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No. 99-656 

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA 

2000 MT 114 

299 Mont. 407

99 P. 2d 347

KELLA BABCOCK, 

Plaintiff and Appellant,

v.

FARMERS INSURANCE EXCHANGE,

Defendant and Respondent.

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Fourth Judicial District, 

In and for the County of Missoula,

The Honorable John S. Henson, Judge presiding. 

COUNSEL OF RECORD: 

For Appellant:

Christian T. Nygren; Milodragovich, Dale, Steinbrenner & Binney,

Missoula, Montana

For Respondent:

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William R. Bieler; Williams & Ranney, Missoula, Montana 

Submitted on Briefs: March 30, 2000 

Decided: May 4, 2000

Filed: 

__________________________________________

Clerk

Justice W. William Leaphart delivered the Opinion of the Court.

¶1 Appellant Kella Babcock (Babcock) appeals from the order of the Fourth Judicial 

District Court, Missoula County, granting summary judgment in favor of Respondent 

Farmers Insurance Exchange (Farmers).

¶2 We affirm.

¶3 The following issue is presented on appeal:

¶4 Whether the District Court correctly concluded that the liability portion of Babcock's 

insurance policy did not provide coverage for a horse trailer.

Standard of Review 

¶5 The interpretation of an insurance contract is a question of law. See Stutzman v. Safeco 

Ins. Co. of America (1997), 284 Mont. 372, 376, 945 P.2d 32, 34. We review a district 

court's conclusions of law de novo to determine whether they are correct. See Steer, Inc. v. 

Dept. Of Revenue (1990), 245 Mont. 470, 474-75, 803 P.2d 601, 603. Our standard of 

review in appeals from grants of summary judgment is de novo. See Meyer v. Creative 

Nail Design, Inc., 1999 MT 74, ¶ 13, 294 Mont. 46, ¶ 13, 975 P.2d 1264, ¶ 13. To be 

granted summary judgment, the "moving party has the burden of showing a complete 

absence of any genuine issue as to all facts considered material in light of the substantive 

principles that entitle the moving party to judgment as a matter of law and all reasonable 

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inferences are to be drawn in favor of the party opposing summary judgment." Kolar v. 

Bergo (1996), 280 Mont. 262, 266, 929 P.2d 867, 869. 

Factual and Procedural Background 

¶6 The parties have stipulated to the following facts. Babcock purchased insurance for her 

Ford truck from Farmers. In August, 1997 Babcock borrowed a neighbor's horse trailer 

and attached it to her truck. Her truck's trailerball had a diameter of two inches. However, 

the trailer she borrowed had a hitch that required a two and 5/8ths inch diameter ball. 

Babcock attempted to tow the trailer with her truck's two-inch trailerball. While she drove 

on highway 12, the trailer came unhooked, left the road, and struck a fence. The trailer and 

fence were damaged.

¶7 Farmers paid Babcock for the full cost of the fence's repair. Babcock requested that 

Farmers also pay for damage to the horse trailer that she estimated at $4,500. Farmers paid 

$500 toward the trailer, that amount constituting her policy's limit for collision and 

comprehensive coverage.

¶8 In June, 1998 Babcock brought suit in Justice Court, claiming that Farmers was 

required to pay for the damage to the horse trailer under the provisions of her liability 

coverage. The Justice Court granted summary judgment in favor of Babcock. Farmers 

appealed that decision to District Court. The District Court sua sponte determined that the 

case was appropriate for summary judgment and granted summary judgment in favor of 

Farmers, concluding that the "plain and ordinary language of the policy's exclusions to 

liability prevents coverage for damage to the horse trailer beyond the express limitation." 

From that judgment and order Babcock appeals.

Discussion

¶9 Whether the District Court correctly concluded that the liability portion of Babcock's 

insurance policy did not provide coverage for a horse trailer.

¶10 Babcock's policy with Farmers provided in pertinent part 

1. Exclusions

This coverage does not apply to:

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. . . .

7. Damage to property owned or being transported by an insured person.

8. Damage to property rented to, or in the charge of, an insured person except a 

residence or private garage not owned by that person.

¶11 Babcock argues that the provisions of her policy are inherently ambiguous and that the 

doctrine of reasonable expectations should defeat the exclusionary provisions of the 

policy. Babcock argues that under her policy's provisions, a consumer of average 

intelligence would have believed that if an insured became liable for damages to a trailer, 

Farmers would cover the damages. In support of her contention, Babcock points to 

"Coverage B" of the policy, which provides that Farmers will "pay damages for which any 

insured person is legally liable because of . . . property damage arising out of the 

ownership, maintenance, or use of a . . . utility trailer." Babcock argues further that 

because the policy defines insured car as including "any utility trailer . . . while attached to 

your car," the policy's exclusions only apply "when the property damaged is 'being 

transported.' " Babcock argues that the trailer was not transported when it was damaged 

because it had separated from her truck.

