THE FEDERAL RESERVE’S

17-YEAR

SECRET

WITH EXAMPLES OF

FEDERAL OPEN MARKET COMMITTEE

TRANSCRIPTS

PREPARED BY THE STAFF

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON BANKING, FINANCE

AND URBAN AFFAIRS

UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

Henry B. Gonzalez, Chairman

January 27,1994

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Table of Contents

Summary.............................................................................................................................1

Introduction.........................................................................................................................1

Background............. .......................................... ................................................................2

FOMC Transcripts During the Bums Chairmanship ..................................................... ...6

Threats to the Federal Reserve Tradition of Secrecy Under Government in the

Sunshine Act and the Freedom of Information A c t............................................ 7

Alan Greenspan as Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisors ........................... 9

Ending and Editing the Memorandum of Discussion and Padding the New

"Minutes” ............................................................................................................. 10

Federal Reserve Officials Maintaining Their 17-Year S ecret...................................... 13

Federal Reserve Plans for Congressional Testimony................................................... 15

FOMC Testimony Before the House Banking Committee.......................................... 21

The Admission of Chairman Greenspan...................................................................... 23

Testimony of FOMC Vice Chairman McDonough....................................................... 24

Inspection of FOMC Tapes and Transcripts................................................................ 25

Government Accountability ......................................................................................... 26

Appendix I ...................................................................................................................... 28

Chronology of Events

Appendix I I ................................................................................................................... 37

Inventory of Transcripts at the Federal Reserve

Appendix III ................................................................................................................. 40

House Banking Committee Inventory of Materials Obtained from the Gerald 

R. Ford Library

Appendix IV ................................................................................................................. 42

Responses of Federal Reserve Officials About Transcripts of FOMC Meetings

Appendix V .................................................................................................................... 44

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Responses of Federal Reserve Officials About Tape-Recordings of FOMC 

Meetings

Appendix VI ................................................................................................................ 45

Responses of Governors on Submitting Notes on October 15, 1993 FOMC 

Conference Call

Appendix V II................................................................................................................ 46

Responses of Presidents Who Refused to Submit Their Notes on the October 

15, 1993 FOMC Conference Call

Appendix V III.............................................................................................................. 48

Transcripts and Memoranda from the Federal Open Market Committee

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Summaiy

The Federal Reserve has, without legitimate purpose, perpetrated and 

maintained for seventeen years an effort to conceal from the public and the 

Congress transcripts of its Federal Open Market Committee Meetings. This 

effort continued at the October 19,1993 House Banking Committee hearing 

where the Federal Reserve attempted to mislead the Congress about a 17-year 

inventory of transcripts. A reading of three years’ worth of transcripts recently 

released from the papers of former Federal Reserve Chairman Arthur Burns 

clearly indicates that the public release of FOMC transcripts will certainty not 

harm the public interest. Instead, release of the transcripts enhances the 

public’s ability to understand how their government makes some of the major 

decisions which affect their everyday lives. The Federal Reserve has an 

obligation to continue its practice of recording and transcribing FOMC 

meetings, and then make the transcripts available to the public soon 

thereafter.

Introduction

On May 18, 1976, the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC)1, of the Federal 

Reserve voted to discontinue its policy of releasing to the public a detailed Memorandum 

of Discussion of its meetings.

This was a very controversial decision since those memoranda were highly valuable 

as the public’s only means of attempting to discern how and why our nation’s central bank 

established a course of monetary policy. Since that time, the Federal Reserve has issued a 

"policy directive," released six weeks after each meeting, which is only a summary of the 

meeting and does not indicate the individual FOMC members’ policy positions. The policy 

directive is vague, useless and a poor substitute.

In order to restore the public’s ability to understand the monetary policy rationale of 

the FOMC, on January 5,1993, Rep. Henry B. Gonzalez (D-Texas), Chairman of the House 

Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs, introduced HR 28, the "Federal Reserve 

System Accountability Act of 1993." HR 28 would, among other reforms, require the FOMC 

to prepare a verbatim transcript of its meetings for release to the public within 60 days of 

the meeting. The FOMC, which jealously guards itself against outside observation or scrutiny, 

is actively resisting this proposal.

1 The FOMC is the policy arm of the Federal Reserve and consists of the board of Governors of the

Federal Reserve and the presidents of the 12 Federal Reserve Banks (four of whom are voting members on

a rotating basis, while the New York Federal Reserve Bank is always on the FOMC).

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In the course of conducting hearings on this legislation, the House Banking 

Committee uncovered one of the best-kept secrets in Washington: Despite years of denials, 

the FOMC has, in fact, recorded and transcribed in complete detail, every meeting since 

1976.

The Banking Committee has conducted an investigation into the circumstances 

surrounding the activities of the FOMC with regard to the transcripts. The investigation 

involved surveys of all members of the FOMC and the review of many documents, including 

three years of recently unearthed transcripts of FOMC meetings.

This report provides evidence that Federal Reserve officials planned to deceive and 

mislead the Congress in their testimony at the October 19,1993 House Banking Committee 

hearing in regard to the inventory of transcripts at the Federal Reserve and that the officials 

carried out their plan at the hearing. Several of the Federal Reserve witnesses later 

specifically admitted in letters to Chairman Gonzalez that they knew their submitted 

testimony was not complete. For example, Silas Keehn, President of the Federal Reserve 

Bank of Chicago said in his letter to Chairman Gonzalez on November 8, 1993:

"At the time of the October 15 conference call, I expressed concern about the 

possibility that my testimony as then drafted might be viewed as inaccurate 

and that therefore, as noted above, I would have to amend the text of my 

testimony to reflect the statement that Chairman Greenspan would make in 

his October 19 testimony. Others expressed similar views but I am unable to 

recall who did so or their comments in any detail."

(President Keehn’s statements were reviewed by the Banking Committee staff when they 

listened to the tape recordings of this conference call, as noted below.) However, President 

Keehn did not change his written testimony and did not offer corrections to his oral 

testimony. Additionally, after Chairman Greenspan failed to inform the Congress about the 

existence of a 17-year inventory of FOMC meeting transcripts in his October 19, 1993 

testimony, and along with the other Federal Reserve witnesses, did not correct this omission 

in answers to specific questions regarding FOMC meeting records.

This report describes the events leading up to the decision of the FOMC to 

discontinue issuing a Memorandum of Discussion and the actions taken to conceal for 17 

years, the existence of the transcripts of the FOMC.

Also, this report illustrates now, more than ever, the urgent need to instill democratic 

values into the Federal Reserve System by enacting the reforms contained in HR 28.

Background

On October 15, 1993, four days before the members of the Federal Open Market

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Committee were to appear before the Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs 

to testify about the record-keeping practices of the FOMC, the FOMC members participated 

in a conference call with Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan, at his behest. On 

January 13, 1994, House Banking Committee staff went to Federal Reserve headquarters 

in Washington, D.C. to listen to a tape of this conference call. Some surprising things 

happened during the call. Several FOMC members learned for the first time that their words 

were being taped and then carefully transcribed after each FOMC meeting. Even more 

surprising was the acknowledgement by Chairman Greenspan that transcripts dating back 

to 1976 are being kept on file at the Federal Reserve’s headquarters.

Despite this revelation, the fact that 17 years’ worth of transcripts exist was never 

mentioned when Chairman Greenspan, speaking for the rest of the FOMC members, 

testified before the House Banking Committee on October 19, 1993.

After numerous inquiries by House Banking Committee Chairman Henry B. Gonzalez (DTexas), to Federal Reserve officials, Federal Reserve Chairman Greenspan finally admitted 

in an October 26, 1993 letter to Chairman Gonzalez that transcripts exist dating back to 

1976. Chairman Greenspan said he did not remember when he learned of the 17-year 

inventory of FOMC meeting transcripts, "until a staff member jogged my memory in the last 

few days." When Chairman Greenspan did learn of the transcripts several years before, he 

said he "gave the matter of these procedures [retaining old unedited FOMC transcripts] no 

further thought until recently."

The fact that former Federal Reserve Chairman Arthur Burns donated the complete 

transcripts of FOMC meetings that took place during his tenure to the Gerald R. Ford 

Presidential Library indicates the great importance he placed on keeping these records. 

Although in 1977 Chairman Bums publicly stated that the FOMC would stop taking minutes 

of its meetings, the truth is that he continued the taping and transcribing of the meetings. 

This policy has been continued by his successors.

It seems hard to believe that Chairman Greenspan did not know the great importance 

that was attached to the inventory of FOMC transcriptions when he was told of their 

existence. As early as 1975, Chairman Greenspan, in his role as Chairman of the Council of 

Economic Advisors in the Ford Administration, learned of the importance of transcriptions 

of FOMC meetings from Federal Reserve Chairman Burns. An official report (described 

below) of a June 16, 1975 meeting of the Executive Committee of the Economic Policy 

Board of the Ford Administration indicates that CEA Chairman Greenspan was in 

attendance. The record reveals that at that meeting Chairman Burns discussed the Federal 

Reserve’s specific points of opposition to the Government in the Sunshine Act. A central 

concern of Chairman Bums was the provisions relating to transcriptions of FOMC meetings.

The Federal Reserve was able to keep secret from the public, the Congress, and 

evidently, from many of its own officials, an inventory of transcripts of FOMC meetings.

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Once the Banking Committee learned of the existence of the transcripts, it demanded 

their release to the Committee and to the public. After much stonewalling, the Federal 

Reserve has offered to begin issuing transcripts edited by its own staff with a five-year lag. 

The Federal Reserve said it would begin issuing transcripts it has edited for 1988 FOMC 

meetings in early 1994 and then slowly over a number of years issue additional edited 

transcripts back to 1976.

The Banking Committee finds this wholly unacceptable for two reasons. First, the 

Committee wants all the transcripts issued immediately and second, the Committee is highly 

suspect of the Federal Reserve’s editing of its own transcripts.

The Banking Committee compared the editing techniques of the Federal Reserve 

with those of the archivists at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library in Ann Arbor, 

Michigan. The Gerald Ford Library is overseen by the Office of Presidential Libraries, a 

division of the National Archives and Records Administrations, located in Washington D.C. 

The Banking Committee recently examined the December 22, 1992 FOMC meeting 

transcript, obtained by a media outlet under a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request. 

Upon inspecting the edited transcript obtained under the FOIA, the Banking Committee 

agrees with the American Banker newspaper statement that the 84-page transcript was so 

heavily redacted by the Federal Reserve that the document was "mostly blank," and 

concluded "it’s hard to imagine the Fed can justify the extent of editing in the transcript 

released to this paper."

This was not the case with the approximately 3,000 pages of 1976-1978 FOMC 

meeting transcripts obtained from the Gerald Ford Library and examined by Banking 

Committee staff. What is particularly striking is that while the Federal Reserve professes 

to apply an editing standard similar to the archivists, the product of the archivists contains 

relatively few deletions compared to the Federal Reserve which leaves relatively few words. 

These three years of transcripts are now available for public inspection.

Upon reading the transcripts, the Banking Committee discovered that the Federal 

Reserve not only has a polity of redacting transcripts given out under FOIA requests, but 

it attempts to skew the information in the directives issued after each FOMC meeting. For 

example, in 1976, the Federal Reserve made a decision not to release complete minutes of 

its FOMC meetings, even with a five-year lag, which had been its policy up until that time. 

The Federal Reserve instead decided to release a "summary" of its meetings. But in reality, 

they were "padding" the summary with boilerplate materials about the economy. Concerned 

that someone might notice, then Federal Reserve Chairman Arthur Burns ordered his staff 

to add pages to the summary to look like there were substantial discussions taking place. His 

exact instructions noted below were that he did not want anything that remotely resembled 

"padded" minutes, but he directed his staff to "produce several additional pages."

A reading of the transcripts revealed that the FOMC members and staff discussed 

what should or should not be included in the Memorandum of Discussion (detailed minutes

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in paraphrased form) which had been made available to the public up to 1976. A 

communication from Joseph Coyne, Assistant to the Board, to Chairman Arthur Bums, 

describing material that the FOMC should consider withholding is included in this report.

The Banking Committee held hearings on HR 28 on October 7,13,19 and 27,1993. 

The October 19 hearing focused on the issue of maintaining a record of FOMC meetings. 

Both Federal Reserve Governors and Bank Presidents testified that day: Chairman Alan 

Greenspan, Governors Wayne D. Angell, Edward W. Kelley, Jr., John P. LaWare, Lawrence 

B. Lindsey, David W. Mullins, and Susan M. Phillips; Federal Reserve Presidents Edward 

G. Boehne (Philadelphia), J. Alfred Broaddus, Jr. (Richmond), Thomas M. Hoenig (Kansas 

City), Jerry L. Jordan (Qeveland), Silas Keehn (Chicago), Robert D. McTeer, Jr. (Dallas), 

William J. McDonough (New York), Thomas C. Melzer (St. Louis), Robert T. Parry (San 

Francisco), Gary H. Stem (Minneapolis), and Richard F. Syron (Boston).

This report discusses the following events:

1976: Describes FOMC discussions of transcripts, Government in Sunshine Laws,

editing of 1976 FOMC transcripts and the FOMC’s decision to end issuing 

detailed paraphrased minutes of their meetings in 1976.

1992-93: Describes communications between the Banking Committee and Federal 

Reserve officials at the end of 1992 and the beginning of 1993, which focused 

on the necessity of a verbatim record of FOMC meetings.

10/15/93: Discusses the Federal Reserve meetings where preparations were made for 

the October 19, 1993 hearing before the Banking Committee on the subject 

of records and notes of FOMC meetings, including written and oral testimony 

of Federal Reserve witnesses.

10/19/93: Describes the testimony of the FOMC members before the House Banking 

Committee, the omissions from their testimony and the subsequent revelations 

from correspondence with Chairman Gonzalez.

10/27/93: Describes subsequent testimony of Federal Reserve Vice Chairman William 

J. McDonough at a House Banking Committee hearing on October 27,1993.

1993-94: Details the subsequent actions by the Banking Committee in investigating the 

misleading testimony which led to the October 26, 1993 admission of 

Chairman Greenspan.

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FOMC Transcripts During the Burns Chairmanship

The Gerald R. Ford Library, 1000 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan, received 

Federal Reserve communications and FOMC transcripts from the late Arthur Burns. Arthur 

Bums died on August 26, 1987 after a very distinguished career as a staff member and 

director of the National Bureau of Economic Research (1930-68), professor at Columbia 

University (1944-69), Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisors (1953-56), Counselor 

to President Nixon (1969-70), Chairman of the Board of Governors and the Federal Open 

Market Committee of the Federal Reserve System (1970-1978), and U.S. Ambassador to 

West Germany (1981-85). The inventory of the documents during Chairman Bums’ tenure 

as Federal Reserve Chairman obtained by the Banking Committee is included in Appendix

m.

Far from being records that would impair monetary policy, as Federal Reserve 

officials have insisted, the FOMC transcripts from the Gerald Ford Library illuminate critical 

issues that are important to those who wish to discover how the views of individual members 

of the FOMC and their staff determine the nation’s monetary policy. For example, the 

discussions involving whether the central bank should adhere to targets of bank reserves or 

the money supply versus targeting interest rates is an interesting discovery of different 

individual’s views in the transcripts which were never adequately revealed to the public. For 

the first time, the nation has a fairly complete record of monetary policy discussions for this 

period by those who determined the country’s monetary policy.

The collection of Federal Reserve material at the Gerald Ford Library contains many 

documents that will not only be interesting to economic historians, but they also have 

relevance today. For example, part of the "Federal Reserve System Accountability Act of 

1993," HR 28, submitted by Chairman Gonzalez, provides for Senate confirmation of the 12 

Federal Reserve Bank presidents. Chairman Gonzalez submitted a similar proposal in the 

1970s as an amendment to a Federal Reserve bill. Joseph Coyne, who is still a senior official 

at the Federal Reserve, and was Assistant to the Board of Governors under Chairman 

Arthur Bums, and Arthur L. Broida, Secretary of the FOMC under Chairman Bums, took 

a poll of Federal Reserve presidents and then sent the results to Chairman Bums in a 

memorandum dated September 30, 1975:

"Each president was asked the following questions: At the time you were 

asked to consider the position of president of your Reserve Bank—if the law 

had required Senate confirmation of your appointment, would your interest 

have been: a. Greater, b. Less, c. No different from what it actually was, d.

Not sure [...]

"Six presidents (Morris, Volcker, Eastbum, Winn, and MacLaury) said their 

interest in the post of president would have been no different if Senate 

confirmation had been required at the time of their appointment.

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"Four presidents (Black, Kimbrel, Baughman, and Balles) said their interest 

would have been less.

"One president (Clay) said he would have had no interest while another 

(Mayo) said his interest would have been no different if confirmation were 

required only initially but would have been less if confirmation were required 

every five years."

Threats to the Federal Reserve Tradition of Secrecy Under Government in

the Sunshine Act and the Freedom of Information Act

In 1976, when Arthur Bums was Chairman of the Board of Governors and the 

Federal Open Market Committee, the Federal Reserve was faced with two threats to its 

secrecy. One was the Government in Sunshine legislation which called for prompt public 

disclosure of government meetings and was being considered by the Congress. The other was 

a lawsuit by David R. Merrill, a law student at Georgetown University. Merrill challenged 

the Federal Reserve’s 45-day delay in releasing the domestic policy directive. Merrill 

charged in his suit that the delay cannot be equated with promptness. The Federal District 

Court agreed with Merrill and found the Federal Reserve in violation of the Freedom of 

Information Act. The Federal Reserve appealed and the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals 

upheld the lower court on the legal basis that use of exemption 5 of the FOIA by the 

Federal Reserve was invalid. The Federal Reserve appealed to the Supreme Court which 

accepted the FOMC’s assertions and remanded the case back to District Court. The 

Supreme Court ruled that the Directives contained confidential information but the Supreme 

Court did not find that immediate release would harm monetary policies or commercial 

interests. It left it up to the District Court to ascertain the impact of immediate release.

David Merrill, the plaintiff, had been represented by public interest lawyers, a 

Georgetown University professor, Victor H. Kramer, and assisted by Douglas L. Parker. Mr. 

