U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 93o-B 

International Strategic Minerals Inventory 

Summary Report-Chromium 

Prepared as a cooperative effort among earthscience and mineral-resource agencies of 

Australia, Canada, the Federal Republic of 

Germany, the Republic of South Africa, and the 

United States of America 
Major geologic age units 

Million years Age before present 

Holocene 

QUATERNARY I- 0.1 

Pleistocene 

u I- 2 

Pliocene 5 

N 5 rMiocene 0 

z 

w r- 24 

Oligocene TERTIARY u r- 38 

Eocene I- 55 

Paleocene 

63 

Late Cretaceous 

Cretaceous I- 96 

u Early Cretaceous 5 

N I- 138 

0 Jurassic en 

w 

~ f- 205 

Triassic 

240 

Permian 

I- 290 

Pennsylvanian 

Carboniferous r---330 

Mississippian u I- 360 - 5 

Devonian N 

0 

w I- 410 ...J 

<( Silurian Q.. 

r- 435 

Ordovician 

r- 500 

Cambrian 

-570 u Late Proterozoic 6 f-- 900 N 

0 

Middle Proterozoic a: 

w 

1- r- 1600 z 

0 <( 

Early Proterozoic a: a: 

0.. CD 2500 ~ 

z <( 

u <( 

w w 

I a: 

u Q.. 

a: 

<( 
International Strategic Minerals Inventory 

Summary Report-Chromium 

By John H. DeYoung, Jr., Michael P. lee, 

and Bruce R. lipin 

U. S. G E 0 L 0 G I C A L S U R V E Y C I R C U L A R 9 3 0-B 

Prepared as a cooperative effort among earthscience and mineral-resource agencies of 

Australia, Canada, the Federal Republic of 

Germany, the Republic of South Africa, and the 

United States of America 

1984 
Department of the Interior 

WILLIAM P. CLARK, Secretary 

U.S. Geological Survey 

Dallas L. Peck, Director 

Library of Congress Catalog-card No. 84-601094 

Free on application to Distribution Branch, Text Products Section, 

U. S. Geological Survey, 604 South Pickett Street, Alexandria, VA 22304 
FOREWORD 

Earth-science and mineral-resource agencies from several countries started 

the International Strategic Minerals Inventory in order to gather cooperatively 

information about major sources of strategic mineral materials. This circular 

summarizes inventory information about major deposits of chromium, one of 

the mineral commodities selected for the prototype phase of the inventory. 

The report was prepared by John H. DeYoung, Jr., and Michael P. Lee of the 

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Chromium inventory information was compiled 

by J. M. Duke, Canadian Department of Energy, Mines and Resources (EMR), 

Geological Survey of Canada; Ian Goldberg, South African Department of 

Mineral and Energy Affairs (MEA), Minerals Bureau; Erik C. I. Hammerbeck, 

MEA, Geological Survey; Silvia M. Heinrich, USGS; Bruce R. Lipin (chief compiler), USGS; C. Roger Pratt, Australian Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology 

and Geophysics (BMR); and A. G. Sozanski, EMR, Mineral Policy Sector. Additional contributions to the report were made by A. B. T. Werner and Jan 

Zwartendyk, EMR, Mineral Policy Sector; Ian Goldberg; Lee C. Ranford, BMR; 

and Aldo F. Barsotti, Edward H. Boyle, John F. Papp, and Paul R. Thomas, 

U.S. Bureau of Mines. 

Director 

III 

CONTENTS 

Page 

Foreword ------------------------------------------------------------------- iii 

Absttact--------------------------------------------------------------------

Parti---Ovenriew-------------------------------------------------------------

Inttoduction ------------------------------------------------------------- 1 

Uses and supply aspects---------------------------------------------------- 2 

Distribution of chromite deposits and districts ----------------------------------- 5 

Chromite resources -------------------------------------------------------- 10 

Chromite production ------------------------------------------------------- 12 

Conclusions -------------------------------------------------------------- 15 

Part 11---Selected inventory information for chromite deposits and districts--------------- 17 

References cited -------------------------------------------------------------- 40 

Additional references on chromium resources --------------------------------------- 41 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

Page 

FIGURE 1. Diagram showing United Nations resource categories used in this report------------------------------ 3 

2-5. Maps showing: 

2. Location, deposit type, and estimated resources of major chromite deposits and districts in the 

world ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 

3. Location, deposit type, and estimated resources of other chromite deposits and districts in the 

world ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 

4. Economic classification of the World Bank for countries where the world's major chromite deposits 

and districts occur--------------------------------------------------------------- 8 

5. Economic classification of the World Bank for countries where other chromite deposits and districts occur -------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 

6-8. Bar graphs showing: 

6. Chromite resources in the world's major deposits and districts according to their date of discovery--- 13 

7. Proportions of total world production of chromite accounted for by countries with deposits and 

districts in the ISMI chromium inventory; selected years 1940-80 ------------------------- 14 

8. Chromite production in countries with major deposits and districts in the ISMI chromium inventory; selected years 1940-80 ------------------------------------------------------- 15 

9. Graphs showing concenttation ratios for selected nonfuel mineral commodity production in 1913 and 

1980-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 

10. Map showing major chromite deposits and districts, their present production status, and their probable 

production status in 2020 --------------------------------------------------------------- 16 

v 
TABLES 

Page 

TABLE 1. Classification of chromite ore by geologic deposit type, composition, and principal use ------------------- 3 

2. Chromite resources in and cumulative production from the world's major deposits and districts, by geologic deposit type and resource category ---------------------------------------------------- 11 

3. Chromium records in the world's major deposits and districts, by geologic deposit type and class of ore------ 11 

4-5. Chromite resources in the world's major deposits and districts: 

4. By class of ore --------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 

5. By economic class of country and resource category ---------------------------------------- 12 

6-7. Estimated cumulative and annual production of chromite: 

6. For each country having a major chromite deposit or district--------------------------------- 13 

7. By economic class of country ---------------------------------------------------------- 13 

8. Chromite resources in the world's major deposits and districts, listed by mining method and economic 

class of country ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 

9. Selected geologic and location information from ISMI records for chromite deposits and districts---------- 20 

10. Selected production and mineral-resource information from ISMI records for chromite deposits and 

districts ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30 

VI 
INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERALS INVENTORY 

SUMMARY REPORT 

CHROMIUM 

By John H. DeYoung, Jr., Michael P. Lee, and Bruce R. Lipin 

ABSTRACT 

Major world resources of chromium, a strategic mineral commodity, are described in this summary report of information in 

the International Strategic Minerals Inventory (ISMI). ISMI is 

a cooperative data-collection effort of earth-science and 

mineral-resource agencies in Australia, Canada, the Federal 

Republic of Germany, the Republic of South Africa, and the 

United States of America This report, designed to be of benefit to policy analysts, contains two parts. Part I presents an 

overview of the resources and potential supply of chromium on 

the basis of inventory information. Part II contains tables of 

some of the geologic information and mineral-resource and production data that were collected by ISMI participants. 

PART I-OVERVIEW 

INTRODUCTION 

The reliability of future supplies of so-called strategic minerals is of concern to many nations. This 

widespread concern has led to duplication of effort 

in the gathering of information on the world's major sources of strategic mineral materials. With the 

aim of pooling such information, a cooperative program named International Strategic Minerals Inventory (ISMI) was started in 1981 by officials of 

the governments of the U.S.A., Canada, and the 

Federal Republic of Germany. It was subsequently joined by the Republic of South Africa and 

Australia The United Kingdom will participate in 

future ISMI resource studies. 

The objective of ISMI reports is to make publicly 

available, in convenient form, nonproprietary data 

1 

and characteristics of major deposits of strategic 

mineral commodities for policy considerations in regard to short-term, medium-term, and long-term 

world supply. This report provides a summary 

statement of the data compiled and an overview of 

the supply aspects of chromium in a format designed to be of benefit to policy analysts. 

The term "strategic minerals" is imprecise. It 

generally refers to mineral ore and derivative products that come largely or entirely from foreign 

sources, that are difficult to replace, and that are 

important to a nation's economy, in particular to its 

defense industry. Usually, the term implies a nation's perception of vulnerability to supply disruptions and of a need to safeguard its industries from 

the repercussions of a loss of supplies. 

Because a mineral that is strategic to one country 

may not be strategic to another, no one list of strategic minerals can be prepared. The ISMI Working 

Group decided to commence with chromium, manganese, nickel, and phosphate. 

The information used was the best at hand in 

various agencies of the participating countries that 

contributed to the preparation of this report. Those 

agencies were the Bureau of Mines and the Geological Survey of the U.S. Department of the Interior; 

the Geological Survey and the Mineral Policy Sec-

. tor of the Canadian Department of Energy, Mines 

and Resources; the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources of the Federal 

Republic of Germany; the Geological Survey and 

the Minerals Bureau of the Department of Mineral 

and Energy Affairs of South Africa; and the Bureau 
of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics of 

the Australian Department of Resources and 

Energy. 

Deposits (or districts) are selected for the inventory on the basis of their present or expected future 

contribution to world supply. Some deposits that 

do not meet this general "major deposit" criterion 

are included in the inventory because participants 

suggested that these deposits might have particular significance.1 These deposits are listed in the 

summary data tables of this report (tables 9 and 10 

in Part II), but have not been included in the resource and production tables in Part I of this 

report. 

The ISMI record collection and this report on 

chromium have adopted the international classification system for mineral resources recommended by 

the United Nations Group of Experts on Definitions and Terminology for Mineral Resources 

(Schanz, 1980). The terms, definitions, and resource 

categories of this system were established in 1979 

to facilitate international exchange of mineralresource data; the Group of Experts sought a 

system that would be compatible with the several 

systems already in use in several countries. Figure 

1 shows the U.N. resource classification used in this 

report. The term "reserves," which many would 

consider to be equivalent to r1E or R1E, has been 

interpreted inconsistently and thus has been deliberately avoided in the U.N. classification. Category 

R3, undiscovered deposits, is not dealt with in this 

report. 

USES AND SUPPI. Y ASPECJS 

About 10 million metric tons of chromite2 ore and 

concentrates are consumed each year by the world's 

metallurgical, chemical, and refractory industries. 

Traditionally, chromite ore was classified according 

to its expected industrial end use, namely as metallurgical, refractory, chemical, or foundry-grade 

material. Because of changes in ferrochromium production technology and in the use of ferrochromium 

in steelmaking, however, end use is no longer a common basis for classifying chromite. Current nomenclature for chromite ores reflects the composition of 

the mineral chromite in a given deposit, rather than 

end use. 

1

No information is provided on deposits that were once significant but whose 

resources are now considered to have been depleted. 

2 

The mineral chromite has the general chemical 

formula (Mg, Fe+2) (Cr, AI, Fe+3)

2

0 4

, in which ratios 

of the elements vary widely. Thus, Mg and Fe+2 can 

substitute for each other in all proportions, and the 

same is true, with a few restrictions, of Cr, AI, and 

Fe+3• For this inventory, ores have been classified 

as high-chromium, high-iron, or high-aluminum. 

Table 1 lists the characteristics of these three ore 

classes with regard to geology, composition, and 

major use. 

High-chromium ores, with high chromium-to-iron 

ratios, are used mainly for metallurgical applications-principally for making ferrochromium. 

High-iron chromite, previously used mostly for the 

production of chromium-base chemicals, is now 

finding increased use in making low-chromium ferrochromium and is being used to make refractories. 

The high-iron ores are also being used as foundry 

sands. High-aluminum chromite ores with relatively low iron and silica are used mainly for refractory 

purposes, primarily in the manufacturing of 

magnesite-chromite and chromite-magnesite brick 

(Canada Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, 1982). Chromium is used in several forms 

including chromite, chromium metal, ferrochromium, chromic acid and other chemicals, 

chromite refractory bricks, and chromite foundry 

sands. The distribution of chromium consumption 

by major uses in the United States from 1977 

through 1981 was 58 percent metallurgical, 23 percent chemical, and 18 percent refractory (Papp, 

1983, p. 212). This distribution differs from that in 

Japan, industrialized countries in western Europe, 

and countries with centrally planned economies. The 

United Nations estimates world chromium consumption to be 76 percent metallurgical, 13 percent 

refractory, and 11 percent chemical (United Nations 

Economic and Social Council, 1979). 

Chromium's major metallurgical use is as an 

alloying element to produce stainless, heatresistant, high-strength, and oxidation-resistant 

steels; there is no satisfactory substitute for 

chromium in stainless steel. Generally, a chromiumto-iron ratio in ore of greater than 2:1 is desirable 

for the production of high-chromium-content ferrochromium. Lower grade, less expensive ferrochromium called "charge chrome" is being used in increasing amounts for the manufacture of stainless 

steel in new steelmaking processes. Because of 

2

Chromite is the only mineral mined for chromium. In this report, chromite is 

used to indicate chromite ore and concentrates derived from chromite ore. 
R* 

IN SITU RESOURCESQuantities of economic interest 

for the next few decades 

R1 

KNOWN DEPOSITSReliable estimates 

~ 

EXTENSIONS OF KNOWN AND 

NEWLY DISCOVERED DEPOSITSPreliminary estimates 

R3 

UNDISCOVERED DEPOSITSTentative estimates 

R1E R1M R1S R2E ~ R2S 

Economically Marginally Subeconomic Economically Subeconomic 

exploitable economic exploitable 

*The capital "R" denotes resources in situ; a lower case "r" expresses the corresponding recoverable resources 

for each category and subcategory. Thus, r1E is the recoverable equivalent of R1E. This report deals only 

with R1 and R2, not with R3. 

FIGURE I.-United Nations resource categories used in this report (modified from Schanz, 1980, p. 313). 

TABLE I.-Classification of chromite ore by geologic deposit 

type, composition, and principal use 

[Modified from Mikami (1983), Thayer and Lipin (1978), and Papp (1983)] 

Class of ore Geologic Composition of ore Principal use 

deposit type (by weight) and 

Cr:Fe ratios 

High-ehromium -- Podiform, 46-55% Cr203 Metallurgical 

stratiform Cr:Fe>2:1 

High-iron ------- Stratiform 40-46% Cr203 Metallurgical, 

Cr:Fe 1.5-2:1 chemical 

High-aluminum -- Podiform 33-38% Cr20 3 Refractory 

22-34% ~03 

Cr:Fe 2.0-2.5:1 

these processes, some chemical-grade ores are now 

suitable for metallurgical purposes. 

Chromite refractory bricks are used in the lining 

of steelmaking furnaces; conversion to basicoxygen and bulk-electric steelmaking methods in 

Western countries is reducing the demand for 

refractory-grade (high-aluminum) chromite. The 

chemical industry produces chromium chemicals 

for use in electroplating, leather tanning, and the 

manufacture of paints and pigments. 

As is shown in subsequent sections of this report, 

chromium resources and production are not uniformly distributed around the world. The geological 

factors that control the distribution of chromium 

deposits, coupled with the geographical history of 

economic development, have required many industrialized nations that are major chromium consumers to import chromium (in the form of ores, 

3 

concentrates of chromite, and ferrochromium) from 

developing countries. 

The pattern of world chromite production was influenced, primarily during the late 1950's, by the 

establishment of captive mines3 in southern Africa 

by U.S. companies. This strategy, .. designed to ensure reliable supplies (McDivitt and Manners, 197 4, 

p. 59-61), slowed development of chromite resources in countries that gave less encouragement 

to foreign control of mining operations. 

Several aspects of chromium supply are especially noteworthy: 

• The economic condition of the world steel industry plays a major role in determining the 

demand for chromium. 

• Exploitable chromite resources are concentrated in a limited number of countries, especially South Africa and Zimbabwe. 

