J-A27036-22

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT OP 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

SAGE IFILL 

Appellant

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 1657 MDA 2021

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered October 5, 2021

In the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County 

Criminal Division at No(s): CP-22-CR-0000242-2019

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

SAGE SKYLER IFILL 

Appellant

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 1658 MDA 2021

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered October 5, 2021

In the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County 

Criminal Division at No(s): CP-22-CR-0006633-2017

BEFORE: DUBOW, J., McLAUGHLIN, J., and COLINS, J.

MEMORANDUM BY COLINS, J.: FILED: JUNE 7, 2023

Sage Skyler Ifill appeals from the judgment of sentence imposed 

following a consolidated jury trial in which he was found guilty of three counts 

of rape and three counts of sexual assault.1 For these offenses, Ifill was 

____________________________________________

 Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

1 See 18 Pa.C.S. § 3121(a)(3) (unconscious complainant), and 18 Pa.C.S. §

3124.1, respectively. 
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sentenced to twenty-two and one-half to forty-five years of incarceration. On 

appeal, Ifill raises seven issues, chiefly challenging the court’s consolidation

of the charges that were against him. In addition, Ifill contests the ‘excessive’

aggregate sentence that he received, questions the sufficiency and the weight 

of the evidence employed against him, and avers that the Commonwealth 

failed to demonstrate that he is a sexually violent predator (“SVP”). After a 

thorough review of the record, we vacate the judgment of sentence and 

remand for resentencing. However, in all other respects, we affirm.

The jury trial featured testimony from two incidents: one happening on 

October 15, 2016, and the other occurring on October 15, 2017. Distilling 

down these events, the trial cogently wrote, as to the facts underpinning the 

first set of criminal charges, that:

On the night of October 15, 2016, Jenna McMillen 

(hereinafter, “Jenna”) dropped off Cheyenne Moore (hereinafter, 

“Cheyenne”) at a friend’s house. Later the same night, Jenna and 

Cheyenne met at a bar and restaurant named Arooga’s. Jenna 

testified that Cheyenne appeared to be very intoxicated when she 

saw Cheyenne at Arooga’s. Cheyenne consumed a large amount 

of alcohol at Arooga’s and she cannot remember everything she 

did or said at Arooga’s. Around 2 a.m. on October 16, 2016, Jenna 

and Cheyenne left Arooga’s and drove back to the friend’s house.

[Ifill had already been present at this friend’s house.] Jenna and 

Cheyenne continued to drink alcohol at the friend’s house. 

Cheyenne began to speak to [Ifill] as they had a friend in common. 

Cheyenne started feeling physically sick and nauseous. She 

vomits and states that she needs to go to the hospital. [Ifill] sat 

next to Cheyenne and told her that she just needs to “throw it 

up.” Cheyenne again stated that she felt like she needed to go to 

the hospital because she had never felt like that before. When 

Cheyenne stated that she needed a hospital, [Ifill] said “don’t take 

her to the hospital.” Jenna stated that she did not see any type of 
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physical touching between [Ifill] and Cheyenne prior to Cheyenne 

getting sick.

Approximately half an hour later, Cheyenne disappeared 

from the lower level of the home. Jenna asked the owner of the 

home where Cheyenne went, and she stated that Cheyenne was 

upstairs taking a bath. Cheyenne remembers being in the 

bathroom, sitting on the toilet, and warm clothes being put on her 

body. Jenna went upstairs to check on Cheyenne but received no 

answer when she knocked on the locked bathroom door. After a 

third knock, [Ifill] answered from inside the locked bathroom that 

Cheyenne was fine. Jenna knocked again and asked if she was 

okay and Cheyenne answered that she was okay. Jenna testified 

that Cheyenne sounded “really groggy and out of it” when she 

answered through the locked door. Jenna could not hear any water 

running or water sloshing around. Jenna then asked the 

homeowner to come and unlock the bathroom door. When Jenna 

made her way back upstairs, Cheyenne was out of the bathroom 

and dressed in a bright green or blue long t-shirt and sweatpants. 

Cheyenne stumbled through the hallway and threw herself onto 

the homeowner’s bed. Jenna asked Cheyenne to leave with her, 

but Cheyenne stated that she was comfortable on the bed. 

Cheyenne does not remember how she got to the upstairs 

bathroom, nor does she remember taking a bath.

When Cheyenne woke up the next morning, she attempted 

to insert a tampon, but it felt very [uncomfortable] and painful, 

so she took the tampon out. Cheyenne testified that she did not 

feel [like] herself and felt that something was off. 

The next day, on October 17, 2016, Jenna called Cheyenne 

to check on her and encourage her to go to the hospital. Cheyenne 

went to the hospital and had a [sexual assault forensic examiner

(“SAFE”)] exam, or a rape kit test, completed. During the course 

of the internal exam, the nurse found a tampon inside of her. This 

is a tampon that she inserted before going to Arooga’s. Cheyenne 

contacted the police approximately one year later when she saw 

[Ifill] on the news being charged with multiple counts of rape and 

sexual assault.

Santiago Steven Soto (hereinafter, “Santiago”), a friend of 

[Ifill], testified that he was present at the friend’s home with 

Cheyenne, Jenna, and [Ifill]. Santiago testified that Cheyenne 

appeared to be intoxicated. Santiago testified that he heard sexual 
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moaning at some point during the evening or early morning. When 

he was ready to leave, he went upstairs and observed Cheyenne 

asleep on [Ifill’s] chest with her hand on his penis. Santiago and 

[Ifill] left the residence. During a[ police] interview ..., Santiago 

stated that [Ifill] mentioned having sexual intercourse with 

Cheyenne while she was on her period.

Adma Arvelo [nicknamed “China”] is the owner of the home 

in which the assault on Cheyenne took place. China stated that 

Cheyenne became too intoxicated and vomited. China told her to 

take a shower and lay down. China took Cheyenne upstairs, [p]ut 

her in the bathroom, then went back downstairs. China testified 

that Cheyenne called [Ifill] to come upstairs. China went back 

upstairs to the bathroom and observed Cheyenne in the bathtub 

with [Ifill] in the bathroom. Cheyenne stated to China “it’s cool, 

we’re just talking.” China also testified that she heard [Ifill] and 

Cheyenne having intercourse. When China went back upstairs, 

[Ifill] exited the bathroom and China made sure that Cheyenne 

got dressed for bed. In conversations that took place after that 

night, [Ifill] stated to China that he had sexual intercourse with 

Cheyenne.

Nicole Baselj (hereinafter, “Nurse Baselj”) examined 

Cheyenne on October 17, 2016. Cheyenne indicated to Nurse 

Baselj that she was intoxicated at the time of the incident and that 

she did not remember what happened. Nurse Baselj testified that, 

in her experience as a SAFE nurse, it is not likely that date rape 

drugs will show up in a drug panel as those specific types of drugs 

can stay in the system for as little as six ... to twelve ... hours. 

Nurse Baselj included in her records that Cheyenne showered, 

used the bathroom, and changed her clothing prior to the SAFE 

exam. Nurse Baselj also indicated in her report that a tampon was 

removed during the exam.

Trial Court Opinion, 3/17/22, at 2-6 (footnotes and record citations omitted). 

