Registry No. 1319-15 

NATIOr AL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION 

CODE OF FAIR COMPETITION 

FOR THE 

MACHINE TOOL 

AND FORGING MACHINERY 

INDUSTRY 

' . 

U.S. DE 

AS APPROVED ON NOVEMBER 8, 1933 

BY 

1 l 

PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT 

W! DO OUR !!»ART 

1. Executive Order 

2. Letter of Transmittal 

8. Code 

TED STATES 

GOVERNMENT PRINTI~G OFFICB 

WASHINGTON : 1933 

For sale by the upe;lnlcnd"nt o! Documents, Washin~ton, D.C. - - - - - - - - Price 5 cents 

v 
This publication is for sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Government 

.Prlnting Office, Washington, D.C., and by district offices of the Bureau of Foreign 

and Domestic Commerce. 

DISTRICT OFFICES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

Atlanta, Ga.: 504 Post Office Building. 

Birmingham, Ala. : 257 Federal Building. 

Boston, Mass. : 1801 Customhouse. 

Buffalo, N.Y.: Chamber of Commerce Bu'lding. 

Charleston, S.C. : Chamber of Commerce Bui:ding. 

Chicago, Ill.: Suite 1706, 201 North Wells Street. 

Cleveland, Ohio: Chamber of Commerce. 

Dallas, Tex.: Chamber of Commerce Building. 

Detroit, Mich.: 2213 First National Bank Building. 

H ouston, Tex.: Chamber of Commerce Building. 

Indianapo is, Incl. : Chamber of Commerce Building. 

Jacksonville, Fla.: Chamber of Commerce Bu.lding. 

Kansas City, Mo.: 1028 Baltimore A venue. Los Angeles, Calif. : 1163 South Broadway. Louisville, Ky.: 408 Federal Building. 

Memphis, Tenn. : 229 Federal Building. 

Minneapolis, Minn.: 213 Federal Bui1ding. New Orleans, La.: Room 225-A, Customhouse. 

New York, N.Y. : 734 Customhouse. 

Norfo.k, Va.: 406 East Plume Street. Philadelphia, Pa. : 933 Commercial Trust Building. 

P ittsburgh, Pu.: Chamber of Commerce Building. 

Portland, Oreg. : 215 New Post Office Building. 

St. Lou's, Mo. : 506 Olive Street. 

Snn Francisco, Calif. : 310 Customhouse. 

Seattle, Wash.: 809 Federal Building. 

(II) 
EXECUTIVE ORDER 

CoDE OFF rn Co:l\IPETITIO:N FOR THE ~L\.CHINE TooL AND F oRGING 

MACHINERY INDU TRY 

An application having been duly made, pursuant to and in full 

compliance with the provisions of title I of the National Industrial 

Recovery Act, approved June 16, 1933, for my approval of a Code o:f 

Fair Competition for the ~lachine Tool and Forging Machinery Indu try and hearings having been held thereon and the Administrator having rendered his report containing an analysis of the said code 

of fair competition together with his recommendations and findings 

with respect thereto, and the Administrator having found that the 

said code of fair competition complies in all respects with the pertinent prm-isions of title I of said act and that the requirements of 

clau es (1) and (2) of subsection (a) of section 3 of the said act 

have been met : 

NOW, THEREFORE, I, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the 

United States, pursuant to the authority vested in me by title I of 

the National Industrial Recovery Act, approved June 16, 1933, and 

otherwise, do adopt and approve the report and recommendations, 

and findings of the Admini trator and do order that the said code 

of fair competition be and it is hereby approved, excepting that the 

Administrator shall have the right on review, to disapprove or 

modify any action taken by the supervisory agency under article VI. 

THE WHITE HousE, 

November 8, 1933. 

Approval recommended: 

HUGH s. J ORN ON, 

Administrator. 

10903°-183-1 0-33 

FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT. 

(Ill) 
The PRESIDENT, 

O cTOBER 28, 1933. 

The V hite House. 

Srn: This is a report on the Code of Fair Competition for the 

Machine Tool and Forging :r¥Iachinery Industry in the United States, 

the hearing having been conducted in vVashington on October 2, 1933, 

in accordance with the provisions of the National Industrial Re- covery Act. 