Kramer left the area to take another position and withdrew, and Parker litigated the action 

in the District Court. Using affidavits from the FOMC, the District Court issued a summary 

judgement that "current release of the Directive would cause harm to the government’s 

monetary and commercial interests." At that point Merrill and his lawyer, Douglas L. Parker, 

decided not to pursue an appeal.

They had shown that FOIA was applicable to the Federal Reserve. There would have 

undoubtedly been more FOIA requests and cases if the public knew the Federal Reserve 

had maintained FOMC transcripts. As a result, the transcripts of the FOMC meetings in 

1976 show the FOMC to be somewhat frantic about their vulnerability to both FOIA 

requests and the proposed "Government in the Sunshine Act". The Federal Reserve 

considered several options. One defense would be to announce that no more detailed 

minutes were going to be prepared so that there was nothing to seek in a FOIA request, 

even though they knew there were secret FOMC transcripts. Another was to pad the

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"minutes" so that it looked like more than the severely incomplete record that it was. Still 

another response was to organize a lobbying effort using the banks it regulates to lobby 

against the "Government in the Sunshine Act" and against laws authorizing the General 

Accounting Office (GAO) to audit the Federal Reserve.

Rep. Henry Reuss (D-Wisconsin), Chairman of the House Banking Committee in 

1975-1981, discussed this lobbying campaign during a speech to the U.S. House of 

Representatives ("What the Secret Minutes of the Federal Reserve Banks Meetings 

Disclose," Congressional Record-House. May 24, 1977, p. 16236). According to Reuss, the 

Board of Directors’ minutes of the Chicago Federal Reserve Bank meeting of December 11,

1975 indicate that the president of their bank, Robert Mayo, said:

"While such a transcript would be subject to court subpoena, even more 

critical to the system would be the scrutiny of the Congress." (emphasis added 

in the Congressional Records

What President Mayo may not have told his directors is that the FOMC meetings 

were currently being taped and transcribed, and used to prepare the Memorandum of 

Discussion. At the April 20, 1976 executive meeting of the FOMC, the following exchange 

occurred between President Mayo and Thomas J. O’Connell, the Federal Reserve’s General 

Counsel2:

"Mavo Now what this adds up to Tom is that if we get Government in the 

Sunshine we have an even more elaborate procedure because of the tape 

requirement than the memorandum of discussion is now. Is that a fair 

statement?

TJOC Well, I’d certainly say in terms of preparing the transcript, that is the 

tape for publications, you are subjecting the Committee to what the Chairman 

has quite accurately described has been the burden of the staff and the 

Chairman with respect to the memorandum of discussion"

Later in the discussion (p. 19) Arthur L. Broida said:

"Art Well, we do of course, tape, we transcribe these meetings preparing the 

memorandum of discussion."

This exchange indicates that FOMC members knew that these meetings were tape-recorded 

and a transcription was used in the preparation of the Memorandum of Discussion.

2 FOMC transcripts of 4/20/76, Tape 8, p. 14. The "Memorandum of Discussion” is the paraphrased

transcript that the Federal Reserve stopped releasing in 1976.

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Alan Greenspan as Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisors

Federal Reserve Chairman Greenspan said in his October 26, 1993 letter to 

Chairman Gonzalez that he did not remember when he learned of the 17-year inventory of 

FOMC meeting transcripts, "until a staff member jogged my memory in the last few days." 

When Chairman Greenspan did learn of the transcripts several years before, he said he 

"gave the matter of these procedures [retaining old unedited FOMC transcripts] no further 

thought until recently."

However, according to documents obtained by the Banking Committee, Alan 

Greenspan, when he was Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisors in 1975, was 

among 16 people attending a meeting where Federal Reserve Chairman Arthur Burns spoke 

to the Executive Committee of the Economic Polity Board, the top-level economic policy 

board in the Ford Administration.3

At this June 15,1975 meeting, Chairman Bums discussed the impact of the proposed 

"Government in the Sunshine Act,"4 on the Federal Reserve and indicated the Federal 

Reserve’s opposition to this Act. It was decided that the Office of Management and Budget 

(OMB) "will work with Chairman Bums to ensure that the Administration’s views on the 

legislation are rapidly communicated to the Hill." At this time, the Congress was considering 

passing the "Government in the Sunshine Act".

At the meeting, all attendees including Alan Greenspan were informed about the 

existence of and importance to the Federal Reserve of the verbatim transcripts of its FOMC 

meetings. Furthermore, by an executive order of President Ford on June 15,1975, Federal 

Reserve Chairman Arthur Bums was invited to attend all meetings of the Executive 

Committee of the Economic Policy Board. Federal Reserve Chairman Bums would have 

had ample time to apprise CEA Chairman Greenspan of the importance of FOMC 

transcripts at the meetings, a matter that was discussed by Chairman Bums over several 

years of FOMC meetings. In addition, letters in the collection at the Gerald Ford Library 

indicate Federal Reserve Chairman Bums and CEA Chairman Greenspan communicated 

a number of times on the impact of the "Government in the Sunshine Act" on the FOMC.

The Banking Committee has also received a May 21,1975 memorandum written by 

Don Winn, then Special Assistant to the Board of Governors, to Chairman Bums that 

contains the following handwritten note on the first page: "Copy sent to Alan Greenspan 

6/[?]/75." This memorandum details the proposed "Government in the Sunshine Act" as it

3 Minutes of the Executive Committee Meeting of the Economic Policy Board were obtained from

the Gerald Ford Presidential Library, L. William Siedman Files, EPB Meeting Minutes, June 14-19,1975, Box

22.

* The Government in the Sunshine Act requires all government agencies to release minutes of their

meetings to the public.

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applies to the Board of Governors and to any transcripts or other records of the FOMC. It 

is clear from this memorandum that the Federal Reserve was very concerned about the 

subject of transcripts of their meetings.

Information contained in these early documents and transcripts indicates that Alan 

Greenspan collaborated with Arthur Burns to conceal the existence of transcripts, out of fear 

that knowledge of their existence would prompt numerous requests from the Congress, the 

press and the public for access to the documents. This is something the Federal Reserve is 

still seeking to avoid.

Also, Don Winn, as current Assistant to the Board and Chief Congressional Liaison 

for the Federal Reserve, meets frequently with Chairman Greenspan and briefs him on 

many issues related to the Congress. He participated in the October 15, 1993 FOMC 

conference call where preparations for the testimony on the subject of FOMC records were 

discussed. Don Winn’s memorandum and his experience in the 1970s on the Federal Reserve 

liaison staff indicates he, too, participated in the effort to conceal the existence of transcripts.

Ending and Editing the Memorandum of Discussion and Padding the New

"Minutes”

At the April 20, 1976 meeting of the FOMC, Chairman Arthur Bums spoke about 

ending the Memorandum of Discussion (MOD) and substituting a polity directive released 

five or six weeks after each FOMC meeting in an exchange with David P. Eastbum, then 

president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia.5

"Eastbum The reason I asked that question was it seemed to me we incur 

certain costs in cutting out the memorandum of discussion in terms of 

implications to others on the outside that we’re being more secretive if you 

want to put it that way, that this is a devious way to get around the law." (the 

"Government in the Sunshine Act")

Bums 'That depends how we present it. Now I would want to present this, I 

would want to make a virtue of this, and never mind how we arrived at it. We 

were not seeking virtue for the sake of virtue, I’m not going to argue that but 

if you let us say we decide to drop the memorandum of discussion, all right 

than we’re doing away with an instrument of secrecy retained in the Archives 

for a period of 5 years. We have a policy record and that policy record is now 

going to be very much fuller than it was, so the public will be informed 

promptly and much more fully, that’s another virtue."

5 FOMC transcripts of 4/20/76, Tape 8, p. 18.

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Today there are legitimate criticisms of the "minutes" of FOMC meetings that the 

Federal Reserve issues five or six weeks after each FOMC meeting. Chairman Burns 

addressed these criticisms in an FOMC meeting on May 18, 1976. He tried to answer the 

criticism that the directive contains a rehash of economic conditions rather than real 

minutes. Chairman Burns also reacted adversely to the skimpy nature of the sample 

summary he had been shown.6

Bums "We’re describing this document as an expanded policy record. We’re 

providing more information than in the past. And that is partly the justification 

for eliminating the memorandum of discussion. Now on the basis of this 

concept the document should be longer, vou see, must be longer, and this is 

a formal consideration that cannot be neglected and we need some additional 

pages. Now as for the information that is contained about the economy, well,

I think vou credit individuals who follow the Federal Reserve with more 

knowledge than I think many of them really have. I think it’s a useful 

summary. Those who feel it merely repeats that which they already know will 

have no difficulty skipping paragraphs or pages. [...] Now when this document 

was first shown to me, it was hardly longer, or just about a page or two 

longer-2 pages longer than a policy record was in the past. And I told 

members of the staff, well that will not do. I’m not going to tell you how to 

add additional pages, and I’m certainly not going to sav that we would do 

anything that remotely resembles padded, but produce several additional 

pages." (emphasis added)

At their May 18, 1976 FOMC meeting, the FOMC members voted to discontinue 

preparing the MOD. The MOD provided a detailed record of FOMC meetings with 

attribution of remarks in paraphrased form to individual FOMC participants. The directive 

issued by the Federal Reserve for this meeting said:

"At this meeting the Committee approved a motion that the memorandum of 

discussion be discontinued after the memorandum for the meeting of March 

15-16, 1976. [...] The memoranda of discussion are detailed accounts of the 

proceedings of meetings of the Committee, which have been available to the 

public 5 years after the end of the year to which they apply. The decision to 

discontinue these memoranda reflected the Committee’s judgement that the 

benefits derived from them did not justify their relatively high cost [...]"

Among those voting for this measure were former Federal Reserve Chairman Arthur Bums 

and former Vice Chairman Paul Volcker.

Federal Reserve Chairman Bums had responded on April 18, 1975 to Rep. Wright

6 FOMC Transcripts of 5/18/76, Tape 1, pp. 7-8.

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Patman (D-Texas), who was then Chairman of the House Banking Committee’s 

Subcommittee on Domestic Monetary Policy, about the release of unedited materials from 

which the memoranda of discussion were prepared for the period 1971 to 1974. Chairman 

Burns wrote:

"You refer to the ‘unedited materials from which these memoranda were 

prepared.’ These materials cannot be supplied because they are routinely 

disposed of after the Committee has formally accepted the memorandum of 

discussion for the meeting in question.

"[...] Currently, we are employing a combination of note-taking and tape 

recording. In any event, the materials are disposed of when they have served 

their purpose, as noted above."

On November 17, 1977 (Hearing before the Subcommittee on Domestic Monetary 

Policy, "Maintaining and Making Public Minutes of Federal Reserve Meetings," p. 57), 

Chairman Burns testified:

"In the absence of express statutory protection against premature disclosure 

of the memorandum, we would feel compelled to object to a proposal of 

returning to the practice of keeping extensively detailed minutes of FOMC 

meetings."

Chairman Burns said the "FOMC might be compelled under the Freedom of 

Information Act (FOIA) to make public all or significant portions of the MOD more 

promptly than the specified period whether it be 3 or 5 years" as specified under the 

legislation then being considered. Thus his letter of April 18, 1975, indicating that records 

taken from tape-recordings are used only for preparing minutes, and his November 17,1977 

Congressional testimony that the Federal Reserve objects to "keeping extensively detailed 

minutes of FOMC meetings" helped perpetuate the secret about the existence of an 

inventory of transcripts of FOMC meetings.

It will be disturbing to those who have studied the MOD to discover that they may 

not be accurate and that officials of the Federal Reserve knew the "game" being played with 

the editing. At the April 20,1976 executive session of the FOMC (in which some staff were 

present) members discussed what would be placed in other "memoranda" and what would 

be placed in the policy record. In answer to a question about whether a subject would 

appear in the MOD, FOMC Secretary Arthur L. Broida says:7

"Broida If individual members make comments of that sort, the memorandum

7 FOMC transcripts of April 20,1976, Tape 9, p. 8.

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of discussion plays it straight."

The Federal Reserve’s General Counsel Thomas J. O’Connell commented at a March 29, 

1976 meeting about transcriptions’ provisions of the proposed "Government in the Sunshine 

Act" when meetings are closed to the public:8

"If closed, what portions, all having been transcribed, what portions could be 

deleted, and we’re then back to the same game we’re now playing with the 

memorandum of discussion (emphasis in original)."

Thus, the Federal Reserve informed the outside world that the FOMC would no 

longer keep detailed records of its meetings so that there would be no document of 

proceedings to request under the FOIA The Committee now knows that this statement is 

patently false and that verbatim transcripts have been kept continuously for 17 years.

Federal Reserve Officials Maintaining Their 17-Year Secret

On October 8, 1992, Chairman Gonzalez sent a letter to each of the 12 Federal 

Reserve Bank presidents and the seven Federal Reserve Governors requesting their views 

on recording and promptly releasing complete minutes of the FOMC meetings. The 19 

Federal Reserve officials were especially strident in their denunciation of Chairman 

Gonzalez’s bill, HR 28, which mandates complete disclosure of FOMC meeting minutes. 

They did not want any word-for-word record of their meetings made public. None of the 19 

Federal Reserve officials admitted what most now say they knew at the time--that the 

meetings were tape-recorded. At the time, none admitted that transcripts existed back to

1976 although several officials later said they knew about these transcripts (see Appendix 

IV).

Federal Reserve Governor Wayne Angell informed the Banking Committee that he 

knew about these transcripts for several years. St. Louis Federal Reserve President Thomas 

Melzer said he viewed the transcripts in 1989. Chairman Greenspan said he knew about 

them for two years but "gave the matter no further thought until recently" (see October 26, 

1993 letter). He then told FOMC members in an October 15, 1993 conference call that he 

had recalled the existence of the inventory of transcripts one year previously. Then on 

October 26,1993 Chairman Greenspan said a staff member "jogged his memory" so that he 

was able to recall that he learned of the transcripts two years before.

Governor Angell wrote the following statement to the Banking Committee on January 

14, 1993:

8 FOMC transcripts of March 29,1976, Executive Session, Tape 1, p. 18-19.

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"Even though some of us would not alter our remarks whether or not a 

transcript is published promptly, some members believe they or their 

colleagues would tend to tone down their trial advocacy of a viewpoint or to 

become somewhat locked in to the trial position."

He failed to mention his knowledge of FOMC transcripts and tape-recordings.

President Thomas Melzer, who later admitted, in an October 28, 1993 letter to 

Chairman Gonzalez, to seeing transcripts of a FOMC meeting in 1989, wrote the following 

to the Banking Committee on Januaiy 15, 1993: He "would be strongly opposed to any 

literal record of FOMC deliberations [...]" In a letter to the Banking Committee after the 

October 19,1993 hearing President Melzer also admitted learning of the tape-recordings of 

the FOMC meetings in July 1985.

In his letter of December 24,1992 to the Banking Committee, Chairman Greenspan 

stated his position that only a "comprehensive summary of the main points made in the 

course of [the FOMC] discussion" is sufficient for purposes of accountability. Chairman 

Greenspan also criticized "releasing at any time a literal record of FOMC deliberations - 

through videotaping or other means such as word-for-word transcripts." He failed to mention 

the existence of tape-recordings or transcripts of FOMC meetings stored at the Board of 

Governors although he later admitted he knew about them at the time.

President Robert T. Pany of the San Francisco Federal Reserve Bank wrote to the 

Banking Committee on January 13, 1993:

"The availability of videotapes or word-for-word transcripts of meetings would 

inhibit the free flow of information [...]"

In fact, the tape-recordings and the 17-year inventory of transcripts of FOMC 

meetings at the Federal Reserve were already covered by the FOIA. In a letter to the 

Banking Committee after the October 19, 1993 hearing, President Parry admitted he knew 

about the existence of tape-recordings of the FOMC meetings since 1986.

President Silas Keehn of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, who later admitted 

he knew about tape-recordings of the FOMC meetings, wrote to the Banking Committee on 

January 13, 1993:

"with respect to your question about producing a more detailed written record 

or tape of the proceedings of the FOMC meetings [...] the mere existence of 

such a record is the issue. [...] any change to the minutes and record-keeping 

process currently used by the FOMC would be ill-advised [...]"

President Keehn did not tell the Banking Committee about the existence of taperecordings for any FOMC meetings and in these passages in his letter he was, in effect, 

informing the Banking Committee that none existed. In later correspondence to the Banking

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Committee after the October 19,1993 hearing, he admitted he knew about tape-recordings 

after July 1981.

J. Alfred Broaddus, Jr., President of the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, who 

would later admit to knowing about the tape-recordings, wrote to Chairman Gonzalez about 

his knowledge of FOMC records on October 22,1993:

"The only minutes or notes of which I am aware that are taken at FOMC 

meetings are the Records of Policy Actions of the Federal Open Market 

Committee. The records include the domestic policy directives, which contain 

the FOMC’s instructions to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York."

Again in his January 13,1993 letter he informed the Banking Committee that there were no 

detailed records when he wrote:

"I would oppose the preparation of a detailed record currently, however, 

because there are no mechanisms to prevent its premature release."

This statement conflicts with President Broaddus’ knowledge of tape-recordings of FOMC 

meetings since 1986 which he revealed in his October 28,1993 letter to Chairman Gonzalez. 

It was clearly a statement that misled the Banking Committee on the existence of verbatim 

records of FOMC meetings.

Federal Reserve Plans for Congressional Testimony

On September 20 and 24, 1993 Chairman Gonzalez sent invitations to most of the 

Federal Reserve witnesses who would appear at the October 19, 1994 Banking Committee 

hearings. He asked each witness to present their "own independent views" on "notes or 

records that you are aware others have made at any FOMC meetings and the location and 

dispositions of any such material." In preparing for this testimony the FOMC had two 

conference calls. All but three of its nineteen policy-makers (seven governors and 12 

Federal Reserve Bank presidents) participated in the October 15,1993 conference call. By 

the time of the October 15, 1993 conference call, many of these witnesses had submitted 

their written testimony.

Following the October 19,1993 Banking Committee hearing, Chairman Gonzalez sent 

letters to the witnesses and asked a number of specific questions about the content and 

preparation of their testimony. A summary of some of the replies are included in the 

following tables.