Then, in summarizing what had happened in the separate incident, which 

occurred exactly one year later:

On October 15, 2017, Rachel Elliot (hereinafter, “Rachel”) 

and Lindsey Taylor (hereinafter, “Lindsey”) went to Joe K’s 

Brewhouse at around 10:00 p.m. Rachel and Lindsey both knew 
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[Ifill] personally. On that night, [Ifill was] sitting with them at the 

brewhouse. At some point during the night, Rachel, Lindsey, and 

[Ifill] drove back to Lindsey’s home. Rachel and Lindsey testified 

that Lindsey had been drinking too much. Lindsey fell while 

attempting to walk up the stairs to her apartment. Rachel also 

testified that she should not have been driving as she had been 

drinking too much as well. Lindsey further testified that she had 

never felt that level of intoxication before, but that she did not 

drink enough to feel that way. Rachel testified that she was 

impaired enough that she felt she could not stand straight. Once 

inside Lindsey’s apartment, Lindsey vomited. Lindsey was not 

coherent and was not speaking at this point. Lindsey fell asleep 

on her couch while Rachel went to Lindsey’s bed to sleep. Prior to 

going to bed, [Ifill] and Rachel kissed. When [Ifill] attempted to 

touch Rachel underneath her shirt, Rachel told him she did not 

want that. 

After going to bed, Rachel remembers [Ifill] coming to the 

bed and saying to her “let me taste you.” The next thing Rachel 

remembers is being on her back while [Ifill] penetrated her with 

her pants and underwear around her ankles. Rachel told him “no” 

and “stop, I don’t want this.” [Ifill] kept penetrating her. Rachel 

began pushing him off again and he said “fine” and stepped away. 

[Ifill] went into the living room and Rachel fell back asleep. 

Lindsey testified that she woke up on the couch to [Ifill] 

penetrating her while on top of her body. She pushed him away 

and ran into the bathroom. While crying in the bathroom, [Ifill] 

knocked on the door. [Ifill] stopped knocking after Lindsey did not 

open the door. When he walked away from the door, Lindsey 

exited the bathroom and crawled into bed with Rachel.

Rachel and Lindsey woke up the next morning with [Ifill] in 

the bed with him. [Ifill] left the apartment soon after. Rachel then 

left the apartment without talking to Lindsey about [Ifill]. That 

same day, Lindsey called Rachel and told her [Ifill] had raped her. 

Rachel told Lindsey that [Ifill] had raped her as well. Rachel and 

Lindsey then contacted the police and went to the hospital for a 

SAFE exam. Both Rachel and Lindsey agreed to contacting [Ifill] 

while being recorded.

Prior to the contact initiated by police, [Ifill] contacted 

Lindsey through [the social media application] Snapchat in a 

message that stated:
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Lindsey, I’m so fucking sorry!!!! I don’t remember and 

Rach just told me. It’s absolutely unacceptable. I am 

so sorry. I really hope to be forgiven and for us to be 

able to speak about it and get [it] off of our chest. I’m 

so ashamed of what I did. I’d appreciate it if we kept 

it between us, and if not I understand. Please get in 

touch with...

Faith Mong (hereinafter, “Nurse Mong”) completed the SAFE 

exam on Rachel and Lindsey on October 16, 2017. Nurse Mong 

testified that Rachel’s exam took place approximately twenty-four 

... hours after the assault occurred. Most substances in the body 

would have been removed by that point. Rachel had a tear down 

in the posterior fourchette, or the bottom part of the vaginal 

orifice. Rachel had showered, urinated, defecated and changed 

her clothing prior to the exam. Rachel also indicated that she did 

have consensual intercourse in the prior five ... days. Lindsey 

indicated to Nurse Mong that she had showered, brushed her 

teeth, changed her clothing, and urinated prior to the 

examination. Lindsey indicated that she did not have sexual 

intercourse in the prior five ... days. Lindsey did not have tears 

present in or around the vaginal area. 

Kelsey Gober (hereinafter, “Ms. Gober”), a forensic 

scientist, prepared DNA samples from the evidence collected 

during Rachel and Lindsey’s SAFE exams. Ms. Gober did not find 

any seminal materials in the swabs; however, the vaginal swabs 

were sent for DNA testing. Cheslie Weaver, [also] a forensic 

scientist, performed the technical review of the DNA testing 

results in this case. Lindsey’s vaginal swabs showed two 

individuals, Lindsey and another person. However, the component 

was too small to make a determination. Rachel’s vaginal swabs 

showed two individuals, Rachel and a male. This DNA sample 

retrieved from the vaginal swabs is a partial DNA profile. The 

results partially matched to the known DNA sample from [Ifill;] 

however, as Ms. Gober testified to, [Ifill] cannot be definitively 

linked nor excluded as a contributor of the DNA.

Jeffrey Corcoran (hereinafter, “Detective Corcoran”)

became involved in this case after Rachel and Lindsey came to the 

police department to give statements. Upon learning that 

potential DNA evidence was collected, Detective Corcoran 

obtained a buccal swab from [Ifill]. Rachel and Lindsey provided 

conversations that took place over text message. Rachel asked 
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[Ifill] if he was aware that he attempted to have sexual intercourse 

with both Rachel and Lindsey and that it was not consensual. [Ifill] 

replied with an apology. Rachel asked if [Ifill] remembered, and 

[Ifill] replied that he did not remember why he was at Lindsey’s 

home. [Ifill] also told Rachel to tell Lindsey that he was sorry. 

Rachel told [Ifill] that he raped both of them and [Ifill] stated that 

it was unacceptable and that he apologizes. He then asked for 

Lindsey’s phone number so that he could apologize to her. He 

asked Rachel who all knew about the incident and Rachel 

answered that only Lindsey and Rachel knew. [Ifill] then asked 

Rachel to keep this incident between them. [Ifill] stated that what 

he did was not right and that he was ashamed of what he did. He 

further stated that it was a horrible mistake and that he would do 

whatever it takes to be forgiven. 

Id., at 6-9 (footnotes and record citations omitted).

After a jury found Ifill guilty of the above-mentioned offenses, the lower 

court, contemporaneous with sentencing, considered whether Ifill should be 

classified as a sexually violent predator:

The Commonwealth received a report on June 22, 2021, 

completed by Dr. Robert Stein (hereinafter, “Dr. Stein”). Dr. Stein 

indicated in the report that [Ifill] met the criteria to be classified 

as a sexually violent predator. [Ifill] did not provide any type of 

expert testimony to rebut Dr. Stein’s conclusions. [Ifill] further 

stipulated to the report that was completed by Dr. Stein. As both 

parties stipulated to the report, no testimony was taken, and the 

[c]ourt accepted arguments from both parties. [Ifill] argued that 

the Commonwealth did not provide definitive evidence of nonconsensual arousal because [Ifill] may have been intoxicated as 

well. He further argued that the Commonwealth did not provide 

definitive evidence that [Ifill] demonstrated predatory behavior. 

[Ifill’s] argument in support of this assertion was that predator 

behavior relates to defendants who target women with young 

children and not those who were drinking with others of the same 

age.

