Responding to a Mine Emergency

Training Responsible Persons at Underground Coal Mines 

U.S. Department of Labor

Mine Safety and Health Administration 

Instruction Guide Series 

IG 110 

2008 

 

 

 

 
Visit the Mine Safety and Health Administration website at 

www.msha.gov 

 
 

Responding to a Mine Emergency

Training Responsible Persons at Underground Coal Mines 

U.S. Department of Labor

Elaine L. Chao 

Secretary 

Mine Safety and Health Administration 

Instruction Guide Series 

IG 110 

2008 
[This Page Intentionally Left Blank] 
 

Table of Contents 

Scope.............................................................................................................................. 1 

Training Overview ........................................................................................................... 3 

Course Training Objectives............................................................................................. 5 

Section 1 – Initiating an Emergency Mine Evacuation..................................................... 7 

Section 2 – Contacting Emergency Personnel.............................................................. 15 

Section 3 – Organizing a Command Center.................................................................. 21 

Section 4 – Establishing Security .................................................................................. 29 

Section 5 – Communicating Appropriate Information Related to the Emergency.......... 33 

Section 6 – Coordinating Firefighting Personnel ........................................................... 39 

Section 7 – Deploying Firefighting Equipment............................................................... 45 

Section 8 – Coordinating Mine Rescue Personnel ........................................................ 51 

Section 9 – Deploying Mine Rescue Teams.................................................................. 55 

Section 10 – Establishing a Fresh Air Base (FAB)........................................................ 59 

Section 11 – Providing for Mine Gas Sampling and Analysis........................................ 65 

Appendix ....................................................................................................................... 71 
[This Page Intentionally Left Blank] 
 1

Scope 

30 CFR Part 75.1501 

(a) For each shift that miners work underground, there shall be in attendance a 

responsible person designated by the mine operator to take charge during mine 

emergencies involving a fire, explosion, or gas or water inundation. 

(1) The responsible person shall have current knowledge of the assigned location and 

expected movements of miners underground, the operation of the mine ventilation 

system, the location of the mine escapeways, the mine communications system, any 

mine monitoring system if used, locations of firefighting equipment, the mine's Emergency 

Response Plan, the Mine Rescue Notification Plan, and the Mine Emergency Evacuation 

and Firefighting Program of Instruction. 

(2) The responsible person shall be trained annually in a course of instruction in mine 

emergency response, as prescribed by MSHA's Office of Educational Policy and 

Development. The course will include topics such as the following: 

 (i) Organizing a command center; 

 (ii) Coordinating firefighting personnel; 

 (iii) Deploying firefighting equipment; 

 (iv) Coordinating mine rescue personnel; 

 (v) Establishing fresh air base; 

 (vi) Deploying mine rescue teams; 

 (vii) Providing for mine gas sampling and analysis; 

 (viii) Establishing security; 

 (ix) Initiating an emergency mine evacuation; 

 (x) Contacting emergency personnel; and 

 (xi) Communicating appropriate information related to the emergency. 

(3) The operator shall certify by signature and date after each responsible person has 

completed the training and keep the certification at the mine for 1 year. 

(b) The responsible person shall initiate and conduct an immediate mine evacuation when 

there is a mine emergency which presents an imminent danger to miners due to fire or 

explosion or gas or water inundation. Only properly trained and equipped persons, 

essential to respond to the mine emergency may remain underground. 

(c) The mine operator shall instruct all miners of the identity of the responsible person 

designated by the operator for their workshift. The mine operator shall instruct miners of 

any change in the identity of the responsible person before the start of their workshift. 

(d) Nothing in this section shall be construed to restrict the ability of other persons in the 

mine to warn of an imminent danger which warrants evacuation. 
[This Page Intentionally Left Blank] 

2
 3

Training Overview

Mine emergencies such as fires, explosions, and gas or water inundations require prompt 

action and efficient management of emergency operations. 

Responsible persons (and others who are training to become responsible persons) will 

need to know how to perform and delegate a variety of tasks during a mine emergency. 

This Instructional Guide (IG) is designed to be used in conjunction with the mine’s 

Emergency Response Plan (ERP), associated plans, and procedures required during a 

mine emergency. 

The materials in this guide must be tailored with the mine’s existing plans to create an 

effective program of site-specific instruction that will provide the mine’s responsible 

persons with the knowledge to act quickly, effectively, and appropriately in the event of a 

mine emergency. 

This guide is divided into eleven sections which correspond with the training topics as 

prescribed in 30 CFR Part 75.1501. These sections are arranged in the following order: 

• Initiating an Emergency Mine Evacuation 

• Contacting Emergency Personnel 

• Organizing a Command Center 

• Establishing Security 

• Communicating Appropriate Information Related to the Emergency 

• Coordinating Firefighting Personnel 

• Deploying Firefighting Equipment 

• Coordinating Mine Rescue Personnel 

• Deploying Mine Rescue Teams 

• Establishing a Fresh Air Base 

• Providing for Mine Gas Sampling and Analysis 

It is suggested that these training topics be integrated into regularly scheduled training 

activities, safety talks, and mine managers’ meetings if possible. This additional training 

will benefit the responsible person, as well as other personnel at the mine. 

Since regulations, policy, and mining technology can change, it is important that mine 

operators keep their Mine Emergency Response Training current and up-to-date. Visit 

MSHA’s website at http://www.msha.gov for additional information. 
[This Page Intentionally Left Blank] 

4
 5

Course Training Objectives 

Responsible persons must demonstrate a working knowledge of the following: 

• Initiating an Emergency Mine Evacuation 

• Contacting Emergency Personnel 

• Organizing a Command Center 

• Establishing Security 

• Communicating Appropriate Information Related to the Emergency 

• Coordinating Firefighting Personnel 

• Deploying Firefighting Equipment 

• Coordinating Mine Rescue Personnel 

• Deploying Mine Rescue Teams 

• Establishing a Fresh Air Base 

• Providing for Mine Gas Sampling and Analysis 

Materials and Instructional Resources 

In addition to this Instruction Guide, use the following to conduct this training: 

• 30 CFR 

• Pencils, notepads, notebooks, highlighters, etc. for participants. 

• Audiovisual aids: PowerPoint, projectors, whiteboards, blackboards, flipcharts or 

handouts are all examples of effective instructional aids. 

• The mine’s: 

o Emergency Response Plan (ERP) 

o Emergency Notification Plan 

o Emergency Evacuation and Firefighting Plan 

o Mine Maps – with ventilation system and escapeway systems 

o Information or training materials for mine-specific Atmospheric 

Monitoring System (AMS), if applicable 

o SCSR Storage Plan 

o Ventilation Plan 

• Any other site-specific training plans, materials, and/or policies related to mine 

emergency preparedness and readiness training. 

Training Assessments 

Review and assessment will both improve retention of the material and allow and show 

areas needing improvement. 

• Review Questions 

• Discussion/Feedback/Q&A (if applicable)
[This Page Intentionally Left Blank] 

6
 7

Section 1

Initiating an Emergency Mine Evacuation

Training Objective 

Using the information in this section as a guide, responsible persons will demonstrate 

knowledge of their mine’s emergency evacuation plans and procedures including all 

necessary duties associated with initiating an emergency mine evacuation. 

Mine-Specific Training Materials 

In addition to this Instruction Guide, an instructor will need the following mine-specific 

materials to conduct this training: 

• Emergency Response Plan (ERP) 

• Mine Emergency Evacuation and Firefighting Program of Instruction 

• Mine Maps (with ventilation system, escapeway systems, and location of 

firefighting equipment) 

• AMS mine-specific system (if applicable) 

• SCSR Storage Plan 

• Ventilation Plan 

• Any other applicable mine-specific plans and/or policies 

Introduction 

30 CFR Part 75.1501(a) 

For each shift that miners work underground, there shall be in attendance a 

responsible person designated by the mine operator to take charge during mine 

emergencies involving a fire, explosion, or gas or water inundation. 

In accordance with this regulation, responsible persons designated by the mine operator 

may be required to initiate an immediate mine evacuation in the event of a mine 

emergency. 

NOTE: Refer to Appendix B “Critical Item Checklist for Mine Emergencies” (make copies 

as handouts, if needed).
 8

Responsible persons must maintain current knowledge of the mine’s Emergency 

Response Plan (ERP), Emergency Evacuation and Firefighting Plan, and the mine’s 

notification protocols. 

NOTE: Federal regulations state that the mine operator shall instruct all miners of the 

identity of the responsible person designated for their workshift. Miners on all working 

sections of the mine and on the surface should be instructed to immediately contact the 

responsible person in the event of an emergency. 

An up-to-date list of responsible persons must be posted in obvious locations. 

Any changes shall be promptly reviewed with all mine personnel prior to the start 

of their shift. 

Evacuation Plans

Evacuation plans provide the road map which miners must use during an emergency. 

