2005 Minerals Yearbook

Iron and steel slag

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

December 2006
SLAG—Iron and Steel—2005 69.1

Slag—Iron and Steel

By Hendrik G. van Oss

In 2005, sales of iron and steel slags in the United States 

totaled about 21.6 million metric tons (Mt), an increase of 

almost 2% from sales in 2004; the overall value of sales in 2005 

was about $372 million, up by about 13% (table 1). Ferrous 

slags are formed through the addition of slagging agents (chiefly 

limestone or dolomite) and/or fluxing materials to blast furnaces 

and steel furnaces to strip the impurities from iron ore, steel 

scrap, and other iron or steel feeds. The slag forms as a silicate 

melt that floats on top of the molten crude iron or steel and is 

tapped from the furnace separately from the liquid metal. After 

cooling to solid form, the slag is processed and may then be 

sold.

Most slags have very low unit values compared to iron 

and steel products. For this reason, iron and steel companies 

consider slag to be a nuisance and thus generally contract with 

outside slag-processing companies to remove it; commonly, 

the slag-processing company is also responsible for cooling 

the slag. Although the financial arrangements vary, typically 

the processing company receives the slag for free, crushes it to 

various marketable sizes, uses screens and magnetic separators 

to recover entrained metal from the slag (this metal to be 

returned to the furnace for a low charge), sells the slag on the 

open market, and pays a small percentage of the net slag sales 

revenues or profits to the iron or steel company. Also, slag may 

be returned to the furnaces for use as flux and as a supplemental 

source of iron; this return of slag is typically not reported as a 

sale.

A list of slag processors, processing sites, and the iron and 

steel companies serviced is provided in table 4. Apparent 

duplication at some sites is because certain processing contracts 

may have been transferred to other companies during the year, 

and integrated iron and steel plants may have contracts with 

different processing companies for different slag types produced 

at the plant. In some cases, the slag is cooled by one processing 

company or at one site and then is further processed and sold by 

another company or at another site. 

Legislation and Government Programs

Demand for slag in the construction sector is influenced by 

Federal and State programs that affect construction spending 

levels. The main Federal funding program in recent years 

relating to construction has been the Transportation Equity 

Act for the 21st Century (TEA–21) and temporary funding 

continuations following its formal expiration in September 

2003. Negotiations to reauthorize TEA–21 culminated with 

the August 10, 2005, signing into law of its replacement, the 

Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity 

Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA–LU). This Act authorized 

Federal funding of surface transportation projects for the period 

2005–09 at a total guaranteed minimum funding level of $244.1 

billion for the period. In federally funded and other construction 

projects, slags are promoted as “sustainable” construction 

materials, mainly on the basis that slags substitute directly or 

indirectly for virgin raw materials (for example, natural stone 

aggregates in various applications, and natural raw materials 

for cement manufacture) or, in the specific case of ground 

granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), can partially substitute 

for portland cement in concrete.

Production

Data are generally unavailable from plants on the actual 

output of iron and steel slags for an extended series of 

production cycles (heats). This generally is because not all of 

the slag is tapped during a heat, and the amount of slag tapped 

is not routinely measured. Accordingly, there are no data on 

U.S. production of ferrous slags and few, if any, data on foreign 

production, although both can be estimated based on typical 

slag to metal production ratios, which in turn are related to the 

chemistry of the ferrous feeds to the furnaces. For typical iron 

ore grades (60% to 66% iron), a blast furnace will normally 

produce about 0.25 to 0.30 metric tons (t) of slag per ton of 

crude iron. For ore grades lower than average, the slag output 

will be higher—sometimes as much as 1.0 to 1.2 t of slag per 

ton of crude iron. Steel furnaces typically produce about 

0.2 t of slag per ton of crude steel, but up to 50% of this slag is 

entrained metal, most of which is generally recovered during 

slag processing and returned to the furnace. The amount of 

marketable slag remaining after entrained steel removal is 

thus usually equivalent to about 10% to 15% of the crude steel 

output. Using these ratios and data for U.S. and world iron and 

steel production from the American Iron and Steel Institute 

(2005, p. 121-126), it was estimated that U.S. blast furnace slag 

production in 2005 was in the range of about 9 to 11 Mt, and 

world output was in the range of 196 to 237 Mt. Likewise, U.S. 

output of steel slag (after metal removal) in 2005 was estimated 

to be 10 to 14 Mt, and world output, 113 to 170 Mt.

