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small fuel spill, secondary impacts due to ingestion of oil via contaminated prey or reductions in 

prey abundance are unlikely. Due to the low densities of birds in open ocean areas, the small 

area affected, and the brief duration of the surface slick, no significant impacts on pelagic birds 

would be expected.

Impacts of a Large Oil Spill (WCD)

Potential spill impacts on marine and pelagic birds are discussed in MMS (2007b) and

BOEM (2012a,b,d). For this EP, there are no unique site-specific issues with respect to spill 

impacts on these animals.

BOEM has reexamined the analyses for coastal and marine birds presented in 

MMS (2007b, 2008) and determined that no new information was found that would alter the 

potential impacts on marine and pelagic birds (BOEMRE, 2011a; BOEM, 2012b).

Pelagic seabirds could be exposed to oil from a spill at the project area. Hess and Ribic (2000) 

reported that terns, storm-petrels, shearwaters, and jaegers were the most frequently sighted 

seabirds in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico (>200 m [<656 ft]). Powers (1987) indicates that 

seabird densities over the open ocean typically are <10 birds/km2

. The number of pelagic birds 

that could be affected in open, offshore waters would depend on the extent and persistence of 

the oil slick.

Data following the Macondo spill provides relevant information about the species of pelagic 

birds that may be affected in the event of a large oil spill. Birds that have been treated for oiling 

include several pelagic species such as the Northern Gannet, Magnificent Frigatebird, and 

Masked Booby (USFWS, 2011). The Northern Gannet is among the species with the largest 

numbers of birds affected by the spill.

C.4.2 Shorebirds and Coastal Nesting Birds 

Threatened and endangered bird species (Piping Plover and Whooping Crane) have been 

discussed previously in Section C.3. Various species of non-endangered birds are also found 

along the northern Gulf Coast, including diving birds, shorebirds, marsh birds, wading birds, and 

waterfowl. Gulf Coast marshes and beaches also provide important feeding grounds and 

nesting habitats. Species that breed on beaches, flats, dunes, bars, barrier islands, and similar 

habitats include the Sandwich Tern, Wilson’s Plover, Black Skimmer, Forster’s Tern, Gull-Billed 

Tern, Laughing Gull, Least Tern, and Royal Tern (USFWS, 2010b). Additional information is 

presented in MMS (2007b) and BOEM (2012d).

The Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) was delisted from Federal endangered status in 2009 

(USFWS, 2010c). However, this species remains listed as endangered on the Louisiana list of 

Endangered Species (Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, 2013), is listed as a species 

of greatest conservation need by the State of Mississippi (Mississippi Department of Wildlife, 

Fisheries and Parks, 2005), and as a species of special concern by the State of Florida (Florida 

Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, 2013). Brown Pelicans inhabit coastal habitats and 

forage within both coastal waters and waters of the inner continental shelf. Aerial and 

shipboard surveys, including GulfCet and GulfCet II, indicate that Brown Pelicans do not occur in 

deep offshore waters (Fritts and Reynolds, 1981; Peake, 1996; Hess and Ribic, 2000). Nearly half 

the southeastern population of Brown Pelicans lives in the northern Gulf Coast, generally 

nesting on protected islands (USFWS, 2010b).
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The Southern Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) was delisted from its threatened status in 

the lower 48 states on 28 June 2007. The Bald Eagle is a terrestrial raptor widely distributed 

across the southern U.S., including coastal habitats along the Gulf of Mexico. The Gulf Coast is 

inhabited by both wintering migrant and resident Bald Eagles (Johnsgard, 1990; Ehrlich et al., 

1992).

IPFs potentially affecting shorebirds and coastal nesting birds include support vessel and 

helicopter traffic and a large oil spill (WCD). A small fuel spill in the lease area would be unlikely

to affect shorebirds or coastal nesting birds, due to the lease area’s distance from the nearest 

shoreline. As explained in Section A.9.2, a small fuel spill would not be expected to make 

landfall or reach coastal waters prior to breaking up. Compliance with NTL 2012-BSEE-G01 will 

minimize the potential for marine debris-related impacts on shorebirds.

Impacts of Support Vessel and Helicopter Traffic

Support vessels and helicopters will transit coastal areas near Port Fourchon and Houma, 

Louisiana, where shorebirds and coastal nesting birds may be found. These activities could 

periodically disturb individuals or groups of birds within sensitive coastal habitats (e.g., wetlands 

that may support feeding, resting, or breeding birds).

Vessel traffic may disturb some foraging and resting birds. Flushing distances vary between 

species and between individuals (Rodgers and Schwikert, 2002). The disturbances will be 

limited to flushing birds away from vessel pathways; known distances are from 20 to 49 m 

(65 to 160 ft) for personal watercraft and 23 to 58 m (75 to 190 ft) for an outboard-powered 

boat (Rodgers and Schwikert, 2002). Flushing distances may be similar or less for the support 

vessels to be used for Anadarko’s project, and some species such as gulls are attracted to boats. 

Support vessels will not approach nesting or breeding areas on the shoreline, so disturbances to 

nesting birds, eggs, and chicks are not expected. Vessel operators will use designated navigation 

channels and comply with posted speed and wake restrictions while transiting sensitive inland 

waterways. Due to the limited scope and short duration of drilling activities, any short-term 

impacts are not expected to be biologically significant to coastal bird populations.

Aircraft traffic can cause some disturbance to birds onshore and offshore. Responses are highly 

dependent on the type of aircraft, the bird species, the activities that animals were previously 

engaged in, and previous exposures to overflights (Efroymson et al., 2000). Helicopters seem to 

cause the most intense responses over other human disturbances for some species (Bélanger 

and Bédard, 1989). However, Federal Aviation Administration Advisory Circular No. 91-36D 

recommends that pilots maintain a minimum altitude of 610 m (2,000 ft) when flying over 

noise-sensitive areas such as wildlife refuges, parks, and areas with wilderness characteristics. 

This is greater than the distance (slant range) at which aircraft overflights have been reported to 

cause behavioral effects on most species of birds studied (Efroymson et al., 2000). With these 

guidelines in effect, it is likely that individual birds would experience, at most, only short-term 

behavioral disruption.

Impacts of Large Oil Spill (WCD)

Coastal birds can be exposed to oil as they float on the water surface, dive during foraging, or 

wade in oiled coastal waters. Oiled birds can lose the ability to fly, dive for food, or float on the 

water, which could lead to drowning (USFWS, 2010d). Oil interferes with the water repellency 

of feathers and can cause hypothermia in the right conditions. As birds groom themselves, they 
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can ingest and inhale the oil on their bodies. Scavengers such as Bald Eagles and gulls can be 

exposed to oil by feeding on carcasses of contaminated fish and wildlife. While ingestion can kill 

animals immediately, more often it results in lung, liver, and kidney damage, which can lead to 

death. Bird eggs may be damaged if an oiled adult sits on the nest.

