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Produced by the NASA Center for Aerospace Information (CASI)
i

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(NASA-CH- 173 174) PACIFIC BASIN

CUfSHUbICATIUb STUDY, YOLURE 2 FLU41 depart,

Sap. 1980 - uct. 19d1 ( p ublic Service

Sate111te CunSUttluu) 144 p HC A07/dF A01

CSC: L 17b G3/32

PACIFIC BASIN COMMUNICATIONS STUDY

VOLUME 11 (of II)

Nd4-2176b

Uncles

1 1493

prepared by the

Public Service Sate'11ite Consortium

for the

National Aeronautics & Space Administration

and the

National Telecommunications & Information Administration,

U.S. Department of Commerce

Elizabeth L Young V-e IJ14

Principal Inv ;tigator k I6 'CIO

Jane N. Hurd ^^,0, ` Ott

Project Coordinator I^E.^'^,``

T^ pI

PRINCIPAL OFFICE:

Suite 907

1660 L Street, N W

Washington. D.0 20036 a (202) 331.1154

2480 West 26th Avenue

Denver. Colorado 80211 • (303) 458-7273

TWX (PSSCTG DVR) 910 ti

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, ! 2686

October, 1981

1
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cF41.,

PACIFIC BASIN COMMUNICATIONS STUDY

VOLUME 11 (of II)

p ► epared by the

Public Service Satellite Ccnsortium

for the

National Aeronautics & Space Administration

and the

National Telecotnnunications & Information Administration,

U.S. Department of Comrlerce

Elizabeth L. Young

Principal Investigator

Jane N. Hurd

Project Coordinator

PRINCIPAL OFFICE:

Suite 907

1660 L Street N W

Washington D C 20036 • 1202) 331-1154

2480 West 26th Avenue

Denver Colorado 80211 • (303) 458-7273

TWX. (PSSCTG OVA) 910 931-2686

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ORIGINAL PNGE `.S

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

VOI.'JMF I

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................... EX1

I INTRODUCTION ................................................. 1

1.1 Steps Toward a Pacific Basin Communications Study,,,,,,,,,,,, 3

1.1.1 Political Background .................................... 3

1.1.2 Call for Assistance .................................... 5

1.1.3 United States Study ... ... ,... ... ........ ,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5

1.1.4 Public Service Satellite Consortium (PSSC),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6

1.1.5 Definition of the Pacific Region. ,,•,,, 6

1.2 The Emergence of the Pacific Island States,,,,,,,,,,;,,,,,,,, 7

1.2.1 The Chronology of Independence ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, R

1.2.2 Regionalism and Telecommunications,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 9

2. THE PACIFIC BASIN COMMUNICA?IONS STUDY,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Il i

2.1 Approach and Methodology ..................................... 11

2.2 Users' Meeting ................................. ............. 13

2.3 Phase I Report Description ................................... 15 t

3. COUNTRIES AND OTHER JURISDICTIONS VISITED .................... 16

3.1 Islands Visited .............................................. 16

3.2 Descriptions ................................................. 11

3.2 .1 American Samoa .......................................... 18

3.2 .2 Republic of Belau ....................................... 19

3.2.3 Cook Islands ............................................ 20

3.2.4 Federated Sta g, of Micrones!a .......................... '1

3.2.5 Fiji .................................................... 22

3.2.6 Kiribati ................................................ 23

3.2.7 Nauru ................................................... 74

3.2.8 Niue .................................................... 25

3.2.9 hdpud New Guinea. . I ..... ............................... "1G

3.2.10 Solomon Islands ......................................... 28

3.2.11 Kingdom of Tonga ........................................ 29

3.2.12 Tuvalu .................................................. 30

3.2 13 Vanuatu .............. .................................. 31

3.2.14 Western Samoa 11
Table of Contents (continued)

4. DEVELOPMENT ISSUES IN THE PACIFIC ISLkNOS:

THE ROLE OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS ............................. 33

4.1 The Philosophy of National Development ....................... 34 r

4.1.1 National Development ...... ................ ........ 34

4.1.2 Planning and the Implications of Decentralization....... 38

4.1.3 The Role of Broadcasting .. .......................... .. 44

4.1.4 Appropriate Development: Technology, History and

the Appropriateness of Scale ..................... .... 52

4.1.5 The Importance of Regional Links ................... .... 56

4.2 Telecommunications and the Management of Human Resources..... 62

4.2.1 Time and Isolation ...................................... 62

4.2.2 Health Care Delivery ............ .......... ........... 68

4.2.3 Public Safety: Disaster Preparedness and Relief,

Surveillance and law Enforcement ...................... 75

4.2.4 Education ................

4.2.5 Training for Development................................ 8489

4.2.6 Women as a Resource for Development ..................... 103

4.2.7 Personnel: the Single Layer Problem ..................... 110

4.2.8 ATS-1: The University of the South Pacific,

PEACESAT and UISPNET .................................. 115

4.3 Telecommunications and the Management of Economic Resources.. 123

4.3.1 Toward Self-sufficiency: Import Substitution,

Production for Export and MarKeting ................... 123 i

4.3.2 Transportation as Communication ......................... 131

4.3.3 Supply and Production: Agriculture and Fisheries,

Cooperatives and Commodities Boards, Tourism

and Energy. ................... 137

4.3.4 Resource Management for Local Benefit ................... 148

1

5 THE TECHNOLOGY: ENGINEERING OPTIONS, STRATEGIES FOR

IMPLEMENTATION AND COST/BENEFIT RELATIONSHIPS .............. 152

5.1 Requirements for the Island Nations .........................1 153

5.2 Operational Alternatives ..................................... 158

5.2.1 Interim System Incorporating Existing Satellites........ 161

5.2.2 The Integrated Communications System .................... 168

5.3 Maintenance and Training ..................................... 187

5.4 Management and Implementation ................................ 193

iii
Table of Contents (continued;

5.5 Comparative Costs and Benefits ................................ 201

5.5.1 Costs of Alternative Telecommunications Systems......... 201

5. 13.2 Who Will Pay? ........................................... 204

5.5,3 Economic Impact and Benefits of Improved Communications. 214

6. FINAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ......................... 222

6.1 Summary of Findings .............................. :............ 222

6.2 Recommendations ............................................... 227

BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................... 229

VOLUME II

APPENDICES:

A. Chronology of Visits .......................................... Al

B. Users' Meeting Summary Report ................................. B1

C. Economic Data for Forum Countries ............................. C1

D. Techniques Used in the Study .................................. D1

E. Communications Choices ........................................ E1

F. Existing Resources in the Pacific Basin ....................... F1

G. WARC '79 Region 3 Rules and Regulations ....................... G1

iv

I 

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APPENDIX A Al

Chronology of Visits

January 9, 1981

Departed Washington for Honolulu, Hawaii (Jane Hurd)

January 11-14, 1981

Pacific Telecommunications Conference

Honolulu, Hawaii

January 15-16, 1981

Pacific Communication Workshop

East-West Communication Institution f'

East-West Center

E

t

January 18, 1981

Departed Honolulu for Pago Pago (Jane Hurd and John Witherspoon)

January 19, 1981 AMERICAN SAMOA

a.m. Aliki Sene

Director of Communication

Government of American Samoa

Anita Tolmie

Office of the Governor

William Surber

COMSAT Station Manager

John Flanigan

PEACESAT Terminal Manager

College of American Samoa

1

A '

I '

_u

Lt. Governor

Tufeli Lia

p.m. Joseph M. Pereira

Director, Economic Development & Planning

Dr. John Hess

Director

LBJ Center for Tropical Medicine
January 20, 1981

Captain Oliver Maiava Hunkin

Director, Port Administration

Captain John Calver, Manager

Captain Reid, Training Officer

Port Authority

Michael R. Sala

Public Safety Commissioner

Paul Steverson

Curriculum Development Specialist

Department of Education

Allan Ebel

Technical Director

KVZK-TV

Pene Failautusi

Production Manager

KVZK-1'V

January 21, 1981

Departed Pago Pago for Apia

(8 hour airport delay)

January 22, 1981 WESTERN SAMOA

a.m. Lawrence Hewitt

Director, Telecommunications

General Post Office

Dennis Halliday

UNDP, Resident Representative

p.m. Tile Laumea

Falani Toufilau

Telecommunications Division

General Post Office

Ed Williams

Director, General Post Office

Tom Kuhlman

Economic Development & Planning

A2

,

K

^ I

0

,

I,
0

1

A3

,i

a

January 23, 1981

a

Carolyn Gullatt

Director, U.S. Peace Corps

January 24, 1981

Day trip to Savaii. Flew into Salelelonga and drove to health stations

and administrative centers along northeastern coast of Savaii.

Barry Jackson

former telecommunications official

January 25, 1981

Joe Brown

2AP Radio

January 26, 1981

a.m. Ai'i Pili Moreau

Development Manager

WSTEC

Philip Penn

Bureau of Statistics

J. Sapolu

Rural Development Officer

Mr. Vito

Secretary to the Government

p.m. Dr. Felix Wendt

Director, U.S.P. Agricultural Extension

Ioane Malaki

George Hubband

USPNET

January 27, 198 1 NIUE

Departed Western Samoa for Cook Islands with a 5-hour stop in Niue

a.m. Robert Rex, Jr.

Minister of Communications

John Scutts

Acting Director, Telecommunications
January 27, 1981 (Continued)

p.m. Arrived Rarotonga, Cook Islands

January 28, 1981 COOK ISLANDS

a.m. Stuart Kingan

Scientific Officer

Cook Islands Government

Dr. Pupuke Robati

Minister for Communication

Postmaster General

Trevor Simmons

Chief Postmaster

p.m. Dennis Mattocks

Manager, Cable and Wireless

a Wade Sivoboda

ZKIKD Radio

Pape Aviu

Telecommunication Training Center

January 29, 1981

John Withers poon departed for the U.S.

Nihi Vini

Director, Outer Island Affairs

Noora Tangaroa

Radio Cook Islands

j Geoff Liew

Planning and Development

+ Mehau Kave

Acting Secretary

Trade, Industry, Labor, Transportation

Paul MacDonnell

Attorney for Trade, Industry, Labor, Commerce

Mrs. Akaiti Ama

Director, Labor Relations

A4
:r

A

A5

January 30, 19 81 4'

a.m. George Cowan

Permanent Secretary for

Ministry of Public Works

Tangata Tutaka

Director, Customs

Itako Elisa (by HF link)

Senior Administrative Officer

Pukapuka Atoll

p.m. Kato Tama

Permanent Secretary for

Ministry of Agriculture

Tui Short

Permanent Secretary, Education

February 2, 1981 NEW ZEALAND

a.m. Departed Rarotonga for Auckland (Jane Hurd)

p.m. George Van Valkenburg

Consultant

February 4, 1981

a.m. Dr. Roger Green

Department of Anthropology

University of Auckland

p.m. Traveled from Auckland to Wellington

Honorable Russell Marshall

Member of Parliament

February 5, 1981

r,

a.m. Richard Dols

Counselor

U.S. Embassy

Graham Fortune

Pacific Islands Division

Ministry of Foreign Affairs

r
February 5, 1981 (Continued)

p.m.

Andrew Tuollr^

Derek Rose

NZ Post Office

Elsa Flavell

PEACESAT Terminal Operator

February 6, 1981

Waitangi Day

February 7. 1981

Roger Mackey

The Evenino Post,

Dinner with

Assistant Secretary, Foreign Affairs

Bryce Harland & Anne Harland

February 8, 1981

Departed Wellington for Auckland & Nadi, Fiji

February 9, 1981

a.m. Departed Nadi for Suva

p.m. Graham Davey

Tom Weaver

International Telecommunication Union

February 10, 1981

a.m Ms. Sala Kunatuba

Department of Transport

Fiji Government

T

Bernado Vunibobo

Permanent Secretary for Civil

Aviation, Tourism, Transport

Mr. Philip Cameron

Travel Consultant

ryy^

A6

FIJI
A7

February 10, 1981.(Continued)

a.m. Visit at Orchid Island

Tourism destination

p.m. Tom Weaver

ITU

Robert Craig

USAID

February 11, 1981

a.m. Brian Crutcher

ITU Training Center

John Sheppard

Deputy Director

South Pacific Bureau for Economic Cooperation (SPEC)

Sale Va'ai

Legal Officer

SPEC

p.m. Emori Naqova

Dint tor, Telecommunications

P^•elt. and Telecommunications Department

February 12, 1981

a.m. Raj Singh

Department of Tourism

Ambassador William Bodde

U.S. Embassy

Departed Suva for Nadi for Honolulu

February 12, 1981 (II) HAWAII

a.m. East-West Center

Pacific Islands Development Program

James Makasiale, Director

Pamela Pryor

Ed Scanlon, American Samoa

Dr. Macu Salato, Former Director General, SPC

Sumi Makey, Executive Officer, Open Grants

i
February 13, 19,91

a.m. Renee Heyum, Curator

Pacific Collection

University of Hawaii

Russell Surber

Deputy Chief-designate of Mission

American Embassy, Suva

p.m. Dr. Jack Lyle

Director

East West Communication Institute

February 15, 1981

Departed Honolulu for Los Angeles and Washington, D.C.

February 16, 1981

Arrived Washington, D.C.

March 4, 1981

Departed Washington, D.C. for Rarotonga, Cook Islands (Jane Hurd)

March 6, 1981 COOK ISLANDS

Departed Rarotonga for Aitutaki (140 miles north of Rarotonga)

a.m. Matai Simiona

Chief Administrative Officer

John Tini

Public Works Department

Father George

Roman Catholic Mission

p.m. Dora Harrington

Cook Island Development Bank

A8
d

s ^,

i

A9 1

March 6, 1981 (Continued)

p.m. Taraota Tom

Senior Police Constable

Jake Kliskey

Principal, Aitutaki School

March 7, 1981

Departed Rarotonga for Mangaia

a.m. Tua Tere John

Chief Administrative Officer

Ti Tangatakino

Senior Agriculture Officer

Periki Poira Periki

Radio Operator

Aro Kapiti

Public Health Officer

Nooroa Samuel

Premier's Department, Radio Network

p.m. Dr. Roro Daniel

Staff Physician

Mangaia Hospital

David Lewis

Principal, Mangaia High School

March 10, 1981

Departed Mangaia for Rarotonga

March 11, 1981

Neville Pearson

University of the South Pacific Center, Rarotonga

p
a

A10 i

March 12, 1981 y

Departed Rarotonga for Nadi

March 13, 1981 (Jane Hurd joined by Joan Abramson)

Departed Nadi for Suva FIJI

Edward Beddoes

Minister for Transportation, Tourism and Civil Aviation

Berenado Vunibobo

Permanent Secretary for Transportation,

Tourism and Civil Aviation

Graham Davey

ITU Pacific Telecommunication Project Director

March 16, 1981

a.ma. Linda Stillman

Deputy Chief of Mission

l U.S. Embassy, Suva

Continued Discussions with

Graham Davey and Berenado Vunibobo

John Samy

Director, Central Planning Office

i

p.m. Rural Visits, Viti Levu

Accompanied by Mr. Vunibobo

March 17, 1981

a.m. James Davidson

Department of Agriculture

Malakai B. Gucake

Director of the Fiji Visitors Bureau

p.m. Ratu Epeli Kacimaiwai

Permanant Secretary of Education

Mr. Walia

Director, Secondary Education }
V) J

All

March 18, 1981

a.m. Santha Prasad

Mr. Nundan

Cooperative Marketing Board

Jerry Tulama

Home Affairs Ministry

Maurice Apted

University of the South Pacific Extension Program

p.m. Hugh Leonard

Fiji Broadcasting Commission

Jerry Nacoke

Ministry of Cooperatives

Vijay Singh

Acting Commissioner Central

March 19, 1981

a.m. Dr. Timoci Bavadra

Ministry of Health

Dr. M. Biumaiwai

Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Health

p.m. Roadtrip to Nayavu with Emori Naqova, Director, Telecommunications

Nayavu Post Office and Radio Center

Dr. Vinod Prasad

Rural Medical Officer

Jim Gilchrist, Principal

Seventh Day Adventist Secondary Boarding School

March 20, 1981

a.m. Jack Takala

Permanent Secretary for Fijian Affairs

Arthur Holcombe

UNDP Resident Representative in Suva

Linda Stillman

DCM, Unitod States Embassy
Al2

March 29, 1981 (Continued)

p.m. Departed for Savusavu, Vanua Levu

March 21, 1981

Robin Mercer

Manager, Namale Plantation

March 22, 1981 (UNITU Project Manager, Graham Davey accompanied team)

Departed Suva for Vila, Vanuatu VANUATU

Geoff Sweet

Director of Telecommunications

Toured rural Efate--visited the site of a new solar powered

microwave installation

March 23, 1981

George Pakoa

First Secretary

Ministry of Transport, Works & Communication

Ian Young

Assistant Director of Central Planning

Derrick Butterfield and Lawrence Garisese

Ministry of Education

Barry Weightman

Director of Agriculture and Development

Joe Carlot

Managing Director of Radio Vanuatu

s:

March 24, 1981

Howard Van Tries

Director, USP Extension, Vanuatu

Alan Brooks

Chief Engineer, Hebritel

Graham Taylor

Post Office Department

eY
A13

March 24, 1981 (Continued)

Dr. DeWilde

Director of Preventative Medicine for the Ministry of Health

Jerry Marsden

Deputy Director of the Local Governments Program

James Ormsbey

Hotel Manager

March 25, 1981 SOLOMON ISLANDS

Departed Pt. Vila for Honiara, Solomon Islands

Dr. Peter Beck

Permanent Secretary for Transportation and Communications

James Simister

Comptroller, Department of Posts and Telecommunications

March 26, 1981

Colin Brooker

General Manager of SOLTEL

M. McNaughton

Senior Planning Officer, Central Planning Office

T. Rissettio

Chief Administrative Officer of the Ministry of Home Affairs

E. Kimele and Staff

Director of Solomon Island Planned Parenthood

Alfred Nor!

