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STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA

SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

In re A.W. and R.W.

No. 20-0830 (Harrison County 19-JA-61-2 and 19-JA-62-2)

MEMORANDUM DECISION

Petitioner Father E.C., by counsel Bryan D. Church, appeals the Circuit Court of Harrison 

County’s September 17, 2020, order terminating his parental and custodial rights to A.W. and 

R.W.

1 The West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources (“DHHR”), by counsel 

James Wegman, filed a response in support of the circuit court’s order. Petitioner’s guardian ad 

litem, Allison S. McClure, filed a response in support of petitioner’s appeal. The children’s 

guardian ad litem Julie N. Garvin, filed a response on behalf of the children in support of the circuit 

court’s order. On appeal, petitioner argues that the circuit court erred in terminating his parental

and custodial rights upon a finding that there was no reasonable likelihood that he could 

substantially correct the conditions of abuse and neglect at issue and denying him post-termination 

visitation with the children.

This Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal. The facts and legal 

arguments are adequately presented, and the decisional process would not be significantly aided 

by oral argument. Upon consideration of the standard of review, the briefs, and the record 

presented, the Court finds no substantial question of law and no prejudicial error. For these reasons, 

a memorandum decision affirming the circuit court’s order is appropriate under Rule 21 of the 

Rules of Appellate Procedure.

In April of 2019, the DHHR filed an abuse and neglect petition alleging that petitioner’s 

home was unsuitable for the children and that petitioner engaged in domestic violence with the 

mother and had a history of substance abuse. At the preliminary hearing, a Child Protective 

Services (“CPS”) worker testified that petitioner had been charged with malicious assault against 

an individual whom he accused of hiding his children and was charged with trespassing and being 

a prohibited person in possession of a firearm for an incident in which he took a rifle to the maternal 

1

Consistent with our long-standing practice in cases with sensitive facts, we use initials 

where necessary to protect the identities of those involved in this case. See In re K.H., 235 W. Va. 

254, 773 S.E.2d 20 (2015); Melinda H. v. William R. II, 230 W. Va. 731, 742 S.E.2d 419 (2013); 

State v. Brandon B., 218 W. Va. 324, 624 S.E.2d 761 (2005); State v. Edward Charles L., 183 W. 

Va. 641, 398 S.E.2d 123 (1990). 

FILED

April 20, 2021

EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK

SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

OF WEST VIRGINIA
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grandparents’ home. According to the CPS worker, petitioner had an extensive history of domestic 

violence and methamphetamine abuse. The DHHR also attached to its petition a competency 

evaluation of petitioner that indicated he had been using methamphetamine frequently for a year, 

which resulted in mental health issues such as extreme paranoia and erratic behavior. According 

to the CPS worker, petitioner was ordered not to have contact with the children as a term of his 

criminal bond, yet the worker found petitioner and the children together in his home. In regard to 

petitioner’s residence, the CPS worker testified that it was a camper without its own electricity, as 

the worker observed an extension cord running from the paternal grandmother’s home to the 

camper. The camper was also cluttered and dirty with trash and food throughout. Ultimately, the 

court ratified the DHHR’s taking emergency custody of the children. 

In July of 2019, the circuit court held an adjudicatory hearing, during which psychologist 

Dr. Edward Baker testified that he evaluated petitioner on two occasions. The first was a 

competency evaluation for petitioner’s criminal cases and the second was a parental fitness 

evaluation for the current matter. Across the two evaluations, petitioner denied any drug abuse, 

was reluctant to even discuss the issue, and denied having abused or neglected the children. 

Petitioner also believed that he exhibited high control of his anger, despite a lengthy history of 

domestic violence. In short, petitioner was generally defensive and unwilling to admit personal 

fault or any negative aspects of his conduct. This led Dr. Baker to conclude that petitioner had a 