As noted above, the Brown Pelican was recently removed from the Federal endangered species 

list. Brown Pelicans are especially at risk from direct and indirect impacts from spilled oil within 

inner shelf and inshore waters, such as embayments. The range of this species is generally 

limited to these waters and surrounding coastal habitats. Brown Pelicans feed on mid-sized fish 

that they capture by diving from above (“plunge diving”) and then scooping the fish into their 

expandable gular pouch. This behavior makes them susceptible to plumage oiling if they feed in 

areas with surface oil or an oil sheen. They may also capture prey that has been physically 

contaminated with oil or has ingested oil. Issues for Brown Pelicans include direct contact with 

oil, disturbance by cleanup activities, and long-term habitat contamination. The Bald Eagle may 

also be at risk from direct and indirect impacts from spilled oil. This species often captures fish 

within shallow water areas (snatching prey from the surface or wading into shallow areas to 

capture prey with their bill) and so may be susceptible to plumage oiling and, as with the Brown 

Pelican, they may also capture prey that has been physically contaminated with oil or has 

ingested oil.

C.5 Fisheries Resources

C.5.1 Pelagic Communities and Ichthyoplankton

Biggs and Ressler (2000) reviewed the biology of pelagic communities in the deepwater 

environment of the northern Gulf of Mexico. The biological oceanography of the region is 

dominated by the influence of the Loop Current, whose surface waters are among the most 

oligotrophic in the world’s oceans. Superimposed on this low-productivity condition are 

productive "hot spots" associated with entrainment of nutrient-rich Mississippi River water and 

mesoscale oceanographic features. Anticyclonic and cyclonic hydrographic features play an 

important role in determining biogeographic patterns and controlling primary productivity in the 

northern Gulf of Mexico (Biggs and Ressler, 2000).

Most fishes inhabiting shelf or oceanic waters of the Gulf of Mexico have planktonic eggs and 

larvae (Ditty, 1986; Ditty et al., 1988; Richards et al., 1989, 1993). Pelagic eggs and larvae 

become part of the planktonic community for various lengths of time (10 to 100 days, 

depending on the species) (MMS, 2007b).

IPFs potentially affecting pelagic communities and ichthyoplankton include drilling rig presence, 

noise, and lights; effluent discharges; water intakes; and two types of accidents – a small fuel 

spill and a large oil spill (WCD).

Impacts of Drilling Rig Presence, Noise, and Lights

The drilling rig, as a floating structure in the deepwater environment, will act as a fish-attracting

device (FAD). In oceanic waters, the FAD effect would be most pronounced for epipelagic fishes 

such as tunas, dolphin, billfishes, and jacks, which are commonly attracted to fixed and drifting 

surface structures (Holland et al., 1990; Higashi, 1994; Relini et al., 1994; MMS, 2000, 2007b, 

2008). This FAD effect could possibly enhance the feeding of epipelagic predators by attracting 
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and concentrating smaller fish species. Because the drilling rig is a single, temporary structure, 

impacts on fish populations, whether beneficial or adverse, are considered minor.

Impacts of Effluent Discharges

Treated sanitary and domestic wastes may have a slight effect on the pelagic environment in the 

immediate vicinity of these discharges. These wastes may have elevated levels of nutrients, 

organic matter, and chlorine, but should be diluted rapidly to undetectable levels within tens to 

hundreds of meters from the source. Minimal impacts on water quality, plankton, and nekton 

are anticipated.

Deck drainage may have a slight effect on the pelagic environment in the immediate vicinity of 

these discharges. Deck drainage from contaminated areas will be passed through an 

oil-and-water separator prior to release, and discharges will be monitored for visible sheen. The 

discharges may have slightly elevated levels of hydrocarbons but should be diluted rapidly to 

undetectable levels within tens to hundreds of meters from the source. Minimal impacts on 

water quality, plankton, and nekton are anticipated.

Other discharges in accordance with the NPDES permit, such as desalination unit brine and 

uncontaminated cooling water, fire water, and ballast water, are expected to be diluted rapidly 

and have little or no impact on water column biota.

Impacts of Water Intakes

Seawater will be drawn from the ocean for once-through, non-contact cooling of machinery 

on the drilling rig. The drilling rig ultimately chosen for this project will be in compliance with all 

cooling water intake requirements.

The intake of seawater for cooling water will entrain plankton. The low intake velocity should 

allow most strong-swimming juvenile fishes and smaller adults to escape entrainment or 

impingement. However, drifting plankton would not be able to escape entrainment with the 

exception of a few fast-swimming larvae of certain taxonomic groups. Those organisms 

entrained may be stressed or killed, primarily through changes in water temperature during the 

route from cooling intake structure to discharge structure and mechanical damage (turbulence 

in pumps and condensers). Due to the limited scope and short duration of drilling activities, any 

short-term impacts of entrainment are not expected to be biologically significant to plankton or 

ichthyoplankton populations.

Impacts of a Small Fuel Spill

Potential spill impacts on fisheries resources are discussed in MMS (2007b) and

BOEM (2012a,d). For this EP, there are no unique site-specific issues with respect to spill 

impacts.

The probability of a fuel spill will be minimized by Anadarko’s preventative measures during 

routine operations including fuel transfer. In the unlikely event of a spill, implementation of 

Anadarko’s OSRP could mitigate the potential for impacts on pelagic communities, including 

ichthyoplankton. EP Section H provides detail on spill response measures. Given the open 

ocean location of the lease area, the duration of a small spill and opportunity for impacts to 

occur would be very brief.
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A small fuel spill in offshore waters would produce a slick on the water surface and increase the 

concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons and their degradation products. The extent and 

persistence of impacts would depend on the meteorological and oceanographic conditions at 

the time and the effectiveness of spill response measures. Section A.9.2 discusses the likely fate 

of a small fuel spill and indicates that over 90% would be evaporated or dispersed naturally 

within 24 hours. The sea surface area with diesel fuel on it would range from 0.5 to 5 ha 

(1.2 to 12 ac), depending on sea state and weather conditions.

A small fuel spill could have localized impacts on phytoplankton, zooplankton, and nekton. 

Due to the limited areal extent and short duration of water quality impacts, a small fuel spill 

would be unlikely to produce detectable impacts on pelagic communities.

Impacts of a Large Oil Spill (WCD)

A large oil spill could affect water column biota including phytoplankton, zooplankton, 

ichthyoplankton, and nekton. A large spill that persisted for weeks or months would be more 

likely to affect these communities. While adult and juvenile fishes may actively avoid a large 

spill, planktonic eggs and larvae would be unable to avoid contact. Eggs and larvae of fishes are 

especially vulnerable to oiling because they inhabit the upper layers of the water column, and 

they will die if exposed to certain toxic fractions of spilled oil. Impacts potentially would be 

greater if local-scale currents retained planktonic larval assemblages (and the floating oil slick) 

within the same water mass.

C.5.2 Essential Fish Habitat

Essential Fish Habitat (EFH) is defined as those waters and substrate necessary to fish for 

spawning, breeding, feeding, and growth to maturity. Under the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery 

Conservation and Management Act, as amended, Federal agencies are required to consult on 

activities that may adversely affect EFH designated in Fishery Management Plans developed by 

the regional Fishery Management Councils.

The BOEM (2012b) has reexamined the analysis for fish resources and EFH presented in 

MMS (2007a,b) in consideration of the Macondo event. No substantial new information was 

found that would alter the impact conclusions for fish resources and EFH presented in 

MMS (2007a,b). 

The Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council (GMFMC) has prepared Fishery Management 

Plans for corals and coral reefs, shrimps, stone crab, spiny lobster, reef fishes, coastal migratory 

pelagic fishes, and red drum. In 2005, the EFH for these managed species was redefined in 

Generic Amendment No. 3 to the various Fishery Management Plans (GMFMC, 2005). The EFH 

for most of these GMFMC-managed species is on the continental shelf in waters shallower than 

183 m (600 ft). The shelf edge is the outer boundary for coastal migratory pelagic fishes, reef

fishes, and shrimps. EFH for corals and coral reefs includes some shelf-edge topographic 

features on the Texas-Louisiana OCS, the nearest of which are, located approximately 64 miles 

(103 km) north of the lease area along the shelf edge south of Louisiana.

Highly migratory pelagic fishes, which occur as transients in the lease area, are the only 

remaining group for which EFH has been identified in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico. Species in 

this group, including tunas, swordfishes, billfishes, and sharks, are managed by NMFS. Highly 
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migratory species with EFH at or near the lease area include the following species and life stages 

(NMFS, 2009):

• Atlantic bluefin tuna (spawn, eggs, 

larvae, adults) 

• Bigeye tuna (adults) 

• Bigeye thresher shark (all)

• Blue marlin (juveniles, adults)

• Dusky shark (juveniles, adults)

• Longbill spearfish (juveniles, adults)

• Longfin mako shark (all)

• Oceanic whitetip shark (all)

• Sailfish (adults)

• Shortfin mako shark (all)

• Silky shark (all)

• Skipjack tuna (spawn, adults) 

• Swordfish (larvae, juveniles, adults)

• Tiger shark (adults)

• White marlin (juveniles, adults)

• Yellowfin tuna (spawn, juveniles, adults)

Research indicates the central and western Gulf of Mexico may be important spawning habitat 

for Atlantic bluefin tuna, and NMFS (2009) has designated a Habitat Area of Particular Concern 

(HAPC) for this species. The HAPC covers much of the deepwater Gulf of Mexico, including the 

lease area (Figure 3). The areal extent of the HAPC is approximately 300,000 km2 (15,000 mi2

). 

The prevailing assumption is that Atlantic bluefin tuna follow an annual cycle of foraging in June 

through March off the eastern U.S. and Canadian coasts, followed by migration to the Gulf of 

Mexico to spawn in April, May, and June (NMFS, 2009).

On 27 May 2011, after an extensive scientific review, NOAA announced that Atlantic bluefin

tuna currently do not warrant species protection under the ESA. However, NOAA did classify 

the bluefin tuna as a species of concern, effectively placing the species on a watch list as the 

agency awaits new data on the impact of a stricter international management regimen. 

A new amendment to the original EFH Generic Amendment was finalized in 2005

(GMFMC, 2005). One of the most significant proposed changes in this amendment reduced the 

extent of EFH relative to the 1998 Generic Amendment by removing the EFH description and 

identification from waters between 100 fathoms and the seaward limit of the Exclusive 

Economic Zone (EEZ). The Highly Migratory Species Fisheries Management Plan was amended 

in 2009 to update EFH and HAPC to include the bluefin tuna spawning area (NMFS, 2009).

There are current NTLs (2009-G39 and 2009-G40) that provide guidance and clarification of the 

regulations with respect to biologically sensitive underwater features and areas and benthic 

communities that are considered EFH (MMS, 2009a,b). A new EFH consultation has been 

initiated between BOEM’s Gulf of Mexico Region and NOAA’s Southeastern Region. Some 

EFH requirements may change with the new agreement. Until the new agreement is in place, 

the 1999 Programmatic Consultation with the elements described above will be followed 

(BOEMRE, 2011a; BOEM, 2012b).

Other HAPCs have been identified by the GMFMC (2005). These include the Florida Middle 

Grounds, Madison-Swanson Marine Reserve, Tortugas North and South Ecological Reserves, 

Pulley Ridge, and several individual reefs and banks of the northwestern Gulf of Mexico

(Figure 3). The nearest HAPC is Jakkula Bank, located approximately 72 miles (116 km) north of 

the lease area.

IPFs potentially affecting EFH include drilling rig presence, noise, and lights; effluent discharges; 

water intakes; and two types of accidents – a small fuel spill and a large oil spill (WCD).
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Impacts of Drilling Rig Presence, Noise, and Lights

The drilling rig, as a floating structure in the deepwater environment, will act as an FAD. In 

oceanic waters, the FAD effect would be most pronounced for epipelagic fishes such as tunas, 

dolphin, billfishes, and jacks, which are commonly attracted to fixed and drifting surface 

structures (Holland et al., 1990; Higashi, 1994; Relini et al., 1994; MMS, 2000, 2007b, 2008). 

This FAD effect would possibly enhance feeding of epipelagic predators by attracting and 

concentrating smaller fish species. Because the drilling rig is a single, temporary structure, any 

impacts on EFH for highly migratory pelagic fishes are considered minor.

Impacts of Effluent Discharges

Other effluent discharges affecting EFH by diminishing ambient water quality include drilling 

muds and cuttings, treated sanitary and domestic wastes, deck drainage, and miscellaneous 

discharges such as desalination unit brine and uncontaminated cooling water, fire water, and 

ballast water. Impacts on water quality have been discussed previously. No significant impacts 

on EFH for highly migratory pelagic fishes are expected from these discharges.

Impacts of Water Intakes

As noted previously, cooling water intake will cause entrainment and impingement of plankton, 

including fish eggs and larvae (ichthyoplankton). Due to the limited scope and short duration of 

drilling activities, any short-term impacts on EFH for highly migratory pelagic fishes are not 

expected to be biologically significant.

Impacts of a Small Fuel Spill

The probability of a fuel spill will be minimized by Anadarko’s preventative measures during 

routine operations including fuel transfer. In the unlikely event of a spill, implementation of 

Anadarko’s OSRP could help diminish the potential for impacts on EFH. EP Section H provides 

detail on spill response measures. Given the open ocean location of the lease area, the duration 

of a small spill and opportunity for impacts to occur would be very brief.

Potential spill impacts on EFH are discussed in MMS (2007b) and BOEM (2012a,d). For this EP, 

there are no unique site-specific issues with respect to spill impacts.

A small fuel spill in offshore waters would produce a slick on the water surface and increase the 

concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons and their degradation products. The extent and 

persistence of impacts would depend on the meteorological and oceanographic conditions at 

the time and the effectiveness of spill response measures. Section A.9.2 discusses the likely fate 

of a small fuel spill and indicates that over 90% would be evaporated or dispersed naturally 

within 24 hours. The sea surface area with diesel fuel on it would range from 0.5 to 5 ha 

(1.2 to 12 ac), depending on sea state and weather conditions.

A small fuel spill could have localized impacts on EFH for highly migratory pelagic fishes, 

including tunas, swordfishes, billfishes, and sharks. These species occur as transients in the 

lease area. A spill would also produce short-term impact on water quality in the HAPC for 

spawning bluefin tuna, which covers much of the deepwater Gulf of Mexico. The areal extent of 

the affected area would represent a negligible portion of the HAPC.
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A small fuel spill would not affect EFH for corals and coral reefs, the nearest EFH being

approximately 64 miles (103 km) north of the lease area along the southern shelf edge of 

Louisiana. A small fuel spill would float and dissipate on the sea surface and would not contact 

these features.

Impacts of a Large Oil Spill (WCD)

Potential spill impacts on EFH are discussed in MMS (2007b) and BOEM (2012a,d). For this EP, 

there are no unique site-specific issues with respect to EFH.

