U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

Open-File Report 03–93

Data and Methods of a 1999–2000 Street 

Sweeping Study on an Urban Freeway in 

Milwaukee County, Wisconsin

Prepared in cooperation with Wisconsin Department of Transportation
U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

Data and Methods of a 1999–2000 Street 

Sweeping Study on an Urban Freeway in 

Milwaukee County, Wisconsin

By Robert J. Waschbusch

Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Transportation

Open-File Report 03–93

Middleton, Wisconsin: 2003
U.S. Department of the Interior

Gale P. Norton, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey

Charles G. Groat, Director

For additional information about this report, write to:

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U.S. Geological Survey

8505 Research Way

Middleton, WI 53562-3586

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Permission to reproduce those items must be secured from the individual copyright owners.
iii

Contents

Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Street dirt collection and processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Vehicle counts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Precipitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Runoff sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Construction effects on the data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Freeway median runoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Quality assurance/quality control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Street dirt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Precipitation and runoff data for sampled events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Precipitation data for unsampled events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Concentrations and particle-size data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Suspended solids versus suspended sediment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Sediment replicate results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Vehicle counts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Freeway median contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

References cited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Appendixes:

Dirt Data

Table A1. Street dirt collected by vacuum sampling at the test site, Interstate 894, 

Milwaukee County, Wis.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

A2. Street dirt collected by vacuum sampling at the control site, 

Interstate 894, Milwaukee County, Wis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

A3. Particle-size distribution of street dirt collected by Enviro Whirl, 

Interstate 894, Milwaukee County, Wis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

A4. Results of Toxicity Characteristic Leachate Procedure (TCLP) analysis 

on dirt collected by Enviro Whirl street sweeper, Interstate 894, 

Milwaukee County, Wis.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

Precipitation data

Table A5. Control site precipitation data, Interstate 894, Milwaukee County, Wis. . . . . .21

A6. Test site precipitation data, Interstate 894, Milwaukee County, Wis.. . . . . . . .25

Runoff concentration data

Table A7. Runoff concentrations from test site, Interstate 894, Milwaukee County, 

Wis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

A8. Runoff concentrations from control site, Interstate 894, Milwaukee 

County, Wis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

Runoff particle size data

Table A9. Runoff particle size analysis results at the test and control sites, 

Interstate 894, Milwaukee County, Wis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
iv

Contents–Continued

QA/QC data

Table A10. Replicate suspended sediment analysis results at the test and 

control sites, Interstate 894, Milwaukee County, Wis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

A11. Replicate suspended solids analysis results at the test and control 

sites, Interstate 894, Milwaukee County, Wis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

A12. Blank sample analysis results at the test and control sites, 

Interstate 894, Milwaukee County, Wis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38

Vehicle count data

Table A13. Vehicle count data in test and control basins, Interstate 894, 

Milwaukee County, Wis.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

Median suspended solids concentration and runoff information

Table A14. Suspended solids concentrations found in runoff samples collected 

from the freeway median, Interstate 894, Milwaukee County, Wis. . . . . . . . . .40

A15. Test site freeway median runoff information, Interstate 894, Milwaukee 

County, Wis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

Figures

1. Diagram of study area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

2. Map showing study area with a GIS overlay detailing the test, control, and buffer areas. . . . . . . . . . . . .3

3. Photo showing example of dirt and gravel from utility construction on highway shoulder. . . . . . . . . . . .6

4–6. Graphs showing:

4. Street dirt loads at test site before and after street sweeping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

5. Street dirt loads at control site on the same days street sweeping took place at test site. . . . . . . . 7

6.. Suspended solids versus suspended sediment at the test site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Tables

1. Constituents analyzed in samples of runoff, Interstate 894, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . .5

2. Summaries of event runoff from test site, Interstate 894, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin. . . . . . . . . . . . .8

3. Summaries of event runoff from control site, Interstate 894, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin . . . . . . . . .9

4. Summary statistics for runoff concentrations at the test and control sites during sweeping and 

non-sweeping periods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
v

Conversion Factors and Other Abbreviations

Other Abbreviations:

cfs cubic feet per second

in/hr inches per hour

in/yr inches per year

mg/L milligrams per liter

mg/g milligrams per gram

Multiply By To obtain

Length

inch (in.) 2.54 centimeter (cm)

foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m)

mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer (km)

Area

acre (A) 0.4047 hectare (ha)

square foot (ft2) 0.09290 square meter (m2)

square mile (mi2) 2.590 square kilometer (km2)

Volume

liter (L) 0.2642 gallon

cubic foot (ft3

) 7.4805 gallon

acre-foot (acre-ft) 328,851 gallon

cubic foot per second-day 646,000 gallon

Mass

pound (lb) 0.0005 ton

gm (g) 1,000 milligram (mg)

gm (g) 0.00220 pound

Flow

cubic feet per second (ft3/s) 448.8 gallons per minute
Data and Methods of a 1999–2000 Street Sweeping 

Study on an Urban Freeway in Milwaukee County, 

Wisconsin

By Robert J. Waschbusch

Abstract

The Wisconsin Department of Transportation is 

required to control the quality of runoff from roadways 

under their control as part of the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System. One way to control roadway 

runoff is to use street sweeping to remove pollutants before 

they are entrained in runoff. This may be a good option 

because land is often unavailable or prohibitively expensive 

and structural best-management practices can also be 

expensive. This study collected stormwater runoff samples 

and dirt samples from the roadway surface from a section of 

Interstate Highway 894 near Milwaukee, Wisconsin during 

periods when a street sweeping program was and was not in 

effect. These data may be useful in evaluating street sweeping as a stormwater best management practice but this study 

did not perform this evaluation. Data collection methods, 

concentrations of sediment and other constituents in stormwater runoff, and street dirt masses are presented in this 

report. Replicate and comparison sample results indicate 

that when evaluating the effectiveness of best-management 

practices on highway runoff, suspended sediment results 

should be used rather than suspended solids, presumably 

because the particle sizes in highway runoff is large compared to those found in other types of stormwater runoff.

Introduction

The Wisconsin Department of Transportation 

(WDOT) is required to control the quality of runoff from 

roadways under their control as part of the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). One way to 

control roadway runoff is to use street sweeping to remove 

pollutants before they are entrained in runoff. This may be 

a good option because land is often unavailable or prohibitively expensive and structural Best Management Practices 

(BMPs) can also be expensive. If street sweeping were an 

effective method at reducing pollutants in runoff, WDOT 

may only need to obtain improved sweepers, increase the 

sweeping frequency or both. This study used a paired-basin 

design (Clausen and Spooner, 1993) to collect data to help 

evaluate effectiveness of an improved street sweeping program at reducing dirt and pollutants in runoff from an urban 

highway street surface.

The study area was a section of Interstate 894, west of 

Milwaukee, one of the busiest stretches of roadway in Wisconsin, where a test basin had the street-sweeping program 

implemented and a control basin did not. The two basins 

were located between National Avenue and Oklahoma Avenue with a 1,100-ft. long buffer section between them. The 

purpose of the buffer section was to allow vehicles entering 

each study basin to travel over pavement that had been 

either swept or not swept so that the dirt the vehicle “pulled” 

into the basin would be comparable to either swept or 

unswept conditions (fig. 1). 

The average daily traffic count (ADT) during the study 

period was 64,900 in the eastbound direction and 69,000 in 

the westbound direction for a combined ADT of 133,900 in 

both basins. There are no entrance or exit ramps between the 

two basins and the concrete pavement, which was last resurfaced in the mid-1990s, was in good condition for pavement 

of this age. The concrete shoulders were installed in the late 

1970s. 

The test basin, which was between Oklahoma Avenue 

and Dakota Street, had a drainage area of 4.56 acres that was 

comprised of 4.31 acres of highway surface and 0.25 acres 

of grassy area (fig. 2). Of the highway surface 1.56, 2.67, 

and 0.08 were the shoulder, the driving lanes and the 

median, respectively.
2 Data and Methods of a 1999–2000 Street Sweeping Study on an Urban Freeway in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin

Figure 1. Diagram of study area.

Drainage divides 

Test section Buffer section Control section

Traffic flow

Traffic flow

Sweep zone

Sweep zone

Sweep zone Sweep zone

Sweep zone

No sweep zone

No sweep zone

No sweep zone

No sweep zone No sweep zone

The control basin, which was between National Avenue 

and Cleveland Avenue, had a drainage area of 5.51 acres that 

was comprised of 3.46 acres of highway surface and 2.05 acres 

of grassy area (fig. 2). Of the highway surfaces, 1.45, 1.95, and 

0.06 were the shoulder, the driving lanes, and the median, 

respectively. The medians were not paved in either basin.

A Schwarze Industries Enviro Whirl EV2 street sweeper 

which combines mechanical sweeping with a vacuum was 

selected for the study. Because the street sweeper moved 

slowly, only the highway shoulders were swept. The outside 

shoulder was always swept with the Enviro Whirl sweeper; the 

inside shoulder was swept alternately with either this sweeper 

or with the mechanical non-vacuum type sweepers that Milwaukee County currently uses. The result of this sweeping protocol was that 34 percent of the test basin area was swept every 

week, with the Enviro Whirl sweeping 19.5 percent every week, 

and an additional 14.6 percent every other week.

Acknowledgments

The author thanks the City of Osceola, Wis., for use of the 

Enviro Whirl sweeper, Schwarze Industries for Enviro Whirl 

operation and maintenance training, Keith Ponath and the Milwaukee County Department of Public Works staff for operating 

the Enviro Whirl sweeper for the duration of the study, Mike 

Cape and Pat Klaggis of the Wisconsin Department of Transportation for their help with street dirt and runoff sample collection, Roger Bannerman of the Wisconsin Department of Natural 

Resources, and Roger Sutherland of Pacific Water Resources 

for their advice on the study design. Special thanks to the Wisconsin Department of Transportation for funding and support of 

this study.

Methods

Street Dirt Collection and Processing

Samples of street dirt were collected from the outside 

shoulders with a 6-in. wide wand attached to a 9-gal. wet-dry 

vacuum. During each sample collection, the wand was pulled 

from the curb to the edge of the traffic lane 24 times in each 

basin—12 times on the northbound shoulder and 12 times on 

the southbound shoulder; this method was based on the technique described by Pitt (1979) and Bannerman (1983). The 

street dirt samples were weighed, dried at 105°C and then 

reweighed. The samples were then sent to the University of 

Wisconsin Department of Geology Quaternary Laboratory in 

Madison, Wis., for sieving into 6.37–2.0 mm, 2.0–1.0 mm, 1–

0.5 mm, 0.50–0.25 mm, 0.25–0.125 mm, 0.125–0.0625 mm, 

and <0.0625 mm size fractions. Two samples of the dirt collected by the Enviro Whirl street sweeper were also brought to 

the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene for Toxicity Characteristic Leachate Procedure (TCLP) analysis. 

Vehicle Counts

Continuous-recording-traffic counters recorded 15-minute 

vehicle counts in both traffic directions at Cleveland Ave. 

(fig. 2). These data were summarized for runoff and sampling 

periods in appendix table A13.
Methods 3

EXPLANATION

Grass

Traffic lane

Outer shoulder

Inner shoulder

Monitoring site

Control

area

Buffer

area

Test

area

Dakota St.

Cleveland Ave.

National Ave.

Oklahoma Ave.

Figure 2. Study area with a GIS overlay detailing the test, control, and buffer areas.
4 Data and Methods of a 1999–2000 Street Sweeping Study on an Urban Freeway in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin

Precipitation

Continuous-precipitation data was collected with a tipping-bucket-rain gage. A Campbell Scientific CR10 datalogger was used to record rainfall data. The rain gages used 

were not designed to measure snowfall so precipitation values from March 10–14, 1999 and December 14, 1999 to 

April 11, 2000 are probably inaccurate. On occasions when 

both study rain gages were not working, data was used from 

the Mitchell International Airport National Weather Service 

station, which is about 8 miles southeast of the study area. 

These periods are indicated in tables A5 and A6.

The precipitation data were compiled and various statistical summaries computed, which include total precipitation, maximum 15- and 30-minute intensities, antecedent 

dry time and erosivity index (Wischmeier and Smith, 1978) 

(tables A5 and A6). 

Flow

Area-velocity-flow meters were the primary method 

used to measure runoff flow in the pipes that drained the 

study basins. A probe was mounted at the bottom of the 

pipes to measure water level and velocity. The probes at 

both sites measured velocity by using Doppler-type technology. Water level was measured at the control site by use of 

a bubbler-type probe and at the test site with the use of a 

submerged pressure transducer-type probe. In addition to 

area-velocity probes, an independent bubbler-stage sensor 

was installed in the pipes as a back up and for verification 

of the water-level measurement. 

In early July 2000, the flow meter at the test site quit 

operating and did not resume operation. To calculate the 

flow for this period (July 2000 to September 2000), the 

stages from the independent bubbler sensor were used. During periods of high flow, the stages from the bubbler displayed significant drawdown (that is, the stage readings 

were lower than they should have been due to high velocities). Consequently, when drawdown appeared to be a problem, the stages from the control site were used to estimate 

the stages at the test site.

During the study period, the data showed that the two 

sites were giving significantly different flow rates for the 

same events. The mean percentage of rainfall that was measured as runoff from the test site was 62 percent and from 

the control site was only 28 percent (see results section). 

One explanation for this difference is that the drainage area 

of the test site was only 5 percent grass and 93 percent paved 

while the control site drainage area was 37 percent grass and 

62 percent paved. In addition, some of the runoff discrepancy may be due to the different type of flowmeters 

employed. A submerged pressure transducer was used to 

determine stage in the pipe at the test site whereas the control site used a bubbler-type transducer. However, because 

the runoff volume used to trigger sub-samples was set independently at each site, the difference in measured flow rates 

was accounted for in the sampling and the discrepancy in 

measured runoff values did not affect the flow-composite 

sampling.

Several steps were taken to achieve the most accurate 

flow estimate possible. Velocity data from the Doppler 

probes frequently showed periods where data were unreliable, whereas the stage data appeared reliable for most periods. Therefore, stage-discharge relationships were determined because they eliminated the need to use unreliable 

velocity data. The stage-discharge relationships were developed by eliminating periods where the velocity data were 

questionable and fitting a best-fit curve through a scatter 

plot of the remaining stage versus discharge data. To make 

the ratings more accurate, at the end of the study, an independent flow meter with a different velocity-measurement 

technology (electromagnetic) was installed at the test site to 

collect data from a few events. These data were limited, but 

confirmed the rating at several points. Because the rating 

agreed with the limited data available, the rating seemed 

reasonable. Once the stage-discharge relationships were 

finalized, event discharges were computed and are presented in results tables.

Runoff Sampling

Flow composite water-quality samples were collected 

with refrigerated automatic-point samplers and analyzed for 

the constituents listed in table 1. These samples were initiated by the station datalogger based on flow rates. Samples 

were collected in a manner that resulted in flow-composite 

samples. Flow-composite sampling yields a single sample, 

which when analyzed, results in a single event mean concentration (EMC), which represents the concentration of the 

entire runoff event.