S.I. Department of Justice

Addressed a group of Solomon Island Women on "Women's Rights in

the Solomon Islands."

March 27, 1981

John Holloway

Commissioner of Police and Chief Immigration Officer

and Disaster Coordinator

Bart Kirby

Solomon Islands Broadcasting Corporation

__
F 1

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A14

,

March 27, 1981 (Continued)

Winston Tshe

President of the S.I. Chamber of Commerce

Hugh Paia

Director of USP Extenjion

Dinner with Mr. Tshe and Mr. Yuen, Asian Development Bank 1

March 28, 1981

Departed Honiara, Guadalcanal for Malaita

a.m. Mr. Taati

Auki Postmaster

Visited Auki Transmission Station, Post Office, Radio Telephone

and Telex Office

p.m. Mr. David G. Ruthven

Clerk to the Malaita Provincial Assemblyi

H. MacArthur )

A Timber Businessman }

Toured outlying areas of Auki

March 29, 1981

Davey departed Solomon Islands for Papua New Guinea

March 30, 1981 ^. I

Diana Goodwillie

YMCA, South Pacific Division

t

Mr. Rusty Russell

Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Agriculture and Lands

Mr. George Scott

Surveys Department

Jeffrey Siapu and David Lilimai IS

Department of Education C

I
March 30,_ 1981 (Continued)

A15 f

i

i

I

Christine Maeda and Staff

Women's Interest Program

Eddie Nelson

Permanent Secretary for Health

p.m. Accompanied Dr. Peter Beck to the Areligo Training School

about 30 kilometers outside Honiara. Visited Peace Corps

Women's Training Program.

Dinner with Dr. and Mrs. Beck, Terry Murphy, County Director

for the U.S. Peace Corps in the Solomons and Judith Murphy.

March 31, 1981

a.m. Ministry of Natural Resources

Hurd and Ambramson departed Honiara for Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea

p.m. Met by Graham Davey and Foreign Affairs officers

April 1, 1981 PAPUA NEW GUINEA

Mr. Peter Raka and Mr. Moimu Raka

Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Department of Education Curriculum Planning Division

Ron Brew

Assistant Director, Area Planning and Project Implementation

National Planning Office

Mr. Paulius Matane

Permanent Secretary for Foreign Affairs

F

April 2, 1981

a.m.

E

F^

I

1

p.m.

1

Ian Hay

Executive Officer

Civil Defense

Major Standen

Police Communications Officer

Terry Wallaston

Assistant Director for Planning,

Department of Telecommunication
A16

April 3-4, 1981

Visit to the Provincial Center at Sogeri.

Departed Port Moresby.

Visit to Provincial Center at Goroka, Eastern Highlands.

Toured remote areas along Highlands Highway from Kainantu to Kundiawa,

Chimbu Province.

April 5, 1981

Departed Goroka for Port Moresby

April 6, 1981

P. Sai'i

Deputy Secretary

Department of Primary Industries

Ron Johnston

Assistant Secretary of Telecommunications

Ministry of Public Utilities

Karen Woodbury

U.S. Peace Corps Country Director

Tim Hamilton

Deputy Chief of Mission, U.S. Embassy

April 7, 1981

Mr. W. Wekina

Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Commerce

Karen Woodbury and Tim Hamilton

U.S. Embassy

0
A17

April 8, 1981

Idau Tau, Planner

Central Provincial Government

Abramson departed for Honolulu

Hurd " " FIJI

Davey " Australia

April 13-21, 1981

Planning for Users' Meeting

April 22, 1981

Hurd departed for Washington, D.C.

May 23, 1981

Abramson and Hurd departed Honolulu for Micronesia

May 24, 1981 FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA

Arrived Ponape, Federated States of Micronesia

Meeting with Kikuo Apis, Special Asst. to the President, FSM

May 25, 1981

Carol Mihalko, Curriculum Supervisor

Department of Education

Visited rural Pingelapese Village

Mand, Madolenihmw Municipality

Salis Peter, Forester

Madolenihmw Forestry Station

May 26, 1981

Bob and Patti Arthur

Owner/Managers

Village Hotel

The Honorable Tosiwo Nakayama

President

Federated States of Micronesia

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A18

I

Ma

y

 26, 1981 (Continued)

Yosiwo George

Secretary

Department of Social Services

Federated States of Micronesia

Bermin Weilbacher

Acting Secretary

Department of Resources and Development

Federated States of Micronesia

Quirino Mendiola, Chief

Immigration & Labor Division

Department of Resources and Development

Federated States of Micronesia

John Sohl

Fpderal Programs Coordinator

Office of Planning & Statistics

Federated States of Micronesia

Davey arrived Ponape

May 27, 1981

a.m.• Matt Mix

Advisor

Ponape Federation of Consumer Cooperatives

Wally Watering

Superintendent

Public Safety

Ponape

Lee Stephens

Chief

Division of Public Safety a

Federated States of Micronesia

ATS I Exchange

Discussion with

Dr. Louis Bransford 9

Public Service Satellite Consortium

r

p
May 27, 1981 (Continued)

p.m. Pedro Harris ) Chief

Planning Division

Federated States of Micronesia

Paul Gallen, Director

Department of Education

Ponape

May 28, 1981

Tom Bryan, Public Information Offtcer

Federated States of Micronesia

Elliot Rosenberg

Economic Development Authority

Ponape

Visited Sokehs Powe School

Aaron Lebehn, Principal

Noah George, Teacher

Visited Pehleng, Kitti - Municipality sites of proposed

Federated States of Micronesia government complex.

Dinner with: John Sohl

Pedro Harris

Allen Mackey,tianagement and Training Consultant

May 29, 1981 198

a.m. Visited Ponape Agriculture & Trade School

Rosendro Andrews

Assistant Director for Administration

Fr. Hugh F. Costigan, S.J.

Director, PATS

p.m. Dr. Alexander Panuelo, Director

Health Services, Ponape

Denion Jack

Dr. Simeron Jim

James T. Movick, Deputy Chief,

External Affairs.

Dinner with

Ihlen and Bermina Joseph

A19

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May 31, 1981

a.m. Dr. Paul Ehrlich

Historical Sites Consultant

p.m. Nanmwarki Johnny Moses

Traditional Chief

Uh Municipality

June 1, 1981

a.m. Noriwo Ubedei

Principal

Ponape Islands Central School (PIGS)

Ehson Johnson

Vice Principal

p.m. Visited proposed COMSAT earth station site

R. Vega, Staff Agriculturist

Department of Agriculture

Ponape

Adelino Lohrens

Assistant Agriculturist

Dave Cliff, Operational Manager

Helgenberger Enterprises

Francis Zarred

Director, WSZD Radio

Dan Perin, National Planner

Office of Planning & Statistics

Alan Burdick, Staff Counsel

Commission on Future Political Status and ;'ransition

June 2, 1981

a.m. Leo Falcam, Governor, Ponape

Strik Yoma, Lieutenant Governor

State of the Nation Address

President Tosiwo Nakayama

Ago

rw

WC+! 

_
June 2, 1981 (Continued)

a.m. Elias Thomas, Senator

Congress of FSM

p.m. Traveled to Guam

Resio Moses, President

College of Micronesia

June 3, 1981 REPUBLIC OF BELAU

a.m. Traveled from Guam to Republic of Belau

Philip Sosey, Director of Communication

Trust Territory Government

Bena Sakuma, Director of Demonstration Projects

Palau Community Action Agency

p.m. Fumio Rengiil, President

Rengiil Bros., Co.

Dr. Minoru Ueki, Director, Health Service

Dr. Tony Polloi, Director, Public Health

Dick Griffin, Health Services Administrator

Julie Myer, Health Planner

Visited Rural Koror

Katharine Kesolei, Director

Palau Community Action Agency

June 4, 1 981

Visited Outpatient clinic, Palau Hospital

Dick Williams, Statistician

Yoichi Suzuki, United Nations Associate

Cisco Ngirailemesang, Office of Planning

President Haruo Remichliik

'M Republic of Belau

Moses Ramarui, Assistant to the President

Captain J. I. Stohl, Belau Police Force

Herman Francisco, Director Agriculture

Visited Rock Islands south of Koror

A21
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A22

June 5, 1981

Sue Reid, Peace Corps Volunteer, Health Educator

Traveled to Ngaremlengui, west coast, Babelthuap Island

HEADSTART graduation

June 6, 1981

Fr. Felix Yaoch, S.J.

Catholic Mission,

Trust Territory

Traveled to Guam

June 7, 1981 GUAM

Visited rural south coast of Guam

June 8, 1981

Paul Calvo

Governor of Guam

June 9, 1981

Traveled to Nauru

June 10, 1981

a.m. John Duncan

Director, Telecommunications

Leo Keke,

Permanent Secretary

External Affairs

Visited phosphate excavation site

p.m. Traveled to Fiji,

Departed Nauru for Fiji

NAURU

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a
Er

w

t; June 11, 1981 FIJI

F

Attended opening of Regional Telecommunication

Training Center

ra

ti

June 16, 1981

Visited His Excellency Dr. Ako Toua

High Commissioner,

Government of Papua New Guinea

f His Excellency Kamuta Latasi

High Commissioner

Government of Tuvalu

p.m. His Excellency Reginald Sakivi

Consul General,

Consulate General of the Republic of Nauru

June 17, 1981

a.m. His Excellency William Bodde, Jr.

Ambassador, United States of America

p.m. Ikipa Tongatule

Gyan Singh

Sale'imoa Va'ai

South Pacific Bureau for Economic Cooperation

June 18, 1981

a.m. L. Waters, Deputy High Commissioner

Australian High Commission

June 19, 1981

a.m. His Excellency Michael Powles

High Commissioner

Government of New Zealand

p.m. Ben Whiting

Posts and Telecommunications Department

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June 22, 1981

a.m. His Excellency William Bodde

U.S. Ambassador

Tuesday June 23 through Thursday June 25, 1981

Users' Meeting

SPEC Headquarters

June 27-28, 1981

Attended Action Committee for Women in Need program

on Women's health

June 29, 1981

Isabel Lopes Dias

x ; UNDP

Esiteri Kamikamica

June 30, 1981

Departed Suva for Nuku'alofa, KINGDOM OF TONGA

Wednesday, July 1, 1981 TONGA

a.m. Taniela Tufui

Secretary to Government

I•

Cecil Cocker

John Lockholm

Department of Planning

p.m. Tomasi Simiki

Divisinn of Agriculture

July 2, 1981

a.m. Na'a Fiefia

Division of Education

Taniela Koloa

Fisheries Officer

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July 2, 1981 (Continued)

a.m. Haini Tonga

Chief Superintendent, Police

p.m. Tavake Fusimalohi

Manager

Tonga Broadcasting Commission

Opeti Lutui

Acting Director, Health

Salesi Kantoke

Acting Secretary, Health

July 3, 1981

a.m. Salote Fukofuka

Acting Director

USP Center

July 4, 1981

Attended King's birthday celebration

Traveled from Tonga to Fiji

July 5, 1981

Abramson departed for Australia

July 6, 1981

James Houston

Project Officer

Education and Training Division

Commonwealth Fund for Technical Cooperation

Commonwealth Secretariat

London

Paul E. Sotutu

Chief Liaison Officer

ESCAP (Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific)

Nauru

July 7, 1981

Hurd departed for the United States

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APPENDIX B

USERS' MEETING SUMMARY REPORT

Pacific Basin Communications Study

Siva, Fiji

24-25 June, 1981

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[art

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Wednesday June 24, 1981

OFFICIAL OPENING:

1. Mr. Ikipa Tongatule, on behalf of the Director of the South Pacific

Bureau for Economic Cooperation, welcomed guests, participants, observers

and Public Service Satellite consortium staff members to the SPEC headquarters. A copy of the welcoming addressed is annexed. (Annex 1).

2. The meeting then unanimously elected Dr. Macu Salato to the chair.

3. In thanking the meeting for the honor of electing him to the chair,

Dr. Salato pointed out that most Pacific island states recognize the need for

rural telecommunications, and that since the Pacific nations are located in

a disaster prone area, they are very conscious of communication needs for

emergency pu-poses. He then called upon the meeting for active participation

to provide input for PSSC to take back to the United States.

4. The Chairman invited Dr. Louis Bransford, Vice President of the PSSC

to address the meeting. Dr. Bransford's statement is attached in annex 2.

5. The Chairman then introduced the Honorable Livai Nasilivata, the

Minister for Works and Communications, Fiji, and invited him to formally

open the meeting.

6. In his address, the Minister commented on the importance of

communication in rural development throughout the Pacific and the
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multisectoral nature of communication development in rural areas. The

Minister noted that the meeting brought together communications users of

a wide range of professional responsibilities to discuss telecommunication

issues and pointed out that such discourse was too often lacking. In

concluding his remarks he charged the participants with the responsibility

of providing full and accurate information to fulfill the goals of the

meeting. Ffnally the Minister wished the meeting every success in

furthering efforts to improve rural telecommunications, and declared the

meeting formally open. The full text of the Minister's remarks are attached

in Annex 3.

7. Mr. Kikuo Apis, Special Assistant to the President of the Federated

States of Micronesia expressed his sincere appreciation to the Minister,

PSSC, SPEC, the Government of Fiji and the ITU on behalf of the participants.

(See Annex 4 for the full list of participants).

DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY:

8. The Chairman introduced Jane Hurd, Pro,';ect Coordinator of the PSSC

for Pacific Basin Communication Study, John Witherspoon, Project Consultant

and Joan Abramson, Project Consultant who provided a description of the

study.

9. Jane Hurd briefly described the background of the countries' interest

in regional telecommunications planning and referred to the Forum's creation

of SPEC and SPEC's mandate to coordinate regional telecommunications development.

10. She discussed the involvement of ITU at the request of the Pacific

Island's Governments, the opening of the regional ITU office in Suva in

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in 1975, and the Forum's request through SPEC in 1976 to assist in rural

telecommunication planning. Island nations have substantially improved

international communication and by 1981 most either have earth stations

working to the INTELSAT system or have firm plans for provision.

11. In 1980, at the Forum Meeting in Kiribati, the Prime Ministers charged

SPEC to advise major providers of space segment that the Forum nations

were interested in sharing satellite time. The Forum leaders recognized

the growing gap between urban and rural telecommunications and the need

for reliable, inexpensive, low maintenance systems of adequate quality in

order to further rural development.

12. John Witherspoon discussed the long term interest of the United

States in Pacific Telecommunication development. He noted that in 1963 the

President of the United States stated as national policy that the United

States wished to share the benefits of space technology with the world.

Mr. Witherspoon then described the United States involvement through

ATS - 1 satellite in such specific projects as the USPNET, the Trust

Territory DISPNET and PEACESAT. He explained that the Public Service

Satellite Consortium also had a long history of involvement in Pacific

telecommunications as manager of the DISPNET.

13. Ms. Hurd stated that the meeting is unique because of the variety

of disciplines represented by the participants, and that the entire study

is unique because it is both regional and user-oriented.

14. Ms. Hurd reported that the study has been carried out in three

stages First, a report (Phase I report) was submitted to NASA and the

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U.S. Department of Commerce describing extant and proposed telecommunication

systems throughout the region including telephony, telegraphy, telex and

broadcast radio. Second, site visits were conducted to check telecommunications data and to discuss user needs with the people whose professional,

traditional and personal roles require adequate means of communicating from

and with the rural portions of their nations. Third, technological options

for Pacific islands users were developed.

