Technical Paper 296 ~~~~~~ LEVEL A D

THRESHOLD OF INTELLIGIBILITY /

COMPREHENSIBILITY OF RAPID CONNECTED

SPEECH: METHOD AND INSTRUMENTATION

Henry J. deHaan and John P. Schjelderup

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HUMAN FACTORS IN TACTICAL OPERATIONS TECHNICAL AREA

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U. S. Army

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Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences

June 1978

Approviid fo, public release; distribution unlumili ’d.

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U. S. ARMY RES EARC H INST ITUT E

FOR THE BEHAVIORAL AN D SOCIAL SCIENC ES

A Field Operating A gency under the Jurisdiction of the

Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel

W. (;. ~

1AUS

JOSEPH ZEèI)NI R COL . (;S

Tecb nicai Director (J)csi gnatc) Comtnandcr

NOTICE S

DISTR IBUT ION Primary distribution of thif report ha, bee n m.d. by ARI Please address correspondence

0”, r’”’iq distr bution of reports so U~ S Army Pe,aarch Institute for th. Behavioral and Social Sciences . AT TN II III P 5001 F .

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FINAL DISPOSITION This report may hi destroyed when it it no longer needed Plesi, do not return it to

the U S Army A .,aarch Initituta for the Behavioral and Social Sciences

~Jj Th, I ndings in thi report are not to be constru ed a, an official Department of th. Army position . unlill so designated by other authorized documents,

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SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (157..n Dale Enterad) ______________________________________

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f. REPORT NUMBER ~~~~~~~ 2. 3OVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT S CATALOG NUMBER

Technical Paper 296 _____________________________

4. TITLE (wd SubiId.) 5 TYPE OF REPORT 4 PERIOD COVERED

THRESHOLD OF INTELLIGIBILITY/COMPREHENSIBILITY

OF RAPID CONNECTED SPEECH: METHOD AND

INSTRUMENTATION 6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER

7. AUTHOR(a) B CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(S)

Henry J. deHaan and John R. Schjelderup

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT , PROJECT . TASK

U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral

and Social Sciences , 5001 Eisenhower Avenue 2T161101A91B

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Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel June 19Th

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IC. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE’

~

IC. KEY WORDS (Contlnu. 0

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, rsv•ra. aid. Ii n.c...ary .

~

d Idantily by block numb.r)

Compressed speech Listening

Speech compression Speech rapidity threshold

Intelligibility

Comprehensibility

2Q~ AS T RACT (ContInue on rsv•’ae aide If n.c..a.ry mid Id.nlify by block numb.r)

The technology of speech compression demands new methods for measuring

the intelligibility and comprehensibility of compresned speech. The present

report describes a method in which repeated judgments of the comprehensibility

of speech are obtained as the rate of speech is made to vary. The me thod is

similar to the B4k~sy method for the determination of pure—tone thresholds

but differs from it in that rate of speech is varied rather than the intensity

of an auditory signal. The result is a threshold value representing the

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TTT

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Unclassified SECU RITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (’Wh mi Data fnIarsd)

20.

maximum rate of speech judged comprehensible by an individual listener.

Instrumentation that varies speech rate , accelerating or decelerating the

rate either with or without pitch changes , was developed for this determination and is described in some detail. Roth the method and associated

instrumentation have potential for a variety of applications .

ACCESSION for

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S9CURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(IPB.n 0.1. Ent.r.d)

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L Technical ~ape3’

296

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THRESHOLD OF INTELLIGIBILITY!

COMPREHENSIBILITY OF ~APID CONNECTED

SPEECH: METHOD AND INSTRUMENTATION 

.,- —- / ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - ~~~Mi~haei K~

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Work Unit Lëäder

HUMAN FACTORS IN TACTICAL OPERATIO NS TECH NICAL AREA

Submitted as complete and Approved By:

technically accurate , by:

Aaron Hyman, Technical Area ChIef

RESEARCH LABORATORY

Joseph Zeidner

TECHNICAL DIRECTOR (Designate)

U.S. ARMY RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR THE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

