordinates: 28°24′N, 09°12′W C (28°25′N, 09°13′W G, 

as Tizgui Remt).

Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (10–15 Dec 

1969).

Habitat: “Towards town there is much open water and 

palm trees, poplars and reeds. The hillsides are rocky. 

Our camp is on the edge of a . . . rocky area with sand 

between the rocks—it was a hillside” (LWR). 5 km 

N Tuisgui-Remz: “A small valley wash with gravel 

soil and some vegetation surrounded by small rocky 

hills—rocks were small and covered well” (LWR). 

10 km S Tuisgui-Remz: “Pebble desert area—in some 

areas were shrubs . . . in a valley” (LWR). 22 km S 

Tuisgui-Remz: “A large pebble plain—the area had 

some small vegetation but mostly nothing” (LWR).

Remarks: Robbins and Hearst made camp about 1 mi [1.6 

km] south of Tuisgui-Remz, on the edge of a wash, 

and opportunistically inventoried surrounding habitats reachable by vehicle, including 5 km N, 14 km S

(Atlantoxerus), a pebble plain with sandy washes at 

10 km S, and a large pebble plain with “a few fingers 

of vegetated sandy soil” at 22 km S.

Taxa: Atlantoxerus, Jaculus, Acomys, Gerbillus, Meriones, Pachyuromys; Lepus; Paraechinus.

Youssoufia, 5 km NW, Safi Province (Map 3: 41).

Coordinates: 32°17′N, 08°33′W C.

Collector: R. E. Vaden (16–19 Apr 1970). 

Habitat: “Trees include eucalyptus, other hardwoods and 

some conifers (cedars?). Undergrowth is mainly grain 

(oats?) with some flowering herbs as well. The rest 

of the area is farm land, although the field adjacent 

to the forest is not ‘active’—probably last year’s, but 

now used for sheep grazing . . . phosphate mines—no 

shafts or tunnels.”

Remarks: The USBGN equates Youssoufia with Louis Gentil, a place-name that is found on Vaden’s field map 

(CGM, El-Jadida, 1:500,000) near the above coordinates. From Youssoufia (32°15′N, 08°32′W G), the 

Vadens drove northwest and pitched their camp on the 

edge of a “planted forest.” Local inhabitants indicated 

that the rodents in the area had been poisoned.

Taxa: Gerbillus, Meriones, Mus.

Zagora, 10 km W, Ouarzazate Province (Map 3: 58).

Coordinates: 30°18′N, 05°56′W C.

Collectors: R. E. Vaden (1–5 Mar 1970); H. L. Norman 

and R. E. Vaden (23 Nov–6 Dec 1970). 

Habitat: “Soil is more or less sandy, more so in the many 

little gullies, with pebble and rock covered areas 

predominant. Vegetation is variable, ranging from 

small evergreen shrubs to scattered acacias (very 

scrubby) . . . thorn bushes [and an unidentified shrub] 

24–30 inches [61.0–76.2 cm] high, 3 to 4 feet [0.9–1.2 

m] in diameter and grows in the sandy washes. Vegetation is fairly dense in the gullies and somewhat scattered in the rocky areas between washes” (REV).

Remarks: While traveling toward Zagora (30°19′N, 

05°50′W G) on 1 Mar, Vaden made opportunistic 

collections at Tinezouline and Tizi-n-Tinififft. From 

the base camp, the Vadens drove 3 km toward town 

and south 1 km to set a trapline on a vegetated, sandy 

plain with small dunes around the larger shrubs. On 

2 Mar, they drove about 2 km south from camp and 

set another line in similar habitat. Specimens obtained 

from both traplines bear the same locality as those 

taken from around camp. Norman and Vaden conducted capture-and-release studies during the second 

period at this locality (23 Nov–6 Dec).

Taxa: Elephantulus; Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones, Pachyuromys.

Mauritania

General Remarks. Dean E. Harvey was accompanied on his first trip by Meke Samerjian and San 
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 7 1

Wo, field assistants, and Mamadou, the expedition’s cook. 

“M. Samerjian” appears as collector on a number of specimen labels, using his own field numbers. Harvey was later 

joined by C. Brian Robbins, and together they performed 

the bulk of collecting in the country (Map 4). Inventory 

efforts in Mauritania were interrupted by permit delays 

and truck repairs, which occasioned extended layovers in 

Nouakchott and Fort Gouraud.

Itineraries. D. E. Harvey: 6 km E Nouakchott, 15 Oct–15 Nov 1966; Mogreine Copper Mine, 

18–24 Nov 1966; Atar, 26 Nov–2 Dec 1966; 12.8 km 

SW Fort Gouraud, 5 Dec 1966; Fort Gouraud, 24 Dec 

1966–19 Jan 1967.

D. E. Harvey and H. W. Setzer: 40 km N Char, 4 

Feb 1967; Char, 5–6 Feb 1967; 70 km SW Atar, 7–9 Feb 

1967.

D. E. Harvey and C. B. Robbins: 6 km E Nouakchott, 

26 Feb–2 Mar 1967 (including satellite localities); Fort 

Gouraud, 7 Mar 1967; Char, 9–12 Mar 1967; 19 km S

Agui, 13–15 Mar 1967; Atar, 16 Mar 1967; 20 km NW 

Chinguetti, 17–23 Mar 1967; 35 km SW Akjoujt, 25 Mar 

1967; Zbeyat, 25–29 Mar 1967; 78 km S Nouakchott, 6 

Apr 1967; Tiguent, 7–13 Apr 1967; Garak, 16–20 Apr 

1967; Rosso, 28 Apr 1967; Garak, 29 Apr–2 May 1967; 

8 km N Boghe, 4–8 May 1967; 3 km S Aleg, 10–19 May 

1967; Kaedi, 19–23 May 1967; Passe de Soufa, 26 May–2 

Jun 1967; Kiffa, 4–5 Jun 1967.

Agui, 19 km S (Map 4: 86).

Coordinates: 21°01′N, 13°09′W C.

Collectors: D. E. Harvey and C. B. Robbins (13–15 Mar 

1967). 

Map 4. African Mammal Project cardinal collecting 

localities 82–102 in Mauritania.

82. Fort Gouraud

83. Fort Gouraud, 12.8 km SW

84. Char, 40 km N

85. Char

86. Agui, 19 km S

87. Chinguetti, 20 km NW

88. Atar

89. Atar, 70 km SW

90. Mogreine Copper Mine

91. Akjoujt, 35 km SW

92. Zbeyat

93. Nouakchott, 6 km E

94. Nouakchott, 78 km S

95. Tiguent

96. Garak

97. Rosso

98. Boghe, 8 km N

99. Aleg, 3 km S

100. Kaedi

101. Passe de Soufa

102. Kiffa

100 0 200

Kilometers

Western

Sahara 82

83

84

85

86

87

88 89

90

92 91

93

94

95

96

97 98

99

100

101

102

Senegal

15W

20N

Mali
7 2 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Habitat: “Sahel savanna. There are hard sandy areas—bare 

of plants, surrounded by bushy areas with numerous 

acacia and grasses. There are also rock outcroppings 

in the area” (CBR). “Sahel savanna . . . isolated acacia 

trees . . . hard sandy flat area . . . close to rock outcroppings . . . small bushes. Geologist called area ‘rubble 

desert’ and I think this best describes it” (DEH).

Remarks: Harvey’s field catalog contains several reptiles 

that were collected 11.7 km S Agui (Agui = 21°11′N, 

13°07′W G) on 12 Mar.

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones, Pachyuromys; Lepus.

Akjoujt, 35 km SW (Map 4: 91).

Coordinates: 19°35′N, 14°37′W M (AMS, St. Louis, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: D. E. Harvey and C. B. Robbins (25 Mar 

1967).

Habitat: “Sparse vegetation, flat rubble or pebble desert. 

Acacias few, some wadis” (D. E. Harvey, personal 

communication).

Remarks: On the way to Zbeyat, Harvey and Robbins collected a Gazella at 35 km SW Akjoujt, as recorded on 

specimen tags and in the field catalog; however, Robbins indicated this locality as 35 km “S” Akjoujt in his 

journal, presumably a lapsus for SW.

Taxon: Gazella.

Aleg, 3 km S (Map 4: 99).

Coordinates: 17°02′N, 13°55′W C.

Collectors: D. E. Harvey and C. B. Robbins (10–19 May 

1967).

Habitat: “Quite sandy with dead clinging burrs lying on 

top. Acacia dominant tree. Many cattle, sheep, goats 

and few camels around . . . along river . . . flood plain 

[Figure 21]. Trees and bushes generally situated on 

small hillocks. Hillocks probably caused by water erosion. The ground was generally hard with dust layer 

on top. Cow dung everywhere . . . acacia and few scattered baobabs” (DEH). “Sahel savanna [Figure 22]. 

There are also dense bushes along the wadi and only 

scattered Acacia [on] the sandy flats. Acacia is not the 

only dominant but seems to occupy about 90% of the 

plant population . . . isolated, flat, semi-hard ground 

area (scattered bushes)” (CBR).

Remarks: This camp was located 1 km south of a water 

well (and water trough) where Harvey and Robbins 

collected many bats. They set traps on 12 May in a 

hedgerow 1 km north of camp but without success. 

After leaving camp, they collected Desmodilliscus at 

6.2 km S Aleg (16°58′N, 13°56′W C) and at 26.7 km 

S Aleg (16°48′N, 13°53′W C) on 19 May. These coordinates appear in pencil in Robbins’ field catalog but 

do not seem to be written by his hand nor are they 

inscribed on specimen labels.

Taxa: Xerus, Jaculus, Desmodilliscus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Mastomys; Lepus; Asellia, 

Nycticeinops, Scotophilus; Felis, Genetta, Ictonyx.

Atar (Map 4: 88).

Coordinates: 20°31′N, 13°03′W C, G.

Collectors: D. E. Harvey (26 Nov–2 Dec 1966); D. E. Harvey and C. B. Robbins (16 Mar 1967). 

Habitat: “Relative[ly] rocky area . . . sand . . . hard rocky 

ground around bushes and on rocky hillside . . . in 

sand dunes and in and around houses . . . larger rocks 

predominate (rock escarpment) . . . large grain sandy 

area (wash)” (DEH).

Remarks: Harvey set up camp on the edge of town and 

collected in and around buildings as well as in the 

surrounding countryside. Robbins also purchased a 

Paraechinus on 16 Mar 1967 while passing through 

town.

Taxa: Jaculus, Acomys, Gerbillus, Mus; Paraechinus.

Atar, 70 km SW (Map 4: 89).

Coordinates: 20°13′N, 13°38′W M (AMS, Port-Étienne, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: D. E. Harvey and H. W. Setzer (7–9 Feb 

1967). 

Habitat: “Many acacia trees. Habitat sahel savanna. 

Ground fairly soft. Bushes and trees usually on small 

hillocks . . . trees and small grass stands” (DEH).

Remarks: Map coordinates are a by-road estimate from 

Atar.

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus.

Boghe, 8 km N (Map 4: 98).

Coordinates: 16°39′N, 14°17′W C.

Collectors: D. E. Harvey and C. B. Robbins (4–8 May 

1967). 

Habitat: “Area sahel savanna. Millet and rice two main 

crops. Crops planted in flood plain. Area around same 

is sandy with less grass and many acacia trees. (Sand 

soft orange) . . . grassy area close to millet crop . . . 

sand hills . . . hedgerow . . . bushes . . . acacia barrier” (DEH). “Hedgerow . . . sandy area” (CBR).

Remarks: The village name was spelled as “Bogue” 

(16°35′N, 14°16′W G, as Bogué) for specimens collected on 4 May, whereas “Boghe” is used for those 

prepared afterward, as reflected on tags and in 
Figure 21. Mauritania, Aleg, 3 km S (photograph by D. E. Harvey, 17 May 1967).

Figure 22. Mauritania, Aleg, 3 km S (photograph by D. E. Harvey, 17 May 1967).
7 4 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

field catalogs (Boghé being an archaic form per the 

USBGN). Robbins recorded that he and Harvey set 

traps 2 km east of camp on 7 May, but this repositioning is not reflected on specimen labels.

Taxa: Xerus, Gerbillus, Arvicanthis, Mus; Lepus; Taphozous, Nycticeinops; Felis, Canis, Vulpes.

Char (Map 4: 85).

Coordinates: 21°32′N, 12°52′W C (21°31′N, 12°51′W G).

Collectors: D. E. Harvey and H. W. Setzer (5–6 Feb 1967); 

D. E. Harvey and C. B. Robbins (9–12 Mar 1967).

Habitat: “In large rocky area and in and around palm trees in 

oasis . . . a few goats, sheep and camel herders camped 

just below the oasis . . . small stands of grass . . . rocky 

area escarpment” (DEH, Feb). “Rocky rubble area. Soil 

sandy and loose . . . oasis . . . escarpment . . . sandy area 

in and around bushes” (DEH, Mar). “Extreme rocky 

hillside, sand dune areas and semi-rock and sand with 

scattered plants. An oasis is near by . . . [where] vegetation is denser and the bushes are larger . . . palm trees in 

the oasis . . . fringe bushes around the oasis . . . rockysandy area . . . rock cliff” (CBR).

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones, Felovia; Vulpes.

Char, 40 km N (Map 4: 84).

Coordinates: 21°51′N, 12°44′W M (AMS, Port-Étienne, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: D. E. Harvey and H. W. Setzer (4 Feb 1967).

Habitat: “Pebble desert . . . rocky outcropping. Most of 

the trees seem to be dead acacias” (DEH).

Remarks: Harvey remarked that the “area looked pretty 

devoid of animal life,” but his five traps set in an outcrop yielded a single Gerbillus.

Taxon: Gerbillus.

Chinguetti, 20 km NW (Map 4: 87).

Coordinates: 20°33′N, 12°30′W C.

Collectors: D. E. Harvey and C. B. Robbins (17–23 Mar 

1967).

Habitat: “Habitat: sahel savanna? One area sandy with 

low lying acacia and grass clumps, this is surrounded 

by flat rocky area (large rocks but not sticking up 

to any great height). Acacia also in rocky area but 

very scattered . . . sandy area on hillocks, in and 

around grass stands and bushes . . . flat stretches of 

pebble (small grain) desert . . . bushes on small hillocks” (DEH). “A sandy wash. This area is bordered 

by harder sand. Acacia is the dominant plant (tree?). 

These sandy areas are surrounded by what is almost 

solid rock. The rocky area in this area is about 85% 

of the surface area. This varies from scattered pebbles 

to extreme rock (mostly flat). Acacia is also scattered 

throughout the rocks . . . escarpment” (CBR).

Remarks: On 19 and 20 Mar, Robbins collected a Felovia

“1.5 miles [2.4 km] west of camp” in a rock outcrop. 

On 20 and 21 Mar, they collected 2 km west of camp, 

an area described as flat and rocky but with some sand 

in areas. Field catalogs or specimen labels do not distinguish between this locality and the main campsite.

Taxa: Jaculus, Acomys, Gerbillus, Meriones, Felovia.

Fort Gouraud (Map 4: 82).

Coordinates: 22°41′N, 12°43′W G.

Collectors: D. E. Harvey (24 Dec 1966–19 Jan 1967); 

D. E. Harvey and C. B. Robbins (7 Mar 1967). 

Habitat: “Rocky area and flat hard surface gravely area. 

Acacia is the only tree around and they are widely 

scattered [Figure 23]. There are some small clumps of 

dried grass and a couple of small bushes I am not familiar with . . . large rock outcropping . . . occasional 

clump of dry grass on small hillock . . . flat gravely 

area fairly devoid of vegetation . . . gravely with little 

soft sand . . . wadi” (DEH).

Remarks: Harvey devoted a month to inventory in and 

around Fort Gouraud, an extended layover while 

awaiting truck parts that were being shipped from 

Washington, DC, to the embassy in Nouakchott. On 

29 Dec, he collected in a gravelly area with little vegetation 2 km north of Fort Gouraud, but this site is 

not specified in his field catalog or on skin labels. By 2 

Jan, he had “set traps almost completely around Fort 

Gouraud.” Traps were also set along the airport runway on 18 Jan. Harvey and Robbins collected a few 

reptiles but no mammals on 7 Mar while waiting for 

the final repairs to their truck.

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones, Pachyuromys, Mus; 

Vulpes.

Fort Gouraud, 12.8 km SW (Map 4: 83).

Coordinates: 22°35′N, 12°47′W M (CAO, Fort Gouraud, 

1:200,000).

Collector: D. E. Harvey (5 Dec 1966).

Habitat: “Area here is desert. Few acacia in isolated areas 

and some dry grass. Grass coming out of hillocks.”

Remarks: The axle of Harvey’s truck snapped while at this 

locality, and the broken-down truck remained in Fort 

Gouraud for three months until parts arrived from the 

United States. Map coordinates were estimated by azimuth and range from Fort Gouraud.

Taxa: Gerbillus, Pachyuromys.
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 7 5

Garak (Map 4: 96).

Coordinates: 16°33′N, 15°46′W C, G.

Collectors: D. E. Harvey and C. B. Robbins (16–20 Apr, 

29 Apr–2 May 1967).

Habitat: South side of river: “Hard clay cracked now (the 

dry season). The natives say the area we are in is almost 

entirely submerged during the wet season. There are 

trees and bushes along the river and a few bushes on 

the flood plain . . . Acacia and strangler figs are the only 

two trees I recognize. Some grass . . . mostly around 

bushes.” North side: “Millet [inside acacia barriers] and 

there is much more grass and other vegetation . . . mud 

walls and grass roofs [bats found here] . . . sandy hillsides” (DEH). “Hedgerows and in the heavy brush 

near the river . . . man-made brush fences, used to protect crops . . . heavy brush area . . . Again the habitat is 

classified as sahel savanna but due to the Senegal River 

the [vegetation] is much more dense and varied . . . The 

Acacia is present as well as other larger trees. The underbrush is grasses and smaller thorny plants. The immediate area near the river apparently is flooded during 

the rainy season­ . . . tall grass and hedgerow surrounding an[d] in a field of millet” (CBR).

Remarks: Harvey and Robbins camped near Garak in a 

“tidal flood basin” on the south side of a tributary to 

the Senegal River. They collected Nycteris and Hipposideros in grass houses in town on 16 Apr. Robbins 

traveled by canoe to the other side of the river to collect, as the ground was “very hard” at their camp and 

there was no evidence of mice. On 18 Apr, Harvey 

collected a Cercopithecus in a “heavily wooded area” 

about 5.4 km east of camp. A villager took them to a 

“grassy-swampy area,” where Harvey shot a Phacochoerus in “deep swamp.” They returned to this area 

on 29 Apr to trap for mice because it also included 

“sandy hills with dense vegetation” and “tall vegetation” and collected here almost daily from thereon. 

Bats were also collected in Rosso on 28 Apr.

Figure 23. Mauritania, Fort Gouraud: Pebble desert, Acacia tree in foreground (photograph by D. E. Harvey, 3 Dec 1966–21 Jan 1967).
7 6 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Taxa: Cercopithecus; Gerbilliscus, Gerbillus, Taterillus, 

Arvicanthis, Mastomys, Mus, Hystrix; Lepus; Crocidura; Hipposideros, Nycteris, Pipistrellus; Phacochoerus, Potamochoerus.

Kaedi (Map 4: 100).

Coordinates: 16°09′N, 13°30′W C, G (as Kaédi).

Collectors: D. E. Harvey and C. B. Robbins (19–23 May 

1967).

Habitat: “Sahel savanna [Figure 24]. Some millet being 

planted and dead now. Sand soft . . . rocky area north 

of town. This area looks similar to Bakel (Senegal) 

from distance but the sand here is softer. As you move 

from the river [a reference to the Senegal River] inland (north) you go from a fringing forest (bare in 

some places) with grass up to 3 feet [0.9 m], across a 

flood plain, where they grow most of their crops, onto 

a sandy plain with some rolling hills and rock outcrops. There is millet planted in the sandy area also. 

The grass of this sandy area and around rock outcrops 

is of a feathery nature and there are many clinging 

burrs (dry now). Peanuts . . . millet” (DEH). “Sandy 

area—sahel savanna . . . rock outcropping. Millet and 

peanuts are grown in the area” (CBR).

Remarks: Harvey and Robbins camped in the yard of a 

“Peace Corps House” [hostel]. Harvey mentioned collecting north of town, and Robbins indicated that this 

collecting locality was 5 km northwest of Kaedi. On 

21 May, Harvey set a trapline 5 km west of town. 

None of these variants is mentioned on specimen labels or in field catalogs.

Taxa: Gerbilliscus, Gerbillus, Taterillus, Mastomys; Canis, 

Vulpes.

Kiffa (Map 4: 102).

Coordinates: 16°37′N, 11°24′W C, G.

Collectors: D. E. Harvey and C. B. Robbins (4–5 Jun 

1967). 

Figure 24. Mauritania, Kaedi (photograph by D. E. Harvey, 18–23 May 1967).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 7 7

Habitat: “Palm grove . . . hedgerow . . . soft sand with broken rocky areas. Trees [represented are] acacia and palm. 

The grass is fairly dried up” (DEH). “Camp in a palm 

tree oasis . . . sandy area . . . many sand dunes in the 

area although the usual Acacia is still present” (CBR).

Remarks: Camp was set up in a palm grove 20 yards [18.3 

m] from a well just outside of town.

Taxa: Gerbillus; Lepus; Paraechinus; Canis.

Mogreine Copper Mine, [6 km W] Akjoujt (Map 4: 90).

Coordinates: 19°45′N, 14°26′W M (AMS, St. Louis, 

1:1,000,000).

Collector: D. E. Harvey (18–24 Nov 1966).

Habitat: “Area very rocky. Looks like volcanic rock (lava). 

Copper mining here (copper is mixed with iron ore). 

Pockets of sand are dispersed between rocky areas. 

Small mountains scattered through area but generally 

the country is very flat . . . small lake about 1/4 km from 

camp to the north . . . many canals around Akjoujt.”

Remarks: Harvey recorded that camp was established 

next to the Mogreine Copper Mine, located 6 km 

west of Akjoujt (19°45′N, 14°23′W G), where he collected Rhinopoma in an abandoned mine shaft and 

trapped in its vicinity. Our coordinates are estimated 

for the mine. Many specimen labels and Harvey’s field 

catalog designate this locality as “Akjoujt, Mogreine 

Copper Mine,” although a number of labels do not 

specifically refer to the mine.

Taxa: Gerbillus; Lepus; Rhinopoma.

Nouakchott, 6 km E (Map 4: 93).

Coordinates: 18°05′N, 15°55′W M (AMS, St. Louis, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: D. E. Harvey (15 Oct–15 Nov 1966); D. E. 

Harvey and C. B. Robbins (26 Feb–2 Mar 1967).

Habitat: “Ground is very sandy (mostly soft orange 

sand). Area looks like transition between sahel savanna and subsaharan [Figure 25]. There is grass 

Figure 25. Mauritania, Nouakchott, 6 km E (photograph by D. E. Harvey, 15 Oct–17 Nov 1966).
7 8 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

mostly short. Many clinging [burrs] from grass. 

There are also a few low lying trees around area 

. . . sand dunes . . . bushes planted around park 

(plant nursery) . . . flat grassy areas” (DEH). 6 km 

W Nouakchott: “Close to beach . . . sand dunes in 

and around bushes and some salt flats behind dunes. 

Sahel savanna” (DEH). “Coastal sand dunes with 

scattered large bushes . . . dunes and . . . sahel savanna. This area is sort of a salt-flat habitat but the 

main habitat is sahel savanna” (CBR). 

7 km E Nouakchott: “Some grass here and area 

varying from hard flat sandy soil to soft sandy hills. 

Sahel savanna” (DEH). “The plants here are larger 

and more abundant. Acacia trees and other low thorny 

bushes . . . also sand dunes” (CBR). 

11 km N Nouakchott: “Many salt flats in area 

also low lying trees in area. Some grass present. 

Ground mostly hard but sandy” (DEH). “The vegetation varies from dense bushes bordering a river bed 

which is filled with short green plants to semi-sandy 

desert-pavement type. The vegetation is scattered” 

(CBR).

Remarks: While awaiting collecting permits in Nouakchott, Harvey and his African assistants were given 

permission to collect on the grounds of the Water 

and Forest Department [Eaux et Forêt] 6 km east 

of town. Collecting was also conducted by Meke 

(“M. Samerjian” on some of the specimen labels) 

and Mamadou from 15 Oct to 15 Nov 1966. Robbins and Harvey stayed in a hotel in Nouakchott 

from 22 Feb to 4 Mar 1967 while waiting for truck 

parts to repair their vehicle, which was incapacitated 

in Fort Gouraud. Collections were incidentally made 

6 km W on 26 Feb, 7 km E on 27 Feb, and 11 km N 

Nouakchott on 2 Mar.

Taxa: Xerus, Jaculus, Gerbillus, Taterillus; Lepus; Crocidura.

Nouakchott, 78 km S (Map 4: 94).

Coordinates: 17°28′N, 16°01′W C.

Collectors: D. E. Harvey and C. B. Robbins (6 Apr 

1967). 

Habitat: “Sahel savannah” (specimen labels).

Remarks: While traveling toward Tiguent, Harvey and 

Robbins opportunistically collected two gerbils at this 

locality.

Taxon: Gerbillus.

Passe de Soufa (Map 4: 101).

Coordinates: 15°56′N, 12°00′W C (15°56′N, 12°01′W G).

Collectors: D. E. Harvey and C. B. Robbins (26 May–2 

Jun 1967).

Habitat: “Area with rocks. Surrounding grassy area. Palm 

trees, Acacia and baobab trees here plus others. Grass 

large stem blue and short feathery type. Some burrs 

also. Surface soil rather hard and cracked in dried 

up pan . . . water hole . . . trees and . . . bushes along 

temporary river (some small stagnant ponds is all that 

is left of river now)” (DEH). “Area is great. Large 

rock hills, grassy plains, palm trees, Acacia, baobab 

trees, plus other trees . . . grasses in this area are longstemmed blue, feathery and [burrs]. The soil is hard 

pan—cracked in the flood areas. Sandy soil with some 

clay in other areas” (CBR).

Remarks: Harvey and Robbins camped close to a well and a 

small pan at Passe de Soufa, about 61 km (by road) east 

of M’Bout. Robbins set a trapline 2 km from camp on 

30 May, and on the next day, traps were set adjacent 

to ponds 1 km north of camp. He later referred to this 

locality as “the canyon area” in his journal and, apparently, did a considerable amount of collecting there, 

especially for hyrax. These variants are not indicated 

on specimen labels or in field catalogs.

Taxa: Heterohyrax; Erythrocebus, Papio; Gerbilliscus, 

Gerbillus, Taterillus, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, Felovia; Crocidura; Nycticeinops; Canis; Phacochoerus.

Rosso (Map 4: 97).

Coordinates: 16°31′N, 15°49′W C (16°30′N, 15°49′W G).

Collectors: D. E. Harvey and C. B. Robbins (28 Apr 

1967).

Habitat: “Attic of building . . . sides of walls and on rafters” (DEH).

Remarks: While camped at Garak (29 Apr–2 May), Harvey 

and Robbins collected over 100 bats that were roosting 

in a single building on a military post in Rosso.

Taxon: Mops.

Tiguent (Map 4: 95).

Coordinates: 17°16′N, 16°01′W C (17°15′N, 16°00′W G).

Collectors: D. E. Harvey and C. B. Robbins (7–13 Apr 

1967).

Habitat: “Area sahel savanna [Figure 26]. Many acacia 

trees, closer together than at previous camps. Ground 

fairly hard (clay?). Surface with black (brown) dust 

layer on top. Many cows and goats around [and a] 

few camels . . . Well close by. Some other bushes 

around and grass stands on hills surrounding camp. 

Hills have a much softer orange sandy surface than 

the valley. There are several places where water had 
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 7 9

been in small ponds but these are dried up now . . . 

acacia barriers . . . basin with wet clay bottom. It 

appears to be a semi-permanent pond or temporary 

pond” (DEH). “Scattered acacia bushes with other 

thorny bushes and also the large tree-like bush with 

more or less straight branches. The area is only semisandy . . . dry wadi . . . numerous wells. . .water isn’t 

fit to drink . . . acacia fences used by goat herders . . . 

large wet mud flats with large brush areas scattered 

through out . . . soil is clay in the flats. The soil in the 

bush areas is much drier. The vegetation is very dense 

. . . camp habitat . . . sahel savanna. The area isn’t 

as flat as other camps, there are gentle hills—where 

the soil is more sandy. In the lower valleys the soil is 

harder with a surface layer of darker dirt—very soft 

in texture. Acacia is dominant but is more prominant 

[sic] than usual. Also another large bush is Cammiphora” (CBR).

Remarks: Harvey and Robbins actually established their 

campsite 2 km north of Tiguent, about 88 km south 

of Nouakchott, although the locality is simply standardized as “Tiguent.” On 11 Apr, traplines were set 

2 km west (Robbins indicated the direction as SW) 

of town in “very dense vegetation” of what appeared 

to be an intermittent pond. A Xerus and two Nycticeinops were collected “near the well” on 13 Apr. 

These variant localities are not reflected on specimen 

labels or in field catalogs.

Taxa: Xerus, Jaculus, Gerbillus, Taterillus; Lepus; Crocidura; Nyticeinops; Canis.

Zbeyat (Map 4: 92).

Coordinates: 19°04′N, 15°07′W C.

Collectors: D. E. Harvey and C. B. Robbins (25–29 Mar 

1967).

Habitat: “Sahel savanna. Few acacia trees and some grass 

clumps in area. Several other bushes . . . but not familiar. Soil sandy and soft. Some cows, goats and camels 

here. Well close to tent on road. No trees, and grass 

clumps and islands are separated by flat hard ground 

with small pebbles on surface” (Figure 27) (DEH). 

“Sahel savanna. Again Acacia is the dominant plant. 

There are grassy areas and pebble flats . . . grassy 

clumps among the flats . . . less gravelly areas, in the 

Figure 26. Mauritania, Tiguent (photograph by D. E. Harvey, 13 Apr 1967).
8 0 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

flats. Acacia is very wide spread . . . flat, no vegetation 

areas—usually closely associated with the softer soil 

rather than the more abundant pebbly flats. The general habitat around camp which we are calling sahel savanna has as its dominant plants Acacia and two other 

large bush type trees. One has definite leaves and the 

other is a stick-like tent shaped bush—some as tall as 

15 feet [4.6 m]. There are also numerous small plants—

thorny, stickers, etc. as well as a few grasses—usually 

aggregated in clumps. The soil varies to semi crusted to 

very sandy. Rocks seem to be isolated in flats with only 

small stones in other areas” (CBR).

Remarks: On 27 Mar, Robbins mentioned setting traps in a 

“new area and habitat. There are grassy areas and pebble flats.” This “new area” is not differentiated from 

Zbeyat on specimen labels or in field catalogs. They 

apparently trapped there the next day as well. While 

hunting 7 mi [11.3 km] north of Zbeyat on 28 Mar, 

they caught a number of Jaculus, although this locality 

variant also is not differentiated on specimen labels or 

field catalogs. Examination of our 1:200,000 maps and 

the USBGN gazetteer did not reveal any locality called 

Zbeyat. However, the coordinates supplied by the collectors approximate those of Bou Rjeimat (19°04′N, 

15°08′ W G) as located on one map (L’Institut 

Géographique National, Nouamrhar, 1:200,000). 

Robbins indicated in his journal that Zbeyat was approximately 120 km south[west] of Akjoujt.

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus.

Algeria

General Remarks. Lynn W. Robbins was 

the sole mammal collector for all Algerian localities (Map 5) 

and was accompanied on this first leg of the trans-Saharan 

trip by John Gruwell, who collected aquatic beetles under 

the employment of Paul Spangler, NMNH Department of 

Entomology (C. B. Robbins, personal communication). 

Only “John” is mentioned in Robbins’ field notes. Robbins recorded that his locality coordinates were all based on 

straight-line distances, as interpreted from Michelin North 

and West Africa maps. No editions or scales were given.

Figure 27. Mauritania, Zbeyat (photograph by D. E. Harvey, 29 Mar 1967).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 8 1

Itinerary. L. W. Robbins: 30 km S Ain-Sefra, 

17–18 Feb 1971; 57 km NE Bechar, 20 Feb 1971; 53 km 

S Bechar, 21–22 Feb 1971; 100 km SW Bechar, 24 Feb 

1971; Beni-Abbes, 25–28 Feb 1971; 72 km SE Kerzaz, 2 

Mar 1971; 40 km NE Reggane, 4 Mar 1971; 80 km NE

Reggane, 5 Mar 1971; 100 km SE In Salah, 7 Mar 1971; 

120 km SE In Salah, 8–9 Mar 1971; 30 km N Arak, 10 

Mar 1971; 110 km NW Tamanrasset, 12 Mar 1971; 8 

km S Tamanrasset, 13 Mar 1971; 16 km SE Tamanrasset, 14–15 Mar 1971; 28 km NW Tamanrasset, 16 Mar 

1971; 44 km NNW Tamanrasset, 17 Mar 1971; 55 km N

Tamanrasset, 18–19 Mar 1971; 40 km NNW Tamanrasset, 22 Mar 1971; 33 km NW Tamanrasset, 23 Mar 1971; 

Tamanrasset, 24 Mar 1971; 40 km NW Tamanrasset, 25 

Mar 1971; 70 km NW Tamanrasset, 26 Mar 1971; 170 

km NW Tamanrasset, 27 Mar 1971; 7 km W Arak, 28 

Mar 1971; 112 km N Arak, 29 Mar 1971; In Salah, 31 

Mar 1971; 75 km S Tamanrasset, 4 Apr 1971; 160 km S

Tamanrasset, 5–6 Apr 1971.

Ain-Sefra, 30 km S, Saïda Department (Map 5: 105).

Coordinates: 32°24′N, 00°33′W C.

Collector: L. W. Robbins (17–18 Feb 1971).

Habitat: “Edge of wash around hummocks and in sandy 

areas . . . rocky hillside . . . sand . . . hamada.”

Remarks: During their stay, the team went gundi hunting 

a couple of times. The USBGN standardized spelling 

for Ain-Sefra is Aïn-Sefra.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones, 

Massoutiera.

Arak, 7 km W, Oasis Department (Map 5: 116).

Coordinates: 25°17′N, 03°49′E C.

Collector: L. W. Robbins (28 Mar 1971).

Habitat: “Sandy wash with large hummocks with tamarisk on them.”

Remarks: Coordinates of a “Fort Arak” are 25°18′N, 

03°45′E G.

Taxon: Gerbillus.

Arak, 30 km N, Oasis Department (Map 5: 114).

Coordinates: 25°42′N, 03°49′E C.

Collector: L. W. Robbins (10 Mar 1971).

Habitat: “Sandy bushy wash.”

Remarks: After leaving this locality, Robbins set traps at 

a locality “about 100 km SE of Arak . . . in a sandy 

wash” but had no luck.

Taxon: Gerbillus.

100 300

Morocco

Mali

Burkina

Nigeria

Tunisia

103

104

105 106

107

108

109 110

111

112 113

114

115

116

117

118

} 119-128

129

130

131

132 133 134

136 135

137 138

139

140

Algeria

Niger

0

0

Libya

5W 5E 10E

35N

30N

25N

20N

15N

Map 5. African Mammal Project cardinal collecting localities 103–

140 in Algeria and Niger.

103. Bechar, 100 km SW 122. Tamanrasset, 40 km

104. Bechar, 57 km NE NNW

105. Ain-Sefra, 30 km S 123. Tamanrasset, 40 km NW

106. Bechar, 53 km S 124. Tamanrasset, 33 km NW

107. Beni-Abbes 125. Tamanrasset, 28 km NW

108. Kerzaz, 72 km SE 126. Tamanrasset

109. Reggane, 80 km NE 127. Tamanrasset, 8 km S

110. Reggane, 40 km NE 128. Tamanrasset, 16 km SE

111. In Salah 129. Tamanrasset, 75 km S

112. In Salah, 100 km SE 130. Tamanrasset, 160 km S

113. In Salah, 120 km SE 131. Assamaka, 48 km SE

114. Arak, 30 km N 132. Assamaka, 80 km SE

115. Arak, 112 km N 133. Agadez, 140 km NW

116. Arak, 7 km W 134. Agadez, 5 km NE

117. Tamanrasset, 110 km NW 135. Agadez, 70 km W

118. Tamanrasset, 170 km NW 136. In-Gall, 30 km S

119. Tamanrasset, 70 km NW 137. In-Gall, 120 km S

120. Tamanrasset, 55 km N 138. Tahoua, 25 km S

121. Tamanrasset, 44 km 139. Niamey, 90 km SE

 NNW 140. Niamey, 45 km NW
8 2 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Arak, 112 km N, Oasis Department (Map 5: 115).

Coordinates: 26°17′N, 03°27′E C.

Collector: L. W. Robbins (29 Mar 1971).

Habitat: “Thick vegetation along a hillside . . . water coming out of a hill in various places and sedges growing all 

around . . . wash near by with some small bushes.”

Taxon: Gerbillus.

Bechar, 53 km S, Saoura Department (Map 5: 106).

Coordinates: 31°10′N, 02°20′W C.

Collector: L. W. Robbins (21–22 Feb 1971).

Habitat: “Palms in a canyon . . . sand around palms or in 

sand along edge of canyon . . . rocky hillside.”

Remarks: Fort Menouarar (31°10′N, 02°16′W G) is located 

53 km south of Bechar, just east of the main northsouth highway (AMS, Colomb-Béchar, 1:1,000,000), 

as was described by Robbins for his campsite.

Taxon: Gerbillus.

Bechar, 57 km NE, Saoura Department (Map 5: 104).

Coordinates: 31°48′N, 01°54′W C.

Collector: L. W. Robbins (20 Feb 1971).

Habitat: “Rocky nothing . . . some water.”

Taxa: Elephantulus; Gerbillus.

Bechar, 100 km SW, Saoura Department (Map 5: 103).

Coordinates: 30°59′N, 02°45′W M (AMS, ColombBéchar, 1:1,000,000).

Collector: L. W. Robbins (24 Feb 1971).

Habitat: “Sandy area with some vegetation—intermittant 

[sic] stream.”

Remarks: Robbins stopped at an abandoned fort just before a storm hit and established camp. This abandoned 

fort may have been Ksar (fort) Douimeniat (30°59′N, 

02°45′W G) or, possibly, Ksar Oulad Aïd (30°56′N, 

02°45′W G).

Taxon: Gerbillus.

Beni-Abbes, Saoura Department (Map 5: 107).

Coordinates: 30°03′N, 02°13′W C (30°08′N, 02°10′W G, 

as Beni-Abbès).

Collector: L. W. Robbins (25–28 Feb 1971).

Habitat: “Airport . . . plateau or plain surrounded by 

sand dunes on three sides and the river valley on 

the west—some vegetation in low areas . . . sandy 

area around palm trees . . . rock pile next to 

camp . . . rocky hillsides.”

Remarks: Robbins set up base camp on the west side of 

Beni-Abbes, across the river (presumably the Oued 

Saoura) and against some hills.

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones, Pachyuromys, Psammomys.

In Salah, Oasis Department (Map 5: 111).

Coordinates: 27°12′N, 02°21′E C (27°13′N, 02°28′E G, 

as I-n-Salah).

Collector: L. W. Robbins (31 Mar 1971).

Habitat: “Dunes around palms . . . at the edge of town.”

Taxon: Gerbillus.

In Salah, 100 km SE, Oasis Department (Map 5: 112).

Coordinates: 26°31′N, 02°53′E C.

Collector: L. W. Robbins (7 Mar 1971).

Habitat: “Wash with some bushes.”

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones, Psammomys.

In Salah, 120 km SE, Oasis Department (Map 5: 113).

Coordinates: 26°28′N, 03°13′E C.

Collector: L. W. Robbins (8–9 Mar 1971).

Habitat: “A large wash with many kinds of bushes and a 

few acacia trees—partially sandy . . . rocky hillside.”

Remarks: Robbins left the camp at 100 km SE In Salah

and “found some more bushes 40 km farther down 

the road.” However, specimen labels and the field 

journal cite the distance as 120 km SE. This apparent discrepancy may result from Robbins’ usage of 

straight-line rather than by-road distances.

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus.

Kerzaz, 72 km SE, Saoura Department (Map 5: 108).

Coordinates: 28°57′N, 01°04′W C.

Collector: L. W. Robbins (2 Mar 1971).

Habitat: “Sandy vegetated wash—large flat sandy area 

with some small bushes—the end of a dry lake.”

Taxa: Gerbillus, Meriones.

Reggane, 40 km NE, Oasis Department (Map 5: 110).

Coordinates: 26°50′N, 00°33′W C.

Collector: L. W. Robbins (4 Mar 1971).

Habitat: “Some vegetation—scattered through rocky areas 

and sand.”

Taxon: Gerbillus.

Reggane, 80 km NE, Oasis Department (Map 5: 109).

Coordinates: 26°52′N, 00°58′W C.

Collector: L. W. Robbins (5 Mar 1971).

Habitat: “Fair number of small bushes in sand.”

Remarks: Robbins remarked that “If the other [previous] 

area was desolate, this is more so. How do you get less 

than nothing[?]”

Taxon: Jaculus.
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 8 3

Tamanrasset, Oasis Department (Map 5: 126).

Coordinates: 22°47′N, 05°31′E G.

Collector: L. W. Robbins (24 Mar 1971).

Habitat: No information available.

Remarks: Robbins stayed in a campground on the west 

side of town. The colonial name for Tamanrasset is 

Fort Laperrine.

Taxa: Gerbillus, Mus.

Tamanrasset, 8 km S, Oasis Department (Map 5: 127).

Coordinates: 22°38′N, 05°36′E C.

Collector: L. W. Robbins (13 Mar 1971).

Habitat: “Some vegetation in wash surrounded by rocky 

hillsides.”

Taxa: Acomys, Gerbillus, Meriones.

Tamanrasset, 16 km SE, Oasis Department (Map 5: 128).

Coordinates: 22°38′N, 05°44′E C.

Collector: L. W. Robbins (14–15 Mar 1971).

Habitat: “Bushy area.”

Taxa: Jaculus, Acomys, Gerbillus, Meriones, Psam­momys.

Tamanrasset, 28 km NW, Oasis Department 

(Map 5: 125).

Coordinates: 22°56′N, 05°25′E C.

Collector: L. W. Robbins (16 Mar 1971).

Habitat: “Sandy wash with many bushes and some rocky 

areas with sand and bushes around them.”

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones, Pachyuromys.

Tamanrasset, 33 km NW, Oasis Department 

(Map 5: 124) .

Coordinates: 22°58′N, 05°25′E C.

Collector: L. W. Robbins (23 Mar 1971).

Habitat: “Flat sandy wash on one side and a deeper rocky 

wash on the other—both had a fair amount of plants 

and trees.”

Taxa: Acomys, Gerbillus.

Tamanrasset, 40 km NNW, Oasis Department 

(Map 5: 122).

Coordinates: 23°01′N, 05°25′E C.

Collector: L. W. Robbins (22 Mar 1971).

Habitat: “A sandy wash with a fair amount of small bushes 

and a few acacia trees.”

Taxa: Acomys, Gerbillus, Meriones, Psammomys.

Tamanrasset, 40 km NW, Oasis Department 

(Map 5: 123).

Coordinates: 23°00′N, 05°16′E C.

Collector: L. W. Robbins (25 Mar 1971).

Habitat: “Vegetated wash.”

Taxa: Acomys, Gerbillus, Meriones, Pachyuromys.

Tamanrasset, 44 km NNW, Oasis Department 

(Map 5: 121).

Coordinates: 23°06′N, 05°27′E C.

Collector: L. W. Robbins (17 Mar 1971).

Habitat: “Rocky area with a dry wash with vegetation.”

Taxa: Acomys, Gerbillus, Meriones.

Tamanrasset, 55 km N, Oasis Department (Map 5: 120).

Coordinates: 23°12′N, 05°32′E C.

Collector: L. W. Robbins (18–19 Mar 1971).

Habitat: “Stream running through it and a fair amount of 

vegetation between the rocky mountain sides of the 

canyon . . . old farm area . . . brush on hillside.”

Taxa: Acomys, Gerbillus, Meriones, Massoutiera; Tadarida.

Tamanrasset, 70 km NW, Oasis Department 

(Map 5: 119).

Coordinates: 23°10′N, 05°07′E C.

Collector: L. W. Robbins (26 Mar 1971).

Habitat: “Sandy wash.”

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Pachyuromys.

Tamanrasset, 75 km S, Oasis Department (Map 5: 129).

Coordinates: 22°04′N, 05°39′E C.

Collector: L. W. Robbins (4 Apr 1971).

Habitat: “A wash area with some bushes along sandy sides.”

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones, Pachyuromys.

Tamanrasset, 110 km NW, Oasis Department (Map 5: 117).

Coordinates: 23°34′N, 05°07′E C.

Collector: L. W. Robbins (12 Mar 1971).

Habitat: “Vegetated wash.”

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus; Pipistrellus.

Tamanrasset, 160 km S, Oasis Department (Map 5: 130).

Coordinates: 21°19′N, 05°43′E C.

Collector: L. W. Robbins (5–6 Apr 1971).

Habitat: “Sparsely vegetated area.”

Remarks: The team found a dead Vulpes at 200 km S 

Tamanrasset as they approached Niger to conduct 

field work in that country.

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus; Vulpes.

Tamanrasset, 170 km NW, Oasis Department (Map 5: 118).

Coordinates: 24°07′N, 05°05′E C.

Collector: L. W. Robbins (27 Mar 1971).
8 4 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Habitat: “Brushy wash . . . hummocks.”

Taxa: Gerbillus, Meriones.

Niger

General Remarks. Lynn W. Robbins was 

the mammal collector for all localities in Niger (Map 5) 

and was again joined by John Gruwell, who collected insects. Gruwell is not listed as a collector of any mammal 

specimens. Niger was the second country (after Algeria) in 

the so-called trans-Saharan collecting trip.

Itinerary. L. W. Robbins: 48 km SE Assamaka, 8 Apr 1971; 80 km SE Assamaka, 9 Apr 1971; 140 

km NW Agadez, 10 Apr 1971; 5 km NE Agadez, 12–15 

Apr 1971; 70 km W Agadez, 20 Apr 1971; 30 km S InGall, 21 Apr 1971; 120 km S In-Gall, 22 Apr 1971; 25 km 

S Tahoua, 23 Apr 1971; 45 km NW Niamey, 1 May 1971; 

90 km SE Niamey, 4 May 1971.

Agadez, 5 km NE (Map 5: 134).

Coordinates: 17°02′N, 08°02′E C.

Collector: L. W. Robbins (12–15 Apr 1971). 

Habitat: “Many palm trees (two kinds) bordering a dry 

wash—sandy—but in our area it is off and on under 

cultivation with mango and citrus trees and some vegetable crops . . . rocky area near by . . . sandy area . . . 

open dirt area—some larger bushes.”

Remarks: Camp was established at the local swimming 

pool, which was 7 km by road outside Agadez.

Taxa: Acomys, Gerbillus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis; Paraechinus.

Agadez, 70 km W (Map 5: 135).

Coordinates: 16°52′N, 07°23′E C.

Collector: L. W. Robbins (20 Apr 1971).

Habitat: “Slightly hilly area with a wash near by with a fair 

amount of vegetation (grasses, acacia and some other 

bushes) mostly sandy—very dark sand . . . rocky area 

near by.”

Remarks: The collector’s coordinates fall near Assaouas 

(16°52′N, 07°27′E G) according to a map consulted 

(AMS, Agades, 1:1,000,000).

Taxa: Acomys, Gerbillus.

Agadez, 140 km NW (Map 5: 133).

Coordinates: 17°22′N, 06°43′E C.

Collector: L. W. Robbins (10 Apr 1971). 

Habitat: “An acacia area with bushes (grazed) in lower 

areas . . . a different ecological zone. The ground is 

sandy but there is a lot of acacia and grasses.”

Remarks: This camp was located about 10 km SE 

“Tegguiddan­-Tessoun” (Teguidda I-n-Tessoum; 17° 

26′N, 06°39′E G; also as Tedjidda-Tesemt on AMS, 

Agades, 1:1,000,000).

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus.

Assamaka, 48 km SE (Map 5: 131).

Coordinates: 18°58′N, 05°58′E C.

Collector: L. W. Robbins (8 Apr 1971). 

Habitat: “Some bushes.”

Remarks: According to Robbins’ journal, this camp was 

located “about 30 miles [48 km] SE of the border” 

with Algeria. The standardized USBGN spelling for 

Assamaka is Assamakka.

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus.

Assamaka, 80 km SE (Map 5: 132).

Coordinates: 18°30′N, 06°00′E C.

Collector: L. W. Robbins (9 Apr 1971).

Habitat: “Some bushes.”

Taxon: Gerbillus.

In-Gall, 30 km S (Map 5: 136).

Coordinates: 16°33′N, 06°52′E C.

Collector: L. W. Robbins (21 Apr 1971). 

Habitat: “Savanna-like . . . varied area . . . some rocks, 

sandy area, flat—almost hamada area and a bushy 

non-sandy area with some trees.”

Remarks: The standardized USBGN spelling for In-Gall 

is I-n-Gall.

Taxa: Jaculus, Desmodilliscus, Gerbillus, Taterillus.

In-Gall, 120 km S (Map 5: 137).

Coordinates: 15°45′N, 06°36′E C. 

Collector: L. W. Robbins (22 Apr 1971). 

Habitat: “A homogeneous savanna area—not much sand 

and areas of dense bush and grass—areas of open 

flats.”

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis.

Niamey, 45 km NW (Map 5: 140).

Coordinates: 13°48′N, 01°43′E C.

Collector: L. W. Robbins (1 May 1971). 

Habitat: “Savanna without much variety.”

Remarks: Robbins headed northwest from Niamey along 

the Niger River to reach this site.

Taxa: Acomys, Desmodilliscus, Taterillus, Mus.

Niamey, 90 km SE (Map 5: 139).

Coordinates: 13°06′N, 02°47′E C.
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 8 5

Collector: L. W. Robbins (4 May 1971). 

Habitat: “A sandy area—some trees—palm bushes?”

Remarks: The AMP trans-Saharan collecting trip terminated at this locality.

Taxa: Gerbillus, Mastomys.

Tahoua, 25 km S (Map 5: 138).

Coordinates: 14°39′N, 05°22′E C.

Collector: L. W. Robbins (23 Apr 1971). 

Habitat: “Old farm land, some trees and spaced bushes 

and a sandy hill with some vegetation.”

Taxa: Acomys, Desmodilliscus, Gerbillus, Taterillus, 

Mastomys.

Libya

General Remarks. The 84 cardinal localities in Libya (Map 6) document the field efforts of 

Setzer and Gary L. Ranck. Setzer alone undertook a short 

trip to Libya (Mar–May 1961) and briefly accompanied 

Ranck at the start of his 8-month expedition in the country (Nov 1961 to Jun 1962). The success of Ranck’s fieldwork was materially and logistically dependent upon the 

assistance of the U.S. Army, based at Wheelus Air Force 

Base near Tripoli, as well as the U.S. Operations Mission (USOM, Department of State) based at Sebha and 

the British Army. The army was conducting a mapping 

project in Libya at the time of Ranck’s survey, and he 

took advantage of the routes that convoys used during 

the course of their mapping project. This assistance facilitated an expedition into the interior desert that would 

have been otherwise impossible, and on more than one 

instance, an army convoy dramatically arrived to replenish dwindling supplies and alleviated concerned minds. 

Aiad Ali Elwinsi (“Ali” per Ranck’s field journal) served 

as Ranck’s field assistant for most of the Libyan survey 

(Nov 1961 to May 1962), and James H. Shaw later accompanied him to the Cyrenaican Plateau and environs 

in northeastern Libya (May–June 1962).

Coordinates referenced with a P are extracted from 

Ranck (1968) and are given as originally published.

Itineraries. H. W. Setzer: Gasr es Sahabi, 

15 Mar 1961; Bir el Harash, 18 Mar 1961; El Hauuari, 

20 Mar 1961; El Giof, 21–22 Mar 1961; Ain Zueia, 25–

26 Mar 1961; 7 km SW Sebha, 22 Apr 1961; 35 km W 

Messa, 30 Apr 1961; Cyrene, 1 May 1961; 10 km SW 

El Faidia, 3 May 1961; 7 km NE Slonta, 4 May 1961; 

11 km SW Susa, 6 May 1961; 7 km E Maraua, 7 May 

1961; 10 km N Gerdes, 8 May 1961; 2 km W Tocra, 9 

May 1961.

G. L. Ranck and H. W. Setzer: 3 km W Rumia, 11 

Nov 1961; 40 km ENE Nalut, 12 Nov 1961; 40 km N

Sinauen, 13 Nov 1961; 5 km E Derg, 14 Nov 1961; 55 

km SW Bir Allagh, 15 Nov 1961; 5 km N Mizda, 16 Nov 

1961; 20 km N Gharian, 17 Nov 1961.

G. L. Ranck: 7 km S El Gheddahia, 3 Dec 1961; 30 

km S Bu Ngem, 4 Dec 1961; 2 km SW Hun, 5–6 Dec 

1961; Temenhint Oasis, 8–10 Dec 1961; El Abiad Oasis, 

12–15 Dec 1961; 75 km W Ubari, 16 Dec 1961; 55 km 

SSW Serdeles, 17 Dec 1961; Ghat, 18 Dec 1961; El Barcat, 19 Dec 1961; Ghat, 21–25 Dec 1961; 28 km E Murzuch, 4 Jan 1962; El Gatrun, 6–11 Jan 1962; Meseguin 

Oasis, 13–15 Jan 1962; Umm el Araneb, 16 Jan 1962; 

Traghen, 17–18 Jan 1962; 6 km N Murzuch, 19–20 Jan 

1962; Murzuch, 21 Jan 1962; Goddua, 22–23 Jan 1962; 

Wadi en Nesciua, 23 Jan 1962; 26 km N Goddua, 25 Jan 

1962; Sebha, 30 Jan–3 Feb 1962; Brach, 5–8 Feb 1962; 

Edri, 9–10 Feb 1962; Gebel Soda, 12 Feb 1962; 20 km 

E Rumia, 2–4 Mar 1962; 12 km S Chicla, 5 Mar 1962; 

25 km N Gharian, 6 Mar 1962; 5 km E Sirte, 12 Mar 

1962; 4 km S Agedabia, 13 Mar 1962; Augila, 14 Mar 

1962; Gialo Oasis, 15–18 Mar 1962; 150 km S Gialo, 

19 Mar 1962; Bir Bu Seregha, 21–22 Mar 1962; Bir el 

Harash, 28–29 Mar 1962; El Giof, 31 Mar–3 Apr 1962; 

El Hauuari, 3–6 Apr 1962; Bir el Harash, 7–9 Apr 1962; 

Tazerbo Oasis, 11–15 Apr 1962; El Gezira, 16–17 Apr 

1962; Bzema Oasis, 20 Apr 1962; Bir Bu Seregha, 29 

Apr 1962; Wadi er Rueis, 29 Apr 1962; Gebel el Harug el 

Asued, 29 Apr–2 May 1962.

G. L. Ranck and J. H. Shaw: Gulf of Sirte, 20 May 

1962; 20 km SW Agedabia, 21 May 1962; 8 km N Benghazi, 22 May 1962; 20 km SW Tocra, 23 May 1962; 5 

km NW Labrag, 24 May 1962; 11 km E Ain el Gazala, 25 

May 1962; 60 km S Bir el Gobi, 26 May 1962; 120 km 

N Giarabub, 26 May 1962; Giarabub, 27 May 1962; 24 

km SSE Giarabub, 28 May 1962; Bahr el Tubat, 29 May 

1962; 62 km N Giarabub, 30 May 1962; 60 km S[SW] 

Fort Capuzzo, 1 Jun 1962; 10 km SW Fort Capuzzo, 1 Jun 

1962; 5 km W Bardia, 1–2 Jun 1962; 20 km E Tobruch, 

3–4 Jun 1962; 3 km E Derna, 5 Jun 1962; 27 km E Apollonia, 6–7 Jun 1962; 5 km NW Labrag, 8–9 Jun 1962; 12 

km NW Gubba, 10 Jun 1962; Wadi el Kuf, 11 Jun 1962; 5 

km W Tocra, 12–14 Jun 1962; 2 km N Coefia, 15–16 Jun 

1962; 10 km S Agedabia, 18–19 Jun 1962; 15 km WNW 

Marble Arch, 20 Jun 1962; 12 km W Sirte, 21 Jun 1962; 

5 km W Cussabat, 22–23 Jun 1962.

Agedabia, 4 km S, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 181).

Coordinates: 30°44′N, 20°14′E M (AMS, Benga ̄si-A ̄ ugila, 

1:1,000,000).
8 6 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Map 6. African Mammal Project 

cardinal collecting localities 141–229 

in Libya and Chad.

141. Sinauen, 40 km N

142. Nalut, 40 km ENE

143. Derg, 5 km E

144. Bir Allagh, 55 km SW

145. Mizda, 5 km N

146. Rumia, 3 km W

147. Chicla, 12 km S

148. Rumia, 20 km E

149. Gharian, 20 km N

150. Gharian, 25 km N

151. Cussabat, 5 km W

152. El Barcat

153. Ghat

154. Serdeles, 55 km SSW

155. Ubari, 75 km W

156. Edri

157. El Abiad Oasis

158. Goddua, 26 km N

159. Goddua

160. Wadi en Nesciua

161. Murzuch, 6 km N

162. Murzuch

163. Murzuch, 28 km E

164. El Gatrun

165. Traghen

166. Umm el Araneb

167. Meseguin Oasis

168. Sebha

169. Sebha, 7 km SW

170. Temenhint Oasis

171. Brach

172. Gebel Soda

173. Hun, 2 km SW

174. Bu Ngem, 30 km S

175. El Gheddahia, 7 km S

176. Sirte, 12 km W

177. Sirte, 5 km E 190. Messa, 35 km W 204. Fort Capuzzo, 10 km SW 218. El Gezira

178. Gulf of Sirte 191. Wadi el Kuf 205. Fort Capuzzo, 60 km S[SW] 219. Bir Bu Seregha

179. Marble Arch, 15 km 192. Maraua, 7 km E 206. Bir el Gobi, 60 km S 220. Bir el Harash

 WNW 193. Slonta, 7 km NE 207. Giarabub, 120 km N 221. Bzema Oasis

180. Agedabia, 20 km SW 194. El Faidia, 10 km SW 208. Giarabub, 62 km N 222. El Hauuari

181. Agedabia, 4 km S 195. Cyrene 209. Giarabub 223. El Giof

182. Agedabia, 10 km S 196. Susa, 11 km SW 210. Giarabub, 24 km SSE 224. Ain Zueia

183. Gasr es Sahabi 197. Labrag, 5 km NW 211. Bahr el Tubat 225. Zouar

184. Benghazi, 8 km N 198. Gubba, 12 km NW 212. Augila 226. Largeau, 95 km NW

185. Coefia, 2 km N 199. Apollonia, 27 km E 213. Gialo Oasis 227. Ounianga Kebir

186. Tocra, 20 km SW 200. Derna, 3 km E 214. Gialo, 150 km S 228. Faya, 34 mi NE

187. Tocra, 2 km W 201. Ain el Gazala, 11 km E 215. Gebel el Harug el Asued 229. Faya (Largeau)

188. Tocra, 5 km W 202. Tobruch, 20 km E 216. Wadi er Rueis

189. Gerdes, 10 km N 203. Bardia, 5 km W 217. Tazerbo Oasis

100 0 300

Niger

M e d i t e r r a n e a n

Gulf of

141 Sirte

142

143

144

145

146 147,148

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157 158

160

161,162

163

164

165 166

167

159

168,169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

179 180

181

182

183

184

185

186

187,188

189

190-200

{

201

202 203

204

206 205

207 208

209

210

211

212

213

214

215

216

217

218

219

220

221 222

223

224

225

226

227

228

229

Tunisia S e a

Libya

Chad

10E 15E 20E 25E

30N

25N

20N
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 8 7

Collector: G. L. Ranck (13 Mar 1962).

Habitat: “Heavily vegetated (with liliaceous species and 

other perennials) coastal plain . . . rich and varied 

flora of the coastal plain. Soil is alluvial.”

Taxon: Spalax.

Agedabia, 10 km S, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 182).

Coordinates: 30°42′N, 20°19′E P.

Collectors: G. L. Ranck and J. H. Shaw (18–19 Jun 

1962). 

Habitat: “Sparsely vegetated area in region of encroaching 

sand. Eucalyptus, large grass and some clumpy perennials” (GLR).

Remarks: On 18 Jun, two specimens of Jaculus were collected 10 km SW Agedabia according to their specimen labels, although this was not indicated in Ranck’s 

field catalog.

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Psammomys.

Agedabia, 20 km SW, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 180).

Coordinates: 30°36′N, 20°07′E P.

Collectors: G. L. Ranck and J. H. Shaw (21 May 1962).

Habitat: “Vegetated hummocks and barren slopes of roadside—the substrate here was extremely hard and in 

many places cracks and fissures were present. Fleshy 

chenopods, several species of dry annuals and Triticum

sp.” (GLR).

Remarks: Ranck reported seeing several mole rat mounds 

a short distance from camp.

Taxa: Spalax, Psammomys.

Ain el Gazala, 11 km E, Cyrenaica Province 

(Map 6: 201).

Coordinates: 32°08′N, 23°31′E P.

Collectors: G. L. Ranck and J. H. Shaw (25 May 1962). 

Habitat: “Very large hummocks supporting a species of 

thorn bush” (GLR).

Remarks: Ranck and Shaw encamped on the coast highway, about 8 km south of the Mediterranean and 89 

km west of Tóbruch.

Taxa: Gerbillus, Meriones.

Ain Zueia, Gebel Uweinat, Cyrenaica Province 

(Map 6: 224).

Coordinates: 21°53′N, 24°50′E P (21°52′N, 24°50′E G, as 

‘Ayn Zuwayyah).

Collector: H. W. Setzer (25–26 Mar 1961).

Habitat: No information available.

Taxa: Jaculus; Gazella.

Apollonia, 27 km E, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 199).

Coordinates: 32°52′N, 22°25′E M (AMS, Beda Littoria, 

1:250,000).

Collectors: G. L. Ranck and J. H. Shaw (6–7 Jun 1962). 

Habitat: “Mesic niche near coastline. The source of this 

moisture is a sizable spring which exudes from a large 

wadi on the coastal escarpment . . . Phragmites, emergent grasses, date palms, large bushes (several species), 

and plantains (Plantaga) . . . sedges, Pinus a species 

reminiscent of Juniperus (possibly Cypressus) several 

different species of evergreen shrubs . . . a habitat that 

is rocky in character and supports several species of 

evergreen trees and shrubs” (GLR).

Remarks: Ranck and Shaw camped at an “Italian Mission 

located near an impressive agricultural area known 

as ‘viedi’ [sic],” in close proximity to the source of a 

number of springs. This mesic area yielded their first 

shrew collected in Libya, a specimen of Crocidura

aleksandrisi that according to the specimen label, 

originated from 20 km E Apollonia. They also collected their first Rattus rattus in this same lush environment. Apollonia is an archaic name for what is 

now Su ̄ sah.

Taxa: Gerbillus, Mus, Rattus; Crocidura.

Augila, Gialo Oasis, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 212).

Coordinates: 29°09′N, 21°14′E P (29°06′N, 21°17′E G, 

as Awjilah).

Collector: G. L. Ranck (14 Mar 1962). 

Habitat: “Debris-ridden sand at bases of date palms . . . 

sparsely vegetated dunes in midst of barren hamada 

. . . unidentified perennial and date palms . . . sandy 

areas at bases of date palms.”

Remarks: Augila is the northernmost oasis of the Gialo 

complex. Ranck was forced to prepare specimens in 

his vehicle because of a raging sandstorm.

Taxon: Gerbillus.

Bahr el Tubat, 21 km ESE Giarabub, Cyrenaica Province 

(Map 6: 211).

Coordinates: 29°36′N, 24°53′E P (29°37′N, 24°51′E G, as 

Bahr al Tu ̄ ba ̄t).

Collectors: G. L. Ranck and J. H. Shaw (29 May 1962). 

Habitat: “Large vegetated hummocks and ‘clumpy’ vegetation in localized depression. Large woody perennial 

on hummocks, smaller, spiny perennial throughout 

depression . . . encrusted area supporting Phragmites. 

Plants—as before, plus Phragmites and occasional 

date palms” (GLR).
8 8 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Remarks: Bahr el Tubat was described as a saline lake containing “crystalline clear” water in Ranck’s journal. 

Ranck and Shaw collected two Otonycteris in their 

trapline among tall reeds.

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones; Otonycteris.

Bardia, 5 km W, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 203).

Coordinates: 31°46′N, 25°06′E P.

Collectors: G. L. Ranck and J. H. Shaw (1–2 Jun 1962). 

Habitat: “Large, flood resistant elevations of the wadi 

near the bottom of a large wadi. A thorny bushy perennial.” (GLR).

Taxa: Gerbillus, Psammomys.

Benghazi, 8 km N, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 184).

Coordinates: 32°11′N, 20°06′E P.

Collectors: G. L. Ranck and J. H. Shaw (22 May 1962). 

Habitat: “Hummocky areas of coastal plain about 1 km 

from the sea. Several species of succulent perennials” 

(Figure 28) (GLR).

Remarks: The team established camp on the outskirts of 

Benghazi on the road to Barce (Al Marj G) and Tocra.

Taxa: Jaculus, Spalax, Gerbillus, Meriones.

Bir Allagh, 55 km SW, Tripolitania Province (Map 6: 144).

Coordinates: 30°45′N, 11°31′E P.

Collectors: G. L. Ranck and H. W. Setzer (15 Nov 1961). 

Habitat: “Very large hummocks supporting a species of 

thornbush” (GLR).

Remarks: The locality on two specimens is labeled as 55 

km W Bir Allagh (Bi’r Alla ̄q G).

Taxa: Jaculus, Meriones, Pachyuromys.

Figure 28. Libya, Benghazi, 8 km N: Coastal plain (photograph by G. L. Ranck, Mar 1962).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 8 9

Bir Bu Seregha, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 219).

Coordinates: 25°34′N, 22°15′E G (as Bir Bu Zurayyiq; see 

Remarks).

Collector: G. L. Ranck (21–22 Mar, 29 Apr 1962). 

Habitat: “The flora consists of only five trees—three date 

palms, one Eucalyptus, and one small castor bean tree 

[Figure 29]. Emergent grasses and annual or small perennial plants are totally lacking . . . in midst of barren hamada . . . by digging a very shallow hole in the 

base of the sand dune near camp, water could be readily obtained.”

Remarks: In his field catalog, Ranck referred to this locality as Bir Bu Zereigh, but he labeled his specimens as 

Bir Bu Seregha. The USBGN contains an entry for Bir 

Bu Zerreigh and gives its standardized spelling as Bir 

Bu Zurayyiq. Ranck camped in the midst of a “very 

small seep known as Bir Bu Seregha,” about 470 

km south of Gialo. He described the bir as a “little 

mesic niche in the interior of this tremendous desert 

[that] is truly inviting.” Ranck’s trap success at this 

locality dropped to zero on 22 Mar, leading him to 

suppose that he had collected “most if not all of the 

active adults in this restricted habitat.” Later on the 

same date, Ranck set traps roughly 20 km N Bir Bu 

Seregha at a locality he described as “sparsely vegetated dunes in otherwise barren hamada” but without success. Ranck apparently passed through Bir Bu 

Seregha again on 29 Apr, collecting a single lizard 

(GLR 2114).

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus.

Bir el Gobi, 60 km S, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 206).

Coordinates: 31°N, 24°13′E P.

Collectors: G. L. Ranck and J. H. Shaw (26 May 1962). 

Figure 29. Libya, Bir Bu Seregha (Mar–Apr 1962).
9 0 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Habitat: “Vegetation occupying the bottom of a shallow 

wadi. Shrubs, small clumpy perennials and a species 

of grass” (GLR).

Taxon: Meriones.

Bir el Harash, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 220).

Coordinates: 25°30′N, 22°06′E P, G.

Collectors: H. W. Setzer (18 Mar 1961); G. L. Ranck (28–

29 Mar, 7–9 Apr 1962).

Habitat: “Large date palm . . . doubtlessly of great age. 

The traps were set among the debris and fallen fronds 

of several palm trees, all of which are old” (GLR).

Remarks: Ranck camped at an army base camp, located 

16 km southwest of Bir el Harash. He noted that “this 

‘bir’ is much more extensive than Bir Bu Seregha and 

the opportunities for trapping are vastly improved.” 

He found poor trapping success on his first visit and 

no success on his second visit. Tags on specimens collected by Setzer are labeled “Bir el Harash,” while 

Ranck’s are spelled “Bir el Harasc.”

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus.

Brach, Fezzan Province (Map 6: 171).

Coordinates: 27°33′N, 14°15′E P (27°32′N, 14°17′E G, 

as Biråk).

Collector: G. L. Ranck (5–8 Feb 1962). 

Habitat: “Marshy area along flowing spring—emergent 

grasses and sedges . . . Phragmites [Figure 30] . . . clover 

(Trifolium) . . . debris and fallen palm fronds at bases 

of date palms . . . agricultural area (garden) . . . sandy 

area among isolated date palms . . . barren hamada.”

Remarks: Ranck set up camp about 4 km west of what he 

referred to as the oasis headquarters. The area around 

Brach was so heavily populated that he had some 

Figure 30. Libya, Brach: Phragmites growing near Brach, probably the most “lush” of all the Fezzanese oases (photograph by G. L. Ranck, 

Feb 1962).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 9 1

difficulty in finding a camp site free of gardens. On 5 

Feb, Ranck set traps in a large concentration of Phragmites “about 2 km from the campsite.”

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones, Mus.

Bu Ngem, 30 km S, Tripolitania Province (Map 6: 174).

Coordinates: 30°19′N, 15°19′E P.

Collector: G. L. Ranck (4 Dec 1961). 

Habitat: “Concentrations of sand dunes that support an 

occasional bush of Calligonum.”

Remarks: This camp was at the Wadi Ber el Chaib. To the 

west were “some prodigious dunes almost mountainous in character, that rise probably 500 feet [150 m].”

Taxon: Gerbillus.

Bzema Oasis, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 221).

Coordinates: 24°55′N, 22°02′E P, G.

Collector: G. L. Ranck (20 Apr 1962). 

Habitat: “Date palms and sedge-like grass . . . extensive 

alkaline bog.”

Remarks: Bzema Oasis is located about 80 km southwest 

of Bir Bu Seregha in the Sand Sea of Rebiana (Ramlat 

Rabya ̄nah G). Ranck was impressed with the isolation 

of the oasis and also its position within the “confines 

of the great sand sea.”

Taxon: Gerbillus.

Chicla, 12 km S, Tripolitania Province (Map 6: 147).

Coordinates: 31°57′N, 12°43′E M (AMS, Tripoli-Socna, 

1:1,000,000).

Collector: G. L. Ranck (5 Mar 1962).

Habitat: “Clumps of grass associated with smaller emergent grasses—transient dunes and barren rocky areas 

are interspersed throughout the trap line . . . occasional liliaceous species.”

Remarks: Ranck unsuccessfully attempted to collect gundis south of Chicla (32°05′N, 12°42′E G, as Kiklah).

Taxa: Gerbillus, Pachyuromys, Mus.

Coefia, 2 km N, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 185).

Coordinates: 32°14′N, 20°11′E P.

Collectors: G. L. Ranck and J. H. Shaw (15–16 Jun 1962). 

Habitat: “Vegetated hillocks interspersed with barren 

clay—sand patches . . . thorny annual, fleshy perennial reminiscent of Saliconia . . . Sandy area near 

coastline supporting Vitus, Ficus, and Calligonum, 

sandy area bordering an extensive region of sedges 

and hillocks” (GLR).

Remarks: This site was situated between extensive coastal 

dunes and heavily vegetated dry lake beds. Ranck 

and Shaw set a trapline in the coastal dunes and then 

another line in a patch of sedges about 1 km east of 

camp. They had their first success using steel traps 

and their first specimen of a sand fox when they collected a Vulpes vulpes in an elevated portion of the 

coastal plain. Trapping in the vegetated hillocks was 

also quite successful. The standardized USBGN spelling for Coefia is Al Kuwayfı ̄yah.

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones; Lepus; Vulpes.

Cussabat, 5 km W, Tripolitania Province (Map 6: 151).

Coordinates: 32°35′N, 13°58′E P.

Collectors: G. L. Ranck and J. H. Shaw (22–23 Jun 1962). 

Habitat: “Rocky outcroppings and sparsely vegetated 

slopes of large wadi. An occasional date palm, a small, 

narrow-leafed perennial being far more abundant . . . 

same as previous but confined entirely to cliffs and 

rocky outcroppings [Figure 31]. Narrow leafed perennial” (GLR).

Remarks: Ranck and Shaw camped in a large wadi to the 

west of Cussabat. Here they collected a good series 

of Ctenodactylus, and to Ranck’s great surprise, they 

also collected an Elephantulus rozeti, which he termed 

the most “valuable mammal taken to date.”

Taxa: Elephantulus; Gerbillus, Mus, Ctenodactylus.

Cyrene, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 195).

Coordinates: 32°50′N, 21°52′E G (as Shahha ̄t; see Remarks).

Collector: H. W. Setzer (1 May 1961).

Habitat: No information available.

Remarks: Shahha ̄t has replaced Cyrene as the name for 

this locality.

Taxon: Mus.

Derg, 5 km E, Tripolitania Province (Map 6: 143).

Coordinates: 30°12′N, 10°29′E P.

Collectors: G. L. Ranck and H. W. Setzer (14 Nov 1961).

Habitat: “Shallow ‘wadi’ bearing a few hillocks of sand and 

other areas of denuded, heterogeneous rocks and boulders . . . Calligonum sp. crowned sandy hummocks” 

(GLR).

Remarks: According to Ranck’s field journal, he and Setzer 

drove generally north from Derg, which direction disagrees with specimen labels for this locality.

Taxa: Gerbillus, Meriones, Pachyuromys; Gazella.

Derna, 3 km E, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 200).

Coordinates: 32°44′N, 22°40′E P.

Collectors: G. L. Ranck and J. H. Shaw (5 Jun 1962). 
9 2 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Habitat: “Hard, rocky coastal plain bearing a scanty vegetative cover. Several species of clumpy perennials . . . 

sparsely growing wheat fields” (GLR).

Remarks: Ranck and Shaw selected a “denuded coastal 

plain to the east of town” for a campsite. In spite of 

the barrenness of the terrain, Ranck was surprised 

by the excellent trapping success. The standardized 

USBGN spelling for Derna is Darnah. In his publication, Ranck (1968) gave the locality modifier as 

“5 km SE,” although all specimen labels site the locality as “3 km E.” The former locality was visited by 

Setzer in 1955.

Taxa: Gerbillus, Meriones, Mus.

Edri, Fezzan Province (Map 6: 156).

Coordinates: 27°32′N, 13°12′E P (27°30′N, 13°16′E G, 

as Adı ̄rı ̄).

Collector: G. L. Ranck (9–10 Feb 1962). 

Habitat: “Sandy debris and fallen palm fronds, barren 

hamada, date palms . . . vegetated dunes, sandy depression at bases of date palms in area of encroaching 

sand, barren hamada with scanty hillocks of Tamarix

and unidentified perennial.”

Remarks: In his journal, Ranck located the camp at Wadi esc 

Sciati (27°30′N, 13°15′E G), although specimen labels 

do not mention this name. A trapline was set about 1 

km west of camp in some vegetated dunes, and another 

was set in some isolated Tamarix closer to camp.

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones.

El Abiad Oasis, 60 km SW Sebha, Fezzan Province 

(Map 6: 157).

Coordinates: 26°46′N, 14°00′E P (26°45′N, 14°01′E G, 

as Al Abyad).

Collector: G. L. Ranck (12–15 Dec 1961). 

Habitat: “Sandy soil associated with debris and fallen 

palm fronds at bases of date palms (P. dactylifera) 

[Figure 32] . . . Tamarix . . . localized rock strewn 

area surrounded by barren sandy plain . . . Isolated 

dunes bearing scanty vegetation.”

Figure 31. Libya, Cussabat, 5 km W (photograph by G. L. Ranck, Jun 1962).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 9 3

Remarks: On 12 Dec, Ranck secured the aid of a Bedouin 

to guide them to a location frequented by fennecs; 

they had no luck in trapping or smoking them out.

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus.

El Barcat, Fezzan Province (Map 6: 152).

Coordinates: 24°53′N, 10°11′E G.

Collector: G. L. Ranck (19, 25 Dec 1961). 

Habitat: “Vegetated dunes. Unknown grass, date palms, 

Tamarix, and Calotropus (milkweed-tree-like).”

Remarks: Ranck made collections at El Barcat while 

camped at Ghat (18–25 Dec). On 20 Dec, he and Ali 

hired a local resident to guide them into the interior 

of the gebel to collect Barbary sheep (Ammotragus

lervia), but they had no success. Ranck purchased a 

Canis aureus at Ghat that was collected at El Barcat 

by a local resident on 25 Dec.

Taxa: Acomys, Gerbillus; Canis.

El Faidia, 10 km SW, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 194).

Coordinates: 32°39′N, 21°50′E M (AMS, Benga ̄si, 

1:1,000,000).

Collector: H. W. Setzer (3 May 1961).

Habitat: No information available.

Remarks: Coordinates for El Faidia are 32°41′N, 21°54′E 

G (as Al Fa ̄’idı ̄yah).

Taxon: Mus.

El Gatrun, Fezzan Province (Map 6: 164).

Coordinates: 24°57′N,14°39′E P (24°56′N,14°38′E G, as 

Al Qat ̧ru ̄ n).

Collector: G. L. Ranck (6–11 Jan 1962).

Habitat: “Sand and fallen fronds at bases of date palms 

. . . vegetated dunes . . . large dunes supporting date 

palms [Figure 33] . . . clumps of Tamarix.”

Remarks: Ranck described the difficult approach to El 

Gatrun: “Throughout the entire course of this vast 

Figure 32. Libya, El Abiad Oasis (photograph by G. L. Ranck, Dec 1961).
9 4 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

sand sea (150 km) there is not even the slightest irregularity in the landscape.” Camp was situated 4 km south 

of the village near the oasis. During their stay they 

drove to several trapping sites up to 2 km from camp, 

although the locality of all specimens is designated El 

Gatrun. Half of their trapping success can be attributed 

to the specimens provided by one of the townsmen.

Taxa: Eliomys, Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones; Canis.

El Gezira, Tazerbo Oasis, Cyrenaica Province 

(Map 6: 218).

Coordinates: 25°42′N, 21°07′E G.

Collector: G. L. Ranck (16–17 Apr 1962). 

Habitat: “Undulating, sandy plain supporting a yellowish brown grass in form of stubble . . . debris ridden 

sandy areas at bases of date palms.”

Remarks: On 15 Apr, Ranck and Ali located El Gezira, 

“the largest and best known oasis in the Tazerbo 

system,” which was situated deep in the interior of 

Tazerbo Oasis. They made camp there and set out a 

trapline among the litter and debris associated with 

some dense concentrations of palms.

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus.

El Gheddahia, 7 km S, Tripolitania Province 

(Map 6: 175).

Coordinates: 31°23′N, 15°12′E P.

Collector: G. L. Ranck (3 Dec 1961). 

Habitat: “Semi-denuded wadi with sporadic clumps of vegetation . . . Calligonum sp., thornbush, fleshy chenopod 

. . . and other woody chenopods.”

Remarks: The standardized USBGN spelling for El Gheddahia is Al Qadda ̄hı ̄yah.

Taxa: Jaculus, Pachyuromys, Mus.

El Giof, Cufra Oasis, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 223).

Coordinates: 24°11′N, 23°19′E P (24°12′N, 23°18′E G, 

as Al Jawf).

Figure 33. Libya, El Gatrun (photograph by G. L. Ranck, Jan 1962).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 9 5

Collectors: H. W. Setzer (21–22 Mar 1961); G. L. Ranck 

(31 Mar–3 Apr 1962).

Habitat: “An extensive area of marsh and bog . . . marshy 

area near open water . . . sparsely vegetated plain and 

litter associated with date palms . . . species of grass 

. . . sandy area associated with date palms, marshy area 

at margins of slough . . . rushes and sedges” (GLR).

Remarks: The USBGN spelling for Cufra Oasis is Al 

Kufrah.

Taxa: Jaculus, Acomys, Gerbillus, Mus.

El Hauuari, Cufra Oasis, Cyrenaica Province 

(Map 6: 222).

Coordinates: 24°21′N, 23°14′E P (24°19′N, 23°10′E G, 

as Al Hawwa ̄rı ̄).

Collectors: H. W. Setzer (20 Mar 1961); G. L. Ranck (3–6 

Apr 1962).

Habitat: “Sandy areas at bases of palm trees, sparsely 

vegetated dunes . . . date palms, small dried perennials, mesic area near marsh with sedges or rushes” 

(GLR).

Remarks: Promptly upon arriving at El Hauuari, Ranck 

collected a fennec near the western margin of the oasis, 

close to where they camped and where the palms gave 

way to the open desert. On the evening of the 5 Apr 

1962, Ranck drove to the interior of the oasis to set a 

trapline among the vegetation near the marsh.

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Mus; Vulpes.

Fort Capuzzo, 10 km SW, Cyrenaica Province 

(Map 6: 204).

Coordinates: 31°31′N, 24°59′E P.

Collectors: G. L. Ranck and J. H. Shaw (1 Jun 1962). 

Habitat: “Sandy depression in tablelands near the coast—

transition desert . . . shrub-like perennials. The soil 

here, unlike that of the surrounding tablelands, is of a 

sandy character” (GLR).

Remarks: The AMP party camped “abreast the tablelands 

that abut upon the coastal plain a few kilometers to 

the north.” Fort Capuzzo (31°35′N, 25°03′E G 1958, 

as Ridotta Capuzzo) has been replaced by the settlement now known as Musa ̄’id (31°36′N, 25°03′E G).

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones.

Fort Capuzzo, 60 km S[SW], Cyrenaica Province 

(Map 6: 205).

Coordinates: 31°08′N, 24°49′E M (WAC, Libyan Plateau, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: G. L. Ranck and J. H. Shaw (1 Jun 1962). 

Habitat: No information available.

Remarks: This locality should be properly indicated as 

SSW of Fort Capuzzo (Ridotta Capuzzo on WAC); 60 

km due south places the locality in Egypt.

Taxon: Lepus.

Gasr es Sahabi, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 183).

Coordinates: 30°01′N, 20°45′E P (30°01′N, 20°48′E G, as 

Hisn as Saha ̄bı ̄).

Collector: H. W. Setzer (15 Mar 1961).

Habitat: No information available.

Taxon: Gerbillus.

Gebel el Harug el Asued, 200 km SE Zella, Cyrenaica 

Province (Map 6: 215).

Coordinates: 27°05′N, 17°45′E P (27°00′N, 17°10′E G).

Collector: G. L. Ranck (29 Apr–2 May 1962).

Habitat: “A sparsely vegetated wadi [with a] hard packed 

substrate . . . Acacia and a species of very dry grass.”

Remarks: Ranck’s field catalog and labels for the Ammotragus and Gazella specimens include the additional locality modifier Wadi Bel Hed An, although 

this place-name is not indicated on the Gerbillus

labels.

Taxa: Gerbillus; Gazella, Ammotragus.

Gebel Soda, 60 km S Socna, Tripolitania Province 

(Map 6: 172).

Coordinates: 28°37′N, 15°28′E P (28°40′N, 15°30′E G, as 

Jabal as Sawda ̄’).

Collector: G. L. Ranck (12 Feb 1962). 

Habitat: “Small wadi in midst of barren rocks . . . 

sporadic distribution of Acacia and other small 

perennials.”

Remarks: In his field journal, Ranck placed his camp at 

the “southern ramparts of the Gebel es Soda.”

Taxon: Gerbillus.

Gerdes, 10 km N, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 189).

Coordinates: 32°24′N, 20°56′E P. 

Collector: H. W. Setzer (8 May 1961).

Habitat: No information available.

Remarks: The standardized USBGN spelling for Gerdes is 

Gerdes el-Abíd.

Taxa: Gerbillus; Lepus.

Gharian, 20 km N, Tripolitania Province (Map 6: 149).

Coordinates: 32°20′N, 13°03′E M (AMS, Tripoli-Socna, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: G. L. Ranck and H. W. Setzer (17 Nov 1961). 

Habitat: “Thornbush associated with wadi” (GLR).
9 6 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Remarks: Coordinates for Gharian are 32°10′N, 13°01′E 

G (as Gharya ̄n).

Taxon: Gerbillus.

Gharian, 25 km N, Tripolitania Province (Map 6: 150).

Coordinates: 32°25′N, 13°03′E P.

Collector: G. L. Ranck (6 Mar 1962). 

Habitat: “Vegetated dunes, large grass.”

Remarks: Ranck descended the escarpment at Jefren 

and camped near the base of the escarpment north 

of Gharian, on the coastal lowlands. Specimen labels 

from this locality are misspelled as “Garian.”

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus.

Ghat, Fezzan Province (Map 6: 153).

Coordinates: 24°58′N, 10°11′E G.

Collector: G. L. Ranck (18, 21–25 Dec 1961). 

Habitat: “Sandy areas at bases of palm trees and Tamarix. . . vegetated dunes, debris strewn depressions at 

bases of date palms and Tamarix . . . sandy areas at 

bases of Acacia trees . . . sandy areas with rocky outcrops.”

Remarks: Most specimens were taken in the immediate 

vicinity of Ghat. On 24 Dec, a few were collected 

at 20 km N Ghat (25°08′N, 10°11′E P) according 

to specimen labels; this locality is not mentioned 

in Ranck’s catalog or journal. On 25 Dec, collections were made 12 km N Ghat in “vegetated dunes 

in a small wadi with Acacia and an unidentified 

grass.” Ranck’s field catalog for 18 Dec contains 

an interrupted sequence for locality series: field 

numbers 1,065–1,079 and 1,116–1,124 refer to 

specimens taken at Ghat, whereas numbers 1,080–

1,115 were assigned to those obtained on 16 and 

17 Dec at 75 km W Ubari and 55 km SSW Serdeles, 

respectively.

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones.

Gialo Oasis, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 213).

Coordinates: 29°15′N, 21°14′E P (29°02′N, 21°33′E G, 

as Ja ̄lu ̄ ).

Collector: G. L. Ranck (15–18 Mar 1962).

Habitat: “Debris-ridden sand at bases of date palms . . . 

sparsely vegetated dunes in midst of barren hamada 

. . . unidentified perennial.”

Remarks: Ranck and Ali camped near some Tamarix and 

date palms in the central part of the oasis. A raging 

sandstorm had little effect upon their trapping success 

as they collected a large series of rodents. On the evening of 15 Mar, they trapped in the dunes and palms 

close to camp and in the dunes at the periphery of the 

oasis.

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus.

Gialo, 150 km S, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 214).

Coordinates: 27°43′N, 21°05′E P.

Collector: G. L. Ranck (19 Mar 1962). 

Habitat: “Barren hamada . . . vegetation: none.”

Remarks: This camp was located “in the interior of the 

Serir of Calanscio” (Sarı ̄r Kalanshiyu ̄ G) along the 

main Cufra track.

Taxon: Gerbillus.

Giarabub, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 209).

Coordinates: 29°45′N, 24°33′E P (29°45′N, 24°31′E G, 

as Al Jaghbu ̄ b).

Collectors: G. L. Ranck and J. H. Shaw (27 May 1962). 

Habitat: “Sandy areas at bases of isolated date palms . . . 

Tamarix and a fleshy succulent perennial—probably a 

chenopod” (GLR).

Remarks: Ranck and Shaw set up camp in a sandy depression near the oasis.

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones, Mus.

Giarabub, 24 km SSE, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 210).

Coordinates: 29°34′N, 24°42′E P.

Collectors: G. L. Ranck and J. H. Shaw (28 May 1962). 

Habitat: “Large vegetated hummocks and ‘clumpy’ vegetation in localized depression . . . large woody perennial 

on hummocks, smaller, spiny perennial throughout 

depression” (GLR).

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones.

Giarabub, 62 km N, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 208).

Coordinates: 30°17′N, 24°29′E M (WAC, Libyan Plateau, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: G. L. Ranck and J. H. Shaw (30 May 1962). 

Habitat: No information available.

Taxon: Gazella.

Giarabub, 120 km N, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 207).

Coordinates: 30°47′N, 24°18′E M (WAC, Libyan Plateau, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: G. L. Ranck and J. H. Shaw (26 May 1962). 

Habitat: No information available.

Taxon: Gazella.

Goddua, Fezzan Province (Map 6: 159).

Coordinates: 26°25′N, 14°19′E P (26°26′N, 14°18′E G, 

as Ghaddu ̄ wah).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 9 7

Collector: G. L. Ranck (22–23 Jan 1962). 

Habitat: “Large dunes supporting heavy growths of date 

palms.”

Taxa: Eliomys, Gerbillus, Mus; Vulpes.

Goddua, 26 km N, Fezzan Province (Map 6: 158).

Coordinates: 26°38′N, 14°25′E P.

Collector: G. L. Ranck (25 Jan 1962).

Habitat: No information available.

Taxon: Meriones.

Gubba, 12 km NW, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 198).

Coordinates: 32°51′N, 22°10′E P.

Collectors: G. L. Ranck and J. H. Shaw (10 Jun 1962). 

Habitat: “Numerous aquatic types of plants including Typha sedges and emergent grasses . . . on wadi 

slopes a bushy species . . . mesophytic vegetation associated with flowing stream and vegetated slopes of 

same wadi” (GLR).

Remarks: Ranck and Shaw trapped here at a large wadi 

that penetrated the coastal scarp. The archaic name 

for Gubba is Giovanni Berta and the Arabic name is 

Al Qubbah.

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Mus, Rattus; Lepus.

Gulf of Sirte, 20 km E Sirte, Tripolitania Province 

(Map 6: 178).

Coordinates: 31°11′N, 16°47′E P.

Collectors: G. L. Ranck and J. H. Shaw (20 May 1962). 

Habitat: “Sandy areas adjacent to beach . . . date palms, 

Vitus (wild grapes), a species of sedge, and a succulent 

plant” (GLR).

Remarks: The standardized USBGN spelling of Sirte is 

Surt.

Taxon: Mus.

Hun, 2 km SW, Tripolitania Province (Map 6: 173).

Coordinates: 29°07′N, 15°55′E P.

Collector: G. L. Ranck (5–6 Dec 1961). 

Habitat: “Large hillocks of sand (8–10 feet [2.4–3.0 m] 

high) supporting dense growths of an unidentified 

woody perennial (averaging 2 feet [0.6 m] in height) 

[Figure 34]—vegetated dunes . . . pure stand of Tamarix [on one of the hillocks] . . . isolated date palms, 

Phoenix dactylifera.”

Remarks: Ranck noted that Hun was at the northern ramparts of the Gebel Soda. Because of the “rich yield” 

from the first night’s trapline, he decided to remain at 

this site another evening.

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones; Vulpes.

Labrag, 5 km NW, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 197).

Coordinates: 32°49′N, 21°57′E M (WAC, Kríti (West), 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: G. L. Ranck and J. H. Shaw (24 May, 8–9 Jun 

1962).

Habitat: “Vegetated plain—hard impervious soil . . . 

clumpy perennials . . . localized seep in bottom of 

large wadi and densely vegetated slopes of same wadi 

near seep—species similar to watercress on slopes . . . 

several bushy species, one resembling manzanita . . . 

vegetated uplands in region containing ruins of the 

ancient Greek civilizations—Cirene . . . large thistle 

and a thorny-bush-like perennial” (GLR).

Remarks: The single Gerbillus specimen taken on the 24 

May visit was labeled as 4 km W Labrag (Al Abraq 

G), and a Pipistrellus pipistrellus taken on 8 Jun was 

labeled 5 km SW Labrag. The locality on all other 

specimens appears as “5 km NW Labrag.” We estimated our coordinates relative to the map point identified by the USBGN coordinates given for Labrag 

(32°47′N, 22°00′E G, as Al Abraq).

Taxa: Jaculus, Spalax, Gerbillus, Mus; Lepus; Pipistrellus; 

Vulpes.

Maraua, 7 km E, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 192).

Coordinates: 32°31′N, 21°28′E P.

Collector: H. W. Setzer (7 May 1961).

Habitat: No information available.

Remarks: The standardized USBGN spelling for Maraua 

is Mara ̄ wah.

Taxa: Meriones, Mus.

Marble Arch, 15 km WNW, Tripolitania Province 

(Map 6: 179).

Coordinates: 30°33′N, 18°28′E P.

Collectors: G. L. Ranck and J. H. Shaw (20 Jun 1962). 

Habitat: “Bottom and slopes of large wadi—large, conspicuous vegetated hillocks of sandy-clay composition 

in wadi proper—this vegetative pattern transforms on 

the margins of the wadi to a more close-­growing type 

supported on small mounds of sandy-clay. In one section of the trapline numerous small rocks are scattered 

throughout the area and loose, uncompacted sand is 

present . . . thorny perennial (large hummocks­), Calligonum (small mounds), other woody perennials” (GLR).

Remarks: The AMP crew selected a large wadi near the 

point where it emerged onto the coastal plain to set up 

their camp. The Marble Arch is referred to in Arabic 

as Al Qaws.

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones, Pachyuromys; Vulpes.
9 8 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Meseguin Oasis, Fezzan Province (Map 6: 167).

Coordinates: 26°09′N, 14°58′E P (26°08′N, 14°58′E G, 

as Meseqwı ̄n).

Collector: G. L. Ranck (13–15 Jan 1962).

Habitat: “Sand and fallen palm fronds . . . scantily vegetated sand hillocks . . . date palms and unidentified 

perennial . . . thorny perennial.”

Remarks: The camp at Meseguin Oasis was located about 

15 km west of Zuila (26°10′N, 15°07′E G).

Taxa: Gerbillus, Meriones, Mus.

Messa, 35 km W, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 190).

Coordinates: 32°44′N, 21°13′E P.

Collector: H. W. Setzer (30 Apr 1961).

Habitat: No information available.

Remarks: The standardized USBGN spelling of Messa is 

Massah.

Taxon: Mus.

Mizda, 5 km N, Tripolitania Province (Map 6: 145).

Coordinates: 31°30′N, 12°59′E P.

Collectors: G. L. Ranck and H. W. Setzer (16 Nov 1961). 

Habitat: “Large eroded wadi, occasional large hummocks 

. . . two species of thornbush” (GLR).

Remarks: The standardized USBGN spelling of Mizda is 

Mizdah.

Taxa: Gerbillus, Meriones.

Murzuch, Fezzan Province (Map 6: 162).

Coordinates: 25°55′N, 13°55′E P (25°54′N, 13°54′E G, 

as Murzuq).

Collector: G. L. Ranck (21 Jan 1962). 

Habitat: “Sandy areas associated with date palms . . . 

actually a date orchard.”

Remarks: More than half of the specimens obtained at this 

locality were given to Ranck by local residents.

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Mus.

Figure 34. Libya, Hun, 2 km SW: Vegetated “hummock”—thorny perennial, burrows abundant; traps yield G. gerbillus and Meriones

(photograph by G. L. Ranck, Dec 1961).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 9 9

Murzuch, 6 km N, Fezzan Province (Map 6: 161).

Coordinates: 25°57′N, 13°55′E M (AMS, Sebha, 

1:1,000,000).

Collector: G. L. Ranck (19–20 Jan 1962). 

Habitat: “Sandy-clay hillocks and debris beneath date 

palms . . . unidentified perennial . . . Tamarix and 

mis­cellaneous other woody shrubs. [This oasis featured a] type of ‘playa’ lake similar to those of the 

American west—salt crystals are abundant . . . ‘open’ 

water.”

Taxa: Gerbillus; Lepus.

Murzuch, 28 km E, Fezzan Province (Map 6: 163).

Coordinates: 25°55′N, 14°12′E P.

Collector: G. L. Ranck (4 Jan 1962). 

Habitat: “Hillocks supporting date palms.”

Taxa: Eliomys, Gerbillus, Meriones, Mus.

Nalut, 40 km ENE, Tripolitania Province (Map 6: 142).

Coordinates: 32°01′N, 11°22′E P.

Collectors: G. L. Ranck and H. W. Setzer (12 Nov 1961). 

Habitat: “Sandy with numerous hummocks . . . Calligonum sp.” (GLR).

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones.

Rumia, 3 km W, Tripolitania Province (Map 6: 146).

Coordinates: 31°59′N, 12°30′E P.

Collectors: G. L. Ranck and H. W. Setzer (11 Nov 1961). 

Habitat: “Clay . . . rocky areas containing scanty vegetation . . . transient dunes . . . woody chenopods, a distinct liliaceous species confined largely to the dunes, 

small ephemerals” (GLR).

Remarks: Camp was established “near the brink of the 

escarpment” that separated the coastal plain from the 

interior plateau. The standardized USBGN spelling 

for Rumia is Ar Ru ̄mı ̄yah.

Taxa: Gerbillus, Pachyuromys.

Rumia, 20 km E, Tripolitania Province (Map 6: 148).

Coordinates: 31°58′N, 12°44′E P.

Collector: G. L. Ranck (2–4 Mar 1962). 

Habitat: “Rocky outcrops on sides of small wadi with occasional patches of shifting sand . . . boulder strewn 

habitat . . . occasional emergent grasses . . . liliaceous 

species [Figure 35], grasses, woody perennials.”

Remarks: Ranck camped “at the brink of the Gebel Jefren,” 

an area that provided favorable habitat for gundis. He 

thus devoted considerable effort to hunting and trapping 

for them and ultimately collected his first series here.

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Pachyuromys, Ctenodactylus.

Sebha, Fezzan Province (Map 6: 168).

Coordinates: 27°00′N, 14°27′E P (27°02′N, 14°26′E G, 

as Sabha ̄).

Collector: G. L. Ranck (30 Jan–3 Feb 1962).

Habitat: “Sandy area associated with date palms . . . rock 

strewn mound . . . sandy hillocks supporting Tamarix.”

Remarks: On 2 Feb, traps were set about 3 km NW Sebha

of the “oasis proper” in “sandy areas associated with 

date palms” and “sand encroaching upon ‘junk’ and 

other refuse.” The following day, a trapline was set 4 

km N Sebha in a similar habitat, but the date palms 

here were larger and the sand was “of a much more 

suitable character.” Both locality variants are indicated on specimen labels.

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Mus.

Sebha, 7 km SW, Fezzan Province (Map 6: 169).

Coordinates: 27°01′N, 14°22′E M (AMS, Sebha, 

1:1,000,000).

Collector: H. W. Setzer (22 Apr 1961).

Habitat: No information available.

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus.

Serdeles, 55 km SSW, Fezzan Province (Map 6: 154).