The Commonwealth [argued] that [Ifill] had an opportunity 

after the first scenario to step back and reflect and to either seek 

out treatment or become self-aware of what he had done to the 

first victim. Instead, [Ifill] again assaulted two additional women 
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a year later. Further, the Commonwealth argued that the jury 

found [Ifill] guilty of rape and sexual assault, thus finding that the 

assaults occurred without the victims’ consent.

Id., at 10 (record citations omitted). Ultimately, the court adjudicated Ifill to 

be an SVP.

After receiving the aforementioned twenty-two and one-half to fortyfive year term of incarceration, Ifill filed a post-sentence motion, which was 

denied. Thereafter, Ifill filed a timely notice of appeal from his judgment of 

sentence. Additionally, the relevant parties have complied with their 

respective obligations pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure 

1925. Accordingly, this matter is ripe for review.

On appeal, Ifill presents seven issues for review:

1. Did the trial court err in permitting the Commonwealth to join 

Ifill’s two docket numbers together and further by denying his 

motion for severance?

2. Was the evidence sufficient to convict Ifill of rape of an 

unconscious victim, as the Commonwealth failed to prove 

beyond a reasonable doubt that Cheyenne was either 

unconscious or unaware that sexual activity was occurring 

without her consent?

3. Was the evidence sufficient to convict Ifill of sexual assault, as 

the Commonwealth failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt 

that sexual intercourse occurred against Cheyenne’s consent?

4. Was the evidence sufficient to convict Ifill of two counts of rape 

of an unconscious victim and two counts of sexual assault as 

to Rachel and Lindsey?

5. Did the Commonwealth prove by clear and convincing evidence 

that Ifill is a sexually violent predator?

6. Is the sentence that was imposed manifestly excessive and 
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unreasonable?

7. Were Ifill’s rape of an unconscious victim and sexual assault 

convictions as to Cheyenne against the weight of the evidence?

Appellant’s Brief, at 6-7.2

In his first issue, Ifill contests the Commonwealth’s request to, and 

court’s subsequent acquiescence in, joining both of his dockets together for 

trial purposes. We conclude that Ifill has failed to demonstrate that the court 

erred in this particular instance.

Preliminarily, we note that “[w]hether to join or sever offenses for trial 

is within the trial court’s discretion and will not be reversed on appeal absent 

a manifest abuse thereof, or prejudice and clear injustice to the defendant.” 

Commonwealth v. Knoble, 188 A.3d 1199, 1205 (Pa. Super. 2018) (citation 

omitted). 

Substantively, “[e]vidence of any other crime, wrong, or act is not 

admissible to prove a person’s character in order to show that on a particular 

occasion the person acted in accordance with the character.” Pa.R.E. 

404(b)(1). However, “[o]ffenses charged in separate indictments or 

informations may be tried together if ... the evidence of each of the offenses 

____________________________________________

2 We have reordered the issues to correspond with their respective positions

in the argument section of Ifill’s brief. However, the seventh claim, challenging 

weight of the evidence, does not appear to have been argued in the argument 

section. Correspondingly, that claim as been waived. See Commonwealth v. 

Spotz, 716 A.2d 580, 585 n.5 (Pa. 1999) (“[Our Supreme Court] has held 

that an issue will be deemed to be waived when an appellant fails to properly 

explain or develop it in his brief.”) (citation omitted).
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would be admissible in a separate trial for the other and is capable of 

separation by the jury so that there is not danger of confusion[.]” Pa.R.Crim.P. 

582(A)(1)(a). Specifically, cross admissibility may occur to prove “motive, 

opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of 

mistake, or lack of accident.” Pa.R.E. 404(b)(2) (requiring, further, that the 

probative value of such evidence outweigh its potential for unfair prejudice).

As correctly illuminated by Ifill, courts are to employ a three-part 

consideration in order to ascertain whether joinder or severance is 

appropriate. Courts must determine:

(1) whether the evidence of each of the offenses would be 

admissible in a separate trial for the other;

(2) whether such evidence is capable of separation by the jury so 

as to avoid danger of confusion; and, if the answers to these 

inquiries are in the affirmative,

(3) whether the defendant will be unduly prejudiced by the 

consolidation of offenses.

Commonwealth v. Brookins, 10 A.3d 1251, 1256 (Pa. Super. 2010) 

(formatting altered) (citations omitted).

Here, the lower court “found that the two inciden[t]s would be 

admissible in a separate trial for the other as the inciden[t]s show a common 

plan, intent, preparation, knowledge, and absence of mistake.” Trial Court 

Opinion, 3/17/22, at 12. To fit the “common plan” exception:

the Commonwealth must show more than that the other crimes 

are of the same class as the one for which the defendant is being 

tried. Rather, there must be such a high correlation in the details 

of the crimes that proof that the defendant committed one makes 
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it very unlikely that anyone else but the defendant committed the 

others.

Commonwealth v. Kasko, 469 A.2d 181, 184 (Pa. Super. 1983) (citation 

omitted). Explained further, “both crimes must be so nearly identical in their 

unusual or distinctive aspects as to bear the ‘signature’ or to be the 

‘handiwork’ of the same person.” Id., at 184-85 (citation omitted). 

Conversely, “[s]imilarities cannot be confined to insignificant details that 

would likely be common elements regardless of the individual committing the 

crime.” Commonwealth v. Bidwell, 195 A.3d 610, 618-19 (Pa. Super. 2018) 

(citation omitted). 

Ifill asserts that the court erroneously predicated its joinder 

determination on generic facts that are present in a lot of sexual assault cases. 

In particular, Ifill summarizes the correlative details between the two 

incidents: (1) the victims were “unconscious” at the time the sexual assaults 

were committed: (2) the assaults occurred in a “party environment”; and (3) 

the victims were concerned they had been drugged. See Appellant’s Brief, at 

28. Ifill then discusses how “[i]ntoxicants play a significant role in most 

acquaintance-rapes.” Id., at 28-29 (remarking, further, that use of

involuntary intoxicants are present in thirty-three percent of sexual assault 

cases) (citation omitted).

To demonstrate the inappropriateness of the court joining his two 

dockets together, Ifill relies on Kasko, supra. Therein, that appellant was 

alleged to have sexually molested his girlfriend’s six-year-old niece in the 
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presence of the girlfriend on or about February or March of 1980. See Kasko, 

469 A.2d at 183. Additionally, the appellant was alleged to have engaged in 

similar sexual misconduct between December 1980 and January 1981 with 

another victim: the four-year-old daughter of his step-sister. See Id. During 

that same timeframe, Appellant also encouraged “corruption” of this stepsister’s daughter by “teaching or encouraging” her to have indecent contact 

with the five-year-old son of appellant’s other step-sister. Id., at 184-85.

These latter incidents “were not alleged to have been committed in the 

presence of appellant’s girlfriend or any other adult.” Id., at 185. The crimes 

stemming from both events were tried together. 

Ultimately, on appeal, the Kasko panel determined that while the two 

cases had “certain similarities,” the court should have severed the cases. In 

particular, there was a substantial period of time between the two events, 

they involved different victims, the one occurred in the presence of appellant’s 

girlfriend while the other assaults did not, they involved victims of different 

sexes, and, finally, the misconduct was, in the Court’s determination, a 

common form of child abuse. Id.

