IN T H E S U P R E M E C O U R T O F M IS S IS S IP P I

N O . 2 0 1 2 -C T -0 1 2 1 8 -S C T

M A T T H E W B U R N H A M

v.
D A N A B U R N H A M

O N W R IT O F C E R T IO R A R I

D A T E O F JU D G M E N T : 0 6 /2 6 /2 0 1 2 T R IA L JU D G E : H O N

. D A V ID S H O E M A K E T R IA L C O U R T A T T O R N E Y S : JO H N D . S M A L L W O O D

T H O M A S T . B U C H A N A N D A V I D A L A N P U M F O R D C O U R T F R O M WH IC H A P P E A L E D : C O V IN G T O N C O U N T Y C H A N C E R Y C O U R T A T T O R N E Y S F O R

A P P E L L A N T : JO H N D . S M A L L W O O D

T H O M A S T . B U C H A N A N A T T O R N E Y F O R

A P P E L L E E : D A V I D A L A N P U M F O R D N A T U R E O F T H E C A S E : C IV IL - D O M E S T IC R E L A T IO N S D I S P O S IT IO N : A F F IR M E D IN P A R T , R E V E R S E D IN P A R T A N D R E M A N D E D - 1 1 /1 2 /2 0 1 5 M O T IO N F O R

R E H E A R IN G F IL E D : M A N D A T E IS S U E D :
E N B A N C

D I C K IN S O N , P R E S ID IN G J U S T IC E , F O R T H E C O U R T : ¶1

. O n e p a r ty to th is irreco n cilab l e-d if f e ren ces d iv o rce ap p eals th e ch a n cello r ’s aw a rd

o f ch ild su p p o rt a n d eq u itab le d istrib u tio n o f m arital p r o p e rty

. We f in d t h e ch an cello r’s

aw ard o f c h ild su p p o rt w as su p p o rted b y t h e e v id en ce, an d w e af f irm in th at resp ect. B u t
b ecau se th e c h an c ello r’s p rope r t y di s trib u tio n rested o n sev eral f actu al f in d in g s u n su p p o rted
b y th e ev id en c e at trial, w e rev erse an d rem an d f o r a n ew p ro p erty

d istrib u tio n

.F A C T S A N D P R O C E D U R A L H IS T O R Y

¶2

. A f ter a tw elv e-y ear m arriag e, M atth ew an d D an a B u rn h a m a g r eed to a d iv o rce b ased

o n irreco n cilab l e d if

f eren c es, th at D a n a w o u ld tak e p rim ary p h y sical cu s to d y o f th eir t w o

m in o r c h ild ren

— A u d r ey an d M attily n

— an d to a v i s i t a t i o n s ch ed u le f o r M atth ew

. T h e

p arties ask ed th e c h an cello r t o d eterm in e ch ild su p p o rt, in su ran ce co v erag e, d istrib u tio n o f

m arital p ro p erty , an d w h eth er th e p arties w o u l d sh are leg a l cu sto d y o f th e ch ild ren

. ¶3

. A f ter a trial, th e ch an cello r o rd ered M atth e w to p ay $ 6 0 0 p er m o n th in ch ild su p p o rt,

n o tin g th at th e am o u n t w as b ased o n an ag reem en t o f th e p arties. H e also o r d ered M atth ew

t o p ay all p ro p e rty tax es, m ain tain h o m eo w n e r’s in su ran ce f o r t h e m arital h o m e, an d t o

p ro v id e h ealth , d en tal, an d lif e in su ran c e f

o r th e ch ild ren

. ¶4

. T h e c h an c ello r aw a rd ed D an a u se an d p o ssessio n o f th e m arital h o me v a l u e d a t
$ 2 5 5 ,0 0 0

. H e o rd ered t h at th e h o me b e h eld u n t il t h e y o u n g e st ch ild reach ed th e ag e o f

m aj o r ity , an d th en so ld , w i th D a n a receiv i n g s ev en t y -f i v e p ercen t o f th e p r o c e e d s

. H e

aw ard ed t h ree o th e r p ieces o f real p ro p erty

— w i th a co m

b in e d v alu e o f $ 1 1 9 ,3 5 0

— to

M atth ew , to b e s o ld at th e s am e tim e as th e m arital h o m e, w ith M atth ew receiv in g sev en ty

f iv e p ercen t o f

th e p ro c eed s. ¶5

. D a n a also receiv e d a 2 0 0 8 S u b u rb an , v alu e d at $ 2 7 ,0 0 0 ; h er R o th IR A , v alu ed at
$ 1 ,2 2 6 .8 7 ; an d h alf o f M atth ew ’ s P E R S r e t irem en t acco u n t— $ 2 0 ,5 8 2 .2 0 , an d a M ississip p i