• Eight industrialized countries4 that mine little or no chromite have a significant (an 

estimated 27 percent in 1982) but lessening 

role in ferrochromium production (Brown, 

1983, p. 331-336). Plants to convert chromite into ferrochromium, which is used in 

quantity in steelmaking, were initially sited, 

for technological and economic reasons, near 

steelmaking facilities in industrialized countries. The 1970's saw a marked shift in the 

location of new ferrochromium plants toward 

countries endowed with readily available 

3 A captive mine is a mine that produces solely for the parent company or that 

company's subsidiary. 4

France, Italy, Japan, Norway, Spain, Sweden, the United States, and West 

Germany. 
sources of chromite. This shift was due to a 

variety of reasons including the need to close 

obsolete ferrochromium production facilities 

in industrialized nations, the lower energy 

and labor costs in countries with readily 

available sources, and the possibility of lowering transportation costs by cutting the 

volumes of material shipped. 

In 1977, Japan accounted for some 16 percent of world ferrochromium output, South 

Africa for 15 percent, the United States for 8 

percent, France plus Italy for 6 percent, and 

Sweden for 5 percent (Schottman, 1981, 

p. 315-320). By 1982, the contribution of 

Japan to world ferrochromium production 

was estimated to have dropped to 13 percent, that of the United States to 3 percent, 

and that of France plus Italy to 1 percent; 

South Africa's contribution had risen to 23 

percent and Sweden's to 7 percent (Brown, 

1983, p. 331-336). The share of the world's 

largest ferrochromium producer, the Soviet 

Union, fell from 25 to 23 percent from 1977 

to 1982. 

• Some chromite and ferrochromium production capacity is state-owned5 and production 

from these operations may be maintained 

when application of profit-motive criteria 

would normally result in mine closure. 

• Chromite supplies have been disrupted. 

From 1950 to 1960, the Soviet Union 

stopped shipments of chromite to the United 

States because of the Korean conflict. During some or all of the period 1966 through 

1980, when United Nations sanctions were in 

force, some countries halted imports from 

Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). 

• Chromite and ferrochromium stockpiles 

have been established by several countries 

for strategic or economic reasons. 

• Strategic considerations have resulted in 

research being carried out on chromium substitution and conservation. 

• Substitution possibilities exist in some alloy, 

refractory, paint, and pigment applications, 

but no satisfactory substitutes are known 

for chromium. 

• Production research carried out in recent 

years has focused on such fields as exploration methods for the discovery of new chro5For example, in Albania, Finland, Madagascar, Sudan, and the Soviet Union. 

4 

mite deposits, ways to use lower grade or 

high-iron types of chromite, and procedures 

for recovering chromium from laterite 

deposits. The AOD (argon-oxygen decarburization) process and other new processes for 

steelmaking were developed in the late 

1960's. The installation of these processes in 

steelmaking plants has resulted in the use of 

"charge chrome" produced from material 

that was formerly unusable for metallurgical 

purposes. This development is one of the 

main reasons for the expansion of the 

chromite mining industry in South Africa 

Plasma smelting, a new technology developed by the Swedish steel producer, SKF 

StiD (Metal Bulletin Monthly, 1984), among 

others, is being tested and refined by a South 

African company, Middelburg Steel and 

Alloys, in cooperation with the South 

African Council for Mineral TechnologyMintek (Papp, 1983, p. 212). This technology 

permits the use of chromite fines as feed for 

ferrochromium production without the need 

for agglomeration. Implementation of this 

more flexible technology could lead to a 

reassessment of what are currently thought 

of as noneconomic chromite deposits 

throughout the world. 

• Concerns in various countries about security 

of supply have encouraged supply diversification. For this reason, Voost-Alpine AG of 

Austria promoted the recent construction of 

a ferrochromium smelter in the Philippines 

(Papp, 1983, p. 209). In 1982, construction of 

new or expanded ferrochromium production 

facilities also continued in Greece, India, and 

Turkey; consideration was being given to the 

establishment of plants in Madagascar and 

in Papua New Guinea 

• Attention is being given to the possibility of 

increasing demand for chromium. The South 

African government's Chromium Centre, 

which is supported by the South African 

chromium industry, aims to stimulate research and development on new uses for 

chromium. 

• Eight major world producers6 of chromite 

and ferrochromium recently established a 

6S.A. Manganese Amcor Ltd. of South Africa; F ACOR India; Ferroleghe SpA of 

Italy; Ferrochrome Philippines Inc.; Ferroaleaciones Espaiiolas S.A. of Spain; 

Hellenic Ferroalloys of Greece; Axel Johnson Ore & Metals AB of Sweden; and India Metals & Ferroalloys Ltd. 
nonprofit technical organization, the Chromium Association, under the auspices of the 

Paris-based Manganese Center (Kraus, 

1984). The objectives of this association are 

to collect, evaluate, and distribute information to its members on worldwide production 

and consumption trends for chromium as 

well as to promote research and new applications for chromium products. 

DISTRIBUTION OF OtROMITE DEPOSITS AND DISTRICTS 

The world map in figure 2 shows the locations of 

major chromite deposits and districts. The Soviet 

Union is the only one of the four major steel producers (Soviet Union, U.S.A., Japan, and western 

Europe) that fills its chromite needs from domestic 

sources. The districts shown in Finland and Greece 

satisfy only a small portion of the chromite demand 

of the European steel industries. Figure 3 shows 

other chromite deposits and districts. One of those 

deposits in South Africa is a platinum producer 

that may produce chromite as a by-product; the 

other deposits shown are subeconomic (some are 

former producers). 

Major chromite deposits in this report are of 

three geologic deposit types: stratiform deposits, 

podiform deposits, and laterite deposits. 

Stratiform-type chromite deposits occur as parallel 

zones or seams in large, layered igneous-rock complexes. These complexes were intruded or emplaced 

in continental interiors and are noted for their 

regularity of layering and extensive lateral continuity. Only layered complexes more than 1.9 billion years old are known to contain economic 

deposits of chromite. The chromite ores in 

stratiform deposits are commonly high-iron, 

although there are some exceptions (see table 9 in 

Part II). Examples of stratiform-type chromite 

deposits are the Bushveld Complex in the Republic 

of South Africa, the Kemi intrusion in Finland, 

and the Great Dyke in Zimbabwe. Podiform chromite deposits (also called "Alpine-type") occur in 

portions of oceanic crust and mantle that have been 

thrust up onto continents or island chains. Identified podiform chromite deposits are located (1) in 

major tectonic belts such as the Ural Mountains 

(Soviet Union), Appalachian Mountains (North 

America), and the so-called Tethyan mountain 

chains (Albania, Greece, and Turkey), and (2) in 

5 

island-arcs similar to those found in the western 

Pacific Ocean (Philippines) and the Caribbean basin 

(Cuba). 

The host rock for podiform-type chromite deposits is peridotite. Deposits are seldom older than 

1.1 billion years. Podiform deposits contain highchromium and high-aluminum chromite and occur 

in irregular shapes such as pods and lenses; their 

distribution within a mineralized zone is erratic and 

unpredictable. Chromite also occurs in iron- and 

nickel-rich laterites formed by the weathering of 

peridotite. The low chromium content of laterites, 

however, has prevented recovery of chromite from 

this type of deposit. 

Chromite occurs in one other deposit type, 

placers, but there are no identified placer deposits 

that are important enough, in terms of present or 

probable near-future production, to be included in 

this inventory. Some chromite ore has been mined 

from chromite-bearing sediments that were formed 

by erosion of stratiform-type deposits, specifically 

those in the Bushveld Complex in South Africa and 

the Great Dyke in Zimbabwe. No separate production and resources data for these deposits, however, 

are available to the ISMI inventory. Some data on 

these sedimentary (eluvial) chromium resources 

may be contained in the production and resource 

data for their parent stratiform-type deposits. 

Figure 2 shows eight stratiform-deposit locations 

(representing 32 deposit and district records) and 

eight podiform-deposit locations (representing 19 

inventory records). Figure 3 shows five locations 

representing 10 deposit and district records of 

stratiform deposits and one location of a laterite 

district in Papua New Guinea Because production 

of chromite from these deposits is not foreseen in 

the near future, data on these deposits and districts 

have not been included in the resource and production tables in Part I of this report. 7 

Figure 4 shows the global distribution of major 

chromite deposits and districts and also indicates 

the economic class (GNP per capita) of countries 

where deposits are located. The global distribution 

of other chromite deposits and districts by World 

Bank economic classes is shown in figure 5. 

70nly one of the deposits shown in figure 3 is presently being mined-the 

platinum-mineral operation (Western Platinum mine) in the UG2 chromitite layer 

of the western Bushveld. In the year ending September 30, 1983, 1,950,000 metric 

tons (t) of Merensky Reef and UG2 Reef ores were extracted from the Western 

Platinum mine, yielding 6,656 kg of platinum-group elements, 1,943 t of nickel, 

1,210 t of copper, and 21 t of cobalt. Since the first UG2 stopes came into production in January 1983, the company has been evaluating the recovery of a chromite 

concentrate (Mining Journal, 1983). 
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1

l /,) /1>henkanal district 111 ,_- ':. t _,_, ,, j.. ;/ ·---~· . 5 158 lr- I a ICCI 1~!~ ~;, ·. / 1

v. "1., · .. ,.....; (;{~-.. : . .:>;~·.?f -··-:- ._ ~ ·) ' ' SUDAN ~<: '·" I-~ ., .... -. , ·; __ .. BRAZIL • Mugla-Fethiye district{11_•' _- t' H.ll d. . 121 _,_ .. ,, __ .• , .. ;,~· '_ .. r .. ;.: ··-..,_, ·r ·---. -' .:··.,, . .(r· hge_$sana 1 s 1stnct · ., .., - ---· · 

Campo Form'osi;, di~~rict (21 ZIMBABWE --· .• , _. --~-·j ;/4.! .. ,/A <: , .. , .. .... , - MADAGASCAR ..-

;/ >_;~ __ ; Selukwe Complex (11 . · ·· ( '· Tsaratanana district (11 

i' (';I Great Dyke (151 \.SOOTH AFRICA 

-:., ... 

\ '• 

-~,. 

Base from Bundesanstalt fur Geow,ssenschaften und Rohstoffe 

~~ , .. __ ; 

i; " 'f' :• 

\i ~-

,- Bushvetd Complex (61 

.,. 

Stratiform 

EXPLANATION · 

Geologic Deposit Type 

.;._. 

Podifonn 

'··i-, 

··--;-./' 

MERCATOR PROJECTION '.'i 

~ LA ITUDE 

)~ ~ 

1000 500 0 500 1000 KILOM ETERS 

Boundary and names representation 

not necessar~ly author~tat1ve 

Symbol Resources (metric tons) Symbol Resources (metric tons) 

• > 10· None > 10" 

• 10•-10" • 10•-10· 

• < 10• • < 10• 

.,., .... 

qFIGURE 2.-Location, deposit type, and estimated resources of major chromite deposits and districts in the world. Numbers in parentheses indicate number of records (deposits 

and districts) for each location. Location names are from the tables in Part II. 
-.::J 

160° 120° 80° 40° 0° 40° 80° 120° 160° 

·--r~ v. ~ 't?"""'b t!\~~'l.J :l-~ ' e,· I"C' r~ ,i :n .. 1 

' I / -• ~ 'J < v ~,-, _./' ~ '/'' (,jl.r;:'c, i\ ~"\''1'0--~~•"'v. ~ ':<\ ' ,/) , .. oer, '· ~ -"" 

1'c. .!.l-~'w)~if< I ' \ '\.-...... r- 1 -...._ ,J " ~/ / / 7 "' ' ) tf tr r--.._ c::.. ~;,.--;o~~(j l,_ ... ~.J \ :-: ~ J JJ_,. ( y;~ " ', __ ,_ ... ;..; .,_) ~~ f"J -~ ~ j f,' • ¥ . , .. --~ ' ;;:;. . .,__., :±:::, 

~ ( ?'"ll\\-\: 'b~ rr·1ii-.;.._ L ~ I r /l!L:f\ / I ~ r·---.;r-~1. _ _ v"?" l "f \ •,.- {_, ~ ~ ;;s\'\ ' $~ ~ l 1\ ~ f· 'c ""'---•· (-

~\fv-__;;; ./,jj} ,&t.,~~\1> ~ . 7 -~----~~- . ' ~,;..~__,~··-..\ i,~. --~ \-'"'(_;·--·-, 

~ : r.::.--..;r ~{ "'Y · a-" r . ~ ~ (<) __..JJ -,~ ~-... ,.,;Z.. '\ ~:-) If> y ' ""') f ' \ ~~_,,.) ~-< ~~ ': I {/';r-' ""+~ [.-' S' :?; ,s f) ~ ~:?-~'- ~( 1. • ._} 

4 ' ~V'e, ,;-") '''-I 'n.Ji - I f' ( .._,, , ., ; 

o 1\ " i ..._y I "'or~~~\ ><JJ.EENLAND • ~ 1 ~~~{~ ~ . ,-;~,....../ 60 -~~y.._-,, P· riA ( ~ v \ F1skenaesset area l l_A:O 1. ~c: / __ ,_,,j./ ~' "i:1 v ' .i\ ~ ·~ ~l,)' (- / ( ' .· :. C:AN,A.r'A . ~';\ \ ~'-d:-{.J-\ /! n, <i:.--,1\ ·• / 

': \·'k. i.B•rd~JVer sll~,.- (__.,~({, (.:~:---) --<·__r·,(_/~/ ·-, _ [!), / 1--·-- -- ---- ~ ~~& c.:;, )~-;-~(_:,~--:,,~~ o/~' 0 ,r_r -~-- ;--·---- .:/,/}~,!'' UNITED STATES • '' V-J,.,t

7 c-"--::r";',,-.__,-._,, >·--l ~ \ ~ -' --- --' '"'r/ fi' 

40° J.... ~ t ;) ~ 1 / t.-.· 0 ·-,~,·/t~'-.. ·· ·,_f'_,.,:r ~ . c--- ,-/1---i( )) StillwaterComplex(2) J \.1-.--j,.--___ ,,,,f 'l"\..~_," __ .,..:, , __ ,--- ... , ,---->-'--,... ? 'L __ __,.~ \ r---.;- J ( · .._ ~ J : I 1 r··• / "' _.,~ .. 

\\:!;4:"'. , .. tf~Y~;l\\~,~< '>\c;~~ . , ::11;>) , ) · ~,:,_, ;' -,.('----~~ \ i y:---; · \ ' I \'!'"-. -) 1), 'e/~j~-~~~ '(t)'"-f11 { .. /··; .. r~ \\ ,( • ·-:; '_,(~ • ~\, // / -~ ' ·-·-: ---'· ~?>, ···>--- - '--.,; \,., __ .. '· ·-<"'· ~"' /. PAPUA• N~ G0JNEA 

(>-- <"' -' v·-'tr,__ · CI~) {o --t;/ ~~~~ii;ir~~,~ ~ -_; / '-') '{'·-. __ --,__ ,\._ ·_ -·c:~~~-"-~- , 1 ·;._; ''"-\ 

' -.. ,~'.'-·-~ / SOUTH AFRIGI\-c· f.{t--~ . · /'. ,-.,;'"._[.___ i '-. 

s~shy~ld ComJiex-UG2 chromitite l~yer 12 ') '(/ r;i AUSTRALIA--•J" 0 

-._, 

i•r---~ '- ..----' ' ' ~ ' J ', )f ·~:}) \.}-',_, '-- Coobina deposit 11':! : 

~~ ___ !/ L-~/ (_-- J' --"'·t. ._;-// 

~\ ~.J M ERCATOR PROJECTION\:( 

20° ''c 

oo ·-

:.~- ·. 20° '\~ .. 

40° ·-

'<. 

_,.:;1~? {( 

r·· 

"' lr:t r:t'ZT?r:t' LAT TU ~ 

Base from Bundesanstalt fUr Geowlssenschaften und Rohstoffe 

fi; 

\£ . ... 1000 500 0 500 1000 KILOMETERS .....,.,. 

