Kern

San Bernardino

Riverside

San Diego

Los Angeles

Orange

Imperial

Ventura

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

Open-File Report 2008–1254

Rocky Mountain Geographic Science Center

Potential Effects of a Scenario Earthquake on the Economy

of Southern California: Intraregional Commuter, Worker, 

and Earnings Flow Analysis
FRONT COVER—Instrumental Intensity for the simulated magnitude 7.8 ShakeOut 

Scenario earthquake overlaying a shaded-relief terrain map for a portion of the 

eight-county Southern California regional study area. Lowest intensities are in blue 

while highest intensities are in red. A portion of the San Andreas Fault is symbolized 

in black. California county boundaries are illustrated using a dashed-line symbology 

and county names are annotated in gray.
Potential Effects of a Scenario Earthquake 

on the Economy of Southern California: 

Intraregional Commuter, Worker, and 

Earnings Flow Analysis

By Benson C. Sherrouse and David J. Hester

Rocky Mountain Geographic Science Center

Open-File Report 2008–1254

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey
U.S. Department of the Interior

DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey

Mark D. Myers, Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2008

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Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to 

reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report.

Suggested citation:

Sherrouse, B.C., and Hester, D.J., 2008, Potential effects of a scenario earthquake on the economy of Southern 

California—Intraregional commuter, worker, and earnings flow analysis: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

2008–1254, 14 p.
iii

Contents

Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................1

Data Sources..................................................................................................................................................1

Methodology...................................................................................................................................................1

Commuter Fault-Crossing Estimates ..........................................................................................................2

Discussion.......................................................................................................................................................6

References......................................................................................................................................................6

Appendix 1. Total County-to-County Worker and Earnings Flows by Bureau 

of Economic Analysis Industrial Codes ........................................................................................8

Figures

1. Total intraregional commuters per square mile in 2000 .........................................................3

2. The distribution of commuters who crossed or possibly crossed the fault in 2000 ..........4

3. Flows with the highest number of commuters crossing the San Andreas Fault in 2000..5

Tables

1. The county-to-county flow matrix of intraregional commuters for the year 2000.............3

2. The general directionality of commuter flows.........................................................................4

3. The county-to-county flow matrix of intraregional commuters who crossed 

or possibly crossed the fault in 2000 .........................................................................................5

4. Employment and earnings growth rates by county ................................................................6

Introduction

The Multi-Hazards Demonstration Project (MHDP) is 

a collaboration between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 

and various partners from the public and private sectors 

and academia, meant to improve Southern California’s 

resiliency to natural hazards (Jones and others, 2007). In 

support of the MHDP objectives, the ShakeOut Scenario was 

developed. It describes a magnitude 7.8 (M7.8) earthquake 

along the southernmost 300 kilometers (200 miles) of the 

San Andreas Fault, identified by geoscientists as a plausible 

event that will cause moderate to strong shaking over much 

of the eight-county (Imperial, Kern, Los Angeles, Orange, 

Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, and Ventura) Southern 

California region (Jones and others, 2008). This report uses 

selected datasets from the U.S. Census Bureau and the State 

of California’s Employment Development Department to 

develop preliminary estimates of the number and spatial 

distribution of commuters who cross the San Andreas Fault 

and to characterize these commuters by the industries in which 

they work and their total earnings. The analysis concerns 

the relative exposure of the region’s economy to the effects 

of the earthquake as described by the location, volume, 

and earnings of those commuters who work in each of the 

region’s economic sectors. It is anticipated that damage to 

transportation corridors traversing the fault would lead to at 

least short-term disruptions in the ability of commuters to 

travel between their places of residence and work.

Data Sources

Two datasets providing national coverage of journeyto-work information from Census 2000 were obtained from 

the U.S. Census Bureau. Special Tabulation Product (STP) 

64 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2004a) includes estimates of worker 

flows between their census tract of residence and their census 

tract of work. County-level estimates of worker flows and 

their mean earnings in 1999 classified by Bureau of Economic 

Potential Effects of Scenario Earthquake on the Economy 

of Southern California: Intraregional Commuter, Worker, 

and Earnings Analysis

By Benson C. Sherrouse and David J. Hester

Analysis (BEA) industrial codes are included in STP 86 (U.S. 

Census Bureau, 2004b).

Worker and earnings data covering the years 2000 to 

2006 were obtained from the State of California’s Employment Development Department. These data include total 

wages by county and North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) code (State of California, 2007a), total 

industry employment by county and NAICS code (State of 

California, 2007b), and total civilian employment by county 

(State of California, 2007c). The total industry employment 

(or total wage and salary employment) by county is a count 

of jobs by work location while total civilian employment is 

a count of working people by residence location. Additionally, the total industry employment dataset does not include 

business owners, self-employed persons, unpaid volunteers, 

or family workers and private household workers, while the 

total civilian employment dataset does include them (State of 

California, 2006).