D e f erred C o m

p e n sat i o n acco u n t— $ 3 3 ,3 2 9 .2 7

— w h en th ey b ecam e av ailab le f o r
d istrib u t i o n

. M a tth ew receiv ed h is IR A , v alu ed at $ 7 3 0 .6 7 ; a 2 0 0 3 F 2 5 0 tru ck , v alu ed at
$ 5 ,0 0 0 ; a 2 0 0 0 S u b u r

b an , v alu ed a t $ 5 ,0 0 0 ; as w ell as th e rem ain d er o f h is P E R S an d

2M ississip p i D ef erred C o m

p en satio n acco u n ts. H e also w as o r d e r e d t o p a y all m arital
d eb t— a m o rtg ag e an d h o m e eq u ity lin e o f c r ed i t, a f arm lo an , an d a s tu d en t lo an

— to talin g $ 2 2 5 ,4 7 2 .7 9

. S o , in to tal, th e ch an cello r aw a rd e d D an a a ssets w o rth a to tal o f $ 3 0 3 ,2 2 5 .8 4

an d M atth ew assets an d d eb ts am o u n tin g to a n e t v alu e o f n eg ativ e $ 7 ,5 6 8 .1 5

. ¶6

. M atth ew ap p ealed th e ch an cello r’s eq u itab le-d istrib u tio n an d ch ild

- su p p o rt aw ard s ,

an d t h e M ississip p i C o u rt o f A p p eals a f f irm e d o n reh earin g

. 1 M atth ew p e titio n ed th is C o u rt
f o r w rit o f certio rari, w h ich w e g ran ted , an d w e n o w af f irm th e aw ard o f ch ild s u p p o rt, b u t

rev erse an d rem an d f

o r a n ew eq u itab le d istrib u tio n o f m arital p ro p erty

. S T A N D A R D O F R E VIE W ¶7

. In h is p etitio n f

o r certio r ari, M atth e w a r g u e s t h a t th e C o u rt o f A p p eals sh o u ld n o t
h av e ap p lied a d ef

eren tial stan d ard o f rev iew b ecau se th e ch an cello r ad o p ted D an a’s

p ro p o sed f

in d i n g s o f f

act an d co n clu sio n s o f law

. We d isag ree. In B lu ew a ter L o g istics,

L L C v. W

illifo rd , w e ab an d o n ed th e ru le th at a ch a n cello r’s d ecisio n t o ad o p t a p arty ’s

p ro p o sed f

in d in g s o f f

act w as su b

j ect to “ h eig h ten ed scru ti n y .” 2 A ch an cello r’s f actu al

f in d in g s, ev en th o se ad o p ted f ro m a p arty , are rev iew ed f

o r an ab u se o f

d iscretio n

. 3

1 B u r n h a m v. B u r

n h a m , N o

. 2 0 1 2 -C A -0 1 2 1 8

- C O A , 2 0 1 4 WL 9 9 1 3 4 5 7 (M iss. C t. A p p

. Ju n e 1 6 , 2 0 1 5 ).

2 B lu ew a ter L o

g istics, L L C v. W

illifo rd , 5 5 S o

. 3 d 1 4 8 , 1 5 6

– 5 7 (M i ss. 2 0 1 1 ) (citin g In re E sta te o f G ru b b s , 7 5 3 S o

. 2 d 1 0 4 3 , 1 0 4 6

– 4 7 (M iss. 2 0 0 0 ); B ro o k s v. B ro o k

s , 6 5 2 S o

. 2 d 1 1 1 3 , 1 1 1 8 (M iss. 1 9 9 5 )).

3 B lu ew a ter L o

g istics, L L C , 5 5 S o . 3 d at 1 5 7

.