PROVISIONS AS TO HOURS AND WAGES 

Employment is limited to 40 hours per week except during periods 

of seasonal or peak demand. Such limitation is extended to 48 hours 

for six weeks during any six months' period provided that time and 

one half shall be paid for all time worked in excess of 8 hours 

per day. 

Limitations do not apply to employees on emergency maintenance, 

or repair work, or to very special cases where restrictions of hours 

of highly skilled workers would unavoidably reduce or delay produc- tion, but time and one half must be paid for all over 8 hours in any 

one day. 

Exceptions are made for executive, administrative, supervisory, 

and technical employees and their respective staffs, receiving more 

than $35.00 per week, traveling sales and service employees. 

No person under 16 years of age shall be employed in the industry 

and no person under 18 years of age permitted to work on operations 

hazardous in nature or detrimental to health. 

The minimum wage paid to any employee engaged in the production of the products of the industry and in labor operations 

connected with it shall be 40 cents per hour unless the rate per hour 

for the same class of labor was less than 40 cents per hour on July 

15, 1929, in which case the minimum rate shall not be less than the 

rate than paid, provided that in no case shall the minimum rate be 

less than 35 cents per hour. 

Learners who are specifically employed in the learning of one or 

more machine operations may be employed in the industry not more 

than 90 days at not less than 80 percent of the minimum wage rate 

and shall not exceed 5 percent of the total number of factory 

employees working for the employer. 

All. other employees not covered by the hourly wage rates shall be 

paid not less than $15.00 per week with the exception of office boys 

and girls who may be employed at a rate not less than 80 percent of 

such minimum rate and shall not exceed 5 percent of the total number 

of employees under such salaried classification. 

ECONOMIC EFFECT OF THE CODE 

This industry develops and builds the basic machines by means of 

which all other machines, as well as machined products of metal, are 

(IV) 
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rna le. Th jn 1ustr ' ha uif r ci mor s ri u ly fr m th depre ion 

than h, almo t any oth r proclu 'r of apital g 1 . 

La k of order ha r du d m1lo ·ment fr m a 19-9 high of 

41 0 o t a low of 600 a of J un 1933. Hour f labor average<\ 

34 p r w kin Jun 1933 a c 1111 ar cl to 53 per week in 1 ~9 . \Vith 

in r ~ <l r ler and the appli ation of he 40-hour w ek as proYiu J in thj od empl 'm nt hould incr a e approximately 12 

p r nt and pay r 11 in r a.- approximately 20 p rcent. These 

ontributions toward r emplo ment and in public purchasing power 

ar b ing made at a sacrifice to the Industry, and this condition can 

b maintained and impro-red only through early revival of machinery 

pur ha incr. 

FINDI.NGS 

The A lmini tra tor finds that: 

(a) The Code as recommended complies in all respects with the 

pertin nt provision of Title I of the Actbincluding, without limitation 11 bsection (a) of Section 7 and su section (b) of Section 10 

thereof ; and that 

(b) The applicant group imposes no inequitable restrictions on 

admi ion to membership therein and is truly representative of the ~lachin e Tool and Forging Machinery Industry; and that 

(c) The ode as recommended is not designed to promote monopolie or to eliminate or oppress small enterpnses and will not operate 

to di criminate against them, and will tend to effectuate the policy of 

Title I of the National Industrial Recovery Act. 

It i r commended, therefore, that this Code be adopted. 

Re pectfully, 

HuoH S. JoHNSoN, 

Administrator. 

CODE OF FAIR COMPETITION FOR THE MACHINE TOOL 

AND FORGING MACHINERY INDUSTRY 

ARTICLE I-PURPOSES 

To effectuate the policies of Title I of the National Industrial 

R cm·ery Act, the following provisions are submitted as a Code of 

Fair ompetition for the Machine Tool and Forging Machinery 

Industry, and, upon approval by the Presidenthshall be the standard 

of fair competition for such Industry and s all be binding upon 

every member thereof. 

ARTICLE II-DEFINITIONS 

The following terms used in this Code shall be defined as follows t 

"~lachine Tool and Forging Machinery Industry" or "Industry" 

include the manufacture for sale of (1) machine tools, including 

power-driven complete metal-working machines, not ·portable by 

hand having one or more tool or work-holding devices for progressiYely remm mg metal in chip form; (2) forging machinery, including all hot and cold (except by hydraulic) :for~1ng machinery; and 

(3) parts thereof, including all parts for mach1ne tools and forging 

machinery, jigs and fixtures, die heads, and such small tools and 

acce ories as are now, or may be, made by manufacturers for 

machine tools and forging machinery of their own manufacture. 