Symbol 

• • 

Stratiform 

EXPLANATION 

Geologic Deposit Type 

Resources (metric tons) Symbol 

> 109 

10"- 109 None •

Laterite 

Boundary and names representation 

not necessarily authontative 

Resources (metric tons) 

> 109 

10"- 109 

_,_.. 

F IGURE 3.-Location, deposit type, and estimated resources of other chromite deposits and districts in the world. Numbers in parentheses indicate number of records (deposits 

and districts) for each location. Location names are from the tables in Part II. 
00 

60' 

40' 

20' 

0' ·-· 

20' ·-

40' 

160' 

'·c 

Camaguey and Oriente 

.:_,.,_ 

Base from Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe 

~ Low-income economies 

40' 

\ 

~ 

l I 

\~ 

- Lower middle-income economies 

40' 80' 120' 160' 

~~~==~===itll~ttij~~~; 

EXPLANATION 

Upper -middle-income economies 

Industrial market economies 

"' 

•, --

, ~HIUPPINES lliiiilJ 

_;) ambales district (2) 

1Jr . ~: F"""' f 

_,\. .......... ~-._,:..:~0'"""'"'- w "" 

·:C:,- ~ 1'\ . :-,..,p- c, 

-~--.... -~· I .:l-...._~ ~"""\ .. . - ~ !'\ •, ... ;/).i '-...J \ 

~ \,__ . ' ' ) ) r-,..---~,.1_ ! '--- ~,_ I 

"·--V 

" 

};J 

~ 

MERCATOR PRO EC \j 0': 0" LATITUDE 

/)1.; 

(J 70" 70" 

1000 500 0 500 1000 KILOMETERS 

Boundary and names representatiOn 

not 

~ 

~ East European nonmarket 

economies 

FIGURE 4.-Economic classification of the World Bank (1983, p. 148-149) for countries where the world's major chromite deposits and districts occur. Numbers in parentheses 

indicate number of records (deposits and districts) for each location. Location names are from the tables in Part II. 
<.!) 

160° 120° 40° oo 40° 80° 120° 160° 

"V 1-"·· __.., J.-'"2_:_.-' . v;,. v~ 1\,.:ov;.-IZ'"J>~/-> ~~ .... + + + + + + + + + + + + <\"!i ': p: >1 P-> 1, ,~/ 'r" . /;·'f:~, lN . / i •(,:;H;, ,·-·. 

,. ,-_,; ••• ~ . < ••• < '<? ~ ,__ + • • • • . , ' • ' "' ' _, .. ·;. ., . ' '· "'h l· "' 

1,;~_._0>? ~::l. ~,.,7~ "', + + + + + ~~ • {/ _;e. _ o( ·. . /~ I \f:,~ _ .. _ f -,_p-, _ _ ,;:::. ">'fl·"'tJ~~ \ • • • • ~ I' . ·~"'' Y' ~-~.. , .. __ 

, ~~·~ ~ ' ~~ 1)' "$~- I ~• + 

::::: ++ ~f ~ ' lit>·~--~~',,_ ) '\...,~,-:·-'?;~;~ };> ~\ \ •c ~~-.':( \ " 

~ - •• ,. ,,_, . ), ' ' .•. 11' / 

.... --,.,·~fJ:-,~ ~ii.EENLA~ '_ . if. l ( ~f-~F , . < _____,.,,_~//~- - ' tT/;: ""' + · ' r • < • ' 

- . -- ~. F1skenaessetarea,!.]} U'!;,<, Tor~ // ,--, '(..,~ ,r' 

6o

o -•·'l"~ffp · ;.--;Ill " 0 ~ "'\:•\ .J<f.-r,, ___ J-._ , •• / i . ":\ _/ 

CANA "'•,; ~..,.J'v'< i /'•._]'---------- _,_ ... ' / --:/ 771 7'/. .

11 ( 'l___.;,,,3,1; ._ <_ .\ 

1

--:., ~:.- / .t\ _.,· B 

rd ver s1 · .?- ./ ••• •. ---• - - "' / ··~-

•

~ •'/....: 'LPJl ~ } .... ";:.---;>----. ~{' t'"J. r-"1 ~J ___ )'" ,.f/ < Y/- - -""' , •• " .. ,_ I"--. • • " , -,_. •// n ,_ r. i ./'·'- )'', \'- ·' ,./y \ ;, • • ~ c_~-'--::>- 1'-.'·,'<_,_t:~-~_ ... )., ,._0 , ___ (·___ '-:>/.,\ .. r ~ 1 ' ' " ,,. " ','vt !·" l .. --'~ ' u....,. 

40° , stmwatercompl~ ••r. . . 1_) <(·-r-:-~<0\.,:~{--~·- \_;·'.""._; ·-.:,r'./'~. --~~--- 20° 

oo ·--

20° ·-

40° 

UNITED STAT ' . (j -"::_ .. , 4 "~">tf', '" V ; c'! ) ''¥ 

~ . .......-, ' ' """~ ~' ........ , ~\\ __ . ~--~"- ·- ' )._ . •-1 J .., ~- >.{_, " .;> [' , r--., ?''-"· --.. •------ '\ ,; I ' L r ,_.,, ;L '~"\ 1 ,'J: ' J \ • '• •• < "' \ '1 j/ \ ( , "\.'{''.'\ ''I< 

) ' ri -~~~~ '- ---' , r . [ ;- ; '-.,\;/---::., • \ f · (' '!// / ~ '-- -----' " ~ --..-- C ' " • r~- - , , -r7: /'1) '· • ...:-, . ~~ EA ,_______..--::,J._.,_ 'J,. <;;:-·-.: --"':j /'' ·., . · PAP'""' NEw( GIIJN '-<,.· ' n. . "' ,. ' ' ' """-• ~ ;;r 

'" ·If!''<. "'!.,,~_, ·,, . '····''' '· .,, ' 1~>,.: ' "'' •.,, .\'("> .h'' ! " / ~·· ,,.. ' ' 

"""4 •,,, 

{ :'' . 'r ... ,,, \ . ' J: ( " '=~~~.e---:~>-·- . 'p,. _,. ·, '" ' / SOUTH AFRJGA·" .'I. ' . -' ·-.. \ ' ... ,-·. _ r· ,_. _ '-, ' / ( t AUSTRALIAn-

" · · I erf(2-) r 1 '17A 

t_~~ ~~lex-UG2 <h•omrtrte "! J C j Coobioa depo•it I<, . • ~ '• ' ·-t \ . { 

r !,... MERCAWR eROnT<ON ' (r J' ,_l ~ ()" LATITUDE , I ,_I ][J" 

"·c 

._, .. 

Base from Bundesanstalt fur Geowlssenschaften und Rohstoffe 

f. ! ' >W t ) 1000 500 0 ~ <000 "WMH'"' ~ ( .,. ' ·-.>- Boundary and names representation 

not necessanly authoritative , 

• 

EXPLANATION 

Lower middle-income economies 

Upper middle-income economies ~ Industrial market economies 

Unclassified economies 

-~-

FIGURE 5.-Economic classification of the World Bank (1983, p. 148-149) for countries where other chromite deposits and districts occur. Numbers in parentheses indicate 

number of records (deposits and districts) for each location. Location names are from the tables in Part II. 
CHROMITE RESOURCES 

Stratiform-type chromite deposits account for 

about 65 percent of the number of deposits and districts that are shown in figure 2. These deposits account for almost 90 percent of the identified, 

economic resources (R1E), in terms of reported 

chromite-ore resource, and for about 98 percent of 

resources in other categories for major chromite 

deposits (table 2). 8 In addition to geologic deposittype differences, chromite ores are, as stated earlier, 

classified by their chromium, iron, or aluminum 

content. Table 2 also shows cumulative production 

from major chromite deposits; cumulative production has been small compared to resources. The 

distribution of deposits and resources by class of 

ore is shown in tables 3 and 4. More than half of the 

resources in stratiform deposits are classified as 

high-iron; these resources are mostly from the 

Steelpoort sector of the eastern Bushveld Complex, 

South Africa. Ninety-three percent of highchromium resources are from stratiform deposits, 

mostly in the western Bushveld Complex (Rustenburg sector), South Africa, and the Great Dyke, 

Zimbabwe. High-chromium resources for podiform 

deposits are principally from the Kempirsai area of 

the Soviet Union. Most of the resources for highaluminum podiform deposits are in the Masinloc 

Chromite Operation in the Philippines. 

Table 5 shows the distribution of resources (tons 

of in situ material) of major chromite deposits 

among the World Bank country economic classes 

from figure 4. Upper middle-income countries have 

most of the chromite resources of the major deposits (71 percent of R1E and 85 percent of resources in other categories), while having only 10 of 

the 51 major deposits and districts in the inventory. 

Most of these resources are in the Bushveld Complex in South Africa Lower middle-income countries (Zimbabwe, Turkey, the Philippines, and Cuba) 

have 25 of the 51 major deposits and districts and 

rank second in resources (about 11 percent of R1E 

and 14 percent of resources in other categories). 

Most of the remainder of the resources in major 

deposits are in low-income-economy countries (India, Madagascar, and Sudan) and eastern European 

nonmarket-economy countries (the Soviet Union 

and Albania). Table 5 indicates, as discussed earlier, 

that the location of chromite resources is not coin8Resource estimates for the years given in table 10 of Part II are used to calculate these resource totals in Part I. 

10 

cident with the regions of consumption (steelmaking 

centers and chemical industries). It is estimated on 

the basis of data from Roskill Information Services 

(1982) and Papp (1983) that between 65 and 75 percent of chromium content of ores and concentrates 

produced in 1980 was involved in that year's trade 

as ore and ferroalloys. 

The addition to world chromite resources in major deposits by discovery of new deposits is shown 

in figure 6. The discoveries of chromite in the Bushveld Complex in the Republic of South Africa and 

the Great Dyke in Zimbabwe (formerly Rhodesia) in 

the early 1920's account for the large increase in resources that is the dominant feature of figure 6. 

Subsequent, relatively smaller additions to resources were made by discoveries in Albania and 

the Soviet Union in the late 1930's and in India and 

Finland in the 1950's. Conclusions drawn from this 

figure should take account (1) of the uncertainty of 

discovery date due to difficulties in defining ''discovery"; (2) of the limited validity of assigning all of 

a deposit's (or district's) resources to the initial discovery date, as done in figure 6; and (3) of the different standards used to report resource data from 

different deposits. 

The latest discovery date shown in table 10 of 

Part II is 1968 (Ramu River nickel-chromium 

laterite deposit, Papua New Guinea).9 The absence 

of subsequent discoveries may result from curtailed 

exploration due to low chromium demand rather 

than to a lack of undiscovered resources. 

After the time when a deposit or district is discovered, development and production activities increase the amount of information about the mineral 

deposit(s), resulting in changes in resource estimates. The Bushveld Complex provides a good example of the problem of assigning present-day 

resource estimates for a deposit to the date of its 

discovery. As noted above, most of the large 

amount of chromite resources shown in figure 6 as 

having been "discovered" during the 1920-39 

period is accounted for by about 6 billion metric 

tons of resources in the Bushveld Complex in South 

Africa (1.2 billion metric tons of R1E resources and 

4.8 billion metric tons of resources in other categories). The size of the Bushveld resources was not 

understood when a comprehensive summary of geological investigations in the Complex was first published (Hall, 1932). (The occurrence of chromite had 

9This deposit is not included in figure 6 because it is not listed as a major deposit 

in the tables in Part II. 
TABLE 2.-Chromite resources in and cumulative production from the world's major deposits and districts, by geobJgic deposit type 

and resource category 

Geologic deposit typei 

Stratiform ---------

Podiform ----------

Total6 --------

Number of 

records 

32 

19 

51 

[Figures are in thousand metric tons of resource) 

Resource category 

1,300,000 (17-51% Cr20l > 155,000 (17-50% Cr203) 

>1,460,000 

All other R1 and R23 

5,410,000 (17 -51% Cr20 3) 

93,200 (17-48% Cr20 3) 

5,500,000 

1

Deposit types of the world's major chromite deposits are shown in figure 2. 

Cumulative production4 

>93,300 (17-51% Cr20 3 

> 104,000 (metallurgical 

grades) 

>197,000 

2

Reliable estimates from identified deposits with economically exploitable resources (fig. n !Includes resources in the RIM, RIS, R2E, and R2S categories (fig. I). 

Reported cumulative production; years for individual mines are listed in table IO of Part II. This is a minimum estimate of cumulative production because no estimates have 

been added for those deposits that have no cumulative production data reported in table IO of Part II. Note that production figures are not comparable to in situ resource figures 

because production only represents the recoverable portion of those resources. 5Includes 4.8 million metric tons of resource in eluvial deposits associated with the stratiform~posit resources of the Impinge claims, Zimbabwe. 6

Figures may not add to totals shown due to rounding. 

TABLE 3.-Chromium records in the world's major deposits and districts, by geobJgic deposit type and cklss of ore 

Number of records by class of ore 

Number of 

Geologic deposit type records High-chromium High-iron High-aluminum 

Stratiform --------- 32 

Podiform ---------- 19 

Total -------- 51 

28 

16 

44 

4 

1 

5 

2 

2 

TABLE 4.-Chromite resources in the world's major deposits and districts, by cklss of ore 

[Figures are in million metric tons of resource) 

Class of orei 

Geologic High-chromium High-iron High-aluminum 

deposit All other All other All other 

type R1E2 Rl and R22 R1E2 R1 and R22 R1E2 R1 and R22 

Stratifonn ---- 650 (17-51% er2ol 2,230 (17-51% Cr203) 654 (26-45% Cr203) 3,180 (35-45% Cr203) --- --- Podifonn ----- >141 (17-51% Cr203) 84 (17-48% Cr203) 2 (20-40% Cr203) 4 (20-40% erp3l 12 (refractory 5 (refractory 

grades) grades) 

Total4 -- >791 2,320 656 3,180 12 5 

1

Classes of chromite ore are described in table 1. 2

Resource categories are defined in figure I; all other RI and R2 category includes RIM, RIS, R2E, and R2S. 3

Includes 4.8 million metric tons of resource in eluvial deposits associated with the Impinge claims, Zimbabwe. 4

Figures may not add to totals shown due to rounding. 

been first reported on geologic maps in 1865 (Coertze and Coetzee, 1976, p. 117).) When prospecting 

was done in the Rustenburg sector early in this century, the estimates of resources were still very 

small compared to the estimates given in table 10 of 

Part II. As development and mining operations 

progressed along the margins of the Complex during the 1911-20 period, estimates of resources in 

the Bushveld Complex became larger. About 200 

million metric tons of resources of all classifications 

11 

were estimated in 1937 (Kupferbiirger and others, 

1937, p. 45); that figure increased to about 2.3 billion metric tons by 1977 (von Gruenewaldt, 1977, 

p. 89) and to over 5.6 billion metric tons by 1983 