One Federal Reserve Bank president later wrote to Chairman Gonzalez that he and 

other participants in the October 15,1993 conference call had concerns that their submitted 

testimony may be "viewed as inaccurate" unless it was amended to reflect information about

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tape-recordings and transcripts of FOMC meetings. Silas Keehn, president of the Federal 

Reserve Bank of Chicago, in his letter to Chairman Gonzalez on November 8, 1993 said:

"At the time of the October 15 conference call, I expressed concern about the 

possibility that my testimony as then drafted might be viewed as inaccurate 

and that therefore, as noted above, I would have to amend the text of my 

testimony to reflect the statement that Chairman Greenspan would make in 

his October 19 testimony. Others expressed similar views but I am unable to 

recall who did so or their comments in any detail."

President Robert T. Parry of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco expressed 

the same concern for misleading testimony in his letter to the Banking Committee of 

November 5, 1993:

"In light of the new information concerning the transcripts [revealed in the 

October 15, 1993 conference call] I expressed a concern that my written 

testimony was incomplete. In addition, to the best of my memory, another 

participant (I cannot recall who it was) states his written testimony included 

a statement to the effect that no written records existed at the Board. 

However, these issues were not pursued because it was understood that 

Chairman Greenspan would convey the information about the transcripts."

One Federal Reserve Bank president, in response to an inquiry sent November 8, 

1993, supplied the Banking Committee with notes of the October 15, 1993 conference call. 

These notes reveal that there was a discussion of how Chairman Alan Greenspan would 

testify about the tape-recordings and transcripts, and how this would cover for the testimony 

of the other Federal Reserve witnesses, some of which had already been submitted.

On January 13, 1993 the Banking Committee staff went to Federal Reserve 

headquarters in Washington, D.C. to listen to a tape-recording and read a transcript of the 

October 15,1993 conference call. They determined that the notes from the Federal Reserve 

president were generally correct. Many participants of this conference call may not have 

known they were being recorded. Here is a description of what the Banking Committee 

staff heard.

"Until 10 minutes ago I had no awareness that we had detailed transcripts," 

Chicago Federal Reserve President Silas Keehn.

"In the future, we have to be more forthcoming. If we keep stonewallinp. we’re

going to be in trouble." (emphasis added) Dallas Federal Reserve President 

Robert D. McTeer.

"The Committee never knew they were being kept," St. Louis Federal Reserve 

President Thomas Melzer said in reference to the FOMC transcripts.

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"The Chairman is not highlighting these transcripts... We’re not waving red 

flags," Secretary of the FOMC, Donald Kohn.

During the call, the FOMC also discussed its two primary concerns: How to withhold 

the transcripts under new Department of Justice laws regarding the Freedom Of Information 

Act (FOIA) requests and which arguments they could use to prevent the release of 17 years 

of FOMC transcripts.

The call begins with Federal Reserve Chairman Greenspan speculating on whether the 

existence of transcripts will be exposed at the October 19,1993 House Banking Committee 

hearing.

"We can have some wishful thinking that it might not emerge on Tuesday (at the 

hearing), and there is a possibility it might not. I wouldn’t bank on it, but if it doesn’t 

happen on Tuesday, at some point it’s going to become an issue."

Later in the call, Chairman Greenspan stated:

"It would be utter naivete to believe that, with this change of the Justice 

Department, this issue will not arise. It may not arise on Tuesday, but if we 

had any presumption that it’s never going to arise, we’re smoking something."

With Greenspan worried about the potential revelation that might occur at the 

hearing, he reflects on his previous performance before the Banking Committee on October 

13, 1993:

"I would say the Fed-1, House-0."

Chairman Greenspan reflects that his excellent logic may not convince even his 

friends on the Banking Committee:

"We were on very safe ground here earlier this year, and presumed threats to the 

Federal Reserve System were considerably far less six to nine months ago...The basic 

problem that I sense-even though I gave what I thought were conclusive answers, is 

that I was confronted with non-rationality~(One Republican Congressman in 

particular) (laughter)... We can become very vulnerable if this is not handled properly. 

The logic of the case is on our side."

Federal Reserve General Counsel Virgil Mattingly says he views the chances of 

withholding material more than three years old as "not good." He also referred to the use 

of Exemption 5 of the FOIA regarding deliberative material and said of the FOMC 

meetings, "The bulk of the debate is not of a deliberative nature."

At this point, Chairman Greenspan took the opportunity to tell everyone about the

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existence of the FOMC transcripts.

"Most if not all of vou until now, nr fairly recently, are aware that we have got raw, 

unedited transcripts going back 10 years?” (emphasis added)

It was clear at that point that not everyone had been informed. Philadelphia Federal 

Reserve President Edward Boehne did not know, nor did Chicago Federal Reserve President 

Silas Keehn. Boehne expressed his concern and said that he had been on Federal Reserve 

Chairman Arthur Burns’ staff in 1976 when the decision was made to end the practice of 

making the Memorandum of Discussion of the FOMC meetings available after five years. 

He explained the Federal Reserve’s public position at that time when the policy on 

publishing edited transcripts was changed:

"The meeting was being recorded and the recording was done for the purposes of 

what we now call the minutes. But that it would be recorded over at subsequent 

meetings, so that there was never any indication that there would be a permanent, 

written record of transcript nature."

Chairman Greenspan replied:

"I first became aware about a year or so ago--I was under the presumption 

that it was common knowledge."

President Robert Parry was also disturbed about his new knowledge of transcripts and 

said he viewed his testimony to the Banking Committee as incomplete:

"What I wanted as part of my testimony was what I clearly thought that I knew at 

that time." (Referring to testimony before the House Banking Committee)

General Counsel Mattingly suggests a response to Chairman Gonzalez’s request for 

information of FOMC records and notes:

"You could say the Chairman has described the record-keeping practices of 

the Secretariat."

After it was established that an inventory of transcripts existed, the FOMC proceeded, 

with Mattingly’s assistance, to discuss arguments within the confines of new Department of 

Justice laws regarding "Freedom of Information Act" requests.

Chairman Greenspan said:

"...Do we not object to the Congress’ request-inevitably it will come--for raw 

transcripts? What capability, from what we’ve discussed so far, does this 

committee have in withholding those?"

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Mattingly suggested that they could "show harm to prevent release." But then 

discounted it, saying in the past it was used "too much and used inappropriately. This would 

be difficult to keep confidential," he said.

Chairman Greenspan also suggested that they could argue that the "physical amount 

of work involved is costly and prodigious." He also suggested that they "give cost estimates," 

adding, "There are two types of numbers, global numbers and people numbers."

Mattingly agreed saying it "enhances our case," and is "forthcoming in some respect."

Federal Reserve Governor John La Ware agreed, "The attitude and image we project 

to the public would be one of cooperation."

New York Federal Reserve President William McDonough even discussed destroying 

the material:

"After the Memorandum of Discussion...we could destroy the material. We could give 

ourselves some protection of just stating the amount of work involved. We could say 

it’s too old to be interesting. See if that would fly."

Boston Federal Reserve President Richard Syron agreed with McDonough:

"Going back maybe there will be no interest. They will find these are not interesting 

and hopefully we could stop doing it."

St. Louis Federal Reserve President Thomas Melzer suggested they could destroy 

transcripts and say that they didn’t view the FOMC as an official record. He also said that 

the offer to prepare the Memorandum of Discussion runs the risk because "people didn’t 

know they existed."

Chairman Greenspan then reads his prepared answer for the Banking Committee 

regarding the issue of transcripts:

"I have suggested to the Reserve Bank presidents that they respond to your questions 

regarding whatever records may be kept at their own Banks; I will cover records 

made by the Board staff, and, in particular, by the FOMC secretariat.

Some individual members of the Board staff take handwritten notes and retain 

them to help them in discharging their responsibilities. The meetings are 

recorded electronically by the FOMC secretariat. These audio tapes are used 

to assist in the preparation of the minutes that are released to the public 

following the subsequent meeting; thereafter, the tapes are recorded over. In 

the process of putting together the minutes, an unedited transcript is prepared

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from the tapes, as are detailed notes on selected topics discussed in the course 

of the meeting. These materials generally are seen only by the staff involved 

in preparing the minutes, and the documents are kept under lock and key by 

the FOMC secretariat."

Dallas Federal Reserve President McTeer asks Chairman Greenspan if he will be 

speaking before the rest of them, to which Chairman Greenspan replies "yes."

At this point, President McTeer says, as indicated above, they "had better quit 

stonewalling."

Chairman Greenspan tells him it is "not an accurate statement" and that they "need 

the minutes to conduct the business of the Committee."

President McTeer asks for clarification on the status of the tapes. "The tapes have 

been taped over?"

Governor Lindsey says they exist.

Chairman Greenspan says they don’t.

Normand R. Bernard, Deputy FOMC Secretary, says they were taped over.

Chairman Greenspan says they were erased because it is too expensive.

St. Louis Federal Reserve President Thomas Melzer says of the differing testimony:

"That’s going to get a little suspicious after a while. You might be able to take 

everybody else off the hook, and in effect, avoid the situation..."

Chairman Greenspan says he’ll handle the issue of transcripts, "I’ll do it."

President McTeer then says in reference to the letter Chairman Gonzalez sent to him 

that the questions the Chairman asked were "awfully odd."

Donald Kohn says the Banking Committee was "fishing for leaks."

Federal Reserve Congressional Liaison Don Winn says, "I don’t have any sense that 

they have any knowledge whatever of what we’ve been talking about."

Chairman Greenspan says:

"The existence of tapes and transcripts were never considered to be a part of 

important questions by staff. Most Board members didn’t know about it.

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Never considered it important...Not communicated to me as chairman."

Governor Lawrence Lindsey says:

"I didn’t know about the tapes either...What we’re doing is retroactively 

changing the rules of the game."

Don Winn ends the conference call saying that he thinks it’s "almost inevitable" that 

questions will arise about Chairman Gonzalez’ provisions in HR 28 dealing with the Reserve 

Bank presidents (that they be appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate). 

Don Winn adds that questions about "Diversity (in Federal Reserve hiring) will come up."

FOMC Testimony Before the House Banking Committee

AD Federal Reserve witnesses scheduled to appear at the October 19,1993 hearing 

on the subject of "Keeping a Record of Federal Open Market Committee Meetings" were 

instructed by the Committee to answer specific questions in their opening statements and 

to provide the Banking Committee with their knowledge of any notes or records of FOMC 

meetings kept by others at FOMC meetings. In his written statement, Chairman Greenspan 

answered this question by stating:

"The meetings are recorded electronically by the FOMC secretariat. These 

audio tapes are used to assist in the preparation of the minutes that are 

released to the public following the subsequent meeting. Thereafter, the tapes 

are recorded over. In the process of putting together the minutes, an unedited 

transcript is prepared from the tapes, as are detailed notes on selected topics 

discussed in the course of the meeting. These materials generally are seen only 

by the staff involved in preparing the minutes, and the documents are kept 

under lock and key by the FOMC secretariat."

The existence of transcripts for the purpose of preparing the document the Federal Reserve 

has called "minutes" (a document that does not identify polity discussions with any 

individual) was also noted in the oral testimony of Chairman Greenspan. Both references 

left out any mention of the inventory of transcripts dating back to 1976. Instead, by 

combining the mention of transcripts with tapes which are erased, and by emphasizing that 

these materials were used for developing the "minutes," Chairman Greenspan’s method of 

presentation left the impression that no inventory existed beyond those documents needed 

to prepare the "minutes."

The other Federal Reserve witnesses either testified that Chairman Greenspan would 

specify the methods used by the staff to record FOMC meetings or they provided no 

information about the existence of an extensive inventory of transcripts. Governor Wayne 

Angell indicated that he knew about the transcripts but he did not specify that an inventory

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At the October 19 hearing, Chairman Gonzalez asked each of the Federal Reserve 

witnesses about the existence of records kept by the Federal Reserve. Chairman Gonzalez 

said:

"I have a couple of questions. In the questions that I had directed, I did ask 

and each of you responded, as to the notes or records that you are aware of.

But today’s testimony by Chairman Greenspan reveals to me, at least, that 

FOMC meetings are tape-recorded. [...] I don’t think we have been previously 

informed that there were these tape-recordings. What I am going to ask is if 

any of you knew or know about these recordings being made when you 

submitted testimony for today’s hearing, or are you unaware that taperecordings of the FOMC meetings are customarily being made? Can you tell 

me exactly of any tapes of FOMC meetings now in existence that you do know 

about? I would be glad to hear from any of you."

Chairman Greenspan answered; "Mr. Chairman, may I clarify that?" And Chairman 

Gonzalez said, "Certainly." In his reply, Chairman Greenspan again failed to mention the 

existence of an inventory of transcripts. Instead, he concentrated on the short life of the 

tape-recordings:

"In my remarks, what I have indicated was that the FOMC staff, in the 

preparation of the minutes, takes a recording for the purpose of getting a 

rough transcript, but the tapes are taped over. In other words, we don’t keep 

the actual tapes themselves. We do have electronic recordings of the 

meetings."

Chairman Gonzalez responded, "In other words, you have no tape-recordings of the actual 

proceedings."

Chairman Greenspan replied, "We have them only--as far as I know, what the staff does is, 

in order to assist its presentation and preparation of the minutes, it takes recordings but 

then tapes over them so they are not available thereafter."

Congressman Maurice D. Hinchey asked a follow-up question:

"First, with regard to the question that the Chairman asked of Mr. Greenspan 

earlier, I just want to see if I understood the answer. As I understand it, there 

are tape-recordings taken of the meeting by the staff. Those tape-recordings 

serve as the basis for the preparation of the minutes that are released a 

month or so later after the next meeting. And in the interim, those tapes are 

then taped over so that no permanent record exists in that way. Is that 

correct?"

of the transcripts existed.

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Chairman Greenspan admitted that there were rough notes but he did not say there was an 

inventory of transcripts, "There is no permanent electronic record, that is correct. We 

obviously have rough notes."

On November 5, 1993, members of the majority and minority staff of the House 

Banking Committee visited the Federal Reserve’s Washington, D.C. headquarters. There the 

staff examined the microphones built into the FOMC conference table, the green recording 

light at the head of the table, recording equipment, and the file drawers containing the 

FOMC’s inventory of FOMC meeting transcripts. A page of a transcript was selected at 

random and examined. The sample indicated that the transcripts were not "rough notes" as 

Chairman Greenspan had testified, but rather were neatly typed with names in the left-hand 

margin identifying each speaker.

This leads one to conclude that Chairman Greenspan and the other members of the 

FOMC were less than forthcoming when testifying before the Committee. His testimony 

could also be characterized as stonewalling the Banking Committee on the existence of an 

inventory of FOMC meetings transcripts.

If any of the Federal Reserve witnesses wished to correct this testimony they had an 

opportunity to speak. However, they chose to remain silent with regard to the existence of 

an inventory of transcripts although, as noted in the following tables, they would later notify 

the Banking Committee that they had such knowledge at the time of the October 19, 1993 

hearings (see Appendix IV).

With respect to this testimony by Chairman Greenspan, Governor Lindsey replied in 

his November 5,1993 letter to the Banking Committee, "To be quite candid, I am at a loss 

as to where you got the impression that anyone’s testimony was misleading or false."

The Admission of Chairman Greenspan

After the October 19, 1993 hearing, the Banking Committee questioned the Federal 

Reserve witnesses on the veracity of their testimony. Chairman Gonzalez sent letters to each 

of the 19 Federal Reserve presidents and governors in which they were asked a number of 

questions about their testimony. Chairman Greenspan was specifically asked about the 

existence of an inventory of transcripts. These letters were sent to the presidents of the 

Federal Reserve Banks and to the members of the Board of Governors on or before 

Monday, October 25, 1993.

On the morning of Tuesday, October 26, 1993, Federal Reserve staff notified the 

Banking Committee that Chairman Greenspan would completely describe the record-keeping 

procedures of the FOMC meetings in a letter to Chairman Gonzalez. The Banking 

Committee staff was also notified that this letter would be made public within the hour.

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In his October 26,1993 letter, Chairman Greenspan indicated that a full transcribing 

system for FOMC meetings existed. He said this was "common knowledge" among those 

attending FOMC meetings. He also indicated that there was an inventory of FOMC 

transcripts dating back to 1976. Chairman Greenspan described a complete tape-recording 

system including a green light at the head of the FOMC conference table that is illuminated 

whenever the tape-recording system is activated.

Chairman Greenspan indicated that he learned that the FOMC meetings were being 

taped when he first became Chairman in 1987. He said he "did not learn of the transcripts 

until several years ago." He said in his October 26 letter:

"I advised staff at the time that the secretariat should continue to follow 

prevailing procedures-that is, retaining the old unedited transcripts and 

creating new ones in order to aid staff in the production of a complete and 

accurate official record of meeting proceedings for publication. I gave the 

matter of these procedures no further thought until recently. Indeed, until a 

staff member jogged my memoiy in the last few days, I had been under the 

impression that I first learned only about a year ago that the transcripts were 

being retained."

Testimony of FOMC Vice Chairman McDonough

The next day, on October 27, 1993, Governor Wayne Angell and William 

McDonough, president of the New York Federal Reserve Bank and Vice Chairman of the 

FOMC, testified before the House Banking Committee. Vice Chairman McDonough was 

asked why he submitted written testimony for the October 19, 1993 hearing indicating that 

he did not know that FOMC meetings were tape-recorded. Chairman Gonzalez questioned 

McDonough in his opening statement:

"Vice Chairman McDonough, you submitted testimony as follows--and I am 

going to quote from it: ‘I have no personal knowledge of any other notes or 

records that others may have made at FOMC meetings.’ Yesterday I received 

a letter from Chairman Greenspan saying that there have been taperecordings at FOMC meetings since 1976, that the FOMC has unedited 

transcripts and staff notes from transcripts that exist back to 1976. In 

addition, the meeting room for the FOMC has a complete set-up for tape 

recording transcripts, and I quote: ‘A green light on top of the meeting table 

near its head is lit when the recording system is in use.’ How could anyone 

not know what that green light meant and fail to tell the Congress or report 

that there were not literal translations?"

Vice Chairman McDonough answered the follow-up question by Congressman 

Maurice Hinchey (D-NY) that he thought the green light "was to say that the sound system

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was working." Hinchey questioned Vice Chairman McDonough as follows concerning the 

number of FOMC meetings he had attended where he might have become informed about 

the tape-recording:

Rep. Hinchey. How long have you been in your present position with the Fed?