Blast furnace slags, as sold, are of three main types—aircooled, granulated, and pelletized (or expanded). Air-cooled 

blast furnace slag is formed by allowing the molten slag to cool 

relatively slowly under ambient conditions; final cooling can be 

accelerated with a water spray. The cooled material is hard and 

dense, although it can have a vesicular texture with closed pores. 

After crushing and screening, air-cooled slag is used mainly as 

an aggregate for various purposes (table 3). Granulated blast 

furnace slag is formed by quenching molten slag in water to 

form sand-sized particles of glass. The disordered structure of 

this glass gives the material moderate hydraulic cementitious 

properties when very finely ground. However, if this GGBFS 

can access free lime during hydration, the GGBFS develops 

strong hydraulic cementitious properties and is valued as a 

partial substitute for portland cement. Pelletized or expanded 

slag is cooled through a water jet, which leads to rapid steam 

generation and the development of innumerable vesicles within 

the slag. The vesicular texture reduces the overall density of 
69.2 u.s. geologicAl survey minerals yearbook—2005

the slag and allows for good mechanical binding with hydraulic 

cement paste. Blast furnace slag (generally air-cooled) also can 

be made into mineral wool. Slag for this purpose is remelted and 

then poured through an air stream or jet of steam or other gas to 

produce a spray of molten droplets; alternatively, the droplets 

can be formed by passing the melt through a perforated or fast 

spinning disc. The droplets elongate into long fibers that are 

collected and layered.

Steel furnace slag is cooled similarly to air-cooled blast 

furnace slag, has similar properties to it, and is used for many 

of the same purposes. Steel slags containing large amounts of 

dicalcium silicate are prone to expansion and commonly are 

cured in piles for some months to allow for this and for leaching 

out of lime. 

Consumption

Data in this report are based on an annual U.S. Geological 

Survey (USGS) canvass of slag processors and relate to sales of 

processed slag rather than to the amount of slag processed by 

the same firms or to the actual production of slag by iron and 

steel companies. Processed slag is sold from stockpiles, and 

although most of the material is a byproduct of current or recent 

iron and steel production or is of imported material, some is 

material mined from old slag piles (slag banks) and reflects iron 

and steel production from plants now closed. In 2005, canvasses 

were sent to 27 companies, covering 131 processing sites, and at 

least partial data were received for 127 sites. By comparison, in 

2004, canvasses were sent to 28 processing companies, covering 

130 processing sites, and at least partial data were received for 

126 sites. For both 2004 and 2005, the reported data account 

for about 98% of the gross tonnages listed in table 1. For both 

years, data on pelletized blast furnace slag have been withheld 

to avoid disclosing company proprietary data, but the quantities 

sold were very small. Prior to 2002, data for pelletized slag 

were presented combined with granulated slag under the term 

“Expanded slag.”

In terms of tonnage, U.S. slag sales in 2005 continued to be 

dominantly of air-cooled blast furnace slag and steel slag (table 

1). Air-cooled blast furnace slag sales totaled about 8.4 Mt in 

2005, up by about 4% from the amount sold in 2004. In contrast, 

steel furnace slag sales declined by about 3% in 2005 to about 

8.7 Mt. For all years, the sales data for air-cooled and steel 

furnace slags largely exclude material returned to the furnaces 

(and likewise exclude the weight of free metal recovered from 

the slag and returned to the furnace); data on these returns are 

very incomplete.

Air-cooled and steel furnace slags have a similar set of 

uses—mostly as aggregates for various applications (table 3). 