Methodology

To estimate the potential disruption of the normal 

commuter flows across the San Andreas Fault, some 

simplifying assumptions were made. Only commuters both 

living and working in the eight-county Southern California 

region were considered; in-commuters and out-commuters 

were not included. Also, while the region has an extensive 

network of faults, only the southern extent of the San 

Andreas Fault, which almost completely bisects the region, 

was treated as an obstacle to commuting. It should be noted 

that while using the full southern extent of the fault served 

as a convenient means of defining regional commuting 

patterns relative to the fault, extending the analysis to the 

northern boundary of the region exceeds the 300-km extent 

defined by the ShakeOut Scenario’s slip distribution model 

output. This model describes the amount and distribution of 

ground movement patterns associated with the earthquake. 

Future refinements to this analysis would replace this 

simplified linear obstacle with more specific surface rupture 

segments identified from the slip distribution model output. 
2 Potential Earthquake Effects on the Southern California Economy: Commuter and Worker Flow Analysis

Finally, it was assumed that all practical commuting routes 

were completely contained within the region and that all 

transportation corridors crossing the southern segment of the 

San Andreas Fault were equally affected by the simulated 

M7.8 earthquake.

A shapefile depicting the San Andreas Fault was derived 

from a spatial data layer of faults (U.S. Geological Survey, 

2004) through selection of the fault name attribute. It was then 

used to select all census tracts from a HAZUS boundary file 

(U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2006) which were 

intersected by the fault. Three resulting subsets of census 

tracts were then distinguished as being either to the west or 

east of the fault or as lying on the fault. By associating the 

unique census tract identifiers with the census tract-level data 

of STP 64, each individual commuter flow was classified as 

crossing the fault (residence and work tracts on opposite sides 

of the fault), not crossing the fault (residence and work tracts 

on the same side of the fault), or possibly crossing the fault 

(any combination involving tracts on the fault with others on 

the fault or tracts on either side). From these classified flows, 

the spatial distribution of the combined volume of the sources 

and destinations of commuter flows by census tract were 

mapped. County-level flows and flow directions relative to 

the fault were also cross-tabulated to produce regional flow 

matrices. Given the irregularity of the size and shape of census 

tracts, the mapped commuter flow volumes were normalized 

by census tract area. 

The STP 86 worker and earnings data were crosstabulated by county and industry to produce a regional flow 

matrix. Due to differences in methodologies between the two 

data sources, the county-level worker flows do differ somewhat between the STP 86 and STP 64 data. However, the 

difference in each county-to-county flow as a proportion of 

each county’s total flow amounts to 0.5 percent at most and 

0.1 percent on average. The mean earnings reported for each 

worker flow in STP 86 were multiplied by the total workers in 

each flow to obtain the total earnings for each flow. 

Because the data from the two U.S. Census Bureau products were based on results from the 2000 Census, additional 

data were obtained from the State of California Employment 

Development Department as a means to estimate how growth 

in the region since 2000 might have affected commuting 

patterns and exposure of the region’s economy to the effects 

of the earthquake in the interim. The percent change in total 

civilian employment and total industry employment by county 

were calculated for the period from 2000 to 2006. This was 

also done for total industry wages by county for the period 

from 1999 to 2005. These percentages were then applied to the 

Census data to obtain a rough approximation of exposure in a 

time period closer to the current date. It should be noted that 

changes to the methodologies and procedures associated with 

estimating industry wages do hinder the comparability of wage 

data between time periods (State of California, 2007d).

Commuter Fault-Crossing Estimates

The spatial distribution of total commuting volume 

(whether crossing the fault or not) is concentrated, as anticipated, in areas of high population density (fig. 1). In 2000, of 

over 8 million Southern California intraregional commuters, 

more than 3.5 million of them commuted within Los Angeles 

County (table 1). San Diego and Orange Counties each had 

internal commuting levels of over 1 million each. The greatest intercounty flows were between Los Angeles and Orange 

Counties in both directions and from San Bernardino County 

to Los Angeles County. Each of these flows was in excess of 

100,000. The breakout of flows by their directionality also 

indicates the predominance of commuter flows west of the 

fault (table 2).

The spatial distribution of commuters who cross or possibly cross the fault is, as anticipated, a function of proximity 

to the fault as well as population density (fig. 2). Of these 

approximately 250,000 commuters, over 78,000 of them commuted within San Bernardino County (table 3). An additional 

67,000 commuted within Los Angeles County, with Riverside County rounding out the highest intracounty flows at 

over 33,000. The highest intercounty flows were from San 

Bernardino County to Riverside County (nearly 15,000) and 

from San Bernardino County to Los Angeles County (approximately 11,000). These highest flows are summarized in 

figure 3. The estimates reported for Imperial County were particularly adversely affected by the methodology used. A single 

census tract covering most of the eastern half of the county 

is only marginally intersected by the San Andreas Fault. It is 

unlikely that many commuters to, from, or within the county 

would find it necessary to take a route leading them over the 

fault. This runs counter to the results that suggest nearly 40 

percent of these commuters crossed or possibly crossed the 

fault.

Appendix 1 provides an industry-level breakdown of 

county-to-county worker and earnings flows derived from 

STP 86 data in tabular format. These data describe all workers as opposed to only those who commute across the fault. 