“marginal ability to parent” because he did “not identify his own weaknesses and overlook[ed] 

how his behavior can impact his children.” During petitioner’s testimony he admitted that his home 

incarceration was revoked for drinking alcohol. He also denied any domestic violence in his 

relationship with the mother and attempted to minimize his drug use by indicating that he only 

used methamphetamine occasionally. Petitioner also denied that he behaved erratically when 

abusing the drug. Finally, when asked whether he believed that he acted in a way that caused his 

children to suffer any emotional distress or harm, petitioner responded “no.” The children’s mother 

then testified to numerous instances of domestic violence with petitioner and petitioner’s paranoid 

behavior when abusing methamphetamine. The children’s maternal grandmother also testified and 

corroborated petitioner’s abusive conduct toward the mother. She also testified to the incident in 

which petitioner came to her home with a rifle and was subsequently arrested. The circuit court 

then held a second adjudicatory hearing, during which several law enforcement officers testified 

to petitioner’s criminal conduct, including his arrest for violence against the mother. Ultimately, 

the court adjudicated petitioner as an abusive and neglectful parent based upon his drug use and 

perpetration of domestic violence. 

In September of 2019, the circuit court held a dispositional hearing. Petitioner attended the 

hearing, although he was incarcerated at the time. According to testimony from a DHHR 

employee, petitioner had not undergone any mental health or substance abuse treatment. The 

DHHR employee further testified that even if petitioner were released from incarceration, 

petitioner’s ability to correct the conditions of abuse and neglect would still require petitioner’s 

willingness to acknowledge that his conduct put the children’s safety at risk. Petitioner then 

testified in support of his motion for an improvement period, indicating that he would be willing 

to participate in services designed to remedy the conditions of abuse and neglect. Although 

petitioner did admit that he abused substances, he went on to qualify his drug use by asserting as 

follows: 
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[H]as there been substance abuse by both of us [the parents], yeah. Yeah there has. 

Has there been a time where my children have ever been in danger . . . because of 

me personally being . . . under the influence of anything, no. That’s never happened, 

not one time. 

When asked if he believed his substance abuse negatively impacted the children, petitioner 

responded as follows: “It could’ve. The fact that I feel that they’ve been kept from me for so long 

has also had a complete negative impact on them.” When asked what he believed he had done 

wrong as a parent, petitioner indicated that “[t]he biggest thing [he could] say is just not spending 

as much time with [the] kids as [he] should’ve.” Petitioner then asserted that if his children “were 

never taken and kept from me” that he “would still have [his] kids,” that he would not have been 

charged for any criminal conduct, and that he felt “like it’s pretty much been pushed on” him. 

Based on the evidence, the circuit court found that petitioner believed that he had not done 

anything wrong and had not “accepted any level of responsibility for [his] actions that brought 

about the filing of the petition.” The court further found that it had “never had two witnesses in 

the same case that had such a low level of credibility” as petitioner and the mother in the current 

matter. As such, the court found that petitioner failed to satisfy his burden for obtaining an 

improvement period. The court further found that there was no reasonable likelihood that petitioner 

could substantially correct the conditions of abuse and neglect and that termination of his parental 

and custodial rights was necessary for the children’s welfare. The court then terminated 

petitioner’s parental and custodial rights and denied his request for post-termination visitation, 

finding that the children’s young ages—five and two years old, respectively—warranted a denial 

of ongoing contact with petitioner.

2 It is from the dispositional order that petitioner appeals. 

The Court has previously established the following standard of review:

“Although conclusions of law reached by a circuit court are subject to de 

novo review, when an action, such as an abuse and neglect case, is tried upon the 

facts without a jury, the circuit court shall make a determination based upon the 

evidence and shall make findings of fact and conclusions of law as to whether such 

child is abused or neglected. These findings shall not be set aside by a reviewing 

court unless clearly erroneous. A finding is clearly erroneous when, although there 

is evidence to support the finding, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left 

with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed. However, 

a reviewing court may not overturn a finding simply because it would have decided 

the case differently, and it must affirm a finding if the circuit court’s account of the 

evidence is plausible in light of the record viewed in its entirety.” Syl. Pt. 1, In 

Interest of Tiffany Marie S., 196 W.Va. 223, 470 S.E.2d 177 (1996). 

Syl. Pt. 1, In re Cecil T., 228 W. Va. 89, 717 S.E.2d 873 (2011). 

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The mother’s parental and custodial rights were also terminated below. The permanency 

plan for the children is adoption together in the current foster home. 
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On appeal, petitioner argues that it was error to terminate his parental and custodial rights 

upon a finding that there was no reasonable likelihood that he could substantially correct the 

conditions of abuse and neglect in the near future and because less-restrictive dispositional 

alternatives were available. Without belaboring petitioner’s specific arguments, we find that the 

resolution of this matter turns entirely upon petitioner’s failure to acknowledge the conditions of 

abuse and neglect at issue. 