Apply the Kasko holding to the present facts, Ifill states that nothing 

between the two cases demonstrates a “common scheme.” Appellant’s Brief, 

at 31. Whereas Rachel and Lindsey were both sleeping before the assault, 

Cheyenne was awake during the sexual encounter. Moreover, the prologue to 

each incident was different: Rachel and Lindsey were with Ifill at a bar and 
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invited him back to Lindsey’s residence. Conversely, Cheyenne arrived at a 

house where Ifill had already been.

Finally, Ifill asserts that the court failed to analyze whether 

consolidation’s probative value outweighed the prejudice he would face. 

Instead, consolidation acted to “shield weaknesses in the Commonwealth’s 

cases and to suggest that, based on the number of accusers alone, the contact 

had to be unwanted.” Appellant’s Brief, at 32. In effect, consolidation “stripped 

Ifill of his presumption of innocence.” Id.

In Commonwealth v. Smith, 47 A.3d 862 (Pa. Super. 2012), the 

defendant challenged the consolidation of charges, which asserted that he 

raped two minors. See 47 A.3d at 863, 866. In affirming the lower court’s 

consolidation determination, the Smith Court summarized the following 

cases:

In [Commonwealth v. Newman, 598 A.2d 275 (Pa. 1991)], the 

Pennsylvania Supreme Court held that consolidation was proper 

where: 1) both rapes occurred in the x-ray department; 2) each 

occurred late at night when [the defendant] was the only 

technician on duty; 3) both victims were females suffering from 

head injuries; 4) both victims were half the size of [the 

defendant]; 5) [the defendant] began kissing the victims, hugging 

the victims, and fondling the victims’ breasts before climbing onto 

the examination table and raping them.

In [Commonwealth v. Keaton, 729 A.2d 529 (Pa. 1999)], the 

Pennsylvania Supreme Court again held that consolidation was 

proper where:

1) the offenses were committed over a period of less than 

six months; 2) each was committed at night; 3) in each 

case, [the defendant] forced his victim into an abandoned 

house; 4) the abandoned houses were all in the same 
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neighborhood in which [the defendant] and the victims 

lived; 5) the abandoned houses were within a two-block 

radius of each other; 6) each offense involved a combination 

of bondage or strangulation of the victim; 7) each offense 

involved the rape of the victim; and 8) all victims shared 

similar personal characteristics: all were black females in 

their late twenties or thirties, all were acquainted with [the 

defendant], and all were crack cocaine addicts.

In [Commonwealth v. Hughes, 555 A.2d 1264 (Pa. 1989)], the 

Pennsylvania Supreme Court found that the crimes shared 

sufficient similarities in their details warranting consolidation, 

where:

1) both crimes involved young females; 2) both victims 

were non-Caucasian; 3) both crimes occurred during the 

daytime; 4) both crimes took place within a four-block 

radius; 5) both crimes took place within a five-minute walk 

from [the defendant’s] home; 6) both crimes involved 

circumstances in which the victim was lured or strongarmed off the street; 7) both victims were taken to upstairs 

bedrooms of vacant buildings; 8) in both crimes [the 

defendant] ordered the victims to undress; 9) both crimes 

involved rape, other sex acts, and manual strangulation; 

and 10) both crimes involved circumstances in which [the 

defendant] and the victims previously were acquainted.

In contrast, the Supreme Court held that the details were not 

sufficiently similar to warrant consolidation where:

1) the victims were of totally different ages ...; 2) the 

weapons used were not identical; and, 3) nothing distinctive 

separated the two crimes involved from other street 

crimes[;] 4) the rape charged occurred in a garage while 

the other occurred in [the defendant’s] apartment; 5) while 

both rapists wore sunglasses, the rapist here wore rose 

colored, light tinted sunglasses and, in the other he wore 

dark sunglasses; and, 6) the first rape also involved a 

robbery, violence by choking, and tying the victim, but there 

were no such incidents in the second rape.

Commonwealth v. Patterson, [399 A.2d 123, 127 (Pa. 1979)]. 

Smith, 47 A.3d at 867-68 (some citations omitted) (formatting altered). In 
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summary, the Smith Court remarked that “[o]ur Supreme Court previously 

has held that consolidation was appropriate where the ages and races of the

victims were similar, where the assaults occurred close in time and at similar 

locations, where the assaults were achieved through similar means, and where 

the assaults involved similar crimes.” Id., at 869 (citations omitted).

Synthesizing all of the abovementioned cases and in relying on the 

immediately preceding set of precepts, we hold that the slight differences 

between the two sexual assaults are vastly outweighed by their similarities. 

Accordingly, we find no abuse of discretion in the court’s decision to 

consolidate the dockets.

We acknowledge that the genesis of each incident appears to be 

different, with Ifill having already been present when Cheyenne appeared at 

China’s residence, which is in contrast to Ifill having been at a bar with Lindsey 

and Rachel before going back with them to Lindsey’s house. However, that is 

where the material distinctions end.

First, we emphasize that Ifill has not argued that the victims, all females,

were of a drastically different age or that their races were different from one 

another. Second, although the series of offenses occurred one year apart from 

each another, Ifill has not shown that this one-year separation inherently 

demonstrates the inappropriateness of consolidation, especially as both sets 

of crimes occurred on the exact same day, October 15th. Third, without Ifill 

raising any distance-related concerns, the locations are similar insofar as they 
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occurred at residences in the same county. Fourth, the sexual assaults

occurred through similar means: during party environments featuring the 

consumption of alcohol. Fifth, the victims all strongly suggested during their 

testimonies that Ifill drugged them,

3

rendering them either completely 

unconscious or intoxicated to the point of legally establishing 

unconsciousness. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Diaz, 152 A.3d 1040, 1044-

45 (Pa. Super. 2016) (finding that “unconsciousness” could be found in 

conjunction with a sexual assault when the victim was “blacking in and out,” 

notwithstanding that victim remembering some of the events preceding and 

during the assault). Sixth, the assaults occurred late at night. With all of these 

circumstances in mind, the court did not abuse its discretion when it concluded 

that there was a high enough correlation between the two cases to 

demonstrate a common plan, scheme, or design. As such, the evidence of the 

offenses at both dockets would have been admissible in a separate trial for 

the other. See Pa.R.Crim.P. 582(A)(1).

With regard to the prejudice component of the joinder calculus, the 

appellant “bears the burden of establishing [undue] prejudice.”

Commonwealth v. Dozzo, 991 A.2d 898, 901 (Pa. Super. 2010) (citation 

____________________________________________

3 The evidence at trial highlighted the evanescent nature of “date rape drugs.” 

Specifically, those types of drugs “come into the system within minutes and 

they can leave within ... hours to ... six hours to 12 hours depending on the 

type of drugs that is used.” N.T., 4/5/21, at 170. As such, given that each 

occurred beyond that twelve-hour window of time, it was unlikely for any of 

the SAFE exams, here, to produce positive clinical indicia of such drugs. 
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omitted). Specifically, the prejudice must be “greater than the general 

prejudice any defendant suffers when the Commonwealth’s evidence links him 

to a crime.” Id., at 901 (citation omitted). Distilled down, prejudice refers to 

evidence that would either only show a defendant’s propensity to commit 

crimes or, in effect, confuse the jury to the point of it being unable to separate 

the evidence it is presented. See id. (citation omitted).