While the distribution of total workers across industries does 

not directly translate to the industry distribution of the subset 

of workers who cross the fault, some general characterizations 

can be made about the structure of the economies where these 

commuters live and work and might provide at least some 

insight into what the composition of this subset of commuters might be. Focusing on the largest fault-crossing flows 

summarized in figure 3, the Service sector is consistently 

the largest component of the total flows of which the subset 

of fault-crossing flows are a part. This holds true in terms of 

workers and earnings. As a percentage of the five total flows 

that include the top five fault-crossing flows, the Service sector accounts for 23 to 31 percent of worker flows and 20 to 

30 percent of earnings flows. Without additional data describing the distribution of the fault-crossing commuters and their 

earnings across industries, it can not be concluded that the 
Commuter Fault-Crossing Estimates 3

California

Arizona

Nevada

MEXICO

Kern

San Bernardino

Riverside

Imperial

San Diego

Los Angeles

Ventura

Orange

®

Southern California Intraregional Commuting:

Total commuting by Census 2000 tracts

Pacific Ocean

0–1,820

1,821–3,922

3,923–5,728

5,729–8,595

8,596–122,815

No data

San Andreas Fault

Tracts on fault

0 5 10 20 30 40 50 MILES

Data Sources:

U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Special Tabulation

Product (STP) 64

Commuters per Square Mile

Figure 1. Total intraregional commuters per square mile in 2000. The values reflect the total volume of both the incoming 

and outgoing commuters for each census tract. As would be expected, the highest volumes are in the areas with the highest 

population density (for example, the cities of Los Angeles, San Diego).

Table 1. The county-to-county flow matrix of intraregional commuters for the year 2000. The county of residence is read 

down the left side and the workplace county is read across the top. Intracounty flows are indicated by italics.

Total Commuters in 2000

County of 

Residence

County of Workplace

Imperial Kern Los 

Angeles Orange Riverside San Bernardino

San 

Diego Ventura

Imperial 39,989 49 69 22 678 56 411 0

Kern 0 213,206 7,053 295 53 1,002 137 431

Los Angeles 375 5,959 3,478,056 152,350 8,695 39,552 4,409 30,395

Orange 148 233 174,949 1,067,139 10,774 8,887 6,448 664

Riverside 413 229 35,579 50,205 412,591 58,919 18,345 215

San Bernardino 179 1,038 108,457 28,203 50,401 452,561 1,760 580

San Diego 746 165 7,423 11,811 5,674 2,323 1,234,612 444

Ventura 0 244 66,018 744 150 296 276 260,783
4 Potential Earthquake Effects on the Southern California Economy: Commuter and Worker Flow Analysis

Table 2. The general directionality of commuter 

flows. The vast majority are to, from, or among 

tracts lying west of the fault.

Commute Direction Relative to Fault in 2000

Workplace

Residence East On West

East 368,234 7,435 77,039

On 12,838 16,682 64,268

West 34,898 24,056 7,443,048

California

Arizona

Nevada

MEXICO

Kern

San Bernardino

Riverside

Imperial

San Diego

Los Angeles

Ventura

Orange

®

Southern California Intraregional Commuting:

Estimate of commuters crossing the

San Andreas Fault by Census 2000 tracts

Pacific Ocean

0–11

12–27

28–53

54–118

119–3,459

No data

San Andreas Fault

Tracts on fault

0 5 10 20 30 40 50 MILES

Data Sources:

U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Special Tabulation

Product (STP) 64

Commuters per Square Mile

Figure 2. The distribution of commuters who crossed or possibly crossed the fault in 2000. The values reflect the total volume 

of both the incoming and outgoing commuters for each census tract. Concentrations are highest along the fault and in high 

population density areas. The estimated distribution for Imperial County is adversely affected by the limited intersection of the 

San Andreas Fault with a single, large census tract (circled in green).
Commuter Fault-Crossing Estimates 5

Table 3. The county-to-county flow matrix of intraregional commuters who crossed or possibly crossed the fault 

in 2000. The numbers for Imperial County should be considered only as an artifact of the methodology and not as an 

estimate comparable to the other counties. Intracounty flows are indicated by italics.

Fault Crossing and Possible Fault Crossing Commuters in 2000

County of Workplace

County of 

Residence Imperial Kern Los 

Angeles Orange Riverside San Bernardino

San 

Diego Ventura

Imperial 14,644 49 8 0 126 16 12 0

Kern 0 2,975 4,250 295 53 196 137 431

Los Angeles 295 1,536 67,462 485 358 2,838 88 1,351

Orange 60 233 1,132 0 157 781 0 0

Riverside 216 229 746 190 33,279 5,954 128 10

San Bernardino 141 242 11,046 3,205 14,969 78,359 571 114

San Diego 400 165 240 0 114 1,366 0 0

Ventura 0 244 637 0 14 39 0 0

LARGEST FAULT-CROSSING COMMUTER FLOWS BY COUNTY

2000

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

90,000

Within San Bernardino Within Los Angeles Within Riverside San Bernardino to

Riverside

San Bernardino to Los

Angeles

COMMUTER FLOW DESCRIPTION

COMMUTERS Figure 3. Flows with the highest number of commuters crossing the San 

Andreas Fault in 2000.

predominance of the Service sector similarly characterizes this 

subset of commuters. The composition of the total flows, however, does suggest the potential exposure of the Service sector 

to the disruptions of commuting attributable to the simulated 

earthquake. 