3A N A L Y S IS

I. C h ild S u p p o rt ¶8

. M atth ew co n ten d s th at th e ch an c ello r erred b y o rd e rin g h im to p ay $ 6 0 0 p er m o n th

in c h i ld su p p o rt b ecau s e t h e c h a n cello r erro n eo u sly co n clu d ed th at th e p arties h a d ag reed

to th a t am o u n t, an d b ecau se $ 6 0 0 p er m o n th ex ceed s th e ch ild su p p o rt th at sh o u l d h av e b een

o rd ered b ased o n th e ev id en c e p resen ted at t rial an d th e sta t u t o r y g u id e lin e s

. B ecau se
M atth ew ad m itted th at th e ag reem en t ex isted in th e t rial co u rt, w e d isag r ee. ¶9

. T h e p a r t ies’ C o n sen t to D iv o rce o n th e G r o u n d s o f Irrec o n c i l a b l e D i f f e r e n c e s

reserv ed ch ild su p p o r

t as an issu e to b e d eterm in ed b y th e ch an cello r. O n th e d ay o f trial,

D a n a ’s a tto rn ey also stated th at t h e p arties w ere ask in g t h e ch an cello r to ad j u d icate ch ild

su p p o rt. B u t, in th e f

in a l o rd er, th e ch a n cello r stated :
B a sed o n th e t estim o n y an d th e ev id en ce as p resen ted at t h e trial a n d tem p o r ary h earin g an d th e ag reem e n t o f th e p a r ties stated in to th e reco rd , ch ild
su p p o r t s h a l l b e p ay ab le to D an a in th e am o u n t o f $ 6 0 0 .0 0 p er m o n th o n o r b ef o re th e f irst o f each m o n th

. M atth ew n o w claim s th at t h e ch an cello r erred b y r ely in g o n an ag reem e n t th at d id n o t ex ist. ¶1 0

. T h e reco rd b ef

o re th is C o u rt d o es n o t co n t ain an ag reem en t o f th e p arties as to ch ild

su p p o rt. B u t, w h en M a tth ew f iled h is M o tio n f

o r N e w T rial & M o tio n to A lter o r A m en d

Ju d g m en t in th e trial co u rt, h e stated :
T h e p arties e n tered in to a C o n sen t f o r D iv o rce o n Irreco n cilab le D if f eren ces an d t h e d iv o rce w as g ran ted acco rd in g ly

. T h e p arties a lso ag reed to term s o f
cu sto d y , ch i ld su

p p o rt an d m ed ical in su ran c e an d m e d i cal b ills f o r th e m in o r ch ild ren

. A l l ag reed to p ro v isio n s are n o t at issu e h e r e. 4

4 E m p h asis ad d ed

. 4“T h e w ell-reco g n ized r u le is th at a trial co u r

t w ill n o t b e p u t in erro r o n ap p eal f o r a m atter

n o t p resen ted to it f

o r d e cisio n .” 5 S o w e w ill n o t n o w f in d th at th e ch an cello r relied o n an

ag reem en t th at d id n o t e x ist, w h e n M atth ew ’s p o st-trial m o tio n s eek in g to am en d th at o rd er
ad m itted th at th e p arties h ad ag reed o n ch ild su p p o r t an d th at it w a s n o t at issu e. ¶1 1

. A n d b e cau se w e d o n o t f in d th at th e ch an cello r erred b y rely in g o n th e p arties’ ch ild

su p p o rt ag reem en t, as w ell a s “th e testim o n y an d th e ev id en ce as p r esen t ed at t h e trial an d

tem p o rary h earin g ,” M atth ew ’ s arg u m en t th at th e ch an cello r im p erm issib ly d e p arted f

ro m

t h e statu to ry g u id elin es l ack s m erit. We h av e reco g n ized th at th e statu to ry g u id elin es are j u st t h at, g u id elin es, an d th e p arties ma y a g r e e t o ch ild su p p o rt in ex cess o f th e statu to ry

g u id e lin es. 6 A n d so l o n g as th e c h an cello r f in d s th e am o u n t o f ch ild su p p o rt to b e ad eq u ate

an d su f f icien t, w e w i ll n o t rev erse so lely b ecau se th e am o u n t ex ceed s th e g u i d elin es. 7

II. E q u ita b le D istrib u tio n ¶1 2

. P arties to an irreco n cilab le-d if f eren ces d i v o r c e m ay a g ree to th e d iv o rce i tself , b u t

su b m it d isp u t e d issu es— su c h as p ro p erty d iv isio n

— to th e c h an cello r f o r ad j u d icatio n

. 8

5 M ills v. N ich o ls , 4 6 7 S o

. 2 d 9 2 4 , 9 3 1 (M iss. 1 9 8 5 ) ( citin g N a t u ra l F a t h er v. U n i ted M eth o d ist C h i ld ren ’s H o m e , 4 1 8 S o

. 2 d 8 0 7 ( M iss. 1 9 8 2 ); M a b ry v. W in d in g , 2 2 9 M iss. 8 8 , 9 0 S o . 2 d 1 7 5 (1 9 5 6 )).