5001 Eisenhower Avenue, Alexandria , Virginia 22333

Office , Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel

Department of the Army

~~~~~~~~~~~~ .

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~~~ -~/

Arr~~~ r2Ject Num r Human Performance

~ 2TIBI 1Ø1A91B Enhancement

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Approved for public rates,.; distribution unllmltSd.

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ARI Research Reports and Technical Papers are intended for sponsors of

R&D tasks and other research and military agencies. Any findings ready for

implementation at the time of publication are presented in the latter part of

the Brief. Upon completion of a major phase of the task , formal recommendations for official action normally are conveyed to appropriate military

agencies by briefing or Disposition Form.

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FOREWORI)

The Human Factors in Tactical Operations Technical Area of the

U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences

deals with problems of human performance enhancement. To be able to

exploit human capacities fully, the agency explores the limits of these

capacities. Frequently, the perceptual aspects of human capacities ar~ involved , such as visual perception during land and airborne night operations . Auditory perception was the subject of ARI Technica l Paper

295, which dealt with training people to comprehend rapid speech.

This report describes a method for measuring the comprehensibility

of speech as the rate of speech varies . The result is a threshold

value representing the maximum rate of speech judged to be comprehensible by an individual listener.

This exploratory work was done under Army Project 2T1611O1A91B ,

and its results are relevant for a wide range of voice communication

situations in the Army , especially those requiring rapid review and

processing of tape-recorded verbal material.

(

~~~t~~~~~~

(Jo~~Ph Zeid n

~e~~inical Director (Designate)
THRESHOLD OF INTELLIGIBILITY/COMPREHENSIBILITY OF RAPID CONNECTED

SPEECH : METHOD AND INSTRUMENTATION

BRIEF’ ______

Requirement:

Speech reproduction technology has made it possilde t. e r( produce

speech at rates far beyond man ’s capacity to understand it. Con sequently,

methods are needed to measure the comprehensibility of rapid :~pe ch , arid

specifically, the maximum rate of speech understood by an i n d ivi d uil

listener .

Procedure:

A threshold method was developed 0 rnea:;ure the rate at which speech

becomes incomprehensible as rapidity is increased . IL is ~inii1 oqou s to

the Békésy method for measuring pure—tone loudness thresholds; however ,

the rapidity of :;l~

f er: li is varied rather than the i n t eri: ;ity of either a

tone or speech .

In ’; trumentation developed for d etermining this threshold include:;

a laboratory—fabricated devic ’. for ~e i it r e l l ing the rate of s[A ’ech and

its acceleration or h celiration . Tie ’ apparatus allows the p itch of

speech either to be held constant or Lu vary in proportion to the speed

of speech.

Findings :

The maximum rate of comprehensible speech may be determined by a

threshold method involving successive judgments of the comprehensibility

of speech as the rate of speech is made to accelerate and derelerate .

Employed in the manner described herein , the method appears to have considerable reliability.

Utilization of Findings :

The method may be used to determine individual differences in

ability to understand rapid speech and/or engage in rapid scanning of

speech , to evaluate devices that produce or time—compress speech , and

perhaps to evaluate the comprehensibility of recorded spoken material s .

In addition , both the method and instrumentation may be considered

multipurpose research tools.

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THRESHOLD OF’ IUTELLIG IBILITY/COMPREHENSIBILITY OF’ RAP ID CONNECTED

SPEECH : METHOD AND NSTRUMENTATI ON

CONTENTS

Page

In’IPOJJr JCTI ’)n 1

METHOD 1

RESULTS 9

CONCLUSIONS 12

13

Iirs ’rRIHtJTlou LIST 15

LIST OF TABLES

T~ b 1e I. i~~rt:; list fur Tape Speed and Pitch Control Unit . . . - 7

LIST OF FIGURES

Figur’- 1. Block diagram of major instrumentation components . . . 4

2. EIeetrie.~l schematic of Tape Speed and Pitch

Control Unit 6

3. Record of eight threshold determinations on a

single individua l 10

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J
THRESHOLD Of- INTELLI I;I BILITY/C(JMPREHEN S IBILITY OF RAPID CONNECTED

SPEECH : METHOD AND IU~ TRUMENTATIOt4

INTRODUCTION

Instruments :;uch a:; the phonograph and tape re~

-:urd er have m ade i t

p0:;:; tb le to reproduce :;peech at rates far beyrj rid human capar:ity to un—

de r: ;ttr i d it. This çir ~ c(

~ ;:; of speech reproduction i:; kn own aS time—

compression of speech.