Using available State of California Employment 

Development Department data, the growth of the regional 

economy between 2000 and 2006 in terms of employment and 

wages can be estimated to get a better sense of commuting 

patterns and exposure in a more recent time period. Since 

total civilian employment counts workers by their county 

of residence and total industry employment by their county 

of workplace, the differential in the rate of change of each 

might be an indicator of how the sources and destinations of 

worker flows and thus commuting patterns and associated 

earnings are changing over time. Taking two opposing 

examples, Kern County experienced 17 percent growth in total 

civilian employment (those residing in Kern County) and an 

approximate 15 percent increase in total industry employment 

(those working in Kern County) while San Bernardino County 

experienced 18 percent growth in employment for those living 

in the county and a 22 percent increase in those working 

in the county (table 4). The initial indication is that Kern 

County is growing faster as a source of employees while San 

Bernardino is growing faster as a source of jobs. By extension, 

this could suggest that Kern County is experiencing an 

increase in commuter outflows and San Bernardino County is 

experiencing an increase in commuter inflows.
6 Potential Earthquake Effects on the Southern California Economy: Commuter and Worker Flow Analysis

Discussion

The analysis provides preliminary estimates of total and 

fault-crossing commuting flows. The inclusion of industry and 

earnings data helped to generally characterize these flows and 

to establish a basis from which more detailed numerical and 

spatial estimates could be produced. Additional industry-level 

commuter and earnings data along with geocoded business 

establishment by industry data could provide an opportunity 

to more directly relate the characteristics of total flows to the 

fault-crossing flows and to disaggregate the census tract-level 

flows by industry and associated earnings. Future research 

refinements to the fault-crossing commuting flow estimates 

could include the addition of a transportation network layer as 

well as traffic count data and modeled road damage estimates. 

These additional data would assist in validating commuter 

flow volumes and more precisely identifying critical crossing points along the southern San Andreas Fault. Commuting 

routes disrupted by the surface ruptures modeled in the ShakeOut Scenario, along with alternative commuting routes could, 

in turn, be identified and applied when developing estimates. 

The current analysis did not take into account the full 

fault network within the region. In the event of a M7.8 

earthquake, it is anticipated that other faults in the network 

would cause additional damage to transportation networks and 

further disrupt commuting. Also, the analysis focuses on the 

travel between the origin and destination without considering 

the impact on the economy of the damage at either endpoint. 

Particularly for those closest to the fault, these damages would 

likely be a more immediate concern and be of more lasting 

impact than the disruption of the commute. 

References

Jones, L.; Bernknopf, R.; Cannon, S.; Cox, D.A.; Gaydos, 

L.; Keeley, J.; Kohler, M.; Lee, H.; Ponti, D.; Ross, S.; 

Schwarzbach, S.; Shulters, M.; Ward, A.W.; and Wein, A., 

2007, Increasing resiliency to natural hazards—A strategic 

plan for the Multi-Hazards Demonstration Project in Southern California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

2007–1255.

Jones, L.M.; Bernknopf, R.; Cox, D.; Goltz, J.; Hudnut, K.; 

Mileti, D.; Perry, S.; Ponti, D.; Porter, K.; Reichle, M.; 

Seligson, H.; Shoaf, K.; Treiman, J.; and Wein, A., 2008, 

The ShakeOut scenario: U.S. Geological Survey OpenFile Report 2008–1150 and California Geological Survey 

Preliminary Report 25.

State of California, 2006, Why civilian employment does 

not equal total industry employment: Sacramento, Calif., 

California Employment Development Department, Labor 

Market Information Division, http://www.labormarketinfo.

edd.ca.gov/article.asp?articleid=88, 20 March 2008.

State of California, 2007a, California regional economies 

employment series: Sacramento, Calif., California Employment Development Department, Labor Market Information Division, http://www.labormarketinfo.edd.ca.gov/cgi/

databrowsing/?PageID=173, 20 March 2008.

Table 4. Employment and earnings growth rates by county.

Employment and Earnings Growth Rates

County

County of 

Residence County of Workplace

Percent change 

in total civilian 

employment

2000–2006

Percent change 

in total industry 

employment

2000–2006

Percent change 

in private 

industry wages

1999–2005

Imperial 4.2% 11.5% 29.4%

Kern 17.2% 14.9% 48.6%

Los Angeles 4.4% 0.5% 22.6%

Orange 9.8% 9.2% 39.4%

Riverside 32.1% 33.9% 69.8%

San Bernardino 18.2% 22.1% 56.3%

San Diego 10.5% 8.9% 41.1%

Ventura 8.9% 9.0% 52.5%
References 

7

State of California, 2007b, Industry employment—Official 

monthly estimates: Sacramento, Calif., California 

Employment Development Department, Labor Market 

Information Division, http://www.labormarketinfo.edd.

ca.gov/cgi/dataanalysis/AreaSelection.asp?tableName=Ces, 

20 March 2008.

State of California, 2007c, Unemployment rates (labor force): 

Sacramento, Calif., California Employment Development 

Department, Labor Market Information Division, http://

www.labormarketinfo.edd.ca.gov/cgi/dataanalysis/Area

Selection.asp?tableName=Labforce, 20 March 2008.