Because of potential expansion problems, steel slags find little 

use in applications requiring maintenance of a fixed volume (for 

example, concrete). Steel slags that contain a lot of free lime 

may be used as a soil conditioner. Most slags can be used as raw 

material for cement (clinker) manufacture (the slag contributes 

aluminum, calcium, iron, and silicon oxides) but steel slags 

have proven to be especially suitable for this use. Much of the 

use of steel slag as a raw material for clinker continued to be 

through the CemStar process, developed and patented by Texas 

Industries, Inc. (TXI) after researching higher valued uses for 

the slag produced by its subsidiary company Chaparral Steel 

Co. In December 2004, following the spinoff of Chaparral from 

TXI, it was announced that the CemStar patents and marketing 

rights had been sold to Edward C. Levy Co., a major steel 

furnace slag processing company (Edward C. Levy Co., 2005).

Even though the sales price data for air-cooled and steel 

slags contain a large component of estimates, it appears that 

the average selling prices of air-cooled and steel slag were 

essentially unchanged in 2005, although the upper end of the 

steel slag price range increased (table 2). Typically, the major 

factors affecting the sales volumes and prices of these slags 

include local competition from natural aggregates, the overall 

level of construction activity (particularly that for roads), and 

the existence of some long-term supply contracts. Because of 

generally low unit sales values, slags for aggregate applications 

cannot sustain long-distance transportation costs. Slag converted 

to mineral wool is mainly used for thermal insulation. Pelletized 

slag is primarily used for lightweight concrete aggregate; 

however, when finely ground, pelletized slag can be used as a 

supplementary cementitious material similar to GGBFS.

In terms of sales value, the slag market in the United States 

in 2005 remained dominated by granulated blast furnace 

slag, particularly GGBFS. In 2005, granulated slag accounted 

for almost 83% of the value of total blast furnace slag sales 

and 74% of total ferrous slag sales (table 1). The tonnage of 

granulated slag sold in 2005 increased by almost 10% to 4.5 Mt, 

of which about 3.8 Mt was GGBFS, and the rest was unground 

material. The value dominance of granulated slag reflects its 

high unit value relative to the other slag types (table 2), and 

this, in turn, reflects the ready market for GGBFS as a partial 

substitute for portland cement in ready-mixed concrete or mixed 

with portland cement to make finished blended cement (also 

for use in concrete). The unit value for granulated slag rose by 

more than 7% in 2005 and yet continued to sell at a 20% to 25% 

discount to portland cement. In concrete containing a proportion 

of GGBFS, hydration of portland cement releases the lime 

needed to fully activate the slag. Concretes incorporating 

GGBFS generally develop strength more slowly than concretes 

containing only portland cement but can have similar or even 

superior long-term strength, release less heat during hydration, 

have reduced permeability, and generally exhibit improved 

resistance to chemical attack. A small fraction of the unground 

granulated slag on the market has been sourced from old slag 

piles and lacks cementitious properties as a result of weathering; 

this material still has use in concrete (as a fine grain aggregate), 

but sells for much lower prices than those indicated for the 

cementitious material in table 2. 

The USGS slag survey does not distinguish between 

granulated slag sold directly to cement companies and that sold 

directly to concrete companies, but data collected by the 2005 

USGS cement survey indicate that cement producers themselves 

consumed about 15% of the total granulated slag sales (up from 

8% in 2004). Sales in the United States of GGBFS under the 

designation “slag cement” are promoted by the Slag Cement 

Association (SCA), whose members accounted for much of 

the country’s GGBFS output. The SCA reported sales by its 

members of 3.50 Mt of GGBFS in 2005, which is in close 
SLAG—Iron and Steel—2005 69.3

agreement with the USGS data (Slag Cement Association, 

2006§1).

Foreign Trade

Imports of ferrous slags (excluding iron scales) totaled about 

1.6 Mt in 2005, up by almost 63% from the 1.0 Mt imported in 

2004. Granulated slag (mostly as unground material) imports 

totaled almost 1.1 Mt in 2005, compared with 0.76 Mt in 2004. 

