PUBLISH 

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT 

_________________________________ 

JACOB McGEHEE; STEVEN RAY 

HEATH, 

 Plaintiffs - Appellants, 

v. 

FOREST OIL CORPORATION; 

LANTERN DRILLING COMPANY, 

 Defendants - Appellees, 

and 

SOUTHWEST ELECTRONIC ENERGY 

CORPORATION, 

 Defendant Third-Party Plaintiff, 

v. 

ENGINEERED POWER LP; 

TELEDRIFT, INC., 

 Third-Party Defendants. 

No. 17-6238 

_________________________________ 

Appeal from the United States District Court 

for the Western District of Oklahoma 

(D.C. No. 5:15-CV-00145-C)

_________________________________ 

Reggie N. Whitten (Michael Burrage and J. Revell Parrish with him on the briefs), of 

Whitten Burrage, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, for Plaintiffs - Appellants. 

FILED 

United States Court of Appeals 

Tenth Circuit 

November 6, 2018

Elisabeth A. Shumaker 

Clerk of Court
2 

Clark W. Crapster of Steidley & Neal, P.L.L.C, Tulsa, Oklahoma, for Defendants - 

Appellees. 

_________________________________ 

Before BRISCOE, LUCERO, and MATHESON, Circuit Judges. 

_________________________________ 

MATHESON, Circuit Judge. 

_________________________________ 

Plaintiffs Jacob McGehee and Steven Ray Heath appeal the district court’s grant 

of summary judgment to defendants Forest Oil Corp. and Lantern Drilling Co.1

 Forest 

and Lantern leased a drilling device from Teledrift, the plaintiffs’ employer, and returned 

the device after using it in drilling operations. Plaintiffs then proceeded to clean and 

disassemble it. Mr. McGehee discovered that, in addition to mud and other debris, 

several small bolts had fallen into the device. While he attempted to remove these 

materials, the lithium battery inside the device exploded, injuring himself and Mr. Heath. 

They sued Forest and Lantern for negligently causing the explosion by allowing bolts to 

fall into the device. Following discovery, Forest and Lantern moved for summary 

judgment, which the district court granted, holding they did not owe the plaintiffs a duty 

of care under Oklahoma tort law. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we 

affirm. 

 

1

 According to the Petition that commenced this case in state court, Forest and 

Lantern “were engaged in a partnership whereby they shared the right to control the 

business and shared in all the profits and losses of the business.” Petition ¶ 43, ROA, 

Vol. I at 34. The parties treat Forest and Lantern as acting in concert as to all matters 

relevant to the issues presented in this appeal. 
3 

I. BACKGROUND 

A. Factual Background 

Forest and Lantern leased a drilling device from Teledrift. The plaintiffs’ expert, 

Joseph D. Jolson, submitted a report that described the device as follows: 

From about 2004 - 2008, Teledrift and an acquired 

company’s engineers designed the Proshot; a measurement 

while drilling (MWD) tool that uses wireless positive mud 

pulsing technology to provide inclination and azimuth 

measurements to workers at the well surface during 

vertical downhole drilling. Teledrift and the acquired 

company’s design team knew Excell and [Southwest 

Electronic Energy Corporation (“SWE”)] as designers and 

manufacturers of the lithium-thionyl chloride cell 

containing battery packs used to power MWD tools. Both 

companies were asked to design battery packs for the 

Proshot MWD tool. Excell was chosen as the initial 

manufacture[r].

The Proshot MWD tool’s cylindrical battery pack 

contains six spirally-wound, high-rate, high-capacity DD, 

lithium-thionyl chloride cells arranged in series. To make 

a Proshot MWD tool battery assembly, the battery pack is 

slipped inside a copper-beryllium tube with a wall 

thickness of almost 0.2 inches. Bulkheads at each end of 

the copper-beryllium tube keep the battery pack in place 

and allow electrical connection to the instrument package. 

The Proshot’s battery assembly is approximately 41⁄2 feet 

long.

The Proshot MWD tool instrument package is 

approximately 3-feet long. It has a valve body with a 

diameter of about 41⁄2 inches which becomes one end of the 

fully assembled Proshot MWD tool. Near the valve body 

is the locking collar. When the Proshot instrument 

package is connected to the battery assembly, the Proshot 

MWD tool is 89.85 inches long. The centralizer has a 

diameter of about 31⁄2 inches and is the part of the battery 

assembly furthest from the valve body. Between the valve 

body and the centralizer, the diameter of the Proshot MWD 
4 

tool is mostly much smaller than 31⁄2 inches with the 

locking collar having the largest diameter.