State of California, 2007d, Occupational wage data are not 

a continual time series: Sacramento, Calif., California 

Employment Development Department, Labor Market 

Information Division, http://www.labormarketinfo.edd.

ca.gov/article.asp?ARTICLEID=435, 20 March 2008.

U.S. Census Bureau, 2004a, Census tract of work by census 

tract of residence CD-ROM: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 

2000 Special Tabulation Product 64.

U.S. Census Bureau, 2004b, County of residence by county of 

work by Bureau of Economic Analysis industrial structure 

by mean earnings CD-ROM: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 

2000 Special Tabulation Product 86.

U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2006, HAZUS-MH 

MR2, version 1.2, data DVD: U.S. Department of Home-

land Security, Federal Emergency Management Agency.

U.S. Geological Survey, 2004, Quaternary faults and folds 

map service: U.S. Geological Survey Earthquake Hazards 

Program, http://gldims.cr.usgs.gov/qfault/viewer.htm, 23 

January 2008.

Appendix 1 9

Appendix 1. Total County-to-County Worker 

and Earnings Flows by Bureau of Economic 

Analysis Industrial Codes
Appendix 1. Total County-to-County Worker and Earnings Flows by Bureau of Economic Analysis Industrial Codes.

[From U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Special Tabulation Product 86, 2004. Because of rounding, total amounts may not be exact]

County 

of

 Residence

County of Workplace Imperial Kern Los Angeles Orange Riverside San Bernardino San Diego Ventura

Industry Workers Earnings

($ millions)

WorkersEarnings

($ millions) Workers Earnings($ millions) Workers Earnings($ millions) Workers Earnings($ millions) Workers Earnings($ millions) Workers Earnings($ millions) Workers Earnings($ millions)

Imperial

Agriculture, forestry, fishing and 

hunting, and mining 3,870 $74.98 15 - 4 - 240 $2.73 10 -

Construction 1,425 $46.17 20 $0.57 75 $1.83 15 - 75 $2.76

Farm, self-employed incorporated, 

self-employed unincorporated, 

and unpaid family workers

3,100 $104.80 4 - 4 - 30 $0.60 15 $0.13

Federal government, civilian and 

military 2,145 $87.10 100 $3.21

Information and finance, insurance, 

real estate, and rental and 

leasing

1,740 $44.79 4 - 15 -

Manufacturing 1,610 $47.20 10 - 4 - 4 - 25 $1.14

Private households 340 $2.34 4 -

Services (except private households) 8,045 $187.55 10 - 25 $0.27 10 - 95 $1.56 10 $0.17 95 $1.35

State or local government 9,795 $322.41 4 - 4 - 50 $1.17 4 - 15 $0.72

Transportation and warehousing, 

and utilities 1,710 $57.26 20 $0.19 4 - 15 - 25 $1.08 4 -

Wholesale trade and retail trade 6,400 $160.71 4 - 4 - 170 $2.86 65 $1.58

TOTAL 40,180 $1,135.31 53 $0.19 69 $0.84 24 $0.00 683 $10.75 58 $1.25 419 $10.88 0 $0.00

Kern

Agriculture, forestry, fishing and 

hunting, and mining 23,270 $661.33 110 $4.10 20 $0.59 10 - 115 $5.01 10 - 25 $1.04

Construction 11,110 $362.33 575 $22.05 30 $1.13 10 - 115 $4.38 20 $0.86 105 $5.04

Farm, self-employed incorporated, 

self-employed unincorporated, 

and unpaid family workers

18,300 $595.99 450 $16.62 15 - 15 - 50 $3.67 70 $2.52

Federal government, civilian and 

military 11,985 $488.47 500 $24.80 30 $1.51 70 $2.44 40 $1.82 10 -

Information and finance, insurance, 

real estate, and rental and 

leasing

12,200 $371.42 520 $23.47 35 $0.28 15 - 20 - 15 -

Manufacturing 11,020 $376.13 910 $42.84 30 $1.63 355 $19.49 10 - 40 $1.90

Private households 550 $5.01

Services (except private households) 52,725 $1,346.49 1,820 $49.04 40 $2.39 4 - 110 $2.33 10 - 70 $2.95

State or local government 35,505 $1,237.99 1,025 $51.12 25 $1.15 45 $2.40 4 - 35 $0.93

Transportation and warehousing, 

and utilities 7,745 $282.92 295 $13.52 4 - 135 $7.13

Wholesale trade and retail trade 30,555 $772.06 1,005 $33.07 75 $3.25 10 - 35 $0.69 15 - 45 $2.24