An oil spill in offshore waters would temporarily increase hydrocarbon concentrations on the 

water surface and potentially in the subsurface as well. Given the extent of EFH designations in 

the Gulf of Mexico (GMFMC, 2005; NMFS, 2009), some impact on EFH would be unavoidable.

A large spill could affect the EFH for many managed species including shrimps, stone crab, spiny 

lobster, reef fishes, coastal migratory pelagic fishes, and red drum. It would result in adverse 

impacts on water quality and water column biota including phytoplankton, zooplankton, and 

nekton. In coastal waters, sediments could be contaminated and result in persistent 

degradation of the seafloor habitat for managed demersal fish and shellfish species. 

The lease area is within the HAPC for spawning Atlantic bluefin tuna (NMFS, 2009). A large spill 

could temporarily degrade the HAPC due to increased hydrocarbon concentrations in the water 

column, with the potential for lethal or sublethal impacts on spawning tuna. Potential impacts 

would depend in part on the timing of a spill, as this species migrates to the Gulf of Mexico to 

spawn in April, May, and June (NMFS, 2009).

The topographic features, located 64 miles (103 km) north of the lease area, are designated as 

EFH under the corals and coral reefs management plan. An accidental spill would be unlikely to 

affect this area, because a surface slick would not reach these features due to their depth. 

C.6 Archaeological Resources

C.6.1 Shipwreck Sites 

The BOEM (2012b) reexamined the analyses for archaeological resources presented in 

MMS (2007b, 2008), based on additional information available since the publication of these 

two documents and in consideration of the Macondo oil spill. Substantial new information that 

alters the impact conclusion for archaeological resources presented in MMS (2007b, 2008) has 

come to light as a result of BOEM-sponsored studies and industry surveys. Specifically, evidence 

of damage to significant cultural resources (i.e., historic shipwrecks) has been shown to have 

occurred because of an incomplete knowledge of seafloor conditions in lease areas >200 m 

(656 ft) deep that have been exempted from high-resolution surveys. Because significant 

historic shipwrecks have been discovered outside the previously designated high-probability 

areas (some of which show evidence of impacts from permitted activities prior to their 

discovery), a survey is now required for exploration and development projects.

The lease area is not on the list of OCS blocks with a high potential for historic shipwrecks 

(BOEM, 2012c). The site clearance survey conducted by Fugro (2013) detected no man-made 

objects within 610 m (2,000 ft) of any of the proposed wellsites. Anadarko will abide by the 

applicable requirements of NTL 2005-G07, which stipulate that work be stopped at the project 
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site if any previously undetected archaeological resource is discovered after work has begun 

until appropriate surveys and evaluations have been completed.

Because there are no shipwreck sites in the lease area, there are no routine IPFs that are likely 

to affect shipwrecks. Impacts of a large oil spill (WCD) are the only IPFs considered. A small fuel 

spill would not affect shipwrecks because the oil would float and dissipate on the sea surface.

Impacts of a Large Oil Spill (WCD)

MMS (2007b) estimated that a severe subsurface blowout could resuspend and disperse 

sediments within a 300-m (984-ft) radius. Because there are no historic shipwrecks in the lease 

area, this impact would not be relevant.

Previous analyses (MMS, 2007a, 2008) concluded that oil spills would be unlikely to affect 

archaeological sites beyond the immediate vicinity of the wellhead (i.e., due to physical impacts 

of a blowout) because the oil would rise quickly to the sea surface directly over the spill location. 

However, during the Macondo spill, subsurface plumes were reported at a water depth of about 

1,100 m (3,600 ft), extending at least 22 miles (35 km) from the wellsite and persisting for more

than a month (Camilli et al., 2010). The subsurface plumes apparently resulted from the use of 

dispersants at the wellhead (Joint Analysis Group, 2010c). While the behavior and impacts of 

subsurface plumes are not well known, a subsurface plume could have the potential to contact 

shipwreck sites beyond the 300-m (984-ft) radius estimated by MMS (2007a, 2008), depending 

on its extent, trajectory, and persistence. If oil from a subsea spill should come into contact with 

wooden shipwrecks on the seafloor, it could adversely affect their condition or preservation. 

Should there be any indication that potential shipwreck sites could be affected, in accordance 

with NTL 2005-G07, Anadarko will immediately halt operations, take steps to ensure that the 

site is not disturbed in any way, and contact the BOEM Regional Supervisor, Leasing and 

Environment, within 48 hours of its discovery. Anadarko would cease all operations within 

305 m (1,000 ft) of the site until the Regional Supervisor provides instructions on steps to take 

to assess the site’s potential historic significance and protect it.

A spill entering shallow coastal waters could conceivably contaminate an undiscovered 

shipwreck site. As noted by MMS (2007b), should an oil spill contact a coastal historic site, such 

as a fort or a lighthouse, the major impact would be a temporary, reversible visual impact from 

oil contact and contamination of the site and its environment.

C.6.2 Prehistoric Archaeological Sites

Available evidence suggests that sea level in the northern Gulf of Mexico was at least 91 m 

(300 ft), and possibly as much as 130 m (427 ft), lower than present sea level during the period 

20,000 to 17,000 years Before Present (B.P.) (Nelson and Bray, 1970). Sea level in the northern 

Gulf reached its present stand around 3,500 years B.P. (Pearson et al., 1986).

During periods that the continental shelf was exposed above sea level, the area was open to 

habitation by prehistoric peoples. The advent of early man into the Gulf of Mexico region is 

currently accepted to be around 12,000 years B.P. (Aten, 1983). The sea-level curve for the 

northern Gulf of Mexico proposed by Coastal Environments, Inc. suggests that sea level at 

12,000 years B.P. would have been approximately 45 to 60 m (148 to 197 ft) below the 

present-day sea level (Coastal Environments, Inc., 1977, 1982). On this basis, the continental 

shelf shoreward of the 45- to 60-m (148- to 197-ft) bathymetric contours has potential for 
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prehistoric sites dating after 12,000 years B.P. Because of inherent uncertainties in both the 

depth of sea level and the entry date of prehistoric man into North America, the MMS adopted 

the 60-m (197-ft) water depth as the seaward extent for archaeological site potential in the Gulf 

of Mexico region. 

With water depths between 1,745 and 1,792 m (5,725 and 5,879 ft), the lease area is well 

beyond the 60-m (197-ft) depth contour used by the BOEM as the seaward extent for 

prehistoric archaeological site potential in the Gulf of Mexico. Because prehistoric 

archaeological sites are not found in the lease area, the only relevant IPF is a large oil spill 

(WCD). A small fuel spill would not affect prehistoric archaeological resources because the oil 

would float and dissipate on the sea surface.

Impacts of a Large Oil Spill (WCD) 

Because prehistoric archaeological sites are not found in the lease area, they would not be 

affected by the physical effects of a subsea blowout. The MMS (2007b) estimates that a severe 

subsurface blowout could resuspend and disperse sediments within a 300-m (984-ft) radius.

Along the northern Gulf Coast, prehistoric sites occur frequently along the barrier islands and 

mainland coast and along the margins of bays and bayous (MMS, 2007b). If a spill did reach a 

prehistoric site along these shorelines, it could coat fragile artifacts or site features and 

compromise the potential for radiocarbon dating organic materials in a site (although other 

dating methods are available, and it is possible to decontaminate an oiled sample for 

radiocarbon dating). Coastal prehistoric sites could also be damaged by spill cleanup operations 

(e.g., by destroying fragile artifacts and disturbing the provenance of artifacts and site features).