The mine should have evacuation plans for working sections and outby areas. 

Responsible persons (and all miners) must know the location of escapeways and should 

be aware of their surroundings during evacuation. Responsible persons need to: 

 Know the mine’s ERP, notification plan, and evacuation procedures. 

 Be familiar with the mine maps, areas of the highest and lowest elevations. 

 Know the locations of SCSR storage units, refuge alternatives, and mine 

phones. 

 Know the location of primary and secondary escapeways from all assigned 

work areas. 

 Know the locations of emergency response materials if applicable. 

 Know the approximate travel time to working sections (walking and mantrip). 

 Have a check in/out system to track personnel. 

 Have a plan to debrief evacuated personnel to obtain critical information. 

 Be prepared to delegate duties to other competent personnel. 
 9

Escapeways and Evacuation Drills 

Responsible persons must be familiar with primary and secondary escapeways at the 

mine. Maps designating these escapeways should be displayed on each working section 

and at surface facilities. 

It is extremely important that all miners know how to get out of the mine using the most 

direct escapeway. Evacuation drills help to familiarize miners with escapeway routes, 

even if filled with smoke. Practice prompt and efficient evacuation procedures when drills 

are conducted to reinforce the instruction outlined in the plan. 

Emergency Evacuation Warning Systems 

Responsible persons need to know the location of miners working underground, and they 

need to have a working knowledge of the mine’s monitoring and evacuation warning 

systems. 

Such systems include Atmospheric Monitoring Systems (AMS), voice pager systems, 

Personal Emergency Device (PED) systems, and other types of warning signals which are 

essential to an effective mine evacuation. Responsible persons need to be trained and 

knowledgeable in the particular system used at the mine. 

+

The ideal system would notify all miners simultaneously so that they can 

immediately begin their evacuation. If miners working in remote areas away 

from the main communications system do not receive the warning to evacuate 

at the same time as others, these miners could be placed at risk. 

Evacuation Procedures 

A responsible person may have to initiate an evacuation when a mine emergency occurs. In 

addition to knowing the location of miners working underground, the responsible person must 

also have current knowledge of how to initiate, conduct, and/or delegate the following required 

duties: 

 Ensure that all underground and surface personnel are notified and made aware of 

an emergency as soon as possible. 

 Initiate the mine’s emergency notification plan. 

 Account for all underground miners. 
 10

 Gather miners not dealing directly with the emergency at strategic locations. 

 Verify that electrical power has been deenergized to the affected area (when 

the situation warrants). 

 Determine the number of miners in the group and the evacuation route to be 

traveled. 

 To the extent possible, the responsible person should help determine the 

safest and quickest route to the surface. 

NOTE: Only trained and equipped persons, essential to respond to the mine 

emergency may remain underground. 

Personnel evacuating the mine should stay in contact with the surface if possible. Give 

regular updates concerning: 

 Transportation means being used (travel by mantrip or utilize other equipment 

for transportation if at all possible) 

 Location 

 Conditions encountered 

 Status of miners 

NOTE: If miners have donned their SCSRs, they MUST NOT remove their 

mouthpieces to communicate. 

# Log all activities and information related to the emergency.

Maintain a log to track all times, conditions, activities, locations of 

personnel, and any other information which is crucial during mine 

emergency operations. 

Monitor Atmospheric Conditions 

Responsible persons need to ensure that mine atmospheric conditions are continuously 

monitored for oxygen deficiency, methane content, and elevated carbon monoxide levels. 
 11

Gas testing and sampling provide critical information to mine rescue teams and the 

Command Center during rescue/recovery operations. Accurate gas-trending information 

is extremely important during a mine emergency. Responsible persons must conduct 

and/or delegate the following: 

 Instruct personnel evacuating the mine and others not to make ventilation 

changes. 

 Initiate sampling of mine gases from mine fans, boreholes, and other 

locations. 

 Continue to monitor the fans and returns for mine gases, during and after 

evacuation. 

 Make every attempt to record the date, time, and locations of gas readings – 

indicate the type of gas detectors used. 

 Do not permit the fan to be stopped, reversed, or speed to be changed. 

 Debrief persons coming out of the mine to obtain and log information on the 

conditions underground. 

 Collect all notes and maps from miners when they have reached the surface. 

Mines Using Atmospheric Monitoring Systems (AMS) 

If a mine has an Atmospheric Monitoring System (AMS), the responsible persons at that 

mine needs to be knowledgeable in the functions and capabilities of the system. The 

AMS will provide the responsible persons with valuable information concerning the event 

and provides mine rescue personnel critical information needed for effective mine 

emergency operations. 

+

Responsible persons should be knowledgeable of the properties of the 

mine gases that may be present during the operation and how these mine 

gases will react under certain conditions 

NOTE: Refer to Appendix E "Gas Detection Chart” (make copies as handouts, 

if needed). 
[This Page Intentionally Left Blank] 

12
 13

Training Assessment 

Using the topics listed below as a guide, discuss the materials covered in the 

training. (Make copies for each participant, if necessary). Encourage questions 

and ask for feedback from participants. Ensure that each participant demonstrates 

knowledge of the topics covered in this section. 

1) Who at the mine needs to know the identity of the responsible person during any 

given shift? 

2) Discuss the types of emergency evacuation warning system(s) that are in place at 

the mine. 

3) Discuss the evacuation procedures at the mine. 

4) Discuss the importance of accurately logging of activities; list a few of the activities 

that should be logged in the event of an emergency at the mine. 

NOTE: Instructors may want to add other topics or training scenarios.
[This Page Intentionally Left Blank] 

14
 15

Section 2

Contacting Emergency Personnel

Training Objective 

Using the information in this section as a guide, responsible persons will demonstrate 

knowledge of their mine’s emergency notification plans and procedures for contacting 

emergency personnel, in the event of a mine emergency. 

Mine-Specific Training Materials 

In addition to this Instruction Guide, an instructor will need the following mine-specific 

materials to conduct this training: 

• Mine Emergency Notification Plan – on-site and off-site 

• Notification lists 

• Any other applicable mine-specific plans and/or policies 

Notification Plan 

As part of the mine’s emergency response procedures, the responsible person is required 

to contact all emergency personnel. 

The mine is required to have an Emergency Notification Plan and procedures for notifying 

necessary personnel when there is an emergency at the mine. This plan lists the various 

mine management personnel, administrators, government officials, and other key 

personnel who must be notified. 

+

The responsible person may need to delegate to other personnel on the 

surface the responsibility of contacting key emergency response 

personnel and officials. 

 
 16

On-Site Notification 

If an emergency occurs at the mine, the responsible person will immediately establish 

contact with: 

 Personnel in the affected area

 Personnel inby the affected area who may be in danger

 Personnel in outby areas (mine-wide evacuation) as conditions warrant

 Personnel on the surface responsible for notification of key personnel off-site

Off-Site Notification 

An up-to-date list of emergency contact phone numbers and key personnel must be 

readily available and visible at specified locations at the mine. This list must include 

telephone numbers of: 

 MSHA (Toll Free Number: 1-800-746-1553)

 State Mine Regulatory Agency 

 Appropriate Mine Management Personnel 

 Mine Rescue Teams 

 Fire Brigades (if applicable) 

 Readily-available suppliers of mine emergency and rescue equipment 

 Local Emergency Responders: 

 Emergency Services 

 Local Hospital 

 Fire Department 

 Police (local, county, and state) 

Also notify any adjoining, or adjacent mines, when necessary, and local telephone 

company to provide additional communication lines. 

#Log all activities and information related to the emergency. 

Record and log all calls. Maintain an accurate log to track all times, 

conditions, activities, locations of personnel, and any other information 

which is crucial during mine emergency operations. 
 17

 they 

ing locations, logistics, traffic control, supplies, and the layout of surface 

facilities, etc. 

nities 

Local Coordination 

Familiarize local emergency response personnel with the services and activities that

may be called upon to provide during a mine emergency, such as security, medical 

assistance, stag

 Mine Emergency Response Development (MERD) Exercise. 

A well-defined MERD exercise provides additional training opportu

for mine management personnel, mine rescue teams, government 

officials, and local emergency responders. Try to arrange in advance for 

rescue and response personnel to take part when the mine is 

conducting a MERD or any other mine emergency training activities. 

tical Item Checklist for Mine Emergencies” (make 

copies as handouts, if needed). 

NOTE: Refer to Appendix B “Cri
[This Page Intentionally Left Blank] 

18
 19

Training Assessment 

Using the topics listed below as a guide, discuss the materials covered in the 

training. (Make copies for each participant, if necessary). Encourage questions 

and ask for feedback from participants. Ensure that each participant demonstrates 

knowledge of the topics covered in this section. 

1) Discuss the emergency notification plan in place at the mine.

2) Discuss plans for local coordination in the event of an emergency at the mine. 

