Vehicle Type Package Notes

Small car 106 hp 103 ft-lb 2625 lb 10.8 hp Zero Tech

INPUT

Heat new content

Lost To Irreversibilities, complete/checked

Gearbox, Exhaust & etc.

Mass Drag Tires T.C. Coolant do not use

Braking / Aero Rolling Trans Access Friction Pumping Ind Eff Second

Inertia Load Load Losses Losses Losses Losses Losses Law Check

23% 37% 40%

4.4% 7.2% 7.8% 3.9% 1.6% 6.6% 4.4% 34.0% 30.0% 100.0%

0% 0% 0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% n/a OK

4.4% 7.2% 7.8% 3.9% 1.6% 6.6% 4.4% 34.0% 30%

Road load kWh 0.41 0.66 0.71

Indicated Mech Brake Drivetrain Cycle Fuel Road includes some techs

Efficiency Efficiency Efficiency Efficiency Efficiency Efficiency Loads 41.2 mpg (combined)

2008 Baseline 36.0% 64.9% 23.4% 83.3% 100.0% 19.5% 100.0% 0.024 gal/mi

New 36.0% 64.9% 23.4% 83.3% 100.0% 19.5% 100.0% GHG emissions 221 g/mi CO2E

assumes no techs

Tractive 9.13 kWh

1.78 PMEP Brake 39.8 mpg (unadj)

100.0% Fuel Consumption (GGE/mile) Original friction/brake ratio Losses Efficiency 0.025 gal/mi

0.0% FC Reduction vs no-techs Based on PMEP/IMEP >>>> 11% 25% GHG emissions 228 g/mi CO2E

0.0% FE Improvement (mpgge) (GM study) =71.1% mech efficiency

0.0% FE Improvement (mpg) fuel economy 39.83 mpg (unadj)

-3.4% GHG reduction vs 2008 Ricardo baseline fuel consumption 0.025 gal/mi

0.0% GHG reduction vs no-techs GHG emissions 228 g/mi CO2E

Independent % or User Picklist Devel

Technology FC Estimate* Loss Category Implementation into estimator Level Include? (0/1) Dev status Notes

Vehicle mass reduction 5-6% per 10% Braking/stopped, inertia, rolling resistance 0% 0

Aero Drag Reduction 2.1% per 10% Aero 14.4% aero (cars), 9.5% aero (trucks)0% 0

Rolling Resistance Reduction 1.5% Rolling 9.5% rolling 0% 0

Low Fric Lubes 0.5% Friction 2% friction 0

EF Reduction Friction variable% friction 2 0

4V on 2V Baseline 3.0% Pumping, friction 20.5% pumping, -2.5% fric 0

ICP 2.0% Pumping 13.5% pumping, +0.2% IE, -3.5% fric 0

DCP 4.0% total VVT Pumping 23.5% pumping, +0.2% IE, -2.5% fric 0

CCP 4.0% total VVT Pumping 23.5% pumping, +0.2% IE, -2.5% fric 0

Deac 6.0% Pumping, friction 30% pumping, -2.5% frict 0

DVVL 4.0% Pumping 27% pumping, -3% friction 0

CVVL 5.0% Pumping 33% pumping, -3% friction 0

Turbo/Downsize (gas engines only) Pumping variable IE ratio, P, F 0% 0

5-spd gearbox 2.5% Pumping 6% pumping 0

6-spd gearbox 5.5% Pumping 8% pumping, +0.1% IE 0

8-spd gearbox Pumping 15% pumping, 13% trans, +0.5% IE 0

CVT 6.0% Trans, pumping 41% pumping, -5% trans 0

DCT Wet 6.7% Trans 21% trans (increment) 0

DCT Dry 10.0% Trans 25% trans (increment) 0

Early upshift (formerly ASL) 2.0% Pumping 10.5% pumping 0

Optimized shift strategy 5.5% Pumping, IE, friction 11% pumping, 11% frict, +0.1% IE 0

Agg TC Lockup 0.5% Trans 2% trans 0

High efficiency gearbox (auto) Trans variable % Trans 25% 0

12V SS (idle off only) 2.0% P,F,trans 3% pumping, 3% friction, 2% trans 0

High voltage SS, with launch (BAS) 7.5% B/I, P, F, trans 11% B/I, 3% P, 3% F, 2% trans 0