TOTAL 0 $0.00 214,965 $6,500.14 7,210 $280.63 300 $11.93 53 $0.00 1,045 $47.54 129 $2.68 415 $16.62
Appendix 1. Total County-to-County Worker and Earnings Flows by Bureau of Economic Analysis Industrial Codes.—Continued

[From U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Special Tabulation Product 86, 2004. Because of rounding, total amounts may not be exact]

County 

of

 Residence

County of Workplace Imperial Kern Los Angeles Orange Riverside San Bernardino San Diego Ventura

Industry Workers Earnings

($ millions)

WorkersEarnings

($ millions) Workers Earnings($ millions) Workers Earnings($ millions) Workers Earnings($ millions) Workers Earnings($ millions) Workers Earnings($ millions) Workers Earnings($ millions)

Los 

Angeles

Agriculture, forestry, fishing and 

hunting, and mining 195 $9.04 6,155 $225.51 350 $11.65 50 $0.84 185 $5.00 30 $0.79 250 $5.77

Construction 85 $1.80 310 $16.60 127,175 $4,276.39 11,935 $425.77 1,650 $49.42 3,540 $122.63 675 $22.89 3,250 $105.66

Farm, self-employed incorporated, 

self-employed unincorporated, 

and unpaid family workers

40 $0.89 275 $11.72 331,215 $12,625.92 7,750 $280.64 800 $33.08 2,495 $91.92 405 $17.99 2,275 $83.51

Federal government, civilian and 

military 4 - 2,125 $107.87 63,090 $2,621.64 2,645 $100.84 170 $6.54 500 $16.87 745 $17.51 385 $18.28

Information and finance, insurance, 

real estate, and rental and 

leasing

10 - 130 $7.04 392,845 $21,377.05 19,795 $873.85 655 $34.36 2,645 $119.21 350 $18.75 5,315 $281.57

Manufacturing 40 $0.64 860 $43.64 501,210 $17,350.39 30,255 $1,232.26 1,625 $59.43 9,035 $304.15 420 $28.38 6,385 $286.30

Private households 10 - 10 - 26,885 $358.43 390 $4.04 10 - 160 $4.13 15 - 215 $2.64

Services (except private households) 50 $1.51 1,160 $47.34 1,109,485 $39,412.24 45,935 $1,610.39 1,915 $65.41 8,940 $276.42 1,030 $39.93 7,575 $305.26

State or local government 30 $0.88 460 $21.36 401,955 $14,978.45 10,010 $374.64 685 $27.33 3,305 $155.00 320 $10.50 1,565 $66.24

Transportation and warehousing, 

and utilities 10 - 190 $9.57 125,770 $4,476.28 4,330 $166.71 610 $22.80 2,840 $101.34 170 $17.42 545 $21.57

Wholesale trade and retail trade 130 $2.51 360 $12.95 490,620 $14,999.23 26,880 $954.21 1,120 $40.91 7,515 $216.10 475 $17.45 4,110 $177.70

TOTAL 409 $8.23 6,075 $287.13 3,576,405 $132,701.53 160,275 $6,035.00 9,290 $340.12 41,160 $1,412.77 4,635 $191.61 31,870 $1,354.50

Orange

Agriculture, forestry, fishing and 

hunting, and mining 30 $0.96 440 $24.97 3,485 $81.47 65 $3.41 15 - 15 -

Construction 30 $1.49 9,880 $507.07 51,110 $2,291.72 2,030 $87.69 1,130 $42.21 870 $43.81 130 $6.01

Farm, self-employed incorporated, 

self-employed unincorporated, 

and unpaid family workers

40 $0.48 50 $1.31 10,340 $486.88 98,380 $4,095.17 990 $48.37 685 $34.91 430 $17.92 30 $3.18

Federal government, civilian and 

military 4,410 $226.61 12,270 $486.70 135 $6.68 125 $6.81 1,270 $51.63 40 $0.86

Information and finance, 

insurance, real estate, and rental 

and leasing

45 $2.03 16,125 $968.31 117,110 $6,243.49 620 $38.45 625 $36.78 615 $41.48 35 $1.61

Manufacturing 35 $2.42 36,865 $2,274.64 172,750 $7,654.73 2,625 $148.84 1,870 $111.50 770 $50.89 160 $12.64

Private households 170 $3.05 4,315 $50.39 15 - 4 - 30 $0.52 30 $0.27

Services (except private households) 20 - 30 $0.86 42,430 $2,051.58 345,680 $12,554.41 2,050 $86.85 1,825 $95.29 1,455 $81.00 185 $6.83

State or local government 30 $1.79 4 - 24,335 $1,261.21 101,530 $3,842.30 1,235 $58.61 945 $49.04 445 $19.40 25 $2.28

Transportation and warehousing, 

and utilities 4 - 11,305 $651.80 20,265 $839.23 355 $15.06 520 $28.05 155 $14.51 15 $0.86

Wholesale trade and retail trade 70 $1.01 15 - 28,855 $1,534.36 163,805 $6,013.45 1,330 $55.67 1,740 $94.09 760 $42.06 65 $2.96