6 S h o rt v. S h o rt , 1 3 1 S o

. 3 d 1 1 4 9 , 1 1 5 2 (M iss. 2 0 1 4 ) ( “A lth o u g h , o n th e su rf ace, it ap p ears th e am o u n t o f ch ild su p p o rt is in d e ed h i g h , A n d y f reely co n s e n ted t o p ro v id e m o re su p p o rt f o r h is ch i l d t h a n i s reco m m en d e d b y th e statu to ry g u id elin es.

. . . T h u s, A n d y sh o u ld b e req u ired to a d h ere to th e ag reeme n t h e f reely en tered in to , w h ich w as d eem ed
su f f icien t b y th e ch an cello r an d w as in co rp o rated in t o t h e j u d g m en t o f d iv o rce.”).

7 Id
. at 1 1 5 2 (citin g B ell v. B ell , 5 7 2 S o

. 2 d 8 4 1 , 8 4 5 (M iss. 1 9 9 0 )).

8 M iss. C o d e A n n . § 9 3 -5

- 2 (R ev . 2 0 1 3 )

. 5Wh en th e p arties r eq u est th at th e ch an cello r reso lv e th e issu e o f p ro p erty d iv isio n , th e

ch an cello r m

u st d o t h r e e t h i n g s: “ (1 ) c lassif y th e p arties’ assets as m arital o r s e p arate, (2 )

v alu e th o se assets, an d (3 ) d iv id e th e m arital assets eq u itab ly .” 9 H ere, n eith er p arty

q u estio n s t h e ch an cello r’s c lassif icatio n o r v a l u atio n o f t h e p ro p erty

. R a t h e r, M atth ew

co n ten d s th at th e ch an c ello r d istrib u ted th at p ro p e r

ty in an in eq u itab le m an n er. ¶1 3

. “[ A ] n eq u itab le d i v isio n o f p ro p erty d o es n o t alw a y s me a n a n eq u al d iv isio n o f

p ro p erty

. ” 10 In stead , eq u itab le d istrib u tio n is d eterm in ed b y ap p ly in g th e f a cto rs set o u t b y
th is C o u r t in F erg u so n v. F

erg u so n
. 11 T h o se f

acto rs are:
1

. S u b stan tial co n trib u tio n t o th e accu m u latio n o f th e p ro p erty

. F acto rs to b e co n sid ered in d eterm in in g co n t rib u tio n are as f o llo w s :

a. D irect o r in d irect eco n o m ic co n trib u tio n t o t h e a c q u isitio n o f th e p ro p erty ;
b

. C o n t r i b u tio n to th e stab ility a n d h arm o n y o f th e m arital a n d f am ily r elatio n sh ip s as m easu red b y q u ality , q u a n t ity o f tim e sp en t o n f am ily d u ties an d d u ratio n o f th e m arriag e; an d

c. C o n trib u tio n to th e ed u catio n , train in g o r o th er acco m p lishm e nt b earin g o n th e ear n in g p o w e r o f th e sp o u se accu m u latin g th e assets.

2

. T h e d eg ree to w h ich e ach s p o u se h as ex p en d ed , w ith d r aw n o r o th erw i se d isp o s ed o f m arital assets an d an y p r io r d i strib u tio n o f su ch assets b y ag reem en t , d ecree o r o th erw ise.

9 W h ea t v . W h ea t , 3 7 S o . 3 d 6 3 2 , 6 3 7 (M iss. 2 0 1 0 ) (citin g F erg u so n v. F

erg u so n , 6 3 9 S o . 2 d 9 2 1 , 9 2 8 (M iss. 1 9 9 4 )).

10 B resn a h a n v. B resn a h a n , 8 1 8 S o

. 2 d 1 1 1 3 , 1 1 1 8 (M iss. 2 0 0 2 ).