Alternator regen on braking 2.0% Access 10% pumping 0 included in 12V SS

EPS 2.0% Access 22% access 100% 0 included in BAS, hybrids

Electric access (12V) 1.5% Access 12% access 0

Electric access (high V) 3.0% Access 42% access 0

High efficiency alternator (70%) Access 15% access 0 included in BAS

GDI (stoich) 1.5% Ind Eff + 0.55% IE 0

GDI (stoich) w/ cooled EGR +1.9% IE, 41% pumping 0

GDI (lean) Ind. Eff, pumping +1.3% IE, 41% pumping 0

Diesel - LNT (2008) 30.0% Ind Eff, P, F, trans see comment 0 No displacement factor for diesel

Diesel - SCR (2008) 35.0% Ind Eff, P, F, trans see comment Motor kW 0 No displacement factor for diesel

Hybrid drivetrain (need to select transmission style!) Inertia, trans, acc IE, F, P 0 0 Need to select trans type (auto or DCT) a

Secondary axle disconnect 1.3% Trans 6% trans 0

Low drag brakes 0.8% Braking/inertia 3.5% B/I 0

Atkinson cycle engine Ind. Eff, - pumping +6% IE, -30% pumping 0 for use with HEVs only - no displacemen

Advanced Diesel (2020) Ind Eff, P, F, trans see comment 0 Assumes T2B2 emissions level

blank 0 placeholder

Plug-In %EV = 50% 0

0.0%

Applied Theor MaxActual

Inertia 0.0% 95% 0.0%

Aero 0.0% 100% 0.0%

Rolling 0.0% 100% 0.0%

Trans 0.0% 60% 0.0%

Access 0.0% 80% 0.0%

Friction 0.0% 50% 0.0%

Pumping 0.0% 90% 0.0%

Ind Eff % (absolute) 36.0% 50% 36.0%

fuel economy

fuel consumption

Current package values

Current Results

% of tractive energy

Baseline % of fuel

Reduction

% of NEW fuel

req'd fuel energy

2008 Ricardo baseline values

Regressed baseline values

Fuel Economy

Fuel Consumption

Resulting % reductions in loss categories

Pick one max

Pick one max

Pick one max

Pick one max

Pick one max

Pick one max

Pick one

Additive to trans;

Included in P2

Vehicle Energy Effects Estimator

Gross Indicated Energy

Brake Energy Total Engine Friction

Road Loads

Rated Power Rated Torque ETW 50mph RL
Baseline Regression terms (derived from analysis of 2010 and 2008 simulation data - reference file: Analysis and Regressio

Brake eff regression TC eff regression

Coefficients Coefficients

Intercept 0.207831275 Intercept 0.871588357

Torque -0.00027695 torq/pwr 0.107103009

ETW -6.2192E-06 50mph RL 0.008081211

50mph RL 0.00653143 ETW -4.0141E-05

Alt regen+SS 0.019809132

Wheel energy regression Access loss regression

Coefficients Coefficients

Intercept 0.068252978 Intercept 0.021218141

ETW 0.000239619 Torque -2.0453E-05

50mph RL 0.09988335 ETW -1.3252E-06

Truck (m. fan) 0.009956939

Baseline 

Ind. Efficiency

36%

Baseline vehicle characteristics

Vehicle Rated power Rated torque ETW 50mph RL Alternator Mech fan

class hp ft-lb lb hp regen on brake (trucks only)

2008 Small car 106 103 2625 10.82 0 0

2008 Standard car 158 161 3625 11.33 0 0

2008 Large car 250 250 4000 14.78 0 0

2008 Small MPV 169 161 4000 15.08 0 0

2008 Large MPV 205 240 4500 15.84 0 0

2008 Truck 300 365 6000 22.86 0 1

(For reference only)

Target attributes of 2010 baseline vehicles (including the following: 6 spd auto, increased trans efficiency, 70% alternator, 12

2010 Small car 106 103 2625 10.82 1 0

2010 Standard car 158 161 3625 11.33 1 0

2010 Large car 250 250 4000 14.78 1 0

2010 Small MPV 169 161 4000 15.08 1 0

2010 Large MPV 205 240 4500 15.84 1 0

2010 Truck 300 365 6000 22.86 1 1

Baseline road load characteristics - from 2010 snapshot data (rev 24)

