'j · ...... 

UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 

REGION 10 

1200 Sixth Avenue, Suite 900 

Seattle, Washington 98101-3140 

REGIONAL ADMNISTRATOR 

November 24,2009 

Mr. Tim Wood, Director 


Oregon Parks and Recreation Department 


Attention: Mr. Roger Roper, State Historic Preservation Office 


725 Summer Street NE, Suite C 


Salem, Oregon 97301-1266 


Re: 	 Determination that No Historic Properties are Affected Pursuant to the National Historic 

Preservation Act, as amended. 

Dear Mr. Wood: 

The National Historic Preservation Act, as amended, (NHPA), 16 U.S.C. §§ 407 et seq., 

requires each federal agency having direct or indirect jurisdiction over a proposed or federally 

assisted undertaking in any state to take into account the effect of the undertaking on any district, 

site, building, structure, or object that is included in, or eligible for inclusion in, the National 

Register. EPA reviewed its proposed undertaking, an action to designate two Siuslaw River Ocean 

Dredged Material Disposal (ODMD) Sites, to take into account any effects of the undertaking on 

districts, sites, buildings, structures, or objects included in, or eligible for inclusion in the National 

Register under the NHPA and its implementing regulations codified at 36 C.F.R. Part 800 ­

Protection of Historic Properties (see Figure-I). 

The proposed undertaking, the designation of the North and South Siuslaw ODMD Sites, is 

an action to be taken by EPA to designate sites in ocean waters northwest and southwest of the 

entrance channel to the Siuslaw River along the southern Oregon Coast for use as disposal sites for 

dredged materia1. The proposed North Site is located in ocean waters approximately 0.75 nautical 

miles (nm) northwest of the entrance channel, overlapping a location that has been used historically 

for the disposal of dredged material. The proposed North Site dimensions are 4,800 feet in length by 

2,000 feet in width, with site depths ranging from approximately 30 feet at the shallower end to 115 

feet at the deeper end. The primary site user over time has been the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 

(Corps) for the disposal of material dredged as part of the Corps' navigation project to maintain the 

Siuslaw River navigation channel. 

The proposed South Site is located in ocean waters approximately 1 nm southwest of the 

entrance to the Siuslaw River, in a location that overlaps an area used historically for the disposal of 

dredged material. The proposed South Site dimensions are 3,000 feet in length by 2,000 feet in 

width, with site depths ranging from approximately 80 feet at the shallower end to 125 feet at the 

deeper end. As with the proposed North Site, the Corps is expected to be the primary user of the 

proposed South Site. 

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EPA has determined that no historic properties are affected, or would be affected, by the 

_proposed designation of the Siuslaw River ODMD Sites. This determination is made pursuant to the 

regulations at 36 c.F.R. Part 800, with particular emphasis on 36 C.F.R.§800.4(d)(I). EPA has not 

found any historic properties present in the area of potential effects of the undertaking. The "area of 

potential effects" is defined at 36 C.P.R. §800.16( d) to mean "the geographic area or areas within 

which an undertaking may directly or indirectly cause alterations in the character or use of historic 

properties." For purposes of EPA's undertaking in this instance, the area of potential effects includes 

the footprints of the proposed Siuslaw River ODMD Sites and the immediate vicinity around each 

Site. Each proposed Site includes the seafloor and overlying water column as shown in Figure 1 

below. 

EPA's determination that no historic properties are, or would be, affected by the proposed 

undertaking is based on EPA's review of the National Register of Historic Districts in Oregon, and 

the Oregon National Register list. In addition, EPA, jointly with the Corps, prepared an assessment 

of cultural resources, Cultural Resources, Siuslaw River, Oregon (2009), which evaluated the . 

probability of cultural resources occurring within the area of potential effects. That document is 

enclosed as Appendix A. Because the area of potential effects is located in offshore ocean waters, 

and has always been a submerged area, it is presumed that no historic properties other than 

shipwrecks could be present. The area of potential effects was surveyed using side-scan sonar, 

primarily for environmental purposes, but with the secondary purpose of reviewing the proposed site 

for evidence of the presence of shipwrecks. No shipwrecks or evidence of shipwrecks was observed. 