For 2005, the average unit value (customs value) for imported 

granulated slag was $35.29 per metric ton, slightly lower than 

the $36.93 per ton average in 2004. By comparison, the cost, 

insurance, and freight (c.i.f.) value was $47.90 per ton in 2005 

compared with $49.89 per ton in 2004. The difference in the 

c.i.f. values for the 2 years includes a modest ($0.35 per ton) 

decline in average shipping charges in 2005 compared with 

a $3.35 per metric ton shipping charge increase in 2004. Of 

the seven countries that supplied granulated slag in 2005, the 

leading sources were Italy (33%), Canada (24%), France (19%), 

and Japan (14%).

Outlook

Growth in consumption of ferrous slags as aggregate is 

expected to parallel growth trends for natural aggregates and 

is thus dependent on overall construction spending levels, 

especially spending in the public sector. Factors affecting 

increased use of slags relative to natural aggregates include 

the promotional efforts by the slag industry itself and slag 

availability. The generally declining trend in the U.S. output of 

iron and steel augurs for future supply constraints, especially as 

existing stockpiles get drawn down. The long-term availability 

of air-cooled slag is especially problematic given the continuing 

decline in the number of operating blast furnaces. Steel slag 

supplies are more assured, although an increasing fraction of 

this material will be from electric arc rather than basic oxygen 

furnaces.

1

A reference that includes a section mark (§) is found in the Internet 

Reference Cited section.

The market for GGBFS is expected to continue to grow, in 

line with its performance advantages for concrete and efforts 

to reduce the environmental impacts of cement and concrete 

manufacture. Domestic output of granulated slag is limited by 

the fact that granulation cooling is currently installed at only five 

blast furnaces in the country, and one of these (at Weirton, WV) 

was shut down in mid-2005 following the purchase of the steel 

mill earlier in the year by Mittal Steel USA. Unless granulators 

are installed at other blast furnaces, future domestic growth 

of GGBFS production will be by grinding plants that rely on 

imported feed. Production of GGBFS at an import-fed grinding 

plant in Louisiana ceased in late August owing to damage 

sustained by the facility during Hurricane Katrina; repairs were 

continuing as of yearend and production was expected to resume 

in early 2006.

References Cited

American Iron and Steel Institute, 2005, Annual statistical report: Washington, 

DC, American Iron and Steel Institute, 126 p.

Edward C. Levy Co., 2005, Levy acquires CemStarSM: Detroit, MI, Edward C. 

Levy Co. press release, February, 1 p.

Internet Reference Cited

Slag Cement Association, 2006, Surge in blended cement pushes total slag 

cement to new record levels: Factsheet, accessed October 25, 2006, via.URL 

http://www.slagcement.org.

General Sources of Information

U.S. Geological Survey Publications

Iron and Steel Slag. Ch. in Mineral Commodities Summaries, 

annual.

Other

National Slag Association.

Portland Cement Association.

Slag Cement Association.
69.4 u.s. geologicAl survey minerals yearbook—2005

TABLE 1

IRON AND STEEL SLAG SOLD OR USED IN THE UNITED STATES

(Million metric tons and million dollars)

2004 2005

Blast furnace slag1 Steel Total iron Blast furnace slag1 Steel Total iron 

Air-cooled Granulated Total2 furnace slag and steel slag

2 Air-cooled Granulated Total2 furnace slag and steel slag2

Quantity

3 8.1 4.1 12.2 9.0 21.2 8.4 4.5 12.9 8.7 21.6

Valuee, 4 53 236 289 39 328 56 277 333 39 372 e

Estimated.

1

Excludes expanded (pelletized) slag to avoid disclosing company proprietary data. The quantities are very small (less than 0.1 unit). 

2

Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

3

Quantities are rounded to reflect inclusion of some estimated data and to reflect inherent accuracy limitations of reported data. 

4

Values are rounded because of the inclusion of a large estimated component.