3) List the key officials who must be notified if necessary in the event of a mine 

emergency. 

NOTE: Instructors may want to add other topics or training scenarios. 
[This Page Intentionally Left Blank] 

20
 21

Section 3

Organizing a Command Center 

Training Objective 

Using the information in this section as a guide, responsible persons will demonstrate 

knowledge of organizing a Command Center in the event of an emergency at the mine. 

Mine-Specific Training Materials 

In addition to this Instruction Guide, an instructor will need the following mine-specific 

materials to conduct this training: 

• Any mine-specific plans regarding surface layout and facilities required for 

establishing a Command Center 

• Inventory of available equipment and resources necessary for Command Center 

operations 

• Any other applicable mine-specific plans and/or policies 

Introduction 

It is extremely important that responsible persons have a general knowledge of the 

structure, functions, and duties of the Command Center during mine rescue and recovery 

efforts. The Command Center is an essential and integral part of the Mine Emergency 

Command System. 

+

The Mine Emergency Command System is based on the standardized Incident 

Command System (ICS) which has been adopted by fire departments, search and 

rescue organizations, and other government agencies. The Mine Emergency 

Command System establishes a common framework and practical procedures for 

controlling all aspects of a mine emergency. 

NOTE: Refer to Appendix A “Mine Emergency Command System” (make copies as 

handouts, if needed).
 22

Command Center Operations 

The Command Center, an integral part of the Mine Emergency Command System, is 

typically staffed and controlled by the Mine Emergency Command Group. This group is 

generally comprised of mine management personnel, federal and state officials, and 

union representatives. 

The Command Center, which receives a tremendous amount of information, will require 

secure communications equipment connected to underground phones and to other 

surface phones which will enable the Command group to communicate vital information 

during the rescue/recovery operations. 

All decisions concerning the mine rescue teams (scheduling, assignments, tracking, 

rotations, and methods of exploration or firefighting are made by the Command Center. 

The decision process of the Command Center is sometimes time-consuming, but it is 

important to understand the impact a single decision will have on the entire operation. A 

hasty or wrong decision could mean disaster and the loss of life. 

NOTE: When MSHA issues a 103(k) Order, all rescue and recovery plans must be 

submitted to MSHA and the state agency for review and approval. Modifications to 

the plan must also be approved. 

Duties and Functions of the Command Center 

Many of the following duties may be delegated at the discretion of the responsible person 

and/or authorized personnel from the Command Center group.

 Gather and disseminate information from: 

o Persons at the mine-site 

o Persons directly involved in the event 

o Other creditable sources such as engineering and technical support. 

 Maintain a flow of clear, concise, and accurate information between: 

o The Command Center group 

o Mine rescue Teams 

o All other emergency response personnel involved in the effort. 
 23

 Direct mine rescue personnel (initiate and track an accurate team deployment 

schedule): 

o Establish a work schedule utilizing available resources and 

designated persons at the mine site. 

o Direct mine rescue/recovery work to be undertaken, as conditions 

dictate. 

o Know the number of available teams, which can be adjusted as 

conditions dictate. 

o Know the availability of additional teams and resources. 

o Ensure the availability of resources required by the teams and other 

essential personnel involved in the effort (food, water, facilities for 

rest/sleep, sanitary, medical needs, etc.). 

Requirements for Efficient Command Center Operations 

Secure Location for Command Center 

(Consider the mine site’s existing facilities and capabilities) 

 Secure against unauthorized entry. 

 Law enforcement should be contacted for assistance, if needed. 

 The Command Center should be as close as possible to the mine rescue 

team staging area to allow access to the teams. 

 The location must accommodate Command Center personnel and their 

equipment (computers, printers, fax, additional telephone lines, etc.). 

 The Command Center should be isolated from outside interference. 

Authorized Command Center Personnel (Mine Emergency Command Group) 

 Designated Company Personnel 

 MSHA Representatives 

 State Regulatory Representatives 

 Miner’s Representative(s) 
 24

Procurement of Items Needed in the Command Center 

 Telephone(s) and additional lines (if available) 

 Availability of secure communications with fresh air base (FAB)

 Electrical outlets for laptop computers, printers, copiers, plotters, etc.

 Current mine and ventilation maps

 Current escapeway maps

Command Center Communications 

 Designate Command Center phone number for the teams and FAB. 

 Identify backup communications available during the emergency operations. 

 Designate an outside line for Command Center use only. 

 Control entrance and exit of Command Center personnel. 

 Designate an individual who will communicate information to and from the 

Command Center. 

 Relay accurate information to the Command Center concerning the event and 

all mine rescue/recovery activities. 

 Ensure all communications to and from the Command Center remain 

protected from outside monitoring. 

 Restrict personal outside calls. 

 Prohibit or restrict use of cell phones and Blackberries. 

 Restrict phone/speaker systems access except to persons designated by the 

Command Center to receive information. 

 Notify adjacent mining companies and alert them to any possible dangers and 

request assistance if needed. 

 Notify mine safety personnel at other mines and arrange for possible backup 

duty. 

 Advise public relations official regarding any new developments or news 

occurring at the mine site. 
 25

 Do not allow the release of the names of any miners who may be trapped or 

injured until it has been determined that the families are notified. 

 Identify family liaisons. 

 Select a media spokesperson to communicate with the news media. 

 Ensure the spokesperson is thoroughly briefed concerning information to be 

released to the media. 

 Set up scheduling for regular briefings for family members and the media. 

NOTE: Adequate space is needed to accommodate Command Center personnel 

and necessary equipment.
[This Page Intentionally Left Blank] 

26
 27

Training Assessment 

Using the topics listed below as a guide, discuss the materials covered in the 

training. (Make copies for each participant, if necessary). Encourage questions 

and ask for feedback from participants. Ensure that each participant demonstrates 

knowledge of the topics covered in this section. 

1) Discuss some of the functions and duties of the Command Center. 

2) Discuss some of the requirements for efficient Command Center operations, 

based on the mine’s existing facilities and resources. 

3) Discuss some important requirements for secure and efficient Command Center 

communications. 

NOTE: Instructors may want to add other topics or training scenarios. 
[This Page Intentionally Left Blank] 

28
 29

Section 4

Establishing Security

Training Objective 

Using the information in this section as a guide, responsible persons will demonstrate 

knowledge of plans and procedures for establishing security in the event of an emergency 

at the mine. 

Mine-Specific Training Materials 

In addition to this Instruction Guide, an instructor will need the following mine-specific 

materials to conduct this training: 

• Emergency Response Plan (ERP), if applicable 

• Mine Emergency Notification Plan (off-site) 

• Notification Lists 

• Any other applicable mine-specific plans and/or policies 

Introduction 

Establishing security at the mine is essential in order to keep the roads open for mine or 

emergency personnel, and to ensure that curious bystanders do not hinder rescue efforts. 

Incoming traffic on the roads leading to the mine property should be controlled by 

authorized personnel to keep unnecessary vehicles off the roads, and keep these roads 

open for essential personnel, needed supplies, and emergency vehicles. 

When establishing security, ensure the following: 

 Enlist local law enforcement personnel for security. 

 Post company and/or public safety personnel at main and alternate entrances 

to the operation to coordinate and limit access to the site. 

 Provide company personnel with photo identification cards, if possible. 
 30

 Maintain log of any visitors arriving at or departing the site. 

 Limit or remove from mine property those persons not actively involved in the 

rescue or recovery operations. 

 Designate and area (press information center) for reporters. 

 Direct all reporters to the designated press information center regarding 

questions concerning the emergency. 

 Establish secure staging areas for mine emergency response personnel 

(EMTs, ambulance, and equipment, i.e., drilling rig) 

 Establish secure communication line between security and Command Center. 

 Establish and secure a designated location for family members. 

 

NOTE: Add any other items that will be necessary based on the mine’s location 

and existing facilities. Refer to Appendix B “Critical Item Checklist for Mine 

Emergencies.” 

#Log all activities and information related to the emergency. 

Record and log all calls. Maintain an accurate log to track all times, 

conditions, activities, locations of personnel, and any other information 

which is crucial during mine emergency operations. 
 31

Training Assessment 

Using the topics listed below as a guide, discuss the materials covered in the 

training. (Make copies for each participant, if necessary). Encourage questions 

and ask for feedback from participants. Ensure that each participant demonstrates 

knowledge of the topics covered in this section. 

1) Discuss established procedures for security in the event of an emergency at the 

mine. 

2) List some of the local officials you would contact in the event of a an emergency at 

the mine. 

NOTE: Instructors may want to add other topics or training scenarios. 
[This Page Intentionally Left Blank] 

32
 33

Section 5

Communicating Appropriate Information 

Related to the Emergency 

Training Objective 

Using the information in this section as a guide, responsible persons will demonstrate 

knowledge of communicating appropriate information related to a mine emergency. 