E1nployee ".-Anyone engaged 1n the Industry in any capacity 

receiving compensation for his services, irrespective of the nature 

or method of payment of such compen ation. 

' Employer '.-Anyone by whom any employee is compensated 

or emploj ed. 

" Member of the I ndustry ".-An3 one engaged in the Indu try, 

either a an employer or on his own behalf. 

' President", "Act", and "Ad1ninistrato1· ", as used herein mean, 

re pectively, the Pr sident of the United States, the National Industrial RecoYery Act and the dmini trator of said Act. 

"Lea1'ner ".-An mployee without previous xperi nee on the 

cla of work for which he i ngag d, being trained to b come compet nt on one or more ma hine operations, but who hall not be 

o cla ifi d after ninety (90) days' experience. 

RTI LE III-HoUR 

n an 1 after the ire tive date n empl y r hall mploy any mplo ee xcept exe utiY admini trativ up rvi ory, and technical 

employe and their r . "I ecti e staff. ". ho are paid at the rate of 

$35.00 or more per we k, traveling, al s and ervice employees, 

(1) 
2 

watchmen, and firemen in e:s:cess of 40 h ur · per woek, provided, 

however, that e limitations shall not apply to conditions of ea- sonal or peak deman l which create an un l and temporary burden 

for production or installation; in such special ca ::: · such number of 

hours may be worked as are r quired by the necessities of th situation, but not to exceed 48 hours per we k for any 6 weeks in any cal- endar 6 months' period; and provided further, that these limitations 

shall not apply to employees on emergency, maintenance, or repair 

work, or to very special cases where re tricti n of hours of highly 

skilled workers would unavoidably reduce or delay production. ' :Vhere in any case an employee wl~ ose hours of work are herein specified (other than salaried employees) shall work in excess of 8 

hours per day, time and one half shall be paid for the excess hours 

worked. 

ARTICLE IV-WAGES 

(a) On and after the effective date no employer shall em ploy 

anyone under the age of 16 years; nor anyone under 18 years of age 

at operations or occupations hazardous in nature or detrimental to 

health; provided, however, that where a State law provides a higher 

minimum age, no person below the age specified by such State law 

shall be employed within that State. 

(b) On and after the effective date the minimum wage that shall 

be paid by any employer to any employee engaged in the production 

of the products of th~ J)tlachine Tool and Forging :Machinery Industry and in labor operation directly incidental thereto shall be 40 cents 

per hour, unless the rate per hour for the same class of labor on 

July 15th, 1929 was less than 40 cents, in which case the rate per 

hour paid shall be not less than the rate per hour paid on July 15th, 

1929; and provided, that in no event shall the rate per hour paid be 

less than 35 cents ; and provided, however, that learners (other than 

apprentices, as defined in paragraph (d) of this Article IV) may be 

pa1d not less than 80 percent of such minimum wage, but the total 

number of learners at such reduced rate shall not exceed 5 percent o·f 

the total number of employees covered by the provisions of this paragraph (b); and provided further, that after three months of work 

learners shall be paid not less than the minimum wage herein 

provi<led. 

(c) On and after the effective date the minimum wage that shall 

be paid by any employer to all employees other than those enga~ed 

in the production of the products of the 1fachine Tool and Forging 

Machinery I ndustry and in labor operations directly incident thereto 

shall be at the rate of $15.00 per week, provided, however, that 

office b ys and girl may be paid not less than 80 percent of such 

minimum wage but the total number of such office boys and girls 

employed at such reduced r ate shall not exceed 5 percent of the total 

number of employees covered by the provisions of this paragraph (c). 

(d) This Article ests.tbli. hes a minimum rate of pay, regardless 

of whether an mployee i compensated on a time rate, piecework, or 

other basis. 