Before shipment to a drill site, Teledrift connects 

the Proshot’s instrument package to a battery assembly. 

The Proshot MWD tool’s valve body is inserted into the 

box end of the cylindrical drill collar which has an opening 

of about 43⁄4 inches. It is pushed further in until it comes to 

rest on a shoulder at the pin end of the drill collar which 

has an opening of about 21⁄2 inches.

The length of the resulting drill collar assembly can 

range from 10 to 16 feet. For most of the Proshot MWD 

tool’s length, there is a gap between its outside diameter 

and the inside diameter of the drill collar. When the drill 

collar assembly is downhole, the Proshot MWD tool is 

vertical and the battery assembly is above the instrument 

package. During drilling, lubricating mud or lubricating 

mud mixed with loss circulation material (LCM) is forced 

into the opening at the box end of the drill collar. The mud 

or mud/LCM mixture travels down the gap between the 

battery assembly and drill collar, reaches the instrument 

package, passes the narrowing gap at the locking collar, 

slips through holes in the Proshot’s valve body and exits at 

the pin end of the drill collar assembly. 

ROA, Vol. I at 137. In their opposition to summary judgment, the 

plaintiffs submitted the following diagram and photograph of the ProShot 

MWD. ROA, Vol. II at 190-91. 
5 

As described by Dr. Jolson and as depicted above, the ProShot Measurement 

While Drilling (“ProShot MWD” or “ProShot”) tool, when fully assembled, includes a 

valve body, a paddle, a locking collar, a lithium battery, a piston, a centralizer, and a 
6 

debris catcher. This assembly fits into a cylindrical drill collar, also called a drill pipe or 

“sub.” ROA, Vol. I at 145-46. 

In addition to the foregoing names of the ProShot MWD collar assembly parts, 

this opinion uses terms related to the drilling operator’s use of the tool. The “drill hole” 

is the hole in the ground where the drill pipe containing the ProShot assembly is inserted. 

“Downhole” refers to the shaft of the “drill hole.” Thus, mud or rocks falling 

“downhole” necessarily drop into the “drill hole,” and may also fall into the “drill pipe” 

containing the ProShot assembly, including the lithium battery. 

The terms “debris catcher” and “drill screen” (or “debris screen”) appear in the 

record without much explanation or discussion. We understand “debris catcher” to 

be a part of the ProShot MWD assembly that sits on top of the ProShot tool and is 

placed along with the tool inside the drill pipe (or collar). We understand “drill 

screen” to be an item that is used to prevent debris from falling into the drill hole.

Oil and drilling companies use the ProShot MWD to guide the drilling process by 

sending information to the controllers at the surface level. Mud and rocks frequently 

enter the drill collar assembly during the tool’s use. After the device is returned, 

Teledrift cleans and disassembles it by pulling the ProShot MWD tool from the drill 

collar. Mud and rocks lodged inside the collar frequently can impede removal of the 

ProShot. Teledrift employees use various methods to extract the ProShot. 

Mr. McGehee and Mr. Heath worked for Teledrift. Their jobs included 

disassembling the ProShot devices when they were returned after use. In this case, 
7 

having received the drilling device from Forest and Lantern, the Teledrift crew consisting 

of Mr. McGehee, who was the foreman, and Mr. Heath and Charles Wheeler, 

commenced the process to remove the ProShot MWD tool from the drill collar (or drill 

pipe). Mr. McGehee sprayed water into the collar to loosen mud. Then he used a pulling 

tool to remove the ProShot, but it was stuck. He continued to spray water into the collar 

and observed three or four bolts come out. He then tapped the valve body inside the 

collar with a 125-pound metal rod to dislodge the ProShot, a method he had used before. 

Mr. McGehee struck the valve body in this manner approximately 120 times after 

spraying water to loosen dried mud. After about 30 minutes of work to remove the 

ProShot from the collar, the ProShot’s lithium battery pack exploded, injuring Mr. 