¶12 Babcock asserts further that exclusion 7 fails to define "property" and that it is 

therefore ambiguous. Noting that her policy elsewhere defines utility trailer, Babcock 

argues that had Farmers intended to specifically exclude trailers from coverage, it "needed 

to have done so with particularity and precision." Babcock also argues that the phrase 

"being transported by" is ambiguous and that it is reasonable to interpret this phrase to 

refer to "items of property within the insured vehicle without actually referring to the 

vehicle itself."

¶13 Babcock further contends that exclusion 8 is ambiguous because property again is not 

defined and because the term " 'in the charge of' is problematic and equivocal." Babcock 

suggests that "in charge of" suggests a legal responsibility on the part of the person 

charged with the property in question. Babcock asserts that she "ha[d] no such formal, 

legally binding agreement with the third-party owner of the borrowed horse trailer." 

Babcock relies on Miller v. Elite Ins. Co. (Cal. Ct. App. 1980), 161 Cal.Rptr. 322, where 

the court concluded that an insurance policy's exclusion, which referred to " 'property 

owned or transported by the insured, or property rented to or in charge of the insured,' " 

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was ambiguous because that language did not indicate whether "property" referred to real 

property or chattel goods. Miller, 161 Cal.Rptr. at 329. 

¶14 Farmers responds that Babcock has fundamentally misconstrued the purpose of a 

liability policy and that as a general rule liability policies do not cover damage to the 

insured's own property or to property within her control. Farmers argues that to receive 

coverage for such property, the insured must obtain collision or comprehensive coverage. 

Farmers recognizes that Babcock had collision coverage but notes that her coverage was 

limited to $500, which Farmers has paid

¶15 Farmers argues further that Babcock's policy exclusions are clear and unambiguous. 

Farmers cites Simmons v. Farmers Ins. Group (Utah App. 1994), 877 P.2d 1255, where 

the insured towed a borrowed horse trailer that was damaged in an accident. Farmers 

argues and Babcock does not dispute that the insurance policy at issue in Simmons had 

language identical to that of the policy in the present case. The Simmons court concluded 

that the insured's liability policy did not cover damage to the borrowed horse trailer:

the liability statement of coverage, standing alone, could be read as covering 

damage to the horse trailer. However, the exclusions to liability coverage prevent 

coverage for the borrowed trailer. Exclusion 7 states that liability coverage does not 

apply to "[d]amage to property owned or being transported by an insured person." 

The horse trailer was being transported by Simmons, the insured in this case. 

Further, Exclusion 8 provides that liability coverage does not extend to damage to 

property "in the charge of, an insured person . . . not owned by that person." 

Simmons clearly did not own the horse trailer. Accordingly, the plain and ordinary 

language of the policy's exclusions to liability prevent coverage for damage to the 

horse trailer.

Simmons, 877 P.2d at 1257.

¶16 Farmers argues that in essence Babcock is seeking to convert liability coverage into 

collision coverage that she did not purchase, thus obtaining a "windfall" for herself. 

Further, Farmers distinguishes Miller, arguing that Babcock's policy addressed the 

ambiguity in the meaning of the word "property" that the Miller court recognized by 

excepting, in provision 8, "a residence or private garage not owned by that person."

¶17 Farmers also responds to Babcock's argument that the exclusion does not apply 

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because the trailer was not "being transported" when it was damaged. Farmers argues that 

Babcock has cited no authority for this interpretation and that the accident clearly occurred 

while Babcock was in charge of and transporting the trailer. Farmer notes that under 

Babcock's interpretation, a passenger ejected from a car would have no claim for medical 

payments because the passenger did not "occupy" the vehicle at the time of injury. 

¶18 We agree. The doctrine of reasonable expectations does not apply to create coverage 

where "the terms of the insurance policy clearly demonstrate an intent to exclude [such] 

coverage." Stutzman, 284 Mont. at 381, 945 P.2d at 37 (citation omitted). The liability 

exclusions in the present case are not ambiguous on their own terms nor are they 

ambiguous in light of Babcock's policy as a whole. Babcock's policy clearly demonstrates 

an intent to exclude liability coverage for the damage to the borrowed horse trailer: at the 

time of the accident, Babcock was transporting the horse trailer and the horse trailer was 

"in her charge." The District Court correctly concluded that the liability portion of 

Babcock's policy did not cover the damage to the borrowed horse trailer.

¶19 We hold that the District Court did not err in granting Farmers' motion for summary 

judgment.

¶20 Affirmed.

/S/ W. WILLIAM LEAPHART

We concur:

/S/ J. A. TURNAGE

/S/ JAMES C. NELSON

/S/ KARLA M. GRAY

/S/ WILLIAM E. HUNT, SR.

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