(e) Nothing in this Article IV shall apply to or affect a bona fide 

apprentice employed under a system or course of training which, 
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h n ill mak the ar pr n i · a 1 illed m chani . At 

n tim hall n ' a1 pr nti s be udmitt d to apr r n ic ship when 

u ·h a ti n hall bring th ir total numb r t m re than 10 p rc nt 

f th t al emplo ' . (f) lat r than 90 la. s after the ffecti e date each Member 

f th In hL r , h 11 r p rt to the A mini trator through the Sup rYi r r Acr n y her 1naft r provided for, the action taken by 

u h n player in adju tin the wag rates for (b) and (c) of this 

Arti le IV, but re i ing le ·s than $35.00 per we k of regular work 

p riod. 

(g) opies of thi code hall be publicly posted for the direct 

information of ull employees. 

ARTICLE V-GENERAL LABOR PROVISIONS 

As required by Section 7 (a) of Title I of the National Indu trial 

R coYery Act, the following provisions are conditions of this Code: 

SE TION 1. " (a) That employees shall have the right to organize 

and bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing, and hall be free from the interference restraint, or coercion o:f 

employers of labor, or their agents, in the designation of such representati s or in self-organization or in other concerted activities for 

the purpose of collective bargaining or other mutual aid or protection. 

(b) hat no employee and no one seeking employment hall be 

required a a con lition of employment to join any company union 

or to refrain from joining, organizing, or assisting a labor organization of his own choo ing, and 

"(c) That employers shall comply with the maximum hour of 

labor minimum rates of pay, and other conditions of emplo ment, 

approved or pre cribed by the President." 

SEc. 2. Within each State this Code shall not super ede any laws 

of uch tate imposing more stringent requirements on employer 

r Q1llating the ag of employ s wage , hours of work, or health, fire, 

or general working conditions than under this Code. 

ARTICLE VI-An:MINI TRATION 

To eff tuate the policies of the Act, a Supervi ory A ency is 

h r . ' con titute l to cooperate with the Administrator in the admini tration of this Code. 

E TI N 1. (a) During the sixty day p riod following the ff tive 

at f th C de the Code Committee of the N ati nul :Machin T 1 

Builders A ociation shall con titute a temporary ur rvi ·orv 

~ n y. This committee shall consi t of five m mb r ; an th cfmmi trator in his discretion, may appoint not mor than thr e ad itioual members (with ut vot ) to r present the Admini. trator. 

(b) o l?ermit r pr entatiOn of rna hin tool and f rgi g mahinery bml ers not members of the iati n the la r hall 

ithin ixty days after this de become ff tiv t up a p rman nt upervisory Agen y to su ce th t mporary Ao·en y in 

ff ctuating the ohci s f t.he Act and to o p rate in th dminis- tration of thi de. u h g ncy shall be l t d at a m ting 

called f r thi purpo e to hjch all kno' n machine tool and forging 
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machinery builders shall be invited with voting privileges. This 

succeeding Agency shall consist of seven members of which at least 

five shall be members of the Association, and the Administration 

appointees (if any) as referred to in Section 1 (a) of this Article VI. 

(c) In order that the Supervisory Agency shall at all times be 

truly representative of the industry and in other respects comply 

with the provi. ions of the Act, the Administrator mal provide such 

hearings, as he may deem proper; and thereafter i he shall find 

that the Supervisory Agency is not truly representative or does not 

in other respects comply with the provisions of the Act, may require an appropriate modification in the method of selection of the 

Supervisory Agency. 

(d) Any member of the Industry may participate in the preparation of any revisions of, or additions to this Code, by accepting his 

proper pro rata share of the cost and responsibility of creating and 

admini tering it or by becoming a member of applicant. 

(e) 'Vhenever in the judgment of the Administrator and the 

Supervisory Agency of the machine tool and forging machinery 

industry and the corresponding administrative agency established 

for the code of fair competition of the Machine Tool and Eq_uipn1ent Distributors' trade it becomes advisable to appoint an arbitration board such action shall be taken. 

ARTICLE VII-STATISTICAL DATA 

The members of the National Machine Tool Builders' Association 

and the subscribers of this Code and any other members of the 

Indu try (subject to the approval of the Administrator) shall contribute to the Association, office figures covering their company's 

experience, for compilation of Industry reports on the following 

items: 

·( 1) Monthly reports on total volume of new orders, in dollars, 

classified according to foreign and domestic destinations. 

(2) Monthly detail, reports classified by types and sizes of machines agreed upon by members of each group, covering unfilled 

orders, new orders, cancellations, shipments, and stocks on hand, in 

units. 