McGehee and Mr. Heath, who was standing nearby. Mr. Wheeler was not injured. No 

evidence was adduced that Forest or Lantern knew that bolts had dropped into the drilling 

device. See Oral Arg. at 3:36-4:02. 

B. Procedural Background 

Mr. McGehee and Mr. Heath filed an action in the Oklahoma State District Court 

of Cleveland County. They alleged that at least one of the bolts inside the drilling device 

compromised the lithium battery pack and caused the explosion. They further alleged 

that Forest and Lantern negligently allowed the bolts to fall downhole, resulting in the 

explosion and their injuries. The case was removed to the Western District of Oklahoma 

under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1332, 1441, and 1446. 
8 

After the parties completed discovery, Forest and Lantern moved for summary 

judgment, which the district court granted, holding that Forest and Lantern did not owe a 

duty of care to the plaintiffs. It relied on Beugler v. Burlington Northern & Santa Fe 

Railway Co., 490 F.3d 1224 (10th Cir. 2007). In Beugler, Burlington Northern & Santa 

Fe (“BNSF”) had lowered a crossing gate to repair a broken rail. Id. at 1229. When the 

plaintiff, a Union Pacific Railroad employee, lifted the gate for traffic to pass by, he 

turned toward a honking truck and injured his neck. Id. at 1226-27. He sued BNSF for 

negligence. We affirmed summary judgment for BNSF, holding that BNSF did not owe 

a duty to the plaintiff under Oklahoma law. Because the plaintiff had been trained to lift 

crossing gates and had done so many times, we said this was an “ordinary and 

unforeseeable work injury” that occurred in the “course of performing [plaintiff’s] 

professional duties.” Id. at 1228-29. 

In this case, the district court pointed out that, similarly to the plaintiff in Beugler, 

Mr. McGehee and Mr. Heath were engaged in a normal work duty. That is, after Forest 

and Lantern had used the drilling device and returned it to Teledrift, they attempted to 

remove the ProShot from the collar as they had done many times before. The court 

concluded that Oklahoma law “simply does not extend the foreseeable zone of risk, and 

therefore a duty of care, to Plaintiffs in this case.” McGehee v. Sw. Elec. Energy Corp., 

No. CIV-15-145-C, 2017 WL 3088400, at *3 (W.D. Okla. July 20, 2017). 

The district court distinguished Delbrel v. Doenges Brothers Ford, Inc., 913 P.2d 

1318 (Okla. 1996), the case Mr. McGehee and Mr. Heath principally relied on to oppose 
9 

summary judgment. In Delbrel, the Oklahoma Supreme Court held that a car dealership 

owed a duty of care to members of the general public based on foreseeable harm from 

faulty car repair. Id. at 1321-22. The district court here said Delbrel does not apply to 

this case because “[d]efendants paid Teledrift to deliver a safe tool, not the reverse.” 

McGehee, 2017 WL 3088400, at *2. In other words, the district court found that 

Teledrift was more akin to the car dealership than Forest or Lantern. 

After denying plaintiffs’ motion to alter or amend judgment under Federal Rule of 

Civil Procedure 59(e), the district court granted their motion to certify the summary 

judgment order for appeal under Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 54(b). Plaintiffs timely appealed. 

II. DISCUSSION 

A. Standard of Review and Applicable Law 

We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Knopf v. 

Williams, 884 F.3d 939, 946 (10th Cir. 2018). A “court shall grant summary judgment if 

the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant 

is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). When applying this 

standard, we view the evidence and draw reasonable inferences therefrom in the light 

most favorable to the nonmoving party. Knopf, 884 F.3d at 946. 

We apply Oklahoma law because, in a federal court diversity case, “[e]xcept in 

matters governed by the Federal Constitution or by acts of Congress, the law to be 

applied in any case is the law of the [forum] state.” Erie R.R. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 

78 (1938); Cohen–Esrey Real Estate Serv., Inc. v. Twin City Fire Ins. Co., 636 F.3d 1300, 
10 

1302 (10th Cir. 2011). We give no deference to the district court’s interpretation of state 

law. Wade v. Emcasco Ins. Co., 483 F.3d 657, 666 (10th Cir. 2007). 

B. Legal Background 

To prove a negligence claim under Oklahoma law, the plaintiff must show 

duty, breach, and causation—(1) a duty owed by defendant to protect plaintiff from 

injury, (2) defendant’s failure to properly exercise or perform that duty, and (3) 

defendant’s failure to exercise his duty of care proximately caused plaintiff’s injury. 