Perhaps the simp lest way to produce time—compre :;’;r ’d speech i:; Lu

in crease the speed of a reproduction device beyond the speed of t h e

or i q iri al record i ng , a process known as the speed—changing method of

tine—co mpression . Speech produced in this way is frequentl y refe rred

to a:; speeded :;peech : It is r ap id , but has a peculiar , h i gh—p i tched

qua l ity cummr ,ri l’f associated with the cartoon character J)or,dld Duck be—

ca use freqiier ic i. e:; of the speech components vary direct 1 y with p l ayback

The qr o uridwork for anothe r method of producir;q time -compre ’;sed

:;p’ -ch wi: , l aid some year:; age h,y Miller ari d Licki ider (195 (i ) . These

in i v e : ;t i r ; at or: ; found that interruptions of speech at JO or more times

V;r second did riot. i riterfere seriously with the initelligibi ii ty ~ f a

speech :; ign il unti 1 relatively large proportions of the signal were

di:;car derl . ~ ubsequ en t 1y, Ga rvey (l’~53) man ually cut out short segments

of a t i p ’- r ’-cordi nig and physically rejoined the remaining parts. Thi

resulted in t ime—conpr e: ;:;ed :;pee cli without the previously desr-r ibed

‘li’.tortiori in pitsli. Shortly thereafter , Fairbanks , Everitt , and

Jae’je r (1 ‘t 54 ) deve 1or~ed a rotat inig —head tape recorder—reproducer to

compres:; speech without the cumbersome manual manipulations used by

~

;

~~r ve’~ . Since that time , a number of devices using more sop h isticated

e lectr o nr c technology have been developed to achii .

~v’; the same result.

The pr ocr-: ;:; , in which devices sample speech at very frequent interval:;

,Jti (I discard a portion of each samp le , is known as the samp ling method

of t lmC— c orrp r :;sing speech .

METHOD

Devic e:; such a:; Lh r se rir :ed method s for evaluating the rierceptioni

of lie speer:hi they produce . Met hod s currently used for this purpose

wer e reviewed by Foulke and Stj r :hit (191,9) . In general , they are Cx—

o r ai~p l i cation:; of method:; used for f -l ie evaluation of norma l

speech , a l t h o ugh some mt cr u sting innovations have been made. The

method s fall into t w ~ classes: comprehen sion measurement. and I Ii’:

mu.isuremenit of i n t e l l i g i b i l it y .

1

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~~~ 

4
om; r- r i er is i or mi a:;ur umc-r ;t u:;ua l ly is applied to material:; of s ine

1 enqtil , :;icr ,:; connected di scour:;e . The measurement is obta irr e ’J by

ask n n q lu i stior in; concerning content of the materials. ~

j uestions -ire

r’ p i erit ly to - multi ple—choice type , assemb led ~ri com prehen sion tests

arid :;t ini ’ I - .i rdi zed according to convent bOa 1 method:; () F test Con ist : r u st . ion

Du :;p i t .e t he amoun t of work done on comprehen:; ion me a:;uremen t , the

re sult:; o f i t . :; app lication to time—compressed speech can be summarizer l

briefly. Usuall y, comprehension declines as the rate of speech in—

cr’ i:;e:;. Moreover , Foulk e (1971) and Foulke arid Sticht ( 1969) found

that a r p i’i dc cl i nc in comprehension occurs when the :;peech rate exceed:; approxi mately 25d to 275 words per minute (wpm) regardless of

the word ra te of the ori g i n al pass age .

Other met hod s of evaluating the perception of speech can be classi—

tied as intelligibility measurement. Such methods derive from investi—

(Jitions of the quality of speech transmitted over the telephon e system

(Fletcher , 1929). The methods often deal with the sound—inteni:;i ve as—

f e cts of audition . In one version of the so—called articulation test ,

liste n e r :: are l

~

rc serited wi th words or other brief materials at various

intensities and asked Lu repeat them. The intensity at which half the

word; can be repeated is referred to as the threshold of intelligibility.

Several such techniques were used to determine the intellig ibility of

sornpres:;cd speech . Calearo and Lazzaroni (1957) determined the threshold

int en:;i t-j required for compressed word identification ; Garvey (1953)

ii: ed the percentage of compressed words correctly identified; arid

f-oi j lk r- (191,9) used reaction time required to identify single compressed

word:; as an index of intelligibility.

Al t hou gh most intellig ibility methods dealt with sing le words or

‘)toer brief materials, a number of attempts were made to measure the

in telli gibility o f conn ected , running speech (Chaiklin , 1959 ; Dahle ,

Hume , & Hasp iel , 1968; Falconer & Davis , 1947; Haspiel & Havens , 1966;

Hawkins & Ste vens , 1950; LeZak , Siegenthaler , & Davis , 1964; Speaks ,

Parke r , Harris , & Kuhl , 1972). In these studies , the listener was

asked to adjust the intensity of speech to the lowest point at which

he could understand it or understand some given percentage of it. In

many studies , a modified B~k~ sy technique was used to determine the

int noit’/ of the auditory signal , the so—called speech reception

threshold.

Consideration of the foregoing methods revealed that no threshold

method wa:; available for evaluating the understanding of connected

speech based on variations in the rate of speech rather than variations

in intensity . Consequently, a simple , direct , psychophysical method

wa:; developed by the present auth~ rs for thi s purpose .