In addition to side-scan sonar, several comprehensive databases of shipwrecks were consulted. 

These databases are documented in the enclosed Cultural Resources document. None of the 

databases consulted indicated the presence of any shipwrecks within the area of potential effects. 

Consequently, EPA concluded that no historic properties are present in the area of potential effects or 

surrounding vicinity. 

We would be happy to have staff meet with you, or teleconference with you, to discuss this 

determination. We are also inviting the Confederated Tribes of the Coos, Lower Umpqua and 

Siuslaw, the Coquille Indian Tribe, the Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians, the 

Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community, and the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians 

to consult with EPA on the proposed Site designations. If you have immediate questions or 

concerns related to this determination, please contact Justine Barton at (206) 553-6051, or for legal 

questions, please contact our staff attorney, Mary Stroh Queitzsch, at (206) 553-0145. We appreciate 

this opportunity to share this determination with you. 

Sincerely, 

Michelle L. Pirzadeh 

Acting Regional Administrator 

Enclosure 

cc: 	 Jessie Plueard 


Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians 


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Nicole Norris 

Coquille Indian Tribe 

Robert Kentta 

Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians 

Arrow Coyote 

Confederated Tribes of the Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians 

Eirik Thorsgard 

Confederated Tribes of the Grande Ronde Community 

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PROPOSED OCEAN DREDGED t\L'\TERIAL DISPOSAL SITES 

Siusla\y River North Site & South Site 

..... 

,J' 

Florence 

RMl 

." 

'"' RM2 ..... 

1;:4'7Q'W 

Feet 

o.• .·.2,000' 4,000 6,000 e.ooo 

a 0.5 1 2 

IcENIM?-EC-TG 16 III! ?Q09 Nautical Miles 01

Figurel 

o Printed on Recycled Paper 

I 
Appendix A 


Cultural Resources 


Siuslaw River, Oregon 


November 2009 
Cultural Resources 


Siuslaw River, Oregon 


Introduction 

This appendix evaluates the cultural resource potential of the Siuslaw River ocean dredged 

material disposal sites (ODMDS) study area. The study area was set as an arc transcribed 1.5 

nautical miles out from the mouth of the Siuslaw River and ends both north and south at the 

beach (Figure D-l). The proposed action consists of final designation of the proposed North 

ODMDS and South ODMDS located approximately 1 mile offshore of the entrance to the 

Siuslaw River. For both sites, the disposal site, placement area, and drop zone are idel).tical. The 

proposed North ODMDS is 4,800 feet by 2,000 feet with an average depth of 90 feet (depth 

ranges from approximately 30-115 feet), and has the following coordin~tes [North American 

Datum (NAD 83)]: 

440 01' 31.03"N, 124° 10' 12.92"\V 


44° 01' 49.39"N, 1240 10' 02.85"W 


44° 01' 31.97"N, 1240 09' 01.86"W 


440 01' 13.45"N, 1240 09' 11.41"W 


The proposed South ODMDS is 3,000 feet by 2,000 feet with an average depth of 100 feet (depth 

ranges from approximately 80-125 feet), and has the following coordinat~s (NAD 83): 

44° 00' 46.72"N, 124° 10' 26.55"W 


44°01' 06.41"N, 1240 10' 24.45"W 


440 01' 04. 12"N, 1240 09' 43.52"W 


44° 00'- 44.45"N, 1240 09' 45.63"W 


Prehistoric Potential 

Two archeological surveys have been conducted within the lower estuary of the Siuslaw River. 

These surveys were project specific; one survey was conducted for upland disposal sites along the 

Siuslaw River and the other survey was conducted for highway improvements along the northern 

bank of the Siuslaw River. Neither survey resulted in the location of prehistoric or historic 

cultural resources (Oregon State Historic Preservation Office site files in USACE 1992). 