John v. St. Francis Hosp., Inc., 405 P.3d 681, 691 (Okla. 2017); see Nicholson v. 

Tacker, 512 P.2d 156, 158 (Okla. 1973). Because the district court granted summary 

judgment based on lack of a duty, we focus on that issue here. 

Whether a duty exists is a threshold legal question for the court. Delbrel, 913 

P.2d at 1320; Wofford v. E. State Hosp., 795 P.2d 516, 518 (Okla. 1990). “[T]he 

existence of a duty depends on the relationship between the parties and the general 

risks involved in the common undertaking.” Wofford, 795 P.2d at 519. A duty may 

be based on a contract, special relationship, or general negligence principles. Lowery 

v. Echostar Satellite Corp., 160 P.3d 959, 964 (Okla. 2007). In their attempt to 
11 

establish that Forest and Lantern had a duty of care to them, Mr. McGehee and Mr. 

Heath rely on general negligence principles.2

 

In Lowery, the Oklahoma Supreme Court declared that a duty arises “whenever 

the circumstances place [one] in a position towards [another] person such that an 

ordinary prudent person would recognize that if he or she did not act with ordinary 

care and skill in regard to the circumstances, he or she may cause danger or injury to 

the other person.” 160 P.3d at 964 (citing Lisle v. Anderson, 159 P. 278 (Okla. 

1916)); see also Iglehart v. Bd. of Cty. Comm’rs of Rogers Cty., 60 P.3d 497, 502 

(Okla. 2002). It further said, “The most important consideration” is “foreseeability 

of harm to the plaintiff.” Lowery, 160 P.3d at 964; see also Delbrel, 913 P.2d at 

1321.3

 

A foreseeable risk of harm alone is not enough to establish a duty of care 

under Oklahoma law. The plaintiff must be “foreseeably endangered by defendant’s 

 

2

 Under Oklahoma law, “[e]very person is bound, without contract, to abstain 

from injuring the person or property of another, or infringing upon any of his rights.” 

Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 76, § 1. 

 

3

 The Oklahoma Supreme Court has identified other factors, including the 

“degree of certainty of harm to the plaintiff, moral blame attached to defendant’s 

conduct, need to prevent future harm, extent of the burden to the defendant and 

consequences to the community of imposing the duty on defendant, and 

availability of insurance for the risk involved.” Lowery, 160 P.3d at 964 n.4 

(numbering scheme omitted). To establish duty, Mr. McGehee and Mr. Heath 

rely only on foreseeability. 
12 

conduct with respect to all risks that make the conduct unreasonably dangerous.” 

Lowery, 160 P.3d at 964 (emphasis added); see also Beugler, 490 F.3d at 1229 (same 

standard) (citing Iglehart, 60 P.3d at 502). Oklahoma courts use this formulation to 

determine the “zone of risk.” Lowery, 160 P.3d at 964.4

 Within that zone, a 

“defendant owes a duty of care to all persons who are foreseeably endangered by his 

conduct with respect to all risks which make the conduct unreasonably dangerous.” 

Wofford, 795 P.2d at 519.5

 

 

4

 Oklahoma courts have recognized the difference between foreseeability as a 

factor for duty of care and foreseeability as it relates to proximate cause, which 

concerns whether the defendant’s conduct foreseeably and substantially caused the 

injury. See Delbrel, 913 P.2d at 1322; McClure v. Sunshine Furniture, 283 P.3d 323, 

329 (Okla. Civ. App. 2012). In Iglehart, the court, having found a duty of care as a 

matter of law based on foreseeability, next found a disputed issue of material fact 

regarding foreseeability of the breach of that duty and reversed summary judgment 

on that ground. 60 P.3d at 502-05. 

5

 As Prosser and Keeton have explained, “[I]n negligence cases, the duty is 

always the same—to conform to the legal standard of reasonable conduct in light of 

the apparent risk.” W. Page Keeton et al., Prosser and Keeton on the Law of Torts 

§ 53, at 356 (5th ed. 1984). Moreover, negligence “necessarily involves a 

foreseeable risk, a threatened danger of injury, and conduct unreasonable in 

proportion to the danger. If one could not reasonably foresee any injury as the result 

of one’s act, or if one’s conduct was reasonable in light of what one could anticipate, 

there would be no negligence, and no liability.” Id. at § 43, at 280. Other 

commentators have explained that “liability is not imposed unless harm would have 

been foreseeable to a reasonable person—and not only foreseeable but recognizable 

as unreasonably probable.” Dan B. Dobbs et al., The Law of Torts § 256 (2d ed.) 