( 3) Monthly reports on wages paid, by wage-scale classifications. 

( 4) :Monthly reports of average hours of employment. 

One copy of each such composite industry report, when compiled, 

shall be made available to each m_ember of the industry. 

It is, however, expressly provided that the jurisdiction of the 

Supervisory Agency over any member of the Industry, is limited to 

that portion of the business and employment of such member of the 

Industry which is within the Industry. 

Except ns otherwise provided in the Act, all statistics, data, and 

information filed in accordance with the provisions of the Code shall 

be confidential. 

The statistics, data, and information of one member of the industry 

shall not be revealed to any o~her member of the industry. For the 

purpose of administering or enforcing the provisions of this Code, 

Supervisory Agency, by its duly authorized representatives (who 

shall not be in the employ of any member of the industry), shall 
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ha ' cce to any and all tati ti data, and informati n that may 

be furni hed in a cordanc with the pr vision f thi od . In a clition to information required to be submitted to the Super- vi ory Agency th re shall be furni hed to government a0 encies such 

tati tical information as the Adnlini trator may de m necessary 

f r the purpose recited in Section 3 (a) of the National I ndustrial 

Reco ery Act. 

ARTICLE VIII-AccouNTING AND CosTING 

.As a basis for the determination of a fair price for each unit 

manufactured and sold by any member of the mdustry the Super· 

visory Agency shall establish a practical system of cost finding, the 

principles of which are to be submitted to the Administrator for 

approval, designed to provide sound methods of dealing with cost 

problems peculiar to the industry, to be used by the Industry with 

such variations therefrom as may be required by the individual 

conditions affecting any member of the Industrl or group of mem· 

hers of the Industry, subject to the approval o the Administrator. 

ARTicLE IX-SELLING BELOw CosT 

After a basis for determining cost as described in Article VIII 

hereof has been arproved by the Administrator, no member of the 

Industry shall sel or exchange any product of the Industry, manufactured by him, at a price, or upon terms and conditions, which 

will result in the customer pa ing for the goods received, less than 

the cost thereof1 to the seller, determined in accordance with the sys- tem of cost finding described in Article VIII hereof; provided, however, that obsolete products may be disposed of by any men1ber o:f 

the l_ndustr;v at a le.ss price, but o~l:y if such membe~ of th~ Inclu try 

files unmediately with'the Su_perVIsmg Agency, for Immedmte trans- mittal to all directly competing members of the I ndu try, a state- ment in writing, settmg forth an identifying description and quantity 

of such equipment. 

ARTICLE X-DOMESTIC PRICE LISTS 

Every member of the Indu try shall establish and announce his 

own prices for his standard product acces ories, and/or attach- ment . u h prices shall then be the li t or published pri to be 

quoted to all customers. These list prices shall remain in effect, 

and n de iation may be made from them until change are made 

a pro ided in the followin~ Paragraph of this Article X. 

In order to effect change In list or publi heel price and at lea t 

10 days before new pri es are to be orne eff tive, th member of 

the In ustry shall file notice of chan e including a schedule of new 

price , with Super i ory Agen ·y, and at the same time suppl 'up rvisory Agency as many opi s as may be required to mail one copy 

to each member of the directly competiti e group. 

During the ab ve 10-day period any com etitor ·he ll ha e the 

privilege of announcing n w pri es to b com efl' ctive n the same 

date, announcement of same being nt at once to u pervisory 

.Agency as above. 
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For a period of 10 days following the date on which the new 

prices become effective, the member of the Industry may accept 

orders on quotations which were outstanding. 

ARTICLE XI-TRADE PRACTICES 

Unfair practices shall be deemed to be practices or acts which by 

subterfuge, concealment, misrepresentation, or by any form of discriminatiOn, result in selling below published prices, or in deceiving 

or misleading purchasers, or in misrepresenting the products of competitors. The following specific practices are examples of unfair 

methods of competition as defined above, and shall be prohibited. 

(a) Fa~e Marking or Branding.-The false marking or branding 

of any product of the Industry which has the tendency to mislead or 

deceive customers or prospective customers, whether as to the grade, 

quality, quantity, substance, character, nature, ori~in, size, finish, 

or preparation of any product of the Industry, or otl1erwise. 