Mr. McDonough. Three months.

Rep. Hinchey. Three months. How many meetings have you attended?

Mr. McDonough. As a member of the Federal Open Market Committee, I 

have attended two.

Rep. Hinchey. Just two. Were you aware of that green light that apparently 

flashed on when the recording system is in operation?

Mr. McDonough. I was aware of the green light. And part of my youth was 

spent as a naval officer, and I was the chief engineer of a ship. So I ought to 

ask the question of what is the light about, and I thought that the purpose of 

the light was to say that the sound is in operation.

Two days later, on October 29, 1993, a Banking Committee staff member phoned 

Vice Chairman McDonough and asked how many FOMC meetings he had attended before 

he was an FOMC member. He replied, ’Twelve." Thus, Vice Chairman McDonough had 

attended 14 FOMC meetings, attendance for nearly two years, and failed to mention this in 

his testimony. His testimony about the tape-recording system is a peculiar exception to the 

statement by Chairman Greenspan in his October 26,1993 that the tape-recording of FOMC 

meetings was "common knowledge."

It is instructive to compare President McDonough’s comments with those of former 

Board of Governors member Stephen Gardner at the August 16, 1977 FOMC meetings. 

Gardner said:

"Those of us who sit at this Board are fully experienced in the tyranny of a 

recorded meeting. And our meeting discussions are inhibited. Now during 

FOMC meetings in 72,73, 74, and 75, you had no such experience. You knew 

perhaps that your memorandum of discussion would be prepared and released 

five years later. We sit here with a green light, I don’t see it this morning it 

inhibits us as a Board of Governors."

Inspection of FOMC Tapes and Transcripts

Shortly after the hearing, on November 5, 1993, several members of the Banking

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Committee majority staff, accompanied by two members of the minority staff, went to 

Federal Reserve headquarters to observe the facilities for storing and recording the verbatim 

transcripts of FOMC meetings. The FOMC meetings are held on the second floor of the 

Marriner Eccles building of the Board of Governors at 20th and Constitution Avenue in 

Washington, D.C. The FOMC meets in a conference room conveniently situated in a hallway 

near the offices of the seven governors, including Chairman Greenspan. The FOMC meeting 

transcripts are stored in a file cabinet in a small office off this hallway. Upon inspection, 

Banking Committee staff members found the FOMC transcripts to be neatly typed with the 

name of each speaker in the left margin.

The expansive FOMC conference room is furnished with a large table equipped with 

built-in microphones. During these meetings, Chairman Greenspan sits at the head of the 

table next to a staff member whose responsibility is recording these meetings. To activate 

the equipment, the staff member pushes a button built into the conference table. The button 

then is illuminated in green, in full view of everyone in the room. During the meeting the 

staff member makes frequent trips to an adjoining room where extensive recording 

equipment is kept. In addition, other microphones are placed along one wall of the 

conference room as back-up recording equipment.

Government Accountability

The public relies on decision-makers in a democratic government to act as its agents 

and to make decisions that promote their interest. However, government officials may have 

alternative objectives, especially if they work in a large government bureaucracy. Making the 

public interest these officials’ first priority is known in the social sciences as the "agency 

problem." This problem also occurs in the private sector. For example, corporate managers 

who are agents of the stockholders may not always perform their duties in the best interests 

of the stockholders but, instead, may primarily try to enhance their own salaries.

One way to ensure that government officials are working in the public interest is to 

enforce the requirement that a detailed record of their decisions and actions be kept and 

made public. Accountability for public officials’ actions is a powerful inducement to 

government officials to act in the public interest.

In his October 4,1993 memorandum to the heads of departments and agencies in the 

Federal government, President Bill Clinton said, in reference to the Freedom of Information 

Act (FOIA):

"The statute was enacted based upon the fundamental principle that an 

informed citizenry is essential to the democratic process and that the more the 

American people know about their government the better they will be 

governed. Openness in government is essential to accountability and the Act 

has become an integral part of that process."

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Attorney General Janet Reno also expressed Department of Justice (DOJ) support 

for agency compliance in 1993 with the "letter and the spirit of the FOIA and implementing 

a ‘presumption of disclosure’ standard in which DOJ attorneys would defend agencies in 

denying FOIA requests only when disclosure can be shown to cause specific harm to a 

governmental interest or to invade personal privacy.”9

Public accountability for those who manage the nation’s money supply in the nation’s 

central bank, the Federal Reserve System, is essential to ensure that these officials act in the 

public interest. Administering policies in the public interest is especially important for 

Federal Reserve officials since their decisions have such pervasive and substantial economic 

effects. The twelve members of the Federal Reserve’s Federal Open Market Committee 

(FOMC) manage the nation’s money supply. Additionally, they authorize the use of funds 

to intervene in foreign currency markets, which can have the characteristics of a loan to a 

foreign countiy. These decisions affect the level of inflation and economic activity in the 

United States, the exchange rates of U.S. dollars with other currencies, the level of exports 

and imports, and the flow of capital between the United States and other countries.

9 Harold C Relyea, The Administration and Operation of The Freedom of Information Act: An

Overview, 1966-1991* CRS Report for Congress, November 4,1993.

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Appendix I

Chronology of Events

1975

June 16, 1975 Council of Economic Advisors Chairman Alan Greenspan attends a 

meeting of the Executive Committee of the Economic Policy Board of the Ford 

Administration in which Federal Reserve Chairman Arthur Bums explains Federal 

Reserve opposition to the proposed Government in the Sunshine Law, S. 5. The 

minutes of this meeting reveal "Chairman Bums reviewed with the Executive 

Committee the outlines of S. 5, legislation relating to the accessibility of the public to 

certain Government meetings."

1992

October 8,1992, Chairman Gonzalez sent letters to each of the 12 Federal Reserve 

Presidents and the seven Governors requesting their views on recording and promptly 

releasing complete minutes of the FOMC meetings.

October 22,1992, Chairman Greenspan sent a letter suggesting that consultation with 

other members of the FOMC would be helpful before replying to specific questions 

and suggestions concerning how proceedings of FOMC meetings are reported to the 

public.

December 24,1992, Chairman Greenspan sent a response to the October 8 letter 

stating that a "comprehensive summary of the main points made in the course of 

[FOMC] discussion" is sufficient for purposes of accountability. This letter served as a 

joint response for the Reserve Bank presidents and Board of Governors.

December 29,1992, Chairman Gonzalez sent a letter requesting that each Federal 

Reserve Bank president and each member of the Board of Governors provide 

individual responses to the October 8, 1992 letter by January 8, 1993.

January and February 1993

January 7,1993, Governor John P. LaWare of the Board of Governors responded, 

"Chairman Greenspan’s letter to you of December 24 accurately conveyed the sense 

of the Committee as well as my own personal views on the matter."

Januaiy 12, 1993, Governor Susan M. Phillips of the Board of Governors responded, 

"Chairman Greenspan’s response accurately reflects my personal views on the issues 

you raised."

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I

 Januaiy 12,1993, President Jeny Jordan of the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland 

responded, "My view on this matter is heavily influenced by concern that the release, 

or publication, of a detailed accounting of the FOMC discussion prior to the passage 

of suitable interval of time would seriously impair the effectiveness of the deliberative 

process."_______________________________________________ _______________

Januaiy 12,1993, Vice Chairman David W. Mullins, Jr. of the Board of Governors 

responded, "A central concern is the effectiveness of the deliberative process involved 

in monetary policy decision-making. I believe that a substantial degree of 

confidentiality is important to insure the effectiveness of this deliberative process."

Januaiy 13,1993, President J. Alfred Broaddus, Jr. of the Federal Reserve Bank of 

Richmond responded, "I would oppose the preparation of a detailed record currently, 

however, because there are no mechanisms to prevent its premature release."

Januaiy 13,1993, President E. Gerald Corrigan of the Federal Reserve Bank of New 

York responded, "I am writing to assure you that I agree completely with the views 

set out in [Chairman Greenspan’s] letter."

Januaiy 13,1993, President Edward G. Boehne of the Federal Reserve Bank of 

Philadelphia responded, "Verbatim transcripts and videotapes of FOMC meetings by 

their very nature would substantially undermine the deliberative process, and the 

quality of monetary policy decision-making would suffer."

Januaiy 13,1993, President Silas Keehn of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago 

responded, "With respect to your question about producing a more detailed written 

record or a tape of the proceedings of the FOMC meetings, I feel strongly that such a 

written record would significantly inhibit the development of the appropriate 

monetary policy so important to the proper functioning of the economy of our 

country, [...] For these reasons I feel very strongly that any changes to the minutes 

and record-keeping process currently used by the FOMC would be ill-advised and 

would be detrimental to the monetary policy deliberations of the Committee."

Januaiy 14,195*3, Governor Wayne Angell of the Board of Governors responded, 

"Even though some of us would not alter our remarks whether or not a transcript is 

published promptly, some members believe they or their colleagues would tend to 

tone down their trial advocacy of a viewpoint or to become locked into the trial 

position."

Januaiy 15,1993, President Richard F. Syron of the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston 

responded, "On a related note, my own experience in reading my own and others’ 

verbatim comments makes me believe that any discussion would need at least some 

editing, to ensure clarity."

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January 21,1993, President Thomas C. Melzer of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. 

Louis responded, "I would be strongly opposed to any literal record of FOMC 

deliberations..."________________

February 13,1993, President Thomas H. Hoenig of the Federal Reserve Bank of 

Kansas City responded, "In an environment where every statement, including some 

based on confidential information is recorded verbatim, Committee members 

necessarily would be inclined to speak from a prepared text and to structure 

responses in a limited manner. [...] Knowledge of these possibilities would limit the 

discussion and compromise the effectiveness of the Committee’s deliberative process."

September and October 1993

September 20,1993, Chairman Gonzalez sent letters to each of the Federal Reserve 

Bank Presidents and the Board of Governors, requesting their testimony at the 

Banking Committee’s October 19, 1993 hearing on HR 28. Specifically, the Chairman 

requested that the witnesses provide a detailed description of any notes or records 

that each have made and the location and disposition of any such material, notes or 

records that each were aware of others have made at FOMC meetings, and any 

information they had about the relating of information publicly by anyone employed 

at the Federal Reserve FOMC meetings prior to the official release of that 

information.

October 13,1993, Chairman Greenspan testified before the Committee on Banking, 

Finance and Urban Affairs about the provisions of HR 28, the "Federal Reserve 

System Accountability Act of 1993". He makes no mention of an inventory of 

transcripts of FOMC meetings.

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October 19,1953, Chairman Greenspan, Governor Angell, Governor Kelley,

Governor LaWare, Governor Lindsey, Governor Mullins, Governor Phillips, President 

Boehne, President Broaddus, President Hoenig, President Jordan, President Keehn, 

President McTeer, President McDonough, President Melzer, President Parry,

President Stern, and President Syron testified before the Banking Committee. 

Governor Angell and President McDonough submitted written testimony only. The 

Committee requested the witnesses to provide the Banking Committee with their 

knowledge of any notes or records of FOMC meetings kept by others at FOMC 

meetings. Chairman Greenspan in his written testimony stated, "The meetings are 

recorded electronical^ by the FOMC secretariat. These audio tapes are used to 

assist in the preparation of the minutes that are released to the public following the 

subsequent meeting. Thereafter, the tapes are recorded over. In the process of 

putting together the minutes, an unedited transcript is prepared from the tapes, as are 

detailed notes on selected topics discussed in the course of the meeting. These 

materials are generally seen only by the staff involved in preparing the minutes, and 

the documents are kept under lock and key by the FOMC secretariat." No mention is 

made of an inventory of transcripts of FOMC meetings even after an exchange with 

Congressman Maurice Hinchey in which Chairman Greenspan is asked about a 

permanent record. All Federal Reserve witnesses also do not notify Chairman 

Gonzalez of the existence of transcripts of FOMC meetings although they would later 

admit that they knew about them at the time.

October 22,1993, Chairman Gonzalez sent a letter to Chairman Greenspan and the 

other Governors of the Board and each of the Federal Reserve Bank Presidents 

requesting detailed information concerning each witness’ knowledge of taperecordings or prepared transcripts of FOMC meetings. In addition, each witness was 

required to provide the Committee with records of meetings or conference calls with 

any other Federal Reserve Bank President or any member of the Board of Governors 

concerning the Banking Committee’s hearing on October 19. Chairman Greenspan 

was specifically asked about the existence of an inventory of transcripts.

October 26,1993, The chief Federal Reserve liaison called the Banking Committee 

at 11:00 AM and said a courier was delivering a letter and that the Federal Reserve 

would make it public in one hour. Chairman Greenspan sent the letter to Chairman 

Gonzalez indicating that a full transcribing system for FOMC meetings existed. He 

stated that this was common knowledge among those attending FOMC meetings. 

Greenspan also indicated that there was an inventory of FOMC transcripts dating 

back to 1976.

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October 27,1953, President William J. McDonough of the Federal Reserve Bank of 

New York and Governor Wayne Angell of the Board of Governors testified at a Full 

Committee hearing on HR 28. FOMC Vice Chairman McDonough was asked why 

he sent the Committee written testimony for the October 19, 1993 hearing indicating 

that he did not know that FOMC meetings were tape-recorded. In his October 19th 

testimony President McDonough stated, "I have no personal knowledge of any other 

notes or records that others may have made at FOMC meetings." In President 

McDonough's October 28, 1993 letter to the Committee, he stated that he was made 

aware of tape-recordings and transcripts of FOMC meetings during the October 15,

1993 conference call.

October 28,1953, Governor Angell responded: "In February 1986, during my 

orientation to the Board of Governors meeting procedures, as well as FOMC 

procedure, the Federal Reserve taping system was explained to me, including the 

operation of the green light on the table as an indication the meeting is being 

recorded...Several years ago I asked Mr. Norman Bernard, Deputy Secretary of the 

FOMC, to review a draft dissenting statement to ensure that the dissenting statement 

was a true representation of what I said at the meeting. Mr. Bernard provided me 

with his edited version of what I said at the meeting, which I learned was taken from 

a rough transcript...

October 28,1993, Governor LaWare responded: "I was aware from the beginning of 

my tenure on the Board in August 1988 that the FOMC proceedings were being taperecorded...Chairman Greenspan advised me and other members of the FOMC that 

transcripts were prepared from the tape-recordings of FOMC meetings during a 

conference call on October 5, 1993.1 did not recognize until the October 15 meeting 

that the Secretariat retained transcripts of the meetings."

October 28,1993, Governor Phillips responded: "I first learned that the FOMC 

meetings were tape-recorded before my first FOMC meeting (December 17, 1991)

[...]. I first learned that rough transcripts of FOMC meetings were prepared from the 

tapes on the morning of October 19 hearing at breakfast with other FOMC 

members."

October 28,1993, Governor Kelley responded, "I learned that FOMC meetings were 

tape-recorded after I joined the Board in mid-1987...I learned that written transcripts 

had been prepared on October 18, 1993."

October 28,1993, President Melzer responded, "I learned that FOMC meetings were 

tape-recorded in July 1985. [...] I first learned that a transcript of the most recently 

held FOMC meeting existed while confirming statements I made about my dissent at 

such meeting. As I recall, this occurred in 1989."

October 28, 1993, President Broaddus responded, "During the telephone conference 

on October 15, 1993, Chairman Greenspan’s remarks reminded me that the staff 

tape-recorded FOMC meetings, and [...] he advised that transcripts were also made."

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October 28,1993, Governor Mullins responded, "Shortly before the October 19, 1993, 

hearing Chairman Greenspan confirmed that FOMC meetings were taped. [...] In 

August of this year, I learned from Deputy Secretary of the FOMC, Mr. Normand 

Bernard, of the existence of detailed, edited notes, and transcripts of FOMC meetings

l - V ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

October 28,1993, President Forrestal responded, "I have been aware since I became 

President of the Bank in 1983 that the FOMC meetings were tape-recorded. [...] I 

was not aware that transcripts were prepared from the recordings of the FOMC 

meetings."______________________________________________________________

October 28,1993, President McTeer responded, 'To the best of my recollection, the 

first information I received about the tape-recording of FOMC meetings was during a 

conference call on October 15, 1993, when it was mentioned by Chairman Greenspan. 

[...] I learned about the transcripts from Chairman Greenspan during the conference 

call _______________________________________________________________

October 28,1993, President Stem responded, "While I was aware that a taperecorder was running at least occasionally during FOMC meetings, I did not know the 

extent and content of the recordings. [...] I was first informed that transcripts were 

prepared form the recordings during the conference call of October 15."

October 28,1993, President McDonough responded, "I learned from Chairman 

Greenspan on October 15, 1993 that FOMC meetings were being taped. [...] I first 

learned from Chairman Greenspan of the existence of transcripts of FOMC meetings 

on October 15, 1993, during an FOMC conference call."

October 29,1993, President Boehne responded, 'To the best of my knowledge, I 

learned about the tape-recordings of regular FOMC meetings from Chairman Bums 

probably in 1976 or 1977. [...] I first learned about the existence of unedited 

transcripts in late September or early October 1993 [...]."

November and December 1993

November 1,1993, President Hoenig responded, "Shortly after joining the FOMC in 

October, 1991,1 realized that the meetings were being tape-recorded. [...] During an 

October 15, 1993 conference call, Chairman Greenspan stated that a transcript of 

each FOMC meeting was prepared."

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November 2,1993, Chairman Greenspan sent a second letter in response to 

Chairman Gonzalez’s October 22,1993 letter. Chairman Greenspan stated that" the 

tapes and transcripts were internal working material of the FOMC secretariat for the 

purposes of creating the Policy Record or Minutes, until the conference calls I 

initiated on October 5 and October 15, to my knowledge none of the current Reserve 

Bank presidents and only two of the other current governors had known that 

transcripts were prepared and retained." In response to specific questions regarding 

his knowledge of tape-recordings and transcripts of FOMC meetings Chairman 

Greenspan stated, "My recollection is that I knew from very early in my tenure that 

the FOMC meetings were taped. [...] FOMC staff informed me several years ago of 

the existence of the transcripts going back many years."