(June 2018 update). 
13 

Accordingly, under the Lowery/Wofford “zone of risk” standard, if a risk of 

harm was foreseeable but the risk did not make the defendant’s conduct unreasonably 

dangerous, no duty of care will be found. See Lowery, 160 P.3d at 965-66; Beugler, 

490 F.3d at 1229 (“foreseeability inquiry” must be “tether[ed]” to “the anchor the 

Oklahoma Supreme Court has specified: the ‘risks which make the conduct 

unreasonably dangerous.’” (quoting Iglehart, 60 P.3d at 502)).6

 “And, if the 

defendant did not owe a duty of care to the plaintiff, there can be no liability for the 

negligence as a matter of law.” Lowery, 160 P.3d at 964 (citing First Nat’l Bank in 

Durant v. Honey Creek Entm’t Corp., 54 P.3d 100 (Okla. 2002)). 

A brief review of Oklahoma cases applying this duty-of-care standard informs 

our analysis. 

In Lowery, the Oklahoma Supreme Court held, under the facts of that case, a 

foreseeable risk of harm was not unreasonably dangerous and granted summary 

judgment to the defendant based on the lack of a duty of care. The plaintiff, Ms. 

 

6

 “[T]o protect the traditional function of the jury as factfinder,” the Third 

Restatement of Torts disapproves of using foreseeability to determine whether there 

is a duty of care. Restatement (Third) of Torts § 7 cmt. j (Am. Law Inst. 2010); see 

generally Benjamin C. Zipursky, Foreseeability in Breach, Duty, and Proximate 

Cause, 44 Wake Forest L. Rev. 1247 (2009). But “some courts have imported 

considerations of foreseeability into the process of deciding whether a defendant has 

a duty to exercise care.” Dan B. Dobbs et al., The Law of Torts § 256 (2d ed.) (June 

2018 update). As described above, that is what the Oklahoma courts have done.
14 

Lowery, sued Dish Network when she fell from her roof while attempting to fix the 

satellite dish that Dish had previously installed. Lowery, 160 P.3d at 962. Dish had 

refused to make minor repairs, and, over the phone, had directed the plaintiff on how 

to do the repairs herself by climbing on the roof to reach the dish. Id. 

Ms. Lowery argued that Dish Network assumed a duty of care when it refused 

to make the repair and instructed her on how to do it. Id. at 965. The court rejected 

this argument. Id. Although Dish could foresee a risk of harm in instructing Ms. 

Lowery to climb onto the roof, it did not “unreasonably endanger[] [Ms.] Lowery 

with respect to the obvious risk involved in climbing onto a rooftop.” Id.7

 The 

record presented no evidence that “would lead a reasonable prudent person to view 

Dish Network’s customer service conduct, its acts or omissions, as unreasonably 

endangering Lowery and placing a duty upon Dish Network . . . .” Id.8 Finding no 

 

7

 “The focus of our inquiry is not whether the risk of harm was foreseeable but 

whether Dish Network’s conduct unreasonably endangered Lowery with respect to 

the obvious risk involved in climbing onto a rooftop.” Lowery, 160 P.3d at 965. 

8

 The court added: 

To prevent summary judgment, Lowery needed to produce 

evidentiary materials showing that the Dish Network 

customer service employee knew or should have known of 

some danger of harm with respect to the obvious risks of 

climbing onto a rooftop, such as, precarious location of the 

satellite dish or precarious height or pitch of the roof, 

absence of an intelligent choice to climb to the roof, 

physical inability to climb a ladder, or a myriad of other 
15 

sufficient foreseeability of harm with respect to an unreasonable danger, the court did 

not address other policy factors associated with determining duty of care. 