15. The site visits were carried out between January and June, 1981.

In January and February, Hurd and Witherspoon visited four Polynesian

entities: American Samoa, Western Samoa, the Cooks and Niue. In March

and April Hurd, Abramson and Graham Davey, I.T.U., completed visits to

Fiji, Vanuatu, the Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea,

16. In each country they talked with leaders from a broad spectrum of

government ministries, with members of tha private sector and with traditional leaders. In each country they visited remote rural areas whenever practicable.

17. During the time site visits were being conducted, engineers on the

project were working (in Washington D.C.) on examining the technical

options that might produce suitable telecommunications systems to meet

these user needs. The site visits produced large volumes of data in

which recurring themes appeared. An outline was then developed for the

final report. This outline appears on pages 10 through 12 of the interim

report.

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18. Information from the country visits will be described in the final i'

report under three categories: h

1) philosophy of national development s

2) management of human resources

and 3) management of economic resources.

The relationship between these themes and communication needs is

developed in the final report.

19. PSSC advised that the final report to NASA, the Department of Commerce, ITU, SPEC, and the Pacific Islands governments will be completed by

August 31, 1981.

20. At the Chairman's invitation for comments, Mr. Tukituku emphasized

that an important factor is human resources--the availability of skilled

people in the regions. The technical option chosen depends upon the skill

of the people to maintain and operate the system. He expressed concern that

the planning of infrastructure is sometimes left to the last minute.

21. It was noted that some modern equipment was in practice easier to

maintain and operate than much of the technology of yesterday. Developing

countries should now be in a better position to purchase appropriate state

of the art technology more cheaply than ever before.

22. The chairman noted that there were no further comments or questions

and moved on to Dr. Bransford's presentation. f

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DESCRIPTION OF SERVICES AND APPLICATIONS

23. Dr. Dransford stated that the purpose of the session was to describe

s

q services and applications of telecommunications that are appropriate for the

Pacific. His comments and those of Mr. Witherspoon would cover three

c

categories:

1) A review of the problems expressed by users in the Pacific.

2) Telecommunications services that could help solve the problem,

that are available, feasible and affordable. What fits, ranging

x

from simple telephony and telex to full-motion video? What

are the tradeoffs, both economic and technical?

1

3) Pacific user applications.

24. He noted that some of the service categories to be included were:

a) Emergency communications for both civil and medical purposes.

b) Communications to foster development by business and government f

c) Training and education (both formal and informal) in areas

such as health and medicine, public and private education,

higher education, agriculture, forestry, fisheries.

d) General communication service applications including news programs,

cultural programs, special events, library services.

mj125-26. John Witherspoon described typical examples of telecommunication for

t

I economic and human resource development. He described the use of broadcast

I radio for educational purposes and the USPNET, (an extended point to multipoint

voice connection via satellite for Extension Services tutorial and for k

handling administrative matters for the USP extension service.) I

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08

27. Mr. Vini noted the problem of using fixed scheduled radio. Often

urgent matters must be delayed because of time schedules. lie concluded

that the problems were generally known and that it was more important for

the meeting to concentrate on discussions of solutions, for example, to

provide services on demand rather than at scheduled times allocated by an

authority other than the particular users.

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28. Mr. Pakoa raised the issue of surveillance for the fishing industry

t

basic to many of the Pacific nations. He stated that Vanuatu has thousands

k`

of square miles it must survey and that vessels for such surveillance are

°c

i beyond the resources of the nation. It would be useful to send a boat out

G1 only to catch an intruder, rather than to patrol at all times, which is

e.3

F; very expensive,

F

29. After some discussion by the meeting the Chairman summarized the

i consensus that the issue of surveillance was important and noted that the

S

Pacific countries do not have sufficient boats to patrol the 200 mile

•k national limits. They must look to technology to increase the efficiency of

surveillance. "We are the owners of the ocean, but in name only" he stated.

30. Mr. Tukituku raised the issue of disaster relief and asked if the

present state of technology would enable Pacific nations to communicate to

outer islands during hurricanes and cyclones. He said, "Communications is

the first victim during a hurricane".

tl 31. The meeting concurred that getting information about o.coming

hurricanes to the village is a communication problem of considerable

importance.

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32. Mr. Witherspoon diagramed the various types of communication:

telex, telephone, facsimile, fixed image television, mobile communication,

broadcast radio, high speed data, television, Telex and telephone appeared

at the low end of the continuum of expense; 'facsimile fixed frame television,

mobile and broadcast radio were in the middle; and high speed data and

television were shown as expensive means of communication.

33. Dr. Dransford then discussed applications of telecommunication in

rural isolated areas and described the success India had with its direct

broadcast use of ATS-6 for the purpose of providing television broae('asts

to Indian rural villages using extremely cheap antennae. India has recently

launched a satellite for its own use, The Pacific would require cooperation

for such a satellite. Various kinds of communication requirements were then

matched to the costs described earlier,

34. The meeting noted that most requirements for personal communication,

economic development, tourism, government administration, education and

public service could be met with means of communication at the low end of

the price spectrum. The use of such services as television and high

speed data would be more costly.

35. Further, a number of issues affect the achievement of appropriate

telecommunication technology. They include training, the question of

ownership of the facilities, cost, and maintenance.

36. Mr.Latasi pointed out that many of the issues raised, such as

training, are in fact national rather than regional issues. He stated

that his problem in communicating with his country from Suva is that

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phones work when they are not needed and are out of order when he neeos

them. He also said there is an issue of who pays for an adequate telecommunication system. In response to Mr. Latasi's concern, Dr. Salato

said that training is a national issue but, it is also a region-wide

concern and like a number of other issues, such as fishing surveillance,

solutions may better be found on a regional basis.

TECHNICAL OPTIONS

37. The chairman introduced Mr. Walter Morgan, a telecommunications

consulting engineer, who reviewed a range of technical options to meet the

user needs information compiled by the field survey teams.

38. Mr. Morgan first reviewed the existing submarine cable systems and

satellite earth stations installed and working in the Pacific basin. He

further presented a methodical review of the existing satellites presently

in orbit which have footprints in the Pacific region. It was noted by

the meeting that the only satellites covering the area required were

ATS-1--with a very limited remaining life span and insufficient bandwith

capacity to meet the requirements, and INTELSAT satellites--designed specifically with low radiated power for very large expensive international

earth stations; INTELSAT therefore has only limited possible rural

applications.

39. The discussions then centered on the need to quantify the demand

and some of the empirical models that Mr.Morgan had built up from the

field data. The correlation between the number of telephones per capita and

the GNP per capita of countries has been long established. An interesting

extension of this was a direct correlation found also between the GNP

ratio between two countries and the imbalance of traffic between them.

1^
¢11

40. A correlation was attempted to quantify telephones per population

against population to see if a population based correlation existed for

telephone demand. The chart was described by the consultant as & "fly speck"

diagram as no best-fit empirical function could be ascribed to it beyond

a very large and irregular area of fit which would be useless for projection of demand for telephones. One implication that may be possible

from this is that national traffic between rural and urban areas is also

a function of the local economic wealth.

41-42. However, it would only be possible to verify this postulation by

estimating economic wealth (GNP) in local areas - a very difficult and

expensive exercise. If this were practicable and the correlation held

true as for whole countries, it may also be found that the traffic proportions in each direction also correlate in relation to relative wealth

between the urban and rural areas. An analogy was also given by reference

to what had happened to the traffic patterns between ships at sea and

between ship to shore in the MARISAT system compared with the patterns

when only HF radio morse was used. After some,discussion from the floor,

the Chairman noted that this was an interesting exercise for the high

level academic theoreticians and no doubt will br taken up as a research

item by them.

43. Mr. Morgan discussed national telecommunications hierarchial

solutions and how these, when related to various technologies available

would optimally look quite different to the classic developed country

nodelink multilayered pyramidal structure.
7

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44. Concluding the discussions on system structures and traffic

patterns, Morgan point out that models and experience elsewhere should

not be slavishly followed in the Pacific Islands, as many would be found

to be inappropriate.

45. The final portion of the talk centered on a wide range of optional

technologies available and which could become available, to provide the

bearer systems to carry the telecommunication services needed. In

further discussing satellites as one aspect of this range, Mr. Morgan

gave an exhaustive review of what could be done with a range of

different satellite configurations and frequencies to provide for small

i Pacific Islands. Several representatives, however, remarked that this

was for the future and that an immediate satellite solution is not

available.

POLICY IMPLICATIONS

46. Graham Davey stated that the two previous sessions had dealt

with service and technical options and that this session would consider

some policy implications of these options.

47. In response to a question from Mr. Apis it was explained that

the SPEC study would concentrate on terrestrial systems, INTELSAT application for some requirements, and would provide an input for planning

for possible provision by a future Australian DOMSAT system. The PSSC

study on the other hand describes user needs and concentrates on satellite

ns outside the expertise of the SPEC study and a specialty of the

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UM The two studies are therefore complementary, with a detailed study

of the need, together with a full range of options for national government

consideration expected to result.

48. Four important implications to be considered in the choice ;f

systems and service are:

1) time to implement

2) the trained manpower resources required for provision

3) the future ease of expansion of any system

and 4) flexibility of service which could be

provided by the service.

44. Discussion on each of these considerations highlighted the following

points:

1) Time to implement

a) There is no suitable satellite immediately available

to provide for all Pacific Island rural telecommunications needs. The earliest likely date for such a

suitable satellite would be five years hence.

b) Once a suitable satellite were provided the ground

segment (earth stations) could be provided much

more rapidly than could terrestrial systems.

c) Terrestrial systems are being provided now and will

and will continue to be provided, but meeting rural

communications requirements in this way will take

a very long time.
B14

2) The trained manpower resources for implementation,

a) Analysis of the user needs provides the

input for a satellite system design, The design,

building and launch of the satellite requires no

professional resources from the countries.

The provision of suitable small aperture earth

stations requires only one tender specification

for a limited range of sizes for all Pacific Island

countries. The professional resources for installation

are minimal.

b) The professional manpower resources for planning,

specifying and installing terrestrial VHF, UHF and

microwave systems is considerable.

3) The future ease of expansion.

a) Once a suitable satellite is available, small dish

earth stations can be installed easily and rapidly.

When additional circuits are required or new services

are required, the network on earth stations can be

quickly increased. Expansion of terrestrial systems

cannot usually be accomplished as quickly and the

capacity of the rural system is not easily expanded.

4) Flexibility of service

a) Terrestrial systems for rural telecommunications are

usually designed for voice service and it is difficult

to provide wide band services if required on these

systems.

I O.
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b) Satellites can enable a very wide range of

service to be provided at relatively short

notice, from narrow band telegraph through to

wide band data and television.

50. The meeting discussed different satellite types and earth

station requirements. Walter Morgan and John Witherspoon answered

a wide range of questions on typical satellite operation, and the

possibility of space segment availability on the INMARSAT system, the

AUSTRALIAN DOMSAT system and the INTELSAT system. The background to

Australia's offer of space segment to Papua New Guina, together with

a brief resume of why Australia could not footprint the rest of the

region in the first launch was given. The limitations of the INTELSAT

system for rural application were reiterated and the agreed input from

INTELSAT engineers to study and advise the countries of where INTELSAT

stations could be applied was discussed. The institutional constraints

against use of INMARSAT were described however the remote possibility of

a short term interim arrangement with INMARSAT was discussed and noted by

the meeting.

51. Dr. Beck stated that he was disappointed that there was currently

no coverage that was appropriate for the Pacific area and that Pacific

nations must continue to use old and inadequate existing systems.

The Solomon Islands spread almost 1,000 miles from east to west,

he said, and his advisors tell him that satellites are the appropriate

solution; now, however, he is hearing that there is no solution near at hand.

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Mr. Davey advised that INTELSAT may be the preferred solution for the

larger rural towns in the Solomon Islands but that this needed investigation. The SPEC study has arranged an INTELSAT input to provide

this information.

52. The Chairman, Dr. Salato, summarized the feeling of the meeting when

he stated that he would have thought the developed countries would have given

more thought to the needs of the Pacific. He stated that he was appalled at

the delay in achieving satellite coverage for the area and suggested that the

meeting record the need for efficient communication between the islands.

Mr. Vini pointed out that the Pacific nations were small and had limited

resources and must stand together or fall divided.

53. Mr. Davey emphasized that while the acquisition of satellite

space segment was best accomplished regionally, the national usa g e of

satellites was up to each nation. For example, one nation may decide

that television in a capital city is higher priority than rural telephones

for outlying areas. This is their national priority and their decision.

The satellite provides a vehicle, but the use to which the vehicle is put

is strictly a matter national policy.

54. He pointed out that there are some measurable benefits from

telecommunications such as revenues they produce. There are also economic

benefits which are impossible to quantify. But even these unmeasurable

benefits must be taken into account at the policy level. He referred to
B17

Minister Nasilivata's opening address on the issue of high cost of rural

telecommunications and noted that, overall, "communisations is a profitable

business".

55. Mr. Pakoa asked if the high cost of rural communication could not

be subsidized by making international communications more expensive.

Mr. Davey responded that this is a common practice and is done successfully

in many countries.

56. The discussion of the South Pacific Forum in Kiribati to share

space segment on a regional basis and to advise potential providers of

space segment was again noted in this context of regional cooperation.

Considerable discussion then centered on the need for regional cooperation

on the one hand, but national needs and prerogatives on the other.

57. The economies of scale of satellite systems were discussed and

the need for regional cooperation to achieve the goal of economical

space segment shared across as many users as possible. Dr. Toua pointed

out the differing needs of users in each country and questioned the

capability of a regional system to meet these differing national needs

and differing policy objectives. Mr. Witherspoon again emphasized that

satellite systems merely represent the capacity to communicate: that

which is communicated is the business of each nation. He then stated that

the sessions tomorrow would be focusing on some of the needs that might

use such capacity.

58. Dr. Toua asked what organization would be responsible for a

regional system, if such a system were a possibility and who would
B18

benefit. Mr. Davey acknowledged that there were difficulties with

regional shipping and air transport but pointed out that the telecommunication industry has history of cooperation quite different to most other

industries. There are working models of satellite systems and indeed

it is the usual pattern for each nation to pay only for its share of the

actual use of the system. The problems of cost sharing in relation to

benefits received did not therefore arise in the telecommunications industry

in the way it does in other international ventures.

59. Dr. Vuli Mataitoga asked how satellite systems work in the United

States for regional purposes.

60. Mr. Witherspoon said there were a number of US system but the only

state with its own system was Alaska, which had unique requirements and good

financial resources. He said there were some special purpose satellites in

the US, such as high speed data satellites, but none 6f the satellites was

intended to service single regions.

61. Dr. Vuli Mataitoga asked if a US type system would be useful in the

Pacific. Mr. Witherspoon emphasized that it can be said about satellite systems

that they are essentially simple and flexible: different countries would be

used but the services would be completely different, according to each nation's

needs.

62. Mr. Morgan pointed out that in the US satellites generally have

multiple uses. Many were created for telephone traffic but use in U.S.

only for such traffic was not economical, therefore they are also used
D19 f^

for data services, television and the like.

63. The meeting was advised that regional cooperation in the South

Pacific in telecommunications had already resulted in significant gains

with cooperation in the development and ,joint use of national training

institutions, and the use of regional funds for telecommunications

development. Institutionally the Joirst needs of the South Pacific countries

was taken care of at the World Administrative Radio Conference, and both the

PSSC study and the SPEC study of rural telecommunications would not be practicable without the united voice of the countries.

64. It was noted that further approaches to outside institutions and

Governments were also more likely to be effective on a regional basis

rather than a national basis. Mr. Davey pointed out that each country

exercising its own national prerogative toward a progressive telecommunications policy was an important ingredient to successful regional cooperation.

65. The Chairman summarized the session noting the continued need for

regional cooperation to press through all of the International channels

available for the provision of suitable satellite space segment in the

Pacific.

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Thursday, June 25, 1981

DESCRIPTION OF COMMUNICATION NEEDS:

MANAGEMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCES

1. Mr. Davey assumed the chair in the absence of Dr. Salato. Referring

to the Minister's opening remarks encouraging fr=e and open discussion

on the content of the PSSC interim report, Mr. Davey proposed that the

session be conducted in the form of a panel discussion, with full participation by the PSSC team.

2. PSSC staff members then outlined some of the site visit findings

relating to the management of human resources for development. Among

them were the lack of sufficiently trained personnel, unequal distribution

of health services, and the problem of isolation for workers in remote areas.

several participants noted that there were specific difficulties in educating

people to use telecommunication facilities even when those facilities were

available. Mr. Vini described the problem as threefold: psychological (inhibitions about telephone use), economic (costly service), and social. That

training is necessary for users as well as for those who must maintain such

systems was mentioned by several representatives. Ms. Kaurasi noted that

it is appropriate to do training in the use of modern technological equipment

at the very early levels of schooling.