Coordinates: 25°19′N, 10°15′E P.

Collector: G. L. Ranck (17 Dec 1961). 

Habitat: “Small dunes supporting grass.”

Remarks: The standardized USBGN spelling for Serdeles 

is Al ’Uwayna ̄t.

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones.

Sinauen, 40 km N, Tripolitania Province (Map 6: 141).

Coordinates: 31°24′N, 10°39′E P.

Collectors: G. L. Ranck and H. W. Setzer (13 Nov 1961).

Habitat: “Wind swept dunes interspersed with hardpacked pebbles . . . woody chenopods” (GLR).

Taxon: Gerbillus.

Sirte, 5 km E, Tripolitania Province (Map 6: 177).

Coordinates: 31°12′N, 16°38′E P.

Collector: G. L. Ranck (12 Mar 1962). 

Habitat: “Compositae, leguminosae, etc.—large perennials 

. . . showy flowers.”

Remarks: The standardized USBGN spelling for Sirte is 

Surt.

Taxa: Gerbillus, Pachyuromys, Mus.

Sirte, 12 km W, Tripolitania Province (Map 6: 176).

Coordinates: 31°13′N, 16°27′E P.

Collectors: G. L. Ranck and J. H. Shaw (21 Jun 1962). 
1 0 0 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Habitat: “Depressed area near roadside containing small 

hillocks of clay-like material supporting perennial 

plants . . . Calligonum, woody perennial resembling 

Atriplex” (GLR).

Remarks: A trapline was set throughout the vegetated 

mounds close to camp.

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus.

Slonta, 7 km NE, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 193).

Coordinates: 32°38′N, 21°47′E M (AMS, Benga ̄si-A ̄ ugila, 

1:1,000,000).

Collector: H. W. Setzer (4 May 1961).

Habitat: No information available.

Remarks: The standardized USBGN spelling for Slonta is 

Suluntah.

Taxon: Gerbillus.

Susa, 11 km SW, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 196).

Coordinates: 32°50′N, 21°52′E P.

Collector: H. W. Setzer (6 May 1961).

Habitat: No information available.

Remarks: The standardized USBGN spelling for Susa is 

Su ̄ sah.

Taxa: Gerbillus, Mus.

Tazerbo Oasis, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 217).

Coordinates: 25°45′N, 21°09′E P.

Collector: G. L. Ranck (11–15 Apr 1962). 

Habitat: “Date palms and a species of grass . . . debris 

laden sand at bases of date palms . . . densely packed 

grass in slightly mesic area . . . barren sand and vegetated dunes [Figure 36] . . . Calligonum, Tamarix and 

a species of woody perennial . . . mesic area adjacent 

Figure 35. Libya, Rumia, 20 km E: Habitat demonstrating a single lilaceous species as the vegetative cover (photograph by G. L. Ranck, 

Mar 1962).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 0 1

to open water . . . sandy plain bearing a sparse vegetative cover . . . grassy stubble . . . sandy hillocks a short 

distance removed from the oasis proper . . . acacia and 

date palms near the camp . . . deep grass adjacent to 

some open pockets of water . . . a sparsely vegetated 

section of the plain a short distance from the oasis.”

Remarks: Ranck was initially uncertain about the location of his camp because of the absence of inhabitants, 

wondering whether he was located “on an outlying 

subsidiary of the main Tazerbo complex.” Ranck’s 

doubts were confirmed on 14 Apr: “El Gezira, the 

oasis headquarters, was easily located by driving in 

a northeasterly direction for about 15 miles [24 km]. 

Our present position on the extreme southwestern 

portion of the Tazerbo system is now quite clear” 

(center of this large oasis = 25°45′N, 21°00′E G).

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus.

Temenhint Oasis, 30 km NE Sebha, Fezzan Province 

(Map 6: 170).

Coordinates: 27°13′N, 14°38′E P (27°13′N, 14°37′E G, 

as Tamanhint).

Collector: G. L. Ranck (8–10 Dec 1961). 

Habitat: “Permanent sand dunes with date palms and 

Tamarix” (Figure 37).

Taxa: Eliomys, Jaculus, Gerbillus.

Tobruch, 20 km E, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 202).

Coordinates: 31°58′N, 24°08′E P.

Collectors: G. L. Ranck and J. H. Shaw (3–4 Jun 1962). 

Habitat: “Scantily vegetated coastal plain with two species of ‘clumpy’ perennial are dominant” (Figure 38) 

(GLR).

Remarks: The first evening Ranck and Shaw collected 

three Gerbillus henleyi, which Ranck regarded of 

Figure 36. Libya, Tazerbo Oasis: Acacia and Calligonum (photograph by G. L. Ranck, Apr 1962).
Figure 37. Libya, Temenhint Oasis: Tamarix and Phoenix (photograph by G. L. Ranck, Dec 1961).

Figure 38. Libya, Tobruch, 20 km E: Coastal plain (photograph by G. L. Ranck, Jun 1962).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 0 3

considerable taxonomic and zoogeographical significance. Because of the rarity of this species, they decided to spend another night collecting at this locality. 

Shaw spelled the town as “Tobruk” (T ̧obruq G) on 

his specimen labels.

Taxa: Gerbillus, Meriones, Psammomys; Lepus; Vulpes.

Tocra, 2 km W, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 187).

Coordinates: 32°31′N, 20°34′E P.

Collector: H. W. Setzer (9 May 1961).

Habitat: No information available.

Remarks: The standardized USBGN spelling for Tocra is 

Tu ̄ krah.

Taxon: Jaculus.

Tocra, 5 km W, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 188).

Coordinates: 32°31′N, 20°32′E M (AMS, Benga ̄si-A ̄ ugila, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: G. L. Ranck and J. H. Shaw (12–14 Jun 1962).

Habitat: “Densely vegetated coastal plain . . . Tamarix, a 

sedge and a large bushy perennial [Figure 39]” (GLR).

Remarks: Ranck and Shaw enjoyed unusually good trapping success at this locality, which included three 

specimens of a new shrew species (Crocidura aleksandrisi Vesmanis, 1977). The following day they collected three Microtus, which they had not collected 

previously. One Mus specimen collected on 12 Jun 

is labeled 12 km W Tocra, although Ranck’s field 

catalog indicates its locality as the same as the base 

camp.

Taxa: Microtus, Gerbillus, Mus; Crocidura.

Tocra, 20 km SW, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 186).

Coordinates: 32°24′N, 20°24′E P.

Collectors: G. L. Ranck and J. H. Shaw (23 May 1962). 

Habitat: “Localized area of heterogeneous composition 

. . . reddish sand, boulders and hummocks. This 

rather narrow belt is bordered on the seaward side 

by alkaline lakes and halophytic plants. Inland it is 

continuous with the vast coastal plain composed of 

a hard, almost impervious clay. Vegetation: species 

reminiscent of Salicornia, some large shrubs and a dry 

Figure 39. Libya, Tocra, 5 km W: Habitat consisting of dense growths of sedges, grasses, and Tamarix (photograph by G. L. Ranck, 

May 1962).
1 0 4 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

grass . . . large bushes, apparently only one species, 

are widespread over the entire area” (GLR).

Taxa: Gerbillus, Mus.

Traghen, Fezzan Province (Map 6: 165).

Coordinates: 25°59′N, 14°26′E P, G.

Collector: G. L. Ranck (17–18 Jan 1962). 

Habitat: “Sandy areas at bases of date palms and Tamarix

. . . debris beneath Tamarix.”

Remarks: Ranck established camp 3 km west of the oasis 

proper and set a trapline 1 km from camp. Two nights 

of trapping yielded disappointing success.

Taxa: Gerbillus, Meriones, Mus.

Ubari, 75 km W, Fezzan Province (Map 6: 155).

Coordinates: 26°25′N, 12°02′E P.

Collector: G. L. Ranck (16 Dec 1961). 

Habitat: “Wadi in midst of extensive barren hamada with 

Hilaria and Acacia.”

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones.

Umm el Araneb, Fezzan Province (Map 6: 166).

Coordinates: 26°08′N, 14°45′E P, G.

Collector: G. L. Ranck (16 Jan 1962). 

Habitat: “Sand . . . extensive concentrations of ‘solitary’ 

date palms.”

Remarks: Ranck compared the habitat of Umm el Araneb 

to that of Meseguin Oasis. Because of the marginal 

nature of the habitat, Ranck stayed here but a single 

night; trapping success, however, was greater than 

expected.

Taxon: Gerbillus.

Wadi el Kuf, 13 km WSW Messa, Cyrenaica Province 

(Map 6: 191).

Coordinates: 32°39′N, 21°29′E P (32°43′N, 21°36′E G).

Collectors: G. L. Ranck and J. H. Shaw (11 Jun 1962). 

Habitat: “Chaparral vegetation on wadi slopes . . . Cupressus” (GLR).

Remarks: Specimens prepared by Ranck do not mention 

Wadi el Kuf but are instead labeled 13 km WSW 

Messa (32°45′N, 21°38′E G, as Massah). However, 

he did identify the locality as Wadi el Kuf in both his 

field catalog and his 1968 publication, and Shaw used 

this designation on his specimen labels.

Taxa: Spalax, Gerbillus.

Wadi en Nesciua, 20 km SW Goddua, Fezzan Province 

(Map 6: 160).

Coordinates: 26°21′N, 14°11′E G.

Collector: G. L. Ranck (23 Jan 1962). 

Habitat: No information available.

Remarks: The standardized USBGN spelling for Goddua 

is Ghaddu ̄ wah.

Taxon: Gazella.

Wadi er Rueis, 340 km WNW Tazerbo, Cyrenaica 

Province (Map 6: 216).

Coordinates: 26°52′N, 18°31′E P (27°06′N, 19°24′E G).

Collector: G. L. Ranck (29 Apr 1962).

Habitat: “Wadi supporting sparse vegetative cover (acacia 

and a species of woody perennial) . . . substrate . . . 

hard impervious material.”

Remarks: Ranck presumed that he was camped at Wadi 

er Rueis, draining north-northeast from the Gebel el 

Harug el Asued. The gebel was nowhere visible from 

his campsite, however.

Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Pachyuromys.

Chad

General Remarks. Setzer collected briefly 

in Chad during a side excursion from his early work in 

Libya (Mar–May 1961). He apparently did not maintain a journal for this period, so the five localities visited 

(Map 6) are derived from specimen tags and his field 

catalog.

Itinerary. H. W. Setzer: Ounianga Kebir, 

30 Mar–1 Apr 1961; 34 mi NE Faya, 3 Apr 1961; Faya 

(Largeau), 5 Apr 1961; 95 km NW Largeau, 6 Apr 1961; 

Zouar, 9–15 Apr 1961.

Faya (Largeau) (Map 6: 229).

Coordinates: 17°55′N, 19°07′E G (as Faya-Largeau).

Collector: H. W. Setzer (5 Apr 1961).

Habitat: No information available.

Remarks: Specimen labels indicate this locality as “Faya 

(Largeau),” whereas Setzer entered the locality as 

“Largeau (Faya)” in his field catalog.

Taxa: Acomys, Gerbillus.

Faya, 34 mi [55 km] NE (Map 6: 228).

Coordinates: 18°17′N, 19°28′E C. 

Collector: H. W. Setzer (3 Apr 1961).

Habitat: No information available.

Remarks: According to his field catalog, Setzer collected a 

Gazella at 30 km NE Largeau on the same date, but 

the specimen was never cataloged into NMNH.

Taxon: Gerbillus.
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 0 5

Largeau, 95 km NW (Map 6: 226).

Coordinates: 18°43′N, 18°56′E M (AMS, Darfur, 

1:2,000,000).

Collector: H. W. Setzer (6 Apr 1961).

Habitat: No information available.

Taxon: Gazella.

Ounianga Kebir (Map 6: 227).

Coordinates: 19°04′N, 20°29′E G. 

Collector: H. W. Setzer (30 Mar–1 Apr 1961).

Habitat: No information available.

Taxa: Acomys, Gerbillus; Asellia.

Zouar (Map 6: 225).

Coordinates: 20°27′N, 16°32′E G. 

Collector: H. W. Setzer (9–15 Apr 1961).

Habitat: No information available.

Remarks: On 11 Apr, a Papio (USNM 319631) was collected at 18 km NE Zouar, but it cannot be found in 

the collection. Setzer also collected 10 km NW Zouar

on 14 Apr.

Taxa: Papio; Gerbillus; Lepus; Vulpes; Gazella.

WESTERN AFRICA

General Remarks. Mammal inventory in 

western Africa was surprisingly broad (Map 7) and immensely successful (Table 6) owing to the intense efforts 

of 15 major collectors (Table 1) over the relatively short 

span of four years (Oct 1965 to Jul 1969). For whatever 

reason, field workers in western Africa devoted greater 

emphasis to collection of bats, and the abundance of Chiroptera mainly accounts for differences in specimen totals 

among regions (Tables 5, 6). Rosevear’s (1965) Bats of 

West Africa is specifically mentioned by several collectors in their field journals, particularly in the context of 

describing habitats and designating biomes for their collecting area (e.g., R. M. Davis, J. C. Geest, H. J. Herbert, 

J. W. LeDuc, and C. B. Robbins). As a result, a majority 

of cardinal localities in western Africa are characterized 

using Rosevear’s terminology of High Forest and Guinea, 

Sudan, and Sahel savannas (or woodlands) for the more or 

less distinctive vegetation belts that stretch across the region. Another contemporaneous book carried in the field 

and valued for its field-guide format was Booth’s (1960) 

Map 7. African Mammal Project cardinal collecting localities 230–440 in western Africa.

200 0

Kilometers

Senegal 400

230-260

Gambia

261-263

264-289

290-316

Ghana

317-377

Togo

378-384

Benin

385-400

Nigeria

401-440

Côte d’Ivoire

Burkina Faso
1 0 6 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Small Mammals of West Africa. Journal remarks by collectors sometimes indicated awareness of their collecting 

site in relation to type localities and the intention to obtain 

topotypes.

Three French scientific organizations provided field accommodations or personnel assistance and are commonly 

mentioned in journal accounts, usually by their abbreviations as follows: CTFT, Centre Technique Forestier Tropical; ORSTOM, L’Institut français de recherche scientifique 

pour le développement en coopération (French Overseas 

Aid and Development Organization); SODEPALM, Sociéte pour le Développement et l’Exploi­tation du Palmier à 

Huile. Two regional terms regularly encountered in habitat 

descriptions are fadama (any irrigable land, flood plain, or 

low-lying land susceptible to seasonal flooding) and juju 

forest (slang for remnant high forest thought to be avoided 

and left undisturbed as a sacred grove).

Senegal and The Gambia

General Remarks. We combined coverage 

of Senegal and The Gambia because the principal field 

team, composed of Richard M. Davis and Dean E. Harvey, traveled between the two countries in making their 

single itinerary. More time and effort were understandably devoted to survey in geographically larger Senegal 

(31 cardinal localities—Map 8); only three localities are 

recorded for The Gambia. Although Harvey did set traplines and collected mammals during the Oct 1965 to Jul 

1966 trip, Davis maintained the field catalog, and only his 

name is listed as collector on mammal specimens taken 

during that time. In his field journal, Harvey emphasized 

the “picking” of ectoparasites among his other activities 

as well as general collecting of insects and herps.

Itineraries (Inclusive of Senegal and 

The Gambia). R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey: 

Dakar, 29 Oct 1965; 6 km NW Tivaouane, 29 Oct–2 

Nov 1965; N’doulo, 8–13 Nov 1965; 6 km E Kaolack, 

15–20 Nov 1965; 15 km N Kaffrine, 22 Nov–1 Dec 1965; 

Koungheul, 2–8 Dec 1965; Koussanar, 9–14 Dec 1965; 

Kotiare Naoude, 16–21 Dec 1965; 8 mi W Bathurst (The 

Gambia), 8–13 Jan 1966; Guerina, 17–22 Jan 1966; Oussouye, 24–29 Jan 1966; Ziguinchor, 28 Jan 1966; Sedhiou, 1–6 Feb 1966; 15 km SE Marssassoum, 3 Feb 1966; 

5 km N Kolda, 9–13 Feb 1966; Kudang (The Gambia), 

15–22 Feb 1966; Velingara, 24–27 Feb 1966; Richard 

Toll, 14–19 Mar 1966; Podor, 21–25 Mar 1966; Cascas, 

28 Mar–2 Apr 1966; Ogo, 4–7 Apr 1966; Matam, 8–9 

Apr 1966; 5 km S Bakel, 13–17 Apr 1966; Goudiry, 19–

20 Apr 1966; Dialakoto, 5–7 May 1966; Gamon, 10–14 

May 1966; Linguere, 17–27 May 1966; Toniataba (The 

Gambia), 7–14 Jun 1966; 4 km N Joal, 17–21 Jun 1966; 

Dakar, 28 Jun–4 Jul 1966; 10 km SE St. Louis, 7–12 Jul 

1966; 8 km E Louga, 14–18 Jul 1966; 10 km W Thies, 

21–24 Jul 1966.

D. E. Harvey and C. B. Robbins: Ranerou, 23–30 Jun 

1967.

C. B. Robbins: 13.7 km N Dakar, 27 Apr 1967.

Bakel, 5 km S, Oriental Region (Map 8: 251).

Coordinates: 14°52′N, 12°27′W M (LIGN, Afrique de 

l’Ouest, République du Sénégal, 1:500,000).

Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (13–17 Apr 

1966).

Habitat: “Tree savanna. Acacia and some baobab . . . 

Ground fairly soft. Peanuts and millet . . . earlier in 

the year . . . rocky hills on all sides. What grass that 

is still standing is yellow and dry” (DEH). “Peanuts. 

Habitat is mostly small scattered bushes with rather 

wide spread low trees and the remnants of savanna 

. . . many low hills around which present some rock 

outcrops . . . baobab tree” (RMD).

Remarks: The AMP team camped south of Bakel, just off 

the main road to Tambacounda. During their stay, 

they apparently collected widely in the area as they 

became lost on several occasions. Rosevear (1965) 

classified this area as “Sahel Woodland.”

Taxa: Desmodilliscus, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Lemniscomys, 

Mastomys, Mus; Rhinolophus; Felis; Phacochoerus.

Bathurst, 8 mi [12.9 km] W [The Gambia] (Map 8: 261).

Coordinates: 13°26′N, 16°42′W M (LIGN, Afrique de 

l’Ouest, République du Sénégal, 1:500,000).

Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (8–13 Jan 

1966).

Habitat: “Edge of tropical forest [Figure 40]. High grass 

in and around forest, ground sandy, millet, and 

peanuts being cultivated. Lots of palm trees . . . termite mounds” (DEH). “There is a real thick tropical 

looking forest with lots of palm trees wherever there 

isn’t cultivation . . . millet and peanut fields with savanna grasses surrounding these and then the forest 

. . . felled hollow palm logs” (RMD).

Remarks: Davis and Harvey established this camp about 

1 mi [1.6 km] north of Sukuta (13°25′N, 16°42′W G) 

and south of Serekunda. The habitat around Bathurst 

is considered “Guinea Woodland” according to Rosevear (1965).

Taxa: Chlorocebus, Erythrocebus, Piliocolobus; Xerus, 

Heliosciurus, Cricetomys, Gerbilliscus, Arvicanthis, 
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 0 7

Mastomys, Praomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Micropteropus, Hipposideros, Nycteris; Genetta.

Cascas, River Region (Map 8: 233).

Coordinates: 16°23′N, 14°04′W G (as Kaskas).

Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (28 Mar–2 Apr 

1966).

Habitat: “Scrub Acacia and other thorn bush . . . Ground 

is sandy but very hard. The bushes . . . are set up on 

mounds (where dirt has been eroded away from sides 

Map 8. African Mammal Project cardinal collecting localities 230–263 in Senegal and The Gambia.

230. St. Louis, 10 km SE 239. Dakar, 13.7 km N 248. Koussanar 257. Marssassoum, 15 km SE

231. Richard Toll 240. Dakar 249. Kotiare Naoude 258. Guerina

232. Podor 241. Thies, 10 km W 250. Goudiry 259. Ziguinchor

233. Cascas 242. Tivaouane, 6 km NW 251. Bakel, 5 km S 260. Oussouye

234. Louga, 8 km E 243. N’doulo 252. Gamon 261. Bathurst, 8 mi W [The Gambia]

235. Linguere 244. Joal, 4 km N 253. Dialakoto 262. Toniataba [The Gambia]

236. Ranerou 245. Kaolack, 6 km E 254. Velingara 263. Kudang [The Gambia]

237. Ogo 246. Kaffrine, 15 km N 255. Kolda, 5 km N

238. Matam 247. Koungheul 256. Sedhiou

100 0 100

Mauritania

Mali

Guinea

Gambia

Guinea-Bissau

230

231

232

233

234

235

236

237

238

239

240

241

242

243

244

245

246

247 248 249 250

251

252

253

255 254

256

257

258

259 260

261

262

263

Kilometers

Atlantic

Ocean

Senegal

16W 14W 12W

16N

14N

12N
1 0 8 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

of bush) . . . many goats . . . Barricades of acacia 

branches . . . millet fields (. . . close to river, on high 

banks)” (DEH). “Very arid looking with only small 

bushes, looking much like our California desert in 

many respects . . . river . . . sandy area . . . bit of acacia forest . . . acacia branch fence row next to a corn 

field . . . open acacia bush” (RMD).

Remarks: The field camp at Cascas was established about 

350 m from the Senegal River. Davis traveled west of 

Cascas on 28 Mar and hunted in a “bit of acacia forest,” collecting a Genetta and three Galago. Harvey’s 

journal indicated that the hunting took place “in forest” at 8 km N Cascas. They hunted in forest along 

the river on 30 Mar at approximately the same locality and collected six Galago and two Ichneumia. Neither the field catalog nor specimen labels discriminate 

these variants.

Taxa: Galago; Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Mastomys; Lepus; 

Atelerix; Crocidura; Taphozous; Genetta, Ichneumia, 

Canis.

Dakar, Cape Verde Region (Map 8: 240).

Coordinates: 14°40′N, 17°26′W G. 

Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (29 Oct 1965, 

28 Jun–4 Jul 1966). 

Habitat: “Very deep soft sand, many bushes, and very 

widely scattered trees . . . Some cultivation . . . but no 

sizable crops at this time . . . rock area near Plage de 

Ouakum” (DEH). “Sand dunes that were covered by 

bushes, some of them appeared to be some sort of euphorbia and another with thorns” (RMD).

Remarks: Dakar was the point of departure for all AMP 

field trips throughout The Gambia and Senegal, so the 

field team stayed there on many occasions. A single 

Figure 40. The Gambia, Bathurst, 8 mi W (photograph by D. E. Harvey, 6–16 Jan 1966).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 0 9

Atelerix was collected at Hann Park (Hann; 14°43′N, 

17°26′W G) on 29 Oct 1965; otherwise, collecting in 

the Dakar area was confined to the period of 28 Jun–4 

Jul 1966. Davis and Harvey set traps in the dunes near 

Yoff Airport (14°46′N, 17°28′W G, as Yof). They also 

placed traps around a rocky outcrop (“where there is 

also a little agriculture”) between Plage de Ouakum 

(14°44′N, 17°29′W G) and the lighthouse on a hill 

called Les Mammels. Bats were collected in the office buildings of the director of Ministère des Eaux et 

Forêt and from a palm tree on the grounds of Hann

Park. Rosevear (1965) determined the habitat around 

Dakar to be “Guinea Woodland.”

Taxa: Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Mastomys; Atelerix; Crocidura; Eidolon, Scotophilus.

Dakar, 13.7 km N, Cape Verde Region (Map 8: 239).

Coordinates: 14°45′N, 17°27′W M (LIGN, Afrique de 

l’Ouest, République du Sénégal, 1:500,000).

Collector: C. B. Robbins (27 Apr 1967).

Habitat: “Guinea savannah” (specimen label).

Remarks: Robbins opportunistically collected an Atelerix

at this locality while en route from Dakar to Garak, 

Mauritania.

Taxon: Atelerix.

Dialakoto, Oriental Region (Map 8: 253).

Coordinates: 13°19′N, 13°18′W G.

Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (5–7 May 1966). 

Habitat: “Millet and peanuts earlier in year . . . tree savanna. Some fallen trees . . . Bombax tree . . . mango” 

(DEH). “Lot of large trees, some of the bombax family, and there’s a lot of . . . peanuts” (RMD).

Remarks: From Tambacounda, Davis and Harvey headed 

southeast about 35 mi [56.3 km] and established 

camp at Dialakoto. Local people procured many specimens, as was frequently the case with AMP collecting 

methods, and they seemed to outdo themselves at this 

locality, bringing in bats and a primate (Chlorocebus) 

as well as the usual assortment of rodents. Rosevear 

(1965) typified the habitat as “Sudan Woodland.”

Taxa: Chlorocebus, Papio; Heliosciurus, Arvicanthis, 

Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Epomophorus, Nycteris, 

Chaerephon.

Gamon, Oriental Region (Map 8: 252).

Coordinates: 13°20′N, 12°55′W G. 

Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (10–14 May 

1966). 

Habitat: “Dry grass between old millet-peanut field and 

dried up river . . . tree savanna. Monkey bread trees 

. . . bush” (DEH). “Grass along side some peanut 

fields” (RMD).

Remarks: On 13 May, Harvey collected a juvenile Phacochoerus in the bush approximately 2 km from camp; 

it was never accessioned into the NMNH because it 

was consumed for that evening’s dinner (RMD, in 

litt.). Rosevear (1965) categorized the habitat around 

Gamon as “Sudan Woodland.”

Taxa: Galago, Papio; Xerus, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, 

Mus, Praomys, Hystrix; Crocidura; Epomophorus, 

Hipposideros, Nycteris, Neoromicia; Genetta, Ichneumia; Neotragus.

Goudiry, Oriental Region (Map 8: 250).

Coordinates: 14°11′N, 12°43′W G (as Goudiri).

Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (19–20 Apr 

1966).

Habitat: “Generally pretty flat, few trees and some hills. 

Hills north of camp about 400 m . . . grass . . . in old 

millet field . . . caves in hillside . . . very large burrows 

in hillside . . . (almost big enough to walk into) . . . 

laterite hills” (DEH).

Remarks: The bats were collected from burrows in the 

hills north of camp.

Taxa: Taterillus, Mastomys, Mus; Hipposideros, Nycteris.

Guerina, 5 km S Bignona, Casamance Region 

(Map 8: 258).

Coordinates: 12°46′N, 16°15′W G (as Guérina).

Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (17–22 Jan 

1966).

Habitat: “Each [crop] field has high grass around it . . . 

peanuts, rice (millet small amounts). Palm trees . . . 

quite a lot of water. There are a number of fallen trees 

in and around fields . . . forest close to camp [Figures 41, 42]” (DEH). “Cultivated land . . . with just 

small bushes and grasses . . . real tall and rather thick 

grass . . . a real jungly place adjoining a big rice field. 

There was lots of water, mud . . . savanna” (RMD).

Remarks: Davis and Harvey stayed on the grounds of a 

house occupied by two Peace Corps volunteers.

Taxa: Uranomys, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; 

Crocidura.

Joal, 4 km N, Thiès Region (Map 8: 244).

Coordinates: 14°12′N, 16°51′W M (LIGN, Afrique de 

l’Ouest, République du Sénégal, 1:500,000).
1 1 0 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (17–21 Jun 

1966).

Habitat: “Acacia forest (scrub acacia). Baobab trees scattered . . . some palm trees. Termite mounds [Figure 43]” 

(DEH). “Acacia forest . . . Saline water­ . . . baobab 

trees . . . old cattle corrals made with thorn branches 

and overgrown with grass” (RMD).

Remarks: Davis and Harvey traveled a few kilometers 

north of Joal (14°10′N, 16°51′W G, as Joal-Fadiout) 

and pitched their camp about 0.5 mi [0.8 km] from 

the coast.

Taxa: Heliosciurus, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys; Rhinolophus, Nycteris.

Kaffrine, 15 km N, Sine-Saloum Region (Map 8: 246).

Coordinates: 14°14′N, 15°32′W M (LIGN, Afrique de 

l’Ouest, République du Sénégal, 1:500,000).

Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (22 Nov–1 Dec 

1965).

Habitat: “Very high grass . . . millet, peanuts, and squash 

. . . Trees . . . closer together than [previous] camps. 

Baobab . . . the soil is sandy but quite hard packed 

. . . grass fields surrounding cultivated fields. Kassas 

forest. Many trees . . . and high grass broken up occasionally by a peanut field or millet field [Figure 44]” 

(DEH). “Peanut fields and in tall grass . . . baobab 

trees . . . corn fields” (RMD).

Remarks: The team left Kaffrine (14°07′N, 15°42′W G) 

and proceeded north (actually more northeasterly), 

passing through forest (Forêt Classée de Kassas), to 

their campsite. Harvey indicated that they hunted 5 mi 

[8.0 km] north of camp “in Kassas forest” and also at 

a location 10 mi [16.1 km] east of Boulél (14°18′N, 

15°32′W G), “which is close to our camp.” None of 

these locality variants is indicated on specimen labels 

or in the field catalog.

Taxa: Galago; Xerus, Heliosciurus, Cricetomys, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Mastomys, 

Figure 41. Senegal, Guerina: Bignona (photograph by D. E. Harvey, 22 Jan 1966).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 1 1

Mus; Lepus; Atelerix; Crocidura; Rhinolophus, Nycteris, Mops, Myopterus; Genetta.

Kaolack, 6 km E, Sine-Saloum Region (Map 8: 245).

Coordinates: 14°09′N, 16°01′W M (LIGN, Afrique de 

l’Ouest, République du Sénégal, 1:500,000).

Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (15–20 Nov 

1965). 

Habitat: “Trees are scattered non-uniformly . . . Baobab 

is . . . present. Millet is the major crop, also peanuts. Peanuts are piled . . . in fields to dry. High grass and rows of 

bushes surrounds most of the fields . . . I trapped most 

mammals in open grassy areas. Dick [Davis] got most 

animals under bushes scattered throughout grassy areas. 

The soil was sandy but hard packed [Figure 45]” (DEH). 

“Millet and peanut fields completely surrounding us 

Figure 42. Senegal, Guerina: Bignona 

(photograph by D. E. Harvey, 22 Jan 1966).
Figure 44. Senegal, Kaffrine, 15 km N (photograph by D. E. Harvey, 21 Nov–1 Dec 1965).

Figure 43. Senegal, Joal, 4 km N (Jun 1966).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 1 3

. . . baobab trees . . .” (RMD). “Tree savanna (cultivated)” (specimen labels).

Remarks: From Kaolack (14°11′N, 16°15′W G), Davis 

and Harvey traveled east and set up camp just to the 

east of Kahone (14°09′N, 16°02′W G) according to 

their field map.

Taxa: Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, 

Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Lepus; Atelerix; Crocidura; Taphozous; Ichneumia.

Kolda, 5 km N, Casamance Region (Map 8: 255).

Coordinates: 12°56′N, 14°57′W M (LIGN, Afrique de 

l’Ouest, République du Sénégal, 1:500,000).

Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (9–13 Feb 1966).

Habitat: “Peanut field . . . tree savanna. Soil hard but 

sandy. Few palm trees around and other large trees 

. . . high stand of grass . . . stream . . . rice field” 

(DEH). “Just a short ways from camp is lots of water 

and old rice fields and all around camp is peanut fields 

and grass” (RMD).

Remarks: Along the way to Kolda (12°53′N, 14°57′W G), 

Davis collected an Erythrocebus at 40 km W Kolda

(12°52′N, 15°15′W M). Harvey referred to a forest 

with many small trees and bamboo, approximately 8 

km north of camp where Davis collected four Galago; 

labels and the field catalog indicate the locality for 

these specimens as the main campsite.

Taxa: Galago, Erythrocebus; Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, 

Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Genetta, Ichneumia.

Kotiare Naoude, 27 km NE Tambacounda, Oriental 

Region (Map 8: 249).

Coordinates: 13°54′N, 13°27′W G (as Kotiari).

Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (16–21 Dec 

1965).

Figure 45. Senegal, Kaolack, 6 km E (Nov 1965).
1 1 4 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Habitat: “High grass which there is a lot of . . . Big stem 

grass about 6–7 feet [1.8–2.1 m] tall. Trees spaced 

about every 100–150 yards [91–137 m], some are 

closer. Millet and peanuts . . . Ground very hard . . . 

and sandy” (DEH).

Remarks: The USBGN standard is simply Kotiari, with 

variant spellings given as Kotiari Naoudé or CotiariNaoudé.

Taxa: Xerus, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Herpestes.

Koungheul, Sine-Saloum Region (Map 8: 247).

Coordinates: 13°59′N, 14°48′W G. 

Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (2–8 Dec 1965). 

Habitat: “Dry river bed faced on all sides by bushes and 

fairly high grass. Trees are scattered through out the 

countryside. Scrub acacia, baobab . . . edge of river 

bed in bushes going from river bed to peanut field. 

Ground is sandy but very hard . . . peanut and millet 

fields . . . edge of high grass surrounding peanut field” 

(DEH). “It’s all cultivation . . . with scattered tree savanna . . . peanut field . . . grasses” (RMD).

Remarks: The AMP crew camped in a dry stream bed on 

the eastern outskirts of town.

Taxa: Galago; Heliosciurus, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, 

Taterillus, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Lepus; Atelerix; 

Crocidura; Genetta.

Koussanar, Oriental Region (Map 8: 248).

Coordinates: 13°52′N, 14°05′W G. 

Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (9–14 Dec 1965).

Habitat: “Peanut field . . . bush at edge of peanut field 

. . . millet and peanut fields. Some bamboo . . . Scrub 

acacia, few baobab trees. Forest . . . Millet and peanut fields similar to previous camps but millet has 

been cut down. Thick grass surrounding [millet field]. 

Grass is thick and about 6–8 feet [1.8–2.4 m] tall in 

places” (DEH).

Remarks: Davis and Harvey actually made camp “a mile 

or two” [1.6–3.2 km] north of Koussanar in a millet 

field. Later they went hunting 5 mi [8.0 km] north of 

camp “close to Saré Sambourou” (13°55′N, 14°03′W 

G). On 14 Dec, they went hunting 20 mi [32.2 km] 

north of camp “as far as Boulél” (14°14′N, 13°55′W 

G) but apparently collected no mammals.

Taxa: Galago; Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Lemniscomys, 

Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Genetta, Ichneumia.

Kudang [The Gambia] (Map 8: 263).

Coordinates: 13°40′N, 15°03′W G.

Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (15–22 Feb 

1966). 

Habitat: “Tree savanna . . . about 3/4 km from closest peanut field . . . mango trees . . . banana . . . hick brush . . . 

stands of grass” (DEH). “Quite a number of leafless, 

scraggly bushes, and occasionally large trees” (RMD).

Remarks: This campsite was located between Kudang and 

“Wharftown” on the Gambia River. Rosevear (1965) 

described the habitat in the Kudang area as “Guinea 

Woodland.”

Taxa: Chlorocebus, Papio, Piliocolobus; Xerus, Heliosciurus, Graphiurus, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Mastomys, 

Praomys; Epomophorus, Hipposideros, Nycteris, 

Chaerephon, Mops; Phacochoerus.

Linguere, Diourbel Region (Map 8: 235).

Coordinates: 15°24′N, 15°07′W G (as Linguère).

Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (17–27 May 

1966). 

Habitat: “Not much vegetation . . . Many goats . . . Scrub 

acacia seems to be dominant tree [Figure 46]” (DEH). 

“Really barren looking with scattered small acacia 

trees and lots of cow dung and sand” (RMD).

Remarks: This camp was established at the eastern periphery of Linguere.

Taxa: Desmodilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Mus; Atelerix; Crocidura; Rhinolophus, Hipposideros, Scotophilus; Genetta, Ichneumia.

Louga, 8 km E, River Region (Map 8: 234).

Coordinates: 15°35′N, 16°10′W M (LIGN, Afrique de 

l’Ouest, République du Sénégal, 1:500,000).

Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (14–18 Jul 

1966). 

Habitat: “Scrub acacia and acacia [Figure 47], no grass at 

this time. Peanuts and millet are being planted now 

. . . hedge row (acacia barricade)” (DEH). “Bushes 

and on the boundary between sort of an acacia forest 

and a cultivated field. There are lots of scattered acacia trees with a couple of near by rather thin forests 

. . . baobab trees” (RMD).

Taxa: Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Mastomys; 

Nycteris.

Marssassoum, 15 km SE, Casamance Region 

(Map 8: 257).

Coordinates: 12°45′N, 15°54′W G (for Niassene; see 

Remarks).

Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (3 Feb 1966).

Habitat: “Tree savanna” (specimen label).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 1 5

Remarks: While camped at Sedhiou (1–6 Feb), Davis and 

Harvey visited the Marssassoum area to assist villagers in hunting a rogue lion that had killed a number of 

cattle. They drove about 15 km southeast to a village 

named Niassene and there collected a single Chlorocebus (but no lion).

Taxon: Chlorocebus.

Matam, River Region (Map 8: 238).

Coordinates: 15°40′N, 13°15′W G.

Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (8–9 Apr 1966). 

Habitat: “Foundation of building” (DEH). “Under the 

roof of a building” (RMD).

Remarks: Davis and Harvey incidentally collected here 

while camped at Ogo (4–7 Apr).

Taxa: Galago; Mops.

N’doulo, 17 km NE Diourbel, Diourbel Region 

(Map 8: 243).

Coordinates: 14°44′N, 16°07′W G (as Ndoulo).

Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (8–13 Nov 

1965).

Habitat: “The soil is very sandy . . . tree savanna (highly 

cultivated). Some of the . . . crops are peanuts, manioc, 

and . . . tomato. Trees . . . are baobab and what looks 

like acacia. There are . . . 9 to 12 foot [2.7–3.7 m] tall 

piles of peanut plants. The majority of mammals were 

taken from along rows of bushes surrounding millet fields” (DEH). “Peanut and millet fields” (RMD). 

“Tree savanna (cultivated)” (specimen labels).

Remarks: In their field journals, both Davis and Harvey 

placed this campsite about 2 mi [3.2 km] north, via 

a dirt road, of N’doulo (14°45′N, 16°07′W M), but 

specimen labels and the field catalog notate only the 

town.

Taxa: Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, 

Praomys; Atelerix; Crocidura.

Ogo, 13 km SW Matam, River Region (Map 8: 237).

Coordinates: 15°33′N, 13°17′W G.

Figure 46. Senegal, Linguere (photograph by D. E. Harvey, 16–28 May 1966).
1 1 6 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (4–7 Apr 

1966).

Habitat: “Habitat tree savanna (scrub acacia and big stem 

grass). Most of the grass is gone or dried up, but there 

are some stands around. Ground is hard and sandy 

. . . many goats and a few cattle . . . clusters of bushes 

and grass stands” (DEH). “Thorn branch fence rows” 

(RMD).

Remarks: Davis and Harvey set up camp in a storage 

building behind the home of two Peace Corps volunteers in Ogo. While night hunting around 10 km 

SW Ogo, they collected four Desmodilliscus in the 

soft sand along the road, and on 6 Apr, they hunted 

southwest of camp in approximately the same area. 

The origin of all of these specimens is labeled Ogo. 

On 8 and 9 Apr, while still camped at Ogo, they went 

to Matam to obtain bats and ceased collecting around 

Ogo proper.

Taxa: Galago; Desmodilliscus, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, 

Arvicanthis, Mastomys, Mus; Lepus; Atelerix; Canis, 

Vulpes.

Oussouye, Casamance Region (Map 8: 260).

Coordinates: 12°29′N, 16°33′W G.

Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (24–29 Jan 

1966).

Habitat: “Rice fields and forest at edge of rice fields. High 

grass all around (big stem blue). Lots of palm trees 

. . . water in some of the rice fields [Figure 48]. Habitat tree savanna. Some mango trees . . . Peanuts . . . 

not nearly so extensive as in previous camps . . . high 

grass” (DEH). “Mostly savanna with lots of palm 

trees and rice fields . . . grass around some peanut 

fields” (RMD).

Remarks: Davis and Harvey situated their camp near a 

large rice field a mile or two [1.6–3.2 km] north of 

Figure 47. Senegal, Louga, 8 km E (Jul 1966).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 1 7

Oussouye on the road to Mlomp. While based at this 

camp, they visited Ziguinchor to collect bats.

Taxa: Xerus, Heliosciurus, Cricetomys, Uranomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Lepus; Genetta.

Podor, River Region (Map 8: 232).

Coordinates: 16°40′N, 14°57′W G.

Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (21–25 Mar 

1966).

Habitat: “Many acacia trees . . . scrub acacia . . . (millet, 

tomatoes, and squash) . . . bush . . . was very dense” 

(DEH). “The trees are nearly all large acacias. Near by 

are several corn fields . . . acacia branch fence . . . thick 

acacia forest . . . tremendous number of goats and cattle here” (RMD). “Acacia forest” (specimen labels).

Remarks: The AMP crew drove north of Podor across the 

airport runway and, according to Davis, set up camp 

“just beyond the river.” Elsewhere, Harvey noted that 

Figure 48. Senegal, Oussouye (photograph 

by D. E. Harvey, 30 Jan 1966).
1 1 8 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

their camp was positioned “between the airport and 

the [Senegal] river,” a site clearly within Senegal. On 

23 Mar, they went into town to collect Mops, and the 

next day they collected Nycteris in “dense bush” close 

to camp. Rosevear (1965) characterized the habitat as 

“Sahel Woodland.”

Taxa: Chlorocebus; Desmodilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Mastomys; Lepus; Nycteris, Mops; Genetta.

Ranerou, River Region (Map 8: 236).

Coordinates: 15°18′N, 13°58′W C, G (as Ranérou).

Collectors: D. E. Harvey and C. B. Robbins (23–30 Jun 

1967).

Habitat: “We came into savannah woodland [Figure 

49] . . . Although trees are absent from area around 

village, we are surrounded by forest . . . baobab, Acacia seyal . . . the tall grass is dried up . . . there is some 

short grass coming up now” (DEH). “Hedge row, 

in trees and bushes. Flood plain areas with very few 

scattered bushes and hard soil. Rosevear [1953], in 

‘Checklist and Atlas of Nigerian Mammals,’ calls this 

type of area a ‘fako’ or ‘kobe’ [sic]. The area is apparently flooded during the rainy season and no grass 

ever grows in this type of area. The habitat is classified as sahel savannah . . . very different than the 

sahel savannah found in Mauritania. Acacia radiana

is not present. Acacia seyal takes its place but is not 

a dominant (most numerous) plant. The dominant 

tree is called ‘Arbol medicinal’ by the natives. Occasional baobab trees . . . three definite habitats: . . . [1] 

cleared millet and peanut fields, [2] the dense forest, 

and [3] the flood plains (fako) areas . . . intermediate 

areas of grassy, rolling ground fringing and within the 

forest areas . . . [grass] is at most 1–2 inches [2.5–5.1 

cm] high due to recent light rains. [Two] terms have 

been used as synonyms. Sahel savannah, sahel woodland—in literature. If a distinction is possible then this 

[Ranerou] should be called sahel woodland due to the 

Figure 49. Senegal, Ranerou (photograph by D. E. Harvey, Jun 1967).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 1 9

presence of many large trees (10–20 feet [3.0–6.1 m] 

high and more—up to 100 feet [30.5 m]). Sahel savannah would be in more desert regions with a more 

numerous Acacia, widely scattered and less dense vegetation” (CBR).

Remarks: On 25 May, Harvey and Robbins collected 

Asellia and Nycteris from a well in a village located 

13 km NW Ranerou. The following day they set nets 

by a well in a village at 7 km SE Ranerou and collected Asellia there. On 27 May, they ventured 2 km 

east of camp to set traps in a “deep forest area” but 

without success. However, a few specimens were collected in nearby brush. During the evening of 29 May, 

they hunted and collected Desmodilliscus on a nearby 

flood plain with very hard soil and a few scattered 

bushes.

Taxa: Xerus, Desmodilliscus, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Mastomys, Mus; Atelerix; Crocidura; Asellia, Nycteris, Nycticeinops.

Richard Toll, River Region (Map 8: 231).

Coordinates: 16°28′N, 15°41′W G. 

Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (14–19 Mar 

1966).

Habitat: “Long rows of acacia that have been chopped 

and put around fields (millet and rice) as barricades 

. . . south of camp . . . dry and sandy . . . very little 

grass growing anywhere. Dominant tree acacia. Some 

Opuntia growing in large clusters but this is sporadic. 

Many goats, sheep, and cattle . . . grass . . . short or 

lacking. Dick says area looks like Bechuanaland, very 

flat, grassland with scattered acacia trees . . . bushes” 

(DEH). “Very barren with hardly a hint of grass and 

some scraggly acacia trees scattered around . . . fence 

. . . near camp made from branches from acacia trees 

. . . rice agriculture project . . . along the irrigation 

canals” (RMD). “Acacia tree savanna” (specimen 

labels).

Remarks: Davis and Harvey camped a “mile or two” 

[1.6–3.2 km] east of Richard Toll. Harvey’s journal entry for 14 Mar indicates that Davis hunted to 

the southwest of camp as far as Guiers Lake (Lac de 

Guier; 16°15′N, 15°50′W G) and obtained Lepus and 

two Genetta. Neither Davis’ field catalog nor specimen labels acknowledge this variant locality. The next 

day, they collected in an area that Davis referred to as 

“the big agricultural project.” On 17 Mar, Davis set a 

trapline on the west side of Richard Toll along some 

irrigation canals. Rosevear (1965) characterized the 

habitat around Richard Toll as “Sahel Woodland.”

Taxa: Xerus, Desmodilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, 

Mastomys; Lepus; Felis, Civettictis, Genetta, Ichneumia, Vulpes, Ictonyx.

St. Louis, 10 km SE, River Region (Map 8: 230).

Coordinates: 15°57′N, 16°27′W G (for Ngaye Ngaye; see 

Remarks).

Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (7–12 Jul 

1966). 

Habitat: “Trees . . . peanut fields . . . loose sand and scattered bushes with few trees (Baobab and acacia trees) 

. . . close to dried up salt marsh . . . row of bushes surrounding peanut field . . . deep drifting sand; scattered 

bushes . . . (thorn bush of some sort . . .) . . . sand 

dunes” (DEH). “Pretty barren looking with lots of 

sand and scattered thorn bushes and some short trees 

[Figure 50] with an occasional baobab tree. Near by 

are some now dried up salt marshes and everywhere 

there are many seashells . . . this place is covered with 

fences (euphorbias) . . . barren sand dunes . . . baobab 

tree . . . deep sand dunes” (RMD). “Sand and bush” 

(specimen labels).

Remarks: After much searching for potential habitat 

around St. Louis (16°02′N, 16°37′W G), the team 

camped near a village named Ngai-gai, “or something 

like that.” Although the village does not appear on 

their field map (LIGN, Afrique de l’Ouest, République du Sénégal, 1:500,000), the USBGN (1965) coordinates for Ngaye Ngaye closely match those that 

we would extrapolate from that map relative to St. 

Louis (15°55′N, 16°27′W M). Rosevear (1965) called 

the habitat in the St. Louis area “Sahel Woodland.”

Taxa: Cricetomys, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Mastomys; Lepus; Eidolon, Chaerephon; 

Genetta, Ichneumia.

Sedhiou, Casamance Region (Map 8: 256).

Coordinates: 12°44′N, 15°33′W G (as Sédhiou).

Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (1–6 Feb 1966).

Habitat: “Tree savanna. Palm trees . . . High blue stem 

grass and other trees. Millet and peanuts and rice” 

(DEH). “This area is mostly peanut fields with scattered savanna and a fair number of trees, especially 

palm trees . . . tall grass between an old rice field and 

a peanut field” (RMD).

Remarks: Camp was established about a mile [1.6 km] 

south of town. A specimen of Chlorocebus was collected “a few miles northwest of Sedhiou” according 

to Davis’ journal, although the field catalog and specimen label indicate only Sedhiou. On the way to a lion 
1 2 0 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

hunt at 15 km SE Marssassoum, four Piliocolobus

were collected outside Sedhiou.

Taxa: Galago, Chlorocebus, Piliocolobus; Xerus, Heliosciurus, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Crocidura; Mops.

Thies, 10 km W, Thiès Region (Map 8: 241).

Coordinates: 14°47′N, 17°01′W M (LIGN, Afrique de 

l’Ouest, République du Sénégal, 1:500,000).

Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (21–24 Jul 

1966). 

Habitat: “Scrub acacia forest. Many baobab [Figure 51] 

. . . some evidence of cultivation . . . at other time of 

year but not now. (Millet.) . . . the acacia forest is so 

thick that it is hard to see or shoot anything” (DEH). 

“The vegetation here is large bushes and small scrub 

acacia trees, some places very thick. There are quite 

a few baobab trees scattered throughout the forest 

. . . bushes nearby . . . The bushes were always too 

thick” (RMD).

Remarks: Camp was positioned along the “old original road into Thies [14°47′N, 16°58′W G, as Thiès 

Nones] and just a ways west of the base of the escarpment.” Harvey collected Eidolon from a Bombax

(silkwood) tree on 21 Jul in Pout (14°46′N, 17°04′W 

G), 13 km W Thies. Skin labels of specimens for this 

locality nonetheless carry only their base camp designation (10 km W Thies). Rosevear (1965) considered the habitat in the vicinity of Thies to be “Guinea 

Woodland.”

Taxa: Heliosciurus, Taterillus, Mastomys; Eidolon.

Tivaouane, 6 km NW, Thiès Region (Map 8: 242).

Coordinates: 14°59′N, 16°51′W M (LIGN, Afrique de 

l’Ouest, République du Sénégal, 1:500,000).

Collectors: R. M. Davis, D. E. Harvey, and H. W. Setzer 

(29 Oct–2 Nov 1965). 

Habitat: “Tree savanna type habitat. Cultivation in area 

seems to be rather disorganized, crops consisting of 

Figure 50. Senegal, St. Louis, 10 km SE: Sand dunes (photograph by D. E. Harvey, 12 Jul 1966).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 2 1

millet, manioc, and some peanuts. Baobab trees were 

present but few in number” (DEH). “Mostly cultivated

. . . millet, manioc, peanuts, etc. It might be called a 

tree savanna I suppose” (RMD).

Taxa: Xerus, Cricetomys, Gerbilliscus, Arvicanthis, Mastomys; Atelerix; Crocidura.

Toniataba [The Gambia] (Map 8: 262).

Coordinates: 13°26′N, 15°35′W G.

Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (7–14 Jun 1966). 

Habitat: “Termite mounds . . . Baobab and mango trees 

seem to be dominant . . . palm tree . . . peanut field 

. . . vlei close to camp” (DEH). “Many scattered trees 

. . . The land is getting ready for the planting of peanuts and rice . . . bushes and some scattered patches 

of grass . . . baobab tree . . . big vlei” (RMD).

Taxa: Chlorocebus, Erythrocebus, Piliocolobus; Heliosciurus, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Mastomys, 

Mus, Praomys; Epomophorus, Rhinolophus, Asellia, Hipposideros, Taphozous, Nycteris, Scotophilus; 

Civettictis, Genetta, Ichneumia.

Velingara, Casamance Region (Map 8: 254).

Coordinates: 13°09′N, 14°07′W G (as Vélingara).

Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (24–27 Feb 

1966). 

Habitat: “Tree savanna . . . sandy . . . tall grass stands” 

(DEH). “Very dry, quite a few trees which are in the 

process of being cut down” (RMD).

Remarks: According to Harvey’s journal, the team collected a Galago, a Felis, and two Genetta during a 

nocturnal hunt at 8 km SW Velingara; this location is 

not recorded on specimen labels or the field catalog.

Taxa: Galago, Chlorocebus; Heliosciurus, Gerbilliscus, 

Mastomys, Praomys; Crocidura; Felis, Genetta.

Ziguinchor, Casamance Region (Map 8: 259).

Coordinates: 12°35′N, 16°16′W G.

Figure 51. Senegal, Thies, 10 km W (Jul 1966).
1 2 2 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (28 Jan 1966).

Habitat: “Attic of Peace Corps house” (DEH). “Palm trees 

in front of the hospital” (RMD).

Remarks: Davis and Harvey made a side trip to Ziguinchor to collected bats while camped at Oussouye (24–

29 Jan).

Taxa: Eidolon, Chaerephon, Mops.

Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast)

General Remarks. Survey in the Côte 

d’Ivoire (Map 9) was completed in about eight months 

(Nov 1968 to Jul 1969) and performed largely by J. W. 

LeDuc, T. J. McIntyre, and L. W. Robbins. Representative specimens were deposited with ORSTOM through 

Louis Bellier, who provided significant logistical support in 

that country, and ORSTOM personnel accompanied AMP 

teams to many collecting localities. Specimen labels all read 

“Ivory Coast,” the anglicized version of Côte d’Ivoire.

Itineraries. J. W. LeDuc and L. W. Robbins: 

Banco Forest, 27–30 Nov 1968; Adiopodoume, 3–6 Dec 

1968; Yapo-Sud, 10–16 Dec 1968; Jacqueville, 18–23, 31 

Dec 1968, 3 Jan 1969; Anda, 19 Dec 1968; Ehania, 7–14 

Jan 1969; Blekoum, 18–23 Jan 1969; Adiopodoume, 25 

Jan 1969; Lamto, 29–31 Jan 1969; Zaakro, 30 Jan 1969; 

Adiopodoume, 5, 8 Feb 1969; Diali, 11–17 Feb 1969; Sassandra River, 17–22 Feb 1969; Niebe, 23–28 Feb 1969; 

Kahin, 1–5 Mar 1969; Guiglo, 2 Mar 1969; Duekoue, 3–4 

Mar 1969; Tyenko, 7–11 Mar 1969; Sienso, 13–17 Mar 

1969; Yama, 19–25 Mar 1969; Adiopodoume, 11–28 Apr 

1969; Tule, 9–13 May 1969; Kong, 15–19 May 1969.

T. J. McIntyre and L. W. Robbins (and J. W. LeDuc, 

29 May 1969): Banco Forest, 29–30 May 1969; Guitri, 

5–9 Jun 1969; 10 mi WNW Soubre, 11–16 Jun 1969; 

Yabrasso, 22–27 Jun 1969; Bouna, 1–5 Jul 1969; Fetekro, 

14–19 Jul 1969; Yabrasso, 22 Jul 1969.

T. J. McIntyre: 4–24 mi S Abidjan, Jul 1969.

Abidjan, 4–24 mi [6.4–38.6 km] S (Map 9: 289).

Coordinates: 04°50′N, 04°00′W C.

Collector: T. J. McIntyre (Jul 1969).

Habitat: No information available.

Remarks: The coordinates provided by McIntyre for the 

marine mammal specimens obtained actually plot 

about 33 mi [54 km] S Abidjan in the Gulf of Guinea.

Taxa: Delphinus, Stenella, Steno, Tursiops.

Adiopodoume (Map 9: 284).

Coordinates: 05°19′N, 04°08′W C (05°20′N, 04°08′W G, 

as Adiapo-Doumé).

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and L. W. Robbins (3–6 Dec 

1968, 25 Jan, 5, 8 Feb, 11–28 Apr 1969). 

Habitat: “Cultivated agricultural research plot . . . hollow 

tree” (JWL). “House attic” (LWR).

Remarks: The field team stayed and collected at the French 

research station ORSTOM, located near Adiopodoume, using it as a base of operations while in Côte 

d’Ivoire. Louis Bellier and some of his employees contributed specimens to the AMP team from this locality 

and other localities in Côte d’Ivoire. 

Taxa: Dendrohyrax; Graphiurus, Cricetomys, Lophuromys, Hybomys, Hylomyscus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Rattus; Crocidura; Nycteris, Mops, 

Neoromicia, Kerivoula; Civettictis.

Anda (Map 9: 282).

Coordinates: 05°10′N, 04°39′W C.

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and L. W. Robbins (19 Dec 

1968).

Habitat: “Roof of the chief’s house” (JWL).

Remarks: While camped at Jacqueville (18–23 Dec), the 

field team traveled a few miles west to Anda, where 

they collected bats.

Taxon: Chaerephon.

Banco Forest (Map 9: 285).

Coordinates: 05°23′N, 04°03′W C, G (as Parc National 

du Banco).

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and L. W. Robbins (27–30 Nov 

1968); J. W. LeDuc, T. J. McIntyre, and L. W. Robbins (29–30 May 1969).

Habitat: “The flora is theoretically undisturbed and therefore primary high forest . . . mist net was set across 

the dam that creates a large pool near the center of 

the forest” (JWL). “Primary forest near Abidjan [and 

Adiopodoume]—completely protected . . . stream” 

(LWR).

Remarks: Traps were set along the road that parallels the 

west bank of the Banco River. According to LeDuc, 

the Banco Forest is, or was, “. . . totally protected . . . 

no hunting is allowed.”

Taxa: Lophuromys, Hylomyscus, Malacomys, Praomys; 

Crocidura; Epomops, Hypsignathus, Megaloglossus, 

Myonycteris, Scotonycteris, Hipposideros, Mops, 

Scotophilus, Glauconycteris, Hypsugo, Mimetillus, 

Neoromicia.

Blekoum (Map 9: 287).

Coordinates: 06°23′N, 03°31′W C (06°23′N, 03°32′W G, 

as Blékoum).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 2 3

Map 9. African Mammal Project cardinal collecting localities 264–289 in Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast).

264. Sienso 268. Tyenko 272. Kahin 276. Niebe 279. Zaakro 283. Jacqueville 287. Blekoum

265. Yama 269. Tule 273. Guiglo 277. Soubre, 280. Lamto 284. Adiopodoume 288. Ehania

266. Kong 270. Fetekro 274. Duekoue 10 mi WNW 281. Guitri 285. Banco Forest 289. Abidjan, 

267. Bouna 271. Yabrasso 275. Sassandra River 278. Diali 282. Anda 286. Yapo-Sud 4–24 mi S

100 0 100

Kilometers

264

265

266 267

268 269

270

271

272

273

274

275

276

277

278

279

280

281

282 283

284 285

286

287

288

289

Lac de

Kossou 

Bandama

River

Sassandra

Gulf of Guinea

Ghana 

Mali Burkina

Guinea

Liberia

River

6W

10N

Faso
1 2 4 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and L. W. Robbins (18–23 Jan 

1969).

Habitat: “The habitat surrounding Blekoum is well within 

the high forest definition [Figure 52] . . . large plots of 

land that have been cleared, save the large trees, most 

of which are dead and stand naked like match sticks 

in sand, and planted with bananas or okra . . . miles 

and miles of cultivated forests, most of which are still 

quite young. This area has fairly dense undergrowth 

among the trees. Along the banks of the river—where 

not cleared—and on the small inlets from the river 

stand a very dense yet unique type of forest. This has 

many trees that appear to be deciduous and are surrounded by vines, etc., giving a ‘brush’ effect. The 

general color is more brown as opposed to the normal green of the forest. It almost appears like guinea 

savanna. Other crops . . . cocoa, coffee, yams, pineapple, and oil palms . . . riverine forest . . . also along 

forest fringe” (JWL). “The camp is located . . . in an 

area where there has been logging and is cultivated. 

We set out traps in a forest area east of camp . . . 

cocoa tree” (LWR).

Remarks: The Blekoum field camp was located at the Forestry Equatorial Plantation on the bank of the Komoe 

River. As with other localities in Côte d’Ivoire, 

ORSTOM personnel accompanied the AMP crew.

Taxa: Perodicticus, Galago, Cercopithecus; Funisciurus, 

Heliosciurus, Paraxerus, Protoxerus, Lophuromys, 

Hybomys, Hylomyscus, Malacomys, Mus, Praomys, 

Rattus, Anomalurus; Crocidura; Epomops, Hipposideros, Nycteris.

Bouna (Map 9: 267).

Coordinates: 09°16′N, 03°00′W C, G.

Collectors: T. J. McIntyre and L. W. Robbins (1–5 Jul 

1969). 

Habitat: “Sudan savanna. Grassland without many large 

trees . . . mango” (LWR).

Figure 52. Côte d’Ivoire, Blekoum (Jan 1969).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 2 5

Taxa: Galago; Heliosciurus, Graphiurus, Cricetomys,

Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Lemniscomys, 

Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Lepus; Epomophorus, Lissonycteris, Micropteropus, Nanonycteris, Hipposideros, Nycteris, Scotophilus; Genetta.

Diali (Map 9: 278).

Coordinates: 07°03′N, 05°37′W C, G.

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and L. W. Robbins (11–17 Feb 

1969).

Habitat: “Ecotonal high forest-guinea savanna [Figure 53]. 

Generally the area gives the appearance of guinea savanna with a lot of grass and many savanna trees but 

in a few areas cocoa and coffee are planted and . . . 

bananas. Nevertheless . . . the area is predominately 

savanna and we’re calling it thus . . . pond . . . this 

area has quite thick vegetation, very dense, and in the 

center of a riverine forest” (JWL). “The habitat here 

is strange. Part of the area has been burned, very dry, 

many thorny bushes—savanna, yet there are some forest trees and the people are growing coffee and cocoa—

as well as cotton and peanuts” (LWR).

Taxa: Perodicticus, Galago; Heliosciurus, Protoxerus, 

Graphiurus, Cricetomys, Steatomys, Lophuromys, 

Uranomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Lemniscomys, 

Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, Atherurus, Thryonomys; 

Crocidura; Epomops; Genetta, Crossarchus; Neotragus, Tragelaphus, Cephalophus.

Duekoue (Map 9: 274).

Coordinates: 06°44′N, 07°20′W C (06°44′N, 07°21′W G, 

as Duékoué).

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and L. W. Robbins (3–4 Mar 

1969).

Habitat: “Huge granite outcropping . . . filled with caves 

created by huge boulders leaning against each other” 

(JWL).

Remarks: While camped at Kahin, LeDuc, Robbins, and 

Bellier drove to Duekoue in search of caves and bats 

and located them on the outskirts of town, along the 

Figure 53. Côte d’Ivoire, Diali (Feb 1969).
1 2 6 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

road to Man. LeDuc described what they saw: “When 

shining my flashlight towards the ceiling, the eye shine 

appeared like New York at night.”

Taxa: Lissonycteris, Rousettus.

Ehania (Map 9: 288).

Coordinates: 05°17′N, 03°04′W C. 

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and L. W. Robbins (7–14 Jan 

1969).

Habitat: “Only oil palms and is not completely planted 

yet . . . about 1/3 [of the plantation] remains as forest, currently being cut [Figure 54]. Previously this 

area was a ‘Forêt Classée’ and many large forest 

animals occurred here. Today the forest consists of 

several large trees and a very dense, vine-like floor 

covering. The bush on the floor often reaches 6–8 feet 

[1.8–2.4 m] and is extremely difficult to pass through 

. . . small stream in a clearing in the forest” (JWL). 

“Forest . . . small river” (LWR).

Remarks: LeDuc, Robbins, and ORSTOM personnel 

drove to the SODEPALM Plantation in the Ehania 

Forest, located south of Aboissa and “before Mafere” 

and set up camp near the houses of the plantation supervisors.

Taxa: Dendrohyrax; Perodicticus, Galago, Cercopithecus, Colobus; Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Cricetomys, 

Lophuromys, Hybomys, Lemniscomys, Malacomys, 

Mus, Praomys, Rattus, Anomalurus, Atherurus; Crocidura; Hipposideros, Mops, Eptesicus, Scotophilus, 

Mimetillus, Neoromicia; Manis; Genetta, Nandinia, 

Crossarchus, Herpestes.

Fetekro (Map 9: 270).

Coordinates: 07°49′N, 04°41′W C, G (as Fétékro).

Collectors: T. J. McIntyre and L. W. Robbins (14–19 Jul 

1969).

Habitat: “The terrain is an undulating plain with small 

creeks . . . broken rocks and tilted large rock slabs. 

Figure 54. Côte d’Ivoire, Ehania (photograph by L. W. Robbins, Jan 1969).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 2 7

Several large areas of 8–10 feet [2.4–3.0 m] razor 

grass . . . along the roadside . . . clump grass under 

trees and large shrubs. The trees were 40 feet [12.2 m] 

at their highest. A few full grown Borrassas [Borassus] 

Palms . . . large number of young palms . . . hillside 

of clump grass and rock piles . . . creek bed. Riverine 

forest . . . to a tree about two miles [3.2 km] from 

camp in the savanna proper. The area was a mixture 

of 15–20 feet [4.6–6.1 m] trees, 2–4 feet [0.6–1.2 m] 

high grasses and shrubby plants, but generally open” 

(TJM). “Very much guinea savanna with Borassus 

palms and high grass and many trees . . . some small 

rocky hills nearby . . . riverine forest” (LWR).

Remarks: Camp was established at the north end of a soccer field, about 200 yards [183 m] south of the village. 

Fetekro is located on the Nzi River.

Taxa: Galago, Cercopithecus; Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, 

Protoxerus, Cricetomys, Uranomys, Gerbilliscus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, Thryonomys; 

Crocidura; Epomophorus, Lissonycteris, Micropteropus, Rhinolophus, Hipposideros, Nycteris, Scotophilus, Neoromicia; Manis; Genetta; Sylvicapra, Kobus.

Guiglo (Map 9: 273).

Coordinates: 06°32′N, 07°26′W C (06°32′N, 07°29′W G).

Collector: J. W. LeDuc (2 Mar 1969).

Habitat: “Degraded high forest” (specimen label).

Remarks: The single specimen of Crocidura was a gift 

from Louis Bellier (ORSTOM), collected on his way 

to Kahin.

Taxon: Crocidura.

Guitri (Map 9: 281).

Coordinates: 05°31′N, 05°15′W C (05°31′N, 05°14′W G).

Collectors: T. J. McIntyre and L. W. Robbins (5–9 Jun 

1969).

Habitat: “Low secondary growth with good stands of 

forest in the near distance . . . cocoa trees . . . palm 

trees” (LWR).

Remarks: Camp was established near a small government 

building just south of Guitri.

Taxa: Perodicticus, Cercopithecus; Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Paraxerus, Protoxerus, Graphiurus, Cricetomys, 

Lophuromys, Hylomyscus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, 

Mus, Praomys, Rattus, Atherurus, Thryonomys; Crocidura; Epomops, Hipposideros, Neoromicia; Manis; 

Genetta, Nandinia.

Jacqueville (Map 9: 283).

Coordinates: 05°12′N, 04°24′W C (05°12′N, 04°25′W G).

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and L. W. Robbins (18–23, 31 

Dec 1968, 3 Jan 1969).

Habitat: “Small strip of forest between a lagoon [Figure 

55] and a recently cleared area to be planted with oil 

palms . . . very dense secondary regrowth scattered 

with occasional oil palms, fallen logs, etc. I’m calling 

the area ‘degraded high forest’ [Figure 56]. I don’t feel 

that it has enough natural growth to be termed ‘secondary high forest’ . . . coconut palms” (JWL). “Degraded 

high forest . . . bordered on the northwest by lagoon 

and on the southeast by cut down forest . . . traps in an 

area about a mile [1.6 km] walk from camp. Some high 

forest and some brushy area” (LWR).

Remarks: Bellier made arrangements for LeDuc and 

Robbins to collect on SODEPALM plantation land 

and camp on the beach. On 19 Dec, a number of 

bats were collected in Anda, while they were based 

in Jacqueville.

Taxa: Perodicticus, Cercopithecus; Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Graphiurus, Lophuromys, Dephomys, Hybomys, 

Hylomyscus, Mus, Praomys, Rattus; Crocidura; Taphozous, Neoromicia; Genetta, Nandinia; Cephalophus.

Kahin (Map 9: 272).

Coordinates: 06°55′N, 07°37′W C (06°55′N, 07°38′W G).

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and L. W. Robbins (1–5 Mar 

1969).

Habitat: “The habitat surrounding Kahin has been thoroughly logged and most of the land is now cultivated . . . crops . . . oil palms, cocoa and bananas . . . 

small juju forest . . . Many areas around Kahin are 

swamps caused by dead-end inlets from the river [Figure 57] or lowlands filled by the rains. The vegetation 

is mainly dense thickets and few really big trees remain” (JWL). “Degraded forest” (LWR).

Remarks: LeDuc indicated that Kahin is located along a 

small tributary of the Cavally River, but the village 

is actually located on the Nzi River, which is part of 

the Sassandra watershed. Caves near Duekoue were 

visited on 3–4 Mar to collect bats.

Taxa: Perodicticus, Cercopithecus, Colobus, Procolobus; 

Xerus, Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Protoxerus, Graphiurus, Cricetomys, Dephomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, 

Mus, Praomys; Crocidura; Rousettus, Hipposideros, 

Nycteris, Neoromicia; Genetta; Cephalophus.

Kong (Map 9: 266).

Coordinates: 09°09′N, 04°37′W C, G.

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and L. W. Robbins (15–19 May 

1969). 
Figure 56. Côte d’Ivoire, Jacqueville (Dec 1968).

Figure 55. Côte d’Ivoire, Jacqueville (Dec 1968).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 2 9

Habitat: “Basically sudan savanna. Almost no tall forest 

trees occur in the area and most of the land is covered 

by short grasses and savanna trees. Even the areas 

around water are not forested” (JWL).

Remarks: Kong is a village close to the Bouna Reserve 

(Réserve Totale de Fauna de Bouna, also referred to 

as Parc National de Bouna).

Taxa: Chlorocebus; Xerus, Cricetomys, Gerbilliscus, 

Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Dasymys, Lemniscomys, 

Mastomys, Mus, Thryonomys; Lepus; Crocidura; 

Epomophorus, Nanonycteris, Hipposideros, Nycteris, Chaerephon, Mops; Genetta, Herpestes, Mungos; 

Cephalophus, Kobus.

Lamto (Map 9: 280).

Coordinates: 06°12′N, 04°58′W C. 

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and L. W. Robbins (29–31 Jan 1969).

Habitat: “Over small pool connected to the Bandama 

River . . . small pond in dry stream bed. The habitat around both [mist net] sets is riverine forest 

. . . guinea savanna surrounding fingers of riverine 

forest from the Bandama and small streams leading 

to it. The savanna areas are generally grasslands with 

few trees but many Borassis [Borassus] palms. Occasionally . . . outcroppings of smooth granite rocks” 

(JWL). “Guinea savanna with much riverine forest” 

(LWR).

Remarks: Lamto is the location of a research station 

(Centre Nationale de Recherche Scientifique) located 

near the Bandama River. We did not find the locality on French maps (1:200,000 scale), but the coordinates provided by the collectors do plot closely to 

the Bandama River. Some Mastomys specimens were 

obtained from Zaakro during the time that the field 

team camped at Lamto.

Taxa: Orycteropus; Heliosciurus, Graphiurus, Cricetomys, Hylomyscus; Epomops, Lissonycteris, Hipposideros, Scotophilus; Manis.

Figure 57. Côte d’Ivoire, Kahin (Mar 1969).
1 3 0 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Niebe (Map 9: 276).

Coordinates: 05°21′N, 07°22′W C (05°22′N, 07°18′W G, 

as Niébé).

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and L. W. Robbins (23–28 Feb 

1969).

Habitat: “Habitat surrounding camp is of three basic 

catagories: [1] close to the banks of the Hana River 

. . . an area of dense thickets with a few oil palm trees 

interspersed . . . probably flooded every year during 

the rains. [2] . . . directly surrounding the village and 

the road that has been cultivated or otherwise altered 

and is now secondary forest [Figure 58]. [3] . . . farther away from the road there is more mature high 

forest (although lacking the typical large trees that 

have been logged out) of varying degree . . . secondary 

forest behind the village . . . isn’t very high as compared to more mature forest, has many vines, etc., and 

many umbrella trees [Musanga cecropioides]. Many 

oil palms . . . small open pond” (JWL). “Bank of the 

river where a small stream joins it . . . forest area—

gallery type . . . old oil palm plantation . . .semiswamp area” (LWR).

Remarks: At Niebe, the field team camped nearby the 

Hana River.

Taxa: Galago, Cercocebus, Cercopithecus, Colobus, Procolobus, Pan; Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Protoxerus, 

Graphiurus, Lophuromys, Hybomys, Hylomyscus, 

Malacomys, Mus, Praomys, Anomalurus; Crocidura; 

Epomops, Scotonycteris, Hipposideros, Nycteris, Myotis; Atilax; Hexaprotodon, Cephalophus.

Sassandra River (Map 9: 275).

Coordinates: 07°00′N, 07°03′W C. 

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and L. W. Robbins (17–22 Feb 

1969).

Habitat: “The habitat is probably as close as we will ever 

come to being primary forest. Most of the really big 

trees have been logged out but usually so recently that 

no secondary growth has begun [Figure 59]. The habitat along the river [Figure 60] is slightly different from 

Figure 58. Côte d’Ivoire, Niebe (Feb 1969).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 3 1

that of the inland forests, especially lacking in many 

tall trees and generally more dense . . . the area is just 

recently a Forêt Classée . . . small stream” (JWL). 

“Forest area” (LWR).

Remarks: Field camp was established at a logging operation 

along the Sassandra River, about 40 km NW Gregbeu 

(06°48′N, 06°43′W G). Bellier, under the auspices of 

ORSTOM, participated in collecting at this camp.

Taxa: Galago; Cricetomys, Hybomys, Mus, Praomys, 

Anomalurus; Hypsignathus, Rhinolophus, Hipposideros; Genetta, Nandinia, Atilax; Cephalophus.

Sienso (Map 9: 264).

Coordinates: 09°25′N, 07°31′W C, G (as Odienné-Siènso).

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and L. W. Robbins (13–17 Mar 

1969). 

Habitat: “Basically savanna surrounding a small riverine forest [Figure 61] that follows the path of several 

ponds. The riverine forest is rarely more than a few 

hundred yards wide at any one place but it follows 

a linear path and extends for several miles . . . Oil 

palm trees are quite prevalent inside the forest. The 

savannas are fairly heavily forest[ed] with trees (especially I[soberlina]. doka) from 20–40 feet [6–12 m] 

tall . . . a lot of grass remaining in the areas that have 

not yet been burned. Crops in the savanna areas are 

mainly yams” (JWL). “Guinea savanna but much drier 

here . . . dense forest type growth . . . grassy area and 

in the riverine forest” (LWR).

Taxa: Galago; Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Protoxerus, 

Cricetomys, Steatomys, Uranomys, Gerbilliscus, 

Taterillus, Dasymys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, 

Praomys, Anomalurus, Thryonomys; Crocidura; 

Hypsignathus, Scotophilus; Genetta, Nandinia, Crossarchus, Galerella, Mungos; Phacochoerus, Tragelaphus, Cephalophus.

Figure 59. Côte d’Ivoire, Sassandra River (Feb 1969).
Figure 60. Côte d’Ivoire, Sassandra River (Feb 1969).

Figure 61. Côte d’Ivoire, Sienso (Mar 1969).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 3 3

Soubre, 10 mi [16.1 km] WNW (Map 9: 277).

Coordinates: 05°49′N, 06°45′W C. 

Collectors: T. J. McIntyre and L. W. Robbins (11–16 Jun 

1969).

Habitat: “Many roadside farms . . . but forest is quite 

mature” (LWR).

Remarks: A number of specimens were brought in by local 

hunters from the area of Soubre (Soubré G), but all of 

these were labeled with the main camp designation of 

10 mi WNW Soubre.

Taxa: Galago, Cercocebus, Cercopithecus, Piliocolobus, 

Procolobus; Protoxerus, Dephomys, Grammomys, 

Hybomys, Hylomyscus, Malacomys, Mastomys, Mus, 

Praomys, Rattus, Thryonomys; Crocidura; Epomops, 

Hypsignathus, Myonycteris, Nycteris; Civettictis, Genetta; Neotragus, Cephalophus.

Tule (Map 9: 269).

Coordinates: 07°56′N, 06°08′W C, G (as Tulé).

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and L. W. Robbins (9–13 May 

1969). 

Habitat: “Camp in a tek [teak?] forest next to village . . . 

typical guinea savanna. There are a few very tall trees 

left in isolated forest patches but even here the bottom areas are thickly covered with shrubs and thorn 

bushes [Figure 62]. The savanna areas are covered 

by grass 2–4 feet [0.6–1.2 m] tall and scattered with 

trees. Crops . . . include corn, coffee, pineapple, yams, 

cotton­, and ground nuts” (JWL). “More or less guinea 

savanna . . . corn and yam farms and areas where there 

are quite a few trees—high, but not high forest type. 

There are strips of riverine forest near by” (LWR).

Remarks: LeDuc did not make daily journal entries while 

collecting at Tule but apparently wrote them after the 

team had departed.

Taxa: Procavia; Galago, Cercopithecus, Chlorocebus; 

Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Protoxerus, Graphiurus, 

Cricetomys, Uranomys, Gerbilliscus, Hylomyscus, 

Figure 62. Côte d’Ivoire, Tule (May 1969).
1 3 4 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Lepus; 

Crocidura, Suncus; Micropteropus, Rhinolophus, 

Hipposideros, Nycteris; Genetta, Nandinia, Crossarchus, Galerella.

Tyenko (Map 9: 268).

Coordinates: 08°14′N, 07°34′W G. 

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and L. W. Robbins (7–11 Mar 

1969). 

Habitat: “Basically guinea savanna. A small riverine 

forest surrounds a pond near the village but after 

that all the land is savanna. A huge cliff of rocks 

rises behind Tyenko [which runs east-west; Figure 

63] along the road between Touba and Seguela. 

Many other smaller outcroppings . . . cotton and 

tobacco (I think) . . . vegetables are grown near the 

pond and plots of yams are near the village” (JWL). 

“Guinea savanna . . . traps in a rocky area nearby” 

(LWR).

Remarks: The collectors’ coordinates for Tyenko 

(08°14′N, 07°24′W C) differ from the USBGN (1965) 

coordinates by 10′ longitude, a gap suggesting a mapreading error.

Taxa: Procavia; Galago; Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Protoxerus, Cricetomys, Steatomys, Uranomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, 

Praomys, Thryonomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Nycteris; 

Genetta.

Yabrasso (Map 9: 271).

Coordinates: 07°26′N, 03°28′W C (07°26′N, 03°29′W G).

Collectors: T. J. McIntyre and L. W. Robbins (22–27 Jun, 

22 Jul 1969). 

Habitat: “Surrounding the village was a forest of trees in 

50–80 foot [15.2–24.4 m] height range with patches 

of dense secondary growth within it. Through the 

small forest along the road was a patch of invading 

savanna with many Borassus aethiopium (palms) 

Figure 63. Côte d’Ivoire, Tyenko (photograph by L. W. Robbins, Mar 1969).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 3 5

scattered along the edges . . . [palms] also occasionally seen growing in the forest . . . this area was a very 

active interdigitation of moist forest with woodland 

and woodland savanna . . . clump grass . . . woody 

shrubs” (TJM). “It could almost be called an ecotone between guinea savanna and forest . . . much 

farming . . . cocoa in the forest areas and corn and 

yams everywhere. The patches of savanna are grass 

areas with some low bushes and Borassas palms. The 

forest area is not a high-wet forest but is definitely 

forest . . . grassland area” (LWR).

Taxa: Perodicticus, Galago, Cercopithecus, Colobus, 

Procolobus; Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Protoxerus, 

Graphiurus, Cricetomys, Lophuromys, Gerbilliscus, 

Hybomys, Hylomyscus, Lemniscomys, Malacomys, 

Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, Rattus, Anomalurus, Thryonomys; Crocidura; Eidolon, Hipposideros; Manis; 

Genetta, Crossarchus, Mungos; Phacochoerus, Neotragus, Cephalophus.

Yama (Map 9: 265).

Coordinates: 09°36′N, 06°18′W C (09°36′N, 06°19′W G).

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and L. W. Robbins (19–25 Mar 

1969). 

Habitat: “Basically savanna surrounding small patches of 

riverine forest. The forests are quite small and the vegetation inside them is very dense, almost thickets. The 

forested areas are strictly limited to the area directly 

surrounding the small ponds. The savanna areas [Figure 64] are forested with trees ranging in size from 

about 20–60 feet [6.1–18.3 m] . . . grasses . . . mostly 

burned off. Crops here include rice, cotton, and yams. 

Many mango trees are around the village” (JWL). 

“Quite a few trees, many near a water course, also 

many open area—cattle in evidence . . . mango tree” 

(LWR).

Taxa: Orycteropus; Galago, Chlorocebus; Xerus, Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Graphiurus, Cricetomys, Steatomys, Uranomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, 

Figure 64. Côte d’Ivoire, Yama (Mar 1969).
1 3 6 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, Hystrix, 

Thryonomys; Lissonycteris, Hipposideros, Chaerephon; Genetta, Nandinia, Galerella, Ichneumia, 

Mungos; Cephalophus.

Yapo-Sud (Map 9: 286).

Coordinates: 05°42′N, 04°05′W C. 

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and L. W. Robbins (10–16 Dec 

1968).

Habitat: “Mainly high forest. Large stands of trees . . . in 

every direction; however, none of the trees are very 

old or larger as in older forests. The forests here are 

undisturbed but are still young relatively speaking 

[Figure 65]. The vegetation beneath the trees is still 

fairly dense and the ground is covered by fallen leaves 

. . . A little of the land is under cultivation, some of 

the crops being cocoa and bananas . . . small pond 

. . . stream . . . much of the ‘forest’ in the Yapo area, 

especially around camp, is old forest plantations . . . 

grass near the station . . . along the plantation farm 

. . . behind the station” (JWL). “Forest area that had 

been logged—small open brushy areas with forest surrounding them. Some of the areas seemed to be waterlogged” (LWR).

Remarks: The field camp was located on the CTFT forestry research station south of Yapo (Yapo rail station; 05°48′N, 04°08′W G). The station was located 

beside a railroad track about 1 mi [1.6 km] from the 

road to Agboville. LeDuc indicated that his coordinates for Yapo-Sud were a “rough estimate.”

Taxa: Perodicticus, Galago; Heliosciurus, Protoxerus, 

Cricetomys, Lophuromys, Dephomys, Lemniscomys, 

Malacomys, Mus, Praomys, Rattus, Anomalurus; 

Crocidura; Epomops, Micropteropus, Scotonycteris, 

Hipposideros, Nycteris; Civettictis, Genetta, Nandinia; Neotragus.

Zaakro (Map 9: 279).

Coordinates: 06°36′N, 05°05′W C (06°36′N, 05°04′W G).

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and L. W. Robbins (30 Jan 1969).

Figure 65. Côte d’Ivoire, Yapo-Sud (Dec 1968).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 3 7

Habitat: “Guinea savanna” (specimen labels).

Remarks: Several specimens of Mastomys were collected 

at Zaakro during the period of fieldwork at Lamto

(29–31 Jan).

Taxon: Mastomys.

Burkina Faso (Upper Volta)

General Remarks. Immediately following 

their brief stint in Ghana (Oct 1968), Ralph and Judy Vaden 

collected in Burkina Faso for approximately nine months 

(Nov 1968 to Jul 1969). The couple was accompanied by 

J. W. LeDuc, L. W. Robbins, and H. W. Setzer at their first 

field site (9 mi S Nobere), but afterward they assumed sole 

responsibility for all field operations in Burkina Faso (Map 

10). At that first stop, distance was given in miles, but the 

Vadens thereafter adopted the metric system for all locality designations. Two field assistants, Alphonse and Saidou, 

conducted much night hunting and setting of traplines. 

Vaden routinely formulated his provenience as a distance 

from a larger village or town that appears on period maps 

and usually recorded the name of the smaller habitation 

nearest the actual field site in his journal; these place-names 

and coordinates are given under Remarks. Many specimens 

in Vaden’s field catalogs are annotated, all apparently by 

Vaden himself, as having been kept by Louis Bellier; also 

listed, by field numbers (including those of JWL, LWR, and 

REV), are specimens sent to ORSTOM in Paris. All field 

books and original specimen labels read “Upper Volta,” the 

older name for Burkina Faso until renamed in 1984.

Itinerary. R. E. Vaden: 9 mi S Nobere, 7–10 

Nov 1968; Arly, 13–14 Nov 1968; Goden, 17–21 Nov 

1968; Natiaboani, 7–14 Dec 1968; Ouagadougou, 15–17 

Jan 1969; Tatarko, 22–27 Jan 1969; Petoye, 28–30 Jan 

1969; 30 km N Markoye, 31 Jan–4 Feb 1969; 17 km E

Gorgadji, 5–10 Feb 1969; 5 km N Boussouma, 11–16 Feb 

1969; Dio, 19–24 Feb 1969; 9 km NE Barga, 25 Feb–2 

Mar 1969; 6 km SE Seguenega, 3–8 Mar 1969; 1 km N

Cella, 11–15 Mar 1969; 6 mi S Cella, 13–14 Mar 1969; 3 

km SE Nayoure, 16–20 Mar 1969; Ougarou, 21–26 Mar 

1969; Ouagadougou, 27 Apr 1969; Oulo, 1–4 May 1969; 

[2 km S] Konankira, 5–9 May 1969; 8 km NE Satiri, 10–12 

May 1969; Founzan, 12–17 May 1969; 8 km S Dana, 18–

23 May 1969; Fo, 9–14 Jun 1969; 27 km ENE Orodara, 

15–20 Jun 1969; 5 km SW Koutoura, 21–26 Jun 1969; Sideradougou, 27 Jun–2 Jul 1969; Djipologo, 5–12 Jul 1969.

Arly (Map 10: 316).

Coordinates: 11°34′N, 01°26′E C (11°35′N, 01°28′E G).

Collector: R. E. Vaden (13–14 Nov 1968).

Habitat: “On a rocky hillside to the east of camp . . . along 

the Doudodo River to the west . . . 4–5 foot [1.2–1.5 

m] grass.” “Sudan Savanna” (specimen labels).

Remarks: The Vadens camped near the headquarters of 

the local Eaux et Forêts (probably the Réserve Totale 

de Faune de L’Arli; CAO, Kandi, 1:500,000) and collected mostly in the vicinity of the Doudodo River.

Taxa: Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, 

Mus, Praomys; Epomophorus, Hipposideros, Nycteris, Chaerephon.

Barga, 9 km NE (Map 10: 292).

Coordinates: 13°51′N, 02°12′W C.

Collector: R. E. Vaden (25 Feb–2 Mar 1969).

Habitat: “Sahel Savanna, with scattered grassy areas; 

plenty of thorn bushes, mostly in thickets; scattered 

shrubs, and a few large trees. The soil is a sandy-clay, 

slightly red in color. Some of the shrubs appear to be 

Sudanian elements . . . ecotonal in appearance.”

Remarks: Vaden established camp near the village of 

Noro, whose USBGN (1965) coordinates match his 

own, but he adopted the distance relative to Barga as 

the formal locality designation.

Taxa: Galago; Heliosciurus, Cricetomys, Steatomys, 

Desmodilliscus, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, 

Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Atelerix; Rhinolophus, 

Hipposideros, Taphozous, Nycteris; Felis, Genetta, 

Vulpes.

Boussouma, 5 km N (Map 10: 294).

Coordinates: 12°57′N, 01°05′W C.

Collector: R. E. Vaden (11–16 Feb 1969).

Habitat: “Habitat is ‘typical’ Sudan Savanna, with large 

trees fairly common, and some dense stands of shrubs, 

many thorny. There are few large expanses of grass, 

but they tend to be fairly high, not over grazed . . . Soil 

is the usual reddish clay, but some is fairly loose, with 

varying amounts of sand . . . (no real sandy soil).”

Remarks: Heading south from the vicinity of 17 km E

Gorgadji, Vaden traveled to the north of Boussouma 

and collected around Toyssé (Toysé G), coordinates 

of which match his own. Vaden reported that their 

camp was 1.5 mi [2.4 km] west of a seasonal stream, 

probably a tributary of the White Volta.

Taxa: Galago; Xerus, Cricetomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, 

Arvicanthis, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; 

Lepus; Atelerix; Epomophorus; Felis, Genetta.

Cella, 1 km N (Map 10: 312).

Coordinates: 11°38′N, 00°22′W C.
1 3 8 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Collector: R. E. Vaden (11–15 Mar 1969).

Habitat: “The nearby bush is a very narrow belt of savanna with [land cleared for cultivation] on the other 

side . . . typical Sudan Savanna—basically a shrub 

and grass vegetation with fairly heavy stands of brush, 

and a high incidence of trees, many of which are quite 

large. The grass . . . forms a fairly constant ground 

cover, except where replaced by shrubs.”

Remarks: In his field journal, Vaden placed this site 

near Gouni, a village that matches his coordinates, 

but adopted the distance from Cella for his written 

provenience.

Kilometers

100 0 100

M

a

l

i

Niger

Benin

Togo

Ghana

Black

Volta

Red

Volta

White

Volta

290

291

292

293

294

295

296 

297

298

299

300

301

302 303

304

305

306

307 308

309

310 311

312

313

314 315

316

0

12N

Côte

d ́Ivoire

Map 10. African Mammal Project cardinal collecting localities 290–316 in Burkina Faso (Upper Volta).

290. Konankira, [2km S] 296. Gorgadji, 17 km E 302. Koutoura, 5 km SW 308. Ouagadougou 314. Nayoure, 3 km SE

291. Dio 297. Petoye 303. Sideradougou 309. Dana, 8 km S 315. Ougarou

292. Barga, 9 km NE 298. Markoye, 30 km N 304. Djipologo 310. Nobere, 9 mi S 316. Arly

293. Seguenega, 6 km SE 299. Fo 305. Founzan 311. Cella, 6 mi S

294. Boussouma, 5 km N 300. Satiri, 8 km NE 306. Oulo 312. Cella, 1 km N

295. Tatarko 301. Orodara, 27 km ENE 307. Goden 313. Natiaboani
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 3 9

Taxa: Galago; Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Lemniscomys, Mastomys; Lepus; Atelerix; 

Epomophorus, Lavia.

Cella, 6 mi [9.7 km] S (Map 10: 311).

Coordinates: 11°32′N, 00°22′W C.

Collector: R. E. Vaden (13–14 Mar 1969).

Habitat: “Sudan Savanna, burned over but still with plenty 

of grass standing, and shrubs from moderate to dense 

with scattered trees.”

Remarks: While maintaining the base camp at 1 km N

Cella (11–15 Mar), Vaden drove 6 mi [9.7 km] south 

of the village and set another line in “more typical” 

Sudan Savanna. This locality is differentiated as such 

on the labels of the dozen small mammals collected 

there.

Taxa: Galago; Taterillus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys.

Dana, 8 km S (Map 10: 309).

Coordinates: 11°48′N, 02°08′W C.

Collector: R. E. Vaden (18–23 May 1969).

Habitat: “Habitat is highly varied—large trees scattered, 

but concentrated near riverbeds (none flowing, but 

some pools), medium and smalls trees and shrubs in 

dense patches, with large ‘clear’ areas of a few shrubs 

and grasses. There are some large areas of hard-baked 

clay and gravel, punctuated with a few shrubs; other 

areas are very grassy. The dense tree-shrub stands 

along the riverbed are similar to what I called ‘riverine forest’ at Founzan but . . . not nearly as extensive, 

occupying only a few yards on either side of the actual 

river bed.”

Remarks: In his journal, Vaden noted that camp was actually located at Bazilakoa, “a small Mossi settlement 8 

km south of Dana.” His “8 km S” coordinates match 

those of the USBGN (1965) for Bazilakoa, which sits 

by a seasonally intermittent stream, the Koutiala.

Taxa: Galago; Xerus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Mastomys, 

Praomys; Lepus; Genetta; Sylvicapra.

Dio (Map 10: 291).

Coordinates: 13°20′N, 02°38′W C, G.

Collector: R. E. Vaden (19–24 Feb 1969).

Habitat: “Native vegetation nearby. Habitat is mainly 

Sudan Savanna, consisting of grassland, with thickets of medium to large shrubs and plenty of large 

trees [Figure 66]. Soil ranges from a sandy clay to 

rocky, and there are several large outcroppings of 

huge boulders . . . overgrown at their bases by grass 

and small shrubs. Some expanses of apparently Sahel 

Savanna are present, particularly near the rocky areas, 

away from present watercourses . . . large rock outcropping about a mile [1.6 km] east of camp . . . It 

consists of piles of large boulders—they almost look 

glacial” (emphasis in original).

Taxa: Cricetomys, Steatomys, Acomys, Desmodilliscus, 

Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; 

Lepus; Atelerix; Taphozous, Nycteris.

Djipologo (Map 10: 304).

Coordinates: 10°56′N, 03°07′W C, G.

Collector: R. E. Vaden (5–12 Jul 1969).

Habitat: “Somewhat ecotonal, more Guinea than Sudan 

Savanna. Basically a grassland, the terrain is somewhat 

hilly, with trees scattered all over . . . The nearby hillside is very grassy, with trees in some areas; in places 

the slopes are rocky and pretty steep.”

Taxa: Galago; Xerus, Heliosciurus, Cricetomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Epomophorus, Micropteropus, 

Rhinolophus, Hipposideros, Nycteris, Nycticeinops, 

Scotophilus; Genetta.

Fo (Map 10: 299).

Coordinates: 11°53′N, 04°31′W C, G (as Fô).

Collector: R. E. Vaden (9–14 Jun 1969).

Habitat: “Highly variable. In the valley where the village 

is located most of the vegetation has been cleared 

for farming. What remains consists almost exclusively of grass . . . with scattered large trees (mango, 

baobab . . .). The ‘valley’ is enclosed on east and west 

by [fairly] steep rocky hills and small cliffs of rock. The 

hills are densely covered by shrubs, grasses and a few 

trees. At the top [of the hills the] vegetation is ‘typical’ 

Sudan Savanna consisting of trees, scattered clumps of 

shrubs and grassland. To the south the ‘valley’ drops 

off down ‘cliffs’ about 100 to 150 feet [30–46 m] into 

another similar ‘valley’ this consisting primarily of 

‘tree savanna’—many trees with few shrubs but plenty 

of grass . . . The general habitat seems to be a treegrassland [Figure 67], with few shrubs . . . Most of 

our trapping has been on the rocky slopes east of [and 

later west of] camp; most of the specimens brought 

in by the villagers come from the open flat, farming 

lands near the village.”

Remarks: Fo is situated on a modest plateau (400 m, according to Vaden) and is surrounded by higher elevations, with fairly steep-sided rocky hills. The Redunca

and some Genetta were collected “in the valley below 

the Falaise de Fô (cliffs south of camp a couple of 
Figure 66. Burkina Faso, Dio (photograph by R. E. Vaden, Feb 1969).

Figure 67. Burkina Faso, Fo (photograph by R. E. Vaden, Jun 1969).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 4 1

miles).” The valley mentioned is probably that of the 

Kana River.

Taxa: Steatomys, Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Lepus; Eidolon, Epomophorus, Hypsignathus, 

Micropteropus; Genetta; Ourebia, Sylvicapra, 

Redunca.

Founzan (Map 10: 305).

Coordinates: 11°27′N, 03°14′W C, G.

Collector: R. E. Vaden (12–17 May 1969).

Habitat: Around the base camp, “the habitat is tree savanna, with high grass and scattered shrubs. The trees 

are mainly of medium height, 15 to 20 feet [4.6–6.1 m] 

. . . soil is pretty much clay . . . great deal of farming 

. . . tree shrub bush.” At 5 km N Founzan, “the habitat 

is . . . fairly dense forest (fairly tall trees) interspersed 

with grasslands (flood plains) and shrubby areas. The 

shrubs and trees are fairly thick along the river proper 

and above the flood plains.”

Remarks: At 5 km north of Founzan, the road crosses the 

Grand Balé River, a major branch of the Black Volta. 

All specimen labels indicate Founzan and do not distinguish the two areas of field activity by the locality designation. However, individual labels contain 

habitat annotations, either as “tree-shrub savanna” or 

“riverine forest,” that appear to be consistent with the 

separate collecting sites described by Vaden.

Taxa: Galago, Chlorocebus, Erythrocebus, Papio; Heliosciurus, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, 

Mastomys, Praomys; Lepus; Atelerix; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Nycteris; Genetta.

Goden (Map 10: 307).

Coordinates: 12°22′N, 02°18′W C (12°23′N, 02°18′W G).

Collector: R. E. Vaden (17–21 Nov 1968).

Habitat: “Sudan Savanna” (Figure 68) (specimen labels).

Taxa: Erythrocebus; Cricetomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Atelerix; 

Hipposideros, Nycteris, Chaerephon, Nycticeinops, 

Scotophilus.

Gorgadji, 17 km E (Map 10: 296).

Coordinates: 14°02′N, 00°22′W C.

Collector: R. E. Vaden (5–10 Feb 1969).

Habitat: “Sahel Savanna, not entirely degraded—much 

more natural than at Petoye [see below]—but still 

supporting far too many goats and cattle . . . few 

Figure 68. Burkina Faso, Goden (photograph by R. E. Vaden, Nov 1968).
1 4 2 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

large trees except near the ‘river,’ which consists of 

pools of standing (stagnant) water. Shrubs, especially 

thorny bushes, are plentiful, but concentrated in small, 

dense stands. There are some fairly large grassy areas 

. . . grazed over to 8 to 10 inches [20–25 cm] or less. 

Soil ranges from loose sand to baked clay . . . dense 

thorny brush piles . . . open, scattered shrub . . . cutover cornfields . . . tree-shrub stands.”

Remarks: Vaden established base camp about 150 yards 

[137 m] outside the village of Pétéguersé, which corresponds to his coordinates, but used the distance 

from the larger town of Gorgadji on specimen labels. 

An appreciable number of mammals were collected 

along the river, which Vaden reckoned as “about 3 

miles [4.8 km] north of the camp.” This rainy-season 

stream is probably the Goudébo.

Taxa: Galago; Xerus, Heliosciurus, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Mastomys, Praomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Taphozous, Nycticeinops, Neoromicia; Felis, 

Genetta, Ictonyx.

Konankira, [2 km S] (Map 10: 290).

Coordinates: 12°53′N, 03°53′W G (for Karéqui; see Remarks).

Collector: R. E. Vaden (5–9 May 1969).

Habitat: “‘Shrub savanna’—there are large expanses of 

grassland, with plenty of low to medium [height] 

shrubs [and] some scattered trees [Figure 69] . . . 

shrub-grassland near the village.”

Remarks: Uncharacteristically, Vaden’s adopted provenience is slightly misleading. The actual fieldwork was 

conducted near Karékui, which he recognized in his 

field journal as a Fulani village about 2 km S Konankira, 

but he identified the collecting locality only as Konankira. Nonetheless, the USBGN (1965) coordinates for 

Karéqui (12°53′N, 03°53′W) nearly equate to those 

used by Vaden for Konankira (12°54′N, 03°53′W).

Taxa: Galago; Heliosciurus, Cricetomys, Gerbilliscus, 

Taterillus, Mastomys, Mus, Rattus; Lepus; Atelerix; Rhinolophus, Hipposideros, Nycteris; Genetta, 

Galerella.

Figure 69. Burkina Faso, Konankira, [2 km S] (photograph by R. E. Vaden, May 1969).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 4 3

Koutoura, 5 km SW (Map 10: 302).

Coordinates: 10°19′N, 04°53′W C.

Collector: R. E. Vaden (21–26 Jun 1969).