By contrast, Oklahoma courts have found a duty of care when the defendant’s 

alleged negligence has created a foreseeable risk of harm to motorists on public 

roadways. For example, in Delbrel, the Oklahoma Supreme Court found that a car 

dealership had a duty of care to a plaintiff who claimed he was injured due to the 

dealership’s alleged negligent repair of a vehicle. 913 P.2d at 1319. The plaintiff 

was a passenger in the vehicle, which had stalled on a public roadway. When the 

plaintiff was helping the driver to push the vehicle off the road, another vehicle hit 

him from behind, causing significant injuries. The court held that “one who is paid 

to repair a car owes a duty of care to both the owner of the car and to the general 

public to assure that the repair is properly performed or the owner is warned of its 

dangerous condition, where the dangerous condition is discoverable in the exercise of 

ordinary care.” 918 P.2d at 1322. 

Again, in Iglehart, the Oklahoma Supreme Court said a utility company owed 

a duty of care to motorists when it was foreseeable that the company’s alleged 

negligent tree maintenance posed a danger to motorists. 60 P.3d at 500. The court 

 

possible facts which might lead a reasonable prudent 

person to view the conduct of the customer service 

employee to be unreasonably dangerous. 

Lowery, 160 P.3d at 965. 
16 

said the duty is owed to everyone “foreseeably endangered” as to “all risks which 

make the conduct unreasonably dangerous.” Id. at 502 (quoting Wofford, 795 P.2d at 

519). 

Finally, in McClure, the Oklahoma Court of Civil Appeals also found a duty. 

283 P.3d at 329. The defendant furniture company had failed to secure boxes of 

chairs that it had reloaded onto a pick up truck. The chairs fell off the truck, causing 

an accident and injury to a motorist. Applying the foreseeability standard that 

extends the “zone of risk” to risks that make the defendant’s conduct unreasonably 

dangerous, the court found a duty because it was “foreseeable that other motorists 

could be harmed by improper loading of [the] truck.” McClure, 283 P.3d at 329. 

C. Analysis 

We affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment. Assuming they 

allowed bolts to fall into the drilling device, Forest and Lantern created a risk of 

harm. They may also have created a foreseeable risk of harm to Teledrift employees 

who would disassemble the device containing the ProShot MWD. But creating a 

foreseeable risk of harm does not necessarily establish a duty of care under 

Oklahoma law. See Lowery, 160 P.3d at 965 (stating that “[t]he focus of our inquiry 

is not whether the risk of harm was foreseeable but whether [the defendant’s] conduct 

unreasonably endangered [the plaintiff]”); Nicholson, 512 P.2d at 159-60 (stating that 

defendant who created a danger is not per se negligent, especially when danger is 

obvious and plaintiff was aware of it). 
17 

One possible ground to affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment 

is to regard the particular risk—that at least one of the bolts could cause the lithium 

battery powering the ProShot to explode—as not reasonably foreseeable. But we 

think affirmance is more soundly based on applying the Wofford/Lowery Oklahoma 

duty-of-care standard.9

 That standard locates within the foreseeable zone of risk only 

those risks that make the defendant’s conduct unreasonably dangerous. As applied 

here, because it was common for debris to fall into the drilling device during its use 

in the field, and because users like Forest and Lantern returned the device for 

Teledrift to clean out mud and rocks, disassemble the device, and prepare it for its 

next use,10 the defendants did not engage in conduct that created an unreasonably 

 

9

 Defendants Forest and Lantern argue they had no duty of care to Mr. McGehee 

and Mr. Heath because they could not have reasonably foreseen that failure to prevent 

bolts from dropping into the drilling device posed a risk of harm from an exploding 

lithium battery located within the ProShot. Aplee. Br. at 25-26. A sentence in Lowery 

appears to provide support: “We have explained that a duty of care may arise from a set 

of circumstances which would require the defendant to foresee the particular harm to the 

plaintiff.” 160 P.3d at 694 (emphasis added). This passage suggests that the specific 

harm—here the exploding lithium battery—must have been reasonably foreseeable to 

Forest and Lantern for them to have a duty to the plaintiffs. 

We are reluctant, however, to rely on this ground because the Oklahoma Supreme 

Court has used broader language than it did in Lowery to describe the foreseeability 

standard. For example, in Wofford, the court said that a “defendant owes a duty of care to 

all persons who are foreseeably endangered by his conduct with respect to all risks which 

make the conduct unreasonably dangerous.” 705 P.2d at 518 (emphasis added) 

(quotations omitted). 