Only suspended solids, suspended sediment, total copper, and total zinc were analyzed for every event. The 

remaining constituents were analyzed for about one-quarter 

of the events.
Results 5

Construction Effects on the Data

In May of 1999, construction began in the freeway 

right-of-ways in the study area. Most of the construction 

was in the buffer section but it did reach into the test and 

control sections. As a result, there was additional dirt on the 

road surfaces until the vegetation was reestablished (fig. 3). 

The constituent concentrations from this period, events 5, 6, 

and 7 (tables A7 and A8), appeared unusually high so data 

from these events were not included in the statistical summary calculations.

Freeway Median Runoff 

Near the end of the project an attempt was made to 

gather information to assess the effects of the area between 

the center Jersey barriers. A 1-ft-long piece of 8-in.-diameter plastic pipe was cut in half lengthwise and installed at a 

median inlet to act as a trough where an automatic waterquality sampler with 24 discrete sample collection bottles 

was also installed to collect runoff samples. A tarp was 

mounted 6 inches above the inlet grate to prevent rain from 

falling directly onto the trough. The sampler was interfaced 

with the datalogger so that a sample was triggered at both 

the station and median samplers concurrently. The median 

samples were analyzed for total suspended solids and the 

amount of water in the various sample bottles was noted. 

The amount of water in the sample bottles was used to try to 

estimate the timing and volume of runoff from the median. 

Quality Assurance/Quality Control

Quality assurance/quality control samples were collected from the automatic water-quality samplers and processed identically to event samples, as detailed in Corsi and 

others, 1995. Four blank samples were collected from each 

site during the monitoring period. Each blank sample was 

analyzed for the same constituents as the runoff samples 

(table 1). The blank samples were used to evaluate the integrity of the runoff samples, to identify whether sample contamination existed, and if so, to identify possible sources of 

sample contamination. In addition to blank samples, several 

replicate analyses were performed. Results from these blank 

and replicate analyses can be found in appendix tables A10–

A12.

The rain gages were also calibrated four times during 

the study by slowly dripping a known volume of water 

through the gages using a rain-gage calibrator, and comparing the volume recorded to the actual volume. The rain 

gages were then adjusted to record the correct volume.

At the end of the sample-collection period, the quality 

of the individual event sample collections were assessed 

based on event coverage, missed samples, autosampler performance, and other similar factors. After this assessment, 

results from samples 22, 34, 41, 42, and 47 were eliminated 

from the statistical summary calculations because the quality of the sampling may have been poor.

Results

Street Dirt

Data from the street dirt vacuuming and sieving are 

presented in appendix tables A1 and A2. Table A3 shows 

particle-size data from dirt collected by the Enviro Whirl. 

Changes in dirt mass on the street surfaces before and after 

sweeping are plotted in figures 4 and 5. At the test site the 

mass of dirt on the street decreased by 25 percent on average 

(n=9). At the control site the mass of dirt on the street on the 

Table 1. Constituents analyzed in samples of runoff, Interstate 894, 

Milwaukee County, Wisconsin

[NO2 + NO3, nitrate + nitrite; USGS – ISL, U.S. Geological Survey - Iowa 

Sediment Laboratory; WSLH, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene; EPA 

(1979); and SM, Standard Methods, American Public Health Association and 

others, 1989; Guy (1969)]

Constituent Laboratory Method or reference

Chemical oxygen demand WSLH EPA 410.4

Ammonia-nitrogen WSLH SM4500H

NO2 + NO3 WSLH SM4500F

Total phosphorus WSLH SM4500PB

Dissolved phosphorus WSLH SM4500PF

Suspended solids WSLH SM2540D

Total dissolved solids WSLH SM2540C

Chloride WSLH SM4500CL

Total recoverable copper WSLH EPA 200.9

Dissolved copper WSLH SM3113B

Total recoverable zinc WSLH EPA 200.9

Dissolved zinc WSLH SM3113B

Suspended sediment USGS - ISL Guy (1969)

Particle-size analyses

Sand-silt split USGS - ISL Guy (1969)

Visual accumulation tube USGS - ISL Guy (1969)

Sedigraph USGS - ISL Guy (1969)
6 Data and Methods of a 1999–2000 Street Sweeping Study on an Urban Freeway in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin

same collection dates as the test site (but no street sweeping) 

increased 160 percent on average (n=9).

Results from the Toxicity Characteristic Leachate Procedure (TCLP) analysis of the street dirt collected by the 

Enviro Whirl are in appendix table A4.

Precipitation and Runoff Data for Sampled Events

Precipitation and runoff data for sampled events are 

listed in tables 2 and 3.

Precipitation Data for Unsampled Events

Precipitation data for the entire study period including 

unsampled events are listed in appendix tables A5 and A6.

Concentrations and Particle-Size Data

Constituent concentrations and particle-size data in 

runoff are in appendix tables A7–A9. Summary statistics for 

runoff concentrations at the test and control sites for the 

sweeping and non-sweeping periods are presented in 

table 4.

Suspended Solids Versus Suspended Sediment 

After viewing the data (fig. 6) and consulting the report 

by Gray and others (2000) it was determined that analysis of 

this study data should use suspended sediment (S. Sed.) 

rather than suspended solids (TSS). These two parameters 

are similar in that they measure the mass of particles in 

water, however the laboratory analysis methods are different. It appears that the suspended solids analysis does not 

work well for samples with large particles, which results in 

concentrations that are biased low. The difference in the 

analysis methods may be particularly important when viewing roadway-runoff data because of the prevalence of 

larger-sized particles, which appear to accentuate the differences in results between the two constituents. 

Sediment Replicate Results

Thirty-two replicate sediment analyses were performed during this study. The average difference between 

these replicates was 46 percent with a standard deviation of 

50 percent (appendix table A10). Two possible explanations 

for this variability are: (1) that the churn splitter used to subsample the whole-water sample into separate bottles for 

Figure 3. Example of dirt and gravel from utility construction on highway shoulder.
Results 7

Street dirt loads at test site before and after street sweeping

COLLECTION DATES

STREET DIRT PER COLLECTION STRIP, IN GRAMS

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160 Before sweeping

After sweeping

6/14/99 &

6/16/99

7/26/99 &

7/28/99

8/09/99 &

8/11/99

10/18/99 &

10/20/99

11/1/99 &

11/3/99

11/15/99 &

11/17/99

11/29/99 &

12/1/99

1/10/00 &

1/12/00

2/28/00 &

2/29/00

Street dirt loads at control site on the same days

street sweeping took place at test site

COLLECTION DATES

STREET DIRT PER COLLECTION STRIP, IN GRAMS

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160 Collection 1

Collection 2

6/14/99 &

6/16/99

7/26/99 &

7/28/99

8/09/99 &

8/11/99

10/18/99 &

10/20/99

11/1/99 &

11/3/99

11/15/99 &

11/17/99

11/29/99 &

12/1/99

1/10/00 &

1/12/00

2/28/00 &

2/29/00

Figure 5. Street dirt loads at control site on the same days street sweeping took place at test site.

Figure 4. Street dirt loads at test site before and after street sweeping.
8 Data and Methods of a 1999–2000 Street Sweeping Study on an Urban Freeway in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin

Table 2. Summaries of event runoff from test site, Interstate 894, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin

[in., inches; ft3, cubic feet; ft3/s, cubic feet per second]

Event

number Date

Total

precipitation

(in.)

Runoff volume

during storm

(ft3

)

 Peak runoff

during storm

(ft3/s)

Runoff volume

during sampling

(ft3)

 Peak runoff

during sampling

(cfs)

Percent

runoff

Percent

sampled

1 03/11/99 snowmelt 743 0.021 743 0.021 -- 100

2 04/11/99 .26 734 .253 734 .253 17 100

3 04/16/99 .26 1,270 .059 1,253 .059 30 99

4 04/21/99 .95 3,871 1.092 3,836 1.092 25 99

5 05/21/99 .17 2,004 1.092 1,452 1.092 71 72

6 05/23/99 .50 4,830 5.944 3,715 5.944 58 77

7 06/10/99 1.17 11,448 8.782 11,189 8.782 59 98

8 06/16/99 .16 1,901 .846 1,685 .846 72 89

9 06/23/99 .15 1,279 .846 985 .846 52 77

10 06/28/99 .83 5,201 5.432 4,847 5.432 38 93

11 07/06/99 .09 518 .846 458 .846 35 88

12 07/09/99 2.45 28,140 15.526 26,196 15.526 69 93

13 07/16/99 1.26 17,038 2.286 16,623 2.286 82 98

14 07/21/99 1.85 16,537 12.282 16,088 12.282 54 97

15 07/31/99 .31 3,050 2.909 2,523 2.909 59 83

16 08/07/99 .32 2,946 1.395 2,756 1.395 56 94

17 08/10/99 .22 2,056 3.972 1,961 3.972 56 95

18 08/18/99 .55 7,309 1.092 6,869 1.092 80 94

19 08/23/99 .24 2,411 2.286 2,281 2.286 61 95

20 09/19/99 .50 4,821 8.537 4,562 8.537 58 95

21 09/27/99 .13 1,356 .618 1,192 .618 63 88

22 09/27/99 2.36 20,624 2.198 19,051 2.198 53 92

23 10/03/99 .57 7,448 1.092 7,214 1.092 79 97

24 10/16/99 .29 4,242 .846 4,035 .846 88 95

25 11/10/99 .49 5,003 3.229 4,864 3.229 62 97

26 11/23/99 .21 3,361 1.595 3,007 1.595 97 89

27 11/23/99 .12 924 .846 665 .846 47 72

28 12/14/99 snowmelt 1,452 .149 1,287 .149 -- 89

29 01/03/00 snowmelt 6,299 .105 5,495 .105 -- 87

30 02/18/00 snowmelt 9,469 .086 9,314 .086 -- 98

31 02/21/00 snowmelt 3,335 .105 3,257 .105 -- 98

32 02/24/00 snowmelt 5,581 .846 5,357 .846 -- 96

33 04/07/00 snowmelt 10,040 1.595 10,040 1.595 -- 100

34 05/09/00 1.13 9,167 1.699 5,538 1.699 49 60

35 05/17/00 1.70 7,914 3.744 7,370 3.744 28 93

36 06/01/00 .38 5,383 5.944 5,244 5.944 86 97

37 06/04/00 .46 8,389 2.103 8,389 2.103 110 100

38 06/14/00 .36 2,843 7.577 2,808 7.577 48 99

39 06/20/00 .21 2,497 3.858 2,281 3.858 72 91

40 07/28/00 1.74 13,997 4.427 13,789 4.427 49 99

41 08/05/00 2.61 29,212 4.785 10,765 4.785 68 37

42 08/17/00 2.17 26,473 3.435 3,612 2.802 74 14

43 08/17/00 .06 622 .069 622 .069 63 100

44 08/26/00 .84 5,556 12.157 5,521 12.157 40 99

45 09/07/00 .21 2,886 2.286 2,376 2.286 83 82

46 09/10/00 .48 5,910 4.006 5,841 4.006 74 99

47 09/14/00 .86 15,180 1.894 9,435 1.806 107 62

48 09/19/00 .42 6,134 .846 5,918 .846 88 96

OKM-11 09/22/00 .89 -- -- -- -- -- --

mean 62

standard 

deviation

21
Results 9

Table 3. Summaries of event runoff from control site, Interstate 894, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin

[in., inches; ft3, cubic feet; ft3/s, cubic feet per second]

Event

number Date

Total

precipitation

(in.)

Runoff volume

during storm

(ft3

)

 Peak runoff

during storm

(ft3/s)

Runoff volume

during sampling

(ft3)

 Peak runoff

during sampling

(cfs)

Percent

runoff

Percent

sampled

1 03/11/99 snowmelt 1,638 0.0334 1,552 0.0334 -- 95

2 04/11/99 .26 1,486 .827 1,339 .827 29 90

3 04/16/99 .22 804 .1002 648 .1002 18 81

4 04/21/99 .89 5,625 1.436 5,417 1.436 32 96

5 05/21/99 .15 467 .1986 337 .1986 16 72

6 05/23/99 .20 2,316 3.17 2,316 3.17 58 100

7 06/10/99 1.07 5,219 3.56 4,899 3.56 24 94

8 06/16/99 .13 467 .2502 302 .2502 18 65

9 06/23/99 .14 510 .573 423 .573 18 83

10 06/28/99 .75 4,380 4.134 4,173 4.134 29 95

11 07/06/99 .10 372 1.0148 130 .7254 19 35

12 07/09/99 2.14 13,116 5.61 11,241 5.61 31 86

13 07/16/99 1.09 6,618 1.862 6,342 1.862 30 96

14 07/21/99 1.51 9,245 6.35 8,044 6.35 31 87

15 07/31/99 .28 1,555 1.862 1,339 1.862 28 86

16 08/07/99 .32 1,901 1.686 1,719 1.686 30 90

17 08/10/99 .22 1,236 2.576 1,115 2.576 28 90

18 08/18/99 .58 4,044 1.95 3,923 1.95 35 97

19 08/23/99 .20 890 .573 544 .1986 22 61

20 09/19/99 .58 3,750 5.25 3,542 5.25 32 94

21 09/27/99 .13 804 .2502 622 .2502 31 77

22 09/27/99 2.16 17,366 2.46 15,587 2.46 40 90

23 10/03/99 .54 2,091 .3408 1,909 .3408 19 91

24 10/16/99 .30 1,331 .7762 1,227 .7762 22 92

25 11/10/99 .50 3,110 3.69 2,791 3.69 31 90

26 11/23/99 .22 769 .57 752 .57 17 98

27 11/23/99 .12 458 .6746 320 .6746 19 70

28 12/14/99 snowmelt 717 .0746 458 .0746 -- 64

29 01/03/00 snowmelt 2,100 .0874 1,970 .0874 -- 94

30 02/18/00 snowmelt 959 .0282 708 .023 -- 74

31 02/21/00 snowmelt 916 .0386 829 .0386 -- 91

32 02/24/00 snowmelt 1,814 .4114 1,650 .4114 -- 91

33 04/07/00 snowmelt 2,125 .1344 2,074 .1344 -- 98

34 05/09/00 .80 4,380 .6746 2,765 .6746 27 63

35 05/17/00 1.70 5,504 3.17 5,426 3.17 16 99

36 06/01/00 .38 5,115 2.358 4,571 2.358 67 89

37 06/04/00 .46 3,300 .5326 3,205 .5326 36 97

38 06/14/00 .33 1,521 2.576 916 2.358 23 60

39 06/20/00 .24 1,313 2.576 1,011 2.576 27 77

40 07/28/00 1.74 9,046 2.808 8,104 2.808 26 90

41 08/05/00 2.61 18,559 3.56 2,350 3.56 36 13

42 08/17/00 2.17 14,403 2.154 2,039 1.95 33 14

43 08/17/00 .07 389 .07 389 .07 28 100

44 08/26/00 .84 3,067 4.134 2,730 4.134 18 89

45 09/07/00 .27 1,175 1.686 942 1.598 22 80

46 09/10/00 .48 2,704 2.692 2,385 2.692 28 88

47 09/14/00 .84 5,115 2.256 2,609 .5326 30 51

48 09/19/00 .47 1,754 .1344 1,477 .1344 19 84

mean 28

standard

deviation

10
Table 4. Summary statistics for runoff concentrations at the test and control sites during sweeping and non-sweeping periods [when two concentrations were available due to replicate sampling, the average was used; events 5, 6 & 7 eliminated due to construction activities; events 34, due to poor sampling; n, number of sample results used to compute statistics; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μg/L, micrograms per liter; Dis., Dissolved; COD, Ch