Habitat: “Guinea Savanna—basically a tree-grassland, 

with dense shrubs in places. The grasslands are extensive, dotted with trees, including borassus palms. The 

soil here is surprisingly sandy: the grass is fairly thick 

although only 14 inches [36 cm] or so high.”

Remarks: Tents were set up southwest of Koutoura, near 

the small village of Diakora (10°18′N, 04°53′W G), 

which closely approximates the coordinates employed 

by Vaden.

Taxa: Galago; Heliosciurus, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Lepus; Eidolon, 

Epomophorus, Micropteropus, Nycteris; Genetta.

Markoye, 30 km N (Map 10: 298).

Coordinates: 14°54′N, 00°04′E C.

Collector: R. E. Vaden (31 Jan–4 Feb 1969).

Habitat: “The habitat is difficult to describe . . . a thicket of 

thorn bushes and low trees . . . [close by] is an expanse 

of hard, baked, desert soil with practically no vegetation. If forced to, I’d call it ‘desert thorn scrub’ [Figure 

70] for want of a better name—I’m sure that it’s not 

Sahel Savanna [although ‘Sahel Savanna’ is recorded, 

apparently at some later time, on specimen labels for 

this locality]. All in all quite a varied region with vegetation very desert-like but more dense in most places 

than in deserts I’m used to. Few grasses, only in isolated 

patches never more than 14 inches [36 cm] tall. Many 

thorn bushes, mostly 6–10 feet [1.8–3.0 m] tall . . . Some 

[extensive] areas lack vegetation entirely.”

Remarks: After passing through Markoye (14°39′N, 

00°02′E G) and heading north toward the Beli River, 

the crew lost the road and perhaps strayed into Mali 

before eventually locating their campsite just south 

of that river. Initially, Vaden indicated that his coordinates for this locality were probably “within a 

Figure 70. Burkina Faso, Markoye, 30 km N: Sandy hill (photograph by R. E. Vaden).
1 4 4 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

couple of kilometers” of his actual position. Later 

he confirmed his camp’s whereabouts in relation to 

some barely visible cross roads about 50 yards [46 

m] southwest of their camp. On 3 Feb, Vaden drove 

about 4.5 mi [7.2 km] north of camp to a “sandy desert hill with sparse vegetation but hundreds of rodent 

burrows” to set a trapline. This change in trapping 

venue is not reflected on the specimen labels of the 

two Gerbillus collected.

Taxa: Xerus, Gerbillus, Mastomys, Praomys; Lepus; Nycticeinops; Genetta.

Natiaboani (Map 10: 313).

Coordinates: 11°42′N, 00°30′E C, G.

Collector: R. E. Vaden (7–14 Dec 1968).

Habitat: “River bed—no running water but several pools 

. . . high grass.” “Sudan Savanna” (specimen labels).

Remarks: Some specimens were collected along a nearly 

dry river bed, but most were apparently gathered 

from Natiaboani and the surrounding countryside 

by villagers. Several seasonal streams are in the vicinity of Natiaboani, all of which are tributaries of 

the Otabango, Koul Péolgo, and Oualé river system 

(CAO, Pama, 1:200,000).

Taxa: Galago; Cricetomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, 

Hystrix; Lepus; Epomophorus, Rhinolophus, Nycteris, 

Scotophilus; Felis, Genetta, Ichneumia; Sylvicapra.

Nayoure, 3 km SE (Map 10: 314).

Coordinates: 12°15′N, 00°16′E C.

Collector: R. E. Vaden (16–20 Mar 1969).

Habitat: “Sudan Savanna, grass-brush-tree vegetation. 

Grass is . . . 3 or 4 feet [0.9–1.2 m] [high] in places. 

Shrubs are high, and fairly dense, and trees are relatively common. The soil . . . slightly sandy clay baked 

pretty hard.”

Remarks: Camp was pitched near a small village to the 

southeast of Nayoure (12°16′N, 00°15′E G). Vaden 

did not identify this village, although he indicated 

in his journal that a village was shown on his “one 

degree square” map where he reckoned his position. 

On the probable map that Vaden cited (CAO, Fada 

Ngourma, 1:200,000), the village of Oboungouni is 

found at the collector’s coordinates (also consistent 

with the USBGN, 1965).

Taxa: Galago; Xerus, Heliosciurus, Cricetomys, Steatomys, 

Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Lemniscomys, 

Mastomys; Lepus; Atelerix; Rhinolophus, Nycteris; 

Genetta; Sylvicapra.

Nobere, 9 mi [14.5 km] S (Map 10: 310).

Coordinates: 11°26′N, 01°10′W C.

Collectors: L. W. Robbins, H. W. Setzer, and R. E. Vaden 

(7–10 Nov 1968).

Habitat: “Sudan Savanna with dense brush and high 

grass—many acacias” (LWR).

Remarks: Camp was established to the south of Nobere 

(11°33′N, 01°12′W G), near the Red Volta River, 

which forms the northern boundary of the Forêt 

Classée de Pô.

Taxa: Galago; Taterillus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Praomys; Micropteropus, Hipposideros, Lavia, Nycteris.

Orodara, 27 km ENE (Map 10: 301).

Coordinates: 11°04′N, 04°41′W C.

Collector: R. E. Vaden (15–20 Jun 1969).

Habitat: “The habitat seems to be ecotonal—basically a 

tree-shrub-grassland typical of Sudan Savanna, with an 

occasional borassus palm. Some areas are fairly open 

grassland with trees, others have dense shrubs; the open 

areas seem dominant. This is a fairly mountainous region. The riverbanks have a fairly dense vegetation, including some tropical-looking elements, but it extends 

only 8 or 10 feet [2.4 or 3.0 m] back up the banks, then 

gives way to the more open savanna. The ground is 

fairly hard clay with considerable rock areas, small areas 

of hard, graveled ‘pavement,’ extensive areas of rock 

just under the surface . . . and some fairly large areas of 

rocks . . . Three miles [4.8 km] up the road . . . Guinea 

(?) Savanna—several borassus palms in predominantly 

tree-grass habitat with occasional thickets of shrubs.”

Remarks: Vaden recorded his camp as nearby a small unnamed village (perhaps Guéna; 11°04′N, 04°44′W G) 

on the Black Volta River and defined its location in 

relation to Orodara (10°59′N, 04°55′W G). The site 

specified by his coordinates actually falls close to the 

Dienkoa River, a small upper tributary of the Black 

Volta, as located on a Burkina map (CAO, BoboDioulasso, 1:500,000).

Taxa: Galago, Erythrocebus; Funisciurus, Cricetomys, 

Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, 

Mus; Lepus; Atelerix; Hypsignathus, Lissonycteris, 

Rhinolophus, Hipposideros, Nycteris; Genetta.

Ouagadougou (Map 10: 308).

Coordinates: 12°21′N, 01°32′W C (12°22′N, 01°31′W G).

Collector: R. E. Vaden (15–17 Jan, 27 Apr 1969).

Habitat: “Mango grove” (specimen labels).

Remarks: The Vadens regularly returned to Burkina Faso’s 

capital for supplies and vehicular repair. During such 
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 4 5

intermittent visits, they incidentally netted bats and 

trapped rodents on the compound of the American 

Protestant Mission. Coordinates for specimens collected on 27 Apr were given as 12°21′N, 01°33′W C.

Taxa: Praomys; Epomophorus, Scotophilus, Pipistrellus.

Ougarou (Map 10: 315).

Coordinates: 12°10′N, 00°56′E C (12°09′N, 00°56′E G).

Collector: R. E. Vaden (21–26 Mar 1969).

Habitat: “‘Typical’ Sudan Savanna—tall grass, relatively 

thick, with plentiful medium-to-high shrubs and a 

good number of trees. Soil is again the sandy-clay type 

. . . Near the river [later corrected as the outflow from 

a man-made impoundment—see Remarks], there are 

several moderate hills, with small cliffs along one 

ridge . . . rocky outcroppings.”

Remarks: Several bats, mostly Epomophorus, that bear this 

place-name were actually mist-netted along a densely 

vegetated impoundment and spillway, at first described 

as a small “river,” a seasonal tributary of the Boubwonli, 

located 2 mi [3.2 km] west (approximately 12°09′N, 

00°54′E M) of the Vadens’ camp. Only the one locality 

name, “Ougarou,” is used for all specimens.

Taxa: Xerus, Cricetomys, Acomys, Arvicanthis, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Lepus; Crocidura; 

Epomophorus, Hipposideros, Nycticeinops, Scotophilus, Neoromicia; Genetta; Eudorcas, Ourebia.

Oulo (Map 10: 306).

Coordinates: 11°54′N, 02°58′W C (11°54′N, 02°59′W G).

Collector: R. E. Vaden (1–4 May 1969).

Habitat: Initially (1 May), Vaden recorded the habitat as 

“good Sudan Savanna country. The vegetation consists of relatively dense clusters of low shrubs, most 

under 3 feet [0.9 m] in height. Trees are common, and 

there is grass . . . everywhere; [although not in] extensive grassy areas.” Later (2 May), he noted that “My 

‘low shrub’ habitat isn’t very accurate; many areas are 

covered by shrubs up to 6–7 feet [1.8–2.1 m] high. I’ll 

change the description to ‘shrub-grassland.’”

Remarks: Depending upon the date of collection, either of 

the above two habitat terms may appear on individual 

specimen labels.

Taxa: Galago; Heliosciurus, Cricetomys, Gerbilliscus, 

Taterillus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Praomys, Rattus; Lepus; Atelerix; Nycteris; Genetta.

Petoye (Map 10: 297).

Coordinates: 14°35′N, 00°22′W C, G.

Collector: R. E. Vaden (28–30 Jan 1969).

Habitat: “The habitat is Sahel Savanna, heavily over grazed 

by . . . cattle and goats . . . the grass is very short and 

large areas are bare . . . impressive rock outcroppings 

. . . The soil is very sandy . . . A few shrubs . . . and a 

few trees (seldom over 10 feet [3.0 m] tall); all in all, 

it’s one of the worst cases of habitat destruction I’ve 

ever seen! . . . open scrub.”

Remarks: Camp was pitched just southeast of the main 

part of the village, but on the basis of Vaden’s observations of the degraded habitat, they soon departed 

for Markoye.

Taxa: Xerus, Gerbillus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Mastomys; Atelerix; Chaerephon, Scotophilus; Ictonyx.

Satiri, 8 km NE (Map 10: 300).

Coordinates: 11°30′N, 04°00′W C.

Collector: R. E. Vaden (10–12 May 1969).

Habitat: “‘Tree-shrub savanna’ . . . although the shrubs are 

fairly scarce. The vegetation consists mainly of high grass 

with a great number of trees, ranging from seedlings to 

heights of 25 to 30 feet [7.6–9.1 m]. Most are of medium height—10 to 15 feet [3.0–4.6 m]—and are rather 

skimpy in appearance. The few shrubs occur in scattered 

stands, occasionally getting into the ‘tree’ areas.”

Remarks: Base camp was established near a small BoboMossi village, Kadonda, whose USBGN (1965) coordinates match those employed by Vaden, but the 

collecting site was referenced to the larger town of 

Satiri (11°26′N, 04°02′W G). Vaden mentioned the 

proximity of his campsite to a Fôret Classée (presumably the Maro Reserve) and a flowing river that 

formed a boundary of the Fôret Classée. On the basis 

of his description, this river is likely the Léyésa or 

perhaps the Wéré, which forms the reserve’s western 

boundary. Because of poor success (“natives cleared 

and burned [all the vegetation]”) and a water shortage, the stay at this site was brief.

Taxa: Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Mastomys; Atelerix; Genetta.

Seguenega, 6 km SE (Map 10: 293).

Coordinates: 13°24′N, 01°55′W C.

Collector: R. E. Vaden (3–8 Mar 1969).

Habitat: “Terrain is rolling hills with broad river basins 

between, covered with grasses and low shrubs . . . 

thorn bushes . . . some large trees, generally around 

the village or along the river beds. Soil is slightly red, 

sandy-clay to clay, much of it baked hard (but not 

to the extent of the hardpan in the sub-desert regions 

to the north) . . . marginal Sudan-Sahel savanna . . . 

ecotonal between Sudan and Sahel Savannas . . . there 
1 4 6 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

are elements of Sudan Savanna this far north whether 

natural . . . or introduced.”

Remarks: The Vadens passed through Seguenega and established camp near the smaller village of Tanpelga 

(13°25′N, 01°55′W G), the coordinates of which nearly 

match their own. The river beds probably refer to various seasonally intermittent branches that drain into the 

White Volta River, just to the west of Seguenega.

Taxa: Galago; Heliosciurus, Cricetomys, Acomys, Desmodilliscus, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Lepus; Atelerix; 

Hipposideros.

Sideradougou (Map 10: 303).

Coordinates: 10°40′N, 04°15′W C, G.

Collector: R. E. Vaden (27 Jun–2 Jul 1969).

Habitat: “Primarily tree savanna with perhaps a few 

more clusters of shrubs than before [a reference to 

Koutoura] . . . extensive farming . . . open grassland.”

Remarks: For their camp, the Vadens selected an area on 

the southeast outskirts of town, “so the bush isn’t far 

away.”

Taxa: Galago, Papio; Heliosciurus, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Eidolon, Epomophorus, Hypsignathus, Nycteris.

Tatarko (Map 10: 295).

Coordinates: 13°29′N, 00°20′W C (13°28′N, 00°19′W G).

Collector: R. E. Vaden (22–27 Jan 1969).

Habitat: “The habitat is quite different from that farther 

south—more small trees, less expanse of grasses, 

and the grasses are somewhat shorter; however, I 

don’t believe we’ve actually left Sudan Savanna. This 

may be marginal, an ecotone between Sudan and 

Sahel Savanna [Figure 71] . . . no bodies of water 

around . . . Baobab trees are few and far between . . . 

rocky cliff-like hill.” “Sudan Savanna” (specimen 

labels).

Figure 71. Burkina Faso, Tatarko (photograph by R. E. Vaden, Jan 1969).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 4 7

Taxa: Galago; Xerus, Heliosciurus, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Mastomys; Lepus; Atelerix; Crocidura; Taphozous, Nycteris, Chaerephon; Galerella.

Ghana

General Remarks. Ghana was an important west African country in terms of the effort and personnel devoted to its survey and the number of localities 

visited (61; Map 11), although many were little more than 

opportunistic day trips into the Accra Plains of southeastern Ghana, arranged while the field teams were laying 

over at Legon. Dr. Leo R. Cole, Department of Zoology, 

the University of Ghana, accompanied Geest in 1968 at 

Pra Suhien Forest Reserve and at 15 mi W Prestea. Barry 

Hughes, a herpetologist also from the University of Ghana 

(C. B. Robbins, pers. comm.), periodically accompanied 

Geest in 1967. Legon, the general base of operations for 

all field teams, and nearby Achimota were intermittently 

collected many times and therefore are not listed in the 

itineraries that follow.

Itineraries. J. C. Geest and B. J. Hayward:

Bator, 14–16 Jul 1967; Mankesin, 29 Jul 1967; Aburi 

Hills, 31 Jul 1967.

J. C. Geest, B. J. Hayward, and A. Kofi: 1 mi N

Nkawkaw, 3–12 Aug 1967.

B. J. Hayward and A. Kofi: Jukwa, 16–21 Aug 1967; 

Cape Coast, 19 Aug 1967; Elmina, 20 Aug 1967; 7 mi 

N Prince’s Town, 22–26 Aug 1967; Axim, 25 Aug 1967; 

Anum, 29 Aug 1967; 7 mi S Bame, 29 Aug 1967; Amedzofe, 

30 Aug 1967; Denu, 31 Aug 1967; Keta, 31 Aug 1967.

Map 11. African Mammal Project cardinal collecting localities 

317–377 in Ghana.

317. Bangwon 348. Teshi

318. Pulima 349. Achimota

319. Pirisi 350. Legon

320. Veya 351. Medina

321. Gambaga 352. Berekuso, 1 mi N

322. Shishe 353. Aburi Hills

323. Nabogo 354. Aburi

324. Damango, [5 mi E] 355. Tutu

325. Sakpa 356. Mamfe

326. Subinja 357. Aiyikuma

327. Yabraso 358. Doyum

328. Kokofu 359. Suhum, 2.4 mi E

329. Wulasi 360. Nankasi

330. Odomi Jongo 361. Okorasi

331. Ahiriso 362. Tinkong, 3 mi NW

332. Adamso 363. Adawso

333. Oda 364. Krobo Mountain

334. Kade, 6 mi NW 365. Akosombo

335. Nkawkaw, 1 mi N 366. Akwamu, 5 mi W

336. Kwahu Tafo 367. Asikuma, 1 mi N

337. Prestea, 32 mi W 368. Anum

338. Axim 369. Avetile

339. Prince’s Town, 7 mi N 370. Tsibu, 7 mi N

340. Butre 371. Bame, 7 mi S

341. Efeipo Krom 372. Kpeve

342. Pra Suhien Forest Reserve 373. Amedzofe

343. Jukwa 374. Leklebi Agbesia

344. Elmina 375. Bator

345. Cape Coast 376. Keta

346. Mankesin 377. Denu

347. Weija

100 0 100 

317

318

319

320

321

322

323

324

325

326

327

328

329

330

331

332

333

334

335

336

337

338

339

340

341

342

343

344 345

346

347

}

348 349-358

{

359-363

364 365,366

367

368,369

373

374

375

376

377

Burkina Faso

Benin

Togo

White

Volta

Black

Volta

Oti River

Lake Volta

}370-372

0

Gulf of Guinea

10N

Côte

d ́Ivoire
1 4 8 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

J. C. Geest, J. W. LeDuc, and C. B. Robbins: Aburi, 

2, 8 Oct 1967; 1 mi N Berekuso, 8–11, 15–16 Oct 1967; 

Medina, 16 Oct 1967; 1 mi N Berekuso, 20–21 Oct 1967; 

Aburi Hills, 23 Oct 1967.

J. C. Geest, J. W. LeDuc, C. B. Robbins, and H. W. 

Setzer: 6 mi NW Kade, 26 Oct–2 Nov 1967; 1 mi N Berekuso, 5 Nov 1967; Medina, 9 Nov 1967; Aiyikuma, 

11 Nov 1967; Medina, 12 Nov 1967; Krobo Mountain, 

13 Nov 1967; Pra Suhien Forest Reserve, 14 Nov 1967; 

Doyum, 14–16 Nov 1967; Krobo Mountain, 19 Nov 

1967; Kwahu Tafo, 20 Nov 1967; Medina, 20 Nov 1967; 

Teshi, 22–26 Nov 1967; Akosombo, 30 Nov 1967; 5 mi 

W Akwamu, 2 Dec 1967; 1 mi N Asikuma, 2 Dec 1967; 

Avetile, 2 Dec 1967; Kpeve, 2 Dec 1967; 7 mi N Tsibu, 2 

Dec 1967; Adawso, 10 Dec 1967; Mamfe, 10 Dec 1967; 

Nankasi, 10 Dec 1967; Okorasi, 10 Dec 1967; 2.4 mi E

Suhum, 10 Dec 1967; 3 mi NW Tinkong, 10 Dec 1967; 

Tutu, 10 Dec 1967; Weija, 16–17 Dec 1967.

J. C. Geest: 32 mi W Prestea, 6–15 Jan 1968; Butre, 

16–22 Jan 1968; Ahiriso, 23–31 Jan 1968; Subinja, 19–24 

Feb 1968; Pirisi, 25 Feb–1 Mar 1968; Pulima, 2–7 Mar 

1968; Bangwon, 8–13 Mar 1968; Sakpa, 14–21 Mar 

1968; 6 mi NW Kade, 26–29 Mar 1968; Yabraso, 6–12 

Apr 1968; Nabogo, 12–23 Apr 1968; Veya, 24–30 Apr 

1968; Shishe, 1–6 May 1968; Gambaga, 7–14 May 1968; 

Wulasi, 14–20 May 1968; Kokofu, 20–25 May 1968; 

Odomi Jongo, 16–23 Jun 1968; Leklebi Agbesia, 23–30 

Jun 1968; Efeipo Krom, 8–15 Jul 1968.

J. W. LeDuc, L. W. Robbins, H. W. Setzer, and R. E. 

Vaden: Oda, 8–15 Oct 1968.

T. J. McIntyre and W. P. Murdoch Jr.: Adamso, 7–12 

Aug 1969; [5 mi E] Damango, 13–19 Aug 1969.

Aburi, Eastern Region (Map 11: 354).

Coordinates: 05°50′N, 00°11′W C (05°51′N, 00°11′W G).

Collectors: J. C. Geest (8 Oct 1967); C. B. Robbins (2 Oct 

1967).

Habitat: “House” (JCG). “Remnant forest” (CBR).

Remarks: Invasive woodland (Rosevear, 1965).

Taxa: Lophuromys, Mastomys; Nycteris.

Aburi Hills, 10 mi [16.1 km] N Legon, 0.5 mi [0.8 km] 

N Aiyimensa, Eastern Region (Map 11: 353).

Coordinates: 05°47′N, 00°11′W C.

Collectors: J. C. Geest (31 Jul; 23 Oct 1967); B. J. Hayward (31 Jul 1967).

Habitat: “Mouth of a canyon which has a stream running through it” (JCG). “It had once been fine forest, 

but most of it was cut over, some planted to cassava, 

other areas growing up to very dense undergrowth. A 

few isolated trees remained” (BJH).“Remnant High 

Forest” (specimen labels).

Remarks: The second locality modifier in the cardinal line 

refers to two Lemniscomys specimens collected by 

Barry Hughes near Aiyimensa (05°47′N, 00°11′W G) 

on 23 Oct. The specimen labels on both read “10 mi 

N Legon,” whereas the second locality modifier on 

one further reads “0.5 mi N” and the other “0.5 mi 

NW” of Aiyimensa (a description verified by Survey 

of Ghana, Accra, 1:250,000).

Taxa: Lophuromys, Lemniscomys; Epomops.

Achimota, Eastern Region (Map 11: 349).

Coordinates: 05°37′N, 00°14′W C, G. 

Collectors: J. C. Geest, A. Kofi, J. W. LeDuc, C. B. Robbins, and H. W. Setzer (various dates in Oct, Nov, 

Dec 1967); R. E. Vaden (17 Oct 1968).

Habitat: “Tall grasses which were on the bank of a stream” 

(AK). “Accra Plains” (specimen labels).

Remarks: This locality was visited on many day trips from 

the field headquarters at Legon. Two specimens were 

taken by Kofi at 2 mi [3.2 km] N Achimota according 

to specimen labels, although this locality is not mentioned in his field catalog.

Taxa: Mastomys, Praomys; Epomophorus, Epomops, Micropteropus, Hipposideros.

Adamso, Ashanti Region (Map 11: 332).

Coordinates: 06°05′N, 01°46′W C (06°04′N, 01°47′W G).

Collectors: T. J. McIntyre and W. P. Murdoch Jr. (7–12 

Aug 1969).

Habitat: “The term degraded high forest best describes the 

area. The area immediately about the camp is a mixture of grasses, banana, and shrubby second growth. 

Scattered through the area are mature trees which 

appear to be of the genera Triplochiton, Entandrophragma, and Khaya and several other trees in 100–

150 feet (30.5–45.7 m) range . . . cocoa and maize 

fields” (TJM).

Remarks: This locality is 12.9 km north of Dunkwa. Adamso is located approximately 1.6 km east northeast 

of the Subin Shelterbelt Forest Reserve and 3.2 km 

north of the Denyau Shelterbelt Forest Reserve.

Taxa: Perodicticus, Cercopithecus, Procolobus; Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Paraxerus, Graphiurus, 

Cricetomys, Lophuromys, Taterillus, Hybomys, Hylomyscus, Lemniscomys, Malacomys, Mus, Praomys, 

Rattus, Anomalurus, Atherurus, Thryonomys; Crocidura; Neoromicia; Manis; Genetta, Crossarchus, 

Galerella.
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 4 9

Adawso, Eastern Region (Map 11: 363).

Coordinates: 05°57′N, 00°13′W C, G. 

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and H. W. Setzer (10 Dec 1967).

Habitat: “Road culvert” (specimen labels).

Remarks: LeDuc and Setzer collected bats from culverts 

in the vicinity of Adawso. Specimens were taken in 

the village and also at the following distances from 

Adawso: 1 mi [1.6 km] E (05°57′N, 00°12′W C); 1.9 

mi [3.1 km] NW (05°58′N, 00°14′W C); 4.7 mi [7.7 

km] E (05°57′N, 00°07′W C); and 5.7 mi [9.2 km] E

(05°57′N, 00°08′W C). About half of Setzer’s specimen labels contain the variant spelling Adawaso.

Taxon: Nycteris.

Ahiriso, Ashanti Region (Map 11: 331).

Coordinates: 06°32′N, 02°20′W C, G (as Ahireso).

Collector: J. C. Geest (23–31 Jan 1968).

Habitat: “Much of the land is planted in cocoa . . . The 

Diffenbachia (dumb cane) is really thick in places 

. . . major cutting of the forest occurred 15 years 

ago . . . In the clearing of the forests many of the 

emergents were left [Figure 72]. The larger trees 

appear somewhat naked . . . There is almost no 

middle story or canopy left . . . a cleared area that 

contained banana trees.” “Remnant high forest” 

(specimen labels).

Remarks: The camp of Ahiriso was situated on a tributary 

of the Tano River.

Taxa: Perodicticus, Galago; Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, 

Paraxerus, Protoxerus, Graphiurus, Cricetomys, 

Lophuromys, Hylomyscus, Lemniscomys, Malacomys, Mastomys, Mus, Rattus, Anomalurus, Idiurus; 

Crocidura; Epomops, Megaloglossus, Micropteropus, 

Scotonycteris, Rhinolophus, Hipposideros, Saccolaimus, Nycteris, Mops; Galerella.

Aiyikuma, Eastern Region (Map 11: 357).

Coordinates: 05°55′N, 00°03′W C, G.

Figure 72. Ghana, Ahiriso: Bat net site, Tadarida [= Mops] (photograph by J. C. Geest, 23 Jan 1968).
1 5 0 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Collectors: J. C. Geest, J. W. LeDuc, C. B. Robbins, and 

H. W. Setzer (11 Nov 1967). 

Habitat: “In a nim tree [Azadirachta] in the middle of the 

village” (CBR).

Remarks: This village is near the Aburi Scarp on the Accra 

Plains.

Taxa: Epomophorus, Micropteropus.

Akosombo, Eastern Region (Map 11: 365).

Coordinates: 06°17′N, 00°03′E C (06°18′N, 00°03′E G).

Collectors: J. C. Geest, J. W. LeDuc, C. B. Robbins, and 

H. W. Setzer (30 Nov 1967). 

Habitat: “The ‘cave’ was actually a series of small tunnels 

formed from a rock shelf outcropping on a fairly steep 

hill” (JWL).

Taxon: Nycteris.

Akwamu, 5 mi [8.0 km] W, Eastern Region 

(Map 11: 366).

Coordinates: 06°16′N, 00°01′E M (Survey of Ghana, Ho, 

1:250,000).

Collectors: J. C. Geest, J. W. LeDuc, and H. W. Setzer (2 

Dec 1967). 

Habitat: “Road culvert” (specimen labels).

Remarks: The collector-provided coordinates for this locality (06°14′N, 00°07′E C) differ substantially from 

those estimated from the field map. Other collecting sites were given as the village of Akwamu itself 

(06°15′N, 00°07′E C; 06°17′N, 00°05′E G) and 1 mi

[1.6 km] N Akwamu (06°16′N, 00°07′E C). The village is spelled “Akwamufe” on LeDuc’s and Setzer’s 

specimen labels.

Taxon: Nycteris.

Amedzofe, Volta Region (Map 11: 373).

Coordinates: 06°51′N, 00°26′E C, G.

Collector: B. J. Hayward (30 Aug 1967). 

Habitat: “Bats were roosting in a guava tree behind the 

rest house . . . banana grove.”

Taxa: Epomops, Megaloglossus, Micropteropus.

Anum, Eastern Region (Map 11: 368).

Coordinates: 06°30′N, 00°10′E C (06°29′N, 00°09′E G).

Collector: B. J. Hayward (29 Aug 1967).

Habitat: “The hills here are mostly wooded . . . Many 

mango trees and paw-paws . . . in front of rest house 

near a flowering Nandi flame tree . . . near the cliff 

face overlooking the reservoir [Figure 73].”

Remarks: Anum is located in the Togo Hills (AkwapimTogo Ranges) near the Volta reservoir. The Nycteris

specimens were collected at 4 mi [6.4 km] S Anum, in 

a culvert.

Taxa: Megaloglossus, Micropteropus, Nycteris.

Asikuma, 1 mi [1.6 km] N, Eastern Region 

(Map 11: 367).

Coordinates: 06°25′N, 00°11′E C.

Collector: H. W. Setzer (2 Dec 1967).

Habitat: “Road culvert” (specimen labels).

Remarks: The culvert near Asikuma was one of several 

that the field team visited on its 2 Dec bat-prospecting 

road trip.

Taxon: Nycteris.

Avetile, Volta Region (Map 11: 369).

Coordinates: 06°31′N, 00°13′E C (06°32′N, 00°14′E G).

Collector: H. W. Setzer (2 Dec 1967).

Habitat: “Road culvert” (specimen labels).

Taxon: Hipposideros.

Axim, Western Region (Map 11: 338).

Coordinates: 04°52′N, 02°16′W C, G.

Collector: B. J. Hayward (25 Aug 1967).

Habitat: “Culverts,” “San Antanio Castle” (specimen 

labels).

Remarks: Hayward spelled the castle as San Antanio on 

his specimen labels but as San Antonio (Fort San Antonio) in his journal. Rosevear (1965) recorded the 

general habitat to be “High Forest.”

Taxa: Rhinolophus, Nycteris.

Bame, 7 mi [11.3 km] S, Volta Region (Map 11: 371).

Coordinates: 06°36′N, 00°18′E M (Survey of Ghana, Ho, 

1:250,000).

Collector: B. J. Hayward (29 Aug 1967). 

Habitat: “Culverts.”

Remarks: Hayward’s coordinates and those used by 

LeDuc and Setzer for 7 mi N Tsibu are identical 

(06°37′N, 00°18′E), which implies that the AMP 

teams used different reference points for the same 

place. However, inspection of the relevant field journals and their field map reveal that the two AMP 

teams were driving on parallel roads, to the east and 

west side of Awudome Mountain, part of the Akwapim-Togo Ranges.

Taxon: Nycteris.

Bangwon, Upper Region (Map 11: 317).

Coordinates: 10°58′N, 02°41′W C, G.

Collector: J. C. Geest (8–13 Mar 1968). 
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 5 1

Habitat: “Good Sudan woodland in vegetative appearance, typical of the parkland effect . . . is situated in 

a valley surrounded by red volcanic bluffs that rise 

about 200–300 feet [61.0–91.4 m] above the valley 

floor . . . houses [Figure 74].”

Remarks: The Nandom Forest Reserve is situated a few 

kilometers to the southwest of Bangwon.

Taxa: Galago; Xerus, Heliosciurus, Cricetomys, Steatomys, Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, 

Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Atelerix; 

Crocidura; Epomophorus, Micropteropus, Nycteris.

Bator, Volta Region (Map 11: 375).

Coordinates: 06°05′N, 00°25′E C (06°04′N, 00°25′E G).

Collectors: J. C. Geest and B. J. Hayward (14–16 Jul 

1967).

Habitat: “Volta River flood plain . . . grasses in this area are 

3–5 feet (0.9–1.5 m) high [Figure 75] . . . growing rice 

and sugar cane . . . planting much cassava and tomatoes . . . [Soil was] sandy with many clam shells mixed 

through it. There are small patches that are black loam 

(river bottom soils) . . . planted trees adjacent to a corn 

field and then down through the cassava patches” (JCG). 

“Dense vegetation in the old [river] channel” (BJH).

Taxa: Mastomys; Eidolon, Epomophorus, Epomops, Micropteropus, Nanonycteris, Chaerephon.

Berekuso, 1 mi [1.6 km] N, Eastern Region 

(Map 11: 352).

Coordinates: 05°46′N, 00°13′W C. 

Collectors: J. C. Geest, J. W. LeDuc, and C. B. Robbins (8–

11, 15–16, 20–21 Oct 1967); J. C. Geest, J. W. LeDuc, 

C. B. Robbins, and H. W. Setzer (5 Nov 1967). 

Habitat: “Two palms are present, one an oil palm with 

black fruits (Elaeis guineensis) and the other Raphia 

hookeri . . . cocoa groves . . . cassava . . . .” (JCG). 

“Most of the brush is dense, fairly low, secondary regrowth in remnant high forest [Figure 76] . . . Many 

Figure 73. Ghana, Anum: Walter Pople at the rest house (overlooking the Volta reservoir) (photograph by B. J. Hayward).
1 5 2 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

banana trees were noted here . . . [Trapped] along the 

roadside in high grass . . . cassava patch . . . muddy 

area . . . and burned out area” (JWL). “Dense secondary forest and thick brush . . . Pandanus candelabrum

is prominant in the swampy area . . . yam grove” 

(CBR). “Remnant high forest” (specimen label).

Remarks: LeDuc’s journal mentions this locality as being 

3 mi [4.8 km] south of Katasi, although this modifier 

is not indicated on specimen labels. A secondary collecting site was located 2–3 mi [3.2–4.8 km] N Berekuso at the Akwapim Scarp. A few specimen labels 

have only Berekuso as the locality.

Taxa: Graphiurus, Lophuromys, Uranomys, Gerbilliscus, 

Dephomys, Hybomys, Hylomyscus, Lemniscomys, 

Malacomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Crocidura; 

Epomops, Hypsignathus, Hipposideros, Nycteris, 

Glauconycteris.

Butre, Western Region (Map 11: 340).

Coordinates: 04°49′N, 01°55′W C, G.

Figure 74. Ghana, Bangwon (photograph 

by J. C. Geest, 5 Mar 1968).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 5 3

Collector: J. C. Geest (16–22 Jan 1968). 

Habitat: “Coconut grove . . . There are some fallow fields 

and scrub . . . fig trees . . . On the east side of the hill 

that has a remnant forest on it there is an oil palm 

grove (planted) . . . many Raffia palms . . . Mangroves 

line the river. The largest trees in the area are Ceiba

and Bombax . . . mangroves festooned in staghorn 

ferns and orchids [Figure 77].”

Remarks: Butre is on the Butre River close to the Gulf of 

Guinea.

Taxa: Xerus, Heliosciurus, Lophuromys, Hylomyscus, 

Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, Rattus; 

Epomops, Hypsignathus, Megaloglossus, Scotonycteris, Hipposideros, Nycteris, Scotophilus, Pipistrellus, 

Glauconycteris.

Cape Coast, Cape Coast Castle, Central Region 

(Map 11: 345).

Coordinates: 05°06′N, 01°15′W C, G.

Collector: B. J. Hayward (19 Aug 1967).

Habitat: “Dungeons . . . slave chambers . . . magazine [of 

Cape Coast Castle].”

Remarks: While at Jukwa (16–21 Aug), Hayward made a 

side trip to this locality. Rosevear (1965) characterized 

the habitat in the region as “Invasive Woodland.”

Taxon: Hipposideros.

Damango, [5 mi [8.0 km] E], Northern Region 

(Map 11: 324).

Coordinates: 09°04′N, 01°45′W C. 

Collectors: T. J. McIntyre and W. P. Murdoch Jr. (13–19 

Aug 1969). 

Habitat: “Guinea woodland savanna . . . The grass was 

3–4 feet [0.9–1.2 m] high with stands of a couple of 

species at 6–8 feet [1.8–2.4 m] . . . area of exposed 

rocks . . . [with] shallow caves” (TJM).

Remarks: The first entry in the field catalogs placed 

this locality as “5 mi E Damango,” although subsequent entries and specimen labels read only “Damango” (09°04′N, 01°49′W, as Damongo G). The 

Figure 75. Ghana, Bator: Accra Plains south of Bator (photograph by B. J. Hayward, Jul 1967).
1 5 4 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

collectors­’ coordinates confirm that camp was about 

5 mi E Damango. The Damango Scarp Forest Reserve is approximately 1.6 km northeast of town and 

the small Dombi Forest Reserve lies about 3.2 km 

south of town on the south side of the Sorri River. 

Rosevear (1965) referred to the habitat as “Doka 

Woodland.”

Taxa: Galago, Erythrocebus; Xerus, Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, 

Praomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Nycteris.

Denu, Volta Region (Map 11: 377).

Coordinates: 06°06′N, 01°09′E C, G.

Collectors: B. J. Hayward and A. Kofi (31 Aug 1967). 

Habitat: “Attics of buildings” (AK).

Taxon: Mops.

Doyum, Eastern Region (Map 11: 358).

Coordinates: 05°54′N, 00°01′E C, G.

Collectors: J. C. Geest, J. W. LeDuc, C. B. Robbins, and 

H. W. Setzer (14–16 Nov 1967). 

Figure 76. Ghana, Berekuso, 1 mi N (Oct 

1967).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 5 5

Habitat: “Attic . . . two story building . . . nim tree in 

the village” (JWL). “We then set up a mist net at the 

chief’s old house” (CBR).

Remarks: This village is on the Accra Plains. Field catalog 

entries for 14 Nov use the locality variant Doyum Police Post, but this was not written on specimen labels.

Taxa: Epomophorus, Chaerephon, Mops.

Efeipo Krom, Western Region (Map 11: 341).

Coordinates: 04°57′N, 01°52′W C.

Collector: J. C. Geest (8–15 Jul 1968). 

Habitat: “The area is in the high forest zone but there is 

very little forest left . . . much of the area is in oil palms. 

There is a small plot of degraded forest just south of 

the village. There are streams and palm swamps north 

and south of the village . . . There are a large number 

of coconut palms in the village . . . Cocoa and sugar 

cane are planted on the slopes and the valleys, respectively. There is quite a lot of thicket growing around 

and in the farms [Figure 78]. There are also some large 

bamboo clumps near the streams . . . The soil color 

is quite red and very wet now . . . farms of cassava, 

maize.” “Remnant forest” (specimen labels).

Remarks: The collector’s coordinates could not be definitely 

verified; however, our topographic map (Survey of 

Ghana, Takoradi, 1:250,000) is annotated with a mark 

at these approximate coordinates in the vicinity of Boronyi Krom (04°57′N, 01°54′W G, as Brunikrom), a 

place that does fall near the collector’s coordinates.

Taxa: Galago, Cercopithecus; Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, 

Par­axerus, Protoxerus, Cricetomys, Lophuromys, 

Gerbilliscus, Dasymys, Dephomys, Hylomyscus, 

Lemniscomys, Malacomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, Rattus; Crocidura; Megaloglossus, Saccolaimus; 

Civettictis; Neotragus.

Elmina, Elmina Castle, Central Region (Map 11: 344).

Coordinates: 05°04′N, 01°22′W C (05°05′N, 01°21′W G).

Figure 77. Ghana, Butre: Epiphytes (photograph by J. C. Geest, 20 Jan 1968).
1 5 6 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Collectors: B. J. Hayward and A. Kofi (20 Aug 1967).

Habitat: “Dungeons.” (BJH).

Remarks: While at Jukwa (16–21 Aug), a side trip was made 

to this locality. Some specimens were collected from the 

San Jorge Castle also at Elmina. On the map consulted 

(Survey of Ghana, Takoradi, 1:250,000), Elmina is 

identified also as Edina. Rosevear (1965) characterized 

the surrounding habitat as being “Coastal scrub.”

Taxon: Hipposideros.

Gambaga, Northern Region (Map 11: 321).

Coordinates: 10°31′N, 00°28′W C (10°32′N, 00°27′W G).

Collector: J. C. Geest (7–14 May 1968).

Habitat: “The Gambaga Scarp is between 1,200 and 1,400 

feet [366–427 m]. The scarp is forested with typical 

Sudan woodland trees for the most part [Figure 79] 

. . . There are flat topped bluffs with loose, rocky 

slopes . . . The dominant tree seems to be Parkia . . . 

There are also Shea butter trees . . . The soil is quite 

sandy and red brown in color. We are camped on a 

small river.”

Remarks: The “small river” referenced above is a tributary of the Gambaga or Nyingari River. Rosevear 

(1965) characterized the habitat as being “Sudan 

Woodland.”

Taxa: Galago; Xerus, Heliosciurus, Cricetomys, Acomys, 

Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, 

Mus, Praomys; Lepus; Atelerix; Eidolon, Epomophorus, Micropteropus, Nanonycteris, Hipposideros, 

Nycteris, Chaerephon, Scotophilus; Galerella.

Jukwa, Central Region (Map 11: 343).

Coordinates: 05°15′N, 01°21′W C (05°16′N, 01°20′W G).

Collectors: B. J. Hayward and A. Kofi (16–21 Aug 1967). 

Habitat: “Many bamboo planted in this area . . . They 

grow mostly along the rivers and depressions forming deep shade and dense thickets . . . pond edge . . . 

guava tree” (BJH). “Cocoa farm” (AK).

Figure 78. Ghana, Efeipo Krom (photograph by J. C. Geest, 8 Jul 1968).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 5 7

Remarks: Camp was established near the Saruwi River. 

The map (Survey of Ghana, Takoradi, 1:250,000) referenced used the older name of Dwokwaa instead of 

Jukwa. While at Jukwa, side trips were made to Cape 

Coast and Elmina.

Taxa: Lophuromys, Uranomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, 

Praomys; Crocidura; Eidolon, Epomops, Megaloglossus, Nycteris, Chaerephon, Mops, Neoromicia, Myotis.

Kade, 6 mi [9.7 km] NW, Eastern Region (Map 11: 334).

Coordinates: 06°06′N, 00°51′W C. 

Collectors: J. C. Geest, J. W. LeDuc, W. P. Murdoch 

Jr., C. B. Robbins, and H. W. Setzer (26 Oct–2 Nov 

1967); J. C. Geest (26–29 Mar 1968). 

Habitat: “There are several Musanga cecropioides along 

the trail on the forest edge . . . The side opposite the 

forest is planted in cassava which is higher than my 

head” (JCG). “Old secondary high forest, next to a 

cocoa grove . . . yam field . . . swampy area [Figure 

80] . . . cleared area of dense, fairly low vines” (JWL). 

“The area is secondary high forest [with] . . . low grass 

bordering a banana grove . . . orange grove” (CBR).

Remarks: Collecting activity was centered on the University of Ghana Experimental Farm, which the collectors 

used for their coordinates. Geest identified the farming complex as “6 mi N Kade” on his specimen labels. 

For the first two days (27–28 Oct) at the site, LeDuc 

and Robbins simply noted the locality as “Kade” on 

specimen labels, but they later amended field catalogs 

and journals to read 6 mi NW Kade.

Taxa: Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Paraxerus, Graphiurus, 

Cricetomys, Lophuromys, Uranomys, Hybomys, Hylomyscus, Lemniscomys, Malacomys, Mastomys, Mus, 

Praomys, Rattus, Anomalurus; Crocidura; Epomops, 

Figure 79. Ghana, Gambaga: Guinea woodland (photograph by J. C. Geest, 5 May 1968).
1 5 8 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Hypsignathus, Megaloglossus, Myonycteris, Scotonycteris, Hipposideros, Saccolaimus, Mops, Scotophilus.

Keta, Volta Region (Map 11: 376).

Coordinates: 05°55′N, 00°59′E C, G.

Collector: B. J. Hayward (31 Aug 1967). 

Habitat: “Syrenga trees in fruit and many mango trees in 

flower.”

Remarks: This locality is on a sand spit projecting between 

the Keta Lagoon on one side and the Gulf of Guinea 

on the other.

Taxon: Epomophorus.

Kokofu, Brong-Ahafo Region (Map 11: 328).

Coordinates: 07°43′N, 00°52′W C (07°43′N, 00°53′W G).

Collector: J. C. Geest (20–25 May 1968). 

Habitat: “This locality seems to have been quite good riverine forest in the not too distant past . . . The grass is 

approximately 2 feet [0.6 m] in height and there are 

numerous trees near the village . . . thicket made up of 

a low growing Bauhinia-type tree . . . Lophira lanceolata is by far the most common tree of the surrounding savanna woodland [Figure 81] . . . An occasional 

Parkia is seen . . . young Bombax. Principal crops are 

yams and ground nuts.”

Taxa: Galago; Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Protoxerus, 

Uranomys, Gerbilliscus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, 

Mus, Praomys; Crocidura; Eidolon, Hipposideros, 

Nycteris; Genetta.

Kpeve, Volta Region (Map 11: 372).

Coordinates: 06°41′N, 00°20′E C, G. 

Collector: J. C. Geest (2 Dec 1967).

Habitat: “Road culvert” (specimen labels).

Taxon: Nycteris.

Krobo Mountain, Eastern Region (Map 11: 364).

Coordinates: 06°05′N, 00°03′E C, G.

Figure 80. Ghana, Kade, 6 mi NW (photograph by J. C. Geest, 29 Mar 1968).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 5 9

Collectors: J. C. Geest, J. W. LeDuc, C. B. Robbins, and 

H. W. Setzer (13, 19 Nov 1967). 

Habitat: “Rock crevasses . . . slopes covered by tall grass 

. . . hollow Bombax tree [Figure 82] . . . The forest on 

the top has many ferns, lianas, and tall trees” (JCG). 

“Large rock face . . . crevice” (JWL).

Remarks: This locality, close to the Volta River, was visited 

twice by the AMP crew while they awaited the release 

of their field gear from Ghanaian customs (E. Setzer, 

personal communication). Krobo Mountain (1,108 ft 

[338 m] maximum elevation) lies close to Okwenya 

(06°06′N, 00°03′E G). Rosevear (1965) characterized 

the habitat as “Guinea Woodland.”

Taxa: Cercopithecus; Rhinolophus, Hipposideros, 

Taphozous.

Kwahu Tafo, Eastern Region (Map 11: 336).

Coordinates: 06°39′N, 00°40′W C, G.

Collector: B. Hughes (20 Nov 1967).

Habitat: “Cocoa grove” (JCG).

Remarks: A specimen was given to Geest by Barry Hughes, 

and he entered it into his field catalog (JCG 4208) that 

same day while working at Medina.

Taxon: Lophuromys.

Legon, University of Ghana, Eastern Region 

(Map 11: 350).

Coordinates: 05°40′N, 00°12′W C (05°39′N, 00°11′W G).

Collectors: J. C. Geest, B. J. Hayward, A. Kofi, J. W. 

LeDuc, C. B. Robbins, and H. W. Setzer (many dates 

in Jul–Dec 1967; 2 Apr, 12 Jun, 23 Sep 1968); L. W. 

Robbins and R. E. Vaden (22 Sep–7 Oct 1968). 

Habitat: “Tall savanna grass and marsh sedges, 3 feet 

[0.9 m] high. The soil is red laterite and well packed . . . 

oil palm grove . . . coffee grove . . . dam at a break in 

the bamboo clumps” (JCG). “Banana grove at the 

Figure 81. Ghana, Kokofu: Guinea woodland (photograph by J. C. Geest, 20 May 1968).
1 6 0 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

base of a big Ceiba tree . . . a lot of sugar cane and 

oil palm here” (BJH). “Tall grass that surrounded a 

cassava farm” (AK). “Stagnant stream in a grove of 

trees (20–30 feet [6.1–9.1 m]) with much leaf litter 

. . . neem grove (Azadirachta indica) . . . A prominent 

shrub . . . (Cassia) was present also” (CBR). “Grove of 

date palms” (REV). “Accra plains” (specimen labels).

Remarks: The University of Ghana at Legon provided a 

base of operations for the AMP field teams while in 

that country. Many specimens were opportunistically 

collected on the university grounds (including Legon 

Hill and the Botanical Gardens) in between field expeditions to other parts of Ghana. The village of Papao 

(05°39′N, 00°12′E G), at the foot of Legon Hill, was 

the site of collecting activities on 29 Sep 1967, though 

this town is not indicated on specimen labels. Specimens were also taken 2 mi [3.2 km] from the university at the Achimota Forest Reserve as well as 1 mi

[1.6 km] N and 6 mi [9.7 km] N (05°44′N, 00°11′W 

C) Legon.

Taxa: Perodicticus, Galago; Xerus, Graphiurus, Gerbilliscus, Arvicanthis, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus; 

Atelerix; Crocidura; Eidolon, Epomophorus, Epomops, Micropteropus, Myonycteris, Nanonycteris, 

Figure 82. Ghana, Krobo Mountain: 

Tree containing Hipposideros cyclops

(photograph by J. C. Geest, 12 Nov 1967).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 6 1

Hipposideros, Lavia, Taphozous, Nycteris, Chaerephon, Mops, Scotophilus, Neoromicia.

Leklebi Agbesia, Volta Region (Map 11: 374).

Coordinates: 06°56′N, 00°29′E C. 

Collector: J. C. Geest (23–30 Jun 1968). 

Habitat: “The town is at the base of the mountains . . . 

under teak trees . . . The mountains at the lower levels 

are planted in coffee and at the upper levels are planted 

in cocoa. All grown under the forest canopy . . . The 

stream at this place has a canopy of cocoa . . . The soil 

on the slope is yellow-red laterite which is quite rocky. 

The soil of the valley is red-brown laterite with some 

sand in it. Fallow fields in the valley are grown up 

in elephant grass 9 feet [2.7 m] high . . . dense scrub 

vegetation that borders the farms in the valley . . . 

Cassava is the major crop with quite a lot of corn 

also being grown . . . Yams . . . coconut palms . . . 

banana.” “Remnant forest” (specimen labels).

Remarks: The AMP field map (Survey of Ghana, Ho, 

1:250,000) was annotated with this locality just south of 

[Leklebi] Duga (06°57′N, 00°29′E G) and is referred to 

as “Agbesia,” located at the foot of the Akwapim­-Togo 

Ranges and close to a tributary of the Flabo River.

Taxa: Galago; Xerus, Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Graphiurus, Lophuromys, Uranomys, Grammomys, Hylomyscus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, Rattus; 

Crocidura; Epomops, Hypsignathus, Lissonycteris, 

Micropteropus, Hipposideros, Mops, Glauconycteris, 

Mimetillus; Genetta.

Mamfe, Eastern Region (Map 11: 356).

Coordinates: 05°56′N, 00°07′W C, G.

Collector: J. W. LeDuc (10 Dec 1967).

Habitat: “Road culvert” (specimen labels).

Taxon: Nycteris.

Mankesin, vicinity of, Central Region (Map 11: 346).

Coordinates: 05°17′N, 01°02′W C (05°17′N, 01°02′W G, 

as Mankesim).

Collector: J. C. Geest (29 Jul 1967).

Remarks: While in Legon, Geest was given a single specimen of Nycteris that was found on a vehicle radiator 

in the vicinity of Mankesin.

Taxon: Nycteris.

Medina, 2 mi [3.2 km] N Legon, Eastern Region 

(Map 11: 351).

Coordinates: 05°42′N, 00°12′W C (05°41′N, 00°10′W G, 

as Madina).

Collectors: J. C. Geest (16 Oct; 12, 20 Nov 1967); J. W. 

LeDuc (9 Nov 1967).

Habitat: “Accra Plains” (specimen labels).

Taxa: Galago; Arvicanthis, Mastomys; Atelerix; Manis.

Nabogo, Northern Region (Map 11: 323).

Coordinates: 09°45′N, 00°49′W C (09°44′N, 00°49′W G).

Collector: J. C. Geest (12–23 Apr 1968).

Habitat: “The river has little vegetation near it and nothing that 

could be called riverine forest . . . Away from the river the 

vegetation is that of Guinea woodland and what Rosevear 

calls doka woodland. Most of it is heavily cutover and 

grazed . . . Guinea corn is grown in these fields . . . The 

soil is quite sandy but containing some clay.”

Remarks: The river mentioned by Geest is the Nabogo.

Taxa: Xerus, Heliosciurus, Cricetomys, Uranomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Lemniscomys, 

Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Atelerix; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Nycteris; Genetta, Galerella.

Nankasi, Eastern Region (Map 11: 360).

Coordinates: 06°06′N, 00°23′W C (06°05′N, 00°23′W G).

Collector: H. W. Setzer (10 Dec 1967).

Habitat: “Road culvert” (specimen label).

Taxon: Nycteris.

Nkawkaw, 1 mi [1.6 km] N, Eastern Region 

(Map 11: 335).

Coordinates: 06°33′N, 00°44′W C. 

Collectors: J. C. Geest, B. J. Hayward, and A. Kofi (3–12 

Aug 1967). 

Habitat: “The forest is bathed in clouds and is really dripping” (JCG). “Has remnants of forest but a lot of 

cassava, bananas, and palm. Small stream just below 

camp . . . North of here was a big escarpment cliff, 

looked to be about 700–800 feet [213.4–243.8 m] 

high . . . On top, the hills were covered with beautiful 

forest [Figure 83] . . . Lots of small streams running 

down in many places. Trees were over 100 feet [30.5 

m] I would say” (BJH). “Tall grass . . . under some 

cassava plants . . . cocoa farm” (AK).

Remarks: Most of Geest’s specimen labels indicate this locality simply as “Nkawkaw.” The escarpment noted 

above is the Southern Scarp, and the forest is the Southern Scarp Forest Reserve (06°33′N, 00°40′W G).

Taxa: Galago; Cricetomys, Lophuromys, Gerbilliscus, Lemniscomys, Malacomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Crocidura; Eidolon, Epomops, Lissonycteris, Megaloglossus, 

Myonycteris, Scotonycteris, Rhinolophus, Hipposideros, 

Nycteris, Scotophilus, Glauconycteris, Neoromicia.
1 6 2 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Oda, Eastern Region (Map 11: 333).

Coordinates: 05°52′N, 01°00′W C.

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc, L. W. Robbins, H. W. Setzer, and 

R. E. Vaden (8–15 Oct 1968). 

Habitat: “Cocoa, a few yams, bananas, and cassava are 

the major crops . . . orange grove” (JWL). “The habitat is cut-over high forest” (REV).

Remarks: On the map (Survey of Ghana, Accra, 1:250,000) 

consulted, Oda is also referred to as Nsuaem. Rosevear 

(1965) designated the habitat as being “High Forest.”

Taxa: Perodicticus; Xerus, Heliosciurus, Paraxerus, Graphiurus, Cricetomys, Lophuromys, Uranomys, Hylomyscus, 

Lemniscomys, Malacomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, 

Rattus, Anomalurus, Atherurus; Crocidura; Eidolon, Epomops, Megaloglossus, Micropteropus, Scotonycteris, Hipposideros, Nycteris, Scotophilus; Genetta; Neotragus.

Odomi Jongo, 2 mi [3.2 km] E Nkwanta, Volta Region 

(Map 11: 330).

Coordinates: 08°15′N, 00°32′E C. 

Collector: J. C. Geest (16–23 Jun 1968). 

Habitat: “A mixture of forest and Guinea woodland trees 

. . . For the most part it appears to be remnant forest 

into which some fire resistant trees have migrated . . . 

Near the river there are a large number of cocoa trees 

as well as bananas. Yams, cassava, and melons occur 

on the slopes away from the river. The soil is laterite 

and becomes quite sandy in places . . . elephant grass 

which is about 7 feet [2.1 m] in height . . . portion of 

the forest that contains many oil palms.” “Remnant 

forest” (specimen labels).

Remarks: As such, Odomi Jongo could not be located on 

maps but it was determined not to be the same village as 

Odomi (08°19′N, 00°31′E G), the latter being approximately 3.5 mi [5.6 km] north of Nkwanta (08°16′N, 

00°31′E G). Geest’s journal makes clear that he was 

east of Nkwanta, along the road to Shiare, and a dot 

penned on a road map (Survey of Ghana, Road Map of 

Ghana, Northern Section, 1:500,000), presumably used 

in the field, corresponds to the above coordinates.

Figure 83. Ghana, Nkawkaw, 1 mi N (photograph by B. J. Hayward, 9 Aug 1967).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 6 3

Taxa: Funisciurus, Graphiurus, Cricetomys, Uranomys, 

Gerbilliscus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Epomops, Hypsignathus, Lissonycteris, Megaloglossus, Micropteropus, 

Nanonycteris, Hipposideros, Scotophilus, Glauconycteris, Mimetillus.

Okorasi, Eastern Region (Map 11: 361).

Coordinates: 06°02′N, 00°16′W C (06°02′N, 00°15′W G).

Collector: J. W. LeDuc (10 Dec 1967).

Habitat: “Road culvert” (specimen labels).

Taxon: Nycteris.

Pirisi, Upper Region (Map 11: 319).

Coordinates: 10°07′N, 02°27′W C, G.

Collector: J. C. Geest (25 Feb–1 Mar 1968). 

Habitat: “This is what Rosevear [1965] calls doka woodland [Figure 84]. The land is grazed heavily near the 

village . . . The soil is beige in color and rather sandy. 

There are some large red volcanic boulders jutting 

through the soil.”

Taxa: Galago; Xerus, Heliosciurus, Cricetomys, Steatomys, Uranomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, 

Dasymys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; 

Lepus; Atelerix; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Micropteropus, Nycteris, Otomops; Genetta.

Pra Suhien Forest Reserve, Central Region 

(Map 11: 342).

Coordinates: 05°21′N, 01°24′W C.

Collector: L. R. Cole (14 Nov 1967).

Remarks: This entry is based on a single specimen of Hipposideros collected by Cole but logged in the field catalog of J. C. Geest on 20 Nov 1967 while at Medina.

Taxon: Hipposideros.

Prestea, 32 mi [51.5 km] W, Western Region 

(Map 11: 337).

Coordinates: 05°23′N, 02°28′W C. 

Collector: J. C. Geest (6–15 Jan 1968). 

Habitat: “Forest reserve that is thought to be primary 

forest­ . . . The trees are tall but small in girth and quite 

Figure 84. Ghana, Pirisi: Guinea woodland (photograph by J. C. Geest, 26 Feb 1968).
1 6 4 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

close together [Figure 85] . . . Tarrietia utilis . . . and 

Lophira alata were the two dominant trees of the area 

. . . The canopy is high but made up of these smaller 

trees and lianas . . . 30 feet [9.1 m] Musanga cecropioides line the roadway . . . wooden culverts . . . small 

pool along the roadside . . . The soil is decomposed 

granite and yellow clays.”

Remarks: The map consulted (Survey of Ghana, Prestea, 

1:250,000) refers to the Fure Forest Reserve (05°22′N, 

02°17′W G) to the west of Prestea. L. R. Cole sporadically collected a few Malacomys specimens at 15 

mi [24.1 km] W Prestea between July 1966 and April 

1971 and provided them to the AMP.

Taxa: Lophuromys, Dephomys, Hybomys, Hylomyscus, 

Malacomys, Praomys; Crocidura; Epomops, Hypsignathus, Megaloglossus, Myonycteris, Scotonycteris, 

Hipposideros, Chaerephon, Mops, Pipistrellus, Glauconycteris, Mimetillus.

Figure 85. Ghana, Prestea, 32 mi W: 

Forest profile (photograph by J. C. Geest, 14 

Jan 1969).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 6 5

Prince’s Town, 7 mi [11.3 km] N, Western Region 

(Map 11: 339).

Coordinates: 04°51′N, 02°04′W C.

Collectors: B. J. Hayward and A. Kofi (22–26 Aug 1967). 

Habitat: “The majority of the forest is gone, but there are 

remnant trees . . . edge of a forest clearing near two 

large banana trees . . . There was little undergrowth 

and the forest canopy was complete” (BJH). “Thick 

forest. There are tall trees in this area . . . and the undergrowth is very bushy” (AK).

Remarks: Collections were also made 6 mi [9.7 km] N

Prince’s Town at Anima Krom (04°50′N, 02°05′W 

G), which lies on the Nyan River. Cape Three Points 

Forest Reserve (04°50′N, 02°03′W G) is less than a 

mile [1.6 km] to the east.

Taxa: Lophuromys, Lemniscomys, Malacomys, Mastomys, Praomys; Epomops, Megaloglossus, Myonycteris, 

Rousettus, Scotonycteris, Rhinolophus, Hipposideros, 

Pipistrellus.

Pulima, Upper Region (Map 11: 318).

Coordinates: 10°51′N, 02°03′W C, G.

Collector: J. C. Geest (2–7 Mar 1968). 

Habitat: “Two trees that are really prominent here in the 

Sudan [woodland; Figure 86] are Parkia clappertonia and 

Samania salmonia . . . tomatoes and ocra . . . [A river] has 

been dammed in several places with earthen dams which 

leaves many small pools about 30–40 feet [9.1–12.2 m] 

across . . . river bottom is in grass as pasturage for cattle 

. . . The soil is yellow-brown and quite sandy.”

Remarks: The river referenced above is a small tributary 

of the Kanyanbia.

Taxa: Heliosciurus, Acomys, Uranomys, Gerbilliscus, 

Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Dasymys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Genetta.

Sakpa, Northern Region (Map 11: 325).

Coordinates: 08°52′N, 02°21′W C, G.

Collector: J. C. Geest (14–21 Mar 1968). 

Figure 86. Ghana, Pulima: Acomys sp. Habitat, Sudan woodland (photograph by J. C. Geest, 2 Mar 1968).
1 6 6 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Habitat: “Old stand of Guinea woodland [Figure 87]. The 

trees are quite old and very close together . . . The 

woodland is quite extensive, most places dominated 

by species of Isoberlinea . . . Some of the trees are estimated to be 60–80 feet [18.3–24.4 m] high . . . silk 

cotton trees . . . Bauhinia . . . dry stream bed . . . man 

made pond . . . about 18 feet [5.5 m] across.”

Remarks: The field map (Survey of Ghana, Kintampo, 

1:250,000) shows a penciled continuation of a stream 

bed about 4.8 km southeast of Sakpa that may correspond to the “dry stream bed” mentioned. This unnamed stream flows southeastward about 55 km to 

the Black Volta River.

Taxa: Xerus, Funisciurus, Cricetomys, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Crocidura; Epomophorus, 

Micropteropus, Rhinolophus, Hipposideros, Nycteris, Mops, Scotoecus, Scotophilus, Glauconycteris, 

Mimetillus, Neoromicia.

Shishe, Upper Region (Map 11: 322).

Coordinates: 10°42′N, 00°13′W C, G.

Figure 87. Ghana, Sakpa: Guinea 

woodland (photograph by J. C. Geest, 

17 Mar 1968).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 6 7

Collector: J. C. Geest (1–6 May 1968). 

Habitat: “The vegetation is that of Sudan woodland with 

many Baobab (Adansonia digitata) and Parkia trees 

in evidence. The vegetation is quite dense . . . The 

soil is dark red brown and quite loamy in texture . . . 

cultivated fields around the houses.”

Remarks: This camp was located 3.2 km north of “the 

[Aburi] scarp,” a reference to the Gambaga Scarp. 

The Morago West Forest Reserve (10°39′N, 00°17′W 

G) is less than 3.2 km southwest of Shishe.

Taxa: Galago; Heliosciurus, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Epomophorus; Galerella.

Subinja, 2 mi [3.2 km] E Wenchi, Brong-Ahafo Region 

(Map 11: 326).

Coordinates: 07°45′N, 02°04′W C (07°44′N, 02°04′W G).

Collector: J. C. Geest (19–24 Feb 1968). 

Habitat: “The major terrain is of low rolling hills . . . Along 

the river and on the slopes adjacent to it cocoa is 

planted. Also along the river there remains the majority of tall trees that are still to be seen. There are large 

fields of elephant grass and among these are a few 

fields of cassava. Scattered about almost in a random 

fashion are clumps of banana and occasional paw paw 

trees. [In the savannah some trees are] 150–180 feet 

[45.7–54.9 m] high and do not seem to be savannah 

species.” “Derived savannah” (Figure 88) (specimen 

labels).

Remarks: The river mentioned above is most likely the 

Subin. Rosevear (1965) described the habitat around 

Wenchi as “High Forest.”

Taxa: Xerus, Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Graphiurus, Cricetomys, Lophuromys, Uranomys, Gerbilliscus, Dephomys, Lemniscomys, Malacomys, Mastomys, Mus, 

Praomys, Rattus; Epomops, Hypsignathus, Lissonycteris, Micropteropus, Rousettus, Hipposideros, Chaerephon, Glauconycteris, Neoromicia.

Suhum, 2.4 mi [3.9 km] E, Eastern Region (Map 11: 359).

Coordinates: 06°03′N, 00°26′W C.

Collector: H. W. Setzer (10 Dec 1967).

Figure 88. Ghana, Subinja: Derived savanna (photograph by J. C. Geest, 20 Feb 1968).
1 6 8 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Habitat: “Road culvert” (specimen label).

Taxon: Hipposideros.

Teshi, Eastern Region (Map 11: 348).

Coordinates: 05°34′N, 00°06′W C (05°35′N, 00°06′W G).

Collectors: J. C. Geest, J. W. LeDuc, C. B. Robbins, and 

H. W. Setzer (22–26 Nov 1967). 

Habitat: “In the roof of an old, two-story building . . . 

[other dwellings]” (JWL).

Remarks: The AMP field team visited Teshi to collect bats 

while waiting to clear customs at Legon.

Taxa: Micropteropus, Mops, Scotophilus.

Tinkong, 3 mi [4.8 km] NW, Eastern Region 

(Map 11: 362).

Coordinates: 06°01′N, 00°15′W C. 

Collector: H. W. Setzer (10 Dec 1967).

Habitat: “Road culvert” (specimen label).

Taxon: Hipposideros.

Tsibu, 7 mi [11.3 km] N, Volta Region (Map 11: 370).

Coordinates: 06°39′N, 00°18′E M (Survey of Ghana, Ho, 

1:250,000).

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and H. W. Setzer (2 Dec 1967).

Habitat: “Road culvert” (specimen labels).

Remarks: See Remarks under Bame, 7 mi S for explanation for modifying the coordinates supplied by the 

collectors for this site (06°37′N, 00°18′E). Our estimated coordinates for 7 mi N (actually NE) Tsibu 

correspond to a penciled hatch mark indicated on 

the Ghana map, probably used by LeDuc, and differ 

slightly from those of the collector. This specimen was 

collected on a tributary of the Amimli River, which 

flows into the Dayi and subsequently into the Volta 

on the west side of Awudome Mountain, part of the 

Akwapim-Togo Ranges. Another collection site was 2 

mi [3.2 km] SSW Tsibu (06°34′N, 00°17′E C).

Taxon: Nycteris.

Tutu, Eastern Region (Map 11: 355).

Coordinates: 05°53′N, 00°09′W C, G.

Collector: H. W. Setzer (10 Dec 1967).

Habitat: “Road culvert” (specimen label).

Taxon: Nycteris.

Veya, Upper Region (Map 11: 320).

Coordinates: 10°52′N, 00°52′W C (10°52′N, 00°51′W G, 

as Vea).

Collector: J. C. Geest (24–30 Apr 1968).

Habitat: “Sudan woodland . . . [The terrain] begins to get 

quite rocky . . . The rocks are granite and each outcrop supports quite a number of trees . . . The larger 

trees are Baobabs . . . Between the rock outcrops the 

land is almost all under cultivation.”

Taxa: Acomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Felis, Genetta.

Weija, Eastern Region (Map 11: 347).

Coordinates: 05°34′N, 00°21′W C (05°34′N, 00°20′W G).

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (16–17 Dec 

1967). 

Habitat: “Grass-roofed house which was vacant” (CBR). 

“Road culvert” (specimen labels).

Taxa: Hipposideros, Nycteris.

Wulasi, Northern Region (Map 11: 329).

Coordinates: 08°39′N, 00°00′GM C (08°39′N, 00°01′E G).

Collector: J. C. Geest (14–20 May 1968). 

Habitat: “Rosevear includes this area in the doka woodland . . . but now one is hard pressed to see a doka 

tree . . . Lophira lanceolata is one of the more common 

trees as it is over most of the Guinea woodland [Figure 

89]. The soil is sandy and overlays a red volcanic scoria . . . Parkia clappertonia . . . an occasional mango 

tree . . . At the river . . . is a pond . . . about 4 feet [1.2 

m] deep. Tall sedges are growing all around it . . .

Major crops of the area are yams and ground nuts.”

Remarks: Geest used “GM” to indicate that this locality is 

on the prime meridian.

Taxa: Galago; Heliosciurus, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Mastomys, Praomys, Cryptomys; Atelerix; Epomophorus, 

Micropteropus, Scotophilus, Neoromicia.

Yabraso, Brong-Ahafo Region (Map 11: 327).

Coordinates: 08°04′N, 01°48′W C (08°04′N, 01°47′W G).

Collector: J. C. Geest (6–12 Apr 1968).

Habitat: “Surrounding countryside is rather typical of 

Guinea woodland. The trees are 40–50 feet [12.2–15.2 

m] high with a girth of about 3 feet [0.9 m] on the average,” and “the grass is from 4–12 inches [0.1–0.3 

m] high . . . Along the river there are taller grasses and 

some larger trees. They appear to be remnant trees of 

what could have been riverine forest . . . The soil is 

quite brown and rich looking . . . In the riverine forest [Figure 90] along the river there are many dum 

palms . . . There is good forest on either side of the 

falls . . . mango trees near the village.”

Remarks: The falls mentioned by Geest are the Kintampo 

Water Falls (08°05′N, 01°47′W G), also known by 

the colonial-era name of Fuller Falls. Both Yabraso 

and the Kintampo Water Falls are located on the 

Oyoko River, which flows (approximately 19 km 

from Yabraso) into the Black Volta via the Deba 
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 6 9

River. The Kintampo Water Falls lie about 1.6 km 

north of Yabraso on a more northern tributary of the 

Oyoko.

Taxa: Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Protoxerus, Graphiurus, Cricetomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Hylomyscus, 

Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Eidolon, Epomops, Lissonycteris, Micropteropus, Nanonycteris, Rousettus, 

Chaerephon, Mops, Pipistrellus, Mimetillus, Neoromicia; Manis; Genetta, Nandinia.

Togo

General Remarks. The AMP team consisted 

of J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins, who were frequently 

accompanied by Bramer Moshi, University of Ghana, who 

served as skinner and translator. Permitting difficulties 

hampered their fieldwork, curtailing the time spent in the 

field (about five weeks) and accounting for the relatively 

few localities visited (Map 12). As a result of these delays, 

collecting activity was confined to two abbreviated periods 

(9–31 May and 27 Jun to 11 Jul) separated by a collecting 

trip in between to Benin (1–25 Jun). National Museum 

of Natural History specimens of Chiroptera and Rodentia were documented, respectively, by Robbins (1980) and 

Robbins and Van der Straeten (1996).

Itinerary. J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins: Dapango, 9–13 May 1968; Padori, 16–19 May 1968; Pewa, 

22–25 May 1968; Pagala, 27–31 May 1968; Gbatope, 

27–28 Jun 1968; Ezime, 30 Jun–5 Jul 1968; Agou, 7–11 

Jul 1968.

Agou (Map 12: 383).

Coordinates: 06°51′N, 00°44′E C (06°53′N, 00°44′E G).

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (7–11 July 

1968).

Habitat: “Crops of coco and coffee. Further away there 

are yams, pineapple, cassava, and some paw-paw and 

bananas. The forest directly surrounding us is almost 

finished” (JWL). “Habitat is still secondary high forest 

[Figure 91] . . . bananas, papaya, cocoa, ground nuts, 

corn, coffee, palm oil, cassava, and yams” (CBR).

Remarks: At Agou, LeDuc and Robbins made camp on 

a soccer field. Just north of town are two large peaks 

that were “heavily forested,” a tract that lies within 

Figure 89. Ghana, Wulasi (photograph by J. C. Geest, 14 May 1968).
1 7 0 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

the Forêt Classée d’Agou (CAO, Palimé, 1:200,000). 

Many rodents were purchased from the locals, who 

were very cooperative and even obtained specimens 

from the aforementioned forest.

Taxa: Galago, Cercopithecus; Heliosciurus, Graphiurus, 

Lophuromys, Grammomys, Hylomyscus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, Stochomys; Crocidura; Hipposideros, Taphozous, Nycteris.

Dapango, Savanna Region (Map 12: 378).

Coordinates: 10°52′N, 00°13′E C (10°52′N, 00°12′E G).

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (9–13 May 

1968). 

Habitat: “Sharp rock ledge that drops down about 20–40 

feet [6.1–12.2 m] abruptly, then 100 feet [30.5 m] or 

so gradually to a second plain [Figure 92]. The area 

directly surrounding our camp is quite flat and rocky. 

Figure 90. Ghana, Yabraso: Riverine 

forest in Guinea woodland (photograph by 

J. C. Geest, 11 Apr 1968).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 7 1

The area has been in cultivation, but isn’t now. It was 

possibly in ground nuts or corn. All the land on this 

upper plain is quite flat and lacks vegetation except 

for a few scattered large trees” (JWL). “Heavily populated and extensively cultivated. Rock hills . . . the 

area is quite barren of vegetation . . . small caves 

in rocky hillside nearby” (CBR). “Sudan Savanna” 

(specimen labels).

Remarks: In their field journals, LeDuc and Robbins recorded that their camp was situated 3 km southwest 

of Dapango (10°51′N, 00°10′E M, CAO, SansannéMango, 1:200,000), about 1 km from the main road and 

300 yards [270 m] from an unnamed small village.

Taxa: Xerus, Cricetomys, Steatomys, Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Dasymys, Lemniscomys, 

Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Atelerix; Crocidura; Eidolon, Rhinolophus, Nycteris, Chaerephon; Galerella.

Ezime (Map 12: 382).

Coordinates: 07°29′N, 00°56′E C, G. 

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (30 Jun–5 Jul 

1968).

Habitat: “Habitat . . . is indeed unique. Bordering on the 

north side of the village is a ridge—several hundred feet 

high and covered with what appears to be high forest. 

The south side of the village borders on a fairly level 

area covered by guinea woodland and small patches of 

forest [Figure 93]. Where the river runs across this area 

there occurs a dense riverine forest­ . . . base of ridge . . . 

coffee and coco. Small patches of pineapple . . . east and 

south of the village there is corn and yams . . . dense 

riverine forest, secondary high forest and a short patch 

of coffee . . . small pond . . . mango (?) tree” (JWL). 

“Secondary high forest [as also indicated on specimen 

labels]. There is cocoa, coffee, corn, cassava, yams, 

ground nuts, and papaya grown here. The forests have 

very high trees and the ones near villages have the 

cocoa and coffee forming a secondary canopy under 

these large trees. Many streams in the area . . . bush 

and grass scrub . . . pond” (CBR).

Remarks: This locality, which impressed LeDuc as 

“unique” in view of the wide variety of habitats, was 

successfully sampled with considerable help from the 

locals and in spite of heavy rains. In all, 34 vertebrate 

genera were collected. The river mentioned in the 

habitat descriptions is a tributary of the Oulé River, 

located to the south side of Ezime.

Taxa: Galago, Cercopithecus, Colobus; Xerus, Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Graphiurus, Lophuromys, Uranomys, Gerbilliscus, Arvicanthis, Dasymys, Hylomyscus, 

50 0 50

Kilometers

Benin

Ghana

Burkina

378

379

380

381

382

383

384

0

10N

Gulf

of Guinea

Map 12. African Mammal Project cardinal collecting localities 

378–384 in Togo.

378. Dapango 380. Pewa 382. Ezime 384. Gbatope

379. Padori 381. Pagala 383. Agou
1 7 2 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, Anomalurus; 

Lepus; Crocidura; Eidolon, Epomops, Hypsignathus, 

Micropteropus, Hipposideros, Nycteris, Chaerephon, 

Mops, Scotophilus, Neoromicia; Nandinia.

Gbatope, Maritime Region (Map 12: 384).

Coordinates: 06°26′N, 01°17′E C (06°26′N, 01°16′E G, 

as Agbatopé).

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (27–28 Jun 

1968).

Habitat: “Coconut palms . . . bush . . . The foliage is quite 

thick. Occasionally there is an oil palm . . . small corn 

field . . . there is little crop work . . . general habitat 

we’re calling invasive guinea woodland [Figure 94] 

after Rosevear [1965] . . . floor of small valley­ . . . river 

running. The river has overflowed badly now . . . thick 

growth of vines, etc. causing a ‘wall’ of vegetation . . . oil 

palms, a little corn and small private plots of vegetables. 

Coconut palms” (JWL). “The area is or has been at one 

time high forest. Due to cultivation and land clearing 

only isolated large trees remain. We will call this area 

‘invasive guinea woodland’ [also as penned on specimen labels] according to Rosevear [1965] . . . dense 

low bush, coconut palm, oil palms, corn, cassava, and 

other crops . . . dense brush” (CBR).

Taxa: Mastomys, Praomys; Epomophorus, Chaerephon, 

Mops, Glauconycteris; Neotragus.

Padori, Savanna Region (Map 12: 379).

Coordinates: 10°13′N, 00°25′E C (10°14′N, 00°26′E G). 

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (16–19 May 

1968). 

Habitat: “Habitat . . . unique . . . large ponds and . . . 

lakes. The lay of the land is quite flat. These flat lands 

are obviously quite swampy during the rains. The 

vegetation we are calling Sudan Savanna. There are a 

lot of acacia trees, baobab, and several types of small 

bush trees. Grasses are quite prevalent [Figure 95]. 

Figure 91. Togo, Agou (12 Jul 1968).
Figure 92. Togo, Dapango (13 May 1968).

Figure 93. Togo, Ezime (6 Jul 1968).
Figure 95. Togo, Padori: Lavia habitat (photograph by C. B. Robbins, 19 May 1968).

Figure 94. Togo, Gbatope (photograph by C. B. Robbins, 28 Jun 1968).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 7 5

The crops include yams, possibly cassava, a lot of tobacco” (JWL). “Cultivated in most areas . . . baobab 

tree . . . .” (CBR).

Remarks: Padori lies in the flood plain of the Koumongou 

River, a tributary of the Oti, and is subject to periodic 

flooding. While in Padori, they collected a good series 

of Lavia from trees along the Koumongou River.

Taxa: Xerus, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Dasymys, Mastomys, Praomys; Lepus; Atelerix; Crocidura; 

Lavia, Nycteris, Mops.

Pagala (Map 12: 381).

Coordinates: 08°11′N, 00°58′E C, G.

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (27–31 May 

1968). 

Habitat: “Camp in center of a teak forest . . . dense guinea 

savanna with exceptionally good riverine forest along 

the waterways and dried stream beds” (JWL). “Camp 

in a teak grove . . . near the Anie River. The area is 

dense Guinea Savanna [Figure 96]. Many trees and 

very high grass. The habitat along the river has larger 

forest type trees: riverine forest” (CBR).

Remarks: LeDuc and Robbins camped near the western 

edge of Pagala, in a teak forest close by the Anie River. 

Their description would position the base camp just 

inside the Forêt Classée du Balam boundary (CAO, 

Fazao, 1:200,000). According to Robbins, Pagala was 

chosen as a locality because “[this] is the closest we 

could get to Bismarckburg” (ruins; 08°11′N, 00°41′E 

G), the type locality of the rare muroid rodent Leimacomys buettneri.

Taxa: Galago, Cercopithecus; Heliosciurus, Protoxerus, 

Graphiurus, Cricetomys, Uranomys, Gerbilliscus, 

Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Dasymys, Lemniscomys, 

Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Micropteropus, Chaerephon; Genetta, 

Nandinia.

Pewa (Map 12: 380).

Coordinates: 09°17′N, 01°14′E C, G. 

Figure 96. Togo, Pagala (1 Jun 1968).
1 7 6 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (22–25 May 

1968). 

Habitat: “Very dense guinea savanna [Figure 97] . . . large 

rock outcroppings . . . The land is cultivated to a certain extent but there still remains many patches of good 

bush . . . cassava and yams, although small plots of vegetables occur . . . dense grass . . . rocks” (JWL). “The 

area is very strange. We are in the Guinea Savanna zone 

but we are at the top of a mountain range . . . heavy 

vegetation and many rocks . . . semi-high grass-bush 

. . . water in high grass . . . mango trees” (CBR).

Remarks: LeDuc and Robbins established camp near a Peace 

Corps fish culture project. On 23 May, they explored a 

cave 2–3 mi [3.2–4.8 km] from town but found no bats. 

Later, they hunted baboons by a waterfall outside of Bafilo (09°21′N, 01°16′E G) but, again, without success.

Taxa: Procavia; Heliosciurus, Graphiurus, Cricetomys, 

Uranomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Dasymys, Hylomyscus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus; 

Atelerix; Crocidura; Lissonycteris, Rhinolophus, Taphozous, Nycteris, Chaerephon, Mops, Nycticeinops, 

Neoromicia.

Benin (Dahomey)

General Remarks. Compared with Togo, 

LeDuc and Robbins realized a more successful survey in 

Benin (Map 13) over a longer period (about four months). 

Although final independence from France was achieved in 

1960, as the Republic of Benin, original specimen tags all 

bear the older name “Dahomey,” still in vogue at the time 

of the AMP fieldwork (Jan–Jun 1968). National Museum 

of Natural History specimens of Chiroptera and Rodentia were documented, respectively, by Robbins (1980) and 

Robbins and Van der Straeten (1996).

Itinerary. J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins: 

Diho, 12–16 Jan 1968; Bimbereke, 18–26 Jan 1968; 

Gbessarouperou, 23 Jan 1968; Guene, 28 Jan–1 Feb 1968; 

Figure 97. Togo, Pewa (26 May 1968).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 7 7

Banikoara, 2–10 Feb 1968; Segbana, 11–16 Feb 1968; 

Nikki, 19–24 Feb 1968; Parakou, 27 Feb–1 Mar 1968; 

Tourou, 29 Feb 1968; Ketou, 4–9 Mar 1968; Zizonkame, 

14–18 Apr 1968; Soubroukou, 20–24 Apr 1968; Kouande, 

26–30 Apr 1968; Porga, 3–7 May 1968; Ayitedjou, 15–18 

Jun 1968; Kpodave, 21–24 Jun 1968.

Ayitedjou, Eastern Region (Map 13: 400).

Coordinates: 06°39′N, 02°44′E G (as Aitedjou).

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (15–18 Jun 1968).

Habitat: “The area here is quite complex [in terms of 

habitat]. The main forest blocks are Secondary High 

Forest­ . . . large groves of oil palms, corn fields, cassava, and pineapple . . . some of the juju forests are 

quite dense with large trees . . . a good deal of the low 

(elevation)­—oil palm—forest plots are under water 

and very swampy . . . water at the edge of a bridge . . .

forest and bush . . . low thicket areas” (CBR). “The 

habitat here is quite unique . . . area was high forest at 

one time but now almost all the land is used for oil palm 

groves. These groves are quite mature. There’s an occasional juju forest scattered about . . . These [forests] 

are Secondary High Forest with few really tall trees. 

Running through the valley . . . is a large swamp with 

a river in the center . . . swamp is quite full now due 

to all the rain . . . The flora within the swamp is quite 

dense . . . Some of the trees are fairly tall, though not as 

high as in a mature High Forest . . . entire area [of the 

swamp] is covered with a solid blanket of plants, vines, 

bamboo, and so on, reaching about 30–40 feet [9.1–

12.2 m] high . . . river in the swamp . . . very dense foliage (vines, bamboo, small palms, etc.) . . . close to the 

ground usually not going higher than 6–10 feet [1.8–

3.0 m] off the ground” (JWL).

Remarks: Ayitedjou is situated about 3 km north of Igolo, 

Nigeria, and their camp was just east of the lagoon 

system according to Robbins. We used the USBGN 

(1965) coordinates for plotting this site because the 

collectors’ coordinates (06°39′N, 02°48′E) place the 

camp in Nigeria.

Taxa: Cercopithecus, Chlorocebus; Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Protoxerus, Cricetomys, Gerbilliscus, Hylomyscus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, Rattus, 

Thryonomys; Crocidura; Mops.

Banikoara, Borgou Region (Map 13: 386).

Coordinates: 11°18′N, 02°26′E C, G (as Banikora).

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (2–10 Feb 1968). 

Habitat: “Stands of grass present. Still typical Sudan Savannah [Figure 98] . . . tall (3–4 feet [0.9–1.2 m]) grass 

50 0 50

Kilometers

Nigeria

Togo

Niger

385

386

387

388

389

390

391

392

393

394

395

396

397

398

399

400

2E

10N

Burkina Faso

Gulf of Guinea

Map 13. African Mammal Project cardinal collecting localities 

385–400 in Benin (Dahomey).

385. Porga 391. Gbessarouperou 397. Zizonkame

386. Banikoara 392. Segbana 398. Ketou

387. Guene 393. Nikki 399. Kpodave

388. Kouande 394. Tourou 400. Ayitedjou

389. Soubroukou 395. Parakou

390. Bimbereke 396. Diho
1 7 8 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

. . . mango trees . . . [dark] lava type rocks” (CBR). 

“Area is very dry Sudan Savannah” (JWL).

Remarks: On 2 Feb, LeDuc and Robbins drove to Banikoara, where they set up camp in a grove of mango trees. 

On 8 and 9 Feb, traps were set about 1 mi [1.6 km] 

east of camp in a rocky escarpment, although this was 

not mentioned on specimen labels. LeDuc spelled this 

locality “Banikora” in his journal.

Taxa: Heliosciurus, Graphiurus, Acomys, Gerbilliscus, 

Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, 

Rattus; Atelerix; Galerella.

Bimbereke, Borgou Region (Map 13: 390).

Coordinates: 10°14′N, 02°40′E C, G (as Bimbéréké).

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (18–26 Jan 

1968).

Habitat: “Very heavily wooded and not burned much 

. . . clay type soil is very rocky . . . rock out­croppings 

on hills near by . . . rocks . . . light decomposed graniteshale type . . . pond—the local water supply” (CBR). 

“Camp . . . teak forest . . . soil was very rocky . . . vegetation . . . burned off grass, although not dense, and 

medium to tall trees [Figure 99] . . . rock hill about 1/4 

mile [0.4 km] from camp. The habitat here was again 

rocky with most of the grasses burnt off . . . pond used 

for water for the village . . . small stream” (JWL).

Remarks: LeDuc and Robbins camped just north of Bimbereke on the edge of a teak forest reserve (10°18′N, 

02°35′E G, as Forêt Classée de Wénou-Bénou). On 

23 Jan, they went hunting at the village of Gbessarouperou with some local men and returned to camp 

the following morning. The remaining time at Bimbereke was spent preparing the game they collected at 

Gbessarouperou and previously collected specimens.

Taxa: Cercopithecus, Chlorocebus; Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, 

Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Lepus; 

Atelerix; Epomophorus, Micropteropus, RhinoloFigure 98. Benin, Banikoara (photograph by C. B. Robbins, 10 Feb 1968).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 7 9

phus, Nycteris, Nycticeinops, Scotoecus, Scotophilus, 

Pipistrellus, Neoromicia; Nandinia.

Diho, Central Region (Map 13: 396).

Coordinates: 08°05′N, 02°31′E C, G.

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (12–16 Jan 

1968).

Habitat: “Habitat is burned to a great extent . . . grass, 

pineapple, and cassava . . . Guinea Savannah Grassland [Figure 100]” (CBR). “Camp in a freshly burned 

area of cultivated guinea savanna . . . unburned area 

consisted mainly of thick grasses, not exceptionally 

tall, and a few short trees. The soil was very dusty and 

dry . . . citrus patch . . . pineapple patch” (JWL).

Remarks: Village inhabitants supplied so many specimens 

during the team’s stay at Diho that traps were set on 

only one of the five evenings here.

Taxa: Galago, Chlorocebus; Xerus, Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Cricetomys, Dendromus, Uranomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Dasymys, Lemniscomys, 

Mastomys, Mus, Rattus; Lepus; Atelerix; Crocidura; 

Epomophorus, Micropteropus, Rhinolophus.

Gbessarouperou, Borgou Region (Map 13: 391).

Coordinates: 10°25′N, 03°01′E C, G (as Gbessaroupérou).

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (23 Jan 1968).

Habitat: “Guinea Savannah” (specimen label).

Remarks: While camped at Bimbereke (18–26 Jan), LeDuc 

and Robbins hunted larger mammals with some local 

men on 23 Jan, driving east and northeast about 40 mi 

[64 km] to the village of Gbessarouperou. There they 

hiked another 3 mi [4.8 km] east with a company of 15 

men into “real bush country.” During the single night 

of hunting, the party collected 20 specimens, three of 

which were given to the native hunters in gratitude for 

their efforts.

Taxa: Caracal, Genetta; Alcelaphus, Ourebia, Cephalophus, Sylvicapra.

Figure 99. Benin, Bimbereke (photograph by C. B. Robbins, 26 Jan 1968).
1 8 0 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Guene, Borgou Region (Map 13: 387).

Coordinates: 11°44′N, 03°13′E C, G (as Guéné).

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (28 Jan–1 Feb 

1968). 

Habitat: “Acacia seyal, the orange bark Sudan Savannah 

indicator tree, is present. Also flame trees, baobab, 

and many other thorny species of tree and shrub . . . 

bushes . . . swampy-like stream . . . cattle” (CBR). 

“Recently harvested peanut field . . . vegetation was 

typically Sudan Savannah [Figure 101] . . . burned 

fairly recently . . . cattle . . . bush surrounding camp 

. . . swampy area just outside the village . . . used as a 

watering hole for cattle” (JWL).

Taxa: Galago; Xerus, Heliosciurus, Cricetomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys; Lepus; 

Atelerix; Epomophorus, Micropteropus, Hipposideros, Nycteris, Chaerephon, Scotophilus, Neoromicia; 

Galerella.

Ketou, Eastern Region (Map 13: 398).

Coordinates: 07°21′N, 02°37′E C (07°22′N, 02°36′E G).

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (4–9 Mar 

1968). 

Habitat: “The area is probably in the Guinea Savannah 

Zone but it isn’t all so. Driving here . . . there were 

very obvious patches of High Forest . . . bombax 

trees—also other very large trees remaining . . . So our 

specimen labels will call this Guinea Savannah [Figure 

102]. An analysis of pictures of the area may change 

this [perception] . . . Habitat is high grasses, thorn 

bushes etc., in an area of apparently remnant high forest: Invasive Guinea Savannah since many large trees 

still remain . . . similar except cassava fields and yams” 

(CBR). “Undisturbed guinea savanna. There are many 

more trees here than in previous guinea savanna camps. 

The entire area is green with the new grasses . . . bush 

(guinea savanna) . . . The habitat is one of dense thicket 

Figure 100. Benin, Diho (16 Jan 1968).
Figure 102. Benin, Ketou (photograph by C. B. Robbins, 10 Mar 1968).

Figure 101. Benin, Guene (1 Feb 1968).
1 8 2 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

reaching about 12–15 feet [3.7–4.6 m] high . . . grasses 

and Invasive Guinea Savanna” (JWL).

Remarks: LeDuc and Robbins camped about 0.5 mi [0.8 

km] east of Ketou. On 5 Mar, after disappointing trap 

success, they drove to a remnant area of high forest 

about 3 mi [4.8 km] east of camp, which LeDuc described as “Invasive Guinea Savanna.” This locality 

variant is not indicated on specimen labels or in field 

catalogs. Later that day, they collected Mops from the 

town post office in Ketou proper.

Taxa: Galago; Xerus, Lophuromys, Uranomys, Gerbilliscus, Arvicanthis, Dasymys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, 

Mus, Rattus; Crocidura; Chaerephon, Mops.

Kouande, Atacora Region (Map 13: 388).

Coordinates: 10°20′N, 01°41′E C. 

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (26–30 Apr 

1968).

Habitat: “The area is still in the Guinea Savannah Zone 

but getting to the edge. [The Atacora Mountains] 

are rocky with much brush and small trees” (CBR). 

“[Mountains] rocky, heavily vegetated, and generally 

undisturbed. The general habitat is Guinea Savanna 

[Figure 103], however, the vegetation isn’t as closely 

clumped or as high as previous areas further south 

. . . rocks . . . bush” (JWL).

Remarks: Camp was established just west of town close to 

the Atacora Mountains. LeDuc indicated in his journal that their camp was on the “southern edge of the 

village along the road.” Just to the west of Kouande 

(Kouandé G) lies the Forêt Classée des Collines de 

Kouandé (10°22′N, 01°41′E G), which encompasses 

an isolated range of foothills (maximum elevation 574 

m) of the Atacora Mountains.

Taxa: Galago, Chlorocebus; Xerus, Heliosciurus, Graphiurus, Cricetomys, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, 

Figure 103. Benin, Kouande (30 Apr 1968).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 8 3

Arvicanthis, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Atelerix; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Micropteropus; Cephalophus.

Kpodave, Mono Region (Map 13: 399).

Coordinates: 06°49′N, 01°46′E C (06°50′N, 01°42′E G, 

as Kpodaha).

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (21–24 Jun 

1968).

Habitat: “Secondary High Forest. Many oil palms, peanut farms, corn. The roads have very high grass as 

do the fringes of the forest plots. Again a mixed up 

. . . forest grove . . . Besides the usual high trees and 

low scrub [Figure 104] and thicket and vines are kola 

trees and guava trees . . . oil palm forest” (CBR). 

“The habitat is similar to much of the south of Dahomey. The majority of the land has been cleared and 

is under cultivation . . . ground nuts, corn, and oil 

palms . . . tall ‘razor grass’ grows every­where that isn’t 

under constant attention. Occasionally . . . a lone, tall 

tree . . . left from the forest, and one or two small (1 

acre [0.4 ha] or so) juju plots . . . but for the most part 

the High Forest . . . has vanished” (JWL).

Remarks: Kpodave is just west of the Dahomey Gap, where 

the savanna zone reaches the Gulf of Guinea and splits 

the high forest of west Africa into two separate blocks 

(see, e.g., Rosevear, 1953; Robbins, 1978).

Taxa: Perodicticus, Galago; Heliosciurus, Cricetomys, 

Hylomyscus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Crocidura; Eidolon, Epomops, Hipposideros, 

Taphozous, Chaerephon, Mops, Neoromicia.

Nikki, Borgou Region (Map 13: 393).

Coordinates: 09°56′N, 03°13′E C (09°56′N, 03°12′E G).

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (19–24 Feb 

1968).

Figure 104. Benin, Kpodave (24 Jun 1968).
1 8 4 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Habitat: “Tall grass . . . cassava field . . . mango trees 

[Figure 105]” (CBR). “Camp . . . surrounded by villages on two sides . . . and grasses with scattered 

wells and wash areas on the other two sides . . . 

cassava patch . . . tall grass just a few yards from 

camp . . . boys set fire to all the dry grass surrounding 

our camp in an effort to collect more rats. Unfortunately all the habitat was destroyed, leaving us with 

poor habitat photos” (JWL).

Taxa: Xerus, Uranomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Dasymys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, 

Praomys; Lepus; Atelerix; Crocidura; Epomophorus, 

Rhinolophus, Hipposideros, Nycteris, Chaerephon, 

Mops, Scotophilus.

Parakou, Borgou Region (Map 13: 395).

Coordinates: 09°20′N, 02°37′E C (09°21′N, 02°37′E G).

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (27 Feb–1 Mar 

1968). 

Habitat: “The area has lush growth . . . many mango 

trees, high grass and swamp areas with standing 

pools of water. The area is still Guinea Savannah [Figure 106] . . . cassava . . . mango trees . . . grass . . . 

bush about 1/4 mile [0.4 km] from here . . . north 

of town about 3 miles [4.8 km] . . . rocky outcropping” (CBR). “We aren’t far enough from town to 

be in actual bush since the area is highly cultivated 

with small vegetable plots . . . there are several vacant 

areas covered by grasses (short 1–3 feet [0.3–0.9 m]) 

. . . mango trees . . . bush about 1 mile [1.6 km] east 

of camp . . . stream near camp at a small dammed 

pond . . . bush fringing the town” (JWL).

Remarks: The field team established camp just south of 

Parakou near a vegetable farm. A map we examined 

(CAO, Parakou, 1:200,000) indicates that this farm 

was in the Périmètre de Reboisement de Parakou 

(09°20′N, 02°36′E G). On 26 Feb, traps were set in 

the bush about 1 mi [1.6 km] east of camp, and on 

Figure 105. Benin, Nikki (photograph by C. B. Robbins, 24 Feb 1968).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 8 5

29 Jan, they set traps and collected in a rocky outcrop about 3 mi [4.8 km] north. Neither of these two 

Parakou variants is recorded on specimen labels or in 

field catalogs. Also on 29 Jan, LeDuc and Robbins 

drove to Tourou to collect fruit bats.

Taxa: Galago; Gerbilliscus, Arvicanthis, Mastomys, 

Praomys; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Micropteropus, 

Chaerephon, Scotophilus, Neoromicia.

Porga, Atacora Region (Map 13: 385).

Coordinates: 11°02′N, 00°58′E C, G.

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (3–7 May 

1968). 

Habitat: “Sudan Savannah . . . Pendjari River” (CBR). 

“Sudan Savanna and the land is basically quite flat 

[Figure 107]. The local crops here aren’t very evident” 

(JWL).

Remarks: The Pendjari River (LeDuc noted that it is also 

known as the Oti River) was about 1 km to the east of 

this camp. From 4 to 6 May, the team collected near 

the Porga Lodge, a hunting lodge about 3 mi [4.8 km] 

north of camp.

Taxa: Galago, Erythrocebus; Xerus, Cricetomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Praomys; 

Crocidura; Nycteris, Chaerephon, Mops; Genetta.

Segbana, Borgou Region (Map 13: 392).

Coordinates: 10°56′N, 03°42′E C, G.

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (11–16 Feb 

1968).

Habitat: “Grass and brush . . . The area is again in the 

Sudan Savannah belt [Figure 108] . . . quite a lot 

of sandy areas . . . stream. A few pools remain. 

The area has lush growth—palms, thick grass, and 

many other trees . . . riverine forest area . . . east of 

town . . . mango tree” (CBR).

Remarks: LeDuc and Robbins set up their encampment 

adjacent to an unused airstrip. On 14 Feb, they set 

Figure 106. Benin, Parakou (2 Mar 1968).
Figure 108. Benin, Segbana: Riverine area (photograph by C. B. Robbins, 16 Feb 1968).

Figure 107. Benin, Porga (1 May 1968).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 8 7

traps in a “riverine forest” area about 0.25 mi [0.4 

km] east of town. Robbins indicated that they collected many snakes during their stay here.

Taxa: Xerus, Heliosciurus, Graphiurus, Gerbilliscus, 

Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, 

Mus, Praomys; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Micropteropus, Nycteris, Chaerephon, Scotophilus, Pipistrellus, 

Glauconycteris, Neoromicia.

Soubroukou, Atacora Region (Map 13: 389).

Coordinates: 09°41′N, 01°38′E C (09°40′N, 01°38′E G).

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (20–24 Apr 

1968).

Habitat: “Still in the Guinea Zone but is reaching the northern limit. The village is surrounded by very large trees 

and thicket. Crops in evidence throughout the valley here 

with a low rock-grass outcropping just east of camp” 

(CBR). “The majority of the habitat . . . is cultivated 

land . . . small plot of untouched forest . . . forest appears 

to have been High Forest at one time but now only the 

large trees remain [Figure 109]. The floor of the forest is 

thick with high shrubs and vines . . . small lake” (JWL).