An unconfirmed but substantial prehistoric occupation is most likely present near the estuary of 

the Siuslaw River. This potential is based on an archeological investigation conducted 

immediately to the south of the Siuslaw River. South of the estuary along the shoreline of 

Tahkenitch Lake is an archeological site with a prehistoric occupation extending back as far as 

8,000 years before present with cultural markers indicating an intensified occupation between 

5,200 and 3,000 years ago. This site is located approximately 2 miles inland from the active 

beachline. The site contains substantial faunal information that indicates the use of mollusks and 

fish from the marine environment, upland game such as deer and elk, and the use of whales as 

food sources. Absence of artifacts that indicate a technology may have been used to hunt whales, 

as well as a historic tradition involving scavenging of whales, suggests that the prehistoric 

inhabitants took advantage of stranded whales rather than procuring them through hunting. 

Cultural Resources, Siuslaw River, Oregon - November 2009 D·l 
Figure D-l. Siuslaw River North and South ODMDS Study Area 

124'11'0''''-'''/ 124-10'O'W 

,'.--- Naplical Miles 

1241'(lW 

Florence: 

-"',RM2 

... 

124"i'O'W 

~ 44 1-0"11 

Cultural Resources. Siuslaw River, Oregon - November 2009 D-2 
The site also provides information on the geomorphology and paleoenvironment of the coastal 

setting of 5,200 to 3,000 years ago. Analysis of geomorphic data, although not conclusive, 

suggests: (I) the site was on or very near an active shoreline with the characteristics of an estuary 

rather than the shoreline of a fresh water lake; (2) paleo-pollen studies indicate vegetation 

changes overtime attributed to the destmction of nearshore forest environment as dunes spread 

inland; (3) marine faunal remains (shellfish) are of the type that are characteristic of a interior 

bay; and (4) the presence of articulated whale skeletal remains (the whales COllld not have be 

carried from the beach to an inland site 2 miles away). Hypotheses explaining this environmental 

change range from tectonic uplift to increases in sea level with the ending of the effects of 

Pleistocene glaciations (Minor and Toepel 1986). 

Cultural Resources from the Historic Period 

With the arrival of explorers, fur traders and settlers, the historic record (notes, diaries and 

journals) provides a glimpse of the range of historic Siuslaw Indian occupation. Historic records 

indicate that the Siuslaw Indians occupied an area focusing on the Siuslaw estuary extending 

south to Five Mile Lake, north to the Yachats River, and inland along the Siuslaw River into the 

Coast Range, although one informant extended their range, " ...as far east as Eugene City" 

(Beckham et aI., 1982). At least one major village site is reported on the south shoreline of the 

lower portion of the estuary. 

The Siuslaw subsistence pursuits included exploitation of the anadromous fish mns, marine 

resources of the nearshore ocean environment and the estuary, deer and elk of the uplands, and 

the floral resources of the wetlands and upland meadows (Beckham et ai., 1982). 

Historical Settlement 

Historical settlement of the Siuslaw River drainage began in the upper reaches of the Siuslaw 

River. The lower reaches were, for a time set aside by treaty as part of the Siletz Indian . 

Reservation. Following the termination of the reservation period the lower portion of the 

drainage was opened for settlement in 1876 (Douthit 1986). Hudson Bay Company employees 

under Alexander McLeod entered and trapped along the Oregon Coast in 1824. References made 

to the Siuslaw River indicate the difficulty of canoe travel on the Siuslaw, even for the trappers. 

The Indians on the Siuslaw advised McLeod that the preferred access to the WillametteValley 

was up the Umpqua River (Dicken and Dicken 1979). 

The historic development on the Siuslaw River occured quickly with a definite economic purpose 

and more recently than the settlements of the other Oregon coastal communities. Consequently, 

an early settl~ment history with coastal schooners supplying a slowly growing pioneering group 

does not characterize the study area. Settlement was motivated by the economic pursuits of 

salmon packing and lumbering. 