Mine-Specific Training Materials 

In addition to this instructional guide, an instructor will need the following mine-specific 

materials to conduct this training: 

• Emergency Response Plan (ERP), if applicable 

• Mine Emergency Notification Plan 

• Notification Lists 

• Any other applicable mine-specific plans and/or policies 

Introduction 

Communicating relevant information is crucial in the event of a mine emergency. 

Responsible persons must be knowledgeable and familiar with their mine’s Emergency 

Response Plans (ERP), notification plans, and communication protocols in order to 

respond appropriately to a mine emergency. 

It is essential that appropriate information related to an emergency is accurate and 

reported timely to the necessary personnel and regulatory agencies. The mine’s listing of 

emergency contacts must be kept up-to-date. 

Communication Protocol 

One of the most important elements of an emergency plan is a communication protocol 

that includes notification of key officials—and especially responders—immediately after 

discovery of an emergency. 
 34

A good communication protocol is essential to responsible persons at the mine, since 

they will have to relay valuable information during mine emergency operations. 

Training Suggestion: Communication, protocol, and leadership skills can 

be taught. Assessing those skills occurs either through simulated practice 

or real events. 

First Response Communications 

Miners who first encounter an emergency situation will have to assume their expected 

duties in dealing with the emergency, based on a pre-arranged plan of action. 

Responsible persons need to be knowledgeable of first response procedures, as well as 

the capabilities, skills, and expected duties of the miners who may be first to encounter an 

emergency situation. In carrying out their respective assigned duties, these first 

responders will also need clear and concise direction on how to proceed. 

+

Remember, TIME IS YOUR ENEMY in the initial phase of responding to an 

emergency such as a mine fire. The key is to minimize the time it takes to 

respond. Emergency preparedness and readiness training will benefit 

responsible persons, first responders, as well as all personnel at the mine. 

Communicating with Emergency Response Personnel 

In the event of a mine emergency, responsible persons must be prepared to relay 

information concerning the extent and nature of the emergency. It is essential that 

appropriate information related to an emergency is accurate and reported timely to 

emergency response personnel and regulatory agencies. 

NOTE: Effective and functional communications systems and related equipment 

must be in place at the mine to send and receive instructions and information 

related to the emergency. 
 35

The checklist below contains some of the questions that may be asked regarding the 

emergency. This list emphasizes the importance of keeping an accurate log of events. 

(NOTE: Additional information may be needed depending on the specific mine and nature 

of the emergency. Use the list for emergency response preparedness training or other 

training scenarios at the mine): 

 When did the event occur? 

 When was the responsible person notified? 

 What was the cause and nature of the emergency? 

 Are all miners accounted for? 

 Is the evacuation complete? 

 Are any miners missing? If so, how many and what are their possible 

locations? 

 Are any miners trapped? 

 Are there injuries or fatalities? 

 Have federal and state officials been notified? 

 Have all representatives of mine management been notified? 

 Is the ventilation system operating? 

 Is it an intake or exhaust system? 

 Are attendants posted at the surface ventilation controls? 

 Have air samples been taken? If so, what are the results? 

 What conditions are known to exist underground (roof conditions, water, gas, 

etc.)? 

 Is the mine’s communication system operating? Is it being monitored? 

 Is power to the affected area on or off? 

 Is there battery-powered or diesel equipment or a charging station in the 

affected area? 

 Have mine rescue teams or fire brigades been dispatched? 

 Are guards stationed at all mine entrances? 

 What type of equipment is in the area? Where is it located? 

 Are the mine maps up-to-date? 

 Are mine phones located on the mine maps? 

 Where are compressed air and/or water lines located? Are they in operation? 

 Are valves known to be open or closed? 

 What type of firefighting equipment is located underground? Where is it 

accurately located on the mine map? 

 What tools and supplies are available underground? Where are they? 

 Are there storage areas for oil or oxygen, acetylene tanks, or explosives in the 

area to be explored? What are the locations? 

 Are there any gas wells, adjacent mine workings above, below or parallel to the 

seam being mined? 

 Where are any pumps and compressors located? 

NOTE: Refer to Appendix C “Communicating and Relaying Critical Information”

(make copies as handouts, if needed). 

. 
 36

Mine Rescue Teams 

Mine rescue teams must receive accurate, concise, and reliable briefing information from 

the Command Center to perform rescue/recovery duties in a safe, timely, and efficient 

manner. 

Develop a standardized method of reporting gas readings and other critical information to 

the Command Center and the FAB. 

Mine rescue teams will need: 

 Up-to-date mine maps for exploration underground (ensure that extra copies are 

made) 

 Standardized system for mapping to coordinate with the command center (for 

example, numbering entries and lettering crosscuts) 

 Air readings and gas-trending data 

NOTE: Communications between the fresh air base and the mine 

rescue teams must be maintained at all times. 

#Log all activities and information related to the emergency. 

Maintain an accurate log to track all times, conditions, activities, locations of 

personnel, and any other information which is crucial during mine emergency 

operations. 
 37

Training Assessment 

Using the topics listed below as a guide, discuss the materials covered in the 

training. (Make copies for each participant, if necessary). Encourage questions 

and ask for feedback from participants. Ensure that each participant demonstrates 

knowledge of the topics covered in this section. 

1) Discuss the mine’s plans and protocols for communicating appropriate information 

to emergency personnel in the event of an emergency. 

2) List and discuss some of the questions that a responsible person may be asked 

related to a mine emergency. 

3) Discuss some of the items mine rescue teams will need to have. 

NOTE: Instructors may want to add other topics or training scenarios.
[This Page Intentionally Left Blank] 

38
 39

Section 6

Coordinating Firefighting Personnel 

Training Objective 

Using the information in this section as a guide, responsible persons will demonstrate 

knowledge of plans and procedures associated with coordinating firefighting personnel in 

the event of a mine fire. 

Mine-Specific Training Materials 

In addition to this instructional guide, an instructor will need the following mine-specific 

materials to conduct this training: 

• Emergency Response Plan (ERP) 

• Mine Emergency Evacuation and Firefighting Program of Instruction 

• Mine Maps (with ventilation system, escapeway systems, and location of 

firefighting equipment) 

• AMS mine-specific system (if applicable) 

• Ventilation Plan 

• Any other applicable mine-specific plans and/or policies 

Introduction 

At the first indication of a fire, everyone in the mine must be made aware that a fire exists 

and the responsible person may need to initiate a mine-wide evacuation. It is essential 

that a responsible person be knowledgeable in the mine’s emergency evacuation and 

firefighting program of instruction and the mine’s firefighting capabilities. 

The responsible person needs to know: 

 The types, locations, and capacities of the mine’s firefighting equipment 

 Water sources 

 Location of pumps 

 Power source for pumps 
 40

In the event of a mine fire, the responsible person should ensure the following duties are 

carried out: 

 Obtain air quality (gas readings) at or near the fire area and returns near the 

fire area as soon as possible. 

 Test and evaluate the mine roof prior to approaching a fire area. 

 Plan to approach a fire area from the intake air side, if possible (air moving 

from you toward the fire area). 

# Log all activities and information related to the emergency. 

Maintain a log to track all times, conditions, activities, locations of 

personnel, and any other information which is crucial during mine 

emergency operations. 

Fire Brigades 

Responsible persons may be required to direct underground fire brigades in the eve

a fire at the mine. Fire brigades are sometimes composed of specially trained 

nt of 

and 

equipped miners that work at the mine site and can rapidly respond to a fire. 

+

If a mine does not have a fire brigade, mining companies should also consider 

additional, more in-depth fire fighting training for their rescue team members. This 

includes training in fighting conveyor belt and other large structure and equipment 

fires using fire hoses, nozzles, and other related equipment. 

Hazards of Direct Firefighting 

hich the 

phyxiating gases, oxygen deficiency, explosive gases, and 

eat, smoke, and steam. 

lectric Shock and Electrocution 

reason, ensure that the power to the fire area 

 OFF regardless of the type of fire. 

During direct firefighting, there are certain hazards that may be encountered of w

responsible person should be aware. These hazards include electric shock and 

electrocution, toxic and as

h

E

Electric shock and electrocution are hazards to firefighters using water, foam, or other 

conductive agents to fight a fire. For this 

is
 41

use of the inomplete combustion of carbon materials during the burning process. 

xygen. Too much of it in the bloodstream can cause 

ome 

. Even small fires that involve burning rubber, neoprene, or PVC can be extremely 

xic. 

Toxic and Asphyxiating Gases 

The extremely toxic gas, carbon monoxide, is produced by all fires beca

c

Carbon dioxide is also produced by fires, though it is a product of complete combustion. 

Carbon dioxide is an asphyxiate. Breathing large amounts of carbon dioxide causes rapid

breathing and insufficient intake of o

unconsciousness and even death. 