11 F erg u so n , 6 3 9 S o . 2 d at 9 2 8

. 63

. T h e m ark e t v alu e an d th e em o t io n a l v alu e o f th e assets su b j ect to d istrib u tio n

. 4

. T h e v alu e o f assets n o t o rd in arily , ab sen t e q u itab le f acto rs to th e co n t rary , su b

j ect to su ch d istrib u tio n , su ch as p ro p erty b ro u g h t to th e m a rriag e b y th e p arties an d p r o p erty acq u ired b y in h eritan c e o r in ter
v iv o s g if t b y o r to an in d iv id u al sp o u se;
5

. T ax an d o th e r eco n o m i c c o n seq u en ces, an d co n tractu al o r leg al
co n s eq u en ces to th ird p arties, o f th e p ro p o sed d istrib u t io n ;
6

. T h e e x ten t to w h i ch p ro p erty d iv isio n m ay , w ith eq u ity to b o t h p a rties, b e u tilized to e lim in ate p erio d ic p ay m en ts an d o th er p o t en tial so u rces o f f u tu r e f r ictio n b etw een th e p arties;

7

. T h e n eed s o f th e p arties f o r f i n an c i a l s e c u r i ty w ith d u e reg ard to th e co m b in atio n o f

assets, in c o m e an d earn in g cap acity ; an d , 8

. A n y

o th e r f acto r w h ich in eq u ity

sh o u ld b e co n sid e r ed

. 12

H e r e, th e ch an cello r m ad e d etailed f in d i n g s u n d er each o f th e F erg u so n f

acto rs, an d h i s
f in d in g s led h im to a sig n i f ican tly d isp arate p ro p erty d istrib u tio n

. D an a receiv ed assets w ith

a t o tal v alu e o f $ 3 0 3 ,2 2 5 .8 4 , an d n o n e o f th e m arital d e b t. M atth ew receiv ed $ 2 1 7 ,9 0 4 .6 4

w o rth o f m a rital assets b u t th e en tire $ 2 2 5 ,4 7 2 .7 9 in m arital d e b t

. ¶1 4

. W h i l e a d i s p r o p o rtio n ate d istrib u tio n is n o t p er se in eq u itab l e, 13 sev er a l o f t h e
ch an cello r’s f

in d i n g s w ere n o t su p p o r ted b y th e e v i d en ce p res e n t e d a t t rial. U n d er th e

seco n d F erg u s o n f acto r, th e ch an cello r f

au lted M atth ew f

o r d issip a tin g m arital assets an d

f o r v io latin g th e ch a n cello r’s tem p o rary o rd er. ¶1 5

. B e f

o re trial, th e ch an cello r en tered a tem p o rary o rd er w h ich stated :

12 Id
.

1 3 C a rn ey v. C

a rn ey , 1 1 2 S o

. 3 d 4 3 5 , 4 3 8 (M i ss. 2 0 1 3 ) (“A n d w e iterat e t h a t aw ard in g 1 0 0 p ercen t

eq u ity in a m arital asset to o n e p arty is n o t erro r p er se.”).
7T h e C o u rt o rd ers th at n eith er p arty is to d isp o se o f o r en cu m b er an y m arital assets, w i th th e ex cep tio n th at M atth e w m ay u se in co m e g en erated b y t h e sale
o f ag ricu ltu ral p ro d u c t s to d ef ray th e F S A n o te th at is o w ed a n d th at h e is resp o n sib le f

o r co n t in u in g to p ay

. A n a cco u n tin g w i l l b e g iv en b y M atth ew o f a n y an d all receip t s, cash o r o th erw i se, as a resu lt o f th e f arm in g o p eratio n

. A t trial, th e u n d isp u ted ev id en ce sh o w ed th at M atth ew h ad p aid o f f th e en t ire F S A n o te b y
sellin g all o f h is ag ricu ltu ral e q u ip m e n t o n th e ad v ice o f h is c o u n s e l