As Ifill does not raise any concern regarding jury confusion, we solely 

focus on whether he successfully demonstrated undue prejudice. See 

Brookins, supra. We conclude that he has not. While the evidence presented 

by the Commonwealth implicated Ifill in the separate sexual assaults, “the 

admission of relevant evidence connecting a defendant to the crimes charged 

is a natural consequence of a criminal trial, and it is not grounds for severance 

by itself.” Commonwealth v. Lauro, 819 A.2d 100, 107 (Pa. Super. 2003) 

(citation omitted). Notwithstanding the cross admissibility of evidence from 

both cases, Ifill baldly claims that, as a basis for prejudice, the Commonwealth 

sought consolidation because its cases were independently weak and further

that the aggregation of evidence only showed his propensity to commit sexual 

assaults. Ifill has not cited any statements made by the Commonwealth 

evidencing such accusations, nor has he supported these suppositions with 

any authority. Given the aforementioned similarities between the crimes, we 

reiterate that the court did not abuse its discretion in finding that the facts at 

each docket fit squarely under the auspice of a common plan or scheme.
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Consequently, Ifill has failed to show that he suffered from the heightened 

level of prejudice required to warrant reversal of the court’s consolidation 

determination. 

Ifill’s next three claims “aver that the evidence was insufficient to convict 

Ifill of rape of an unconscious victim and sexual assault, in either docket.”

Appellant’s Brief, at 33. For sufficiency claims, we apply a well-settled 

standard of review:

The standard we apply in reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence 

is whether viewing all the evidence admitted at trial in the light 

most favorable to the verdict winner, there is sufficient evidence 

to enable the fact-finder to find every element of the crime beyond 

a reasonable doubt. In applying the above test, we may not weigh 

the evidence and substitute our judgment for the fact-finder. In 

addition, we note that the facts and circumstances established by 

the Commonwealth need not preclude every possibility of 

innocence. Any doubts regarding a defendant’s guilt may be 

resolved by the fact-finder unless the evidence is so weak and 

inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability of fact may be 

drawn from the combined circumstances. The Commonwealth 

may sustain its burden of proving every element of the crime 

beyond a reasonable doubt by means of wholly circumstantial 

evidence.

Commonwealth v. Antidormi, 84 A.3d 736, 756 (Pa. Super. 2014) (quoting 

Commonwealth v. Estepp, 17 A.3d 939, 943-44 (Pa. Super. 2011)).

For rape of an unconscious person, the Commonwealth was required to 

prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Ifill engaged “in sexual intercourse 

with a complainant ... who [was] unconscious or where the person knows that 

the complainant is unaware that the sexual intercourse is occurring.” 18 

Pa.C.S. § 3121(a)(3). Similarly, for sexual assault, the Commonwealth was 
J-A27036-22

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required to show that Ifill engaged “in sexual intercourse or deviate sexual 

intercourse with a complainant without the complainant’s consent.” 18 Pa.C.S. 

§ 3124.1. 

Ifill first delves into the assault involving Cheyenne. Ifill summarizes the 

lower court’s rationale in its conclusion that the evidence was sufficient to find 

that the victim was unconscious and convict him at this docket. Specifically, 

as framed by Ifill, the court relied on: (1) the fact that Cheyenne was 

physically ill and vomiting at the time; (2) her lack of initial response when 

Jenna knocked on the bathroom door while she was in the bathroom with Ifill; 

(3) the “groggy” sound of her voice when she eventually did respond; and (4) 

her not remembering how she made her way into the bathroom, nor did she 

remember taking a bath. See Appellant’s Brief, at 36 (record citations 

omitted). However, Ifill highlights that the testimony does not actually indicate 

why Cheyenne did not promptly respond when there was knocking at the 

bathroom door. In fact, the record shows that she eventually did respond. 

Additionally, Ifill avers that “[t]here is no evidence anything illicit 

occurred in the bathroom.” Appellant’s Brief, at 37. Instead, the testimony 

shows China taking Cheyenne to the bathroom, Cheyenne calling for Ifill to 

join her, and then her and Ifill eventually ending up in a bedroom. See id., at 

37-38 (record citations omitted). After Cheyenne and Ifill were in that

bedroom, others in the residence, including China, heard noises coming from 

that room, which were understood to be sexual in nature. From these series 
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of events, in which Cheyenne specifically asked for Ifill’s presence, Ifill argues 

that “Cheyenne was not unconscious at the time of the contact” and “she was 

aware of external events and consented[.]” Id., at 38. Ifill also mentions that 

Cheyenne took a picture the next morning with Ifill’s shirt, further evidencing 

her consent to what had happened between her and Ifill. 

We reiterate that the facts and circumstances of the situation involving 

Cheyenne need not preclude every possibility of innocence. See Antidormi, 

supra. Further, specifically apt to the present claim, the Commonwealth may 

prove unconsciousness by means of wholly circumstantial evidence.

As stated, supra, the element of unconsciousness can be legally satisfied 

if an individual is intoxicated. See, e.g., Diaz, 152 A.3d at 1045 (“[The 

victim’s] complete lack of awareness of the duration of the assault ... indicates 

that she was not conscious throughout its entirety.”) (citation omitted). Here, 

approximately one hour after arriving at China’s residence, Cheyenne started 

to feel violently ill. See N.T., 4/5/21, at 71. She “started getting really sick, 

throwing up.” Id. She also indicated that she needed to go to the hospital and 

was described as acting in an “hysterical” manner. See id. Cheyenne

personally felt as though she could not sit up straight. See id., at 120. She 

did not remember how she arrived in the bathroom and had no memory of 

being in a bathtub or taking a bath. See id., at 122-23. Cheyenne did not 

remember anyone else being in the bathroom with her besides China. See 

id., at 125. While she was in the bathroom, Cheyenne was noted as sounding 
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“really groggy and out of it.” Id., at 78.

After spending time in the bathroom, without any further recollection of 

events, Cheyenne only remembered “crashing into the pillow” contained on a 

bed in China’s bedroom. Id., at 125. That following morning, upon waking up, 

Cheyenne did not recall speaking to anybody at China’s residence, 

notwithstanding China’s later testimony. See id., at 127. Subsequently, 

Cheyenne’s worries about what had transpired the night before led to a SAFE 

exam being performed on her. During that exam, which uncovered a 

previously unknown tampon inside of her, Cheyenne believed Ifill had sex with 

her “because there’s no reason why a tampon was shoved up [her] to the 

point that [she] couldn’t feel it even when [she] went to the bathroom.” Id., 

at 132. 

While he provides testimonial evidence that could have served to 

weaken the Commonwealth’s case, Ifill does not provide any authority to 

distinguish Cheyenne’s obvious level of impairment from other cases finding 

that unconsciousness encompasses the term intoxication. The record clearly 

shows that Cheyenne did not remember large parts of what happened upon 

arrival at China’s residence. Notwithstanding testimony indicating some level 

of responsiveness or her having some, albeit minimal, recollection of events, 

the evidence, viewed in a light most favorable to the Commonwealth as verdict 

winner, supports the finding that she “was at all relevant times in such 

impaired physical and mental condition so as to be unable to knowingly 
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consent[.]” Commonwealth v. Erney, 698 A.2d 56, 59 (Pa. 1997). As such, 

“her submission to intercourse was involuntary ... [and was] therefore ... 

sufficient to constitute rape of an unconscious individual.” Id. With Cheyenne 

being unconscious at all relevant points, the sexual interaction between her 

and Ifill was also inherently nonconsensual, too. As such, Ifill’s sufficiency 

claim, as to this set of facts, fails.