The processing and canning of salmon was afounding economic enterprise in the lower Siuslaw. 

Walling notes that Florence, " ...was founded in 1876 by Duncan and Co., who established a 

cannery and [by] AJ. Moody, a store." In '1882, there were three houses in Florence. A 

succession of developments followed with a cannery located in Acme (Cushman) established by 

O.W. Hurd in 1882, a cannery on Bay street in Florence in 1884 (Douthit 1986), William Kyle's 

cannery (1884) and lumber mill in the 1890s (Beckham et ai., 1982), and the Rose Hill Cannery: 

A shipyard was located near the Rose Hill Cannery (US ACE 1889) where small schooners where 

built (Dicken and Dicken 1979). 

Cultural Resources, Siuslaw River, Oregon - November 2009 D-3 
Catching and processing salmon provided seasonal income for many of the residents. Local 

residents spent, "...many hours weaving nets, building traps, or working the seines in the 

estuaries." Chinese laborers brought in by the cannery owners and operators provided the 

seasonal labor for processing and canning the salmon (Beckham et al., 1982). 

Examination of shipwreck data tends to indicate that the Siuslaw estuary was not a destination 

point for the maritime trade until after 1880. The only shipwreck occurring before this period 

was the Fawn in 1856, bringing supplies to the military at Fort Umpqua (Beckham 1969). 

Moreover, much of the inbound trade brought supplies for the canneries rather than goods for a 

pioneering or developing community (US ACE 1889). Shipwrecks of vessels supplying the 

Siuslaw settlements started to occur after 1880. The first shipwreck in 1880, the Olivia Schultze, 

was carrying salmon and barrel staves (for barrels of salted preserved salmon; West no date). 

Navigational Improvements 

At the urging of local residents, the Siuslaw area was evaluated by the staff of the USACE 

Portland District to determine whether the construction of navigation improvements was 

warranted. Following the first survey in 1886, Captain Powell recommended against 

improvements because of the small population and isolation of the area. In 1889, a more positive 

review of the areas economy and trade resulted in a study process, design and eventually the 

construction of the North Jetty which was finished in 1901 (Willingham 1983). Records 

associated with these reviews describe the Siuslaw community developing around the canneries, 

lumbering'~nd small-scale fanning. In 1889, canned salmon, livestock, wool, furs and hide, and 

lumber involved a trade valued in the neighborhood of $200,000. In-bound trade primarily 

supplied the canneries (USACE 1889). 

Siuslaw River Shipwrecks 

The majority of background research has been directed. at documenting the presence of historic 

cultural resources, specifically shipwrecks within the Siuslaw ODMDS study area. This 

documentary effort forms the essential background for evaluating potential effects on cultural 

resources by defining the most likely cultural resource(s) within the area. Based on USACE 

investigations of Ports along the Oregon Coast including studies at the mouth of the Columbia 

River, Yaquina Bay, Coquille River, Chetco River, and Tillamook Bay, historic shipwrecks are 

the most likely cultural resources present in the Siuslaw offshore area. 

A shipwreck database was developed from the information compiled during background research. 

The Siuslaw shipwreck database covers an area extending 7 miles south, 10 miles north, ~d 

within 0.1 mile or less of the entrance. In addition, two shipwreck sites in the Siuslaw estuary are 

included in the database. Forty-one documented shipwrecks have occurred within this area. 

These shipwrecks are listed in Table D-l. These shipwrecks have the following distribution: 

• 21 shipwrecks (51%) have been deposited on the beaches. 

• 10 shipwrecks (24%) in the surf zones. 

• 4 shipwrecks (10%) on the bar at the mouth of the Siuslaw. 

• 2 shipwrecks (5%) offshore. 

• 2 shipwrecks (5%) in the Siuslaw estuary. 

• 2 shipwrecks (5 %) on the jetty. 