Remarks: The very large trees surrounding a portion of 

the village formed part of the Forêt Classée de Soubroukou (09°41′N, 01°38′E G).

Taxa: Xerus, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, Rattus; Atelerix; 

Crocidura; Eidolon, Hipposideros, Nycteris, Chaerephon, Mops, Neoromicia.

Tourou, Borgou Region (Map 13: 394).

Coordinates: 09°21′N, 02°33′E C, G.

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (29 Feb 1968).

Habitat: “Hiked into the bush about 1/2 mile [0.8 km]. 

The area was very swampy . . . many very tall oil 

palms trees” (CBR).

Remarks: While at Parakou (27 Feb–1 Mar), LeDuc and 

Robbins traveled 7 km west to the village of Tourou 

to collect fruit bats.

Taxon: Eidolon.

Figure 109. Benin, Soubroukou (25 Apr 1968).
1 8 8 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Zizonkame, Central Region (Map 13: 397).

Coordinates: 07°55′N, 02°01′E C.

Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (14–18 Apr 

1968).

Habitat: “Definitely in the Guinea Savannah (Woodland) 

Zone. The general area has fairly tall grass in places (3–4 

feet [0.9–1.2 m]), new grass in burned areas, thicket, larger 

trees, and bushes . . . ponds near the village” (CBR). “The 

general habitat is Guinea Savanna [Figure 110] . . . green 

and lush with spring growth . . . a few small cultivated 

plots interdispersed throughout . . . oil palms . . . about 

5 feet [1.5 m] tall . . . very small stream surrounded by 

a slight riverine forest . . . grasses near camp . . . oil palm 

plot surrounded by cassava . . . pond” (JWL).

Remarks: According to Robbins, Zizonkame is about 6 

km east of Savalou (07°56′N, 01°58′E G) and northwest of Dassa-Zoumé (07°45′N, 02°11′E G).

Taxa: Galago, Chlorocebus; Xerus, Heliosciurus, Cricetomys, Uranomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, 

Dasymys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, 

Rattus, Thryonomys; Atelerix; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Hipposideros, Nycteris, Chaerephon, Scotophilus, Neoromicia; Manis.

Nigeria

General Remarks. The Nigerian survey 

(Map 14) was mainly accomplished by two couples, the 

Herberts and the Geests, who operated independently at 

successive time periods. Dorothy (“Dotty”) L. Herbert, 

the team’s designated “bug picker,” and H. John Herbert 

each maintained personal logs of the localities visited and 

collections made during Dec 1965 to Jul 1966. Julius C. 

and Bettye Geest formed the second Nigerian team, active 

Figure 110. Benin, Zizonkame (18 Apr 1968).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 8 9

Map 14. African Mammal Project cardinal collecting localities 401–440 in Nigeria.

401. Tangaza 411. Shagunu 421. Ilashe, 4 mi S 431. Maiduguri, 22 mi S

402. Kware 412. Kudu 422. University of Lagos 432. Dikwa, 31 mi NE

403. Dada 413. Zungeru 423. Agbaja 433. Benin, 30 mi W

404. Iella 414. Tsanchaga 424. Felele 434. Benin City

405. Karaduwa 415. Afon 425. Mada River 435. Sapoba Forest Reserve

406. Bichi, 1 mi W 416. Upper Ogun Ranch 426. Ugar Jabar 436. Ashaka

407. Panisau 417. Oyo, 7 mi W 427. Agamachi 437. Asaba, 5 mi N

408. Zaria, 15 mi NW 418. Idere 428. Panyam Fish Farm 438. Aguleri, 1.5 mi E

409. Zaria, 7 mi NW 419. Igbo Ora 429. Kabwir, 1 mi S 439. Calabar, 15 mi N

410. Zaria, 5 mi S 420. Ibadan 430. Fika 440. Oban, 14 mi S

100 0 100

Kilometers

401

402

403

404

405

406

407

408 409

410

411

412

413

414

415

416

417

418

419 420

421

422

423

424

425

426

427

428 429

430 431

432

433

434

435

436

437

438

439

440

N i g e r

Benin

Cameroon

Gulf of

Guinea

Lake

Chad

Niger

River

Benue River

Niger

River

5E 10E 15E

10N

5N
1 9 0 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

from Oct 1966 to Jun 1967. Setzer joined each team for 

several days at the start of their respective expeditions. The 

Virus Research Laboratory, supported by the Rockefeller 

Foundation and affiliated with the University of Ibadan, 

served as an important logistical base for both field teams, 

and Dr. Graham Kemp of that organization facilitated 

many collecting operations and regularly accompanied 

the teams to gather blood and visceral samples for virological investigation (e.g., see Kemp et al., 1974). Audu 

served as cook, translator, and all-around field assistant. 

Stanley B. Akpan, a field worker hired under the auspices 

of the Rockefeller Foundation, assisted the Virus Research 

Laboratory and AMP teams with collecting and preparing specimens, not only in and around Ibadan but also 

at the Sapoba Forest Reserve and Dada. The considerable 

taxonomic and locality information that resulted from the 

collective efforts of these individuals, especially the Geests 

and the Herberts, materially enhanced Happold’s (1987) 

faunal study of Nigerian mammals. Given the sporadic nature of collecting in Ibadan, we excluded that locality from 

the following itineraries.

Itineraries. H. J. and D. L. Herbert and 

H. W. Setzer: Agamachi, 6 Dec 1965; Panyam Fish Farm, 

6–11 Dec 1965; 1 mi S Kabwir, 11–15 Dec 1965.

H. J. and D. L. Herbert: Benin, 17, 29 Dec 1965–1 Jan 

1966; 30 mi W Benin, 27 Dec 1965–2 Jan 1966; Sapoba 

Forest Reserve, 4–10 Jan 1966; 7 mi W Oyo, 1, 5 Feb 

1966; Ashaka, 8–15 Feb 1966; 5 mi N Asaba, 15–22 Feb 

1966; 1.5 mi E Aguleri, 22–28 Feb 1966; 15 mi N Calabar, 

8–14 Mar 1966; 14 mi S Oban, 14–19 Mar 1966; 22 mi 

S Maiduguri, 1–7 Apr 1966; 31 mi NE Dikwa, 7–12 Apr 

1966; 1 mi W Bichi, 16–20 Apr 1966; 15 mi NW Zaria, 

21–28 Apr 1966; 5 mi S Zaria, 23–26 Apr 1966; Kware, 

7–14 May 1966; 7 mi NW Zaria, 14–15 May 1966; Fika, 

18–24 May; Zungeru, 25–26 May 1966; Shagunu, 7–16 

Jun 1966; Sapoba Forest Reserve, 28 Jun–16 Jul 1966.

J. C. Geest and H. W. Setzer: Igbo Ora, 17–26 Oct 

1966; Idere, 25–26 Oct 1966.

J. C. Geest: University of Lagos, 31 Oct–7 Nov 1966; 

4 mi S Ilashe, 8–14 Nov 1966; Kware, 24 Nov–1 Dec 

1966; Tangaza, 1–6 Dec; Iella, 6–10 Dec 1966; Upper 

Ogun Ranch, 12–16 Dec 1966; Tsanchaga, 6–12 Jan 1967; 

Karaduwa, 13–19 Jan 1967; Panisau, 21 Jan–5 Feb 1967; 

Kudu, 3–9 Mar 1967; Mada River, 10–19 Mar 1967; Ugar 

Jabar, 22 Mar–2 Apr 1967; Panyam Fish Farm, 7–16 Apr 

1967; Afon, 4–11 May 1967; Felele, 13–19 May 1967; 

Agbaja, 14 May 1967; Dada, 28 May–3 Jun 1967.

Afon, Northern Region (Map 14: 415).

Coordinates: 08°19′N, 04°31′E C (08°19′N, 04°32′E G).

Collector: J. C. Geest (4–11 May 1967). 

Habitat: “Absence of trees suitable to shield the tent . . . 

shrubs and low trees . . . grass . . . low glabrous leaved 

shrub that is so prevalent in Guinea Savanna [Figure 

111] and a common pest plant in fallow fields. For the 

most part the area is heavily cultivated with grass in 

the fallow fields. The grass is approximately 18 inches 

[46 cm] high . . . The few trees that are present are 

widely scattered . . . two trees were prominent, Isoberlina and Delonyx, the latter being in bloom.” “Guinea 

Savanna” (specimen labels).

Taxa: Galago; Xerus, Heliosciurus, Graphiurus, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Mastomys, Mus, 

Praomys, Rattus; Crocidura, Suncus; Epomophorus, 

Micropteropus, Hipposideros, Nycteris.

Agamachi, Eastern Region (Map 14: 427).

Coordinates: 09°32′N, 08°24′E M (AMS, Zaria, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert and H. W. Setzer (6 

Dec 1965). 

Habitat: “Guinea Woodland” (specimen labels).

Remarks: This was an overnight stop by Setzer and the 

Herberts during their trip from Ibadan to the Jos Plateau. D. L. Herbert’s journal places Agamachi as 63 

mi [101 km] southwest of Jos. This place-name is located about 6 mi [9.7 km] south of Kagoro (09°36′N, 

08°23′E G) according to a map probably used by AMP 

field crews. The site is near the Jemaa locale (Ugar 

Jabar, see locality account) later visited by Geest.

Taxon: Mastomys.

Agbaja, 17 mi [27.4 km] NW Lokoja, Northern Region 

(Map 14: 423).

Coordinates: 07°59′N, 06°40′E C (07°59′N, 06°39′E G).

Collector: J. C. Geest (14 May 1967).

Habitat: “Guinea Savanna” (specimen label).

Remarks: The single specimen taken here was collected on an 

incidental visit to the Agbaja market by a field companion of Geest’s while collecting at Felele (13–19 May).

Taxon: Mastomys.

Aguleri, 1.5 mi [2.4 km] E, Eastern Region 

(Map 14: 438).

Coordinates: 06°21′N, 06°55′E M (AMS, Nigeria and 

Part of Tchad, 1:2,000,000).

Collectors: H. J. and D. L. Herbert (22–28 Feb 1966).

Habitat: “The country . . . is rolling Guinea Savanna with 

high bush and scattered trees. High Forest/Guinea 

Woodland [Figure 112]” (HJH).
Figure 111. Nigeria, Afon: Flame tree (photograph by J. C. Geest, May 1967).

Figure 112. Nigeria, Aguleri, 1.5 mi E (Feb 1966).
1 9 2 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Remarks: In his field journal, H. J. Herbert indicated that 

the base camp for this locality was in the compound 

of the local Catholic mission college, situated outside 

Aguleri (06°20′N, 06°53′E G) and “on a hill overlooking the Anambra River.”

Taxa: Xerus, Heliosciurus, Cricetomys, Gerbilliscus, Dasymys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Rattus; Crocidura; Hypsignathus, Chaerephon, Mops; Manis.

Asaba, 5 mi [8.0 km] N, Midwestern Region 

(Map 14: 437).

Coordinates: 06°15′N, 06°43′E M (Shell-BP, SW Sheet, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert (15–22 Feb 1966).

Habitat: “There are high forest, cleared areas, and cultivated fields” (DLH). “Primarily high bush with intermittent palms and some high forest species, probably 

overall Guinea Savanna . . . this area was predominantly High Forest but is now reduced to a transition zone between High Forest and Guinea Savanna” 

(HJH).

Remarks: H. J. Herbert recorded several distance modifiers for specimens collected in and around the region 

of Asaba. The central camp and main collecting area 

were established on the campus of the Rural Training College, about 5 mi N Asaba, and less than 1 mi 

[1.6 km] from the Niger River. On February 15, along 

the road from Ashaka to Asaba (8 mi [12.9 km] W

Asaba), they purchased a duiker. On social visits to 

nearby St. Patrick’s College (4 mi [6.4 km] W Asaba), 

several commensal mammals were donated by the reverend brothers. Incidental specimens were purchased 

during supply trips to the communal market in Asaba

(06°11′N, 06°45′E G).

Taxa: Perodicticus, Galago; Cricetomys, Mastomys, Rattus; Crocidura; Mops; Philantomba.

Ashaka, Midwestern Region (Map 14: 436).

Coordinates: 05°38′N, 06°24′E G.

Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert (8–15 Feb 1966). 

Habitat: “Many cassava fields with hedgerows” (DLH). 

“The habitat here seems to be at one time High Forest but is now high grass (12 feet [3.7 m]) with oil 

palms scattered throughout and remnant patches of 

hardwood forest” (HJH).

Remarks: Camp was established on the grounds of the 

Ashaka Catholic Grammar School.

Taxa: Perodicticus, Cercopithecus; Heliosciurus, Protoxerus, Cricetomys, Lophuromys, Dasymys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Oenomys, Rattus; Crocidura; 

Civettictis.

Benin, 30 mi [48.3 km] W, Midwestern Region 

(Map 14: 433).

Coordinates: 06°30′N, 05°27′E M (Shell-BP, SW Sheet, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert (27 Dec 1965–2 Jan 

1966).

Habitat: “Huge mahogany trees, dense fern undergrowth 

. . . tropical high forest” (DLH). “High forest area . . . 

very thick humid forest, some of the large trees over 

100 feet [30 m] in height” (HJH).

Remarks: The Herberts twice camped at this site: the first 

time as an overnight stop (17 Dec 1965) on their return 

to Ibadan from the Jos Plateau and the second time to 

survey. They placed their camp within a forest reserve 

but did not identify it by name. The estimated coordinates correspond to a spot marked on an annotated 

AMP-period road map along the road to Ibadan that 

was actually more northwest of Benin City and about 

16 mi [26 km] airline distance. The 30 mi [48.3 km] 

west modifier is presumably a by-road calculation.

Taxa: Dendrohyrax; Perodicticus, Cercopithecus; Heliosciurus, Lophuromys, Hybomys, Hylomyscus, 

Lemniscomys, Malacomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, Rattus; Crocidura; Saccolaimus.

Benin City, Midwestern Region (Map 14: 434).

Coordinates: 06°20′N, 05°38′E G.

Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert (17, 29 Dec 1965–1 

Jan 1966).

Habitat: “Open field High Forest,” “Tropical forest, 

bought from boy on street” (specimen labels).

Remarks: While the principal field camp was located in 

forest at Benin, 30 mi W (see locality account), a few 

specimens were opportunistically gathered on reprovisioning trips to the Benin marketplace.

Taxa: Cricetomys, Rattus; Manis.

Bichi, 1 mi [1.6 km] W, Kano Province, Northern Region 

(Map 14: 406).

Coordinates: 12°16′N, 08°12′E M (Shell-BP, NE Sheet, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert (16–20 Apr 1966). 

Habitat: “The habitat is Sudan Savanna (Rosevear, 1965) 

but is completely taken up with farms and villages” 

(HJH). “Sudan Savanna” (specimen labels).

Remarks: H. J. Herbert identified Bichi (12°14′N, 08°14′E 

G) as about 30 mi [48.3 km] north (actually more 

northwest) of Kano, along the road to Katsina. They 

established camp on the grounds of the Bichi Training 

College, just west of the town.
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 9 3

Taxa: Cricetomys, Arvicanthis, Mastomys, Praomys; 

Lepus; Atelerix; Eidolon, Scotophilus; Felis.

Calabar, 15 mi [24.1 km] N, Eastern Region 

(Map 14: 439).

Coordinates: 05°10′N, 08°22′E M (Shell-BP, SE Sheet, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert (8–14 Mar 1966). 

Habitat: “At one time was high forest but is now cleared 

yam and cassava fields and palm oil nut trees . . . high 

forest on a river’s edge” (HJH). “High Forest” (specimen labels).

Remarks: Tents were pitched on a school compound to 

the north of Calabar (04°57′N, 08°19′E G). The river 

mentioned under Habitat is a tributary of the Calabar 

River.

Taxa: Arctocebus, Perodicticus, Galago; Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Cricetomys, Hylomyscus, Mus, Rattus, 

Anomalurus, Thryonomys; Crocidura; Megaloglossus, Scotophilus, Neoromicia; Genetta, Crossarchus.

Dada, Northern Region (Map 14: 403).

Coordinates: 11°34′N, 04°29′E C (11°33′N, 04°29′E G, 

as Baban Dada)

Collectors: J. C. Geest and S. B. Akpan (28 May–3 Jun 

1967).

Habitat: “The habitat is Sudan Savanna with a few Isoberlinea and scattered acacia. The soil is hard-packed 

laterite (sandy), rather beige brown. There is a small 

fadama nearby” (JCG).

Remarks: The USBGN (1971) contains no plausible entry 

for a place named Dada, as such, within the vicinity of 

the coordinates given by Geest. A “Babandada” does 

occur at nearly the same USBGN location, appears 

on AMP-period road maps (Esso West Africa, Inc., 

Nigeria, 1:2,500,000), and is positioned consistent 

with the itinerary Geest recorded in his field journal. 

Apparently, Geest and Akpan, perhaps following the 

everyday verbal shorthand of the local people, contracted the formal name to “Dada.”

Taxa: Galago; Xerus, Heliosciurus, Cricetomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Dasymys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus; Atelerix; Crocidura; Eidolon, 

Epomophorus, Rhinolophus, Hipposideros, Nycteris; 

Genetta.

Dikwa, 31 mi [49.9 km] NE, Northern Region 

(Map 14: 432).

Coordinates: 12°22′N, 14°10′E M (AMS, Nigeria and 

Part of Tchad, 1:2,000,000).

Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert (7–12 Apr 1966). 

Habitat: “Extremely flat country with infrequent trees and 

shrub-like bushes” (DLH). “Sudan Savanna, bordering on Sahel Savanna according to Rosevear” (HJH).

Remarks: Most of H. J. Herbert’s specimen labels cite the 

locality with reference to Dikwa (12°02′N, 13°55′E 

G). His journal indicates, however, that the collections were made on a Ministry of Agriculture irrigation project about 2 mi [3.2 km] from Gamboru 

(12°22′N, 14°13′E G) and 10 mi [16 km] south of 

Lake Chad. Some labels read “31 mi NE Dikwa, 

Gamboru.”

Taxa: Erythrocebus; Xerus, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Mastomys; Crocidura; Lavia, Taphozous, 

Nycteris, Glauconycteris; Ichneumia, Canis.

Felele, 3.6 mi [5.8 km] NW Lokoja, Northern Region 

(Map 14: 424).

Coordinates: 07°51′N, 06°43′E C, G (as Filele).

Collector: J. C. Geest (13–19 May 1967). 

Habitat: “The country is Guinea Savanna on the slopes, 

and along the small stream there are mangoes, ceiba, 

and oil palms predominantly. The canopy is quite 

high and densely shades the stream bottom [Figure 

113]. The floor of the forest patch is heavily littered 

with leaves and rotten mangoes. [The slopes] are well 

wooded with trees of the Guinea woodland. Isoberlinea is the dominant tree, although Mungos and 

Parkia are also present. The slopes have rock rubble 

covering the surface of the ground . . . mounds of cassava, yams, and ground nuts . . . also grown are chick 

peas and guinea corn [Figure 114].”

Remarks: Although some specimen labels may be ambiguously read as “3.6 mi NW Felele at Lokoja,” Geest’s 

field catalog and journal unquestionably designate the 

specific collecting site as Felele (Filele G or Felelen 

Buzu on maps), which he referenced as 3.6 mi NW 

Lokoja and on the Niger River. Further, his coordinates concur with those of the USBGN (1971) for 

Felele, not Lokoja (07°48′N, 06°44′E G).

Taxa: Xerus, Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Graphiurus, 

Cricetomys, Uranomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, 

Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, Rattus; 

Crocidura; Epomophorus, Hypsignathus, Micropteropus, Myonycteris, Hipposideros, Chaerephon; 

Atilax, Galerella.

Fika, Northern Region (Map 14: 430).

Coordinates: 11°17′N, 11°18′E G.

Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert (18–24 May 1966). 

Habitat: “A veritable oasis . . . dry, sandy, Sudan Savanna . . . 

shrubby bushes and occasional good sized trees around 
1 9 4 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

inhabited areas where there is water” (DLH). “Very 

rocky, hilly, low-tree covered Sudan Savanna” (HJH).

Remarks: The Herberts pitched camp at a veterinarian 

post on the outskirts of Fika.

Taxa: Chlorocebus; Xerus, Cricetomys, Arvicanthis, Mastomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Rhinolophus, Scotophilus; Ourebia, Sylvicapra.

Ibadan, Western Region (Map 14: 420).

Coordinates: 07°23′N, 03°54′E G.

Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert (2, 4, 9 Nov 1965; 

14–31 Jan; 19 Feb; 26, 28, 29 Apr; 2, 3, 5 May; 21, 

25–27 Jun; 20, 22 Jul 1966); S. B. Akpan (numerous 

dates from 23 Mar 1966–26 May 1967); J. C. Geest 

and H. W. Setzer (10, 13–16 Oct 1966); J. C. Geest 

(21, 25 Feb; 21, 24–26 May 1967).

Habitat: “High Forest [Figure 115]” (HJH).

Remarks: Ibadan served as a convenient layover for AMP 

participants between excursions to more distant regions 

of Nigeria. Consequently, collecting dates were interFigure 113. Nigeria, Felele (photograph 

by J. C. Geest, May 1967).
Figure 114. Nigeria, Felele (photograph by J. C. Geest, May 1967).

Figure 115. Nigeria, Ibadan (High forest, 1966).
1 9 6 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

mittent, and specimens were often collected on an opportunistic basis, usually on the university campus or 

its facilities. Akpan, however, collected here more intensively for about 50 days over a 14 month span. Common 

specific localities within or near Ibadan, as encountered 

on specimen labels and mentioned in collectors’ field 

books, include the Ife University Farm, University of 

Ibadan, the University of Ibadan Farm, the University 

of Ibadan Zoo, and the Field Moore Plantation.

Taxa: Heliosciurus, Graphiurus, Cricetomys, Lophuromys, Uranomys, Arvicanthis, Hybomys, Hylomyscus, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, Rattus, Anomalurus; 

Crocidura; Epomophorus, Epomops, Hypsignathus, 

Micropteropus, Myonycteris, Chaerephon, Mops, 

Scotophilus, Neoromicia.

Idere, Western Region (Map 14: 418).

Coordinates: 07°29′N, 03°15′E G.

Collectors: J. C. Geest and H. W. Setzer (25–26 Oct 1966).

Habitat: No information available.

Remarks: The collection site is a cave near Idere, where 

Geest and Setzer netted bats in between their trapping 

around Igbo Ora (see locality account).

Taxa: Hipposideros, Coleura.

Iella, 2 mi [3.2 km] E Bahindi, Northern Region 

(Map 14: 404).

Coordinates: 11°27′N, 04°13′E C (11°28′N, 04°11′E G).

Collector: J. C. Geest (6–10 Dec 1966). 

Habitat: “Camp in a large fadama under a fig tree . . . The 

fadama is quite different than the surrounding hill 

sides [which are] rocky with trees and shrubs about 

8 to 10 feet [2–3 m] high. The fadama contains much 

marsh, some palm trees as well as scattered older trees 

20–50 feet [6–15 m] high . . . The grass throughout 

the fadama is about 3 to 6 [feet, 1–2 m] in height. The 

soil is gray in color with a silty-clay texture.” “Sudan 

Savanna” (specimen labels).

Remarks: Although his original destination was Bahindi, 

Geest elected to remain on the east bank of the Sokoto 

River and collect around Iella, just to the east of the 

larger village.

Taxa: Cricetomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, 

Dasymys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Lepus; Atelerix; 

Crocidura; Ictonyx.

Igbo Ora, Western Region (Map 14: 419).

Coordinates: 07°26′N, 03°17′E G.

Collectors: H. J. Herbert (23 Dec 1965; 4, 19, 26 Jan 1966); 

J. C. Geest and H. W. Setzer (17–26 Oct 1966).

Habitat: “Camped under Ceiba tree and another large buttressed tree . . . small scrub forest area . . . tall grass 

. . . two plants of the pea family . . . soil is laterite with 

large amount of sand . . . grasses 7–8 feet [2.1–2.4 m]” 

(JCG). “Derived Savanna” (specimen labels).

Remarks: The sporadic collection dates given by Herbert reflect incidental captures sent from Igbo Ora to 

the Rockefeller Foundation lab at the University of 

Ibadan. Geest camped on the grounds of the Igbo Ora 

Health Center, which was associated with the Rockefeller Foundation. The stream referred to above is 

likely a tributary of the Apekki-Ogoun River. On 18 

Oct, Geest relocated his trapline from 2 mi [3.2 km] 

W Igbo Ora to 1 mi [1.6 km] west, but the latter locality is not recorded on specimen labels. The compound 

name of this town is commonly hyphenated (IgboOra) on specimen labels.

Taxa: Lophuromys, Gerbilliscus, Hylomyscus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, Rattus; Crocidura; 

Epomophorus, Epomops, Hypsignathus, Lissonycteris, 

Megaloglossus, Micropteropus, Nycteris, Chaersephon.

Ilashe, 4 mi [6.4 km] S, 6 mi [9.7 km] N Ago Shasha, 

Western Region (Map 14: 421).

Coordinates: 06°38′N, 02°47′E G (for Idoforo; see 

Remarks).

Collector: J. C. Geest (8–14 Nov 1966). 

Habitat: “Extensive cultivation [of maize], ground nuts, 

and melons . . . fallow fields with about two years of 

brush growing in them. The [red] soil . . . in the pasture . . . quite sandy.” “Remnant High Forest” (specimen labels).

Remarks: Geest journeyed west from Lagos, crossed 

the Yewa River, and proceeded to Ilashe (06°42′N, 

02°47′E G) near the Benin border. He identified his 

field site as 4 mi [6.4 km] south of the town, where 

he camped near the small village of Idoforo (see 

above coordinates) and which he further fixed as 

6 mi [9.7 km] north of Ago Shasha (which is parenthetically appended on specimen labels). Because 

both Ilashe and Ago Shasha appear on period maps, 

Geest elected to use only these place-names on specimen labels instead of Idoforo. The village is listed in 

the Nigerian USBGN (1971) and is located the appropriate distances and directions from both Ilashe 

and Ago Shasha.

Taxa: Cercopithecus; Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Cricetomys, Gerbilliscus, Hybomys, Hylomyscus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, Rattus, Anomalurus, 

Thryonomys; Crocidura; Neoromicia; Felis.
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 1 9 7

Kabwir, 1 mi [1.6 km] S, Plateau Province, Northern 

Region (Map 12: 429).

Coordinates: 09°23′N, 09°34′E M (AMS, Zaria, 

1:1,000,000, as Kabir).

Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert and H. W. Setzer (11–

15 Dec 1965).

Habitat: “Traps set in the rocks and the area near the lake 

. . . the area near the river . . . in the rocks of a terraced native corn field” (HJH).

Remarks: Base camp was established near a dam, possibly 

on a tributary of the Jingar/Wase River, an impoundment just south of Kabwir (09°24′N, 09°34′E G) on 

the eastern edge of the Jos Plateau.

Taxa: Acomys, Taterillus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Praomys; Atelerix; Crocidura; Chaerephon.

Karaduwa, Northern Region (Map 14: 405).

Coordinates: 12°20′N, 07°42′E C (12°19′N, 07°41′E G).

Collector: J. C. Geest (13–19 Jan 1967).

Habitat: “Karaduwa is situated on the Karaduwa River, 

which is dry now. Near the village is a large fadamalike area . . . grove of Borassus palms . . . The soil is 

brown and very sandy. The only ground cover left 

is herbaceous legumes and another herbaceous plant 

with spiky seeds. Nearby is a large pasture with some 

small badly cropped grasses . . . and clumps of the 

previous mentioned herbs. There are occasional sandy 

patches . . . over hanging shrubs and some grasses.” 

“Sudan Savanna [Figure 116]” (specimen labels).

Remarks: Geest established camp about 0.5 mi [0.8 km] 

from the village.

Taxa: Galago, Chlorocebus; Cricetomys, Desmodilliscus, 

Gerbilliscus, Gerbillus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Eidolon, 

Epomophorus, Rhinolophus, Nycteris; Felis, Genetta, 

Ictonyx.

Figure 116. Nigeria, Karaduwa: Myomys [= Praomys] habitat (photograph by J. C. Geest, Jan 1967).
1 9 8 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Kudu, Northern Region (Map 14: 412).

Coordinates: 09°16′N, 05°20′E C, G.

Collector: J. C. Geest (3–9 Mar 1967). 

Habitat: “Camp in a mixed grove of trees. There are many 

trees in this portion of the Guinea Savanna [Figures 117, 

118] although they are not heavily foliaged nor are they 

very close together . . . In some places the grass ground 

cover has been burned, but under the mangoes there 

has been little burning . . . here [Kudu] the rains have 

not yet come . . . There is little standing water . . . tall 

grasses . . . small stand of timber which is quite thick 

. . . scattered oil palms . . . forest adjacent to a small 

stream . . . There is a good canopy . . .The abrupt change 

from typical savanna type vegetation to the stream side 

vegetation is striking . . . the ground cover consists of 

leaves . . . there is no grass or other herbage.”

Remarks: Geest noted in his journal that the stream-side 

forest, where he obtained examples of Praomys, was 

approximately 1.5 mi [2.4 km] south of Kudu, but 

this designation does not appear on specimen labels.

Taxa: Xerus, Cricetomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, 

Thryonomys; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Micropteropus, Hipposideros, Nycteris; Genetta, Ichneumia.

Kware, 12 mi [19.3 km] or 14 mi [22.5 km] N Sokoto, 

Northern Region (Map 14: 402).

Coordinates: 13°15′N, 05°15′E C (13°13′N, 05°16′E G).

Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert (7–14 May 1966); J. C. 

Geest (24 Nov–1 Dec 1966).

Habitat: “Pretty agricultural but there is a long thin lake 

. . . with tall grass and reeds lining its shores. Open 

fields of tall grass among the tilled plots. Cattle everywhere” (DLH). “The habitat is Sudan Savanna [Figure 119] with gently rolling terrain . . . [1] mile [1.6 

km] long lake which is a green oasis in the brown of 

the rest of the country” (HJH).“The rest house is near 

a lake which is bordered by a marshy area. Sugar cane 

and cassava grow in small plots near the marshy margins of the lake” (JCG).

Figure 117. Nigeria, Kudu: Guinea savanna (photograph by J. C. Geest, Mar 1967).
Figure 118. Nigeria, Kudu: Guinea savanna (photograph by J. C. Geest, Mar 1967).

Figure 119. Nigeria, Kware (photograph by D. L. Herbert, 12 May 1966).
2 0 0 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Remarks: For their inventory around Kware, both AMP 

crews established their base camp at a rest house situated by an elongate lake surrounded by marsh. Each 

team, however, calculated Kware as different distances 

north of Sokoto (13°04′N, 05°15′E G), Herbert as 12 

mi and Geest as 14 mi.

Taxa: Xerus, Cricetomys, Desmodilliscus, Gerbilliscus, 

Gerbillus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Dasymys, Mastomys, 

Mus; Atelerix; Crocidura; Eidolon, Epomophorus, Micropteropus, Nycteris, Chaerephon; Genetta, Ictonyx.

Mada River, 3 mi [4.8 km] E Gudi, Northern Region 

(Map 14: 425).

Coordinates: 08°54′N, 08°17′E C.

Collector: J. C. Geest (10–19 Mar 1967). 

Habitat: “Only place that we have been able to find suitable shade. The soil . . . is red laterite . . . sandy [almost 

white] laterite near the river . . . There are many trees 

along the river, but most of the adjoining hills are relatively bare with the exception of numerous small trees 

3 to 4 feet [0.9–1.2 m] high and an occasional tall tree 

giving the area almost a park-like appearance . . . traps 

along the river where the trees are relatively thick . . . a 

fadama containing much tall grass and some standing 

water nearby. The forest was rather dense with many 

buttressed trees of the high forest [type] . . . in the river 

bottom . . . most of the hillsides are cultivated . . . 

forested area nearby. There seems to be more trees here 

than in the more typical Guinea Savanna.” “Guinea Savanna” (specimen labels).

Remarks: Geest concentrated his collecting activities near 

the river because the countryside around Gudi was 

largely cleared and barren.

Taxa: Galago; Xerus, Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Graphiurus, Cricetomys, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, 

Arvicanthis, Dasymys, Hylomyscus, Lemniscomys, 

Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Lepus; Atelerix; Epomophorus, Chaerephon; Genetta.

Maiduguri, 22 mi [35.4 km] S, Bornu Ranch, Northern 

Region (Map 14: 431).

Coordinates: 11°34′N, 13°02′E M (Shell-BP, NE Sheet, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert (1–7 Apr 1966).

Habitat: “The area here is extremely dry—much tall grass 

where it hasn’t been burned. Smallish trees dot the 

landscape, which is absolutely flat” (DLH). “The 

habitat is very dry Sudan Savanna, dust and sand are 

prominent . . . 4 foot [1.2 m] grass and grazed savanna 

. . . waterhole” (HJH).

Remarks: All specimen labels checked bear only the distance from Maiduguri as the place of collection, but 

both Herberts noted that they camped on the Bornu 

Ranch south (actually more SSW) of the town. Following the road south 22 mi [35.4 km] from Maiduguri on a period map yielded a point that falls in 

the vicinity of Masba (11°34′N, 13°01′E G). Some 

of the larger mammals (Chlorocebus, Erythrocebus) 

were obtained along a river another 10 mi [16.1 km] 

south of the main campsite. The Bornu Ranch, then 

a USAID-managed experimental cattle ranch, sits 

amidst the Bornu Plains, a flat expanse of Sudan Savanna that dominates northeastern Nigeria.

Taxa: Galago, Chlorocebus, Erythrocebus; Xerus, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys; Lepus; 

Felis; Sylvicapra.

Oban, 14 mi [22.5 km] S, Eastern Region (Map 14: 440).

Coordinates: 05°11′N, 08°32′E M (AMS, Nigeria and 

Part of Tchad, 1:2,000,000).

Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert (14–19 Mar 1966). 

Habitat: “High forest . . . good deep river” (DLH). “The 

ground is littered from the palm trees and low bushes 

. . . high forest” (HJH).

Remarks: The Herberts stayed in the rest house of the 

Kwa Falls Palm Oil Estate, which was conveniently 

situated at the edge of high forest and the Kwa River, 

south of Oban (05°19′N, 08°34′E G) and just to the 

east of the Cross River.

Taxa: Galago; Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Cricetomys, 

Lophuromys, Hybomys, Lemniscomys, Mus, Praomys; Crocidura; Hipposideros; Atilax.

Oyo, 7 mi [11.3 km] W, Northern Region (Map 14: 417).

Coordinates: 07°53′N, 03°53′E M (Shell-BP, SW Sheet, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert (1, 5 Feb 1966).

Habitat: “Guinea Savannah” (specimen labels).

Remarks: While headquartered on the university campus 

at Ibadan, H. J. Herbert made incidental trips to collect bats west of Oyo (07°51′N, 03°56′E G).

Taxa: Eidolon, Epomophorus, Chaerephon, Mops.

Panisau, Northern Region (Map 14: 407).

Coordinates: 12°05′N, 08°32′E G (as Fanisau).

Collector: J. C. Geest (21 Jan–5 Feb 1967). 

Habitat: “Most of the area is cultivated. Ground nuts and 

guinea corn seem to be the principal crops . . . Around 

and often in the fields are [baobab] trees . . . Tall grass 

. . . between many of the fields and along the shore 
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 0 1

. . . of the lake . . . soil is red brown to white [laterite that] contains much sand. There is a small rock 

strewn hill 200 feet [61 m] behind the village that is 

almost devoid of plant life. North of the village are 

high [granite] boulders surrounded by tall grasses.” 

“Sudan Savanna” (specimen labels).

Remarks: Geest placed his campsite by a small impoundment near the town, which he reckoned as 14 mi [22.5 

km] north Kano and 4 mi [6.4 km] north (by trail) 

of the Kano airport. These distances agree with the 

USBGN (1971) coordinates for Fanisau. The collector’s own coordinates (12°04′N, 08°00′E), as later 

penned in his journal but not on original specimen 

labels, must represent an errant reading of the longitude. The locality spelling given here concurs with 

that which Geest observed on area road signs and was 

corroborated by the district commissioner. Panisau, 

or variably “Fanisau,” “Faniso,” “Farniso,” and 

“Parniso” (Rosevear, 1965), is an important type locality for west African small mammals. The “P” and 

“F” alternatives commonly encountered are derived 

from inconsistent anglicization of the Hausa people’s 

pronunciation for the place.

Taxa: Graphiurus, Cricetomys, Steatomys, Desmodilliscus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, 

Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Eidolon, Epomophorus, Nycteris; Felis, Vulpes, Ictonyx.

Panyam Fish Farm, 2 mi [3.2 km] N Panyam, Northern 

Region (Map 14: 428).

Coordinates: 09°27′N, 09°12′E C.

Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert and H. W. Setzer (6–11 

Dec 1965); J. C. Geest (7–16 Apr 1967).

Habitat: “There are cultivated fields, shoulder high grass, 

outcrop rock mountains, and water” (DLH). “Native huts . . . maize fields . . . rocks . . . moist area . . . 

river­ . . . high grass field” (HJH). “Rocky hill across 

the river to the east of the fish farm . . . tall grasses 

near the river, and up a densely wooded gully. Most 

of the grass has been burned off leaving exposed rocky 

outcrops and lava beds . . . living fence of the euphorb 

commonly used for fences . . . on the plateau . . . 

planted guavas, coffee, and mangoes. The major tree 

. . . in this area is the Borassus palm, which now is in 

fruit . . .There are sedges and pig weed ground cover 

near the ponds [Figure 120]. The sedges are about 

Figure 120. Nigeria, Panyam Fish Farm.
2 0 2 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

waist high and fruiting” (JCG). “The habitat is riverine, palm-grass savanna and rocky hills . . . high grassy 

plateau . . . except for giginya palm [Hausa for Borassus aethiopum], reminded one very much of western 

Kansas” (HWS). “Plateau Savanna” (specimen label).

Remarks: The two field teams used different locality formats for what is the same general collecting area, the 

provincial fish hatchery located on the Jos Plateau north 

of Panyam (09°25′N, 09°13′E G). On their tags, H. J. 

Herbert and Setzer identified the site with reference to 

Panyam (2 mi N, Plateau Province), whereas Geest employed the name of the hatchery (Panyam Fish Farm, 

Northern Region) as well as his estimated coordinates. 

Both field crews focused their survey operations on and 

around the grounds of the fish farm. According to a 

map consulted (AMS, Zaria, 1:1,000,000), the river 

mentioned under Habitat is likely a tributary of the 

northeasterly flowing Leri River.

Taxa: Graphiurus, Dendromus, Arvicanthis, Dasymys, 

Grammomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, Cryptomys; Lepus; Atelerix; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Chaerephon, Scotophilus, Neoromicia.

Sapoba Forest Reserve, Midwestern Region 

(Map 14: 435).

Coordinates: 06°06′N, 05°53′E G.

Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert (4–10 Jan 1966); D. L. and 

H. J. Herbert and S. B. Akpan (28 Jun–16 Jul 1966).

Habitat: “It is completely in high forest. The overhead 

canopy isn’t complete so there is a lot of debris on the 

forest floor” (DLH, June 1966). “[Sapoba] camp . . . 

on the bend of the Igbabon River and it is High Forest 

and swampland near the river” (HJH, January 1966). 

“Three days to hack through the under brush [in setting up grid] of this high forest habitat . . . native gardens . . . edge of high forest” (HJH, July 1966).

Remarks: D. L. Herbert referred to a rubber plantation 

that was apparently close by. H. J. Herbert indicated 

that this was the Pamol Rubber Plantation, where 

they initially set up camp until granted approval to 

camp in the reserve. During both visits, the Herberts 

stayed at the reserve’s guest house, situated within apparently pristine high forest near the bend of the Igbabon River. They used the full name “Sapoba Forest 

Reserve” as the locality designation on their first stay 

but contracted the name to “Sapoba” for specimens 

obtained on the second trip, which was designed as a 

grid study.

Taxa: Dendrohyrax; Perodicticus, Galago, Cercopithecus; 

Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Protoxerus, Cricetomys, 

Lophuromys, Grammomys, Hybomys, Lemniscomys, Malacomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, Rattus, 

Anomalurus, Atherurus, Thryonomys; Crocidura; 

Epomops; Manis; Philantomba.

Shagunu, Northern Region (Map 14: 411).

Coordinates: 10°21′N, 04°28′E C (10°20′N, 04°28′E G, 

as New Shagunnu).

Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert (7–16 Jun 1966); J. C. 

Geest (12–13 Jun 1967).

Habitat: “The surrounding area is Guinea Savanna, fairly 

open, gently rolling hills with small trees dotting the 

landscape” (DLH). “Along the river’s edge and into 

the bush leading away from the [Niger] River . . . very 

rocky . . . with grass and low stunted trees . . . Guinea 

Savanna” (HJH).

Remarks: The Herberts’ field camp, located on the Shagunu Biological Research Station and managed by 

the University of Ife at Ibadan, overlooked the Niger 

River. In his log dated 13 Jun, H. J. Herbert noted 

that he moved his traplines near the “old village of 

Bussa” (10°15′N, 04°30′E G), to the southeast of 

Shagunu. This side excursion, which apparently 

yielded only one Mastomys, is not reflected on the 

specimen label or in the field catalog. Geest did not 

actually visit Shagunu, but he received series of fluidpreserved Hipposideros and Rhinolophus that were 

collected earlier in 1966–1967 at Shagunu by J. I. 

Menzies, Ife University, and prepared them while 

staying in Ibadan.

Taxa: Gerbilliscus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Praomys; 

Lepus; Rhinolophus, Hipposideros, Mops.

Tangaza, Northern Region (Map 14: 401).

Coordinates: 13°23′N, 04°57′E C (13°22′N, 04°56′E G).

Collector: J. C. Geest (1–6 Dec 1966).

Habitat: “Traps are set across a sandy plot and the line 

continued through a grass boundary area between the 

ground nut fields and into a fallow field of grass surrounded by guinea corn on three sides . . .There are 

also a couple of grassy fadamas with some free water 

nearby.” “Sudan Savanna” (specimen labels).

Remarks: Geest provided coordinates for Tangaza in his 

field journal and also mentioned it as being 26 mi 

[41.8 km] west of Kware, although specimen labels 

and his field catalog fail to indicate these data.

Taxa: Graphiurus, Cricetomys, Desmodilliscus, Gerbillus, 

Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Dasymys, Mastomys; Lepus; 

Crocidura; Eidolon, Epomophorus, Taphozous; 

Galerella, Ictonyx.
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 0 3

Tsanchaga, 8 mi [12.9 km] E Bida, Northern Region 

(Map 14: 414).

Coordinates: 09°04′N, 06°08′E C (09°04′N, 06°06′E G, 

as Tsantsaga).

Collector: J. C. Geest (6–12 Jan 1967).

Habitat: “The fadama is about 4 miles [6.4 km] (by road) 

wide. There are many farm plots of rice and cassava 

scattered through it. Above the flood plain of the fadama [Figure 121] the vegetation seems to be that of 

farmed Guinea Savanna. There are scattered trees and 

quite a lot of tall (6 feet [1.8 m]) grass. The major 

trees are similar to . . . oak . . . in leaf-size and bark 

appearance and also palms . . . [cassava is] extensively 

farmed . . . fallow plots have been burned . . . Soil . . . 

light tan and somewhat sandy in places but for the 

most part hard packed. A narrow fast moving stream 

. . . quite a lot of flooded and water soaked soil.”

Remarks: After departing from Bida, Geest stopped to 

sample a lush, extensive fadama that he encountered 

just to the west of Tsanchaga. The braided streams 

that course through the fadama may be part of the 

Gbako River system, a small northern tributary of the 

Niger.

Taxa: Erythrocebus; Graphiurus, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, 

Dasymys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; 

Crocidura; Epomophorus, Micropteropus, Chaerephon, Scotophilus, Neoromicia.

Ugar Jabar, 2 mi [3.2 km] N Jemaa, Jos Plateau, 

Northern Region (Map 14: 426).

Coordinates: 09°31′N, 08°23′E C.

Collector: J. C. Geest (22 Mar–2 Apr 1967). 

Habitat: “We are camped in a field adjacent to a hillside 

covered with good forest [Figure 122] . . . string of 

traps through a rocky slope and also in the gully that 

contains a large number of Ceiba trees . . . among the 

grasses along a river and up a densely wooded gully 

[Figure 123] . . . arum plants . . . Anchomanes welwitschii . . . fig tree . . . .”

Remarks: After traveling south from Kagora toward Jemaa 

(09°28′N, 08°23′E G), Geest established his field 

camp near the southern boundary of a forest reserve, 

Figure 121. Nigeria, Tsanchaga (photograph by J. C. Geest, Jan 1967).
2 0 4 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

on wooded slopes between 2,000–3,000 ft [610–914 

m] and along the western rim of the Jos Plateau. The 

river mentioned above is possibly the Gimi River, a 

tributary of the Mada. On specimen labels, “Ugar 

Jabar” is used as the principal locality name, which 

we cannot locate as such, and “2 mi N Jemaa” is parenthetically appended in his journal and on the back 

of labels. Apparently, Geest employed the former as a 

local designation to mean the area populated by the 

Jabar people who lived in the vicinity of his camp. On 

28 Mar, Geest moved the trapline into the Jamaa Forest “Preserve.” Some purchased specimens originated 

from a fadama somewhere to the east of camp.

Taxa: Xerus, Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Graphiurus, Cricetomys, Uranomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Arvicanthis, 

Dasymys, Hylomyscus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, 

Oenomys, Praomys; Crocidura.

University of Lagos, Federal District (Map 14: 422).

Coordinates: 06°32′N, 03°23′E M (Shell-BP, SW Sheet, 

1:1,000,000).

Collector: J. C. Geest (31 Oct–7 Nov 1966). 

Figure 122. Nigeria, Ugar Jabar 

(photograph by J. C. Geest).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 0 5

Habitat: “‘Virgin’ forest . . . tall trees with many clearings. [The forest] is a small patch of maybe 2 acres 

[0.8 ha] . . . grass and weeds adjacent to [garden] plots. 

Some small 6–8 foot [1.8–2.4 m] woody trees . . . few 

scattered palms . . . semi wooded area with many low 

trees 15–20 feet [4.6–6.1 m] high . . . many ferns . . . 

palm grove forest . . . grassland-weed-small shrub area 

. . . swampy in places. [The trapline] extends from the 

marsh to the grass field . . . and through a patch of native scrub with a few remnant trees . . . Ceiba . . . fig 

tree.” “High Forest” (specimen labels).

Remarks: The university proper, where Geest collected, is 

located to the north of the geographic center of Lagos 

(06°27′N, 03°24′E G) according to the annotated map 

cited above.

Taxa: Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Lophuromys, Dasymys, 

Hybomys, Hylomyscus, Lemniscomys, Mus, Praomys; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Epomops.

Upper Ogun Ranch, Western Region (Map 14: 416).

Coordinates: 08°03′N, 03°35′E M (Shell-BP, SW Sheet, 

1:1,000,000).

Collector: J. C. Geest (12–16 Dec 1966).

Habitat: “This part of the ranch does not have improved 

pasture and seems to be typical Guinea Savanna. Tall 

grasses (8–12 feet [2.4–3.7 m]) are the major vegetation . . . There are almost no other herbaceous plants, 

the grasses dominate all the available habitat . . . small 

stream [with] a few [small] trees . . . occasional palm 

tree . . . The river banks also have many trees . . . 

riparian forest.”

Remarks: Geest pitched his tents on the lawn of the 

ranch’s guest house, near the Ogun River. In his field 

catalog and journal, Geest located the ranch as 12 mi 

[19.3 km] north of Iseyin (07°58′N, 03°36′E G), a 

locality modifier that is not recorded on his specimen 

labels.

Figure 123. Nigeria, Ugar Jabar (photograph by J. C. Geest).
2 0 6 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Taxa: Heliosciurus, Protoxerus, Cricetomys, Gerbilliscus, 

Arvicanthis, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Crocidura; Micropteropus, Hipposideros.

Zaria, 5 mi [8.0 km] S, Northern Region (Map 14: 410).

Coordinates: 11°05′N, 07°40′E G (for Kufena Hill; see 

Remarks).

Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert (23–26 Apr, 15 May 

1966).

Habitat: “Huge rock outcropping. . . .” (DLH). “Guinea 

savanna” (specimen labels).

Remarks: The massive rock dome that looms over flat 

Guinea Savanna to the south (more accurately the 

south-southwest) of Zaria immediately attracted H. J. 

Herbert’s attention. While the base camp was maintained at the agricultural station at 15 mi NW Zaria 

(see locality account), the Herberts regularly visited this 

rock outcropping that rises “about 600 feet [185 m] 

from the savanna floor” to run traplines and hunt. D. L. 

Herbert referred to this locale as “Kofina Rock,” which 

the USBGN (1971) lists as Kufena Hill and which affords the coordinates for this collecting site. Only the 

distance south of Zaria, not the proper name of the hill, 

is found on specimen labels and in the field catalog.

Taxa: Procavia; Xerus, Mastomys, Praomys.

Zaria, 7 mi [11.3 km] NW, Northern Region 

(Map 14: 409).

Coordinates: 11°10′N, 07°38′E G (for Samaru; see 

Remarks).

Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert (14–15 May 1966).

Habitat: “Guinea savannah” (specimen labels).

Remarks: On their return from Sokota to Fika, the Herberts stayed briefly at the rest house of Ahmadu Bello 

University in Samaru (coordinates cited above) and 

incidentally collected bats. Although H. J. Herbert 

used slightly different distances, this “7 mi NW” 

designation is essentially the same as the field site of 

25 Apr written as “5 mi [8.0 km] NW Zaria.” The 

place-name Samaru does not appear on field labels of 

specimens collected during either visit, but the town 

is repeatedly noted in the journals of both Herberts. 

While here, on May 15, the Herberts returned to Kofina Rock (Zaria, 5 mi S; see locality account).

Taxa: Chaerephon, Scotophilus, Neoromicia.

Zaria, 15 mi [24.1 km] NW, Northern Region 

(Map 14: 408).

Coordinates: 11°12′N, 07°34′E G (for Shika; see Remarks).

Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert (21–28 Apr 1966).

Habitat: “Water, high grass, and fields which aren’t overgrazed” (HJH). “Guinea Savanna” (specimen labels).

Remarks: The Herberts drove into Zaria and arranged to 

camp at the Experimental Agricultural Station, a place 

situated to the northwest of Zaria and near the village 

of Shika, at the above coordinates. The farm was operated by Ahmadu Bello University, whose main campus 

was in Samaru, just northwest of Zaria. D. L. Herbert 

specifically identified both Shika as being “9 mi [14.5 

km] N of Samaru and 15 mi [24.1 km] NW of Zaria” 

and the experimental station as the areas where they 

conducted most of their field work. That village name, 

however, does not appear on specimen labels or in 

H. J. Herbert’s field catalog. On the evening of 25 Apr, 

they traveled to 5 mi NW Zaria (see Zaria, 7 mi NW) 

to net bats at the home of a USAID administrator.

Taxa: Xerus, Heliosciurus, Cricetomys, Gerbilliscus, Arvicanthis, Dasymys, Mastomys, Mus; Atelerix; Eidolon, 

Epomophorus.

Zungeru, Northern Region (Map 14: 413).

Coordinates: 09°48′N, 06°09′E G.

Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert (25–26 May 1966).

Habitat: “Guinea savannah,” “building” (specimen labels).

Remarks: On their way to Shagunu (see locality account), 

the Herberts stopped overnight near the railway rest 

house in Zungeru and incidentally collected some rodents and bats.

Taxa: Mastomys; Epomophorus, Nycteris, Chaerephon, 

Mops.

SOUTHERN AFRICA

General Remarks. The AMP began in earnest in Southern Africa. Over a six-year period (Aug 1963 

to Dec 1969), 26 field workers (Table 1) participated in 

survey of six countries (Map 15), devoting substantial 

person-days of collecting to Botswana, Mozambique, and 

South Africa (Table 11). Such metrics of survey effort are 

reflected in the large numbers of mammals obtained, representing most mammalian orders (Table 6). Hunting was 

applied more often and/or more effectively as a collecting 

method in southern Africa and plausibly accounts for the 

larger series of carnivores and artiodactyls obtained there 

(Table 6). Notable collecting successes of mammalian 

groups endemic to or most diverse within southern Africa 

include the golden moles (Afrosoricida), elephant shrews 

(Macroscelidea), and certain rodent families (Pedetidae, 

Bathyergidae, Petromuridae) (Tables 3, 6).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 0 7

The following terms commonly appear as part of locality names or within habitat descriptions in southern African countries, in particular, Botswana and South Africa: 

donga, dry watercourse; dorp, village; fontein, spring, 

stream, or well; karoo, semidesert region; kloof, gorge, ravine or intermittent stream, or steep, narrow valley; koppie or kopje, hill or hillock characteristic of the veld; kraal, 

a fencing enclosure or the village surrounded by such an 

enclosure; krantz, outcrop; mashamba, garden; oog, 

spring; pan, a shallow depression filled with water during the rainy season and a hard-caked surface during dry 

periods; rantjies, hills; veld, grassland with scattered trees 

and shrubs; and vlei or flei, intermittent stream, marsh or 

pond, also the valley containing such a stream.

The FAO abbreviation in several locality Remarks 

pertains to a georeferenced database on African dams produced by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the 

United Nations.

Namibia (South West Africa)

General Remarks. Collecting activity in 

Namibia was confined to desert and arid scrub formations in the southern part of the country (Map 16), corresponding largely to the Namib Desert and Namaqualand. 

Specimen labels frequently bear the abbreviation SWA for 

South West Africa, the name applied before its full sovereignty as Namibia (Mar 1990). Douglas Goode of the 

Mozambique

Zimbabwe 575 - 632

555 - 574

Namibia

441 - 464

Lesotho

South Africa

633 - 785

Botswana

465 - 554

761, 767

Map 15. African Mammal Project cardinal collecting localities 441–785 in southern Africa.
2 0 8 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Namib Desert Research Station variously assisted teams 

with collecting at Gobabeb and its vicinity. The Namibian 

sites visited by Lambrechts and Graupner form part of the 

Orange River Survey (Feb 1968 to Jan 1969), jointly conducted by the Smithsonian Institution AMP and the Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria (see General 

Remarks under South Africa).

Itineraries. R. E. Cole, A. L. Moore, and A. C. 

Risser: Hakos Mountains, 12–14 Nov 1963; Gobabeb, 15–

25 Nov 1963; Swartbank Mountain, 23 Nov 1963.

R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein: 6 mi S

Kalkrand, 12 Mar 1966; 17 mi N Kalkrand, 12 Mar 1966; 

4 mi N Rehoboth, 12 Mar 1966; 11 mi E Windhoek, 12–14 

Mar 1966; 4.5 mi SW Gobabis, 15–18 Mar 1966; Sandfontein, 18–20 Mar 1966; Kobos, 22–26 Mar 1966; Sossus 

Vlei, 27 Mar–1 Apr 1966; Kaitzub Farm, 3–7 Apr 1966; 

Brucharos Mountain, 7–12 Apr 1966; Lovedale Farm, 

13–19 Apr 1966; Klein Aus Farm, 20–24 Apr 1966; Kochena Farm, 26–29 Apr 1966; Skaanskolk Farm, 30 Apr–2 

May 1966; Warmbad, 3–6 May 1966; 47 mi S Warmbad, 

6 May 1966; 10 mi W Ariamsvlei, 7–10 May 1966.

A. V. W. Lambrechts: Stolzenfels, 30 Jun–4 Jul 1968.

O. F. Graupner and A. V. W. Lambrechts: Stolzenfels, 

17–21 Jan 1969; 10 mi NE Pella Mission, South Africa 

(north/south bank Orange River), 22–24 Jan 1969; Goodhouse, South Africa (north/south bank Orange River), 

25–27 Jan 1969.

D. A. Schlitter and H. W. Setzer: Namib Park, 3 Dec 

1969; Gobabeb, 4–13 Dec 1969.

Ariamsvlei, 10 mi [16.1 km] W (Map 16: 459).

Coordinates: 28°05′S, 19°41′E G (for Charley’s Puty; see 

Remarks).

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (7–10 

May 1966). 

Habitat: “The farm is generally covered with silvery leafed 

bushes which grow in the stony sand, but there is an 

old river bed with pools in it and acacia trees along 

the banks, about a mile [1.6 km] from us. There are 

sand dunes in places” (RDH).

Remarks: Although specimen labels and field catalogs designate the collecting site with respect to Ariamsvlei 

(28°07′S, 19°49′E G), Hepplewhite recorded in his 

journal that they camped on a farm named Charley’s 

Puty (Charliesputs G).

Taxa: Procavia; Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys, 

Thallomys.

Brucharos Mountain, Berseba (Map 16: 455).

Coordinates: 25°52′S, 17°48′E G (as Mount Brukkaros).

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (7–12 

Apr 1966).

Habitat: “Brucharos Mountain is of volcanic origin and 

stands all alone in a flat plain. Camp is on the southwestern face of the mountain in a cleft which has a 

dry stream bed at the bottom of it. The hill has many 

small rocks strewn over it as well as over the plain for 

about 1/2 mile [0.8 km]. The plain has a number of 

bushes about 5 feet [1.5 m] high on it, and in one of 

the clumps of bushes we saw a mongoose while coming here. The hill has bushes similar to those on the 

plain, in the bottoms of the gullies, but the rest of the 

100 0 100

Kilometers

B o t s w a n 

a

A t l a

n t i c

O

c

e

a

n

441

442

443

444

445

446

447

452

448

449

450

451

453

454 455

456

457

458

459

460

462

463 461

464

Orange River

15E 20E

25S

South

Africa

Map 16. African Mammal Project cardinal collecting localities 

441–464 in Namibia (South West Africa).

441. Swartbank Mountain 453. Kaitzub Farm

442. Namib Park 454. Lovedale Farm

443. Gobabeb 455. Brucharos Mountain

444. Hakos Mountains 456. Klein Aus Farm

445. Windhoek, 11 mi E 457. Kochena Farm

446. Rehoboth, 4 mi N 458. Skaanskolk Farm

447. Kobos 459. Ariamsvlei, 10 mi W

448. Kalkrand, 17 mi N 460. Stolzenfels

449. Kalkrand, 6 mi S 461. Pella (Mission), 10 mi NW

450. Gobabis, 4.5 mi SW 462. Warmbad

451. Sandfontein 463. Warmbad, 47 mi S

452. Sossus Vlei 464. Goodhouse
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 0 9

hill has a different type of vegetation with a number 

of unusual plants” (RDH).

Remarks: Hepplewhite and Silberstein initially set up 

camp on the southwest face of Brucharos Mountain. 

On 10 Apr, they moved their camp to the southeast 

side of the mountain, hoping to improve trap success 

and to access roads for better hunting. Collecting success there was low as well.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Petromyscus, Micaelamys; Lepus, 

Pronolagus; Crocidura.

Gobabeb, Namib Desert Research Station (Map 16: 443).

Coordinates: 23°33′S, 15°02′E C, G.

Collectors: R. E. Cole, A. L. Moore, and A. C. Risser (15–

25 Nov 1963); D. A. Schlitter and H. W. Setzer (4–13 

Dec 1969). 

Habitat: “Acacia trees . . . soft sand . . . The dunes nearest 

the river bed support an occasional acacia tree and a 

shrub [Figures 124, 125]. Farther from the river there 

are isolated clumps of grass that may stand about 3 

feet [0.9 m] high. The sand, often called ‘liquid sand,’ 

is light tannish red in color and when one steps on 

the side of a dune the sand flows down like molasses rolls down a cookie sheet . . . Salvadora . . . fig 

tree . . . waterhole . . . rocks, sand and gravel. A very 

sharp, needle-like grass grows on the dunes . . . gravel 

flats . . . These small dunes support quite a luxuriant 

growth of vegetation, acacias . . . and the thorn shrub 

plus other small annuals and succulents . . . mountains (more accurately—rocky kopjes) . . . Naras 

bushes” (ACR).

Remarks: Cole, Moore, and Risser arrived at the Namib 

Desert Research Station at Gobabeb and set up camp 

along the Kuiseb River according to Risser’s catalog. Risser also indicated that this locality was 68 mi 

[109.5 km] ESE Walvis Bay, although this detail is 

not recorded on specimen labels. Journal entries indicate that they collected extensively throughout the 

Figure 124. Namibia, Gobabeb: Ron E. Cole with bat net in Kuiseb River, Namib Desert (photograph by A. C. Risser, Nov 1963).
2 1 0 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

area but did not specify actual collection sites in most 

cases. On 21 Nov, they drove to some rocky kopjes, 

where they collected a Lepus. Later, they collected on 

a gravely plain 1 mi [1.6 km] E Gobabeb (23°33′S, 

15°03′E M, ITM, Namibia, 1:2,000,000). Schlitter 

and Setzer collected two species of Gerbillurus at 3 mi

[4.8 km] S Namib Desert Research Station on a sandy, 

rocky, gravely plain and interspersed dunes vegetated 

with Naras. All of Cole’s and Risser’s specimen labels indicate “Gobabeb” as the principal collecting 

locality, with “Namib Desert Research Station” as the 

modifier. Schlitter and Setzer, collecting there in Dec 

1969, adopted the opposite locality convention for 

their field labels. USBGN coordinates for both placenames are identical.

Taxa: Petromyscus, Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Rhabdomys, Thallomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Nycteris, Sauromys, Eptesicus, Laephotis, Miniopterus.

Gobabis, 4.5 mi [7.2 km] SW (Map 16: 450).

Coordinates: 22°30′S, 18°55′E M (WAC, Pelican Point, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (15–

18 Mar 1966). 

Habitat: “The dry river bed is sandy . . . but the broader 

river has a number of thorn trees in it with brushwood piled up against them from the last floods. The 

soil here is very sandy . . . On the banks of the river 

the soil is still sandy but the grass is more sparse and 

thorn trees and bushes thicker. Higher up from the 

river is a rocky area with stony soil and low thickly 

placed bushes” (RDH).

Remarks: On 14 Mar, Hepplewhite and Silberstein arrived 

at the farm of Mr. Kruger, 3 mi [4.8 km] SE Gobabis, 

and he directed them to their final campsite. On 16 

Mar, they set traps on a rocky hillside with short grass 

“about a mile [1.6 km] closer to town,” designated on 

labels as 3.5 mi [5.6 km] SW Gobabis.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Xerus, Saccostomus, Desmodillus, 

Gerbillurus, Micaelamys, Thallomys, Pedetes; Lepus; 

Felis, Suricata.

Goodhouse, north bank Orange River (Map 16: 464).

Coordinates: 28°54′S, 18°15′E C.

Figure 125. Namibia, Gobabeb: Namib Desert.
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 1 1

Collector: A. V. W. Lambrechts (25–27 Jan 1969).

Habitat: “North bank . . . on open terrain.”

Remarks: On 24 Jan, Lambrechts left Pella Mission, South 

Africa, and headed to Goodhouse, camping on a farm 

by the same name on the south bank of the Orange 

River (Goodhouse, South Africa). Survey work was 

conducted on both the north (in Namibia) and south 

banks of the Orange River. This locality is in the vicinity of Warmbad, 47 mi S, where Hepplewhite and 

Silberstein collected in 1966.

Taxa: Petromyscus, Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys.

Hakos Mountains, 191 km E Walvis Bay (Map 16: 444).

Coordinates: 23°10′S, 16°20′E G.

Collectors: R. E. Cole, A. L. Moore, and A. C. Risser (12–

14 Nov 1963).

Habitat: “The Hakos Mts. are extremely rugged, mostly 

mica shale and very sparse vegetation [Figure 126] except in the kloofs . . . dry river bed . . . quasi-barren 

area” (ACR).

Remarks: Risser wrote that the team camped along a dry 

river bed at Djab Farm, on the western side of the 

Hakos Mountains (Hakosberge G). This farm, presumably located along the Djab River, is not mentioned on specimen labels.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Petromyscus, Desmodillus, Micaelamys, Petromus.

Kaitzub Farm, 20 mi [32.2 km] SW Gibeon 

(Map 16: 453).

Coordinates: 25°12′S, 17°32′E G.

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (3–7 

Apr 1966).

Habitat: “The river bed is about 50–70 feet [15.2–21.3 

m] below the surrounding countryside, and the banks 

slope down towards the river from about 1/4 mile [0.4 

km] on either side of the river in most places. However, there are quite a number of cliffs . . . The slopes 

are very rocky with sparse grass and scattered thorn 

bushes about 3 feet [0.9 m] high. The river has ponds 

Figure 126. Namibia, Hakos Mountains: Djab Farm (Nov 1963).
2 1 2 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

in it every 200 or 300 yards [183 or 274 m] but the 

farmer says this is because of the recent rain and that 

normally there are very few pools” (RDH).

Remarks: Camp was established on Kaitzub Farm, about 

200 yards [183 m] from a pool in a semidry river bed, 

probably a tributary of the Leber River.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Procavia; Petromyscus, Micaelamys, 

Petromus.

Kalkrand, 6 mi [9.7 km] S (Map 16: 449).

Coordinates: 24°08′S, 17°39′E M (WAC, Lüderitz Bay, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (12 

Mar 1966). 

Habitat: “Low grass, scattered bushes” (specimen label).

Remarks: The single specimen from this and the following locality were opportunistic collections made while 

Hepplewhite and Silberstein were driving en route 

from Pretoria to Windehoek.

Taxon: Proteles.

Kalkrand, 17 mi [27.4 km] N (Map 16: 448).

Coordinates: 23°54′S, 17°29′E M (WAC, Pelican Point

and Lüderitz Bay, 1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (12 

Mar 1966). 

Habitat: “Low grass, scattered bushes” (specimen label).

Taxon: Lepus.

Klein Aus Farm, 3 mi [4.8 km] W Aus (Map 16: 456).

Coordinates: 26°39′S, 16°15′E G.

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (20–

24 Apr 1966). 

Habitat: “The ground is very sandy with scattered clumps 

of grass—semi-desert type of ground. The hills are 

rocky and seem to be part of a narrow ridge of hills 

running north-south. In places there are sandy dunes 

running towards the hills. In the valleys between 

the rocky hills are a number of thorn trees, and on 

the hills themselves are scattered low bushes among 

the rocks. The dunes are covered with low bushes” 

(RDH).

Taxa: Elephantulus; Petromyscus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys, Rhabdomys, Thallomys, Petromus; Crocidura.

Kobos, 38 mi [61.2 km] SW Rehoboth (Map 16: 447).

Coordinates: 23°35′S, 16°40′E G. 

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (22–

26 Mar 1966). 

Habitat: “An old dry river winds through the farm in quite 

a deep channel. Running into it are hundreds of dry 

rivulets. Around the town it is a flat plain covered 

with very short grass and dotted here and there with 

bushes. About 1/2 mile [0.8 km] from the village the 

bushes become thicker. There are a number of koppies 

and one hill standing quite alone on the plain about 

1/2–1 mile [0.8–1.6 km] south of the village. These 

hills seem to be of volcanic origin because they have 

huge boulders all over them” (RDH).

Remarks: Kobos is a farm and a reserve with about 20 

small houses and a school. While working in the area, 

Hepplewhite and Silberstein made periodic trips to 

Rehoboth to obtain permits to collect in the restricted 

diamond area. On 26 Mar, having received their permits, they left for Sossus Vlei in the diamond area.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Desmodillus, Micaelamys, Pedetes, 

Petromus; Lepus; Tadarida, Eptesicus; Felis.

Kochena Farm, 62 mi [99.8 km] E Keetmanshoop 

(Map 16: 457).

Coordinates: 27°01′S, 18°49′E G.

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (26–

29 Apr 1966). 

Habitat: “We are on the edge of the Karasberge, with rocky 

hills to the west and [?] alternating rocky and grassy 

plains to the east. In most places there are scattered 

low bushes about 18–24 inches [45.7–61.0 cm] high. 

A number of dry river beds flow through the plain. 

These have sand in the bottom and are bordered by 

bushes about 4 feet [1.2 m] high and thorn trees, but 

not the usual acacia thorn tree . . . rocky cliffs bordering on the dry river” (RDH).

Remarks: On the way to Kochena Farm, Hepplewhite and 

Silberstein were advised that it was located about 70 

mi [112.7 km] NE Karasburg (28°01′S, 18°45′E G); 

however, specimens collected from Kochena Farm 

formally indicate 62 mi [99.8 km] E Keetmanshoop 

(26°35′S, 18°08′E G). These two modifier descriptors 

plot some 90 km apart. USBGN coordinates for Kochena Farm plot near the Karasberge, by air about 71 

mi [114.3 km] NNE Karasburg and 52 mi [83.7 km] 

SE Keetmanshoop. Neither of these reference points 

precisely match those supplied by the collectors, but 

we suspect that the difficulty in estimating distances 

and directions while traveling on rough tracks accounts for the discrepancies.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Procavia; Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, 

Micaelamys; Lepus, Pronolagus.

Lovedale Farm, 20 mi [32.2 km] W Helmeringhausen 

(Map 16: 454).

Coordinates: 25°55′S, 16°39′E G.
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 1 3

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (13–

19 Apr 1966).

Habitat: “This is karakul sheep country. The dry river beds 

are bordered by acacia thorn trees and other smaller 

bushes. The ground is sandy in the valleys but becomes rocky on the koppies and mountains of which 

there are many here. The hillsides are very rocky and 

have scattered, small bushes on them. In one place in 

the river there is a small pool but there is a definite 

flow of water from one side to the other so I think 

there is underground water” (RDH).

Taxa: Elephantulus, Macroscelides; Petromyscus, Desmodillus, Micaelamys, Rhabdomys, Thallomys; Lepus, 

Pronolagus; Genetta.

Namib Park (Map 16: 442).

Coordinates: 23°05′S, 15°10′E G.

Collectors: D. A. Schlitter and H. W. Setzer (3 Dec 1969).

Habitat: “Isolated bush and grassy sand veld,” “netted 

over waterhole,” “granite sand at the base of a granite 

koppie” (specimen labels).

Remarks: Schlitter used Namib Park (Namib-Naukluft 

Park G) as his general locality designation and provided coordinates for three collecting sites within the 

park: 2 mi [3.2 km] E Amichab Mountain (23°12′S, 

15°32′E C), Ganab Water Hole (23°00′S, 15°31′E C), 

and Tumas Mountain (23°29′S, 15°31′E C). His coordinates for the distance from Amichab Mountain are 

geographically consistent with the USBGN listing for 

that feature (23°12′S, 15°31′E G), and those for the 

Ganab Water Hole approximate the USBGN figures 

(23°07′S, 15°32′E G). We could not verify a Tumas 

Mountain within the USBGN gazetteer, but a Tumas 

Berg does appear on a topographic map (AMS, South 

West Africa, 1:2,000,000) at approximately 23°10′S, 

15°31′E. Even this estimation is uncomfortably distant 

from Schlitter’s “granite koppie.” Other granitic outcroppings arise from the Tumas Flats in this region, 

and it is possible either that Schlitter misapplied the 

place-name or that local peoples loosely apply the name 

Tumas Mountain to any of these high rock lands.

Taxa: Petromyscus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys, Rhabdomys; Sauromys.

Pella (Mission), 10 mi [16.1 km] NW, north bank 

Orange River (Map 16: 461).

Coordinates: 28°56′S, 19°02′E M (WAC, Lower Orange 

River, 1:1,000,000).

Collector: A. V. W. Lambrechts (22–24 Jan 1969). 

Habitat: “Extremely mountainous terrain . . . narrow, flat 

strip between the river and the mountains . . . It is 

very dry, with the vegetation sparse or non-existent. 

There is no grass at all. Even the mountains are almost 

devoid of vegetation.”

Remarks: As there are no roads indicated on the maps consulted, our estimated coordinates are based upon azimuth and range from Pella Mission (29°02′S, 19°09′E 

G). Pella Mission itself is located on the south bank of 

the Orange River in Northern Cape Province, South 

Africa. On 21 Jan, Lambrechts once again drove from 

Stolzenfels to a place referred to as “Die Mik,” northwest of Pella Mission (10 mi NW Pella Mission, South 

Africa). He found the area to be much drier than it 

had been the previous Jul, and he had thought then 

that it was extraordinarily dry. He collected on both 

the north (Namibia) and south banks (South Africa) 

of the Orange River during the Jan survey. On 24 Jan, 

Lambrechts left for Goodhouse, South Africa, where 

collecting was also conducted on the Namibian side of 

the Orange River.

Taxa: Petromyscus, Micaelamys.

Rehoboth, 4 mi [6.4 km] N (Map 16: 446).

Coordinates: 23°16′S, 17°05′E M (WAC, Pelican Point, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (12 

Mar 1966).

Habitat: No information available.

Remarks: A Genetta was collected at this locality while 

the duo traveled to Windhoek at the beginning of 

their expedition into Namibia.

Taxon: Genetta.

Sandfontein, 1 mi [1.6 km] S police post (Map 16: 451).

Coordinates: 22°18′S, 19°59′E G.

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (18–

20 Mar 1966). 

Habitat: “The country is very arid with sparse grass and 

bushes growing in the light yellowish sand, and an 

occasional tree. There are also occasional rocky outcrops. There is a dry river bed running parallel to 

the SWA/Bechuanaland [Namibia/Botswana] border 

where the grass is a lot thicker and larger and there 

are fewer bushes. There is also a dam with water in it 

in the river” (RDH).

Remarks: The AMP team discovered that the original farm 

called Sandfontein had been subdivided into the Sandfontein and Buitepos farms. In his journal, Hepplewhite acknowledged that they camped on the latter, 

situated on the Namibia-Botswana border, but the 

older name “Sandfontein” was preferably used for the 

locality because it appeared on their map. We follow 
2 1 4 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

the collectors and use the coordinates for Sandfontein 

Farm, which are close to those for the town of Buitepos (22°16′S, 19°59′E G).

Taxa: Xerus, Saccostomus, Malacothrix.

Skaanskolk Farm, 5 mi [8.0 km] W Rietfontein [South 

Africa] (Map 16: 458).

Coordinates: 26°46′S, 19°58′E G (as Schanskolk).

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (30 

Apr–2 May 1966). 

Habitat: “The ground is very sandy—in fact it is not very 

different from the Kalahari desert sand—a reddish 

sand. The grass is very scattered indeed, and there 

are bushes interspersed among the grass. Just behind 

the camp is a ridge of black rocks. The ground slopes 

down towards a sort of pan with a dry river running 

out of it . . . field . . . much longer grass and obviously 

hasn’t been used for grazing this year” (RDH).

Remarks: On specimen labels, Silberstein specified Skaanskolk Farm, whereas Hepplewhite used only Skaanskolk.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Xerus, Petromyscus, Desmodillus, 

Gerbillurus, Micaelamys, Rhabdomys; Lepus; Crocidura.

Sossus Vlei, Diamond Area No. 2 (Map 16: 452).

Coordinates: 24°42′S, 15°17′E G (as Sossusvlei).

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (27 

Mar–1 Apr 1966). 

Habitat: “The vlei itself is at the end of a series of pans, 

all part of a river which runs into the dune area and 

comes to an end in this vlei—Sossus. None of the other 

pans have water. Sossus Vlei has a pan of water about 

1/2 mile [0.8 km] long and 1/4 mile [0.4 km] wide and 

about 5 feet [1.5 m] deep at its deepest point. On the 

north side the dunes come right to the waters edge, but 

on the other sides there is a sort of beach area which is 

covered with caked dry mud. On the south side this area 

extends for about a mile [1.6 km] and has many little 

dunes dotted all over it, and these dunes have a thorny, 

rather thick, low bush growing on them . . . There are 

quite large acacia-type trees in this area, and some are 

standing in the pan, indicating that it is not normally as 

large as this. The dunes around the pan are about 300 

feet [91.4 m] high, but some of them on the way here 

are reputed to be 600 feet [182.9 m] high” (RDH).

Taxa: Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Rhabdomys.

Stolzenfels, north bank Orange River (Map 16: 460).

Coordinates: 28°30′S, 19°40′E G.

Collectors: A. V. W. Lambrechts (30 Jun–4 Jul 1968); 

O. F. Graupner and A. V. W. Lambrechts (17–21 Jan 

1969).

Habitat: “We caught the Petromyscus in barren, rocky hills 

with almost no vegetation. Both survey lines were put 

out in valleys between the hills. The vegetation on both 

banks is very sparse due to the drought which lasted for 

the last three years. There is no grass at all” (AVWL).

Remarks: Camp was established on the north bank of 

the Orange River, and both the north (Namibia) and 

south (see Stolzenfels, South Africa) banks were collected. Lambrechts indicated that the collecting locality was Stolzenfels Farm, about 10–12 mi [16.1–19.3 

km] south of Jerusalem Farm (28°23′S, 19°36′E G).

Taxa: Elephantulus; Procavia; Saccostomus, Petromyscus, 

Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys, 

Rhabdomys.

Swartbank Mountain, 36 km WNW of Gobabeb 

(Map 16: 441).

Coordinates: 23°18′S, 14°48′E G (as Swartbankberg).

Collectors: R. E. Cole, A. L. Moore, and A. C. Risser (23 

Nov 1963).

Habitat: “The area is very flat, gravel gradually sloping 

into the base of the mountain, then jagged rocks. 

There is an abundance of succulents and other plant 

life in contrast to the denuded flats. Near the top there 

is a section of very black boulders” (ACR).

Remarks: While encamped at Gobabeb, the AMP crew made 

a one-day trip to collect at Swartbank Mountain.

Taxa: Petromyscus, Gerbillurus.

Warmbad (Map 16: 462).

Coordinates: 28°27′S, 18°44′E G.

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (3–6 

May 1966). 

Habitat: “There are isolated rocky outcrops but generally 

the ground is sandy and flat with scattered bushes in 

places. The ground is whitish in many places” (RDH).

Taxa: Elephantulus, Macroscelides; Malacothrix, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys, Petromus; Pronolagus.

Warmbad, 47 mi [75.6 km] S (Map 16: 463).

Coordinates: 28°52′S, 18°14′E M (WAC, Lower Orange 

River, 1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (6 

May 1966).

Habitat: “Rocky hillside” (specimen labels).

Remarks: This locality was situated along the Orange 

River according to Hepplewhite’s journal, probably in 
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 1 5

the vicinity of Goodhouse, South Africa (Goodhouse, 

Namibia and South Africa).

Taxa: Xerus, Petromus.

Windhoek, 11 mi [17.7 km] E (Map 16: 445).

Coordinates: 22°33′S, 17°17′E M (WAC, Pelican Point, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (12–

14 Mar 1966). 

Habitat: “The dry river bed in which the camp is situated 

the ground rises on both banks into rocky ‘koppies’ 

with sandy soil. There is a moderately thick covering 

of 2–3 foot [0.6–0.9 m] high grass interspersed with 

thorn bushes and a few acacia trees about 35–60 feet 

[10.6–18.3 m] high” (RDH).

Taxa: Elephantulus; Saccostomus, Desmodillus, Micaelamys.

Botswana (Bechuanaland or

Bechuanaland Protectorate)

General Remarks. Labels on specimens 

that were collected prior to Oct 1966 use “Bechuanaland 

Protectorate” or simply “Bechuanaland” as the country 

name, while those on specimens collected after independence from South Africa (Sep 1966) reflect the current 

name of Botswana. Reay H. N. Smithers, curator at the 

National Museum of Rhodesia (NMR, now the Natural 

History Museum of Zimbabwe), Bulawayo, significantly 

contributed to the success of AMP activities in southern 

Africa and in particular Botswana (Map 17), and those 

field results reciprocally contributed to his book The 

Mammals of Botswana (Smithers, 1971). A large number 

of specimens collected by AMP crews were deposited in 

the NMR, and we did not verify geographic or taxonomic 

information associated with those specimens.

Cartographic sources proved important in localizing 

collecting sites in Botswana. World Aeronautical Charts 

in the Mammal Division archives bear penciled marks and 

notations that often coincide with cited coordinates. We 

believe that these annotations are derived from AMP collectors or affiliated staff and attempted to verify them whenever possible or noted questionable occurrences in locality 

remarks. Two draft maps in the Mammal Division map 

collection were also useful—H. J. Smithers’ “Bechuanaland 

Protectorate and The Caprivi Strip,” a blue-lined proof for 

the map subsequently published in Smithers (1971), and a 

hand-drawn map entitled “T. N. Liversedge Collecting Localities Botswana.”

Several Botswanan localities were identified or verified using the published gazetteers in Smithers (1971) 

or Leistner and Morris (1976), both of which employed 

quarter-degree grid cells, an alphanumeric system of 

geographic reference. Locality coordinates derived from 

these gazetteers are therefore extrapolations, but they suffice for purposes of approximate placement if not exact 

location.

The incomplete nature of certain collectors’ field books 

hindered locality interpretation. Tim N. Liversedge’s and 

S. W. Goussard’s field journals lack entries for most of their 

time spent in Botswana, which complicated our efforts to 

determine exactly where many camps were established. 

Also, the lengthy periods between camps seem longer than 

can be explained by the travel distances between them; 

whether the collectors were on break or attending vehicular difficulties is unknown. In the only section of TNL field 

notes (21 May to 11 Jun 1968) possessed by the Mammal 

Division, Liversedge recorded an “expedition to N.E. extension of Kalahari type habitat” but offered no further 

explanation of this collecting interval. His entries seem to 

indicate that a location was determined by “dead reckoning,” as based upon track directions, odometer readings, and information from local inhabitants. Liversedge 

made several references in his journal to his game scout 

Leyakwa, who accompanied him during this period. The 

field catalog of S. W. Goussard is missing for the period 14 

Jun to 29 Aug 1967 (numbers SWG 1130–1448), but his 

presence at various localities over these dates is evidenced 

by specimens in the NMNH collection. We collated names 

and dates of the many ancillary localities visited by Goussard from the NMNH database and confirmed them 

against specimen labels.

Given all of the above caveats, we regard the coordinates provided for cardinal localities in Botswana to contain a higher degree of imprecision than other countries 

where AMP teams collected.

Itineraries. R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, and 

H. J. Herbert (A. L. Moore 7 Jan–24 Feb): Tsaugara Pan, 

7–12 Jan 1965; 3 mi NNW Dodo Cross Roads, 15–19 Jan 

1965; Kasane, 21–29 Jan 1965; 10 mi W Kasane, 22–26 

Jan 1965; 12 mi SW Kachikau, 31 Jan–2 Feb 1965; 10 

mi E Goha Hills, 4–7 Feb 1965; 10 mi N Joverega, 8–14 

Feb 1965; Shorobe, 15–21 Feb 1965; Kwaai River Area, 

19 Feb 1965; 6 mi N Maun, 22 Feb–4 Mar 1965; Kwaai 

River Area, 28 Feb–1 Mar 1965; Maun, 2–4 Mar 1965; 

10 mi SW Sehitwa, 5–12 Mar 1965; Mabele a Pudi, 12–17 

Mar 1965; 50 mi E Mabele a Pudi, 14 Mar 1965; 10 mi 

SW Sehitwa, 18 Mar 1965; Tsau, 18–28 Mar 1965; Nokaneng, 29 Mar–4 Apr 1965; 10 mi N Aha Hills, 6–13 
2 1 6 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Map 17. African Mammal Project 

cardinal collecting localities 465–554 

in Botswana (Bechuanaland).

465 468

469 466

467

470

471

472

500 501

477

478

479

499

498 502

503

496 497

495 494

493 {

473

474 475

476

504

522 524

523 505

506

480 - 492

507

508

509 510 520

521 525

532

531

526

528 527

529

530

512

513

514

511 518

519

515

516

517

533

534

538

535

539

540

536

537

550 549

551

548

547

544

554

546

545

543

542

541

552

553 South Africa

Namibia

Angola Zambia

Zimbabwe

Caprivi

Strip

Molopo

River

Nossob

River

Limpopo

River

20S

25S

20E 25E

465. Mohembo, 55 mi W

466. Shakawe, 50 mi W, 12 mi S

467. Shakawe, 56 mi W, 28 mi S

468. Shakawe, 7 mi N

469. Shakawe

470. Tsodilo Hills

471. Sepopa

472. Seronga

473. Aha Hills, 10 mi N

474. Kai Kai

475. Drodsky’s Caves, 10 mi

NW

476. Drodsky’s (Drotsky’s) 

Caves

477. Gomare, 5 mi S

478. Nokaneng, 15 mi N

479. Nokaneng

480. Tsau

481. Tsau, 8 mi SE

482. Sehitwa, 5 mi NW

483. Dautsa Flats

484. Sehitwa, 10 mi SW

485. Masarwanyane Pan

486. Tsau, 21 mi SE

487. Tsau, 26 mi SE

488. Kwebe Hills, 18 mi NW

489. Kwebe Hills

490. Toten

491. Maun, 35 mi SW

492. Maun, 20 mi SSW

493. Maun

494. Maun, 6 mi N

495. Shorobe

496. Kwaai River Area

497. Joverega, 10 mi N

498. Goha Hills, 10 mi E

499. Kachikau, 12 mi SW

500. Kasane, 10 mi W

501. Kasane

502. Dodo Cross Roads, 3 mi 

NNW

503. Tamafupi

504. Tsaugara Pan

505. Khumaha

506. Mabele a Pudi, 50 mi E

507. Mabele a Pudi

508. Kuke Cordon

509. Ghansi, 20 mi NE

510. Ghansi

511. Ghansi, 35 mi S

512. Mamono

513. Mamono, 45 mi S

514. Mamono, 50 mi S

515. Mamono, 150 mi S

516. Tsane, 25 mi ENE

517. Kang

518. Xade Pan, 4 mi E

519. Camp 3

520. Chukutsa Pan

521. Musu, 12 mi W

522. Nata, 13 mi W

523. Nata, 10.2 mi W

524. Nata 

525. Francistown, 40 mi NW

526. Foley Siding, 8 mi W

527. Francistown, 45 mi SW

528. Seruli, 16 mi W

529. Seruli, 9 mi W

530. Serowe, 18 mi NW

531. Magogopate

532. Zelu, 3 mi W

533. Kuche Pan

534. Kuche Pan, 10 mi SE

535. Maboane, 10 mi W

536. Takatokwane, 15 mi SW

537. Takatokwane, 20 mi SW

538. Letlaking, 10 mi W

539. Letlaking

540. Letlaking, 11 mi SE

541. Sequane

542. Gaberones, 5 mi W

543. Lobatsi

544. Matebe, 7 mi N

545. Ramatlabama, 10 mi W

546. Ramatlabama, 18 mi W

547. Kanye, 30 mi W

548. Digomo de Kai

549. Sekhuma Pan

550. Mabua Sefubi Pan

551. Mpatutlwa Pan

552. Vloorskop

553. Bokspits, 6 mi NE

554. Khuis
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 1 7

Apr 1965; Drodsky’s (Drotsky’s) Caves, 10 Apr 1965; 35 

mi SW Maun, 19 Apr 1965; Nata, 23–26 Apr 1965.

R. D. Hepplewhite, T. N. Liversedge, and H. W. 

Setzer: 5 mi W Gaberones, 13–14 Nov 1965; 10 mi W 

Maboane, 16–20 Nov 1965; 10 mi W Letlaking, 21–23 

Nov 1965; 11 mi SE Letlaking, 23–26 Nov 1965.

R. D. Hepplewhite and T. N. Liversedge: Toten, 7–

9 Feb 1966; Kwebe Hills, 12–15 Feb 1966; 18 mi NW 

Kwebe Hills, 15–18 Feb 1966; Dautsa Flats, 19–20 Feb 

1966.

T. N. Liversedge (S. D. Durrant and H. W. Setzer, 

10–15 Sep 1966): Magogopate, 9–13 Apr 1966; 3 mi W 

Zelu, 15–20 Apr 1966; 20 mi SW Takatokwane, 1–5 May 

1966; 15 mi SW Takatokwane, 4 May 1966; Kuche Pan, 

8–11 May 1966; 10 mi SE Kuche Pan, 12 May 1966; Letlaking, 13 May 1966; 5 mi W Gaberones, 14–28 May 

1966; Lobatsi, 29 May–2 Jun 1966; Sequane, 4–8 Jun 

1966; 10 mi W Ramatlabama, 10–12 Jun 1966; 18 mi 

W Ramatlabama, 12 Jun 1966; 7 mi N Matebe, 14 Jun 

1966; Digomo de Kai, 16–18 Jun 1966; Sekhuma Pan, 

19–21 Jun 1966; Kang, 25–29 Jun 1966; Ghansi, 2–5 Jul 

1966; 45 mi S Mamono, 7–13 Jul 1966; Mamono, 7, 10 

Jul 1966; 20 mi NE Ghansi, 10 Jul 1966; Dautsa Flats, 

17 Jul 1966; 12 mi W Musu, 22–24 Aug 1966; Chukutsa 

Pan, 26–29 Aug 1966; Tamafupi, 2–5 Sep 1966; 13 mi W 

Nata, 10 Sep 1966; Khumaha, 11–14 Sep 1966; 10.2 mi 

W Nata, 14 Sep 1966; 13 mi W Nata, 15 Sep 1966; Pink 

Pan, 12 Oct 1966; 4 mi E Xade Pan, 14–19 Oct 1966; 

Camp 3, 16–19 Oct 1966; 35 mi S Ghansi, 25–29 Oct 

1966; 40 mi NW Francistown, 16 Jan 1967; Masarwanyane Pan, 19 Jan 1967; 150 mi S Mamono, 21–26 Jan 

1967; 50 mi S Mamono, 27 Jan 1967; 25 mi ENE Tsane, 

29 Jan–5 Feb 1967; 30 mi W Kanye, 4 Feb 1967; Mabua 

Sefubi Pan, 7–14 Feb 1967; Mpatutlwa Pan, 10 Feb 1967; 

Vloorskop, 16–21 Feb 1967; 6 mi NE Bokspits, 23–27 

Feb 1967; Khuis, 1–5 Mar 1967.

S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge: 8 mi W Foley 

Siding, 2–6 Apr 1967; 20 mi SSW Maun, 10 Apr 1967; 

Nokaneng, 10 Apr 1967; 5 mi S Gomare, 11 Apr 1967; 

Sepopa, 12–23 Apr 1967; Tsodilo Hills, 26 Apr–1 May 

1967; Shakawe, 4–11 May 1967; Tsodilo Hills, 15 May 

1967; Shakawe, 16–18 May 1967; 55 mi W Mohembo, 

21 May 1967; 50 mi W, 12 mi S Shakawe, 22 May–1 Jun 

1967; Shakawe, 3 Jun 1967; 56 mi W, 28 mi S Shakawe, 

4 Jun 1967; Kai Kai, 5 Jun 1967; Drodsky’s (Drotsky’s)

Caves, 5–9 Jun 1967; 10 mi NW Drodsky’s Caves, 9 Jun 

1967; 10 mi N Aha Hills, 11–13 Jun 1967; 15 mi N Nokaneng, 16–25 Jun 1967; Maun, 17, 20 Jun 1967; 26 mi 

SE Tsau, 21 Jun 1967; 21 mi SE Tsau, 22 Jun 1967; 8 mi 

SE Tsau, 23 Jun 1967; Seronga, 29 Jun–1 Jul 1967; 7 mi 

N Shakawe, 3 Jul 1967; Shakawe, 5 Jul 1967; 5 mi NW 

Sehitwa, 13 Jul 1967; Kuke Cordon, 15 Jul 1967; Camp 

4, 17 July 1967.

T. N. Liversedge: 45 mi SW Francistown, 23 May–1 

Jun 1968; 9 mi W Seruli, 29 May 1968; 18 mi NW Serowe, 3–7 Jun 1968; 16 mi W Seruli, 9–11 Jun 1968.

Aha Hills, 10 mi [16.1 km] N (Map 17: 473).

Coordinates: 19°39′S, 21°03′E G (for Kubie; see Remarks).

Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, and H. J. Herbert 

(6–13 Apr 1965); S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (11–13 Jun 1967). 

Habitat: “Cattle thorn fence” (HJH).

Remarks: Hardy referred (journal entry) to “N’dobe [sic; 

Kube?], a village about 7 miles [11.3 km] north of 

the Northern Aha Hills and about 1 mile [1.6 km] 

from the [Namibian] border.” Plots of these distances 

(WAC, Tsumeb, 1:1,000,000) closely conform to 

USBGN coordinates for Kubie. Furthermore, Davis 

placed this locality at 90 mi [145 km] from Nokaneng, 1 mi [1.6 km] east of the Namibian border, and 

“about 10 miles [16 km] north of Aha Hills,” a location that is penciled as Kubie on the WAC topographic 

sheet. Davis also mentioned traveling 6 mi [9.7 km] 

east to Mahupa (19°34′S, 21°07′E G), which distance 

and direction are plausible if their collecting site was 

Kubie. In addition to collecting at 10 mi N Aha Hills, 

Goussard and Liversedge obtained specimens from 

north edge Aha Hills and simply Aha Hills. On 9 Jun, 

they drove to Drodsky’s Caves to collect bats.

Taxa: Galago; Paraxerus, Graphiurus, Dendromus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, 

Mus, Zelotomys, Pedetes; Lepus; Crocidura; Rhinolophus; Panthera, Mungos, Otocyon; Raphicerus.

Bokspits, 6 mi [9.7 km] NE (Map 17: 553).

Coordinates: 26°51′S, 20°47′E M (WAC, Molopo River, 

1:1,000,000).

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (23–27 Feb 1967).

Habitat: “Bushes, riverbed,” “scrub, riverbed,” “low acacia bushes” (specimen labels).

Remarks: Liversedge’s field catalog indicates that the camp 

northeast of Bokspits was on the Molopo River, but 

the river is not reflected on specimen labels. Liversedge 

also collected on 27 Feb at 4 mi [6.4 km] NNW Bokspits and at 11 mi [17.7 km] NNW Bokspits on the 

Nossop River.
2 1 8 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Taxa: Xerus, Graphiurus, Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Rhabdomys, Parotomys, Pedetes, Cryptomys; Cynictis.

Camp 3 (Map 17: 519).

Coordinates: 22°22′S, 23°22′E P.

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (16–19 Oct 1966).

Habitat: “Scrub bush,” “scrub” (specimen labels).

Remarks: Smithers (1971) identified Camp 3 as in the 

Central Kalahari Game Reserve at 22 23 A4, which 

approximate our above coordinates. Unfortunately, 

there are no journal entries to clarify the location of 

Camp 3. We located an unlabeled locality marked at 

approximately 22°23′S, 23°20′E on T. N. Liversedge’s 

draft map, “Collecting Localities Botswana,” and believe these to represent Camp 3. Moreover, they agree 

closely with Smithers’ quarter-degree values.

Taxa: Xerus, Saccostomus, Dendromus, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Mus, Thallomys, Pedetes; Genetta, Cynictis, Suricata, Hyaena, Proteles, Otocyon; 

Alcelaphus, Antidorcas, Sylvicapra.

Camp 4.

Coordinates: Not located.

Collector: S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (17 Jul 

1967).

Habitat: “Scrub” (specimen labels).

Remarks: The location of Camp 4 could not be determined.

Taxa: Dendromus, Gerbillurus, Mastomys, Mus; Crocidura; Phacochoerus, Raphicerus.

Chukutsa Pan (Map 17: 520).

Coordinates: 21°17′S, 25°01′E G.

Collectors: T. N. Liversedge (26–29 Aug 1966).

Habitat: “Pan fringe,” “scrub bushes” (specimen labels).

Taxa: Elephantulus; Galago; Xerus, Paraxerus, Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys; Lepus; 

Canis.

Dautsa Flats, 14 mi [22.5 km] W Sehitwa (Map 17: 483).

Coordinates: 20°33′S, 22°30′E P (Borello and Borello, 

1997).

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and T. N. Liversedge (19–

20 Feb 1966); T. N. Liversedge (17 Jul 1966).

Habitat: “Grassland,” “acacia bushes” (specimen labels).

Remarks: Labels of specimens captured on Liversedge’s 

second visit mention only 14 mi [22.5 km] W Sehitwa, 

not Dautsa Flats.

Taxa: Saccostomus, Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, 

Mastomys, Rhabdomys, Pedetes; Crocidura; Mops, 

Scotophilus, Neoromicia; Proteles; Antidorcas.

Digomo de Kai (Map 17: 548).

Coordinates: 24°52′S, 24°37′E G (Dikomu di Kai).

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (16–18 Jun 1966).

Habitat: “Few scattered bushes,” “open grassland,” 

“bushes, grass,” “scattered bushes,” “rocky hill” 

(specimen labels).

Remarks: Smithers’ (1971) quarter-degree location for 

Dikgomodikae (Kgomodikae; 24 24 D3) approximates the above USBGN coordinates for Dikomu di 

Kai.

Taxa: Saccostomus, Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, 

Micaelamys, Pedetes, Cryptomys; Lepus; Crocidura; 

Scotophilus, Neoromicia.

Dodo Cross Roads, 3 mi [4.8 km] NNW (Map 17: 502).

Coordinates: 18°42′S, 25°23′E M (WAC, Livingstone, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, H. J. Herbert, and 

A. L. Moore (15–19 Jan 1965).

Habitat: “Camped in an acacia-mopani woodland” (RMD).

Remarks: Davis indicated (field journal) that the team 

drove west 120 mi [193 km] from Francistown to 

Nata and proceeded another 140 mi [225 km] north 

to their campsite near Dodo Cross Roads. While 

Herbert trapped around the camp, Davis placed his 

traps 5 mi [8.0 km] to the north, so his specimens 

are labeled 8 mi [12.9 km] NNW Dodo Cross Roads. 

The skin tag on a Paraxerus is labeled as 13 mi [20.9 

km] W Dodo Cross Roads and that on a Caracal

indicates 10 mi [16.1 km] W Dodo Cross Roads, although Herbert’s catalog for both specimens gives 

the general base camp designation. Herbert observed 

that there was an abundance of water-filled pans in 

the area.

Taxa: Galago; Paraxerus, Gerbilliscus, Pedetes, Cryptomys; Caracal; Raphicerus.

Drodsky’s (Drotsky’s) Caves, 25 mi [40.2 km] SE Kai Kai 

(Map 17: 476).

Coordinates: 20°02′S, 21°28′E C? (see Remarks).

Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, and H. J. Herbert 

(10 Apr 1965); S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge 

(5–9 Jun 1967).

Habitat: “The caves are deep and one can go a 1/4 of a 

mile [0.4 km] in the earth . . . very beautiful with the 

stalagmites and stalactites” (HJH). “Bush and grassland” (specimen labels).

Remarks: Coordinates of unknown origin have been 

penciled into both Goussard’s and Liversedge’s field 

catalogs and closely correspond to a plus mark an-
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 1 9

notated as “Drotsky’s Cave” on a topographic map 

(WAC, Lake Ngami, 1:1,000,000). Smithers’ (1971) 

quarter-degree placement (20 21 A2) is consistent 

with our plotted coordinates. Davis and his companions visited this locality to collect bats from their 

camp north of Aha Hills (6–13 Apr 1965); specimens from this visit are labeled “Drotsky’s Caves, 

25 mi [40.2 km] southeast of Kai Kai.” Goussard 

and Liversedge abbreviated the locality designation 

to “Drodsky’s Caves” (as per Smithers, 1971), without reference to Kai Kai, for their more extensive 

collections in 1967. Liversedge also referred (field 

catalog) to “Drodsky’s Caves, Khweabe Hills” and 

later to “Drodsky’s Caves, Kihabe Hills,” although 

his specimen labels mention neither locality modifier. 