Other gases such as hydrogen sulfide are even more toxic than carbon monoxide. S

toxic gases are produced by burning rubber, neoprene, or polyvinyl chloride (PVC). 

These materials are frequently found in electrical cables, conveyor belts, or tires on machinery

to

Because all of these gases are harmful, it is extremely important that 

breathing apparatus is worn at all times when dealing with underground 

fires. 

Explosive Gases 

The buildup of explosive gases, such as methane and hydrogen, are very real hazards for

teams during direct firefighting. That is why it is so important to maintain a sufficient and 

onsistent flow of air over the fire area. 

fer to Appendix E “Gas Detection Chart” (make copies as handouts, if 

needed). 

 a hot, smoky, 

r of 

er the fire area 

hould help to carry the smoke, heat, and steam away from the team. 

c

NOTE: Re

Heat, Smoke, and Steam 

Heat, smoke, and steam are other hazards of direct firefighting and will determine how 

close firefighters can get to a fire and how long they can work. Working in

or steamy atmosphere can be extremely uncomfortable and dangerous. 

Keep in mind that during firefighting, smoke and steam will be less dense near the floo

the mine and worse near the roof of the mine. Adequate ventilation ov

s
[This Page Intentionally Left Blank] 

42
 43

Training Assessment 

Using the topics listed below as a guide, discuss the materials covered in the 

training. (Make copies for each participant, if necessary). Encourage questions 

and ask for feedback from participants. Ensure that each participant demonstrates 

knowledge of the topics covered in this section. 

1) Discuss the hazards when fighting a mine fire directly. 

2) Discuss the importance of ventilation during firefighting. 

NOTE: Instructors may want to add other topics or training scenarios. 
[This Page Intentionally Left Blank] 

44
 45

Section 7

Deploying Firefighting Equipment

Training Objective 

Using the information in this section as a guide, responsible persons will demonstrate 

knowledge of the deployment of firefighting equipment in the event of a mine fire. 

Mine-Specific Training Materials 

In addition to this instructional guide, an instructor will need the following mine-specific 

materials to conduct this training: 

• Emergency Response Plan (ERP) 

• Mine Emergency Evacuation and Firefighting Program of Instruction 

• Atmospheric Monitoring System (AMS): mine-specific system (if applicable) 

• Ventilation Plan 

• Any other applicable mine-specific plans and/or policies 

Introduction 

Responsible persons need to know that fires in underground mines are particularly 

hazardous not only because they produce toxic gases and heat, but also because they 

produce smoke, pose an explosion hazard, and create oxygen-deficient atmospheres. 

Detection 

Initial detection of an emergency such as a mine fire is often by miners or by mine-wide 

detection systems. Responsible persons should be knowledgeable in the type of fire 

detection systems in place at the mine. If the mine uses an Atmospheric Monitoring 

System (AMS), the responsible person should have a thorough working knowledge of the 

system. 
 46

Types of Firefighting Equipment 

The following is a general overview of most types of firefighting equipment at found at 

mines. Responsible persons should also have a thorough knowledge of the types of 

firefighting equipment used at their mine. 

Dry Chemical Extinguishers 

Dry chemical extinguishers put out fires by stopping the chemical reaction between the 

fuel and oxygen (which produces the flame). The dry chemical agents work to inactivate 

the intermediate products of the flame reaction, resulting in a decreased combustion rate 

(rate of heat evolution) and thus extinguishing the fire. 

There are basically two sizes of dry chemical extinguishers: hand-held extinguishers and 

larger wheeled extinguishers. Hand-held extinguishers range in size from about 2 to 55 

pounds. 

Wheeled extinguishers can weigh from 75 to 350 pounds. These extinguishers consist of 

a large nitrogen cylinder, a dry chemical chamber, and a hose with an operating valve at 

the nozzle. 

Multi-purpose dry chemical extinguishers contain monoammonium phosphate, and are 

effective on Class A, B, or C fires. 

Hand-Held Extinguishers 

Hand-held extinguishers may be available at the mine. Responsible persons should 

instruct miners to use the appropriate extinguisher for the fire they may be fighting. Using 

the wrong type of extinguisher could result in spreading a fire rather than extinguishing 

one. 

Rock Dust 

Rock dust is a fire extinguisher material that is readily available in most areas of the mine. 

It is used to put out a fire by smothering it or by eliminating oxygen from the fire. Rock 

dust can be used on Class A, B, or C fires and is most successfully used to fight a fire by 

applying it by hand to the fire or by shoveling it onto the fire. 

NOTE: It is not recommended that rock dusting machines be used to fight any type of 

mine fire. Rock dusting machines generate air to disperse the rock dust, and the air could 

then move over the fire area to possibly increase the fire’s intensity. 
 47

Water 

Water can also be used to put out fires. Water acts to cool the fire, removing heat from 

the fire triangle. Water is an effective extinguishing agent on Class A fires. 

Waterlines 

Waterlines are required to extend to each section loading point and to be equipped with 

enough fire hose to reach each working face. 

Fire Cars 

Fire cars (or water cars or chemical cars) are available in some mines. These may be 

mounted on tires or flanged wheels and can be pushed or pulled to the fire area. The 

components of a fire car can vary from a water tank, pump, and hose to a more elaborate 

version that contains a wider selection of firefighting equipment such as water, large 

chemical extinguishers, hand tools, brattice cloth, and rock dust. 

High Expansion Foam 

High expansion foam is used mainly to contain and control fire by removing two legs of 

the fire triangle—oxygen and heat. The tremendous volume of the foam acts to smother 

and cool the fire at the same time. Foam is useful only in fighting Class A or B fires. 

Because the foam is light and resilient it can travel long distances to a fire without 

breaking down. High expansion foam is normally used just to control a fire. Once 

conditions permit, teams are usually sent in to fight the fire more directly. It is generally 

recommended not to travel through foam-filled areas. 

Foam Generators 

The high expansion foam is made by mixing water, air, and a foam concentrate or detergent in a foam generator. Foam generators are portable and come in different sizes 

with different foam-producing capacities. The smaller models may be hand-carried by 

two people or wheeled into position. Larger models may be mounted on rubber tires or 

may be transported on a track-mounted mine car. 

 

Inert Gas Generators 

Coal fires can be extinguished by depriving them of oxygen. Flooding the mine with inert 

gases such as nitrogen (in sufficient quantities) can suffocate and extinguish the fire. 
[This Page Intentionally Left Blank] 

48
 49

Training Assessment 

Using the topics listed below as a guide, discuss the materials covered in the 

training. (Make copies for each participant, if necessary). Encourage questions 

and ask for feedback from participants. Ensure that each participant demonstrates 

knowledge of the topics covered in this section. 

1) Discuss the types of fire detection and firefighting equipment in place at the mine. 

2) Discuss how the equipment would be deployed in the event of a fire. 

NOTE: Instructors may want to add other topics or training scenarios. 
[This Page Intentionally Left Blank] 

50
 51

Section 8

Coordinating Mine Rescue Personnel 

Training Objective 

Using the information in this section as a guide, responsible persons will demonstrate 

knowledge of coordinating mine rescue personnel in the event of a mine emergency at 

the mine. 

Mine-Specific Training Materials 

In addition to this instructional guide, an instructor will need the following mine-specific 

materials to conduct this training: 

• Emergency Response Plan (ERP) 

• Contact list for mine rescue teams and mine emergency personnel 

• Any other applicable mine-specific plans and/or policies 

Introduction 

Responsible persons may be required to direct many persons who will be performing 

various tasks during rescue/recovery operations during a mine emergency. 

It is important to establish a clear chain-of-command so that all emergency operations 

can be well coordinated and handled efficiently. Under the direction of a responsible 

person, employees assigned specific duties in the event of an emergency must know in 

advance what their duties and responsibilities are, to whom they report, and who reports 

to them. 

NOTE: Refer to Appendix A for details on the “Mine Emergency Command 

System” and its associated functions (make copies for handouts, if needed). 
 52

Responsible persons need to ensure the following: 

 Evaluate mine conditions and determine how many teams are necessary to 

complete the operation. 

 Continue to check return air for mine gases and smoke. 

 Make preparations for communicating with multiple teams or fresh air base 

(FAB). 

 Designate the primary underground communications system to be used by 

mine rescue teams and the FAB. 

 Identify backup communications available during the emergency. 

 Designate an individual who will communicate with mine rescue teams and 

the Command Center. 

 Consider team safety at all times. 

 Teams need enough rest to resume activities during their next scheduled 

shift. 
 53

Training Assessment 

Using the topics listed below as a guide, discuss the materials covered in the 

training. (Make copies for each participant, if necessary). Encourage questions 

and ask for feedback from participants. Ensure that each participant demonstrates 

knowledge of the topics covered in this section. 

1) Discuss the mine’s plans for coordinating mine rescue personnel in the event of a 

mine emergency. 

2) List and discuss some of the activities a responsible person may have to 

coordinate during a mine emergency. 