Cultural Resources. Siuslaw River, Oregon - November 2009 D-4 
Table D-l. Shipwrecks ofthe Siuslaw River 

N "<dD ' ',' ;~);;{,Site"9r,g,1:F~ 'lWerierallype\t$1 ',~~~~f~;;)~a'~~_ ::.'6f's~1~wf2:k'~~jlf~ ,~j, "11' ...... fi!<~_\i''r/t:!,t ~{, ""'!: :,rShlowreck'" b't;)iJ6f.v~s~f i~;;~f; t:'.:f.r1'~~';::-~"~ b'f,,;~~J 

Albion Estuary Schooner No The West 2/1/1895. 1/'??1l895 

Alice Kimbal So. Beach Two-mast No Gibbs 1957, 

10/1211904 schooner West, no date. 

Anvil No. Beach Gas schooner No 4/1111913 West. no date. 

Augusta Beach Steam schooner Refloated West, no date. 

1112711888 

Berwick Beach Schooner Refloated The West 2/9/1900. 2/511900 

Berwick Bar Schooner No The West 3/20/1908. 311311908 

Charles Nelson Offshore I Steam schooner Yes West, no date. 11108/1903 

Del Norte E Schooner Refloated The West 611711904, 

6111/1904 The West 7/111904. 

Emma Utter Schooner Yes West, no date. 12/18/1886 

Fawn Beach Brig No Gibbs 1971. 11/21/1856 

Frederick Jetty Barge No 4/3/1914 The West 4/10/1914. 

Free Trade Beach Sailing schooner Yes The West 116/1892. 12/3[/1891 

George H. Chance Beach Steamer Refloated The West21261l892. 2114/1892 

Grace Dollar Beach Steel steam Refloated 9/5/1915 schooner The West 9/10/1915. 

Harrison Beach Steamer No The West 9/9/1892. 9/211892 

Hugh Hogan Surf zone Three-mast Yes The West 511/1914, 

4128/1914 schooner 5/8/1914. 

I Humboldt Woodsman 

i 8118/1960 Jetty Barge No West, no date. 

Klihyam Surf zone Tug No Oregonian 9/28/1950. 9/27/1958 

L. Roscoe Beach Steam tug Yes West, no aate: 1112/1907 " ' 

Maggie Surf zone Steam.tug Refloated The West 2/911900. 21511900 

Mayflower , , 

8/1511908 Su Schooner Yes West, no date. 

Mischief", E Scow schooner Refloated West, no date: 61??1l887 

Nettie Sundberg Two~mast No The West 111711902. 1116/1902 schooner 

Nettie Sundberg Bar Schooner No Gibbs 1957, 

12/2811902 Marshall'1982. 

Nora Beach Gas launch 21??/1908 No West, no date. 

Ocean Spray Estuary Schooner No The West 11110/1903. 11/171 

Olivia Schultze Beach SC,hooner Yes Gibbs 1957, 

51111880 West,no date. 

Cultural Resources, Siuslaw River, Oregon - November 2009 
 D-5 
Table D-2 (continued). Shipwrecks o/the Sillslaw River 

Nameandl)ate•. ····Site of' ..... C;~n~ral Type ,slll"aged '··:;.,.;,.i., '. ,. .'. orShipwreck , ' .. "Shlp;':eck; 'ofVessel ' ..•.. , c>c;: ' .... 

P.S. No. 91 Offshore Unknown Yes Gibbs 1957. 11??/1952 

Ranger Beach Gas boat Yes West, no date. 121??11911 

Record Surf zone Steamer refloated West. no date. 5/??11891 

Restless Bar Streamer Yes West, no date. 1011311919 

Robarts Beach Steam tug Refloated The West 1I31l902. 12/28/1901 

Robarts Beach Steam tug Yes The West 111811907. 111211907 

Robert & Minnie Surf zone Schooner No The West 1118/1907. ??I??!???? 