The method is analogous to the Bék~ sy (1947) method for determinin ’; f i r -- tone loudness thresholds. The rapidity of the speech signa l

Pu varied instead of the intensity of a tone . Rapidity of speech is

ma’J” to increase automatically at a constant rate of acceleration until

2

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the I i:;te ner indicates , b-1 pressing a bu tton , that he can no longer

under: ;t ami f it. Rapidity of speech then dec r eases a ut oma tically at: a

com ;st a n i t rate of deceleration until the listener indicate s , by relea s—

1mg the but ton , tjia ’ he can understand it again. A repeL it ion of this

process , whereby tb’ listener responds to and controls the chang ing

rate of ~pe~ ch , effectively brackets the point at wh i ch understanding

fails a:; rapidity ir ; : r a:;e::

The method assumes that the perception of rapid speech is a variable Ll it o le,n ; the same psychophysical laws as do other perceptual

variables, and that the listener can perceive the point at which flu rio

longer un ider :;tands speech as i t becomes progressive ly mor e r ap id . hi—

tho ugh the r e is little di r ect ev idence f or th is assumpt ion , Hutton

( 1) 55) found that perce i ved word rate was a logarithmic function of

measured rate , even though ~

iis stimulus materials were quite brief

(rang ing from 8.0 to 42.1, seconds in duration).

Fi gu re 1 is a block d iag r am of the instrumentation used for determi natir ,n of the threshold . The instrumentation provides for the p r e—

seritatour; of either :;peeded speech (speed—changing method ) or compre:;:;ed

:-;p ’-i- ’:fi (sampling method). Speeded speech i:; obtained by means ‘f a

Crown variriblc . -:;peud tape recorde r (Model CX822) together with a Crown

s

~~eed sor t u, 1 device (Mode l VSD—5 ) • 1 Compr essed speech is oPt ain ’ d by

an Am.BiChron pitch compensator (Koch , 1974) in conjunction with the

above equipment. The AmBiChron samples ~

speech , writes the signal into

a tf . m forary memory , and reads the signal from memory at a rate that may

be diff er e n t from the writing rate . The rate of writing into memory is

proportional to the tape transport speed , which here r efe rs to the speed

of tb ’ Crown; recorder. The read—out rate is constant. Depending on

tb’ relative rates of writing and reading , br ief segmen ts of the speech

:;i gna I are ci thur discarded (compression) or repeated (expansion) . Con—

:;e ’juenitly, the AmBiChron produces speech with constant pitch despite

char ’; i ng -

Both the speed of the tape recorder and the pitch compensation of • the AmBiChron are controlled remotely by a 1aboratory—fabric~ ted device

that prov i des for a constant starting speed and constant rates of ac—

celerat~ oni and deceleration selected by the adjustment of three

pote ntiometer:;.

The pc-t e rt iometer :;ettings are calibrated in units of time r e—

‘;uir c ~1 for the rate of speech to double (accelerate from normal t o

tW i ~~~’ normal) or halve (decelerate from twice normal to normal). The

ci rcuitry ~

j f this device will be described later.

Commercial l :;i gnations are given only in the interest of precision

of rr pr r~ in ’ ; . Their ti:; do~.’s not const I tute endorsement by the U.S.

Army F<’ s’ arch Institute or the U.S. Army .

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The voltages applied by the control circuit: ; determine the speed