TOTAL 160 $3.28 243 $9.07 185,155 $9,990.48 1,090,700 $44,153.06 11,450 $549.63 9,484 $498.68 6,800 $363.22 730 $37.50
Appendix 1. Total County-to-County Worker and Earnings Flows by Bureau of Economic Analysis Industrial Codes.—Continued

[From U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Special Tabulation Product 86, 2004. Because of rounding, total amounts may not be exact]

County 

of

 Residence

County of Workplace Imperial Kern Los Angeles Orange Riverside San Bernardino San Diego Ventura

Industry Workers Earnings

($ millions) Workers Earnings($ millions) Workers Earnings($ millions) Workers Earnings($ millions) Workers Earnings($ millions) Workers Earnings($ millions) Workers Earnings($ millions) Workers Earnings($ millions)

Riverside

Agriculture, forestry, fishing and 

hunting, and mining 35 $0.87 10 - 135 $4.69 115 $4.97 9,365 $170.81 435 $9.52 80 $3.93

Construction 90 $3.42 80 $2.49 3,510 $157.14 5,570 $237.53 29,015 $948.88 4,585 $175.69 2,055 $88.27 85 $4.23

Farm, self-employed incorporated, 

self-employed unincorporated, 

and unpaid family workers

45 $1.78 4 - 2,130 $82.26 2,440 $88.34 43,345 $1,397.36 2,750 $92.27 995 $37.59 10 -

Federal government, civilian and 

military 4 - 55 $1.74 1,205 $52.75 1,140 $48.55 7,025 $254.13 1,850 $76.51 2,885 $114.47 30 $0.83

Information and finance, insurance, 

real estate, and rental and 

leasing

4 - 10 - 2,755 $132.58 5,635 $250.94 26,170 $968.79 4,380 $169.46 1,445 $63.13 4 -

Manufacturing 7,415 $389.06 10,400 $492.33 39,230 $1,278.03 8,115 $305.52 2,505 $120.87 40 $2.66

Private households 35 $0.54 35 $0.12 1,660 $20.82 55 $1.28 4 -

Services (except private households) 70 $1.98 35 $1.40 6,750 $294.21 11,850 $431.47 130,085 $3,340.97 14,800 $468.98 3,900 $149.18 15 $0.10

State or local government 140 $6.79 10 - 5,400 $288.32 4,895 $223.35 59,340 $2,088.71 7,690 $327.12 1,655 $73.06 10 -

Transportation and warehousing, 

and utilities 35 $1.26 2,990 $139.81 1,985 $97.04 9,065 $309.28 5,320 $209.40 655 $26.53

Wholesale trade and retail trade 30 $0.88 4,475 $219.63 7,545 $313.31 62,835 $1,600.91 10,435 $349.17 2,455 $102.72 30 -

TOTAL 418 $15.72 239 $6.89 36,800 $1,760.99 51,610 $2,187.95 417,135 $12,378.69 60,415 $2,184.92 18,634 $779.75 224 $7.82

San 

Bernardino

Agriculture, forestry, fishing and 

hunting, and mining 175 $8.47 265 $10.53 80 $2.87 425 $9.18 2,900 $68.29 10 - 40 $1.67

Construction 25 $0.75 160 $6.25 6,625 $291.27 3,805 $164.54 6,130 $212.12 21,320 $745.92 670 $23.43 235 $8.91

Farm, self-employed incorporated, 

self-employed unincorporated, 

and unpaid family workers

15 - 35 $1.41 4,745 $173.35 1,250 $36.46 2,460 $82.60 38,830 $1,187.77 115 $3.85 20 -

Federal government, civilian and 

military 215 $10.41 3,350 $139.98 345 $13.87 1,460 $60.87 25,015 $704.20 175 $4.00 25 $1.34

Information and finance, insurance, 

real estate, and rental and 

leasing

10 - 20 $0.28 9,535 $433.76 3,655 $148.19 3,215 $112.19 27,450 $867.34 70 $2.70 60 $2.93

Manufacturing 10 - 65 $2.82 19,455 $863.43 5,325 $251.88 7,185 $246.19 46,480 $1,494.38 140 $8.85 55 $2.09

Private households 4 - 285 $4.17 60 $1.08 1,520 $17.79

Services (except private households) 55 $1.77 155 $6.23 27,150 $925.16 6,530 $241.43 12,100 $373.18 128,075 $3,241.19 330 $13.83 75 $2.20

State or local government 50 $2.08 100 $3.25 18,330 $869.48 2,065 $97.38 6,970 $285.11 70,270 $2,410.89 100 $4.11 25 $1.40

Transportation and warehousing, 

and utilities 10 - 85 $3.46 6,640 $304.67 1,225 $47.97 3,405 $128.28 22,345 $778.54 20 - 20 -

Wholesale trade and retail trade 70 $1.90 15,060 $575.04 4,635 $181.98 8,605 $266.88 72,350 $1,832.26 165 $7.72 60 $1.33