NOTE: Instructors may want to add other topics or training scenarios. 
[This Page Intentionally Left Blank] 

54
 55

Section 9

Deploying Mine Rescue Teams 

Training Objective 

Using the information in this section as a guide, responsible persons will demonstrate 

knowledge deploying mine rescue teams in the event of an emergency at the mine. 

Mine-Specific Training Materials 

In addition to this instructional guide, an instructor will need the following mine-specific 

materials to conduct this training: 

• Emergency Response Plan (ERP) 

• Mine Maps 

• Ventilation Plan 

• Inventory list of supplies and equipment for mine rescue teams at the mine 

• Any other applicable mine-specific plans and/or policies 

Introduction 

Responsible persons need to be knowledgeable in the proper procedures of mine rescue 

team deployment. The primary purposes of a mine rescue team are to rescue survivors 

or recover a mine in the event of a mine emergency. However, the first priority is the 

safety of the mine rescue team members. 

Mine rescue teams are called upon to provide a variety of functions that may include: 

 Firefighting 

 Exploration 

 Removing or isolating ignition sources 

 Building ventilation structures 

 Setting roof support 

 Implementing ventilation plans 

 Providing air quality and quantity readings to the Command Center 
 56

In addition, teams often have skilled first-aid providers (often certified Emergency Medical 

Technicians) and firefighters, who may also perform their associated functions. 

Mine Rescue Exploration 

Before any team begins exploration in a mine where an explosion has occurred, or is 

suspected of having occurred, make sure that the mine is relatively safe to enter and that 

as many hazards as possible have been eliminated. 

NOTE: When a team goes into a mine to explore or fight a fire, it must be concerned 

with two main things—spreading of the fire and the possibility of an explosion. Before 

going underground, the team should make sure that the main fan is running and is 

being monitored for gases. 

 

 Designate the primary underground communications system to be used by 

mine rescue teams, the fresh air base (FAB), and the Command Center. 

 Ensure mine rescue teams have certifications. 

 Teams should have a thorough briefing from the Command Center. 

 Provide the team with a current copy of the mine map of areas to be explored. 

 Provide any special supplies for the mine rescue team. 

 Provide the teams a copy of the approved plan of their phase of operation. 

 Make sure a backup team is at the FAB. 

 Make sure a backup team is standing by on the surface. 

 Ensure adequate communications before teams travel inby the FAB. 

 Follow established procedures. 

 Compare map with the FAB coordinator. 

 Share information with the backup team 

NOTE: This list is not intended to be exhaustive and should be expanded upon, if 

necessary.

Ensure that the mine rescue teams have facilities and adequate 

accommodations for preparing and benching their apparatus. 
 57

Training Assessment 

Using the topics listed below as a guide, discuss the materials covered in the 

training. (Make copies for each participant, if necessary). Encourage questions 

and ask for feedback from participants. Ensure that each participant demonstrates 

knowledge of the topics covered in this section. 

1) Discuss plans for deploying mine rescue teams in the event of an emergency at the 

mine. 

2) List some of the functions a mine rescue team may be required to carry out. 

NOTE: Instructors may want to add other topics or training scenarios. 

. 
[This Page Intentionally Left Blank] 

58
 59

Section 10

Establishing a Fresh Air Base (FAB)

Training Objective 

Using the information in this section as a guide, responsible persons will demonstrate 

knowledge of establishing a fresh air base should it become necessary during an 

emergency at the mine. 

Mine-Specific Training Materials 

In addition to this instructional guide, an instructor will need the following mine-specific 

materials to conduct this training: 

• Mine Map (with ventilation system and escapeway systems) 

• Ventilation Plan 

• Inventory list of materials at the mine required to establish a fresh air base 

• Any other applicable mine-specific plans and/or policies 

Introduction 

Responsible persons will have to be knowledgeable in the procedures of establishing a 

fresh air base (FAB). Usually, the FAB is established somewhere underground, and then 

advanced as the exploration proceeds. But if underground damage is extensive, it may 

be necessary to establish the initial fresh air base on the surface. 

The fresh air base also functions as a base of communications for the operation linking 

the team, the Command Center, and all support personnel. 

Whether the FAB is underground or on the surface, the fresh air base should be located 

as close as possible to the affected area of the mine, but situated where it’s assured a 

supply of fresh air. 

 

Fresh Air Base Operations 

The fresh air base is the base of operations from which rescue and recovery work 

advances into irrespirable atmospheres. This is where rescue/recovery crews begin their 

exploration of the affected area. 
 60

When the FAB is set up underground, near a contaminated environment, an air lock must 

be built to isolate it from the unexplored area beyond it. The air lock allows the team to 

enter and exit the unexplored area without contaminating the air at the fresh air base. 

Supplies 

Ensure that secure and reliable communications are established between the FAB and 

the Command Center. 

Ensure that mine rescue teams have up-to-date mine maps of the areas to be explored. 

The fresh air base is normally outfitted with supplies and other equipment to be used during 

the operation. For example, a typical fresh air base is equipped with gas testing devices, 

equipment for detecting oxygen deficiency, and firefighting equipment. 

There should also be first aid supplies such as oxygen therapy equipment and a stretcher 

at the fresh air base, as well as tools and replacement parts for self-contained breathing 

apparatus. 

If possible, the fresh air base should be supplied with benches, canvas, or brattice cloth 

on which the backup team can set their apparatus. 

Key Points to Remember: 

 Designate the primary underground communications system to be used by 

mine rescue teams and fresh air base (FAB). 

 The exploration teams must be able to communicate with the FAB at all 

times. 

 Efficient operation of the FAB is essential to the operation. Teams will be 

entering into and exiting from irrespirable atmospheres at the FAB. Teams will 

be arriving from and exiting to the surface from the FAB. 

 The backup team(s) must be stationed at the FAB, and it is recommended 

that the backup team(s) remain prepared to enter an irrespirable atmosphere 

at all times when a team or teams are inby the FAB. 

 When a backup team prepares to enter an irrespirable atmosphere each 

member should have apparatus on their back, (oxygen and facepiece off) 

communications ready, and gas detecting instruments ready for use. 

 The backup team must remain at the FAB and not venture away while they 

are in the backup position. With so much activity in and around the FAB, 

congestion and confusion can easily interrupt the operation. 
 61

Location of the Fresh Air Base 

If the fresh air base is located underground, ensure that it has positive ventilation and a 

fresh air travelway to the surface. This travelway will be used to safely move people and 

supplies to and from the fresh air base. If possible, there should also be transportation 

available. 

The location should be: 

 Situated where it can be linked to the command center by means of a 

communication system. 

 Large enough to accommodate all the people who will be using it and allow 

enough space for them to work efficiently. 

Recordkeeping and Tracking 

The importance of accurate recordkeeping at the fresh air base cannot be overstated. A 

person should be assigned at the fresh air base to record and track the activities of the 

teams as they explore the mine. An example would be the “briefing officer” of the team 

that may be exploring inby the FAB. 

# Log all activities and information related to the emergency. 

Maintain a log to track all times, conditions, activities, locations of 

personnel, and any other information which is crucial during mine 

emergency operations. 
[This Page Intentionally Left Blank] 

62
 63

Training Assessment 

Using the topics listed below as a guide, discuss the materials covered in the 

training. (Make copies for each participant, if necessary). Encourage questions 

and ask for feedback from participants. Ensure that each participant demonstrates 

knowledge of the topics covered in this section. 

1) Discuss plans for establishing a FAB in the event of an emergency at the mine. 

2) Discuss the necessary supplies required to establish a FAB. 

3) Discuss the location of a FAB. 

4) Discuss the key points for safe and efficient FAB operations. 

NOTE: Instructors may want to add other topics or training scenarios.
[This Page Intentionally Left Blank] 

64
 65

Section 11

Providing for Mine Gas Sampling and Analysis 

Training Objective 

Using the information in this section as a guide, responsible persons will demonstrate 

knowledge of mine gas sampling and analysis. 

NOTE: Refer to the Appendix for mine gas charts (make copies as handouts, if 

needed). 

Mine-Specific Training Materials 

In addition to this instructional guide, an instructor will need the following mine-specific 

materials to conduct this training: 

• Gas detectors used at the mine 

• Gas sampling bottles, bags, and syringes 

• Any other mine-specific materials relating to gas sampling and analysis 

• Any other applicable mine-specific plans and/or policies 

 

Gas Sampling and Analyzing Equipment 

Responsible persons should be knowledgeable of mine gas properties and how mine 

gases will react under certain conditions. 

Gas testing and sampling provide critical information to mine rescue teams and the 

Command Center during rescue and recovery operations. 

Accurate information is extremely important in the decision making process of all parties 

involved. Inaccurate information can have adverse effects on the teams and the entire 

operation.

 
 66

Hand-Held Detectors

NOTE: Persons expected to use hand-held detectors should be trained in the 

proper use of the detector. 

