NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING 

MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED 

IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL 

OF FLORIDA 

SECOND DISTRICT 

FEDERAL NATIONAL MORTGAGE ) 

ASSOCIATION, ) 

 ) 

 Appellant, ) 

 ) 

v. ) Case No. 2D15-1631 

 ) 

LINDA LINNER A/K/A LINDA D. ) 

LINNER, as trustee under the ) 

unrecorded trust agreement known as ) 

the Linda D. Linner Revocable Trust of ) 

2007 dated May 29, 2007; LINDA ) 

LINNER A/K/A LINDA D. LINNER, ) 

INDIVIDUALLY; THE UNKNOWN ) 

BENEFICIARIES OF THE LINDA D. ) 

LINNER REVOCABLE TRUST OF ) 

2007 DATED MAY 29, 2007; ) 

MORTGAGE ELECTRONIC ) 

REGISTRATION SYSTEMS, ) 

INCORPORATED AS A NOMINEE ) 

FOR CITIBANK, N.A.; UNKNOWN ) 

SPOUSE OF HARRY A. LOEBEL; ) 

VILLAGE WALK HOMEOWNERS ) 

ASSOCIATION OF NAPLES, INC.; ) 

UNKNOWN PERSON(S) IN ) 

POSSESSION OF THE SUBJECT ) 

PROPERTY, ) 

 ) 

 Appellees. ) 

___________________________________ ) 

Opinion filed June 3, 2016. 

Appeal pursuant to Fla. R. App. P. 9.130 

from the Circuit Court for Collier County; 
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Daniel R. Monaco, Senior Judge. 

H. Michael Muniz of Kahane & Associates, 

P.A., Plantation, for Appellant. 

Paul P. Pacchiana, Naples, for Appellees 

Linda Linner a/k/a Linda D. Linner, as 

trustee under the unrecorded trust 

agreement known as the Linda D. Linner 

Revocable Trust of 2007 dated May 29, 

2007, and Linda Linner A/K/A Linda D. 

Linner, Individually. 

No appearance for remaining Appellees. 

KHOUZAM, Judge. 

The Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA) appeals the order 

denying its motion to vacate the dismissal of its foreclosure complaint without prejudice. 

We have jurisdiction1 and affirm the decision below. 

FNMA filed a verified foreclosure complaint after Linda Linner allegedly 

ceased making mortgage payments. The trial court eventually entered an order 

scheduling a case management conference for December 11, 2014. At the conference, 

FNMA failed to appear, and the trial court entered an order noting FNMA's absence and 

dismissing the action without prejudice. On December 19, 2014, FNMA filed a motion 

to vacate the dismissal, arguing that it never received the order scheduling the 

 1Florida Rule of Appellate Procedure 9.130(a)(5) allows this court to 

review "[o]rders entered on an authorized and timely motion for relief from judgment." 

We recognize that an appellate court lacks jurisdiction to review an order denying a 

motion seeking to vacate a nonfinal order. See Simpkins v. Jenkins, 979 So. 2d 1147, 

1147 (Fla. 1st DCA 2008). However, an order dismissing a complaint without prejudice 

can be final for appellate purposes if it dismisses the case without prejudice "to file 

another, separate, action, rather than 'without prejudice' to file an amended complaint in 

the first action." Carlton v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 621 So. 2d 451, 452 (Fla. 1st DCA 

1993). 
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conference because the order was sent to an attorney who was no longer employed by 

the firm representing it. The trial court denied the motion to vacate after a hearing.2 

FNMA timely appealed. 

On appeal, FNMA argues that the trial court erred by failing to consider 

the factors announced by the supreme court in Kozel v. Ostendorf, 629 So. 2d 817 (Fla. 

1993), prior to dismissing its complaint without prejudice.3 

In Kozel, the Florida Supreme Court held that in dismissing a case with 

prejudice, a trial court should consider the following factors:4

1) whether the attorney's disobedience was willful, 

deliberate, or contumacious, rather than an act of neglect or 

inexperience; 2) whether the attorney has been previously 

sanctioned; 3) whether the client was personally involved in 

the act of disobedience; 4) whether the delay prejudiced the 

opposing party through undue expense, loss of evidence, or 

in some other fashion; 5) whether the attorney offered 

reasonable justification for noncompliance; and 6) whether 

the delay created significant problems of judicial 

administration. 

Id. at 818. In adopting these factors, the supreme court reasoned that "dismissal is the 

ultimate sanction in the adversarial system" and that "it should be reserved for those 

aggravating circumstances in which a lesser sanction would fail to achieve a just result." 

Id. It further reasoned that 

 2A transcript of the hearing was not provided to this court. This court 

issued an order directing FNMA to supplement its appendix with a transcript of the 

hearing, but FNMA filed a response stating that a transcript was not available. 

3We decline to comment on FNMA's remaining arguments. 

4These factors were originally set forth in large part by Judge Altenbernd 

in his dissent in Kozel v. Ostendorf, 603 So. 2d 602, 605 (Fla. 2d DCA 1992) 

(Altenbernd, J., dissenting), decision quashed, 629 So. 2d 817. 
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[d]ismissal "with prejudice" in effect disposes of the case, not 

for any dereliction on the part of the litigant, but on the part 

of his counsel. We are not unmindful of the rule that counsel 

is the litigant's agent and that his acts are the acts of the 

principal, but since the rule is primarily for the governance of 

counsel, dismissal "with prejudice" would in effect punish the 

litigant instead of his counsel. 