These hills must differ from Kkwebe Hills (20°39′S, 

23°05′E G).

Taxa: Graphiurus, Saccostomus, Dendromus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, 

Mus, Zelotomys, Pedetes; Crocidura; Rhinolophus, 

Hipposideros, Nycteris; Felis; Raphicerus.

Drodsky’s Caves, 10 mi [16.1 km] NW (Map 17: 475).

Coordinates: 19°58′S, 21°19′E M (WAC, Lake Ngami, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (9 Jun 

1967).

Habitat: “Bush and grassland” (specimen label).

Remarks: Goussard collected a Xerus at this locality, presumably en route to Aha Hills (11–13 Apr 1967). Coordinates were estimated by following the track from 

Drotsky’s Cave toward Kai Kai.

Taxon: Xerus.

Foley Siding, 8 mi [12.9 km] W (Map 17: 526).

Coordinates: 21°41′S, 27°11′E M (WAC, Shashi River, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (2–6 Apr 

1967).

Habitat: “Bush fence, mopane,” “mopane” (specimen 

labels).

Remarks: Smithers (1971) referred to this locality simply as 

Foley (21°41′S, 27°19′E G), and some of Liversedge’s 

specimen labels record the locality as “8 mi W Foley.” 

His field catalog deliberately references “Foley Siding.” On 2 Apr, Liversedge collected an Aepyceros at 

10 mi [16.1 km] W Foley Siding.

Taxa: Paraxerus, Graphiurus, Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, 

Aethomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Mus; Lepus; Crocidura; Aepyceros.

Francistown, 40 mi [64.4 km] NW (Map 17: 525).

Coordinates: 20°45′S, 27°07′E M (WAC, Shashi River, 

1:1,000,000).

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (16 Jan 1967).

Habitat: “Rocky kopje” (specimen labels).

Taxa: Acomys, Micaelamys.

Francistown, 45 mi [72.4 km] SW (Map 17: 527).

Coordinates: 21°48′S, 27°15′E M (WAC, Bulawayo, 

1:1,000,000).

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (23 May–1 Jun 1968).

Habitat: “Acacia scrub surrounding pan.”

Remarks: Liversedge established camp the evening of 23 

May approximately a mile [1.6 km] beyond the village 

of Kwechu. We could not locate this village on available maps and estimated coordinates by following the 

road running south-southwest from Francistown. Liversedge described this camp as situated by a small, 

dry pan surrounded by Acacia scrub. On 25 May, he 

collected Xerus at 50 mi [80.5 km] SW Francistown,

and later that day he collected at 57 mi [91.7 km] SW 

Francistown at a large pan.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Galago; Xerus, Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Pedetes, 

Cryptomys, Hystrix; Lepus; Felis, Genetta, Cynictis, 

Canis, Vulpes; Alcelaphus, Antidorcas, Raphicerus, 

Sylvicapra.

Gaberones, 5 mi [8.0 km] W (Map 17: 542).

Coordinates: 24°40′S, 25°49′E M (WAC, Vaal River, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite, T. N. Liversedge, and 

H. W. Setzer (13–14 Nov 1965); T. N. Liversedge 

(14–28 May 1966).

Habitat: “Kopjie . . . sandy soil in the flat. Acacias and 

thorn scrub is the dominant vegetation with some attempts at cultivation” (HWS).

Remarks: The estimated coordinates are based upon azimuth and range relative to Gaberones (Gaberone G) 

and fall close to a penciled mark (origin unknown) 

on the village of Khabane (24°40′S, 25°46′E G), 

which lies about 8 mi [12.9 km] west of Gaberones. 

Setzer’s specimens from the Nov visit are labeled as 

“5 mi W” of Gaberones, while Liversedge’s labels 

read “6 mi W.” When Liversedge returned the following May, he adopted the 5 mi distance for his 

locality designation.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Procavia; Galago; Paraxerus, Graphiurus, Saccostomus, Acomys, Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Rhabdomys, 
2 2 0 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Pedetes; Lepus; Atelerix; Crocidura; Rhinolophus; 

Cynictis, Ictonyx.

Ghansi (Map 17: 510).

Coordinates: 21°34′S, 21°47′E G (as Ghanzi).

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (2–5 Jul 1966).

Habitat: “Scrub” (specimen labels).

Taxa: Desmodillus, Gerbillurus; Cynictis, Ictonyx.

Ghansi, 20 mi [32.2 km] NE (Map 17: 509).

Coordinates: 21°27′S, 22°02′E M (WAC, Kalahari, 

1:1,000,000).

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (10 Jul 1966).

Habitat: No information available.

Remarks: A single Nycteris was killed on the road at this 

locality, but Liversedge was 45 mi S Mamono on 10 

Jul. Considering that Liversedge’s catalog entry for 

this specimen was inserted between 13 and 17 Jul, a 

likely explanation is that someone else collected the 

bat and gave it to Liversedge after 13 Jul.

Taxon: Nycteris.

Ghansi, 35 mi [56.3 km] S (Map 17: 511).

Coordinates: 22°10′S, 21°53′E M (WAC, Kalahari, 

1:1,000,000).

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (25–29 Oct 1966).

Habitat: “Scrub” (specimen labels).

Remarks: Liversedge added “Hanahai Valley” to this locality designation in his field catalog, although the 

qualifier is not duplicated on specimen labels. Liversedge’s draft map (“T. N. Liversedge Collecting 

Localities Botswana”) contains a collecting locality to 

the south of Ghanzi, along the road to Tsane and near 

these coordinates.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Xerus, Saccostomus, Steatomys, Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Lemniscomys, 

Mastomys, Micaelamys, Mus, Thallomys; Genetta, 

Cynictis, Otocyon; Alcelaphus, Sylvicapra.

Goha Hills, 10 mi [16.1 km] E (Map 17: 498).

Coordinates: 18°25′S, 24°22′E M (WAC, Livingstone, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, H. J. Herbert, and 

A. L. Moore (4–7 Feb 1965).

Habitat: “We are camped at the edge of the hills on the 

edge of a mopane forest which covers the hills . . . 

hills (near rocks) . . . near a water hole” (HJH).

Remarks: The AMP team pitched their camp close to a 

pan believed to be at Goha Hills, but two days later, 

they learned that their actual collecting site was 10 mi 

E Goha Hills and about 20 mi [32.2 km] S Kachikau 

(18°10′S, 24°28′E G). The Galago and Genetta were 

each labeled only as Goha Hills, while all other specimens have “10 mi E Goha Hills” for their locality.

Taxa: Galago; Paraxerus, Micaelamys; Genetta, Canis; 

Raphicerus, Sylvicapra.

Gomare, 5 mi [8.0 km] S (Map 17: 477).

Coordinates: 19°22′S, 22°10′E M (ITM, Botswana, 

1:1,500,000).

Collectors: S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (11 Apr 

1967).

Habitat: “Big tree” (specimen label).

Remarks: Coordinates are based upon a measured offset 

from Gumare found on the above topographic map, 

which agrees with the team’s itinerary.

Taxon: Papio.

Joverega, 10 mi [16.1 km] N (Map 17: 497).

Coordinates: 19°03′S, 24°23′E M (WAC, Livingstone, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, H. J. Herbert, and 

A. L. Moore (8–14 Feb 1965).

Habitat: “Open field. The soil is very sandy with scattered 

grass stands. The woods (mopane forest) are full of 

squirrels . . . pan” (HJH).

Remarks: The field team hoped to collect at Tsotsoroga 

Pan (18°43′S, 24°21′E G), but they found it dry. Instead they camped at a “beautiful pan . . . with good 

water . . . just out of the game reserve [Chobe] and 

only about 10 miles [16.1 km] from Joverega.” They 

were later informed that their beautiful pan is called 

Kaiser or Half-way pan. A single Aepyceros was taken 

at Joverega (19°08′S, 24°15′E G) on 14 Feb. We estimated the map coordinates by following the single 

track heading northeast from Joverega.

Taxa: Galago; Paraxerus; Lepus; Galerella, Crocuta; 

Equus; Phacochoerus, Aepyceros, Raphicerus.

Kachikau, 12 mi [19.3 km] SW (Map 17: 499).

Coordinates: 18°13′S, 24°20′E M (WAC, Livingstone, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, H. J. Herbert, and 

A. L. Moore (31 Jan–2 Feb 1965).

Habitat: “Definitely tree savanna . . . small bushes” 

(RMD). “Tree savanna with very high grass (6–7 feet 

[1.8–2.1 m])” (HJH).

Remarks: The crew left Kasane and drove 52 mi [83.7 km] 

west to Kachikau and then southwest, finding a suitable camp next to a pan. Map coordinates were estimated by following the track southwest of Kachikau 

(18°10′S, 24°28′E G).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 2 1

Taxa: Galago; Saccostomus, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Pedetes, Cryptomys; Genetta; Raphicerus.

Kai Kai, Ngamiland (Map 17: 474).

Coordinates: 19°53′S, 21°08′E G. 

Collectors: S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (5 Jun 

1967).

Habitat: “Pan fringe” (specimen labels).

Remarks: These specimens represent opportunistic collections that were made en route to Drodsky’s Caves. 

Smithers’ (1971) alternate spelling for Kai Kai is 

KhaeKhae.

Taxa: Xerus; Galerella.

Kang (Map 17: 517).

Coordinates: 23°46′S, 22°51′E G.

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (25–29 Jun 1966).

Habitat: “Old lands,” “acacia bushes,” “red sand, scattered 

acacia bushes,” “open ground” (specimen labels).

Remarks: Peripheral collecting sites near this locality include 10 mi [16.1 km] NW Kang (23°37′S, 22°47′E 

M) on 25 Jun and 7 mi [11.3 km] W Kang (23°48′S, 

22°44′E M) and 10 mi [16.1 km] W Kang (23°49′S, 

22°42′E M) on 26 Jun.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Xerus, Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, 

Thallomys, Pedetes, Cryptomys; Genetta, Cynictis, 

Suricata, Canis, Otocyon, Vulpes; Raphicerus.

Kanye, 30 mi [48.2 km] W (Map 17: 547).

Coordinates: 24°59′S, 24°51′E M (WAC, Molopo River 

and Vaal River, 1:1,000,000).

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (4 Feb 1967).

Habitat: “Mixed woodland” (specimen label).

Remarks: While Liversedge was encamped at 25 mi ENE

Tsane (29 Jan–5 Feb), a Papio was collected at this 

locality according to Liversedge’s field catalog and the 

specimen label. Because of the great distance between 

Kanye and Liversedge’s camp east-northeast of Tsane 

(over 200 mi [320 km]), this specimen must have been 

given to Liversedge by someone else, and he presumably prepared it while at the Tsane camp.

Taxon: Papio.

Kasane (Map 17: 501).

Coordinates: 17°49′S, 25°09′E G.

Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, H. J. Herbert, and 

A. L. Moore (21–29 Jan 1965).

Habitat: “Tree savanna with very sandy soil” (HJH).

Remarks: Camp was established on the Chobe River, just 

within the Chobe Game Reserve (Chobe National 

Park; 18°40′S, 24°30′E G), located close to Kasane. 

In his journal, Herbert indicated that all hunting 

was conducted outside of the park and observed 

that game was plentiful within the park but scarce 

outside. Collections were simultaneously made at 

the village of Chobe, 10 mi W Kasane (22–26 Jan). 

On several evenings, beginning on 21 Jan, they went 

night hunting in the direction of Kasungula. They collected Hipposideros from an old building in Kasane 

on 23 Jan. On 25 Jan, Moore collected a Paraxerus

1.5 mi [2.4 km] E Kasane in “thick tree bush.” Later 

on the same day, they went into Kasane proper and 

collected Mops from the roof of the police building. 

Moore collected a Hystrix at 5 mi [8.0 km] W Kasane

and a Mastomys at 1.5 mi [2.4 km] W Kasane in a 

cornfield. Other Kasane variations include 2 mi [3.2 

km] S Kasane and 2 mi [3.2 km] W (Chobe Game 

Reserve) and 3 mi [4.8 km] E.

Taxa: Galago, Papio; Paraxerus, Saccostomus, Dendromus, 

Steatomys, Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Dasymys, Mastomys, 

Micaelamys, Mus, Pelomys, Otomys, Pedetes, Hystrix; 

Lepus; Crocidura; Hipposideros, Chaerephon, Mops; 

Felis, Canis; Sylvicapra.

Kasane, 10 mi [16.1 km] W, Chobe, (Map 17: 500).

Coordinates: 17°50′S, 25°02′E M (WAC, Victoria Falls, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, H. J. Herbert, and 

A. L. Moore (22–26 Jan 1965).

Habitat: “Native field” (specimen labels).

Remarks: While camped at Kasane (21–29 Jan), the AMP 

crew regularly traveled west to a native village they 

identified as “Chobe,” the site of an old logging 

camp and airstrip. Although we could not locate any 

gazetteer listing for a Chobe in this vicinity, an unnamed mark (origin unknown) penciled on the above 

map corresponds to the appropriate distance west of 

Kasane, and traces of a former airstrip are clearly visible in land-satellite imagery (Google Earth) in the 

same area.

Taxa: Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Pelomys; Crocidura.

Khuis (Map 17: 554).

Coordinates: 26°40′S, 21°50′E G. 

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (1–5 Mar 1967).

Habitat: “Pan fringe,” “river bed” (specimen labels).

Remarks: Liversedge added Molopo River as a locality 

modifier in his field catalog but did not note the river 

on specimen labels.

Taxa: Elephantulus, Macroscelides; Xerus, Graphiurus, Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys, Mus, Rhabdomys, 
2 2 2 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Parotomys, Pedetes; Lepus; Neoromicia; Cynictis, Suricata, Otocyon; Antidorcas, Raphicerus.

Khumaha, Botletle River (Map 17: 505).

Coordinates: 20°24′S, 24°31′E M (WAC, Lake Ngami, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: S. D. Durrant, T. N. Liversedge, and H. W. 

Setzer (11–14 Sep 1966).

Habitat: “Riverine bush” (specimen labels).

Remarks: Some uncertainty surrounds our localization 

of this camp. The USBGN contains no listing for a 

Khumaha per se, but Smithers (1971) and Leistner 

and Morris (1976) provide plausible transliterations 

as Kumaga (Khumaga; 20 24 B3) and Khumaga (20 

24 AD), respectively. One topographic sheet (ITM, 

Botswana, 1:1,500,000) identified a “Xhumaga” on 

the west bank of the Boteti River that more closely 

approximates the coordinates in Leistner and Morris 

(1976). According to his journal entry, Setzer clearly 

placed the camp on the north bank of the Botletle 

River (Boteti River G), and Liversedge’s draft map 

(“T. N. Liversedge Collecting Localities Botswana”) 

shows a camp near the bend of the Botletle River. Our 

estimated coordinates therefore correspond to a point 

just west of the bend on the north bank of the Botletle 

River. On their day of departure, the team collected 

a Canis at 7.7 mi [12.4 km] N Khumaha (20°17′S, 

24°31′E M).

Taxa: Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Mastomys, 

Cryptomys; Caracal, Canis; Raphicerus, Sylvicapra.

Kuche Pan (Map 17: 533).

Coordinates: 23°19′S, 24°27′E G (as Kuke Pan; see Remarks).

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (8–11 May 1966).

Habitat: “Pan fringe,” “pan surface,” “scrub bush” (specimen labels).

Remarks: The phonetic variations in the spelling of this 

place-name are confusing. The “Khutswe” of Smithers 

(1971; 23 24 A4 ≈ 23°23′S, 24°23′E) and the USBGN 

(23°20′S, 24°25′E) approximately concur with the locations of “Kutse Pan” (ITM, Botswana, 1:1,500,000) 

and “Kuke Pan” (WAC, Lake Ngami, 1:1,000,000) on 

maps available to us and with the USBGN coordinates 

cited above. On the latter map, a town called “Kuke” is 

crossed out and penciled in its place is “Kuchwe.” There 

appear to be many variant names for what appears to 

be one and the same locality. Liversedge referred to this 

locality as Southern Edge Bushman Reserve in his field 

catalog but not on specimen labels.

Taxa: Xerus, Saccostomus, Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, 

Mus, Pedetes, Cryptomys; Felis, Canis; Antidorcas.

Kuche Pan, 10 mi [16.1 km] SE (Map 17: 534).

Coordinates: 23°26′S, 24°30′E M (WAC, Lake Ngami, 

1:1,000,000).

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (12 May 1966).

Habitat: No information available.

Remarks: On the way to 5 mi W Gaberones (14–28 May), 

Liversedge collected a Raphicerus at this locality. Coordinates are based upon azimuth and range relative 

to Kuche Pan.

Taxon: Raphicerus.

Kuke Cordon, Maun–Ghanzi road (Map 17: 508).

Coordinates: 21°00′S, 22°28′E M (ITM, Botswana, 

1:1,500,000).

Collector: S. W. Goussard (15 Jul 1967).

Habitat: “Grass and bushes” (specimen labels).

Remarks: This entry is derived entirely from USNM 

specimens and could not be verified against any field 

books, given the gap in Goussard’s field numbers 

(SWG 1130–1448) for the period 14 Jun–29 Aug 

1967. Our map-based coordinates are derived from 

the intersection of the Maun–Ghanzi road and the 

Kuke Veterinary Cordon Fence (Borello and Borello, 

1997), which runs from Kuke Gate (21°00′S, 23°53′E 

P) due west to the Botswana-Namibia border 

(21°00′S, 21°00′E P).

Taxa: Paraxerus, Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, 

Aethomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys; Crocidura.

Kwaai River Area (Map 17: 496).

Coordinates: 19°10′S, 23°43′E M (ITM, Botswana, 

1:1,500,000).

Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, H. J. Herbert, and 

A. L. Moore (19, 28 Feb–1 Mar 1965).

Habitat: “Open tree savanna country” (HJH).

Remarks: Hunting excursions were made to this locality 

while the AMP team was based first at Shorobe (15–21 

Feb) and later at 6 mi N Maun (22 Feb–4 Mar). The 

collectors’ journals place this locality 50–55 mi [80.5–

88.5 km] north of Shorobe, although on 1 Mar, Herbert wrote that they drove 65 mi [104.6 km]. The above 

map coordinates were estimated for a locality labeled 

Kbwai, which at best represents an approximation 

for the Kwaai River Area. Davis and Herbert hunted 

within what is now the Moremi Game Reserve.

Taxa: Paraxerus; Canis; Phacochoerus, Aepyceros, Damaliscus.
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 2 3

Kwebe Hills, Ngamiland (Map 17: 489).

Coordinates: 20°39′S, 23°05′E G (as Kkwebe Hills).

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and T. N. Liversedge (12–

15 Feb 1966).

Habitat: “Low hillside, acacia bushes,” “vlei edge, short 

grass, acacia bushes” (specimen labels).

Remarks: Variant spellings include Khwebe Hills (ITM; 

Smithers, 1971), Kgwebe Hills (Smithers, 1971), and 

Kkwebe Hills (USBGN).

Taxa: Saccostomus, Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Micaelamys, Pedetes; Sylvicapra.

Kwebe Hills, 18 mi [29 km] NW (Map 17: 488).

Coordinates: 20°27′S, 22°52′E M (WAC, Lake Ngami, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and T. N. Liversedge (15–

18 Feb 1966).

Habitat: “Sandy soil, thick shrubs,” “acacia” (specimen 

labels).

Remarks: The tag on a Xerus specimen indicates the specific site as the edge Lake Ngami flood plain.

Taxa: Galago; Xerus, Paraxerus, Pedetes; Lepus; Mops, 

Neoromicia.

Letlaking (Map 17: 539).

Coordinates: 24°04′S, 25°02′E G.

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (13 May 1966).

Habitat: “Scrub bushes” (specimen label).

Remarks: Liversedge collected a Rhabdomys at this locality en route to 5 mi W Gaberones (14–28 May).

Taxon: Rhabdomys.

Letlaking, 10 mi [16.1 km] W (Map 17: 538).

Coordinates: 24°05′S, 24°50′E M (WAC, Molopo River, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite, T. N. Liversedge, and 

H. W. Setzer (21–23 Nov 1965).

Habitat: “Sandy soil with rather dense thorn bush cover. 

There is grass but very sparse . . . thorn fence around 

a deserted kraal” (HWS).

Remarks: We estimated the coordinates on the basis of a 

penciled annotation on the above topographic map. 

As at Maboane, the team had little trap success at this 

camp.

Taxa: Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Aethomys, 

Mus, Pedetes, Cryptomys; Lepus.

Letlaking, 11 mi [17.7 km] SE (Map 17: 540).

Coordinates: 24°13′S, 25°08′E M (WAC, Molopo River, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite, T. N. Liversedge, and 

H. W. Setzer (23–26 Nov 1965). 

Habitat: “Water tank” (HWS). “Dry water course near a 

water pump and dam” (TNL).

Remarks: The AMP crew camped “in a canyon at a pump 

where hundreds of cattle come to water [Figure 127].” 

Setzer described the walls of the canyon as rocky, steep, 

and averaging 30–40 feet [9.1–12.2 m] in height. Compared to previous camps, their success with trapping 

improved considerably here.

Taxa: Graphiurus, Desmodillus, Aethomys, Micaelamys; 

Lepus; Scotophilus, Neoromicia; Cynictis, Galerella.

Lobatsi (Map 17: 543).

Coordinates: 25°13′S, 25°40′E G.

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (29 May–2 Jun 1966).

Habitat: “Short grass,” “rocky kloof,” “low bushes” 

(specimen labels).

Taxa: Elephantulus; Papio; Acomys, Micaelamys, Rhabdomys; Crocidura; Sauromys, Scotophilus.

Mabele a Pudi, 45 mi [72.4 km] SW Sehitwa 

(Map 17: 507).

Coordinates: 20°57′S, 22°30′E M (WAC, Kalahari, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, and H. J. Herbert 

(12–17 Mar 1965).

Habitat: “The area here is rather thick bush with lots 

of rock outcrops and boulders on the hill” (RMD). 

“Thick thorn bush country. There are a number of 

small hills (200 feet [61 m] high) sticking out of the 

flat plains” (HJH).

Remarks: Herbert used “Mabele a Pudi” for this locality, 

while Davis spelled it as one word, “Mabeleapudi.” 

Both orthographies appear on various maps that we 

consulted. The coordinates provided above, for a 

Mabeleapudi, resemble the position found on other 

maps and are consistent with the collectors’ descriptions of their itinerary and whereabouts. This 

Mabele a Pudi, however, cannot be the same as the 

two found in the USBGN (at 22°56′S, 27°20′E and 

22°17′S, 26°41′E). Herbert’s journal mentions their 

elevation as 4,000 feet [1,219 m]. During a cursory 

exploration of the area, the team found camp to be 

about 2 km from the Ghanzi-Ngamiland District 

border. Hardy and Herbert set a trapline on 12 Mar 

while on the way to the “hoof and mouth disease station” and collected five Cryptomys. On 14 Mar, the 

team went hunting about 50 mi E Mabele a Pudi (see 

next locality account).
2 2 4 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Taxa: Galago; Paraxerus, Gerbilliscus, Micaelamys, Cryptomys; Neoromicia; Genetta, Lycaon; Raphicerus, Oryx.

Mabele a Pudi, 50 mi [80.5 km] E (Map 17: 506).

Coordinates: 20°57′S, 23°17′E M (WAC, Kalahari, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, and H. J. Herbert 

(14 Mar 1965).

Habitat: No information available.

Remarks: While camped at Mabele a Pudi, the AMP crew 

hunted from their vehicle by driving east along a fence 

row, and Davis shot a Raphicerus and an Oryx.

Taxa: Raphicerus, Oryx.

Maboane, 10 mi [16.1 km] W (Map 17: 535).

Coordinates: 24°06′S, 24°18′E M (ITM, Botswana, 

1:1,500,000).

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite, T. N. Liversedge, and 

H. W. Setzer (16–20 Nov 1965).

Habitat: “There are vast grassy, sandy plains with scattered acacia trees and clumps of thorn bush” (HWS). 

Remarks: The AMP team ended up camping at this locality after taking a wrong turn on the way to Kuchwe 

Pan. They encountered rains here that were the first 

of any significance since 1960. The team experienced 

poor trap success at this camp. Maboane (24°06′S, 

24°27′E M) is not gazetted in the USBGN, Smithers 

(1971), or the AMP’s vintage WACs but was found 

on the topographic sheet cited above.

Taxa: Saccostomus, Dendromus, Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Pedetes, Cryptomys; Lepus; 

Antidorcas.

Mabua Sefubi Pan (Map 17: 550).

Coordinates: 25°01′S, 22°09′E G (as Mabua Sefhubi Pan).

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (7–14 Feb 1967).

Habitat: “Parklands,” “pan fringe,” “low acacia bushes,” 

“short grass, pan” (specimen labels).

Figure 127. Botswana, near Letlaking: Native cattle (23–26 Nov 1965).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 2 5

Remarks: Although specimen tags read only Mabua Sefubi Pan (Mabuasehube Pan per Smithers, 1971), 

Liver­sedge included “78 mi [125.5 km] SSE Tsane” as 

a locality modifier in his field catalog. On 10 Feb, he 

hunted at Mpatutlwa Pan.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Xerus, Saccostomus, Desmodillus, 

Gerbillurus, Micaelamys, Mus, Rhabdomys, Otomys, 

Pedetes; Lepus; Cynictis, Canis, Otocyon; Oryx.

Magogopate (Map 17: 531).

Coordinates: 21°52′S, 28°08′E P.

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (9–13 Apr 1966).

Habitat: “Mopane near village,” “rocky hill,” “riverine 

bush” (specimen labels).

Remarks: While specimen labels almost universally read 

Magogopate, Liversedge designated the locality as 

“Magogopate Game Camp, Shashi River Area” in his 

field catalog. Smithers (1971) used the spelling Magogaphate (Mogogophate), and his quarter-­degree 

coordinates (21 28 C3) interpolate to those given 

above.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Procavia; Galago; Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Micaelamys, Pedetes; Lepus; Felis, Genetta; 

Raphicerus, Sylvicapra.

Mamono (Map 17: 512).

Coordinates: 22°17′S, 20°02′E G (as Mamuno).

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (7, 10 Jul 1966).

Habitat: “Acacia scrub” (specimen labels).

Remarks: Liversedge collected here on two occasions while 

camped 45 mi S Mamono (7–13 Jul).

Taxa: Xerus, Desmodillus, Gerbillurus; Cynictis.

Mamono, 45 mi [72.4 km] S (Map 17: 513).

Coordinates: 22°52′S, 20°11′E M (WAC, Kalahari, 

1:1,000,000).

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (7–13 Jul 1966).

Habitat: “Acacia woodland” (specimen labels).

Remarks: Liversedge collected at Mamono on 7 and 10 Jul 

and at 55 mi [88.5 km] S Mamono on 9 Jul. All three 

localities lie close to the Namibian border.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Saccostomus, Malacothrix, Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys, Mus, 

Zelotomys, Pedetes, Cryptomys; Lepus; Crocidura; 

Otocyon; Raphicerus, Sylvicapra.

Mamono, 50 mi [80.5 km] S (Map 17: 514).

Coordinates: 22°56′S, 20°10′E M (WAC, Kalahari, 

1:1,000,000).

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (27 Jan 1967).

Habitat: No information available.

Remarks: Liversedge collected a Raphicerus at this locality 

after breaking camp at 150 mi S Mamono.

Taxon: Raphicerus.

Mamono, 150 mi [241.4 km] S (Map 17: 515).

Coordinates: 24°28′S, 20°02′E M (WAC, Kalahari and 

Molopo River, 1:1,000,000).

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (21–26 Jan 1967).

Habitat: “Acacia savanna” (specimen labels).

Taxa: Xerus, Graphiurus, Dendromus, Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys, Mus, Rhabdomys, 

Pedetes; Lepus; Neoromicia; Felis, Canis, Vulpes; Antidorcas, Raphicerus, Sylvicapra.

Masarwanyane Pan (Map 17: 485).

Coordinates: 20°42′S, 22°35′E G.

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (19 Jan 1967).

Habitat: No information available.

Remarks: Liversedge collected an acacia rat en route to his 

camp at 150 mi S Mamono (21–26 Jan 1967).

Taxon: Thallomys.

Matebe, 7 mi [11.3 km] N (Map 17: 544).

Coordinates: 25°22′S, 25°22′E P.

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (14 Jun 1966).

Habitat: “Acacia” (specimen labels).

Remarks: This locality does not certainly appear on maps 

we consulted. We interpolated our coordinates from 

Smithers’ (1971) quarter-degree figures for Matebe 

(25 25 A4) and regard them as very rough estimates. 

A “Mmathethe” does appear approximately in this 

region on one topographic map (ITM, Botswana, 

1:1,500,000).

Taxa: Gerbilliscus, Aethomys.

Maun (Map 17: 493).

Coordinates: 19°59′S, 23°25′E G.

Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, and H. J. Herbert 

(2–4 Mar 1965); S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge 

(17, 20 Jun 1967).

Habitat: “Riverine bush,” “house” (specimen labels).

Remarks: While camped at 6 mi N Maun (22 Feb–4 Mar 

1965), the Davis team returned to Maun to collect 

bats. While working at 15 mi N Nokaneng (16–25 

Jun 1967), Liversedge made two side trips to Maun 

to collect or purchase Mops, a Genetta, and two 

Chlorocebus.

Taxa: Chlorocebus; Chaerephon, Mops, Scotophilus; 

Genetta.
2 2 6 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Maun, 6 mi [9.7 km] N (Map 17: 494).

Coordinates: 19°57′S, 23°30′E M (WAC, Lake Ngami, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, H. J. Herbert, and 

A. L. Moore (22 Feb–4 Mar 1965).

Habitat: “Tree savanna with very open grassland . . . next 

to the river . . . mealy (corn) field . . . open field . . . 

forest . . . open fields and near forests . . . mopane 

forest . . . open field near a thorn fence . . . bush area 

with very sandy soil” (HJH).

Remarks: Davis wrote that camp was established “under 

some beautiful big trees right along side the Thalmakane [Thamalakane G] River about 6 mi [9.7 km] north 

of Maun.” Our map-based coordinates plot on the east 

side of the river (R. M. Davis, personal communication) 

at this approximate distance northeast of Maun. On 28 

Feb, Davis and Herbert left to hunt large mammals in 

the Kwaai River Area, and they also collected bats in 

the village of Maun during their stay at this camp.

Taxa: Galago, Chlorocebus; Paraxerus, Saccostomus, 

Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Pedetes; Lepus; 

Felis, Genetta, Paracynictis; Raphicerus, Sylvicapra.

Maun, 20 mi [32.2 km] SSW (Map 17: 492).

Coordinates: 20°13′S, 23°15′E M (WAC, Lake Ngami, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (10 Apr 

1967).

Habitat: “Acacia forest” (specimen label).

Remarks: While traveling to Sepopa from 8 mi W Foley 

Siding, Liversedge collected a Chlorocebus at this locality “on the Toten Road.”

Taxon: Chlorocebus.

Maun, 35 mi [56.3 km] SW (Map 17: 491).

Coordinates: 20°20′S, 23°06′E M (WAC, Lake Ngami, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, and H. J. Herbert 

(19 Apr 1965).

Habitat: No information available.

Remarks: A single Aepyceros was taken at this locality 

during a break in field work while the crew repaired 

vehicles at Maun. Coordinates above correspond to a 

penciled mark located on the above map, on the road 

at the appropriate distance southwest of Maun.

Taxon: Aepyceros.

 Mohembo, 55 mi [88.5 km] W (Map 17: 465).

Coordinates: 18°20′S, 21°00′E M (WAC, Okovango 

River, 1:1,000,000).

Collectors: S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (21 May 

1967).

Habitat: “Woodland” (specimen labels).

Remarks: The Goussard and Liversedge field catalogs 

indicate that this locality was on the Namibian border. Our map coordinates are based upon azimuth 

and range plotted determined relative to Mohembo 

(Muhembo G).

Taxa: Gerbilliscus, Mus, Thallomys.

Mpatutlwa Pan (Map 17: 551).

Coordinates: 25°07′S, 22°08′E G.

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (10 Feb 1967).

Habitat: “Pan fringe” (specimen labels).

Remarks: While at Mabua Sefubi Pan (7–14 Feb), Liversedge hunted at Mpatutlwa Pan. His field catalog 

adds “84 miles [135.2 km] SSE Tsane” as a modifier, but this information is not conveyed on specimen 

labels. According to quarter-degree units, Smithers 

(1971) listed Mpatutlwa Pan (Mpathutlwa) at 25 22 

A1, or about 25°08′S, 22°08′E, in very close agreement with the USBGN coordinates.

Taxa: Lepus; Canis, Otocyon.

Musu, 12 mi [19.3 km] W (Map 17: 521).

Coordinates: 21°12′S, 25°41′E M (ITM, Botswana, 

1:1,500,000).

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (22–24 Aug 1966).

Habitat: “Mopane,” “acacia” (specimen labels).

Remarks: Leistner and Morris (1976) identified a Musu at 

21 25 BB, which quarter-degree sector broadly agrees 

with a Mosu found on the above topographic sheet 

at 21°12′S, 25°52′E. These estimated coordinates are 

close to Chukutsa Pan (26–29 Aug), Liversedge’s next 

stop.

Taxa: Saccostomus, Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Mastomys; Lepus; Raphicerus, Sylvicapra.

Nata (Map 17: 524).

Coordinates: 20°13′S, 26°11′E G.

Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, and H. J. Herbert 

(23–26 Apr 1965).

Habitat: “Open savanna” (HJH). “Mopane forest . . . 

dry, flat savanna . . . mixed forest alongside the river” 

(RMD).

Remarks: The AMP team camped along the Nata River. 

The evening of 23 Apr, they drove 6 mi [9.7 km] 

southeast of Nata into open savanna and collected a 

Proteles, a Raphicerus, a Galago, two Pedetes, and 

two Lepus in thick bush. An Antidorcas was also col-
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 2 7

lected 10 mi [16.1 km] west of Nata. Specimens from 

both of these side excursions were cataloged and labeled as being collected at Nata.

Taxa: Galago; Gerbilliscus, Micaelamys, Mus, Pedetes; 

Lepus; Neoromicia; Proteles; Antidorcas, Raphicerus.

Nata, 10.2 mi [16.4 km] W (Map 17: 523).

Coordinates: 20°13′S, 26°05′E M (WAC, Shashi River, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: S. D. Durrant, T. N. Liversedge, and H. W. 

Setzer (14 Sep 1966).

Habitat: “Open scrub,” “scrub plain” (specimen labels).

Remarks: The team incidentally collected a Connochaetes

and a Vulpes at this locality. Our coordinates match 

a pencil mark found on the above map used by AMP 

and plausibly concur with the distance from Nata.

Taxa: Vulpes; Connochaetes.

Nata, 13 mi [20.9 km] W (Map 17: 522).

Coordinates: 20°11′S, 26°01′E M (WAC, Shashi River, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: S. D. Durrant, T. N. Liversedge, and H. W. 

Setzer (10, 15 Sep 1966).

Habitat: “Scattered trees and grassland” (specimen labels).

Remarks: Coordinates are estimates based upon by-road 

mileage from Nata.

Taxa: Saccostomus, Dendromus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Mus.

Nokaneng (Map 17: 479).

Coordinates: 19°40′S, 22°16′E G (as Nokaning).

Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, and H. J. Herbert 

(29 Mar–4 Apr 1965); S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (10 Apr 1967).

Habitat: “Set up camp under the few remaining large acacia trees (the rest have been destroyed by the ‘Tsetse 

Fly Control Project’). This area is predominantly tree 

savanna . . . mealy field . . . corn field . . . Habitat is 

thick bush with grass” (HJH).

Remarks: During the evening of 30 Mar 1965, the team 

went night hunting, and Davis remarked that “all but 

the mongoose and spring hare were collected on the 

aerodrome.” On 2 Apr, they retrieved and preserved 

a Graphiurus that had just been killed in camp by 

a black mamba (which was also collected). Several 

Chlorocebus and a Xerus were taken 8 mi [12.9 km] 

north of camp; all were cataloged and labeled as originating from Nokaneng. En route to Sepopa (12–23 

Apr 1967) from Foley Siding, Liversedge collected a 

Cynictis at this locality.

Taxa: Chlorocebus; Xerus, Paraxerus, Graphiurus, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Pedetes, Hystrix; Lepus; Crocidura; Chaerephon; Felis, 

Genetta, Cynictis, Proteles, Otocyon; Damaliscus, 

Raphicerus, Tragelaphus, Sylvicapra.

Nokaneng, 15 mi [24.1 km] N (Map 17: 478).

Coordinates: 19°26′S, 22°13′E M (WAC, Okovango 

River, 1:1,000,000).

Collectors: S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (16–25 

Jun 1967).

Habitat: “Mixed grassland,” “flood plain grassland” 

(specimen labels).

Remarks: The coordinates reflect a point found on the 

above map, appropriately positioned about 15 mi N 

Nokaneng and near the town of Massubia (19°25′S, 

22°15′E G) on the Taokhe River. On 21 Jun, Liversedge collected a Kobus and a Redunca at 18 mi [29.0 

km] NE Nokaneng. On that same day and the next, 

Goussard collected at 25 mi [40.3 km] NE Nokaneng. 

He also collected a Hystrix from 8 mi [12.9 km] S 

Nokaneng on 22 Jun.

Taxa: Orycteropus; Chlorocebus; Paraxerus, Dendromus, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Mus, Thallomys, Otomys, Pedetes, Hystrix; Lepus; Crocidura; 

Chaerephon, Pipistrellus, Neoromicia; Felis, Genetta, 

Cynictis, Galerella, Paracynictis, Proteles, Otocyon; 

Phacochoerus, Sylvicapra, Kobus, Redunca.

Pink Pan.

Coordinates: Not located.

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (12 Oct 1966).

Habitat: “Scrub” (specimen labels).

Remarks: Smithers (1971) recorded a Pinic Pan at 21 23 D3 

(approximately 21°52′S, 23°38′E); however, Auer­bach 

(1987) equated Pinic Pan to Pink Pan at 21 22 D3 (approximately 21°52′S, 22°38′E). Without the collector’s 

field books, we cannot determine whether or which of 

these coordinates represents Liversedge’s “Pink Pan.”

Taxa: Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Mus, Pedetes; Canis; Connochaetes, Raphicerus, Sylvicapra.

Ramatlabama, 10 mi [16.1 km] W (Map 17: 545).

Coordinates: 25°39′S, 25°25′E M (WAC, Vaal River, 

1:1,000,000).

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (10–12 Jun 1966).

Habitat: “Open grasslands, few bushes,” “low acacia 

bushes” (specimen labels).

Remarks: The map coordinates are based upon azimuth and 

range relative to Ramathlabama (25°39′S, 25°34′ E M).
2 2 8 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Taxa: Elephantulus; Xerus, Malacothrix, Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Aethomys, Mastomys, 

Rhabdomys, Pedetes; Cynictis.

Ramatlabama, 18 mi [29.0 km] W (Map 17: 546).

Coordinates: 25°39′S, 25°17′E M (WAC, Vaal River, 

1:1,000,000).

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (12 Jun 1966).

Habitat: No information available.

Taxon: Cynictis.

Sehitwa, 5 mi [8.0 km] NW (Map 17: 482).

Coordinates: 20°22′S, 22°41′E M (WAC, Kalahari, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (13 Jul 

1967).

Habitat: “Grassland” (specimen label).

Taxon: Antidorcas.

Sehitwa, 10 mi [16.1 km] SW (Map 17: 484).

Coordinates: 20°33′S, 22°40′E M (WAC, Kalahari, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, and H. J. Herbert 

(5–12 Mar 1965); R. M. Davis (18 Mar 1965).

Habitat: “Scattered acacia bushes and there are no grasses 

as they have been grazed away by cattle, donkeys, etc. 

In some areas there is no vegetation at all but very small 

clumps of dried up grasses here and there” (RMD). 

“Low bush (thorn acacia) very flat black soil with scattered patches of sand. It appears to be a grazing land 

for many cattle . . . open savanna area” (HJH).

Remarks: Informed of a borehole with a large holding 

tank, the team headed southwest of Sehitwa on the 

Ghanzi road and camped there. On 18 Mar, while 

driving between Mabele a Pudi and Tsau, Davis collected an Antidorcas here. Our map-interpreted coordinates are based upon a by-road distance, following 

a track that leads southwest from Sehitwa.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Xerus, Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, 

Mastomys, Rhabdomys, Pedetes; Scotophilus, Neoromicia; Felis, Cynictis, Paracynictis, Proteles, Canis, 

Vulpes, Ictonyx; Antidorcas, Raphicerus.

Sekhuma Pan (Map 17: 549).

Coordinates: 24°40′S, 23°51′E G (as Sekoma Pan).

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (19–21 Jun 1966).

Habitat: “Bushes, scant grass,” “scattered bushes,” “pan 

fringe,” “scattered acacia bushes” (specimen labels).

Remarks: The USBGN coordinates agree favorably with 

the quarter-degree units for Sekuma Pan (24 23 D2) 

listed in Smithers (1971).

Taxa: Elephantulus; Xerus, Gerbillurus, Mus; Cynictis.

Sepopa (Map 17: 471).

Coordinates: 18°45′S, 22°09′E M (ITM, Botswana, 

1:1,500,000).

Collectors: S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (12–23 

Apr 1967).

Habitat: “Open bush,” “acacia forest” (specimen labels).

Remarks: No USBGN entry occurs for Sepopa, but we 

discovered a “Sepupa” on the above map and used 

it to formulate our coordinates. The quarter-degree 

placement of Sepopa in Smithers (1971; 18 22 C1) 

and Leistner and Morris (1976; 18 22 CC) generally 

agrees with our map estimation. Furthermore, Sepopa 

is indicated on Smithers’s blue-lined map at approximately 18°45′S, 22°12′E (“Bechuanaland Protectorate 

and The Caprivi Strip”). In his field catalog, Liversedge 

added “Okavango River” as a locality modifier but 

did not record this on his specimen labels.

Taxa: Galago, Chlorocebus; Paraxerus, Graphiurus, Saccostomus, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Pelomys, Thallomys, 

Pedetes, Cryptomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Nycteris, Neoromicia, Kerivoula; Felis, Mellivora; Tragelaphus.

Sequane, Marico River (Map 17: 541).

Coordinates: 24°38′S, 26°24′E P (Borello and Borello, 

1997).

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (4–8 Jun 1966).

Habitat: “Acacia near old fields,” “bare ground, acacia 

bushes,” “rock clusters,” “riverine bush” (specimen 

labels).

Remarks: Although Sequane does not appear in the USBGN, 

Smithers (1971) recorded a Sequane (Sikwane) at 24 

26 C2, which extrapolates to 24°38′S, 26°22′E. A 

Sikwane also appears on the Marico River on a largescale topographic map (ITM, Botswana, 1:1,500,000) 

at approximately 24°36′S, 26°22′E. Liversedge also 

collected at the following localities (and dates) in the 

vicinity of Sequane: 5 mi [8.0 km] W (6–8 Jun), 14 mi

[22.5 km] W and 10 mi [16.1 km] W (6 Jun), and 9 mi

[14.5 km] W and 18 mi [29.0 km] W (7 Jun).

Taxa: Elephantulus; Galago; Paraxerus, Saccostomus, 

Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Mus, 

Pedetes; Lepus; Atelerix; Crocidura; Genetta, Galerella; Raphicerus.

Seronga (Map 17: 472).

Coordinates: 18°48′S, 22°24′E M (Smithers, Bechuanaland Protectorate and the Caprivi Strip).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 2 9

Collectors: S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (29 Jun–

1 Jul 1967).

Habitat: “River bank,” “riverine bush,” “open bush,” 

“riverine trees,” “open bush, loose white sand,” “river 

bank grass” (specimen labels).

Remarks: While not gazetted in the USBGN, Smithers (1971) 

placed Seronga at 18 22 C4 (interpolated to 18°52′S, 

22°22′E), and we derived coordinates from his bluelined map, which depicts Seronga on the Bonga River.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Paraxerus, Graphiurus, Saccostomus, 

Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Dasymys, Mastomys, Mus, 

Thallomys, Cryptomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Sylvicapra.

Serowe, 18 mi [29.0 km] NW (Map 17: 530).

Coordinates: 22°17′S, 26°27′E M (WAC, Bulawayo, 

1:1,000,000).

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (3–7 Jun 1968). 

Habitat: “Large pan in scrub country . . . the country fringing the grassed pan is mainly Grervia-Terminalia [sic] 

scrub on heavy sand with a thin grass cover. There are 

a few acacia trees and bushes dotted about.” 

Remarks: The coordinates are based on a road distance. 

On 7 Jun, Liversedge collected a Paraxerus at 12 mi

[19.3 km] NW Serowe.

Taxa: Paraxerus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Aethomys, 

Mastomys, Micaelamys, Zelotomys, Pedetes, Cryptomys; Cynictis, Suricata; Raphicerus.

Seruli, 9 mi [14.5 km] W (Map 17: 529).

Coordinates: 21°57′S, 27°05′E M (WAC, Bulawayo, 

1:1,000,000).

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (29 May 1968).

Habitat: “Mopane” (specimen labels).

Remarks: While camped at 45 mi SW Francistown (23 

May–1 Jun), Liversedge collected two Paraxerus at this 

locality. In his catalog, he indicated the site as northwest of Seruli Siding (21°57′S, 27°14′E G), although 

this information is not contained on specimen labels.

Taxon: Paraxerus.

Seruli, 16 mi [25.7 km] W (Map 17: 528).

Coordinates: 21°56′S, 26°58′E M (WAC, Bulawayo, 

1:1,000,000).

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (9–11 Jun 1968).

Habitat: “A small pan (Lebu) in a strip of sandy Acacia

veld between belts of mopane . . . fringing bush . . . 

scrub bush too thick for night hunting.”

Remarks: Liversedge slightly amended the locality in his 

field catalog as “16 miles west Seruli Siding (Lebu 

Pan).” We could not locate a Lebu Pan and so estimated the cited coordinates relative to Seruli.

Taxa: Paraxerus, Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, 

Mastomys, Micaelamys; Genetta.

Shakawe (Map 17: 469).

Coordinates: 18°22′S, 21°51′E G.

Collectors: S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (4–11, 

16–18 May, 3 Jun, 5 Jul 1967).

Habitat: “Open grassland,” “cultivated fields” (specimen 

labels).

Remarks: The USBGN coordinates closely concur with 

those (18°23′S, 21°53′E) estimated for Shakawe as 

found on the west bank of the Okavango River on 

available maps (ITM, Botswana, 1:1,500,000; “Bechuanaland Protectorate and the Caprivi Strip”). On the 

way to Drodsky’s Caves on 3 Jun, Liversedge collected 

a Hydrictis on the “[Okavango] river’s edge” (specimen label) at Shakawe. Goussard obtained a Felis on 

5 Jul at this locality.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Galago; Paraxerus, Graphiurus, Saccostomus, Dendromus, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Mus, Pelomys, Thallomys, Pedetes, 

Cryptomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Neoromicia, Kerivoula; Felis, Hydrictis, Ictonyx.

Shakawe, 7 mi [11.3 km] N (Map 17: 468).

Coordinates: 18°16′S, 21°47′E M (WAC, Okovango 

River, 1:1,000,000).

Collectors: S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (3 Jul 

1967).

Habitat: “Grassy river edge,” “thick grass, river edge,” 

“open bush,” “open riverine bush” (specimen labels).

Remarks: The distance plotted from Shakawe, northwest 

along the Okavango River, approximately places the collecting site at Sehengo (Sehengos; 18°16′S, 21°47′E G). Liversedge expanded the locality as “East bank Okavango 

River” in his field catalog but not on his field tags.

Taxa: Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Mus, Cryptomys.

Shakawe, 50 mi [80.5 km] W, 12 mi [19.3 km] S

(Map 17: 466).

Coordinates: 18°32′S, 21°05′E M (WAC, Okovango 

River, 1:1,000,000).

Collectors: S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (22 

May–1 Jun 1967).

Habitat: “Dry river bed, grasslands,” “short grass few 

bushes,” “woodland” (specimen labels).

Remarks: The reference to “dry river bed” on specimen labels may refer to the Khaudum Omuramba found near 

this locality (WAC, Okovango River, 1:1,000,000). 

Coordinates were estimated by plotting the USBGN 

coordinates for Shakawe onto the cited WAC sheet 
2 3 0 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

(Shakawe is not portrayed) and laying out the cited 

distances.

Taxa: Galago, Chlorocebus; Paraxerus, Dendromus, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Mus, 

Otomys, Pedetes; Lepus; Crocidura; Chaerephon, 

Tadarida, Nycticeinops, Scotophilus, Laephotis, Neoromicia; Caracal, Canis, Otocyon; Raphicerus, Sylvicapra, Redunca.

Shakawe, 56 mi [90.1 km] W, 28 mi [45.1 km] S

(Map 17: 467).

Coordinates: 18°47′S, 21°01′E M (WAC, Okovango 

River, 1:1,000,000).

Collectors: S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (4 Jun 

1967).

Habitat: “Open woodland” (specimen label).

Remarks: A Damaliscus was collected during travel to 

Drodsky’s Caves. The direction and distance west 

and south of Shakawe position their locality along the 

border between Botswana and Namibia.

Taxon: Damaliscus.

Shorobe (Map 17: 495).

Coordinates: 19°45′S, 23°40′E P (Borello and Borello, 

1997).

Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, H. J. Herbert, and 

A. L. Moore (15–21 Feb 1965).

Habitat: “Our camp is in said [mopane] forest . . . mealy 

field. . . .” (HJH).

Remarks: Native peoples significantly enhanced collecting 

success at Shorobe and contributed many mammals 

and “lots of snakes.” On 19 Feb, Davis and Herbert 

drove 50 mi [80.5 km] north of camp (55 mi [88.5 

km] according to Herbert) to hunt in the Kwaai River 

Area.

Taxa: Galago, Chlorocebus, Papio; Paraxerus, Steatomys, 

Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Mus, Pedetes, Cryptomys; 

Lepus; Genetta, Paracynictis.

Takatokwane, 15 mi [24.1 km] SW (Map 17: 536).

Coordinates: 24°12′S, 24°02′E M (WAC, Molopo River, 

1:1,000,000).

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (4 May 1966).

Habitat: “Red sand” (specimen label).

Remarks: While at 20 mi SW Takatokwane (1–5 May), 

Liversedge made a trip to this pan on 4 May. Liversedge also mentioned Korwe Pan (Bore Hole) in his 

field catalog for this locality, but this modifier does 

not appear on specimen labels. USBGN coordinates 

for Korwe Pan (25°24′S, 25°27′E) suggest that they 

represent another Korwe Pan or that Liversedge misapplied this name.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Cryptomys; Cynictis.

Takatokwane, 20 mi [32.2 km] SW (Map 17: 537).

Coordinates: 24°15′S, 23°57′E M (WAC, Molopo River, 

1:1,000,000).

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (1–5 May 1966).

Habitat: “Pan fringe” (specimen labels).

Remarks: Liversedge amplified this locality in his field catalog 

as “Kutswe Pan (borehole and cattle post),” a modification that does not appear on specimen labels. The entry 

for Kutswe Pan (24 24 A3; about 24°23′S, 24°08′E) in 

Smithers’ (1971) gazetteer approximates our estimate, 

which we extrapolated by applying the USBGN coordinates for Takatokwane (24°02′S, 24°10′E) on the WAC 

map and laying out a southwest azimuth and range.

Taxa: Xerus, Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, 

Pedetes, Cryptomys; Lepus; Antidorcas, Raphicerus.

Tamafupi (Map 17: 503).

Coordinates: 19°20′S, 26°05′E M (WAC, Livingstone, 

1:1,000,000).

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (2–5 Sep 1966).

Habitat: “Pan fringe,” “acacia, grass” (specimen labels).

Remarks: Although specimens are labeled as Tamafupi, 

Liversedge described this locality as Tamafupi Game 

Camp in his field catalog. Our coordinates correspond 

to “Tamafupa Pan,” a place found on the WAC series 

just inside the Botswana-Zimbabwe border. Smithers’ 

(1971) quarter-degree placement for Tamafupi (19 26 

A3) reasonably agrees with our interpretation. On 4 

Sep, Liversedge collected a Gerbillurus on the Pandamatenga Road.

Taxa: Paraxerus, Saccostomus, Dendromus, Gerbilliscus, 

Gerbillurus, Micaelamys, Mus, Pedetes, Cryptomys; 

Lepus; Mops, Scotophilus, Neoromicia; Felis, Genetta, Helogale; Phacochoerus, Hippotragus.

Toten, Ngamiland (Map 17: 490).

Coordinates: 20°23′S, 22°57′E G (as Toteng).

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and T. N. Liversedge (7–9 

Feb 1966).

Habitat: “Thorn veld” (specimen labels).

Taxa: Galago; Xerus, Paraxerus, Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, Pedetes; Neoromicia; Paracynictis, Canis.

Tsane, 25 mi [40.2 km] ENE (Map 17: 516).

Coordinates: 23°54′S, 22°18′E M (WAC, Molopo River, 

1:1,000,000).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 3 1

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (29 Jan–5 Feb 1967).

Habitat: “Pan fringe” (specimen labels).

Remarks: The distance and direction relative to Tsane 

(24°05′S, 21°54′E G) would position this locality as 

close to, if not at, Kangyane Pan (23°56′S, 22°19′E G).

Taxa: Elephantulus; Xerus, Saccostomus, Malacothrix, 

Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys, 

Mus, Pedetes, Cryptomys; Lepus; Neoromicia; Suricata, Crocuta, Hyaena, Otocyon; Antidorcas.

Tsau, Ngamiland (Map 17: 480).

Coordinates: 20°09′S, 22°27′E G.

Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, and H. J. Herbert 

(18–28 Mar 1965). 

Habitat: “Thorn fence protecting a native field. The habitat 

is mostly heavy sand, bush and large trees” (HJH).

Remarks: The AMP crew camped next to the Tsau police 

station.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Galago; Xerus, Paraxerus, Saccostomus, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Pedetes; 

Lepus; Chaerephon; Genetta, Cynictis, Helogale, 

Mungos, Canis, Otocyon, Ictonyx; Phacochoerus, 

Aepyceros, Raphicerus, Sylvicapra.

Tsau, 8 mi [12.9 km] SE (Map 17: 481).

Coordinates: 20°15′S, 22°33′E M (WAC, Kalahari, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (23 Jun 

1967).

Habitat: “Acacia woodland” (specimen label).

Remarks: Liversedge collected two Lycaon at this locality 

while working at 15 mi N Nokaneng (16–25 Jun).

Taxon: Lycaon.

Tsau, 21 mi [33.8 km] SE (Map 17: 486).

Coordinates: 20°22′S, 22°41′E M (WAC, Kalahari, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (22 Jun 

1967).

Habitat: “Woodland and grass” (specimen label).

Remarks: Goussard collected an Aepyceros at this locality 

while camped at 15 mi N Nokaneng (16–25 Jun).

Taxon: Aepyceros.

Tsau, 26 mi [41.8 km] SE (Map 17: 487).

Coordinates: 20°25′S, 22°45′E M (WAC, Kalahari, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (21 Jun 

1967).

Habitat: “Acacia woodland” (specimen label).

Remarks: Liversedge collected a Hystrix here while camped 

at 15 mi N Nokaneng (16–25 Jun).

Taxon: Hystrix.

Tsaugara Pan (Map 17: 504).

Coordinates: 19°57′S, 25°14′E G.

Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, H. J. Herbert, and 

A. L. Moore (7–12 Jan 1965). 

Habitat: “Tree and bush savanna with good grass covering. The pan is full of sedges and the water is stagnant 

and has dead bird bodies floating in it. The soil is primarily sand” (HJH).

Remarks: Davis noted that the distance to the main road 

from the pan was “about 7.5 miles [12.1 km]” and from 

that turn to Francistown was another 192 mi [309 km].

Taxa: Saccostomus, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, 

Mastomys, Mus, Pedetes, Cryptomys; Lepus; Canis; 

Raphicerus, Sylvicapra.

Tsodilo Hills (Map 17: 470).

Coordinates: 18°45′S, 21°46′E G.

Collectors: S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (26 Apr–

1 May, 15 May 1967).

Habitat: “Parklands, acacia,” “bush fence,” “trees, thick 

undergrowth,” “thick grass,” “thick grass, hill’s 

base,” “mixed woodland,” “bush, hillside,” “grass, 

bushes” (specimen labels).

Remarks: On 15 May, while based at Shakawe (16–18 

May), Goussard collected a Sylvicapra and a Chlorocebus at Tsodilo Hills.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Galago, Chlorocebus; Paraxerus, 

Saccostomus, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, 

Mastomys, Micaelamys, Mus, Thallomys, Pedetes; 

Lepus; Crocidura; Tadarida; Felis, Genetta, Mungos; 

Raphicerus, Tragelaphus, Sylvicapra.

Vloorskop (Map 17: 552).

Coordinates: 25°52′S, 20°52′E P. 

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (16–21 Feb 1967).

Habitat: “Open scrub, river bed,” “grass and scrub river 

bed,” “scrub, hillside,” “scrub, dune side,” “acacia 

trees,” and “dead trees, riverbed” (specimen labels).

Remarks: In his field catalog, Liversedge noted this locality 

as being “60 miles [96.6 km] up the Nossop from Twee 

Rivieren [South Africa],” a locality modifier not found 

on specimen labels. Minutes were interpolated from 

Smithers’ (1971) quarter-degree figures (25 20 D4).

Taxa: Elephantulus; Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Mus, Rhabdomys, Thallomys, Zelotomys, Parotomys, Pedetes; Neoromicia; Canis, Otocyon, Vulpes.
2 3 2 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Xade Pan, 4 mi [6.4 km] E (Map 17: 518).

Coordinates: 22°20′S, 23°00′E M (ITM, Botswana, 

1:1,500,000).

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (14 Oct 1966).

Habitat: “Pan fringe” (specimen labels).

Remarks: Our by-road estimate from the Xade that appears 

on the ITM map roughly concurs with Smithers’ (1971) 

location of Xade Pan (22 23 A3 ≈ 22°22′S, 23°08′E).

Taxa: Graphiurus, Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, 

Micaelamys; Lepus; Crocidura; Lycaon, Otocyon.

Zelu, 3 mi [4.8 km] W (Map 17: 532).

Coordinates: 21°52′S, 28°52′E P (for Zelu Hill; see Remarks).

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (15–20 Apr 1966).

Habitat: “Acacia,” “acacia bushes,” “rocky hill,” “rocks” 

(specimen labels).

Remarks: Only “3 miles W Zelu” appears on Liversedge’s 

specimen tags, but he formulated the locality either as 

“3 miles west of Zelu, Shashi River” or “3 miles west 

of Zelu Hill, Shashi River” in his field catalog. We 

derived our coordinates as a centroid for the quarterdegree rectangle from Smithers (1971) for Zelu Hill 

(21 28 D4), which is situated near the Shashi River.

Taxa: Procavia; Galago, Chlorocebus; Paraxerus, Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Micaelamys, Pedetes; 

Lepus; Scotophilus; Felis; Sylvicapra.

Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia)

General Remarks. The country name was 

recorded on specimen tags either as “So. Rhodesia” (A. C. 

Risser, Sep–Oct 1963) or simply “Rhodesia” (S. W. Goussard, Sep 1967 to Jan 1968). The name Zimbabwe was 

adopted once the country achieved full nationhood (Apr 

1980). Dr. Reay H. N. Smithers again assisted field operations of AMP teams, whose collecting activities were 

concentrated in eastern Zimbabwe, near the border with 

Mozambique (Map 18). Many field numbers are initialed 

with “NMR,” identifying those specimens left with Smithers to be deposited in the National Museum of Rhodesia 

at Bulawayo. Other specimens from Southern Rhodesia 

were donated to the NMNH Mammal Division in the 

early 1960s, presumably through the auspices of Smithers; however, these are relatively few in number and lack 

accompanying field catalogs or journals, and we regard 

them as non-AMP. Entries to field journals are sometimes 

incomplete in regard to routes traveled, such that some 

itineraries and locality dates were reconstructed from 

specimen tags and field catalogs.

555

556

557

558

559 560

561 562

563

564

565

567 566

568

569

570

571

572

573

574

South Africa

M

o

z

a

m

b i q

u

e

Botswana

30E

Zambia

20S

Map 18. African Mammal Project cardinal collecting localities 

555–574 in Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia).

555. Henderson Research Station

556. Thorn Park

557. Nyamkwarara River

558. Manchester Gardens

559. Leopard Rock Hotel

560. Helvetia Farm

561. Chetora B Farm

562. Banti Reserve South

563. Dunblaine

564. Hayfield B Farm

565. Ngorima Reserve (East)

566. Farfell Farm

567. Mount Selinda

568. Chirinda Forest

569. Sabi-Lundi Confluence

570. Marhumbini

571. Buffalo Range Game Ranch

572. Kyle Game Reserve

573. Zimbabwe Ruins

574. Essexvale Ranch
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 3 3

Itineraries. A. C. Risser (R. E. Cole 20–28 

Sep 1963; H. W. Setzer 20–23 Sep 1963): Buffalo Range 

Game Ranch, 20–23 Sep 1963; Thorn Park, 26 Sep–20 

Oct 1963.

S. W. Goussard (A. V. W. Lambrechts 22–28 Jan 

1968; T. N. Liversedge 13–28 Jan 1968; H. W. Setzer 19 

Sep–11 Oct 1967): Manchester Gardens, 19–22 Sep 1967; 

Leopard Rock Hotel, 20 Sep 1967; Chirinda Forest, 24 

Sep–5 Oct 1967; Mount Selinda, 3–4 Oct 1967; Farfell 

Farm, 4–5 Oct 1967; Henderson Research Station, 8–18 

Oct 1967; Nyamkwarara River, 1–6 Nov 1967; Banti 

Reserve South, 7–12 Nov 1967; Chetora B Farm, 10–12 

Nov 1967; Helvetia Farm, 10–12 Nov 1967; Dunblaine, 

13–19 Nov 1967; Ngorima Reserve (East), 21 Nov–1 Dec 

1967; Hayfield B Farm, 1 Dec 1967; Kyle Game Reserve, 

6–17 Dec 1967; Zimbabwe Ruins, 17–19 Dec 1967; Marhumbini, 11 Jan 1968; Sabi-Lundi Confluence, 13–18 Jan 

1968; Essexvale Ranch, 22–28 Jan 1968.

Banti Reserve South, Umtali District, Manicaland 

(Map 18: 562).

Coordinates: 19°20′S, 32°48′E G (as Banti South).

Collector: S. W. Goussard (7–12 Nov 1967). 

Habitat: “Grassy hillside . . . reeds close to the stream . . . 

along the stream in reeds and grass . . . in scrub on the 

hillside . . . open grassland at the foot of the hills.”

Remarks: In his field journal, Goussard noted that he 

camped next to a stream in the Banti Reserve South 

at an elevation of approximately 5,100 feet [1,555 

m]. His field catalog indicates “Banti Forest Reserve 

South” for this locality.

Taxa: Dasymys, Grammomys, Mastomys, Rhabdomys, 

Otomys, Cryptomys; Lepus; Crocidura, Myosorex.

Buffalo Range Game Ranch, 10 mi [16.1 km] E Triangle 

(Map 18: 571).

Coordinates: 21°01′S, 31°37′E G (as Buffalo Range Farm).

Collectors: R. E. Cole, A. C. Risser, and H. W. Setzer (20–

23 Sep 1963).

Habitat: “Along the river . . . grassy—slightly rocky area adjacent to the visitor’s quarters . . . native kraals” (ACR). 

“Rock and tall grass habitat . . . native huts” (REC).

Remarks: Risser used the full name Buffalo Range Game 

Ranch on his field tags, but Cole and Setzer abbreviated the locality designation to “Buffalo Range” on 

their labels. Cole reckoned the game ranch as 30 mi 

[48.3 km] east of Triangle (21°02′S, 31°27′E G) in his 

field journal; however, specimen labels and field catalogs of all three collectors uniformly indicate 10 mi E 

Triangle. The team collected along the Chiredzi River 

with the assistance of the foreman and chief hunter, 

Larry Roberts. Some specimens collected here were 

deposited at the National Museum of Rhodesia.

Taxa: Heterohyrax; Saccostomus, Acomys, Aethomys, 

Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus; Panthera, Genetta, 

Galerella; Raphicerus, Sylvicapra.

Chetora B Farm, Umtali District, Manicaland 

(Map 18: 561).

Coordinates: 19°21′S, 32°46′E G (as Chetora Farm).

Collector: S. W. Goussard (10–12 Nov 1967). 

Habitat: “Rocks in Brachystegia woodland . . . swampy 

area full of reeds and grass.”

Remarks: Goussard collected at this farm while camped 

at Banti Reserve South (7–12 Nov). An elevation of 

approximately 4,000 feet [1,219 m] is given in his 

journal.

Taxa: Otolemur; Micaelamys; Genetta; Tragelaphus, Sylvicapra.

Chirinda Forest, Manicaland (Map 18: 568).

Coordinates: 20°26′S, 32°42′E G (as Chirinda Forest 

Area).

Collectors: S. W. Goussard and H. W. Setzer (24 Sep–5 

Oct 1967).

Habitat: “Cloud forest,” “grassy hillside” (specimen 

labels).

Remarks: In a letter to his family, Setzer described the trees in 

Chirinda Forest as being “over 150 feet [45.7 m] high” 

and indicated that the forest had “many air plants, orchids, lichens and other parasitic plants.” He also observed that he had never seen so many monkeys.

Taxa: Petrodromus; Otolemur, Cercopithecus; Cricetomys, Dendromus, Acomys, Aethomys, Grammomys, 

Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Rhabdomys, Otomys, Cryptomys; Crocidura, Myosorex; Epomophorus, Nycteris, Neoromicia.

Dunblaine, Martin Forest Reserve, Melsetter District, 

Manicaland (Map 18: 563).

Coordinates: 19°41′S, 32°58′E C (19°42′S, 32°58′E G).

Collector: S. W. Goussard (13–19 Nov 1967). 

Habitat: “Grassy hillside. The grass is actually very short 

with a few patches of tall grass and little bits of forest in the ravines. It is also very dry around here . . . 

bananas.”

Remarks: Goussard set up camp at Dunblaine (Dunblane 

G), close to the Musapa River in the Martin Forest 

Reserve, at 4,300 feet [1,311 m] elevation (per his field 

journal). On the afternoon of 15 Nov, Goussard moved 
2 3 4 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

his trapline to a valley about 2 mi [3.2 km] from camp, 

but this repositioning is not reflected on specimen labels. On the same day, he collected a Rhinolophus

in a cave next to a waterfall. On 18 Nov, he moved 

traps to the Musapa River valley, setting the trapline 

in thick grass and reeds. Goussard visited the Comer 

Farm, about 3 mi [4.8 km] from camp, on 19 Nov 

and collected herps and a specimen of Dendromus, according to its specimen label (his field catalog indicates 

Dunblaine as the locality for this specimen, however). 

In spite of ranging considerably to sample productive 

habitats, he had little collecting success because the dry 

weather left most of the mountain streams dry.

Taxa: Dendromus, Acomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Mus, 

Rhabdomys; Rhinolophus, Neoromicia.

Essexvale Ranch, Matabeleland (Map 18: 574).

Coordinates: 20°18′S, 28°56′E G (as Essexvale).

Collectors: S. W. Goussard, A. V. W. Lambrechts, and 

T. N. Liversedge (22–28 Jan 1968).

Habitat: “Woodland, bare ground,” “grassland,” “savannagrassland,” “grassland-bushes” (specimen labels).

Taxa: Elephantulus; Orycteropus; Paraxerus, Saccostomus, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Otomys; Lepus; 

Crocidura; Neoromicia; Genetta, Ichneumia, Paracynictis, Canis; Sylvicapra.

Farfell Farm, 3 mi [4.8 km] NE Mount Selinda, 

Manicaland (Map 18: 566).

Coordinates: 20°24′S, 32°46′E G.

Collectors: S. W. Goussard and H. W. Setzer (4–5 Oct 

1967).

Habitat: “Grassy hillside,” “grassland” (specimen labels).

Remarks: The team collected at Farfell Farm during the 

same period that they worked Chirinda Forest (24 

Sep–5 Oct) and Mount Selinda (3–4 Oct). The locality 

on Goussard’s specimen labels is truncated to “Farfell 

Farm, Mount Selinda.”

Taxa: Acomys, Aethomys, Grammomys, Lemniscomys, 

Mastomys, Mus, Cryptomys; Crocidura; Genetta.

Hayfield B Farm, Melsetter District, Manicaland 

(Map 18: 564).

Coordinates: 19°59′S, 32°59′E G.

Collector: S. W. Goussard (1 Dec 1967). 

Habitat: “Grassland . . . grassy hillside.”

Remarks: Goussard collected at this farm “up the mountain” from Ngorima Reserve (East).

Taxa: Acomys, Mastomys; Crocidura.

Helvetia Farm, Umtali District, Manicaland 

(Map 18: 560).

Coordinates: 19°19′S, 32°43′E G.

Collector: S. W. Goussard (10–12 Nov 1967). 

Habitat: “Cultivated land . . . grassland . . . near rocks.”

Remarks: This farm, elevation 3,700 feet [1,128 m] (field 

journal), was located about 7 mi [11.3 km] from Goussard’s main camp at Banti Reserve South (7–12 Nov).

Taxa: Otolemur; Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys; Lepus; 

Sylvicapra.

Henderson Research Station, 20 mi [32.2 km] N 

Salisbury, Mashonaland (Map 18: 555).

Coordinates: 17°34′S, 31°00′E M (WAC, Mazoe River, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: S. W. Goussard and H. W. Setzer (8–18 Oct 

1967).

Habitat: “Bush savanna,” “open savanna,” “riverine 

bush” (specimen labels).

Remarks: The coordinates provided are a by-road estimate, 

tracing the road that leads north from Salisbury (Harare 

G) to a location on the south end of a small lake. The 

field site falls close to Mazoe Dam (17°32′S, 31°00′E 

G), located on the Mazoe River according to the FAO.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Saccostomus, Dendromus, Acomys, 

Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Dasymys, Lemniscomys, 

Mastomys, Micaelamys, Mus, Pelomys, Rattus, Rhabdomys, Otomys, Thryonomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Rhinolophus; Galerella.

Kyle Game Reserve, Fort Victoria District, Victoria (Map 

18: 572).

Coordinates: 20°11′S, 31°01′E G (as Kyle Dam National 

Park).

Collector: S. W. Goussard (7–17 Dec 1967).

Habitat: “The area is grassy and rocky . . . a grass and 

rocky kopje close to the lake . . . open grassland with 

a few bushes and trees scattered in between . . . grass, 

bushes and trees . . . grassy vlei close to the lake . . . 

dry creek with grass and a few reeds . . . grassland 

close to fairly thick forest-like trees.”

Remarks: Goussard established camp close to the lake in 

the Kyle Game Reserve. In his journal, he indicated 

that his location was about 22 mi [35.4 km] NW Fort 

Victoria, but the USBGN coordinates for Kyle Dam 

National Park actually plot 15 mi [24.1 km] SE Fort 

Victoria (WAC, Bulawayo, 1:1,000,000).

Taxa: Elephantulus; Steatomys, Acomys, Gerbilliscus, 

Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Otomys; 

Crocidura; Nycteris.
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 3 5

Leopard Rock Hotel, Manicaland (Map 18: 559).

Coordinates: 19°08′S, 32°47′E G.

Collector: H. W. Setzer (20 Sep 1967).

Habitat: No information available.

Remarks: This locality was presumably visited while collecting at Manchester Gardens (19–22 Sep).

Taxa: Rhinolophus, Neoromicia.

Manchester Gardens, Vumba National Park, Manicaland 

(Map 18: 558).

Coordinates: 19°05′S, 32°45′E G (for Vumba National 

Park; see Remarks).

Collectors: S. W. Goussard and H. W. Setzer (19–22 Sep 

1967).

Habitat: “Cloud forest country” (HWS letter).

Remarks: The coordinates for Vumba National Park 

approximate those for Manchester Farm (19°06′S, 

32°48′E G). In a letter to his family (20 Sep 1967), 

Setzer wrote that their elevation was “about 5,000 

feet” [1,524 m] and that heavy fog enveloping the 

cloud forest burned off by 0900 hours.

Taxa: Galago, Otolemur, Cercopithecus; Heliosciurus, 

Dendromus, Acomys, Grammomys, Mastomys, Mus, 

Rhabdomys; Lepus, Pronolagus; Crocidura, Myosorex; Rhinolophus.

Marhumbini, Gona-Rhe-Zhou, Victoria (Map 18: 570).

Coordinates: 21°20′S, 32°21′E G (as Marhumbini 

Mission).

Collector: S. W. Goussard (11 Jan 1968).

Habitat: “Woodland (Mopane)” (specimen labels).

Remarks: Coordinates for Gona-Re-Zhou Game Reserve 

(21°40′S, 31°45′E G) appreciably depart from those 

for Marhumbini Mission.

Taxa: Otolemur; Genetta; Sylvicapra.

Mount Selinda, Manicaland (Map 18: 567).

Coordinates: 20°25′S, 32°42′E G (for Mount Selinda Mission; see Remarks).

Collectors: S. W. Goussard and H. W. Setzer (3–4 Oct 

1967).

Habitat: “Grassy hillside,” “cave” (specimen labels).

Remarks: In a letter to his family, Setzer noted that “Mt. 

Selinda is in the middle of the Chirinda Forest and is 

also the site of a large Congregational Mission.” He 

indicated that their camp was situated about a mile 

[1.6 km] from a forest station where they got their 

water.

Taxa: Aethomys, Mastomys, Rhabdomys; Crocidura; 

Hipposideros, Nycteris.

Ngorima Reserve (East), Melsetter District, Manicaland 

(Map 18: 565).

Coordinates: 20°02′S, 32°59′E M (WAC, Limpopo River, 

1:1,000,000).

Collector: S. W. Goussard (21 Nov–1 Dec 1967). 

Habitat: “Riverine forest, with thick undergrowth . . . 

riverine bush, consisting of reeds, grass, trees and 

bushes . . . no rocks for at least 1 mile [1.6 km] away 

from camp . . . cleared lands . . . local people have 

planted some corn.”

Remarks: Camp was established in the eastern part of the 

Ngorima Reserve (20°05′S, 32°53′E G, as Ngorima 

Tribal Trust Land) on the Lusitu (Rusitu G) River, 

close to its confluence with the Haroni River and at 

an elevation of 1,100 feet [335 m] (field journal). In 

this region, the Lusitu River forms the border with 

Mozambique.

Taxa: Petrodromus; Cercopithecus; Heliosciurus, Saccostomus, Dendromus, Acomys, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, 

Mastomys, Mus, Pelomys, Rattus; Crocidura, Myosorex; Rhinolophus, Nycteris, Neoromicia; Nandinia.

Nyamkwarara River, Stapleford, Umtali District, 

Manicaland (Map 18: 557).

Coordinates: 18°42′S, 32°55′E M (WAC, Mazoe River, 

1:1,000,000).

Collector: S. W. Goussard (1–6 Nov 1967). 

Habitat: “The habitat changes from bamboo, grass, 

reeds, open areas, loose stones, a few rocks, bushes 

and trees to heaps of chopped off bamboo. The 

Forestry [sic] is cleaning the area of all trees . . . in 

bamboo, grass, odd palm trees and reeds . . . hillside 

covered in grass, bushes and young saplings . . . next 

to the river.”

Remarks: Goussard drove first to the Stapleford Research 

Station (5,500 ft [1,676 m]) and then continued down 

the mountain to the Nyamkwarara River, where 

camp was established at 2,200 ft [671 m]. Coordinates for the Nyamkwarara School (18°45′S, 32°53′E 

G) and Stapleford Forest (18°42′S, 32°53′E G) both 

plot above 3,000 ft [914.4 m] on the WAC sheet consulted, so our coordinates were estimated for a point 

below 3,000 ft and downstream from these localities.

Taxa: Dendromus, Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, 

Grammomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Cryptomys; Lepus.

Sabi-Lundi Confluence, Victoria (Map 18: 569).

Coordinates: 21°17′S, 32°25′E M (WAC, Limpopo River, 

1:1,000,000).
2 3 6 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Collectors: S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (13–18 

Jan 1968).

Habitat: “Riverine bush,” “grassy vlei,” “black vlei soil” 

(specimen labels).

Taxa: Calcochloris; Otolemur, Chlorocebus; Paraxerus, 

Saccostomus, Steatomys, Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Mus, Cryptomys; Lepus; Epomophorus, Hipposideros, Scotophilus; Sylvicapra.

Thorn Park, Smithers Ranch, 6 mi [9.7 km] N Salisbury 

(Map 18: 556).

Coordinates: 17°43′S, 31°01′E G (as Thornpark).

Collectors: R. E. Cole (26–28 Sep 1963); A. C. Risser (26 

Sep–20 Oct 1963).

Habitat: “Grassy field that was bordered by cedar trees on 

two sides.” (ACR).

Remarks: Cole and Risser established camp at Thorn Park, 

a ranch owned by Dr. Reay Smithers on the north edge 

of Salisbury (17°50′S, 31°03′E G, as Harare) at approximately 5,000 ft [1,524 m]. Here Risser was convalescing from an appendectomy, and much collecting 

was accomplished with the help of Smithers and his 

employees. Cole departed on 29 Sep and returned to 

field work in South Africa. Specimens from this locality were variously labeled by Risser as Salisbury, 

Thorn Park; Salisbury, Thorn Park, Smithers Ranch; 

and Salisbury, Thorn Park, 6 mi N Salisbury. Smithers collected a road-killed Cricetomys in front of the 

Salisbury General Hospital on 15 Oct that he gave to 

Risser. On 17 Oct, Risser collected a single specimen 

of Rhabdomys at Wheeler’s Farm, Calgary, Mazoe 

Valley, about 4 miles [6.4 km] north of Smithers 

Ranch, in “tall grass and in the margin of the mealie 

fields.” Risser also collected at Gwebi River, 4 mi [6.4 

km] N Salisbury on 17, 18, and 20 Oct. A Lepus was 

collected by Risser on 18 Oct at Komani Farm, 7 mi

[11.3 km] N Salisbury.

Taxa: Cricetomys, Dendromus, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, 

Mastomys, Rattus, Rhabdomys; Lepus; Crocidura.

Zimbabwe Ruins, Fort Victoria District, Victoria 

(Map 18: 573).

Coordinates: 20°17′S, 30°56′E G.

Collector: S. W. Goussard (17–19 Dec 1967).

Habitat: “Grass, rocks and thick bush . . . forest, grassland and rocks.”

Remarks: Goussard set up camp on the camping ground 

of the ruins (referred to as the Zimbabwe Reserve in 

his field journal). A Rhinolophus was collected from 

a nearby cave.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Dendromus, Steatomys, Acomys, 

Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys; 

Crocidura; Rhinolophus.

Mozambique

General Remarks. The extensive fieldwork 

in Mozambique (Map 19) was largely accomplished over 

an eight-month period (Jan–Apr and Jul–Nov 1964) by 

three teams of somewhat fluid membership. Alvin L. Moore 

is believed to have initially accompanied R. E. Cole (and 

subsequently others) as the team member responsible for 

collecting parasites from mammal specimens. Moore’s participation is inferred from entries in his entomology field 

catalog (he did not maintain a journal to our knowledge, 

and entries in his field catalog are minimal) and from Cole’s 

and Herbert’s infrequent references to “Al” or “Alvin” in 

their respective field journals. The original team over the 

latter part of 1964 was a large one, composed of Davis, 

Hardy, Herbert, Lingebach, and Moore, but it was split 

into two independent teams after leaving the camp at 2 km 

N Vila Gamito: (1) Davis, Hardy, and Lingebach and (2) 

Herbert and Moore. There is scant reference to Lingebach 

(even less than to Moore), and we cannot be certain that he 

continually accompanied Davis and Hardy.

We extensively relied upon the Atlas de Moçambique

(Empresa Moderna, 1960) to identify or corroborate localities in Mozambique. The worn condition of our copy of 

the atlas and the numerous inscriptions within it testify to 

extensive use in the field by the collectors. Discrepancy exists among journal entries, field catalog entries, and specimen labels in the use of the Beira District versus Manica 

and Sofala District, and either district name may be found 

on specimens from the same locality. This inconsistency 

appears to stem from differences and changes in these geopolitical terms as recognized on maps and in gazetteers 

(e.g., the USBGN does not recognize Beira District).

AMP field teams operating in Mozambique occasionally stayed at camps maintained by the Witwatersrand Native Labour Association (WENLA or WENELA, as used in 

the collectors’ accounts). Associated with the South African 

Chamber of Mines, WENELA served as a labor-recruiting 

agency and established stations or camps in Mozambique 

as well as other southern African countries.

Itineraries. R. E. Cole and A. L. Moore: 

1 mi NE Boane, 11–12 Jan 1964; Inhaca Island, 16–19 

Jan 1964; Mahau River, 22–25 Jan 1964; Massangena, 

1–9 Feb 1964; Chigubo Administrative Poste, 11–12 Feb 

1964; 30 km WNW Chigubo, 13–15 Feb 1964; Chigubo 

Administrative Poste, 17–18 Feb 1964; Chimonzo, 21–28 
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 3 7

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575 578

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590 594

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593

592

596

597

598

600 599

601

602 604 603

605 606

607

608 609

610

611

612

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618 619

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620 622

623

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626

625

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Swaziland

20S

25S

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Map 19. African Mammal Project cardinal collecting localities 

575–632 in Mozambique.

575. Zambuè

576. Zumbo

577. Mucanha River

578. Fingoè

579. Vila Vasco da Gama

580. New Bene (Tambué)

581. Vila Gamito, 22 km S

582. Vila Gamito, 10 km N

583. Furancungo, 30 mi NNW

584. Bragança

585. Vila Coutinho

586. Furancungo, 10 km E

587. Vila Coutinho, 93 km S

588. Muchena

589. Chiúta

590. Chicoa, 14 mi ESE

591. Magüe (New) Borôma

592. Chiôco, 8 km SW

593. Tete, 2 mi SE

594. Vila Caldas Xavier

595. Mecito

596. Changara

597. Mungari, 5 km N

598. Changara, 33 km S

599. Vila Gouveia

600. Maringue

601. Gorongosa Mountain

602. Vila Paiva de Andrada, 4 km NE

603. Gorangoza Park

604. Vila de Manica, 3 km N

605. Vumba Mountain

606. Vila Pery

607. Vila Machado

608. Vila Machado, 3 km SE

609. Mezimbite

610. Dondo

611. Beira, 10 km N

612. Mombane

613. Massangena

614. Gangareme

615. Vilanculos, 2 km W

616. Mabote

617. Chigubo, 30 km WNW

618. Chigubo Administrative Poste

619. Massinga, 2 km N

620. Jangamo

621. Panda

622. Panda, 6 km W

623. Coguno

624. Inharrime, 3 km NE

625. Chimonzo

626. Mapulanguene, 8 km E

627. Magude, 15 km SW

628. Inyoka Mountains

629. Moamba

630. Inhaca Island

631. Boane, 1 mi NE

632. Mahau River
2 3 8 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Feb 1964; 15 km SW Magude, 29 Feb–2 Mar 1964; Inyoka 

Mountains, 1 Mar 1964; 8 km E Mapulanguene, 3–5 Mar 

1964; Moamba, 9–12 Mar 1964; Mombane, 22–24 Mar 

1964; Mabote, 27–30 Mar 1964; 2 km W Vilanculos, 1–4 

Apr 1964; 2 km N Massinga, 6–11 Apr 1964; Jangamo, 

13–16 Apr 1964; 6 km W Panda, 18–20 Apr 1964; Panda, 

21 Apr 1964; Coguno, 23–27 Apr 1964; 3 km NE Inharrime, 29–30 Apr 1964.

R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, H. J. Herbert, J. C. Lingebach, and A. L. Moore (J. H. Case, C. G. Coetzee, and 

H. W. Setzer): 1 mi NE Boane, 11–13 Jul 1964; 33 km 

S Changara, 19 Jul 1964; 2 mi SE Tete, 20–24 Jul 1964; 

Muchena, 25–29 Jul 1964; 10 km E Furancungo, 1–3 Aug 

1964; 30 mi NNW Furancungo, 5–7 Aug 1964; 10 km N

Vila Gamito, 9–10 Aug 1964; 22 km S Vila Gamito, 11 

Aug 1964.

R. M. Davis and A. R. Hardy (J. C. Lingebach): 5 mi 

N Mungari, 16–19 Aug 1964; Vila Gouveia, 21–25 Aug 

1964; 3 km N Vila de Manica, 28–31 Aug 1964; Vumba 

Mountain, 1 Sep 1964; Vila Pery, 3–8 Sep 1964; 3 km SE

Vila Machado, 10–14 Sep 1964; Vila Machado, 15 Sep 

1964; Gorongosa Mountain, 19–23 Sep 1964; 4 km NE

Vila Paiva de Andrada, 25–29 Sep 1964; Maringue, 2–4 

Oct 1964; 10 km N Beira, 24–30 Oct 1964; Mezimbite, 

1–9 Nov 1964; Dondo, 5, 8 Nov 1964.

H. J. Herbert and A. L. Moore: 14 mi ESE Chicoa, 16–

19 Aug 1964; Magüe (New) Borôma, 20–23 Aug 1964; 

Zumbo, 25–30 Aug 1964; Zambuè, 1–4 Sep 1964; Mucanha River, 5–7 Sep 1964; Fingoè, 9–11 Sep 1964; Vila 

Vasco da Gama, 13–16 Sep 1964; New Bene (Tambué), 

17–19 Sep 1964; Chiúta, 20–22 Sep 1964; Bragança, 30 

Sep–4 Oct 1964; Vila Coutinho, 6–9 Oct 1964; 93 km S

Vila Coutinho, 10–12 Oct 1964; Vila Caldas Xavier, 14–

16 Oct 1964; Mecito, 18–20 Oct 1964; 8 km SW Chiôco, 

25–28 Oct 1964; Changara, 1–5 Nov 1964; Gorangoza 

Park, 10–12 Nov 1964.

S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge: Gangareme, 30 

Aug–5 Sep 1967.

Beira, 10 km N, Manica and Sofala District 

(Map 19: 611).

Coordinates: 19°42′S, 34°47′E M (AMS, Beira, 1:500,000).

Collectors: R. M. Davis and A. R. Hardy (24–30 Oct 

1964). 

Habitat: “Cashew tree grove . . . banana trees . . . dry flei 

. . . coconut trees . . . native hut . . . small store . . . I 

would call this whole area a savanna” (RMD).

Remarks: Davis and Hardy left Beira (19°51′S, 34°50′E 

G) and camped north of town in a cashew tree grove.

Taxa: Otolemur; Saccostomus, Acomys, Uranomys, Dasymys, Grammomys, Mastomys, Pelomys, Otomys, 

Cryptomys; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Taphozous, 

Chaerephon, Mops.

Boane, 1 mi [1.6 km] NE, Lourenço Marques District 

(Map 19: 631).

Coordinates: 26°01′S, 32°20′E M (IGC, Maputo, 

1:250,000).

Collectors: R. E. Cole and A. L. Moore (11–12 Jan 1964); 

R. M. Davis, H. J. Herbert, J. C. Lingebach, A. L. 

Moore, and H. W. Setzer (11–13 Jul 1964). 

Habitat: “The swampy grass field where I had set traps resembled a small lake this morning . . . grassy meadow 

surrounded with brush” (REC). “Dry grass field . . . 

roof of storage building” (RMD).

Remarks: Cole and Moore were the first AMP field team to 

collect at this locality. Specimens taken on 11 Jan were 

labeled Instituto de Investigacão Científica de Moçambique, 20 mi [32.2 km] W Lourenço Marques (Maputo; 25°58′S, 32°34′E G). The grounds of the institute 

were the first stop and staging point for subsequent 

AMP surveys in the country. Although their camp was 

not moved, specimens collected on 12 Jan were labeled 

2 mi [3.2 km] S Boane. The second AMP field team 

conducted more extensive collecting “at the Instituto” 

and designated the locality relative to Boane (26°02′S, 

32°20′E G). In a personal letter (14 Jul 1964), Setzer 

related that “we are living in a house at the Institute 

about 25 kilometers from Lourenço Marques.” On 13 

Jul, specimens were also taken from 10 km N Boane.

Taxa: Petrodromus; Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, 

Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus; Crocidura; Chaerephon, Neoromicia.

Bragança, Tete District (Map 19: 584).

Coordinates: 14°24′S, 34°20′E C.

Collectors: H. J. Herbert and A. L. Moore (30 Sep–4 Oct 

1964).

Habitat: “This country is very high plateau with high 

peaks scattered throughout. Most of the soil is burnt 

over and is used for gardens or cattle grazing . . .

native field and garden . . . flai [sic, flei?] . . . kopie” 

(HJH).

Remarks: The two entries for Bragança in the USBGN 

gazetteer do not approximate those provided by the 

collectors, whose coordinates are confirmed by the 

presence of another Braganca on their field map (AM, 

Sheet 7, 1:1,000,000).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 3 9

Taxa: Procavia; Saccostomus, Dendromus, Gerbilliscus, 

Aethomys, Dasymys, Mastomys, Mus, Otomys; Suncus; Crocuta.

Changara, Tete District (Map 19: 596).

Coordinates: 16°50′S, 33°16′E C, G. 

Collectors: H. J. Herbert and A. L. Moore (1–5 Nov 

1964). 

Habitat: “In native fields of this tree savanna . . . rocks 

near the river . . . hillside in sandy soil . . . rocky hill” 

(HJH).

Remarks: The Changara camp was, apparently, close to 

the Luenha River (AM, Sheet 4, 1:1,000,000). According to the USBGN, Luenha is a variant spelling 

of Changara.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Saccostomus, Steatomys, Acomys, 

Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Mus; Genetta; 

Neotragus, Raphicerus, Sylvicapra.

Changara, 33 km S, Tete District (Map 19: 598).

Coordinates: 17°10′S, 33°16′E C. 

Collector: H. W. Setzer (19 Jul 1964).

Remarks: A lion skull was collected south of Changara 

while the AMP team was traveling to Tete.

Taxon: Panthera.

Chicoa, 14 mi [22.5 km] ESE, Tete District 

(Map 19: 590).

Coordinates: 15°41′S, 32°32′E M (IGC, Marávia-Chicôa, 

1:250,000).

Collectors: H. J. Herbert and A. L. Moore (16–19 Aug 

1964). 

Habitat: “Thorn acacia tree savanna . . . a shop . . . baobab tree” (HJH).

Remarks: Our coordinates correspond to a mark found on 

the above-cited map, appropriately positioned eastsoutheast of Chicoa and on the road to Vila Gamito.

Taxa: Galago; Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, 

Lemniscomys, Mastomys; Lepus; Nycteris, Nycticeinops; Sylvicapra.

Chigubo Administrative Poste, Gaza District 

(Map 19: 618).

Coordinates: 22°49′S, 33°31′E C (22°50′S, 33°31′E G, as 

Chigubo).

Collectors: R. E. Cole and A. L. Moore (11–12, 17–18 

Feb 1964). 

Habitat: “Roof at the Poste [building] . . . the edge of the 

lagoon” (REC).

Remarks: Cole and Moore arrived at Chigubo and set up 

operations in the Chef de Poste building. Specimen labels indicate that on 11 Feb, a Lepus and a Sylvicapra

were collected 2 km N Chigubo, probably acquired 

during a night hunt, which the crew conducted frequently in Mozambique. The team returned to this 

locality on 16 Feb after collecting at 30 km WNW 

Chigubo (13–15 Feb). In the evening, they went to the 

cantina in Chigubo, where they collected a number of 

Mops. Moore collected an Aethomys 7 km S Chigubo 

Administrative Poste on 18 Feb.

Taxa: Calcochloris; Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, 

Mastomys, Thallomys; Lepus; Chaerephon, Mops; 

Raphicerus, Sylvicapra.

Chigubo, 30 km WNW, Gaza District (Map 19: 617).

Coordinates: 22°44′S, 33°18′E M (AM, Sheet 2, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. E. Cole and A. L. Moore (13–15 Feb 1964). 

Habitat: “Open plains bordered by thick bush” (REC).

Remarks: Cole and Moore left their camp at the Chigubo 

Administrative Poste and established camp 30 km 

west-northwest of Chigubo. The team arose early on 

16 Feb to hunt buffalo and carnivores, apparently 

without success, and returned to Chigubo. Map-based 

coordinates were estimated on a dead-end road that 

trended west-northwest from Chigubo.

Taxa: Paraxerus, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Pedetes; Lepus.

Chimonzo, Gaza District (Map 19: 625).

Coordinates: 24°55′S, 33°15′E C (24°57′S, 33°17′E G). 

Collectors: R. E. Cole and A. L. Moore (21–28 Feb 

1964). 

Habitat: “Chimonzo is quite tropical, very dense vegetation and large vines hanging down from the tall trees 

. . . corn field . . . grassy field . . . banana tree . . . The 

foliage is really thick with hanging vines and practically no opening in the canopy . . . very large fig tree 

. . . peanut fields” (REC).

Remarks: Cole and Moore scouted around the Guijá area 

for a suitable camp but eventually, because of rains 

and resulting swampy land, headed southeast to Chimonzo. Cole collected a number of Epomophorus

from a fig tree about 1 mi [1.6 km] from camp on 

22 Feb; on 25 Feb, several Chaerephon were collected 

from the cantina in Chimonzo.

Taxa: Calcochloris; Chlorocebus; Heliosciurus, Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus; 

Crocidura; Epomophorus, Chaerephon, Neoromicia.
2 4 0 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Chiôco, 8 km SW, Tete District (Map 19: 592).

Coordinates: 16°29′S, 32°47′E C. 

Collectors: H. J. Herbert and A. L. Moore (25–28 Oct 

1964). 

Habitat: “The terrain is tree savanna and heavy bush . . . 

cotton field . . . . The native people . . . farm and raise 

cattle and goats” (HJH).

Remarks: Herbert and Moore set up camp at a “safari 

outfits camp” southwest of Chiôco (16°25′S, 32°49′E 

G, as Aldeia Chioco).

Taxa: Paraxerus, Saccostomus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys; Felis, Leptailurus, Genetta, Crocuta; Neotragus, 

Raphicerus, Tragelaphus, Sylvicapra.

Chiúta, Tete District (Map 19: 589).

Coordinates: 15°34′S, 33°17′E C (15°33′S, 33°17′E G, as 

Aldeia Chiuta).

Collectors: H. J. Herbert and A. L. Moore (20–22 Sep 

1964). 

Habitat: “Went night hunting down a steep mountain 

road . . . rocks . . . grass field . . . pool” (HJH).

Taxa: Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Grammomys, 

Lemniscomys, Mastomys; Lepus; Chaerephon, Sauromys, Tadarida, Eptesicus, Nycticeinops, Scotophilus, 

Miniopterus; Sylvicapra.

Coguno, Inhambane District (Map 19: 623).

Coordinates: 24°23′S, 34°33′E C, G.

Collectors: R. E. Cole and A. L. Moore (23–27 Apr 

1964). 

Habitat: “Very green and thick with bush and deciduous 

trees . . . grass areas . . . fairly thick forest . . . abandoned mashamba which is now overrun with pineapple and tapioca plants . . . soil is sandy and a buffy 

brown color . . . Pezo trees [sic, possibly m’peza, a 

local name for Xylopia aethiopica] . . . Acacia brush 

. . . grassy areas near camp . . . peanut and tapioca 

fields . . . dry rice field” (REC).

Remarks: Camp was established at the abandoned 

WENELA camp “just northwest” of Coguno. Most 

specimens were collected around this camp, but some 

were taken 5 km ESE Coguno and 9 km ESE Coguno. 

In his journal entry for 23 Apr, Cole recorded that 

they went night hunting 14 km ESE Coguno on open 

plains bordered by large “Pezo trees,” where they collected one Lepus and two Otolemur. Specimen labels, 

as well as Cole’s field catalog, indicate the locality 

as 14 km ESE Panda, which must represent a lapsus 

since they had just finished working in the vicinity of 

Panda (18–21 Apr).

Taxa: Otolemur; Paraxerus, Graphiurus, Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus; 

Lepus; Crocidura; Chaerephon, Mops, Glauconycteris.

Dondo, Manica and Sofala District (Map 19: 610).

Coordinates: 19°37′S, 34°45′E G. 

Collectors: R. M. Davis and A. R. Hardy (5, 8 Nov 1964).

Habitat: “Old house” (RMD).

Remarks: Davis and Hardy made two trips to collect bats 

in the village of Dondo while camped at Mezimbite

(1–9 Nov).

Taxon: Mops.

Fingoè, Tete District (Map 19: 578).

Coordinates: 15°09′S, 31°53′E C, G.

Collectors: H. J. Herbert and A. L. Moore (9–11 Sep 

1964).

Habitat: “Mountain behind administrator’s house . . . 

rocks . . . high grass” (HJH).

Taxa: Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Mus; 

Lepus.

Furancungo, 10 km E, Tete District (Map 19: 586).

Coordinates: 14°54′S, 33°42′E M (IGC, Angonia-­Macanga, 

1:250,000).

Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, H. J. Herbert, J. C. 

Lingebach, A. L. Moore, and H. W. Setzer (1–3 Aug 

1964).

Habitat: “Tree savanna . . . flei . . . near the river [Figure 

128] . . . little mountain [Figure 129] . . . creek bottom” (RMD). “Tree savanna with occasional open 

meadows . . . grassy area near river” (HJH).

Remarks: The team settled about 10 km east of Furancungo, which is about 100 km north of Massamba 

and 170 km north of Tete. Herbert noted that base 

camp was 5 km from a river, which appears on an 

annotated map (referenced above) as a tributary of 

the Pônfi (Rio Ponti) and is named the Namicungo. 

Elevation is stated as 1,300 m for this locality (HJH’s 

journal), although none is given on skin tags. A few 

specimens originated from Furancungo proper as well 

as from 20 km E Furancungo.

Taxa: Otolemur; Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, 

Grammomys, Mus, Rattus, Heliophobius; Crocidura; 

Sylvicapra.

Furancungo, 30 mi [48.3 km] NNW, Tete District 

(Map 19: 583).

Coordinates: 14°31′S, 33°23′E M (IGC, Angonia-­Macanga, 

1:250,000).
Figure 128. Mozambique, Furancungo, 10 km E: Stream (Aug 1964).

Figure 129. Mozambique, Furancungo, 10 km E (Aug 1964).
2 4 2 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Collectors: C. G. Coetzee, R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, H. J. 

Herbert, J. C. Lingebach, A. L. Moore, and H. W. 

Setzer (5–7 Aug 1964). 