S. Danielson Surf zone Two-mast Refloated The West 1111511892. 

111611892 Schooner Coos Bay Ti mes 2112/1907. 

S. Danielson Surf zone Two-mast Retloated West, no date. 10/611894 schooner 

S. DaI}ielson Bar c Two-mast Refloated The West 31211900. 2/2411900 schooner 

W.H. Harrison Surf zone Steamer Retloated West, no date. 9/2/1893 

W.H. Harrison Beach Steamer Yes West, no date. 10/??11900 

Wing and Wing Surf zone Two-mast Yes West, no date. ??!??!???? schooner 

The 2007 edition of the Northern Shipwrecks Database (Northern Maritime Research 2007) was 

reviewed for any entries within the Siuslaw River study area. This database includes information 

compiled from the annual reports of Merchant Vessels of the United States, containing shipwreck 

reports dating from 1868 to 1968 (these reports were the basis of Bruce D. Berman's 1972 book 

Encyclopedia ofAmerican Shipwrecks), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's 

Automated Wrecks and Obstructions Information System (A WOIS), the United States NonSubmarine Contact List (NSC), war losses from World Wars I and II and the Civil War, and 

directories such as Lloyd's Register of Shipping. No new information was found to augment the 

list of known shipwrecks in the area. 

Siuslaw ODMDS Study Area Evaluation 

A percentage of the shipwrecks included in the Siuslaw shipwreck database have occurred within 

the ODMDS study area. The study area is defined as that area within a l.5-mile radius of the 

mouth of the Siuslaw River. Of the 41 shipwrecks in the Siuslaw shipwreck database, 38 have 

occurred within the ODMDS study area. These shipwrecks have the following distribution: 

• 20 shipwrecks (56%) have been deposited on the beaches. 

• 10 shipwrecks (28 %) in the surf zone. 

• 4 shipwrecks (11 %) on the bar. 

• 0 shipwrecks offshore. 

• 2 shipwrecks (6%) in the estuary. 

• 2 shipwrecks (6%) on the jetty. 

Cultural Resources, Siuslaw River. Oregon - November 2009 
Further analysis indicates that a substantial portion of these shipwrecks were salvaged or 

refloated after their event. Twenty-four shipwrecks have been abandoned within the Siuslaw 

study area. These shipwrecks have the following distribution: 

• 14 shipwrecks (58%) have been deposited on the beaches. 

• 4 shipwrecks (17%) in the surf zone. 

• 2 shipwrecks (8%) on the bar. 

• 2 shipwrecks (8%) in the estuary. 

• 2 shipwrecks (8%) on the jetty. 

The disposal of dredged material in the Siuslaw ODMDS study area will not affect any of these 

shipwreck sites. Two disposal sites are proposed for the material dredged from the Siuslaw River 

(see Figure D-1). Based on the studies and research in this appendix, there are no known 

shipwrecks offshore of the Siuslaw River mouth. 

Undocumented shipwrecks are also possible within the nearshore environment at the Siuslaw. 

Earth Sciences Associates and GeoRecon International evaluated the study area using side-scan 

sonar (USACE 1986). Although the side-scan sonar was effective enough to locate small objects 

thought to be crab traps and remnants of commercial fishing nets, no side-scan signatures were 

noted which might indicate the presence of an undocumented shipwreck. Based on these results, 

it seems unlikely that an undocumented shipwreck exists in the Siuslaw ODMDS study area. 

National Historic Preservation Act Compliance 

The above information was shared with the State Archaeologist of Oregon through telephone 

conversations. Because there appears to be no significant accumulation of materials over the 

seabed resulting from previous use of the area for disposal of dredged materials, it was concluded 

that there would be no historic properties affected within the Siuslaw River ODMDS study atea 

by the continued ocean disposal activities. A letter with a determination of "no historic properties 

affected" has been sent to the Oregon State Historic Preservation Office for concurrence. 

Cultural Resources, Siuslaw River, Oregon . November 2009 D-7 
References 

Aikens, C.M. 1984. Archeology of Oregon. u.s. Department of the Interior. Bureau of Land 

Management. Oregon State Office. 