. H e also h ad m ad e

ex tra p a y m en t s o n h is stu d e n t lo an w i th h is o w n in co m e , an d w ith m o re th an t h r ee th o u san d
d o llars f ro m th e sale o f

h a y th at w as lef

t af ter th e F S A n o te h ad b een p aid in f u ll. ¶1 6

. D e sp ite th e f

act th at M atth ew u se d th e p r o ceed s o f th e s ale to p ay o f f m arital d eb t,
th e ch an cello r w eig h ed th e se acts ag ain st M atth ew in h is F e r g u s o n an aly sis, f

i n d in g t h at

M atth ew h ad v i o lated th e tem p o rary o rd er an d d issip ated m arital a ssets. A cco rd in g to th e
ch an cello r’s statem en ts d u rin g trial, h e in ten d ed th e p h rase “sale o f ag ricu ltu ral p ro d u cts”

to m e an th e sale o f

cro p s g e n erated th ro u g h f arm in g , su ch as th e h ay

. ¶1 7

. B u t th at m ean in g o f “ag ricu ltu ral p ro d u cts” is n o t ap p aren t f ro m th e tem

p o r ary o rd er,

an d co u ld m ean eith er ag ricu ltu r al eq u ip m en t su c h as tracto rs, o r ag ricu ltu ral c r o p s, su c h as
h ay

. F u rth er, ev en if t h e ch a n cello r co rrectly co n clu d ed th at M atth ew w i llf u lly v io lated th e

o rd er, th e p ro p er p u n ish m en t f o r co n tem

p t d o es n o t in clu d e sh if

tin g eq u itab le d i strib u tio n
in f av o r o f th e o th er p arty

. ¶1 8

. A l so , b ased o n th e e v i d e n c e i n th e reco rd b ef o re u s, M a tth ew ’ s actio n s c an n o t b e

c o n s i d e red d issip atin g m arital assets. Wh i le it i s tru e t h at th e item s M atth ew so ld w ere

m arital assets, it w as u n d isp u ted at trial th at ev ery p en n y accru ed f ro m th o se sales w as u sed

to p ay m arital d eb t. S o th e sale o f f arm eq u ip m en t h ad a n e t-n eu tral ef f ect o n th e to tal v alu e

8o f th e m a r ital esta t e b y d e c r easin g m arital d eb t b y th e sam e am o u n t th a t it d ecreased th e

v alu e o f m arital assets. ¶1 9

. T h e ch a n cello r also f o u n d th a t M atth ew h a s a n e a r n i n g cap acity th at ex ceed s h is

p resen t in co m e as a p ro f

esso r at Jo n es C o u n ty Ju n io r C o lleg e. H e b ased th is f in d in g o n th e
f act th a t M atth ew h ad o p erated a s m a l l cattle-f arm in g o p eratio n

. In t h e ch an cello r’s o p in i o n , M at t h e w co u ld r e-en t er th e f arm in g b u sin ess to o b tain a d d itio n al in c o m e. In f act,
th ro u g h o u t h is o rd er, t h e ch a n cello r rep eated ly ref erred to th e f

arm as an a d d itio n al so u rce

o f in co m e. ¶2 0

. B u t t h e u n d isp u ted ev id en ce at tr i a l sh o w ed th at th e f arm o p erated at a l o ss ev ery

y ear. A n d w h ile th e ch an cello r o b serv ed th at M atth ew p o ssesses f o u r co l leg e d eg rees, n o

ev id e n c e w a s p ro v id ed to s h o w t h at th o se d eg rees sh o u ld p ro v id e m o re g ain f u l em p lo y m en t
th an h e p resen tly

p o s sesses as a j u n i o r co lleg e p ro f esso r

. ¶2 1

. S o , g iv en th at th e ch an cello r’s eq u itab le d istr i b u t i o n o f ma r i t a l p r o p e r t y w a s sig n i f i c a n t ly af f ected b y f in d i n g s th at w ere u n su p p o rted b y th e e v id en ce at trial, w e m u st

rev erse an d rem an d f

o r a n ew eq u itab le d istrib u tio n

.

C O N C L U S IO N ¶2 2

. We af

f irm th e ch an cello r’s aw ar d o f ch ild su p p o rt, b u t w e rev erse th e ch an cello r’s
d istrib u tio n o f m arital p ro p erty an d rem a n d th i s c a s e f o r a n ew eq u itab le d istrib u tio n

. B e cau se th e C o u rt o f A p p eals af f irm ed th e ch an c ello r’s p r o p e rty d i strib u tio n , w e af f irm its
d ecisio n in p art an d rev erse it in p art. ¶2 3

. A F F IR M E D IN P A R T , R E V E R S E D IN P A R T , A N D R E M A N D E D
.

9W A L L E R , C .J ., L A M A R , K IT C H E N S , C H A N D L E R , P I E R C E , K I N G A N D

C O L E M A N , J J ., C O N C U R . R A N D O L P H , P .J ., N O T P A R T IC IP A T I N G
.

1 0