10 At his deposition, Mr. McGehee referred to a ProShot collar assembly that 

has been returned from the field as “a dirty sub, as we call it.” ROA, Vol. I at 76. 
18 

dangerous foreseeable risk to Mr. McGehee and Mr. Heath. Accordingly, Forest and 

Lantern did not owe a duty of care to the plaintiffs, and summary judgment was 

appropriately granted. 

To establish a duty of care, Mr. McGehee and Mr. Heath needed to show 

that Forest and Lantern “knew or should have known of some danger of harm . . . 

which might lead a reasonable prudent person to view the conduct . . . to be 

unreasonably dangerous.” Lowery, 160 P.3d at 965. They have not done so. 

Forest’s and Lantern’s conduct was not unreasonable under a reasonably prudent 

person standard. They leased the drilling device. Debris could and did fall into 

the device when it was used. Lessors like Forest and Lantern frequently returned 

the device to Teledrift with mud and rocks inside.11 Teledrift employed Mr. 

McGehee and Mr. Heath to remove the debris and to disassemble the ProShot from 

the collar. 

Even though Forest and Lantern might have been able to foresee that debris 

lodged in the collar could pose a risk to Teledrift employees who were tasked with 

cleaning and disassembling the device, returning the ProShot with that knowledge 

was not unreasonable under these circumstances. This is especially so when the 

record lacks evidence that Forest and Lantern had any knowledge of bolts having 

 

11 Mr. McGehee testified that “mud” and “particles” “do get in there.” ROA, 

Vol. I at 78. 
19 

fallen into the collar. 

The record evidence about the bolts cuts in Forest’s and Lantern’s favor. 

Mr. McGehee, by his own account, encountered three to four bolts when 

attempting to remove the ProShot from the collar and thus was aware that bolts 

had been lodged inside. He nonetheless continued to attempt to remove the 

ProShot by hitting the valve body with the metal rod. 

Neither Mr. McGehee nor Mr. Heath stopped disassembly operations when 

the bolts were found, evidencing that, as in Beugler, it was their job to remove 

debris, including bolts, and disassemble the device in the normal course. 

Whatever foreseeable risk the return of the device may have posed to Teledrift’s 

employees, to conclude that Forest and Lantern should have known that their 

conduct posed an unreasonably dangerous risk to Mr. McGehee would be “beyond 

reason and good sense.” Rose v. Sapulpa Rural Water Co., 631 P.2d 752, 757 

(Okla. 1981). 

Mr. McGehee’s and Mr. Heath’s remaining arguments to avoid this

conclusion are unavailing. 

First, Mr. McGehee and Mr. Heath argue that the deposition testimony of 

Bryan James “BJ” Pool, Forest’s and Lantern’s corporate representative under 

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 30(b)(6), established a duty of care. Aplt. Br. at 10. 

Mr. Pool testified it was “common knowledge” that drilling operators like Forest and 

Lantern should try to prevent debris from falling into the drill hole and that this was 
20 

akin to knowing that “[w]e don’t want the rig to fall over.” ROA, Vol. II at 269. He 

further said that “we would take precautions to make sure something didn’t fall in the 

hole” and that “it’s everybody on site’s responsibility to make sure nothing falls 

down the hole.” Id. at 269-70, 273. Mr. McGehee and Mr. Heath contend this 

evidence is similar to the furniture company president’s statement in McClure that 

his company was aware that injuries could occur when furniture is loaded 

improperly. Aplt. Br. at 14-15; see 283 P.3d at 329. The McClure court concluded 

the company’s knowledge of this danger established that the furniture business had a 

duty of care to the plaintiff motorist. McClure, 283 P.3d at 329. 

Assuming that Mr. Pool’s statements concerned safety as opposed to 

addressing only the facilitation of drilling operations, his testimony about use of a 

drilling screen nonetheless did not establish a duty. It may describe a preferred or 

best practice in the drilling field. But as explained previously, drilling operators 

routinely returned the drilling device to Teledrift with mud and rocks inside, knowing 

that Teledrift cleans, disassembles, and reassembles the tool for its next use. Even if 

the used device presented a foreseeable risk of harm to Teledrift employees, it was 

not a risk that made the defendant’s conduct unreasonably dangerous in light of the 

drilling operators’ understanding of Teledrift’s disassembly and cleaning procedure 