C.7 Coastal Habitats and Protected Areas

Coastal habitats in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico that may be affected by oil and gas activities 

are described in MMS (2007b), BOEM (2012a,b,d), and in a literature review by Collard and Way 

(1997). Coastal habitats inshore of the project area include barrier beaches and dunes, 

wetlands, and submerged seagrass beds. Generally, most of the northeastern Gulf is fringed by 

barrier beaches, with wetlands and/or submerged seagrass beds occurring in sheltered areas 

behind the barrier islands and in estuaries.

Due to the distance from shore, the only IPF associated with routine activities in the lease area 

that potentially may affect beaches and dunes, wetlands, seagrass beds, coastal wildlife refuges, 

wilderness areas, or any other managed or protected coastal area relate to support vessel 

traffic. The support bases at Port Fourchon and Houma, Louisiana, are not in wildlife refuges or 

wilderness areas. Potential impacts of support vessel traffic are addressed briefly below.

A small fuel spill in the lease area would be unlikely to affect coastal habitats due to the lease 

area’s distance from the nearest shoreline. As explained in Section A.9.2, a small fuel spill

would not be expected to make landfall or reach coastal waters prior to breaking up.

Impacts of Support Vessel Traffic

For OCS activities in general, support operations, including crew boats and supply boats, may 

have a minor incremental impact on coastal habitats. Over time with a large number of vessel 

trips, vessel wakes can erode shorelines along inlets, channels, and harbors. Support 

operations, including crew boats and supply boats as detailed in EP Section K, may have a minor 
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incremental impact on coastal habitats or protected areas. Impacts will be minimized by 

following the speed and wake restrictions in harbors and channels.

Impacts of a Large Oil Spill (WCD)

Potential spill impacts on coastal habitats are discussed in MMS (2007b) and BOEM (2012a,b,d). 

Coastal habitats inshore of the project area include barrier beaches and dunes, wetlands, and 

submerged seagrass beds. For this EP, there are no unique site-specific issues with respect to 

coastal habitats.

The revised OSRA modeling summarized in Table 3 predicts that there is a 17% probability of oil 

from a spill in the lease area reaching shorelines in Texas within 120 days, and a 14% probability 

of oil reaching Louisiana shorelines within 120 days.

The shorelines within the geographic range predicted by the OSRA modeling (Table 3) include 

extensive barrier beaches and wetlands, with submerged seagrass beds occurring in sheltered 

areas behind the barrier islands and in estuaries. NWRs and other protected areas along the 

coast are discussed in MMS (2007b), BOEM (2012b), and Anadarko’sOSRP. Coastal and near 

coastal wildlife refuges, wilderness areas, and State and National parks within the geographic 

range of the potential shoreline contacts after 120 days are presented in Table 6.

Table 6. Wildlife refuges, wilderness areas, and State and National parks within the geographic 

range of the potential shoreline contacts after 120 days (From: BOEM, 2012b). 

County or Parish, State Wildlife Refuge, Wilderness Area, or

State/National Park

Kenedy County, Texas Padre Island National Seashore

Laguna Madre Estuarine And Coastal Marine Area

Kleberg County, Texas Padre Island National Seashore

Laguna Madre Estuarine And Coastal Marine Area

Nueces County, Texas

Laguna Madre Estuarine And Coastal Marine Area

Mustang Island State Park

Lake Corpus Christi State Park

Port Aransas Park

Mission-Aransas National Estuarine Research Reserve

Aransas County, Texas

Mission-Aransas National Estuarine Research Reserve

Aransas National Wildlife Refuge

Goose Island State Park

Calhoun County, Texas

Mission-Aransas National Estuarine Research Reserve

Aransas National Wildlife Refuge

Matagorda Island State Park

Guadalupe Delta Wildlife Management Area

Welder Flats Coastal Preserve

Matagorda County, Texas

Aransas National Wildlife Refuge

Mad Island Wildlife Management Area

Big Boggy National Wildlife Refuge

San Bernard National Wildlife Refuge

Brazoria County, Texas

San Bernard National Wildlife Refuge

Peach Point Wildlife Management Area

Brazoria National Wildlife Refuge 

Christmas Bay State Park 

Christmas Bay Coastal Preserve 

Galveston County, Texas

Brazoria National Wildlife Refuge 

Galveston Island State Park

Apffel Park

Seawolf Park
Table 6. (Continued).

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County or Parish, State Wildlife Refuge, Wilderness Area, or

State/National Park

Old Fort Travis Park 

Atkinson Island Wildlife Management Area 

Ft. Anahuac Park

Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge 

McFaddin National Wildlife Refuge

Candy Abshier Wildlife Management Area

Atkinson Island Wildlife Management Area

Chambers County, Texas Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge

McFaddin National Wildlife Refuge

Jefferson County, Texas

McFaddin National Wildlife Refuge

Sea Rim State Park 

Murphree Wildlife Management Area 

Texas Point National Wildlife Refuge 

Cameron Parish, Louisiana

Sabine National Wildlife Refuge 

Cameron Prairie National Wildlife Refuge 

Lacassine National Wildlife Refuge 

Little Pecan Island Natural Area 

Peveto Woods Natural Area

Lower Neches Wildlife Management Area 

Rockefeller Wildlife Management Area 

Vermilion Parish, Louisiana Rockefeller Wildlife Management Area 

Paul J. Rainey Wildlife Management Area

Iberia Parish, Louisiana

Marsh Island Wildlife Management Area

Cypremort Point State Park

Shell Keys National Wildlife Refuge

St. Mary Parish, Louisiana Atchafalaya Delta Wildlife Management Area

Bayou Teche National Wildlife Refuge

Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana

Atchafalaya Delta Wildlife Management Area

Mandalay National Wildlife Refuge

Isles Dernieres Barrier Islands Refuge

Point Au Chein Wildlife Management Area

Lafourche Parish, Louisiana Point Au Chein Wildlife Management Area

Wisner Wildlife Management Area

Jefferson Parish, Louisiana

Grand Isle State Park

Salvador Wildlife Management Area

Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve

Lafitte Woods Natural Area

Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana

Salvador Wildlife Management Area

Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve

Delta National Wildlife Refuge

Pass A Loutre Wildlife Management Area

Breton National Wildlife Refuge

St. Bernard State Park

St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana

Breton National Wildlife Refuge

St. Bernard State Park

Biloxi Wildlife Management Area

Bayou Sauvage National Wildlife Refuge
Table 6. (Continued).

