3 

### '~ 

### Commercial Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps 

# ENGINEERING ANALYSIS Mark Kendall (kendall.mark@adlittle.com) Arthur D. Little, Inc. U.S. DOE Workshop on Standards for Commercial Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps September 12, 2001 Commercial Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps 

# ENGINEERING ANALYSIS Mark Kendall (kendall.mark@adlittle.com) Arthur D. Little, Inc. 

## u.s. DOE Workshop on Standards for Commercial Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps September 12, 2001lb Engineering Analysis ,wS Overview 

### The Engineering Analysis defines the relationship between equipment cost and equipment efficiencyfor use in downstream analyses.

o / Consumer Life-Cycle Cost 

### ,= /y~ ^^^ ~* 

### ·Manufacturer Impact '01.-Employment Impact 

### , , , * Employment Impact Product Efficiency

III.D. Eng Analysis 083001 Engineering Analysis Overview The Engineering Analysis defines the relationship between equipment cost and equipment efficiency for use in downstream analyses.



### .... en o o c: o .- 

### .... o ::J "C o**~** a.. Product Efficiency 1" . II**~** Ii •**'i~'** ,,: d II:**:~jl ~I:**  ;1,: . 'I! 1 .1:.**~,:** \1; ;It**ii'~** ,II. ;,1 I""**~~ ~**  'I ,.**"~I'** II' ,. '. I.**~** • I l... I •**~j!** . I**I~** ,j. •**-~** :**~;p** 1 I:, ",**~** .: •**I~. ~**  •**~r ~**  I' . t " • If. ".. • 

# •

• Consumer Life-Cycle Cost
• Manufacturer Impact
• Employment Impact

111.0. Eng Analysis 083001i Engineering Analysis Characteristics
_I w . - r ! ........... :,-~,~-: -...'~r'~:; : " ::.......; DOE desires that the cost/efficiency relationships used in the analysis possess certain characteristics.

®Credible

- based on acceptable estimation techniques

- incorporates and reconciles available data from multiple sources * Transparent

- publicly accessible

- protects proprietary information 

### * Specific

- sufficient detail to reduce ambiguity or misinterpretation

- a single set of cost-efficiency estimates

- quantified uncertainties 

### * Timely

- available prior to scheduled deadlines

IIID. Eng Analysis 083001 Engineering Analysis Chpracteristics

.**~. ..~.**  ',.,-.;' DOE desires that the cost/efficiency relationships used in the analysis possess certain characteristics..

• Credible

- based on acceptable estimation techniques

- incorporates and reconciles available data from multiple sources • Transparent

- publicly accessible

- protects proprietary information • Specific

- sufficient detail to reduce ambiguity or misinterpretation - a single set of cost-efficiency estimates

- quantified uncertainties • Timely

- available prior to scheduled deadlines

111.0. Eng Analysis 08300 I 2Engineering Analysis Sources of Efficiency Data There are several potential sources of efficiency/performance information, when applied to commercial air conditioners. Primary advantage ... disadvantage Manufacturers and Suppliers Direct source of Detailed data is often / performance data the most sensitive 

### Testing/Rating Objective near only accessible concentrated near only a few efficiency levels 

### Technical Literature Freely available Inconsisent topical 

## J coverage 

### ,Engineering Estimates Efficient Scope depends on Engineering Estimates Efficient personnel availability Questionable 

### Simulation Modeling Flexible applicabilityfor larger equipment 

### Prototyping Direct observation Resource intensive 

# V

/. Can provide direct insight into performance offuture equipment under more stringent standards 1I.D.EngAnalysis 083001 3 Engineering Analysis SOl!Jrces of Efficiency Data There are several potential sources of efficiency/performance information, when applied to commercial air conditioners. Primary advantage ... disadvantage Manufacturers and Suppliers Direct source of Detailed data is often performance data the most sensitive

. Testing/Rating Objective and Products are concentrated near only accessible a few efficiency levels Technical Literature Freely available Inconsisent topical coverage ',Engineering Estimates Efficient Scope depends on personnel availability Simulation Modeling Flexible Questionable applicability for larger equipment Prototyping Direct observation Resource intensive

. j. Can provide direct Insight Into performance offuture V equipment undermore stringentstandards 111.0. Eng Analysis 08300 I 

# J J J J J

3Engineering Analysis Sources of Manufacturing Cost Data Similarly, there are several potential sources of manufacturing cost data each with advantages and disadvantages. Primary advantage ... disadvantage 

### Manufacturers and Suppliers Direct source of cost Detailed data is often and market info sensitive 

### Teardown Analysis/ Direct product Products concentrated observation near only afew 

### Engineering Evaluation efficiency levels 

### List Prices Readily accessible Indicates overall value, wholesale prices not efficiency-related cost 

### Public Data (e.g. Census) Freely available Highly aggregated

Can provide direct insight into future costs under more stringent standards III.D. Eng Analysis 083001 Engineering Analysis SQurces' of Manufacturing Cost Data Similarly, there are several potential sources of manufacturing cost

.data each with advantages and disadvantages. Primary advantage . D • disadvantage ·Manufacturers and Suppliers Teardown Analysis/

. Engineering Evaluation

.. , List Prices Public Data (e.g. Census) Direct source of cost and market info Direct product observation Readily accessible wholesale prices Freely available .; Can provi(le direct Insight into future costs under more stringentstandards Detailed data Is often sensitive Products concentrated . I near only a few y efficiency levels Indicates overall value, not efficiency-related cost Highly aggregated

111.0. Eng Analysis 083001 4~'-. Engineering Analysis .: Proposed Approach Based on the Department's past experience using approaches such as the Design Option and Efficiency Level approach, we propose to combine data sources for this rulemaking.