(this report). All of these resources have been assigned to the 1920 discovery date in table 10 of Part 

II and are shown in the 1920-39 period on figure 6 

because year-by-year resource estimates for 

deposits and districts are not consistently available 

and are not included in ISMI records. 
TABLE 5.-Chromite resources in the world's major deposits and districts, by economic class of country and resource category 

[Figures are in thousand metric tons of resource) 

Resource category2 

Economic class1 Number of 

records RlE 

All other 

Percent Rl and R2 Percent 

Low-mcome ----------------------------------- Lower middle-mcome ----------------------------

Upper middle-mcome ----------------------------

Industrial market-------------------------------

Eastern European nonmarket ---------------------

Total3 -----------------------------------

9 

25 

10 

1 

6 

51 

>90,500 

159,000 

1,040,000 

50,000 

>123,000 

>1,460,000 

6 

11 

71 

3 

8 

100 

27,300 

763,000 

4,690,000 

19,500 

5,500,000 

0.5 

14 

85 

.4 

100 

1 Based principally on GNP per capita and, in some instances, other distinguishing economic characteristics (World Bank, 1983, p. 148-149). Countries where major chromite 

deposits and districts occur are by class: low-income economies-India, Madagascar, Sudan; lower middle-income economies-Cuba, the Philippines, Turkey, Zimbabwe; upper 

middle-income economies-Brazil, Greece, Iran, South Africa; industrial market economies-Finland; and eastern European nonmarket economies-Albania, the Soviet Union. A 

sixth economic class, high-income oil exporters, is not listed because those countries do not have identified major chromite deposits. 2

Categories are defined in figure 1. 3

Figures may not add to totals shown due to rounding. 

OIROMITE PRODUCTION 

The 51 chromite deposits and districts in the International Strategic Minerals Inventory occur in 

14 countries (fig. 7); these countries collectively account for more than 94 percent of the world's 

cumulative production of chromite since 1901. The 

data plotted in figure 7 include a small, indeterminable amount of ore from mines that are not in 

the inventory. 

Figure 8 shows the production of chromite from 

each of the countries included in the figure 7 totals. 

Because of increases in production from South 

Africa and Albania for the years shown, the proportion of world chromite production accounted for by 

the Soviet Union has fallen. 

Information on 1982 production and cumulative 

production from 1901 through 1982 for countries 

with deposits in the inventory is shown in table 6. 

These production data have been grouped by World 

Bank economic class in table 7. About 4 7 percent of 

1982 production and about 34 percent of cumulative production since 1901 has been from eastern 

European nonmarket-economy countries (largely 

the Soviet Union). The upper middle-incomeeconomy class of countries (South Africa, Brazil, 

Iran, and Greece) accounts for 33 percent of 1982 

production and 29 percent of production since 1901. 

Lower middle-income-economy countries (Zimbabwe, Turkey, the Philippines, and Cuba) have accounted for 31 percent of cumulative production 

since 1901.10 

10 As noted in table 7, no major chromite deposits or districts have been identified in high-income oil-exporting countries. However, chromite mining started in 

the Sohar area of Oman in 1983, and discovery of chromium deposits in the Fujaira 

region of the United Arab Emirates was announced in 1982 (Papp, 1983, p. 211 

and 213). 

12 

Chromite is produced from surface and underground mining operations. Table 8 shows the distribution of resources by mining method. The Bushveld Complex, which contains both surface and 

underground mines, constitutes the major part of 

resources reported for the largest resource entry in 

this table, the upper middle-income countries. 

In studies of industrial market structure some approaches used to measure market concentration 

focus directly on observable dimensions, such as 

number of suppliers. The market concentration 

ratio, defined as the percentage of total industry 

sales or output contributed by the largest few firms 

(Scherer, 1970, p. 50-51), can be adapted as a_measure of a country's control of mineral production. 

Figure 9 shows the four-country and eight-country 

concentration ratios for 1913 and 1980 production 

of several nonfuel mineral commodities. By these 

measures, chromium ranks high among those mineral commodities controlled by a few producing 

countries, although this concentration has decreased from 1913 to 1980. 

Present and probable future production of 

chromite from the major deposits included in the 

International Strategic Minerals Inventory is 

shown on the map in figure 10. Several present major producers (Bushveld Complex, Kempirsai district, Elijarvi district (Kemi mine), and others) will 

probably continue to be large suppliers through 

2020. Decreases in output from deposits with declining production may be compensated for by increases from these present major producers. Those 

chromite deposits shown in figure 3 were not producers in 1982, and it is not probable that any of 

them will contribute significantly to world chromite 

production by 2020. 
UJ 

!:: 

:2 

0 

a: 

::c 

u 

u. 

0 

en 

z 

0 

... 

~ 

a: 

... 

UJ 

:2 

z 

0 

:::; 

:::! 

:2 

0 

UJ 

a: 

0 

z 

::J 

::c 

62 r--------------------------------, 

11 

Through 1899 190(}-19 192(}-39 194(}-59 196(}-79 

• 

• D 

DATE OF DISCOVERY 

EXPLANATION 

Reported production to 1982 from discoveries made in the time period specified 

R1E' 

Other resource categories' 

'Reliable estimates from identified deposits with economically exploitable resources !fig. 1) 

' Includes resources in the R1M, R1S, R2E, and R2S 

categories !fig. 1) 

TABLE 6.-Estimated cumulative and annual production of 

chromite for each country having a major chromite deposit 

or district 

[Figures are in thousand metric tons] 

Country1 

Soviet Union -----------------

South Africa -----------------

Zimbabwe -------------------

Turkey ---------------------

Philippines ------------------

Albania---------------------

India-----------------------

Brazil ----------------------

Fuuand ---------------------

Cuba -----------------------

Iran ------------------------

Greece ----------------------

~adagascar -----------------

Sudan ----------------------

Cumulative 

production 

1901-822 

55,000 (1~ 

50,000 (2~ 

22,000 (3~ 

21,000 (4~ 

18,000 (5~ 

15,000 (6~ 

7,300 (7~ 

4,100 (8~ 

3,700 (9~ 

3,700 (10~ 

3,400 (11~ 

2,000 (12~ 

2,000 (13~ 

470 (14~ 

Annual 

production 

19822 

3,400 (1~ 

2,200 (2~ 

430 (5~ 

370 (7~ 

350 (8~ 

1,200 (3~ 

340 (9~ 

950 (4~ 

400 (6~ 

30 (13T~ 

40 (12~ 

40 (11~ 

90 (10~ 

30 (13T~ 

1 Includes all countries with major deposits and districts in the International 

Strategic Minerals Inventory . 2Cumulative production calculated from reported production ![United Kingdom] lm· 

perial Mineral Resources Bureau, 1921-49; [United Kingdom] Institute of Geological 

Sciences, 1950-73; U.S. Bureau of Mines. 1927-34, 1933-83; U.S. Geological Survey, 

1902-27); 1982 production from Papp 11983, p. 213). Numbers in parentheses denote 

production ranking of country. 

TABLE 7.-Estimated cumulative and annual production of 

chromite by economic class of country 1 

[Figures are in thousand metric tons] 

Economic class2 

Low-income -----------------

Lower middle-income ---------

Upper middle-income ---------

Industrial market ------------

Eastern European 

nonmarket ----------------

Total5 ----------------

Cumulative 

production 

1901-823 

9,800 (4~ 

65,000 (2~ 

60,000 (3~ 

3,700 (5~ 

70,000 (1~ 

208,000 

Annual 

production 

19824 

460 (4~ 

1,200 (3~ 

3,200 (2~ 

400 (5~ 

4,600 (1~ 

9,900 

1 Includes only countries having major chromite deposits and districts. See table 6. 2

Based principally on GNP per capita and, in some instances, on other distin· 

guishing economic characteristics !World Bank, 1983, p. 148-149). A sixth economic 

class, high-income oil exporters, is not listed because those countries do not have identified major chromite deposits. 3

Reported production from countries in indicated economic class ![United Kingdom] 

Imperial Mineral Resources Bureau, 1921-49; [United Kingdom] Institute of 

Geological Sciences, 1950-73; U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1927-34, 1933-83; U.S. Geolog· 

ical Survey, 1902-27). Cumulative production not included here !from countries not 

listed in table 6) represents less than 6 percent of cumulative world production, which 

is predominantly from New Caledonia Cumulative world chromite production is 

estimated to have been in excess of 4 million metric tons before 1901 !Thayer and 

Lif,in, 1978). Numbers in parentheses denote production ranking of economic class. 

Estimated production !Papp, 1983, p. 213). Numbers in parentheses denote production ranking of economic class . 5Figures may not add to totals shown due to rounding. 

FIGURE 6 (left).-Chromite resources in the world's major 

deposits and districts according to their date of discovery. If 

the year of discovery was not reported, the year of first 

production was used instead. Years of discovery are listed in 

table 10 of Part II. 

13 
z 

0 

t; 

:J 

0 

0 

a: 

a_ 

w 

t: 

~ 

0 

a: 

J: 

u 

0 

...J 

a: 

0 

~ 

u. 

0 

1-

z 

w 

u 

a: 

w 

a_ 

100 

70 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 1940 1950 1960 

YEAR 

1970 1980 

• Albania 

D 

Philippines 

South Africa 

Soviet Union 

Turkey 

Zimbabwe 

Countries with major chromite 

deposits and districts that each 

had less than four percent of 

world chromite production 

during indicated year (Brazil, 

Cuba, Finland, Greece, India, 

Iran, Madagascar, and Sudan) 

Countries that produced chromite 

but that do not have deposits 

included in the ISMI chromium 

inventory 

FIGURE 7.-Proportions of total world production of chromite accounted for by countries with major deposits and districts 

in the ISMI chromium inventory; selected years 1940-80. Reported production ([United Kingdom] Imperial Mineral 

Resources Bureau, 1948; [United Kingdom] Institute of Geological Sciences, 1950-73; U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1943-83) for 

those countries listed in table 5. 

TABLE 8.-Chromite resources 1 in the world's major deposits and districts, listed by mining method and economic class of country 

[Figures are in thousand metric tons of resource] 

Economic class2 

Low-income ----------------------------------

Lower middle-income ---------------------------

Upper middle-income ---------------------------

Industrial market------------------------------

Eastern European nonmarket --------------------

Total3 ----------------------------------

Surface 

22,700 

191,000 

4,000 

50,000 

>25,000 

>293,000 

Mining method 

Underground 

178,000 

5,520,000 

6,000 

5,700,000 

Surface and underground 

>95,000 

552,000 

85,200 

112,000 

>843,000 

Not reported 

1,990 

124,000 

126,000 

1

Includes resources in the Rl and R2 categories (fig. 1). 2

Based principally on GNP per capita and, in some cases, on other distinguishing economic characteristics (World Bank, 1983, p. 148-149). A sixth economic class, high·income 

oil exporters, is not listed because those countries do not have identified major chromite deposits. 3Figures may not add to totals shown due to rounding. 

14 
0 

1940 * 

50 

60 

70 

80 

1940 * 

50 * 

60 * 

70 * 

80 

1940 

50 

60 * 

70 

80 * 

1940 a: 50 

~ 60 

>- 70 

80 

1940 

50 * 

60 * 

70 * 

80 * 

1940 

50 * 

60 

70 

80 

1940 

50 

60 

70 

THOUSAND METRIC TONS 

1000 2000 0 1000 2000 

Albania Madagascar 

Brazil Philippines 

Cuba South Africa 

Finland 

Greece Sudan 

India Turkey 

Iran 

80~----~------~ 

*Reported production of less than 50,000 metric tons. 

FIGURE 8.-Chromite production in countries with major deposits and districts in the ISMI chromium inventory; selected 

years 1940-80. Reported production ([United Kingdom] Imperial Mineral Resources Bureau, 1948; [United Kingdom] In· 

stitute of Geological Sciences, 1950-73; U.S. Bureau of Mines, 

1943-83) for those countries listed in table 5. 

The amount of production from podiform and 

stratiform deposits provides a clue to future geographic distribution of chromite production. Thayer 

and Lipin (1978, p. 144) found that world chromite 

production from stratiform deposits exceeded that 

from podiform deposits for the first time in 1976. 

They estimate that with increased levels of 

chromite production and the eventual depletion of 

resources in podiform deposits, production from 

stratiform deposits, especially those resources in 

South Africa and Zimbabwe, will represent an 

increasing share of world chromite production. 

CONCLUSIONS 

Because there are no satisfactory economic substitutes for chromium in making stainless steel, 

15 