of the tape recorder and pitch compensation of the Aml3iChron. The

former is displayed on a digital voltmeter and recorded in analog

fashion by a strip chart recorder (Atomic Accessori~~

:; Mode l SR320) on

6—in. (15.24 cm) wide paper at 2 in ./m i n (5.08 cm/miri) . In addition ,

all speech tapes have a 1 ,000 Hz tone r€ .-corded on another channel at

3.75 in./sec (9.525 cm/sec). As ‘

~~~pe speed varies , the frequency,

which is indicative of the momentary speed of :;;ieech , changes pro—

portionately and can be read on a dig ital frequency counter (Heat h

Model lB— 1l02).

Additional equipment includes a small control box that enables

the listener to set the intensity and rate of speech by multi ple—turn

potentiometers (the rate control is inactivated for automatic threshold

determination) , a pair of Grason—Stadier headphones (Telephonics Model

TDH39) , and a Grason-Stadler audiometer switch used to select either

acceleration or deceleration . During threshold determinations , rate :;

of acceleration and deceleration are preselected by potentiometer

settings.

The circuitry of the Tape Speed and Pitch Control Unit is shown

in Figure 2, and a list of parts is given . The unit is basically a

voltage ramp generator (Al and associated components) and an adder

which combines the ramp voltage with a preset voltage to set the starting level of the ramp (Id and components). The output of Id connects

to the Crown VSD—SA speed control with +2.5 volts d.c. corresponding

to 3 3/4 in./sec and +10.0 volts d.c. corresponding to 15 in./sec. Because the input to the AmBidhron voltage controlled oscillator (VCO)

required a simultaneous but different ramp with the range +13.46 to

+12.41 volts to maintain the voice pitch at normal for the corresponding speed range of 3 3/4 in./sec to 7 1/2 in ./sec, it was necessary to

nodif y the ramp obtained at ICl to have an opposite slope , smaller

ram ge , and shifted level. This is effected by 1C2 and components ,

and the output of this stage connects to the VCO of the AmBiChron .

Al is the basic ramp generator and is conf igured as an integrator

where Cl , C2 combination is charged through R6, R7 or R8, R9 (selected

by S4) by a positive or negative voltage (selected by Si). S2 allows

either the experimenter (by Si) or the participant (by S7) to select a

positive or negative going ramp. Cl and C2 are wired hack to back so

that approximately 10 microfarads of capacitance are available for

either positive or negative outputs from Al. These capacitors were

selec ted from ~‘ group of 10 and tes ted for least leakage by applying

15 volts d.c. and measuring the ensuing steady—state current. This

was less than 100 picoamperes for the two selected capacitors and minimized output voltage drift at Al when the integrator was in the stop

node (S5 set to STOP).

When S5 is set to STOP , both the inverting and noninverting inputs of Al are at the same potential (common) through RiO and Ru ,

integration ceases, and the ramp voltage at Al output holds a steady

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Table 1

Parts List for Tape Speed and Pitch Control Unit

Location code Part

Al Discrete operational amplifier , Analog Devices llgA a

Cl , C2 Capacitor , lOuF/25WVDC , Sprague TE-1204

Dl D iode , 1N5856A , b y Zener , 500 mW

Fl Fuse , Littelfuse 3AG l/4A 250V

Id , 1C2 Integrated circuit , operational amplifier

Calectro K4—590 (equiv 741)

LP1 Lamp , neon , Industrial Devices 2 150A

PSi Power Supply, -1-isv , dom , -l5V , 25 mA , Semiconductor Circuits SQ2_l5 .30b

Ri , R3 Resistor , lOX ohms~ R2, R4, Ri7 Resistor, 10K ohms , 1—turn potentiometer ,

dentralab F2-1OK

R5 Resistor , 120 ohms

R6 Resistor , 10 megohms

R7 Resistor , 3.3 megohms

RB , Rll Resistor , 220K ohms

R9 Resistor, 18K ohms

RiO Resistor , 12 megohms

R12 Resistor , 100 ohms

Rl3 , R2l , R23 Resistor , 10K ohms , multiturn trimming

potentiometer , Allen-Bradley RP1O3U or

BournS 3006

Rl4 Resis tor , lOOK ohms

R15 , Rl8, R19, R22 , Resistor , 1 megohm

R25, R26

R16 Resistor , 12K ohms

R20, R27 Resistor , 330K ohms

R24 Resistor , 22K ohms

Si , S2, S4 , S5 Switch , SPDT , ALCO MST-l05

S3 Switch , SPST, 125VAC 3A , Cutler-Hammer 8280

S6 Switch , Nb push button , Grayhill 10-9

S7 Swi tch , push button , nonlocking, Switchcraf t

EP 903, or audiometer switch, GrasonStadler E800—6

a

~~ alog Devices Inc., P0 Box 280, Norwood , Mass. 02062.

b

Semicomductor Circuits , Inc., 306G River St., Haverhill , Mass. 01830.

CAll fixed resistors 1/2 watt 5% tolerance .

7

4

t — —___ — — — .

- —-—-a—. _-__ — -— ——- .- - - — — ;-_ -——- . —.—- . --— . ———— — . - - .— 

—
value . To :;et up initial ramp conditions , the experimenter presses

RESET pushbutton switch S6 which rapidly discharges Cl or C2 , and Al

output voltage goes very nearly to zero. P12 limits the initial discharge current to a value safe for S6. TRIM potentiometer P13 is set

once :;o that Al has as little output drift as possible when the in—

t4- gra P or is in the STOP mode . If , at the same time , RESET switch S6

has LI-I-rI ope r a ted , Al output will not be exactly at zero. This error ,

how, vr-r , is compensated for automatically when the experimenter sets