· Gather publicly available information on cost, price, and performance * Work with manufacturers to obtain design data for appropriate equipment samples and perform a cost estimate based on that data * Conduct computer simulations and perform engineering estimates to supplement the design data * Obtain reviews by stakeholders * Reconcile results and characterize uncertainty Based on theiradvantages and disadvantages, are allthese stepsnecessary, orare others warranted?

III.D. Eng Analysis 083001 Engineering Analysis Proposed Approach Based on the Department's past experience using approaches such as the Design Option and Efficiency Level approach, we propose to

.combine data sources for this rulemaking.
• Gather publicly available information on cost, price, and performance • Work with manufacturers to obtain design data for appropriate equipment samples and perform a cost estimate based on that data • Conduct computer simulations and perform engineering estimates to supplement the design data • Obtain reviews by stakeholders • Reconcile results and characterize uncertainty Basedon theiradvantages and disadvantages, are aI/these steps necessary, orare others warranted?

111.0. Eng Analysis 08300 I 5

### '. Engineering Analysis Questions Related to Proposed Approach
_ B~B .~,,,:i~? t?3:.';'" :-: - : Depending on which approach we take, there are some questions to be answered.



### · What role should manufacturers andotherstakeholders have in providing data andreviewing assumptions, methods and results? * Whatperformance modeling tools should be used, ifany?

- PUREZ -- formerly referred to as MODCON (Oak Ridge National Laboratory simulation model)

- HPSIM (National Institute of Standards and Technology simulation model)

- ACMODEL (Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Purdue University simulation model)

- Spreadsheets (based on engineering expertise) 

### * Ifwe draw on multiple sources of information, what guidelines should we use for reconciling them and integrating them into a single set of cost-efficiency data? * How should the Department consider improvements that impact part-load efficiency (e.g. IPLV) but not EER?
Il.D. Eng Analysis 083001

# ~**~~** Engineering Analysis 

# "**~J\** Questions Related to Proposed Approach 

## ,**~~1rI**

_ ..... ______ IIIUJ2iJd .....**i¥!~."'iiifJ~,'3'~;;'t.,;;<~~~!:~:~;':.,,;** : Depending on which approach we take, there are some questions to be answered. • What role'should manufacturers and otherstakeholders have in
, providing data andreviewing assumptions, methods and results?

• What,performance modeling tools should be used, ifany?

- PUREZ -- formerly referred to as MODCON (Oak Ridge National Laboratory simulation model)

- HPSIM (National Institute of Standards and Technology simulation model) , , " - ACMODEL (Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Purdue University simulation model)

- Spreadsheets (based on engineering expertise) • If we draw on multiple sources of information, what guidelines should we' use for reconciling them and integrating them into a single set of cost-efficiency data? '. How should the Department consider improvements that impact part-load efficiency (e.g. IPLV) but not EER?
I 111.0. Eng Analysis 08300\ 6l ' ~Retail Price and Installation Cost 

### l .. Overview Retail prices and installation costs at various efficiency levels are needed to estimate consumer life cycle costs. 

### Retail Price 

### Installation CLife 

### Cycle CostAnalysis Cost * How willstandards impact equipmentprice, installation cost (and maintenance/service costs)? * Whatare the drawbacks, ifany, ofinferring equipment retail prices byapplying a series ofmarkups to ourproduction cost estimates? * Given that the equipmentprice isjustone component ofthe price ofthe installedsystem, is it likelythatinformation gathered through a survey couldhelp determine retailprices ormarkups? III.D. EngAnalysis 083001 Retail Price and Installation Cost

. Overview Retail prices and installation costs at various efficiency levels are needed to estimate consumer life cycle costs.