November 3,1993, Chairman Gonzalez sent letters to Chairman Greenspan and 

Federal Reserve Bank presidents and governors of the board requesting that all 

records and documents of the Board of Governors, the FOMC, and the Reserve 

Banks related to the matters under investigation, including all tape-recordings, 

transcripts, and minutes of and notes regarding any meeting of the FOMC, are 

preserved and in no way altered, destroyed, moved, or transferred out of Board files. 

In addition, the letter requested Chairman Greenspan to provide the Banking 

Committee with an inventory of transcripts of each meeting of the FOMC, including 

conference calls, and each tape-recording of each meeting of the FOMC, including 

conference calls.

November 5,195)3, Governor Lindsey responded to Chairman Gonzalez’s letter of 

October 22, 1993: "When I first came to the Board, I was informed [...] that Board 

meetings were taped for the purposes of taking minutes. [...] I assumed that, as in the 

case of Board meetings, a tape-recording was made for the purposes of preparing the 

minutes of the FOMC meetings. [...] I first learned of the existence of the transcripts 

during the process of preparing for my October 19 testimony."

November 5,1993, President Pany responded to Chairman Gonzalez’s letter of 

October 22, 1993: "At one of the first FOMC meetings I attended (sometime early in 

1986), I remarked [...] that the voice activated microphone before my place at the 

table did not amplify speech and therefore must record comments. As I recall [ 

Normand Bernard] stated that I was correct [...] Although I knew that some notes 

were taken temporarily from the tape during production of minutes, I first learned 

that full transcripts were prepared on October 15 1993, during a conference call in 

which Chairman Greenspan conveyed this information."

November 5,1993, President Syron responded to Chairman Gonzalez’s letter of 

October 22, 1993: "I believe I first became aware that the FOMC meetings were 

recorded when I attended them as Assistant to then Chairman Volcker in 1981. [...] 

My first clear recollection of being informed that transcripts were prepared dates 

from the October 15 conference call [...]"

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November 8,1993, President Jordan responded to Chairman Gonzalez’s letter of 

October 22, 1993: "I first learned that FOMC meetings were tape-recorded during my 

service at the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis as advisor to then-president Darryl 

Francis. [...] On my return to the Federal Reserve in March 1992,1 was aware of the 

sound amplification system in use at the FOMC meetings and subsequently learned 

that audio recordings were made in order to facilitate the preparation of minutes of 

the meeting. [...] I first learned that transcripts were prepared from the recordings of 

FOMC meetings late in the afternoon of October 15, 1993, in the course of a 

telephone conference call

November 8,1993, President Keehn responded to Chairman Gonzalez’s letter of 

October 22, 1993: "I don’t recall when I first learned of the tape-recordings or who 

informed me, but presumably it was soon after the first meeting I attended [July 

1981]. [...] At the time of the October 15 conference call, Chairman Greenspan said 

that the current inventories of unedited transcripts cover the period from 1976 to the 

present. [...]"

November 8,1993, Notes taken during the October 15, 1993 FOMC conference call 

initiated by Chairman Greenspan were provided to the Banking Committee. These 

notes reveal that there was a discussion of how Chairman Alan Greenspan would 

testify about the tape-recordings and transcripts, and how this would cover for the 

testimony of the other Federal Reserve witnesses, some of which had already been 

submitted.

November 9,1993, Chairman Gonzalez sent a letter to Chairman Greenspan 

requesting that copies of every transcript and tape of meetings and conference calls of 

the FOMC from 1976 to the present be provided to the Committee.

November 12,1993, Chairman Greenspan responded to November 9, 1993 letter 

stating " [...] the records you are requesting are information of the FOMC, which 

needs to be consulted." Chairman Greenspan indicated that this issue would be 

discussed at the November 16, 1993 FOMC meeting.

November 15,1993, Chairman Gonzalez sent a letter to Chairman Greenspan 

suggesting that all transcripts over three years old should be fully released to the 

public. Transcripts greater than 60 days but less than three years old should be 

released to the public using the same rules of editing which were applied prior to

1976 to the release of the detailed minutes of FOMC meetings. Once three years 

have elapsed, complete unedited transcripts would then be released to the public. 

Transcripts of any meeting would not be released until 60 days have elapsed.

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November 17,1993, Chairman Greenspan responded to the November 9, 1993 letter. 

The FOMC decided that no transcript should be released before five years had 

elapsed from the meeting. Under this plan, the FOMC will release early next year 

transcripts from meetings and transcribed conference calls held during calendar year 

1988. They will edit and release the remaining transcripts subject to the five-year lag.

November 17,1993, Chairman Gonzalez sent a letter urging Chairman Greenspan to 

reconsider the Committee’s proposal offered in the November IS letter. In addition, 

Chairman Gonzalez suggested that Banking Committee staff and Board staff meet to 

discuss possible solutions.

November 26,1993, Chairman Greenspan sent a letter agreeing to meet.

December 3,1993, Chairman Gonzalez sent a letter to Chairman Greenspan 

demanding that the transcript and tape of the October 15, 1993 FOMC conference 

call be made available to Committee staff for review next week. In addition, the 

Chairman indicated that the Committee is investigating possible action to mislead and 

obstruct Congress in violation of sections 1001 and 371 of Title 18 of the U.S. Code.

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Appendix II

Inventory of Transcripts at the Federal Reserve

The Federal Reserve supplied Chairman Gonzalez with the dates of FOMC meetings 

at the Marriner Eccles building in Washington, D.C. and of conference calls between FOMC 

members since the Federal Reserve ceased releasing the Memorandum of Discussion. 

These are listed below. The Federal Reserve indicates it has transcripts of these meetings 

except as noted.

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Federal Open Market Meetings

1976 1980

March 29 (special session) January 8-9

April 20 Februaiy 4-5

May 18 March 18

June 22 April 22

July 20 May 20

August 17 July 9

September 21 August 12

October 19 (partial) September 16

November 16 (partial) October 21

December 20 (partial)

1977

November 18

December 18-19

January 17-18 (partial) 1981

February 15 February 2-3

March 15 March 31

April 19 (partial) May 18

May 17 July 6-7 (partial)

June 21 August 18

July 19 October 5-6

August 16 November 17

September 20

October 17-18

December 21-22

November 15 1982

December 19 February 1-2 (partial)

March 28-29

1978 May 18

January 17 June 30

February 28 July 1

March 21 August 24

April 18 October 5

May 16 November 16

June 20

July 18

December 20-21

August 15 1983

September 19 February 8-9

October 17 March 28-29

November 21 May 24

December 19 July 12-13

August 23

1979 October 4

February 6 November 14-15

March 20

April 17

December 19-20

May 22 1984

July 11 (partial) January 30-31

August 14 March 26-27

September 18 May 21-22 (partial)

October 6 July 16-17

November 20 August 21

October 2

November 7

December 17-18

1985 1990

Februaiy 12-13 (partial) Februaiy 6-7 (partial)

March 26 March 27

May 21 May 15

July 9-10 July 2-3

August 20 August 21

October 1 October 2

November 4-5 (partial) November 13

December 16-17 December 17-18

1986 1991

February 11-12 February 5-6

April 1 March 26

May 20 May 14

July 8-9 July 2-3

August 19 August 20

September 23 October 1

November 5 November 5

December 15-16 December 17-18

1987 1992

February 10-11 February 4-5

March 31 March 31

May 19 May 19

July 7 June 30

August 18 July 1

September 22 August 18

November 3 October 16

December 15-16 November 17

December 22

1988 1993

February 9-10 February 2-3

March 29 (partial) March 23

May 17 (partial) May 18

June 29-30 (partial) July 6-7

August 16 (partial) August 17

September 30 September 21

November 1

December 13-14

1989

February 7-8

March 28

May 16

July 5-6

August 22

October 3

November 14

December 18-19

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FOMC Telephone Conference Calls

1976

November 8

1977

May 27

October 31 (no transcript)

1978

January 5

March 10

May 5

August 8 (no transcript)

1979

January 12 (no transcript) 

March 3 (no transcript) 

April 27

June 27

July 17,19

July 27 (no transcript) 

September 20

October 5, 22

1980

February 22 (no transcript)

March 7

April 29

May 6

June 25

July 25

August 22

November 26

December 5,12

1981

February 24

April 28

May 6

June 17

July 17

1982

March 2 (no transcript) 

May 20 (no transcript)

July 15 (no transcript) 

August 27 (no transcript) 

September 24

1983

January 14,21,28 

April 29 

June 23

July 25 (no transcript) 

August 8 (partial)

1984

January 11 (no transcript) 

March 20 (no transcript) 

October 18 (no transcript) 

December 7 (no transcript)

1985

January 18

September 10 (no transcript) 

September 23 (no transcript)

1986

January 17 (no transcript) 

April 21 (no transcript)

1987

February 23 (no transcript) 

April 29

September 8 (no transcript) 

October 20

October 21 (no transcript) 

October 22 (no transcript) 

October 23 (no transcript) 

October 26 (no transcript) 

October 27 (no transcript) 

October 28 (no transcript) 

October 29 (no transcript) 

October 30 (no transcript)

1988

January 5

May 6 (no transcript)

May 24 (no transcript)

June 22 

July 19

August 5 (no transcript) 

August 9 (no transcript) 

October 17 

November 22

1989

February 23 (no transcript) 

May 31

June 5

July 26

October 16 (tape only) 

October 17 (tape only) 

October 18 (tape only) 

November 6 (no transcript) 

November 27 (no transcript)

1990

January 16 (no transcript) 

April 11

August 6 (no transcript) 

September 7,17

December 7

1991

January 9 

February 1

March 26

April 12, 30

May 1

June 10, 24

August 5

September 13

October 30

December 2 (tape only) 

December 20

1992

January 9 

March 11

July 2

December 14

1993

January 6

February 18

March 1

October 5,15,22

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Appendix III

House Banking Committee Inventory of

Materials Obtained from the

Gerald R. Ford Library

1000 Beal Avenue

Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109

All of this material has been edited by archivists of the National Archives and Records 

Administration and is open to public inspection.

Federal Ooen Market Committee Meetine Transcripts

FOMC Meeting 03/29/76

FOMC Meeting 04/20/76

FOMC Meeting 05/18/76

FOMC Meeting 06/22/76

FOMC Meeting 07/20/76

FOMC Meeting 08/17/76

FOMC Meeting 09/21/76

FOMC Meeting 10/19/76

FOMC Conference Call 11/08/76

FOMC Meeting 11/16/76

FOMC Meeting 12/20-1/76

FOMC Meeting 01/18/77

FOMC Meeting 02/15/77

FOMC Meeting 03/15/77

FOMC Meeting 04/19/77

FOMC Meeting 05/17/77

FOMC Telephone Conference 05/27/77

FOMC Meeting 06/21/77

FOMC Meeting 07/19/77

FOMC Meeting 08/16/77

FOMC Meeting 09/20/77

FOMC Meeting 10/17-8/77

FOMC Meeting 11/15/77

FOMC Meeting 12/19-20/77

FOMC Meeting 01/17/78

FOMC Meeting 02/28/78

FOMC Telephone Conference 03/10/78

Other Materials from the Chairman Bums Collection

40

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FOMC Meeting Background Notes 03/15-16/76

FOMC Meeting Background Notes 04/20/76

FOMC Background Notes relating to Minutes 

FOMC Memoranda relating to Policy Record

Files from the Chairman Bums Collection

Box #

"Government in the Sunshine Act" Files B52-3

Press File 05/24/76 B90

Federal Reserve Board - White House Aug-Dee 1975 B117 

Coyne Files C6

Ken Guenther Files C8-9

File # 

1,6,7

2,3,6

1,2

41

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Appendix IV

Responses of Federal Reserve Officials About Transcripts of FOMC Meetings

Governors 

and presidents

Date of first knowledge of transcripts Date that 

individual 

informed the 

Banking 

Committee of 

personal 

knowledge of 

transcripts

Angell Several years ago 10/19/93

Boehne September or October 1993 10/28/93

Broaddus October 15, 1993 10/28/93

Forrestal When he received 10/22 letter 10/28/93

Greenspan Knew in 1987, then forgot. Told FOMC members on October 

15, 1993 that he remembered one year ago. Several days 

before he sent 10/26/93 letter staff had reminded him that he 

knew two years ago.

10/19/93

Hoenig October 5, 1993 11/01/93

Jordan October 15, 1993 11/08/93

Keehn October 15, 1993 11/08/93

Kelley October 28, 1993 10/18/93

LaWare October 5, 1993 10/28/93

Lindsey while preparing 10/19 testimony 11/05/93

McDonough October 15, 1993 10/28/93

McTeer October 15, 1993 10/28/93

Melzer 1989 10/28/93

Mullins August 1993 10/19/93

Parry October 15, 1993 11/05/93

Phillips October 19, 1993 10/28/93

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| Stem October 15,1993 10/28/93

| Syron October 15, 1993 11/05/93

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Appendix V

Responses of Federal Reserve Officials About Tape-Recordings of FOMC Meetings

Governors 

and presidents

Date of first knowledge of tape-recordings Date that 

individual 

informed the 

Banking 

Committee

Angell Orientation in February 1986 10/28/93

Boehne 1976 or 1977 10/28/93

Broaddus During Volcker’s tenure (maybe earlier) 10/28/93

Forrestal 1983 10/28/93

Greenspan Beginning of tenure, August 1987 10/19/93

Hoenig October 1991 11/01/93

Jordan While working at the St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank, 1967-81 11/08/93

Keehn Don’t recall (after July 1981) 11/08/93

Kelley Mid-1987 10/18/93

LaWare August 1988 10/28/93

Lindsey When I first came to the Board (November 11, 1991) 11/05/93

McDonough October 15, 1993 10/28/93

McTeer October 15, 1993 10/28/93

Melzer July 1985 10/28/93

Mullins Before October 19, 1993 11/02/93

Parry 1986 11/05/93

Phillips December 17, 1993 10/28/93

Stem Knew of it during FOMC meetings 10/28/93

Syron As assistant to Chairman Volcker in 1981 11/05/93

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Appendix VI

Responses of Governors on Submitting Notes on October 15,1993 FOMC Conference

Call

Alan Greenspan, 

Chairman

"I have no notes regarding the October 15 conference call. For this call, the 

FOMC secretariat has a tape-recording, a transcript of the tape, and a 

memorandum summarizing the views expressed on various alternatives for 

information release."

David Mullins, Vice 

Chairman of the 

Board of Governors

"Since I did not participate in nor did I receive a briefing on any 

conference call on Friday, October 15, 1993, 1 can provide no information 

on questions 8a through 8i."

Wayne Angell "I did not take any notes during the October 15, 1993, conference call."

Edward Kelley "I was out of the country throughout the week which included Friday, 

October 15, 1993, and did not participate in a conference call which I 

understand occurred on that date."

John La Ware "I took no notes during the call and my executive assistant was not present."

L. Lindsey "I do not have, nor did I even have, notes, tape-recordings or memoranda 

regarding the conference calls."

Susan Phillips "I did not participate in the October 15, conference call. I was attending 

some meetings in Iowa."

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Appendix VII

Responses of Presidents Who Refused to Submit Their Notes on the

October 15,1993 FOMC Conference Call

| Richard Syron, 

Boston

^ ni

"My staff and I have some brief, handwritten notes on the 

disclosure issue, some of which are from the conference 

call." [notes not sent]

Edward Boehne, 

Philadelphia

"I did not take notes during the call. Richard Lang, who 

was not present for the entire call, took incomplete, 

handwritten notes. The appropriate procedure for 

obtaining FOMC-related material not regularly released 

is to make the request through the office of the 

Chairman of the FOMC." [refusal to send notes]

J. Alfred Broaddus, 

Richmond

"This question directs me to provide an extraordinary 

disclosure of internal deliberative documents and 

information. I feel obliged to decline to provide such 

deliberative information at this time, particularly 

information that may involve individuals whom you have 

asked me not to consult and that could affect their rights 

and interests or that would involve otherwise privileged 

communications. I hope you will understand that my 

reluctance to release details of internal Federal Reserve 

conversations unilaterally without the opportunity to 

consult others affected does not arise from any disrespect 

for you or your Committee, but from a sense of fairness 

and obligation to the Federal Reserve System and its 

officials. As a matter of information, I will tell you that 

we have no tape-recording of this meeting or memoranda 

regarding it." [refusal to send notes]

Thomas Melzer, 

St. Louis

"There were no tape-recordings or memoranda that were 

prepared by me or my staff regarding the October 15 

conference call. I made a few brief notes solely for my 

personal use; presumably my staff did the same." [notes 

not sent]

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Gaiy Stem, Minneapolis "Preston Miller, of our staff, made notes but I am not at | 

liberty to disclose them because they are regarded as 

information of the FOMC and are subject to restrictions 

on the disclosure of FOMC information contained in the 

Committee’s Rules Regarding Availability of Information,

12 CAR 271 (Rules)." [refusal to send notes]

| Robert D. McTeer, 

Dallas

"While I do not believe that I have any information that 

will add to what I’ve already related, I respectfully urge 

you to deal with Chairman Greenspan as the spokesman 

for the FOMC on the questions of releasing internal 

documents after the FOMC has had a chance to 

deliberate." [refusal to send notes]

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Appendix VIII

Transcripts and Memoranda

from the

Federal Open Market Committee

Arthur Burns Collection

Gerald R. Ford Library

Ann Arbor, Michigan

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Memorandum from the

Federal Open Market Committee

April 7,1976

Arthur Burns Collection

Gerald R. Ford Libraiy

Ann Arbor, Michigan

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
BOARD OF GOVERNORS

o r TMC

FE D E R A L r e s e r v e s y s t e m

Office Correspondence Apm 7.1976

To_______ Chairman Burns_______ Snbj*>gt? Examples of Potentially_____________________

Troublesome Passages in Che

From_____ Arthur L. Broida February 1975 Memorandum of Diacussic

Given below are illustrations taken from the FGMC memorandum of

discussion for February 1975 of passages which could prove troublesome If

released prenaturely. The Illustrations are divided into two groups:

(A) those which could excite curiosity and lead to requests for staff

reports or other documentation, and (B) those which could be subject

to misinterpretation.