TSS, Total Suspended Residue; S. Sed., Total Suspended Sediment; NH3, ammonia; org. N, organic nitrogen; NO2 + NO3, nitrate + nitrite; Ca, Calcium; Mg, 

Cu, copper; Zn, zinc; P, phosphorus; Cd, cadmium; Pb, lead] Test site summary statistics Non-sweeping periods Sweeping periods Constituent n Mean Median Geomean Standard deviation Coefficient of variation n Mean Median Geomean Stan

devia

COD (mg/L) 5 49.2 50.0 47.8 13.4 0.27 5 158.1 97.0 120.7 153Total Solids (mg/L) 2 923.0 923.0 658.3 - - 5 2,551.4 3,090.0 1,436.7 2,162TSS (mg/L) 19 196.8 95.0 117.4 272.8 1.39 22 259.8 211.0 204.7 185S. Sed (mg/L) 16 564.7 228.0 284.8 782.3 1.39 22 669.1 358.0 366.6 838Diss. NH3 (mg/L) 5 .5 .4 .4 .3 .60 5 .7 .6 .6 

Total NH3 + org. N (mg/L) 5 1.3 1.1 1.2 .5 .41 5 1.6 1.5 1.5 

Diss. NO2+NO3 (mg/L) 5 .8 .4 .6 .8 .95 5 .7 .7 .7 

Total P (mg/L) 5 .2 .2 .2 .1 .41 5 .3 .3 .2 Diss. Ortho-P (mg/L) 5 .0 .0 .0 .0 1.10 5 .1 .1 .0 Total Ca (mg/L) 5 106.6 39.0 52.4 164.3 1.54 5 78.6 44.0 61.8 63Total Mg (mg/L) 5 50.0 12.0 21.3 83.9 1.68 5 23.6 16.0 17.9 22Diss. Cl (mg/L) 11 438.5 39.5 68.8 1,002.6 2.29 8 2,013.9 860.0 272.1 3,332Diss. Cu (mg/L) 5 9.6 7.3 8.6 5.9 .62 5 119.4 17.0 46.1 175Diss Zn (μg/L) 5 24.6 21.0 22.3 13.2 .54 5 411.4 64.0 115.8 633Total Zn (μg/L) 19 319.8 230.0 253.3 263.3 .82 22 415.5 345.0 367.0 270Total Cd (μg/L) 5 1.0 .6 .8 .7 .74 5 2.4 1.6 1.6 2

Total Pb (μg/L) 5 68.6 35.0 45.5 79.9 1.17 5 77.9 38.0 50.0 96Total Cu (μg/L) 19 69.5 61.0 60.1 43.0 0.62 22 88.4 70.0 74.3 78Total Hardness (μg/L) 5 469.4 170.0 222.3 744.7 1.59 5 292.0 180.0 229.8 243
Control site summary statistics

Non-sweeping periods Sweeping periods

Constituent n Mean Median Geomean Standard deviation Coefficient of variation n Mean Median Geomean Stan

devi

COD (mg/L) 5 49.0 45.0 48.3 9.62 0.20 5 148.9 110.0 119.9 125Total Solids (mg/L) 5 346.0 152.0 220.7 444.25 1.28 5 2,474.2 3,270.0 1,625.0 1,790TSS (mg/L) 18 107.8 91.0 85.3 69.21 .64 22 193.3 135.0 163.9 146S. Sed (mg/L) 18 190.1 104.5 114.4 242.94 1.28 22 362.8 248.8 232.8 376Diss. NH3 (mg/L) 5 .5 .5 .5 .14 .28 5 .6 .8 .3 

Total NH3 + org. N (mg/L) 5 1.3 1.2 1.2 .34 .27 5 1.5 1.9 1.4 Diss. NO2+NO3 (mg/L) 5 .7 .5 .6 .57 .77 5 .8 .8 .8 

Total P (mg/L) 5 .1 .1 .1 .04 .32 5 .3 .2 .3 Diss. Ortho-P (mg/L) 5 .0 .0 .0 .01 .37 5 .0 .0 .0 Total Ca (mg/L) 5 31.2 29.0 25.9 22.52 .72 5 79.5 49.0 66.5 53Total Mg (mg/L) 5 13.3 13.0 11.1 9.08 .68 5 24.7 21.0 20.8 16Diss. Cl (mg/L) 12 511.9 36.3 56.9 1476.43 2.88 9 2,086.0 56.4 247.0 4,188Diss. Cu (mg/L) 5 9.9 8.0 9.2 4.61 .47 5 151.2 22.0 49.0 263Diss Zn (μg/L) 5 25.4 21.0 24.4 8.44 .33 5 398.1 110.0 155.7 624

Total Zn (μg/L) 18 212.6 185.0 186.6 116.72 .55 22 367.3 285.0 310.2 285Total Cd (μg/L) 6 28.8 .5 1.4 69.18 2.40 5 2.4 2.0 1.8 2Total Pb (μg/L) 5 25.6 26.0 25.2 5.13 .20 5 80.4 42.0 54.3 90

Total Cu (μg/L) 18 56.8 56.0 50.5 30.20 .53 22 103.7 79.5 81.9 118Total Hardness (μg/L) 6 118.0 97.0 93.6 92.73 .79 5 298.0 210.0 251.8 202

Table 4. Summary statistics for runoff concentrations at the test and control sites during sweeping and non-sweeping periods—Continued[when two concentrations were available due to replicate sampling, the average was used; events 5, 6 & 7 eliminated due to construction activities; events 34, due to poor sampling; n, number of sample results used to compute statistics; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μg/L, micrograms per liter; Dis., Dissolved; COD, CTSS, Total Suspended Residue; S. Sed., Total Suspended Sediment; NH3, ammonia; org. N, organic nitrogen; NO2 + NO3, nitrate + nitrite; Ca, Calcium; Mg, 

Cu, copper; Zn, zinc; P, phosphorus; Cd, cadmium; Pb, lead]
12 Data and Methods of a 1999–2000 Street Sweeping Study on an Urban Freeway in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

2/20/99 7/20/99 12/17/99 5/15/00 10/12/00

DATE

Suspended solids

Suspended sediment

CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

various analyses was not mixing the sediment sufficiently, 

and (2) variability in the laboratory analyses. The USGS has 

done a series of tests on the churn splitter and found that it 

performs well as long as the suspended-sediment concentration and particle-size distribution in the water is within certain ranges (Horowitz and others, 1997). Specifically, the 

suspended-sediment concentration must be less than 

1,000 mg/L and the particle sizes must be less than 250 mm. 

Many of the samples from this study had particle sizes that 

exceeded the recommended particle size for the churn splitter and a few had suspended-sediment concentrations over 

1,000 mg/L. These factors probably contributed to the problem, however, there were several samples where the particle 

size and concentration were within the churn splitters 

acceptable range yet the replicate results were poor. These 

results seem to indicate that there may have been problems 

in the lab analysis as well. Complete QA/QC results are 

found in appendix tables A10–A12. The large variability 

seen in the replicates will make detecting changes in runoff 

concentrations due to the sweeping program very difficult 

to detect.

Vehicle Counts

Vehicle-count data varies between the test and control 

sites only because of runoff and sampling times. The vehicle 

count data set was the same for both sites, but the summation periods differed according to runoff and sampling periods in each basin. As expected for data derived in this manner, the numbers of vehicles traveling on the freeway during 

the runoff and sampling events were similar between the 

sites, but occasionally vehicle numbers differed greatly possibly due to construction activities. Vehicle-count data are 

in appendix table A13.

Freeway Median Contribution

The highway median comprised 1.8 percent of the 

drainage area in the test basin and 1.0 percent in the control 

basin. The concentration results and the amount water collected in the sample bottles are listed in appendix tables A14 

and A15.

Summary

The data collected in this study can be used to evaluate 

if the improved street sweeping program improves runoff 

quality enough to justify the additional effort and cost. Several factors need to be considered when the data from this 

study is used for this purpose.

The particle-size data from the control and test sites 

indicate that the highway runoff has larger particles than 

those typically seen at other USGS sites. These larger particle sizes probably contributed to the high replicate variability observed. High replicate variability makes detecting 

reductions in suspended-sediment concentrations very difficult.

Figure 6. Suspended solids versus suspended sediment at the test site.
References Cited 13

Samples were collected for this study while utility construction occurred in the grassy right-of-way areas in the 

study area. Construction began on May 1, 1999, and runoff 

concentration and street dirt data collected from that date 

until about June 10, 1999 appeared high and were not 

included in the statistical summary (table 4) but are included 

in the appendix.

The small size and mostly impervious area of the study 

area made collection of acceptable runoff samples difficult 

due to the rapid response of the hydrograph to rainfall. This 

factor further reduced the number of data points available 

for analysis. During data compilation for this report, the 

adequacy of individual event samples was evaluated. This 

evaluation resulted in the concentration results from several 

events being excluded from the statistical summary 

(table 4). These events are noted in table 4 and the results 

are listed in the appendix.

The highway medians were not treated in any way, 

contained several inches of dirt, and had several inlets to the 

storm drainage system. The suspended solids concentrations in runoff from the highway medians were quite high 

(tables A13 and A14) indicating that the medians could 

have had a disproportionately large impact on the concentrations seen at the study sites.

Because of the slow speed of the Enviro Whirl 

sweeper, only the shoulders and not the traffic lanes could 

be swept. In addition, it was necessary to use a truck and 

trailer to get the sweeper to the inside shoulder of the freeway safely. This operation was cumbersome, thus the inside 

shoulder was swept with the Enviro Whirl only every other 

week. On alternate weeks, the inner shoulder was swept 

with the mechanical sweepers used currently by Milwaukee 

County. The result of this is that every other week only 

about half of the potentially treatable street surface was 

swept by the Enviro Whirl.

At the end of the study there were some questions 

regarding the condition of the Enviro Whirl sweeper. 

Apparently some brushes were installed incorrectly and 

some of the filters were not working properly. At a meeting 

of the participating parties, it was decided that most likely 

these problems occurred after the conclusion of the study. 

From direct observations of the sweeper performance, it did 

not seem to be performing as well as expected. Dirt piles 

and debris were noted on surfaces immediately after the 

sweeper had passed over them. Whether this performance 

was to be expected or was poor due to the pavement condition, dirt type, dirt location, sweeper problems or some other 

reason(s) is undetermined.

Because of the issues of high variability in replicate 

samples of suspended solids, limited data, highway median 

contribution, limited area swept, and possible sweeper problems, showing the benefit of the sweeping program in 

improving water quality running off the highway may prove 

difficult.

References Cited

Bannerman, R.T., Baun, K., Bohn, M., Hughes, P.E., and 

Graczyk. D.J., 1983, Evaluation of urban nonpoint source 

pollution management in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, 

volume I, Urban stormwater characteristics, pollutant 

sources and management by street sweeping: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Water Planning Division, 

PB–84–114164, 191 p.

Clausen, J.C., and Spooner, J., 1993, Paired watershed 

study design. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds: Fact Sheet 

No. 841–F–93–009, Sept. 1993, 8 p.

Corsi, S.R., Walker, J.F., Graczyk, D.J., Greb, S.R., Owens, 

D.W., and Rappold, K.F., 1995, Evaluation of nonpointsource contamination, Wisconsin-selected streamwaterquality data, land-use and best-management practices 

inventory, and quality assurance and quality control, 

water year 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 94–707, 57 p.

Gray, J.R., Glysson, D.G., Turcios, L.M., and Schwarz, 

G.E., 2000, Comparability of suspended-sediment concentration and total suspended solids data: U.S. Geological Water-Resources Investigation Report 00–4191, 20 p.

Guy, H.P., 1969, Laboratory theory and methods for sediment analysis: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of 

Water-Resources Investigations, book 5, chap. C1, 58 p.

Horowitz, A.J., Hayes, T.S., Gray, J.R. and Capel, P.D., 

1997, Selected laboratory tests of the whole-water 

sample splitting capabilities of the 14-liter churn and 

Teflon cone splitters: U.S. Geological Survey Office of 

Water-Quality Technical Memo 97.06 report, 24 p.

Pitt, R., 1979, Demonstration of nonpoint pollution abatement through improved street and sewerage cleaning: 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, 

Ohio, Report No. EPA–600/2–79–161, Aug. 1979.

Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (1989) 17th edition: American Public Health 

Assoc., Washington, D.C. [variously paginated].

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1979, Methods for 

chemical analysis of water and wastes: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 600/4–79–020, 460 p.

Wischmeier, W.H., and Smith, D.D., 1978, Predicting rainfall erosion losses–A guide to conservation planning: 

Handbook 537, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
APPENDIXES A1–A15
16 Data and Methods of a 1999–2000 Street Sweeping Study on an Urban Freeway in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin

Table A1. Street dirt collected by vacuum sampling at the test site, Interstate 894, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin

[mm, millimeter; shaded areas indicate the sweeping period; --, no data; The mass of dirt collected per single pull of the vacuum wand from

the edge of the shoulder nearest the traffic lane to the curb.]