TABLE 2

SELLING PRICES FOR IRON AND STEEL SLAG IN THE UNITED STATES1

(Dollars per metric ton)

2004 2005

Slag type Range Average Range Average

Blast furnace slag:

Air-cooled 1.54-17.35 6.58 2.76-17.50 6.57

Granulated

2 22.05-71.65 61.49 17.63-88.18 66.04

Steel slag 0.22-7.89 4.32 0.22-12.85 4.45 1

Underlying data contain a large component of estimates.

2

Range shown is for material reported for use as a cementious additive in cement or concrete

manufacture. Material at or near the low end of the range was sold in unground form.

TABLE 3

SALES OF FERROUS SLAGS IN THE UNITED STATES , BY USE1

(Percentage of total tons sold)

2004 2005

Blast furnace slag2 Steel Blast furnace slag2 Steel

Use Air-cooled Granulated slag3 Air-cooled Granulated slag3

Ready-mixed concrete 20.4 -- -- 16.1 -- --

Concrete products 3.5 -- -- 5.2 -- --

Asphaltic concrete 20.4 -- 12.9 16.7 -- 15.6

Road bases and surfaces 32.3 -- 63.5 34.0 -- 53.0

Fill 4.9 -- 9.6 11.1 -- 10.5

Cementitious material -- 91.1 -- -- 90.5 --

Clinker raw material 1.9 -- 5.5 4.4 -- 6.9

Miscellaneous4 4.2 -- 2.9 9.0 -- 2.3

Other or unspecified 12.4 8.9 5.6 3.5 9.5 11.7

-- Zero.

1

Data contain a large component of estimates and are reliable to no more than two significant digits.

2

Excludes expanded or pelletized slag; this material is generally sold as a lightweight aggregate.

3

Steel slag use is based on the 77% of total tonnage sold in 2004 and the100% of total tonnage sold in 2005 

(table 1) for which usage data were provided.

4

Reported as used for railroad ballast, roofing, mineral wool, or soil conditioner.
SLAG—Iron and Steel—2005 69.5