Id. (quoting Beasley v. Girten, 61 So. 2d 179, 181 (Fla. 1952)). The Kozel factors 

"provide a framework" for striking the "appropriate balance between the severity of the 

infraction and the impact of the sanction when exercising . . . discretion to discipline 

parties to an action." Ham v. Dunmire, 891 So. 2d 492, 499-500 (Fla. 2004). 

The supreme court's jurisprudence only requires consideration of the 

Kozel factors when a trial court issues a dismissal with prejudice. Kozel, by its own 

terms, only applies to dismissals with prejudice. The order under review in Kozel was a 

dismissal with prejudice. In Kozel, the plaintiff filed a medical malpractice action. The 

defendant filed a motion to dismiss arguing that the complaint failed to state a cause of 

action. The trial court granted the motion and gave the plaintiff twenty days to amend 

the complaint. Despite a stipulated extension, the plaintiff failed to timely file the 

amended complaint—it was not filed until five months after it was due. On the 

defendant's motion, the trial court dismissed the complaint with prejudice. 

Ham did not expand the application of the Kozel factors. In Ham, the 

supreme court clarified that a litigant's lack of personal involvement in misconduct is not 

a prerequisite for dismissal with prejudice. The court reiterated that "the interests of 

justice in this state will not tolerate the imposition of sanctions that punish litigants too 

harshly for the failures of counsel" but reasoned that a litigant's involvement in 

misconduct is "just one of the factors to be weighed in assessing whether dismissal is 
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the appropriate sanction." Ham, 891 So. 2d at 497. The order reviewed in Ham was 

also a dismissal with prejudice. In Ham, the plaintiff initiated a negligence action. She 

obtained a default, but the defendant successfully moved to vacate it due to 

inadvertence and mistake. The matter was set for trial, and the parties proceeded to 

discovery. Eventually the plaintiff ceased complying with discovery orders. The 

defendant moved for sanctions, and following an untranscribed telephonic hearing, the 

trial court dismissed the action with prejudice. 

This court has consistently applied the Kozel factors to dismissals with 

prejudice or their functional equivalent. See, e.g., Deutsche Bank Nat'l Trust Co. v. 

LGC, 107 So. 3d 486, 487 (Fla. 2d DCA 2013); Deutsche Bank Nat'l Trust Co. v. 

Waldorf, 92 So. 3d 857, 857 (Fla. 2d DCA 2012); Hawthorne v. Wesley, 82 So. 3d 1183, 

1184 (Fla. 2d DCA 2012); Rohlwing v. Myakka River Real Props., Inc., 884 So. 2d 402, 

403 (Fla. 2d DCA 2004); see also Montage Grp., Ltd. v. Athle-Tech Comput. Sys., Inc., 

889 So. 2d 180, 189-90 (Fla. 2d DCA 2004) (applying Kozel to the striking of 

defendant's answer and affirmative defenses and entry of judgment on liability); Carr v. 

Reese, 788 So. 2d 1067, 1071 (Fla. 2d DCA 2001) (stating that Kozel applies to 

dismissal or default entered as a sanction); Russell v. A.G. Edwards & Sons, Inc., 779 

So. 2d 452, 454-55 (Fla. 2d DCA 2000) (applying Kozel to a final judgment entered as a 

sanction). 

However, it appears that the First District applies the Kozel factors when 

dismissal is entered as a sanction, even if the dismissal is without prejudice. See HSBC 

Bank USA v. Cook, 178 So. 3d 548 (Fla. 1st DCA 2015); BAC Home Loans Servicing 

L.P. v. Parrish, 146 So. 3d 526 (Fla. 1st DCA 2014); BAC Home Loans Servicing, L.P. 
- 6 -

v. Ellison, 141 So. 3d 1290 (Fla. 1st DCA 2014). The Third District has also applied the 

Kozel factors to a dismissal without prejudice entered as a sanction where the 

sanctioned party was required to file a new case in order to pursue its claims. See Fed. 

Nat'l Mortg. Ass'n v. Wild, 164 So. 3d 94, 95 (Fla. 3d DCA 2015). 

It is not reversible error for a trial court to fail to consider the Kozel factors 

before dismissing a case without prejudice. The factors set forth in Kozel apply to 

dismissals with prejudice because such dismissals dispose of a case and may run the 

risk of punishing the litigant too harshly for counsel's conduct. See Kozel, 629 So. 2d at 

818. When a case is dismissed without prejudice, a litigant may still have his or her day 

in court, even if the case needs to be refiled. The concern underlying the Kozel factors 

is simply not presented by a dismissal without prejudice. 

Accordingly, we hold that for sanctions falling short of dismissal with 

prejudice or its functional equivalent, a trial court does not err by failing to consider the 

Kozel factors.5 Here, because the trial court dismissed the case without prejudice, any 

failure to apply Kozel does not require reversal. We certify conflict with Cook, 178 So. 

3d 548; Parrish, 146 So. 3d 526; Ellison, 141 So. 3d 1290; and Wild, 164 So. 3d 94. 

 Affirmed; conflict certified. 

BLACK and SALARIO, JJ., Concur. 

 5A trial court should still consider the Kozel factors if the practical effect of 

the sanction issued is to dismiss a complaint with prejudice. See Portofino Prof'l Ctr. v. 

Prime Homes at Portofino, 133 So. 3d 1112, 1113 (Fla. 3d DCA 2014). For example, if 

the trial court dismisses a case "without prejudice," but the dismissal "acts as a 

dismissal with prejudice because the statute of limitations has run," the trial court should 

conduct an analysis under Kozel. See U.S. Bank Nat'l Ass'n v. Cowell, 86 So. 3d 1214, 

1215 (Fla. 3d DCA 2012).