### •
I '



### •
• Retail Price Installation Cost Life Cycle CostAnalysis
How willstandards impact equipmentprice, installation cost (and maintenance/service costs)? What are the drawbacks, ifany, ofinferring equipment retail prices byapplying

### a series ofmarkups to ourproduction cost estimates? Given that the equipmentprice isjust one component ofthe price ofthe installedsystem, is it likely thatinformation gathered through a surveycould help determine retail-prices ormarkups? 111.0. Eng Analysis 08300 I 7

### Commercial Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps 

# Building Energy Use & Electric Load Shape Characterization David Winiarski (david.winiarski@pnl.gov) 

### Pacific Northwest National Laboratory U.S. DOE Workshop on Standards for Commercial Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps September 12, 2001 

### Commercial Air Conditioners 

### and Heat Pumps 

# Building Energy Use & 

# Electric Load Shape Characterization I>avid VViniarski (david.winiarski@pnl.gov) 

### Pacific Northwest National Laboratory**U.S~** DOE Workshop on Standards for Commercial Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps September 12, 2001e' , Building Energy Use and Load Shape

Ad Characterization Overview 'if __~ I~eA~P~391~'p-~_ ~ ",,- ':-. · The purpose ofthe building energy use and load shape characterization analysis is to assess the energy and peak demand savings potential of different equipment efficiencies across the range ofcommercial building types and climate zones. 

## 5 5Development and Characterizmulation of Equipment Load Building Stock: Profiles Possible Sources Building Prototypes CBECS, MAISY (Possible Tools: Utility/Industry data BLAST, Demand Profildines Energy Plus) Demand Profiles k.F

Time III-D-2- 2 Building Energy Use and Load Shape Characterization Overview The purpose ofthe. building energy use and load shape characterization analysis is to assess the energy and peak demand savings,potential of different equipment efficiencies across the range ofcommercial building types and climate zones.

Characterization of Building Stock: Possible Sources CBECS, MAISY Utility/Industry data**~** ...


# . gr. I ./ 

# '\ Development and Simulation of Building Prototypes (Possible Tools: 

# / BLAST, DOE2.1 E, Energy Plus) 

# '\ /

>. Ol

..... Q) c W \. Equipment Load Profiles & Whole Building Demand**Profile~**

Time 111-0-2- 2Building Energy Use and Load Shape Characterization Request for Stakeholder Input


### The Departmentseeks stakeholderinputon the tools and othersourcesof dataconcerning U.S. commercialbuilding stock characteristics for energy-related modeling purposes. Doyou agreewith the use of these tools? What otherdatasourcescouldstakeholdersmake available to bettercharacterizebuildingstock usingthese unitary equipment(e.g. regional productshippingdata, utility customersurveys, orothersurvey data)?

III-D-2- 3 Building Energy Use and Load Shape Characterization Request for Stakeholder Input


### The Departmentseeks stakeholder input on the tools and othersources of data concerning U.S. commercial building stock characteristics for energy-related modelingpurposes. Do you agree with the use of these tools? What otherdata sources couldstakeholders make available

, to better characterize buildingstock using these unitary equipment (e.g. regionalproductshippingdata, utility customer surveys, or othersurvey data)?

I1I-D-2- 3

# i; Building Energy Use and Load Shape Characterization .b Request for Stakeholder Input 

### Specific Modeling Concerns

- Buildings with commercial unitary AC and HPs are likely to use economizers that provide cooling independent ofthe efficiency ofthe equipment. What assumptionsshouldbe made in modelingthe equipmentregarding the use of,and control strategyappliedto, economizers? -Commercial unitary AC and HPs may be oversized to allow for growth, which affects the run time, energy performance, and latent heat removal capability. Whatassumptionsshould be made abouthow equipmentis sizedin orderto addressit correctly in the analysis from both an energy and firstcost impact?
III-D-2- 4 .' I Building Energy Use and Load Shape Characterization Request for Stakeholder Input

II 

### Specific Modeling Concerns

- Buildings with commercial unitary AC and HPs are likely to use economizers that provide cooling independent ofthe efficiency ofthe equipment. 

### What assumptions should be made in modeling the equipment regarding the use of, and control strategy applied to, economizers? Commercial unitary AC and HPs may be oversized to allow for growth, which affects the run time, energy perfonnance, and latent heat removal capability. 

### What assumptions should be mqde about how equipment is sized in order to address it correctly in the analysisfrom both an energy and first cost impact?
III-D-2- 4

### yK Building Energy Use and Load Shape Characterization ji Request for Stakeholder Input 

### Specific Modeling Concerns

- Due to the varied ductwork designs for various commercial buildings the fan static pressures will vary significantly.

What assumptionsshouldbe made regardingtypicalduct designs in orderto effectively accountforfanenergy use? 

### -Supply fans on commercial unitary AC and HPs generally operate continuously when the building is occupied to provide ventilation air. How shouldenergy use ofthesupply fans operatingonly when ventilationis required(ratherthan

heatingorcooling) be excluded from (orincorporated with) the energy use of the heatingandcoolingequipment? III-D-2- 5 Building Energy Use and Load Shape Characterization. Request for Stakeholder Input

" '........ ':'" 

### • Specific Modeling Concerns

- Due to the varied ductwork designs for various commercial buildings the fan static pressures will vary significantly. 

### What assumptions should be made regarding typical duct designs in order to effectively account/or fan energy use?

- Supply fans on commercial unitary AC and HPs generally operate continuously when the building is occupied to provide ventilation air. 

### How should energy use of the supply fans operating only when ventilation is required (rather than

heating or cooling) be excludedfrom (or incorporatedwith) the energy use of the heating and cooling equipment? III-D-2- 5