100 

90 

i= 

~ 80 u 

a: 

UJ 

a. 

0 

i= 

<( 

a: 70 z 

0 

i= 

<( 

a: 

fz 

UJ 

u 

z 60 

0 

u 

50 

40 

1913 

Pt 

Mica 

Ni 

Mn 

Cr ~ 

Sb 

Fe 

Pb 

Sn 

Au 

Cu 

w 

1980 

FOUR-COUNTRY 

RATIO 

PGE 

Mica 

v 

Au 

Co 

Mn 

Cr ~ 

Sb 

Sn 

Ni 

w 

Fe 

Cu,F 

Pb 

Barite 

Gypsum 

1913 1980 

Pt, Au, Ni, Mica V 

Cr ~ PGE 

Mn Mn 

Sb 

Pb 

Fe 

Sn 

Cu 

w 

EIGHT-COUNTRY 

RATIO 

FIGURE 9.-Concentration ratios for selected nonfuel mineral 

commodity production in 1913 and 1980. The ratios are percent of total world production for the indicated commodities, 

designated by chemical-element symbols (PGE for platinumgroup elements), for the four or eight countries with the largest reported production of that commodity in 1913 and 1980. 

(Sources of data: U.S. Geological Survey, 1921; U.S. Bureau of 

Mines, 1982). 

industrialized countries not possessing domestic 

deposits consider chromium as highly strategic to 

their economic well being and industrial development. In an attempt to maintain economic or strategic stability, some countries that have little or no 

chromite mining have resorted to either stockpiling 

chromium (as ore, concentrates, or ferrochromium) 

or conducting research on ways to process lowgrade ores. 

By far, most of the world's major resources are 

centered in southern Africa, principally in the 

Republic of South Africa (Bushveld Complex) and 

in Zimbabwe (Great Dyke). Other significant deposits are in India and the Soviet Union. Several 
1-' 

0') 

16ao 12ao sao 4a0 ao 4ao sao 12ao 16ao 

6ao 

20° 

rj~'-"' ~ -...+ ,....~ ti\&r_) ~::.. ;_ "'C r~)"'t_ (~;,~ 

.:; "''<"·· <', t- ·';<,c~:r.-~ ... ~"<·' ? ;, i P:' ,,, /"' ,.1 !"·" J-1r:; l.\'li;~-< 1 1 1'i.:' ......... ,4 "-M-v·........._, ·11 "/ _,...... / ~·}!/'; ~ ' f~f1,.;.··""'_p., "'1 _ _}1(\ { _, 2 ! ~~ •. / /./ //7 .. ' 

·;·~~' 0 --- . :. ~:...~-~;>·-;._ ') {?' ]_,/ _<£ ~~~-:.. /~ . 

1 t.~'!,,,:_,'Y .pjc~ r !(l<::t ~ f!:' • 81 )!. • , \ -" _.,?'· t"""~<"" r:::. '-, "c:_ ~" ' , !( ' \" ,. ;, ~·' I ' , '~· , / r '\ '"' ' ""-· 

/

"- .•. • ., ; "r .. l.,; '. "-> t_~.« ,.,, ~ , ., , (c::· ·, .,, r-.:_,; .,. ~ ' ... ......_ . '· . .:::r '"--: ( ~ ~\......: ~- l" ' -~ ~~.IJ . fi'..r \V.> ; 1~ ... :. '-./ "' J~L.<.-.----.. .•. 

1 ""j-_,..,.,..$ .v- -S.;;, /&,Y'i ·{;;)"'Jr ;)"f~?o ~;:_ <";<~,._, .,_.7 uf·'· .;'~-, ,. " rt. _;":f .. ; ' •I' ') "t 'y ---";_) > 1 ;> r:.: . .-.y'---- '9 '.J~) c~-\.. -'?"" 1 ' ~ ' ~· " ~(; ;y "'_)_~ 'f\ 

<(.1> . -£;;o "' ~ "j!'>' __ _!.'->-f"._{ ~ .~ll"''\ FIN • ,ND,A > ~- ;'' 

;? . ":-4" ..r 7 L¢q~:> .. :) '\ ( :S,_elijar,vi dist.IC;t (t}/ ~- ~:,' ,,. -tr>~-< ~~'--4 "'<C./ ! <' \~* ~ ,_\J f, --? ; "----~~') .> /,.-~~--;:J ·,/ ? £,.. ,,,., ,p· :r> !.. 1v\ . __ , ·. if !J? ")I '.·-·-"' ~ SOVIET UNION , _"_...,_., / r {if ' it ' •,fl;' ..., \ I >:\ "- -...--............. / t> 

. · ' ''-.....,) ~- ~\J ~~~~- Perm district (1) ,_(. ( ~ "' '~i<, ·-"L ~~ ~ i,J /\ ["'. · · ·; _ /Kempirsai distric~~) , ... , "''· ; ;- - ~1 "( __ /7} 2:--·r'.~\ ..... -'._ • - ; . _;_ "\ i' 

, -- ·z:::::. £;:;::,'· {~ ALBANl,K- '",, _. r ·:;.... r:': ' , ' .- , :-< ' ~ ;-;~ ' ),. r. '""'4--' ----< ' }.... f' J ..-~) .. '1 I ' / / 1

A ,. ! (r v·/ r->'v'¥ Tropoje-Kukes district.L11) _ _'..-, ' ' . ;· <:>:<. I .f ~.! ' '"/ .' :Y,r ' J Jt;;,-7 / \. _, r,\ \ > ) \ ..... , J t'T. t- ' 

, j. Bater-Martanesh district' (2)" •. 0 <"' · · , ,.i' ~ ,·"" "''-~~-',-- l'> · V 'Lt_ I .-..,l '\.. I ' l I~ \ c (imz:ECE'"...:. - 7f - '. -- -~-IRA ';;> I _,!' ' "'-, / ' ~~ t ,- ~ piN i -., !-"<W''~ 

.\~~-~ .-, ...,~./ ~~r~non ar~a {-tf '--- -i'<'· ..,:h \-.-- F'~r.Yali areaJ1) 1 ._, .. ' r' ' _, !: .! ' \Jc:. '\ '• \ . < ., -' ' • - ' \~ "\ 1 "" ->\ ; i' ) \ t .t,!\_.__._..., .- ( ...... ' . ,.-t .. ~ 

'•, \ I ·,-~ : ' ' T~I\EY . -'I' \ (' -..:. . .;;, '•• ';.--./"" 1 c <..._ \ A ~ ... ·--,. • ' <' \ ' J' I • '• ' • ' ( 0 PHILIPP s .__;_ -· - ~ ~ ., Elaotig-uyJemaJl'district (;1) ·\ 1 ___ • .f' \ INDIA ~,., ···:•. INE 

Camaguey and Oriente Provinces ) 'i,?'--~- Elaz~~~eil dfs~llct i?l '?~ cuttack dist~ict (4) '

1

't<"j) _,. ambales district (2) 

"":J"V, r..._ ~· '--'' •-' • ., 'h d . .r, . (1) ' r'>.l ) ···: , .. \(\>. Erzincan-T~cana~tri.ct(t)• .. ,., ,. 15. -... eonJ ar 1str1ct "~\- ,~- ~. ..r ,., •• _,,_'" ·-~' I"' h k I d' t 'ct (1) :.· -~ ~- ~ "' • 1 "·, , <!?-- r:: k' h' M'h I' 'k d' '·ct (1) 0 • en ana IS n '• ,, r ,c-- ~· 1 __, · ~- 1 1-- ..,s 1se 1r- 1 a 1cc1 1 r1, ~ · / '"- '\'·-,_A :,-:~.:.::",.'7· -~- .._, ~- ,:· -, . . <~ . .. \ SUDAN ' ·~-c::-- 4 .. -. I ;··-:..:.. :.,-.d" c, , ,,. .. BRAZIL., / Mugla-Feth1ye dlstrlctl1), ... f H'll d' , (

2) ~,-:-"\>-"' r-y_,,., ·-:., . '! < y I :-:--.-, L~ . . t'9e~sana I s IStnct . . ~ r, • 

~ . . ' . . ,. '· ' r"ll ' /" <:.. i ~ , 

Campo Form diS,trict (2) ;· ZIMBABWE -· ''"'·· , '/..- .' U J "' \ ' r , ' · · r 1 ' ADAGASCAR .. • f-..... ~.-~ l-~- /- , ( ~:~-( j \ r \.., "' .. J.; ·~-/ ' Selukwe Complex (1) \ ,.: ·"·!,o" '-·~saratanana district (1) •, • 

/

( :--/ Great Dyke (15) \.S.O* H AFRICA l .-r··----....' r \;---' <...- ·J, 

i / rj Bushveld Complex (6) ,~ 

40° ,_ 

oo 

20° ,_ •:., .. _ 

40° ,_ 

(_-:_. 

..... ~-, 

r-. ... ... '( '•.$ 

/ . .) ·~· 

" 

]':; 

nt ~- MERCATOR PROJECTIO~V i'ff ,-

tt~ 

.'J1/ 

/I .-

Base from Bundesanstalt fur Geow<ssenschaften und Rohstoffe -.- "' 

EXPLANATION 

lrf' rf'ZJTrf'LATITU ~ 

1000 500 0 500 1000 KILOMETERS 

Boundary and names representatiOn 

not necessarily ,authoritative , 

e Producer in 1982; probably a significant producer in 2020 f) Producer in 1982; information insufficient to permit any forecast as to future 

f) Producer in 1982; probably an insignificant producer or exhausted by 2020 production 

FIGURE 1a.-Major chromite deposits and districts, their present production status, and their probable production status in 2a2a. 
current producers, such as Albania, Brazil, 

Madagascar, the Philippines, and Turkey, are not 

industrialized enough to make total direct domestic 

use of the ores and they engage in extensive international trade in chromite and ferrochromium. 

The recent recession in the world's steel industry 

has resulted in low demand for chromium, which in 

turn resulted in increased competitiveness among 

exporting countries, in particular those with relatively small outputs. Forecasts of increases in stainless steel production have led to expectations of a 

35-percent increase in South African ferrochromium production from 1982 to 1984 (Preece, 1984); 

most of this ferrochromium will be exported. In the 

longer term, for at least the next four decades, countries in southern Africa and the Soviet Union will 

likely remain the world's major sources of primary 

supply of chromium. 

PART II-SELECTED INVENTORY INFORMATION 

FOR CHROMITE DEPOSITS AND DISTRICTS 

Tables 9 and 10 contain information from the International Strategic Minerals Inventory record 

17 

forms for chromite deposits and districts. Only 

selected items of information about the location and 

geology (table 9) and mineral production and resources (table 10) of the deposits are listed here; 

some of this information has been abbreviated 

because of space limitations. 

Summary descriptions and data are presented in 

the tables as closely as possible to the way that 

they were reported in the inventoty records. For instance, significant digits for amounts of production 

or resources have been maintained as reported. 

Data that were reported in units other than metric 

tons have been converted to metric tons for comparability. Chromite deposits listed here include unpredictable, small podiform ore bodies as well as 

stratiform deposits that cover very large areas. The 

differences between these two widely different 

deposit types hinder the mine-by-mine study of 

chromite exploration, development, and production. 

Some of the data in the tables are more aggregated 

than in the inventory records, such as cumulative 

production totals that for some mines have been reported by year or by groups of years. Some of the 

abbreviations used in the inventory records forms 

have been used in these tables; they are explained in 

the footnotes. 

TABLES 9 AND 10 
TABLE 9.-Selected geologic and location information 

Site name Host roc 1 

ALBANIA 

Ka 11 mash mine 42" 06'N 

(T ropoje-Kukes 

20u 23'E Magmatic. podi fonn Serpentinized dunite; EJ!It 

district) 

Bulquize mine 41" 30'N 20" 16'E -do- -do-

(Bater-Martanesh 

district) 

T odo Manco mine 41" 2S'N 20" 10 'E -do- -do-

(Bater-Martanesh 

district) 

AUSTRALIA 

~ Coobina deposit 23° 30'S 120° 17'E Magmatic, stratifonn, Serpentinite; Coobi na ultramafic 

massive, disseminated complex; ARCH 

BRAZIL 

Limoe1ro mining area 10" 31'S 40° 20'W Magmatic, stratifonn, Serpentinized dunite; Serra de Jacobina; 

(Campo Formoso disrupted, massive, ARCH-EPROT 

district) disseminated 

Pedri nha s mining area 

(Campo Formoso 

10" 31'S 40" 20'W -do- -dodistrict) 

CANADA 

Bird Lake chrome SO" 28'N 9S" 23 'W Magmat ic.stratifonn. Peridotite (serpentinized); Bird River 

deposit!/ massive, disseminated sill; ARCH 

(Bird River sill) 

4/ 

Chrome Group depos i C SO" 27'N 95° 34 'W -do- -do-

(Bird River sill) 

!I 

Euclid M.C. deposit 50" 34'N 95° 22 'W -do- -do-

(Bird River sill) 

4/ 

Page Group deposiC 50" 29'N 95° 31 'W -do- -do-

(Bird River sill) 

CUBA 

Camaguey and 21° 30'H- 77" 45'W- Magmatic, podtfonn, Serpentinized per1dot1 te; Zaza and Cauto 

Oriente Provinces 20° 30'H 75° 16'W disrupted belts; LCRET 

!.1 Includes some or all of the following items (separated by semicolons): main host rock type, fonnat1on name. 

and host rock age. Only reported items are listed. See footnote 2 for age abbreviations. 

!} Age abbreviations and prefixes: 

MIOCENE MIO 

IESOZOIC MES 

CRETACEOUS CRET 

JURASSIC JUR 

PALEOZOIC PAl 

SILliHAN Sll 

PRECAMBRIAN PREC 

PROTEROZOIC PROT 

ARCHEAN ARCH 

EARLY E 

MIDDLE M LATE L 

20 
from ISM/ records for chromite deposits and districts 

Age of 

mineralizatio 2 

EJUR(?) 

-do-

-doARCH 

ARCH-EPROT 

-doARCH 

-do-

-do-

-doConvergent 

margf n 

-do-

-doUltramafic 

portion of 

ophiolite 

-do-

-doAUSTRAUA-contlnued 

AROI Ultramafic 

inlier- intrusion 

stable 

craton 

BRAZIL-continued 

Stable Disrupted. 

PREC layered 

craton igneous 

fntrusfon 

-dQ- -doCANADA-continued 

Greenstone Synvolcanic 

belt intrusion 

-do- -do-

-do- -do-

-do- -doCUBA-continued 

Convergent 

margin 

Ultramafic 

portion of 

ophiolite 

SRPN. CLRT • 

TALC • ClttT • MGNT 

ANGR, CLRT, 

TALC, CRHT. 

MGNT; CRSL • 

Cr-CLCL 

-doCRMT, SRPN, 

CLRT, THLT 

-do-

-do-

-doClttT • SRPN. 

OLYN. PRXN 

Colllllents 

Occurs in Ba 1 kan-As i a Hi nor 

ultramafic province 

-do-

-doMore than 200 i ndhidual lenses 

or concentrat fons 

8-km chromi te zone at base of 

quartzite fault scarp 

Ore body traced 8 km within a 

serpentine belt lS km long 

and 1 km wide 

100 primary deposits; chromite 

associ a ted with ni eke 1 iferous 

laterites in Oriente Province 

!I Abbreviations for mineral names (after Longe and others. 1978. p. 63-66): 

AMPHIBOLE AMPB CLINOPYROXENE CLPX ILMENITE ILMN RUTILE RUTL 

ANTIGORITE ANGR DOLOMITE DLHT LIMONITE LMON SERPENTINE SRPN 

BIOTITE BOTT ENSTATITE ENST MAGNETITE MGNT SILICATES SLCT 

BRONZITE BRNZ FORSTERITE FRSR OLIVINE OLVN SPINEL SPNL 

BRUCITE BRUC FUCHSITE FCST ORTHOPYROXENE OPRX SULFIDES SLPO 

CHLORITE CLRT GARNIERITE GRNR PENTLAND ITE PNLD TREMOLITE TMLT 

CHROMITE CRMT GOETHITE GTHT PLAGIOCLASE PLGC UVAROVITE UVRT 

CHRYSOTILE CRSL HEMATITE HMTT PYROXENE PRXN 

CLINOCHLORE CLCL HORNBLENDE HBLD PYRRHOTITE PYTT 

v Deposits or districts in the International Strategic Minerals Inventory that have not been 

included in the resource or production totals of Part I of this report because production 

1s not foreseen in the near future. 

21 

Reference 

Rossi (1979a. 

p. 19-31) 

Do. 

Do. 

Bye (1975) 

Hedlund and 

others ( 1974) 

Do. 

Bannatyne and 

Trueman (1982) 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Rossi (1979b) 
Site name 

Kemi mine 

(Elijarvi district) 

Vouri non area 

• Fi skenaesset area 

Bhimtanagar mine 

(Cut tack district) 

Kalarangi mining area (Cuttack district) 

Ka 11 a pan i mine 

(Cuttack district) 

Saruabil mine 

(Cuttack district) 

Boula mining area (Keonjhar district) 

Kathpa 1 deposit 

(Dhenkana 1 district) 

Shahriar. Shahin, and 

Amir mines 

(Faryab area) 

Andriamena mining area (Tsaratanana district) 

65° 47'N 24° 43'E 

40° lO'N 21° 32'E 

63° 06'N 50° 40'W 

21 o 02 'N 85° 45'E 

21 o 02 'N 85° 4S'E 

21 o OJ'N 85° 45'E 

21 o 04 'N 85° 48'E 

21° 35'N 85° 35'E 

21°0l'N 85° 43'E 

27° 32'N 57° 19'E 

17° 25'S 47° 30'E 

TABLE 9.-Selected geologic and locatWn infonnatWn from 

Magmatic, strati form, 

massive 

Magmatic, podlform 

Magmatic, stratiform, 

massive, disrupted 

Magmatic, strati form, 

disrupted 

-do-

-do-

-do-

-do-

-doMagmatic, podiform 

Magmatic. stratiform 

disrupted 

Host rock.!./ FINLAND 

Serpentinized peridotite; Kemi 

intrusion; EPROT 

GREECE 

Serpentinized dunite; Vourinon 