Inertia Aero Rolling Inertia Aero Rolling

Load Load Load Load Load Load

2010 Small car 3.9% 8.6% 7.2% 20% 44% 36%

2010 Standard car 4.8% 6.5% 7.0% 26% 36% 38%

resulting % of fuel % of tractive energy
2010 Large car 3.9% 5.8% 8.2% 22% 32% 46%

2010 Small MPV 4.6% 7.6% 7.8% 23% 38% 39%

2010 Large MPV 4.4% 6.4% 7.2% 25% 36% 40%

2010 Truck 3.9% 6.7% 7.5% 22% 37% 41%

Averages 4.3% 6.9% 7.5% 23% 37% 40%

use these for ALL vehicle classes

because cannot regress without all ETW, aero and tire sp
: Analysis and Regression of 2008-2010 Ricardo nominal runs for LP update.xlsx

Trans efficiency

non-truck truck

2008 87.0% 83.7% used 2008 data for main baselines, and trans losses reduced 7% for 2010 vintage

2010 88.0% 84.7%

Differences are mostly due to individual technologies present on t

2010 Baseline Baseline Base friction Base pumping Base TC Base trans Base D/L Braking/

net brake eff access % losses % losses % losses % losses % losses % Stopped

23.4% 1.6% 6.6% 4.4% 1.0% 2.9% 3.9% 4.5%

21.5% 1.3% 7.9% 5.3% 1.6% 2.6% 4.2% 4.0%

21.0% 1.1% 8.3% 5.6% 1.3% 2.6% 3.9% 4.0%

23.7% 1.3% 6.6% 4.4% 1.5% 2.9% 4.4% 4.4%

21.7% 1.0% 8.0% 5.3% 1.2% 2.7% 3.9% 4.1%

21.9% 1.6% 7.5% 5.0% 1.2% 3.4% 4.6% 4.0%

ciency, 70% alternator, 12V stop-start, + proper technologies selected for each class such as EPS and VVT) 

25.3% 1.6% 5.5% 3.6% 1.1% 2.9% 4.0% 4.9%

23.5% 1.3% 6.7% 4.5% 1.7% 2.6% 4.3% 4.4%

23.0% 1.1% 7.1% 4.8% 1.4% 2.6% 4.0% 4.4%

25.7% 1.3% 5.4% 3.6% 1.7% 2.9% 4.5% 4.9%

23.7% 1.0% 6.8% 4.5% 1.3% 2.7% 4.0% 4.5%

23.9% 1.6% 6.3% 4.2% 1.3% 3.5% 4.8% 4.4%
 all ETW, aero and tire specs
ced 7% for 2010 vintages

echnologies present on the modeled 2008 baselines (e.g., EPS, DCP, 5-spd auto, etc.)

No tech 2008

baseline Actual

Inertia Aero Rolling Net Ewheeldriveline Efuel comb FE comb FE Checksum

Load Load Load kWh eff kWh mpg mpg

8.0% 4.0% 3.0% 1.78 83.3% 9.13 47.7 41.2 OK

7.1% 3.6% 2.7% 2.07 80.6% 11.95 36.5 32.0 OK

7.0% 3.5% 2.6% 2.50 81.6% 14.59 29.9 25.5 OK

7.9% 4.0% 3.0% 2.53 81.3% 13.15 33.2 28.8 OK

7.3% 3.7% 2.7% 2.73 82.2% 15.32 28.5 23.1 OK

7.1% 3.6% 2.7% 3.79 79.2% 21.88 19.9 17.6 OK

8.8% 4.4% 3.3% 1.78 84.3% 8.32 52.4 OK

7.8% 3.9% 2.9% 2.07 81.6% 10.82 40.3 OK

7.8% 3.9% 2.9% 2.50 82.5% 13.19 33.1 OK

8.7% 4.3% 3.2% 2.53 82.3% 11.99 36.3 OK

8.1% 4.0% 3.0% 2.73 83.1% 13.88 31.4 OK

7.8% 3.9% 2.9% 3.79 80.1% 19.84 22.0 OK