(b) Misrepresentation or False or Misleading Advertising.-The 

making or causing or knowingly permitting to be made or published 

any f alse materially inaccurate or deceptive statement by way of 

advertisement or otherwise, whether concerning the grade, quality, 

q_uantity, substance, character l..-nature, origin, size, finish, or preparatiOn of any product of the lndustry, or the credit terms, values, 

policies, or services of any member of the Industry, or otherwise, 

having the tendency or capacity to mislead or deceive customers or 

prospective customers. 

(c) Commercial Bribery.-Directly or indirectly to give or permit 

to be given, or offer to give, money or anything of value to agents, 

employees, or representatives of customers or prospective customers, 

or to agents, employees, or representatives of competitors' customers 

or prospective customers, without the knowledge of their employers 

or principals, to purchase or contract to purchase from the makers of 

such gift or offer, or to influence such employers or principals to 

refrain from dealing or contracting to deal with competitors. 

(d) Interference with 0 ontractual Relations.-Maliciously inducing or attempting to induce the breach of an existing contract between a competitor and his customer or source of supply, or interfering with or obstructing the performance of any such contractual 

duties or services. 

(e) Secret Rebates.-The secret payment or allowance of rebates, · refunds, commissions, credits, or unearned discounts, whether in the 

form of money or otherwise, or the secret extension to certain purchasers of special services or privileges not extended to all purchasers 

on like terms and conditions. 

(f) Giving of Prizes, Pre1niums, m· Gifts.-The offering or giving 

of prizes, premmms, or gifts in connection with the sale of products, 

or as an inducement thereto, by any scheme which involves misrepresentation or fraud. 

(g) Defanwtion.-The defamation of competitors by falsely imputing to them dishonor~hle conduct, inability to perform. contracts, 

questionable credit stanchng, or by other false representatwns or by 

the false disparagement of the grade or quality of their goods. 

(h) Threats of Litigation.-The publishing or circu1ating of 

threats or suits for infringement of patents or trade marks or of 
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any oth r 1 gal pr ' dina not in good faith, with the t ndency or 

c:ff' t of hara in~ mpetitors or intimidatina oth r cu~tomer . (i) Other 'nj'air P1·a tices.-Nothinl7 in thi. Col hall limit the 

ffr t of anT adjudication by the Courts or holding by the F deral 

Trade mmi ion on comrlaint, finding, and order, that any prac· 

ti e or method not outlined above is unfair. 

ARTICLE XII-EXPORT TRADE 

To enable the I ndu try to compete in foreign markets, the follow· 

inb provi ions of the Code shall not apply to export trade or to 

al ~ and/ or hipment for export trade: Articles I X and X. 

ARTICLE XIII- STATUS PRIOR TO EFFECTIVE D ATE 

P rior to it approval by the President, applicant may at any time 

change or modify any provision of this Code (except those provi· 

ions required by Sections 7 (a) and 10 (b) of the Act), or may 

1\ithdraw this Code. The applicant will not be deemed to have consented to any change 

or modification of this Code which may be affected by the President's 

order of a1?proval, unless such change or modificatiOn is submitted 

to the applicant and consented to by the applicant. 

ARTICLE X I V - MODIFICATION 

SEcTION 1. (a) This Code and all the provisions thereof are ex· pressly made subject to the right of the President, in accordance 

with the fro visions of subsection (b) of Section 10 of the National 

Indu tria Recovery Act, from time to time to cancel or modify any 

order appro\ al hcen e, rule, or reo·ulation issued under Title I 

of said Act and pecifically, but without lin1itation, to the right of 

the President to cancel or modify his appro al of this Code or any 

conditions imposed b him upon his approval thereof. 

(b) Thi Code, exc pt as to provisions required by th Act, may 

b modified on the ba. is of experienc or change in circumstances, 

u ·h m li.fication to be ba eel upon application to the A lminist ·ator 

and uch notice and hearin~ a he shall pecify, and to be ome 

e:ff cti ve on approval of the ..t"resident. 

ARTICLE XV-l\1o .. -oPoLrEs 

:r o pro ision of this Cole hall be so applied a to permit monopo· 

li r m nopolistic practi , or to eliminate, oppres , or eli riminate 

again t mall enterpri s. 

ARTICLE XVI-EFFECTIVE DATE 

Thi d hall b come ff ctive n the 11th da after i s ar proval 

by the Pre.·id nt. 

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