Dr. Toua pointed out that expatriates often approach the training

problem without knowing the needs of the people living on the village

level. He stated and Mr. Tukituku concurred that if one wants to communicate

9
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to the right people then one must select the right people to do the

communicating,

3. Mr. Faumuina expressed a related problem, the lack of incentive

of local people to push ahead with training programs since, often, once

one has achieved training, the incentives to remain in the field in which

C

one is trained are limited. For example, wage structures often encourage

people to change from the fields in which they were trained.

A

h. Mr. Apis agreed that there was a problem with training locals.

Part of the problem, he said, is that expatriate workers often receive

higher pay than their local counterparts, and the tendency is that

expatriates are reluctant to train their counterparts to take over.

I

5. Mr. Vini stated that training is a failure where the counterpart

expatriate is reluctant to share his knowledge with local people.

When this happens it becomes a means of maintaining and perpetuating

{{'

the system of using expatriates, 1

6. Dr. Toua continued to describe the problem of communication

between expatriates and local people. The failure of expatriates to

adequately train local people is a serious problem in PNG, which suffers

an acute shortage of engineers. There is a dependence on expatriates at

all work levels; they often do not train local replacements.

7. The meeting then discussed the problem of isolation for trained

people particularly small countries where individually trained personnel
0

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often have no peers with whom to share problems and exchange professional

information. Small countries also have difficulties because -they often

have an insufficient population base from which to draw persons for

specialized training. Mr. Tukituku stated that in Fiji they often make

use of professional colleagues in other countries such as Australia, New

Zealand and the U.K., especially when there was a need to resolve problems

quickly.

k

8. Another problem of utilizing human resources in the Pacific, the

i

meeting noted, is that inadequate communication structures contribute to

9

the necessity for a large number of meetings which are expensive in terms e

of money and also in terms of drawing needed personnel out of service when

their professional work is sorely needed. The meeting addressed another i

communication problem related to human resources utilization: Mr. Vini

described the use of time scheduled radio in the Cook Islands for the

exchange of information by various government departments such as health,

agriculture, etc. While service provided for an adequate exchange, (for

example all doctors discuss medical problems at a certain hour each day),

the problem remains that the time scheduled use of the system makes emergency

use difficult and draws personnel away from work at times that are inappropriate.

9. The need for a possible conferencing system that could be called

upon for such exchange by government departments was noted by the participants. It was noted that unlike terrestrial links satellite systems

provide a solution that is insensitive to distances.

10. Mr. Apis emphasized the need to improve communication between villages,

outer islands and centers. The cost of setting up facilities for rural

3
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communication may be too great for some countries, he said.

11. The meeting then discussed the fact that the cost of setting up

satellite systems might in some cases be lower. Dr. Toua stated that

Papua New Guinea may be able to use a segment of the Australian system but

wondered if some isolated areas might still be unreachable.

He stated that the current means of reaching some isolated areas

is by trawlers or small boats and that these means are subject to

interference from weather. One island in Papua New Guina, Dr. Toua described has a population of about 64 people whose only health care currently

is one medical dresser.

When the health aid must go by trawler to pick up supplies, the island

can be left for as much as three months without a medical person. Other

human services problems were described by Dr. Mataitoga who stated that

there is a great need for communication both within the nation and in the

region during such emergencies as epidemics.

12. Mr. Apis noted that the meeting had addressed the problems of

dealing with scattered, thinly populated outer island areas. He stated

that this problem is very severe in the Federated States of Micronesia

since in many cases the only means of communication is by field trip

ship. An emergency call might come in from one end of the outer islands

while a ship was servicing the opposite group. Thus, ships might not

reach a patient in time to save a life. He stated that FSM has no urban

C

area whatever and that 80 to 90 percent of the school population is outside

district centers, Communications for school purposes is a serious problem.

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13. Captain Joy began a discussion of emergency services by describing

the present use of shipping and aircraft in Fiji for emergency purposes.

Dr. Mataitoga continued that there is a great need for communication

services for emergency purposes. Normal communication for emergency service

is made through the Ministry of Health. Centrally located doctors must

then determine the seriousness of the emergency and the measures to be taken,

whether they be immediate evacuation or local hospitalization. If evacuation

is required, communication must be made with available ships through the

Director of Marine. The Director then must discover if ships are operating

near that island and must attempt to contact them so that they can be

diverted to pick up patients. Emergency evacuation by helicopter is

possible, he said. All of this coordination, he stated, required telecommunication capability.

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14. The meeting then noted that rural people are generally regarded

as underprivileged because they do not contribute significantly to the national

economy. Services are generally concentrated in urban areas. But while

government services provided to rural areas are sometimes expensive, the

expensive services are not necessarily used at all times by people in

the rural areas. They are not such a drain on resources as is sometimes

imagined.

15. Dr. Toua emphasized that the problems of development are interrelated

and that communication without a transportation system is not useful in

an emergency. Mr. Vini provided an apt illustration from the Cook Islands,

Rarotonga, the capital is over 100 miles from the nearest island and well

over 700 miles south of the farthest There are differences in ethnicity,
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826

In some cases language, and handling of administrative matters is

extremely difficult.

16. Mr. Pakoa continued to discuss the problem of provision of

adequate services in rural areas, noting that in Vanuatu recognizing that

rural Efate has no adequate maternity centers, a new center has been

opened across the island front Port Vila. Women, therefore, no longer

have to come into Port Vila for childbirth.

17. Mr. Pakoa commented also on the importance of proper training for

the use of telecommunication technology and noted in Vanuatu `our sisips

were lost in one year because ship captains did not l(?r^w haw to use rains

properly. He suggested that the lack of proper .na 44rquate Schooling in

scientific subjects is an underlying problem in technical training.

18. The meeting reiterated that all development issues--shipping, trans-

, portation, roads, training and telecommunications, etc. are interrelated.

In summary, the meeting chairman noted that education and training are

an underlying problem for the utilization of human resources, particularly

in the development of a suitable telecommunication structure. He referred

t to the needs raised in the meeting for conferencing capability and for

.4

^.• capacity to handle the logistics of emergency situations. He noted that the

meeting had clearly articulated the strong relationship between all forms

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of communication and transportation.

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MANAGEMENT OF ECONOMIC RESOURCES

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19. Joan Abramson began the session by pointing out the issues of

development are interrelated. During site visits the team often heard

transportation and communication used synonymously. One doctor in a rural

area said that the communication improvement that would help him most would

be the straightening of the road. In another rural area the team was told

that communication was an outboard motor. And still another community

health center felt the need for a telephone to order supplies so as to

c.

keep all necessary staff in the center instead of traveling to make

arrangements for supplies. Thus, the link between communication and transportation is clearly established; both provide networks for relating to

people, marketing, communicating, etc. It was also found that more often

than not two trips-into the market center were necessary. The first was to

rlafc the order or find out what was needed, and return to the village but

then a return to the center and then back to the village was also required

for completion of the transaction. The fuel cost sometimes for this would

be as much as $60 for each roundtrip!

t

° 20. Mr. Witherspoon pointed out the correlation of marketing and

r harvesting in the field of agriculture; it is difficult to coordinate

1

the harvest with the shipping and marketing without an adequate communication system. This is also true in the areas of fisheries, forestry,

tourism, and local travel. j

I

21. The meeting noted that field trip ships carry experts in various

fields to remote areas, but sometimes upon arriving in a village it was

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found that the proper expert was not aboard and neither were the

necessary equipment of tools. These circumstances are caused by the lack

of communication. Even a simple drop off supplies can be thwarted by lack

of ship-to-shore communication. Word on when and where to pick up the

supplies may never get to the isolated populations.

22. The meeting discussed the importance of national planning in the

importing and exporting of products on an international level for the

development of economic self-sufficiency.

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23. The problem of scheduling radio contact was discussed. Time

schedule radio was inappropriate for field workers as their day's work

becomes frustrated by having to be by the radio for contact with their

departments at specific times during the day, a problem which could be

avoided by the use of telex. Messages could be checked at the end of

the day, replies, messages sent in the evening or morning before departure

for the field. i

24. Dr. Salato emphasized that we were now looking into the biggest !

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problem--that of the rural areas. He said that 60% of the people of a

f

the South Pacific live in rural areas and that this meeting must concentrate

on producing suggestions and possible solutions to this rural communications

problem.

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25. Mr. Pakoa stated that we all know the obstacles but how can

satellite communications overcome these problems? a

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B28

26. The panel noted that one method is to l ook at the entire structure

and at development goals. They spoke of the question of number of phones

and where they should be placed. Schools and health centers were suggested

venues. Absolute cost is another problem. How does the technology get

paid for? The capital outlay will have to be found somewhere. Mr. Witherspoon noted that none of us is a satellite salesman, but that sati-I lite

maintenance is a more manageable problem than it used to be, Power requirements are more feasible. He reiterated it doesn't matter how remote the

village is once the system is in place.

27. Mr. Faumuina stated that besides economical and social issues the

role of telecommunications was becoming more important in the Pacific in

the international forum. This important point should be included in the

report. Also, it was noted that the world has a vast store of information

that can be utilized once a system is in place. Access is the vital link

for the Pacific.

28. Dr. Mataitoga went on to day that technical experts and social

scientis can help guide us on the merits of the various systems, but

that we must go back to our governments and gain the confidence of our

politicians to make final decisions. It is also important to consult

e, the rural people before making decisions that will affect their lives.

He explained that it is important to make a list of priorities of the

kinds of services from a system.

29. Dr. Toua, while supporting the belief that good communications

ecessary for mangement of economic resources, concurred with Dr.

itoga's feelings that such management is primarily the responsibility
"QVI'^''

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of the individual government, and that planning must be done nationally

before it can be done regionally.

30. Chairman Salato noted that among the important issues that had

emerged, certainly the issue of the availability of funds was a difficult

one. He replied that the purpose of the meeting was to solicit information.

31. Dr. Salato asked Captain Joy of Fiji about the current methods of

shipping and the concomitant communication problems, Captain Joy explained

F

that shipping had vastly improved and that he doubted if any islands

were not served, although some are only served 5 to 6 times a year by

a

the government ships. He added his feeling that the local people would

have to be educated,that a trained person must be in the village and that

attitudes would have to be changed.

B

32. It was noted that village participation is desirable. In Vanuatu

tower base land is kept clear by land owners who are given a fee for

maintenance. Likewise one-third of responsibility for the water supply

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goes to villages. A vigorous pride and willingness to work has developed. C

Mr. Tukituki added that some villages pay 1/6 of their local education

as well. Whether it could be extended to telecommunications would be up

to the villages priorities,--water being the first probable priority.

7

'.^ If a system of self-help is initiated it must be economically feasible.

I r'

33. The great variations in costs of telecommunications were discussed.

it

A small earth station ($15,000 - $18,000) for telephone service was one

possibility. y

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34. Mr. Faumuina felt that the local people must be involved in the

planning stages of any communication systems and that a survey be

taken from which a plan might be formed. He reminded the meeting of the

UNESCO meeting and paper concerning the impact of technology on the

Pacific Nations and suggested that PSSC take a look at it before completing

the study. He mentioned both its good and bad aspects.

35. Dr. Toua emphasized that the regional governments must decide on

the appropriate technology and that if it is an interim use of the Australian

satellite or the INTELSAT satellite we should seek this out. National

government would decide on how to develop and provide their own services.

36. Mr. Witherspoon stated that it was inappropriate for an external

project to say what a local or regional group should have, but that the

point of the study would be to outline options from which government of

the regions might choose. The satellite option is only one of many.

Mr. Morgan stated a number of possibilities, and that there are possible

requirements of this region to the development of a future Australian

satellite or it may be preferable to use a satellite designed specifically

for this region. He noted that the question of finance remains.

37. Dr. Beck mentioned the need for telecommunications to booster the

economy of the country. He illustrated the example of getting cattle

shipped to market. The cattle people wait for a call by radio to instruct

them when and where to meet the ship. If the man with the cattle does not

have the equipment to receive the message he does not get his cattle to

market and therefore loses the sale. Then the same is true with fishing,

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831

forestry, etc. There is a need, he said, for telecommunications to be

approved and put into place.

38. Dr. Toua resumed the important point of human resources. He

related that their system relies on the use of priests, missionaries

and other upper level persons to give medical assistance and to be the

center for communication needs. This person is a jack of all trades and

is trained in many areas. But the problem remains of training locals and

then leaving.

39. Ms. Kaurasi felt that leaders need to make sure that someone is

posted at the local post office to deliver messages. The post person may

also, be the banker in many cases and does not have the time to deliver

messages.

40. The Chairman asked Mr. Morgan to clarify the use of existing technology

if a satellite were to be made available. Mr. Morgan explained that if a

satellite is used, the satellite will serve at the top and that existing

equipment would remain in use. It is not elimination of equipment, it is

rather reallocation of usage.

41. The Chairman asked for a clarification of the use of the satellite

Mr. Morgan explained the satellite as a repeater in the sky - just a dumb

box. The earth station is the send and receive point of the signal. There

would be telephone service as well as other services such as telex, warning

signals, facsimile, and news service. Mr. Morgan explained that facsimile

`^J
D32

'^ 1

is a method of transmitting a copy of a document via voice lines so

that a hard copy is produced at the receiving end. He said that the

cost of a cheap machine itself was between $600 to $1000 US dollars

and that it takes 4 to 6 minutes per page to transmit. An example of

the service was that of ships dropping off barges to be taken into

port. The custom papers are sent via facsimile ahead of the barge

so that all necessary papers are ready for receiving the shipment.

The meeting discussed the usefulness of facsimile for medical records,

emergency messages, news, etc. Mr. Morgan explained that anything

with voice quality, even short wave radio is sufficient for facsimile,

as long as there is someone at the other end to operate the machine.

DISCUSSION OF RURAL COMMUNICATION NEEDS

PHILOSOPHY OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

42. Ms. Hurd described the Study's anecdotal approach requiring attention

to both the qualitative and quantitative aspects of telecommunications needs.

She stated that the task is to describe what the users need and want. The

AJ t
41

033

panel continued by saying that it is difficult to put quantities on what

service is needed, but that the technical experts need to know how much is

needed before they begin planning a system. Once again the meeting

expressed the view that the decisions to be made are national ones. The

study requires an overview of requirements expressed by all users, yet

the individual governments have the final responsibility for decision

about what they want to use.

43. Mr. Davey requested that the meeting as a group explore the

answers and list the options. He suggested as guidelines the following

questions:

What is needed in each and every outpost?

A telecenter?

A telephone with facsimile capability?

A telephone within easy reach?

A telephone within easy walking distance?

44. Dr. Mataitoga felt that establishing a regional satellite system

would bring our leaders closer together to discuss other cooperative efforts.

45. Chairman Salato restated the need for looking at something the

meeting could recommend to NASA, SPEC and to the ITU so that they can make

a more accurate plan of possible optional systems. He requested that the

meeting state what sorts of services are required and how they might be

provided.

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034

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46. Mr. Pakoa said that the amount of international traffic can be

obtained from each country's telecom center, but that the amount of traffic

in the rural areas would be harder to determine. Recently his government has

decided upon eleven district councils. At the moment communication is by

H.F. radio, some owned by government and some by missions.

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47. Mr. Apis noted that regional cooperation was essential, if countries

in the Pacific were to help their rural areas to be developed. In furthering

discussion on the essentialness of regional cooperation for rural development

Mr. Apis pointed to the example of Pacific shipping and noted that, since

the FSM was planning to use dry docking in Fiji its ships might , given j

proper cooperation and means of communications, service small islands en route

to and from Fiji.

48. Captain Joy noted the importance of linking the countries of the

Pacific with efficient, regular shipping services and indicated that J

improved communication services were necessary to achieve such improved

shipping. Mr. Pakoa agreed that shipping required better reqional cooperation

and stated that the area could well use equipment for communication by

satellite for this purpose.

i

49. Beyond agreeing with Mr. Pakoa's and Captain Joy's comments,

Dr. Beck stressed the need to improve the flow of information from the rural

areas to the centers and provide services to rural people. He emphasized

that the group needed to convey the message that there must be some way

to provide satellite service for the Pacific. If such service were not

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835

made available by organizations with satellites, he suggested, it would

be appropriate for the Pacific Islands to combine efforts to provide

their own satellite for regional use.

50. Mr. Apis agreed, and pointed out that the FSM had supported the

Forum government's request for a study of rural telecommunication needs

in the Pacific. The FSM supported shared use of satellite capacity.