Percentage street dirt in size fractions by mass

Date

Street dirt per

collection 

swipe 

(grams)

>6.37 

(mm)

6.37–2.0 

(mm)

2.0–1.0 

(mm)

1.0–0.5 

(mm)

0.5–0.25 

(mm)

0.25–

0.125 

(mm)

0.125–

0.0625 

(mm)

<0.0625 

(mm)

04/01/99 50.52 5.34 12.17 10.98 16.33 26.14 20.04 4.92 4.08

04/13/99 27.71 7.5 14.75 9.37 14.85 23.49 18.14 5.98 5.92

04/21/99 14.67 12.74 22.64 11.68 12.96 18.09 15.35 3.96 2.57

04/29/99 18.33 3.58 29.67 13.55 17.3 20.42 11.09 3.28 1.12

06/14/99 22.00 7.80 13.20 11.95 17.64 24.61 18.27 4.97 1.56

06/16/99 9.42 11.86 21.25 10.27 13.65 21.76 14.96 4.48 1.77

06/30/99 8.42 14.31 16.28 10.11 14.22 21.58 16.57 5.34 1.59

07/26/99 7.21 26.9 23.06 11.00 12.65 14.44 8.79 2.49 0.67

07/28/99 6.38 39.27 16.91 7.68 8.79 12.3 9.51 3.93 1.6

08/09/99 4.96 13.75 19.81 13.49 16.61 19.8 10.29 3.89 2.36

08/11/99 3.88 24.52 20.34 10.43 11.14 14.6 11.26 5.2 2.51

08/25/99 10.71 12.96 14.92 9.51 18.74 24.11 12.5 4.14 3.12

09/01/99 9.71 17.37 15.22 9.5 15.09 21.91 14 4.79 2.11

09/10/99 16.75 14.28 19.23 13.05 16.4 20.14 12.05 3.34 1.5

09/13/99 9.71 28.4 14.94 11.39 14.52 16.29 9.85 3.08 1.53

09/20/99 3.92 20.12 16.49 12.14 14.05 18.53 14.53 3.58 .56

09/29/99 17.88 15.09 14.25 12.09 17.96 23.09 12.79 3.23 1.5

10/18/99 11.63 19.4 17.65 13.29 17.38 17.79 9.46 3.15 1.88

10/20/99 17.67 15.84 18.92 13.93 16.88 18.43 10.33 3.34 2.33

11/01/99 21.79 20.64 17.81 10.8 15.07 18.94 9.61 3.49 3.64

11/03/99 11.00 23.88 16.30 9.13 13.98 18.85 11.18 4.03 2.66

11/15/99 12.92 11.38 15.88 14.87 19.00 22.29 10.97 3.37 2.25

11/17/99 7.38 15.02 18.10 12.99 16.50 20.53 11.23 3.86 1.77

11/29/99 6.54 12.78 19.30 16.76 19.62 18.66 9.08 2.68 1.12

12/01/99 4.29 12.87 16.29 10.30 13.11 18.69 13.31 6.20 9.22

12/27/99 13.88 13.16 26.42 21.01 16.11 14.48 6.08 1.68 1.05

01/10/00 22.21 12.78 21.80 18.71 23.98 19.03 2.93 .31 .46

01/12/00 27.71 5.50 8.67 11.75 19.07 29.45 15.16 6.48 3.92

01/24/001 8.21 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01/31/001 62.21 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

02/01/00 7.58 13.39 20.55 11.35 10.70 18.69 13.97 6.77 4.59

02/28/00 162.58 1.96 7.69 9.06 27.83 32.38 14.21 4.89 1.99

02/29/00 23.63 7.46 12.54 10.52 17.35 23.54 16.37 8.81 3.42

03/13/00 14.42 9.80 16.31 12.52 18.19 22.89 11.80 5.29 3.20

03/27/00 25.58 10.20 11.78 10.26 19.35 27.78 13.58 4.30 2.75

04/03/00 27.08 9.04 14.09 9.72 15.55 25.44 14.88 6.42 4.87
Appendixes A1–A15 17

Percentage street dirt in size fractions by mass

Date

Street dirt per

collection 

swipe 

(grams)

>6.37 

(mm)

6.37–2.0 

(mm)

2.0–1.0 

(mm)

1.0–0.5 

(mm)

0.5–0.25 

(mm)

0.25–

0.125 

(mm)

0.125–

.0625

(mm)

<0.0625 

(mm)

04/14/00 43.96 11.33 21.22 14.87 16.32 18.25 11.15 4.01 2.84

04/18/00 62.54 8.58 14.12 13.79 20.24 23.86 12.49 4.48 2.43

04/24/00 37.13 7.73 10.50 12.38 21.42 28.41 13.91 3.52 2.13

05/05/00 111.92 6.20 10.44 10.69 18.88 28.78 17.85 4.34 2.83

05/15/00 7.58 17.03 13.31 7.38 15.06 25.46 15.34 4.50 1.92

06/07/00 293.38 5.71 10.42 10.61 22.46 31.06 14.98 3.09 1.67

06/14/00 8.17 16.21 13.49 10.49 16.21 22.00 14.20 5.30 2.09

06/21/00 8.96 35.94 11.79 11.42 11.64 14.87 9.98 3.08 1.29

06/30/00 22.38 15.39 14.62 13.51 17.68 21.27 12.10 3.39 2.03

07/07/00 8.42 20.52 18.14 10.47 17.63 20.31 9.55 2.47 .91

07/10/00 4.33 31.55 15.44 9.49 12.89 16.00 10.56 3.06 1.01

07/21/00 13.67 25.94 21.31 10.68 13.57 16.43 8.78 2.43 .86

07/26/00 17.17 16.97 20.20 14.07 16.53 16.68 10.43 3.48 1.65

08/04/00 54.63 11.64 10.79 10.20 19.48 27.94 14.15 3.51 2.28

08/07/00 17.25 19.24 14.21 9.37 14.64 22.59 12.69 5.11 2.16

08/14/00 12.92 26.30 18.47 10.28 15.58 16.88 9.10 2.51 .87

08/21/00 31.33 27.74 18.36 11.37 13.17 16.51 9.29 2.70 .87

08/29/00 4.00 9.52 16.53 13.18 17.67 20.38 14.68 5.65 2.39

09/05/00 6.42 26.22 18.27 10.49 13.46 17.25 10.26 3.15 .90

09/12/00 5.08 9.47 9.85 8.84 22.78 32.79 12.81 2.92 .54

09/18/00 8.29 25.06 19.11 8.35 12.38 16.83 12.39 4.56 1.32

09/25/00 4.92 23.01 15.22 9.00 14.57 19.65 13.03 4.50 1.03

1

Not sieved due to caking while drying.

Table A1. Street dirt collected by vacuum sampling at the test site, Interstate 894, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin—Continued

[mm, millimeter; shaded areas indicate the sweeping period; --, no data; The mass of dirt collected per single pull of the vacuum wand from

the edge of the shoulder nearest the traffic lane to the curb.]
18 Data and Methods of a 1999–2000 Street Sweeping Study on an Urban Freeway in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin

Table A2. Street dirt collected by vacuum sampling at the control site, Interstate 894, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin

[mm, millimeter; The mass of dirt collected per single pull of the vacuum wand from the edge of the shoulder nearest the traffic lane to the curb]

Percentage by mass in size fractions

Date

Street dirt per

collection swipe 

(grams)

>6.37 

(mm)

6.37–2.0 

(mm)

2.0–1.0 

(mm)

1.0–0.5 

(mm)

0.5–0.25 

(mm)

0.25–0.125 

(mm)

0.125–0.0625 

(mm)

<0.0625 

(mm)

04/01/99 31.21 11.4 23.18 14.66 15.26 16.95 11.38 3.75 3.42

04/13/99 23.36 9.26 34.69 17.28 12.95 11.37 7.33 3.91 3.2

04/21/99 113.29 4.83 24.47 20.78 21.77 16.96 7.57 2.04 1.58

04/29/99 17.14 13.24 33.74 15.1 12.42 11.59 7.66 3.88 2.36

06/14/99 2.90 25.80 21.67 9.91 9.47 12.38 11.91 6.31 2.54

06/16/99 7.36 24.39 31.65 10.56 7.81 8.94 7.31 5.1 4.25

06/30/99 10.29 15.61 39.19 15.13 9.5 9.9 6.48 3 1.19

07/26/99 10.14 14.36 25.67 12.25 16.07 19.1 8.53 2.98 1.05

07/28/99 12.29 42.22 21.42 8.04 8.54 10.29 5.38 2.64 1.46

08/09/99 4.36 14.86 34.85 14.55 10.37 10.26 6.28 4.52 4.31

08/11/99 19.79 24.01 28.56 14.49 13.67 12.86 4.12 1.43 0.85

08/25/99 10.00 28.55 27.76 12.76 10.58 10.6 5.64 2.5 1.61

09/01/99 10.29 23.35 31.04 11.76 10.68 12.08 6.45 2.77 1.87

09/10/99 29.50 16.76 27.59 14.96 14.19 14.54 6.28 2.88 2.8

09/13/99 7.29 32.83 20.43 13.67 10.14 11.11 6.72 3.29 1.83

09/20/99 3.64 24.66 16.99 13.31 11.64 12.72 11.17 6.1 3.41

09/29/99 5.29 32.41 16.92 8.8 7.43 13.16 13.08 6.17 2.04

10/18/99 23.36 22.7 30.8 18.56 11.51 9.03 4.8 1.72 .89

10/20/99 44.50 15.74 32.21 14.83 12.93 14.18 6.43 2.43 1.24

11/01/99 47.07 16.44 29.15 16.55 14.94 12.62 6.37 2.2 1.74

11/03/99 42.71 19.65 27.69 16.02 13.87 12.96 6.12 2.35 1.33

11/15/99 46.00 10.27 24.69 15.36 15.34 18.04 9.06 4.15 3.09

11/17/99 13.93 23.39 22.88 15.52 14.45 12.35 6.76 3.04 1.62

11/29/99 5.21 18.61 35.60 13.93 10.66 9.91 5.93 3.45 1.92

12/01/99 51.21 11.87 23.79 17.43 17.60 16.87 7.48 3.19 1.75

12/27/99 44.86 12.08 27.96 19.49 16.77 13.49 6.28 2.38 1.55

01/05/00 17.57 20.56 22.20 17.14 16.25 14.20 5.16 2.16 2.32

01/10/00 35.50 12.39 28.74 17.81 19.81 16.48 3.66 .53 .56

01/12/00 49.79 8.05 20.72 14.51 17.13 22.37 10.75 4.07 2.39

01/24/001 13.93 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01/31/001 69.57 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

02/01/00 7.71 5.51 24.30 14.14 14.95 23.77 12.39 3.04 1.91

02/28/00 72.86 8.34 14.89 14.47 17.80 18.65 11.25 7.94 6.67

02/29/00 49.71 10.76 20.28 14.79 16.49 16.87 9.43 5.96 5.42

03/13/00 17.71 9.89 25.56 17.98 14.90 13.22 8.17 6.11 4.17

03/27/00 7.86 18.78 20.27 14.04 13.65 13.90 9.34 5.82 4.20
Appendixes A1–A15 19

Percentage by mass in size fractions

Street dirt per

collection swipe 

(grams)

>6.37 

(mm)

6.37–2.0 

(mm)

2.0–1.0 

(mm)

1.0–0.5 

(mm)

0.5–0.25 

(mm)

0.25–0.125 

(mm)

0.125–.0625 

(mm)

<0.0625 

(mm)

04/03/00 25.71 16.68 23.51 14.15 13.83 13.85 8.46 5.07 4.43

04/14/00 42.50 12.49 26.94 15.62 15.02 15.67 7.44 3.61 3.22

04/18/00 39.36 15.58 25.47 17.41 18.05 13.62 6.13 2.16 1.57

04/24/00 25.07 15.26 24.50 14.29 14.43 16.56 8.40 3.89 2.67

05/05/00 42.79 15.45 22.15 14.59 14.31 15.06 11.20 4.37 2.89

05/15/00 7.00 11.65 19.78 17.49 17.71 12.16 8.68 5.28 7.25

06/07/00 10.29 43.49 15.49 8.71 8.40 9.78 7.30 4.35 2.47

06/14/00 5.29 39.52 19.88 7.59 7.11 8.94 7.91 5.13 3.90

06/21/00 11.00 26.75 22.49 15.80 13.31 11.14 5.92 2.98 1.62

06/30/00 14.29 32.31 25.91 13.68 10.72 8.63 4.72 2.24 1.79

07/07/00 8.64 48.00 22.10 9.47 7.37 7.34 3.51 1.46 .77

07/10/00 4.00 25.67 24.96 12.29 9.28 11.99 9.80 4.40 1.61

07/21/00 22.14 27.56 27.95 15.30 12.26 9.39 4.70 1.87 .98

07/26/00 29.79 14.98 37.22 14.20 11.26 11.79 6.45 2.69 1.42

08/04/00 7.21 45.93 20.65 8.73 6.70 5.87 4.69 3.77 3.66

08/07/00 3.36 30.30 15.89 9.70 10.30 12.60 10.63 6.72 3.87

08/14/00 12.29 16.85 32.44 17.73 12.78 11.28 5.35 2.30 1.27

08/21/00 10.29 33.87 23.16 12.28 10.33 9.5 6.43 3.03 1.38

08/29/00 23.29 8.48 26.63 17.4 17.47 18.07 8.19 2.65 1.1

09/05/00 5.86 25.61 20.46 11.57 12.88 13.95 9.35 4.28 1.89

09/12/00 2.57 17.75 30.91 8.44 9.64 13.87 12.53 5.64 1.22

09/18/00 10.00 43.36 23.19 10.58 10.72 4.64 4.7 1.92 .88

09/25/00 8.00 18.22 26.71 12.84 11.47 13.27 10.46 5.19 1.83

1Not sieved due to caking while drying.

Table A2. Street dirt collected by vacuum sampling at the control site, Interstate 894, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin—Continued

[mm, millimeter; The mass of dirt collected per single pull of the vacuum wand from the edge of the shoulder nearest the traffic lane to the curb]
20 Data and Methods of a 1999–2000 Street Sweeping Study on an Urban Freeway in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin

Table A3. Particle-size distribution of street dirt collected by Enviro Whirl, Interstate 894, Milwaukee County, 

Wisconsin

[mm, millimeter]

Percentage by mass in size fractions

Collection 

date

>6.37 

(mm)

6.37–2.0 

(mm)

2.0–1.0 

(mm)

1.0–0.5 

(mm)

0.5–0.25 

(mm)

0.25–0.125 

(mm)

0.125–.0625 

(mm)

<0.0625 

(mm)

8/18/99 9.76 10.47 6.42 14.02 29.70 15.07 5.47 9.09

Table A4. Results of Toxicity Characteristic Leachate Procedure (TCLP) analysis on dirt collected by Enviro Whirl street 

sweeper, Interstate 894, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin

[mg/L, milligram per liter; Cd, cadmium; Ba, barium; As, arsenic; Cr, chromium; Pb, lead; Hg, mercury; Se, selenium; Ag, silver]

Collection 

date

Total As

(mg/L)

Total Ba

(mg/L)

Total Cd

(mg/L)

Total Cr

(mg/L)

Total Pb

(mg/L)

Total Hg

(mg/L)

Total Se

(mg/L)

Total Ag

(mg/L)

8/18/99 nd 0.62 0.02 nd 0.09 nd nd <1.0

3/31/00 nd .30 nd nd nd nd nd <1.0
Appendixes A1–A15 21

Table A5. Control site precipitation data, Interstate 894, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin

[in, inch; in/hr, inch per hour; h, hours; min, minute; --, no data; shaded areas mean at least some snow melt so precipitation data may not be valid]

Monitored

event

number

Start date

& time

End date

& time

Total

rainfall 

(in.)

Max. 

15-min. 

intensity 

(in/hr)

Max. 