Beckham, S.M. 1969. Lonely Outpost: The Army's Fort Umpqua. Reprint, Oregon Historical 

Quarterly, September 1969). Portland OR. 

Beckham, S.M. 1977. The Indians of Western Oregon: This Land Was Theirs. Coos Bay, Arago 

Books. 

Beckham, S.D., K.A. Toepel, and R. Minor. 1982. Cultural Resource Overview of the Siuslaw 

National Forest, Western Oregon, Report subrnit,ted to the Siuslaw National Forest. Hertigate 

Research Associates Report No. 7[1]. 

Brooks, C.W. 1964. Japanese Wrecks Stranded and Picked Up Adrift in the North Pacific Ocean. 

Reprinted from California Academy of Sciences, 1876, Fairfield, Ye Galleon Press. 

Coos Bay Times, Coos Bay, Oregon. Microfilm, Oregon Historical Society. 

Dicken, S.N. and E.F. Dicken. 1979. The Making of Oregon, A Study in Historical Geography. 

Portland, Oregon Historical Society. 

Douthit, N. 1986. A Guide to Oregon South Coast History, including an Account of the Jedediah 

Smith Exploring Expedition of 1828 and its Relations with the Indians. River West Books, 

Coos Bay OR. 

Gibbs, J.A. 1957. Shipwrecks of the Pacific Coast. Portland, Binfords and Mort. 

Gibbs, J.A. 1971. Disaster Log of Ships. Seattle, Superior Publishing Company. 

Howay, F.W. (ed.). 1941, Voyages of the 'Columbia' to the Northwest Coast 1787-1790 and 

1790-93. Boston, Massachusetts Historical Society (cited by Beckham 1977). 

Johansen, D. and C.M. Gates. 1957. Empire of the Columbia: A History of the Pacific Northwest. 

New York, Harper and Brothers. 

Marshall, D. 1984. Oregon Shipwrecks. Portland, Binford and Mort. 

Minor, R. and K.A. Toepel. 1986. The Archeology of the Tahkenitch Land Site: Early Prehistoric 

Occupation on the Oregon Coast. Eugene, Heritage Research Associates Report Number 46. 

The Northern Shipwrecks Database - 2007 Edition, Northern Maritime Research, Bedford, Nova 

Scotia, Canada. 

The West, Florence, Oregon. Microfilm, Oregon Historical Society. 

Cultural Resources, Siuslaw River, Oregon - November 2009 D-8 
USACE (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers). 1889. Annual Report to the Chief of Engineers, Report 

of Mr. Gwynn A. Lyell, United States Engineering Office, Portland, Oregon, November 23, 

1889 and W. Young, Captain of Engineers, Survey of Siuslaw River and Bar, Oregon, United 

States Engineer Office, Portland, Oregon, November 25, 1889 51st Congress, 1st Session, 

House of Representatives, Ex. Doc. No. 71 Examination of Siuslaw River and Bar Oregon, 

Letter from the Secretary of War, Transmitting Reports upon the survey and preliminary 

examination of Siuslaw River and Bar, Oregon. 

USACE. 1986. Siuslaw River Disposal Site, Geologic and Seismic Investigations of Oregon 

Offshore· Dredge Disposal Sites. Prepared by Earth Sciences Associates and GeoRecon 

International for the Portland District. 

USACE. March 1992. Siuslaw Ocean Dredged Material Disposal Site Evaluation; Final Report. 

Portland District. 

Walling, A.G. 1884. Illustrated History of Lane County, Oregon Complied from the most 

Authentic Sources. Portland OR. 

West, V. No date. Shipwrecks of the Southern Oregon Coast, 8 Volumes. Typescript available, 

Southern Oregon Community College, Coos Bay. 

Willingham, W.F. 1983. Army Engineers and the Development of Oregon. A History of the 

Portland District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Government Printing Office. 

Wright, E.W. 1967. Lewis and Dryden's Marine History of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle, 

Superior. 

O,ltural Resources, Siuslaw River, Oregon. November 2009 D-9