START SPEED potentiometer P17 which is never set to obtain a starting

;p -ed near zero. Al is Analog Devices type ll8A , which was on hand

and has a lower rated input bias current than the common 741 IC. The

drift performance of the two was not compared , and it may be that the

74 1 , wh i ch is much cheaper , would function as satisfactorily here .

Id is configured as an inverting adder that combines the ramp

voltage from Al output through P15 with the adjustable starting speed

voltage through P18. Because feedback resistor P19 and adding resistors

P15 and P18 all have the same nominal value and connect to the inverting

input of Id , e3 = —(el + e2). Dl limits 1C1 output to +10 volts , corresponding to a speed factor of 4:1, beyond which the AmBidhron did not

function properly. R20 is 1/3 megohm to match the combined parallel

effective resistan ce of R15 , P18, R19 in order to equalize bias currents

ir both the inverting and noninverting inputs of 1db , thereby minimizing

spurious shifts in its d.c. output at hi gh output levels. Such shifts

would cause slow , wide-range ramps to be nonlinear with time .

1C2 is also configured as an inverting adder. By means of GAIN

potentiometer P21 , a 2.5 volt change in the output of IC1 is converted

to a 1.05 volt change and fed to the inverting input of 1C2 through P22.

By means of LEVEL potentiometer R23 , the appropriate voltage can he fed

through P25 to the inverting input of Id2 , so that the output of 1C2 can

be set to +13.46 volts when the output of ICl is +2.5 volts. P27 has a

funct ion similar to that of R20 discussed above . Thus , when IC]. output

ramp goes from +2.5 to +5.0 volts , the Crown tape transport goes from

3 3/4 to 7 1/2 in./sec and speech frequencies go from normal to twice

normal at the Crown recorder playback output . Simultaneously, the 1C2

output ramp goes from +13.46 to +12.41 volts , which effects a frequency

division in f.he AmBidhron in the range 1.0 to 2.0. Hence , speech has

normal pitch regardless of tape speed .

The following calibration procedure is necessary to adjust speed

and pitch ramps for coordinate operation :

1. Lift P25 where it joins potentiometer R23 LEVEL control and

connect lifted terminal to common .

2. Set S5 to STOP, press S6 RESET, set P17 START SPEED so that

e3 is +2.50 volts , and adjust P21 GAIN control so that 1C2

output is approximately -1.05 volts .

8

— ~~~- — - __________
3 . Se t P 17 START SPEED so that e3 is +S.0U volts ~nd note output

of 1C2 . This should be close to —2. 10 volt:; .

4. If difference in output. between steps 2 and 3 is not (-X dct j y

1.05 volts, it will be necc:;sary to make a minor adju stment

of R2l GAIN control and repeat steps 2 and 3.

5 . Restore P25 to original connection .

6. Set P17 START SPEED so t hat e3 is +5 .00 volts. Adjus t P23

LEVEL control so that 1C2 output is +12.41 volts. Now set.

P17 START SPEED so that e3 is +2 .50 volts; IC2 output should

be +13. 46 volts.

RESULTS

Two experiments , that used the above instrumentation , were conducted

to determine whether the threshold is related to the comprehens ion of

speech or to speech intelligibility (deHaan , 1977) . The first experiment compared thresholds of two types of time-compressed speech reportedly different in intelligibility——simple speeded speech and speech

compressed by the sampling method . In this experiment , higher thresholds

were found for speech compressed by the sampling method than by the

speed—changing method . These results supported the hypothesis that

the threshold reflects intelligibility because similar results for the

intelligibility of single compressed words had been found earlier by

Garvey (1~ 53). The effects of various rates of acceleration and deceleration were also studied in this experiment. Rate of accelerationdeceleration was shown to have little effect on absolute thresholds ,

although it did have a pronounced effect on the difference thresholds

(which correspond to the amplitude of the rate—swings as the subject

tracks his threshold). An example may be seen in Figure 3, which shows

an individua l performance record of threshold determinations for both

speeded and compressed speech at each of four rates of acceleration—

deceleration. (In Fig. 3, a relative acceleration—deceleration rate

of 1 indicates that the rate of speech changes from norma l to twice

normal, and vice versa , in 60 seconds. Other values represent proportionately faster rates.)

The second experiment sought to determine the relationship of the

threshold to traditional comprehension measures. Correlation was generally low between threshold values and comprehension test scores for

passages at several rates of speech (from 1.5 to 3.0 times norma l rate).

Thus , the hypothesis that the threshold is a measure of comprehension

per se was not supported. Taken together , these two investigations

suggest the possibility that the threshold may be a measure of comprehensibility as used by Deese and his students (Deese , 1969; Schwartz ,

Sparkman , & Deese , 1970), that is , the perception of the feasibility

of comprehension .

9

- - — — -—- — -a— —~~~~~ -----I— — -_-_ — .~ - —--.~~~ .— ~~— —.

-— —-.— - - — ________
TYPE OF SPEECH

SPEEDED COMPRESSED