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County or Parish, State Wildlife Refuge, Wilderness Area, or

State/National Park

Hancock and Harrison Counties, Mississippi

Hancock County Coastal Marsh Reserve

Buccaneer State Park

Jourdan River Coastal Reserve

Biloxi River Coastal Reserve

Gulf Islands National Seashore

Bayou Sauvage National Wildlife Refuge

Big Branch Marsh National Wildlife Refuge

Pearl River Wildlife Management Area

Wolf River Coastal Reserve

Grand Bayou Coastal Preserve

Bayou Portage Coastal Reserve

Biloxi Marshes State Coastal Preserve

Deer Island State Coastal Preserve

Jackson County, Mississippi

Gulf Islands National Seashore

Davis Bayou Coastal Preserve

Mississippi Sandhill Crane National Wildlife Refuge

Pascagoula River Coastal Reserve

Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve

Grand Bay National Wildlife Refuge

Grand Bay Savannah Coastal Preserve

Deer Island State Coastal Preserve

Old Fort Bayou Coastal Reserve

Bellefontaine Point Coastal Reserve

Graveline Bay Coastal Reserve

Mobile County, Alabama

Grand Bay National Wildlife Refuge

The Grand Bay Savanna Tract

Penalver State Park

Bon Secour National Wildlife Refuge

W.L. Holland Wildlife Management Area

Baldwin County, Alabama

Bon Secour National Wildlife Refuge

Meaher State Park

Weeks Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve

Gulf State Park

Lillian Swamp Mitigation Area

Tarklin Bayou State Preserve

W.L. Holland Wildlife Management Area

Escambia County, Florida

Perdido Key State Recreation Area

Big Lagoon State Recreation Area

Fort Pickens State Park Aquatic Preserve

Gulf Islands National Seashore

Pensacola Bay SWIM Area

Yellow River Wildlife Management Area

Okaloosa County, Florida

Gulf Islands National Seashore

Pensacola Bay SWIM Area

Choctawatchee Bay SWIM Area

Walton County, Florida

Choctawatchee Bay SWIM Area

Henderson State Park

Point Washington Outstanding Florida Water

Deer Lake State Park

Grayton Beach State Park Outstanding Florida Water

St. Andrew Bay Watershed SWIM Area
Table 6. (Continued).

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County or Parish, State Wildlife Refuge, Wilderness Area, or

State/National Park

Bay County, Florida

Point Washington Outstanding Florida Water

St. Andrew Bay Watershed SWIM Area

St. Andrews State Park Aquatic Preserve

St. Andrews State Park

Gulf County, Florida

St. Andrew Bay Watershed SWIM Area

St. Joseph Peninsula State Park

St. Joseph Bay State Buffer Preserve

Franklin County, Florida

St. Vincent National Wildlife Refuge

Apalachicola National Estuarine Research Reserve

Apalachicola Bay Aquatic Preserve Outstanding Florida Water

Apalachicola River and Bay SWIM Area

Apalachicola River Wildlife and Environmental Area

St. George Island State Park

The level of impacts from oil spills on coastal habitats depends on many factors, including the oil 

characteristics, the geographic location of the landfall, and the weather and oceanographic 

conditions at the time (MMS, 2007b). Oil that makes it to beaches may be either liquid 

weathered oil, an oil-and-water mousse, or tarballs (MMS, 2007b). Oil is generally deposited on 

beaches in lines defined by wave action at the time of landfall. Oil that remains on the beach 

will thicken as its volatile components are lost. Thickened oil may form tarballs or aggregations 

that incorporate sand, shell, and other materials into its mass. Tar may be buried to varying 

depths under the sand. On warm days, both exposed and buried tarballs may liquefy and ooze. 

Oozing may also serve to expand the size of a mass as it incorporates beach materials. Oil on 

beaches may be cleaned up manually, mechanically, or both. Some oil can remain on the beach 

at varying depths and may persist for several years as it slowly biodegrades and volatilizes.

Wetlands are highly sensitive to oiling. The MMS (2007b) predicted that for every 50 bbl of oil 

contacting wetlands, approximately 2.7 ha (6.7 ac) of wetland vegetation will experience 

dieback. Thirty percent of these damaged wetlands are assumed to recover within 4 years, and 

85% within 10 years. About 15% of the contacted wetlands are expected to be converted 

permanently to open-water habitat. The critical concentration of oil is that concentration above 

which impacts to wetlands will be long-term and recovery will take longer than two growing 

seasons, and which causes plant mortality and some permanent wetland loss. Critical 

concentrations of various oils are expected to vary broadly for wetland types and wetland plant 

species. Louisiana wetlands are assumed to be more sensitive to oil contact than elsewhere in 

the Gulf because of high cumulative stress (MMS, 2007b). In addition to the direct impacts of 

oil, cleanup activities in marshes may accelerate rates of erosion and retard recovery rates, 

which have been reported to require from years to decades following a spill (MMS, 2007b; 

BOEMRE, 2011a; BOEM, 2012b).

C.8 Socioeconomic and Other Resources

C.8.1 Recreational and Commercial Fishing

BOEM has reexamined the analysis for recreational and commercial fishing presented in 

MMS (2007b, 2008) based on additional information and in consideration of the Macondo spill. 
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No new information was found that would alter the potential impacts on commercial fishing

(BOEMRE, 2011a; BOEM, 2012b). 

The main commercial fishing activity in deep waters of the northern Gulf of Mexico is pelagic 

longlining for tunas, swordfishes, and other billfishes (Continental Shelf Associates, Inc., 2002). 

Pelagic longlining has occurred historically in the project area, primarily during spring and 

summer. 

Longline gear consists of monofilament line deployed from a moving vessel and generally 

allowed to drift for 4 to 5 hours (Continental Shelf Associates, Inc., 2002). As the mainline is put 

out, baited leaders and buoys are clipped in place at regular intervals. It takes 8 to 10 hours to 

deploy a longline and about the same time to retrieve it. Longlines are often set near 

oceanographic features such as fronts or downwellings, with the aid of sophisticated on-board 

temperature sensors, depth finders, and positioning equipment. Vessels typically are 10 to 30 m 

(33 to 98 ft) long, and their trips last from about 1 to 3 weeks. The main Gulf of Mexico 

homeports for longlining vessels are in Louisiana (Dulac and Venice) and Florida (Destin, 

Madeira Beach, and Panama City).

It is unlikely that any commercial fishing activity other than longlining occurs at or near the 

project area. Benthic species targeted by commercial fishers occur on the upper continental 

slope, well inshore of the project area. Royal red shrimp (Pleoticus robustus) are caught by 

trawlers in water depths of about 250 to 550 m (820 to 1,804 ft). Tilefishes (primarily 

Lophalotilus chamaeleonticeps) are caught by bottom longlining in water depths from about 

165 to 450 m (540 to 1,476 ft) (Continental Shelf Associates, Inc., 2002).

Most recreational fishing activity in the region occurs in water depths less than 200 m (656 ft) 

(Continental Shelf Associates, Inc., 1997, 2002). In deeper water, the main attraction to 

recreational fishers would be petroleum rigs offshore Texas and Louisiana. Due to the distance 

from shore, it is unlikely that recreational fishing activity is occurring in the lease area.

The only routine IPF potentially affecting fisheries is drilling rig presence (including noise and 

lights). Two types of potential accidents are also addressed below – a small fuel spill and a large 

oil spill (WCD).

Impacts of Drilling Rig Presence

There is a slight possibility of pelagic longlines becoming entangled in the drilling rig. For 

example, in January 1999, a portion of a pelagic longline snagged on the acoustic Doppler 

current profiler of a drillship working in the Gulf of Mexico (Continental Shelf Associates, Inc., 

2002). The line was removed without incident. Generally, longline fishers use radar and are 

aware of offshore structures and ships when placing their sets. Therefore, little or no impact on 

pelagic longlining is expected.

Because it is unlikely that any recreational fishing activity is occurring in the project area, no 

adverse impacts are anticipated. Other factors such as effluent discharges are likely to have 

negligible impacts on commercial or recreational fisheries due to rapid dispersion, the small 

area of ocean affected, and the intermittent nature of the discharges.
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Impacts of a Small Fuel Spill

The probability of a fuel spill will be minimized by Anadarko’s preventative measures during 

routine operations including fuel transfer. In the unlikely event of a spill, implementation of 

Anadarko’s OSRP could potentially mitigate and reduce the potential for impacts. EP Section H 

provides detail on spill response measures. Given the open ocean location of the lease area, the 

duration of a small spill and opportunity for impacts to occur would be very brief.