30-min. 

intensity 

(in/hr)

Erosivity Index 

(hundreds of

ft-lbs/acre/in/hr)

Antecedent 

dry time

(h)

Comments

1 03/10/99 10:11 03/10/99 19:50 0.63 1.33 0.67 3.3 --

1 03/11/99 02:16 03/11/99 18:09 .25 .26 .2 .3 --

1 03/14/99 18:04 03/15/99 11:30 .79 1.61 .82 5.2 --

04/03/99 14:35 04/03/99 16:04 .07 .13 .08 0 --

04/04/99 04:04 04/04/99 08:20 .15 .13 .11 .1 --

04/06/99 01:59 04/06/99 02:20 .07 .22 .14 .1 --

04/08/99 20:01 04/09/99 12:00 2.18 .39 .35 5.1 --

2 04/11/99 06:48 04/11/99 14:13 .26 .36 .26 .4 42.80

3 04/15/99 23:51 04/16/99 07:44 .22 .13 .1 .1 105.63

04/20/99 16:25 04/20/99 18:58 .05 .08 .05 0 -- 1

4 04/21/99 21:43 04/22/99 09:45 .89 .4 .28 2.1 26.75

05/05/99 08:36 05/05/99 10:07 .06 .12 .08 0 --

05/06/99 00:09 05/07/99 00:01 .80 .69 .42 2.2 --

05/11/99 23:04 05/12/99 11:10 .83 .38 .34 1.9 --

05/15/99 20:44 05/15/99 22:25 .05 .04 .05 0 --

05/16/99 18:25 05/17/99 02:50 .96 1.56 1.06 8.7 --

05/17/99 16:27 05/17/99 16:35 .21 .84 .42 .9 --

05/18/99 07:24 05/18/99 12:53 .20 .14 .11 .1 --

5 05/21/99 17:56 05/21/99 21:48 .15 .19 .15 .1 77.05

6 05/23/99 09:09 05/23/99 13:59 .20 .48 .3 .5 35.35

05/31/99 14:17 05/31/99 15:12 .13 .49 .25 .3 --

06/01/99 20:42 06/02/99 00:43 .77 1.12 .77 4.6 --

06/04/99 13:20 06/04/99 13:39 .05 .16 .1 0 -- 1

06/06/99 17:06 06/07/99 04:03 .40 .53 .28 .8 --

7 06/10/99 14:04 06/10/99 21:56 1.07 1.6 .98 9.2 82.02

06/11/99 19:31 06/11/99 22:03 .29 .32 .25 .5 --

06/12/99 21:41 06/13/99 13:01 2.75 2.04 1.44 31 --

8 06/16/99 17:15 06/16/99 18:41 .13 .2 .16 .1 76.23

9 06/23/99 17:58 06/23/99 20:03 .14 .24 .12 .1 167.28

10 06/28/99 16:19 06/28/99 19:02 .75 1.96 1.09 7.6 116.27

11 07/06/99 00:33 07/06/99 00:54 .10 .39 .2 .2 173.52

12 07/09/99 00:10 07/09/99 02:01 2.14 2.92 2.54 54.36 71.27

13 07/16/99 22:53 07/17/99 14:49 1.09 .72 .5 3.8 188.87

07/18/99 15:12 07/18/99 16:56 .08 .12 .09 0 --
22 Data and Methods of a 1999–2000 Street Sweeping Study on an Urban Freeway in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin

Monitored

event

number

Start date

& time

End date

& time

Total

rainfall 

(in.)

Max. 

15-min. 

intensity 

(in/hr)

Max. 

30-min. 

intensity 

(in/hr)

Erosivity Index 

(hundreds of

ft-lbs/acre/in/hr)

Antecedent 

dry time

(h)

Comments

07/19/99 01:14 07/19/99 08:45 0.34 0.33 0.27 0.6 --

14 07/21/99 00:02 07/21/99 10:06 1.51 2.8 1.68 24.2 39.28

07/23/99 16:23 07/23/99 17:48 .08 .16 .11 0 --

07/26/99 06:09 07/26/99 08:44 .07 .13 .07 0 --

15 07/31/99 04:27 07/31/99 07:07 .28 .46 .29 .6 115.72

16 08/07/99 08:51 08/07/99 11:21 .32 .4 .32 .7 169.73

17 08/10/99 01:40 08/10/99 02:12 .22 .76 .42 .8 62.32

08/12/99 08:09 08/12/99 09:56 .08 .11 .08 0 --

18 08/18/99 21:27 08/19/99 04:08 .58 .48 .36 1.3 155.52

19 08/23/99 14:34 08/23/99 20:52 .20 .24 .14 .241 106.43

09/12/99 00:00 09/12/99 00:00 .22 -- -- -- -- 2

20 09/19/99 16:55 09/19/99 22:42 .58 2.02 1.02 5.6 184.92

21 09/27/99 01:18 09/27/99 06:10 .13 .12 .08 .088 170.60

22 09/27/99 12:14 09/28/990 2:51 2.16 .48 .48 8.774 6.07

10/02/99 01:28 10/02/99 05:18 .04 .04 .02 0 --

23 10/03/99 11:05 10/03/99 20:21 .54 .24 .18 .819 29.78

24 10/16/99 02:33 10/16/99 10:21 .30 .28 .2 .4 294.20

25 11/10/99 17:29 11/10/99 19:52 .50 .92 .53 2 607.13

11/19/99 06:48 11/19/99 07:16 .04 .11 .08 0 --

26 11/23/99 03:01 11/23/99 12:51 .22 .32 .2 .371 91.75

27 11/23/99 16:56 11/23/99 17:18 .12 .4 -- -- 4.08

12/03/99 09:15 12/03/99 14:40 .16 .15 .09 .1 --

12/04/99 18:37 12/05/99 09:37 .64 .18 .15 .5 --

12/09/99 15:38 12/09/99 19:59 .15 .09 .07 0 --

28 12/14/99 15:37 12/15/99 11:51 .24 .09 .06 .1 115.63

12/19/99 23:57 12/20/99 02:54 .06 .04 .05 0 --

01/02/00 02:42 01/02/00 05:11 .10 .2 .14 .1 --

29 01/03/00 12:40 01/03/00 14:56 .04 .04 .02 0 -- 1

01/06/00 10:49 01/06/00 15:33 .28 .14 .12 .2 --

01/08/00 10:39 01/08/00 13:48 .12 .09 .07 0 --

01/09/00 21:07 01/10/00 08:28 .13 .04 .05 0 --

01/15/00 10:48 01/15/00 14:17 .06 .08 .06 0 --

01/30/00 00:00 -- -- -- -- -- --

02/03/00 13:18 02/03/00 16:29 .06 .04 .04 0 --

02/50/00 12:45 02/05/00 14:44 .05 .04 .05 0 --

02/13/00 12:50 02/13/00 15:34 .06 .09 .06 0 -- 1

Table A5. Control site precipitation data, Interstate 894, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin—Continued

[in, inch; in/hr, inch per hour; h, hours; min, minute; --, no data; shaded areas mean at least some snow melt so precipitation data may not be valid]
Appendixes A1–A15 23

Monitored

event

number

Start date

& time

End date

& time

Total

rainfall 

(in.)

Max. 

15-min. 

intensity 

(in/hr)

Max. 

30-min. 

intensity 

(in/hr)

Erosivity Index 

(hundreds of

ft-lbs/acre/in/hr)

Antecedent 

dry time

(h)

Comments

02/14/00 10:21 02/14/00 16:28 0.20 0.1 0.08 0.1 -- 1

02/15/00 11:46 02/15/00 18:36 0.19 0.09 0.07 0.1 -- 1

02/17/00 19:57 02/18/00 03:49 .65 .53 .36 1.7 -- 1

30 02/19/00 12:02 02/19/00 17:24 .05 .04 .04 0 -- 1

02/20/00 10:34 02/20/00 21:22 .24 .1 .07 .1 -- 1

31 02/21/00 08:14 02/21/00 18:46 .09 .1 .08 0 -- 1

32 02/24/00 04:17 02/24/00 09:29 .35 .19 .17 .3 -- 1

03/01/00 02:25 03/01/00 06:24 .05 .08 .04 0 --

03/08/00 19:00 03/08/00 22:43 .09 .1 .06 0 --

03/09/00 06:07 03/09/00 09:22 .07 .12 .07 0 -- 1

03/20/00 05:42 03/21/00 04:56 1.76 5.72 2.96 42 --

03/24/00 11:56 03/24/00 13:32 .16 .28 .15 .2 --

03/28/00 15:13 03/28/00 16:54 .06 .12 .08 0 --

33 04/07/00 07:53 04/07/00 17:40 .27 .15 .12 .1 --

040/8/00 08:49 04/08/00 15:20 .33 .13 .1 .2 --

04/11/00 05:08 04/11/00 10:22 .11 .04 .05 0 --

04/19/00 02:41 04/20/00 09:41 1.55 .88 .55 6.1 --

04/20/00 17:41 04/21/00 05:22 .25 .13 .1 .1 --

04/23/00 03:19 04/23/00 07:21 .26 .26 .19 .3 --

04/29/00 00:38 04/29/00 01:52 .05 .08 .06 0 -- 1

05/01/00 03:41 05/01/00 08:46 .10 .1 .07 0 --

05/08/00 09:31 05/08/00 09:38 .05 .2 .1 0 --

05/08/00 19:59 05/09/00 00:28 .19 .64 .32 .5 --

34 05/09/00 10:44 05/09/00 17:58 .80 .28 .22 1.1 10.27

05/11/00 10:17 05/11/00 14:30 .05 .12 .06 0 -- 1

05/12/00 00:36 05/12/00 01:35 .71 1.76 1.38 9.4 --

05/16/00 02:36 05/16/00 08:48 .06 .04 .05 0 --

35 05/17/00 17:26 -- 1.70 -- -- -- 32.63 2

05/18/00 11:09 -- 1.53 -- -- -- -- 2

05/27/00 02:37 05/28/00 13:58 .91 .4 .29 1.5 --

05/29/00 09:49 05/30/00 10:31 .80 .64 .36 1.8 --

05/31/00 06:32 05/31/00 15:06 .52 .42 .36 1.3 --

36 06/01/00 19:48 06/01/00 22:07 .38 1.11 .62 2.1 28.70

37 06/04/00 13:13 06/05/00 06:09 .46 .26 .23 .6 63.10

06/11/00 01:16 06/11/00 04:35 .06 .11 .08 0 --

06/12/00 07:31 06/13/00 01:58 .93 .35 .3 1.7 --

Table A5. Control site precipitation data, Interstate 894, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin—Continued

[in, inch; in/hr, inch per hour; h, hours; min, minute; --, no data; shaded areas mean at least some snow melt so precipitation data may not be valid]
24 Data and Methods of a 1999–2000 Street Sweeping Study on an Urban Freeway in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin

Explanations from the Comments column:

1

Data from test site.

2Data from Michell International Airport.

Monitored

event

number

Start date

& time

End date

& time

Total

rainfall 

(in.)

Max. 

15-min. 

intensity 

(in/hr)

Max. 

30-min. 

intensity 

(in/hr)

Erosivity Index 

(hundreds of

ft-lbs/acre/in/hr)

Antecedent 

dry time

(h)

Comments

06/13/00 18:58 06/13/00 20:32 .09 .22 .13 .1 --

38 06/14/00 16:14 06/14/00 16:31 .33 1.28 .66 2.2 19.70

39 06/20/00 07:28 06/20/00 10:21 .24 .76 .4 .8 134.95

06/23/00 21:59 06/23/00 22:14 .05 .2 .1 0 --

06/28/00 10:34 06/28/00 14:37 .20 .2 .13 .1 --

07/02/00 18:06 07/03/00 03:58 4.40 4.56 3 108.4 --

07/08/00 08:15 07/08/00 09:21 .49 1.16 .85 3.6 --

07/10/00 05:47 07/10/00 08:27 .35 .38 .32 .7 --

07/14/00 01:17 07/14/00 01:47 .12 .37 .24 .2 --

07/14/00 17:30 07/14/00 17:36 .04 .16 .08 0 --

07/20/00 17:39 07/20/00 19:14 .05 .17 .09 0 -- 1

07/25/00 12:14 07/25/00 12:35 2.02 6.97 4.04 54 --

07/27/00 04:34 07/27/00 05:20 .89 2.45 1.32 11.7 --

40 07/28/00 12:19 07/28/00 13:55 1.74 2.2 1.7 28.79 30.98

07/29/00 01:28 07/29/00 4:59 .35 1.24 .66 2.1 --

07/31/00 00:02 07/31/00 20:31 .32 .31 .26 .4 --

08/02/00 14:11 08/02/00 14:36 .11 .29 .22 .2 --

41 08/05/00 13:26 08/05/00 21:30 2.61 2.08 1.42 32.9 70.83

08/13/00 11:52 08/13/00 12:18 .05 .14 .1 0 --

42 08/17/00 03:59 08/17/00 10:39 2.17 1.4 1.12 20.1 87.68

43 08/17/00 20:50 08/17/00 23:52 .07 .09 .06 0 10.18

08/22/00 16:53 08/22/00 19:52 .14 .17 .12 .1 --

44 08/26/00 09:58 08/26/00 11:00 .84 2.84 1.59 13.3 86.10

09/02/00 05:46 09/02/00 11:06 .59 1.38 .72 3.7 --

09/03/00 07:38 09/03/00 10:16 .28 .54 .29 .6 --

45 09/07/00 23:24 09/08/00 06:01 .27 .4 .21 .4 109.13

46 09/10/00 07:57 09/10/00 09:02 .48 1.12 .8 3.5 49.93

09/11/00 10:37 09/12/00 04:12 2.67 1.72 1.5 34.5 --

47 09/14/00 01:28 09/14/00 08:17 .84 .73 .46 2.7 45.27

48 09/19/00 20:21 09/20/00 13:45 .47 .16 .1 .2 132.07

09/22/00 10:50 09/23/00 02:32 2.29 2.04 1.38 29.36 45.08

Table A5. Control site precipitation data, Interstate 894, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin—Continued

[in, inch; in/hr, inch per hour; h, hours; min, minute; --, no data; shaded areas mean at least some snow melt so precipitation data may not be valid]
Appendixes A1–A15 25

Table A6. Test site precipitation data, Interstate 894, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin

[in, inch; in/hr, inch per hour; h, hour; min, minute, shaded areas mean at least some snow melt so precipitation data may not be valid]

Monitored 

event

number

Start date

& time

End date

& time

Total

rainfall 

(in.)

Max. 

15-min. 

intensity 

(in/hr)

Max. 

30-min. 

intensity 

(in/hr)

Erosivity 

Index 

(hundreds of 

ft-lbs/acre/

in/hr)

Antecedent 

dry time

(h)

Comments

1 03/10/99 08:53 03/10/99 16:55 0.45 0.15 0.12 0.3 --

1 03/11/99 09:44 03/11/99 14:27 .14 .08 .06 0 --

03/31/99 11:25 03/31/99 12:21 1.87 2.36 2.24 42.5 --

04/06/99 01:59 04/06/99 02:19 .07 .24 .14 .1 --

04/08/99 20:02 04/09/99 12:13 2.42 .41 .36 5.9 --

2 04/11/99 06:51 04/11/99 14:22 .26 .37 .25 .4 42.633

3 04/15/99 22:23 04/16/99 07:26 .26 .13 .11 .1 104.017

04/20/99 16:25 04/20/99 18:58 .05 .08 .05 0 --

4 04/21/99 21:43 04/22/99 09:20 .95 .44 .32 2.561 26.75

04/22/99 14:18 04/22/99 15:57 .19 .28 .26 .416 --

04/22/99 19:29 04/22/99 23:56 .46 .4 .34 1.318 --

05/05/99 08:37 05/05/99 09:49 .06 .12 .08 0 --

05/05/99 23:47 05/07/99 00:01 .85 .69 .42 2.3 --

50/11/99 22:58 05/12/99 11:09 .89 .42 .36 2.2 --

05/13/99 06:02 05/13/99 06:22 .04 .14 .08 0 --

05/15/99 20:43 05/15/99 22:52 .05 .04 .05 0 --

05/16/99 18:26 05/17/99 02:47 1.02 1.44 .95 8.4 --

05/17/99 12:59 05/17/99 16:36 .26 1 .5 1.2 --

05/18/99 07:29 05/18/99 12:51 .30 .24 .14 .2 --

5 05/21/99 17:56 05/21/99 21:47 .17 .22 .18 .2 77.083

6 05/23/99 09:09 05/23/99 14:09 .50 1.32 .66 3 35.367

05/31/99 14:18 05/31/99 15:12 .15 .57 .29 .4 --

06/01/99 20:43 06/02/99 00:26 .87 1.32 .88 6.1 --

06/04/99 13:20 06/04/99 13:39 .05 .16 .1 0 --

06/06/99 17:09 06/07/99 04:24 .54 .6 .36 1.5 --

7 06/10/99 14:01 06/10/99 22:01 1.17 1.68 1.04 10.6 81.617

06/11/99 19:31 06/11/99 22:48 .31 .35 .27 .6 --

06/12/99 21:34 06/13/99 13:07 3.29 2.52 1.78 47.6 --

8 06/16/99 17:16 06/16/99 18:28 .16 .26 .22 .2 76.15

9 06/23/99 18:00 06/23/99 20:03 .15 .28 .14 .1 167.533

10 06/28/99 16:41 06/28/99 19:02 .83 2.14 1.2 9.4 116.633

11 07/06/99 00:34 07/06/99 00:38 .09 .36 .18 .2 173.533

12 070/9/99 00:10 07/09/99 02:01 2.45 3.08 2.7 63.003 71.533

13 07/16/99 22:52 07/17/99 15:16 1.26 .68 .56 5 188.85
26 Data and Methods of a 1999–2000 Street Sweeping Study on an Urban Freeway in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin

Monitored 

event

number

Start date

& time

End date

& time

Total

rainfall 

(in.)