51. Mr. Drumm suggested that one recommendation should be that

training be started immediately to provide sufficient personnel of the

new technology. He added that training involves the issue of where that

training is located. When people are trained in urban centers, he said,

they tend to want to remain in those centers. There is often a problem

of getting people to return to the countries that paid for their training.

He added that expatriates sometimes are seriously involved in training

and the transfer of knowledge to local people.

52. The Chairman noted that there is a problem in training people

in technical areas and returning them to a country which has a salary

system that pays more for administrators than persons with high level

technical training.

53. Mr. Pakoa added his agreement to the ideas expressed by earlier

speakers. He suggested that a further recommendation must be that

any system devised to improve rural telecommunication should be economical

and the chosen system, no matter how good, must not cost more than other

means of achieving telecommunications.

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B36

54. The Chairman then asked the group to make recommendations on

the role of women in telecommunication work, It was pointed out that

Papua New Guinea has begun accepting women into its P and T Training

program and that the women in the program are doing quite well, The

group agreed that women could perform well in any field and that training

of women should be emphasized,

55. Other training related recommendations came from Mr. Drumm,

who suggested that developing countries should not be used as a training

ground for the developed countries. He also suggested that developed

countries should be asked to put some constraints on the drain of

trained persons into the developed world, Dr. Toua pointed out that

expatriates in PNG are asked to impart knowledge to counterparts and

stated that, in cases where this was not done, contracts are not renewed

for expatriates. He said, however, that there were instances where

expatriates had in fact used their positions in order to benefit from

their own experience at the expense of the people in the developed nation.

56. Mr. Faumuina stated that one of the reasons Pacific nations lose

so many good physicians is the absence of modern facilities and technologies. These people want to be where they can refine their skills and

are frustrated with the types of facilities at home, compared to facilities where they had trained.

57. He then stated that one conference recommendation should be

that the importance of satellite communication systems should be noted

so that Pacific nations can bring people back home. They have been lost

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B37

because of inadequate facilities in the Pacific.

58. Dr. Beck agreed that part of the problem was that people were

ti

trained away from home in far more technologically sophisticated circumstances than were needed or available in the home country. They

remain in developed countries because they become frustrated at home

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and also they can make more money in developed countries.

He agreed with earlier speakers on the issue of expatriates and I

underscored the point that expatriates are in the Pacific in order to

maintain standards where the Pacific nations cannot do so themselves. He

nc~ed that one difficulty faced by expatriates is that they are, in fact,

1

reouired to work themselves slowl y nut of their .inhs.

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59. The Chairman at this point asked the meeting to list its recommendations. These recommendations follow:

r

' 1. Immediate appropriate training of sufficient numbers of

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Pacific Island staff to satisfy the requirements of proposed

technology. As much as possible this training should take t

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• place in the region.

r, 2. Better education of people to more effectively use both the

existing systems as well as any new services that might be

provided,

3. The whole Pacific must be viewed as a rural area.

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4. The countries should support a regional satellite capability. g

5. It was recommended that, since the islands of the Pacific are

surrounded by sea and their only major resource is the sea

f such a satellite should provide for specific communication f

needs such as fisheries, offshore oil and surveillance of

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^f foreign fishing vessels.

6. While the group has decided there should be a satellite

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capability for the region, the individual nations must

not neglect the improvement of existing systems.

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7. That the long term objective of improving national service

j include two-way communication links to tie the rural areas

with main centers, not only in outer islands, but also in

I rugged interior areas.

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8. A conferencing system for government leaders and officials

to eliminate so many meetings and to provide them with a

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means of discussing other cooperative developmental efforts,

together with simple conference facilities between government

centers and rural areas.

9. Improved telecommunication generally is required for improved j

regular shipping service.

10. Better integration of communications between rural communities and coastal shipping.

I

11. Provision of warning systems to remote villages in the event

of impending disaster, particular tsunamis. J

12. Training of women as technicians should be emphasized.

13. Improved communications from rural areas to the center^,

14. That any system proposed not be more expensive finally than

other means of supplying communications.

The Chairman then suggested the meeting be brought to an end with

the group consensus on the recommendations. Thanks were expressed to staff,

participants and the Chairman.
1.lYnat .

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B39 1

T

ANNEX 1

Welcoming remarks of Mr. Ikipa Tongatul^. for the

SoutCi Pacific Bureau for Economic Cooper -W n

Honorable Minister

Vice President of PSSC

Distinguished Delegates

Ladies and Gentlemen:

Firstly, I would like to convey the sincere regrets of -the

Director of SPEC for not being able to personally attend this

meeting and on his behalf I extend to you a most warm welcome to

the SPEC Headquarters. I would like to express our gratitude

to the Public Service Satellite Consortium for giving us this

opportunity to welcome all the distinguished delegates as well

as allowing our participation in this meeting. SPEC will be

observing your deliberations very closely and look forward to

the final outcome. We ;lave noted the special emphasis g iven by the

PSSC to the Users of telecommunication in its work and we in SPEC

view this as complementing our efforts in the same field.

It is perhaps appropriate to recall that at the 1973 Apia Forum it was

resolved that "the provision of an adequate telecommunications network

in the region was essential. In view of the work already being undertaken under UN Agencies and other auspices it was decided that SPEC

should act as the co-ordinating agency. It should also work to ensure

that the plans of member Governments in this area were executed in a

manner compatible with the regional interest."

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B40

ANNEX 1 (2)

In performing this role SPEC convened meetings in 1973 to discuss

national developments and review regional UNDP Projects being

undertaken in the region. Since then, annual meetings have been held

for the South Pacific countries and international bodies involved in

these projects.,

Currently, SPEC co-ordinates two UNDP projects on training and

upgrading of telecommunications facilities. In this regard regular

contacts are maintained with the project offices based in Suva and

by convening annual meetings to review their progress. In addition,

SPEC is a convenor of the study of the South Pacific National Telecommunications needs which was requested by the South Pacific National Telecommunications meeting held in Suva in November 1980. Preparations

for this Study are well underway.

Finally, SPEC takes this opportunity to wish the PSSC and all delegates

a successful meeting and special thanks are extended to you Mr. Minister

for your attendance at this opening.

Thank you.

Suva, June 24, 1981
"' I What is needed

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B41

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ANNEX 2

Remarks by Dr. Louis A. Bransford, Vice President

Public Service Satellite Consortium

Ladies and Gentlemen,

I am honored and delighted to have the opportunity to represent the

Public Service Satellite Consortium and to participate with you in

discussing the Pacific Basin Communications Study -- a study of rural

telecommunication needs in the island region.

I bring greetings from the Chairman of the Board of Directors and

the President of the Consortium.

PSSC has had an on-going involvement in the Pacific for several

years, Our interest is reflected in a number of activities. The

University of the South Pacific, the University of Guam, the University

of Hawaii and the Australian National University are all PSSC members.

We have worked with ATS - 1 and 6 and are currently involved with the

Department of the Interior Satellite project, a network which connects

the Micronesian entities with each other and the outside. We have also

provided technical consultation to USP. And, we have undertaken the

present study which is funded jointly by NASA and the Department of

Commerce, two U.S. government agencies with interest in assisting

Pacific nations in improving communications services.

The focus of the Pacific Basin Communication Study is threefold:

The mission is to determine:

What exists
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B42

ANNEX 2 (2)

What is the appropriate technology to meet these needs. Today,

you will hear background on how this study came about and what is being

done to date.

Tha focus of this meeting is threefold:

I: First, to review the field work completed to date.

II: Second, to discuss at greater length the ways in which human

development, economic development and national identity are

affected by the condition of communication in the island states.

III: Third, to present an outline of possible technical and organizational alternatives which may meet the needs previously

identified.

We ask you then to review our data, comment on its accuracy and to

supplement it with information from your own personal, tradi':ional and

professional experience.

The tremendous amount of information on the Pacific Basin compiled

during the study enables us to talk with some degree of confidence

about user needs and technical requirements.

Some questions remain to be answered. What options are available to

finance improved telecommunications in the Pacific? What is the

ability and willingness to pay for improved telecommunication services?

Is aggregation or a partnership relationship feasible and what are the

trade+-offs for the different partners?
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B43

ANNEX 2 (3)

But before these issues can be addressed we need to make sure that

the information we have on user needs is comprehensive and accurate.

We solicit from you who know, assistance to ensure that what we

say is what you said.

We look forward to a meaningful and productive meeting.

Thank you for coming.

Suva, Juno 24, 1981
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B44

ANNEX 3

OPENING ADDRESS BY THE HON. LIVAI NASILIVATA,

MINISTER FOR WORKS AND COMMUNICATIONS

AT THE OPENING OF THE

PUBLIC SERVICE SATELLITE CONSORTIUM

USERS' CONFERENCE

SPEC, JUNE 24, 1981

Mr. Chairman, distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen,

I am happy to address you this morning at the opening of your meeting

to discuss and deliberate on your needs for communications in the

rural areas of our island nations.

This meeting, I understand, is unique for several reasons. Firstly,

it is a meeting which brings together people from a wide range of positions

and professional responsibilities. Instead of doctors talking only to

doctors, and engineers discussing engineering problems exclusively between

themselves, at this meeting the problems of telecommunications will be

discussed by people who should know most about them--the people who try

to use the systems: doctors, engineers, planners and educators alike.

The meeting is also unusual in that it focuses the important inputs of

Pacific Islands rural development onto one of its major stumbling

blocks, inadequate communications. Our national objectives for rural

health cannot be achieved solely by increasing our national budget

to the health department. Our agricultural problems will not be

s^lved simply by growing more food. Better education for the rural

dwellers cannot be achieved solely by building more schools and

handicraft centers in the rural areas. A system of constant monitoring

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ANNEX 3 (2)

and feed-back of development progress in the rural areas is a

necessity to achieve our national objectives.

Although the sizes of our 'island countries are relatively small the

scattering of our island territories over a wide ocean span and the

relatively rugged terrain of our rural areas is a hindrance to our

social and economic growth. The meeting looks to you to consider

the many aspects of rural development in the context of how telecommunicat on fits in to achieve our national objectives for the rural areas.

I would like to address myself briefly to the Pacific country participants

at this meeting. I do have to reiterate to you the importance of rural

development in your countries. Our leaders have stressed its importance

and priority often and adequately. Each of you is also personally involved

in at least one aspect of rural development in your daily responsibilities.

What I do wish to say, however, is that you, the people with the direct

responsibility for development in rural areas, need to provide this

study with full and accurate information of what your needs are to

achieve these goals. I am told that there is a saying in the computer

industry: "rubbish in, rubbish out." You can't get output that is

good unless the input is equally good. I want to stress therefore that

the basic evidence on which this important study is based must come from I

you. We in the Pacific tend not to be outspoken on many issues. At this

meeting you will be serving your countries by discussing freely and frankly I

your problems and your needs within your respective fields of responsibility.

1

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B46

ANNEX 3 (3)

I

r Many of you present here may hold the view that the telecommunications

administrations of the region are doing little or nothing in the field

of rural communications but this is far from the truth. A great deal is

being done but I would be among the first to admit that it is not enough.

Unfortunately, we have to contend with the basic economic facts of life.

Rural dwellers generally have a very low per capita income and therefore

communications services in rural areas tend to be uneconomic. At the

same time, for reasons of geography and local topography, the provision

of rural communications facilities is inevitably the most costly part

of the national network and the resources available to us are very

limited.

Several years ago the ITU initiated a study of communications needs and 3

facilities, or rather lack of facilities. The fruits of that study were

slow in materializing and spread far too thinly over the South Pacific I

Region to make an effective contribution to the upgrading of the telecommunication network. Fortunately the studies resulted in stimulating

Governi2nt`s and private enterprise, in some cases ,jointly, into helping

themselves as witnessed by the recent mushrooming of the B earth stations

.I in many of the small countries of the Region. The introduction of the

I

..j new technologies represent heavy capital investment and expensive

,j maintenance commitments by many governments. It is therefore imperative

' that these new systems be utilized to the maximum by "users" and this

k

calls for the establishment of good rapport between the "users" and the

"providers", which unfortunately, from my observation, is sadly lacking.
B47

ANNEX 3 (4)

For without full utilization of existing systems governments will

have no choice but to resort to subsidy and this can only mean that the

cost of operating their internal and external systems must be passed on

to non-users as well.

What I have just said does not mean that the existing systems,

representing as they do considerable improvements in a relatively

short period, are adequate for the demands of the future, particularly

in the rural sector.

In recognition of this fact the Telecommunications Administrations of

the South Pacific last year met with Australian Government representatives

and discussed the possibility of their rural communication needs being

incorporated in the proposed Australian Domestic Satellite program.

The response I am pleased to say, was favorable and a three-man team

of experts, drawn from Australia and New Zealand, is soon to make an

assessment of the needs shortly.

The entry of Public Service Satellite Consortium in this field introduces,

perhaps, an element of competition and may the best man win! But seriously,

I trust the two studies can be married together and an integrated and

viable solution found.

I cannot anticipate the outcome of this meeting and I do not suggest

any conclusions for your efforts. I do however wish you all a very

I

2
1^:/' -

U

848

ANNEX 3 (5)

pleasant stay in Fiji and I wish this meeting every success in

furthering our efforts to improve rural telecommunication. It is

with great pleasure that I declare this meeting open.

1 

,tk

I

i
, U 0

ANNEX 4

B49

PACIFIC BASIN COMMUNICATION STUDY

SPEC/PSSC USERS' MEETING

Participants' List:

Nihi Vini

Director, Outer Island Affairs

Cook Islands Government

Rarotonga

COOK ISLANDS

Brian Drumm

Director, Telecommunications

Government of Niue

Alofi

NIUE

John Faumuina Jr.

Economic Analyst/Planner

Economic Development and Planning

American Samoa Government

Pago Pago

AMERICAN SAMOA 96799

His Excellency Kamuta Latasi

High Commissioner

Government of Tuvalu

SUVA, FIJI

His Excellency Reginald Sakiri

High Commissioner

Government of Nauru

SUVA, FIJI

His Excellency Ako Toua

High Commissioner,

Government of Papua New Guinea

SUVA, FIJI
a.: crrFKaraa, _ t;. Fh:.xs t* ;fuayll3*'^'^:^,ec

4 ^

B50

ANNEX 4 (2)

w M

Participants' List (Continued)

George Pakoa

Permanent Secretary for Communications

Government of Vanuatu

Vila

VANUATU

Dr. Macu Salato

35 Nabua Road

SUVA, FIJI

Dr. Peter Beck

Permanent Secretary

Ministry of Transport and Communication

Honiara

SOLOMON ISLANDS

Captain Michael Joy

Director, Marine

Government of Fiji

SUVA, FIJI

Kikuo Apis

Special Assistant to the President

Federated States of Micronesia

Ponape

EASTERN CAROLINE ISLANDS

Dr. M. Biumaiwai

Permanent Secretary

Ministry of Health

Government of Fiji

SUVA, FIJI

Dr. V. Mataitoga

Director

Div sion of Primary and Preventative Health Care

Government of Fiji

SUVA, FIJI

M. Tukituku

Permanent Secretary

Department of Works

Government of Fiji

SUVA, FIJI

6

i

1 1

r

Pr

J
B51

ANNEX 4 (3)

Lavenia Kaurasi

Principal

Laucala Bay Secondary School

SUVA, FIJI

Sala Kunatuba

Assistant Secretary of Transport

Ministry of Civil Aviation, Tourism and Transport

Government of FiJi

SUVA, FIJI

Mere Vuibureta

Assistant Secretary for Marine

Ministry of Civil Aviation, Transport & Tourism

Government of FiJi

SUVA, FIJI

OBSERVERS:

Australian High Commission

New Zealand High Commission

United States Embassy

United Nations Development Program

University of the South Pacific

PSSC Participants:

Dr. Louis Bransford

Vice President

Public Service Satellite Consortium

John Witherspoon

Professor

San Diego State University

Joan Abramson

Consultant

Honolulu

HAWAII

I
B52

ANNEX 4 (4)

PSSC Participants (continued):

Jane N. Hurd

Project Coordinator

Pacific Basin Communications Study

Karen Hutcheson

Conference Administrator

Walter Morgan

Clarksburg, Maryland

Engineering Consultant

ITU Participant:

Graham J. Davey

Project Manager

South Pacific Regional Telecommunications Development Project

UNDP/International Telcommunication Union

Suva, FIJI

I

4

a

i

M

I.

W }
y

h

.

APPENDIX C Cl

Economic Data for

i^

nelai Cmu atries "^

COO K ISLANDS

Total Government Expenditure:

Gross Domestic Product:

Overseas Assistance:

Imports:

Main suppliers:

Exports:

Main markets:

US$ 10. 7111

$899 per oapi#r":

$20m GDP market prices (SPC scat.)