Pelagic longlining activities in the lease area, if any, could be interrupted in the event of a small 

fuel spill. The sea surface area with diesel fuel on it would range from 0.5 to 5 ha (1.2 to 12 ac), 

depending on sea state and weather conditions. Fishing activities could be interrupted due to 

the activities of response vessels operating in the lease area. A small fuel spill would not affect 

coastal water quality because the spill would not be expected to make landfall or reach coastal 

waters prior to breaking up (see Section A.9.2).

Impacts of a Large Oil Spill (WCD)

Potential spill impacts on fishing activities are discussed in MMS (2007b) and BOEM (2012a,b). 

For this EP, there are no unique site-specific issues with respect to this activity.

Pelagic longlining activities in the lease area and other fishing activities in the northern Gulf of 

Mexico could be interrupted in the event of a large oil spill. A spill may or may not result in 

fishery closures, depending on the duration of the spill, the oceanographic and meteorological 

conditions at the time, and the effectiveness of spill response measures. The Macondo spill 

provides information about the maximum potential extent of fishery closures in the event of a 

large oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico (NMFS, 2010c). At its peak on 12 July 2010, closures 

encompassed 217,821 km2 (84,101 mi2

), or 34.8% of the U.S. Gulf of Mexico EEZ.

C.8.2 Public Health and Safety

There are no IPFs associated with routine operations that are expected to affect public health 

and safety. Impacts of a small fuel spill and a large oil spill (WCD) are addressed below.

Impacts of a Small Fuel Spill

The probability of a fuel spill will be minimized by Anadarko’s preventative measures during 

routine operations including fuel transfer. In the unlikely event of a spill, implementation of 

Anadarko’s OSRP could potentially alleviate the potential for impacts. EP Section H provides

detail on spill response measures.

A small fuel spill would not have any impacts on public health and safety because it would affect 

only a small area of the open ocean 152 miles (245 km) from the nearest shoreline, and nearly 

all of the diesel fuel would evaporate or disperse naturally within 24 hours. Response crews 

would be equipped with appropriate safety equipment to avoid injury and health effects. 

A small fuel spill would not be expected to make landfall or reach coastal waters prior to 

breaking up (see Section A.9.2).

Impacts of a Large Oil Spill (WCD)

In the event of a large spill from a blowout, the main safety and health concerns are those of the 

offshore personnel involved in the incident and those responding to the spill. The drilling rig 

maintains a Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan as required under MARPOL 73/78.
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Depending on the spill rate and duration, the physical/chemical characteristics of the oil, 

meteorological and oceanographic conditions at the time, and the effectiveness of spill response 

measures, the public could be exposed to oil on the water and along the shoreline, including 

skin contact or breathing VOCs. Crude oil is a highly flammable material, and any smoke or 

vapors from a crude oil fire can cause irritation, and in large quantities may pose a health 

hazard.

Data from the Macondo spill provide relevant information about the types of health issues that 

may occur in the event of a large oil spill (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010a). 

Wildlife cleaning and rehabilitation workers have reported concerns including scrapes and cuts, 

itchy or red skin or rash, and symptoms of headache or feeling faint, dizzy, or fatigued. Hand, 

shoulder, or back pain was also reported by some wildlife-cleaning workers. Personnel working 

on offshore vessels or providing direct oversight to offshore vessels, including USCG personnel, 

civilian contractors, and other responders who were exposed to oil and dispersants, had a 7 to 

12 times higher prevalence of upper respiratory symptoms and cough than those not exposed 

(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010b). Another potential occupational hazard for 

spill response workers in general was heat stress from work in a hot and humid environment. 

Initial symptoms from cleanup workers who sought medical care in Louisiana were typical of 

acute exposure to hydrocarbons or H2S (e.g., headaches, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, cough, 

respiratory distress, and chest pain) (Solomon and Janssen, 2010).

C.8.3 Employment and Infrastructure

There are no IPFs associated with routine operations that are expected to affect employment 

and infrastructure. The project involves drilling with support from existing shorebase facilities in 

Louisiana. No new or expanded facilities will be constructed, and no new employees are 

expected to move permanently into the area. The project will have a negligible impact on 

socioeconomic conditions such as local employment, existing offshore and coastal infrastructure 

(including major sources of supplies, services, energy, and water), and minority and lower 

income groups. Impacts of a small fuel spill and a large oil spill (WCD) are addressed below.

Impacts of a Small Fuel Spill

The probability of a fuel spill will be minimized by Anadarko’s preventative measures during 

routine operations including fuel transfer. In the unlikely event of a spill, implementation of 

Anadarko’s OSRP could potentially mitigate and reduce the potential for impacts. EP Section H 

provides detail on spill response measures. Given the open ocean location of the lease area, the 

duration of a small spill and opportunity for impacts to occur would be very brief.

A small fuel spill that is dissipated within a few days would have little or no economic impact, as 

the spill response would use existing facilities, resources, and personnel.

Impacts of a Large Oil Spill (WCD)

Potential socioeconomic impacts of an oil spill are discussed in MMS (2007b) and

BOEM (2012a,b,d). For this EP, there are no unique site-specific issues with respect to 

employment and coastal infrastructure. A large spill could cause economic impacts in several 

ways: it could result in extensive fishery closures that put fishermen out of work; it could result 

in temporary employment as part of the response effort; it could result in adverse publicity that 

affects employment in coastal recreation and tourism industries; and it could result in another 
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suspension of OCS drilling activities, including service and support operations that are an 

important part of local economies.

In addition to the analyses presented by MMS (2007b, 2008) and BOEM (2012b), a study 

explored the economic impacts of the Macondo spill on oil and gas industry employment due to 

suspension of deepwater drilling (Inter-Agency Economic Report, 2010). The study indicates 

that during the moratorium, the number of oil industry workers in the Gulf of Mexico fell by 

about 2,000 and may have indirectly caused a temporary loss of 8,000 to 12,000 jobs along the 

Gulf Coast. Total spending by drilling operators is estimated to have declined by $1.8 billion 

over a 6-month period; this direct reduction in spending affected employment in the industries 

that supply the Gulf drilling industry and in all other industries affected by declines in consumer 

and business spending (Inter-Agency Economic Report, 2010). 

C.8.4 Recreation and Tourism

BOEM has reexamined the analyses for recreation and tourism presented in MMS (2007b, 2008) 

based on additional information and in consideration of the Macondo oil spill event. No new 

information was found that would alter the potential impacts on recreation and tourism 

(BOEMRE, 2011a; BOEM, 2012b).

There are no known recreational uses of the lease area. Recreational resources and tourism in 

coastal areas would not be affected by any routine activities due to the distance from shore. 

Compliance with NTL 2012-BSEE-G01 will minimize the chance of trash or debris being lost 

overboard from the drilling rig and subsequently washing up on beaches.

Impacts of a Small Fuel Spill

The probability of a fuel spill will be minimized by Anadarko’s preventative measures during 

routine operations including fuel transfer. In the unlikely event of a spill, implementation of 

Anadarko’s OSRP could potentially help mitigate and reduce the potential for impacts. 