Max. 

15-min. 

intensity 

(in/hr)

Max. 

30-min. 

intensity 

(in/hr)

Erosivity 

Index 

(hundreds of 

ft-lbs/acre/ 

in/hr)

Antecedent 

dry time

(h)

Comments

07/18/99 15:11 07/18/99 17:00 0.09 0.13 0.09 0 --

07/19/99 01:12 07/19/99 08:46 .40 .32 .28 .7 --

14 07/20/99 23:31 07/21/99 09:43 1.85 3.24 1.93 34.6 38.75

07/23/99 16:29 07/23/99 17:51 .08 .18 .12 .1 --

07/26/99 06:07 07/26/99 09:02 .08 .12 .07 0 --

15 07/31/99 04:28 07/31/99 07:12 .31 .5 .33 .7 115.433

16 08/07/99 08:51 08/07/99 11:21 .32 .4 .32 .7 169.65 1

17 08/10/99 01:40 08/10/99 02:12 .22 .76 .42 .8 62.317 1

08/12/99 08:02 08/12/99 09:51 .08 .11 .08 0 --

18 08/18/99 20:36 08/19/99 03:54 .55 .37 .29 1 154.75

19 08/23/99 14:27 08/23/99 20:37 .24 .4 .2 .427 106.55

09/12/99 00:00 .22 -- -- -- -- 2

20 09/19/99 17:00 09/19/99 22:50 .50 1.74 .88 4.1 185

21 09/27/99 01:58 09/27/99 06:14 .13 .12 .08 .088 171.133

22 09/27/99 09:23 09/28/99 02:49 2.36 .56 .48 9.592 3.15

10/02/99 01:18 10/02/99 06:27 .05 .04 .02 0 --

23 10/03/99 11:16 10/03/99 20:24 .57 .28 .2 .965 28.817

24 10/16/99 02:33 10/16/99 10:38 .29 .21 .18 .3 294.15

25 11/10/99 17:29 11/10/99 20:00 .49 .85 .48 1.8 606.85

11/19/99 06:49 11/19/99 07:19 .04 .1 .08 0 --

26 11/23/99 03:00 11/23/99 12:50 .21 .32 .18 .318 91.683

27 11/23/99 16:52 11/23/99 17:26 .12 .36 .22 .227 4.033

12/03/99 09:15 12/03/99 14:40 .15 .14 .09 .1 --

12/04/99 19:09 12/05/99 09:56 .63 .18 .14 .5 --

12/09/99 15:46 12/09/99 19:11 .13 .09 .07 0 --

28 12/14/99 15:00 12/15/99 20:02 .28 .1 .07 .1 115.817

12/19/99 23:05 12/20/99 04:53 .06 .04 .05 0 --

01/02/00 02:13 01/02/00 03:29 .09 .18 .14 .1 --

29 01/03/00 12:40 01/03/00 14:56 .04 .04 .02 0 --

01/06/00 11:00 01/06/00 15:45 .34 .17 .15 .3 --

01/09/00 21:26 01/10/00 08:26 .12 .04 .05 0 --

01/15/00 10:48 01/15/00 14:17 .06 .08 .06 0 -- 1

01/30/00 00:00 -- .21 -- -- -- -- 2

02/13/00 12:50 02/13/00 15:34 .06 .09 .06 0 --

02/14/00 10:21 02/14/00 16:28 .20 .1 .08 .1 --

02/15/00 11:46 02/15/00 18:36 .19 .09 .07 .1 --

Table A6. Test site precipitation data, Interstate 894, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin—Continued

[in, inch; in/hr, inch per hour; h, hour; min, minute, shaded areas mean at least some snow melt so precipitation data may not be valid]
Appendixes A1–A15 27

Monitored 

event

number

Start date

& time

End date

& time

Total

rainfall 

(in.)

Max. 

15-min. 

intensity 

(in/hr)

Max. 

30-min. 

intensity 

(in/hr)

Erosivity 

Index 

(hundreds of 

ft-lbs/acre/ 

in/hr)

Antecedent 

dry time

(h)

Comments

02/17/00 19:57 02/18/00 03:49 0.65 0.53 0.36 1.7 -- 1

30 02/19/00 12:48 02/19/00 15:45 .05 .04 .04 0 --

02/20/00 10:30 02/20/00 16:40 .24 .1 .07 .1 --

31 02/21/00 09:41 02/21/00 12:03 .09 .1 .08 0 --

32 02/24/00 04:17 02/24/00 09:33 .35 .19 .17 .3 --

03/01/00 02:25 03/01/00 06:24 .05 .08 .04 0 -- 1

03/08/00 17:48 03/08/00 19:49 .22 .52 .3 .5 --

03/09/00 06:07 03/09/00 09:22 .07 .12 .07 0 --

03/19/00 06:56 03/21/00 04:56 .78 .17 .11 .4 --

03/24/00 11:56 03/24/00 13:32 .17 .28 .15 .2 --

03/28/00 15:15 03/28/00 17:01 .08 .14 .1 0 --

33 04/07/00 07:52 04/07/00 17:13 .27 .16 .12 .1 --

04/08/00 11:05 04/08/00 17:02 .71 .43 .26 1.2 --

04/11/00 6:05 04/11/00 13:28 .12 .04 .05 0 --

04/16/00 21:36 04/16/00 23:38 .04 .08 .05 0 --

04/19/00 02:41 04/20/00 09:41 1.55 .88 .55 6.1 -- 1

04/20/00 17:41 04/21/00 05:22 .25 .13 .1 .1 -- 1

04/23/00 03:15 04/23/00 06:43 .29 .3 .21 .4 --

04/29/00 00:38 04/29/00 01:52 .05 .08 .06 0 --

05/01/00 3:38 05/01/00 08:43 .11 .1 .08 0 --

05/08/00 16:51 05/09/00 01:33 .28 .92 .46 1 -- 2

34 05/09/00 10:50 05/09/00 18:00 1.13 .43 .3 2.3 9.283

05/11/00 10:17 05/11/00 14:30 .05 .12 .06 0 --

05/12/00 00:36 05/12/00 01:35 .71 1.76 1.38 9.4 -- 1

05/16/00 04:15 05/16/00 08:51 .09 .1 .07 0 --

35 05/17/00 14:22 -- 1.70 -- -- -- 29.517 2

05/18/00 11:09 -- 1.53 -- -- -- -- 2

05/27/00 02:37 05/28/00 13:58 .91 .4 .29 1.5 -- 1

05/29/00 09:49 05/30/00 10:31 .80 .64 .36 1.8 -- 1

05/31/00 06:32 05/31/00 15:06 .52 .42 .36 1.3 -- 1

36 06/01/00 19:48 06/01/00 22:07 .38 1.11 .62 2.1 28.7 1

37 06/04/00 13:05 06/05/00 06:09 .46 .26 .23 .6 62.967 1

06/11/00 01:16 06/11/00 01:59 .05 .11 .08 0 --

06/12/00 05:23 06/13/00 02:47 .96 .34 .31 1.7 --

06/13/00 18:59 06/13/00 22:22 .09 .2 .11 .1 --

38 06/14/00 16:16 06/14/00 16:27 .36 1.44 .72 2.7 17.9

Table A6. Test site precipitation data, Interstate 894, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin—Continued

[in, inch; in/hr, inch per hour; h, hour; min, minute, shaded areas mean at least some snow melt so precipitation data may not be valid]
28 Data and Methods of a 1999–2000 Street Sweeping Study on an Urban Freeway in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin

Explanations from the Comments column:

1

Data from test site.

2Data from Michell International Airport.

Monitored 

event

number

Start date

& time

End date

& time

Total

rainfall 

(in.)

Max. 

15-min. 

intensity 

(in/hr)

Max. 

30-min. 

intensity 

(in/hr)

Erosivity 

Index 

(hundreds of 

ft-lbs/acre/ 

in/hr)

Antecedent 

dry time

(h)

Comments

39 06/20/00 07:27 06/20/00 09:13 0.21 0.64 0.34 0.635 135

06/23/00 21:59 06/23/00 22:33 .07 .25 .14 .1 --

06/28/00 10:34 06/28/00 14:37 .20 .2 .13 .1 -- 1

07/02/00 18:06 07/03/00 03:58 4.40 4.56 3 108.4 -- 1

07/08/00 08:15 07/08/00 08:44 .31 1.04 .62 1.7 --

07/10/00 05:45 07/10/00 08:20 .34 .36 .3 .7 --

07/14/00 01:17 07/14/00 01:50 .15 .46 .29 .3 --

07/14/00 17:30 07/14/00 17:36 .04 .16 .08 0 -- 1

07/20/00 17:39 07/20/00 19:14 .05 .17 .09 0 --

07/25/00 11:12 07/25/00 11:58 2.02 3.51 2.8 53.5 --

07/27/00 04:34 07/27/00 05:20 .89 2.45 1.32 11.7 -- 1

40 07/28/00 12:19 07/28/00 13:55 1.74 2.2 1.7 28.786 30.983 1

07/29/00 01:28 07/29/00 04:50 .24 .76 .38 .8 --

07/31/00 00:03 07/31/00 21:05 .38 .32 .26 .5 --

08/02/00 14:13 08/02/00 14:37 .11 .31 .22 .2 --

41 08/05/00 13:30 08/05/00 21:30 2.61 2.08 1.42 32.9 70.883 1

08/13/00 12:00 08/13/00 12:34 .04 .12 .08 0 --

42 08/17/00 04:02 08/17/00 10:39 2.17 1.4 1.12 20.1 87.467 1

43 08/17/00 21:03 08/18/00 05:39 .06 .04 .04 0 10.4

08/22/00 16:59 08/22/00 19:49 .11 .16 .09 .1 --

44 08/26/00 10:04 08/26/00 11:00 .84 2.84 1.59 13.3 86.25 1

09/02/00 05:46 09/02/00 11:06 .59 1.38 .72 3.7 -- 1

09/03/00 07:38 09/03/00 10:16 .28 .54 .29 .6 -- 1

45 09/07/00 23:25 09/08/00 05:57 .21 .32 .2 .3 109.15

46 09/10/00 07:57 09/10/00 09:02 .48 1.12 .8 3.5 50 1

09/11/00 10:38 09/12/00 04:12 2.67 1.72 1.5 34.5 -- 1

47 09/14/00 01:28 09/14/00 08:14 .86 .76 .48 2.9 45.267

48 09/19/00 20:25 09/20/00 13:45 .42 .16 .1 .2 132.183

OKM-11 09/22/00 10:59 09/22/00 19:27 .89 .36 .36 2.707 45.233

Table A6. Test site precipitation data, Interstate 894, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin—Continued

[in, inch; in/hr, inch per hour; h, hour; min, minute, shaded areas mean at least some snow melt so precipitation data may not be valid]
Table A7. Runoff concentrations from test site, Interstate 894, Milwaukee, Wisconsin[mg/L, milligrams per liter; μg/L, micrograms per liter; rep., replicate sample; Diss., dissolved; COD, chemical oxygen demand; TSS, total suspended solids; S. Sed., suspende

N, organic nitrogen; NO2 + NO3, nitrate + Nitrite; P, phosphorus; Ca, calcium; Mg, magnesium; Cl, chloride; Cu, copper; Zn, zinc; Cd, cadmium; Pb, lead; --, no data; shaded a

Event Date

COD

(mg/L)

Total solids

(mg/L)

TSS

(mg/L)

S. Sed

(mg/L)

Diss. NH

3

(mg/L)

Total NH

3 +

org. N

(mg/L)

Diss. NO

2

+

NO

3

(mg/L)

Total P

(mg/L)

Diss. Ortho-P

(mg/L)

Total Ca

(mg/L)

Total Mg

(mg/L)

Diss. Cl

(mg/L)

Diss. Cu (μg/L)

Diss. Zn (μg/L)

Total Zn (μg/L)

Total Cd 

1 03/11/99 -- -- 182 171 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3,370 -- -- 488 -

2 04/11/99 70 1,570 88 0.923 1.87 2.16 0.105 0.023 47 12 791 20 47 200 

3 04/16/99 -- -- 84 117 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 417 -- -- 240 -

4 04/21/99 -- -- 61 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 170 -

51 05/21/99 -- -- 180 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 138 -- -- 320 -

61 05/23/99 -- -- 352 2,330 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 65.1 -- -- 290 -71 06/10/99 74 -- 689 3,090 .481 1.79 1.03 .249 .013 510 270 40.9 12 28 710 3

8 06/16/99 -- -- 127 137 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 290 -9 06/23/99 -- -- 286 388 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 570 -

10 06/28/99 -- -- 236 2,930 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 17.5 -- -- 350 -

11 07/06/99 -- -- 214 362 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 460 -

12 07/09/99 -- -- 230 2,760 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 260 -

rep. -- -- 569 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 950 -

13 07/16/99 61 208 159 312 .311 1.55 .66 .138 .12 27 10 29.3 14 43 200 

rep. 70 350 98 .312 1.05 .649 .126 .12 27 9.4 29.5 14 39 150 

14 07/21/99 -- -- 367 981 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 330 -15 07/31/99 78 354 335 485 .407 1.54 .629 .256 .064 44 16 30 17 12 310 16 08/07/99 -- -- 284 607 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 24.5 -- -- 530 -17 08/10/99 -- -- 670 2,170 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 480 -18 08/18/99 -- -- 87 214 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 150 -19 08/23/99 -- -- 394 691 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 370 -

20 09/19/99 -- -- 410 2,730 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 590 -

21 09/27/99 -- -- 84 78 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 39.5 -- -- 190 -

22 09/27/99 39 276 77 588 .26 .71 .309 .15 .019 39 17 15.8 5.8 15 170 23 10/03/99 -- -- 83 91 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 31.8 -- -- 160 -