In challenging the sufficiency of the evidence underpinning the other 

rape and sexual assault convictions, Ifill describes Rachel and Lindsey’s

testimony. However, although Ifill provides numerous record citations in this 

section of his brief, it is unclear what, exactly, Ifill is arguing, given his lack of 

concomitant authority serving to demonstrate insufficiency.

Ifill describes that Rachel was fine with him kissing her, but that she 

wanted him to stop when he began to touch underneath her shirt. See 

Appellant’s Brief, at 40 (record citation omitted). Rachel then went back to 

Lindsey’s bedroom. Ifill, at some point, followed Rachel back to the bedroom 

and subsequently began vaginally penetrating her with his penis. Although, 

throughout this interaction, she felt as though she could not stand straight,

Rachel eventually “came to” and told Ifill to stop, which he did eventually. 

As to Lindsey, who was located on her couch, she was “fuzzy” 

throughout the experience, but felt someone pulling off her pants. Appellant’s 

Brief, at 41 (record citation omitted). Thereafter, through Lindsey’s testimony,

Ifill climbed on top of her and, like what had happened to Rachel, began to 
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vaginally penetrate her with his penis. Lindsey then pushed Ifill off of her and 

went to the bathroom. Ultimately, Lindsey, Rachel, and Ifill ended up in the 

same bed together, but Ifill left in haste the following morning when all three 

woke up.

Other than vaguely asserting that the evidence was insufficient as to 

these two victims, Ifill does not present any sort of argument that establishes 

why the evidence was insufficient. In fact, other than his brief mentioning that 

“[t]he SAFE exams did not reveal any genetic material associated with Ifill[,]” 

Appellant’s Brief, at 41, the factual summary, which almost exclusively 

highlights Rachel and Lindsey’s testimony, casts Ifill in an inculpatory light, 

showing that the victims did not consent, were at varying levels of intoxication 

or completely unconscious throughout the incident, and that he engaged in

sexual intercourse with both of them. We “will not act as counsel and will not 

develop arguments on behalf of an appellant.” Commonwealth v. Hardy, 

918 A.2d 766, 771 (Pa. Super. 2007). Therefore, without any compelling basis 

that would indicate the evidence was insufficient to find Ifill guilty of rape and 

sexual assaults as to these two victims, we find no validity to Ifill’s sufficiency 

claim in this domain.

In his next claim, Ifill suggests that the Commonwealth failed to present 

sufficient evidence to adjudicate him an SVP.

Review of SVP status requires us to employ yet another well-settled 

standard of review:
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The determination of a defendant's SVP status may only be made 

following an assessment by the [Sexual Offenders Assessment 

Board (“SOAB”)] and hearing before the trial court. In order to 

affirm an SVP designation, we, as a reviewing court, must be able 

to conclude that the fact-finder found clear and convincing 

evidence that the individual is a sexually violent predator. As with 

any sufficiency of the evidence claim, we view all the evidence and 

reasonable inferences therefrom in the light most favorable to the 

Commonwealth. We will reverse a trial court’s determination of 

SVP status only if the Commonwealth has not presented clear and 

convincing evidence that each element of the statute has been 

satisfied.

The standard of proof governing the determination of SVP status, 

i.e., “clear and convincing evidence,” has been described as an 

“intermediate” test, which is more exacting than a preponderance 

of the evidence test, but less exacting than proof beyond a 

reasonable doubt.

* * *

The clear and convincing standard requires evidence that is “so 

clear, direct, weighty, and convincing as to enable the [trier of 

fact] to come to a clear conviction, without hesitancy, of the truth 

of the precise facts [in] issue.”

Commonwealth v. Fuentes, 991 A.2d 935, 941–42 (Pa. Super. 2010) (en 

banc) (citations omitted).

Providing background to the SVP determination process: 

After a person has been convicted of an offense listed in 42 Pa.C.S. 

§ 9799.14, the trial court then orders an assessment to be done 

by the SOAB to help determine if that person should be classified 

as an SVP. An SVP is defined as a person who has been convicted 

of a sexually violent offense and who has a mental abnormality or 

personality disorder that makes the person likely to engage in 

predatory sexually violent offenses. In order to show that the 

offender suffers from a mental abnormality or personality

disorder, the evidence must show that the defendant suffers from 

a congenital or acquired condition that affects the emotional or 

volitional capacity of the person in a manner that predisposes that 

person to the commission of criminal sexual acts to a degree that 
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makes the person a menace to the health and safety of other 

persons. Moreover, there must be a showing that the defendant’s 

conduct was predatory. Furthermore, in reaching a determination, 

we must examine the driving force behind the commission of

these acts, as well as looking at the offender’s propensity to 

reoffend, an opinion about which the Commonwealth’s expert is 

required to opine. However, the risk of reoffending is but one 

factor to be considered when making an assessment; it is not an 

independent element.

When performing an SVP assessment, a mental health 

professional must consider the following 15 factors: whether the 

instant offense involved multiple victims; whether the defendant 

exceeded the means necessary to achieve the offense; the nature 

of the sexual contact with the victim(s); the defendant’s 

relationship with the victim(s); the victim(s)’ age(s); whether the 

instant offense included a display of unusual cruelty by the 

defendant during the commission of the offense; the victim(s)’ 

mental capacity(ies); the defendant’s prior criminal record; 

whether the defendant completed any prior sentence(s); whether 

the defendant participated in available programs for sexual 

offenders; the defendant’s age; the defendant's use of illegal 

drugs; whether the defendant suffers from a mental illness, 

mental disability, or mental abnormality; behavioral 

characteristics that contribute to the defendant's conduct; and any 

other factor reasonably related to the defendant's risk of 

reoffending. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9799.24(b).

Commonwealth v. Hollingshead, 111 A.3d 186, 189-90 (Pa. Super. 2015) 

(some citations omitted) (formatting altered). 

Ifill concedes that, prior to the court determining him to be an SVP, he 

stipulated to the report of Robert M. Stein, Ph.D. See Appellant’s Brief, at 46.

In that report, Dr. Stein concluded that “within a reasonable degree of 

professional certainty ... Ifill meets the criteria to be classified as a [SVP.]” 

Sexually Violent Predator Assessment, 5/27/21, at 7 (emphasis in original). 

Ifill notes that the assessment also states that he has a mental abnormality 
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as it pertains to arousal from nonconsensual contact. Ifill contests this latter 

premise because “Cheyenne was neither unconscious nor unaware of the 

sexual contact[.]” Appellant’s Brief, at 46. As to the other portion of the 

assessment that indicates Ifill could not control his urges to have sex with the 

victims, Ifill states that “[b]oth Rachel and Lindsey testified Ifill stopped 

contact when they asked him.” Id., at 47 (record citations omitted).