TABLE 4

PROCESSORS OF IRON AND STEEL SLAG IN THE UNITED STATES IN 2005

Slag and furnace types2

Blast furnace slag Steel furnace slag

Slag processing company Plant location Steel company serviced

1 AC GG Exp BOF OHF EAF

AMSI, Inc. Holsopple, PA North American Höganäs, Inc. X

Barfield Enterprises, Inc. La Place, LA Bayou Steel Corp. X

Do. Lone Star, TX Lone Star Steel Corp. X

Beaver Valley Slag Aliquippa, PA Old slag pile site X X

Do. (Thor Mill Services) Roanoke, VA Roanoke Electric Steel, Inc. X

Beelman Truck Co. Granite City, IL U.S. Steel LLC X

Blackheart Slag Co. Muscatine (Montpelier), IA IPSCO Steel, Inc. X

Border Steel, Inc. El Paso, TX Border Steel, Inc. X

Buffalo Crushed Stone, Inc. Woodlawn, NY Old slag pile site X

Buzzi Unicem USA, Inc. New Orleans, LA Foreign

3 X

Civil & Marine, Inc. Cape Canaveral, FL do. X

Edward C. Levy Co. Decatur (Trinity), AL Nucor Steel Corp. X

Do. Butler, IN Steel Dynamics Inc. X

Do. Columbia City, IN do. X

Do. Crawfordsville, IN Nucor Steel Corp. X

Do. Detroit, MI Severstal North America, Inc. X X

Do. do. U.S. Steel LLC X X

Do. Delta, OH North Star-Bluescope Steel Inc. X

Do. Canton, OH The Timken Co. X

Do. Huger, SC Nucor Steel Corp. X

Essroc Corp. Middlebranch, OH Miscellaneous domestic and foreign3 X

Florida Rock Industries, Inc. Tampa, FL Foreign

3 X

Fritz Enterprises, Inc. Fairfield, AL U.S. Steel LLC X X

Gerdau Ameristeel Corp. Jacksonville, FL Gerdau Ameristeel Corp. X

Do. Charlotte, NC do. X

Glens Falls-Lehigh Cement Co. Cementon, NY Foreign

3 X

Holcim (US) Inc. Birmingham (Fairfield), AL U.S. Steel LLC X

Do. Gary, IN do. X

Do. Weirton, WV Weirton Steel Corp. X

Lafarge North America Inc. Joppa, IL Mittal Steel USA X

Do. South Chicago, IL do. X

Do. East Chicago, IN do. X X

Do. Sparrows Point, MD do. X

Do. Cleveland (Cuyahoga Co.), OH4 do. X

Do. Lordstown, OH Old slag pile site X

Do. McDonald, OH do. X

Do. Salt Springs (Youngstown), OH do. X

Do. Warren, OH WCI Steel Inc. X

Do. West Mifflin (Duquesne), PA U.S. Steel LLC (ET Works) X

Do. West Mifflin (Brown Reserve), PA Old slag pile site X

Do. Whitehall, PA Foreign

3 X

Do. Seattle, WA do. X

Do. Weirton, WV Mittal Steel USA X

Lehigh Cement Co. Evansville, PA Foreign

3 X

Levy Co., Inc., The Burns Harbor, IN Mittal Steel USA X X

Do. East Chicago, IN do. X

Do. Gary, IN U.S. Steel LLC X X

Mountain Enterprises, Inc. Ashland, KY4 AK Steel Corp. X

MultiServ Birmingham, AL Structural Metals Corp. X

Do. Blytheville, AR Nucor Steel Corp. X

Do. Blytheville (Armorel), AR Nucor-Yamato Steel Co. X

Do. Pueblo, CO Rocky Mountain Steel Mills X

Do. Wilton (Muscatine), IA IPSCO Steel, Inc. X

Do. Riverdale, IL Mittal Steel USA X

Do. East Chicago, IN do. X

Do. Indiana Harbor, IN do. X

Do. Pittsboro, IN Steel Dynamics Inc. X

Do. Ghent, KY Gallatin Steel Co. X

Do. do. North American Stainless LP X

Do. Sparrows Point, MD Mittal Steel USA X X

See footnotes at end of table
69.6 u.s. geologicAl survey minerals yearbook—2005

TABLE 4—Continued

PROCESSORS OF IRON AND STEEL SLAG IN THE UNITED STATES IN 2005

Slag and furnace types2

Blast furnace slag Steel furnace slag

Slag processing company Plant location Steel company serviced

1 AC GG Exp BOF OHF EAF

MultiServ—Continued: Ahoskie (Cofield), NC Nucor Steel Corp. X

Do. Canton, OH Republic Engineered Products LLC X

Do. Mansfield, OH AK Steel Corp. X

Do. Warren, OH WCI Steel Inc. X

Do. Brackenridge, PA Allegheny Ludlum Corp. X

Do. Braddock (Mon Valley), PA5 U.S. Steel LLC X

Do. Butler, PA AK Steel Corp. X

Do. Coatesville. PA Mittal Steel USA X

Do. Koppel, PA Koppel Steel Co. (NS Group, Inc.) X

Do. Latrobe, PA Allegheny Ludlum Corp. X

Do. Natrona Heights, PA do. X