Habitat: “Tree savanna . . . camp along a flei . . . high grasses 

next to the fields, under corn shocks and in banana tree 

clumps” (RMD). “Meadow near camp” (HJH).

Remarks: The coordinates were estimated by road from 

Furancungo. Lingebach standardly labeled his specimens as “NW” Furancungo, but all other collectors 

used the “NNW” compass bearing. Many specimens 

labeled from this locality were actually taken at the 

native village of Qauaza (RMD’s journal), about 5 km 

east of camp. Qauaza was not located in the USBGN 

gazetteer or on AMP maps.

Taxa: Petrodromus; Saccostomus, Steatomys, Acomys, 

Gerbilliscus, Dasymys, Grammomys, Mastomys, 

Mus; Lepus; Crocidura; Neoromicia; Tragelaphus.

Gangareme, Bazaruto Island, Inhambane District 

(Map 19: 614).

Coordinates: 21°40′S, 35°25′E C (21°39′S, 35°26′E G, as 

Ponta Gengareme). 

Collectors: S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (30 Aug–

5 Sep 1967).

Habitat: “Vlei grassland,” “bushes,” “sand dune and 

bushes” (specimen labels).

Taxa: Paraxerus, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Mastomys.

Gorangoza Park, Manica and Sofala District (Map 19: 603).

Coordinates: 18°41′S, 34°19′E G (as Parque Nacional da 

Gorongosa).

Collectors: H. J. Herbert and A. L. Moore (10–12 Nov 

1964).

Habitat: No information available.

Remarks: Herbert and Moore briefly stopped at Gorangoza Park before leaving Mozambique, although 

Herbert omitted mention of this locality in his 

journal.

Taxa: Mastomys; Crocidura.

Gorongosa Mountain, Morrumboze River Falls, 20 km 

N Vila Paiva de Andrada, Manica and Sofala District 

(Map 19: 601).

Coordinates: 18°24′S, 34°04′E G (as Serra da Gorongosa).

Collectors: R. M. Davis and A. R. Hardy (19–23 Sep 

1964). 

Habitat: “Rocks right along the water . . . mashamba . . . 

along the stream” (RMD).

Remarks: With a police guide, Davis and Hardy camped at 

Gorongosa Mountain just below the Rio Morrumboze 

Falls, reported to be about 400 feet [122 m] high.

Taxa: Saccostomus, Acomys, Grammomys, Lemniscomys, 

Mastomys, Mus, Cryptomys; Lepus; Crocidura.

Inhaca Island, Biological Research Station, Lourenço 

Marques District (Map 19: 630).

Coordinates: 26°00′S, 32°54′E C (26°02′S, 32°54′E G, as 

Ilha da Inhaca).

Collectors: R. E. Cole and A. L. Moore (16–19 Jan 1964).

Habitat: “Much agriculture . . . There are four main vegetation areas, mangrove swamps, fresh water lagoons, 

forests and sand dunes. Fresh fruit is everywhere . . . 

The soil was quite sandy . . . very large fig trees . . . 

grass fields . . . remote forest” (REC).

Remarks: The team collected Epomophorus from large fig 

trees in the village of Posto Inhaca. Other locality variants included 1 mi [1.6 km] behind and 1 mi [1.6 km] 

NE of the research station and SE tip of the island.

Taxa: Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Rattus; Epomophorus, 

Chaerephon.

Inharrime, 3 km NE, Inhambane District (Map 19: 624).

Coordinates: 24°23′S, 35°03′E M (BCG, IndambaneInharrime-Homoíne-Zavala, 1:250,000).

Collectors: R. E. Cole and A. L. Moore (29–30 Apr 

1964). 

Habitat: “Abandoned tapioca [mashamba] with grass 

border . . . forest . . . grass borders (2–3 feet [0.61–

0.91 m] tall) of a lagoon . . . white sand–grass habitat 

. . . patch of black sand consisting of 600–700 feet2

[55.7–65.0 m2]” (REC).

Remarks: The principal collecting site was 3 km northeast 

of Inharrime (24°29′S, 35°02′E G), with a secondary 

site at 4 km SW Inharrime (24°30′S, 35°00′E M), close 

to a lagoon.

Taxa: Cricetomys, Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys; 

Crocidura.

Inyoka Mountains, 45 km SW Magude, Gaza District 

(Map 19: 628).

Coordinates: 25°20′S, 32°21′E M (AM, Sheet 1, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. E. Cole and A. L. Moore (1 Mar 1964). 

Habitat: “Very low roofed cave” (REC).

Remarks: While camped at 15 km SW Magude (29 Feb–2 

Mar), Cole and Moore visited a cave in the Inyoka 

Mountains, which lie close to the Sábiè River and the 

Sábiè Post (25°19′S, 32°14′E G). In his journal, Cole 

loosely approximated this locality as “about 40–50 km 

SW of Magude,” but his catalog specified “45 km SW 

Magude.” Our cited coordinates are a by-road estimate.

Taxon: Hipposideros.
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 4 3

Jangamo, 29 km S Inhambane, Inhambane District 

(Map 19: 620).

Coordinates: 24°06′S, 35°19′E C, G.

Collectors: R. E. Cole and A. L. Moore (13–16 Apr 1964). 

Habitat: “Soil is sandy around Jangamo, it is a reddishbrown sand and there is quite a bit of vegetation . . . 

peanut field. . .thick bush forest with quite a [layer 

of litter] . . . wet thick grass meadow . . . fig trees . . . 

small stream . . . banana trees . . . very steep bank of 

a small stream running through a small banana plantation. The grass is about one foot [0.3 m] tall here 

. . . although there are few large trees in this area; 

it must be called a forest. The trees are mostly 1–3 

inches [2.5–7.6 cm] thick at the base, about 10–12 

feet [3.0–3.7 m] tall and spaced about 6–12 inches 

[15.2–30.5 cm] apart” (REC).

Remarks: Cole and Moore located their base of operations 

at the WENELA camp outside the small town of Jangamo, 29 km south of Inhambane (23°52′S, 35°23′E 

G). Specimens were also collected 5 km to the north, 

and these are labeled as 24 km S Inhambane. A few 

were taken about 6 km south of Jangamo and recorded as 35 km S Inhambane.

Taxa: Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Pelomys; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Nycteris, Neoromicia.

Mabote, WENELA camp, Inhambane District 

(Map 19: 616).

Coordinates: 22°02′S, 34°07′E C (22°02′S, 34°08′E G).

Collectors: R. E. Cole and A. L. Moore (27–30 Mar 

1964). 

Habitat: “Corn field . . . The bush was quite thick making 

hunting a little difficult . . . cotton fields . . . grass and 

the sandy fields . . . in a thornbush area with scattered 

patches of knee high grass and a sandy soil” (REC).

Remarks: The AMP team drove to Mabote and established 

their camp on the grounds of the WENELA camp. Accompanied by the Chef de Poste, they went night hunting 

at 20 km S Mabote, getting a Pedetes and a Sylvicapra. 

A few Gerbilliscus were collected 6 km S Mabote.

Taxa: Graphiurus, Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Lemniscomys, 

Mastomys, Pedetes; Sylvicapra.

Magude, 15 km SW, Gaza District (Map 19: 627).

Coordinates: 25°07′S, 32°33′E M (AM, Sheet 1, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. E. Cole and A. L. Moore (29 Feb–2 Mar 

1964). 

Habitat: “Plenty of trees and tall grass—but no agriculture. The soil is quite sandy but down about 6 inches 

[15.2 cm] it turns to quite hard clay . . . brackish pools 

. . . corn and peanut crops” (REC).

Remarks: Cole and Moore drove to Magude (25°01′S, 

32°39′E G) and camped southwest of town. Our coordinates are a by-road estimate from Magude. While 

at this camp, the team made a visit to the Inyoka 

Mountains to collect bats in a cave. Satellite localities 

include 17 km SW Magude, where they collected an 

Elephantulus, and 24 km SW Magude, where a Chaerephon was taken from the roof of a shop.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Aethomys, Mastomys; Chaerephon.

Magüe (New) Borôma, Tete District (Map 19: 591).

Coordinates: 15°49′S, 31°44′E C (15°48′S, 31°45′E G, as 

Mágoè).

Collectors: H. J. Herbert and A. L. Moore (20–23 Aug 

1964). 

Habitat: “Mango grove . . . plenty of water . . . rocky 

kopie” (HJH).

Remarks: Magüè Novo and Borôma share the same 

USBGN coordinates. One of our topographic maps 

(AM, Sheet 6, 1:1,000,000) has Magué circled, and 

this position corresponds to the place-name Borôma 

on another map (IGC, Marávia-Chicôa, 1:250,000).

Taxa: Galago, Chlorocebus; Saccostomus, Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys; Epomophorus, Rhinolophus, Nycticeinops, Scotophilus; 

Genetta; Raphicerus, Sylvicapra.

Mahau River, Lourenço Marques District (Map 19: 632).

Coordinates: 26°40′S, 32°10′E C.

Collectors: R. E. Cole and A. L. Moore (22–25 Jan 1964). 

Habitat: “The entire area is tall grass and scattered Acacia trees. This area, as all of the surrounding areas, is 

subject to flooding when the rains come and this was 

partially flooded a week ago” (REC).

Remarks: Cole recorded in his field journal that their 

campsite was located 2 km south of the Mahau River 

(26°33′S, 32°14′E G, as Rio Sichani), but that distance 

modifier does not appear on specimen labels or in his 

field catalog. We were unable to locate this river on 

any of our maps. On 24 Jan, a trapline was set “in the 

foothills of the Lebombos Mountains.”

Taxa: Otolemur; Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, 

Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus; Lepus; Genetta; Aepyceros, Redunca.

Mapulanguene, 8 km E, Gaza District (Map 19: 626).

Coordinates: 24°30′S, 32°10′E M (AM, Sheet 1, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. E. Cole and A. L. Moore (3–5 Mar 1964).
2 4 4 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Habitat: “Camp in a very thick thorn forest . . . Acaciagrass habitat around camp . . . corn field” (REC).

Remarks: Map coordinates are based upon a by-road estimate, which places this site near the Uanetze River, 

although Cole nowhere mentioned a river. Camp was 

established east of Mapulanguene (24°29′S, 32°05′E 

G), a small village about 15 km from the border with 

South Africa.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Otolemur, Chlorocebus; Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys; Lepus; Raphicerus.

Maringue, Manica and Sofala District (Map 19: 600).

Coordinates: 17°58′S, 34°23′E G (as Marínguè).

Collectors: R. M. Davis and A. R. Hardy (2–4 Oct 1964).

Habitat: “Tree savanna” (specimen labels).

Remarks: Davis and Hardy camped behind the hospital on 

the north side of Maringue. According to Davis, traps 

were actually set 4 km west of town, a distance not 

reflected on specimen labels.

Taxa: Elephantulus, Petrodromus; Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Thryonomys; Lepus; 

Mungos; Ourebia, Raphicerus.

Massangena, Gaza District (Map 19: 613).

Coordinates: 21°30′S, 33°00′E C (21°32′S, 32°57′E G).

Collectors: R. E. Cole and A. L. Moore (1–9 Feb 1964). 

Habitat: “Tall grass between the compound and the Save 

River . . . a lagoon southeast of the compound . . . 

small stream. The ground around the lagoon is covered with medium sized stones and rocks and Acacia

trees” (REC).

Remarks: The team stayed in a house (compound) at Massangena near the Save River. On 31 Jan, they night 

hunted, heading south along the road to Machaíla, 

and obtained Sylvicapra, Pedetes, and Otolemur. On 

2 Feb, Cole set a trapline close to the Massangena 

lagoon “about 2 miles [3.2 km] SW” of their compound. On 6 Feb, bats were collected from a giant fig 

tree about 0.5 [miles?, 0.8 km] from the house. None 

of these minor locality modifiers appear on specimen 

labels or in field catalogs. While night hunting along 

the road to Malvérnia on 8 Feb, a Galago, Lepus, and 

Pedetes were taken in grass and thick bush at 10 mi

[16.1 km] W Massangena.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Galago, Otolemur, Chlorocebus; 

Paraxerus, Graphiurus, Saccostomus, Steatomys, Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, 

Pedetes; Lepus; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Rhinolophus, Nycteris, Scotophilus; Neotragus, Raphicerus, 

Sylvicapra.

Massinga, 2 km N, Inhambane District (Map 19: 619).

Coordinates: 23°19′S, 35°23′E C. 

Collectors: R. E. Cole and A. L. Moore (6–11 Apr 1964). 

Habitat: “Around Massinga there is quite a bit of coconut 

and banana trees . . . in general the vegetation is green 

and lush . . . thick bush and eucalyptus trees . . . grassy 

marsh land . . . adjacent bush . . . dense bush forest 

. . . meadow . . . small stream. This stream is almost 

completely covered over with a canopy of banana tree 

leaves . . . very dense bushy forest with many fig trees 

and coconut palms in the clearings” (REC).

Remarks: In his journal, Cole indicated that camp was 

placed “a short way east of Massinga (23°20′S, 

35°23′E G),” but most specimens from this area were 

actually taken 2 km N of town. Some were also collected at 4 km N Massinga according to specimen labels and catalogs (3 km N according to Cole’s journal) 

and at 9 km NE Massinga (mistakenly noted as NW

in Cole’s field journal). Bats were collected at a School 

House in town and also 2 km S of town.

Taxa: Petrodromus; Graphiurus, Saccostomus, Acomys, 

Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Mastomys; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Chaerephon, Mops, Neoromicia.

Mecito, 45 km S Vila Caldas Xavier, Tete District 

(Map 19: 595).

Coordinates: 16°19′S, 34°21′E C (16°17′S, 34°20′E G).

Collectors: H. J. Herbert and A. L. Moore (18–20 Oct 

1964). 

Habitat: “Native garden (mashamba). This area was 

once maponi forest but has been cleared . . . mopane 

forest” (HJH).

Remarks: Camp was pitched beside a saw mill.

Taxa: Petrodromus; Papio; Heliosciurus, Paraxerus, Steatomys, Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, 

Mastomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Genetta; Sylvicapra.

Mezimbite, 8 km NW Dondo, Manica and Sofala 

District (Map 19: 609).

Coordinates: 19°35′S, 34°43′E G (as Mezimbite Rail 

Station).

Collectors: R. M. Davis and A. R. Hardy (1–9 Nov 

1964).

Habitat: “Old house . . . mango trees” (RMD).

Remarks: Davis indicated that their camp was situated opposite the 36 km road marker on the road from Beira. 

He was not impressed with the habitat for collecting 

rodents. Bats were also collected from buildings in the 

village of Dondo. In his journal, Davis indicated that 

Roberts spelled this type locality Zimbiti. In his pub-
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 4 5

lications, Roberts spelled Mezimbite inconsistently, 

both as Mzimbiti (Roberts, 1913) and as Zimbiti 

(Roberts, 1913, 1951).

Taxa: Petrodromus; Otolemur; Saccostomus, Acomys, 

Lophuromys, Uranomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, 

Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Pelomys, Cryptomys; 

Crocidura; Rhinolophus, Miniopterus; Civettictis, 

Atilax, Mungos; Tragelaphus.

Moamba, Lourenço Marques District (Map 19: 629).

Coordinates: 25°36′S, 32°14′E C (25°36′S, 32°15′E G).

Collectors: R. E. Cole and A. L. Moore (9–12 Mar 

1964). 

Habitat: “Fairly tropical with quite a few banana trees . . . 

along [the banks of the Komati River] are quite varied 

vegetation patterns with good stands of sugar cane . . . 

grass, Acacia tree habitat around agriculture—namely 

corn fields . . . aloe plants . . . Rhodesian mahogany 

tree” (REC).

Remarks: Cole wrote in his journal that their camp was 

situated 2 mi [3.2 km] west of Moamba, about 50 

yards [45.7 m] from the Komati River. Only the town 

itself is indicated on specimen labels and in his field 

catalog.

Taxa: Paraxerus, Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys; 

Epomophorus, Chaerephon, Mops, Neoromicia, 

Miniopterus.

Mombane, Inhambane District (Map 19: 612).

Coordinates: 20°59′S, 35°01′E C, G (as Nova Mambone).

Collectors: R. E. Cole and A. L. Moore (22–24 Mar 

1964). 

Habitat: “Around the border of a corn field in tall grass 

. . . set in a grazed out field along the banks of the 

Save River . . . edge of an old mangrove swamp area 

. . . thorn bushes . . . building” (REC).

Remarks: “Mombane,” as found on specimen labels but 

not on any of our maps, is clearly a misspelling of 

Mambone. On a summary sheet at the front of his 

journal, Cole equated Mombane to Nova Mambone, 

whose USBGN coordinates are in concord with those 

of the collectors. The AMP crew stayed in a house at 

Mambone while they collected in the surrounding vicinity. Traps were set 2 km NW (near the bank of the 

Save River), 4 km SE, 8 km SE (around the airport and 

near a mangrove swamp), and 4 km WNW of town. 

Cole obtained a Chlorocebus 6 km NE of Mambone. 

Bats were netted in a building in town.

Taxa: Chlorocebus; Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys; 

Lepus; Crocidura; Mops.

Mucanha River, Tete District (Map 19: 577).

Coordinates: 14°58′S, 31°23′E C. 

Collectors: H. J. Herbert and A. L. Moore (5–7 Sep 

1964).

Habitat: “Rocks . . . near the river . . . ground has been 

recently burned” (HJH).

Remarks: A topographic map (AM, Sheet 6, 1:1,000,000) 

bears an annotation on the east bank of the Rio Mucanha that matches the collectors’ coordinates.

Taxa: Saccostomus, Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, 

Mastomys; Genetta, Rhynchogale; Raphicerus.

Muchena, 10 mi [16.1 km] E Massamba, Tete District 

(Map 19: 588).

Coordinates: 15°41′S, 33°48′E C, G (as Aldeia Muchena)

Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, H. J. Herbert, J. C. 

Lingebach, A. L. Moore, and H. W. Setzer (25–29 Jul 

1964).

Habitat: “We cleared an area in high grasses and set up 

camp. The area would be described as tree savanna 

. . . cistern . . . ruins of an old prison . . . dungeon” 

(RMD). “The terrain is tree savanna and the grass is 

sometimes 8 feet [2.4 m] tall” (HJH).

Remarks: The AMP crew set up camp at Muchena on the 

Revúbuè River. Specimens of Acomys and Aethomys

were collected by Herbert on 28 Jul at 14 mi [22.5 

km] E Massamba “in rocks.” Presumably in reference 

to the collecting locality of these Herbert specimens, 

Davis noted that Setzer and others had set traps “up 

into the mountains on the other side of the river” and 

to the east of town on 27 Jul.

Taxa: Elephantulus, Petrodromus; Chlorocebus; Saccostomus, Steatomys, Acomys, Aethomys, Grammomys, 

Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Thryonomys; Lepus; 

Rhinolophus, Hipposideros, Triaenops, Nycteris, 

Miniopterus; Raphicerus, Redunca.

Mungari, 5 km N, Manica and Sofala District 

(Map 19: 597).

Coordinates: 17°07′S, 33°34′E M (IGC, Báruè, 1:250,000).

Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, and J. C. Lingebach 

(16–19 Aug 1964).

Habitat: “Supposed tree savanna and mashambas” (RMD).

Remarks: The team traveled to Mungari (17°10′S, 33°33′E 

G) and set up camp near a water hole north of town. 

Two Nycticeinops were collected in town, rather than 

at camp, although this locale was not specified on 

specimen labels. On 16 Aug, some hunters gave them 

a Phacochoerus, and the team, in general, had considerable success night hunting at this locality.
2 4 6 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Taxa: Petrodromus; Otolemur; Acomys, Gerbilliscus, 

Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Cryptomys; 

Lepus; Rhinolophus, Nycticeinops, Neoromicia; Felis, 

Genetta; Phacochoerus, Raphicerus, Sylvicapra.

New Bene (Tambué), Tete District (Map 19: 580).

Coordinates: 14°50′S, 32°48′E C.

Collectors: H. J. Herbert and A. L. Moore (17–19 Sep 

1964).

Habitat: “River (which is very dry except for a few pot 

holes of water).” (HJH)

Remarks: Herbert originally referred to this camp as Bene 

but corrected this to “New Bene (Tambué)” and indicated that it is on the Luangua River. An AMP field 

map (IGC, Marávia 3, 1:250,000) has a “Tambué” 

penciled on it that matches the collectors’ coordinates, 

but the annotation is located on the Rio Lúia north 

and west of a Pene (15°04′S, 32°55′E G) located by 

the Rio Luangua. Herbert mentioned an elevation of 

467 m in his field journal but did not record the datum 

on specimen labels or in his field catalog.

Taxa: Gerbilliscus, Mastomys; Lepus; Genetta; Sylvicapra.

Panda, Inhambane District (Map 19: 621).

Coordinates: 24°03′S, 34°43′E G.

Collectors: R. E. Cole and A. L. Moore (21 Apr 1964).

Habitat: “Abandoned cantina . . . fig trees” (REC).

Remarks: Cole and Moore opportunistically collected bats 

in the village of Panda while camped at 6 km W Panda

(18–20 Apr).

Taxa: Epomophorus, Mops.

Panda, 6 km W, Inhambane District (Map 19: 622).

Coordinates: 24°05′S, 34°40′E M (BCG, Panda-HomoíneManjacaze-Inharrime-Zavala, 1:250,000).

Collectors: R. E. Cole and A. L. Moore (18–20 Apr 1964).

Habitat: “Peanut and tapioca mashamba. The soil is a red 

sand . . . grass along a marshy river bank . . . banana 

trees” (REC).

Remarks: Cole and Moore set up camp in the WENELA 

camp near Panda (24°03′S, 34°43′E G) and mainly 

collected about 6 km west of the village. They also 

obtained specimens at 4 km N Panda along a river 

(Rio Inhatouco per the BCG map), at 5 km SE Panda, 

and at 12 km W Panda, Macoculombane.

Taxa: Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys; 

Crocidura; Neoromicia; Herpestes.

Tete, 2 mi [3.2 km] SE, Tete District (Map 19: 593).

Coordinates: 16°12′S, 33°38′E C. 

Collectors: J. H. Case, R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, H. J. 

Herbert, J. C. Lingebach, A. L. Moore, and H. W. 

Setzer (20–24 Jul 1964). 

Habitat: “Low bush. The area is very dry and all thorn [Figure 130] . . . small, deserted building” (RMD). “Low 

bush–shrubby tree area. Most of the vegetation has 

been eaten off by the native cattle and goats” (HJH).

Remarks: The party camped near the Tsetse Control 

Camp at Benga (16°11′S, 33°37′E G), about 1 mi [1.6 

km] from the Zambezi River and across from Tete 

(16°09′S, 33°35′E G). A Peace Corps volunteer John 

H. Case joined the party and worked with the crew at 

this locality.

Taxa: Elephantulus, Petrodromus; Otolemur; Paraxerus, 

Saccostomus, Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Thallomys; Lepus; Rhinolophus, Hipposideros, Triaenops, Nycteris, Chaerephon, 

Mops, Tadarida; Genetta; Raphicerus, Tragelaphus, 

Sylvicapra.

Vila Caldas Xavier, Tete District (Map 19: 594).

Coordinates: 15°59′S, 34°10′E C (15°59′S, 34°11′E G, as 

Cambulatsitsi).

Collectors: H. J. Herbert and A. L. Moore (14–16 Oct 

1964). 

Habitat: “Tree savanna . . . rocks. The country is low land 

mostly tree savanna there is very little water . . . field” 

(HJH).

Taxa: Petrodromus; Otolemur; Saccostomus, Acomys, 

Aethomys, Lemniscomys; Lepus; Raphicerus.

Vila Coutinho, Tete District (Map 19: 585).

Coordinates: 14°44′S, 34°22′E C, G.

Collectors: H. J. Herbert and A. L. Moore (6–9 Oct 

1964). 

Habitat: “Habitat same as Bragança, high plateau with 

scattered rock kopies” (HJH).

Remarks: Herbert and Moore set up their camp near the 

Maué River (14°57′S, 34°11′E G). Their coordinates 

match a circled locality by this name located on an 

AMP map (AM, Sheet 7, 1:1,000,000).

Taxa: Heterohyrax; Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, 

Dasymys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus; Crocidura; 

Mops.

Vila Coutinho, 93 km S, Tete District (Map 19: 587).

Coordinates: 15°28′S, 34°17′E M (AM, Sheet 7, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: H. J. Herbert and A. L. Moore (10–12 Oct 

1964). 
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 4 7

Habitat: “Native field. The terrain is mostly acacia forest 

with area cleared by the natives for farming” (HJH).

Remarks: The collectors’ original coordinates (15°46′S, 

34°28′E) plot this site in Malawi and are clearly 

in error. Our estimation corresponds to a locality 

marked on the above-cited map and represents a byroad distance relative to Vila Coutinho, the collecting 

area where the team previously worked.

Taxa: Otolemur; Saccostomus, Acomys, Gerbilliscus,

Aethomys, Dasymys, Grammomys, Lemniscomys, 

Mastomys, Mus; Lepus; Crocidura; Neoromicia; 

Raphicerus, Tragelaphus.

Vila de Manica, 3 km N, Manica and Sofala District 

(Map 19: 604).

Coordinates: 18°55′S, 32°54′E M (AM, Sheet 3, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. M. Davis and A. R. Hardy (28–31 Aug 1964).

Habitat: “Mashambas . . . tall grasses . . . tree savanna 

. . . banana trees . . . old gold mines” (RMD).

Remarks: Davis and Hardy camped and trapped just 

north of Vila de Manica (18°56′S, 32°53′E G). They 

also collected bats from abandoned gold mine tunnels 

and in funnel-shaped banana leaves at 10 km N Vila 

de Manica. Near the end of their stay, they collected 

at nearby Vumba Mountain.

Taxa: Otolemur; Uranomys, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, 

Mastomys; Rhinolophus, Pipistrellus, Neoromicia.

Vila Gamito, 10 km N, Tete District (Map 19: 582).

Coordinates: 14°04′S, 32°59′E C.

Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, H. J. Herbert, J. C. 

Lingebach, A. L. Moore, and H. W. Setzer (9–10 Aug 

1964).

Habitat: “Old gold mine tunnel” (RMD). “Tree savanna” 

(Figures 131, 132) (specimen labels).

Figure 130. Mozambique, Tete, 2 mi SE: Convoy on road (Jul 1964).
Figure 132. Mozambique, Vila Gamito, 10 km N (Aug 1964).

Figure 131. Mozambique, Vila Gamito, 10 km N (Aug 1964).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 4 9

Remarks: The team camped about 2 km N Vila Gamito, 

at Mualadze (14°10′S, 32°59′E G), but obtained only 

a few rodents at their base. We used the 10-km-N designation as the cardinal locality because the majority 

of specimens, mostly bats, were taken there.

Taxa: Dendromus, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, 

Mastomys; Rhinolophus, Hipposideros, Triaenops, 

Nycteris, Miniopterus; Raphicerus.

Vila Gamito, 22 km S, Tete District (Map 19: 581).

Coordinates: 14°21′S, 32°58′E M (AM, Sheet 7, 

1:1,000,000).

Collector: J. C. Lingebach (11 Aug 1964).

Habitat: “Tree savanna” (specimen label).

Remarks: A Papio was opportunistically collected at this 

locality after the AMP team had departed 10 km N

Vila Gamito.

Taxon: Papio.

Vila Gouveia, Manica and Sofala District (Map 19: 599).

Coordinates: 18°03′S, 33°11′E G (as Catandica).

Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, and J. C. Lingebach 

(21–25 Aug 1964). 

Habitat: “Creek . . . pool . . . mashamba . . . banana trees 

. . . rocky mountain side [also referred to as ‘hillside’] 

. . . small old building” (RMD).

Remarks: The team camped next to a creek that had been 

dammed to form a pool. A mark on map AM, Sheet 4

(1:1,000,000) is situated in foothills approximately 2 

km SW Vila Gouveia and may represent the focus of 

the team’s fieldwork.

Taxa: Carpitalpa, Otolemur; Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Cryptomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Rhinolophus, Nycteris, Tadarida, Pipistrellus, 

Neoromicia; Sylvicapra.

Vila Machado, Manica and Sofala District (Map 19: 607).

Coordinates: 19°16′S, 34°13′E G (as Nhamatanda).

Collectors: R. M. Davis and A. R. Hardy (15 Sep 1964). 

Habitat: “Buildings of the hospital” (RMD).

Remarks: The team returned to the village to collect bats 

while they were camped at 3 km SE Vila Machado

(10–14 Sep).

Taxa: Chaerephon, Mops.

Vila Machado, 3 km SE, Manica and Sofala District 

(Map 19: 608).

Coordinates: 19°18′S, 34°13′E M (AM, Sheet 3, 

1:1,000,000; WAC, Mazoe River, 1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. M. Davis and A. R. Hardy (10–14 Sep 1964).

Habitat: “The same tree savanna type habitat . . . 

mashambas . . . vegetation too thick . . . nearby creek 

. . . fields” (RMD).

Remarks: Davis and Hardy established camp to the 

southeast of Vila Machado on a tributary of the 

M’Tuchira River according to both maps referenced. 

On 10 Sep, they went night hunting at 10 km SE Vila 

Machado.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Otolemur, Cercopithecus; Acomys, 

Gerbilliscus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Thryonomys; 

Lepus; Crocidura; Genetta; Ourebia, Redunca.

Vila Paiva de Andrada, 4 km NE, Manica and Sofala 

District (Map 19: 602).

Coordinates: 18°39′S, 34°06′E M (AM, Sheet 3, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. M. Davis and A. R. Hardy (25–29 Sep 1964). 

Habitat: “What would be called a forest, I guess . . . 

mashambas . . . hollow tree” (RMD).

Remarks: Davis and Hardy camped to the northeast of 

Vila Paiva de Andrada (18°41′S, 34°04′E G, as Gorongosa) along the road to Chemba.

Taxa: Otolemur; Saccostomus, Acomys, Gerbilliscus, 

Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Pelomys, 

Cryptomys; Lepus; Felis, Genetta.

Vila Pery, Manica and Sofala District (Map 19: 606).

Coordinates: 19°07′S, 33°29′E G (as Chimoio G).

Collectors: R. M. Davis and A. R. Hardy (3–8 Sep 1964). 

Habitat: “Mashambas . . . typical tree savanna community [Figure 133] . . . trees and bushes in the middle of 

the village” (RMD).

Remarks: Davis and Hardy established their base in a 

burned area just southwest of Vila Pery (also known 

as Chimoio per the USBGN). An AMP map (AM, 

Sheet 3, 1:1,000,000) contains an annotation, located 

approximately 3 km SSW Vila Pery, that may have 

been placed to indicate their actual campsite.

Taxa: Petrodromus; Chlorocebus; Paraxerus, Saccostomus, 

Dendromus, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, 

Mastomys, Mus, Otomys, Cryptomys, Thryonomys; 

Lepus; Crocidura; Civettictis; Tragelaphus.

Vila Vasco da Gama, Tete District (Map 19: 579).

Coordinates: 14°54′S, 32°15′E C, G (as Chiputo G).

Collectors: H. J. Herbert and A. L. Moore (13–16 Sep 

1964). 

Habitat: “Mountain marsh. The local Chef de Post grows 

coffee, peaches, mangoes, passion fruit, citrus, all vegetables, bananas, and mealy” (HJH).
2 5 0 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Remarks: Vila Vasco da Gama (or Chiputo per the USBGN) 

is on the southern slopes of Montes Tchiputo. Herbert 

recorded that they collected at an elevation of 4,000 

ft [1,219 m].

Taxa: Aethomys, Dasymys, Grammomys, Mastomys, Mus, 

Pelomys, Heliophobius; Lepus; Crocidura; Atilax.

Vilanculos, 2 km W, Inhambane District (Map 19: 615).

Coordinates: 21°59′S, 35°19′E C. 

Collectors: R. E. Cole and A. L. Moore (1–4 Apr 1964). 

Habitat: “The soil is sandy and there is quite a bit of 

bush—both thorny and otherwise present. Also, some 

corn fields . . . Acacia trees . . . 2–3 foot [0.6–0.9 m] 

tall grass” (REC).

Remarks: The collectors’ longitude equates to that of the 

town itself (22°00′S, 35°19′E G, as Vilankulo); a plot 

2 km W is closer to 21°59′S, 35°17′E. The team went 

night hunting at 32 km SW Vilanculos and shot two 

Otolemur in Acacia trees, a Lepus in tall grass, and a 

Kobus. A Mops was collected in a school house on the 

W edge of Vilanculos.

Taxa: Otolemur; Gerbilliscus; Lepus; Mops; Kobus.

Vumba Mountain, 5 km S Vila de Manica, Manica and 

Sofala District (Map 19: 605).

Coordinates: 18°59′S, 32°53′E G (as Vumba).

Collectors: R. M. Davis and A. R. Hardy (1 Sep 1964).

Habitat: “Stream with very dense vegetation . . . mossy 

fallen log right next to the stream” (RMD).

Remarks: Davis and Hardy briefly collected at this locality 

toward the end of their stay at 3 km N Vila de Manica

(28–31 Aug).

Taxa: Dendromus, Acomys, Grammomys; Crocidura.

Zambuè, Tete District (Map 19: 575).

Coordinates: 15°06′S, 30°48′E C (15°07′S, 30°48′E G).

Collectors: H. J. Herbert and A. L. Moore (1–4 Sep 

1964). 

Figure 133. Mozambique, Vila Pery: Mau Mountain (photograph by H. W. Setzer, 1964).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 5 1

Habitat: “We trapped in a marsh area and in open fields. 

The terrain is tree savanna” (HJH).

Remarks: Herbert was impressed by the abundance of 

large game at Zambuè.

Taxa: Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Grammomys, Mastomys, 

Mus; Lepus; Rhynchogale; Tragelaphus, Sylvicapra.

Zumbo, Tete District (Map 19: 576).

Coordinates: 15°38′S, 30°26′E C (15°37′S, 30°27′E G).

Collectors: H. J. Herbert and A. L. Moore (25–30 Aug 

1964).

Habitat: “Acacia, acacia grass” (specimen labels).

Remarks: Zumbo is located on the Zambeze River. Other 

than minimal skin-tag remarks, Herbert provided no 

other habitat description for the place.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Paraxerus, Saccostomus, Acomys, 

Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Pelomys; Lepus; 

Crocidura; Felis, Genetta; Raphicerus.

South Africa and Lesotho

General Remarks. South Africa received by 

far the greatest collecting effort of the 20 countries visited 

by AMP field teams. Twenty-one of 26 collectors active in 

the southern Africa region spent at least some of their time 

in South Africa, and some collecting activity occurred in 

each year over the period 1963–1969 (Table 1); correlated 

person-days of survey effort surpassed that devoted to any 

other country and by a substantial margin (Table 11); the 

complex geography, diverse environments, and large area 

of the country demanded widespread collecting for even 

minimally informative biological inventory (154 cardinal 

localities recognized; Map 20); and the total specimens 

collected were consequently the greatest, especially of Rodentia (Table 6, Figure 4). The success of AMP ventures in 

South Africa crucially depended on the collegiality formed 

between Setzer and Waldo Meester, Curator of Mammals 

in the Transvaal Museum (1952–1963), Pretoria, and later 

founder and director of the Mammal Research Institute 

(1966–1971), University of Pretoria. Meester, together 

with others from the Transvaal Museum, such as C. G. 

Coetzee and I. L. Rautenbach, provided important incountry logistical support and served as local contacts for 

arranging permits and collecting access in South Africa, as 

well as other southern African countries. The South African Institute of Medical Research (SAMIR) also provided 

support in South Africa.

The Orange River Survey formed a discrete and focused 

project within the course of South African survey, carried 

out in collaboration with the Mammal Research Institute, 

University of Pretoria. Approximately one year in duration 

(Feb 1968 to Jan 1969), the expedition involved four collectors (A. V. W. Lambrechts, O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, 

and J. J. L. Pretorius) whose mission was to gather baseline 

distributional data on small mammals that would be potentially impacted by planned hydrologic impoundments and 

agricultural development along the Orange River. The itinerary of Lambrechts, the principal collector for the Orange 

River Survey, also covered major tributaries of the Orange, 

including the Aub, Great Fish, Nossob, Small Fish, and Sundays rivers. Collecting protocol applied during the Orange 

River Survey was deliberately standardized and involved 

two rounds of collection at a given locality (separated by 

about six months), establishment of traplines on both sides 

of the river at any given locality, and deployment of a set 

number of traps in survey lines (200 traps each) on each 

river bank. At collecting sites where the Orange River forms 

the border between provinces or countries, the province/country named first in the supplemental locality string is 

that where the camp was made.

More than elsewhere, South African localities often 

contain the names of small family farms as the most geographically precise place-name. In instances where we were 

unable to locate farms with certainty, we relegated them 

to the nonbold supplementary locality information and 

relied upon other locality data to georeference the locality 

(typically distance and direction references to some larger 

town). Occasionally, a farm is mentioned in a collector’s 

field journal but was not included in the formal locality 

designation as written on labels or in the field catalog. In 

these cases, the farm name may serve to provide the locality coordinates, and we emphasized its utility in the Remarks section.

Itineraries (Including Lesotho and 

South Africa). R. E. Cole (A. L. Moore, P. J. 

Geldenhuys, A. C. Risser, and H. W. Setzer): 5 mi NE Ellisras, 24–28 Aug 1963; Alicecot, 14–17 Sep 1963; 2 mi 

E Rustenburg, 6–11 Oct 1963; 22 mi NNW Lichtenburg, 

11–17 Oct 1963; 6 mi N, 1 mi W Wolmaransstad, 19–24 

Oct 1963; Uitkomst (Farm), 2–6 Nov 1963.

R. E. Cole, P. J. Geldenhuys, and A. C. Risser (A. L. 

Moore): 5 mi E Port Nolloth, 29 Nov–4 Dec 1963; Modderfontein, 6–12 Dec 1963; 5 mi E Van Rhynsdorp, 14–17 

Dec 1963; 2 mi W Klawer, 17 Dec 1963; Pakhuis Pass, 

18–22 Dec 1963.

A. C. Risser (P. J. Geldenhuys): 2 mi N Clanwilliam, 

18–20 Dec 1963; Kluitjieskraal, 5–7 Jan 1964; 9 mi N

Mosselbaai, 8–12 Jan 1964; Goudveld, 14–20 Jan 1964; 

Brakfontein, 22–24 Jan 1964; DeHoop, 25–29 Jan 1964; 

Modderfontein, 30 Jan–2 Feb 1964.
2 5 2 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Map 20. African Mammal Project cardinal collecting localities 633–785 in South Africa and Lesotho.

(continued)

Kilometers

100 0 100

Namibia

Botswana

Orange River

Molopo River

Nossob River

633

634

635

636

637

638 639

640

641 642

643

644

645

646

647

648

649

650

651

652

653

654

655

674

675 676

677 678

679

680 681

682 683

684

715

716

717 718

719 720

721

722

723 724

725

739 740

741

742

743

744

745

746

747

748

749

750

20E

30S

A

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l

a

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c

O c e a n

25S

Lesotho

Swaziland

Zimbabwe

I n d i a

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O c

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}

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Vaal River

Orange River

Limpopo

 River

Mozambique

657

658

659

660

661

662

663

664

665-670

671

672

673

685

686

656

687

688

689

690

691

692-694

695-700

701

702

703-709 710-714

726

727-729

730

731

732 733

734

735 736

737

738

751

752

753

754

755-762

763

764

765-768

769-776

777 778-780

781

782

783

784

785

30E

633. Groot Kolk, 2 mi SE

634. Nossob Camp 

635. Mata Mata 

636. Kameelsleep, 5 mi N 

637. Dikbaardskolk, 3 mi N 

638. Kamkwa (Borehole) 

639. Twee Rivieren, 30 mi NNE 

640. Twee Rivieren 

641. Port Nolloth, 2 mi S 

642. Port Nolloth, 5 mi E 

643. Modderfontein 

644. Goodhouse 

645. Pella Mission, 10 mi NW 

646. Stolzenfels 

647. Aughrabies, 7 mi W 

648. Aughrabies Falls, 1 mi S 

649. Keimoes Island 

650. N’Rougas Farm 

651. Louisvale, 1 mi N 

652. Upington, 13 mi E 

653. Upington, 35 mi NE 

654. Sishen 

655. Kuruman, 6 mi E 

656. Vlakfontein 

657. Lichtenburg, 22 mi NNW 

658. Kleinfontein 

659. Rooiberg, 2 mi W 

660. Buffelshoek 

661. Ellisras, 5 mi NE 

662. Nylstroom, 4 mi E 

663. Moordrift 

664. Brakrivier 

665. Haenertsburg, 2 mi E 

666. Magoebaskloof 

667. Houtbosdorp, 2 mi E 

668. Woodbush Forest Reserve 
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 5 3

A. C. Risser (P. J. Geldenhuys, A. F. Hallett, and T. A. 

Heist): Coloniesplaats, 13–16 Feb 1964; 11 mi SSW Grahamstown, 19–22 Feb 1964; Pirie Trout Hatchery, 24 

Feb–3 Mar 1964; Hillside, 3–8 Mar 1964; 14 mi S Smithfield, 9 Mar 1964; 2 mi S Reddersburg, 9 Mar 1964; Knoffelfontein, 10–13 Mar 1964; Glen, 17–22 Mar 1964; 9 mi 

N Dealesville, 21 Mar 1964; 6 mi NW Bothaville, 25–27 

Mar 1964; Rydalmont, 29 Mar–1 Apr 1964.

T. A. Heist and A. C. Risser (J. E. W. Dixon and G. R. 

Hughes): Petchaye, 3–6 Apr 1964; Giant’s Castle Game 

Reserve, 4, 10 Apr 1964; Hardingdale, 9–13 Apr 1964; 

6 mi E Eshowe, 17–21 Apr 1964; Makatini Flats, 22–26 

Apr 1964; Nkonkoni, 28–30 Apr 1964; Kosi Bay, 2–8 

May 1964; Ndumu Game Reserve, 10 May 1964.

R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, and A. L. Moore (H. J. 

Herbert): Mariepskop Forest Reserve, 3–7 Dec 1964; 

Woodbush Forest Reserve, 9–11 Dec 1964; Rietvlei Dam, 

12 Dec 1964; 12 mi N Tzaneen, 14–18 Dec 1964.

T. N. Liversedge (R. D. Hepplewhite): Jukskei River, 

19 Sep 1965; Fountains, 21 Sep–9 Oct, 19–22 Oct 1965; 

Wonderboom, 26–27 Oct 1965; 5 mi W Rustenburg, 1–

2 Nov 1965; 2 mi W Rooiberg, 4–7 Dec 1965; 4 mi E

Nylstroom, 8–11 Dec 1965; Moordrift, 13–16 Dec 1965; 

Brakrivier, 17–19 Dec 1965; Sani Pass, 8–10 Jan 1966; 

2 mi W Drakensberg(s) Garden Hotel, 11–14 Jan 1966; 

Mariazell Mission, 15–17 Jan 1966; 7 mi NW Sneezewood, 19–20 Jan 1966; Groenkloof Farm, 25 Jan 1966; 5 

mi W Rustenburg, 29–31 Jan 1966.

R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein: 35 mi NE

Upington, 11 Mar 1966.

R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (S. D. Durrant, I. L. Rautenbach, and H. W. Setzer): Goedgevonde, 

17–23 Jun 1966; Zuurlaager, 25–27 Jun 1966; Kilgobbin, 

28 Jun–1 Jul 1966; Makhake Store, 2–6 Jul 1966; 2 mi 

N Drakensberg Garden(s), 7–9 Jul 1966; 4 mi W Port St. 

Johns, 14–18 Jul 1966; 12 mi SW Lady Grey, 20–23 Jul 

(Map 20 collecting localities, continued)

669. Tzaneen, 12 mi N 

670. Tzaneen, 6 mi NE 

671. Groot Letaba (Game) 

Reserve 

672. Klein Letaba (Post Office), 

8 mi W 

673. Tshipise, 1 mi NE 

674. Wallekraal 

675. Bitterfontein, 3 mi NNW 

676. Loeriesfontein, 6 mi S 

677. Brandvlei, 2 mi S 

678. Van Wyksvlei, 11 mi E 

679. Groblershoop, 2 mi NW 

680. Boegoeberg Dam, 1/2 mi E 

681. Koegas, 10 mi SE 

682. Prieska, 1 mi E 

683. Hopetown, 2 mi NE 

684. Douglas, 10 mi S 

685. Carter’s Ridge 

686. Warrenton, 2 mi E 

687. Wolmaransstad, 6 mi N, 

1 mi W 

688. Bothaville, 6 mi NW 

689. Potchefstroom, 3 mi ENE 

690. Parys, 5 mi ENE 

691. Vereeniging, 10 mi NE [SE]

692. Commisiondrift

693. Rustenburg, 2 mi E

694. Rustenburg, 5 mi W 

695. Uitkomst Farm

696. Jukskei River 

697. Zwartkop 

698. Wonderboom 

699. Fountains 

700. Rietvlei Dam 

701. Witbank Dam 

702. Hartbeespruit 

703. Badplaas 

704. Barberton, 14 mi W 

705. Barberton, 2 mi SW 

706. Witrivier, 11 mi W 

707. Nelspruit, 4 mi E, 2 mi S 

708. Malelane, 7 mi SW 

709. Komatipoort, 2 mi N

710. Mariepskop Forest Reserve 

711. Mariepskop Mountain 

712. Klaserie

713. Alicecot 

714. Newington, 7 mi ENE 

715. Klawer, 2 mi W 

716. Van Rhynsdorp, 5 mi E 

717. Redelinghuys, 6 mi WNW 

718. Clanwilliam, 2 mi N 

719. Pakhuis Pass 

720. Calvinia, 6 mi E 

721. Rietfontein 

722. Gansfontein 

723. Carnarvon, 1 1/2 mi E 

724. Modderfontein 

725. Petrusville, 12 mi W 

726. Knoffelfontein 

727. Philippolis, 18 mi S 

728. Norvalspont, 8 mi E 

729. Bethulie, 3 mi S 

730. Reddersburg, 2 mi S 

731. Glen 

732. Dealesville, 9 mi N 

733. Welgelee 

734. Lindley, 10 mi NW 

735. Frankfort, 9 mi N 

736. Vrede, 15 mi N 

737. Standerton, 10.7 mi W 

738. Davel 

739. Stettynskloof 

740. Montagu, 4 mi W 

741. Kluitjieskraal 

742. Wagendrift 

743. Gunsfontein 

744. Mosselbaai, 9 mi N 

745. Goudveld 

746. Brakfontein 

747. DeHoop 

748. Graaff-Reinet, 23 mi SE 

749. Jansenville, 8 mi NE 

750. Coloniesplaats 

751. Somerset East, 5 mi W 

752. Cradock, 8 mi N 

753. Grahamstown, 11 mi SSW 

754. Pirie Trout Hatchery 

755. Lady Grey, 12 mi SW 

756. Hillside 

757. Aliwal North, 2 mi E 

758. Smithfield, 14 mi S 

759. Weenkop

760. Sterkspruit, 12 mi N 

761. Fort Hartley [Lesotho]

762. Mariazell Mission

763. Port St. Johns, 4 mi W 

764. Sneezewood, 7 mi NW 

765. Drakensberg Garden(s) 

Hotel, 2 mi W 

766. Drakensberg Garden(s), 2 

mi N 

767. Sani Pass 

768. Makhake Store 

769. Hardingdale 

770. Kilgobbin

771. Giant’s Castle Game 

Reserve 

772. Petchaye 

773. Zuurlaager 

774. Rydalmont 

775. Harrismith, 12 mi S 

776. Smalhoek 

777. Newcastle, 10 mi S 

778. Groenkloof Farm

779. Goedgevonde

780. Wakkerstroom, 2 mi E

781. Eshowe, 6 mi E 

782. Nkonkoni

783. Makatini Flats

784. Ndumu Game Reserve 

boundary

785. Kosi Bay
2 5 4 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

1966; Weenkop, 25–29 Jul 1966; 2 mi E Warrenton, 10–

13 Aug 1966; 11 mi E Van Wyksvlei, 15–19 Aug 1966; 7 

mi W Aughrabies, 21–24 Aug 1966; 1 mi N Louisvale, 25–

28 Aug 1966; Sishen, 28 Aug 1966; 6 mi E Kuruman, 30 

Aug–2 Sep 1966; Vlakfontein, 3–6 Sep 1966; 2 mi S, 4 mi 

E Nelspruit, 23–26 Sep 1966; Klaserie, 27–30 Sep 1966; 

Magoebaskloof, 30 Sep–3 Oct 1966; 2 mi E Haenertsburg, 

13–23 Oct 1966; 2 mi E Houtbosdorp, 25–27 Oct 1966.

I. L. Rautenbach and A. R. Silberstein: 2 mi SW Barberton, 16–23 Nov 1966; 7 mi SW Malelane, 24 Nov–4 

Dec 1966; 11 mi W Witrivier, 6–13 Dec 1966; Mariepskop Mountain, 17–18 Dec 1966; 1 mi NE Tshipise, 7–16 

Jan 1967; 8 mi W Klein Letaba, 18–24 Jan 1967; 2 mi 

E Houtbosdorp, 26 Jan–4 Feb 1967; 6 mi NE Tzaneen, 

5–15 Feb 1967.

A. V. W. Lambrechts (S. J. Liversedge, J. J. L. Pretorius, H. W. Setzer, and O. F. Graupner), Orange River 

Survey: 12 mi N Sterkspruit, 19–24 Feb 1968; 2 mi E Aliwal North, 25 Feb–8 Mar 1968; Fort Hartley (Lesotho), 

11–13 Mar 1968; 3 mi S Bethulie, 17–21 Mar 1968; 8 mi 

E Norvalspont, 23–27 Mar 1968; 8 mi N Cradock, 29 

Mar–3 Apr 1968; 5 mi W Somerset East, 4–8 Apr 1968; 

8 mi NE Jansenville, 8–15 Apr 1968; 23 mi SE GraaffReinet, 17–22 Apr 1968; 18 mi S Philippolis, 24–28 Apr 

1968; 12 mi W Petrusville, 30 Apr–4 May 1968; 2 mi NE

Hopetown, 6–10 May 1968; 10 mi S Douglas, 12–17 May 

1968; 1 mi E Prieska, 19–23 May 1968; 10 mi SE Koegas, 

25–29 May 1968; 1/2 mi E Boegoeberg Dam, 31 May–4 

Jun 1968; 2 mi NW Groblershoop, 5–9 Jun 1968; 13 mi 

E Upington, 12–16 Jun 1968; Keimoes Island, 18–22 Jun 

1968; 1 mi S Aughrabies Falls, 24–28 Jun 1968; Stolzenfels, 30 Jun–3 Jul 1968; 10 mi NW Pella Mission, 5–8 Jul 

1968; 2 mi E Aliwal North, 1–4 Aug 1968; 12 mi N Sterkspruit, 6–10 Aug 1968; 3 mi S Bethulie, 12–17 Aug 1968; 

8 mi E Norvalspont, 22–26 Aug 1968; 8 mi N Cradock, 

28–31 Aug 1968; 5 mi W Somerset East, 3–7 Sep 1968; 

8 mi NE Jansenville, 9–13 Sep 1968; 23 mi SE GraaffReinet, 20–24 Sep 1968; 18 mi S Philippolis, 25–30 Sep 

1968; 12 mi W Petrusville, 2–6 Oct 1968; 2 mi NE Hopetown, 8–12 Oct 1968; 10 mi S Douglas, 14–17 Oct 1968; 

1 mi E Prieska, 20–24 Oct 1968; 10 mi SE Koegas, 26–30 

Oct 1968; 1/2 mi E Boegoeberg Dam, 1–5 Nov 1968; 2 

mi NW Groblershoop, 7–11 Nov 1968; 13 mi E Upington, 14–17 Nov 1968; 7 mi ENE Newington, 16–18 Nov 

1968; Nossob Camp, 23–26 Nov 1968; 2 mi SE Groot 

Kolk, 27–29 Nov 1968; 3 mi N Dikbaardskolk, 29 Nov 

1968; 5 mi N Kameelsleep, 30 Nov–3 Dec 1968; Twee 

Rivieren, 4–7 Dec 1968; 30 mi NNE Twee Rivieren, 5 Dec 

1968; Mata Mata, 9–12 Dec 1968; Kamkwa (Borehole), 

11 Dec 1968; Keimoes Island, 6–10 Jan 1969; 1 mi S

Aughrabies Falls, 11–15 Jan 1969; Stolzenfels, 17–21 Jan 

1969; 10 mi NW Pella Mission, 22–24 Jan 1969; Goodhouse, 25–27 Jan 1969.

O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. Pretorius: 

Witbank Dam, 12–14 Feb 1969; Hartbeespruit, 15–18 Feb 

1969; Badplaas, 19–21 Feb 1969; Davel, 22 Feb–1 Mar 

1969; 10.7 mi W Standerton, 2–6 Mar 1969; 15 mi N Vrede, 

7–8 Mar 1969; 9 mi N Frankfort, 10–12 Mar 1969; 10 mi 

NW Lindley, 13–16 Mar 1969; 5 mi ENE Parys, 18–20 

Mar 1969; 10 mi NE [SE] Vereeniging, 21–24 Mar 1969; 

3 mi ENE Potchefstroom, 25–26 Mar 1969; Zwartkop, 

31 Mar 1969; Groenkloof, 1 Apr 1969; Commisiondrift, 

10–13 Apr 1969; Buffelshoek, 15–22 Apr 1969; Kleinfontein, 25–27 Apr 1969; Carter’s Ridge, 30 Apr–1 May 1969; 

Welgelee, 4–6 May 1969; 12 mi S Harrismith, 7–11 May 

1969; Smalhoek, 16–17 May 1969; 10 mi S Newcastle, 

19–21 May 1969; N’Rougas Farm, 1–5 Jun 1969; 2 mi S

Brandvlei, 7–10 Jun 1969; 6 mi S Loeriesfontein, 11–14 Jun 

1969; 6 mi E Calvinia, 16–21 Jun 1969; Rietfontein, 22–23 

Jun 1969; Stettynskloof, 5–8 Jul 1969; 6 mi WNW Redelinghuys, 10–14 Jul 1969; Pakhuis Pass, 15–18 Jul 1969; 3 

mi NNW Bitterfontein, 19–21 Jul 1969; Wallekraal, 22–25 

Jul 1969; 2 mi S Port Nolloth, 27 Jul 1969; 1 1/2 mi E Carnarvon, 16–19 Aug 1969; Gansfontein, 21–23 Aug 1969; 

Gunsfontein, 25–28 Aug 1969; Wagendrift, 29 Aug–2 Sep 

1969; 4 mi W Montagu, 4–8 Sep 1969; 2 mi N Komatipoort, 27 Sep–10 Oct 1969; 14 mi W Barberton, 11–14 

Oct 1969; 2 mi E Wakkerstroom, 16–17 Oct 1969; Groot 

Letaba (Game) Reserve, 29 Oct–6 Nov 1969.

Alicecot, 3 mi [4.8 km] WNW Newington, Transvaal 

(Map 20: 713).

Coordinates: 24°50′S, 31°22′E G (as Alicecot Farm).

Collectors: R. E. Cole, A. L. Moore, A. C. Risser, and 

H. W. Setzer (14–17 Sep 1963). 

Habitat: “Bush . . . grassland . . . wash near camp . . . 

water­hole” (ACR). “Rolling grassland quite populated 

with acacia trees . . . denser stands of grass . . . heavily browsed” (REC).

Remarks: Alicecot Farm is located on the Sabie-Sand Game 

Refuge, a private reserve. Nine Gerbilliscus specimens, 

originally written as captured WNW Newington, had 

their labels amended to read 3 mi NNW Newington.

Taxa: Paraxerus, Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, 

Mastomys; Lepus; Scotophilus; Helogale; Aepyceros.

Aliwal North, 2 mi [3.2 km] E, Cape Province/Orange 

Free State (Map 20: 757).

Coordinates: 30°42′S, 26°44′E M (WAC, Upper Orange 

River, 1:1,000,000).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 5 5

Collectors: A. V. W. Lambrechts and S. J. Liversedge (25 

Feb–8 Mar 1968); H. W. Setzer (25 Feb–2 Mar 1968); 

A. V. W. Lambrechts (1–4 Aug 1968). 

Habitat: “We are collecting far less specimens than in [Feb] 

. . . Habitat changes include a big change in vegetation. Coupled with the dry winter season at the moment, the grazing [land] is very much overstocked by 

Bantu cattle and goats. This resulted in a very sparse 

grass cover, compared to February” (AVWL, Aug).

Remarks: During both visits to Aliwal North (30°42′S, 

26°42′E G), the AMP crew camped on the south bank 

of the Orange River, to the west of the Orange-Kraai 

confluence, and collected on both banks.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Xerus, Graphiurus, Saccostomus, 

Dendromus, Malacothrix, Mystromys, Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Mus, Rattus, 

Rhabdomys, Pedetes, Cryptomys; Galerella, Ictonyx.

Aughrabies, 7 mi [11.3 km] W, Rooidam, Cape Province 

(Map 20: 647).

Coordinates: 28°37′S, 20°15′E M (ONC, Sheet Q-4, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (21–

24 Aug 1966). 

Habitat: “The river is about 5 miles [8.0 km] north of us 

but we can’t get to it because it is part of the reserve. 

We can get to edge of a tributary though but that is 

cultivated with lucerne [alfalfa] growing there. Around 

camp there are a lot of thorn bushes growing in the 

sandy soil . . . Rocky outcrops are scattered around 

about one mile [1.6 km] from each other and consist 

mostly of a huge central rock a couple of hundred yards 

across with a few smaller rocks lying on it” (RDH).

Remarks: Rooidam Farm, where the AMP crew camped, 

borders a game reserve, a reference to Aughrabies Falls 

National Park. The Orange River is about 5 mi [8.0 

km] to the north, but there it flows through a reserve 

and was off limits for collecting. The above coordinates were derived by plotting distance over a road 

likely traveled from Aughrabies (28°38′S, 20°21′E G).

Taxa: Elephantulus; Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Mastomys, 

Micaelamys, Rhabdomys, Pedetes; Lepus.

Aughrabies Falls, 1 mi [1.6 km] S, Cape Province 

(Map 20: 648).

Coordinates: 28°36′S, 20°22′E M (WAC, Lower Orange 

River, 1:1,000,000).

Collectors: A. V. W. Lambrechts (24–28 Jun 1968); O. F. 

Graupner, A. V. W. Lambrechts, and J. J. L. Pretorius 

(11–15 Jan 1969). 

Habitat: “Rocky outcrops to the west of our camp” 

(AVWL, Jun). “It is very dry and there is almost no 

green vegetation at all” (AVWL, Jan).

Remarks: This site is within Aughrabies Falls National 

Park. In Jun, only the south bank of the Orange River 

was surveyed. The Jan expedition camped in the same 

spot as in the previous Jun.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Procavia; Xerus, Saccostomus, Petromyscus, Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys, Rhabdomys, Pedetes, Petromus; Crocidura; 

Galerella, Ictonyx.

Badplaas, 30 mi [48.3 km] E Carolina, Transvaal 

(Map 20: 703).

Coordinates: 25°57′S, 30°34′E G.

Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. 

Pretorius (19–21 Feb 1969). 

Habitat: “Mimosa trees, high grass, shrubs and a few subtropical trees . . . banks of the river . . . The habitat on 

the river banks changes from rocks and grass to bush 

and grass and shrubs and then to swampland” (JJLP).

Remarks: The AMP crew set up camp on the grounds of 

the Transvaal Provincial Administration for the Carolina District in Badplaas, a locality on the Transvaal 

escarpment. The river mentioned is a tributary of the 

Komati.

Taxa: Mastomys, Micaelamys, Rhabdomys; Crocidura, 

Myosorex.

Barberton, 2 mi [3.2 km] SW, Transvaal (Map 20: 705).

Coordinates: 25°48′S, 31°02′E M (WAC, Delagoa Bay, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: I. L. Rautenbach and A. R. Silberstein (16–23 

Nov 1966).

Habitat: “Caves and old mines . . . grassy area” (ARS).

Remarks: Some specimens were also collected at 3 mi [4.8 

km] SW and 4 mi [6.4 km] SW of Barberton (25°47′S, 

31°03′E G).

Taxa: Dendromus, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, 

Mus, Rhabdomys, Otomys, Cryptomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Rhinolophus.

Barberton, 14 mi [22.5 km] W, Transvaal (Map 20: 704).

Coordinates: 25°46′S, 30°52′E M (WAC, Vaal River, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. 

Pretorius (11–14 Oct 1969). 

Habitat: “Mainly in plantations and . . . (thick vegetation 

along) streams in the plantations . . . mine shafts and 

tunnels . . . a natural vegetated hill” (JJLP).
2 5 6 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Remarks: The team drove west of Barberton (25°47′S, 

31°03′E G) and established camp in the Twello Forest (25°48′S, 31°09′E G) area along the main road to 

Carolina.

Taxa: Aethomys; Myosorex; Epomophorus, Rhinolophus.

Bethulie, 3 mi [4.8 km] S, Cape Province/Orange Free 

State (Map 20: 729).

Coordinates: 30°32′S, 25°59′E M (WAC, Upper Orange 

River, 1:1,000,000).

Collectors: A. V. W. Lambrechts (17–21 Mar 1968); A. V. W. 

Lambrechts and S. J. Liversedge (12–17 Aug 1968).

Habitat: “River bank . . . karoo-grass . . . north bank . . . 

very sparse grass compared to the south bank. It is 

also very flat on the north bank and large areas are 

still flooded or muddy from rain. The habitat changes 

from riverine shrub to disused cultivated lands (lucerne [alfalfa]) to karoo shrubs with grass on the 

south bank” (AVWL, Mar).

Remarks: The team drove out of Bethulie (30°30′S, 

25°58′E G) on the Bethulie–Bergersdorp road and 

turned [east], about 200 yards [180 m] south of the 

bridge over the Orange River. They camped on land 

administered by the Department of Water Affairs, 

approximately 800 yards [730 m] east of the main 

road and about 250 yards [230 m] west of a railroad 

bridge under construction over the Orange River. A 

few specimen labels have a locality modifier of 2 mi

[3.2 km] S.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Graphiurus, Saccostomus, Malacothrix, Mystromys, Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Mastomys, Mus, Rhabdomys, Pedetes; Lepus; Felis, 

Ictonyx.

Bitterfontein, 3 mi [4.8 km] NNW, Cape Province 

(Map 20: 675).

Coordinates: 30°59′S, 18°15′E M (WAC, Lower Orange 

River, 1:1,000,000).

Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. 

Pretorius (19–21 Jul 1969). 

Habitat: “Big areas are cultivated . . . mainly hillsides and 

rocky outcrops—flat rocks and boulders. The vegetation consists mainly of drought resistant shrubs except 

a few small spots of grass on the moist hill plateau . . . 

sandy hillside” (JJLP).

Remarks: The AMP crew camped north-northwest of Bitterfontein (31°02′S, 18°16′E G), just west of the main 

road to Garies.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys; Galerella.

Boegoeberg Dam, 1/2 mi [0.8 km] E, Cape Province 

(Map 20: 680).

Coordinates: 29°03′S, 22°12′E G (as Boegoeberg Dam). 

Collector: A. V. W. Lambrechts (31 May–4 Jun, 1–5 Nov 

1968). 

Habitat: “The camp is on the flat, grassy area . . . The 

south survey line runs parallel to and to the east of 

the mountain on the south bank while the north line 

cuts in a northeast direction through the hills on 

the North-bank . . . marshy terrain . . . habitat covered with small rocks and shrubs . . . patches of big 

rocks” (AVWL, May). “Herd of goats . . . habitat 

for the [first] 1,000 yards [914 m] of the south line 

is in a very poor condition. Thereafter it is still very 

dry, but better, including some grass. On the north 

bank it is also a lot more dried out than the previous time . . . reed bed next to water’s edge” (AVWL, 

Nov).

Remarks: Camp was set up just east of the Boegoeberg 

Dam on the south bank of the Orange River during 

both visits.

Taxa: Elephantulus, Macroscelides; Procavia; Chlorocebus; Saccostomus, Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys, Rhabdomys; Miniopterus; 

Galerella; Raphicerus.

Bothaville, 6 mi [9.7 km] NW, Holfontein, Orange Free 

State (Map 20: 688).

Coordinates: 27°22′S, 26°32′E M (WAC, Vaal River, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: A. F. Hallett, T. A. Heist, and A. C. Risser 

(25–27 Mar 1964). 

Habitat: “Camp right on the banks of the Vaal River. 

Grassy area under acacias and willow. Mealie [corn] 

fields, riparian, grazing lands . . . heavily grazed grassland adjacent to native kraals . . . sunflower fields. 

Soil is sandy loam . . . scrub grassland . . . acacia 

bush—grassland” (ACR).

Remarks: Coordinates are based upon a by-road distance from Bothaville (27°22′S, 26°37′E G); the road 

runs more directly west than northwest of the city. 

The farm where they camped was by the Vaal River 

(Valsrivier G), but we could not locate a Holfontein 

farm in such a geographic context. On 24 Mar, they 

trapped a rocky outcrop about 4 mi [6.4 km] from 

their camp, though without success.
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 5 7

Taxa: Elephantulus; Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Cryptomys; 

Lepus; Genetta, Cynictis, Galerella, Ictonyx.

Brakfontein, 12 mi [19.3 km] N Willowmore, Cape 

Province (Map 20: 746).

Coordinates: 33°08′S, 23°26′E G (as Brakfontein Farm).

Collectors: P. J. Geldenhuys and A. C. Risser (22–24 Jan 

1964).

Habitat: “This is karoo scrub. Domestic stock is angora 

goats and sheep. Red soil and rocky underfoot . . . 

tents under the acacias . . . The change in vegetation 

from Knysna[’s ecoregion] (Goudveld) to [Brakfontein’s] karoo ecoregion coming over the pass was very 

definite . . . small creek with some pools . . . rocky 

kopje . . . rocky outcropping . . . sandy soil . . . stream 

. . . brackish . . . riparian association of acacias and 

scattered bush [Figure 134] . . . Area we set in was sand, 

succulent (karoo scrub) and thorn bushes” (ACR).

Remarks: Of several farms named Brakfontein in the region, the cited coordinates agree very closely to the 

Figure 134. South Africa, Brakfontein: Field camp in karoo scrub, 12 mi N Willowmore (photograph by A. C. Risser, Jan 1964).
2 5 8 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

distance and direction from Willowmore as verified 

on available maps. It is unclear whether the habitat 

description about Knysna refers to the vegetative 

type, to the town, or perhaps to both. On 24 Jan, 

Joe DeBeer, an employee of the McGregor Museum 

in Kimberly, collected a Procavia in a rocky kopje to 

the south of the mountain (perhaps a reference to Die 

Langkloof) at Newe Plaas (33°46′S, 23°34′E G, likely 

as Nuweplaas). The provenience of this specimen in 

Risser’s catalog was attributed to Brakfontein Farm. 

It appears that only parasites were taken from this 

specimen, as it was not received at the NMNH.

Taxa: Macroscelides; Saccostomus, Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Myomyscus, Rhabdomys, Myotomys, Parotomys; Crocidura; Rhinolophus, 

Tadarida, Neoromicia.

Brakrivier, 26 mi [41.8 km] NW Bochum, Transvaal 

(Map 20: 664).

Coordinates: 22°59′S, 29°12′E M (WAC, Shashi River, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and T. N. Liversedge (17–

19 Dec 1965). 

Habitat: “Rocky hill . . . banks of the dry Brakrivier” 

(TNL). “Thorn trees” (specimen labels).

Remarks: Hepplewhite and Liversedge drove to Bochum 

(23°17′S, 29°07′E G) and camped about 2 mi [3.2 km] 

north of the Brakrivier Bridge (Liversedge’s journal). 

Coordinates provided above were based upon the description “2 miles N of Brakrivier bridge [road crossing river],” about 26 mi [41.8 km] from Bochum. The 

road from Bochum actually trends north-northeast 

rather than northwest. African Mammal Project maps 

do not show a bridge over the Brakrivier 26 mi to the 

northwest of Bochum as indicated on specimen labels. 

On 17 Dec, they trapped at a rocky hill about 0.5 mi 

[0.8 km] from camp; on 18 Dec, the traps were reset 

along the dry Brakrivier. Some Liversedge specimens 

were labeled Brakrivier Bridge, 25 mi [40.2 km] NW 

Bochum, although this variant was not indicated in his 

field catalog. A Paraxerus, collected by Hepplewhite, 

was labeled Trooivlei, 26 mi [41.8 km] NW Bochum. 

Efforts to locate Trooivlei on maps were unsuccessful.

Taxa: Paraxerus, Saccostomus, Aethomys, Mastomys.

Brandvlei, 2 mi [3.2 km] S, Cape Province (Map 20: 677).

Coordinates: 30°29′S, 20°28′E M (WAC, Lower Orange 

River, 1:1,000,000).

Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. 

Pretorius (7–10 Jun 1969). 

Habitat: “The ground surface changes from sandy to 

gravel soil with drought resistant vegetation and no 

rocky outcrops for miles” (JJLP).

Remarks: The AMP team camped on the municipal 

grounds south of Brandvlei (30°27′S, 20°29′E G).

Taxa: Macroscelides; Gerbillurus, Parotomys; Suricata, 

Otocyon.

Buffelshoek, 16 mi [25.7 km] SE Thabazimbi, Transvaal 

(Map 20: 660).

Coordinates: 24°32′S, 27°37′E G.

Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. 

Pretorius (15–22 Apr 1969).

Habitat: “Typical bush savanna of the Bushveld with high 

hill ridges running through . . . flat area crossing waterstreams . . . flat sandy soil area with trees, (shrubs) 

and grass . . . marshy area and edge of cultivated 

lands and through a poplar plantation . . . trapping in 

the hills and mountains” (JJLP).

Remarks: The crew camped on the Buffelshoek Farm owned 

by H. C. Fouché, off of the road to Warmbad–Alma. 

Specimens tags, field catalogs, and Pretorius’ journal all 

place the farm as “16 mi SE Thabazimbi,” but the coordinates of Buffelshoek fall east-southeast of Thabazimbi (24°36′S, 27°24′E G). The farm’s coordinates do 

intersect a point about 16 road miles from Thabazimbi 

(TPC, Sheet Q-5A, 1:500,000) and are consistent with 

other local landmarks mentioned by the collectors. 

A series of Miniopterus, labeled as from Buffelshoek, 

were taken on 15 Apr from a cave located at Gatkoppie, also along the Warmbad-Alma road but at 20 

mi [32.2 km] “SE” Thabazimbi; a Gatkop Mountain 

(24°36′S, 27°38′E G) lies due east of Thabazimbi. On 

22 Apr, they obtained bats from a cave on the nearby 

Waterval Farm (24°36′S, 27°36′E G), also recorded as 

16 mi “SE” Thabazimbi but, in fact, due east of that 

town. On 16 Apr, they unsuccessfully explored caves 

and mine shafts for bats at 6 mi [9.7 km] NW Thabazimbi; a Procavia was collected there, although its locality too is designated as Buffelshoek.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Procavia; Paraxerus, Saccostomus, 

Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys; Rhinolophus, Hipposideros, Nycteris, Scotophilus, Neoromicia, Miniopterus; Galerella; Raphicerus.

Calvinia, 6 mi [9.7 km] E, Cape Province (Map 20: 720).

Coordinates: 31°30′S, 19°53′E M (WAC, Lower Orange 

River, 1:1,000,000).

Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. 

Pretorius (16–21 Jun 1969). 
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 5 9

Habitat: “Various karoo shrubs and the soil is mainly 

sandy with a few rocky ridges between two parallel 

running mountains far off on the north and south . . . 

edges of cultivated lands . . . edge of a dry ditch . . . 

sides of a river which still have a few pools of water” 

(JJLP). “Gravel and shrubs,” “bare gravel ground,” 

“drought resistant shrubs” (specimen labels).

Remarks: Coordinates are based on by-road miles along the 

Williston road to the east of Calvinia (31°28′S, 19°47′E 

G) and near the Kobe River. Pretorius referred to the 

farm where they camped as Onderdownes (31°31′S, 

19°56′E G, as Onder-Downs) in his journal and as 

Onderdownes Wes in his field catalog. Onderdownes 

proper is improbably far to the east of their field site, 

but the Onderdownes Wes designation may represent 

a nongazetted outlier to the main farm complex.

Taxa: Macroscelides; Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys, Rhabdomys, Myotomys, Cryptomys; Rhinolophus; Cynictis, Otocyon, Ictonyx; Raphicerus.

Carnarvon, 1 1/2 mi [2.4 km] E, Cape Province 

(Map 20: 723).

Coordinates: 30°58′S, 22°09′E M (WAC, Upper Orange 

River, 1:1,000,000).

Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. 

Pretorius (16–19 Aug 1969). 

Habitat: “Flat sandy areas alongside dry river bed with 

typical semi dense karooveld (small bush)” (JJLP).

Remarks: The AMP party pitched camp on the municipal 

grounds to the east of Carnarvon (30°57′S, 22°08′E 

G), probably along the dry Carnarvon River bed.

Taxa: Macroscelides; Gerbillurus, Rhabdomys; Ictonyx.

Carter’s Ridge, 1 mi [1.6 km] W Kimberly, Cape 

Province (Map 20: 685).

Coordinates: 28°46′S, 24°44′E G.

Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. 

Pretorius (30 Apr–1 May 1969). 

Habitat: “The habitat consists of karoo shrubs (‘drought 

resistant’) and grass with scattered large thorn trees 

(mimosas) and hardly any other shrubs. The area is 

mostly a red sandy soil with a few limestone ridges 

breaking through with only one single rocky outcrop” 

(JJLP).

Remarks: The AMP crew set up camp about 2 mi [3.2 

km] to the west of the center of the Kimberly, on a 

farm called Carter’s Ridge and just opposite the city’s 

drive-in theater.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Xerus, Micaelamys, Hystrix; Lepus; 

Raphicerus.

Clanwilliam, 2 mi [3.2 km] N, Cape Province 

(Map 20: 718).

Coordinates: 32°09′S, 18°54′E M (WAC, Cape of Good 

Hope, 1:1,000,000).

Collectors: P. J. Geldenhuys and A. C. Risser (18–20 Dec 

1963).

Habitat: “Under branches in [vineyard],” “grass between 

river and orange grove” (specimen labels).

Remarks: Geldenhuys and Risser collected simultaneously 

at this locality, just north of Clanwilliam (32°11′S, 

18°54′E G), while based at Pakhuis Pass (18–22 Dec). 

We extracted the locality data from specimens as 

there is no mention of this locality in field journals. 

The river referred to is, likely, the Olifants.

Taxa: Mus, Rhabdomys, Otomys.

Coloniesplaats, 28 mi [45.1 km] N Graaff-Reinet, Cape 

Province (Map 20: 750).

Coordinates: 31°59′S, 24°48′E G.

Collectors: T. A. Heist and A. C. Risser (13–16 Feb 

1964). 

Habitat: “Camp in a poplar grove . . . primarily a sheep 

ranch . . . pasture . . . rock ridge . . . river which runs 

through the farm” (TAH). “Karoo scrub, but is unique 

in that there is a permanent water source, the river causing a vlei area and plenty of rocky outcroppings. Some 

planting has been done on the 8,000 morgen [16,960 

acres; 6,863 ha] farm—stands of poplar which make a 

protective row. Also planted was wheat, mealie [corn], 

lucern [alfalfa]. They graze cattle in the vlei area and 

sheep roam the rest of the land. A variety of habitats in 

this location. River bordered with cane [reeds]” (ACR).

Remarks: The position of a Koloniesplaats found on a 

topographic map (31°59′S, 24°47′E; AMS, Natal, 

1:2,000,000) nearly matches the USBGN coordinates. 

Risser salvaged a road-killed Ictonyx about 30 mi

[48.3 km] N Graaff-Reinet.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Xerus, Saccostomus, Malacothrix, 

Mystromys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Rhabdomys, 

Otomys, Pedetes; Lepus; Crocidura; Neoromicia; 

Cynictis, Ictonyx.

Commisiondrift, 10 mi [16.1 km] SW Rustenburg, 

Transvaal (Map 20: 692).

Coordinates: 25°48′S, 27°15′E G (as Olifantsnekdam; see 

Remarks).

Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. 

Pretorius (10–13 Apr 1969).

Habitat: “Typical semitropical with thick bush and trees 

. . . high hills with rocks and grass and cliffs on the 
2 6 0 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

one side. The other is thick tree, brush and grassland 

with open areas in between . . . wide cave opening 

about 3 yards [2.7 m] deep . . . high rocky hills . . . 

stream below the dam wall. The hills are covered with 

grass, trees and scrub with large and steep bare rocky 

patches in between” (JJLP).

Remarks: The locality coordinates are for the reservoir 

Commissie Drift (or its USBGN standard name, 

“Olifantsnekdam”) and closely agree with a distance 

measured by road from Rustenburg (direction more S 

than SW). According to the FAO map, the stream referenced in Habitat is the Hex. The AMP crew camped 

on the southwestern bank of the Commisiondrift Dam 

along the main road to Johannesburg.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Procavia; Mastomys, Micaelamys; 

Tadarida, Eptesicus, Glauconycteris; Redunca.

Cradock, 8 mi [12.9 km] N, Cape Province 

(Map 20: 752).

Coordinates: 32°04′S, 25°35′E M (WAC, Algoa Bay, 

1:1,000,000; ONC, Sheet R-4, 1:1,000,000).

Collector: A. V. W. Lambrechts (29 Mar–3 Apr, 28–31 

Aug 1968).

Habitat: “Very little grass, due to the drought . . . no 

grass at all [emphasis in original] only scattered karoo 

shrubs plus scattered rocks. Disused cultivated lands” 

(AVWL, Mar). “[Grazing of] sheep. The vegetation on 

both banks is almost nonexistent due to the drought. 

Even the drought resistant karoo shrub seems to have 

died out . . . fresh rodent signs are along the river’s 

banks (riverine shrub) and on the rocky outcrops, 

where there is still some grass left . . . barren ground 

strewn with rocks and stones” (AVWL, Aug).

Remarks: Arriving at Cradock (32°11′S, 25°37′E G), 

Lambrechts took the Cradock–Hofmeyer (Hofmeyr 

G) road out of town and camped along the east bank 

of the Great Fish River, about 2 mi [3.2 km] east of 

the Marlow Agricultural School. During his stay, 

Lambrechts surveyed both the east and west banks of 

the river.

Taxa: Elephantulus, Macroscelides; Xerus, Saccostomus, 

Malacothrix, Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Aethomys, 

Mastomys, Mus, Rhabdomys, Myotomys; Galerella, 

Suricata.

Davel [0.8 km E], 12 mi [19.3 km] NW Ermelo, 

Transvaal (Map 20: 738).

Coordinates: 26°27′S, 29°40′E G.

Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. 

Pretorius (22 Feb–1 Mar 1969).

Habitat: “Highveld grass—sunflower lands and mealie 

[corn] lands . . . marshy ground” (JJLP).

Remarks: Davel is located 20 mi [32.2 km] west-­northwest 

of Ermelo, which does not agree with the distance indicated in the locality description. Because Davel is 

cited as the locality on most, though not all, specimen 

labels, we employed its USBGN coordinates rather 

than a map estimate for 12 mi NW Ermelo. The actual 

location of camp, as relayed in Pretorius’ field journal, 

was about a 0.5 mi [0.8 km] east of Davel.

Taxa: Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Mus, Rattus, Rhabdomys, 

Otomys, Pedetes; Lepus; Atelerix; Cynictis, Vulpes.

Dealesville, 9 mi [14.5 km] N, Baden Baden, Orange Free 

State (Map 20: 732).

Coordinates: 28°33′S, 25°46′E M (WAC, Upper Orange 

River, 1:1,000,000).

Collectors: P. J. Geldenhuys, A. F. Hallett, T. A. Heist, 

and A. C. Risser (21 Mar 1964).

Habitat: “Heavily grazed scrub, some erosion . . . a spring 

which supplies water . . . flat country, some cultivated” (ACR).

Remarks: The team collected on the Baden Baden Farm 

north of Dealesville (28°40′S, 25°46′E G) while 

camped at Glen (17–22 Mar). Cited coordinates were 

estimated by road from Dealesville.

Taxa: Mystromys, Gerbilliscus, Mus.

DeHoop, 17 mi [27.3 km] NNE Beaufort West, Cape 

Province (Map 20: 747).

Coordinates: 32°09′S, 22°44′E G.

Collectors: P. J. Geldenhuys and A. C. Risser (25–29 Jan 

1964).

Habitat: “Habitat is karoo scrub and rocky mountains . . . 

rocky hillsides . . . swimming pool and water reservoir 

. . . vlei where the vegetation is tall grass, dense weeds 

and acacia thickets. Soil is hard packed and cracking 

like a mud flat” (ACR).

Remarks: In his journal, Risser inexplicably located the 

DeHoop Farm about 19 mi [30.6 km] NW Beaufort 

West, but this direction conflicts with the standard locality as recorded in field catalogs and on specimen 

labels. Moreover, coordinates derived from laying 

out the by-road distance northeast of Beaufort West 

(32°21′S, 22°35′E G) exactly match one of several 

farms named DeHoop listed in the USBGN.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Procavia; Desmodillus, Mastomys, 

Micaelamys, Mus, Rhabdomys, Myotomys; Lepus, 

Pronolagus; Crocidura; Tadarida, Neoromicia, 

Miniopterus.
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 6 1

Dikbaardskolk, 3 mi [4.8 km] N, Kalahari-Gemsbok 

National Park, Cape Province (Map 20: 637).

Coordinates: 25°43′S, 20°42′E M (CDSM, Nossob, 

1:250,000).

Collectors: A. V. W. Lambrechts and H. W. Setzer (29 

Nov 1968). 

Habitat: No information available.

Remarks: An Oryx was collected at this locality en route 

to their camp at 5 mi N Kameelsleep. In his journal, 

Lambrechts recorded that they were 1.5 mi [2.4 km] 

north of the Dikbaardskolk borehole (spring; 25°45′S, 

20°42′E G).

Taxon: Oryx.

Douglas, 10 mi [16.1 km] S, Cape Province (Map 20: 684).

Coordinates: 29°12′S, 23°42′E M (WAC, Upper Orange 

River, 1:1,000,000).

Collector: A. V. W. Lambrechts (12–17 May, 14–17 Oct 

1968). 

Habitat: “Amongst thorn shrubs, with scattered rocks . . . 

There is plenty of cover, sandy ground and also rocks, 

plus enough grass” (AVWL, May). “The vegetation 

on the north bank is approximately the same as before, while on the south bank it has been grazed constantly and is therefore more sparse” (AVWL, Oct).

Remarks: Lambrechts traveled south of Douglas (29°04′S, 

23°46′E G) along the Douglas–Prieska road and established camp on the south bank of the Orange River. 

He further localized his site as about 200 yards [182.9 

m] east of the bridge and about 100 yards [91.4 m] 

east of a weir in the river. Both the north and the 

south banks of the Orange River were surveyed during his visits.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Rhabdomys, 

Pedetes; Felis, Proteles, Otocyon, Vulpes, Ictonyx.

Drakensberg Garden(s), 2 mi [3.2 km] N, Natal 

(Map 20: 766).

Coordinates: 29°43′S, 29°15′E M (WAC, Drakensberg, 

1:1,000,000; TPC, Sheet Q-5D, 1:500,000).

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite, I. L. Rautenbach, and 

A. R. Silberstein (7–9 Jul 1966). 

Habitat: “Most of the grass in the vicinity had been burnt, 

but a patch of grass with big bushes about 100 yards [91 

m] wide and a little more than a mile [1.6 km] long has 

been left between the two courses of the river . . . but in 

the valley, between the two courses of the river, the grass 

is thick and quite long with scattered bushes” (RDH).

Remarks: Coordinates are based upon azimuth and range 

from Drakensberg Garden (29°45′S, 29°15′E G). The 

river mentioned above is one of the many upper tributaries in the Drakensberg Mountains that feed into the 

Mzimkulu River.

Taxa: Rhabdomys, Otomys, Cryptomys; Crocidura, 

Myosorex.

Drakensberg Garden(s) Hotel, 2 mi [3.2 km] W, Natal 

(Map 20: 765).

Coordinates: 29°45′S, 29°13′E M (WAC, Drakensberg, 

1:1,000,000; TPC, Sheet Q-5D, 1:500,000).

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (11–14 Jan 1966).

Habitat: “Grassy hillside,” “grassy plain,” “short grass,” 

“long grass,” “grassy riverside,” “grassy vlei,” “between trees on bare hill,” “grassy embankment,” “river 

bed,” “river bank,” “rock crevice” (specimen labels).

Remarks: Coordinates are based upon azimuth and range 

from Drakensberg Garden Hotel (29°45′S, 29°15′E G), 

which according to the USBGN, has the same coordinates as those for Drakensberg Garden. The elevation 

given in Liversedge’s journal is 6,500 ft [1,980 m].

Taxa: Graphiurus, Rhabdomys, Otomys, Cryptomys; 

Crocidura, Myosorex.

Ellisras, 5 mi [8.0 km] NE, Nieman’s Farm, Transvaal 

(Map 20: 661).

Coordinates: 23°36′S, 27°47′E M (WAC, Shashi River, 

1:1,000,000; Acocks, Veld Types of South Africa, 

1:1,500,000).

Collectors: R. E. Cole, A. L. Moore, and A. C. Risser (24–

28 Aug 1963). 

Habitat: “Old cultivated mealie [corn] field now with 

cattle on it, cane grass and white thorn (bushes and 

trees) adjoining the river . . . bush (all ‘catclaw’) . . . 

Dense thornbush country . . . junction of the two rivers [Figure 135] . . . pond near house” (ACR). “Open 

field . . . dominant vegetation is cane grass and acacia 

. . . close to farm house in thorn bush habitat. Cattle 

grazing in grass stubble” (REC).

Remarks: According to their journals, Cole and Risser 

camped on Nieman’s Farm (sometimes misspelled as 

“Neiman”), near the junction of the Mogol and Tambuti rivers. Because the name of the farm does not appear on specimen labels we examined and no plausible 

USBGN entry exists for the region, we adopted a mapbased estimate relative to Elliras (23°40′S, 27°44′E G) 

and the river junction. The names of the rivers appear 

on only a few skin tags. Cole indicated that the native name for the Mogol is Mokopo, and both variations appear on maps (Mogol per WAC, Shashi River, 

1:1,000,000; Mokopo per ONC, P-4, 1:1,000,000). 
2 6 2 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

The Tambuti is spelled as Tambotie on one map (Acocks, Veld Types of South Africa, 1:1,500,000) and 

as Tambotierivier in the USBGN. The Tambuti flows 

northwesterly and joins the Mogol approximately 5 

mi [8 km] northeast of Ellisras.

Taxa: Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Micaelamys; 

Lepus; Neoromicia.

Eshowe, 6 mi [9.7 km] E, Zululand, Natal (Map 20: 781).

Coordinates: 28°50′S, 31°32′E M (WAC, Drakensberg, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: J. E. W. Dixon, T. A. Heist, G. R. Hughes, and 

A. C. Risser (17–21 Apr 1964).

Habitat: “Primarily a sugar cane plantation and the rolling steep hills are covered with cane, with interspersed 

Figure 135. South Africa, Ellisras, 5 mi NE: Area near junction of the Mogol and Tambuti rivers (photograph by A. C. Risser, Aug 1963).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 6 3

patches of natural Lantana and Mimosa bush which 

gets very dense in places . . . kikuyu grass . . . riverine 

bush . . . black sandy soil by a cane field . . . dense 

riverine bush . . . banana plants . . . gum tree break 

row” (ACR).

Remarks: The AMP crew camped on a sugar cane plantation called Buxton (owned or operated by Ronnie and 

Maureen Lloyd), which appears on most but not all 

skin labels, to the east of Eshowe (28°53′S, 31°28′E 

G). Our by-road interpretation indicates a northeast 

compass bearing. Risser’s journal entry for 20 Apr 

records that Dixon and Hughes collected in the evergreen forest of the Ngoye Forest Reserve (plateau; 

28°50′S, 31°40′E G). Also on that date, Dixon collected three Lepus saxatilis from Papama, 15 mi [24.1 

km] E Eshowe. Papama was not found in any of our 

cartographic resources.

Taxa: Amblysomus; Chlorocebus; Paraxerus, Aethomys, 

Mastomys, Cryptomys, Thryonomys; Lepus; Crocidura, Myosorex.

Fort Hartley, 10 mi [16.1 km] NE Quthing, [Lesotho] 

(Map 20: 761).

Coordinates: 30°20′S, 27°45′E G.

Collector: A. V. W. Lambrechts (11–13 Mar 1968).

Habitat: “Both survey lines [north and south banks] . . . 

extremely rocky mountains . . . Bantu hut . . . native 

kraal”

Remarks: Lambrechts camped on the south bank of the 

Orange River “about 10 miles [16.1 km] from where 

we turned off at Quthing and about 0.5 miles [0.8 

km] west-northwest of the Fort Hartley store” and 

collected on both sides of the river.

Taxa: Aethomys, Mastomys, Mus, Rattus, Rhabdomys; 

Neoromicia.

Fountains, 5 mi [8.0 km] S Pretoria, Transvaal 

(Map 20: 699).

Coordinates: 25°47′S, 28°11′E G (as Fonteine Rail Station).

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and T. N. Liversedge (21 

Sep–9 Oct, 19–22 Oct 1965).

Habitat: No information available.

Remarks: Hepplewhite and Liversedge collected together 

in Sep and Oct 1965 and identified their specimens 

with “HL” field numbers (presumably for Hepplewhite-Liversedge, but found in Liversedge’s field catalog). This locality is given as “5 mi S Pretoria” in the 

field catalog, but most specimen labels lack the 5-mi-S 

modifier and bear only “Fountains” as the locality. 

Other label variations include Fountains Valley, South 

Fountains, South Fountains Valley, 2 mi [3.2 km] S 

Fountains, Hennops River, and Lukas Ridge.

Taxa: Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, 

Rhabdomys, Otomys, Cryptomys; Rhinolophus, Nycteris, Miniopterus; Poecilogale.

Frankfort, 9 mi [14.5 km] N, Sandspruit (or Sandfontein), 

Orange Free State (Map 20: 735).

Coordinates: 27°14′S, 28°25′E M (WAC, Vaal River, 

1:1,000,000; ONC, Sheet Q-5, 1:1,000,000).

Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. 

Pretorius (10–12 Mar 1969). 

Habitat: “The habitat changes from marshy areas to cultivated lands with grass in between and a few flat rocky 

hills . . . willow trees” (JJLP).

Remarks: Pretorius recorded that the AMP team set up 

camp on the Sandfontein Farm, along the west bank 

of the Wilge River. However, he used Sandspruit as 

the farm name on specimen labels. By either name, 

we could not convincingly locate a farm among the 

many listed by the USBGN and so relied upon a byroad approximation in relation to Frankfort (27°17′S, 

28°30′E G). The Wilge River flows from the southeast 

through Frankfort to the Vaal Dam reservoir to the 

northwest; their field site on the west bank thus lies 

to the northwest of Frankfort. If one literally accepts 

the azimuth and range as recorded by the collectors, 

the team must have camped on a southern tributary 

of the Vaal River.

Taxa: Mastomys, Mus, Rattus; Lepus; Raphicerus.

Gansfontein, 3 mi [4.8 km] NE [NW] Fraserburg, Cape 

Province (Map 20: 722).

Coordinates: 31°53′S, 21°28′E G.

Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. 

Pretorius (21–23 Aug 1969). 

Habitat: “Typical karooveld—sandy soil with small dried 

shrubs as well as rocky koppies and on the northern 

and eastern sides a series of mountains. The camp 

was pitched in a dry river bed surrounded by rocky 

ledges” (JJLP).

Remarks: The crew pitched camp on Gansfontein Farm 

in a dry river bed, probably a tributary of the Sout 

River. The team located their site along the Williston 

road to the northeast of Fraserburg (31°55′S, 21°31′E 

G), as evidenced on specimen tags and in field catalogs. However, the Williston road bears northwest 

from Fraserburg, not “NE.” A Gansfontein farm does 

occur about 3 mi NW Fraserburg and nearby the Williston road.
2 6 4 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Taxa: Elephantulus, Macroscelides; Micaelamys, Rhabdomys.

Giant’s Castle Game Reserve, 45 mi [72.4 km] SW 

Estcourt, 5,000 ft [1,524 m], 1,463 m, and 1,783 m, 

Natal (Map 20: 771).

Coordinates: 29°14′S, 29°29′E G.

Collectors: T. A. Heist, G. R. Hughes, and A. C. Risser (4, 

10 Apr 1964).

Habitat: “Open slope of a hillside to rocky krantzes [Figure 136] . . . stream bed [dry] . . . tall grassy-rocky 

hillside . . . kikuyu grass . . . thornvelt . . . farm buildings by haystacks and into mealie [corn] fields and 

‘tambuti’ grass” (ACR).

Remarks: The team collected at this locality on two occasions, while working at Petchaye (4 Apr) and while at 7 

mi NE Pietermaritzburg (10 Apr). George R. Hughes, 

an employee of the Natal Park Board, accompanied 

Risser and Heist during this segment of their trip and 

donated three specimens that he had earlier collected 

from this locality to the AMP.

Taxa: Chrysospalax, Amblysomus; Procavia; Dendromus, 

Cryptomys.

Glen, 15 mi [24.1 km] N Bloemfontein, Orange Free 

State (Map 20: 731).

Coordinates: 28°55′S, 26°19′E G (as Glen Agricultural 

College).

Collectors: P. J. Geldenhuys, A. F. Hallett, T. A. Heist, 

and A. C. Risser (17–22 Mar 1964).

Habitat: “Mostly grassveld with tall Bouteloua-like grass 

[grama grass] about knee deep in ungrazed areas. 

Some rocky koppies. Acacia thickets along the river 

and in isolated spots in the grassveld. Cattle and sheep 

grazing, some cultivated lands . . . gum trees . . . grass 

on the slope of a dam behind camp” (ACR).

Remarks: Risser and company established camp on an 

experimental agricultural farm bordered on the south 

Figure 136. South Africa, Giant’s Castle Game Reserve: Estcourt (photograph by A. C. Risser).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 6 5

by the Modder River. Coordinates for the Glen Agricultural College fit their description and define 

a point at an appropriate by-road distance northnortheast of Bloemfontein (29°08′S, 26°12′E G) and 

just north of the Modder River (WAC, Upper Orange 

River, 1:1,000,000). The dam noted under Habitat, 

according to the FAO, is possibly the Mazelspoort 

(29°01′S, 26°24′E M). The AMP team made a side 

trip to collect on a farm called Baden Baden at 9 mi 

N Dealesville.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Xerus, Malacothrix, Mystromys, 

Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Mus, Rhabdomys, Otomys, Pedetes; Lepus; Neoromicia; Cynictis, 

Suricata.

Goedgevonde, 43 mi [69.2 km] SW Piet Retief, Transvaal 

(Map 20: 779).

Coordinates: 27°14′S, 30°18′E G (as Goedgevonden).

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (17–

23 Jun 1966). 

Habitat: “Farm . . . high up in the Drakensberg . . . in the 

valleys there is grass about 8 inches [20 cm] long and 

at the bottom the ground is black and clayish whereas 

on the sides of the valley the ground is reddish. 

Along the sides of the hills the grass is more sparse 

and there are rocky outcrops and rocky ridges with 

shrubs growing on them. There are streams in many 

places . . . The grass is long . . . (adjacent to the turnip 

field) . . . hillside . . . among the rocks and between 

the bushes” (RDH).

Remarks: The cited coordinates define a point that is 

slightly less than the mileage recorded by the collectors 

(38 versus 43 mi) from Piet Retief (27°00′S, 30°48′E 

G), but they do identify a farm of the appropriate 

name, situated in the Drakensberg Mountains and to 

the south of the Piet Retief–Wakkerstroom road. Several Rhabdomys and Cryptomys, collected on 17 Jun, 

were labeled 43 mi [69.2 km] S Piet Retief on Goedehoop Farm. In his catalog, Hepplewhite included these 

specimens with those collected from Goedgevonde, 

but Silberstein crossed out Goedehoop and inscribed 

Goedgevonde in his catalog. The collectors obviously 

viewed the differing spellings as the same place.

Taxa: Amblysomus; Procavia; Mastomys, Micaelamys, 

Rhabdomys, Otomys, Cryptomys; Lepus; Crocidura; 

Ichneumia.

Goodhouse, Cape Province/Namibia (Map 20: 644).

Coordinates: 28°54′S, 18°15′E G.

Collector: A. V. W. Lambrechts (25–27 Jan 1969).

Habitat: “North bank [traps set] on open terrain . . . south 

bank [traps set] on mountains.”

Remarks: On 24 Jan, Lambrechts headed to Goodhouse 

and camped on a farm by that same name on the 

south bank of the Orange River. Survey work was 

conducted on both the north (in Namibia) and south 

banks of the Orange.

Taxa: Petromyscus, Micaelamys, Petromus; Rhinolophus.

Goudveld, 10 mi [16.1 km] N Knysna, Cape Province 

(Map 20: 745).

Coordinates: 33°55′S, 23°00′E G (as Goudveldbos).

Collectors: P. J. Geldenhuys and A. C. Risser (14–20 Jan 

1964). 

Habitat: “Road thru the forest [Figure 137] . . . firs . . . 

bracken ferns, sedges, heather and grasses in the 

plowed soil . . . fern heather, shrub-covered slope . . . 

virgin forest . . . in one part of the virgin forest it is 

quite open, the canopy layer shutting out the light from 

the under story. Leaf and fern and wood mold make a 

rich and deep humus on the floor. It may be that these 

fern covered slopes are where the indigenous or cultivated forest has been cleared to make way for trees 

(pines) to be planted. There is evidence of burning 

within the last five years . . . forest along the stream 

(not flowing now, but has pools) . . . borders of the 

cultivated forest” (ACR).

Remarks: The team drove to the Millwood Forest Station, “now known as Goudveld [forest]” according 

to Risser, situated more truly to the north-northwest 

of Knysna (34°02′S, 23°02′E G). Millwood Forest 

(33°52′S, 23°01′E) is also in the immediate region. 

They set up camp about 5 mi [8.0 km] from the forest station, in an abandoned house of a mining town 

(Millwood?) that was active in the 1870s.

Taxa: Amblysomus; Chlorocebus; Acomys, Grammomys, 

Mus, Myomyscus, Rhabdomys, Otomys, Cryptomys, 

Georychus; Crocidura, Myosorex; Genetta, Atilax.

Graaff-Reinet, 23 mi [37.0 km] SE, Cape Province 

(Map 20: 748).

Coordinates: 32°32′S, 24°29′E M (WAC, Algoa Bay, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: A. V. W. Lambrechts and S. J. Liversedge (17–22 

Apr 1968); A. V. W. Lambrechts (20–24 Sep 1968).

Habitat: “The Sundays River is flowing very seldom this 

near to its origin. Its ecological value is thus almost nil. 