~~~~~~~~~~~

2

ii ~

. :. :1

~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 

1

T

!

1 

1

• - - 0

~ 

TIME 

~ 

TIME

~~jr4’jr (- 3. Record of eight threshold determinations on a

single indi vidual.

10

— ______

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ — -a— ~~~~~~ - -
Thresholds were determined for 3—minute periods in these studies.

Longer periods have been used and may increase reliability when fewer

thresholds per listener are determined . An estimate of the reliability

of the threshold was obtained from intercorrelations of the various

conditions in the first experiment. Correlations between the two types

of time—compressed speech at each of the four rates of acceleration—

deceleration yielded the following coefficients : .77, .72 , .84, and

.75. An average value of .77 was obtained for the 3—minute trials by

means of Fisher ’ s r—to-z transformation . Four thresholds for each

type of speech were determined. Thus , an estimate of reliability for

12 minutes of data collection may be obtained by applying the SpearmanBrown formula for quadruple length . This yields a correlation coefficient of .93.

After the two experiments had been completed , a more automated

version of the above instrumentation was developed , including an ADS

(Automated Data Systems) 1800E qomputer for experimental control and

digital recording. This version controls the sequencing and timing of

a group of relays with the following functions: (a) select acceleration rate (1 of 4), (b) select deceleration rate (1 of 4), (c) reset to

initial rate , (d) audio “blanking ,” (e) start/stop tape recorder and

pen recorder. These functions were obtained by adding a bank of relays above the orig inal Tape Speed and Pitch Control Unit , with all

coils operated under control of the ADS b800E Input/Output buffers.

Contacts of two relays are wired as a “tree” to select one of four

preset acceleration potentiometers instead of Rl and P2 of Figure 2.

Similarly, two other relays cause selection of preset deceleration

potentiometers instead of P3, P4, PS of Figure 2. The contacts of a

fifth relay are connected to an existing relay which has a set of N.O .

contacts wired to the RESET push button S6 of Figure 2, another set

wired in series with the paper drive power of the pen recorder , and a

third :;et wired in series with the ramp voltage to the recorder variable speed control unit (Crown VSD—5A) . A sixth relay opens the line

to the subject ’s earphones during high—speed tape search periods .

A w ry desirable feature of this version is the use of the cornput .-r j i :; a frequency counter. The computer is programed to detect and

measure the frequencies of the sine wave (recorded on the second tape

channel) during transitions from rising to falling or from failing to

rising, and to store these values . At the end of an experimental run ,

the typewriter prints out the value of each peak and valley in terms

of speed factors (that is , 2.00 represents twice the normal rate) and

also gives the average of all peaks and valleys taken together. This

average speed factor , when multiplied by words per minute on the tape

(at normal speed) , yields the threshold value . This frequency printout eliminates the need for laborious hand measurement of peaks and

valleys on the chart; the pen recorder is used mainly as a graphic aid

to the e~.perimenter. -

11

-‘.4, ___________ ________________ -_____ — —;-- -L - - - -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -

_ -
CONCLUSIONS

Several applications of the method may be suggested : determination of individual differences in speech perception rate; evaluation of

tie quality of speech from devices which compress and produce speech ,

:;uch as speech compressors and speech synthesizers; and perhaps the

e valuation of recorded spoken materials, con side ri ng aspects su ch as

difficulty of the materials and their syntactic and semantic v-~riables.

The method ’s possible use for evaluation of central speech processing

disorders has also been suggested (deHaan , 1977). The instrumentation

can also be used without the automatic acceleration-deceleration function (integral t

~ the method ) in investigations r e quiring the listener

to con t rol the rate of speech by means of a multiturn control knob.

Future research should be directed toward the variables to which

the method may be sensitive . These variables include the effect of

instructions and cognitive set on performance , the effect of variation

of the various parameters of the method , and the relationship of individual differences to other psychological variables. The relationship

of the threshold to single—word intelligibility measures and to the

B~k~ sy speech—loudness thresholds discussed earlier might also warrant

further investigation .

Both the method and instrumen tation have possibilities for a

variet~’ of applications by other investi gators . In fact , the method

may make its greatest contribution in basic investigations of the temporal limit of information processing, especially in the comparison of

language processing by auditory and visual modalities.