24 10/16/99 -- -- 162 27 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 270 -25 11/10/99 -- -- 208 250 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 310 -26 11/19/99 -- -- 158 200 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 290 -

rep. 11/19/99 -- -- -- 174 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -

27 11/23/99 -- -- 416 351 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 370 -

rep. 11/23/99 -- -- -- 357 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -

28 12/14/99 -- -- 82 243 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 240 -
Event Date

COD

(mg/L)

Total solids

(mg/L)

TSS

(mg/L)

S. Sed

(mg/L)

Diss. NH

3

(mg/L)

Total NH

3 + 

org. N

(mg/L)

Diss. NO

2

+

NO

3

(mg/L)

Total P

(mg/L)

Diss. Ortho-P

(mg/L)

Total Ca

(mg/L)

Total Mg

(mg/L)

Diss. Cl

(mg/L)

Diss. Cu (μg/L)

Diss Zn (μg/L)

Total Zn (μg/L)

Total Cd 

rep. 12/14/99 -- -- -- 117 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -

29 01/03/00 -- -- 43 166 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 9,840 -- -- 280 -30 02/18/00 -- -- 78 71 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 480 -31 02/21/00 120 5,104 154 162 .852 .98 .659 .335 .091 100 20 2,730 130 440 440 

rep. 02/21/00 -- -- 152 162 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -

32 02/24/00 430 3,930 756 1,138 .623 1.77 .91 .763 .027 180 63 1,690 420 1500 1,500 

rep. 02/24/00 -- -- -- 552 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -

33 04/07/00 97 3,090 113 690.4 1.12 2.33 .793 .092 .01 42 9.4 1,750 16 64 340 

rep. 04/07/00 -- -- 150 193 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -

34 05/09/00 -- -- 185 989 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 380 -

rep. 05/09/00 -- -- 244 722.4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -

35 05/17/00 -- -- 99 229 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 49.8 -- -- 230 -

rep. 05/17/00 -- -- -- 387 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -

36 06/01/00 -- -- 201 1,070 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 520 -

rep. -- -- -- 621.7 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -

37 06/04/00 -- -- 36 74.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 80 -

rep. -- -- -- 37.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -

38 06/14/00 -- -- 398 8,58.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 550 -

39 06/20/00 -- -- 86 2,42.9 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 280 -

40 07/28/00 36 870 1,230 21,55.3 .249 1.08 .408 .281 .006 400 200 7.2 6.1 15 1,200 

41 08/05/00 -- -- 141 209.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 200 -

rep. -- -- -- 230.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -

42 08/17/00 -- -- 200 216 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 320 -

43 08/17/00 -- -- 9.5 169 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 99 -

rep. -- -- -- 51.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -

44 08/26/00 51 236 134 203.7 .67 1.71 .794 .266 .114 27 12 19 8.9 25 200 

rep. 08/26/00 -- -- 65 187 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -

45 09/07/00 -- -- 245 192 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 66.6 -- -- 340 -

rep. 09/07/00 -- -- 193 234 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -

46 09/10/00 50 204 115 2,42.2 .359 .9 .415 .152 .034 20 9 16.3 7.3 21 140 

rep. 09/10/00 -- -- 280 310 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -

47 09/14/00 -- -- 40 34.7 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 130 -

rep. -- -- -- 42 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -

48 09/19/00 -- -- 95 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 230 -

1Construction on right of way may have influenced the concentrations on these samples

Table A7. Runoff concentrations from test site, Interstate 894, Milwaukee, Wisconsin—Continued[mg/L, milligrams per liter; μg/L, micrograms per liter; rep., replicate sample; Diss., dissolved; COD, chemical oxygen demand; TSS, total suspended solids; S. Sed., suspende

N, organic nitrogen; NO2 + NO3, nitrate + Nitrite; P, phosphorus; Ca, calcium; Mg, magnesium; Cl, chloride; Cu, copper; Zn, zinc; Cd, cadmium; Pb, lead; --, no data; shaded 
Table A8. Runoff concentrations from control site, Interstate 894, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin[mg/L, milligrams per liter; μg/L, micrograms per liter; rep., replicate sample; Diss., dissolved; COD, chemical oxygen demand; TSS, total suspended solids; S. Sed., suspende

N, organic nitrogen; NO2 + NO3, nitrate + Nitrite; P, phosphorus; Ca, calcium; Mg, magnesium; Cl, chloride; Cu, copper; Zn, zinc; Cd, cadmium; Pb, lead; --, no data]

Event Date

COD

(mg/L)

Total solids

(mg/L)

TSS

(mg/L)

S. Sed

(mg/L)

Diss. NH

3

(mg/L)

Total NH

3 +

org. N

(mg/L)

Diss. NO

2

+

NO

3

(mg/L)

Total P

(mg/L)

Diss. Ortho-P

(mg/L)

Total Ca

(mg/L)

Total Mg

(mg/L)

Diss. Cl

(mg/L)

Diss. Cu (μg/L)

Diss. Zn (μg/L)

Total Zn (μg/L)

1 03/11/99 -- -- 50 69 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5,180 -- -- 254.1 2 04/11/99 64 1,140 104 -- 0.627 1.4 1.72 0.113 0.022 69 28 466 18 39 180 3 04/16/99 -- -- 86 122 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 256 -- -- 200 4 04/21/99 -- -- 284 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 480 

51 05/21/99 -- -- 224 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 117 -- -- 290 

61 05/23/99 -- -- 277 1,130 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 45.5 -- -- 420 71 06/10/99 140 2,580 613 866 .346 1.31 .9 .259 .011 450 240 23.2 13 31 390 

8 06/16/99 -- -- 108 114 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 220 

9 06/23/99 -- -- 130 158 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 280 

10 06/28/99 -- -- 447 711 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 32.8 -- -- 500 

11 07/06/99 -- -- 280 361 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 520 

12 07/09/99 -- -- 232 968 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 230 

rep. -- -- 145 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 210 

13 07/16/99 60 232 106 377 .206 1.01 .582 .144 .009 33 13 23.6 14 34 170 

rep. 61 246 131 -- .206 .33 .565 .15 .01 34 14 23.5 14 33 150 

14 07/21/99 -- -- 218 487 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 180 

15 07/31/99 120 934 256 346 .026 1.87 .825 .321 .004 49 21 56.4 22 57 550 

16 08/07/99 -- -- 236 1,670 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 30 -- -- 340 

17 08/10/99 -- -- 130 189 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 180 

18 08/18/99 -- -- 145 353 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 140 

19 08/23/99 -- -- 87 106 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 200 

20 09/19/99 -- -- 204 1,080 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 270 21 09/27/99 -- -- 89 95 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 48.6 -- -- 220 22 09/27/99 53 152 91 306 .327 .88 .299 .102 .019 30 14 15.1 7.0 21 140 23 10/03/99 -- -- 33 32 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 37.8 -- -- 110 24 10/16/99 -- -- 124 12 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 31.1 -- -- 240 

25 11/10/99 -- -- 180 231 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 320 

rep. -- -- -- 425 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

26 11/19/99 -- -- 140 109 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 270 

rep. -- -- -- 162 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

27 11/23/99 -- -- 184 186 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 310 

rep. -- -- -- 181 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 
Event Date

COD

(mg/L)

Total solids

(mg/L)

TSS

(mg/L)

S. Sed

(mg/L)

Diss. NH

3

(mg/L)

Total NH

3 +

org. N

(mg/L)

Diss. NO

2

+

NO

3

(mg/L)

Total P

(mg/L)

Diss. Ortho-P

(mg/L)

Total Ca

(mg/L)

Total Mg

(mg/L)

Diss. Cl

(mg/L)

Diss. Cu (μg/L)

Diss Zn (μg/L)

Total Zn (μg/L)

28 12/14/99 -- -- 124 179 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 250 

rep. -- -- -- 106 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

29 01/03/00 -- -- 128 180 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 13,000 -- -- 580 

30 02/18/00 -- -- 89 59 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 470 

rep. -- -- -- 84 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

31 02/21/00 84 3,530 90 91 .798 .93 .758 .173 .027 110 27 1860 82 290 290 

rep. -- -- -- 84 94 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

32 02/24/00 370 4,398 734 689 .806 1.95 1.17 .678 .011 160 52 1970 620 1,500 1,500 

33 04/07/00 110 3,270 112 450 1.07 2.15 .741 .199 .005 45 9.8 1770 18 110 360 

rep. -- -- 126 167 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

34 05/09/00 -- -- 108 152 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 240 

rep. -- -- 124 97 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

35 05/17/00 -- -- 89 348 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 36.7 -- -- 180 

rep. -- -- -- 246 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

36 06/01/00 -- -- 102 165 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 170 

rep. -- -- -- 215 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

37 06/04/00 -- -- 26 32 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 79 

rep. -- -- -- 29 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

38 06/14/00 -- -- 213 330.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 500 39 06/20/00 -- -- 139 200.8 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 250 40 07/28/00 41 176 134 325 .481 1.19 .457 .13 .03 15 6.3 9.4 7.4 21 180 

rep. -- -- -- 122.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

41 08/05/00 -- -- 99 258.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 180 42 08/17/00 -- -- 87 80 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 210 43 08/17/00 -- -- 11 48 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 63 

rep. -- -- -- 135.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

44 08/26/00 42 132 62 73.3 .597 1.8 .703 .13 .047 13 5.3 15.2 8.9 28 120 

rep. -- -- 120 68 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

45 09/07/00 -- -- -- 114 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 35.8 -- -- 46 09/10/00 45 130 69 88.8 .359 1.15 .501 .213 .039 29 13 11.5 8 18 190 

rep. -- -- 73 92 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

47 09/14/00 -- -- 55 62.7 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 110 

rep. -- -- -- 48 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

48 09/19/00 -- -- 66 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 170 

1Construction on right of way may have influenced the concentrations on these samples

Table A8. Runoff concentrations from control site, Interstate 894, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin—Continued[mg/L, milligrams per liter; μg/L, micrograms per liter; rep., replicate sample; Diss., dissolved; COD, chemical oxygen demand; TSS, total suspended solids; S. Sed., suspende

N, organic nitrogen; NO2 + NO3, nitrate + Nitrite; P, phosphorus; Ca, calcium; Mg, magnesium; Cl, chloride; Cu, copper; Zn, zinc; Cd, cadmium; Pb, lead; --, no data]
Table A9. Runoff particle size analysis results at the test and control sites, Interstate 894, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin[%, percent; mm, millimeter; --, no data; Because of new instrumentation at the lab, the shaded data shows the particle size distribution only within the 0.031 mm to 0.0

Test site

Sand/fine break Sieve analysis (% less than) Visual accumulation tube analysis (% less than) Sedigr

(% 

Sample

ID Date % sand % fine 8 (mm) 4 (mm) 2 (mm) 1 (mm) 0.5 (mm) 0.25 (mm) 0.125 (mm) 0.062 (mm) 0.031 (mm) 0.016 (mm) 0.008 (mm) 

OK-1 03/14/99 0 100 100 98.13 91.88 76.88 OK-3 04/16/99 17.78 82.22 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- OK-8 06/16/99 26.75 73.25 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- OK-9 06/23/99 32.48 67.52 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- OK-10 06/28/99 93.1 6.9 100 97.2 90.5 70 56.2 20.2 8.4 6.9 -- -- -- OK-11 07/06/99 49.07 50.93 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- OK-12 07/09/99 97.04 2.96 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- OK-13 07/16/99 82 18 100 85.1 72.2 44.7 33.5 18 -- -- -- OK-14 07/21/99 91.92 8.08 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- OK-15 07/31/99 73.4 26.6 100 93.4 67.7 42.7 26.6 -- -- -- OK-16 08/07/99 73.3 26.7 100 94.4 80.8 55.8 38.2 26.7 -- -- -- OK-17 08/10/99 92.6 7.4 100 94.6 78.1 63.9 31.4 13.1 7.4 -- -- -- OK-18 08/18/99 75.5 24.5 100 93 82 55.2 39.8 24.5 -- -- -- OK-19 08/23/99 78.13 21.87 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- OK-20 09/19/99 91.67 8.33 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- OK-21 09/27/99 19.97 80.03 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- OK-22 09/27/99 89.8 10.2 100 91.1 72.5 25.5 12.6 10.2 -- -- -- OK-23 10/03/99 40.9 59.1 100 80.5 76.2 69.8 66.1 59.1 -- -- -- OK-24 10/16/99 > 35 < 65 100 75 65 35 -- 93.3 79.7 62.9 OK-25 11/10/99 59.3 40.7 100 87 77.3 66.6 55.5 40.7 -- -- -- OK-26 11/19/99 64 36 100 80.8 80.3 74.8 71.2 64 95.3 88.8 78.4 OK-27 11/23/99 37.7 62.3 100 91.6 83.6 72.9 62.6 62.3 -- -- -- OK-28 12/14/99 13.5 86.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- OK-31 02/21/00 4.7 95.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- OK-32 02/24/00 10.1 89.9 84.88 74.63 60.87 OK-33 04/07/00 19.4 80.6 100 92.9 89.5 84.7 82 80.6 -- -- -- 
Test site—continued Sand/fine break Sieve analysis (% less than) Visual accumulation tube analysis (% less than) Sedigrap

(% les

Sample ID Date % sand %fine 8 (mm) 4 (mm) 2 (mm) 1 (mm) 0.5 (mm) 0.25 (mm) 0.125 (mm) 0.062 (mm) 0.031 (mm) 0.016 (mm) 0.008 (mm) 

OK-34 05/09/00 84.2 15.8 100 52.5 40.8 24.6 17 15.8 14.96 14.19 10.78 OK-35 50/17/00 67.8 32.2 100 62 53.1 40.3 32.8 32.2 -- -- -- OK-36 06/01/00 87.6 12.4 100 81.7 65.1 28.3 14.5 12.4 -- -- -- OK-37 06/04/00 19.9 80.1 100 90.2 82.1 80.1 80.1 -- -- -- OK-41 08/05/00 56.2 43.8 100 90.4 64.9 54.5 43.8 -- -- -- OK-42 08/17/00 34.8 65.2 100 89 78.3 72.3 69.9 65.2 -- -- -- OK-43 08/17/00 1.8 98.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- OK-44 08/26/00 46.8 53.2 100 91.5 80 60.8 57 53.2 -- -- -- OK-45 09/07/00 36.7 63.3 100 92 83.4 69 66.1 63.3 -- -- -- OK-46 09/10/00 66 34 100 88.4 71.5 53.6 38.9 34 -- -- -- OK-47 09/14/00 4.2 95.8 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

Control site NT-1 03/14/99 0 100 100 90 70 

NT-3 04/16/99 35.69 64.31 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- NT-8 06/16/99 18.52 81.48 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- NT-9 06/23/99 13.1 86.9 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- NT-10 06/28/99 82.1 17.9 100 78.2 78.2 65.4 36.3 21.3 17.9 -- -- -- NT-11 07/06/99 58.81 41.19 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- NT-12 07/09/99 91.6 8.4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- NT-13 07/16/99 84.1 15.9 100 68.1 54.6 33.6 25.4 15.9 -- -- -- NT-14 07/21/99 83.56 16.45 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- NT-15 07/31/99 63.3 36.7 100 90.6 89.8 71.9 53.8 36.7 -- -- -- NT-16 08/07/99 91.8 8.2 100 97.9 83 48.8 30.5 17.5 11.8 8.2 -- -- -- NT-17 08/10/99 62.5 37.5 100 91.9 85.9 60.3 48.4 37.5 -- -- -- NT-18 08/18/99 86.8 13.2 100 64.9 55.7 33.6 24.6 13.2 -- -- -- NT-19 08/23/99 27.4 72.6 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- NT-20 09/19/99 88.55 11.45 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- NT-21 09/27/99 23.94 76.06 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