Due to this, plus the fact that there is extensive cultivated land (from a dam in the river) on the northern 

bank, we will do no collecting on the northern bank. 
2 6 6 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

The grass vegetation for the whole area is very sparse, 

and the ground is over grazed, due to the drought” 

(AVWL, Apr). “The vegetation is still very sparse, 

with little or no grass” (AVWL, Sep).

Remarks: Lambrechts and crew sited their camp 3 road 

miles [4.8 km] southwest of Kendrew Station (32°31′S, 

24°30′E G), on the Kendrew–Marais Siding road and 

about 1 mi [1.6 km] south of the “low level” bridge 

over the Sundays (Sondags) River. Our map coordinates are based upon road miles traveled southwest 

of the local landmark Kendrew Station, which places 

their camp more to the south-southwest of GraaffReinet (32°15′S, 24°33′E G).

Taxa: Macroscelides; Saccostomus, Malacothrix, Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Mastomys, Mus, Rhabdomys, 

Pedetes, Cryptomys; Nycteris, Neoromicia, Miniopterus; Otocyon.

Grahamstown, 11 mi [17.7 km] SSW, Mosslands, Cape 

Province (Map 20: 753).

Coordinates: 33°25′S, 26°22′E M (WAC, Algoa Bay, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: T. A. Heist and A. C. Risser (19–22 Feb 1964).

Habitat: “Sheep. Lots of trees. Camped next to creek in a 

cow path” (TAH). “Rolling, heavily vegetated hills, 

steep slopes with land cut up by cultivated parts for 

Figure 137. South Africa, Goudveld: Knysna Forest; Brian Wessels (left) and Art Risser hunt for small mammals (photograph by A. C. Risser, 

Jan 1964).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 6 7

pasture and leucern [alfalfa] . . . the river about 1/4 

mile [0.4 km] below Neil’s [Neil Moss, farm owner] 

house. Vegetation is aloes, acacia, succulents and 

other shrubs which are dense along the field borders, mountain slopes and along the river . . . rocky 

shrubby outcropping that runs through a grassy pastureland” (ACR).

Remarks: On 21 and 22 Feb, specimens of jackals were 

acquired from Paarde Kraal, 10 mi [16.1 km] S Grahamstown (Grahamstown = 33°18′S, 26°32′E G).

Taxa: Mystromys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Mus, Rhabdomys, Cryptomys; Lepus, Pronolagus; Neoromicia; 

Galerella, Canis.

Groblershoop, 2 mi [3.2 km] NW, Cape Province 

(Map 20: 679).

Coordinates: 28°52′S, 21°59′E M (ONC, Sheet Q-4, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: A. V. W. Lambrechts and S. J. Liversedge (5–9 

Jun 1968); A. V. W. Lambrechts (7–11 Nov 1968).

Habitat: “The habitat on the south bank [Orange River] 

is red, sandy soil, with shrubs and scattered stones 

(pebbles). On the north bank it is sand dunes mixed 

with rocky patches” (AVWL, Nov).

Remarks: The AMP crew camped just outside of Groblershoop (28°53′S, 21°59′E G) on the north bank of the 

Orange River, about 100 yards [91.4 m] to the west of 

the bridge on the Grooblershoop–Griekwastad road.

Taxa: Elephantulus, Macroscelides; Xerus, Saccostomus, 

Malacothrix, Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Mastomys, 

Micaelamys.

Groenkloof Farm, 3 mi [4.8 km] S Wakkerstroom, Natal 

(Map 20: 778).

Coordinates: 27°24′S, 30°10′E G. 

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (25 Jan 1966).

Habitat: “Bushes and grass, hillside,” “black soil near 

bushes” (specimen labels).

Remarks: The USBGN coordinates for Groenkloof Farm 

define a point at the appropriate distance and direction 

from Wakkerstroom (27°21′S, 30°08′E G). Liversedge 

abbreviated farm as “Fm” on specimen labels.

Taxa: Rhabdomys, Cryptomys.

Groenkloof, Pretoria, Transvaal.

Coordinates: Not certainly located.

Collector: J. J. L. Pretorius (1 Apr 1969).

Habitat: No information available.

Remarks: We were unable to definitely locate a Groenkloof near Pretoria (25°45′S, 28°10′E G) on any of our 

period maps or gazetteers. However, an Internet site 

(http://myweb.absa.co.za/EFRETIEF/Ringing%20

localities.doc, accessed Jun 2006) disclosed two closely 

placed sites in the Pretoria region: Groenkloof, Jan 

Cilliers Park (25°46′S, 28°13′E), and Groenkloof N/R 

(25°47′S, 28°12′E). We have no corroborative basis for 

deciding which place is the one visited by Pretorius.

Taxon: Scotophilus.

Groot Kolk, 2 mi [3.2 km] SE, Kalahari-Gemsbok 

National Park, Cape Province (Map 20: 633).

Coordinates: 24°54′S, 20°10′E M (CDSM, Nossob, 

1:250,000).

Collectors: A. V. W. Lambrechts and H. W. Setzer (27–29 

Nov 1968). 

Habitat: “The habitat for almost the whole park area is sand 

dunes covered with shrubs, grass and camel thorn trees. 

Acacia trees occur in the dry river beds” (AVWL).

Remarks: The coordinates are based upon road miles from 

Groot Kolk as found on a topographic map.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Mus, 

Rhabdomys.

Groot Letaba (Game) Reserve, Transvaal (Map 20: 671).

Coordinates: 23°40′S, 31°25′E M (AMS, Transvaal, 

1:2,000,000).

Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. 

Pretorius (29 Oct–6 Nov 1969).

Habitat: Shugam’s Kraal: “mopane veld;” Baderoukwe: 

“dense grass;” and Zebrakop: “dense grass and 

mopane shrubs” (specimen labels).

Remarks: Our coordinates correspond to the center of a circle drawn on an AMP map, just northwest of the confluence of the Groot Letaba and Tendi rivers. USBGN 

coordinates for the Groot Letaba Game Reserve 

(Groot-Letaba Wildreservaat) are 22°44′S, 31°06′E, 

and those for Letaba Camp are 23°51′S, 31°34′E. The 

locality information on most specimen labels omits the 

modifier “Game.” In his field catalog and on specimen labels, Liversedge included Shugam’s Kraal as a 

modifier for Groot Letaba in entries for specimens collected 29–31 Oct. Similarly, Camp I is a modifier for 

specimens collected 1–3 Nov. Pretorius’ catalog coverage of Groot Letaba begins on 5 Nov and includes 

three modifiers: July’s Kraal, Baderoukwe Truin (sic, 

perhaps “Farm”), and Zebrakop, all of which are also 

found on his specimen labels. The USBGN provides the 

standardized spelling for Baderoukwe as Baderukwe, 

with two farms bearing that name in the same region 

(23°49′S, 31°03′E; 23°47′S, 31°03′E).
2 6 8 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Taxa: Elephantulus; Graphiurus, Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys; Helogale.

Gunsfontein, 15 mi [24.1 km] SSW Sutherland, Cape 

Province (Map 20: 743).

Coordinates: 32°34′S, 20°41′E G (as Gunsfontein Farm).

Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. 

Pretorius (25–28 Aug 1969).

Habitat: “In the lower ‘Roggeveld’ [Mountains]. Mainly 

rocky areas with mountains on the southwestern side 

and the vegetation consists of typical dense dry karoo 

shrubs” (JJLP).

Remarks: According to Pretorius, the AMP team camped 

on Gunsfontein Farm, which actually lies to the south, 

rather than south-southwest, of Sutherland (32°24′S, 

20°40′E G).

Taxa: Elephantulus; Petromyscus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys, Myotomys; Pelea.

Haenertsburg, 2 mi [3.2 km] E, Transvaal (Map 20: 665).

Coordinates: 23°56′S, 29°58′E M (WAC, Shashi River, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (13–

23 Oct 1966). 

Habitat: “The vlei is about 100 yards [91.4 m] across and 

used to be a dam before the present drought began. It 

is covered with bushes and short grass. The hillside is 

covered with grass where it is still in its natural state 

and with pines elsewhere. Towards the top of the hills 

there is still some natural forest with heavy undergrowth” (RDH).

Remarks: The AMP camp was set up on an unnamed farm 

about 4 mi [6.4 km] south of Woodbush, probably a reference to Woodbush Forest Reserve (23°44′S, 30°02′E 

G), and east of Haenertsburg (23°56′S, 29°57′E G).

Taxa: Amblysomus; Graphiurus, Dendromus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Mus, Rattus, Rhabdomys, Otomys; 

Myosorex.

Hardingdale, 7 mi [11.3 km] NE Pietermaritzburg, Natal 

(Map 20: 769).

Coordinates: 29°32′S, 30°24′E P (Taylor, 1998).

Collectors: T. A. Heist, G. R. Hughes, and A. C. Risser 

(9–13 Apr 1964). 

Habitat: “Rolling green hills, grassveld which is probably 

burnt over annually, mealie [corn] lands and weedy, grassy 

borders, sugar cane fields, wattle plantations. There is a 

pond below the wattle plantation . . . Tall grasses, reeds, 

Typha around pond. Everything is very damp. Tambuti 

grass along fences and motor tracks” (ACR).

Remarks: Risser and crew camped in a wattle plantation 

on the Hardingdale Farm, northeast of Pietermaritzburg (29°37′S, 30°23′E G). Taylor’s (1998) published 

coordinates agree reasonably with those (29°31′S, 

30°26′E M) we plotted on available maps. On 10 Apr, 

three specimens were obtained from Giant’s Castle 

Game Reserve.

Taxa: Amblysomus; Mastomys, Mus, Rattus, Rhabdomys, 

Cryptomys; Crocidura, Myosorex; Galerella.

Harrismith, 12 mi [19.3 km] S, Orange Free State 

(Map 20: 775).

Coordinates: 28°25′S, 29°05′E G (for Tweevlei Farm; see 

Remarks).

Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. 

Pretorius (7–11 May 1969).

Habitat: “Sandy soil with a few big rocky hills covered 

with grass and hardly any shrubs . . . cultivated lands 

. . . with a few willow trees . . . stream” (JJLP).

Remarks: Journal entries reveal that the AMP team camped 

on Tweevlei Farm. The approximate road miles traveled “along the Oliviershoek Road” yielded coordinates 

(28°26′S, 29°05′E M) that are nearly identical to USBGN 

values for Tweevlei Farm. The compass bearing of their 

field site from Harrismith is more SSE, not due S.

Taxa: Graphiurus, Mystromys, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, 

Rhabdomys, Myotomys; Proteles, Ictonyx.

Hartbeespruit, 8 mi [12.9 km] NNE Belfast, Transvaal 

(Map 20: 702).

Coordinates: 25°40′S, 30°07′E G (as Hartebeesspruit).

Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. 

Pretorius (15–18 Feb 1969). 

Habitat: “Riverine grass, reeds and rocky hills covered 

with grass” (JJLP).

Remarks: Camp was established on the Hartbeespruit 

Farm, whose USBGN coordinates are located at 

a plausible distance northeast of Belfast (25°41′S, 

30°02′E G) and off the Dullstroom road.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Graphiurus, Mastomys, Micaelamys, 

Mus, Rhabdomys; Pronolagus; Crocidura, Myosorex; 

Vulpes.

Hillside, 19 mi [30.6 km] S Aliwal North, Cape Province/

Orange Free State (Map 20: 756).

Coordinates: 30°57′S, 26°46′E G. 

Collectors: A. F. Hallett, T. A. Heist, and A. C. Risser (3–8 

Mar 1964). 

Habitat: “Karoo scrub. Red soil with termite mounds . . . 

grazing lands . . . lake bordered . . . with cottonwoods 
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 6 9

or poplars and grass with the shore line of rocky outcroppings along part. Scrub covered rocky mountain 

slopes jutting from the karoo floor” (ACR).

Remarks: The AMP crew stayed on a farm operated by 

George Montgomery, identified on some specimen labels as Hillside. The USBGN coordinates, which are 

for a Hillside village, closely approximate those based 

on a by-road map estimate relative to Aliwal North 

(30°42′S, 26°42′E G; WAC, Upper Orange River, 

1:1,000,000, and TPC, Sheet Q-5D, 1:500,000).

Taxa: Elephantulus; Procavia; Xerus, Graphiurus, Dendromus, Mystromys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Mus, 

Rattus, Rhabdomys, Otomys, Pedetes, Cryptomys; 

Lepus; Crocidura.

Hopetown, 2 mi [3.2 km] NE, Cape Province 

(Map 20: 683).

Coordinates: 29°36′S, 24°03′E M (WAC, Upper Orange 

River, 1:1,000,000).

Collector: A. V. W. Lambrechts (6–10 May, 8–12 Oct 

1968).

Habitat: “Amongst a clump of tall bluegum trees . . . south 

survey line . . . habitat covered with innumerable small 

stones and no grass and very sparse shrubs” (AVWL, 

May). “The vegetation is in a much poorer state than the 

previous time. No spring rains fell yet . . . riverine shrub 

on the south bank [of the Orange River]” (AVWL, Oct).

Remarks: From Hopetown (29°37′S, 24°05′E G), Lambrechts proceeded over the Hopetown–Kimberley road 

about 1 mi [1.6 km], turned west, and set up camp on 

the south bank of the Orange River. Both banks of the 

river were surveyed during both visits.

Taxa: Saccostomus, Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Mastomys, 

Mus, Rhabdomys, Myotomys, Cryptomys, Hystrix; 

Genetta, Galerella.

Houtbosdorp, 2 mi [3.2 km] E, Transvaal (Map 20: 667).

Coordinates: 23°50′S, 29°55′E M (ONC, Sheet P-5, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (25–

27 Oct 1966); I. L. Rautenbach and A. R. Silberstein 

(26 Jan–4 Feb 1967). 

 Habitat: “From the stream at the bottom of the valley, the 

sides rise steeply and are covered by bushes. At the top 

of the hills are the borders of the forest reserve at Woodbush and there are pines there. Further up the valley is 

an area of ‘natural’ forest but there are apple trees growing there, as it was previously an orchard” (RDH).

Remarks: On 24 Oct, the AMP crew arrived at a campsite on an unnamed farm, owned by a Mr. Houter, 

situated next to the Woodbush Forest Reserve and to 

the east of Houtbosdorp (23°47′S, 29°54′E G). The 

Mammal Division houses no field journals that cover 

the second visit to this locality.

Taxa: Heterohyrax; Cercopithecus; Dendromus, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Rattus, Rhabdomys, Otomys, Cryptomys; Myosorex; Rhinolophus, Miniopterus.

Jansenville, 8 mi [12.9 km] NE, Cape Province 

(Map 20: 749).

Coordinates: 32°51′S, 24°40′E M (WAC, Algoa Bay, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: A. V. W. Lambrechts and S. J. Liversedge (8–15 

Apr 1968); A. V. W. Lambrechts (9–13 Sep 1968). 

Habitat: “Predominant vegetation is Euphorbia shrubs or 

‘Noorsthorn’ with no grass at all. The Euphorbia grows 

to about 36 inches [91.4 cm] tall and is very dense in 

some places. It also has been very dry for the past five 

years” (AVWL, Apr). “Due to the recent rains the veld 

is in a better state than the previous time, though there 

is still almost no grass” (AVWL, Sep).

Remarks: On 8 Apr, Lambrechts and Liversedge traveled 

from Jansenville on the Gouwskraal road, arrived on 

the north bank of the Sundays (Sondags) River, and 

camped on the DeRust Farm in an area known as 

“Noorsveld.” The map coordinates, as derived from 

journal descriptions and by-road miles traveled, designate a site that lies directly north, rather than northeast, of Jansenville (32°56′S, 24°40′E G). Traveling 8 

mi [12.9 km] to the northeast would place the camp 

on a tributary of the Sundays River, not the Sundays 

proper. Both banks of the Sundays were surveyed during their Sep stay.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Chlorocebus; Saccostomus, Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Rhabdomys; Tadarida; Otocyon.

Jukskei River, Johannesburg, Transvaal (Map 20: 696).

Coordinates: 25°53′S, 27°55′E G.

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and T. N. Liversedge (19 

Sep 1965).

Habitat: No information available.

Remarks: The Jukskei River flows north from Johannesburg. No field journal entries exist for this locality.

Taxon: Atelerix.

Kameelsleep, 5 mi [8.0 km] N, Kalahari-Gemsbok 

National Park, Cape Province (Map 20: 636).

Coordinates: 25°46′S, 20°44′E M (CDSM, Nossob, 

1:250,000).
2 7 0 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Collectors: A. V. W. Lambrechts and H. W. Setzer (30 

Nov–3 Dec 1968). 

Habitat: “Dunes covered with shrubs and a fair amount 

of grass” (AVWL).

Remarks: The coordinates were based upon distance north 

of Kameelsleep Spring (25°50′S, 20°44′E G).

Taxa: Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys, Mus, Rhabdomys, Thallomys.

Kamkwa (Borehole), Aub River, Kalahari-Gemsbok 

National Park, Cape Province (Map 20: 638).

Coordinates: 26°01′S, 20°24′E G.

Collector: A. V. W. Lambrechts (11 Dec 1968).

Habitat: “Sand and grass” (specimen labels).

Remarks: Lambrechts collected here one evening while 

based at Mata Mata. Traplines were set on the Aub 

River at the junction of the Mata Mata–Twee Rivieren road and the “dunes road” that connects the Aub 

and Nossob rivers. 

Taxa: Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys, Rhabdomys.

Keimoes Island, Cape Province (Map 20: 649).

Coordinates: 28°42′S, 20°58′E G.

Collectors: A. V. W. Lambrechts and S. J. Liversedge (18–

22 Jun 1968); A. V. W. Lambrechts (6–10 Jan 1969).

Habitat: “Camping on Keimoes Island. The Orange River 

here is split into about four major and several smaller 

streams, thus forming islands. All of the islands are 

extensively cultivated. Some, like Keimoes Island, are 

several hundred morgen [in area]. Our camp is on the 

eastern part of the island, and about 1/4 mile [0.4 km] 

to the southwest of the big hill on the island’s eastern edge . . . Except for the first parts of the survey 

lines, all the trapping has been done on a mountain” 

(AVWL, Jun). “The complex of hills we are working on is in general much the same as before, though 

the grass cover seem to be somewhat more sparse . . . 

extremely rocky, and covered with drought resistant 

shrubs and grass” (AVWL, Jan).

Remarks: On 16 Jun 1968, Lambrechts and Liversedge 

set up camp on the eastern portion of Keimoes Island, 

labeling specimens collected there 2 mi [3.2 km] E 

Keimoes. “Both survey lines, due to small holdings 

and cultivation, will have to be on the island, and 

thus on the same [north] bank of the Orange.” On 

4 Jan 1969, Lambrechts camped 1 mi [1.6 km] east 

of Keimoes (town; 28°42′S, 20°58′E G) on Keimoes 

Island. Specimens that were collected on the second 

visit are labeled “Keimoes Island.”

Taxa: Desmodillus, Micaelamys.

Kilgobbin, 3 mi [4.8 km] W Dargle Station, Natal 

(Map 20: 770).

Coordinates: 29°28′S, 30°03′E P (Taylor, 1998).

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite, I. L. Rautenbach, and 

A. R. Silberstein (28 Jun–1 Jul 1966).

Habitat: “The hills are partly covered by dense undergrowth and partly by grass. The valleys are all grass 

covered and the grass is very long in places. There is a 

river in the valley in which we are camped, with rocks 

in the river . . . steep banks” (RDH).

Remarks: The team arrived at a farm west of Dargle Station 

(rail station; 29°28′S, 30°06′E G). Hepplewhite’s journal and field catalog designation for this locality reads 

“Kilgobbin Farm, Dargle District, Howick.” A few 

specimen labels also refer to Howick (29°28′S, 30°14′E 

G), in conjunction with Dargle Station and Kilgobbin 

Farm. Howick and Dargle are found on the heavily 

annotated road map that obviously accompanied the 

field team (Mobil Southern Africa, Road Map South 

Africa, Section 2, 1:2,280,000). The above coordinates, 

as taken from Taylor (1998), are for Kilgobbin Farm; 

Davis and Misonne’s (1964) coordinates for Kilgobbin 

(29°28′S, 30°07′E) are comparable.

Taxa: Amblysomus; Mastomys, Mus, Rattus, Rhabdomys, 

Otomys, Cryptomys; Myosorex.

Klaserie, 20 mi [32.3 km] N Bosbokrand, Transvaal 

(Map 20: 712).

Coordinates: 24°33′S, 31°02′E G (as Klaserie Railstation).

Collectors: S. D. Durrant, R. D. Hepplewhite, H. W. 

Setzer, and A. R. Silberstein (27–30 Sep 1966). 

Habitat: “[One hundred] yards [91.4 m] from camp is a 

dry water course with grass along the banks. From 

this [dry water course] a ridge rises which is covered 

with thorny scrub and grass on the one side and trees 

on the north side. [Two hundred] yards [182.9 m] 

south of the camp site and on the other side of a ridge 

is a fairly fast flowing river with reeds on the banks 

and grass and bushes beyond this . . . south side of the 

river bank” (RDH).

Remarks: On 28 Sep, the AMP crew went to a citrus farm 

on the north side of the railroad tracks, where they 

collected some Cryptomys.

Taxa: Saccostomus, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, 

Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Cryptomys.

Klawer, 2 mi [3.2 km] W, Cape Province (Map 20: 715).

Coordinates: 31°47′S, 18°35′E M (WAC, Lower Orange 

River, 1:1,000,000).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 7 1

Collectors: R. E. Cole, P. J. Geldenhuys, and A. C. Risser 

(17 Dec 1963). 

Habitat: “Dune edges covered with herbaceous shrubs, 

succulents” (Figure 138) (ACR).

Remarks: Before leaving their camp at 5 mi E Van Rhynsdorp, the AMP crew collected “about 15 miles [24.1 

km] away, south of the Olifants River,” between 

Klawer (31°47′S, 18°37′E G) and Vredendal (31°40′S, 

18°30′E G). At the same time, they also set traps in the 

dunes 2 miles [3.2 km] west of Vredendal according to 

Risser’s journal, but no specimens were collected here.

Taxa: Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Mus, Rhabdomys.

Kleinfontein, 20 mi [32.2 km] NE Zeerust, Transvaal 

(Map 20: 658).

Coordinates: 25°20′S, 26°09′E G.

Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. 

Pretorius (25–27 Apr 1969). 

Habitat: “Camped at foot of a series of low rocky hills 

covered with grass and other various bushveld shrubs 

and trees. On the flat areas at the foot of the hills 

there are big cultivated monkeynut lands. The ground 

structure is sandy . . . rocky hill with a plateau on top 

with sandy soil” (JJLP).

Remarks: The AMP crew established camp at Kleinfontein, 

a farm situated to east of the Zeerust–Silkaatskop road 

and to the north-northeast of Zeerust (25°32′S, 26°05′E 

G). The coordinates for the farm conform closely to 

those derived from a by-road plot relative to Zeerust.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Procavia; Paraxerus, Saccostomus, 

Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Rattus; Rhinolophus, Pipistrellus, Neoromicia; 

Genetta.

Klein Letaba (Post Office), 8 mi [12.9 km] W, Transvaal 

(Map 20: 672).

Coordinates: 23°08′S, 30°20′E M (WAC, Shashi River, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: I. L. Rautenbach and A. R. Silberstein (18–24 

Jan 1967).

Figure 138. South Africa, Klawer, 2 mi W: Vegetation on dunes (photograph by A. C. Risser, Dec 1963).
2 7 2 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Habitat: “Long grass,” “rocky hillside” (specimen labels).

Remarks: Coordinates were based upon distance from 

Klein Letaba (23°08′S, 30°27′E G).

Taxa: Saccostomus, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, 

Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus; Lepus; Crocidura.

Kluitjieskraal, 7 mi [11.3 km] SW Swellendam, Cape 

Province (Map 20: 741).

Coordinates: 34°06′S, 20°21′E G.

Collectors: P. J. Geldenhuys and A. C. Risser (5–7 Jan 

1964).

Habitat: “Trees on the river bank . . . rocky slope . . . 

covered with aloes and shrubs. Fern grassy patches here 

and there. Not 100% ground cover by any means . . . 

grassy flat (looks like a golf course fairway) . . . reeds 

near the river’s edge . . . small pool among the rocks 

and reeds” (ACR).

Remarks: The team established camp on the Kluitjieskraal 

Farm southwest of Swellendam. Originally, Risser 

recorded that their camp was on the Kluitjieskraal 

River, but at some later time, he wrote in the journal margin, “No! Camp was on [emphasis in original] 

Breede. Kluitjieskraal was nearby.” According to the 

collectors’ road mileage and direction from Swellendam (34°02′S, 20°26′E G), their itinerary would have 

crossed the Breede River and terminated in the vicinity of an unnamed tributary of the Breede. This point 

approximates the USBGN coordinates for the mouth 

of the Kluitjieskraal Stream (34°03′S, 20°21′E G) and 

the eponymous farmstead (cited above) and persuades 

us that Risser’s first assessment of their whereabouts 

is more nearly correct.

Taxa: Procavia; Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Myomyscus, 

Rhabdomys, Otomys; Lepus; Myosorex; Cynictis.

Knoffelfontein, 16 mi [25.7 km] S Luckhoff, Orange Free 

State (Map 20: 726).

Coordinates: 29°53′S, 24°50′E G.

Collectors: A. F. Hallett, T. A. Heist, and A. C. Risser 

(10–13 Mar 1964). 

Habitat: “Area is typical karoo scrub, red sandy soil and 

FLAT except for the mountains in the distance . . . 

Near the house [of the farm Knoffelfontein] is a rocky 

mountain [hillside]. At base is riparian condition with 

Acacias, reed-like grasses . . . sedges” (ACR).

Remarks: On 9 Mar, the AMP crew headed for Luckhoff 

(29°45′S, 24°47′E G) and intended to camp on the 

Knoffelfontein Farm. Unable to contact the Lubbes, 

the owners of Knoffelfontein, they settled at an overnight camp close to the Philippolis–Luckhoff road junction. The skin labels of the few specimens collected here 

read “Knoffelfontein [unspecified] miles S Luckhoff,” 

but Risser recorded the locality as “Knoffelfontein, 16 

miles south of Luckhoff” in his field catalog. Afterward, all specimens collected “16 mi S of Luckhoff” 

omit reference to the farm. The following day, the AMP 

crew retraced their route back to Luckhoff, contacted 

the Lubbes, and drove to their farm where the crew 

encamped for the balance of their stay. The distance 

traveled south of Luckhoff (per WAC, Upper Orange 

River, 1:1,000,000) would have placed the team in the 

vicinity of one USBGN-listed Knoffelfontein Farm, to 

the west of the Philippolis–Luckhoff road. Given the 

large size of the farm (5,000 morgen = 4,284 ha, or 

10,584 acres), we are uncertain how accurately its central coordinates reflect the focus of their field activity.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Procavia; Desmodillus, Mastomys, 

Micaelamys, Mus, Rhabdomys, Otomys, Pedetes, 

Cryptomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Tadarida, Neoromicia; Proteles, Otocyon.

Koegas, 10 mi [16.1 km] SE, Cape Province 

(Map 20: 681).

Coordinates: 29°24′S, 22°26′E G (for De Duinen; see Remarks).

Collector: A. V. W. Lambrechts (25–29 May, 26–30 Oct 

1968). 

Habitat: “On both sides of the river there are sand dunes, 

stretching to about 400 yards [365.8 m] from the river 

on the south bank and to about 600 yards [548.6 m] 

on the north; both running parallel to the river . . . 

mixed with rocks and small stones; that is where the 

sand dunes gradually merge with the rocky, open habitat farther from the river” (AVWL, May). “­Habitat 

. . . approximately the same [as before] . . . sand 

dunes . . . rock strewn country with shrubs and no 

grass . . . rocky hill . . . sand dunes covered with 

shrubs” (AVWL, Oct).

Remarks: On 24 May, Lambrechts headed to Koegas 

(also Koegasburg; 29°18′S, 22°21′E G) and camped 

on the south side of the Orange River. The water 

pumping station was on the other side of the river 

across from his camp. During the Oct trip, Lambrechts camped on a farm, De Duinen (The Dunes), almost exactly 10 mi via a straight line southeast of 

Koegas and on the south side of the Orange River. 

We thus adopted the farm for our coordinates of this 

locality, although neither De Duinen (De Duine per 

AMS, Upington, 1:1,000,000) or The Dunes appears 

on specimen labels.
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 7 3

Taxa: Elephantulus, Macroscelides; Saccostomus, Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Rhabdomys, Parotomys; Genetta.

Komatipoort, 2 mi [3.2 km] N, Transvaal (Map 20: 709).

Coordinates: 25°22′S, 31°57′E G (as Tenbosch; see Remarks).

Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. 

Pretorius (27 Sep–10 Oct 1969). 

Habitat: “On the banks of the Crocodile River . . . bushveld savanna on sandy soil with rocky ridges to the 

east” (JJLP).

Remarks: In his field journal, Pretorius commented that 

their base camp was located on the Tenbosch Farm, 

along the banks of the Crocodile (Krokodil) River 

and near the boundary of Kruger National Park, 

and amended the distance as 2.7 mi [4.3 km] north 

of Komatipoort (25°26′S, 31°56′E G). “Tenbosch” is 

specified as part of the locality designation in Pretorius’ field catalog, but only the 2-mi-N distance relative to Komatipoort is written on skin tags. Of the two 

Tenbosch farmsteads that occur in the vicinity, that 

cited above is closest, lies due north of Komatipoort, 

and borders the west bank of the Crocodile River. The 

straight-line distance from this Tenbosch to the center 

of town (4 mi) is slightly farther than that (2.7 mi) 

reported by Pretorius.

Taxa: Graphiurus, Saccostomus, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, 

Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, 

Mus; Crocidura; Mops, Neoromicia; Genetta.

Kosi Bay, 12 mi [19.3 km] E Maputa, Zululand, Natal 

(Map 20: 785).

Coordinates: 26°54′S, 32°52′E G.

Collectors: J. E. W. Dixon, T. A. Heist, G. R. Hughes, and 

A. C. Risser (2–8 May 1964). 

Habitat: “Coastal dune: bush, Sterlitzia, umdoni trees, 

Strychnos . . . small vlei (reeds—water, kikuyu grass). 

Cultivated fields put in by the natives—which are ever 

increasing—are slowly eating away at the natural bush. 

Aerodrome: very level, grassy area with small patches 

of bush. Mealie [corn] field, kraals and grassy hills with 

a small ‘puddle’ near by . . . banana plant . . . swamp 

forest [Figure 139] . . . Mealie and millet fields around 

with scattered small patches of bush. Mostly open, 

however . . . sandveld around their native kraals . . . 

entanglement of ferns, thorn vines, canopy trees of 

Ficus hippotomai, Mancaranga capensis, Myrica conifera, understory of Stenochlaena [tenuifolia] [giant 

vine fern] . . . Sterlityia (bird of paradise)” (ACR).

Remarks: At Ingwavuma (27°08′S, 31°59′E G), the commissioner gave permission for the party to proceed 

into the native reserve area and stay around Maputa 

(Manguzi; 26°59′S, 32°45′E G). Camp was pitched on 

the shore of Kosi Bay (Natal Parks, Kosibaai), which 

is actually northeast of Maputa. On 3 May, traplines 

were placed in the vicinity of the Maputa aerodrome

and also in Maputa itself. The following day, traps 

were set around the South African Police Station in 

Maputa, and four Chaerephon were collected from 

the General Store in Maputa.

Taxa: Calcochloris; Saccostomus, Dendromus, Steatomys, 

Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Mus, Cryptomys; 

Chaerephon, Mops, Neoromicia.

Kuruman, 6 mi [9.7 km] E, Sweethome, Cape Province 

(Map 20: 655).

Coordinates: 27°26′S, 23°33′E M (WAC, Molopo River, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (30 

Aug–2 Sep 1966). 

Habitat: “The ground is very sandy . . . with scattered 

bushes and very sparse grass” (RDH).

Remarks: On 31 Aug, the team collected a number of 

Miniopterus and Rhinolophus in The Eye (Die Oog, 

spring; 27°28′S, 23°27′E G), Kuruman Cave, from 

which the village of Kuruman (27°27′S, 23°26′E G) 

receives its water supply. Later, they visited a cave 

near a farm at 3 mi [4.8 km] E Kuruman and collected 

Rhinolophus.

Taxa: Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Rhabdomys, Pedetes,

Cryptomys; Rhinolophus, Miniopterus.

Lady Grey, 12 mi [19.3 km] SW, Cape Province 

(Map 20: 755).

Coordinates: 30°50′S, 27°05′E M (TPC, Sheet Q-5D, 

1:500,000).

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite, I. L. Rautenbach, and 

A. R. Silberstein (20–23 Jul 1966).

Habitat: “Stream lies at the bottom of an old river bed 

with sandy cliff banks. Above the river the ground is 

very flat with grass on the one side and over grazed 

land on the other. Here and there are koppies with 

rocks on them” (RDH).

Remarks: The coordinates are a by-road estimate from 

Lady Grey (30°42′S, 27°14′E G). The river mentioned 

in Habitat is probably the Bossieslaagtespruit, a tributary of the Kraai. One specimen of Lepus was labeled 

Vryuitzig, which is possibly a phonetic spelling of 

Fraaiuitzicht, a locality modifier also found on some 
2 7 4 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

specimen labels. Three specimens of Pedetes were labeled Dardinel. None of these place-names could be 

located within a wide search radius around the collectors’ distance and direction from Lady Grey.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Procavia; Xerus, Saccostomus, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Rhabdomys, Myotomys, Pedetes, 

Cryptomys; Lepus.

Lichtenburg, 22 mi [35.4 km] NNW, Transvaal 

(Map 20: 657).

Coordinates: 25°57′S, 25°55′E M (WAC, Vaal River, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. E. Cole, P. J. Geldenhuys, and H. W. Setzer 

(11–17 Oct 1963). 

Habitat: “The habitat is open to the greater extent—called 

high Veld fringe. It is grassland and acacia and quite 

a bit of volcanic rock . . . old mealie [corn] field . . . 

sedge field” (REC). “The thorn bush we are camped in 

now is called ‘sweet thorn’ . . . Another type [of thorn] 

around here grows quite close to the ground and has 

thorns that resemble a cat’s claw” (H. W. Setzer to 

Mrs. Setzer, personal communication, Oct 1963).

Remarks: The cited coordinates fall at the center of a cluster of marks located on a probable AMP field map. 

Figure 139. South Africa, Kosi Bay: Dense forest near Kosi Bay, 12 mi E Maputa (photograph by J. E. W. Dixon, May 1964).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 7 5

Although the commonly used skin-tag designation 

reads “22 mi NNW Lichtenburg,” Cole further localized their campsite as 15 mi [24.1 km] west and 12 mi 

[19.3 km] north of Lichtenburg (26°09′S, 26°10′E G) 

in his field journal. A few specimens were collected at 

peripheral sites labeled as 15 mi [24.1 km] W, 4 mi

[6.4 km] N and 15 mi [24.1 km] W, 7 mi [11.3 km] 

N Lichtenburg.

Taxa: Xerus, Dendromus, Mystromys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Pedetes; Lepus; Cynictis.

Lindley, 10 mi [16.1 km] NW, Lusthoff, Orange Free 

State (Map 20: 734).

Coordinates: 27°45′S, 27°54′E M (WAC, Vaal River, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. 

Pretorius (13–16 Mar 1969).

Habitat: “River banks, low hills with sandstone rock layers and scattered rocks, grassveld and cultivated lands. 

A good and promising variation of habitats . . . grassveld on the hills plateau” (JJLP).

Remarks: From Lindley (27°52′S, 27°55′E G), Pretorius 

and crew drove 12 mi [19.3 km] along the Lindley–

Heilbron road and camped on the Lusthoff Farm. This 

distance, from Pretorius’ field journal, does not exactly 

match the 10-mi-NW modifier as found on specimen 

labels and in Liversedge’s catalog. The river cited may 

be a tributary of the Rhenoster and Vaal rivers.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Xerus, Mystromys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Pedetes, Cryptomys.

Loeriesfontein, 6 mi [9.7 km] S, Cape Province 

(Map 20: 676).

Coordinates: 31°03′S, 19°29′E M (WAC, Lower Orange 

River, 1:1,000,000).

Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. 

Pretorius (11–14 Jun 1969). 

Habitat: “Dry river bed between high hills. The surface is 

thickly covered with shrubs and the soil changes from 

sandy to scale [sic] gravel . . . rocky side of a hill . . . 

gravel soil with shrubs . . . sandy soil with large, loose 

boulders and various drought resistant shrubs . . . hill 

plateau” (JJLP).

Remarks: The AMP crew pitched camp on the municipal 

grounds south of Loeriesfontein (30°58′S, 19°27′E G) 

on the banks of a dry river bed, perhaps a tributary 

of the Zout River. On 13 Jun, a trapline was set on 

a rocky hillside approximately 2 mi [3.2 km] from 

camp, a site not distinguished on specimen labels.

Taxa: Elephantulus, Macroscelides; Procavia; Petromyscus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys, Rhabdomys, Myotomys, Cryptomys; Galerella.

Louisvale, 1 mi [1.6 km] N, Cape Province (Map 20: 651).

Coordinates: 28°32′S, 21°12′E M (WAC, Upper Orange 

River, 1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (25–

28 Aug 1966). 

Habitat: “The camp is on the south bank of the Orange 

River. Along the fringe of the river is a belt of trees 

but this has been cleared in places to make way for 

lucerne [alfalfa] and other crops which are grown 

in this area. There are many embankments . . . The 

sandy area under irrigation is about 1/4 mile [0.4 km] 

wide here and then comes a rocky ridge. On the other 

side of the rocky ridge the ground is almost flat and 

where it is not cultivated has low scrub and bushes. 

Our traplines entered from the river’s edge to the top 

of the rocky ridge” (RDH).

Remarks: The USBGN coordinates for Louisvale are 28°34′S, 

21°12′E. See also the locality account for Sishen.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Saccostomus, Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Rhabdomys, Thallomys; 

Sauromys, Neoromicia.

Magoebaskloof, 10 mi [16.1 km] W Tzaneen, Transvaal 

(Map 20: 666).

Coordinates: 23°52′S, 30°01′E G.

Collectors: S. D. Durrant, R. D. Hepplewhite, H. W. 

Setzer, and A. R. Silberstein (30 Sep–3 Oct 1966).

Habitat: “Camped in a valley surrounded by mixed native 

forest on the banks of the river [probably a tributary 

of the Groot Letaba] and pine and citrus trees on the 

slopes of the hills. There is a fair amount of short grass 

on the banks of the stream and in open spots” (RDH).

Taxa: Chlorocebus; Dendromus, Aethomys, Grammomys, Mastomys, Mus, Rhabdomys, Otomys, Cryptomys; Crocidura, Myosorex.

Makatini Flats, 20 mi [32.2 km] E Mkuze, Zululand, 

Natal (Map 20: 783).

Coordinates: 27°34′S, 32°12′E M (WAC, Delagoa Bay, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: J. E. W. Dixon, T. A. Heist, G. R. Hughes, and 

A. C. Risser (22–26 Apr 1964).

Habitat: “Mkuze River . . . riverine bush. Makitini Flats: 

a relatively flat area of Acacia, Themida grass. Some 

areas are dense bush. Grass is about 2 feet [0.6 m] 

high except where there are burned areas . . . red soil 
2 7 6 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

burned area . . . Thickets of thorns (Euphorbia) and 

Entamboti [sic?] trees” (ACR).

Remarks: The crew camped near the Mkuze River in the 

Mkuze Game Reserve (27°38′S, 32°15′E G) to the east 

of Mkuze. Our by-road estimate of Makatini Flats, 

which emphasizes the distance relative to Mkuze and 

the Mkuze River, differs from those given by other 

authorities (27°15′S, 32°13′E G; 27°25′S, 32°08′E, 

Taylor, 1998). Bats were collected by T. C. Henry 

(Heist’s catalog) at the Mkuze Game Reserve Headquarters. On 24 Apr, Risser noted that a trapline was 

set in the rocky area at the other side of the game reserve but failed to mention the distance and direction 

from camp. On 25 and 26 Apr, Dixon and Hughes 

collected at 25 mi [40.2 km] SE Mkuze on the Nyala 

State Lands (27°56′S, 32°13′E M).

Taxa: Petrodromus; Chlorocebus; Saccostomus, Dendromus, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, 

Cryptomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Chaerephon, Tadarida, 

Scotophilus; Ichneumia; Aepyceros.

Makhake Store, Sani Pass, Natal (Map 20: 768).

Coordinates: 29°37′S, 29°25′E G.

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite, I. L. Rautenbach, and 

A. R. Silberstein (2–6 Jul 1966).

Habitat: “From the banks of the rocky river, a gently sloping area stretching about 1/3 mile [0.5 km] on either 

side, is covered with grass with patches of bramble and 

bushes here and there. Beyond this point the ground 

begins to rise steeply into hills which soon tower 

above. The hills are fairly rocky with protea bushes 

quite common and a certain amount of undergrowth 

in the gullies. There is also a more or less continuous 

strip of bush directly alongside the river . . . garden” 

(RDH).

Remarks: The rocky river cited in Habitat is probably a 

reference to the Mkomazi drainage basin.

Taxa: Amblysomus; Dendromus, Mastomys, Mus, Rattus, 

Rhabdomys, Otomys; Myosorex.

Malelane, 7 mi [11.3 km] SW, Transvaal (Map 20: 708).

Coordinates: 25°32′S, 31°24′E M (WAC, Delagoa Bay, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: I. L. Rautenbach and A. R. Silberstein (24 

Nov–4 Dec 1966).

Habitat: “Mine . . . high grass” (ARS).

Remarks: Rautenbach and Silberstein camped on an unnamed farm near Malelane (also as Majelane on 

maps; 25°29′S, 31°31′E G). On 28 Nov, they went to 

Louis Creek, (25°38′S, 31°17′E G, as Louw’s Creek) 

to net bats.

Taxa: Saccostomus, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, 

Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus; Lepus; Rhinolophus, 

Miniopterus; Genetta.

Mariazell Mission, Matatiele District, Cape Province 

(Map 20: 762).

Coordinates: 30°18′S, 28°22′E G (as Maria Zell Mission).

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (15–17 Jan 1966).

Habitat: “Heavy undergrowth and rocks,” “undergrowth 

and grass,” “short grass and bushes” (specimen labels).

Remarks: The town of Mariazell in Cape Province lies 

approximately 40 km west of Matatiele (30°20′S, 

28°48′E G).

Taxa: Graphiurus, Rhabdomys; Myosorex.

Mariepskop Forest Reserve, Transvaal (Map 20: 710).

Coordinates: 24°35′S, 30°53′E G (as Mariepskop Bosreserwe).

Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, and A. L. Moore 

(3–7 Dec 1964). 

Habitat: “River . . . wet vlei” (RMD).

Remarks: The AMP team reported an elevation of about 

4,500 ft [1,370 m].

Taxa: Dendromus, Mastomys, Rhabdomys; Myosorex.

Mariepskop Mountain, Transvaal (Map 20: 711).

Coordinates: 24°32′S, 30°52′E G.

Collectors: I. L. Rautenbach and A. R. Silberstein (17–18 

Dec 1966).

Habitat: No information available.

Remarks: The collectors received permission to trap on the 

top of Mariepskop Mountain and located their camp a 

few miles below the peak. All specimens collected at this 

locality were preserved in fluid, presumably because of 

the persistent rains. On 17 Dec, Rautenbach shot two 

vervets (Cercopithecus); however, the skulls were lost, 

and none were accessioned into the NMNH.

Taxa: Mastomys, Otomys; Epomophorus, Neoromicia.

Mata Mata, Aub River, Kalahari-Gemsbok National 

Park, Cape Province (Map 20: 635).

Coordinates: 25°46′S, 20°01′E G.

Collector: A. V. W. Lambrechts (9–12 Dec 1968). 

Habitat: “Sand dunes. Sand and shrubs” (AVWL).

Remarks: While camped at Mata Mata, Lambrechts also 

collected (11 Dec) at Kamkwa (Borehole).

Taxa: Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Rhabdomys, Parotomys.
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 7 7

Modderfontein, 2 mi [3.2 km] N Deelfontein, Cape 

Province (Map 20: 724).

Coordinates: 30°57′S, 23°47′E G.

Collectors: P. J. Geldenhuys and A. C. Risser (30 Jan–2 

Feb 1964). 

Habitat: “Open vlei . . . karoo . . . camp is under the willows by a small lake . . . rocky hillside . . . bamboo 

clumps . . . large pond . . . .” (ACR).

Remarks: Geldenhuys and Risser established their campsite on Modderfontein, a farm whose ownership Risser 

alternately attributed to a Mr. DeBeers or De Jagers.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Xerus, Malacothrix, Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Mus, Myomyscus, Rhabdomys, Myotomys; Crocidura; Neoromicia; Suricata.

Modderfontein, 7 mi [11.3 km] W Springbok, Cape 

Province (Map 20: 643).

Coordinates: 29°41′S, 17°48′E G.

Collectors: R. E. Cole, P. J. Geldenhuys, and A. C. Risser 

(6–12 Dec 1963). 

Habitat: “Crystal clear spring water, rocky kopjes [Figure 

140], rocky mountain slopes covered with tree aloes, 

Figure 140. South Africa, Modderfontein: Rocky kopje on Modderfontein Farm, 7 mi W Springbok. Procavia and Lepus habitat (photograph by A. C. Risser, Dec 1963).
2 7 8 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

succulents and deciduous shrubs. Some euphorbias . . . 

cultivated lands—mostly wheat . . . rocky, succulent 

covered hillside . . . fresh water ponds . . . old wheat 

fields . . . acacias” (Figure 141) (ACR). Risser sketched 

a map in his journal that also depicts sand dunes.

Remarks: The coordinates cited for Modderfontein farm 

compare favorably with those based upon by-road 

miles traveled west of Springbok (29°40′S, 17°53′E 

G). The team established camp about 0.5 mi [0.8 km] 

from the farm house under a large stand of acacias 

and next to a small, dry stream bed, probably a tributary of the Buffels River. On 7 Dec, Geldenhuys collected Rhabdomys from scrub along a water course 1 

mi [1.6 km] S Springbok. On 8 Dec, they hunted in 

the rocks (kopjes and canyon) about 1 mi [1.6 km] 

west of the farm house and collected a Pronolagus and 

a Procavia. Between 10 and 12 Dec, specimens were 

also collected at the Aerodrome (29°42′S, 17°57′E G), 

4 mi [6.4 km] ESE Springbok. Another locality variant includes 8 mi [12.9 km] W Springbok. Another 

variant in Geldenhuys’ field catalog is 6 mi [9.7 km] 

W, which is contradicted by the locality indicated on 

specimen labels as “7 mi W.” In contrast to the rest of 

his handwritten catalog, the section between 29 Nov 

1963 and 2 Feb 1964 is typewritten and does not appear to be a primary source of data.

Figure 141. South Africa, Modderfontein: Trappers work near Springbok (photograph by A. C. Risser, Dec 1963).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 7 9

Taxa: Chrysochloris; Elephantulus, Macroscelides; Procavia; Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Mus, Rhabdomys, Myotomys, Parotomys, 

Petromus; Lepus, Pronolagus; Crocidura; Sauromys, 

Tadarida, Neoromicia, Cistugo.

Montagu, 4 mi [6.4 km] W, Cape Province (Map 20: 740).

Coordinates: 33°49′S, 20°05′E M (ONC, Sheet R-4, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. 

Pretorius (4–8 Sep 1969). 

Habitat: “High mountains [Langeberg Mountains] on our 

eastern side with uneven area extending from there 

towards and past our camp. There is also a river [tributary of the Breede?] flowing past the camp . . . The 

vegetation along the river consists of thick reeds as 

well as thorn trees and in the sandy areas along the 

river banks . . . On the uneven areas vegetation consists of small shrubs and succulents, whereas the nature of the soil is more rocky” (JJLP).

Remarks: Camp was established on the municipal grounds 

to the west of Montagu (33°47′S, 20°07′E G) and near 

the Aston road (sic; Ashton G). Our estimated coordinates plot more to the southwest of the town.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Micaelamys, Mus, Myomyscus, 

Rhabdomys, Otomys, Cryptomys; Crocidura; Atilax, 

Cynictis.

Moordrift, 7 mi [11.3 km] SW Potgietersrus, Transvaal 

(Map 20: 663).

Coordinates: 24°15′S, 28°57′E G. 

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and T. N. Liversedge (13–

16 Dec 1965). 

Habitat: “Farm . . . at the foot of a range of rocky, wellwooded hills. A river formed the boundary on one 

side of the farm. The vegetation on the flat ground 

was predominantly acacia bushes and short grass. The 

water courses were more heavily wooded and had less 

acacias. The ground was very dry . . . dry watercourse 

. . . in an acacia and grass belt dividing two peanut 

fields . . . flat floodplain of the river which was open 

except for a few thorn trees and sparsely covered with 

short grass” (TNL).

Remarks: The coordinates cited are for Moordrift Farm, 

where Hepplewhite and Liversedge camped and which 

favorably correspond to those (24°16′S, 28°58′E M, 

WAC, Vaal River, 1:1,000,000) derived from mileage 

relative to Potgietersrus (24°11′S, 29°01′E G). The 

river and flood plain noted in the habitat description 

is probably the Nyl River.

Taxa: Saccostomus, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, 

Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Mus, Rattus, 

Pedetes; Lepus; Genetta, Ichneumia, Ictonyx.

Mosselbaai, 9 mi [14.5 km] N, Klein Brakrivier, Cape 

Province (Map 20: 744).

Coordinates: 34°03′S, 22°08′E G (for Rooineuwel Farm; 

see Remarks).

Collectors: P. J. Geldenhuys and A. C. Risser (8–12 Jan 

1964).

Habitat: “The banks are heavily vegetated with Port Jackson 

willow, acacia, black wattle trees, reeds and grass fern 

pines and flowering blue gums. Our camp is on a grassysucculent opening . . . dairy farm . . . old wheat stubble 

field now grown over slightly with weeds . . . grassbush-tree borders to the cultivated land” (ACR).

Remarks: Geldenhuys and Risser camped at Rooineuwel Farm, a farm not mentioned on specimen labels. 

USBGN coordinates of the farm concord with those 

derived from plotting mileage on available maps relative to Mosselbaai (34°11′S, 22°08′E G). The Klein 

Brakrivier flows through the Rooineuwel farmstead.

Taxa: Procavia; Dendromus, Gerbilliscus, Mus, Rattus, 

Rhabdomys, Otomys, Bathyergus, Hystrix; Crocidura, 

Myosorex.

Ndumu Game Reserve boundary, Zululand, Natal 

(Map 20: 784).

Coordinates: 26°52′S, 32°15′E G.

Collectors: J. E. W. Dixon and A. C. Risser (10 May 1964).

Habitat: “Good sections of dense riverine forest [Figure 

142] (Ficus sycomorus), Mahemaan [sic] bush (composed of thicket forest, fever trees) and the sand forest 

composed of Newtonia clistanthis [sic] and Euphorbia sp. Most of the canopy trees have Usnea barbata

(old man’s beard)” (ACR).

Remarks: The companions traveled to the lowveld of 

the Ndumu Game Reserve, whose northern boundary with Mozambique is formed by the Usutu River. 

Risser characterized the region as transitional. Several 

Aethomys collected by Risser also bear the locality 

modifier near Pongolo River.

Taxa: Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Grammomys.

Nelspruit, 4 mi [6.4 km] E, 2 mi [3.2 km] S, Transvaal 

(Map 20: 707).

Coordinates: 25°29′S, 31°03′E M (WAC, Vaal River and 

Delagoa Bay, 1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite, H. W. Setzer, and A. R. 

Silberstein (23–26 Sep 1966). 
2 8 0 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Habitat: “Lots of reeds and tall grass on the banks of 

the dam and in the vlei. The vlei lies between a number of rocky ridges above which there is a stretch of 

rocky grassland and then a series of rocky outcrops or 

low rocky hills. Scattered here and there are patches 

of natural bush and on the western side of the dam 

and about 100 yards [91.4 m] from it is a citrus 

orchard . . . a koppie about 1/4 mile [0.4 km] from 

camp” (RDH).

Remarks: Our coordinates were estimated on the basis of 

azimuth and range from Nelspruit (25°28′S, 30°58′E 

G). Camp was pitched next to a dam, probably the 

Friedenheim Dam according to the FAO, on the Crocodile Valley Citrus Estates (25°28′S, 31°02′E G).

Taxa: Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Mus; Crocidura; Neoromicia, Miniopterus.

Newcastle, 10 mi [16.1 km] S, Gardenia, Natal 

(Map 20: 777).

Coordinates: 27°53′S, 29°49′E M (WAC, Vaal River, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. 

Pretorius (19–21 May 1969). 

Habitat: “The grass is high and thick. Except for a few 

clumps of wattle trees scattered in the area there is 

hardly any other shrubs and trees except high up on the 

hillside where there are various shrubs and aloes . . . 

marshy area . . . marshy grassland . . . stream” (JJLP).

Figure 142. South Africa, Ndumu Game Reserve boundary: Riverine forest (photograph by A. C. Risser, May 1964).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 8 1

Remarks: Coordinates for Gardenia Farm, where the team 

camped, are based upon distance from Newcastle 

(27°45′S, 29°56′ G) and Pretorius’ remarks about the 

close proximity of their field site to the Newcastle–

Normandien road. Our map-derived coordinates contrast somewhat with those of Taylor (1998; 27°50′S, 

29°56′E), which do plot in a southerly direction but 

do not fall in close proximity to the aforementioned 

road.

Taxa: Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Mus; Crocidura; Rhinolophus, Miniopterus.

Newington, 7 mi [11.3 km] ENE, Transvaal 

(Map 20: 714).

Coordinates: 24°45′S, 31°25′E C.

Collectors: O. F. Graupner, J. J. L. Pretorius, and H. W. 

Setzer (16–18 Nov 1968).

Habitat: “Low veld, sandy soil” (OFG).

Remarks: The collectors’ coordinates lie approximately 

12 km NNE Newington (24°49′S, 31°17′E G).

Taxa: Galago; Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, 

Micaelamys.

Nkonkoni, 6 mi [9.7 km] N Mkuze, Zululand, Natal 

(Map 20: 782).

Coordinates: 27°32′S, 31°59′E G. 

Collectors: J. E. W. Dixon, T. A. Heist, G. R. Hughes, and 

A. C. Risser (28–30 Apr 1964). 

Habitat: “Looks very much like the west side of the Huachuca Mountains, Cochise County, [southern] Arizona 

[Figure 143]. Acacia nigrescens, a cat-claw thorn treeshrub is the dominant . . . tall grasses [Figure 144]. 

Foothills have scattered patches of dense bush . . . bush 

thickets . . . dry stream bed are on the flats . . . rocky 

mountain hillside” (ACR).

Remarks: The coordinates of Nkonkoni Farm agree with 

those derived from distance and direction (albeit more 

NNW) from Mkuze (27°37′S, 32°02′ G) as plotted 

on an AMP map (WAC, Delagoa Bay, 1:1,000,000). 

On 28 Apr, Risser and Dixon set a trapline on the 

southern slope of the Lebombo Mountains, which 

Risser described in his journal as being “very bushy 

and wet.”

Taxa: Saccostomus, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, 

Micaelamys, Mus; Crocidura.

Norvalspont, 8 mi [12.9 km] E, Orange Free State/Cape 

Province (Map 20: 728).

Coordinates: 30°35′S, 25°35′E M (WAC, Upper Orange 

River, 1:1,000,000).

Collector: A. V. W. Lambrechts (23–27 Mar, 22–26 Aug 

1968).

Habitat: “South bank . . . mainly scattered karoo shrub 

with very sparse grass. Small rocks abound . . . north 

bank . . . changes from cultivated lands to rocks with 

grass plus shrubs and scattered thornbushes. The 

habitat on both banks stays the same (small rocks 

and stones) but with more grass on the north bank” 

(AVWL, Mar).

Remarks: Camp was situated on the north bank of the 

Orange River to the east of Norvalspont (30°38′S, 

25°27′E G). The field site was about 6 mi [9.7 km] 

upstream [east] from the “new” Hendrick F. Verwoerd Dam (30°37′S, 25°30′E, FAO). As indicated by 

the dual provinces, Lambrechts collected on both the 

north and south banks of the Orange River.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Saccostomus, Malacothrix, Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Mus, Rhabdomys, Myotomys, Pedetes, Cryptomys; Tadarida; 

Genetta, Galerella, Proteles; Sylvicapra.

Nossob Camp, Kalahari-Gemsbok National Park, Cape 

Province (Map 20: 634).

Coordinates: 25°25′S, 20°36′E G.

Collector: A. V. W. Lambrechts (23–26 Nov 1968).

Habitat: “Grass and shrubs,” “shrubs and sand” (specimen labels).

Remarks: Variant specimen labels also include 1 mi [1.6 

km] N and 2 mi [3.2 km] N Nossob Camp.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Saccostomus, Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Rhabdomys, Parotomys; Neoromicia.

N’Rougas Farm, 16 mi [25.7 km] N Kenhardt, Cape 

Province (Map 20: 650).

Coordinates: 29°07′S, 21°09′E G. 

Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. 

Pretorius (1–5 Jun 1969). 

Habitat: “Although most of the area is flat and changes 

from sandy soil to gravel there is a short ridge of 

rocky hills. Vegetation consists of drought resistant 

grass and shrubs. Along the dry river bed where we 

are camping there are quite a lot—but scattered thorn 

trees” (JJLP).

Remarks: The two specimens of Otocyon collected from 

this locality bear the name of the farm as “N’Rougas,” 

whereas journal entries spell the farm as “N’Ougas.” 

A USBGN-listed farm of the former orthography does 

correspond to the distance and direction traveled from 

Kenhardt (29°21′S, 21°09′E G) and borders a small 

river, as indicated on available maps.
2 8 2 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Taxa: Elephantulus; Procavia; Xerus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys, Rhabdomys, Hystrix; Felis, Genetta, Galerella, Otocyon, Ictonyx.

Nylstroom, 4 mi [6.4 km] E, Transvaal (Map 20: 662).

Coordinates: 24°40′S, 28°28′E M (WAC, Vaal River, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and T. N. Liversedge (8–11 

Dec 1965). 

Habitat: “Strip of woodland between two ploughed lands 

. . . rocky hillside” (TNL).

Remarks: Hepplewhite and Liversedge based their camp 

on an unnamed farm east of Nylstroom (24°42′S, 

28°24′ G). The next day, they collected at Num Num

Figure 143. South Africa, Nkonkoni: George Hughes collecting trapped mammals and radioing back to camp from Lebombo Mountains, 6 

mi N Mkuze (photograph by A. C. Risser, Apr 1964).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 8 3

(24°42′S, 28°38′E G), a farm at 10 mi [16.1 km] E 

Nylstroom. Specimens were also collected at Nylstroom Town (24°42′S, 28°23′ G) and the Nylstroom 

golf course.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Paraxerus, Graphiurus, Saccostomus, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Mastomys, 

Micaelamys, Mus, Cryptomys; Scotophilus.

Pakhuis Pass, 10 mi [16.1 km] NE Clanwilliam, Cape 

Province (Map 20: 719).

Coordinates: 32°09′S, 19°02′ G (as Pakhuispas).

Collectors: R. E. Cole, P. J. Geldenhuys, A. L. Moore, and 

A. C. Risser (18–22 Dec 1963); O. F. Graupner, S. J. 

Liversedge, and J. J. L. Pretorius (15–18 Jul 1969).

Habitat: “Camp is located under some huge pines and 

there is a brook flowing behind us. Very rocky, broken 

terrain, similar in general appearance to the Chiricahua National Monument region, Arizona . . . grassy, 

unused irrigation ditch . . . vineyards . . . bush covered sand dune . . . rocky kloof . . . rocky, grassy flat 

. . . rocky, brushy (Protea dominant) area just outside 

the forest boundary. A vlei area quite moist, covered 

with juncus-sedge like plants runs partially through 

part of the trap set . . . rocky slope . . . Very dense 

vegetation and bare rocks [Figure 145]. Ferns and 

horsetails in drainage ways . . . shale rock scrub hillside . . . meadow just below the pass. This is a fairly 

large meadow bordered by rocky mountain slopes 

[Figure 146]. Ground cover is reeds, rushes, ferns, 

grass . . . two small water courses . . . Soil is sandy” 

(ACR). “The area is extremely rocky with sandy areas 

between the mountains and marshy streams” (JJLP).

Remarks: The expanded locality above matches specimen 

labels from the second AMP visit. On the first trip 

here, Cole and companions abbreviated the locality to 

read Clanwilliam, Pakhuis Pass. In his journal, Cole 

Figure 144. South Africa, Nkonkoni: Landscape north side of Lebombo Mountains (photograph by A. C. Risser).
2 8 4 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

further amplified the locality as “Pakhuis Mts., 12 mi 

[19.3 km] ENE Clanwilliam.” The USBGN coordinates jibe with Cole’s modified location of the pass 

and with our by-road determination. Several specimens were also collected by the first team at 5 mi [8.0 

km] NW Clanwilliam, 6 mi [9.7 km] N Clanwilliam 

at Kleinvlei, and 2 mi N Clanwilliam. According to a 

sketch map in Risser’s journal, Kleinvlei is, or was, a 

farm owned by a Mr. Berg.

Taxa: Chrysochloris; Elephantulus; Procavia; Acomys, 

Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys, Mus, Myomyscus, Rhabdomys, Otomys, Cryptomys, Georychus; 

Lepus; Crocidura, Myosorex; Genetta, Galerella.

Parys, 5 mi [8.0 km] ENE, Boomplaas, Orange Free State 

(Map 20: 690).

Coordinates: 26°52′S, 27°33′E M (WAC, Vaal River, 

1:1,000,000).

Figure 145. South Africa, Pakhuis Pass: Ron Cole setting steel traps in Pakhuis Mountains, 10 mi ENE Clanwilliam (photograph by A. C. 

Risser, Dec 1963).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 8 5

Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. 

Pretorius (18–20 Mar 1969). 

Habitat: “Most of the area is cultivated and the rest of 

the habitat consists of rocky outcrops and grasslands 

with scattered karoo scrub although were little in 

numbers” (JJLP).

Remarks: Pretorius and team established camp on the 

Boomplass Farm, just off the main road to Vereeniging and east-northeast of Parys (26°54′S, 27°27′E G). 

Of the many farms named Boomplaas listed by the 

USBGN, none plausibly corresponds to other available landmarks.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Malacothrix, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Mus, Rhabdomys; Crocidura.

Pella Mission, 10 mi [16.1 km] NW, Cape Province/

Namibia (Map 20: 645).

Coordinates: 28°56′S, 19°02′E M (WAC, Lower Orange 

River, 1:1,000,000).

Collector: A. V. W. Lambrechts (5–8 Jul 1968, 22–24 Jan 1969). 

Figure 146. South Africa, Pakhuis Pass: Eastern side of the Pakhuis Mountains, about 10 mi ENE Clanwilliam (photograph by A. C. Risser, 

Dec 1963).
2 8 6 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Habitat: “Extremely mountainous terrain . . . narrow, flat 

strip between the river and the mountains . . . It is 

very dry, with the vegetation sparse or non-existent. 

There is no grass at all. Even the mountains are almost 

devoid of vegetation” (AVWL, Jul).

Remarks: During his Jul visit, Lambrechts camped and collected on the south bank of the Orange River at a place 

known locally as Die Mik. According to the USBGN, 

Pella Mission is a variant name for the town of Pella 

(29°02′S, 19°09′E). Lambrechts actually labeled a few 

specimens as 8 mi [13 km] SW Pella, although this 

variant is not mentioned in his field catalog or journal. 

Both the north (Namibia) and south banks of the Orange River were surveyed during his 1969 visit.

Taxa: Graphiurus, Petromyscus, Desmodillus, Micaelamys, Petromus; Ictonyx.

Petchaye, 7 mi [11.2 km] SE Estcourt, Natal 

(Map 20: 772).

Coordinates: 29°05′S, 29°57′E P (Taylor, 1998).

Collectors: T. A. Heist and A. C. Risser (3–6 Apr 1964).

Habitat: “Rocky hillsides, open rolling pasturelands, tall 

grass vleis and banks of water catchments, thornveld, 

farm outbuildings and grown up weedy patches” 

(ACR).

Remarks: The published coordinates for Petchaye concur 

with estimates based upon mileage traveled by road 

from Estcourt (29°00′S, 29°53′E G). The farm where 

the team camped was on the east side of the Drakensberg Mountains. They trapped in a thornveld about 

9 mi [14.5 km] from Petchaye, according to Risser’s 

field journal, but this locale is not indicated in field 

catalogs or on specimen labels.

Taxa: Amblysomus; Elephantulus; Mastomys, Micaelamys, 

Rattus, Rhabdomys, Cryptomys; Crocidura.

Petrusville, 12 mi [19.3 km] W, Orange Free State/Cape 

Province (Map 20: 725).

Coordinates: 29°55′S, 24°38′E G (for Havengabrug; see 

Remarks).

Collector: A. V. W. Lambrechts (30 Apr–4 May, 2–6 Oct 

1968).

Habitat: “The south survey line runs into rocky terrain for 

its whole length. The north survey line has rocks . . . 

shrubs . . . with one small rocky hill . . . high hill. . . .” 

(AVWL, Apr–May). “The habitat is in good condition 

for this time of the year” (AVWL, Oct).

Remarks: Lambrechts camped on the old Petrusville–

Luckhoff road next to the Havenga Bridge (or Havengabrug G), which feature we used for the locality 

coordinates. Lambrechts reckoned his camp as west 

of Petrusville, but the Havenga Bridge plots more directly north of Petrusville (30°05′S, 24°39′E G).

Taxa: Elephantulus; Procavia; Saccostomus, Desmodillus, 

Gerbillurus, Aethomys, Micaelamys, Mus, Rhabdomys; Crocidura.

Philippolis, 18 mi [29.0 km] S, Orange Free State/Cape 

Province (Map 20: 727).

Coordinates: 30°30′S, 25°13′E M (WAC, Upper Orange 

River, 1:1,000,000).

Collectors: A. V. W. Lambrechts (24–28 Apr 1968); 

A. V. W. Lambrechts and S. J. Liversedge (25–30 Sep 

1968). 

Habitat: “North bank . . . abundant grass . . . pile of rocks 

. . . collected [Gerbillurus] frequently on substrate 

with a 70% rock cover . . . sandy soil” (AVWL, Apr). 

“Though no rain fell as yet, the veld is in a reasonably 

good condition” (AVWL, Sep).

Remarks: The April camp was located about 1.5 mi [2.4 

km] east of the bridge across the Orange River on the 

Philippolis–Colesberg road, where the annual Dingaan’s Day or Day of the Covenant Festival is held. 

The team set up their September camp on the north 

bank of the Orange River, about 2 mi [3.2 km] west of 

the bridge and south of Philippolis (30°16′S, 25°17′E 

G). Our coordinates relate to the April camp and the 

distance east of the bridge.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Procavia; Xerus, Saccostomus, Malacothrix, Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Rhabdomys, Pedetes, 

Cryptomys, Hystrix; Vulpes.

Pirie Trout Hatchery, 12 mi [19.3 km] NW King 

Williams Town, Cape Province (Map 20: 754).

Coordinates: 32°45′S, 27°17′E G (as The Hatchery).

Collectors: T. A. Heist and A. C. Risser (24 Feb–3 Mar 

1964).

Habitat: “Pirie forest . . . creek about 100 yards [91.4 m] 

away” (TAH). “The hatchery is situated at the edge 

of the Pirie Forest and bordering the forests and interspersed are grassy meadows [Figure 147]. Water abundant; very lush green vegetation. Wattle trees, pines, 

poplars . . . The forest is dense except in the plantation 

schemes. Not much in the way of forest floor cover but 

leaf debris and branch entanglements. Grass cover in 

the fields where no grazing has occurred is thick, sometimes waist deep. An occasional vlei or small water 

course . . . in most of the fields around the hatchery. Forest extends on up to the top of the mountains” (ACR).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 8 7

Remarks: Heist and Risser traveled north from King Williams Town (32°53′S, 27°24′E G) and then west to 

site their camp on the Pirie Trout Hatchery, situated 

along the southern edge of the Pirie Forest (32°45′S, 

27°14′E G). A forest department employee informed 

the team that the forest was more than 50 years old. 

On 3 Mar, Risser acquired two Graphiurus from the 

Kaffrarian Museum that had been held in captivity; 

associated skin labels describe their locality as King 

Williams Town area.

Taxa: Amblysomus; Graphiurus, Dendromus, Mastomys, 

Mus, Rhabdomys, Otomys, Cryptomys; Myosorex; 

Rhinolophus, Neoromicia, Miniopterus; Genetta.

Port Nolloth, 2 mi [3.2 km] S, Cape Province 

(Map 20: 641).

Coordinates: 29°17′S, 16°53′E M (WAC, Upper Orange 

River, 1:1,000,000).

Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. 

Pretorius (27 Jul 1969).

Figure 147. South Africa, Pirie Trout Hatchery (photograph by A. C. Risser, Feb 1964).
2 8 8 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Habitat: “The bush” (JJLP). “Littoral sand and shrubs” 

(specimen labels).

Taxa: Gerbillurus, Myotomys.

Port Nolloth, 5 mi [8.0 km] E, Cape Province 

(Map 20: 642).

Coordinates: 29°17′S, 16°57′E M (WAC, Lower Orange 

River, 1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. E. Cole, P. J. Geldenhuys, and A. C. Risser 

(29 Nov–4 Dec 1963). 

Habitat: “Area is covered with succulent bushes, and a 

low, thorny shrub. Soil is probably 100% sand . . . 

sand dune area . . . [covered with a] lush growth of 

succulents and Euphorbia. Also unidentified shrubs 

about waist to shoulder high” (ACR).

Remarks: Although camp was established 5 mi east of Port 

Nolloth (29°15′S, 16°52′E G), some specimens were 

also collected 5 mi ENE Port Nolloth from 2 to 4 Dec.

Taxa: Macroscelides; Saccostomus, Steatomys, Gerbillurus, Mus, Rhabdomys, Myotomys, Parotomys; Lepus; 

Crocidura.

Port St. Johns, 4 mi [6.4 km] W, Cape Province 

(Map 20: 763).

Coordinates: 31°36′S, 29°30′E M (WAC, Drakensberg, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite, I. L. Rautenbach, and 

A. R. Silberstein (14–18 Jul 1966). 

Habitat: “The country is very mountainous with trees and 

heavy undergrowth on the mountain sides. In the valleys and on the tops of the hills there are open patches 

with long grass. The rivers have a belt of trees, shrubs 

and heavy undergrowth along their banks” (RDH).

Remarks: The AMP crew received permission to camp 

and hunt in an unidentified forest reserve west of Port 

Saint Johns (31°38′S, 29°32′E G).

Taxa: Chlorocebus; Dasymys, Mastomys, Rhabdomys, 

Otomys; Crocidura, Myosorex.

Potchefstroom, 3 mi [4.8 km] ENE, Witrand, Transvaal 

(Map 20: 689).

Coordinates: 26°41′S, 27°10′E M (WAC, Vaal River, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. 

Pretorius (25–26 Mar 1969).

Habitat: “There is great variation in habitat namely cultivated lands, marshy areas, riverine scrub and grass on 

the river bank, grassland and flat rocky hills . . . rhom 

trees and scrubs [sic] and grassland . . . maize [corn] 

lands” (JJLP).

Remarks: The coordinates are based on a by-road estimate relative to Potchefstroom (26°43′S, 27°06′E 

G). Camp was established on the Witrand Farm on 

the Potchefstroom­–Pretoria road, but we could not 

locate a geographically plausible candidate among 

the several Witrand farms listed in the USGBN. The 

river noted above may be the Mooi, a tributary of 

the Vaal.

Taxa: Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Mus, Rhabdomys; Raphicerus.

Prieska, 1 mi [1.6 km] E, Cape Province (Map 20: 682).

Coordinates: 29°40′S, 22°46′E M (WAC, Upper Orange 

River, 1:1,000,000).

Collector: A. V. W. Lambrechts (19–23 May, 20–24 Oct 

1968).

Habitat: “East of Prieska . . . intensive cultivation along 

both banks of the river. To the west . . . numerous 

koppies, with large dongas in between . . . reeds . . . 

riverine forest with muddy ground . . . dense riverine 

shrub . . . open country with sandy soil, grass and 

shrubs” (AVWL, May). “North bank which is riverine shrub. On the south bank . . . riverine shrub. . . .” 

(AVWL, Oct).

Remarks: On both visits Lambrechts stayed on the municipal camp ground, in close vicinity to Prieska 

(29°40′S, 22°45′E G) and on the south bank of the 

Orange River.

Taxa: Elephantulus, Macroscelides; Saccostomus, Malacothrix, Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, 

Aethomys, Mastomys, Mus, Rhabdomys, Myotomys, Cryptomys; Cynictis.

Reddersburg, 2 mi [3.2 km] S, Orange Free State 

(Map 20: 730).

Coordinates: 29°41′S, 26°10′E M (WAC, Upper Orange 

River, 1:1,000,000).

Collectors: A. F. Hallett, T. A. Heist, and A. C. Risser (9 

Mar 1964). 

Habitat: No information available.

Remarks: En route to Luckhoff, a road-killed Cynictis was 

salvaged by Risser south-southeast of Reddersburg 

(29°39′S, 26°10′E G).

Taxon: Cynictis.

Redelinghuys, 6 mi [9.7 km] WNW, Cape Province 

(Map 20: 717).

Coordinates: 32°24′S, 18°29′E M (WAC, Cape of Good 

Hope, 1:1,000,000).

Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. 

Pretorius (10–14 Jul 1969). 
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 8 9

Habitat: “[Eighteen] mile [29.0 km] long fresh water lagoon. Except for the turfy soil on the sides of the lagoon the rest is sandy . . . shrubs and grass . . . marshy 

sides of the lagoon . . . cultivated lands and the dunes 

. . . soft sand . . . thickly vegetated areas . . . hills . . . 

swamps” (JJLP).

Remarks: From Redelinghuys (32°29′S, 18°32′E G), the 

crew traveled westerly on the road to Elandsbaai and 

found a suitable camp nearby a “lagoon,” undoubtedly part of Verlorenvlei.

Taxa: Chrysochloris; Procavia; Dendromus, Micaelamys, 

Mus, Rhabdomys, Otomys, Bathyergus, Cryptomys; 

Myosorex; Atilax, Galerella.

Rietfontein, 14 mi [22.5 km] W Williston, Cape Province 

(Map 20: 721).

Coordinates: 31°22′S, 20°43′E G (as Rietfontein Oos).

Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. 

Pretorius (22–23 Jun 1969).

Habitat: “Rocks and shrubs,” “riverine shrubs” (specimen 

labels).

Remarks: From Williston (31°21′S, 20°55′E G), the AMP 

crew drove west, along the Calvinia–Williston road, 

and camped on the Rietfontein Farm, near a tributary 

of the Sak (Zak) River.

Taxa: Macroscelides; Desmodillus, Micaelamys, Rhabdomys, Myotomys.

Rietvlei Dam, Pretoria, Transvaal (Map 20: 700).

Coordinates: 25°53′S, 28°17′E G. 

Collector: H. J. Herbert (12 Dec 1964).

Habitat: “Moist field” (HJH).

Remarks: While specimen labels refer to this locality as 

Rietvlei Dam, Herbert referred to the Rietvlei Water 

Scheme-Reserve in his catalog. The dam is on the 

Hennops River (Sesmylspruit).

Taxa: Rhabdomys, Otomys; Myosorex.

Rooiberg, 2 mi [3.2 km] W, Weinek (or Weynek), 

Transvaal (Map 20: 659).

Coordinates: 24°45′S, 27°43′E M (WAC, Vaal River, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and T. N. Liversedge (4–7 

Dec 1965). 

Habitat: “Camped between a dry stream bed and a rocky 

ridge. The vegetation is composed mainly of scattered acacia trees and short grass with occasional 

patches of low scrub and tallish grass . . . dark grey 

soil on the flats near streams . . . disused mine shafts” 

(TNL).

Remarks: Coordinates were estimated on the road that 

trends northwest from Rooiberg (24°46′S, 27°44′E G). 

On specimen labels, Hepplewhite referred to the farm 

where they camped as “Weynek,” while Liversedge 

spelled the farm “Weinek.” We could not locate such 

a farm by either spelling in the area.

Taxa: Saccostomus, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, 

Micaelamys, Mus, Pedetes, Cryptomys; Rhinolophus; 

Canis.

Rustenburg, 2 mi [3.2 km] E, Transvaal (Map 20: 693).

Coordinates: 25°40′S, 27°17′E M (WAC, Vaal River, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. E. Cole, P. J. Geldenhuys, A. L. Moore, and 

H. W. Setzer (6–11 Oct 1963). 

Habitat: “Most of the land is under orange tree cultivation but there are some grassy fields . . . water catchment . . . burned area up a rocky hillside” (REC). 

8 mi W, 2 mi S Rustenburg: “Low bush savanna” 

(REC). 8 mi W, 6 mi S Rustenburg: “Mountainous 

terrain . . . 3–4 foot [0.9–1.2 m] high grass and some 

brush including thorn bush locally known as wait-abit” (REC).

Remarks: Two other areas around Rustenburg (25°40′S, 

27°15′E G) were also collected: on 8 Oct at 8 mi [12.9 

km] W, 2 mi [3.2 km] S and on 9 Oct at 8 mi [12.9 

km] W, 6 mi [9.7 km] S.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Graphiurus, Saccostomus, Steatomys, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Otomys; Scotophilus.

Rustenburg, 5 mi [8.0 km] W, Transvaal (Map 20: 694).

Coordinates: 25°38′S, 27°09′E M (WAC, Vaal River, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and T. N. Liversedge (1–2 

Nov 1965); T. N. Liversedge (29–31 Jan 1966).

Habitat: “Rocky hillside” (specimen labels).

Taxa: Elephantulus; Paraxerus, Micaelamys; Lepus.

Rydalmont, 4 mi [6.4 km] E Witzieshoek, Orange Free 

State (Map 20: 774).

Coordinates: 28°31′S, 28°50′E G (as Rydal Mountain).

Collectors: T. A. Heist and A. C. Risser (29 Mar–1 Apr 

1964).

Habitat: “Rolling hilly grassland with numerous rocky 

outcrops especially closer to the mountains. Black 

wattle trees . . . Also some oaks. River runs nearby—

reeds and grasses on banks . . . a number of adjoining farms . . . grassy pasturelands . . . mealie [corn] 

fields” (ACR).
2 9 0 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Remarks: Our coordinates are those for a USBGN-listed 

farm named Rydal Mountain. They conform favorably to those derived from a by-road estimate relative to Witzieshoek (28°32′S, 28°48′E G) and also 

correspond to an annotation found on an AMP field 

map (WAC, Drakensberg, 1:1,000,000). The team 

traveled to Rydalmont (Figure 148), once a resort, according to Risser, and camped at the northern end of 

the Drakensberg Mountains around 5,000 ft [1,524 

m]. Witzieshoek is the European name for Phuthaditjhaba (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phuthaditjhaba, 

accessed Jul 2006), as found on a map we consulted 

(TPC, Sheet Q-5D, 1:500,000), and is situated near 

the Elands River.

Taxa: Graphiurus, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Micaelamys, 

Mus, Rattus, Rhabdomys, Cryptomys; Crocidura, 

Suncus, Myosorex.

Sani Pass, Basutoland [Lesotho]-Natal border, 9,400 ft 

[2,865 m], Natal (Map 20: 767).

Coordinates: 29°36′S, 29°18′E G.

Collector: T. N. Liversedge (8–10 Jan 1966).

Habitat: “Near rocks,” “caught among rocks” (specimen 

labels).

Taxa: Dendromus, Myotomys; Myosorex.

Sishen, near, Cape Province (Map 20: 654).

Coordinates: 27°47′S, 22°59′E G.

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (28 

Aug 1966). 

Habitat: No information available.

Remarks: On the way from Louisvale (28°34′S, 21°12′E) 

to Kuruman, Silberstein salvaged an Ictonyx at this 

locality, as written on the specimen label. However, 

his field catalog for this specimen reads 1 mile N Louisvale, presumably a lapsus for the locality they just 

departed.

Taxon: Ictonyx.

Smalhoek, 12 mi [19.3 km] W Ladysmith, Natal 

(Map 20: 776).

Coordinates: 28°34′S, 29°35′E G.

Figure 148. South Africa, Rydalmont: Trapping location, Harrismith (Apr 1964).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 9 1

Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. 

Pretorius (16–17 May 1969).

Habitat: “Half sandy soil, flat areas with streams running 

through and a few ridges—rocky hills covered with 

thick long grass, shrubs and trees” (JJLP).

Remarks: In his catalog, Liversedge originally recorded 

this locality as “12 miles NE Ladysmith, Smalhoek 

Farm.” Subsequently “NE” was crossed out and replaced with “W.” Hence, specimen labels for this locality read either “12 mi NE” or “12 mi W” as the site 

of the farm relative to Ladysmith (28°33′S, 29°47′E 

G). The USBGN coordinates of Smalhoek identify 

a farm situated west of Ladysmith, just north of the 

Ladysmith–Bergville road, and reasonably concur 

with those derived from mileage traced upon the map 

WAC, Drakensberg, 1:1,000,000. Unfortunately, 

those specimen labels that were erroneously written in 

the field do not reflect this correction.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Graphiurus, Aethomys, Mastomys, 

Micaelamys, Mus; Crocidura; Raphicerus.

Smithfield, 14 mi [22.5 km] S, Orange Free State 

(Map 20: 758).

Coordinates: 30°20′S, 26°43′E M (WAC, Upper Orange 

River, 1:1,000,000).

Collectors: A. F. Hallett, T. A. Heist, and A. C. Risser (9 

Mar 1964). 

Habitat: No information available.

Remarks: Risser collected a road-killed Ictonyx en route 

to Luckhoff from south of Smithfield (30°13′S, 

26°32′E G).

Taxon: Ictonyx.

Sneezewood, 7 mi [11.3 km] NW, Cape Province 

(Map 20: 764).

Coordinates: 30°10′S, 29°55′E M (WAC, Drakensberg, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and T. N. Liversedge (19–

20 Jan 1966).

Habitat: “Rocky outcrop,” “bushes on hillside,” “rocky 

hillside, forest,” “dark (black) earth near stream” 

(specimen labels).

Remarks: The coordinates are based upon straight-line 

miles northwest from Sneezewood (30°15′S, 29°37′E 

G), which name is hand-written onto their topographic map and also indicated on their heavily annotated road map (Mobil Southern Africa, Road Map 

South Africa, Section 2, 1:2,280,000).

Taxa: Rhabdomys, Cryptomys; Myosorex.

Somerset East, 5 mi [8.0 km] W, Cape Province 

(Map 20: 751).

Coordinates: 32°44′S, 25°30′E M (WAC, Algoa Bay, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: A. V. W. Lambrechts and S. J. Liversedge (4–8 

Apr 1968); A. V. W. Lambrechts (3–7 Sep 1968). 

Habitat: “Though the habitat seems to be the same as at 

Cradock . . . Small Fish River has only been flowing for 

a couple of days since the beginning of 1967” (AVWL).

Remarks: From Somerset East (32°43′S, 25°35′E G), the 

team proceeded on the Pearston–Graaff-Reinet road 

and located a campsite situated between the road to 

Jansenville and the Small Fish (Klein Fish) River. They 

camped on the east bank of the river, about 0.5 mi 

[0.8 km] south of the road.

Taxa: Elephantulus, Macroscelides; Procavia; Saccostomus, Dendromus, Mystromys, Gerbillurus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Mus, Rhabdomys, Otomys.

Standerton, 10.7 mi [17.2 km] W, Transvaal 

(Map 20: 737).

Coordinates: 26°54′S, 29°04′E G (for Rietkuil Farm; see 

Remarks).

Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. 

Pretorius (2–6 Mar 1969). 

Habitat: “Sandy soil and cultivated lands with ‘oulands’ grass 

on the edges of the lands . . . maize [corn]” (JJLP).

Remarks: According to Pretorius’ journal entry, the crew 

pitched their camp on the Rietkuil Farm, about 0.5 

mi [0.8 km] south of the main road to Johannesburg 

and west of Standerton. The farm’s name does not 

appear on specimen labels or in field catalogs, but we 

used those USBGN coordinates because they conform 

so closely to our map-based estimate in relation to 

Standerton (26°57′S, 29°15′E G). A single specimen 

of Mastomys bears the locality modifier 10.3 mi (16.6 

km) W Standerton.

Taxa: Mastomys, Mus, Rhabdomys.

Sterkspruit, 12 mi [19.3 km] N, Orange Free State/Cape 

Province (Map 20: 760).

Coordinates: 30°24′S, 27°20′E M (ONC, Sheet Q-5, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: A. V. W. Lambrechts, S. J. Liversedge, and 

H. W. Setzer (19–24 Feb 1968); A. V. W. Lambrechts 

(6–10 Aug 1968).

Habitat: “Rocks with grass,” “short grass on hilltop,” 

“cultivated land,” “rocks,” “sparse grass,” “rocks and 

shrubs” (specimen labels).
2 9 2 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Remarks: The AMP team set up camp along the Zastron 

road, to the north of Sterkspruit (30°32′S, 27°22′E G) 

and on the north bank of the Orange River.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Xerus, Dendromus, Malacothrix, 

Mystromys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Mus, 

Rhabdomys, Pedetes; Suncus; Ictonyx.

Stettynskloof, 22 mi [35.4 km] SW Worcester, Cape 

Province (Map 20: 739).

Coordinates: 33°50′S, 19°15′E G.

Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. 

Pretorius (5–8 Jul 1969). 

Habitat: “Below the dam wall a lot of mountain streams 

run into the main river. The sides of the streams are 

thickly covered with various riverine shrubs and 

grasses. Our camping spot is closely surrounded with 

high mountains . . . thick marshy area with riverine 

shrubs, bracken and grass” (JJLP).

Remarks: Pretorius and crew drove to this site in the highlands to the southwest of Worcester, just below the 

Stettynskloof Dam in Stettynskloof itself (some maps 

consulted [e.g., Acocks, Veld Types of South Africa, 

1:1,500,000] refer to the town as Stettyn). The reservoir 

at Stettynskloof Dam lies approximately 18 airline miles 

[29.0 km] SW Worcester, along a tributary (the Stettynskloof River, according to the FAO) of the Breede River 

and in a gorge, features noted by Pretorius.

Taxa: Dendromus, Acomys, Micaelamys, Mus, Myomyscus, Rhabdomys, Otomys, Georychus; Crocidura, 

Myosorex; Genetta.

Stolzenfels, Namibia/Cape Province (Map 20: 646).

Coordinates: 28°31′S, 19°43′E G (as Schuitsdrift-Oos; see 

Remarks).

Collectors: A. V. W. Lambrechts (30 Jun–3 Jul 1968); 

O. F. Graupner, A. V. W. Lambrechts, and J. J. L. 

Pretorius (17–21 Jan 1969). 

Habitat: “North survey line . . . flat, sandy area with 

shrubs and no rocks . . . open shrub land and . . . cultivated lands” (AVWL, Jan).

Remarks: In Jun 1968, Lambrechts camped on the north 

bank of the Orange River on the Stolzenfels Farm, about 

10–12 mi [16.1–19.3 km] south of Jerusalem. Both 

the north (see Stolzenfels, Namibia) and south (Cape 

Province) sides of the Orange were surveyed. In Jan 

1969, Lambrechts and company camped across from 

Stolzenfels (Namibia), on the south bank of the Orange 

River in Cape Province. There they camped on the 

Schuitsdrift Farm, whose coordinates we adopted for 

the South African locus of their field activity, between 

Aughrabies Falls and Onseepkans, and again collected 

on both the north and south banks. Only “Stolzenfels” 

is recorded on labels as the collecting site.

Taxa: Saccostomus, Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys, Rhabdomys; Sauromys; Ictonyx.

Tshipise, 1 mi [1.6 km] NE, Transvaal (Map 20: 673).

Coordinates: 22°36′S, 30°11′E M (WAC, Shashi River, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: I. L. Rautenbach and A. R. Silberstein (7–16 

Jan 1967).

Habitat: “Sandy soil,” “bank of Njelele River,” “mopane 

bush” (specimen labels).

Remarks: The locality near Tshipise (22°36′S, 30°10′E G) 

lies close to the Njelele River (Nzhelele G). The cited 

map uses the variant spelling “Chipise” for Tshipise.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Papio; Paraxerus, Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Mus; Lepus; Chaerephon, Mops; Otocyon.

Twee Rivieren, Kalahari-Gemsbok National Park, Cape 

Province (Map 20: 640).

Coordinates: 26°27′S, 20°34′E G.

Collectors: A. V. W. Lambrechts and S. J. Liversedge (4–7 

Dec 1968).

Habitat: “Sand dunes and . . . limestone ridge” (AVWL).

Remarks: Our coordinates refer to the Twee Rivieren Farm, 

which, according to Lambrechts, is located at the extreme southern end of the park near the Nossob River.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Desmodillus, Gerbillurus.

Twee Rivieren, 30 mi [48.2 km] NNE, KalahariGemsbok National Park, Cape Province 

(Map 20: 639).

Coordinates: 26°10′S, 20°50′E M (ONC, Sheet Q-4, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: A. V. W. Lambrechts and S. J. Liversedge (5 

Dec 1968).

Habitat: “Acacia tree” (specimen labels).

Remarks: This locality and that at 40 mi [64.4 km] NNE 

Twee Rivieren are on the Nossob River and were incidentally visited while the team was camped at Twee 

Rivieren (4–7 Dec).

Taxon: Thallomys.

Tzaneen, 6 mi [9.7 km] NE, Transvaal (Map 20: 670).

Coordinates: 23°48′S, 30°14′E M (WAC, Shashi River, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: I. L. Rautenbach and A. R. Silberstein (5–15 

Feb 1967).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 9 3

Habitat: “Long grass” (specimen labels).

Remarks: Some specimens are labeled 6 mi “SE” or 6 mi 

“NW” Tzaneen, but we believe that these compass 

bearings are erroneous. The catalogs of both Rautenbach and Silberstein have “SE” changed to “NE,” so 

apparently the correction was not applied to the already written skin tags. On the same date (15 Feb) 

that Silberstein entered 6 mi “NW” Tzaneen in his 

catalog, Rautenbach’s catalog entry indicated the direction as 6 mi “NE” Tzaneen.

Taxa: Saccostomus, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, 

Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Otomys; 

Lepus; Crocidura; Taphozous.

Tzaneen, 12 mi [19.3 km] N, Transvaal 

(Map 20: 669).

Coordinates: 23°39′S, 30°10′E M (WAC, Shashi River, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, H. J. Herbert, and 

A. L. Moore (14–18 Dec 1964). 

Habitat: “The country is very hilly (mountainous) covered 

with pine, eucalyptus and heavy bush. The open the 

fields are covered with brush about 3 feet [0.9 m] in 

height” (HJH). “Forest streams and in open field” 

(RMD).

Remarks: Davis mentioned in his journal that the distance 

by road to this locality was 17 mi [27.4 km] from 

Tzaneen (23°50′S, 30°10′E G), so “12 mi N” was intended to be a straight-line direction.

Taxa: Saccostomus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Rattus; Crocidura.

Uitkomst Farm, 32 mi [51.5 km] W Pretoria, Transvaal 

(Map 20: 695).

Coordinates: 25°54′S, 27°46′E G.

Collectors: R. E. Cole and A. C. Risser (2–6 Nov 1963).

Habitat: “Rolling hills, rocky kopjes and deep riverine 

kloofs . . . limestone caves . . . rocky, grass-covered 

slopes behind the camp and along the stream [Figure 149] . . . rock outcroppings . . . densely vegetated 

Figure 149. South Africa, Uitkomst Farm: Johannes Seete (left) and Al Moore standing by a mist net over a stream, 32 mi W Pretoria (photograph by A. C. Risser, Nov 1963).
2 9 4 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

banks of the stream . . . swampy, being fed from a 

spring or springs somewhere up the slope” (ACR).

Remarks: From Pretoria, Cole and Risser traveled west to 

Uitkomst Farm, a private game reserve (Figure 150) 

owned by Colonel Jack Scott. There they intended to 

locate bat roosts in the reserve’s well-populated caves. 

In his journal, Risser placed the farm in Krugersdorp 

District, where a gazetted Uitkomst Farm is situated at 

a plausible distance to the north of Krugersdorp and 

west-southwest of Pretoria. According to de Ruiter 

and Berger (2000), Uitkomst (also referenced as the 

Jack Scott Nature Reserve) is now part of the John 

Nash Nature Reserve and lies about 45 km N Johannesburg. The scenery along the journey to Uitkomst 

reminded Risser of southern Arizona.

Taxa: Aethomys, Micaelamys, Otomys; Rhinolophus, 

Myotis, Miniopterus; Galerella.

Upington, 13 mi [20.9 km] E, Cape Province 

(Map 20: 652).

Coordinates: 28°23′S, 21°25′E M (WAC, Upper Orange 

River, 1:1,000,000).

Collectors: A. V. W. Lambrechts (12–16 Jun 1968); 

A. V. W. Lambrechts and S. J. Liversedge (14–17 Nov 

1968).

Habitat: “Rocks and shrubs,” “rocks and shrubs and 

sand,” “rocks and bushes,” “sandbank and shrubs” 

(specimen labels).

Remarks: During the June survey, Lambrechts camped 

on an unidentified farm, on the north bank of the 

Orange River and along the Upington–Olifantshoek 

road. Only the north bank was surveyed as the south 

bank was heavily cultivated. In Nov, Lambrechts and 

Liversedge again set up camp 13 mi [20.9 km] east of 

Upington (28°27′S, 21°15′E G), but this time on the 

south bank of the Orange and opposite the settlement 

of Sultana-Oord (28°25′S, 21°27′E G).

Taxa: Elephantulus; Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys; Galerella.

Upington, 35 mi [56.3 km] NE, Cape Province 

(Map 20: 653).

Coordinates: 28°21′S, 21°49′E M (WAC, Upper Orange 

River, 1:1,000,000).

Figure 150. South Africa, Uitkomst Farm: Giraffes in bushveld, 32 mi W Pretoria (photograph by A. C. Risser, Nov 1963).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 9 5

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (11 

Mar 1966).

Habitat: “Kalahari bushes” (specimen label).

Remarks: While en route to Namibia from Pretoria, the 

AMP crew picked up a road-killed Otocyon.

Taxon: Otocyon.

Van Rhynsdorp, 5 mi [8.0 km] E, Cape Province 

(Map 20: 716).

Coordinates: 31°38′S, 18°49′E M (WAC, Lower Orange 

River, 1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. E. Cole, P. J. Geldenhuys, and A. C. Risser 

(14–17 Dec 1963). 

Habitat: “Camped under some acacias along a semi dry 

stream bed . . . grassy field . . . riparian strip: acacias bordering grassy field . . . trees and shrubs by 

the stream” (ACR). “River (nearly dry, just stagnant 

pools here and there)” (REC).

Remarks: The team camped on land owned by the Koch 

family, to the east of Van Rhynsdorp (31°37′S, 

18°44′E G) and near an intermittent river. At the 

end of their stay, the team also collected at 2 mi W 

Klawer.

Taxa: Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Mus, Rhabdomys; Miniopterus; Genetta, Galerella.

Van Wyksvlei, 11 mi [17.7 km] E, Gannavloer, Cape 

Province (Map 20: 678).

Coordinates: 30°23′S, 22°01′E M (WAC, Upper Orange 

River, 1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (15–

19 Aug 1966). 

Habitat: “Last time they had rain was in the floods of 1961. 

Most of the area is sandy with low bushes about a foot 

to 18 inches [30.0–45.7 cm] in height, rather densely 

scattered [sic]. There is a large open field which was 

plowed in preparation for planting but as the rain 

didn’t come, it was never planted. About one mile [1.6 

km] from camp are a range of rocky outcrops with 

black rocks and low bushes” (RDH).

Remarks: Hepplewhite and Silberstein camped on a farm 

called Gannavloer. Because the USBGN lists two farms 

named Gannavloer in the region, either of which is 

plausible, we based the coordinates upon road miles 

relative to Van Wyksvlei (30°21′S, 21°49′E G). On 18 

Aug, they trapped on a rocky ridge about 1 mi [1.6 

km] from camp.

Taxa: Elephantulus, Macroscelides; Procavia; Xerus, Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys, Mus, Rhabdomys, 

Parotomys, Hystrix; Lepus; Felis, Otocyon.

Vereeniging, 10 mi [16.1 km] NE [SE], Transvaal 

(Map 20: 691).

Coordinates: 26°43′S, 28°05′E G (for Lewensbron Farm; 

see Remarks).

Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. 

Pretorius (21–24 Mar 1969). 

Habitat: “Mimosa trees, thorn shrubs and grass . . . marshy 

areas. Further back from the bank there is only open 

grasslands with scattered mimosas . . . alongside the 

river” (JJLP).

Remarks: Although specimen labels and field books read 

10 mi “NE,” other landmarks mentioned by the collectors argue that their field activity was confined 

to the southeast of Vereeniging. Pretorius and crew 

journeyed to the Lewensbron and Badfontein farms, 

owned by a D. De Toit, and established camp on the 

south bank of the Klip River, from which they surveyed both the north and south sides of the river. A 

Lewensbron Farm (see above coordinates) and a Badfontein Farm (26°42′S, 28°06′E G) exist side by side, 

to the south of the Klip River and approximately 10 

mi by road southeast of Vereeniging (26°40′S, 27°56′E 

G). “Farm—Lewensbron” appears as a locality modifier in Graupner’s field catalog, but the name was not 

applied to skin tags.

Taxa: Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Cryptomys; 

Galerella.

Vlakfontein, 4 mi [6.4 km] N Vryburg, Cape Province 

(Map 20: 656).

Coordinates: 26°54′S, 24°45′E G.

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (3–6 

Sep 1966).

Habitat: “The country is very similar to that around Kuruman, but there are more bushes. The soil is very sandy 

with sparse grass but it is quite long. There are cultivated fields here . . . About one half mile [0.8 km] north 

of us is a dry vlei with longish grass. . . .” (RDH).

Remarks: The USBGN coordinates of Vlakfontein are for 

a farm that lies at the proper distance to the north of 

Vryburg (26°57′S, 24°44′E G).

Taxa: Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Mus, Rhabdomys.

Vrede, 15 mi [24.1 km] N, Rondebult, Orange Free State 

(Map 20: 736).

Coordinates: 27°15′S, 29°08′E M (WAC, Vaal River, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. 

Pretorius (7–8 Mar 1969). 
2 9 6 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Habitat: “Stream flowing through the farm in marshy area 

. . . rocky hill” (JJLP).

Remarks: Pretorius and team camped on a farm called 

Rondebult, situated about 4 mi [6.4 km] southeast 

of the Ascent Rail Station. Minor inconsistencies 

surround the distance of this farm relative to Vrede. 