EP Section H provides detail on spill response measures. Given the open ocean location of the 

lease area, the duration of a small spill and opportunity for impacts to occur would be very brief.

A small fuel spill in the lease area would be unlikely to affect recreation and tourism. There are 

no known recreational or tourism activities occurring in the lease area, and as explained in 

Section A.9.2, a small fuel spill would not be expected to make landfall or reach coastal waters 

prior to breaking up.

Impacts of a Large Oil Spill (WCD)

Potential impacts of an oil spill on recreation and tourism are discussed in MMS ( 2007b) and

BOEM (2012a,b,d). For this EP, there are no unique site-specific issues with respect to these 

impacts.

Impacts on recreation and tourism would vary depending on the duration of the spill and its fate 

including the effectiveness of response measures. A large spill that reached coastal waters and 

shorelines could adversely affect recreation and tourism by contaminating beaches and 

wetlands, resulting in negative publicity that encourages people to stay away. Based on the 

revised OSRA modeling (BOEM, 2012b) as summarized in Section A.9.3 (Table 3), there is a 

17% probability of oil from a spill in the lease area reaching shorelines in Texas and a 

14% probability of oil contacting shorelines in Louisiana within 120 days.
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In addition to the analysis presented by MMS (2007b) and BOEM (2012a,b,d), recent and 

ongoing studies have explored the economic impacts of the Macondo spill including tourism and 

"brand" damage (IEM, 2010; Oxford Economics, 2010). The U.S. Travel Association has 

estimated the economic impact of the Macondo spill on tourism across the Gulf Coast over a 

three-year period at $22.7 billion (Oxford Economics, 2010). 

C.8.5 Land Use

Land use along the northern Gulf Coast is discussed in MMS (2007b) and BOEM (2012a,b,d). 

There are no routine IPFs potentially affecting land use. The project will use existing onshore 

support facilities in Louisiana. The land use at the existing shorebase sites is industrial. The 

project will not involve any new construction or changes to existing land use and, therefore, will 

not have any impacts. Levels of boat and helicopter traffic, as well as demand for goods and 

services including scarce coastal resources, will represent a small fraction of the level of activity 

occurring at the shorebases. 

A large oil spill (WCD) is the only relevant IPF. A small fuel spill would not have any impacts on 

land use, as the response would be staged out of existing shorebases and facilities.

Impacts of a Large Oil Spill (WCD)

The initial response for a large oil spill would be staged out of existing facilities, with no effect on 

land use. A large spill could have limited temporary impacts on land use along the coast if 

additional staging areas were needed. For example, during the Macondo spill, temporary 

staging areas were established in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida for spill response 

and cleanup efforts. In the event of a large spill in the lease area, similar temporary staging 

areas could be needed. These areas would eventually return to their original use as the 

response is demobilized.

C.8.6 Other Marine Uses

The lease area is not located within any USCG-designated fairway or shipping lane or Military 

Warning Area. Anadarko will comply with BOEM requirements and lease stipulations to avoid 

impacts on uses of the area by military vessels and aircraft. Fugro (2013) identified no existing 

man-made objects in the vicinity of the wellsites.

There are no IPFs from routine project activities that are likely to affect other marine uses of the 

lease area. A large oil spill (WCD) is the only relevant accident IPF. A small fuel spill would not 

have any impacts on other marine uses because spill response activities would be mainly within 

the lease area and the duration would be brief.

Impacts of a Large Oil Spill (WCD)

An accidental spill would be unlikely to significantly affect shipping or other marine uses. In the 

event of a large spill requiring numerous response vessels, coordination would be required to 

manage the vessel traffic for safe operations. Anadarko will comply with BOEM requirements 

and lease stipulations to avoid impacts on uses of the area by military vessels and aircraft.

In the event of a large spill requiring numerous vessels in the area, coordination would be 

required to ensure that no anchoring or seafloor-disturbing activities occur near the existing 

pipelines and flowlines.
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D. Environmental Hazards

D.1 Geologic Hazards

The site clearance survey (Fugro, 2013) identified buried faults that will penetrate wellbores at 

the WR 52-D, WR 52-E, WR 52-F, WR 52-G, and WR 52-K. Fault penetrations will occur at 183 m 

(602 ft) below mud line (BML) at WR 52-D, 243 m (767 ft) BML at WR 52-E, 164 m (539 ft) BML 

at WR 52-F, 149 m (490 ft) BML at WR 53-G, and 230 m (753 ft) BML at WR 52-K. Fugro (2013) 

advised caution when penetrating heavily faulted sediments, as drilling fluid losses can occur. 

Fugro (2013) concluded that all of the proposed wellsites posed a negligible risk for shallow 

water flow, a negligible to low risk for encountering shallow gas, and a low risk for encountering 

dimminated gas hydrate accumulations. Fugro (2013) concluded that the wellsites are free of 

any significant geological hazards and are suitable for the proposed activities. See EP Section C

for supporting geological and geophysical information.

D.2 Severe Weather

Under most circumstances, weather is not expected to have any effect on the proposed 

activities. Extreme weather, including high winds, strong currents, and large waves, was 

considered in the design criteria for the drilling rigs under consideration for this project. High 

winds and limited visibility during a severe storm could disrupt support activities (vessel and 

helicopter traffic) and make it necessary to suspend some activities on the drilling rig for safety 

reasons until the storm or weather event passes. In the event of a hurricane, procedures as 

outlined in the Hurricane Evacuation Plan would be adhered to.

D.3 Currents and Waves

Metocean conditions such as sea states, wind speed, ocean currents, etc. will be continuously 

monitored. Under most circumstances, physical oceanographic conditions are not expected to 

have any effect on the proposed activities. Strong currents (e.g., caused by Loop Current eddies 

and intrusions) and large waves were considered in the design criteria for the drilling rig under 

consideration for this project. High waves during a severe storm could disrupt support activities 

(i.e., vessel and helicopter traffic) and make it necessary to suspend some activities on the 

drilling rig for safety reasons until the storm or weather event passes.

E. Alternatives 

No formal alternatives were evaluated in this EIA for an EP. However, various technical and 

operational options, including the location of the wellsites and the selection of a drilling unit, 

were considered by Anadarko in developing the proposed action.
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F. Mitigation Measures

The proposed action includes numerous mitigation measures required by laws, regulations, and 

BOEM lease stipulations and NTLs. The project will comply with all applicable Federal, State, 

and local requirements concerning air pollutant emissions, discharges to water, and solid waste 

disposal. All project activities will be conducted under guidance by Anadarko’s OSRP and will 

include the measures described in EP Section H. 

G. Consultation

No persons or agencies were consulted during the preparation of this EIA.

H. Preparers

The EIA was prepared by CSA Ocean Sciences Inc. Contributors included: 

• M. John Thompson (Senior Scientist);

• John M. Tiggelaar II (Project Scientist);

• Keith VanGraafeiland (Geospatial Manager);

• Kevin Noack (Geospatial Coordinator);

• Kristen L. Metzger (Library and Information Services Director); and

• LeslieAnn Weekes (Technical Editor). 

I. References 

Ackleh, A., G.E. Loup, J.W. Loup, B. Ma, J.J. Newcomb, N. Pal, N.A. Sidorovskaia, and C. Tiemann. 2012. Assessing 

the Deepwater Horizon oil spill impact on marine mammal population through acoustics: Endangered sperm 

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