$1,082 per capita

Bilateral: $7.3m

Multilateral :fir:. ;im

From Australia, 'dG:v Zealand, United

Nations Development Program, United

Kingdom. New Zealand subsidizes 50%

of the annual budget.

Total: $23m

Food imports per capita: $225

New Zealand, Japan, Hong Kong, United

Kingdom, Australia.

$3.9m

New Zealand and Australia

1/ Unless otherwise noted, all statistics are 1979 figures from "Coping

with Crisis: Disaster Preparedness and Rehabilitation the Pacific Way,"

a p roject of the East-West Center Center Pacific. Islands Development Pronram, Angela Franco and Dr. Michael Hamnett, investigators,

with assistance from the Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance,

U.S. Agency for International Development, in preparation, 1981. All

figures are presented in estimated U.S. dollars. Details are presented

for all Forum countries except Australia and New Zealand.

^.i
Cj Try

C2

FIJI

Total Government Expenditure: $296m

$414 per capita

Gross National Product: $1,009m at market prices

$1,629

Overseas Assistance:

Bilateral

Multilateral

$25,8m

31.2m from Australia, New Zealand,

Britain, United Nations Development

Program, European Economic Community , Asian Development Bank.

Food Imports per capita: $114

Australia, Japan, United Kingdom and

New Zealand.

$258.9m

Mainly sugar, coconut oil, gold.

United Kingdom, Australia, New

Zealand, U.S.A., Canada.

Imports:

Main Suppliers:

Exports:

Main markets:

^n
l'^J 11

^..^,..::.yar.itizswis+.Ye.^ .:.r'ti!1 ,.a'sr.3.—w^ aHT ^'F',^^ff2•^

Ij

l^

C3 ?{

Y

KIRIBATI

Total Government Expenditure

Gross Domestic Product:

Overseas Assistance:

Bilateral

Multilateral

Sources:

Imports:

Main Suppliers:

Exports:

Main markets:

$15.5 m

$270 per capita

$37m market price

647 per capita

$8.8m

$8.9m

United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand,

Asian Development Bank,United Nations

Development Program.

$17.4m

Mainly food, fuel, manufactured goods

p

Food imports per capita: $77

Australia, United Kingdom, Japan, Fiji,

New 'Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong.

$23.7m e

Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom
NAURU

Total Government Expenditure:

` Gross Domestic Product:

Overseas Assistance:

Imports:

Main Suppliers:

Exports:

Main Markets:

C4

Not available

$28,750 per capita 1978?

Not needed

$11.9m

Mainly lumber, building materials,

foodstuffs vehicles.

Australia, United Kingdom, New

Zealand, Hong Kong

$75.4m

Australia, New Zealand, Japan

W

}

g ^^
41

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u

1

C5

C)

w

NIUE

Total Government Expenditure: $3.7m

$1,023 per capita

G Gross Domestic Product : $3m (producer prices for monetary

sector only)

$867 per capita

Overseas Assistance:

Bilateral

Multilateral

Imports:

Main Suppliers :

Exports :

Main markets:

$4.8m

4.9m

Budget 71% subsidized by New Zealand

in 1978.

$2m

Mainly food, manufactured goods,

machinery.

Food imports per capita $192 (1978)

New Zealand, Japan, Singapore, Fiji

and Australia.

$383,000

Mainly copra, passion fruit and

handicrafts. I

New Zealand, Britain, Australia.
C6

i

Overseas Assistance:

Bilateral

Multilateral

Sources

Main markets :

$618.im

$597 per capita

$1.78 billion

$587 per capita

$274.4m

269.4m Australian and for

five years starting in 1976 (untied

budget support)

$2,838 in 1979.

Australia, Net, Zealand, United

Kingdom, Asian Development Bank,

United Nations Development Program

and Canada.

$786m equipment, machinery cereals,

meat, foodstuffs.

Australia, Japan, USA, Britain,

Hong Kong.

$961.6m

Mainly coffee, cocoa, copra, copper ore

and concentrate timber.

Australia, Japan, Britain, USA, West

Germany.

PAPUA NEW GUINEA

Total Government Expenditure:

Gross Domestic Product:

Imports:

Main Suppliers:

Exports :

1/ All figures for Papua New Guinea, unless otherwise noted, are for 1978.

n
lJ

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1

C7

Overseas Assistance:

Bilateral

Multilateral

Imports:

Main Suppliers:

Exports:

Main markets:

$43.6m

$199 per capita

$130.7m at market prices

$600 per capita

$23m

$26,7m

Britain financed 15% of the recurrent

budget and 98% of the capital budget. Assistance also from Australia,

the United States.

$59m mostly foodstuffs, oil and

manufactured goods.

Good imports per capita $23

Australia,Japan, Britain, Singapore.

$70.2m mainly fish, copra timber

Japan, Australia, Germany,United

Kingdom, New Zealand, Papua New

Guinea.

SOLOMON ISLANDS

Total Government Expenditure

Gross Domestic Product:

J

1

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C8

i

$18m

$190 per capita

$42.7m at factor cost

$446 per capita

$20.4m

$23.5

Britain, Australia, New Zealand

USA, Asian Development Bank, European Economic Community, United

Nations Development Program, West

Germany, Taiwan.

$29.3m mainly food and manufactured

goods.

Food imports per capita: $75 (1978)

New Zealand, Australia, Fiji, Britain

and Japan.

$7.7m

80% coconuts; also bananas

The Netherlands, New Zealand and

Australia.

KINGDOM OF TONGA

Total Government Expenditure:

Gross Domestic Product:

Overseas Assistance:

Bilateral

Multilateral

Sources

Imports:

Main Suppliers:

Exports:

Main markets:
•,w

u

-fi a

`,.`../•

t^

C9

r

TUVALU

Total Government Expenditure:

Gross Domestic Product:

Overseas Assistance;

Bilateral

Multilateral

Sources

Imports:

Main Suppliers:

Exports:

Main markets:

ii

$2.1m

$291 per capita

$4m at market prices

$564 per capita

k

$4m

$4.5

Australia, Britain, New Zealand,

European Economic Community,United Nations Development Program.

5

$2.1m mainly foodstuffs and

manufactured goods.

Australia, Fiji, New Zealand

$287,840 mainly copra {

Britain

ti

u

i

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F ^

i

VANUATU

Total Government Expenditures:

Gross National Product:

Overseas assistance:

Bilateral

Multilateral

Sources

1 j

r

yf

CIO r

$51.9m (1978)

$512 per capita

$50m (1977) μ

$520 per capita

$37.7m

$38m

Britain, France, Australia, New

Zealand, United Nations Development Program

$62.2m

Australia, France,Japan, New

Zealand.

$41.4m mainly copra, coffee, cocoa,

frozen fish.

France, USA,Japan j

Imports:

Main Suppleirs:

Exports:

Main Markets:
r O

t

Cil

Imports:

$50.9m (1978)

$331 per capita

$60.3m (1978 producer prices)

$394 per capita

$20.7m

$30m

Australia, New Zealand, Britain,

Asian Development Bank, European

Economic Community.

$74.9m mainly equipment,machineries,'

consumer goods and manufactured

products.

Food imports per capita $75 (1978)

Britain, Australia,Japan, Canada

$18.5m

New Zealand, Britain, USA, Australia

Canada.

u

Ii

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i^

1

ii 0

WESTERN SAMOA

Total Governr-ient f xpenditure:

Gross O::;restic Product:

Overseas Assistance;

Bilateral

Multilateral

Sources

Main Suppliers:

Exports:

Main Markets:
,f

.

L1 r

f^I

APPENDIX D D1

o .^ f

dTechniques Used In the Used In the Stu

Before the field team left for the Pacific, a conference

was held and a list of desirable telecommunications information was

provided to the team. The collected data was later analyzed and

'

i

used in the selection of the engineering options.

While this data was being collected, traditional methods of r

estimating the traffic demand were being studied and employed. Table D.1

is a list of nations. These numbers refer to the following three

figures (Figures D.1 through D.3). Figure D.1 shows the plot of the

number of telephones per capita versus the GNP per capita in 1975.

In Figure D.2 data from NASA Technical Memorandum 91586 uses

demographic data for 1976-77. This data is plotted using an X. The

'

•

I

new slope (the dash line) is plotted. The difference between the 1

i

two slopes is primarily inflation and growth.

r

Figure D.3 is from the same report but is based on 1977 data

for South America.

If inflation were the only factor, the solid line would be

translated vertically. If there were no inflation and a continued

j

growth in telecommunication services, the solid line would be trans- f

lated to the right. The dash line indicates that a combination of

these two factors is at play. It suggests that the growth of telecommunicition services is more rapid in developing nations than in

the more developed areas of the world. j

When the results of the field visitations became available

it was obvious that there was a substantial scatter in the data and

w i^
^^t^e iral ^( ....^ma^a ri

l 1

_

D2

simplistic models, such as the previous one, and the traditional

North American, European and CCITT (the Telephone and Telegraph

Committee of the International Telecommunications Union) methods

would not fit.

Figure 114 shows what happened when the data for four basic

island groups (Fiji, the Cooks, Kiribati and the Solomons) was plotted.

The test here was to determine if the number of telephones was greater

in the metropolitan areas than in the rural districts. From the

data any particular proposition could be proved or disproved.

This is an example of the wide diversity in the development of the

telecommunication facilities even within a single island group. For

this reason it is hazardous and unfair to try to generalize the results

A

of this very detailed field study.

Another example of the attempt to build modals is shown in

Figure D.5. In this case an attempt was made to relate the number

t

of telephones to the number of radio receivers. Again a substantial

scatter in data is noticed and it seems to make little difference

if the island group has an INTELSAT or submarine cable system.

It was also noted that there is a great asymmetry in the flow

of traffic within the Pacific islands. Slightly over thirty per cent

flows from one rim (metro) nation to another. An example of this

would be traffic from Australia to New Zealand or Australia to the

United States. (See Figure D.6).

Communications between the rim and island nations represent

approximately two thirds of the total traffic. There is a great

asymmetry, however: approximately five times as many telephone calls

l"^J
D3

are placed from a rim nation to an island nation as those that go

in the other direction. There are several reasons for this. One has

to do with relative economic status. Another is that the poorer island

nations have lost population to the rim and the immigrants have

called back to their home islands.

Traffic between the island nations stands at a remarkably

small 3.4%. Some island to island traffic transits a rim nation

or could be in one of the other categories (see above).

Figure D.7 provides a possible explanation of this flow.

For this particular example, traffic between Japan and Fiji has been

selected. It was later discovered that, when looking at the actual

traffic flow between these two nations, the asymmetry matches that which

would be predicted by Figure D.7. This is one isolated case and

would need to be developed further before it could be used as a

model.

The maritime satellite system, MARISAT, has completely upset

the traditional flow of traffic between ships and shore. High

frequency (HF) morse code traffic is almost entirely from shore

to ship with only brief responses going in the other direction. In

part this is due to the great difficulty in making contact with a

fi

ship at sea using the HF radio service. The 11ARISAT service provides

instant communications. Thy . conventional HF morse code has been

s

replaced by telex and voice. In both these services there is

,

FY

substantially more traffic flowing from the ships to the shore than

in the other direction. In very recent years traffic between ships has

started to appear. The MARISAT is an example of the hazard of using

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traditional traffic flow and volumes in predicting the re quirements of a new service. The same hazard is present in the Pacific

in trying to use the minuscule amounts of present day traffic data to

project into the late 80 0 s and 90's. (See Figure D.8).

It was observed that some telecommunications in the Pacific

tend to Follow cultural regions as shown in Figure D.9.

An attempt was also made to configure national and international networks along the lines that are laid down by the CCITT.

Figure D.10 shows a conventional traffic network. The numbers and

CT values relate to the CCITT switching hierarchy. Figure D.11

shows a hypothetical inter-island group communications scheme. In

reality many of the islands and island nations are too small to support

a complete hierarchy and therefore .everal levels in the international

and local class of stations are co-located in a single exchange. Here

again the traditional forms of traffic measurement and flow break

down. G

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TELEPHONES PER CAPITA (1975)

Figure D . 1 — Telephones per Capita (1975)

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.01 .1 1

TELEPHONES PER CAPITA

Figure D.2 — NASA Data (1976-77)

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.01 .1 1

TELEPHONES PER CAPITA

Figure D.3 — South American Telephones

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Figure D.9 - Cultural Regions in the Pacific

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APPENDIX E E1

Communications Choices

As indicated in Table 5.2.1

cation technologies was examined.

their attributes and limitations.

technologies follows.

Figures E.1 illustrates the

the cost per circuit (the vertical

a wide variety of telecommuniThese were categorized by

A description of the individual

present day situation as far as

axis) versus the number of circuits per link (the left axis) and the link distance (the right

axis). If it could be built and if it could withstand the rigors

of the ocean and the bottom, the submarine fiber optic cable might

be a very useful communications technique. This cost assumption

assumes that naked or nearly naked fibers could be strewn along

behind the fishing boat as it travels from one island to the other.

This is a totally untested technology and therefore has to be dismissed

from near term consideration.

Again using present day costs, Figure E.2 shows the magnitude

of the cost and the choices for internal national communications

of an island group.

Satellite technology is rapidly changing and the cost per

circuit of earth stations and satellites is declining at an astounding rate. Figure E.3 shows the impact of the changing earth

station cost upon the three dimensional cost figure.

As the cost of telecommunication plummets, the number of

potentially affordable choices increases substantially. These two

s

1
E2

factors combine to drive the economy of scale to further reduce

the cost per circuit.

Table E.1 is a list of potential communications technologies

that might become part of an integrated communications system such

as described as elsewhere in this report.
1 ' E3 i Figure S,.1 - Present Day Cost Effectiveness

ALL ZONES ARE APPROXIMATE AllD ARE FOR

ILLUSTRATION PURPOSES ONLY

^. NOTE: HF AND SATELLITES ARE BOTH

DESTINATION INSENSITIVE SERVICES AND THUS SOME INTERNAL COMBINATIONS

MAY BE POSSIBLE TO LOWER THE COST/CIRCUIT

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Figure E..2 - National Costs for various Forms of Telecommunications
6

NOTE: HF AND SATELLITES ARE BOTH

DESTINATION INSENSITIVE SERVICES AND THUS SOME INTERNAL COMBINATIONS

MAY BE POSSIBLE TO LOWER THE COST/CIRCUIT

Figure E.3 - Near Term Earth Station Cost Projections

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OF POOR Q^^'^'ta

r Table E-1 Communications Technologies

E6

INTER ISLAND FIBER OPTIC CABLES

The advent of high quality wide band fiber optics for communications introduces a new and novel possibility for inter-island communication.

Communications between a main island and its outlying islands may

be accomplished through the use of multiple strand fiber optic cables.

Multiple strands are used to guard against breakage or destruction of

individual strands. One form envisioned is to reel the thin fiber optics strands over the stern of a local fishing boat as it journeys from

one island to the other. The strands would be roughly equivalent in

size to some of the fishing line presently used. The fishing boat would

make multiple trips back and forth between the two islands. On each

trip it may follow the same or a different path. The shallow water ends

of the cable would be protected either by a shallow trench or through

an armored cable. In the deep water portions, the cable would lie on

the bottom.

It is recognized that various forms of erosion, currents, sea

creatures, etc. may cause individual strands to break with time.

Since any one strand of fiber optic has far more bandwidth than

is necessary for normal communications between the two islands, only

one strand needs to survive. When the active strand seaarates, the

traffic is transferred to another strand and so forth, until there are

only a few strands left. At this time, the fishing boat repeats its journeys 3

laying more fiber optic cable strands.

The intent here is to utilize simple local equipment and personnel

to provide a wideband communications function.

The laying of this type of cable is totally different than the

laying of a typical submarine cable where large ocean going ships are

required. Here the sophistication of a modern cable laying ship is

replaced by the simplicity of multiple strands and the abilities of

local boatmen to lay such strands. In one sense, these local boatmen

have been doing just this for many years as they lose countless miles

of fishing line in the pursuit of their quarry.

An investigation needs to be made of the type of degradations that

would be encountered on the open sea bottom and shorelines of such

a system.

The simplist approach is to use unarmored

The erosive effects of the shifting sands, the

the effects of coral and bottom vegetation all

strands of silicon.

nibbling of sea animals,

need to be considered.

i

These

buried

Armored fiber optics cables are readily available today.

cables have, in general, been designed for telephone pole and

r

installations.