Only one of the statements cited (No. 2 in Group B) was

released to the plaintiff in response to the recent Court order. A

number of others which might reasonably be considered to be factual

in whole or part were withheld on one of the grounds cited in our

response to the Court— mostly, on the ground that they related to

procedural matters. This Court (or some later one) may, of course,

disagree with our judgment and order the release of such statements.

A. Illustrations of statements which could excite curiosity and

lead to requests for staff reports or other documentation.

1. "...staff documents indicated that the Committee had

failed to achieve its targets for the aggregates because

of the constraints it had placed on movements in the

Federal funds rate." (p. 12)

2* "...the staff had explored several different methods of

formulating the policy alternatives, and concluded

that the current format probably was the clearest." (p. 53)

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3. "...the code used to transmit recommended changes in

discount rates was in the Federal Reserve code book

that was available to quite a few people in the System."

(p. 75)

4. "A table in the green book, for example, indicated that

the economic stimulus or net change in tax receipts in

fiscal year 1976 that would result from Administration

tax proposals amounted to $10 billion*" (p. 41)

5« "...a chart protraying the long-run growth paths for

associated with the various policy alternatives had

been included in the blue book at times in the past."

(p. 52)

B. Illustrations of statements that could be subject to misinter*

pretation.

1. "The question of the appropriate length of the lag had

been-raised from time to time by Committee members, and

after a new analysis the staff had reached the conclusion that the lag could be shortened significantly without militating against any legitimate purpose of the

Committee." (p. 11) (This passage could have proved

particularly troublesome if the Committee had decided

not to reduce the lag.)

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2. "... three of Che largest banks in his District with

whom he had contacts recently had volunteered

the information that they were continuing to pursue

very restrictive * olicies. In several major cities,

they were denying credit to borrowers who would have

been welcomed a year ago." (p. 78) (This passage

was released to plaintiff. Subsequently, one Committee member remarked that it could be interpreted

as an indication -hat the Comaittee was encouraging

restrictive lending policies when, in fact, that was

not the case at all.)

3. "...it was particularly important that whatever

differences might exist within the System be

debated around the table and not aired in public."

(P. 8)

4. "...relating to the use of the term 'non-voting

member*...there had been some little difficulty

recently because of misunderstandings that

arisen in the Congress." (p. 14)

5. "A number of other subjects of common interest to

Board members and Reserve Bank Presidents were then

discussed, including the extent to which it was appropriate for Reserve Bank Presidents to communicate

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certain types of information to the directors of

their Banks, and tu*e procedures that had been

followed in connection with a recent discount

rate action." (pp. 14-15)

6. "...it would be best if the (discount rate)

reduction followed rather than led actions abroad.

Toward that end, the Board night consult with

other central banks.... Some consultations of

that sort had occurred regarding recent reductions

in the discount rate." (p. 26)

7. "They (the directors of the Dallas Bank) had gone

along with invitations to be in the first wave of

the last two reductions in the rate..." (p. 86)

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DRAFT

April 8, 1976

TO: Federal Open Market Committee SUBJECT: The FOMC memorandum

FROM: Chairman Burns of discussion

During the special FOMC meeting held on March 29, 1976, I

indicated that I was giving serious thought to recomnending to the

Committee that the memorandum of discussion be discontinued. After

further consideration, I have decided to make that recommendation.

My conclusion reflects our experience in connection with

the recent Court order that we make "segregable facts" from the

memorandum available to a plaintiff. -The effort to comply with

the Court order in an appropriate manner required the expenditure

of a tremendous amount of time by our senior staff and a considerable amount of my own time, which I can ill-afford. Moreover, the

premature disclosure of "segregable facts" could, in some cases, do

damage to the work of the Committee— particularly if the present

Court or some later one rules that we acted inappropriately in withholding certain facts about foreign currency operations and procedural

matters.

The staff has developed a proposal for meeting the needs

now served by the memorandum of discussion in other ways. Although

I have not yet had an opportunity to study their suggestions in

detail, I believe they are worthy of consideration by the Consaittee.

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DRAFT

4/8/76

TO: Federal Open Market Comnittee SUBJECT: Proposed procedures if

FROM: The Secretariat memoranda of discussion are discontir

The purpose of this memorandum is to suggest alternative

means of serving certain n«.eds now served by the FOMC memoranda of

discussion in the event that the Committee decides to discontinue

those memoranda. Briefly, the proposal consists of the following

elements:

1. Expand the Record of Policy Actions (the Policy Record) to

include a fuller account of the considerations underlying the actions

reported there, including more information on any significant differences

of view expressed by members.

2. Expand the Minutes of Actions (which would be retitled

"Minutes of the Federal Open Market Committee") to include an

account of the considerations underlying nonpolicy (procedural)

actions, and the reasons for dissents, if any, whenever the action

is preceded by a substantive discussion and a public record appears

desirable. Like the present minutes of actions, the new minutes

would be made available for public inspection with the same delay

as the policy record— currently, 45. days.

3. Place in the Conmittee's files (with copies distributed to

the members, if desired) (a) various kinds of materials now included

in or attached to the memoranda of discussion, such as oral reports by

staff, and written reports on international meetings by Committee members;

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(b) memoranda from Che Secretariat suamarizing the considerations

underlying nonpolicy actions that are preceded by a substantive discussion but for which a public record does not appear desirable; and

(c) memoranda from the Sec: etariat sunmarizing informal Coamittee

understandings and any other developments at the meetings for which

a record is desired.

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4. Discontinue the current practice of making a permanent

record of virtually every ;tatement by every speaker on every

issue saised at a meeting;

Each element of this proposal is discussed in more detail

in the first section below, and illustrations of the suggested treatment of various types of materials are given in a series of attachments.

The question of the timing with which information of different kinds

is made public is considered briefly in the second section.

Elements of the Proposal

1. Expand the Policy Record

One purpose of the policy record is to comply with the

Freedom of Information Act for "current" publication of statements

of general policy. However, its original— and still primary— purpose

is to comply with a requirement of the Federal Reserve Act that the

Board include in its Annual Report to the Congress a statement of the

reasons underlying Coanittee actions on "all questions of policy

relating to open market operations" and the votes on such actions.

For this purpose, policy actions have long been defined as votes to

change any of the following four instruments: the domestic policy

directive; the authorization for domestic open market operations;

the foreign currency directive; and the authorization for foreign

currency operations.— ^

\J Policy actions are also published in the Federal Register in

compliance with the Freedom of Information Act. (The full text of

the policy record is incorporated by reference in the Federal Register*

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The policy record also provides information abouc Committee

decisions that do not conform to the definition of a policy action

but are believed to be of vide public interest. For example, die

one-year ranges for growt i rates in the monetary aggregates have been

reported in the policy record since they were first adopted in April

1975 in response to House Concurrent Resolution 133. A second example

is the guidelines for operations in agency issues; the original guidelines and all subsequent changes have been reported in the policy

record.

Under the proposal, more information would be provided on

the considerations underlying the policy actions and, when appropriate,

on the other decisions new included in the policy record. In reporting the reasons for the policy embodied in the domestic policy directive, for example, an effort would be made to reflect more fully the

significant differences in the concerns expressed by members and in the

specific objectives they articulated during the discussion. As at

present, the reasons for any dissenting votes would be given whenever

the dissenting members so desired.

An illustration of the manner in which such policy actions

might be reported (based on the meeting in December 1975) is shown in

Attachment A . For comparison purposes, the corresponding material

from the policy record published for that meeting is also shown in

the Attachment. The detailed report in the December memorandum of

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diacussion— which occurs on pages — is not reproduced in the

Attachment because of its length.

Attachment B illustrates the way in which the Consnittee's

discussion of the longer-run target ranges might be sumnarized in the

policy record. The illustration is based on the decision taken last

October, and the corresponding material from the published policy

record is again shown. The detailed report appears on pages ______

of the October memorandum of discussion.

2. Expand minutes of actions (retitled "Minutes of the FOMC*')

At present, the minutes of actions for a meeting consist of a

list of all actions taken by formal vote of the Committee at that meet*

±ng, including policy actions (also reported in the policy record) and

nonpolicy (procedural) actions, and the votes on each action. The

minutes include no information regarding the reasons for any of the

actions or the reasons for any dissents; for most nospolicy actions such

information.is now provided only in the memorandum of discussion.

Many of the kinds of nonpolicy actions taken by the Committee

elicit discussion only on rare occasions. These ‘include approval of

minutes, approval of the Manager's operations, agreement on date of

next meeting, agreement on tentative meeting schedule for next year,

ratification of inter-meeting actions, election of officers, and selection of a Reserve Bank to execute System transactions.

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Other kinds of nonpolicy actions, while usually handled in

a routine fashion, occasionally are preceded by discussion. These

include review and acceptance of the report of the periodic audits of

the System Account, annual review of authority to lend securities frqtu

the System Account, and annual authorization to renew standby swap

arrangements.

Still other kinds of nonpolicy actions often (or usually)

are preceded by more or less extended discussion* These include revisions in guidelines for operations in agency issues, revisions in

System Account allocation procedures, amendments to the FOMC Regulation

and Rules (of Organization, Procedure, and Availability of Information),

delegations of authority to act on Committee's behalf, authorizations

to Manager to undertake negotiations (e.g., looking toward some specified

swap line increase), approval of proposed letters (e.g., to Congressman

Paeman, responding to request for recent memoranda of discussion),

changes in the lag for release of the policy records, and agreement

on procedures for release of other kinds of information.

Although nearly all of such nonpolicy actions are unanimous,

dissents do occur occasionally. For example, Governor Bucher dissented

from a proposed letter to Congressman Patman because he thought a 5-year

lag for release of the memorandum of discussion was too long, and

Governor Coldwell dissented from the decision to reduce the lag for

the policy records from 90 to 45 days because he preferred a lag of 60 days.

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The proposal contemplates adding material to the present

minutes of actions only for nonpolicy actions for which it appears

desirable to make a public record of the Committee's reasons for

taking the action, and the reasons for any dissents (if the member

wishes to have them recorded). The present practice of simply stating the action would be continued (a) for policy actions, since they

would be explained in the policy record, (b) for nonpolicy actions of

a routine kind, since no explanation would be required, and (c) for

nonpolicy actions for which no public record is desired.

An illustration of the explanatory material that might be

provided for selected nonpolicy actions is given in Attachment C .

The illustration is based on the Committee's action in March 1975

to reduce the lag for the policy records from 90 to 45 days.

3. Place various materials in the Committee's files

The materials that would routinely be placed in the Committee's

files (with copies distributed to members, if desired) would include

(a) the Manager's and Deputy Managers' oral reports on foreign currency

and domestic open market operations; (b) oral staff reports on the

economic situation and outlook and on prospective financial developments; and (c) written reports by members or staff on international

meetings. Summaries of oral reports on other matters (e.g., reports

by Committee Counsel on status of law suits) could be treated in the

same way whenever desired.

•6*

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Similar treatment would be accorded occasional memoranda

from the Secretariat of two kinds:

A. Memoranda concerning nonpolicy actions for which it is

desired to have a permanent record but not to make that

record public by inclusion in the minutes* An illustration is provided in Attachment D . which sunmarl2es

the Committee's discussion in August 1975, when it

accepted the latest report of examination of the

System Account.

B. Memoranda concerning any other developments at meetings

for which a record is desired. These developments may

take a variety of forms, as suggested by the following

illustrative list:

1. Informal guidance to Manager (e.g., not to

accumulate foreign currencies beyond some

specific limit. , For an illustration, see

Attachment E).

2. Informal decisions, such as the following:

(a) Decisions not to take recomnended

actions. (For an illustration, see

Attachment F . relating to a staff

committee recommendation to undertake

operations in finance bills.)

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(b) Decisions to undertake procedural

experiments. (For an illustration,

see Attachment G . relating to a

"tracking experiment" in blue book.)

(c) Decisions with respect to Committee

procedures for formulating its directives and targets (e.g., discussions

of reports of Maisel and Holland SubComnittees on Directive; discussion of

procedures in response to House Concurrent Resolution 133; discussions of

relative emphasis to be placed on

and M 2) •

(d) Decisions regarding the content

of the policy record (e.g., with respect

to reporting specifications in numerical

form).

(e) Decisions with respect to responses to

lav suits against FOMC.

3. Appointment of, and charges to, subcosmittees and

staff committees.

4. Comments on, or discussions of, fundamental principles that should guide System operations (e.g.,

role of operations in coupon Issues; strategy of

foreign exchange market intervention).

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4. Discontinue practice ef making a permanent record of all

comments at meetings

The present memorandum of discussion is an inefficient

document in two respects. First, it is probably true that no essential purpose is served by preserving much of its present content.

For example, questions put to the staff, and the responses, often

involve elaborations of points made adequately in the written and

oral reports to the Committee. Also, many of such exchanges are

concerned with technical issues of only transitory interest.

Secondly, the form of the document— a largely chronological

account of an oral discussion— poses difficulties for the reader

interested in an understanding of the issues the Cosmittee faced and

the judgments it reached. To extract that information, the reader

has to carry out an analysis of those p'arts of the discussion that

interest him. Under the proposal the Secretariat would, in effect,

be making such analyses in the course of preparing the expanded

policy records, the expanded minutes, and the various proposed

memoranda to records. If this work is done skillfully, most readers

would be better served than they are now.

Some members of the Cosmittee may value the present memoranda

of discussion because they provide a record of their own remarks on

policy (or other) issues. A1 alternative means of serving that purpose would be for the Secretariat to supply the member with copies of

the transcripts of his remarks.

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Ttm-tnp with which information is made available to the public

As indicated earlier, the proposal contemplates that the

new minutes of the FOMC, like the present minutes of actions, would

be made available for publ* c inspection with the same delay as the

policy record. A Federal Court has found that the present lag of 45

days for the policy record is inconsistent with the Freedom of Information Act, and it has ordered the Comnittee to make such records available as soon as they are approved. Even if this ruling (which has been

stayed) is overturned by a higher Court, the Comnittee may decide to

reduce the lag*-perhaps to 30 days.

The proposed expansions of the policy record and minutes

would increase the amount of staff time required to prepare drafts of

these documents, and probably would also increase the frequeacey of members’

comments on drafts. Some means of expediting the drafting and clearance

of the documents obviously would be required if deadlines were shortened.

At present, shortly after each meeting the Secretariat places

on file in the Board's Public Information Office an abbreviated version of the minutes of actions— known as the "selected list of actions"—

which differs from the full minutes' mainly in excluding information on

policy decisions which are deferred for 45 days. It is presumed that

present practices with respect to the selected list of actions would be

continued. If so, the selected list would differ from the final

minutes in a second respect: it would not include the material added

to the minutes themselves with respect to reasons for nonpolicy actions

and any dissents.

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At present, the memoranda of discussion for a calendar year

are transferred to the National Archives after the close of the fifth

succeeding year. If the Committee adopts the proposal to replace the

memoranda of discussion with expanded policy records, expanded minutes,

and memoranda to records, only the last would not be in the public

domain 45 (or fewer) days after the meeting*

Attachments

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Transcripts from the

Federal Open Market Committee

March 29,1976

Executive Session

Tape 1

Arthur Burns Collection

Gerald R. Ford Libraiy

Ann Arbor, Michigan

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First of all, here's a document and ehe mount of facaaal a material

and I can see that document xkzx is not going to stay with the plaintiff, it'll

be on capital hill before very long and I cans derogatory statements that might

be made on capital hill. This is what that Connittee. They sit around, and

they what they know and the number of lata fact that they considers is

very scanty, it's a talking Committee and that would cause some *±xxk±££

mischief. Next, I became aware of a fact ±a that individual statements, you see,

can so easily lead to this or that member of the Congress to ask for documentation

which obviously must exist; and additional reports* Now, I recognize that the

tk recommendation of the Coldwell Conmittee would reduce that burden and reduce

that difficulty and that was the purpose of that Coonittee's recosmendatioo.

think

I don't/these difficulties are going to be eliminated. I see myself, unfortnuatelj

having to devote a good deal of time after the Coonittee staff has done its work,

they'll come to me f a with questions because there's a gray zone always and itfs

pretty large. I see also the very real possibility that after all that is done,

they'll be individual statements that will be picked up by members of the Congress.

or members of the press or both, that will cause us additional work and what is

worse than that, embarrassment. And therefore, I want to ponder this matter

further, but 2 weeks from today when tkax. I think die next FOMC meeting, regular

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meeting is scheduled,

Brolda 3 weeks.

CB Three weeks from today, the chances are chat I will be

recomending to the Conmittee that we do away with the aotoraodua of discussion

that we expand the policy record, so that the public will be informed rather

promptly, not only our decisions, but the reasons for our decisions, and any

shadings of . views within the Committee, Now, it means ± a break with tradition,

but so does the sanitized version that the Coldwell Ccmittee had recommended.

We live in a new world and I think we better adjust to it. I have not reached

a zfct firm decision on that— it* s a painful decision for me, but that is the

way in which my thinking is going. I mention it now to you because we'll have

to reach a decision, I say have to$ we don't, but we should, we would reach

a formal decisions at the m next meeting one way or another .That's all I have

to say.

Mayo Will there be any more information about the status of

Government in the Sunshine by that time?

CB Well, we may have a little not more information. That

isn't going well in the legislation. Our efforts to defeat it are now

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prospering. We still have chance, but ie doesn'c look very good co me. D*

you have any more detailed knowledge?

T J O C _______________________ if I may Mr. Chairman, I brought

to the Board's attention at the last meeting, the iffirtiaf __)_______of the

judiciary comnittee in a 2 day session last week, to enquiry into possible

conflicts with the existing Sunshine legislation proposal versus the administrative

procedure act, the Freedom of Informatinn Act, die Privacy Act provisions, The

Deputy Attomy General calling to the Connittee's attention several areas in which

he felt the proposed legislation if enacted in its present form conflicted with

existing provisions of law and these xother statutes. He has alteriied amendatory

language in several instances. Mr. Chairman the %xact impact of which we don't

know at this moment, but it could somewhat improve the position of the agencies,

but the Chairman, 1 think, is quite correct that substantive provisions of law

as now proposed generally requiring open meetings stand pretty well in place

and they won't be Impacted by these other amendatory proposals.