Table A9. Runoff particle size analysis results at the test and control sites, Interstate 894, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin—Continued[%, percent; mm, millimeter; --, no data; Because of new instrumentation at the lab, the shaded data shows the particle size distribution only within the 0.031 mm to 0.00
Control site—continued

Sand/fine break Sieve analysis (% less than) Visual accumulation tube analysis (% less than) Sedigrap

(% les

Sample 

ID Date % sand %fine 8 (mm) 4 (mm) 2 (mm) 1 (mm) 0.5 (mm) 0.25 (mm) 0.125 (mm) 0.062 (mm) 0.031 (mm) 0.016 (mm) 0.008 (mm) 

NT-22 09/27/99 83.5 16.5 100 68.5 49.3 25.9 21.2 16.5 -- -- -- NT-23 10/03/99 3.3 96.7 100 99.4 97.7 96.7 -- -- -- NT-24 10/16/99 > 31.2 < 68.8 100 90 50 31.2 -- 98 84.1 78.6 NT-25 11/10/99 47.2 52.8 100 74.5 70 61.4 58.1 52.8 97.3 81.2 60.9 NT-26 11/19/99 9 91 100 99.8 96 93.6 91 92.2 88.3 77.2 NT-27 11/23/99 20 80 100 86.8 86.8 83.4 80.1 80 -- -- -- NT-28 12/14/99 2.4 97.6 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- NT-30 02/18/00 0.72 99.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- NT-31 02/21/00 1.2 98.8 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- NT-33 04/07/00 2.9 97.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- NT-34 05/09/00 31.5 68.5 100 97.7 77.5 72.6 68.5 -- -- -- NT-35 05/17/00 56.7 43.3 100 62.9 54.2 48.8 45.5 43.3 -- -- -- NT-36 06/01/00 49.5 50.5 100 80.6 70.1 53.8 50.8 50.5 -- -- -- NT-37 06/04/00 24.4 75.6 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- NT-40 07/28/00 73.2 26.8 100 72.9 56.9 40.9 34.6 26.8 -- -- -- NT-42 08/17/00 16.3 83.7 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- NT-43 08/17/00 1.2 98.8 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- NT-44 08/26/00 38.9 61.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- NT-45 09/07/00 32.5 67.5 100 87.1 83.9 74 70.6 67.5 -- -- -- NT-46 09/10/00 41.6 58.4 100 86.5 75.3 64.1 58.7 58.4 -- -- -- NT-47 09/14/00 16.5 83.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

Table A9. Runoff particle size analysis results at the test and control sites, Interstate 894, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin—Continued[%, percent; mm, millimeter; --, no data; Because of new instrumentation at the lab, the shaded data shows the particle size distribution only within the 0.031 mm to 0.00
36 Data and Methods of a 1999–2000 Street Sweeping Study on an Urban Freeway in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin

Table A10. Replicate suspended sediment analysis results at the test and control sites, Interstate 894, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin

[mg/L, milligram per liter; %, percent; Percent difference is calculated as: 100*{absolute value [(replicate 1 concentration - replicate 2 concentration) / replicate 

concentration]}]

Replicate analysis results

Test site Control site

Sample 

ID Date

Suspended 

sediment

(mg/L)

Suspended

sediment -

replicate

(mg/L)

%

Difference

Sample 

ID Date

Suspended 

sediment

(mg/L)

Suspended 

sediment - 

replicate

(mg/L)

% 

Difference

OK-26 11/19/99 200 174.0 15 NT-25 11/10/99 231 424.9 46

OK-27 11/23/99 351 356 1 NT-26 11/19/99 109 162.4 33

OK-28 12/14/99 242.6 117 107 NT-27 11/23/99 186 181 3

OK-31 02/21/00 162 161.8 0 NT-28 12/14/99 178.8 106 69

OK-32 02/24/00 552 1,137.5 51 NT-30 02/18/00 59 83.7 30

OK-33 04/07/00 193 690.4 72 NT-31 02/21/00 91 93.7 3

OK-34 05/09/00 989 722.4 37 NT-33 04/07/00 167 450.2 63

OK-35 05/17/00 387 229.2 69 NT-34 05/09/00 152 97.1 57

OK-36 06/01/00 1,070 621.7 72 NT-35 05/17/00 246 348.1 29

OK-37 06/04/00 74 37.1 99 NT-36 06/01/00 165 215.3 23

OK-41 08/05/00 209 230.2 9 NT-37 06/04/00 32 28.5 12

OK-43 08/17/00 169 51.0 231 NT-40 07/28/00 325 122.3 166

OK-44 08/26/00 203.7 187 9 NT-43 08/17/00 48 135.5 65

OK-45 09/07/00 192.0 234.0 18 NT-44 08/26/00 73.3 68 8

OK-46 09/10/00 242.2 310.0 22 NT-46 09/10/00 88.8 92 3

OK-47 09/14/00 34.7 42 17 NT-47 09/14/00 62.7 48 31

mean 52 mean 40

standard deviation 59 standard deviation 41

Combined sites mean 46

Combined sites standard deviation 50
Appendixes A1–A15 37

Table A11. Replicate suspended solids analysis results at the test and control sites, Interstate 894, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin

[mg/L, milligram per liter; %, percent; Percent difference is calculated as: 100*{absolute value [(replicate 1 concentration - replicate 2 concentration)/replicate 1 

concentration]}]

Replicate analysis results

Test site Control site

Sample 

ID Date

Suspended 

solids

(mg/L)

Suspended 

solids - 

replicate 

(mg/L) 

%

Difference

Sample 

ID Date

Suspended 

solids

(mg/L)

Suspended 

solids - 

replicate 

(mg/L) 

%

Difference

OK-12 07/09/99 230 569 147 NT-12 07/09/99 232 145 38

OK-13 07/16/99 159 98 38 NT-13 07/16/99 106 131 24

OK-31 02/21/00 154 152 1 NT-31 02/21/00 90 84 7

OK-33 04/07/00 113 150 33 NT-33 04/07/00 112 126 13

OK-34 05/09/00 185 244 32 NT-34 05/09/00 108 124 15

OK-44 08/26/00 134 65 51 NT-44 08/26/00 62 120 94

OK-45 09/07/00 245 193 21 NT-46 09/10/00 69 73 6

OK-46 09/10/00 115 280 143

mean 58 mean 28

standard deviation 56 standard deviation 31

Combined sites mean 44

Combined sites standard deviation 47
Table A12. Blank sample analysis results at the test and control sites, Interstate 894, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin [nd, not detected; --, not analyzed for; mg/L, milligram per liter; μg/L, microgram per liter; Diss., dissolved; COD, chemical oxygen demand; TSS, total suspended residue; NH

+ NO3, nitrate + nitrite; P, phosphorus; Ca, calcium; Mg, magnesium; Cl, chloride; Cu, copper; Zn, zinc; Cd, cadmium; Pb, lead; Shaded data indicates an unacceptably high co

Test site Sample ID Date Type of sample COD (mg/L) Total solids (mg/L) TSS (mg/L) Diss. NH3 (mg/L) Total NH3 + organic N (mg/L) Diss. NO2+NO3 (mg/L) Total P (mg/L) Diss. Ortho-P (mg/L) Total Ca (mg/L) Total Mg (mg/L) Diss. Cl (mg/L) Diss. Cu (μg/L) Diss Zn (μg/L) Total Zn (μg/L) Tot

Cd (μg

QOK-12 6/03/99 splitter blank nd nd nd nd nd nd nd -- 0.06 0.06 0.2 -- -- nd 0.0

QOK-13 6/03/99 filter blank -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.002 -- -- -- nd nd -- -- QOK-23 9/30/99 splitter blank nd nd nd nd nd 0.01 nd -- .06 nd .5 -- -- nd nd QOK-24 9/30/99 filter blank -- -- -- -- -- -- -- nd -- -- -- 1.4 nd -- -- QOK-33 4/13/00 splitter blank nd nd nd nd nd nd nd -- .05 nd .8 -- -- nd .0QOK-34 4/13/00 filter blank -- -- -- -- -- -- -- nd -- -- -- nd nd -- -- QOK43 9/21/00 splitter blank nd nd nd nd nd nd 0.009 -- .02 nd nd -- -- nd nd QOK-44 9/21/00 filter blank -- -- -- -- -- -- -- nd -- -- -- nd nd -- -- 

lowest environmental concentration 36 204 9.5 .249 .71 .309 .092 .006 20 9 7.2 5.8 12 80 .4

Control site QNT-12 6/03/99 splitter blank nd nd nd nd nd nd nd -- 0.06 nd nd -- -- nd nd 

QNT-13 6/03/99 filter blank -- -- -- -- -- -- -- .003 -- -- -- nd nd ---- -- 

QNT-23 9/30/99 splitter blank nd nd nd nd nd .003 nd -- .04 nd nd -- -- nd nd 

QNT-24 9/30/99 filter blank -- -- -- -- -- -- -- nd -- -- -- nd nd -- -- 

QNT-31 4/13/00 before blank nd nd nd nd nd nd .002 -- nd nd nd -- -- nd nd 

QNT-32 4/13/00 ISCO blank nd nd nd nd nd nd .003 -- .16 .03 4.8 -- -- nd nd 

QNT-33 4/13/00 splitter blank nd 16 6 nd nd .017 .006 -- .71 .31 5.1 -- -- 220 .0

QNT-34 4/13/00 filter blank -- -- -- -- -- -- -- nd -- -- -- nd nd -- -- QNT-35 4/13/00 after blank nd nd nd .016 nd nd .003 -- .16 nd nd -- -- nd nd QNT-43 9/21/00 splitter blank nd 10 nd nd nd nd .012 -- .04 nd nd -- -- nd nd 

QNT-44 9/21/00 filter 

blank

-- -- -- -- -- -- -- nd -- -- -- nd nd -- -- 

lowest environmental

concentration

41 130 11 .026 .33 .299 .102 .004 13 5.3 9.4 7 18 63 .4
Appendixes A1–A15 39

Table A13. Vehicle count data in test and control basins, Interstate 894, 

Milwaukee County, Wisconsin

[--, no data; shaded areas indicate the data is mostly or completely estimated from weekly averages]

Test site Control site

Event 

number

Vehicle count 

during

runoff period

Vehicle count

during

sampling period

Vehicle count 

during

runoff period

Vehicle count 

during

sampling period

1 285,387 285,387 491,416 474,611

2 47,191 40,918 47,191 44,668

3 30,850 26,521 26,259 14,345

4 54,398 39,183 52,816 40,010

5 29,442 23,936 28,907 6,515

6 37,198 32,884 35,478 35,478

7 57,902 55,016 56,500 53,128

8 14,476 11,370 15,962 6,151

9 16,760 13,970 16,760 13,281

10 23,114 19,514 25,259 20,201

11 1,237 902 981 362

12 2,489 1,926 2,558 1,695

13 76,666 74,706 74,706 63,548

14 3,098 3,098 16,313 1,182

15 4,833 2,037 4,144 1,884

16 23,906 19,437 26,105 20,562

17 886 726 1,030 513

18 11,972 10,915 13,029 10,056

19 17,733 14,498 18,548 12,270

20 22,498 22,498 32,540 29,383

21 11,461 4,188 11,461 4,188

22 74,218 73,442 74,218 71,654

23 65,490 61,450 66,752 57,503

24 32,882 28,696 12,982 10,213

25 20,601 19,321 27,827 18,046

26 536,462 528,412 542,800 526,419

27 9,151 4,337 17,060 10,365

28 37,265 34,594 39,992 19,966

29 -- -- -- --

30 -- -- -- --

31 80,579 79,730 81,639 74,577

32 45,597 38,697 35,366 27,771

33 75,957 75,957 75,957 74,820

34 36,059 19,272 37,735 20,987

35 33,792 33,792 27,280 23,980

36 16,503 15,339 54,507 46,223

37 72,739 62,947 34,081 34,081

38 5,863 3,795 8,844 1,902

39 14,051 8,160 12,573 6,400

40 20,299 13,732 21,485 9,601

41 43,098 15,560 50,909 4,183

42 49,121 1,644 50,891 3,038

43 11,708 3,486 12,905 12,905

44 13,287 8,969 8,969 6,981

45 16,358 7,674 12,143 7,674

46 8,435 4,575 8,435 3,531

47 40,382 14,946 38,799 18,345

48 91,782 80,664 86,899 70,860
40 Data and Methods of a 1999–2000 Street Sweeping Study on an Urban Freeway in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin

Table A14. Suspended solids concentrations found in runoff samples collected from the freeway median, 

Interstate 894, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin

[mg/L, milligram per liter; TSS, total suspended solids; --, no data]

Test site median

Field ID Collection start 

date and time

Collection end 

date and time

Event 

number

Sub-sample 

numbers

TSS

(mg/L)

OKM-1 07/27/00 04:41 07/27/00 04:44 -- 1–3 1,480

OKM-2 07/27/00 04:45 07/27/00 04:49 -- 4–6 998

OKM-3 07/28/00 12:29 07/28/00 12:32 40 1–2 4,232

OKM-4 07/28/00 12:44 -- 40 3 7,270

OKM-5 07/28/00 12:46 07/28/00 12:48 40 4–5 1,060

OKM-6 08/17/00 04:19 08/17/00 07:34 42 1, 5, 6, 23 678

OKM-7 08/26/00 10:09 08/26/00 10:17 44 1–2 1,580

OKM-8 09/10/00 08:04 09/10/00 08:15 46 1–3 1,730

OKM-9 09/14/00 01:48 -- 47 1 515

OKM-10 09/14/00 01:57 -- 47 2 5,140

OKM-11 09/22/00 12:57 09/22/00 14:00 -- 12–20, 24 207
Appendixes A1–A15 41

Table A15. Test site freeway median runoff information,

Interstate 894, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin

[--, no data]

Test site median

Field ID Event

number

Sub-samples

composited

Sub-sample

number

Percent 

full

OKM-1 -- 1–3 1 100

2 100

3 100

OKM-2 -- 4–6 4 80

5 67

6 20

7 0

OKM-3 40 1–2 1 80

2 50

OKM-4 40 3 3 80

OKM-5 40 4–5 4 50

5 30

6–8 0

OKM-6 42 1, 5, 6, 23 1 100

5 30

6 15

23 98

2–4, 7–22, 

24

0

OKM-7 44 1–2 1 100

2 100

3–8 0

OKM-8 46 1–3 1 100

2 100

3 3

4–13 0

OKM-9 47 1 1 100

OKM-10 47 2 2 50

3–10 0

OKM-11 -- 12–20, 24 12 10

13 20

14 20

15 35

16 25

17 15

18 17

19 20

20 17

24 22

1–11, 21–23 0
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