Therefore, Ifill “is able to control his ‘urges’ and is not aroused by nonconsensual sex.” Id.

We have already established, supra, that, from a legal perspective,

Cheyenne was intoxicated to the point of unconsciousness when the events 

between her and Ifill transpired. Therefore, his argument that Cheyenne was 

not unconscious necessarily fails. With regard to Ifill’s suggestion that Ifill was 

able to control his urges as it related to Rachel and Lindsey, such a contention 

is refuted by the record. When Lindsey was “pushing him off and saying no,” 

N.T., 4/5/21, at 249, Ifill “didn’t stop.” Id. “He continued until [Lindsey] 

pushed him off of [her].” Id. As to Rachel, when she told Ifill to stop and 

pushed him off of her, Ifill said no and kept going until she “pushed him off 

again[.]” N.T., 4/4/21, at 216-17. 

As both of the proffered reasons why the court made an erroneous SVP 

determinations hold no merit and, too, in the absence of any kind of direct 

factor-based refutation of the SVP assessment, we find that the court utilized

sufficient evidence, satisfying the clear and convincing evidence standard, to 
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adjudicate Ifill an SVP. 

In his final issue, Ifill argues, inter alia, that the court imposed a 

manifestly excessive sentence and failed to consider mitigating factors. Ifill’s 

claim challenges the discretionary aspects of his sentence, so we employ the 

following standard of review:

Sentencing is a matter vested in the sound discretion of the 

sentencing judge, and a sentence will not be disturbed on appeal 

absent a manifest abuse of discretion. In this context, an abuse 

of discretion is not shown merely by an error in judgment. Rather, 

the appellant must establish, by reference to the record, that the 

sentencing court ignored or misapplied the law, exercised its 

judgment for reasons of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill will, or 

arrived at a manifestly unreasonable decision.

The right to appellate review of the discretionary aspects of a 

sentence is not absolute, and must be considered a petition for 

permission to appeal. An appellant must satisfy a four-part test to 

invoke this Court’s jurisdiction when challenging the discretionary 

aspects of a sentence.

[W]e conduct a four-part analysis to determine: (1) whether 

appellant has filed a timely notice of appeal; (2) whether the issue 

was properly preserved at sentencing or in a motion to reconsider 

and modify sentence; (3) whether appellant's brief has a fatal 

defect[, see Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f)]; and (4) whether there is a 

substantial question that the sentence appealed from is not 

appropriate under the Sentencing Code.

* * * *

A substantial question will be found where an appellant advances 

a colorable argument that the sentence imposed is either 

inconsistent with a specific provision of the Sentencing Code or is 

contrary to the fundamental norms which underlie the sentencing 

process. At a minimum, the Rule 2119(f) statement must 

articulate what particular provision of the code is violated, what 

fundamental norms the sentence violates, and the manner in 

which it violates that norm.
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Commonwealth v. Zirkle, 107 A.3d 127, 132 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citations 

omitted).

Here, Ifill has filed a timely notice of appeal, he has filed the requisite 

motion to preserve the issue on appeal, and through his inclusion of a facially 

appropriate 2119(f) statement, there is no fatal defect in his brief. Therefore, 

we proceed to Ifill’s brief to ascertain whether he has raised a substantial 

question.

In total, Ifill’s “substantial question” maintains that his aggravatedrange sentence was manifestly excessive, that the court failed to properly 

explain why it imposed this aggravated-range sentence, that the court failed 

to consider mitigating factors, that the court imposed consecutive sentences, 

that the court violated the Sentencing Code by solely focusing on retribution, 

and that the court impermissibly relied on a fourth victim’s impact statement

who was not a party to the case. See Appellant’s Brief, 47-49.

“[A]n averment that the court sentenced based solely on the 

seriousness of the offense and failed to consider all relevant factors raises a 

substantial question ... [and] an allegation that the court considered an 

impermissible sentencing factor raises a substantial question.” 

Commonwealth v. Macias, 968 A.2d 773, 776 (Pa. Super. 2009) (internal 

citations omitted). Furthermore, a claim that “the trial court failed to consider 

relevant sentencing criteria, including the protection of the public, the gravity 

of the underlying offense and the rehabilitative needs of Appellant, as 42 
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Pa.C.S.[] § 9721(b) requires[,]” presents a substantial question for our

review. Commonwealth v. Riggs, 63 A.3d 780, 786 (Pa. Super. 2012). With 

both of these cases as guideposts, we conclude that Ifill has presented a 

substantial question, and we proceed to review the merits of his claims. 

This Court “shall vacate” a sentence if we find:

(1) the sentencing court purported to sentence within the 

sentencing guidelines but applied the guidelines erroneously;

(2) the sentencing court sentenced within the sentencing 

guidelines but the case involves circumstances where the 

application of the guidelines would be clearly unreasonable; or

(3) the sentencing court sentenced outside the sentencing 

guidelines and the sentence is unreasonable.

42 Pa.C.S. § 9781(c).

The gravamen of Ifill’s sentencing argument is that the court improperly 

relied upon a fourth alleged victim’s statement in crafting his sentence. Ifill 

points to the court’s sentencing order, which prohibits him from, inter alia, 

contacting this fourth victim “who testified as part of the sentencing.” 

Sentencing Order, 10/5/21, at 2 (unpaginated). In addition, although Ifill 

acknowledges that the court mentioned its review of a pre-sentence 

investigation (“PSI”) report, “it did not reflect upon the mitigating factors and 

[his] characteristics[.]” Appellant’s Brief, at 54. Instead, it imposed an 

aggravated-range sentence without reason. See id. Ifill then writes that he is 

capable of rehabilitation and was relatively young at the time the aggregate 

sentence was imposed. See id. 
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Preliminarily, we note that “where, as here, the sentencing court had 

the benefit of a [PSI] report, we can assume the sentencing court was aware 

of relevant information regarding the defendant’s character and weighed those 

considerations along with mitigating statutory factors.” Commonwealth v. 

Rhoades, 8 A.3d 912, 919 (Pa. Super. 2010) (citation and quotation marks 

omitted).

After observing the entire trial, reviewing the PSI, listening to the victim 

impact statements, and hearing mitigating evidence from those connected to 

Ifill, the court concluded an aggravated-range sentence was warranted. In 

effect, Ifill was sentenced to three consecutive terms of seven-and-one-half 

to fifteen years’ incarceration at each of the rape offenses.

As part of the sentencing transcript, the court noted that “[Ifill] was able 

to manipulate and figure out exactly where he needed to be at all times. ... 

Bait and switch doesn’t even begin to classify what he did to these victims.” 

Sentencing Hearing, 10/5/21, at 30. The court also relied upon “the factual 

circumstance ... that these victims had all woken up and then tried to resist 

the defendant and he did not then listen to what they had indicated as well[.]” 

Id., at 35. Therefore, the court adequately explained why it placed Ifill’s 

sentences in the aggravated range.

As to the relevance of a non-party victim impact statement, in its 

subsequent opinion, the court wrote that it “did not consider the victim impact 

statement of an alleged fourth victim when sentencing [Ifill].” Trial Court 
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Opinion, 3/17/22, at 16. When the Commonwealth provided the court with 

this alleged fourth victim’s statement, it expressly indicated to the court that 

such a statement could not “be used in terms of the sentencing itself for the 

three named victims[.]” Sentencing Hearing, 10/5/21, at 9. 