that follows the return of the device after its use. As stated in Wofford, “[t]he 

existence of a duty depends on the relationship between the parties and the general 

risks involved in the common undertaking.” 795 P.3d at 519. 
21 

Second, Mr. McGehee and Mr. Heath point to their oilfield drilling expert, 

Richard (Rick) Johnson, Aplt. Br. at 10-11. His report opined that “it is inexcusable 

and careless for a company to allow debris to fall down an open drill hole or drill 

pipe” and that it is “inexplicable and careless for a company to not use appropriate 

debris screens during operation.” ROA, Vol. II at 307. This opinion might support 

the breach-of-duty element of a negligence claim, but not whether there was a 

duty-of-care legal obligation. See Delbrel, 913 P.2d at 1321-22 (distinguishing 

between duty of care and breach of duty).12 Similarly, although the record does not 

show whether drill screens were used to stop debris, Aplee. Br. at 22,13 the presence 

 

12 “It is better to reserve ‘duty’ for the problem of the relation between 

individuals which imposes upon one a legal obligation for the benefit of the other, 

and to deal with particular conduct in terms of a legal standard of what is required to 

meet the obligation.” W. Page Keeton et al., Prosser and Keeton on the Law of Torts 

§ 53, at 356 (5th ed. 1984). 

We note that the negligence claim against Forest and Lantern in the plaintiffs’ 

Petition alleges “negligence,” “proximate cause,” “injuries,” “fail[ure] to use 

reasonable care,” “breaches,” and “damages,” but it does not mention “duty of care,” 

an essential element of an Oklahoma negligence claim. Petition ¶¶ 39-41, ROA, Vol. 

I at 33; see Nicholson, 512 P.2d at 159-60. 

13 Mr. McGehee and Mr. Heath, citing to Mr. Pool’s deposition, assert that Forest 

and Lantern “did not use certain equipment, such as drill screens, to prevent debris from 

falling downhole.” Aplt. Br. at 4. But Mr. Pool’s testimony was inconclusive on this 

point: 

 Q. Do you know if they had a screen out there on this 

 occasion? 

 A. No. It’s – it’s not written in the report. 
22 

or absence of a drill screen would also go to breach rather than duty. Nor does the 

record show that Forest and Lantern knew that bolts had fallen into the drill pipe.14 

Finally, this argument again does not overcome the need to show that, to the extent 

there was a foreseeable risk of harm, it was situated in the zone of risk that made the 

defendants’ conduct unreasonably dangerous. 

Third, Mr. McGehee’s and Mr. Heath’s reliance on cases like Delbrel, 

Iglehart, and McClure, each recognizing that the plaintiff owed a duty of care to 

motorists on public roads, is misplaced. In each instance, the plaintiff alleged that 

the defendant had a duty of care because the defendant’s carelessness—faulty car 

repair, poor tree maintenance, and improper furniture loading—placed the general 

public at a foreseeable risk of harm, a risk that made the defendants’ conduct 

 

 Q. Okay. 

 A. If I had to guess, I would say it would be, but – 

 Q. But you don’t know as you sit here. 

 A. I don’t know. 

ROA, Vol. II at 272. Mr. Johnson’s report states there was “no evidence that the screens 

were utilized by the operator,” id. at 307, but, as per Mr. Pool’s deposition, the record 

lacked evidence that they were not used. 

14 Mr. Johnson opined that “it is incumbent for the contractor to notify the operator 

that debris fell in the open hole or in the drill pipe and what the debris is and the nature of 

the same.” ROA, Vol. II at 307. But, as noted above, the record lacks evidence that 

Forest or Lantern knew that bolts had fallen into the drill pipe. 
23 

unreasonably dangerous. Here, after Forest and Lantern used the ProShot in drilling 

operations, they did not pass on the contaminated device to another drilling operator 

for further use, nor did they arrange for the device to be cleaned and disassembled by 

someone who lacked knowledge that mud and rocks frequently find their way inside. 

They instead returned it, knowing that Teledrift employees routinely removed mud 

and debris from the device after it had been used. Mr. McGehee and Mr. Heath may 

have faced a risk in performing this function, but not a risk that was the product of 

unreasonably dangerous conduct on the part of Forest and Lantern. 

III. CONCLUSION 

We affirm the district court’s entry of summary judgment in favor of Forest 

and Lantern.