Do. Steelton, PA Mittal Steel USA X

Do. Midlothian, TX Chaparral Steel Co. X

Do. Geneva (Provo), UT Old slag pile site X X

Do. Seattle, WA Nucor Steel Corp. X

Recmix of PA, Inc. Ghent, KY North American Stainless, LP X

Do. Sarver (Brackenridge), PA Allegheny Ludlum Corp. X

Rinker Materials Corp. Miami, FL Foreign

3 X

St. Lawrence Cement, Inc. Camden, NJ do. X

St. Marys Cement, Inc. Detroit, MI do. X

Stein, Inc. Alton, IL Alton Steel Co. X

Do. Granite City, IL U.S. Steel LLC X

Do. Sterling, IL Sterling Steel, Inc. X

Do. Ashland, KY4 AK Steel Corp. X

Do. Cleveland, OH4 Mittal Steel USA X

Do. Loraine, OH Republic Engineered Products LLC X X

Do. Georgetown, SC Georgetown Steel Corp. X

Tube City-IMS, IMS Division Axis, AL IPSCO Steel, Inc. X

Do. Birmingham, AL Nucor Steel Corp. X

Do. Tuscaloosa, AL do. X

Do. Fort Smith, AR MACSTEEL X

Do. Rancho Cucamonga, CA TAMCO X

Do. Claymont, DE CitiSteel USA, Inc. X

Do. Cartersville, GA Gerdau Ameristeel Corp. X

Do. Wilton (Muscatine), IA do. X

Do. Kankakee, IL Nucor Steel Corp. X

Do. Peoria, IL Keystone Steel & Wire Co. X

Do. Gary, IN U.S. Steel LLC X

Do. Portage, IN Beta Steel Corp X

Do. Ashland, KY Kentuckey Electric Steel LLC X

Do. Jackson, MI MACSTEEL X

Do. Monroe, MI Macsteel (Quanex, Corp.) X

Do. St. Paul, MN Gerdau Ameristeel Corp. X

Do. Jackson, MS Nucor Steel Corp. X

Do. Norfolk, NE do. X

Do. Perth Amboy, NJ Gerdau Ameristeel Corp. X

Do. Sayreville, NJ do. X

Do. Auburn, NY Nucor Steel Corp. X

Do. Marion, OH Marion Steel Co. X

Do. McMinnville, OR Cascade Steel Rolling Mills, Inc. X

Do. Middletown, OH AK Steel Corp. X X

Do. Mingo Junction, OH Wheeling Pittsburgh Steel Corp. X X

Do. Youngstown, OH V&M Star X

Do. Sand Springs, OK Sheffield Steel Corp. X

Do. Bethlehem, PA Old slag pile site X X

Do. Braddock, PA5 U.S. Steel LLC X

Do. Bridgeville, PA Universal Stainless & Alloy Products Inc. X

Do. Midland, PA Allegheny Ludlum Corp. X

Do. New Castle, PA Ellwood Quality Steels Co. X

See footnotes at end of table
SLAG—Iron and Steel—2005 69.7

TABLE 4—Continued

PROCESSORS OF IRON AND STEEL SLAG IN THE UNITED STATES IN 2005

Slag and furnace types2

Blast furnace slag Steel furnace slag

Slag processing company Plant location Steel company serviced

1 AC GG Exp BOF OHF EAF

Tube City-IMS, IMS Division—

Continued: Park Hill (Johnstown), PA Old slag pile site X X

Do. Pricedale, PA do. X

Do. Reading, PA Carpenter Technology Corp. X

Do. Cayce, SC SMI/CMC Steel Group X

Do. Darlington, SC Nucor Steel Corp. X

Do. Jackson, TN Gerdau Ameristeel Corp. X

Do. Knoxville, TN do. X

Do. Beaumont, TX do. X

Do. Jewett, TX Nucor Steel Corp. X

Do. Longview, TX LeTourneau Steel Group X

Do. Seguin, TX SMI/CMC Steel Group X

Do. Plymouth, UT Nucor Steel Corp. X

Do. Petersburg, VA Chaparral Steel Co. X

Do. Saukville, WI Charter Steel X

Do. Weirton, WV Mittal Steel USA X

Uniserve LLC Newport, AR Arkansas Steel Association X 1

Currently operating iron and/or steel company. Company is not shown for old slag pile sites.

2

Blast furnace slag type abbreviations: AC, air-cooled; GG, granulated; Exp, expanded. Steel furnace slag types: BOF, basic oxygen furnace; OHF, open hearth 

furnace; EAF, electric arc furnace.

3

"Foreign" refers to the fact that the facility imports unground granulated blast furnace slag and grinds it onsite to make ground granulated blast furnace 

slag, commonly now referred to as "slag cement."

4

For the air-cooled slag, Stein was responsible for the cooling, but the processing and marketing were handled by Lafarge North America Inc. (Cleveland, OH) and 

Mountain Enterprises, Inc. (Ashland, KY), respectively.

5

Contract was transferred to Tube City IMS Corp. in mid-2005.