• Proper calibration and charging of the instruments before using them cannot 

be overemphasized. An improperly calibrated instrument can result in 

incorrect information being communicated to the command center. 

• A faulty gas detector, when used in a potentially explosive atmosphere, can 

serve as an ignition source. 

Procedures for Gas Testing 

Make sure that safety procedures are followed to ensure the safety of the person taking 

the readings. 

 Ensure that the instruments used are properly charged and calibrated. 

 Ensure that the correct locations are being tested; this includes the correct 

physical location of the detector when testing for a particular gas, as well as 

the correct location(s) as requested by the Command Center. 

 Ensure that the correct instruments are tested and used correctly. 

 It is recommended that more than one hand-held detector be used to take the 

readings. This method will allow comparison of gas readings among detectors 

and will lessen the chances of inaccurate gas readings being reported to the 

FAB or Command Center. 

 

Gas Analysis 

Throughout the operation, mine rescue personnel must deploy gas analysis equipment. 

The responsible person may need to direct personnel to install gas sample tubing 

underground, at mine fans, and bore holes. These personnel should be trained in the 

proper procedures for such installations. 

Responsible persons will be expected to have a general knowledge in gas sampling and 

analysis and should ensure that competent persons collect and deliver samples to the 

appropriate locations. Associated duties may include: 

 Installing sample lines and associated equipment in support of the gas 

analysis team 

 Setting up Gas Chronograph and associated components 

 Setting up Infrared Analysis and associated components 
 67

 Establishing procedures for collecting valid gas samples using equipment 

such as bags, bottles, and syringes 

 Ensuring that competent persons are collecting the samples and delivering 

the samples to the correct location(s) 

NOTE: Refer to Appendix E “Mine Gas Detection Chart” (make copies for 

handouts, if needed). 
[This Page Intentionally Left Blank] 

68
 69

Training Assessment 

Using the topics listed below as a guide, discuss the materials covered in the 

training. (Make copies for each participant, if necessary). Encourage questions 

and ask for feedback from participants. Ensure that each participant demonstrates 

knowledge of the topics covered in this section. 

1) Discuss the importance of gas sampling and analysis during mine emergency 

operations. 

2) Discuss the correct procedures for gas testing. 

3) Why is it recommended that gas readings be taken with more than one detector? 

NOTE: Instructors may want to add other topics or training scenarios. 
[This Page Intentionally Left Blank] 

70
 71

Appendix

Appendix A....................................The Mine Emergency Command System

Appendix B........................... Critical Item Checklist for Mine Emergencies

Appendix C................. Communicating and Relaying Critical Information

Appendix D.....................................................................................Mine Gas Chart

Appendix E...........................................................................Gas Detection Chart

Appendix F ........................................................................................Oxygen Chart

Appendix G........................................................................ Carbon Dioxide Chart

Appendix H....................................................................Carbon Monoxide Chart

Appendix I........................................................................Nitrogen Dioxide Chart

Appendix J.....................................................................................Hydrogen Chart

Appendix K ...........................................................Hydrogen Sulfide Chart

Appendix L ...........................................................................Sulfur Dioxide Chart

Appendix M ..................................................................................... Methane Chart
[This Page Intentionally Left Blank] 

72
Appendix A 

The Mine Emergency Command System 

A comprehensive, mine-specific emergency preparedness and response system is critical 

to effective rescue/recovery operations. 

The Mine Emergency Command System establishes a common framework and 

practical procedures for controlling all aspects of a mine emergency. 

Based on the standard Incident Command System (ICS), which has been adopted by fire 

departments, search and rescue organizations, and other government agencies, 

A Mine Emergency Command System: 

• Is an organizational structure designed to respond to any mine emergency. 

• Establishes a common framework based on the ICS. 

• Creates controls in dealing with: 

 Personnel 

 Facilities 

 Equipment 

 Communications 

• Can be established and expanded depending upon the changing conditions 

of the emergency. 

• Is staffed and operated by qualified personnel from a variety of agencies. 

NOTE: Refer to Figure 1 on the next page which illustrates the structure of the Mine 

Emergency Command System. 

Appendix A 

 

A-1
Mine Emergency Command System 

Command 

Mine Emergency 

Command Group 

Liaison Information Safety 

Operations Planning Logistics Finance 

Search Firefighting 

and 

Rescue 

The Mine Emergency Command System 

establishes a common framework and 

practical procedures for controlling all 

aspects of a mine emergency. 

Figure 1 

Appendix A 

 

A-2
Appendix A 

 

A-3

Command Function 

The command function is performed and staffed by the Mine Emergency Command 

Group which usually includes: 

• Designated Mine Company Personnel 

• MSHA Representatives 

• State Representatives 

• Miners’ Representatives 

Some of the primary responsibilities of the Mine Emergency Command Group are to: 

• Identify the scope of the emergency and the problems associated with it. 

• Determine an overall strategy. 

• Order and deploy necessary resources. 

• Develop an organizational structure that meets the needs of the emergency. 

• Ensure the safety of all emergency response personnel. 

• Effectively utilize available “outside” resources. 

• Provide appropriate information to the news media and other concerned 

parties. 

Safety Function 

The safety function includes identifying, monitoring, and assessing hazardous and 

potentially unsafe situations and developing practical solutions for ensuring the safety of 

all emergency response personnel both on the surface and underground. 

Operations Function 

The operations function encompasses deployment, direction, and coordination of all 

resources engaged in the emergency operations which may include: 

• Search and Rescue 

• Firefighting 

• Medical Treatment 
Appendix A 

 

A-4

• Control of Hazardous Materials 

• Gas Sampling 

• Building In-Mine Structures (Seals and Barricades) 

• Surface Operations 

The operations function also serves to establish and supervise staging areas used for 

controlling resource deployment (both personnel and equipment). 

Information Function 

The information function serves to: 

• Collect vital information required by the Mine Emergency Command Group. 

• Distribute the information throughout the organization. 

• Establish a single point-of-contact for releasing information to the media. 

• Maintain an accurate log of all activities during the mine emergency 

operations. 

Liaison Function 

The liaison function is related to the information function in that it serves to maintain a 

point-of-contact between the Command Group and other concerned parties such as: 

• Family Members 

• Mining Company Representatives 

• Legal Representatives 

• Local Officials 

• Property Owners 

• News Media 

 

The information and liaison functions are interrelated and should be carried out 

according to the organizational structure established by the company and the 

Command Group. It is crucial that information related to the emergency be 

controlled, communicated, and disseminated appropriately.
Appendix A 

 

A-5

Logistics Function

The logistics function serves to provide facilities, services, and materials in support of the 

mine emergency operations which may include: 

• Food and lodging for mine rescue teams and firefighters 

• Special rescue equipment and supplies 

• Drill rigs and other heavy equipment 

• Gas analysis 

• Seismic detection/locations systems 

Planning Function

Planning is crucial to mine emergency preparedness and readiness. The planning 

function is also a key factor in the Mine Emergency Command System because of the 

uncertainty and potential complexities of any mine emergency operations and the 

possibility of a sustained operation for a prolonged period. 

During emergency operations, the planning function serves mine rescue personnel in 

gathering and analyzing information for making informed and safe decisions, 

determining the effectiveness of strategy, and developing alternate strategies in 

managing the emergency operations. 

Finance Function

Depending on its severity, a mine emergency can have a great financial impact on the 

mining company, the labor force, and other entities. The finance function serves to handle 

all financial aspects of a mine emergency operation including: 

• Allocating monies as needed for resources required for the operation 

• Tracking expenses 

• Financial recordkeeping 

• Post-operation audits 
Appendix A 

 

A-6

Activating the Mine Emergency Command System 

The Mine Emergency Command System is activated for any type of emergency like a fire, 

explosion, gas or water inundations. Ideally, the system should be activated in three 

logical stages: 

Stage 1 

First responders (trained, on-the-job miners) report the incident to supervisory personnel; 

first responders may be directed to attempt to control the situation (depending on 

severity); evacuation of unaffected areas may be initiated; responsible persons initiate 

mine’s emergency response and notification plans. 

Stage 2 

Second responders (fire brigade and/or mine rescue teams) are summoned; mine-wide 

evacuation likely ordered; the Mine Emergency Command Group is fully staffed (Stage 2 

expands to Stage 3). 

Stage 3 

Full-scale mine emergency operations; all functions of the Mine Emergency Command 

System are activated. 
Appendix B 

Appendix B 

Critical Item Checklist for Mine Emergencies 

NOTIFICATION 

 Activate Notification Procedures for Emergency Contacts. 

 Notify MSHA Officials. 

 Notify State Officials. 

 Notify Key Mine Officials. 

 Notify Miners’ Representatives. 

 Notify Police. 

 Notify Fire/Rescue Organizations. 

 Notify Neighboring Mines. 