CB Well, we may have a change on the Bouse floort±f If we

do, I have excellent 2 1 3 reasons for thinking that we could help get constructive

assistance from the Senate conferees.

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Coldwell Hay I inquire Mr. Chairman the relevance of the Government:,

in the Sunshine in question with the memorandum of discussion.

CB Well, I think that that is a complicated legal question,

which involving the FOMC that Ton is still in process of studying. Is that

correct Tom?

TJOC It is sir. I can, does the Chairman wish me to comncnt at all,

I don't intend to ...

CB Depends on Mr. Coldwell, whether he wants to hear the

complications. I don1 tlx,£ he well may, and therefore he's ±* entitled to.

Coldwell Just a splash windshield opinion, Mr. O'Connell. What

do you think that we would have to yield in our memorandum*! of discussion,!

if we had at this time the Government in the IXiJU Sunshine law.

TJOC Governor, my backseat opifri on is that that would depend

one on thejfoll applicability of the Government in the Shnshine law as finally

enacted to this Conmittee. If it should be a judge fully applicable to this

Conmittee, than thus an open meeting I think, acadsnic the issue now of what

a **

form a memorandum of discussion take kmcxxx because.

— — — — — _u — — — —

you would then have to detexmine what f m poetions of that Conmittee meeting

could be closed. If closed, what portions, all having been transcribed, what

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portions could be dekted, and then back to the same game we're now

playing with the memorandum of discussion. It is involved, Mr. Chairman, that's

afc my point.

rnent

CB Any other question? Mr* Broida has an announcede&o to make>

Broida tfejve left a little foza on top of your packages for you to

indicate whether you would like these materials mailed to you at your bank or

whether you dog't want then and you'd like us to destroy them. If you check the

appropriate box, sign your name, and x leave them at your place, we'll pick x thea.

op. If you fant to caryy them with you, leave l i m it unsigned.

Coldwell If I could Mr. Chairman, I'd like us to return to this

question of the memorandum for Just a moment. I think it will be well for

members of the Committee with w h « ______ think on the problems of deleting

the memuaandum of discussion entirely, or maintaining in an abreviated or

edit form, it would seem to me that the problems which have to be addressed

in making this decision, center on 2 or 3 points. First, how much trouble

it's going to be and delete segregable facts. Second, how much staff time

and member debate would have to gp into a discussion of an enlarged policy

record, And thirdly, whether the Committee is overreacting to a potential

mischief which might be down the road, and whether to move in an anticipation

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3/29/76 Exec. Sea. Tape 1 -19-

we're

portions could be deleed, and ttmwfri Chen back co the sane game we're now

playing with the memorandum of discussion. It is involved, Mr. Chairman, that's

■k my point.

aent

CB Any other question? Mr. Broida has an announcwiptm to make.

Broida Wejve left a little fora on top of your packages for you to

indicate whether you would like these materials mailed to you at your bank or

whether you dog't want them end you'd like us to destroy them. If you check the

appropriate box, sign your name, and x leave them at your place, we'll pick m them

ttp. If you dant to caxjy them with you, leave tkmm it unsigned.

Coldwell If I could Mr. Chairman, I'd like us to return to this

question of the memorandum for just a moment. I think it will be well for

members of the Committee with ( k m _ _ _ _ _ think on the problems of deleting

the memDsandum of discussion entirely, or maintaining in an abreviated or

edit fora, it would seen to me that the problems which have to be addressed

in making this decision, center on 2 or 3 points. First, how much trouble

it's going to be and delete segregable facts. Second, how much staff time

and member debate would have to g> into a discussion of an enlarged policy

record, And thirdly, whether the Comnittee is overreacting to a potential

mischief which might be down the road, and whether to move in an anticipation

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■X of ehac mischief or wait until the mischief shows up.

CB Well, as I suspect things earlier whether or not __________

the one question Chat I think Mr. Broida would be able to answer,mji is now

Che policy record, now do you have, you send it around to members of the

Committee, do jtSi you not?

'Broida Yes sir.

CB And EMMjqai 4° you find many criticises made by members of

the Comnittee.

Broida Very, very few, Mr. Chairman. I’d say about, perhaps 8

mwx of the 1 2 , or maybe one,* occassionally 2 comments, but most of the time

we get no coanent from the .

CB Well, ± I would draw the inference from that, that if the

present memoranda .were doubled their lengths that there would be more comments

but that it would not be a huge burden on u m i i the secretariat. Is that

a fair inference?

Broida I believe so.

Coldwell Well, I would challenge that only to the extent that if

we're attempting in doubling the size of the policy record^ to obtaining the

flavor of each members' position, that it is going to p ± x n________ discussion.

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CB That isn't what I had in mind. How Governor Wallich

argued the ease for the kind of document that I have in nind. I don't think

that this policy record should identify individuals.

Coldvell I don't mean indentify.

CB I don't think ^y name, and I don't think that the

flavor of each individual's thinking should be represented. Here is .

let's say ve do it by symbols. Here is A's thinking, here is B's thinking. Now,

prevailing sentiment the divergent viewpoints, now if let us say a member of the

Comnittee felt that the policy record as prepared by the staff did not convey

the majority thinking, did not convey divergent sentiment that he ____________

that he expressed clearly to the Committee, and which is not recorded in these

a

minutes, he would suggest xka sentence or a paragraph and I would expect the

secretary to adopt it. Do you have any opinion, Mr. Wallich?

Wallich Well, A I'm wondering what would happen for instance with let

us say, complete minority points of view. One member of the Comnittee were to

hold a view totally different from others, this presumably would kapp have to

be stated. It would also be stated that there was little support for it, somethin^

that conveys the balance of the meeting.

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Transcripts from the

Federal Open Market Committee

April 20, 1976

Tape 5

Arthur Burns Collection

Gerald R. Ford Libraiy

Ann Arbor, Michigan

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Holland Well chuck, velll'll come to that in a ■ minute.

I'm truing to think now about the specification* sheet ix. The specification sheet is

not a good ke vehicle for release in my judgment because its too bold, its too bald.

They are simply numbers and none of the qualifications around jthem that appear in

the language that are used in the policy record entry. However you could pick up the

language in the policy record entry that is now used there, marry it right withthe dire

the staff has already done experiments in that fashion and produce I think an acceptabl

kind of version. Now the reason for not voting and then just telling.the staff putting

them into the policy record entry I believe is a reason that looks forward to the kinds

of pressure this committee may be under from courts and from citizensry in terms of

making information available. Formal vote information may indeed be pryed out of you a

some stage sooner than.the reasons therefore. And it is the development of the reason

and the back ground therefore that make the policy record late, late--in terms of 30 or

45 days, whatever the Committee decided to do. Therefore it seems to me the Committee

would be well advised to adopt these numbers in a form where it would not feel eabarras

or open to misinterpretation if indeed they were pryed out of us on the very afternoon

the meeting and by folding them into the policy record the language would be acceptable

CB Afternoon, I'm just not following you. If they were prjed out of u

on the afternoon of the meeting. This is on the assumption of this court decision?

4/20/76 T«P« 5 -19-

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Transcripts from the

Federal Open Market Committee

April 20,1976

Executive Session

Tape 8

Arthur Bums Collection

Gerald R. Ford Libraiy

Ann Arbor, Michigan

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jn>fyr saxkcertaln coses Is eucclng out the aeaoraaium of discussion in

terns of implications to others on the outside that we're being nore jnbjeefr

C^stofTif you want ? to put it that way, that this Is a deviaus way ■£ to

get±> around the law.

CB That depends how we present It. Nov I would want to present

this, I would want to nake a virtue of this, and never mind how we arrived

at it. We were not seeking virtue for the sake of virtue, I'm not going to

argue that, but if let us say we decide to drop the memorandum of discussion,

vx±±/right than we're doing away with an instrument of secreeyx retained

in the Archives for a period of 5 years. We have a policy record and that

policy record Is now going to be very much fuller than it was, so the public

all

will be Informed promptly and much* more fully, that's another n virture.

A third as we go along with— If wc-^umb the second suggestion, you see,

cutting the teal rate, that goes further in that direction and I would

present it as a deliberatfeca attempt on the part of the Fedeaal Reserve

to rid itself of the perenial charge of secrecy. I think that's the way

to It

±£ftx/presentz*/to the public. Historically, it didn't arise that way,

that's true, but I think that is not an? unfair interpretation.

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Transcripts from the

Federal Open Market Committee

May 18,1976

Executive Session

Tape 1

Arthur Burns Collection

Gerald R. Ford Libraiy

Ann Arbor, Michigan

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Exec. Ses.

5/18/76 Tape 1 -7-

jc does seem to ■* thaC ic kinda °* **“* * great deal of the material that .is

familiar to every reader of Che newspapers who know GNP was such, employment was

such »"** so forth, now It's interesting to somebody who studies these matters

carefully to know what information the Coonittee had, that could easily be

accomplished by saying information was available up to such and such a date.on

particular..

CB That wouldn't help/historian very much* It would make his

eask much more difficult.

Walllch Yes, but the general reader of this . such a

reader is really very familiar with all the data that axe in that record besides

their release with a dealy of 30 days or what ever, so that they are not even a

useful way for him to recapitulate this information. The interesting information

for the reader, I think, is £■ what the projections were of the staff_____________,

that's new information. My suggestion is that we emphasize the latter and

deestphasize the former.

CB I follow the trend of thinking and I don't think I

wholly agree for 2 reasons. One is purely formal. We're describing this

docuaent as an expanded policy record. We're providing more information fhgn in the

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past. And that is partly Che Justification for eliminating the memorandum of

discussion. Mow on the basis of this concept the document should be longer,

you *ee» muat ^e longer, and this is a formal consideration ehat cannot be

neglected, and we need some additional pages. Now as for the information that

Is contained about the economy, well, I Chink you credit individuals who follow

the Federal Reserve with more knowledge than I think nany of then really have.

&

1 chink ic's a useless sumnary. Those who feel ChaC It merely repeats that which

they already know will have no difficulty skipping paragraphs or pages. Those

on the other hand, who may find such a recapitulation useful, or it find ChaC

chey derive new knowledge— knowledge for che first time will have an opportunity

to be insCrucCed fully. And therefore, while I understand these eridcisms, I

chink ChaC if anything chis document maybe criticized on the ground, coming back

to my first formal polxit, ChaC 1C is not long enough. Now when this document

was first shown Co me, it was hardly longer, or just about a page or two longer—

2 pages longer Chan a policy record was in che pasC. And 1 Cold members of the

staff, well thac will not dox. I'm not going to t n i tell you how to add additional

Chat

pages, and I*m cercainly not going Co say chac we should do anything /remotely

resembles padded, but produce several additional pages.

5/18/76 Tape I -8 -

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Transcripts from the

Federal Open Market Committee

January 17,1977

Tape 2

Arthur Burns Collection

Gerald R. Ford Libraiy

Ann Arbor, Michigan

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yteard about these rules; I don't know where they are now. Whether I for one am

satisfied with them or not, I don't know. However, Tom O'Connell has worked on

or may

rules and perhaps you can indicate where they stand. This may/not give me an opportuc

to say that there are insufficiently inaudible.

TJOC Under the circumstances, I should say we started with this and we'r

now about this. That's about all I can say Mr. Chairman. More directly, the Board has

legal..*..

But

CB /ve have to live within the law. But you know there are ways of

turning this into a grand ceremony or dealing vith/^n way that satisfies the law,

O y j

but not obstructing Board business. In taking Board timef-'iAnr— t*naia(7-) o?

procedures.

TJOC I trust that the document that is finally before the Board

subject to some continuing amendments to make more simple and less obtrusively

provisions of that regulation, will soon be considered by the Board. The regulations

m o c t t,

I think I can say President Eastbum, pretty well follow the m w < ~ . mandated statute.

What we've done is to put in regulatory form the substantive and procedural requiremen

of the statute as they apply particularly to the Board and its mode of meeting

1/17/77 Tape 2 -11-

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operation, providing for open meetings, closed meetings, and the perallel requirements

of the preparation of transcripts or minutes, depending on the type of meeting that's

closed. And otherwise providing for the procedural identified step of noticing the

advance requirement for notice of the meeting, the votes and so forth. I hope that

they closely adhere to the statute and that they don*t go beyond that. Thus following

the mandate the Chairman has given in the adoption of them.

CB You might indicate what kindjof meetings will be open to the

public.

TJOC At this time the regulations clearly contemplate that matters

v

dealing with consumer affairs, by their nature, will be open to the public. Otherwise,

the Board's regulation^ announce its intent to close such meetings as are allowed in the

/JLilk'f

other 9, Peadtnfe 10, total 10 exemptions of the statute. It is contemplated that on th

whole more, I believe, more meetings of the Board will be closed than will be open,

although there are specific subject matters that, subject to approval pr adoption by

the Board will be open to the public. The OSCA type meetings, being an example of thexs

CB I think the Bank Presidents would be especially interested in the

question, whether matters that come before Mr. Coldvell's cosmittA* involving Federal

1/17/77 T«P« 2 -12-

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1/17/77 T«P« 2 -13-

b«

Reserve Banks in general, would/handled in open session or in dosed session, whether

Federal Reserve Bank budgets would be handled in open or in closed session, could you

address this range eiteee^jf. d

TJQC I could Mr. Chairman, taking the specifics for instance of a

personnel action within a Reserve Bankyunder procedures is normally presented to this

0 * /

Board for confirmation*^ approval. It is hoped that by definition of the exemption

for personnel matters, which is found in the statute, that such discussions by the

Board could be closed. The issue of a Reserve Bank budget, there is no straight exempt.

U^S

for an agencies budget or for a Reserve Bank budget, as woald be the case here, for

*

closing such a meeting. However, depending on the nature of Che item in the budget

being discussed, for instance, if it involved or contemplated the acquisition of fefaar

a building site, and so forth. Item^such as that we find, we believe, could under

one of the exemptions, such as section 9 (b) for premature disclosure could place the

agency at an operating disadvantage. We will look for such closure possibilities.

CB Let me indicate this too. If Federal Reserve Bank budgets were

to be handled in an open meeting, then our public image, if nothing elsejwould require

that we devote a good full day to ujiiiiiiri'wrfTVn of those budgets. Otherwise, ve'/'simply

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1/17/77 Tape 1 -14-

U P

rubber scamping what jjL a Comaiccee had£ and we're not do ins our job,

Jackson It is mostly likely that the Conmittee aeetlng would be open too

under those circumstances.

CB How 1 hope you would do more research on that question because

the Board does not have that such time. It's largely the Conoitte^s job. The

traditionally hasYspent a day on the budget. Nov maybe we should, but if we spend a

hat^/we don'tday that}/ve don't have too much time. You know that this Is a very hard working

Board.

that

TJOC Well, Mr. Chairman, I believe/Govemor Jackson's point was that

if that particular budget examination were done by a Committee of the Board, that if

the Board were required to have an open session so would the Committee. I believe that

was the point he was making.

CB Well then maybe the Conmittee ought to be a smaller Conmittee.

TJOC It's possible. If it were a Conmittee, for instance, a one-man

Committee together associated with staff of the agency, rather than 3 members of the

Board, I believe that it escapes the definitional impact of the statute and would not

be subject to the Sunshine Act.

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CB Suppose that we have a recoomendation such as we had from the

Mew York Bank, the Kansas City Bank, concerning new computers, now would chat have

to come before the Board in open session?

TJOC Mr. Chairman, the natter presently to the best of my understanding

is delegated to the Bank Activities Coamittee for Initial detemination and a recosmendatlon to this Board.

Coldwell The final determination if its within our Units.

TJOC Final determination by the subcommittee within a certain dollar

OIL

limit. If it came within that dollar limit, thus the decision could be made fig delegatee

authority by the Coamittee, the Coamittee would first have to ask, must this be open

to the public. Its the matter of the purchase of equipment. If there were nothing in

that consideration Mr. Chairman, the disclosure of which at that time would jeopardize

the ability of the Coamittee to direct and achieve a purchase within a given dollar

amount and it wouldn't adversely effect the competitive -fegust of such proposal, it

would have *> be open to the public.

CB What about the question of general level of salary increases or

a guideline for salary Increases within our Federal Reserve Banks?

1/17/77 T*P« 2 - 15-

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TJOC Two possible exanptions from open meeting Mr. Chairman. Very

briefly one under exenption 2 relating solely to the internal personnel rules and

practices of an agency. We would have to urge that a discussion of that matter insofar

C7?’<*

as it relates to the banks, comes within this exemption because UfaL ft System

and that this being back personnel matters is also an agency personnel matter, namely

of the Board. If that were to fail I would next turn to section 9(b) that says, you

may keep a meeting closed if in the case of an agency, disclosure would likely to

significantly frustrate implementation of a proposed agency action. If by open discuss

of this issue of salaries, namely, the level which we are going to establish them,

what we perceive to be the market level, we were to thus bring into play competitive

forces that made it necessary for us to raise those salaries or otherwise, adversely

effect our action^ ^t's possible we could close the meeting, otherwise, it would have

to be open.

^Vuluker jnSfr answer/this Mr. Chairman, is)have one open and then nobody

would show up after that.

Gardner Well, we haven* t discussed regulatory matters and a good deal of

this Board's time is spent on regulatory decisions, and Ten I Relieve because of the

1/17/77 Tape 2 -1«-

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1/17/77 Tape 2 -17-

nature of such decisions ehac v those meetings.

CB Except on consumer areas*

Gardner I'm talking about a bank holding company application, some matter

involving individual institutions*

TJOC

case, such items could be

I have no reason to believe Governor Gardner that in almost every

r ? —y ild be [the subject to closed meetings. There is a requirement in There is a requirement in

the statute that goes beyond the conduct of the meeting itself, namely, as to either

the transcript that is prepared or that the meeting is closed pursuant to one of four

specific exemptions, you had minutes instead of a transcript. Any meeting that is

close pursuant to section 7, 8, 9(a), and 10, you may have minutes. If those minutes

or the transcript are later found to contain nonseasitive items, that is, conversations

references, or innlusions that were not subject to closure, that portion of the transcript or the minutes must be made promptly available to the public. Nov that contains

caution for the Board and for the FOMC should it come -e»t/statute. The result would be

le meeting, but imaediately you must review the transcript to determine

whether portions must be made available to the public.