12

—~~ - .

~~~~~~ .--- 

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 

- — -—-- - -- - - --

~

1-t

~~~

- - 

— 

‘-—-

~~~~~

------ —--. 

-

~~~~~
REFERENCES

B~ kc~:;—/ , r;~ VOn . A New Audiometer. Acta Otolaryngolog ica, 194 7 , 35 ,

411—422.

Ca ie~iro , C., & Lazzaroni , A. Speech In t e llig ibility in F-~elation to

the Speed of t he Message . Laryngoscope, 1957 , 67 , 410-419.

Chaiklin, J. B. The Relation Among Three Selected Auditory Speech

Thresholds. Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1959 , 2 , 237-243.

f )~

1hle , A. J., Hume , W. C., & Hasp iel , (;~ S. Comparison of Speech--

Bék~ sy Tr a - ings with Selected Clinical Auditory Measures. Journal

of Auditory Research, 1968, 8, 125—128.

beese , J. Behavior and Fact. American Psychologist, 1969 , 24, 515—522.

‘leHaan, H. J. A Speech-rate Intelliqibility Threshold for Speeded and

Time-compressed Connected Speech. Perception & Psychophysics,

1977 , 22 , 366—372. (a)

‘J’ Ha an , H . J. Terminal Threshold of Understanding Speech : A Possible

Tool for Neuropsychology . Paper presented at the Internationa l

Neuropsychology Society European Conference , St. Catherine ’s College , Oxford University, Oxford , England , August 1—4 , 1977. (b)

Fairba nks , ~~~., F:vr.ritt , W. L., & Jaeger , R. P. Method for Tim’. or

Frequency Compression—expansion of Speech . Transactions of the

Inst tut ’- of Radio Engineers. Professional Group on Audio AU2(l),

1954, 7-12. (Excerpts in Duker , S. Time—compressed speech: An

anthology and bibliography. Metuchen , N.J.: Scarecrow Press ,

1974.)

F’alcen e r , (;., & Davis , H. The Intelligibility of Connected Discourse

a Test for the Threshold of Speech . Laryngoscope, 1947 , 57 ,

58 1— 595.

F l e t c hc .-r , H. Speech and Hearing . New York: Van Nostrand , 1929.

Foulk e , E. The Comprehension of Rapid Speech by the Blind: Part III.

Final Progress Report. Cooperative Research Project No. 2430.

Washington , D.C.: U.S. Department of Health , Education , and Welfare , Office of Education , 1969.

Poulke , E. The Perception of Time Compressed Speech. In 0. 1,. Horton ,

& J. J. Jenkins (Eds.), Perception of Language. Columbus , Ohio:

Merrill , 1971.

}-r ,ulke , E., & Sticht , T. C’,. A Review of Research on Time Compressed

Sp’-’.-ch. Psychological Bulletin, 1969 , 72 , 50— 62.

13

- - _ 

T.. ~~~ 

—V -a- *_. . -
Garvey , W. 0. The Intelligibility of Speeded Speech. Journal of Exper~ nental Psychology, 1953 , 54 , 102—108 .

Haspiel, G., & Hav ens, P. Comparison of Speech—Békésy with Pure—tone

Békésy Thresholds . Journal of Auditory Research, 1966, 6, 235-237.

Hawkins , J. E., & Stevens , S. S. The Masking of Pure Tones and of

Speech by White Noise . Journal of the Acoustical Society of

America, 1950, 22, 6 13.

Hutton , C. L. Psychophysica l Study of Speech Rate . Dissertation Anstracts, 1955 , 15 , 168. (Excerpts in Duker , S., Time—compressed

Speech: An Anthology and Bibliography . Metuchen , N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1974.)

Koch , R. The ArnBiChron . In S. Duker (Ed.). Time-compressed Speech:

An Anthology and Bibliography . Metuchen , N.J.: Scarecrow Press,

1974.

LeZak , P. J., Siegenthaler , B. R., & Davis , A. J. Békésy-type Audiometry for Speech Reception Threshold. Journal of Auditory Research, 1964, 4, 181—190.

Miller , G. A., & Licklider , J. C. R. The Intelligibility of Interrupted Speech. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America ,

1950 , 22 , 167— 173.

Schwartz , D., Sparkman , J. P., & Deese , J. The Process of Understanding and Judgments of Comprehensibility. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1970, 9, 87—93.

Speaks, C., Parker , B., Harris , C., & Kuhl , P. Intelligibility of

Connected Discourse. Jcurnal of Speech and Hearing Research,

1972, 15, 590—602.

14

__ 

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—- - - . .
D~STRI8UT~ON

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