ophiolite complex; J~ 

GREENLAND 

Anorthosite; Fiskenaesset Complex; ARCH 

INDIA 

Serpentinized dunite; Dharwar system; 

PREC 

Serpentinized dunite; Mahagiri QuartziteIron Ore Series; PREC 

Serpentinized dunite; Dharwar system; 

PREC 

-doSerpentinized dunite; Boula-Nausahi; 

PREC 

Serpentinized dunite; PREC 

IRAN 

Serpentinized duni te; CRET 

MADAGASCAR 

Serpentinized dun1te; Andriamena system; 

PREC 

!I Includes some or all of the fol1C111ing items (separated by semicolons): main host rock type, fonnation name, 

and host rock age. Only reported items are listed. See footnote 2 for age abbreviations. 

!f Age abbreviations and prefixes: 

MIOCENE MIO 

KSOZOIC MES 

CRETACEOUS CRET 

JURASSIC JUR 

PALEOZOIC PAL 

SILURIAN SIL 

PRECAMBRIAN PREC 

PROTEROZOIC PROT 

ARCHEAN ARCH 

EARLY E 

MIDDLE M 

LATE L 

!I Abbreviations for mineral names (after Longe and others. 1978, p. 63-66): 

AMPHIBOLE AMPS CLINOPYROXENE CLPX ILMENITE ILMN RUTILE 

ANTIGORITE ANGR DOLOMITE DLMT LIMONITE LMON SERPENTINE 

BIOTITE BOTT ENSTATITE ENST MAGNETITE HGNT SILICATES 

BRONZITE BRNZ FORSTERITE FRSR OLIVINE OLVN SPINEL 

BRUCITE BRUC FUCHSITE FCST ORTHOPYROXENE OPRX SULFIDES 

CHLORITE CLRT GARNIERITE GRNR PENTLANDITE PNLD TREHOLITE 

CHROMITE CRMT GOETHITE GTHT PLAGIOCLASE PLGC UVAROVITE 

CHRYSOTILE CRSL HEMATITE HMTT PYROXENE PRXN 

CL I NOCHLORE CLCL HORNBLENDE HBLD PYRRHOTITE PYTT 

22 

RUTL 

SRPN 

SLCT 

SPNL 

SLPD 

TMLT 

UVRT 
ISM! records for chromite deposits and districts-Continued 

Age of I 

mi nera 1i zat ion!/ 

EPROT 

PREC 

-do-

-do-

-do-

-do-

-doCRET(?) 

PREC 

Stable 

PREC 

craton 

Layered 

ignerus 

intrusion 

GREECE-continued 

Is land arc Ultramafic 

portion of 

ophiolite 

GREENLAND-continued 

PREC shield Metamorphosed, 

disrupted 

layered 

canplex 

INDIA-continued 

Stable Disrupted, 

PREC layered 

craton ultramafic 

complex; 

deeply 

weathered 

-do- -do-

-do- -do-

-do- -do-

-do- -do-

-do- -doIRAN -continued 

Convergent Ultramafic 

margin portion of q:~hiolite 

MADAGASCAR-continued 

CRMT, SRPN, 

CLRT; TALC, 

DLMT 

Cr-SPNL, DLVN, 

ORPX, SRPN 

CRHT, HBLD, 

PLGC; RUTL, 

BOTT; MGNT; 

SLPD, ILMN 

CRMT, SRPN, 

ORPX, TALC, 

GTHT, TMLT, 

OON 

CRMT, OLVN, 

GTHT, SRPN 

SRPN, CRMT 

CRMT, SRPN 

CRMT, TALC, 

CLRT 

Convnents 

E 1 ght major ore bodies, in lens or tabular fonn, extending over 4.5 

km 

30 reported ore bodies 

Complex with 200-km strike length; 

380 m thick 

Plat i rum-grru p-e 1 ement chemistry 

similar to podifonn-type deposits 

-do-

-do-

-do-

-do-

-doIrregular lenses, pi pes, beds, and 

masses 

Ore body consists of 10-12 bands 

generally trending N. 30-40° W. 

Eluvial chrani te reported 

~ Deposits or districts in the International Strategic Minerals Inventory that have not been 

included in the resource or production totals of Part I of this report because production 

f s not foreseen 1 n the near future. 

!./ India Geological Survey. 

23 

Reference 

Kahma and others 

(1962) 

Zachos (1953) 

Ghisler (1976) 

Banerjee (1971) 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

.!{GS (1974, 

p. 24-28) 

Do. 

Duke (1982, 

p. 151-153) 

Murdock (1963, 

p. 74-79) 
Site name 

Ramu River laterite 

deposit!/ 

(Madang district) 

Acoje mine 

(Zambales district) 

Masinloc Chromite 

Operation 

(Zambales district} 

Steelpoort sector (eastern Bushveld) 

UG?. chromitite layer~ 

(eastern Bushveld) 

Potgi eters rus sector (northern Bushveld) 

05° 33'S 145° ll'E 

15° 43'N 120° 04'E 

15° 34'N 120° 04'E 

24° 32'S 30° OS'E 

24° 46'S 30° 10 'E 

24° 21'S 28° 58'E 

Mankwe-Bafokeng sector-- 25° ll'S 26° 55'E 

Bophuthatswana 

(western Bush vel d) 

Ni etverdi end-Lehurutshe 25° 05 'S 26° 15'E sector--Bophuthatswana 

(western Bushveld) 

Nietverdiend-Marico sector 25° OO'S 26° 12'E 

(western Bushveld) 

Rustenburg and Zwartkop sectors 

(western Bushveld) 

UG2 chromit ite layer~ 

(western Bushveld) 

Saranovsk deposit--

Northern and Southern 

Massifs (Penn district) 

XL Years of the KazakhMelodezhnoe deposit 

(Kempi rsai area) 

XX Years of the Kazakh 

SSR deposit 

(Kempi rsai area) 

25° 40'S 27 .. 14 'E 

2S0 42'S 27° 27 'E 

59° OO'N 58° 45'E 

S0° 15'N sao 3a'E 

50° 1S'N sao 30'E 

TABLE 9.-Selected geologic and location information from 

Laterite 

Magmatic, podi form, 

massive, disseminated 

Magmatic, podiform 

Magmatic, stratiform, 

massive 

Magmatic, stratiform, 

disseminated 

Magmatic, strati form, 

massive 

-do-

-do-

-do-

-doMagmatic, stratiform, 

disseminated 

Hagmat ic, podi form, 

massive 

Magmatic, podi form 

-doHost roclt.!../ PAPUA NEW GUINEA 

Dunite; Marum basic belt; MMIO 

PHIUPPINES 

Serpentinized dunite; Zambales 

ultramafic complex; CRET 

-doSOUTH AFRICA 

Pyroxenite; Dwars River subsui te; EPROT 

Pyroxenite; UG2 chromitite layer; EPROT 

Pyroxenite; Zoetveld subsuite; EPROT 

Pyroxenite; Schilpadnest subsuite; EPROT 

-doPyroxenite; Vl ak fontei n subsui te; EPROT 

Pyroxenite; Schi lpadnest subsuite; EPROT 

Pyroxenite; UG2 chromitite layer; EPROT 

SOVIET UNION 

Serpentinized dunite; Saranovsk ultramafic complex; ESIL 

Serpentinized dunite; Kempi rsai ultramafic complex; PAL-HES 

-do-

!f Includes some or all of the following items (separated by semicolons): main host rock type, formation name, 

and host rock age. Only reported items are listed. See footnote 2 for age abbreviations. 

y Age abbreviations and prefixes: 

MIOCENE MIO 

~SOZOIC MES 

CRETACEOUS CRET 

JURASSIC JUR 

PALEOZOIC PAL 

SILURIAN SIL 

PRECAMBRIAN PREC 

PROTEROZOIC PROT 

ARCHEAN ARCH 

EARLY E 

MIDDLE M 

LATE L 

24 
ISM! records for chromite deposits and districts-Continued 

Age of 

minera11zatio 2 

MMIO 

CRET( ?) 

-doEPROT 

-do-

-do-

-do-

-do-

-doIsland arc Ultramafic 

portion of 

ophiolite 

PHILIPPINES -continued 

Ophiolite 

-doHarzburgi tedunite 

transition 

zone in 

ophiolite 

-doGRNR. hydrated 

Nt-Mg SLCT. 

CRMT 

CRMT • PYTT. 

TML T • PNLD. 

SRPN 

SRPN. CRMT. 

OLVN 

SOUTH AFRICA-continued 

Anorogenic Layers in CRMT • PLGC. 

a strati- PRXN 

form tntrusion 

Intracratonic -do- CRMT • PLGC. 

(anorogentc) PRXN; SLPD 

-do- -do- CRMT • PRXN 

-do- -do- CRMT. PRXN. 

PLGC 

-do- -do- -do-

-do- -do- CRMT • PRXH 

Cornnents 

Three lateritic layers: Cr-rich. 

Ni-to rich. Ni-rich 

>40 ore bodies occur in a 350-mwt de ml nera 11 zed zone 

Ore bodies form a 2.4-km belt; 

max11Wm dimensions: thickness: 

80m; length: 600m; width: 300m 

Located 300 m below the Merensky 

Reef 

Strat !graphically 1 ower than 

chromite in eastern and western 

Bushveld 

Chromite layer occurs 1 n three 

groups 

Stratigraphl ca lly 1 ower than other 

chrc:ml te In western Bushve 1 d 

-doReference 

Hol~~~es and Hall 

(1975) 

Sto 11 ( 1958) 

Do. 

von Gruenewal dt 

(1977} 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

-do- -do- CRMT • PRXN. Chromltite layers occur in three Do. 

y 

2 

PLGC 

EPROT -do- -do- CRHT. PLGC. 

PRXN; SLPD 

SOVIET UNION-continued 

ESIL( ?) Convergent Ultramafic C r-SPNL • OL VN, 

margin portion of PRXN; SRPN 

ophiolite 

PAL-HES(?) -do- -do- Cr-SPNL .FRSR • 

HGNT; BRUC. 

SRPN 

-do- -do- -do- -doAbbreviations for mineral names (after Longe and others. 1978. 

AMPHIBOLE AMPB CLINOPYROXENE CLPX ILMENITE 

ANTIGORITE ANGR DOLOMITE DLMT LIMONlTE 

BIOTITE BOTT ENSTATITE ENST MAGNETlTE 

BRONZITE BRNZ FORSTERITE FRSR OLIVINE 

groups 

Located 40 m be 1 ow the Merensky 

Reef 

Three ore bodies 

23 vein-like ore bodies 

60 vei n-11 ke ore bodies 

p. 63-66}: 

ILHM RUTILE RUTL 

LMON SERPENTINE SRPN 

HGNT SILICATES SLCT 

OLVN SPINEL SPNL 

BRUCITE BRUC FUCHSITE FCST ORTHOPYROXENE OPRX SULFIDES SLPD 

CHLORITE CLRT GARNIERITE GRNR PENTLANDITE PNLD TREMOLITE TMLT 

CHROMITE CRMT GOETHITE GTHT PLAGIOCLASE PLGC UVAROVITE UVRT 

CHRYSOTILE CRSL HEMATITE HMTT PYROXENE PRXN 

CLINOCHLORE CLCL HORNBLENDE HBLD PYRRHOTITE PYTT 

Deposits or districts in the International Strategic Minerals Inventory that have not been 

included in the resource or production totals of Part I of this report because production 

ts not foreseen 1 n the near future. 

25 

Do. 

Smirnov (1977. 

p. 204-206) 

Pavlov and 

others ( 1!168) 

Do. 
TABLE 9.-Selected geologic and location information from 

Site name Deposit type Host rock.!./ SUDAN 

lngessana Hills mining ll" 17'N 34" OO'E Magmatic, podi form Serpentinized duni te; Basement Comp 1 ex area group; PREC 

(I ngessana Hills 

district) 

Nile mining operation ll" l7'N 34" OO'E -do- -do-

(lngessana Hills 

district) 

TURKEY 

Uckopru deposit 36" 21'N 29" 1S'E Magmatic, podi form, Serpentinized dunite; PAL 

(Mugla-Fethiye massive, disseminated 

district) 

Guleman mining area 38" 2S'N 39" S4'E -do- -do-

(Elazi g-Gul eman district) 

Kefdag mining area 38" 23'N 39" 40'( -do- -do-

(Elazi g-Haden 

district) 

Soridag mining area (Elazig-Maden 

38" 23'N 39" 40'E -do- -dodistrict) 

Kavak mining area (Esk isehi r-Hi ha licci k 

39" S2'N 31" 30'E -do- -dodistrict) 

Kopdag mining area 40" 01'N 40" 28'E Magmatic, podiform -do-

(E rz1 ncan-Tercan 

district) 

UNITED STATES 

• Benbow mine- 4S" 22'N 109° 49'W Magmatic, stratiform, Serpentinized dun1te; Stillwater 

( St 111 water Comp 1 ex) mass tve, disseminated Complex; ARCH 

•I 

Mouat mine- 4S" 23'N 

(Stillwater Complex) 

109" S4'W -do- -do1.f Includes SOllie or all of the following items (separated by semicolons): main host rock type, fonnation name, 

and host rock age. Only reported items are listed. See footnote Z for age abbreviations. 

!I Age abbreviations and prefixes: 

MIOCENE MIO 

ff:SOZOIC MES 

CRETACEOUS CRET 

JURASSIC JUR 

PALEOZOIC PAL 

SILURIAN SIL 

PRECAMBRIAN PREC 

PROTEROZOIC PROT 

ARCHEAN ARCH 

EARLY E 

MIDDLE M 

LATE L 

!I Abbreviations for mineral names (after Longe and others, 1978, p. 63-66): 

AMPHIBOLE AMPB CLINOPYROXENE CLPX ILMENITE ILMN RUTILE 

ANTIGORITE ANGR DOLOMITE DLMT LIMONITE LMON SERPENTINE 

BIOTITE BOTT ENSTATITE ENST MAGNETITE MGNT SILICATES 

BRONZITE BRNZ FORSTERITE FRSR OLIVINE OLVN SPINEL 

BRUCITE BRUC FUCHSITE FCST ORTHOPYROXENE OPRX SULFIDES 

CHLORITE CLRT GARNIERITE GRNR PENTLANDITE PNLD TREMOLITE 

CHROHITE CRHT GOETHITE GTHT PLAGIOCLASE PLGC UVAROVITE 

CHRYSOTILE CRSL HEMATITE HMTT PYROXENE PRXN 

CLINOCHLORE CLCL HORNBLENDE HBLD PYRRHOTITE PYTT 

26 

RUTL 

SRPN 

SLCT 

SPNL 

SLPD 

TMLT 

UVRT 
ISM! records for chromite deposits and districts-Continued 

Age of 

mi nera liz at ion!/ 

PREC 

-doPAL 

-do-

-do-

-do-

-do-

-doStable 

PREC 

craton 

-doUltramafic 

portion of 

ophiolite 

-doTURKEV-eontlnuea 

Convergent Harzburgitemargin dunite 

transition 

zone in 

ophiolite 

-do- -do-

-do- -do-

-do- -do-

-do- -do-

-do- -doCRHT , OL VN, THL T, 

Cr-CLCL, SRPN 

CRMT, SRPN , OL VN; 

Cr-CLCL, UVRT, 

RUTL, FCST 

CRHT, OLVN, SRPN, 

MGNl ; C r-CLCL 

CRHT, SRPN, OL VN; 

Cr-CLCL, UVRT, 

RUTL, FCST 

CRHT, OLVN, SRPN; 

U«lN, MGNT, CLRT, 

THLT 

CRHT, OLVN, SRPN; 

Cr-CLCL, UVRT 

Conwnents 

Three deposits contained in meta- sedimentary complex 25 km in 

diameter 

150-m chromite lens 

Belt extends over 120 km, covering 

3,000 sq km; 23 reported occurrences in district 

Eight reported occurrences in 

district 

14 reported occurrences in 

district 

Ore bodies are continuous along 

strike 

23 reported occurrences; includes 

three ore bodies 

UNITED STATES-eontlnuH 

ARCH 

-doStable 

PREC 

craton 

-doLayered 

mafic 

intrusion 

-doCRMT, OLVN, CLPX, Ore-body aggregate length is 

ORPX 1,725 m 

-do-

!I Deposits or districts in the International Strategic Minerals Inventory that have not been 

fncluded fn the resource or production totals of Part I of this report because production 

fs not foreseen fn the near future. 

!I India Geological Survey, 

!f Maden Tetki k ve Arama Enst i tusii (Turkey Hi neral Research and Expl or at ion Institute), 

27 

Reference 

Vail (1978, 

p. 49-50) 

Do. 

•I 

-MTA (1966) 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Page (1977) 

Do. 
TABLE 9.-Selected geologic and location information from 

Site name Host rock 1 

ZIMBABWE 

Bee mine 17° 51'S 29" 53 'E Magmatic. strati form. Serpentinized dunite; Hartley Complex; 

(Great Dyke) massive ARCH 

Caesar mine 17° 30'S 30° 43 'E -do- -do-

(Great Dyke) 

Cambrai mine 19° 20'S 30° 10'E -do- -do-

(Great Dyke) 

Divide mine 17° 38'S 30° 4S'E -do- -do-

(Great Dyke) 

Glenapp mine 17° DO'S 30° 45'E -do- -do-

(Great Dyke) 

Impinge claims 16° 55'S 30° 49'£ -do- -do-

(Great Dyke) 

Netherburn mine 19° 16'S 30° ll'E -do- -do-

(Great Dyke) 

Noro mine 17° OJ'S 30° 45 'E -do- -do-

(Great Dyke) 

Rutala mine 18° 24'S 30° 27 'E -do- -do-

(Great Dyke) 

Sutton and Rod Ca~ 17° 25'S/ 30° 37'E/ -do- -domines 17° 29'S 30° 34 'E 

(Great Dyke) 

Umsweswe mine 18° 30'S 30° 25 'E -do- -do-

(Great Dyke) 

Vanad mine 17° 48'S 30° 45'E -do- -do-

(Great Dyke) 

Windsor mine 17° 48'S 30° 4S'E -do- -do-

(Great Dyke) 

York mine 18° 58'S 30° 18'£ -do- -do-

(Great Dyke) 

York West mine 19° 12'S 30° 1S'E -do- -do-

(Great Dyke) 

7/ 