Partee Tom you didn't mention transcript when you were talking in terms

of the possible implications of the Conmittee coming under— is thadbecause the

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exanp cions make Che minutes possible?

TJOC That's correct.

Partee In boch eases?

TJOC The nature of our closing exemptions would make eh* minuces Che

name of the game.

Parcee Buc again you'd have the quesdon of sensitive and nonsensitive

parts in the minutes.

TJOC Yes you would,

Coldwell You have another question which I probably can answer myself,

but maybe I'd beeter get some guidance. If you have a consent calendar item, that Is

just as much as a decision as a regular calendar item.

TJOC Under the present format of the Board's operation Governor, thac

is correct. It's possible, and this would be up to the Board and the Chairman, it's

possible that consent calendar items can be because their nature largely a circularize*

whac

Cion function as much as/was formerly known as a consent calendar. That could chus

remove those from any form of Board agenda.

Coldwell So you don't have a Board meeting?

1/17/77 T«p« 2 -18“

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1/17/77 T«P« 2

U P C That** correct. If they were the only items, and the Board

adopted that method of circulating to the Board members for reading and for initial

approval, the discussions in Congress indicated this is perfectly appropriate.

Coldvell Also dangerous.

CB Mr. Coldwell, have you given any attention to these rules that the

staff is working on2

Doldwell Yes.

CB ZfS/K. .

Coldvell Governor Gardner, Mr. Allison, and I spent a couple of hours on

%

this subject just prior it i /TkJll&AUi .

CB I hope youjfind ways of dealing with Federal Reserve Bank problems

so that as fev of them as possible need to be handled in open session.

Coldvell J X/u/yX tV t .

CB You think you've already done that.

Codldwell Well, ve're headed in that direction. I'll let the Vice Chairman

on that subject.

Gardner We have a plan. The problem is Mr. Chairman that as you know,

If a Committee regardless of its size is delegated to act for the Board, th^Ei it

IV

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Mf

becomes subject to Sunshine by Chat delegation. So we are working on alternative ways.

Now a number of the Board comnitteea, in fact, the majority do not have delegated

authority, and they can meet without violating any law in closed session because

they're only advisers or what have you.

CB sUU; this question about Federal Reserve budgets disturbed

me because these budgets are worked out very extensively by our staff. They're worked

on very extensively by Coldwell's Conmittee. I work on it to some degree with

Mr. Coldwell outside the Board room. The amount of time that has been spent by the

Board as a whole on Federal Reserve Bank budgets hasn't been large because of all

of these preparatory steps. All right, now you have an open meeting and there maybe

some newspaper fellows there and Gardner’s common cause, and what's this Ralph Nader's

crowd, and what.not. Here let us say we take up a budget cooing to $600 million plus,

an

and we do that within / hour, and well we'd look very bad. Therefore, if that were

the case I would consider it my duty to just stretch it.out over a day# w ? H that's

terrible. Th^a we'd look good or reasonably good in Mr. Nader's eyes, but v^destroy

or reduce our effectiveness. Now there must be an answer to that. Well we have enoug

ingenuity in this room I think to find the answer, bat Z don't think we have found it

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Transcripts from the

Federal Open Market Committee

February 15,1977

Executive Session

Arthur Burns Collection

Gerald R. Ford Library

Ann Arbor, Michigan

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2/15/77 Executive Session

Burns Good rooming gentlemen, I was just about to apologize

for being late and I am sorry but I had a breakfast meeting and I couldn't get

colleague

away on time but a calisgiii of ours suggested that this might be a 10 minute 

neeting and in view of his wise pronouncement I am not going to apologize.

But I am sorry *o be late. I think as you all know we have a we've planned a 

luncheon to honor one of our colleagues Lyle Gramley who has left the Federal 

Reserve but has not left this city. The we will begin this meeting being in 

Executive session with a report by Mr. O'Connell who *111 recommend to the 

Coomitteee that the FOMC agree that the meetings of the FOMC are not covered 

by the Sunshine act. Now just a word of introduction This 1s the finding by 

Mr. O'Qonnell and he has done a very extensive research on the subject his 

conclusion is firm. I have bewn keenly aware of the fact that this conclusion 

if adopted by the Committee could cause us some difficulty on Capital Hill, because 

some members of the Congress interested in the SwtshH Sunshine law apparently have 

been under the Impression that the FOMC is covered. And I've been a little concerned 

about the finding by our counsel on the ground that some member of the Congress 

interested in this subject might propose an amendment to the Sunshine law n under 

which we might loose the two amedements we want. We fought hard to win and we final!v

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
did win at the last session of the Congress. And therefor* I have discussed this 

subject with considerable care with Senator Ribbicoff, Senator Percy, Senator Childs 

Congressman Brooks* Congressman Thesell and I have also talked this over in length 

with John Gardner of common cause. And as you may know, John Gardner and his group 

played a very important role in getting this legislation 1n action. And I wanted to 

aake sure that this fuM finding by our counsel 1s not Interpreted first as a 

circumvention of law and second that there will be or may not be a move 1n the 

Congress to amend the Sunshine Act. These conversations with the members of the Congre 

have gone well and they understand the position that Mr. O'Connell has reached which 

I am reconmenting that the Committee adopt. We don't have any actual assurance 

that there will not be congressional action but as of today I have no reason to u p 

expect it. That’s all by way of introduction and the floor 1s yours Tom.

O'Connell Mr. Chairman the members of the committee, I believe , have

received advanced to the meeting Memorandum of law as set forth as the Chairman has 

indicated the conclusion that I have reached on researching this issue. And 

accompanying that memorandum was a proposed statement of policy that I have recommende 

and with concurrence with the Chairman the language has been adopted for the Cornnitte 

study that would set forth as published the Committee’s statement in view if the n u i

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concurrs and the position that I reconmend Hay I take just a few brief moments and 

restate in sumnary form, what I believe is a sustainable position with reference 

to the outcome of the steady of the steady done. The Issue of course Is whether 

or not the statutory language per se of the legislative history of the statute 

can reasonably be red so as to exclude u from its coverage the FOMC. As you have 

read in the memorandum page position guide certanly by definition of the term 

agency which 1s contained 1n the statute there are three basic tests that an agency 

must meet as to whether or not it's covered. Then one, 1s whether or not it's an 

agency as 1n that statute. The Comnian agency, secondly

whether that agency membership 1s composed of ( 3 body through a more

enforced Conmittee meets that requirement test. AiwSfcaiStlrd whether or not the 

members of such collegial bodies two or more in number have been appointed to such 

position by the President of the United States at the advice and consent of the 

Senate. If that final test is met the agency is covered. And of course it is on 

tht last third criteria that I have taken the position the FOMC is not covered. But 

the simple reason that of the body composed, the Board Membefs, of course, are 

appointed to the Board by the President by the advise and consent of the Senate, 

but they are ex officio members of this Committee by statute members of the Board

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as

are designated tax members of the FOMC and of course at any given point in time the 

five serving Presidents are not appointed by the President with the advise and cons* 

of the Senate. So the houses d ux body does not meet the so-called agency test with 

the meaning of the statute. Nor, in my judgment, is the FOMC In any sense to be cor 

to be the subdivision of the agency, which is also component part of that pultun 

definition. On examination, there is no function performed by this Conmittee that 

can be said to be the result of or the direct follow-up of the delegation of 

authority m under the Board Conmittee. It’s principle function are defined by

statute and by ia some regulations issued pi pursuant to that statute. The 

Conmittee is a functioning agency for other purposes and within the meaning above 

the law. The Conmittee knows it is an agency within the mean of the administrative 

procedure act—which is to USC. The Conmittee is an agency and had has

taken that position with respect to the freedom of information act. But for purpose 

of the Sunshine Act I am perfectly well satisfied that the start the

composition of the Conmitte as explained by statute, viewed in the light of the 

definition of agency within the Sunshine Act reasonably postures the Committee is nc 

being covered by that act. I cite in my memorandum of long, Mr. Chairman and member 

of the Committee, statutory reference to the historical point as this bill was goinc

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
through the Congress that support this position. One such being the extract contained 

in the m e m o r a n d u m of an exchange by Miss Abzug sponsored bill in the House when asked 

•by a m e m b e r of the c * m * u s Congress as to the actabillty of the term “agency" 

and she very clearly stated that the test of agency status 1s the definition itself 

And she gabe an example of ihexMC an ex officio status of an tug agency that 

w o u l d not be covered by the act for the simple reason that the members wene not 

appointed to such position by the President. Although she admitted that they were 

a p p o i n t e d to another position by the President, 1 t was the body of which the question 

raised statute's actability that was the test that's faming forming that same 

rational that we shall have. I must admitt, and the Comnittee members have seen 

and have had a chance to look at the memorandum. There 1s iiwx contrary legislative 

i history in the form of the debates on the floor of the house. But I point out that 

on careful study, I hixi adjudge those quoted portions of the debates to have 

assumed the status of coverage for the FOMC and then to have discussed other collatera"

issues such as who is a member assuming that the agency is covered. Such as the right 

a

to close the meeting and withhold a transsript. In that exchange 1t was assumed that 

the FOMC was acini ntn mentioned 1n these two or three phases. The sentence carried 

was something like the FOMC, it can close Its meetings so 1t was a stated assumption

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without Itimized evaluation of the language and statutes. Overall I adjudge the

iegiiiatiaaz . legislative history to balance in favor of a position now taken by

thus recomnending the position tk tz that is contained in the memorandum. Aad as

r e f l e c t e d in the statement policy. The recommendation for adoption of that statement

I submit that it has been very carefully pxtpuiixl prepared to adhere as closely

as possible to the language of the statute without the exageration of the statement

operated

of the Conmittee of its position that upon examination of Its own apxiletf procedures 

the Conmittee has determined that Its present procedures, If continued ■ to be foil owe 

even though it demurs from the position of legal technical coverage by statutes, in 

fact there is a compliance of the spirit of the Sunshine Act. And more particularly 

the fact that the Conmittee under Its present practice releases its recordx of the 

policy actions roughly a month following each of the respective meetings. And as now 

written and as has been expanded on the Committee's action of several months ago is a 

very x full explanative text that when viewed as compared with coverage by the 

Sunshine Act where the Conmittee could under the technical terms of that Act which 

hold major portions, 1f not all certain transcripts for months even a year or whatever 

periid the Conmittee determined under the particular exemption required further hoidin 

as its now written there Is baslcly nothing that is withheld per se in the narrative

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2/15/77 " *

contained in the record of policy action which Is released about a aonth ax after the

aeetlng. So Jn that sense, and as the Chairman has advised each of tm the members of 

Congress with whom we earlier were eluded , we feel that there Is 11 full deliverance

In the spirit of the Sunshine Act and that we can go forward In that spirit and that

we are not in any sense cutting short the rights of the public with respect to the

Sunshine Act. Hr. Chairman, I think that Is roughly those are the points I wanted

to cover

Mr. Chairman, does the emphasis that we're placing on this argument 

on whether or not members of the FOMC are appointed by the President, confirmed by the 

senate, does that strengthen Mr. Royce's position that on the piixl appointment of 

Reserve Bank Presidents, and will that stimulate further efforts, you think on his 

part based on this Government in the Sunshine issue to try to force through Congress 

h the bill that he was unable to get out of the Committee last year. Is that 

Burns Let me make an introductory comment and then turn the legal question

over to Mr. O'Connell. The all that we intend to release to the public is the statemen 

of policy described as attachment B rather than the lengthy legal opinion that has 

been developed by Tom O'Connell. I think the legal opinion is a document to this 

Committee and there is no Intention to release that. Tom would you be good enough to

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2/15/77 ^

nTonne 11 Mr. R°°s ^ ' s » as ^ ou we^ *cnow ^ ' s d iffic u lt to respond to what

will triger Mr. Royce into further action. At the present time in the pfesent setting

of the pleedings of the Royce suit , it is now on appeal and I should advise the

Comnittee that at this time mix the burden is on Hr. Royce's counsel to file his brief

in support of his appeal. As of last night he had not filed the brief so I don't knov

particularly the points he would make. It is possible if he knew of this content he

could addresss himself in some just position urging the thesis of this position

thought

as against us. I have talked this out I have discussed It with njy colleagues 

none of us, including myself .are in the i view that it offers a position

that would weaken the Royce suit. I am not aware, really, of any rational. It is 

possible he could attempt to interpret the Sunshine Act.

Burns Yes Mr. Black

Black Tom, is it possible we might do that all the time, not issuing

our statement of position but the other actions which we worked on under the 

Government in the Sunshine Act.

O'Connell I am sorry Bob I didn't hear the last part, excuse me.

Black I was just saying is it possible that it would be better if we

did not adopt the first part of the reconinendation issueing a statement that we

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
don't think we have covered first merely acting as If we were.

O'Connell 1 have an °Pinion on tha* President Black. To the contrary

I believe that our position is far better secured by the Issuance of a statement 

policy of the nature I have recomnended similar to our action by the Board with 

respect to the labor position several years ago when we issued a statement of policy 

with respect to the System's position on labor management. In this case I have had 

calls from a number of public interest groups, I have had calls from the Hill, from 

the editors of two newspapers stating an assumption that the recently published 

Board regulations Mri under Sunshine as they were released here some two weeks ago 

were seeming to cover the FOMC. Do they cover it. and my n response has been 

that the matter of coverage of the sunshine act has yet to be determined by the 

Committee and shortly we would announce the position. I am concerned that if we 

don't published a statement of policy in which we forthrightly set forth the 

Committee's position and explain at the same time equal exposure as if covered, we 

will have either law suits compeling the publication of regulation or a constant 

demand when they hit at us where are a regulation. This will at least serve that 

purpose so the public will know there will not be regulations covering the FOMC.

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2/15/77 ,u^

Burns There 1s an additional comment we've been advised by two of the

men whom I mentioned, very influential. Greatly Involved 1n this legislation to 

put out such a statement of policy.

Gardner, Tom isn't 1t true that we cannot pretend that we are covered by the

FOHC because part of the rather by the Sunshine Act because a part of what you have 

to do is public regulations, if in fact you are covered by the Sunshine Act. We have 

Already gone past the date on that.

O'Connell Well, Governor, you point is well taken sitting now at the 14 of the

nonth. If we were to issue today a proposed regulation covering the Coranittee and 

allowed 30 days as required by law we are then at March 14 to days subsequent to the 

release date. Better late than never would be the attitude we have to exhibit. I 

urge that at this time if we are sued following issuance if the Conmittee adopts 

the statement of policy and a court were to require us then to cover under Sunshine 

and we issued the regulation we'd be even that much more late, so the matter of a few 

days I think w probably wouldn't be at all decisive. I should say, Mr. Chairman and 

Governor Gardner's question I have great difficulty, I believe I menti

In a previous Coirmittee meeting in lightly recommending that this conmittee adopt

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
the position of coverage when there is clear apparence of noncoverage for the reason 

that I don't know the administrative capabil1ty- under law of an agency taking to itself 

the coverage of a statute where it Implies, and as a matter of fact, expressly involves 

cutting of the time in which the agency has to answer a suit under the law. It gives 

jurisdiction in many courts of law that otherwise would not have jurisdiction over this 

Conmittee if it were an ordinarily law suit. It renders certain of the rights of this 

Comnittee negative by law, and I don't believe that the Counittee has the right as a 

matter of law to adopt these positions this thus covering up otherwise 

towards rights. So that it would take an act of Congress or a declaration by a court 

of law in my judgment to cover us under this law.

Burns There is one there are two supplementary observations that I would

make. One is that the point that Tom has just made, was made, Tom accompanied me 

to the meetings with the legislators and Tom developed this legal point in grave detail 

and the members of the Congress with whom we met were very much impressed by it. That 

point number one, Point number two if the mood should develop within the Congress to 

amend the sunshine ■ law on the ground that here is a loophole and the loop hole ought 

to be closed. If the move 1f a serious move along these lines developed, then I might 

very well come before the Committee and suggest that we take the step of declaring

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Transcripts from the

Federal Open Market Committee

August 16,1977

Tape 7

Arthur Burns Collection

Gerald R. Ford Library

Ann Arbor, Michigan

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ought to It and see what happens because we don't want lac the key to the

kingdom being taken in case to court. 

f r-*,J Why don't we do what Tom suggested, Mr. Chairman, and £fy*show

? * •

another shot at dol ing them out in effect. Seeing whether he can get any clear 

'indication of whether or not they intend to take it to court before we make a 

decision in a vaccuum.

K b r J jJ

fiaHnor I think that more likely]inspire them to take it to court.

Gentlemen I want to make these points. When I c m considered this matter first 

with Mr. Broida, I did not consider it in the context of what the Chairman has 

just described. I thought about it a good deal, I want to also try to reinforce 

the point I made. Those of us who sit at this Board are fully experienced in

k a m

the tyrrjany of a recorded meeting. And eat meeting discission are inhibited 

Now during those FOMC meetings in 72, 73, 74, and 75, you had no such experience. 

You knew perhaps that your memorandum of discussion would be prepared and released 

five years later. We sit here with a green light, I don't see it thisacxi morning 

It Inhibits us as a Board of Governors. We're fully subject to in Sunshine and

• mm

my experience with the discussions that take place^ and I have not reviewed those 

five years of minutes that will eventually become available^ l/ead me to believe

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
that the proper course of action is not to do a disservice to those who sat

on those Committees over those years and spoke their minds with only the con^i*-;- 

knew

that they ae* their thoughts might be fully disclosed five years later. And 

suddenly rush into court or rush into the New York Times with five years of 

FOMC discussion. Now

4 * ^

Does 5 months difference make, is it all that much differ^^

Burns Yes, but that 5 months applies to the other way too. Why

7

can't they have patience for another reason, 5 months. Why? But they are going 

to get it by January, why can't they be patient? Why should we deviate from t 

rule that we've established,in a political environment that could lead to mlschieas far as interpretation of this Board's action is concerned.

J " <■* l o U« In the first place, I think, I'll pick up Phill's remarks

0

I think times havfe changed since 4 years 7 months ago. We've had two very

significant pieces of legislation that both say that this ■ is no longer

appropriate, this keeping things for 5 years.

Burns Well, now, but your statement is inaccurate.

1 •, •

Well, we have Sunshine in Government and we have the Freedom

of Information ACT.

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