P
E7

Table a-1 Communications Technologies (Continued)

Since the very broadband characteristics of the cable are not

utilLzed for the very thin route traffic between out islands and a central island, the repeaters may be stationed much further apart. Since

the spectrum utilized is contained entirely within the fiber, there is

no interference to other users of the frequency band. Therefore, entirely separate allocations may be made. This literally opens up a

whole new spectrum of uses and applications. Wideband FM, for instance,

may be utilized for transmission of voice or other services. This is

another way of eliminr,{ting the need for submerged repeaters.

Given the inherently wideband capabilities of fiber optic cables,

it is very difficult to envision, at this time, what new services the

cable might be put to after the basic voice communications requirements

are met. Certainly multi-channel voice is possible as is some television service. A paperless newspaper might also be envisioned. In

this case the central island would transmit to the outlying islands

brief bulletins which would be displayed LED or CRT units available to

the general public on the island. This simple service would be similar

to the moving letters display found in such places as Times Square,

New York.

The system does not employ either the ionosphere, cause RF radiation, or require any external authority.

It is unlikely that this form of simple fiber optic cable could

be used for very long distances (such as connecting island groups).

As such this would be the local feeder cable to the central island

from which another form of communications (HP, conventional cable or

satellite) would make the connection to the rest of the world.

Undersea Cables

-r

I

1

This description is limited to the traditional armored

copper submarine cable. Examples of this class are the Transpac

and Compac cables.

Most cables in this class are designed to carry trunk

traffic between rim points. Very few landings are made. The

principal landing points are the Hawaiian Islands, Fiji, Guam,

and New Zealand.

It is interesting to note that each of these landing points

has become a hub of its own within the Pacific. Is this cause

or effect? Furthermore, each of these locations now has an

INTELSAT earth station in operation. The submarine cables are

owned by the operating administrations or telecommunications

corporations of the rim nations. There seems little interest in

providing telecommunications to small islands or groups of islands along the basic route of the cable. The next large cable

installation will run directly from Honolulu to Japan without

any landings.

I

i

i i
E8

Table E-1 Communications Technologies (Continued)

A cable inherently is a point-to-point device. There is

no broadcast capability available. Unlike the Carribean and

Europe, there are few, if any, secondary cables radiating out

from the landing point to adjacent island groups. In one sense,

the INTELSAT earth stations, HF radio and tropo scatter all serve

this function.

Submarine cables of this class are expensive to lay and

require maintenance. For these reasons they are not economical

for short distance, low traffic connections in an area like the

Pacific.

Because of operational, administrative and economic

constraints, it is unlikely that the copper undersea cable will

become a major means of linking island groups.

Meteor Burst Communications

Meteor scatter systems operate on the basis of reflections from passing meteors. These meteors leave ionized trails

which may be used as reflection points to connect one location with another. The number of meteors varies with the time

of day and with the season. Point-to-point links may be constructed at VHF frequencies (typically 40-MHz). Since the

reflections can only connect two relatively small areas on

earth, many simultaneous transmissions may occur on the same

frequency band without mutual interference. The meteors do

not occur continuously and therefore, there is a need for constantly attempting to make connection from one island to the

other. As soon as a connection is made, a signal is returned

and the stored up data is sent in a burst (hence the name meteor

burst) to the destination station. Because the error rate

varies with the degree of ionization a • feedback method is

required to assure that the signals were received properly. If

not, a further transmission is necessary. Voice is not normally

used in this manner as it is not applicable to this type of

store and forward system. The transceivers operate at several

hundred watts and use five element yagis. Teletype is the best

form of transmission.

This method may be suitable for connecting islands within

a thousand miles of one another. It employs relatively simple

equipment and requires little of the operator. With the wide

spread advances in buffer storage equipment utilizing LSI

integrated circuit chips, this technique becomes more feasible

every day.

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4 E9

Table E-1 Communications Technologies (Continued) i

Several burst scatter systems are in use including one

by the Western Union Company for collecting hydrographic data.

Another is used by NORAD for emergency communications. Manu,

facturers of this equipment claim relatively good throughput

in spite of the bursty form of communications. This type of

communications might be particularly interesting for very

low bit rate applications, such as summoning help, reporting

basic statistics, ordering supplies, etc.

Because there are relatively few suppliers, further study

is necessary to verify the claims of connectivity and performance. The lack of a voice capability may be a serious drawback. Other forms of traffic, including reservation and commercial teletype could be accommodated and connected into the

rest of the world links through higher order communications

facilities. Meteor scatter,therefore, could provide the links

from an island group hub to some of the outlying islands. As

such, it may be an entry mechanism into the world of communications for some of these outlying islands.

High Frequency Radio

High frequency (HE) radio has been used for decades for both

local and long distance telecommunications. Using the ITU definition, HE radio consists of that part of the spectrum between 3

and 30 Megahertz. This region (also known as short wave) depends

on the ionosphere to reflect the signals radiated by relatively

simple antennas. The strength of the received HE signal depends

on many factors including the time of day, the height of the ionosphere and the distance from the transmitter. Directional antennas

may be employed to increase the signal strength and its direction.

Because the short wave frequencies are so widely used and because

the ionosphere is often unpredictable, substantial fading and cochannel interference takes place. HE radio links have been used

for many years for communications. Most advanced nations do not

depend on the HE radios for domestic services. They have replaced

these links with microwave, cable and satellite distribution

methods. There are many regions of the world where these technologies may not be applicable for one reason or another and therefore,

HE radio is still widely used.

HE radio is used for long distance voice, facsimile (especially

weather) and radio teletype services. It is widely used by ships.

It tends to represent the lowest technology risk because it has

been available for so long. It is highly acceptable in the Pacific

at this time and requires a rather minimal amount of service and

operator training. The operator must have the ability, however,

to cope with the fading and the interference. In some cases, this j

may require frequency hopping to maintain a contact.
Table E-1 Communications Technologies (Continued)

[ 1

,I

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E10

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4

This technology is applicable to relatively small numbers of

channels and quickly gets out of hand if more than ten or twenty

voice channels are required in most cases. Because of the fading

and other characteristics it is difficult but not impossible to

connect high frequency radio telephone into the international

telephone community. When this is done, it is often done through

an operator at a,hub (such as in Honolulu). The operator provides

the basic signaling and toll keeping functions.

HF radio services are characterized by relatively narrow bandwidths therefore they have limited applicability for small computers

or video.

Very High Frequency Radio

VHF links are often used for short-haul telecommunications.

The ITU definition of VHF is the range between 30 and 300

Megahertz (1 and 10 meters). In the United States, these frequencies are used extensively for mobile radio telephone, beepers

television channels 2 to 13 and FM radio broadcasting. Some

point to point VHF services are also used. In the Pacific, the

line of sight range and the relative simplicity of the equipment

has permitted local distribution networks to be established.

VHF radio equipment is easy to operate and is usually quite

rugged. Much of this eqipment was originally designed for taxi

cabs, trucks and other heavy service vehicles and therefore, can

accomodate many of the rigors of the Pacific.

Unlike the fading and interference of the HF radio circuits,

VHF radio tends to use frequency modulation, be essentially

interference free and it either is very quiet or does not work

at all.

;y A number of systems, using signalling and other telephone

operating procedures, have been established throughout the

Pacific. The approximate range of a VHF radio is about 30 or 40

statute miles. This may be extended if the transmitter and

receiver are both elevated or if intermediate VHF or UHF relay

stations are employed.

' p Except under relatively rare circumstances, the VHF signals

are insensitive to the ionosphere, the weather and other natural

phenomena. Since the signals are limited to the line or sight

distance, there usually is little frequency congestion.

4

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Table &-1 Communications Technologies (Continued)

Ultra High Frequency Radio

UHF radio is the spectrum between 300 MHz and 3 GHz (10

centimeters to 1 meter). In the United States, it is common to think

of this band as being occupied by UHF-TV stations (channels 14-53)

but it contains many other services including much point-to-point

microwave. For the purpose of this summary, the service is defined to be the personal radio telephone service and therefore

excludes the normal point to point microwave functions (see

another summary).

At UHF frequencies the effects of foliage and even rainfall

in some instances become more noticeable. The radio equipment

gets a little more fragile and may require more frequent service

and a higher level of training than either HP or VHF radio,

Within the United States there is quite a lot of new and used equipment

available for use in the 400 and 800 MHz regions for point-tomobile and even point-to-point applications.

The UHF equipment tends to use frequency modulation and it

is capable of a wider bandwidth service. The technology at these

frequencies continues to be more favorable to their usc.

Trope Scatter Links

Frequencies throughout the lower microwave bands (from

approximately 400 MHz to 6 GHz) may be used for over-the-horizon

communications. The tropospheric (tropo) scatter makes use of

the reflection characteristics of the troposphere that surrounds

the earth. High powered (1 to 10 kW) transmitters and highly

directional antennas at both ends of the link illuminate a common

volume in the troposphere. Locations separated by as much as

400 statute miles may be connected in this manner. The tropo

stations tend to be limited in capacity and quite expensive to

construct.

Constant Altitude Balloon Repeaters

As part of the meteorological and meteorological satellite

programs, the constant altitude balloon has been developed.

These balloons seek a particular height above the earth. If the I1 j

balloon rises above this height, its lifting capacity decreases, " 1

and it falls back towards the nominal height. Conversely, if it

decends too far, it lifts itself back into position through a

passive system. A series of such balloons was used in the French

Bole experiment several years ago. These were free floating

1
E12

Table E-1 Communications Technologies (Continued)

balloons. More recently a station keeping balloon system has been

proposed for communications. The balloon ties a gondola package

with a communications repeater. The repeater derives its energy

from solar cells and batteries. The balloon repeater acts as a

low altitude satellite. Some balloons have been designed to

operate at 70,000 feet. If the balloon can be kept in position

over an island, it may provide local traffic within that island

and to all other islands in sight. As anyone who has flown in

today's jet aircraft at 40,000 feet knows, the area of coverage

is immense. i

The up and down links probably would be at microwave frequencies and have all the attributes and drawbacks of point-topoint microwave. In addition, there is the problem of repairs

to the remote (balloon) repeaters. Unless there are multiple balloons

(to have at least one spare available at all times) it would be

difficult to repair a repeater without- taking the entire system

out of service.

t

While this technology is interesting, it has many potential 1

operational and servicing problems associated with it. It would

not seem that this is a near term solution. If the technology

is developed for other mainland applications, it might be

applied to the Pacific island case. The advent of relatively

simple microwave transmitting and receiving equipniint (derived Z

from the ever simpler satellite earth stations) could make this r

an attractive long range solution to both local and inter-island

communications. In an extreme case, there might even be balloonto-balloon links to tie together various clusters of islands.

Much of the technology involved here is similar to the satellite

requirements. Unlike geostationary satellites the balloon concept

does not require any orbit space.

I

T-NTELSAT Satellites

The International Telecommunications Satellite Organiza--

tion has two satellites (INTELSAT IV-F8 and INTELSA T IV-F4) in

the Pacific Ocean region at this time. Both satellites are

operational with F8 being the primary satellite and F4 being

a contingency satellite. INTELSAT IV-F5 which had been in the

Pacific has been removed from service.

When used in a heavy trunk mode, these satellites have

an average capacity of 3,750 circuits plus two TV channels. i

Each satellite has twelve transponders of 36-MHz each. In e !

addition to the global coverage, there are two steerable spot

beam transmit antennas. The anticipated design life was seven

years. INTELSAT IV-F4 was launched on Feb. 14, 1972 and F8 on Dec. 15, 1974.

S

b i?i
Table E-1 Communications Technologies (Continued)

The up-link is provided through global coverage horns. The

figure of merit of the up link varies from -15 dBi/K at the beam

center (at 174 to 180 degrees East longitude at the Equator)

to -18.6 dBi/K at the edge of thrl earth. The equivalent

isotropically radiated power (airp) at the beam center is

25.5 dBW for the global beams and 37.0 dBW for the spot beams, r

The spot beams cover an angle of 4.5 degrees each. It is important to realize that the spot beams only work in the space-toearth direction. Any earth stations utilizing the INTELSAT IV

series must have sufficient power for the global up-link

antenna.

Each spot beam may be connected to up to four transponders

of 36 MHz each. Most operations have not used the spot beams

on INTELSAT IV. If they are used in the Pacific, they are

probably pointing at Japan and the northwest U.S./British

Columbia. These transponders and beams would be used for heavy

trunk traffic between these points. The beams on the spare 4

satellite might be available for Pacific island coverage.

A system based on INTELSAT IV spot beam coverage may be

time limited and potentially dangerous from an operational f`

standpoint. The INTELSAT IVs have limited lifetimes remaining.

The more recent series (INTELSAT IV-A and V) do not have

the spot beams. The use of an INTELSAT IV-A or V for coverage r

of the Pacific Ocean basin must be done from an extreme

easterly or westerly orbit location so that the hemispheric

and zone beams may be used.

These satellites have coverage gaps in the middle of

their service area. This is because there is little or no

traffic in mid-Atlantic, mid-Indian Ocean or mid-Pacific.

' Global coverage is provided in these areas but at a lower

power level. To make use of the higher power and higher

sensitivity portions of the IV-A and V satellite series, it

is necessary to move the satellite position substantially.

While this may seem a radical procedure, the p ath loss changes

only 1.8 dB. This is more than made up by the higher antenna

gains on both the up and down links for these satellites

i

The present COMSAT earth stations in the Pacific utilize r

the global beams of these satellites. These earth stations

tend to use 13 meter (42.6 foot) antennas and fully redundant y

equipment. The cost of the Palau Island's earth station is {

$1,710,000 as indicated in the January 28, 1981 filing with

the Federal Communications Commission. This is an INTELSAT

standard-B class earth station.

~ f ,1

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E13
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r r Table E-1 Communications Technologies (Continued)

u

E14

Voice, video and record traffic may all be readily handled

through the INTELSAT series.

Another alternative is the leasing of specific transponders

on the INTELSAT series and operating onthe basis of a domestic

satellite service. The charge for such a service is approximately

$800 0 000 per year. At this price, a proemptable service is offered.

The traffic in the Pacific is the lowest of the three ocean areas

and therefore, the likelihood of being preempted is relatively small.

The use of the spot booms on INTELSAT V is not feasible since

those are limited to relatively high north latitudes. Even inverting

an INTELSAT V would not provide the coverage because now it would

cover south latitudes in the range of 40 to 50 degrees.

7.

♦I

J.
i

r

APPENDIX F F1

Existing Resources in the Pacific Basin

An inventory of the existing satellite and cable facilities

' was made as part of the engineering study. Table F.1 lists the submarine cables in the Pacific. The capacity and ownership are given.

Figure F.1 shows the routes taken by these cables. It is significant

to note that a new cable (labelled B) runs from Hawaii directly to

Japan and stops at no islands enroute. The A cable is a new U.S.

mainland to Hawaii link, and C runs from Canada to New Zealand and

i

Australia, stopping only at Hawaii, Fiji and Norfolk Island. Table F.2

e lists the cables projected for Pacific service during the next decade.

The satellites serving the Pacific Basin (present and projected

for the immediate future) are shown in Figure F.2. Military satellites

' (such as DSCS and Fleetsatcom) have not been shown because they cannot

provide domestic and international telecommunications of the type studied

herein. As indicated in section 5 of the present study, not all of the

satellites positioned over the Pacific provide coverage to all of the

island nations. F

Table F.3 and Figure F.3 shows the location of the INTELSAT

earth stations.

9

rr1

t

A thorough listing of all the Pacific cable and satellite

facilities is given in Table F.4.

Based upon the existing resources and the pent up demand for k

telecommunications service. an estimate has been made of the number of

circuits needed for just those countries visited during the present

study. (The figures in Tables F.5 through F.8 were provided by the

ITU regional office in Suva, Fiji). l
F2

The estimates are based on information acquired by the PSSC

team during country visits, with assistance from the ITU. The first

column of each table lists the island nations. The second provides

estimates of the earth stations (or voice circuits) in the fixed satellite

service. The columns for mobile and international satellite services

are estimates based on each of these services being located on the same

satellite as the fixed service. No estimates of the number of international earth stations is provided as the fixed and mobile earth stations

might serve this function. Not all fixed or mobile stations would be

authorized to originate international traffic (for toll reasons).

Assuming that these estimates represent the ideal and that it

may not be realized, it is possible to extrapolate for the region (beyond

the selected nations and entities listed) and suggest that some 3000 earth

stations will be needed by the island nations in the Pacific by 1992.

Television may become firmly established in American Samoa, the

Cook Islands, Fiji, Nauru, Niue, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands,

Tonga, Vanuatu and Western Samoa within the next several years. In some

of these entities (especially where the islands are spread out) some form of

direct broadcasting could be chosen to feed community receivers. At

least 75 such receivers are currently prc_,!cted, but the final number may

be much higher. The availability of low cost TV receive only earth stations

(for the home markets in Europe, North America and Japan) may make this

service attractive. The major limitations to direct broadcasting at

12 GHz in the Pacific are the heavy rainfall (and the resulting attenuation -- see Figure 5.2.4) and the WARC'79 satellite orbit assignments

(see Table F.9). The satellite assignments are spread over the arc 110E

to 160W (200E) (or 90 degrees) and would require at least ten satellites.