Selukwe-Peak and 19° 43'S/ 30° 01'E/ Magmatic. stratifonn. Serpentinized dunite; Sebakw1 an Group; 

Railway Block mines 19° 39'S 

(Selukwe Complex) 

30° OO'E disrupted. massive ARCH 

!.} Includes some or all of the following items (separated by semicolons): main host rock type. fonnation name. 

and host rock age. Only reported items are listed. See footnote 2 for age abbreviations. 

!} Age abbreviations and prefixes: 

MIOCENE MIO 

KSOZOIC MES 

CRETACEOUS CRET 

JURASSIC JUR 

PALEOZOIC PAL 

SILURIAN SIL 

PRECAMBRIAN PREC 

PROTEROZOIC PROT 

ARCHEAN ARCH 

EARLY E 

MIDDLE M 

LATE L 

!} Abbreviations for mineral names (after Longe and others. 1978. p. 63-66): 

AMPHIBOLE AMPS CLINOPYROXENE CLPX ILKNITE ILMM RUTILE 

ANTIGORITE ANGR DOLOMITE DLMT LIMONITE LMON SERPENTINE 

BIOTITE BOTT ENSTATITE ENST MAGNETITE MGNT SILICATES 

BRONZITE BRNZ FORSTERITE FRSR OLIVINE OLVN SPINEL 

BRUCITE BRUC FUCHSITE FCST ORTHOPYROXENE OPRX SULFIDES 

CHLORITE CLRT GARNIERITE GRNR PENTLAND I TE PNLO TREMOLITE 

CHROMITE CRMT GOETHITE GTHT PLAGIOCLASE PLGC UVAROVITE 

CHRYSOTILE CRSL HEMATITE HMTT PYROXENE PRXN 

CLINOCHLORE CLCL HORNBLENDE HBLD PYRRHOTITE PYTT 

28 

RUTL 

SRPH 

SLCT 

SPNL 

SLPD 

TMLT 

UVRT 
ISM! records for chromite deposits and districts-Continued 

Age of 

mi nera 1t zat i o 2 Conments Reference 

ARCH Stable Layered CRHT, FRSR, ENST, Eluvial chromite reported Worst (1960) craton intrusion Fe oxides; SRPN, 

CRSL 

-do- -do- -do- CRHT, FRSR, ENST I Mining and 

BRNZ, Fe oxides; E ngi neer1 ng 

SRPN, CRSL (1980) 

-do- -do- -do- -do- Worst (1960) 

-do- -do- -do- -do- Do. 

-do- -do- -do- -do- Eluvial chromite reported Do. 

-do- -do- -do- -do- -do- Do. 

-do- -do- -do- -do- Do. 

-do- -do- -do- -do- Eluvial chromite reported Do. 

-do- -do- -do- -do- Do. 

-do- -do- -do- -do- Do. 

-do- -do- -do- -do- Do. 

-do- -do- -do- CRMT, FRSR, ENST I Do. 

BRNZ; SPRN, CRSL 

-do- -do- -do- CRMT, FRSR, ENST I Do. 

BRNZ, Fe oxides; 

SRPN, CRSL 

-do- -do- -do- -do- Do. 

-do- -do- -do- -do- Do. 

-do- -do- -do- CRMT, OLVN, MGNT, Cotterill 

ILMN, SRPN, TALC- {1969) 

carbonate, CLRT, 

ANGR 

!I Deposits or districts in the International Strategic Minerals Inventory that have not been 

Included 1n the resource or production totals of Part I of th1s report because product ton 

1s not foreseen in the near future. 

!_I India Geological Survey. 

!I Haden Tetklk ve Arama Enstttiisi.i (Turkey Mineral Research and Exploration Institute), 

!.l Selukwe hu recently been renamed Shurugwi. 

29 
TABLE 10.-Selected production and mineral-resource information 

Site name C onvnod i t 1 e s.!/ 

ALBANIA 

Kalimash mine 1937 s.u About Cr(Cr) 

(T ropoje-Kuk.es 1961-65 

district) 

Bulquize mine 1937 

(Bater-Hartanesh 

s.u 1938 Cr(Cr) 

district) 

Todo Manco mine Post-1937 s.u About Cr(Cr) 

(Bater-Hartanesh 1970-75 

district) 

AUSTRAUA 

Coobi na deposit 

!I 

1925 s 1952 Cr(Cr) 

BRAZIL 

Limoeiro mining area 1907 

(Campo Formoso s 1975 Cr(Cr) 

district) 

Pedri nhas mining area 1907 s.u 1962 Cr(Cr) 

(Campo Formoso 

district) 

CANADA 

Bird Lake chrome 1942 None Cr(Fe) 

deposit!/ 

(Bird River sill) 

Chrome Group deposit 

!I 

1942 N -do- Cr(Fe) 

(Bird River sill) 

1/ 

Euclid H.C. deposit- 1943 N -do- Cr(Fe) 

(Bird R her sill) 

•I 

Page Group depos 1 C 1942 N -do- Cr(Fe) 

(Bird R fver sill) 

CUBA 

Camaguey and Oriente s.u 1909/ Ni, Fe, Cr(Al ), Co, Hn 

Provinces 1840-50 

!.f S, su1·face; U, underground; N, not yet producing. 

!./ Chromite ore-class indicated by chemical symbol in parentheses: Cr, high chromium; Fe, 

high iron; A 1, high a 1 umi num. PGE is platinum-group elements. 

!.I Includes some or all of the following items (separated by semicolons): annual production 

in thousand metric tons of material mined (unless other processing stage is indicated); 

grade of reported material in percent Cr203; and year of production (or range of years used 

to estimate average annua 1 production). 

30 
from ISM! records for chromite deposits and districts 

Annual roduct ion!/ 

100; 1983 See Bulquize mine 

1,320; 37-56~; 1982 15,223; 1938-82 

See Bulquize mine See Bulquize mine 

R1E, R2E (see Bulquize mine) 

6,500; RlE; 42-43~; 1979 

15,000; R2E; 42-43~; 1979 

R1E, R2E (see Bulquize mine) 

Comments 

Six major operations in district 

Production and resources for 

entire country; A 1 ban fa produces 

9~ of all world chromite 

Largest chromite mine in Albania 

AUSTRAUA -continued 

2.8; 43.5~; 1953-57 

100; 38-461; 1978 

120 (concentrate); 1978 

None 

-do-

-do-

-do27; 36~; 1982 

14. 6; 43. 5~; 1952-57 

BRAZIL-continued 

105; 17~; 1962-71 

CANADA-continued 

None 

-do-

-do-

-doCUBA -continued 

>3,630; mostly 

refractory grade; 

1918-82 

1,965; R1M; -40~; 1978 Inactive operation 

4,000; R1E; 17~; 1983 Ore body is concealed by thick 

R1M (see Pedrinhas mining area) overburden 

13,000; R1E; 21'; 1983 

20,000; R1M; 17-211; 1983 

5,800; R1M; 7l; 1982 

2,100; R1M; 18.2l; 1982 

9,100; R1M; 4.6l; 1982 

1,600; R1M; 25.2l; 1982 

3,000; R1E; 36l; 1978 

5,000; R2E; 36l; 1978 

R1M is for Lfmoeiro and Pedrinhas 

properties; ore mined Is about 

37-44' Cr203 

Undeveloped property 

-do-

-do-

-doAnnual and cumulative production 

for entire country; resource estimates are for entire country 

and are uncertain due to limited 

exploration; exports exceed production due to reliance on stockpiled ores 

!f Includes some or all of the following items (separated by semicolons): cumulative production 

in thousand metric tons of material mined (unless other processing stage is indicated); grade 

of reported material in percent Cr203; and years for reported cumulative production. 

!I Includes, for various resource categories, some or all of the following items (separated by 

semicolons): resource in thousand metric tons; U.N. resource classification (Schanz, 1980); 

grade in percent Cr203; and year of estimate. 

!f Deposits or districts in the International Strategic Minerals Inventory that have not been 

included in the resource or production totals of Part I of this report because production 

is not foreseen in the near future. 

31 
Site name 

Kemi mine 

(El ijarvi district) 

Vouri non area 

Fiskenaesset area ' 

8himtanagar mine 

(Cut tack district) 

Kalarangi mining area 

(Cuttack district) 

Kalhpani mine 

(Cuttack district) 

Saruabi 1 mine 

(Cut tack district) 

Boula mining area 

(Keonjhar district) 

Kathpa 1 deposit 

(Dhenkana 1 district) 

Shahriar, Shahin, and 

Amir mines 

(Faryab area) 

Andriamena mining area (Tsaratanana district) 

1959 

1890 u 

1964 N 

1950 s.u 

s.u 

1g5o s.u 

1950 s.u 

1950 s.u 

1957 s.u 

1954 

TABLE 10.-Selected product:Wn and mineral-resource informat:Wn 

Coll1ll0dities 2 

FINLAND 

1967 (pilot Cr(Fe) 

plant)/1969 

GREECE 

1952 Cr(Cr) 

GREENLAND 

None Cr(Fe). v. Ti 

INDIA 

1952 Cr(Cr) 

Cr(Cr) 

1968 Cr(Cr) 

Cr(Cr) 

1944 Cr(Cr) 

Cr(Cr) 

IRAN 

1967 Cr(Cr) 

MADAGASCAR 

1967 Cr(Cr) 

!) S, surface; u. underground; N, not yet producing. 

!} Chromite ore-class indicated by chemical synt>ol in parentheses: Cr, high chromium; Fe, 

high iron; Al, high aluminum. PGE is platinum-group elements. 

y Includes some or all of the following items (separated by semicolons): annual production 

in thousand metric tons of material mined (unless other processing stage is indicated); 

grade of reported material in percent Cr203; and year of production (or range of years used 

to estimate average annual production). 

32 
from ISM/ records for chromite deposits and districts-Continued 

Annual 

632; 271; 1981 

42; 53-561; 1982 

None 

270; >4 71; 1980-81 

See Bhimtanagar 

mine 

-do-

-do76; 40-581; 1977 

312; 59-61%; 1977 

<190; 46-511; 1978 

194; 401; 1975-76 

8,600; 271; 1966-82 

GREECE-continued 

1,170; 1952-82 

Resources 5 

50,000; R1E; 261; 1982 

3,000; R1E; 17-201; 1982 

3,200; R2E; 17-20%; 1982 

GREENLAND-continued 

None 

INDIA-continued 

7. 296; 1952-82 

See Bh imtanagar 

mine 

-do-

-do-

-do-

-doIRAN-continued 

3,419; 1960-82 

100,000; R2S; 381; 1!176 

69,320; RlE; 331; 1982 

23,960; R1H; 301; 1982 

R1E, R1M (see Bhimtanagar 

mine) 

-do-

-do9,410; R1E> 361; 1982 

3,310; RlM; 351; 1982 

252; R1E; 1979 

2,200; RlE; 45-51%; 1974 

50,000; R2E; 1976 

MADAGASCAR -continued 

2,000; 1967-82 10,000; R1E; 311; 1982 

COIIIIlents 

Low- grade, friable ores; mostly 

for danest ic consu~Jllt ion 

Metallurgical-grade ores; grade 

in some areas as much as 351 

cr2o3 

Low-grade ores; rich in A 1 and Fe; concentrates may be suitable for 

the manufacture of chrotnium 

chemicals 

Annual production for six mines in 

the district; cumulative produci on for India; resources for the 

entire Cuttack district. 901 of 

all Indian chrom1te production canes fran mines in Orissa State. 

Si02·rich ore 

Metallurgical-grade ores 

-doProduct ion for two mines in Orissa 

State; resources for entire 

Keonjhar district 

Production for two mines in 

Dhenkanal district 

Operation possibly inactive since 

1979; cumulative production for 

Iran; R2E is for Faryab area 

Cumu lat 1ve production for 

Madagascar 

!} Includes some or all of the following items {separated by semicolons): cumulative production 

in thousand metric tons of material mined (unless other processing stage is indicated); grade 

of reported material in percent Cr203; and years for reported cumulative production. 

!f Includes, for various resource categories, some or all of the following items (separated by 

semicolons): resource in thousand metric tons; U.N. resource classification (Schanz, 1980); 

grade in percent Cr203; and year of estimate. 

!.! Deposits or districts in the International Strategic Minerals Inventory that have not been 

included in the resource or production totals of Part I of this report because production 

ts not foreseen fn the near future. 

33 
TABLE 10.-Selected production and mineral-resource information 

I Year of I !Year of 

I 

first I 

Site name (discovery(Hining method.!/( production I Commodities.!/ 

PAPUA NEW GUINEA 

Ramu River laterite 1968 N None Ni, Cr(Fe), Co, Fe deposit!../ 

(Hadang district) 

PHILIPPINES 

Acoje mine 

(Zambales district) 

1937 Cr(Cr) 

Masinloc Chromite 1925 s,u 1932 Cr(Al) 

Operation 

(Zambales district) 

SOUTH AFRICA 

Steelpoort sector u 1923 Cr(Fe) 

(eastern Bushveld) 

•I 

UG2 chromitite layer- 1908 PGE, Cr(Fe), Au, Ni 

(eastern Bushveld) 

Potgi etersrus sector Edrly u 1963-64 Cr(Cr) 

(northern Bushveld) 1960's 

Mankwe-Bafokeng sector-- About u Cr(Fe) 

Bophuthatswana 1920 

(western Bushveld) 

Ni etverdi end-Lehurutshe Cr(Fe) 

sector--Bophuthatswana 

(western Bushvel d) 

Ni etverdi end-Ha rico u About Cr(Cr) sector 1920 

(western Bushveld) 

Rustenburg and Zwartlcop About u About Cr(Cr) 

sectors 1920 1920 

(western Bushveld) 

•I 

UG2 chromitite layer- 1908 u 1983 PGE, Ni, Cu, Co, Cr(Fe) 

(western Bushveld) 

SOVIET UNION 

Saranovsk deposit-- About u Early Cr(Fe) 

Northern and 1797 1800's 

Southern Massifs 

(Penn district) 

XL Years of the Kazalch- 1936 s,u Cr(Cr) Me 1 odezhnoe deposit 

(Ke~ i rsai area) 

XX Years of the Kazakh 1936 s Cr(Cr) 

SSR deposit 

(Kempirsai area) 

~ S, surface; U, underground; N, not yet producing. 

!l Chromfte ore-class ind)cated by chemical syntlol in parentheses: Cr, high chromium; Fe, 

high iron; Al. high aluminum. PGE 1s platinum-group elements. 

:!1 Includes some or all of the following items (separated by semicolons): annual production 

in thousand metric tons of material mined (unless other processing stage is indicated); 

grade of reported material in percent Cr203; and year of production (or range of years used 

to estimate average annual production). 

~ Includes some or all of the following items (separated by semicolons): cumulative production 

in thousand metric tons of material mined (unless other processing stage 1s indicated); grade 

of reported material in percent Cr203; and years for reported cumulative production. 

34 
from ISM! records for chromite deposits and districts-Continued 

Annual Resources' 

None None 128,000; IUS; 3. 3%; 1982 

PHILIPPINES-continued 

330; 481; 1979 2,440; metallurgical 2,850; R1E; 18%; 1982 

grade; 1946-76 

154 (concentrate); >15,000; refractory grade; 9,000; R1E; 3a; 1983 

refractory grade; 1982 1932-80 

SOUTH AFRICA-continued 

1. 780; 441; 1980-82 26. 349; 4~; 1923-82 

78; 4~; 1~80-82 987; 441; 1963-82 

309; 431; 1980-82 2,193; 451; 1972-81 

57; 1980-82 171 ; 198u-82 

128; 451; 1980-82 2. 769; 46%; 1933-82 

1. 090; 42-4 51; 1980-82 21,659; 44%; 1923-82 

SOVIET UNION-continued 

330; 30-401; 1981 

2,300; 30-561; 1980 

See Xl Years of the 

Kazalth-Me 1 odezhnoe 

deposit 

>7 ,000; through 1982 

52,000; 1936-82 

See Xl Years of the 

Kazalth-Me 1 odezhnoe 

deposit 

370,000; R1E; 40-451; 1983 

1,595,000; R1S; 35-451; 1983 

370,000; R2E; 40-451; 1983 

R1M (see UG2-western Bushveld) 

19. 000; R1E; 42-481; 1983 

14,000; R1S; 1983 

233,000; R 1E; 40-45%; 1983 

856, 000; R 1S; 1983 

233,000; R2E; 40-451; 1983 

1,000; R1E; 40-451; 1983 

55,000; R1S; 40-451; 1983 