 Notify Family Members. 

 Notify Medical Support Personnel. 

SHUTDOWN OPERATION 

 Assemble Employees. 

 Debrief Witnesses. 

 Account for All Persons Known to Be at the Mine. 

 Assign Employees to Tasks. 

SECURITY AND SITE MONITORING 

 Establish Security - All Access Roads. 

 Establish Check-in/Check-out System for All Authorized Persons. 

 Assign Site Monitors and Shift Rotation Schedule. 

 Establish Parking Area and Staging Area. 

COMMAND CENTER 

 Follow Mine Emergency Response Plan. 

 Set up a Mine Emergency Command System. 

 Staff Emergency Organization. 

 Delegate Authority and Assign Duties. 

 Give Appropriate Orders. 

 Brief Arriving Personnel. 

 Review ALL Mine Maps and Coordinate Reference Points on ALL Maps. 

 Make Extra Copies of Maps 

 Establish Gas Monitoring, Data Analysis, and Trend Analysis. 

 Follow Appropriate Safety Precautions. 

 Request/Dispatch Additional Persons to Mine as Required. 

 Take Appropriate Actions Relative to Site Recovery. 

 Establish a Shift Rotation Schedule for Command Personnel. 
Appendix B 

COMMUNICATIONS 

 Relay Information to the Command Center. 

 Establish External Communications (Corporate, MSHA, State, Miner's 

Representatives, Medical, Legal, Etc.). 

 Monitor and Log All Communications. 

MEDICAL ARRANGEMENTS 

 Arrange for Ambulance and Medical Services. 

 Set up Temporary Morgue (if required). 

ACQUISITION OF EQUIPMENT, MATERIALS, AND SERVICES 

 List All Equipment in the Mine and on the Surface. 

 Locate and Check On-site Equipment for Possible Use. 

 Arrange for Heavy Equipment if Required. 

 Arrange for Portable Radios. 

 Provide Transportation for Equipment. 

 Obtain Personal Protective Equipment. 

 Establish Waiting and Briefing Area for Family/Relatives (Provide Food 

and Sitting/Sleeping Area). 

 Establish Press Briefing Area. 

INFORMATION 

 Appoint a Spokesperson for All Entities. 

 Brief Family Members on a Regular Schedule. 

 Brief the Press and Media on a Regular Schedule. 
Appendix C 

Appendix C 

Communicating and Relaying Critical Information 

In the event of a mine emergency, responsible persons should be prepared to relay 

accurate and up-to-date information concerning the nature of the emergency. The 

checklist below contains some questions that may be asked regarding the emergency. 

 What was the cause and nature of the emergency? 

 Are all miners accounted for? 

 Is the evacuation complete? 

 Are any miners missing? If so, how many and what are their possible 

locations? 

 Have federal and state officials been notified? 

 Have all representatives of mine management been notified? 

 Is the ventilation system operating? 

 Is it an intake or exhaust system? 

 Are attendants posted at the surface ventilation controls? 

 Have air samples been taken? If so, what are the results? 

 What conditions are known to exist underground (Roof conditions, water, 

gas, etc.)? 

 Is the mine’s communication system operating? Is it being monitored? 

 Is power to the affected area on or off? 

 Is there battery-powered or diesel equipment or a charging station in the 

affected area? 

 Have mine rescue teams or fire brigades been dispatched? 

 Are guards stationed at all mine entrances? 

 What type of equipment is in the area? Where is it located? 

 Where are compressed air and/or water lines located? Are they in 

operation? 

 Are valves known to be open or closed? 

 What type of firefighting equipment is located underground? Where is it 

accurately located on the mine map? 

 What tools and supplies are available underground? Where are they? 

 Are there storage areas for oil or oxygen, acetylene tanks, or explosives in 

the area to be explored? What are the locations? 

 Are there any gas wells, adjacent mine workings above, below or parallel to 

the seam being mined? 

 Where are any pumps and compressors located? 

NOTE: It may be necessary to add other mine-specific items to the list. 
Appendix D

Appendix D 

 Mine Gas Chart 

Gas Chemical 

Symbol 

Specific 

Gravity 

Explosive 

Range 

Health Hazards Solubility Color Odor Taste 

Air --- 1.0000 --- --- --- --- --- --- Oxygen O2 1.1054 

Supports 

combustion 

Oxygen deficiency: 17% panting; 15% dizziness and headache; 9% unconsciousness; 6% death. 

Moderate --- --- --- 

Nitrogen N 0.9674 --- Asphyxiant (oxygen depletion). Slight --- --- --- Carbon Dioxide CO2 1.5291 --- 

Increases breathing rate. May cause death in high concentrations. Soluble --- --- 

Acid in high 

concentrations 

Carbon Monoxide CO 0.9672 12.5 to74.2% 

Highly toxic. Can be an asphyxiant. Slight --- --- --- 

Nitrogen Dioxide 

NO2 

N O2 4 1.5894 --- 

Highly toxic. Corrosive effect on lungs. May be asphyxiant. 

Only 

slight 

Reddish 

brown 

Blasting powder 

fumes 

Blasting 

powder fumes 

Hydrogen H2 0.0695 

4.0 to 74.2% 

Highly explosive Asphyxiant (oxygen depletion). --- --- --- --- 

Hydrogen Sulfide H2S 1.1906 4.3 to 45.5% 

Highly toxic. Can be an asphyxiant. Soluble --- Rotten eggs Sweetish 

Sulfur Dioxide SO2 2.2638 --- 

Highly toxic. Can be an asphyxiant. Highly --- Sulfurous Acid (bitter) 

Methane CH4 0.5545 5 to 15% Asphyxiant (rare). Slight --- --- --- Ethane C H2 6 1.0493 3.0 to 12.5% Asphyxiant (rare). Slight --- --- --- Propane C H3 8 1.5625 2.12 to 9.35% Asphyxiant (rare). Slight --- 

“Gassy” in high 

concentrations --- 

Butane C H4 10

2.0100 

1.86 to 8.41% Asphyxiant (rare). Slight --- 

“Gassy” in high 

concentrations --- 

Acetylene C H2 2 0.9107 2.5 to 80% 

Only slightly toxic. Asphyxiant (rare). 

Only 

slight --- --- Garlic 

Radon Rn 7.5260 --- Exposure to radiation Highly --- --- --- 
Appendix E

Appendix E 

 Gas Detection Chart 

Gas Detection Method When to Test 

Oxygen (O2) 

Oxygen indicator. Chemical analysis. 

During any team exploration. 

Nitrogen (N) Chemical analysis. When an oxygen deficient atmosphere is suspected. In mines where 

nitrogen issues from rock strata. In inactive areas where ventilation has been inadequate. 

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Carbon dioxide detector. Multi-gas 

detector. Chemical analysis. 

After a fire or explosion. When entering abandoned areas. When reopening sealed areas. 

Carbon Monoxide (CO) Carbon monoxide detector. Multi-gas 

detector. Chemical analysis. 

During any team exploration, especially when a fire is suspected. 

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Nitrogen dioxide detector. Multi-gas 

detector. Chemical analysis. 

After mine fire or explosion. When diesel equipment is used. After detonation of explosives. 

Hydrogen (H2) Multi-gas detector. 

Chemical analysis. 

After mine fire or explosion. Near battery charging stations. When steam is produced by water, mist, or foam in fire-fighting. 

Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Hydrogen sulfide detector. Multi-gas 

detector. Chemical analysis. Eye irritation.

In poorly ventilated areas. During unsealing operations. Following mine fires. 

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Multi-gas detector. Chemical analysis. 

Odor, taste, and respiratory tract irritation. 

When standing water is disturbed. After mine fire or explosion. When opening sealed areas after mine fire. 

Methane (CH4) Methane detector. 

Chemical analysis. 

During any team exploration. When normal ventilation is disrupted. 

When entering abandoned workings. 

Heavy Hydrocarbons  Propane (C H2 6) 

 Butane (C H3 8) 

 Acetylene (C H4 10) 

Multi-gas detector. Chemical analysis. 

Following fires or explosions when methane is present. Following accidental entry into adjacent oil or gas well casings. 

Acetylene (C H2 2) 

Multi-gas detector. Chemical analysis. Odor 

Following a methane explosion in air which is low in oxygen. 

Radon (Rn) Survey meter. When normal ventilation is disrupted. During unsealing operations. 
Appendix F 

Appendix F Oxygen Chart 
Appendix G 

 Appendix G Carbon Dioxide Chart 
 Appendix H Carbon Monoxide Chart 

Appendix H 
Appendix I Nitrogen Dioxide Chart 

Appendix I 
Appendix J Hydrogen Chart 

Appendix J 
Appendix K Hydrogen Sulfide Chart 

Appendix K 
Appendix L Sulfur Dioxide Chart 

Appendix L 
 Appendix M Methane Chart

Appendix M