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Table F.1 - Submarine fables in the Pacific

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ORIGINAL' PAGE EQ

OF POOR QUALITY'

20S

0

20N

40N

60N

80N

i rT•iliGi

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A 33

53 c8 ^a 69 69

68

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Refer to Table F.1 180W 160 140 120 100W

Figure F.1 — Pacific Submarine Gables

fJ

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9
F5

Table F.2 - Submarine Cables Projected for the Pacific

it

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ORIGINAL PACZ 1,3

OF POOR QUALITY

7

SATELLITES SERVING THE PACIFIC BASIN

KEY NAME N,^T1ON FRED DATE

I Pal apa-B Indonesia 6/4 63

2 Yuri I88-2a1 Japan 14/12 83

3 Palapa-B Indonesia 6/4 03

4

0 '

9 84

3 STN-1 P.R.China ' B7

6 Btatsiomr-15 U.S.S.R. ' 87

7 Vo1na-6 1.6/1,5 87

8 Statsionar-7 6/4 87

9 Loutch-4 14/12 87

10 INTELBAT INTELBAT 6/4 74

II Marisat INMARSAT 1.6/1.5 76

12 Maracs

I a

83

13 INTELBAT INTELBAT 6/4 72

14 BTC-PGA U.S.A. 18/12 66

15 TDR88-NEST 2/2 83

15/13

16 Statsionar-10 U.S.S.R. 6/4 07

17 VOIna-7 116/115 87

18 loutch-P4 14/12 67

19 BTC-MBA U.B.A. 10112 06

20 AT8-1 VHF/VHF 66

21 Sitcom- IR 6A B2

22 8atcom-I 1

75

23

------------------------------

STC-CSA 16/12

-- ........

86

B7sUNKNONN DATE PROBABLY IN THE 8018.

Figure F. . 2 — Pacific Satellites

,g 1

9
I

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Table F.3 - INTELSAT Earth Stations

9
80N

60N

].,?.

4

5

40N

\_

6 t0N

7

0

8

9 ----

10 -----z0s11 40S

12-14

15

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OF POOR pllfiLf1 ,'

F8

•^^^ IY•1• Er...

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I f'

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16,17

18 s

19

// 0

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f,

C

_----23 I

100E 120 140 160 180E 200 220 240 2 OE

180W 160 140 120 100W

Refer to Table F.3 on Page 7

Figure F.3 - INTELSAT Earth Stations

A

Y^

a

O ^1
u

F9

Table F.4 - Pacific Communications Services

STATION SAT. SUB NATION

NAME SYST CABLE

•k•kiririr*• ir•k^F'!t 1e •k•kir ** ** *•* **** ir* * * *1t *•k•k* *•*** ** •k*•k•* *•k **•k ir* ir•k•k ir•*•k*ir•k•k1r^t 1r•kit*•* 1r•k *•k•** ir•*

Carnarvon I A-PNG AUSTRALIA

Cairns, Queensland SEACOM

Canberra A

Moree I

Sydney A COMPAC

11 ANZCAN

it TASMAN

U. of N S Wales A

(Domestic) ANSCS*

Norfolk Island

----------------------------------------------

ANZCAN*

------

Lake Cowichan I CANADA

Port Alberni COMPAC

Vancouver A

Avarua I COOK IS.

Rarotonga A

Suva A,I COMPAC FIJI

ANZCAN*

----------------------------------------------------

Papenoo I FRENCH POLYNESIA

Djatiluhur I INDONESIA

(Domestic) Palapa

--------------

Ibaraki I JAPAN

Ninomiya TPC -i

it(?) TPC-3*

(Domestic) Yuri

II Sakura

----------------------------------------------------

Tarawa A

Alafua A

KIRIBATI

I 0;1
Saipan

MaJuro

Kosrae

Ponape

Truk

Yap

Nauru

L'ile Nou

Noumea

Warkworth

Wellington

Auckland

Niue

Palau

Lae

Port Moresby

Madang

(Domestic)

Pinuguay

Baler

San Miguel

Cirrimao

to

(Domestic)

J

F10

A,I N. MARIANAS

A

-----------------------------------------------

MARSHALL ISLANDS

A

------------------------------------------------

FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA

A

A

A

--------------------

I

--- ---------------- ---- ---

NAURU

I

-----------------------------------------------

NEW CALEDONIA

A

I

-----------------------------------------------

NEW ZEALAND

A TASNAM

COMPAC

ANZCAN*

A NIUE

A,I*

---------- -- -----------------------------------

PALAU (BALAU)

A PAPUA NEW GUINEA

A A-PNG

SEACOM

ANSCS*

I

-------------------°--------------------------

PHILIPPINES

TPC-1

PI-VIET-NAM

OLUHO

PHILSIN

Palapa

i

i

t

r '

a

f

r ^

f

g^

I c i

a,

I^

II

i
F11

'

Honiara A,I SOLOMON IS.

Nuku'alofa A,I

----------------------------------------------

TONGA

Funafuti A

---------------- ------------- -----------------

TUVALU

Jamesburg I U.S.A. CA.

i.

Point Arena Domsats

San Luis Obispo- HAW-1

11 HAW-2

Santa Cruz A HAW-3

Various Univ. A (CA.)

Morrison (Denver) A - (CO.) t

(PSSC)

Barbers Point Westar (HI.)

Barking Sands Satcom

(DOD) z

Hanauma Bay HAW-1

Honolulu A

" Satcom

r Hickam Westar j

Hickam* I*

Kaena Point Westar

Kaipapa Domsat

Keawaula Bay COMPAC

Makaha HAW-2

" HAW-3

. " TPC-1

" TPC-2

TPC-3*

" 7^ ANZCAN* j

Makua HAW-JI

Sunset Comstar

Paumalu I I

Waimanalo Comstar

Brewster I - - HAW - - (WA.)

Pago Pago A,I (AM. SAMOA)

Pulantant A,I - - (GUAM)

€ Agana TPC-I (GUAM)

it

Tumon Bay SEACOM

Fine ayan*

(DOD

I*

Johnston Islands _ - HAW-JI - - (JOHNSTON IS.)

i

dolk
F 12

Midway Is. TPC-1 (MIDWAY)

Wake Is. TPC-1 _ (WAKE)

Efate

--------------------------------------------------

I VANUATU

Vila A

Afiamalu

--------------------------------------------------

I W. SAMOA

Apia A

*********************************

NOTES

A=ATS-1 (PEACESAT, Univ. of South Pacific and DISPNET)

ANSCS* = Australian Domsat**

COMSAT=HAWTEL DOMESTIC US satellite**

I-INTELSAT

Palapa=Indonesian/SEATO domsat*

Sakura=Japanese domestic satellite (also know as CS, CSE or JCS)**

Satcom=RCA SATCOM domestic US satellite**

Westar=Western Union domestic US satellite**

Yuri =Japanese direct broacast satellite (also known as BS, BSE or JBS)**

*=PROPOSED

**=The coverage of these satellites is generally limited to the areas

indicated for technical or institutional reasons.

Date: May, 1981

--------------------------------------------------

Prepared at

THE COMMUNICATIONS CENTER

OF CLARKSBURG

Clarksburg, Maryland, USA

It

ii

' 4y/
F13

TABLE F . 5

VOICE CIRCUIT PROJECTIONS FOR 1987

VOICE CIRCUITS (FULL CHANNELS)

FIXED MOBILE INT'L

100 100 50

120 60 12

25 10 20

110 20 100

200 100 300

60 20 0

0 0 12

0 0 0

2000 200 48

200 60 30

30 12 40

18 1 4

90 50 28

50 10 38

NATION

AMERICAN SAMOA

BELAU

COOK ISLANDS

F.S. OF MICRONESIA

FIJI

KIRIBATI

NAURU

NIUE

PAPUA NEW GUINEA

SOLOMON ISLANDS

TONGA

TUVALU

VANUATU

WESTERN SAMOA

TOTAL

250

192

55

230

600

80

12

0

2248

290

82

23

168

98

J

-- - - - - - - - - - - - - GRAND T 0 1' A L S - - - - - - - - - - - -

3003 643 682 4328

r^

f
TABLE F.6

VOICE CIRCUIT PROJECTIONS FOR 1992

VOICE CIRCUITS (FULL CHANNELS)

NATION FIXED MOBILE INT'L TOTAL

AMERICAN SAMOA 200 200 100 500

BEI,AU 240 15 120 375

COOK ISLANDS 50 15 40 105

F. S. OF MICRONESIA 240 30 60 330

FIJI 400 200 160 760

KIRIBATI 100 40 0 140

NAURU 0 0 20 20

NIUE 0 0 0 0

PAPUA NEW GUINEA 5000 400 96 5496

SOLOMON ISLANDS 400 90 60 550

TONGA 70 24 90 184

TUVALU 27 1 7 35

VANUATU 200 80 60 340

WESTERN SAMOA 100 20 80 200

-- - - - - - - - - - - - - GRAND TOTALS - - - - - - - - - - - - -

' 7027 1115 893 9035

s.

u

F14

K
J

d

s

I ^ 1

II

TABLE F . 7 F15

EARTH STATION PROJECTIONS FOR 1987

t EARTH STATIONS

' NATI ON FIXED MOBILE INT'L TOTAL

s

AMERICAN SAMOA 30 100 100

t

z

BELAU 60 30 90

COOK ISLANDS 15 10 25

F. S. OF MICRONESIA 40 20 60

FIJI 100 100 200.

ti KIRIBATI 24 20 44

NAURU 0 0 0

NIUE 1 1 2

s;

r '

PAPUA NEW GUINEA 1000 200 1200

SOLOMON ISLANDS 40 60 100

TONGA 12 12 24

TUVALU 9 4 13

VANUATU 30 50 80

WESTERN SAMOA 15 10 25

-- - - - - - - - - • - - - GRAND TOTALS--------- ---

1376 617 1993
i

1

.j

TABLE F.8 F16

EARTH STATION PROJECTIONS FOR 1992

EARTH STATIONS

NATION FIXED MOBILE INT'L TOTAL

AMERICAN SAMOA 60 200 260

BELAU 120 60 180

COOK ISLANDS 15 15 30

F. S. OF MICRONESIA 80 30 110

FIJI 200 200 400

KIRIBATI 48 40 88

NARAU 0 0 0

NIUE 2 1 3

PAPUA NEW GUINEA 2000 400 2400

SOLOMON ISLANDS 80 90 170

TONGA 24 24 48

TUVALU 9 7 16

VANUATU 60 80 140

WESTERN SAMOA 20 20 40

-- - - - - - - - - - - - - GRAND TOTALS--------- --

2718 1167 3885
x^

a

r F17

r

TABLE F.9

ORBIT LOCATIONS FOR 12-GHz DIRECT BROADCASTING

(Per WARC-77 Final Acts)

a

• NATION LONGITUDE CHANNELS

AMERICAN SAMOA 170E 5

BELAU 122E

COOK ISLANDS 158E 8

F. S. of MICRONESIA 122E

FIJI 152E 3

FRENCH POLYNESIA 160W 4

GUAM 122E 5 r

MARIANAS 122E 5

it

1

MARSHALLS 146E 5 j

9

NEW CALEDONIA 140E 4

I

'

i

NAURU 134E 4

NIUE 158E 2

PALMYRA 170E 5 i

i

PAPUA NEW GUINEA 110E 4

128E 3

'

TONGA 170E 2

TOKELAU 158E 4

WAKE 140E 5

WESTERN SAMOA 158E 4

TOTAL: 73

i

* The WARC-77 allocated 5 TV channels to the Caroline Islands.

r
1 ^r3

1 j.

r1

a

r'

" ORIGINAL PAGR f9

• OF POOR QUALITY

WARC '79 Re gion 3 Rules and Regulations

.' Extracted from the "Final Acts of the World Administrative

r•r, Radio Conference (1979) v Geneva f 1979 ( Unofficial Version)

a Volume I: Articles N111 to N73; International

Telecommunications Union, Geneva, Switzerland" MIS Document

PB80-148075)

w1Z

2 500 - 2 655

AllocaLion to Bcrvicen

Brl;io" I Rerion 2 Region 3

:$ 5A0 %'2:(i?::::::::::> :•`:$#::::$:3$:::::::>::: 2 500 - 2 535

4E5 ti i}' Sx f9 j•.: >$5 1 x5f 8* ....

f.....:::.}x...;. FIXED 3'r 3722/364

77:,V..i^lfJYvtYC,', •',x'Y,Ei,:;'?;';:;'':''';';:$ FIXED-F,ATELLITE

;:j•,'.Y:•'.•" r}{:?;'.''r,'rr,C:tL<ivfakaO:;CCt1l;^;:, Yavf (apace-to-Earth)

S::aerr,Jnodf, <4x;»o;VJ,$o ;$: ::al S$, : 2 :>:: ;::; 3723/364F

:::•'fitiGoblCl1llCkkRS6fltMh rf '::2jor?f ^:,u%<O S :y:>::::::':i:> MOBILE except

t;:f11}'{;fctf¢'1,.5D12;^;^;:;:;:^e •ituiF'rrn^',^2::;o6ih;t}::;: aeronautical mobile

''i••• i^:^fiA^l?dhSfixN1S. PlJ^ti+fili^^^p::: BROADCAiTI1 JO-SATELLITE

9G,L•$i^ Y.9f% : kR:.'• ^%:> 37/ 1 3h18 3726/ 36411

37 23B

2- 2 6 535 5 5

FIXED 3T 21 /36 C 3 4 7 22 36 D / 4

MOBILE exceptpt

aeronautical mobile

DROADCASTIBC-SATELLITE

3715/361B 3 T26/ 364N

i^9rk7t9k#^fi'••• i41••>S2 >i^3i^ i:i^ :^'ri:$»i^i^i^ i^i^3i:'r:^ i^i^::i^i^i^3i^i^'^^

:$9&ditissi:^•.::<«^ ^::::•.•>^:^>:^>:'t^ '^ ^^^S,.;f#k(xG.1JG:^9tt^00:::•,•.222^:^:

The footnotes for this table are listed on the next page.

APPENDIX G G1

i

t

I

— ^1
^r

u x a

ORIGINAL PAGE 19 G2

OP p00R QUALITY

Footnotes for the band 2500-2690 MHz in Region 3:

ADD 3600D The bands 1 370 - 1 40D 1411z, 2 640 - 2 655 Nilz,

4 950 - 4 990 1411z and 15.20 - 15.35 GIN are slue allocated to the apace rosearr

(passive) and earth exploration-satellite (passive) servican on a secondary

basis.

3715 361D The use of the band 2 500 - 2 690 Wfz by the

braadcasting- ontellite service is limited to national and regional systems for

community reception and such use shall be subject to agreement obtained under

the procedure not forth in Article H13A. The power flux-density at the Earth's

surface shall not exceed the values given in Noe. 60 59/ 11 7ON11 to 6062/47ONK. I

NOC 3721 364C When planning new tropospheric scatter radio-relay links

in the band 2 500 - 2 690 NHz, all possible measures shall be taken to avoid

directing the antennae of these links towards the geostationary ontellite orbit.

NOD 3722 364D Administrations shall make all practicable efforts to ;.j

•avoid•devoloping new tropospheric scatter ayatema in the band 2 500 - 2 690 P54,

ra

HOD 3723 364E The use of the bands 2 500 - 2 690 Wit in Region 2 and ^)

2 500 - 2 535 Niz and 2 655 - 2 690 NHz in Region 3 by the fixed-satellite

service is limited to national and regional ayatema; such use shall be

subject to agreement obtained under the procedure Bet forth in Article 1113A, I^

giving particular attention to the broadcasting-satollite service in Region 1.

In the direction apace-to-Earth, the power flux-density at the Earth's surface

shall not exceed the values given in 6059/h70NH to 6062/47ONK.

i;

ADD 37230 Subject to agreement obtained under the procedure set

forth in Article N13A, the band 2 500 - 2 535 MHz may also be used in Region 3

for the mobile-satellite (apace-to-Earth), except aeronautical mobile-Satellite,

service for operation limited to'within national boundaries. j

.' .

3726 364H In the denign of systems in the broadcasting-satellite

service in the bands between 2 500 and 2 690 tlllz, administrations are urged

to take all rocensary steps to protect the radio astronomy service in the band

2 690 - 2 70+,^. tart.

4^

1^

I ;

® 4