68,000; R2E; 40-451; 1983 

1,000; R1E; 40-451; 1983 

55,000; R 1S; 40-451; 1983 

68,000; R2E; 40-451; 1983 

390,000; R1E; 40-451; 1983 

916,000; R1S; 30-401; 1983 

390,000; R2E; 40-451; 1983 

5,420,000; R1M; 381; 1980 

1,500; R1E; 20-401; 1977.!./ 

4,500; R2E; 20-401; 1977!./ 

90,000; R1E; >50S; 1977!./ 

>25,000; R1E; >501i 1977!J 

Convnents 

Undeveloped property 

More than 40 ore bodies 

Largest high-alumina podiform 

chromi te deposit in the world 

Production refined locally to 

ferrochromium; South Africa's 

major producing operation; 

platinum-group-e 1 ement potentia 1 

Platinum-group-e 1 ement potent1 a 1 

Metallurgical-grade ores 

Property inactive 1943-52 

Platinum-group-e 1 ement potent 1a 1 

Plat inurn-group-element 

mining only at Western 

Platinum mine; R1M for UG2 

chromi t i te layer in eastern 

and western Bushveld; ore 

grade 3.5-19 g/t platinum 

Be 11 eved to account for 1 OS of 

Soviet product 1 on and 61 of 

Soviet resources 

Annual production for Donsltoye 

complex; 941 of Soviet chromite 

resources are in Kazakhstan 

Only supplier of high quality ore in the Soviet Union 

!} Includes, for various resource categories, some or all of the following items (separated by 

semicolons): resource in thousand metric tons; U.N. resource classification (Schanz. 1980); 

grade in percent Cr203; and year of estimate. 

~ Deposits or districts fn the International Strategic Minerals Inventory that have not been 

included in the resource or production totals of Part I of this report because production 

1s not foreseen in the near future. 

!} Soviet Union resources reported as "measured reserves." "total reserves." and reserves fn 

•categories A+B+C" are classified as R1E in this report; R2E 1s used fn this report for those 

resources reported as •gross reserves • where a measured reserve category 1s reported separately. 

The Soviet Union's "A+B+C" categories are explained in Bachmann (1979). 

35 
Site name 

Ingessana Hills mining 

area 

(Ingessana Hills 

district) 

Nile mining operation 

(Ingessana Hills 

district) 

Uckopru deposit 

(Hugl a-Fethiye 

district) 

Gu1ernan mining area 

(E laz i g-Gu 1 eman 

district) 

Kefdag mining area 

(Elazig-Haden 

district) 

Soridag mining area 

(E lazi g-Maden 

district) 

Kavak mining area (E ski sehi r-Hi ha 1 icc ik 

district) 

Kopdag mining area 

(E rzi ncan-Tercan 

district) 

., 

Benbow mine-

(Stillwater Complex) 

Mouat mine.!/ 

(Stillwater Complex) 

Bee mine 

(Great Dyke) 

Caesar mine 

(Great Dyke) 

Cambrai mine 

(Great Dyke) 

Divide mine 

(Great Dyke) 

1960 

1936 

1936 

About 

1900 

Post-1945 

About 

1905 

About 

1905 

1929 

1919 

1920 

s.u 

s 

s,u 

u 

u 

u 

s.u 

u 

u 

s 

u 

u 

s,u 

TABLE 10.-Selected production and mineral-resource information 

1962 

1969 

Pre-1914 

1860 

1949 

Pre-1914 

1955 

1942 

1941 

1929 

About 

1950 

1919 

1920 

Commodi t i es..Y 

SUDAN 

Cr(Cr) 

Cr(Cr) 

TURKEY 

Cr(Cr) 

Cr(Cr) 

Cr(Cr) 

Cr(Cr) 

Cr(Cr) 

Cr(Cr) 

UNITED STATES 

Cr(Fe), PGE 

Cr(Fe), PGE 

ZIMBABWE 

Cr(Cr) 

Cr(Cr) 

Cr(Cr) 

Cr(Cr) 

!f S, surface; U, underground; N, not yet producing. 

!l Chromite ore-class indicated by chemical symbol in parentheses: Cr, high chromium; Fe, 

high iron; Al, high aluminum. PGE 1s platinum-group elements. 

!..I Includes some or all of the following items (separated by semicolons): annual production 

in thousand metric tons of material mined (unless other processing stage is indicated); 

grade of reported material in percent Cr203; and year of production (or range of years used 

to estimate average annual production). 

36 
from ISM/ records for chromite deposits and districts-Continued 

Annual roduction.Y 

23; 56~; 1980-81 

See lngessana Hills 

mining area 

9.6; 49-SU; 1968 

200; metallurgical 

grade; 1975 

<10 (concentrate); 

421; 1976 

See Guleman mining area 

65 (concentrate); 31~; 1968 

28 (concentrate); 

411; 1943 

94 (concentrate); 

381; 1958-61 

17; 48~; 1957 

95; 48~; 1980 

11.4; 48-501; 1957-58 

4.84; 41-521; 1957-58 

250; 56S; 1962-78 

20; 1969-78 

2 .ooo; 49-52~; 1860-1975 

80; 1949-75 

763; 1931-59 

103; 1955-58 

>1.500; RlE; 48-521; 1974 

RlE (see lngessana Hills 

mf ni ng area) 

851; R1E; 34~; 1979 

1.141; RlM; 34~; 1979 

<50; R 1E; 48~; 1978 

12.000; R1M; 33-48~; 1981 

4.800; RlE; 30-38~; 1978 

400; R2E; 30-38~; 1978 

800; R lE; 44-48~; 1978 

2.000; R2E; 44-48~; 1978 

2.800; RlE; 30~; 1982 

1.000; RlE; 43~; 1982 

UNITED STATES-continued 

73 (concentrate); 

411; 1942-43 

962 (concentrate); 

391; 1943. 1953-61 

ZIMBABWE-continued 

200; 48-501; 1922-60 

797; R1S; 201; 1957 

692; R2S; 20~; 1957 

2.140; R1S; 22-241; 1957 

1.550; R2S; 22-241; 1957 

18.834; R1E; 471; 1982 

172.186; RlM; 48S; 1!182 

3.552; RlE; 51~; 1982 

19.296; RlM; 511; 1982 

9.391; RlE; 47~; 1982 

8.272; RlM; 4 71; 1982 

3.552; R1E; 51~; 1982 

17 .536; R1M; 511; 1982 

Co~~~~~ents 

Product ion for Jebel Jam mf ne. principal operation; RlE for 

entire district 

Operation inc 1 udes two mines 

High Fe-oxide content; continuous 

operation since 1956 

Annual production for all five 

district mines; existing reserves limited; RlH for ElazigGuleman district; district con- tains two-thirds of all Turkish 

chromfte deposits 

One of the largest privately owned 

deposits in Turkey 

Last production in 1958 

Inactive operation 

I nact fve s i nee 1961 

Two seams outcrop; overburden 

treated to recover chromite 

Mine rehabfli tated in 1975 

Chromi te varf es from hard and 

lumpy to friable 

Three seams mined; coarse-grained ore; two operations cOIIIbi ned 

!I Includes some or all of the following items (separated by semicolons): cu111.1latfve production 

in thousand metric tons of material mined (unless other processing stage ts indicated); grade 

of reported material in percent Cr203; and years for reported cuiiiJlative production. 

y Includes. for various resource categories. some or all of the following items (separated by 

semicolons): resource in thousand metric tons; U.N. resource classification (Schanz. 1980); 

grade t n percent Cr203; and year of est tmate. 

~ Deposits or districts in the International Strategic Minerals Inventory that have not been 

included in the resource or production totals of Part I of this report because production 

1s not foreseen tn the near future. 

37 
TABLE 10.-Selected production and mineral-resource information 

Year of 1 IYear of first 

Site name discoveryiMining method...!/1 production Commodities..!/ 

ZIMBABWE 

Glenapp mine 1917 s,u 1919 Cr(Cr) 

(Great Dyke) 

lq:~inge claims 1917 u 1919 Cr(Cr) 

(Great Dyke) 

Netherburn mine 1927 s,u Cr(Cr) 

(Great Dyke) 

Noro mine 1917 s,u 1919 Cr(Cr) 

(Great Dyke) 

Rutala mine s,u Cr(Cr) 

(Great Dyke) 

Sutton and Rod Camp 1923 s,u About Cr(Cr) 

mines 1950 

(Great Dyke) 

Umsweswe mi ne s,u Cr(Cr) 

(Great Dyke) 

Vanad mine u About Cr(Cr) 

(Great Oyke) 1950 

Windsor mine s,u Cr(Cr) 

(Great Dyke) 

York mine S,U 1952 Cr(Cr) 

(Great Dyke) 

York West mine s,u 1953 Cr(Cr) 

(Great Dyke) 

., 

Selukwelleak and 1904 u 1906/1918 Cr(Cr) 

Railway Block mines 

(Selukwe Complex) 

!_/ S, surface; U, underground; N, not yet producing. 

!l Chromite ore-class indicated by chemical syiiDol in parentheses: Cr. high chromium; Fe, 

high iron; Al, high aluminum. PGE is platinum-group elements. 

!} Includes some or all of the following items (separated by semicolons): annual production 

1n thousand metric tons of material mined (unless other processing stage 1s indicated); 

grade of reported material in percent Cr203; and year of production (or range of years used 

to estimate average annua 1 product 1 on). 

!} Includes some or all of the following items (separated by semicolons): cu1111lat1ve production 

in thousand metric tons of material mined (unless other processing stage 1s indicated); grade 

of reported material in percent Cr203; and years for reported cu1111lative production. 

38 
from ISM! records for chromite deposits and districts-Continued 

Annual 

111; 491; 1957 

See Gl enapp mine 

0.51; 481; 1957-58 

See Glenapp mine 

8. 8; 501; 1958 

69; 1957-58 

15; 41-521; 1957-58 

See Sutton and 

Rod Camp mines 

3.95; 501; 1957-58 

1.4; 471; 1957 

350; 501; 1981 

50; through 1955 

10; 41-511; 1952-58 

4; 471; 1953-58 

>10.000; metallurgical 

grade; 1907-81 

6.480; R1E; 501; 1982 

10.400; R1M; 501; 1982 

6.144; R1E; 501; 1982 

4.752; R1E; 201; 1982 (eluvial) 

12.096; R1M; 501; 1982 

14.087; R1E; 471; 1982 

12.406; R1M; 471; 1982 

8.976; R1E; SU; 1982 

16.141; R1M; 511; 1982 

10.800; R1E; 461; 1982 

272.880; R1M; 461; 1982 

15.480; R1E; 501; 1982 

60.960; R1M; 501; 1982 

1.974; RlE; 461; 1982 

35.966; RlM; 461; 1982 

4.032; RlE; SU; 19HZ 

8.952; R1M; 511; 1982 

13.306; R1E; sa; 1982 

19.310; R1M; sa; 1982 

734; R lE; 501; 1982 

490; R1M; 501; 1982 

R1E. R1M (see Windsor mine) 

n.soo; R1E; 471; 1982 

76.000; R1M; metallurgical 

grade; 1982 

Comments 

Annual production for African 

Chrome Mines operations; R1E and 

R1M for Glenapp and Ivo properties; mining in one sea11 

Mining in six seams; overburden 

treated to recover chromite 

Mining confined to upper seiliiiS 

R1E and R1M for Glenapp. Hay. and 

Noro properties; overburden 

treated to recover chromite 

Mining in one seam 

Annual production for Rhodesian 

Vanadium Corporation operations; 

R1E and R1M for Sutton and 

Rod Camp mines; mining in two seams 

Mining in two seams; hard to lumpy ores 

Mining in three seams 

R1E and R1M are for Windsor and 

York West properties 

Metallurgical grade ores 

Hi ni ng 1 n one seam 

Annual production from Selukwe 

Peak and Railway Block operation 

represents 701 of Zimbabwe product 1 on capacity; cuiiiU 1 at ive 

production for Selukwe Complex; 

R1E and RlM for Selukwe Peak and 

Railway Block operations 

~ Includes. for various resource categories. some or all of the foll011ing ttems (separated by 

semicolons): resource in thousand metric tons; U.N. resource classification (Schanz. 1980); 

grade fn percent Cr203; and year of estimate. 

!f Deposits or districts in the International Strategic Minerals Inventory that have not been 

included tn the resource or production totals of Part I of this report because production 

1s not foreseen fn the near future. 

!J Sovfet Unfon resources reported as •measured reserves. • •total reserves. • and reserves fn 

•categories A+B+C• are classified as R1E in this report; R2E fs used in thfs report for those resources reported as •gross reserves• where a measured reserve category is reported separately. 

The Soviet Union's •A+B+C• categories are explained fn Bachmann (1979). 

!J Selukwe has recently been renamed Shurugwi. 

39 
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natural resources in the world economy: Chicago, University of 

Chicago Press, p. 529--535. 

Lipin, B. R., 1983, Low-grade chromium resources, in Shanks, 

W. C., III, ed., Unconventional mineral deposits (Cameron 

volume): New York, American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, p. 47-60. 

Lipin, B. R., and Thayer, T. P., 1980, The outlook for small 

chromite mines, in Meyer, R. F., and Carman, J. S., eds., The 

future of small scale mining: New York, United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNIT AR), p. 191-196. 

Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enstitiisii, 1980, Tiirkiye maden 

envanteri [Mineral inventory of Turkey]: Maden Tetkik ve 

Arama Enstitiisii Y ayinlarindan 179, 569 p. 

National Materials Advisory Board, Committee on Contingency 

Plans for Chromium Utilization, 1978, Contingency plans for 

chromium utilization: National Materials Advisory Board 

Publication NMAB-335, 34 7 p. 

Papp, J. F., 1983, Chromium: U.S. Bureau of Mines Mineral 

Commodity Profile, 21 p. 

Thayer, T. P., 1973, Chromium, in Brobst, D. A., and Pratt, 

W. P., eds., United States mineral resources: U.S. Geological 

Survey Professional Paper 820, p. 111-121. 

Visser, D. J. L., and von Gruenewaldt, Gerhard, eds., 1970, 

Symposium on the Bushveld Igneous Complex and other 

layered intrusions: Geological Society of South Africa Special Publication 1, 763 p. (39 papers from a symposium held 

in Pretoria, July 7-14, 1969.) 

W oodtli, Robert, ed., 1963, Methods of prospection for chromite: Proceedings of the Athens Seminar, April 16-30, 

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 

(OECD), 244 p. 

INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERALS INVENTORY 

SUMMARY REPORTS 

This circular is one of several reports on selected 

mineral commodities to be published in the U.S. 

Geological Survey 930 series. The circulars published to 

date are listed below; year of publication is shown in 

parentheses. Copies are available free on application to 

Distribution Branch, Text Products Section, U.S. 

Geological Survey, 604 South Pickett Street, 

Alexandria, VA 22304 U.S.A. 

930-A. 

930-B. 

930-C. 

Manganese (1984) 

Chromium (1984) 

Phosphate ( 1984)