Specimens taken on 7 Mar are labeled 10 mi [16.1 

km] N Vrede, while those obtained on 8 Mar are labeled 15 mi [24.1 km] N Vrede. In their field catalogs, on the other hand, Liversedge recorded that all 

specimens were taken 15 mi [24.1 km] N, while Pretorius indicated 17 mi [27.4 km] N Vrede. We georeferenced this locality in relation to the Ascent Rail 

Station (27°14′S, 29°05′E G) and the nearest stream 

as represented on the AMP map cited above. As so 

interpreted, our coordinates fall approximately 20 km 

N Verde, rather than 24 km.

Taxa: Mastomys, Rattus, Rhabdomys, Pedetes.

Wagendrift, 19 mi [30.6 km] SSW Laingsburg, Cape 

Province (Map 20: 742).

Coordinates: 33°21′S, 20°54′E G.

Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. 

Pretorius (29 Aug–2 Sep 1969). 

Habitat: “There are high mountains on both sides of the 

camp with high rocky crests. Vegetation consists of 

thorn trees in the river bed as well as small thorny 

shrubs on the mountainsides, the main vegetation are 

succulents and small dry shrubs . . . karoo shrubs” 

(JJLP).

Remarks: Pretorius commented in his journal that “We 

are camping 19 miles south-southwest of Laingsburg 

[33°12′S, 20°51′E G] on the farm Wagendrift on 

the Seweweekspoort [33°22′S, 21°25′E G] road and 

about 2 miles [3.2 km] from the Ladysmith boundary.” The distance of the cited Wagendrift Farm from 

Laingsburg plots approximately 13 mi [20.9 km] SSE 

Laingsburg on available topographic maps (AMS, 

Cape Town, 1:1,000,000; ONC, R-4, 1:1,000,000). 

Nevertheless, the collectors’ by-road calculation 

of 19 mi [30.6 km] seems reasonable considering 

the large scale of our maps, the rugged terrain they 

crossed, and allowance for many hairpin turns. The 

farm’s coordinates would place their base camp near 

the Seweweekspoort road and in intimate contact 

with mountainous terrain, as described by Pretorius. 

However, this set of landmarks lies in a SSE direction 

from Laingsburg, not SSW. The mountains of interest 

are the Klein Swartberge, and the river is probably a 

tributary of the Groot River.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Petromyscus, Micaelamys, Rhabdomys, Myotomys; Galerella.

Wakkerstroom, 2 mi [3.2 km] E, Natal (Map 20: 780).

Coordinates: 27°20′S, 30°10′E M (WAC, Vaal River, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. 

Pretorius (16–17 Oct 1969).

Habitat: “Typical highveld vegetation but extremely 

marshy on the flats between the hills . . . area burnt 

recently and is now covered with short green grass” 

(JJLP).

Remarks: The AMP team reached Wakkerstroom (27°21′S, 

30°08′E G) and camped on the Municipal Grounds 

next to the Wakkerstroom Dam. Our estimated byroad coordinates place their field site as northeast of 

the town, not directly east. On 16 Oct, they set traps 

in a marsh about 1 mi [1.6 km] N Wakkerstroom (not 

indicated on specimen labels), along a stream.

Taxa: Mystromys, Rhabdomys.

Wallekraal, 40 mi [64.4 km] WNW Garies, Cape 

Province (Map 20: 674).

Coordinates: 30°23′S, 17°30′E G. 

Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. 

Pretorius (22–25 Jul 1969). 

Habitat: “The area in which we are camping varies from 

karoo vegetation to extremely sandy dunes with 

shrubs. A dry river bed passes through close to our 

camp” (JJLP).

Remarks: Pretorius placed Wallekraal about 15 mi (24.1 

km) from the Atlantic coast.

Taxa: Cryptochloris, Eremitalpa; Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys, Rhabdomys, Paratomys, Bathyergus, Cryptomys, Petromus; Genetta, Suricata; Vulpes, 

Ictonyx.

Warrenton, 2 mi [3.2 km] E, Vaal River, Orange Free 

State (Map 20: 686).

Coordinates: 28°06′S, 24°52′E M (WAC, Upper Orange 

River, 1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (10–

13 Aug 1966). 

Habitat: “The Vaal River has a wide rocky bed with reed 

covered islands in it and patches of reed along the 

banks. Immediately above the banks are a series of 

rocky rantjies covered with bushes and long grass but 

after about 200 yards [182.9 m] the bushes become 

sparser and the grass shorter, giving way to sandy 

soil” (RDH).
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 2 9 7

Remarks: A single Mastomys is labeled as collected 3 mi

[4.8 km] E Warrenton.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Saccostomus, Malacothrix, Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Mus, Pedetes, Cryptomys; Lepus; Atelerix.

Weenkop, 20 mi [32.2 km] N Rouxville, Orange Free 

State (Map 20: 759).

Coordinates: 30°11′S, 26°51′E G.

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite, I. L. Rautenbach, and 

A. R. Silberstein (25–29 Jul 1966).

Habitat: “Rocky hillside,” “grassy plain,” “sandy grassland,” “sandy riverbank,” “short grass” (specimen 

labels).

Remarks: The coordinates for Weenkop Farm, where the 

AMP crew camped, compare favorably with those 

derived from plotting road miles traveled relative to 

Rouxville (30°25′S, 26°50′E G).

Taxa: Elephantulus; Xerus, Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, 

Mastomys, Micaelamys, Rattus, Rhabdomys, Pedetes, 

Cryptomys; Crocidura; Cynictis, Proteles.

Welgelee, 7 mi [11.3 km] W Virginia, Orange Free State 

(Map 20: 733).

Coordinates: 28°11′S, 26°51′E G (as Welgelegen).

Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. 

Pretorius (4–6 May 1969).

Habitat: “Most parts are cultivated areas, sandy soil 

mostly with only grass vegetation” (JJLP).

Remarks: Pretorius’ journal description identifies the collecting site as the Welgelee Farm, located about 4 

mi [6.4 km] to the left (east) of the main Virginia–

Theunissen road. The USBGN coordinates of the farm 

approximate these directions and by-road mileage (as 

per WAC, Upper Orange River, 1:1,000,000), except 

that the true azimuth of the locality is south-southwest of Virginia (28°07′S, 26°54′E G).

Taxa: Mystromys, Gerbilliscus; Raphicerus.

Witbank Dam, 6 mi [9.7 km] E Witbank, Transvaal 

(Map 20: 701).

Coordinates: 25°52′S, 29°18′E G (for Doringpoortdam; 

see Remarks).

Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. 

Pretorius (12–14 Feb 1969).

Habitat: “Grass and scattered rocks. There are no trees and 

a few scrubs . . . quite different from the surrounding 

high veld habitat—a typical middle veld habitat with 

growth consisting of mimosa trees, thick grass and a 

variety of other middle veld shrubs” (JJLP).

Remarks: Pretorius and team camped on the bank of the 

Olifants River near the Witbank Dam. According to 

the FAO, the dam is located near the Doornpoort farm 

(25°52′S, 29°19′E) and known locally as Doringpoortdam. The USBGN coordinates for the latter equate to a 

by-road plot to the east of Witbank (25°52′S, 29°14′E 

G). On 13 Feb, traplines were reset about 1 mi [1.6 km] 

downstream, north of the dam wall.

Taxa: Elephantulus; Mastomys, Micaelamys, Rhabdomys; 

Crocidura.

Witrivier (also White River), 11 mi [17.7 km] W,

Transvaal (Map 20: 706).

Coordinates: 25°19′S, 30°51′E M (WAC, Vaal River, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: I. L. Rautenbach and A. R. Silberstein (6–13 

Dec 1966).

Habitat: “Long grass,” “waterberry tree,” “banana tree,” 

“long grass on mountain side,” “long reeds in river 

bed,” “long grass next to river,” “open field” (specimen labels).

Remarks: The coordinates are based on azimuth and 

range off set from Witrivier (25°19′S, 31°01′E G). 

On 10 Dec, the AMP crew attempted to recover Suncus from old termite hills near Leggogot (Legogotu; 

25°12′S, 31°02′E G), but after breaking down several 

hills, they succeeded in collecting only a small mamba 

(Silberstein’s journal).

Taxa: Graphiurus, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, 

Dasymys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Rhabdomys, Otomys; Lepus; Crocidura, Myosorex; Epomophorus, Pipistrellus, Neoromicia.

Wolmaransstad, 6 mi [9.7 km] N, 1 mi [1.6 km] W,

Transvaal (Map 20: 687).

Coordinates: 27°07′S, 25°58′E M (WAC, Vaal River, 

1:1,000,000).

Collectors: R. E. Cole, P. J. Geldenhuys, and H. W. Setzer 

(19–24 Oct 1963). 

Habitat: “Bush savannah . . . rock koppie . . . through grass 

and bush, up into a rocky hill . . . old corn field . . . trassie 

bush . . . tall grass field . . . Acacia bushes” (REC).

Remarks: On 21 Oct, the team set traps on the farm of 

Mr. Firth, 7 mi [11.3 km] south of Wolmaransstad 

(27°12′S, 25°58′E G), although specimens taken there 

were labeled 5 mi [8.0 km] S Wolmaransstad. On 23 

Oct, Setzer collected a Gerbilliscus labeled 1 mi [1.6 

km] N, 1 mi [1.6 km] W Wolmaransstad, although 

his field catalog indicated the locality as 6 mi [9.7 km] 

N, 1 mi [1.6 km] W. On 24 Oct, Geldenhuys collected 
2 9 8 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

three Rhabdomys in trassie (sic) bushes at Townlands 

Maquassie (Makwassie; 27°19′S, 25°59′E G).

Taxa: Elephantulus; Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Micaelamys, 

Rhabdomys, Pedetes; Lepus; Suricata.

Wonderboom, Apies River, Pretoria, Transvaal 

(Map 20: 698).

Coordinates: 25°42′S, 28°10′E G (as Wonderboom Rail 

Station).

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and T. N. Liversedge (26–

27 Oct 1965).

Habitat: No information available.

Taxon: Micaelamys.

Woodbush Forest Reserve, 15 mi [24.1 km] W Tzaneen, 

Transvaal (Map 20: 668).

Coordinates: 23°48′S, 29°58′E G (for Dap Naude Dam; 

see Remarks).

Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, and A. L. Moore 

(9–11 Dec 1964). 

Habitat: “Vleis . . . dense growth along streams” (RMD).

Remarks: In his journal, Davis remarked that their campsite 

was just below the Dap Naude Dam, which we adopted 

as the coordinates for this locality. According to the 

FAO, the dam is located on the Broederstroom River.

Taxa: Graphiurus, Grammomys, Mastomys, Rhabdomys, 

Otomys; Myosorex.

Zuurlaager, 6 mi [9.7 km] E Bergville, Natal 

(Map 20: 773).

Coordinates: 28°44′S, 29°25′E G.

Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (25–

27 Jun 1966). 

Habitat: “The sides of the valley are very steep . . . At the 

top of the valley the ground is undulating with occasional hills. The grass is generally long but has been 

grazed very short in places . . . stone walled kraal not 

far from camp . . . open field with long grass bordering on some trees . . . cliff . . . vlei around some trees” 

(RDH).

Remarks: The Zuurlaager Farm, where Hepplewhite and 

Silberstein camped, is located on the Tugela River. The 

coordinates cited closely approximate those (28°46′S, 

29°26′E M) we extrapolated from available maps relative to Bergville (28°44′S, 29°22′E G).

Taxa: Elephantulus; Procavia; Mastomys, Micaelamys, 

Otomys; Lepus; Crocidura.

Zwartkop, 10 mi [16.1 km] SSW Pretoria, Transvaal 

(Map 20: 697).

Coordinates: 25°50′S, 28°08′E G.

Collector: J. J. L. Pretorius (31 Mar 1969).

Habitat: No information available.

Taxon: Neoromicia.
Appendix

Cartographic Sources

The following maps and aeronautical charts were consulted to provide geographic coordinates or to corroborate a collector’s original coordinates. Many 

of these documents were apparently used in the field by the AMP collectors as 

indicated by their dates and worn and creased condition. Furthermore, some 

maps contain x-marks and written notations that we believe were applied by the 

AMP collectors and that supplied another line of evidence to help us localize a 

collecting site.

Algeria

Army Map Service. 1964. Colomb-Béchar (NH 30). 1:1,000,000. Washington, 

D.C. 

Benin (Dahomey)

Le Service Géographique de l’A.O.F. 1955. Carte de l’A.O.F. Bimbéréké (NC31-XV), Djougou (NC-31-VIII). 1:200,000. Dakar, Senegal.

L’Institut Géographique National. 1955–1957. Carte de l’Afrique de l’Ouest. 

Kandi (NC-31-XXI), Lomé (NB-31-XIV), Natitingou (NC-31-XIV), 

Parakou (NC-31-IX). 1:200,000. Paris.

———. 1963. Carte de l’Afrique de l’Ouest. Zagnanado 3c (Dassa-Zoumé, NB31-XXI-3c). 1:50,000. Paris.

———. 1964. Fond Planimétrique de l’Afrique de l’Ouest. Porto-Novo (NB-31-

XV). 1:200,000. Paris.

Botswana (Bechuanaland or Bechuanaland Protectorate)

International Travel Maps. 1997. Botswana (ITM 855). 1:1,500,000. Vancouver, British Columbia: ITMB Publishing/World Wide Books and Maps.
3 0 0 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Smithers, H. J. (n.d). Preliminary Plan of Nata Crown 

Lands. 1:500,000. Blue-lined draft. [Annotated.]

———. (n.d). Bechuanaland Protectorate and the Caprivi 

Strip. Approximately 1:1,267,200. Blue-lined draft, 

preprint facsimile of geopolitical base map used in 

Smithers (1971:5, map i). [Annotated.]

———. (n.d). Bechuanaland Protectorate and the Caprivi 

Strip. Approximately 1:1,267,200. Photocopied reduction (8.5 × 11 inches) of above map, hand-labeled 

“T. N. Liversedge Collecting Localities Botswana.” 

[Annotated.]

World Aeronautical Chart. 1947–1952. Lake Ngami (1274), 

Molopo River (1301), Okovango River (1178), Shashi 

River (1275), Vaal River (1300), Victoria Falls (1177). 

1:1,000,000. Washington, D.C.: Aeronautical Chart 

Service, U.S. Air Force. [Annotated.]

———. 1959. Bulawayo (3275), Livingstone (3177). 

1:1,000,000. Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia: Department of Federal Surveys. [Annotated.]

———. 1964. Kalahari (3274), Tsumeb (3178). 1:1,000,000. 

Pretoria: Government Printer. [Annotated.]

Burkina Faso (Upper Volta)

Le Service Géographique de l’A.O.F. 1954–1955. Carte de 

l’A.O.F. Houndé (NC-30-XXI), Léo (NC-30-XXII). 

1:200,000. Dakar, Senegal.

L’Institut Géographique National. 1960–1968. Carte 

de l’Afrique de l’Ouest. Arli (NC-31-XX), Banfora 

(NC-30-XIV), Dédougou (ND-30-III), Dori (ND-30-

XVIII), Fada Ngourma (ND-31-I), Kaya (ND-30-XI),

Pama (NC-31-XIX), Pô (NC-30-XXIII). 1:200,000. 

Paris.

———. 1967. Carte de l’Afrique de l’Ouest. Bobo-­Dioulasso 

(NC-30-NO), Kandi (NC-31-NO). 1:500,000. Paris.

Chad

Army Map Service. 1958. Darfur (NE 34-35/ND 34-35). 

1:2,000,000. Washington, D.C.

Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast)

L’Institut Géographique National. 1959–1968. Carte de 

l’Afrique de l’Ouest. Dimbokro (NB-30-XIV), Gagnoa 

(NB-30-XIII), Guiglo (NB-29-XVII), Kong (NC-30-

VIII), Téhini-Bouna (NC-30-IX-X). 1:200,000. Paris

Pneu Michelin. 1967. Carte Michelin. Côte d’Ivoire (175). 

1 cm pour 8 km [approximately 1:800,000]. Paris.

Ghana

Survey of Ghana. 1963–1966. Accra (North B-30R), Bole 

(North C-30/P), Daboya (North C-30/Q), Gambaga 

(North C-30/L and Part of F and Part of North C-31/A 

and G), Ho (North B-31/G), Kete Krachi (North B-30/

F), Kintampo (North C-30/Part V and W), Koforidua 

(North B-30/L), Kumasi (North B-30/K), Navrongo 

(North C-30/K), Prestea (North B-30/P and Part of V), 

Salaga (North C-30/Part V and W), Takoradi (North 

B-30/Q and Part of W), Tamale (North C-31/R), Wa 

(North C-30/J). 1:250,000. Accra. [Annotated.]

———. 1965. Road Map of Ghana. Northern Section, Southern Section. 1:500,000. 5th ed. Accra. [Annotated.]

Libya

Army Map Service. 1942–1959. Benga ̄si (NI 34), Benga ̄siA ̄ ugila (NH&NI 34), Cufra (NG 34), Sebha (NG 

33), Tripoli (NI 33), Tripoli-Socna (NI 33/NH 33). 

1:1,000,000. Washington, D.C.

———. 1958. Fezzan (NG 32-33/NF 32-33), Libyan Desert (NG 34-35/NF 34-35). 1:2,000,000. Washington, 

D.C.

———. 1958. Beda Littoria (NI 34-15). 1:250,000. Washington, D.C.

World Aeronautical Chart. 1951. Kríti (West) (424), Libyan Plateau (448), Tazérbo Oasis (542). 1:1,000,000. 

Washington, D.C.: Aeronautical Chart and Information Service, U.S. Air Force.

Mauritania

Army Map Service. 1942. Port-Étienne (NF-28), St. Louis

(NE 28). 1:1,000,000. Washington, D.C.

L’Institut Géographique National. 1955–1965. Carte 

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L’Institut Géographique National. 1954.Carte Général du 

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n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 3 0 1

Mozambique

Army Map Service. 1959. Beira (SE 36/6). 1:500,000. 

Washington, D.C.

Brigada de Cartografia Geológia. 1962. IndambaneInharrime­-Homoíne-Zavala (SUL-G-36/F), PandaHomoíne-Manjacaze­-Inharrime-Zavala (SUL-G-36/E). 

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World Aeronautical Chart. 1951. Lake Ngami (1274), 

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Niger

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———. 1958. Nigeria and Part of Tchad (NC 32-33/NB 

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Shell-BP Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria 

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Senegal and The Gambia

L’Institut Géographique National. 1960. Afrique de 

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South Africa and Lesotho

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Chief Directorate, Surveys and Mapping. 1994. Nossob 

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Defense Mapping Agency Aerospace Center. 1982–1987. 

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Louis, Mo. 

———. 1985. Tactical Pilotage Chart (TPC). Sheet Q-4B, 

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World Aeronautical Chart. 1948–1953. Algoa Bay (1421), 

Cape of Good Hope (1422), Delagoa Bay (1299),

Drakensberg (1398), Lower Orange River (1396),

Molopo River (1301), Shashi River (1275), Upper 

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Washington, D.C.: Aeronautical Chart Service, U.S. 

Air Force.
3 0 2 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Togo

Le Service Géographique de l’A.O.F. 1957. Carte de l’A.

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L’Institut Géographique National. 1955–1960. Carte de 

l’Afrique de l’Ouest. Fazao (NC-31-1), Lomé (NB-31-

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Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia)

World Aeronautical Chart. 1953. Mazoe River (1176). 

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———. 1948, 1952. Limpopo River (1276), Shashi River 

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———. 1959. Bulawayo (3275). 1:1,000,000. Salisbury, 

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Index of Geographic Names

Text in bold indicates a principal or cardinal collecting locality, underlined text 

corresponds to an AMP satellite locality, and plain text indicates other geographical features and place-names mentioned in the locality accounts.

Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, 122

Abidjan, 4-24 mi S, Côte d’Ivoire, 122

Aburi, Ghana, 148

Aburi Hills, Ghana, 148

Aburi Scarp, Ghana, 150, 167

Accra Plains, Ghana, 148, 150, 155, 161

Achimota, Ghana, 148

Achimota, 2 mi N, Ghana, 148

Achimota Forest Reserve, Ghana, 160

Adamso, Ghana, 148

Adawaso, Ghana, 149

Adawso, Ghana, 149

Adawso, 1 mi E, Ghana, 149

Adawso, 1.9 mi NW, Ghana, 149

Adawso, 4.7 mi E, Ghana, 149

Adawso, 5.7 mi E, Ghana, 149

Adiopodoume, Côte d’Ivoire, 122

Afon, Nigeria, 190

Agadez, 5 km NE, Niger, 84

Agadez, 70 km W, Niger, 84

Agadez, 140 km NW, Niger, 84

Agadir, 15 km E, Morocco, 45

Agadir, 35 km N, Morocco, 47

Agamachi, Nigeria, 190

Agbaja, Nigeria, 190

Agbesia, Ghana, 161

Agedabia, 4 km S, Libya, 85

Agedabia, 10 km S, Libya, 87

Agedabia, 10 km SW, Libya, 87

Agedabia, 20 km SW, Libya, 87

Ago Shasha, 6 mi N, Nigeria, 196

Agou, Togo, 169

Aguelmane Azigza, Morocco, 58
3 1 0 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Aguennour, Morocco, 62

Agui, 11.7 km S, Mauritania, 72

Agui, 19 km S, Mauritania, 71

Aguleri, 1.5 mi E, Nigeria, 190

Aha Hills, Botswana, 217

Aha Hills, 10 mi N, Botswana, 217

Aha Hills, north edge, Botswana, 217

Ahiriso, Ghana, 149

Ain Benimathar, 10 km S, Morocco, 47

Ain el Gazala, 11 km E, Libya, 87

Aïn Kahla, Morocco, 50

Aïn-Leuh, Morocco, 50

Ain-Sefra, 30 km S, Algeria, 81

Ain Zueia, Libya, 87

Ait Mehammed, Morocco, 47

Aiyikuma, Ghana, 149

Aiyimensa, 0.5 mi N, Ghana, 148

Akjoujt [6 km W], Mauritania, 77

Akjoujt, 35 km SW, Mauritania, 72

Aknoul, Morocco, 47

Akosombo, Ghana, 150

Akwamu, Ghana, 150

Akwamu, 1 mi N, Ghana, 150

Akwamu, 5 mi W, Ghana, 150

Akwamufe, Ghana, 150

Akwapim Scarp, Ghana, 152

Akwapim-Togo Ranges, Ghana, 150, 

161, 168

Aleg, 3 km S, Mauritania, 72

Aleg, 6.2 km S, Mauritania, 72

Aleg, 26.7 km S, Mauritania, 72

Algeria, 80

Al Hoceima, Morocco, 48

Al Hoceima, 9 km SE, Morocco, 47

Al Hoceima, 12 km SE, Morocco, 47

Alicecot, South Africa, 254

Aliwal North, 2 mi E, South Africa, 254

Aliwal North, 19 mi S, South Africa, 268

Amedzofe, Ghana, 150

Amichab Mountain, 2 mi E, Namibia, 

213

Amimli River, Ghana, 168

Anambra River, Nigeria, 192

Anda, Côte d’Ivoire, 122

Anie River, Togo, 175

Anima Krom, Ghana, 165

Anoual, Morocco, 48

Anti-Atlas Mountains, Morocco, 70

Anum, Ghana, 150

Anum, 4 mi S, Ghana, 150

Aouinet Torkoz, Morocco, 48

Aouinet Torkoz, 8 km W, Morocco, 48

Aouinet Torkoz, 12 km S, Morocco, 48

Aouinet Torkoz, 15 km W, Morocco, 

48

Aouinet Torkoz, 20 km N, Morocco, 48

Aouinet Torkoz, 22 km SW, Morocco, 

49

Aouinet Torkoz, 22 km W, Morocco, 49

Aoulouz, 16 km W, Morocco, 49

Apekki-Ogoun River, Nigeria, 196

Apies River, South Africa, 298

Apollonia, 20 km E, Libya, 87

Apollonia, 27 km E, Libya, 87

Arak, 7 km W, Algeria, 81

Arak, 30 km N, Algeria, 81

Arak, 112 km N, Algeria, 82

Ariamsvlei, 10 mi W, Namibia, 208

Arly, Burkina Faso, 137

Asaba, Nigeria, 192

Asaba, 4 mi W, Nigeria, 192

Asaba, 5 mi N, Nigeria, 192

Asaba, 8 mi W, Nigeria, 192

Ascent Rail Station, South Africa, 296

Ashaka, Nigeria, 192

Ashaka Catholic Grammar School, 

Nigeria, 192

Asif Amred, Morocco, 68

Asikuma, 1 mi N, Ghana, 150

Asni, 2 km N, Morocco, 49

Assa, Morocco, 50

Assamaka, 48 km SE, Niger, 84

Assamaka, 80 km SE, Niger, 84

Assaouas, Niger, 84

Atacora Mountains, Benin, 182

Atar, Mauritania, 72

Atar, 70 km SW, Mauritania, 72

Aub River, South Africa, 270, 276

Aughrabies, 7 mi W, South Africa, 255

Aughrabies Falls, 1 mi S, South Africa, 

255

Aughrabies Falls National Park, South 

Africa, 255

Augila, Libya, 87

Aus, 3 mi W, Namibia, 212

Avetile, Ghana, 150

Awudome Mountain, Ghana, 150, 168

Axim, Ghana, 150

Ayitedjou, Benin, 177

Azrou, 5 km S, Morocco, 50

Azrou, 6 km SE, Morocco, 50

Azrou, 12 km SE, Morocco, 50

Azrou, 18 km S, Morocco, 50

Babandada, Nigeria, 193

Baden Baden, South Africa, 260

Baderoukwe Truin, South Africa, 267

Badfontein Farm, South Africa, 295

Badplaas, South Africa, 255

Bafilo, Togo, 176

Bahindi, 2 mi E, Nigeria, 196

Bahr el Tubat, Libya, 87

Bakel, 5 km S, Senegal, 106

Bame, 7 mi S, Ghana, 150

Banco Forest, Côte d’Ivoire, 122

Banco River, Côte d’Ivoire, 122

Bandama River, Côte d’Ivoire, 129

Bangwon, Ghana, 150

Banikoara, Benin, 177

Banti Forest Reserve South, Zimbabwe, 

233

Banti Reserve South, Zimbabwe, 233

Barberton, 2 mi SW, South Africa, 255

Barberton, 3 mi SW, South Africa, 255

Barberton, 4 mi SW, South Africa, 255

Barberton, 14 mi W, South Africa, 255

Bardia, 5 km W, Libya, 88

Barga, 9 km NE, Burkina Faso, 137

Bathurst, 8 mi W, The Gambia, 106

Bator, Ghana, 151

Bazaruto Island, Mozambique, 242

Bazilakoa, Burkina Faso, 139

Beaufort West, 17 mi NNE, South 

Africa, 260

Bechar, 53 km S, Algeria, 82

Bechar, 57 km NE, Algeria, 82

Bechar, 100 km SW, Algeria, 82

Bechuanaland (Protectorate), 215

Beira, 10 km N, Mozambique, 238

Belfast, 8 mi NNE, South Africa, 268

Beli River, Burkina Faso, 143

Bene, Mozambique, 246

Benga, Mozambique, 246

Benghazi, 8 km N, Libya, 88

Beni-Abbes, Algeria, 82

Benin, 176

Benin, 30 mi W, Nigeria, 192

Benin City, Nigeria, 192

Ben Slimane, 5 km N, Morocco, 50

Berekuso, Ghana, 152

Berekuso, 1 mi N, Ghana, 151

Berekuso, 2–3 mi N, Ghana, 152

Berguent, Morocco, 47

Bergville, 6 mi E, South Africa, 298

Berseba, Namibia, 208

Bethulie, 2 mi S, South Africa, 256

Bethulie, 3 mi S, South Africa, 256

Bichi, 1 mi W, Nigeria, 192

Bichi Training College, Nigeria, 192

Bida, 8 mi E, Nigeria, 203

Bignona, 5 km S, Senegal, 109

Bimbereke, Benin, 178

Biological Research Station, Mozambique, 242

Biological Research Station, 1 mi behind, Mozambique, 242

Biological Research Station, 1 mi NE, 

Mozambique, 242

Bir Allagh, 55 km SW, Libya, 88

Bir Allagh, 55 km W, Libya, 88

Bir Bu Seregha, Libya, 89

Bir Bu Seregha, 20 km N, Libya, 89

Bir el Gobi, 60 km S, Libya, 89

Bir el Harash, Libya, 90

Bismarckburg, Togo, 175

Bitterfontein, 3 mi NNW, South Africa, 

256
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 3 1 1

Black Volta River, Burkina Faso/Ghana, 

141, 144, 166, 168

Blekoum, Côte d’Ivoire, 122

Bloemfontein, 15 mi N, South Africa, 

264

Boane, 1 mi NE, Mozambique, 238

Boane, 2 mi S, Mozambique, 238

Boane, 10 km N, Mozambique, 238

Bochum, 25 mi NW, South Africa, 258

Bochum, 26 mi NW, South Africa, 258

Boegoeberg Dam, 1/2 mi E, South 

Africa, 256

Boghe, 8 km N, Mauritania, 72

Bogue, Mauritania, 72

Bokspits, 4 mi NNW, Botswana, 217

Bokspits, 6 mi NE, Botswana, 217

Bokspits, 11 mi NNW, Botswana, 217

Bonga River, Botswana, 229

Boomplaas, South Africa, 284

Bornu Plains, Nigeria, 200

Bornu Ranch, Nigeria, 200

Borôma, Mozambique, 243

Boronyi Krom, Ghana, 155

Bosbokrand, 20 mi N, South Africa, 

270

Bossieslaagtespruit, South Africa, 273

Botanical Gardens (University of 

Ghana), Ghana, 160

Boteti River, Botswana, 222

Bothaville, 6 mi NW, South Africa, 256

Botletle River, Botswana, 222

Botswana, 215

Bouanane, 20 km NE, Morocco, 50

Bouanane, 30 km NE, Morocco, 50

Bouarfa, 9 km SW, Morocco, 50

Boubwonli, Burkina Faso, 145

Boudenib, 5 km E, Morocco, 50

Boulél, Senegal, 110, 114

Bouloutane, 5 km W, Morocco, 51

Bouna, Côte d’Ivoire, 124

Bouna Reserve, Côte d’Ivoire, 129

Bou Rjeimat, Mauritania, 80

Boussouma, 5 km N, Burkina Faso, 137

Brach, Libya, 90

Bragança, Mozambique, 238

Brakfontein, South Africa, 257

Brakrivier, South Africa, 258

Brakrivier Bridge, South Africa, 258

Brandvlei, 2 mi S, South Africa, 258

Breede River, South Africa, 272, 279, 

292

Broederstroom River, South Africa, 298

Brucharos Mountain, Namibia, 208

Buffalo Range, Zimbabwe, 233

Buffalo Range Game Ranch, Zimbabwe, 233

Buffelshoek, South Africa, 258

Buffels River, South Africa, 278

Buitepos Farm, Namibia, 213

Bu Ngem, 30 km S, Libya, 91

Burkina Faso, 137

Bussa, Nigeria, 202

Butre, Ghana, 152

Butre River, Ghana, 153

Buxton, South Africa, 263

Bzema Oasis, Libya, 91

Calabar, 15 mi N, Nigeria, 193

Calabar River, Nigeria, 193

Calgary, Zimbabwe, 236

Calvinia, 6 mi E, South Africa, 258

Camp I, South Africa, 267

Camp 3, Botswana, 218

Camp 4, Botswana, 218

Cape Coast, Ghana, 153

Cape Coast Castle, Ghana, 153

Cape Three Points Forest Reserve, 

Ghana, 165

Cap Rhir, Morocco, 47

Cap Spartel, 1 km S, Morocco, 51

Cap Spartel, 3 km S, Morocco, 51

Carnarvon, 1 1/2 mi E, South Africa, 

259

Carnarvon River, South Africa, 259

Carolina, 30 mi E, South Africa, 255

Carter’s Ridge, South Africa, 259

Cascas, Senegal, 107

Cavally River, Côte d’Ivoire, 127

Cave of the Camel, Morocco, 63

Cella, 1 km N, Burkina Faso, 137

Cella, 6 mi S, Burkina Faso, 139

Central Kalahari Game Reserve, 

Botswana, 218

Chad, 104

Chalet Louis Neltner, Morocco, 62

Changara, Mozambique, 239

Changara, 33 km S, Mozambique, 239

Char, Mauritania, 74

Char, 40 km N, Mauritania, 74

Charley’s Puty, Namibia, 208

Chechaouen, Morocco, 52

Chechaouen, 4 km W, Morocco, 52

Chetora B Farm, Zimbabwe, 233

Chichaoua, 20 km S, Morocco, 52

Chicla, 12 km S, Libya, 91

Chicoa, 14 mi ESE, Mozambique, 239

Chigubo, 2 km N, Mozambique, 239

Chigubo, 30 km WNW, Mozambique, 

239

Chigubo Administrative Poste, Mozambique, 239

Chigubo Administrative Poste, 7 km S, 

Mozambique, 239

Chimonzo, Mozambique, 239

Chinguetti, 20 km NW, Mauritania, 74

Chiôco, 8 km SW, Mozambique, 240

Chiredzi River, Zimbabwe, 233

Chirinda Forest, Zimbabwe, 233

Chirinda Forest, Zimbabwe, 235

Chiúta, Mozambique, 240

Chobe, Botswana, 221

Chobe (Game Reserve), Botswana, 220, 

221

Chobe River, Botswana, 221

Chukutsa Pan, Botswana, 218

Clanwilliam, 2 mi N, South Africa, 259

Clanwilliam, 5 mi NW, South Africa, 

284

Clanwilliam, 10 mi NE, South Africa, 

283

Clanwilliam, 12 mi ENE, South Africa, 

284

Clanwilliam, Pakhuis Pass, South Africa, 283

Coefia, 2 km N, Libya, 91

Coguno, Mozambique, 240

Coguno, 5 km ESE, Mozambique, 240

Coguno, 9 km ESE, Mozambique, 240

Coguno, 14 km ESE, Mozambique, 240

Coloniesplaats, South Africa, 259

Comer Farm, Zimbabwe, 234

Commisiondrift, South Africa, 259

Commisiondrift Dam, South Africa, 260

Côte d’Ivoire, 122

Cradock, 8 mi N, South Africa, 260

Crocodile River, South Africa, 273

Crocodile Valley Citrus Estates, South 

Africa, 280

Cross River, Nigeria, 200

Cufra Oasis, Libya, 94, 95

Cussabat, 5 km W, Libya, 91

Cyrene, Libya, 91

Dada, Nigeria, 193

Dahomey, 176

Dahomey Gap, Benin, 183

Dakar, Senegal, 108

Dakar, 13.7 km N, Senegal, 109

Damango, Ghana, 153

Damango, [5 mi E], Ghana, 153

Damango Scarp Forest Reserve, Ghana, 

154

Dana, 8 km S, Burkina Faso, 139

Dapango, Togo, 170

Dap Naude Dam, South Africa, 298

Dardinel, South Africa, 274

Dargle Station, 3 mi W, South Africa, 

270

Dassa-Zoumé, Benin, 188

Dautsa Flats, Botswana, 218

Davel, South Africa, 260

Dayi River, Ghana, 168

Dealesville, 9 mi N, South Africa, 260

Deba River, Ghana, 168

De Duinen (The Dunes), South Africa, 

272

Deelfontein, 2 mi N, South Africa, 277
3 1 2 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

DeHoop, South Africa, 260

Demnate, 6 km SE, Morocco, 53

Denu, Ghana, 154

Denyau Shelterbelt Forest Reserve, 

Ghana, 148

Derg, 5 km E, Libya, 91

Derna, 3 km E, Libya, 91

DeRust Farm, South Africa, 269

Diakora, Burkina Faso, 143

Dialakoto, Senegal, 109

Diali, Côte d’Ivoire, 125

Diamond Area No. 2, Namibia, 214

Die Langkloof, South Africa, 258

Die Mik, Namibia/South Africa, 213, 

286

Dienkoa River, Burkina Faso, 144

Digomo de Kai, Botswana, 218

Diho, Benin, 179

Dikbaardskolk, 3 mi N, South Africa, 

261

Dikwa, 31 mi NE, Nigeria, 193

Dio, Burkina Faso, 139

Diourbel, 17 km NE, Senegal, 115

Djab Farm, Namibia, 211

Djab River, Namibia, 211

Djipologo, Burkina Faso, 139

Dodo Cross Roads, 3 mi NNW, 

Botswana, 218

Dodo Cross Roads, 8 mi NNW, 

Botswana, 218

Dodo Cross Roads, 10 mi W, Botswana, 

218

Dodo Cross Roads, 13 mi W, Botswana, 

218

Dombi Forest Reserve, Ghana, 154

Dondo, Mozambique, 240

Dondo, 8 km NW, Mozambique, 244

Doornpoort, South Africa, 297

Doudodo River, Burkina Faso, 137

Douglas, 10 mi S, South Africa, 261

Doyum, Ghana, 154

Doyum Police Post, Ghana, 155

Drakensberg Garden(s), 2 mi N, South 

Africa, 261

Drakensberg Garden(s) Hotel, 2 mi W, 

South Africa, 261

Drakensberg Mountains, South Africa, 

265, 286, 290

Drodsky’s (Drotsky’s) Caves, Botswana, 

218

Drodsky’s Caves, 10 mi NW, Botswana, 

219

Duekoue, Côte d’Ivoire, 125

Dunblaine, Zimbabwe, 233

Dunkwa, Ghana, 148

Edri, Libya, 92

Efeipo Krom, Ghana, 155

Ehania, Côte d’Ivoire, 126

Ehania Forest, Côte d’Ivoire, 126

El Abiad Oasis, Libya, 92

Elands River, South Africa, 290

El Barcat, Libya, 93

El Faidia, 10 km SW, Libya, 93

El Gatrun, Libya, 93

El Gezira, Libya, 94

El Gheddahia, 7 km S, Libya, 94

El Giof, Libya, 94

El Hauuari, Libya, 95

El Jadida, 6 km E, Morocco, 53

Ellisras, 5 mi NE, South Africa, 261

Elmina, Ghana, 155

Elmina Castle, Ghana, 155

Ermelo, 12 mi NW, South Africa, 260

Eshowe, 6 mi E, South Africa, 262

Eshowe, 15 mi E, South Africa, 263

Essaouira, 5 km NE, Morocco, 53

Essaouira, 13 km E, Morocco, 54

Essexvale Ranch, Zimbabwe, 234

Estcourt, 7 mi SE, South Africa, 286

Estcourt, 45 mi SW, South Africa, 264

Eye, The, South Africa, 273

Ezime, Togo, 171

Falaise de Fô, Burkina Faso, 139

Farfell Farm, Zimbabwe, 234

Faya (Largeau), Chad, 104

Faya, 34 mi NE, Chad, 104

Felele, Nigeria, 193

Fetekro, Côte d’Ivoire, 126

Field Moore Plantation, Nigeria, 196

Figuig, 5 km NW, Morocco, 54

Figuig, 41 km NW, Morocco, 54

Fika, Nigeria, 193

Fingoè, Mozambique, 240

Flabo River, Ghana, 161

Fo, Burkina Faso, 139

Foley, Botswana, 219

Foley, 8 mi W, Botswana, 219

Foley Siding, 8 mi W, Botswana, 219

Foley Siding, 10 mi W, Botswana, 219

Forêt Classée d’Agou, Togo, 170

Forêt Classée de Kassas, Senegal, 110

Forêt Classée de Pô, Burkina Faso, 144

Forêt Classée des Collines de Kouandé, 

Benin, 182

Forêt Classée de Soubroukou, Benin, 187

Forêt Classée de Wénou-Bénou, Benin, 

178

Forêt Classée du Balam, Togo, 175

Forêt de Mamora, Morocco, 62

Fort Arak, Algeria, 81

Fort Capuzzo, 10 km SW, Libya, 95

Fort Capuzzo, 60 km S[SW], Libya, 95

Fort Gouraud, Mauritania, 74

Fort Gouraud, 12.8 km SW, Mauritania, 

74

Fort Hartley, Lesotho, 263

Fort Laperrine, Algeria, 83

Fort Menouarar, Algeria, 82

Fort Victoria, Zimbabwe, 234

Foum-el-Hassane, Morocco, 56

Foum Zguid, 4 km S, Morocco, 54

Fountains, South Africa, 263

Fountains, 2 mi S, South Africa, 263

Fountains Valley, South Africa, 263

Founzan, Burkina Faso, 141

Fraaiuitzicht, South Africa, 273

Francistown, 40 mi NW, Botswana, 219

Francistown, 45 mi SW, Botswana, 219

Francistown, 50 mi SW, Botswana, 219

Francistown, 57 mi SW, Botswana, 219

Frankfort, 9 mi N, South Africa, 263

Fraserburg, 3 mi NE [NW], South 

Africa, 263

Friedenheim Dam, South Africa, 280

Fuller Falls, Ghana, 168

Furancungo, Mozambique, 240

Furancungo, 10 km E, Mozambique, 240

Furancungo, 20 km E, Mozambique, 240

Furancungo, 30 mi NNW, Mozambique, 240

Furancungo, 30 mi NW, Mozambique, 

242

Fure Forest Reserve, Ghana, 164

Gaberones, 5 mi W, Botswana, 219

Gaberones, 6 mi W, Botswana, 219

Gambaga, Ghana, 156

Gambaga River, Ghana, 156

Gambaga Scarp, Ghana, 156, 167

Gambia, The, 106

Gambia River, The Gambia, 114

Gamboru, Nigeria, 193

Gamon, Senegal, 109

Ganab Water Hole, Namibia, 213

Gangareme, Mozambique, 242

Gannavloer, South Africa, 295

Gansfontein, South Africa, 263

Garak, Mauritania, 75

Gardenia, South Africa, 280

Garian, Libya, 96

Garies, 40 mi WNW, South Africa, 296

Gasr es Sahabi, Libya, 95

Gatkoppie, South Africa, 258

Gbako River, Nigeria, 203

Gbatope, Togo, 172

Gbessarouperou, Benin, 179

Gebel el Harug el Asued, Libya, 95

Gebel Jefren, Libya, 99

Gebel Soda, Libya, 95

Gebel Uweinat, Libya, 87

General Store (Maputa), South Africa, 

273

Gerdes, 10 km N, Libya, 95

Ghana, 147

Ghansi, Botswana, 220
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 3 1 3

Ghansi, 20 mi NE, Botswana, 220

Ghansi, 35 mi S, Botswana, 220

Gharian, 20 km N, Libya, 95

Gharian, 25 km N, Libya, 96

Ghat, Libya, 96

Ghat, 12 km N, Libya, 96

Ghat, 20 km N, Libya, 96

Gialo, 150 km S, Libya, 96

Gialo Oasis, Libya, 96

Gialo Oasis, Libya, 87

Giant’s Castle Game Reserve, South 

Africa, 264

Giarabub, Libya, 96

Giarabub, 21 km ESE, Libya, 87

Giarabub, 24 km SSE, Libya, 96

Giarabub, 62 km N, Libya, 96

Giarabub, 120 km N, Libya, 96

Gibeon, 20 mi SW, Namibia, 211

Gimi River, Nigeria, 204

Glen, South Africa, 264

Gobabeb, Namibia, 209

Gobabeb, 1 mi E, Namibia, 210

Gobabeb, 36 km WNW, Namibia, 214

Gobabis, 3.5 mi SW, Namibia, 210

Gobabis, 4.5 mi SW, Namibia, 210

Goddua, Libya, 96

Goddua, 20 km SW, Libya, 104

Goddua, 26 km N, Libya, 97

Goden, Burkina Faso, 141

Goedehoop Farm, South Africa, 265

Goedgevonde, South Africa, 265

Goha Hills, Botswana, 220

Goha Hills, 10 mi E, Botswana, 220

Gomare, 5 mi S, Botswana, 220

Gona-Rhe-Zhou, Zimbabwe, 235

Goodhouse, Namibia, 210

Goodhouse, South Africa, 265

Gorangoza Park, Mozambique, 242

Gorgadji, 17 km E, Burkina Faso, 141

Gorongosa Mountain, Mozambique, 242

Goudébo, Burkina Faso, 142

Goudiry, Senegal, 109

Goudveld, South Africa, 265

Goulimine, 20 km SW, Morocco, 54

Goulimine, 28 km SW, Morocco, 54

Goulimine, 30 km SW, Morocco, 54

Goulimine, 38 km SW, Morocco, 55

Gouni, Burkina Faso, 138

Graaff-Reinet, 23 mi SE, South Africa, 

265

Graaff-Reinet, 28 mi N, South Africa, 

259

Graaff-Reinet, 30 mi N, South Africa, 

259

Grahamstown, 10 mi S, South Africa, 

267

Grahamstown, 11 mi SSW, South 

Africa, 266

Grand Balé River, Burkina Faso, 141

Great Fish River, South Africa, 260

Groblershoop, 2 mi NW, South Africa, 

267

Groenkloof, South Africa, 267

Groenkloof Farm, South Africa, 267

Groot Kolk, 2 mi SE, South Africa, 267

Groot Letaba (Game) Reserve, South 

Africa, 267

Groot Letaba River, South Africa, 267, 

275

Groot River, South Africa, 296

Grottes of Chiker, Morocco, 67

Grottes of Hercules, Morocco, 55

Gubba, 12 km NW, Libya, 97

Gudi, 3 mi E, Nigeria, 200

Guéna, Burkina Faso, 144

Guene, Benin, 180

Guercif, 10 km E, Morocco, 55

Guerina, Senegal, 109

Guiers Lake, Senegal, 119

Guiglo, Côte d’Ivoire, 127

Guitri, Côte d’Ivoire, 127

Gulf of Guinea, Benin/Côte d’Ivoire/

Ghana, 122, 153, 158, 183

Gulf of Sirte, Libya, 97

Gumare, Botswana, 220

Gunsfontein, South Africa, 268

Gwebi River, Zimbabwe, 236

Haenertsburg, 2 mi E, South Africa, 268

Hakos Mountains, Namibia, 211

Half-way Pan, Botswana, 220

Hamada du Guir, Morocco, 51

Hanahai Valley, Botswana, 220

Hana River, Côte d’Ivoire, 130

Hann Park, Senegal, 109

Hardingdale, South Africa, 268

Haroni River, Zimbabwe, 235

Harrismith, 12 mi S, South Africa, 268

Hartbeespruit, South Africa, 268

Havenga Bridge, South Africa, 286

Hayfield B Farm, Zimbabwe, 234

Helmeringhausen, 20 mi W, Namibia, 

212

Helvetia Farm, Zimbabwe, 234

Henderson Research Station, 

Zimbabwe, 234

Hendrick F, Verwoerd Dam, South 

Africa, 281

Hennops River, South Africa, 263, 289

Hex River, South Africa, 260

High Atlas Mountains, Morocco, 47

Hillside, South Africa, 268

Holfontein, South Africa, 256

Hopetown, 2 mi NE, South Africa, 269

Houtbosdorp, 2 mi E, South Africa, 

269

Howick, South Africa, 270

Hun, 2 km SW, Libya, 97

Ibadan, Nigeria, 194

Icht, 3 km NW, Morocco, 56

Icht, 7 km NW, Morocco, 56

Idere, Nigeria, 196

Idoforo, Nigeria, 196

Iella, Nigeria, 196

Ife University Farm, Nigeria, 196

Ifkern, 3 km E, Morocco, 57

Igbabon River, Nigeria, 202

Igbo Ora, Nigeria, 196

Igbo Ora, 2 mi W, Nigeria, 196

Igolo (Nigeria), Benin, 177

Ilashe, 4 mi S, Nigeria, 196

Imlil, Morocco, 57

In-Gall, 30 km S, Niger, 84

In-Gall, 120 km S, Niger, 84

Inhaca Island, Mozambique, 242

Inhaca Island, SE tip, Mozambique, 242

Inhambane, 24 km S, Mozambique, 243

Inhambane, 29 km S, Mozambique, 243

Inhambane, 35 km S, Mozambique, 243

Inharrime, 3 km NE, Mozambique, 242

Inharrime, 4 km SW, Mozambique, 242

In Salah, Algeria, 82

In Salah, 100 km SE, Algeria, 82

In Salah, 120 km SE, Algeria, 82

Instituto de Investigacão Científica de

Moçambique, Mozambique, 238

Inyoka Mountains, Mozambique, 242

Irherm-n-Ougdal, Morocco, 58

Iseyin, Nigeria, 205

Ivory Coast, 122

Jacqueville, Côte d’Ivoire, 127

Jamaa Forest, Nigeria, 204

Jangamo, Mozambique, 243

Jansenville, 8 mi NE, South Africa, 269

Jbel Iskou, Morocco, 54

Jebel Toubkal, Morocco, 62

Jemaa, Nigeria, 203

Jemaa, 2 mi N, Nigeria, 203

Jerusalem (Namibia), South Africa, 292

Jerusalem Farm, Namibia, 214

Jingar River, Nigeria, 197

Joal, 4 km N, Senegal, 109

Johannesburg, South Africa, 269

John Nash Nature Reserve, South 

Africa, 294

Jos Plateau, Nigeria, 197, 202, 203

Joverega, Botswana, 220

Joverega, 10 mi N, Botswana, 220

Jukskei River, South Africa, 269

Jukwa, Ghana, 156

July’s Kraal, South Africa, 267

Kabwir, 1 mi S, Nigeria, 197

Kachikau, Botswana, 220

Kachikau, 12 mi SW, Botswana, 220

Kade, Ghana, 157
3 1 4 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Kade, 6 mi N, Ghana, 157

Kade, 6 mi NW, Ghana, 157

Kadonda, Burkina Faso, 145

Kaedi, Mauritania, 76

Kaffrine, 15 km N, Senegal, 110

Kagoro, Nigeria, 190

Kahin, Côte d’Ivoire, 127

Kahone, Senegal, 113

Kai Kai, Botswana, 221

Kai Kai, 25 mi SE, Botswana, 218

Kaiser Pan, Botswana, 220

Kaitzub Farm, Namibia, 211

Kalahari-Gemsbok National Park, 

South Africa, 261, 267, 269, 270, 

276, 281, 292

Kalkrand, 6 mi S, Namibia, 212

Kalkrand, 17 mi N, Namibia, 212

Kameelsleep, 5 mi N, South Africa, 269

Kamkwa (Borehole), South Africa, 270

Kana River, Burkina Faso, 141

Kang, Botswana, 221

Kang, 7 mi W, Botswana, 221

Kang, 10 mi NW, Botswana, 221

Kang, 10 mi W, Botswana, 221

Kangyane Pan, Botswana, 231

Kano, Nigeria, 201

Kanyanbia River, Ghana, 165

Kanye, 30 mi W, Botswana, 221

Kaolack, 6 km E, Senegal, 111

Karaduwa, Nigeria, 197

Karaduwa River, Nigeria, 197

Karasberge, Namibia, 212

Karékui, Burkina Faso, 142

Kasane, Botswana, 221

Kasane, 1.5 mi E, Botswana, 221

Kasane, 1.5 mi W, Botswana, 221

Kasane, 2 mi S, Botswana, 221

Kasane, 2 mi W (Chobe Game Reserve), 

Botswana, 221

Kasane, 3 mi E, Botswana, 221

Kasane, 5 mi W, Botswana, 221

Kasane, 10 mi W, Botswana, 221

Katasi, Ghana, 152

Kbwai, Botswana, 222

Keetmanshoop, 62 mi E, Namibia, 212

Keimoes, 2 mi E, South Africa, 270

Keimoes Island, South Africa, 270

Kendrew Station, South Africa, 266

Kenhardt, 16 mi N, South Africa, 281

Kenitra, 11 km W, Morocco, 58

Kerzaz, 72 km SE, Algeria, 82

Keta, Ghana, 158

Keta Lagoon, Ghana, 158

Ketou, Benin, 180

Khabane, Botswana, 219

Khaudum Omuramba, Botswana, 229

Khenifra, 22 km E, Morocco, 58

Khuis, Botswana, 221

Khumaha, Botswana, 222

Khumaha, 7.7 mi N, Botswana, 222

Khweabe Hills, Botswana, 219

Kiffa, Mauritania, 76

Kihabe Hills, Botswana, 219

Kilgobbin, South Africa, 270

Kimberley, 1 mi W, South Africa, 259

King Williams Town, 12 mi NW, South 

Africa, 286

King Williams Town area, South Africa, 

287

Kintampo Water Falls, Ghana, 168

Kkwebe Hills, Botswana, 219

Klaserie, South Africa, 270

Klawer, 2 mi W, South Africa, 270

Klein Aus Farm, Namibia, 212

Klein Brakrivier, South Africa, 279

Kleinfontein, South Africa, 271

Klein Letaba (Post Office), 8 mi W, 

South Africa, 271

Klein Swartberge, South Africa, 296

Kleinvlei, 6 mi N Clanwilliam, South 

Africa, 284

Klip River, South Africa, 295

Kluitjieskraal, South Africa, 272

Kluitjieskraal River, South Africa, 272

Knoffelfontein, South Africa, 272

Knysna, 10 mi N, South Africa, 265

Kobe River, South Africa, 259

Kobos, Namibia, 212

Kochena Farm, Namibia, 212

Koegas, 10 mi SE, South Africa, 272

Kofina Rock, Nigeria, 206

Kokofu, Ghana, 158

Kolda, 5 km N, Senegal, 113

Kolda, 40 km W, Senegal, 113

Komani Farm, Zimbabwe, 236

Komatipoort, 2 mi N, South Africa, 273

Komati River, Mozambique/South 

Africa, 245, 255

Komoe River, Côte d’Ivoire, 124

Konankira, [2 km S], Burkina Faso, 142

Kong, Côte d’Ivoire, 127

Korwe Pan (Bore Hole), Botswana, 230

Kosi Bay, South Africa, 273

Kotiare Naoude, Senegal, 113

Kouande, Benin, 182

Koul Péolgo, Burkina Faso, 144

Koumongou River, Togo, 175

Koungheul, Senegal, 114

Koussanar, Senegal, 114

Koutiala, Burkina Faso, 139

Koutoura, 5 km SW, Burkina Faso, 143

Kpeve, Ghana, 158

Kpodave, Benin, 183

Kraai River, South Africa, 273

Krobo Mountain, Ghana, 158

Kruger National Park, South Africa, 273

Ksar Douimeniat, Algeria, 82

Ksar-es-Souk, 6 km SW, Morocco, 58

Ksar-es-Souk, 20 km SW, Morocco, 58

Ksar-es-Souk, 25 km SW, Morocco, 58

Ksar Oulad Aïd, Algeria, 82

Kubie, Botswana, 217

Kuche Pan, Botswana, 222

Kuche Pan, 10 mi SE, Botswana, 222

Kudang, The Gambia, 114

Kudu, Nigeria, 198

Kufena Hill, Nigeria, 206

Kuiseb River, Namibia, 209

Kuke Cordon, Botswana, 222

Kuke Gate, Botswana, 222

Kuke Veterinary Cordon Fence, 

Botswana, 222 

Kuruman, 3 mi E, South Africa, 273

Kuruman, 6 mi E, South Africa, 273

Kuruman Cave, South Africa, 273

Kutswe Pan (bore hole and cattle post), 

Botswana, 230

Kwaai River Area, Botswana, 222

Kwa Falls Palm Oil Estate, Nigeria, 200

Kwahu Tafo, Ghana, 159

Kware, Nigeria, 198

Kwa River, Nigeria, 200

Kwebe Hills, Botswana, 223

Kwebe Hills, 18 mi NW, Botswana, 223

Kwechu, Botswana, 219

Kyle Dam National Park, Zimbabwe, 

234

Kyle Game Reserve, Zimbabwe, 234

Labrag, 4 km W, Libya, 97

Labrag, 5 km NW, Libya, 97

Labrag, 5 km SW, Libya, 97

Lady Grey, 12 mi SW, South Africa, 273

Ladysmith, 12 mi NE, South Africa, 291

Ladysmith, 12 mi W, South Africa, 290

Lagos, Nigeria, 205

Laingsburg, 19 mi SSW, South Africa, 

296

Lake Chad, Nigeria, 193

Lamto, Côte d’Ivoire, 129

Langeberg Mountains, South Africa, 

279

Larache, 1 km N, Morocco, 59

Larache, 3 km NE, Morocco, 59

Larache, 20 km SE, Morocco, 58

Largeau (Faya), Chad, 104

Largeau, 30 km NE, Chad, 104

Largeau, 95 km NW, Chad, 105

Leber River, Namibia, 212

Lebombo Mountains, South Africa, 281

Lebombos Mountains, Mozambique, 

243

Lebu Pan, Botswana, 229

Leggogot, South Africa, 297

Legon, Ghana, 159

Legon, 1 mi N, Ghana, 160

Legon, 2 mi N, Ghana, 161
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 3 1 5

Legon, 6 mi N, Ghana, 160

Legon, 10 mi N, Ghana, 148

Legon Hill (University of Ghana), 

Ghana, 160

Leklebi Agbesia, Ghana, 161

[Leklebi] Duga, Ghana, 161

Leopard Rock Hotel, Zimbabwe, 235

Leri River, Nigeria, 202

Les Mammels, Senegal, 109

Lesotho, 251

Letlaking, Botswana, 223

Letlaking, 10 mi W, Botswana, 223

Letlaking, 11 mi SE, Botswana, 223

Lewensbron Farm, South Africa, 295

Léyésa River, Burkina Faso, 145

Libya, 85

Lichtenburg, 15 mi W, 4 mi N, South 

Africa, 275

Lichtenburg, 15 mi W, 7 mi N, South 

Africa, 275

Lichtenburg, 22 mi NNW, South Africa, 

274

Lindley, 10 mi NW, South Africa, 275

Linguere, Senegal, 114

Lixus, Morocco, 59

Lobatsi, Botswana, 223

Loeriesfontein, 6 mi S, South Africa, 

275

Lokoja, 3.6 mi NW, Nigeria, 193

Lokoja, 17 mi NW, Nigeria, 190

Louga, 8 km E, Senegal, 114

Louis Creek, South Africa, 276

Louis Gentil, Morocco, 70

Louisvale, 1 mi N, South Africa, 275

Lourenço Marques, 20 mi W, Mozambique, 238

Lovedale Farm, Namibia, 212

Luangua River, Mozambique, 246

Luckhoff, 16 mi S, South Africa, 272

Luenha River, Mozambique, 239

Lukas Ridge, South Africa, 263

Lusitu River, Zimbabwe, 235

Lusthoff, South Africa, 275

Mabele a Pudi, Botswana, 223

Mabele a Pudi, 50 mi E, Botswana, 224

Mabeleapudi, Botswana, 223

Maboane, 10 mi W, Botswana, 224

Mabote, Mozambique, 243

Mabote, 6 km S, Mozambique, 243

Mabote, 20 km S, Mozambique, 243

Mabua Sefubi Pan, Botswana, 224

Macoculombane, Mozambique, 246

Mada River, Nigeria, 200

Magoebaskloof, South Africa, 275

Magogopate, Botswana, 225

Magogopate Game Camp, Botswana, 

225

Magude, 15 km SW, Mozambique, 243

Magude, 17 km SW, Mozambique, 243

Magude, 24 km SW, Mozambique, 243

Magude, 45 km SW, Mozambique, 242

Magüe (New) Borôma, Mozambique, 

243

Magüè Novo, Mozambique, 243

Mahau River, Mozambique, 243

Mahupa, Botswana, 217

Maiduguri, 22 mi S, Nigeria, 200

Makatini Flats, South Africa, 275

Makhake Store, South Africa, 276

Malelane, 7 mi SW, South Africa, 276

Mamfe, Ghana, 161

Mamono, Botswana, 225

Mamono, 45 mi S, Botswana, 225

Mamono, 50 mi S, Botswana, 225

Mamono, 55 mi S, Botswana, 225

Mamono, 150 mi S, Botswana, 225

Manchester Farm, Zimbabwe, 235

Manchester Gardens, Zimbabwe, 235

Mankesin, vicinity of, Ghana, 161

Mapulanguene, 8 km E, Mozambique, 

243

Maputa, South Africa, 273

Maputa, 12 mi E, South Africa, 273

Maputa aerodrome, South Africa, 273

Maraua, 7 km E, Libya, 97

Marble Arch, 15 km WNW, Libya, 97

Marhumbini, Zimbabwe, 235

Mariazell Mission, South Africa, 276

Marico River, Botswana, 228

Mariepskop Forest Reserve, South 

Africa, 276

Mariepskop Mountain, South Africa, 

276

Maringue, Mozambique, 244

Markoye, 30 km N, Burkina Faso, 143

Marlow Agricultural School, South 

Africa, 260

Maro Reserve, Burkina Faso, 145

Marssassoum, 15 km SE, Senegal, 114

Martin Forest Reserve, Zimbabwe, 233

Masarwanyane Pan, Botswana, 225

Masba, Nigeria, 200

Massamba, 10 mi E, Mozambique, 245

Massamba, 14 mi E, Mozambique, 245

Massangena, Mozambique, 244

Massangena, 10 mi W, Mozambique, 

244

Massinga, 2 km N, Mozambique, 244

Massinga, 2 km S, Mozambique, 244

Massinga, 3 km N, Mozambique, 244

Massinga, 4 km N, Mozambique, 244

Massinga, 9 km NE, Mozambique, 244

Massinga, 9 km NW, Mozambique, 244

Massubia, Botswana, 227

Matam, Senegal, 115

Matam, 13 km SW, Senegal, 115

Mata Mata, South Africa, 276

Matebe, 7 mi N, Botswana, 225

Maué River, Mozambique, 246

Maun, Botswana, 225

Maun, 6 mi N, Botswana, 226

Maun, 20 mi SSW, Botswana, 226

Maun, 35 mi SW, Botswana, 226

Maun–Ghanzi road, Botswana, 222

Mauritania, 70

Mazelspoort, South Africa, 265

Mazoe Dam, Zimbabwe, 234

Mazoe River, Zimbabwe, 234

Mazoe Valley, Zimbabwe, 236

Mechra Benabbou, 11 km SE, Morocco, 

59

Mecito, Mozambique, 244

Medina, Ghana, 161

Meseguin Oasis, Libya, 98

Meseied, 40 km N, Morocco, 59

Messa, 13 km WSW, Libya, 104

Messa, 35 km W, Libya, 98

Mezimbite, Mozambique, 244

Midelt, 7 km E, Morocco, 60

Millwood Forest Station, South Africa, 

265

Mischliffen, Morocco, 60

Missour, 8 km S, Morocco, 61

Missour, 15 km SW, Morocco, 61

Missour, 16 km W, Morocco, 60

Mizda, 5 km N, Libya, 98

Mkomazi River, South Africa, 276

Mkuze, 6 mi N, South Africa, 281

Mkuze, 20 mi E, South Africa, 275

Mkuze, 25 mi SE, South Africa, 276

Mkuze Game Reserve, South Africa, 

276

Mkuze Game Reserve Headquarters, 

South Africa, 276

Mkuze River, South Africa, 276

Moamba, Mozambique, 245

Modderfontein, 2 mi N Deelfontein, 

South Africa, 277

Modderfontein, 7 mi W Springbok, 

South Africa, 277

Modder River, South Africa, 265

Mogol, South Africa, 261

Mogreine Copper Mine, Mauritania, 77

Mohembo, 55 mi W, Botswana, 226

Molopo River, Botswana, 217, 221

Mombane, Mozambique, 245

Mombane, 2 km NW, Mozambique, 245

Mombane, 4 km SE, Mozambique, 245

Mombane, 4 km WNW, Mozambique, 

245

Mombane, 6 km NE, Mozambique, 245

Mombane, 8 km SE, Mozambique, 245

Montagu, 4 mi W, South Africa, 279

Montes Tchiputo, Mozambique, 250

Mooi River, South Africa, 288

Moordrift, South Africa, 279
3 1 6 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Morago West Forest Reserve, Ghana, 

167

Moremi Game Reserve, Botswana, 222

Morocco, 45

Morrumboze River Falls, Mozambique, 

242

Mosselbaai, 9 mi N, South Africa, 279

Mosslands, South Africa, 266

Moulay-Bousselham, Morocco, 61

Mt. Missour, Morocco, 61

Mount Selinda, Zimbabwe, 235

Mount Selinda, 3 mi NE, Zimbabwe, 

234

Mozambique, 236

Mpatutlwa Pan, Botswana, 226

M’Tuchira River, Mozambique, 249

Mualadze, Mozambique, 249

Mucanha River, Mozambique, 245

Muchena, Mozambique, 245

Mungari, 5 km N, Mozambique, 245

Murzuch, Libya, 98

Murzuch, 6 km N, Libya, 99

Murzuch, 28 km E, Libya, 99

Musapa River, Zimbabwe, 233

Musu, 12 mi W, Botswana, 226

Mzimkulu River, South Africa, 261

Nabogo, Ghana, 161

Nabogo River, Ghana, 161

Nador, 20 km SE, Morocco, 61

Nalut, 40 km ENE, Libya, 99

Namib Desert Research Station, 

Namibia, 209

Namib Desert Research Station, 3 mi S, 

Namibia, 210

Namibia, 207

Namib Park, Namibia, 213

Namicungo River, Mozambique, 240

Nandom Forest Reserve, Ghana, 151

Nankasi, Ghana, 161

Nata, Botswana, 226

Nata, 10.2 mi W, Botswana, 227

Nata, 13 mi W, Botswana, 227

Nata River, Botswana, 226

Natiaboani, Burkina Faso, 144

Nayoure, 3 km SE, Burkina Faso, 144

N’dobe, Botswana, 217

N’doulo, Senegal, 115

Ndumu Game Reserve boundary, South 

Africa, 279

Nelspruit, 4 mi E, 2 mi S, South Africa, 

279

New Bene (Tambué), Mozambique, 246

Newcastle, 10 mi S, South Africa, 280

Newe Plaas, South Africa, 258

Newington, 3 mi NNW, South Africa, 

254

Newington, 3 mi WNW, South Africa, 

254

Newington, 7 mi ENE, South Africa, 

281

Ngai-gai, Senegal, 119

Ngami, Lake (edge flood plain), 

Botswana, 223

Ngorima Reserve (East), Zimbabwe, 235

Ngoye Forest Reserve, South Africa, 

263

Niamey, 45 km NW, Niger, 84

Niamey, 90 km SE, Niger, 84

Niassene, Senegal, 115

Niebe, Côte d’Ivoire, 130

Nieman’s Farm, South Africa, 261

Niger, 84

Nigeria, 188

Niger River, Niger/Nigeria, 84, 192, 

193, 202, 203

Nikki, Benin, 183

Njelele River, South Africa, 292

Nkawkaw, Ghana, 161

Nkawkaw, 1 mi N, Ghana, 161

Nkonkoni, South Africa, 281

Nkwanta, 2 mi E, Ghana, 162

Nobere, 9 mi S, Burkina Faso, 144

Nokaneng, Botswana, 227

Nokaneng, 8 mi S, Botswana, 227

Nokaneng, 15 mi N, Botswana, 227

Nokaneng, 18 mi NE, Botswana, 227

Nokaneng, 25 mi NE, Botswana, 227

Noorsveld, South Africa, 269

Noro, Burkina Faso, 137

northern Africa, 44

Norvalspont, 8 mi E, South Africa, 281

Nossob Camp, South Africa, 281

Nossob Camp, 1 mi N, South Africa, 

281

Nossob Camp, 2 mi N, South Africa, 

281

Nossob (Nossop) River, Botswana/

South Africa, 217, 231, 270, 292

Nouakchott, 6 km E, Mauritania, 77

Nouakchott, 6 km W, Mauritania, 78

Nouakchott, 7 km E, Mauritania, 78

Nouakchott, 11 km N, Mauritania, 78

Nouakchott, 78 km S, Mauritania, 78

N’Ougas, South Africa, 281

N’Rougas Farm, South Africa, 281

Nsuaem, Ghana, 162

Num Num, South Africa, 282

Nyala State Lands, South Africa, 276

Nyamkwarara River, Zimbabwe, 235

Nyamkwarara School, Zimbabwe, 235

Nyan River, Ghana, 165

Nyingari River, Ghana, 156

Nyl River, South Africa, 279

Nylstroom, 4 mi E, South Africa, 282

Nylstroom, 10 mi E, South Africa, 283

Nylstroom golf course, South Africa, 

283

Nylstroom Town, South Africa, 283

Nzi River, Côte d’Ivoire, 127

Oban, 14 mi S, Nigeria, 200

Oboungouni, Burkina Faso, 144

Oda, Ghana, 162

Odomi, Ghana, 162

Odomi Jongo, Ghana, 162

Ogo, Senegal, 115

Ogun River, Nigeria, 205

Okavango River, Botswana, 228, 229

Okorasi, Ghana, 163

Okwenya, Ghana, 159

Olifants River, South Africa, 259, 271, 

297

Onderdownes, South Africa, 259

Orange-Kraai confluence, South Africa, 

255

Orange River, Namibia/South Africa, 

210, 213, 214, 255, 256, 261, 263, 

265, 267, 269, 270, 272, 275, 281, 

286, 288, 292, 294

Orodara, 27 km ENE, Burkina Faso, 

144

Otabango, Burkina Faso, 144

Oti River, Benin/Togo, 175, 185

Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 144

Oualé, Burkina Faso, 144

Ouarzazate, Morocco, 61

Ouarzazate, 5 km S, Morocco, 61

Ouarzazate, 5 km SE, Morocco, 61

Ouarzazate, 5 km SW, Morocco, 61

Ouarzazate, 6 km N, Morocco, 61

Ouarzazate, 7 km E, Morocco, 61

Ouarzazate, 9 km SE, Morocco, 61

Ouarzazate, 19 km E, Morocco, 61

Oued-Drâa, Morocco, 48

Oued Ouerrha, Morocco, 65

Oued Saoura, Algeria, 82

Oued Sous, Morocco, 47

Oued Taquit, Morocco, 51

Oued Todra, Morocco, 69

Oued Zem, 5 km S, Morocco, 61

Oued Zem, 10 km S, Morocco, 61

Ouezzane, 10 km W, Morocco, 62

Ougarou, Burkina Faso, 145

Oulé River, Togo, 171

Oulmes, 18 km S, Morocco, 62

Oulo, Burkina Faso, 145

Ounianga Kebir, Chad, 105

Oussouye, Senegal, 116

Oyo, 7 mi W, Nigeria, 200

Oyoko River, Ghana, 168

Paarde Kraal, South Africa, 267

Padori, Togo, 172

Pagala, Togo, 175

Pakhuis Mts., South Africa, 284

Pakhuis Pass, South Africa, 283
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 3 1 7

Panda, Mozambique, 246

Panda, 4 km N, Mozambique, 246

Panda, 5 km SE, Mozambique, 246

Panda, 6 km W, Mozambique, 246

Panda, 12 km W, Mozambique, 246

Panda, 14 km ESE, Mozambique, 240

Pandamatenga Road, Botswana, 230

Panisau, Nigeria, 200

Panyam, 2 mi N, Nigeria, 201

Panyam Fish Farm, Nigeria, 201

Papama, South Africa, 263

Papao, Ghana, 160

Parakou, Benin, 184

Parys, 5 mi ENE, South Africa, 284

Passe de Soufa, Mauritania, 78

Pella, 8 mi SW, South Africa, 286

Pella (Mission), 10 mi NW, Namibia, 

213

Pella Mission, 10 mi NW, South Africa, 

285

Pendjari River, Benin, 185

Périmètre de Reboisement de Parakou, 

Benin, 184

Petchaye, South Africa, 286

Pétéguersé, Burkina Faso, 142

Petoye, Burkina Faso, 145

Petrusville, 12 mi W, South Africa, 286

Pewa, Togo, 175

Philippolis, 18 mi S, South Africa, 286

Pietermaritzburg, 7 mi NE, South 

Africa, 268

Piet Retief, 43 mi S, South Africa, 265

Piet Retief, 43 mi SW, South Africa, 265

Pink Pan, Botswana, 227

Pirie Forest, South Africa, 287

Pirie Trout Hatchery, South Africa, 286

Pirisi, Ghana, 163

Plage de Ouakum, Senegal, 109

Podor, Senegal, 117

Police post (Sandfontein), 1 mi S, 

Namibia, 213

Pongolo River, near, South Africa, 279

Porga, Benin, 185

Porga Lodge, Benin, 185

Port Nolloth, 2 mi S, South Africa, 287

Port Nolloth, 5 mi E, South Africa, 288

Port Nolloth, 5 mi ENE, South Africa, 

288

Port St. Johns, 4 mi W, South Africa, 

288

Posto Inhaca, Mozambique, 242

Potchefstroom, 3 mi ENE, South Africa, 

288

Potgietersrus, 7 mi SW, South Africa, 

279

Pout, Senegal, 120

Pra Suhien Forest Reserve, Ghana, 163

Prestea, 15 mi W, Ghana, 164

Prestea, 32 mi W, Ghana, 163

Pretoria, South Africa, 267, 289, 298

Pretoria, 5 mi S, South Africa, 263

Pretoria, 10 mi SSW, South Africa, 298

Pretoria, 32 mi W, South Africa, 293

Prieska, 1 mi E, South Africa, 288

Prince’s Town, 6 mi N, Ghana, 165

Prince’s Town, 7 mi N, Ghana, 165

Pulima, Ghana, 165

Qauaza, Mozambique, 242

Quithing, 10 mi NE, Lesotho, 263

Rabat, 11 km E, Morocco, 62

Rabat, 15 km SW, Morocco, 62

Rabat, 17 km SW, Morocco, 62

Ramatlabama, 10 mi W, Botswana, 227

Ramatlabama, 18 mi W, Botswana, 228

Ranerou, Senegal, 118

Ranerou, 7 km SE, Senegal, 119

Ranerou, 13 km NW, Senegal, 119

Ras El Oued, Morocco, 67

Reddersburg, 2 mi S, South Africa, 288

Redelinghuys, 6 mi WNW, South 

A­frica, 288

Red Volta River, Burkina Faso, 144

Refuge Louis Neltner, Morocco, 62

Reggane, 40 km NE, Algeria, 82

Reggane, 80 km NE, Algeria, 82

Rehoboth, 4 mi N, Namibia, 213

Rehoboth, 38 mi SW, Namibia, 212

Réserve Totale de Fauna de Bouna, Côte 

d’Ivoire, 129

Réserve Totale de Fauna de L’Arli, 

Burkina Faso, 137

Revúbuè River, Mozambique, 245

Rhenoster River, South Africa, 275

Richard Toll, Senegal, 119

Rietfontein, South Africa, 289

Rietfontein, 5 mi W, Namibia, 214

Rietkuil Farm, South Africa, 291

Rietvlei Dam, South Africa, 289

Rietvlei Water Scheme-Reserve, South 

Africa, 289

Rio Inhatouco, Mozambique, 246

Rio Lúia, Mozambique, 246

Rio Pônfi, Mozambique, 240

Rissani, Morocco, 62

Roggeveld, South Africa, 268

Rondebult, South Africa, 295

Rooiberg, 2 mi W, South Africa, 289

Rooidam, South Africa, 255

Rooineuwel Farm, South Africa, 279

Rosso, Mauritania, 78

Rouxville, 20 mi N, South Africa, 297

Rumia, 3 km W, Libya, 99

Rumia, 20 km E, Libya, 99

Rural Training College (Asaba), 

Nigeria, 192

Rustenburg, 2 mi E, South Africa, 289

Rustenburg, 5 mi W, South Africa, 289

Rustenburg, 8 mi W, 2 mi S, South 

Africa, 289

Rustenburg, 8 mi W, 6 mi S, South 

Africa, 289

Rustenburg, 10 mi SW, South Africa, 

259

Rydalmont, South Africa, 289

Sábiè Post, Mozambique, 242

Sábiè River, Mozambique, 242

Sabie-Sand Game Refuge, South Africa, 

254

Sabi-Lundi Confluence, Zimbabwe, 235

Safi, 13 km S, Morocco, 63

St. Louis, 10 km SE, Senegal, 119

St. Patrick’s College (Asaba), Nigeria, 

192

Sakpa, Ghana, 165

Sak River, South Africa, 289

Salisbury, Zimbabwe, 236

Salisbury, 4 mi N, Zimbabwe, 236

Salisbury, 6 mi N, Zimbabwe, 236

Salisbury, 7 mi N, Zimbabwe, 236

Salisbury, 20 mi N, Zimbabwe, 234

Salisbury General Hospital, Zimbabwe, 

236

Samaru, Nigeria, 206

San Antanio, Ghana, 150

Sandfontein, Namibia, 213

Sandfontein, South Africa, 263

Sand Sea of Rebiana, Libya, 91

Sandspruit, South Africa, 263

Sani Pass, Lesotho, 276

Sani Pass, South Africa, 290

San Jorge Castle, Ghana, 156

Sapoba, Nigeria, 202

Sapoba Forest Reserve, Nigeria, 202

Saré Sambourou, Senegal, 114

Saruwi River, Ghana, 157

Sassandra, Côte d’Ivoire, 127

Sassandra River, Côte d’Ivoire, 130

Satiri, 8 km NE, Burkina Faso, 145

Savalou, Benin, 188

Save River, Mozambique, 244, 245

School House (Massinga), Mozambique, 

244

Schuitsdrift Farm, South Africa, 292

Sebha, Libya, 99

Sebha, 3 km NW, Libya, 99

Sebha, 4 km N, Libya, 99

Sebha, 7 km SW, Libya, 99

Sebha, 30 km NE, Libya, 101

Sebha, 60 km SW, Libya, 92

Sedhiou, Senegal, 119

Segbana, Benin, 185

Seguenega, 6 km SE, Burkina Faso, 145

Sehengo, Botswana, 229

Sehitwa, 5 mi NW, Botswana, 228
3 1 8 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Sehitwa, 10 mi SW, Botswana, 228

Sehitwa, 14 mi W, Botswana, 218

Sehitwa, 45 mi SW, Botswana, 223

Sekhuma Pan, Botswana, 228

Senegal, 106

Senegal River, Mauritania/Senegal, 75, 

76, 108

Sepopa, Botswana, 228

Sequane, Botswana, 228

Sequane, 5 mi W, Botswana, 228

Sequane, 9 mi W, Botswana, 228

Sequane, 10 mi W, Botswana, 228

Sequane, 14 mi W, Botswana, 228

Sequane, 18 mi W, Botswana, 228

Serdeles, 55 km SSW, Libya, 99

Serekunda, The Gambia, 106

Serir of Calanscio, Libya, 96

Seronga, Botswana, 228

Serowe, 12 mi NW, Botswana, 229

Serowe, 18 mi NW, Botswana, 229

Seruli, 9 mi W, Botswana, 229

Seruli, 16 mi W, Botswana, 229

Settat, 3 km N, Morocco, 63

Shagunu, Nigeria, 202

Shagunu Biological Research Station, 

Nigeria, 202

Shakawe, Botswana, 229

Shakawe, 7 mi N, Botswana, 229

Shakawe, 50 mi W, 12 mi S, Botswana, 

229

Shakawe, 56 mi W, 28 mi S, Botswana, 

230

Shashi River, Botswana, 232

Shashi River Area, Botswana, 225

Shika, Nigeria, 206

Shishe, Ghana, 166

Shorobe, Botswana, 230

Shugam’s Kraal, South Africa, 267

Sideradougou, Burkina Faso, 146

Sidi Sibara, 3 km SW, Morocco, 63

Sienso, Côte d’Ivoire, 131

Sinauen, 40 km N, Libya, 99

Sirte, 5 km E, Libya, 99

Sirte, 12 km W, Libya, 99

Sirte, 20 km E, Libya, 97

Sishen, South Africa, 290

Skaanskolk Farm, Namibia, 214

Slonta, 7 km NE, Libya, 100

Smalhoek, South Africa, 290

Small Fish River, South Africa, 291

Smithers Ranch, Zimbabwe, 236

Smithfield, 14 mi S, South Africa, 291

Sneezewood, 7 mi NW, South Africa, 

291

Socna, 60 km S, Libya, 95

Sokoto, 12 mi N, Nigeria, 198

Sokoto, 14 mi N, Nigeria, 198

Sokoto River, Nigeria, 196

Somerset East, 5 mi W, South Africa, 291

Sorri River, Ghana, 154

Sossus Vlei, Namibia, 214

Soubre, 10 mi WNW, Côte d’Ivoire, 133

Soubroukou, Benin, 187

Sous River, Morocco, 66

South Africa, 251

South African Police Station (Maputa), 

South Africa, 273

southern Africa, 206

Southern Edge Bushman Reserve, 

Botswana, 222

Southern Rhodesia, 232

Southern Scarp, Ghana, 161

Southern Scarp Forest Reserve, Ghana, 

161

South Fountains, South Africa, 263

South Fountains Valley, South Africa, 

263

South West Africa, 207

Sout River, South Africa, 263

Springbok, 1 mi S, South Africa, 278

Springbok, 4 mi ESE, Aerodrome, South 

Africa, 278

Springbok, 7 mi W, South Africa, 277

Springbok, 8 mi W, South Africa, 278

Standerton, 10.3 mi W, South Africa, 

291

Standerton, 10.7 mi W, South Africa, 

291

Stapleford, Zimbabwe, 235

Stapleford Forest, Zimbabwe, 235

Stapleford Research Station, Zimbabwe, 

235

Sterkspruit, 12 mi N, South Africa, 291

Stettynskloof, South Africa, 292

Stettynskloof Dam, South Africa, 292

Stettynskloof River, South Africa, 292

Stolzenfels, Namibia, 214

Stolzenfels, South Africa, 292

Subinja, Ghana, 167

Subin River, Ghana, 167

Subin Shelterbelt Forest Reserve, Ghana, 

148

Suhum, 2.4 mi E, Ghana, 167

Sukuta, The Gambia, 106

Sultana-Oord, South Africa, 294

Sundays River, South Africa, 266, 269

Susa, 11 km SW, Libya, 100

Sutherland, 15 mi SSW, South Africa, 

268

Swartbank Mountain, Namibia, 214

Sweethome, South Africa, 273

Swellendam, 7 mi SW, South Africa, 

272

Taforalt, 3 km NE, Morocco, 63

Taforalt, 3 km S, Morocco, 63

Taforalt, 9 km NE, Morocco, 63

Tafraoute, 5 km E, Morocco, 64

Tafraoute, 6 km SE, Morocco, 63

Tafraoute, 27 km SW, Morocco, 64

Tahoua, 25 km S, Niger, 85

Takatokwane, 15 mi SW, Botswana, 

230

Takatokwane, 20 mi SW, Botswana, 

230

Tamafupi, Botswana, 230

Tamafupi Game Camp, Botswana, 230

Tamanrasset, Algeria, 83

Tamanrasset, 8 km S, Algeria, 83

Tamanrasset, 16 km SE, Algeria, 83

Tamanrasset, 28 km NW, Algeria, 83

Tamanrasset, 33 km NW, Algeria, 83

Tamanrasset, 40 km NNW, Algeria, 83

Tamanrasset, 40 km NW, Algeria, 83

Tamanrasset, 44 km NNW, Algeria, 83

Tamanrasset, 55 km N, Algeria, 83

Tamanrasset, 70 km NW, Algeria, 83

Tamanrasset, 75 km S, Algeria, 83

Tamanrasset, 110 km NW, Algeria, 83

Tamanrasset, 160 km S, Algeria, 83

Tamanrasset, 170 km NW, Algeria, 83

Tamanrasset, 200 km S, Algeria, 83

Tambacounda, 27 km NE, Senegal, 113

Tambuè, Mozambique, 246

Tambuti, South Africa, 261

Tamri, 8 km N, Morocco, 64

Tamri, 10 km N, Morocco, 64

Tangaza, Nigeria, 202

Tanger, 13 km W, Morocco, 55

Tano River, Ghana, 149

Tanpelga, Burkina Faso, 146

Tan-Tan, 4 km W, Morocco, 65

Tan-Tan, 10 km W, Morocco, 65

Tan-Tan, 11 km W, Morocco, 65

Taokhe River, Botswana, 227

Taounate, 15 km WSW, Morocco, 65

Tarfaya, 8 km S, Morocco, 66

Taroudant, 5 km S, Morocco, 66

Tata, 4 km S, Morocco, 67

Tata, 8 km N, Morocco, 67

Tata, 15 km S, Morocco, 66

Tatarko, Burkina Faso, 146

Taza, 13 km S, Morocco, 67

Taza, 16 km S, Morocco, 67

Taza, 18 km S, Morocco, 67

Taza, 23 km S, Morocco, 67

Taza, 28 km S, Morocco, 67

Tazarine, Morocco, 68

Tazarine, 3 km NW, Morocco, 67

Tazarine, 10 km SE, Morocco, 68

Tazenakht, 7 km NW, Morocco, 68

Tazenakht, 7 km SE, Morocco, 68

Tazenakht, 17 km NNW, Morocco, 68

Tazerbo, 340 km WNW, Libya, 104

Tazerbo Oasis, Libya, 100

Tazerbo Oasis, Libya, 94

Tegguiddan-Tessoun, Niger, 84
n u m b e r 6 2 8 • 3 1 9

Telouet, 13 km W, Morocco, 68

Temenhint Oasis, Libya, 101

Tenbosch, South Africa, 273

Tendi River, South Africa, 267

Tendrara, 15 km W, Morocco, 68

Teshi, Ghana, 168

Tete, 2 mi SE, Mozambique, 246

Tetouan, 13 km N, Morocco, 68

Thabazimbi, 6 mi NW, South Africa, 

258

Thabazimbi, 16 mi SE, South Africa, 

258

Thalmakane River, Botswana, 226

Thies, 10 km W, Senegal, 120

Thorn Park, Zimbabwe, 236

Tiflet, 10 km NW, Morocco, 68

Tiflet, 15 km W, Morocco, 68

Tiflet, 18 km NW, Morocco, 68

Tiflet, 21 km W, Morocco, 68

Tiguent, Mauritania, 78

Tilemsen, Morocco, 59

Tinerhir, 11 km SW, Morocco, 68

Tinezouline, Morocco, 69

Tinkong, 3 mi NW, Ghana, 168

Tivaouane, 6 km NW, Senegal, 120

Tizgui-Ida-Ou-Ballou, Morocco, 69

Tizi n’Tichka, Morocco, 58

Tizi-n-Tinififft, Morocco, 69

Tiznit, 8 km S, Morocco, 70

Tiznit, 15 km NE, Morocco, 70

Tiznit, 18 km S, Morocco, 70

Tobruch, 20 km E, Libya, 101

Tocra, 2 km W, Libya, 103

Tocra, 5 km W, Libya, 103

Tocra, 12 km W, Libya, 103

Tocra, 20 km SW, Libya, 103

Togo, 169

Togo Hills, Ghana, 150

Toniataba, The Gambia, 121

Toten, Botswana, 230

Tourou, Benin, 187

Townlands Maquassie, South Africa, 

298

Toyssé, Burkina Faso, 137

Traghen, Libya, 104

Transvaal escarpment, South Africa, 

255

Triangle, 10 mi E, Zimbabwe, 233

Trooivlei, South Africa, 258

Tsanchaga, Nigeria, 203

Tsane, 25 mi ENE, Botswana, 230

Tsane, 78 mi SSE, Botswana, 225

Tsane, 84 mi SSE, Botswana, 226

Tsau, Botswana, 231

Tsau, 8 mi SE, Botswana, 231

Tsau, 21 mi SE, Botswana, 231

Tsau, 26 mi SE, Botswana, 231

Tsaugara Pan, Botswana, 231

Tshipise, 1 mi NE, South Africa, 292

Tsibu, 2 mi SSW, Ghana, 168

Tsibu, 7 mi N, Ghana, 168

Tsodilo Hills, Botswana, 231

Tugela River, South Africa, 298

Tuisgui-Remz, Morocco, 70

Tuisgui-Remz, 5 km N, Morocco, 70

Tuisgui-Remz, 10 km S, Morocco, 70

Tuisgui-Remz, 14 km S, Morocco, 70

Tuisgui-Remz, 22 km S, Morocco, 70

Tule, Côte d’Ivoire, 133

Tumas Mountain, Namibia, 213

Tutu, Ghana, 168

Twee Rivieren, South Africa, 292

Twee Rivieren, 30 mi NNE, South 

Africa, 292

Twee Rivieren, 40 mi NNE, South 

Africa, 292

Tweevlei Farm, South Africa, 268

Twello Forest, South Africa, 256

Tyenko, Côte d’Ivoire, 134

Tzaneen, 6 mi NE, South Africa, 292

Tzaneen, 6 mi NW, South Africa, 293

Tzaneen, 6 mi SE, South Africa, 293

Tzaneen, 10 mi W, South Africa, 275

Tzaneen, 12 mi N, South Africa, 293

Tzaneen, 15 mi W, South Africa, 298

Uanetze River, Mozambique, 244

Ubari, 75 km W, Libya, 104

Ugar Jabar, Nigeria, 203

Uitkomst Farm, South Africa, 293

Umm el Araneb, Libya, 104

University of Ghana, Ghana, 159

University of Ghana Experimental 

Farm, Ghana, 157

University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 196

University of Ibadan Farm, Nigeria, 196

University of Ibadan Zoo, Nigeria, 196

University of Lagos, Nigeria, 204

Upington, 13 mi E, South Africa, 294

Upington, 35 mi NE, South Africa, 294

Upper Ogun Ranch, Nigeria, 205

Upper Volta, 137

Usutu River, South Africa, 279

Vaal River, South Africa, 256, 263, 275, 

288, 296

Van Rhynsdorp, 5 mi E, South Africa, 

295

Van Wyksvlei, 11 mi E, South Africa, 

295

Velingara, Senegal, 121

Vereeniging, 10 mi NE [SE], South 

Africa, 295

Verlorenvlei, South Africa, 289

Veya, Ghana, 168

Vila Caldas Xavier, Mozambique, 246

Vila Caldas Xavier, 45 km S, Mozambique, 244

Vila Coutinho, Mozambique, 246

Vila Coutinho, 93 km S, Mozambique, 

246

Vila de Manica, 3 km N, Mozambique, 

247

Vila de Manica, 5 km S, Mozambique, 

250

Vila de Manica, 10 km N, Mozambique, 247

Vila Gamito, 2 km N, Mozambique, 249

Vila Gamito, 10 km N, Mozambique, 

247

Vila Gamito, 22 km S, Mozambique, 

249

Vila Gouveia, Mozambique, 249

Vila Machado, Mozambique, 249

Vila Machado, 3 km SE, Mozambique, 

249

Vila Machado, 10 km SE, Mozambique, 

249

Vilanculos, 2 km W, Mozambique, 250

Vilanculos, 32 km SW, Mozambique, 

250

Vilanculos, W edge, Mozambique, 250

Vila Paiva de Andrada, 4 km NE, 

Mozambique, 249

Vila Paiva de Andrada, 20 km N, 

Mozambique, 242

Vila Pery, Mozambique, 249

Vila Vasco da Gama, Mozambique, 249

Virginia, 7 mi W, South Africa, 297

Vlakfontein, South Africa, 295

Vloorskop, Botswana, 231

Volta reservoir, Ghana, 150

Volta River, Ghana, 151, 159, 168

Vrede, 10 mi N, South Africa, 296

Vrede, 15 mi N, South Africa, 295

Vrede, 17 mi N, South Africa, 296

Vredendal, South Africa, 271

Vryburg, 4 mi N, South Africa, 295

Vryuitzig, South Africa, 273

Vumba Mountain, Mozambique, 250

Vumba National Park, Zimbabwe, 235

Wadi Bel Hed An, Libya, 95

Wadi Ber el Chaib, Libya, 91

Wadi el Kuf, Libya, 104

Wadi en Nesciua, Libya, 104

Wadi er Rueis, Libya, 104

Wadi esc Sciati, Libya, 92

Wagendrift, South Africa, 296

Wakkerstroom, 2 mi E, South Africa, 

296

Wakkerstroom, 3 mi S, South Africa, 

267

Wakkerstroom Dam, South Africa, 296

Wallekraal, South Africa, 296

Walvis Bay, 191 km E, Namibia, 211

Warmbad, Namibia, 214
3 2 0 • smithsonian contributions to zoology

Warmbad, 47 mi S, Namibia, 214

Warrenton, 2 mi E, South Africa, 296

Warrenton, 3 mi E, South Africa, 297

Wase River, Nigeria, 197

Waterval, South Africa, 258

Weenkop, South Africa, 297

Weija, Ghana, 168

Weinek (or Weynek), South Africa, 289

Welgelee, South Africa, 297

Wenchi, 2 mi E, Ghana, 167

WENELA camp (Mabote), Mozambique, 243

Wéré River, Burkina Faso, 145

western Africa, 105

Wharftown, The Gambia, 114

Wheeler’s Farm, Zimbabwe, 236

White Volta River, Burkina Faso, 137, 

146

Wilge River, South Africa, 263

Williston, 14 mi W, South Africa, 289

Willowmore, 12 mi N, South Africa, 

257

Windhoek, 11 mi E, Namibia, 215

Witbank, 6 mi E, South Africa, 297

Witbank Dam, South Africa, 297

Witrand, South Africa, 288

Witrivier (also White River), 11 mi W, 

South Africa, 297

Witzieshoek, 4 mi E, South Africa, 289

Wolmaransstad, 1 mi N, 1 mi W, South 

Africa, 297

Wolmaransstad, 5 mi S, South Africa, 

297

Wolmaransstad, 6 mi N, 1 mi W, South 

Africa, 297

Wonderboom, South Africa, 298

Woodbush, South Africa, 268

Woodbush Forest Reserve, South Africa, 

298

Woodbush Forest Reserve, South Africa, 

268, 269

Worcester, 22 mi SW, South Africa, 

292

Wulasi, Ghana, 168

Xade Pan, 4 mi E, Botswana, 232

Yabraso, Ghana, 168

Yabrasso, Côte d’Ivoire, 134

Yama, Côte d’Ivoire, 135

Yapo-Sud, Côte d’Ivoire, 136

Yoff Airport, Senegal, 109

Youssoufia, 5 km NW, Morocco, 70

Zaakro, Côte d’Ivoire, 136

Zagora, 10 km W, Morocco, 70

Zambeze River, Mozambique, 251

Zambezi River, Mozambique, 246

Zambuè, Mozambique, 250

Zaria, 5 mi NW, Nigeria, 206

Zaria, 5 mi S, Nigeria, 206

Zaria, 7 mi NW, Nigeria, 206

Zaria, 15 mi NW, Nigeria, 206

Zbeyat, Mauritania, 79

Zebrakop, South Africa, 267

Zeerust, 20 mi NE, South Africa, 271

Zella, 200 km SE, Libya, 95

Zelu, 3 mi W, Botswana, 232

Zelu Hill, Botswana, 232

Zerouiet, Morocco, 51

Ziguinchor, Senegal, 121

Zimbabwe, 232

Zimbabwe Reserve, Zimbabwe, 236

Zimbabwe Ruins, Zimbabwe, 236

Zizonkame, Benin, 188

Zouar, Chad, 105

Zouar, 10 km NW, Chad, 105

Zouar, 18 km NE, Chad, 105

Zout River, South Africa, 275

Zuila, Libya, 98

Zumbo, Mozambique, 251

Zungeru, Nigeria, 206

Zuurlaager, South Africa, 298

Zwartkop, South Africa, 298
All manuscripts are reviewed for adherenceto the SISP Manuscript Preparation and 

Style Guide for Authors (available on the “Submissions” page at www.scholarlypress.si.edu). Manuscripts not 

in compliance will be returned to the author. Manuscripts intended for publication in the Contributions Series are evaluated by a content review board and undergo substantive peer 

review. Accepted manuscripts are submitted for funding approval and scheduling to the Publications Oversight Board. 

Minimum manuscript length is thirty manuscript 

pages. If a manuscript is longer than average, an appropriate 

length will be determined during peer review and evaluation 

by the Content Review Board. Authors may be asked to edit 

manuscripts that are determined to be too long. 

Text must be prepared in a recent version of Microsoft 

Word; use a Times font in 12 point for regular text; be double 

spaced; and have 1” margins. Each chapter/section must be 

saved in a separate file.

Required elements are title page, abstract page, table 

of contents, main text, and reference section. See the SISP 

Manuscript Preparation and Style Guide for Authors for the 

order of all elements.

Headings should be styled so different levels of headings are 

distinct from each other and so the organization of the manuscript is clear. Insert one line space above and one line space 

below all headings.

Front matter should include title page, abstract page, 

and table of contents. All other sections are optional. Abstracts must not exceed 250 words. Table of contents should 

include A-, B-, and C-level headings.

Tables (numbered, with captions, stubs, rules) should be 

submitted in separate MS Word files; should include footnotes, if appropriate; should have rules only at top, bottom, 

and beneath column heads. Print outs of each table should 

accompany the manuscript to ensure correct layout of data. 

Tabulations within running text should not be numbered or 

formatted like formal tables, and should be included in the 

text of the manuscript. 

Figure captions should be provided in a separate MS 

Word file.

Figures (e.g., photographs, line art, maps) should be numbered sequentially (1, 2, 3, etc.) in the order called out; be 

placed throughout text, not at end of manuscript; have all 

components of composites lettered with lowercase letters and 

described in the caption; include a scale bar or scale description, if appropriate; include any legends in or on the figure 

rather than in a caption. 

Art must not be embedded in the main text.

Figures must be original and submitted as individual TIFF 

or EPS files. Resolution for art files must be at least 300 dpi 

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art. Electronic images should measure no more than 100% 

and no less than 75% of final size when published. JPG files 

will not be accepted. Color images significantly increase 

costs so should be included only if required. Funding for 

color art is subject to approval by SISP and the Publications 

Oversight Board.

Taxonomic keys in natural history papers should use 

the aligned-couplet form for zoology. If cross referencing is 

required between key and text, do not include page references 

within the key but number the keyed-out taxa, using the same 

numbers with their corresponding heads in the text. 

Synonomy in zoology must use the short form (taxon, author, year:page), with full reference at the end of the 

paper under “References.” 

In-text references should be used rather than bibliographic notes and should follow the author-date system in the 

following format: “(author last name, year)” or “. . . author 

(year)”; “(author, year:page used within the text)” or “. . . 

author (year:page).” A full citation should be included in a 

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be keyed manually into a separate MS Word file, in a section titled “Notes”. Notes should not contain bibliographic 

information. Manually type superscript numerals in text and 

use full-sized numerals at the beginning of each note in the 

“Notes” section. SISP will determine the best placement of the 

notes section, either at the end of each chapter or at the end 

of the main text.

References should be in alphabetical order, and in chronological order for same-author entries. Each reference should 

be cited at least once in main text. Complete bibliographic 

information must be included in all citations (e.g., author/editor, title, subtitle, edition, volume, issue, pages, figures). For 

books, place of publication and publisher are required. For 

journals, use the parentheses system for volume(number):pagination [e.g., “10(2):5–9”]. Do not use “et al.”; all authors/

editors should be included in reference citations. In titles, 

capitalize first word, last word, first word after colon, and all 

other words except articles, conjunctions, and prepositions. 

Examples of the most common types of citations are provided 

in the SISP Manuscript Preparation and Author Style Guide. 

For questions regarding the guidelines, please email SISP at 

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requirements for smithsonian series publication