TOTAL 175 $4.60 1,084 $44.48 111,440 $4,590.84 28,915 $1,186.57 52,015 $1,777.68 456,555 $13,348.57 1,795 $68.49 615 $21.87
Appendix 1. Total County-to-County Worker and Earnings Flows by Bureau of Economic Analysis Industrial Codes.—Continued

[From U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Special Tabulation Product 86, 2004. Because of rounding, total amounts may not be exact]

County 

of

 Residence

County of Workplace Imperial Kern Los Angeles Orange Riverside San Bernardino San Diego Ventura

Industry Workers Earnings

($ millions) Workers Earnings($ millions) Workers Earnings($ millions) Workers Earnings($ millions) Workers Earnings($ millions) Workers Earnings($ millions) Workers Earnings($ millions) Workers Earnings($ millions)

San 

Diego

Agriculture, forestry, fishing and 

hunting, and mining 15 $0.40 10 - 115 $3.88 130 $2.40 10 - 5,575 $141.95

Construction 85 $3.70 25 $0.93 640 $26.83 1,005 $50.53 790 $35.15 150 $7.15 61,565 $2,297.17 35 $1.80

Farm, self-employed incorporated, 

self-employed unincorporated, and 

unpaid family workers

95 $4.16 15 - 565 $29.28 785 $40.52 580 $22.24 75 $3.45 106,435 $3,738.74 15 -

Federal government, civilian 

and military 130 $3.94 30 $1.31 285 $12.75 720 $39.53 320 $11.66 1,110 $18.12 135,015 $4,252.03 210 $7.60

Information and finance, insurance, 

real estate, and rental and leasing 15 - 690 $55.64 1,435 $97.64 355 $19.97 55 $2.47 109,985 $5,163.69 45 $1.62

Manufacturing 10 - 4 - 815 $47.85 1,235 $78.42 830 $51.72 135 $7.26 123,270 $5,538.52 35 $2.01

Private households 25 $0.44 10 - 4,425 $68.04

Services (except private households) 175 $10.96 65 $0.94 1,635 $81.66 3,165 $168.31 1,430 $55.14 355 $17.40 390,930 $12,731.81 70 $3.38

State or local government 195 $8.19 15 - 840 $45.01 940 $44.04 740 $29.91 135 $7.03 133,895 $4,753.54 10 -

Transportation and warehousing, 

and utilities 20 $0.69 1,410 $75.46 1,140 $68.94 100 $4.55 190 $8.85 26,350 $986.75 30 $1.82

Wholesale trade and retail trade 50 $2.68 10 - 880 $46.80 1,715 $90.87 590 $22.80 160 $5.24 156,190 $4,896.87 10 -

TOTAL 790 $34.72 164 $3.18 7,770 $421.28 12,280 $683.13 5,875 $255.54 2,375 $76.97 1,253,635 $44,569.11 460 $18.23

Ventura

Agriculture, forestry, fishing and 

hunting, and mining 25 $2.49 260 $10.83 15 - 10 - 11,545 $220.36

Construction 40 $1.32 3,545 $177.28 110 $3.22 10 - 35 $0.94 25 $1.56 10,590 $414.09

Farm, self-employed incorporated, 

self-employed unincorporated, and 

unpaid family workers

10 $0.41 5,065 $277.85 45 $3.44 15 $0.91 35 $1.27 20 $0.32 26,825 $1,010.20

Federal government, civilian 

and military 30 $1.97 1,250 $64.86 35 $1.49 4 - 10 - 65 $2.28 12,820 $533.21

Information and finance, insurance, 

real estate, and rental and leasing 10 - 13,075 $953.04 75 $7.07 30 $0.76 30 $1.21 23,100 $1,065.03

Manufacturing 35 $1.52 10,545 $682.76 110 $6.83 40 $1.40 65 $4.46 10 - 32,985 $1,434.19

Private households 70 $1.88 10 - 855 $13.26

Services (except private households) 35 $0.60 17,415 $955.42 190 $11.89 45 $1.58 40 $0.99 85 $3.53 71,965 $2,249.48

State or local government 30 $0.78 7,615 $426.89 55 $1.53 20 $1.68 40 $2.20 25 $1.13 30,010 $1,144.55

Transportation and warehousing, 

and utilities 15 $0.43 1,900 $100.75 20 - 4 - 20 $1.37 4,860 $186.12

Wholesale trade and retail trade 35 $1.87 7,760 $424.78 165 $11.17 20 $0.95 45 $3.83 15 - 37,905 $1,116.23

TOTAL 0 $0.00 265 $11.39 68,500 $4,076.34 820 $46.64 168 $6.52 320 $15.82 285 $10.03 263,460 $9,386.72
Publishing support provided by: 

Denver Publishing Service Center

For more information concerning this publication, contact:

Science Center Chief, USGS Rocky Mountain Geographic Science Center

Box 25046, Mail Stop 516

Denver, CO 80225

(303) 202-4106

Or visit the Rocky Mountain Geographic Science Center Web site at:

http://rmgsc.cr.usgs.gov/
Sherrouse and Hester—Potential Earthquake Effects on the Southern California Economy: Commuter and Worker Flow Analysis—Open–File Report 2008-1254