Under certain circumstances, such as “when a prior record score 

inadequately reflects a defendant’s criminal background,” a sentencing court 

may “consider unprosecuted criminal conduct” when imposing its sentence. 

Commonwealth v. P.L.S., 894 A.2d 120, 131 (Pa. Super. 2006). However, 

“uncharged criminal conduct may not be used for sentencing purposes when 

the record is devoid of the necessary evidentiary link between the defendant 

and the uncharged prior conduct.” Id. 

In P.L.S., the sentencing court considered a SOAB investigator’s 

testimony wherein it was established that the defendant had admitted to 

another non-testifying investigator that he had abused two additional minor 

victims. See id., at 128.

4 Moreover, when asked by the testifying investigator 

whether he engaged in that additional sexual abuse, the defendant did not 

deny having made such a statement. See id. 

This Court determined that the sentencing court was permitted to 

consider the investigator’s testimony, which delved into prior, uncharged 

criminal conduct. First, it was noted that the sentencing court “was allowed to 

____________________________________________

4 The defendant in P.L.S. had been convicted of sexually abusing his 

girlfriend’s minor daughter.
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rely upon the SOAB assessment information when imposing [its] sentence.” 

Id., at 132. Second, “the evidence linking [the defendant] to these other 

crimes stood unrefuted. That evidence sprang from [the defendant’s] own 

mouth and was confirmed by the victims.” Id. As such, “the sentencing court 

was permitted to rely upon [the defendant’s] admissions when it imposed [its] 

sentence.” Id. 

In addition, ... this sentence was increased beyond the guidelines 

not merely because [the defendant] could not be prosecuted for 

his abuse of the two other children. The sentencing court clearly 

found, based upon [the defendant’s] abuse of those victims, that 

he was a threat to children and needed to be sentenced above the 

guidelines ranges for the protection of the public.

Finally, even if [this Court] were to conclude that the uncharged 

conduct should not have been considered by the sentencing court, 

the court offered significant other support for sentencing in excess 

of the guidelines in this case. [The defendant] sexually abused his 

victim nearly weekly for two years. As the sentencing court noted, 

the effect of this ongoing sexual abuse was substantial and longterm. The court also was appalled that [the defendant] would 

abuse a child in retaliation against the child’s mother and attempt 

to justify his actions on that basis.

Id., at 133 (citation omitted).

Similarly, in Commonwealth v. Vernille, this Court concluded that 

“[i]t was not improper for the judge to consider [that] appellant’s alleged 

involvement in other unlawful activity for which he was not charged, tried, or 

convicted[,]” because the appellant “admitted most of [the at-issue] facts” 

and the “information was contained in the presentence investigation report 

and was also developed at trial, during which time [the] appellant had ample 

opportunity to respond to the allegations.” 418 A.2d 713, 719 (Pa. Super. 
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1980). 

Here, information pertaining to the alleged fourth victim first made its 

appearance in the SOAB report, see Sexually Violent Predator Assessment, 

5/27/21, at 3-4, and Ifill’s counsel did not object to the report’s admission into 

evidence. See Sentencing Hearing, 10/5/21, at 4. Thereafter, the 

Commonwealth introduced a written statement from the alleged fourth victim, 

which received an objection from Ifill’s counsel. See id., at 9. That statement, 

inter alia, expressly accused Ifill of sexual assault. See, e.g., id., at 10-11 (“I 

said no and told you to stop, but instead you became forceful and aggressive. 

You laughed until I was finally able to push you off of me and run out of the 

room.”). 

Contrary to P.L.S., which involved the incorporation of uncharged and 

undenied allegations into an SOAB report, there does not appear to be any 

SOAB inquiry directed at Ifill to ascertain the veracity of this supposed victim’s 

statement. Moreover, Ifill did not specifically admit to the behavior alleged by 

the putative fourth victim. When the statement against Ifill was admitted at 

the sentencing hearing, there is nothing more that Ifill’s counsel could have 

done to deny his involvement in this untested accusation beyond making an 

objection, which is what, in fact, occurred. In addition, although the 

sentencing court had the benefit of a PSI, it does not appear that the alleged 

fourth victim’s accusations were documented or reviewed for the purposes of 

that report. Furthermore, unlike Vernille, Ifill’s involvement in uncharged 
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criminal activity was not, as best can be discerned, developed, or even alluded 

to, at trial. As such, because there was no opportunity for Ifill to contest or 

assent to this additional victim impact statement, Ifill’s alleged sexual assault 

on a fourth victim should not have been considered by the court at sentencing.

Nevertheless, vacation of a sentence is only appropriate if the court 

relied upon an impermissible factor at sentencing:

In deciding whether a trial judge considered only permissible 

factors in sentencing a defendant, an appellate court must, of 

necessity, review all of the judge’s comments. Moreover, in 

making this determination it is not necessary that an appellate 

court be convinced that the trial judge in fact relied upon an 

erroneous consideration; it is sufficient to render a sentence 

invalid if it reasonably appears from the record that the trial court 

relied in whole or in part upon such a factor.

Commonwealth v. Scott, 860 A.2d 1029, 1030 (Pa. Super. 2004).

Although the court, here, disclaimed any utilization of the alleged fourth 

victim’s impact statement, see Trial Court Opinion, 3/17/22, at 16,5it strains 

credulity to find that such a statement played no impact in its ultimate 

sentencing determinations. Specifically, the court, in its sentencing order, 

____________________________________________

5 While the court relies on the statement of the Commonwealth attorney at 

the sentencing hearing that the fourth victim’s impact statement victim impact 

statement would not be considered when sentencing Ifill, see Trial Court 

Opinion, 3/17/22, at 16 (citing Sentencing Hearing, 10/5/21, at 9), the court,

itself, did not expressly disclaim its consideration of the fourth victim’s 

statement either at the sentencing hearing or in its sentencing order. 

Moreover, it defies explanation as to what other purpose the reading of the 

victim impact statement at the hearing could possibly have served, as the 

court had already determined that Ifill was an SVP, see Sentencing Hearing, 

10/5/21, at 8, and the only remaining matter for the court’s consideration was 

Ifill’s sentence.
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referred to “all four victims,” Sentencing Order, 10/5/21, at 2 (unpaginated)

(prohibiting Ifill from contact with these individuals), notwithstanding the fact 

that there had been no adjudication of Ifill’s guilt as to this fourth victim. 

Therefore, in light of the explicit consideration given to this untested fourth 

victim’s impact statement, memorialized in the sentencing order, it reasonably 

appears from the record that the court relied on this impermissible factor in 

making its sentencing determination. While there may have been other 

reasons why the court imposed three sentences that were all in the 

aggravated range, the weight ascribed by the court to this impermissible 

factor is facially evident. 

Consequently, because the court relied upon this impermissible factor 

in imposing three sentences that were all in the aggravated range, we vacate 

the judgment of sentence and remand for resentencing. As to all of the other 

issues raised by Ifill, we affirm. 

Judgment of sentence vacated. Case remanded for resentencing. 

Jurisdiction relinquished. 

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 6/7/2023