As this Court has routinely held, 

[i]n order to remedy the abuse and/or neglect problem, the problem must first be 

acknowledged. Failure to acknowledge the existence of the problem, i.e., the truth 

of the basic allegation pertaining to the alleged abuse and neglect or the perpetrator 

of said abuse and neglect, results in making the problem untreatable and in making 

an improvement period an exercise in futility at the child’s expense.

In re Timber M., 231 W. Va. 44, 55, 743 S.E.2d 352, 363 (2013) (citation omitted). The evidence 

below was uncontroverted that petitioner failed to acknowledge or accept responsibility for the 

children’s abuse and/or neglect, as the circuit court found. While it is true that petitioner admitted 

to a substance abuse issue, he nonetheless refused to acknowledge that his substance abuse harmed 

the children. He further denied domestic violence with the mother, despite an extensive history, 

and minimized the impact of his conduct. Tellingly, petitioner asserted that he was merely the 

victim of outside forces having removed his children and that he would not have found himself in 

his current position, including his pending criminal charges, had his children never been taken 

from his custody. In short, petitioner rendered the conditions of abuse and neglect at issue wholly 

untreatable through his failure to accept the basic truth of his conduct. This fact is determinative 

of all issues raised on appeal.

Indeed, the circuit court cannot be said to have erred in denying petitioner an improvement 

period to correct conditions of abuse and neglect that he refused to acknowledge existed. While 

petitioner argues that he established that he was likely to fully participate in an improvement 

period, as required to obtain one under West Virginia Code § 49-4-610, he nevertheless ignores 

the fact that his failure to acknowledge the abuse and neglect at issue resulted in an improvement 

period being an exercise in futility. As we have explained, a circuit court has discretion to deny an 

improvement period when no improvement is likely. See In re Tonjia M., 212 W. Va. 443, 448, 

573 S.E.2d 354, 359 (2002). Therefore, it is clear that the circuit court did not err in denying 

petitioner an improvement period.

This same evidence also supports the circuit court’s termination of petitioner’s parental 

and custodial rights. Again, petitioner’s refusal to acknowledge the conditions of abuse and neglect 

resulted in those conditions being untreatable, which fully supports the circuit court’s finding that 

there was no reasonable likelihood that the conditions of abuse and neglect could be substantially 

corrected in the near future.3 West Virginia Code § 49-4-604(d) defines “[n]o reasonable 

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In support of his argument that the circuit court’s finding that there was no reasonable 

likelihood that the conditions of abuse and neglect could be substantially corrected in the near 

future was in error, petitioner asserts that the circuit court’s order cites incorrect language from 
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likelihood that conditions of neglect or abuse can be substantially corrected” as meaning “that, 

based upon the evidence before the court, the abusing adult or adults have demonstrated an 

inadequate capacity to solve the problems of abuse or neglect on their own or with help.” Given 

petitioner’s inability to correct the conditions of abuse and neglect due to his refusal to 

acknowledge them, it is clear the circuit court did not err in making this finding. Additionally, the 

court found that the children’s welfare required termination of petitioner’s parental and custodial 

rights, given his failure to address or even acknowledge the impact of his conduct upon them. 

Under West Virginia Code § 49-4-604(c)(6), a circuit court may terminate parental and custodial 

rights upon these findings. Further, as this Court has held, 

“[t]ermination of parental rights, the most drastic remedy under the 

statutory provision covering the disposition of neglected children, [West Virginia 

Code § 49-4-604] . . . may be employed without the use of intervening less 

restrictive alternatives when it is found that there is no reasonable likelihood under 

[West Virginia Code § 49-4-604(d)] . . . that conditions of neglect or abuse can be 

substantially corrected.” Syllabus point 2, In re R.J.M., 164 W.Va. 496, 266 S.E.2d 

114 (1980).

Syl. Pt. 5, In re Kristin Y., 227 W. Va. 558, 712 S.E.2d 55 (2011). Accordingly, we find no error 

in the circuit court’s termination of petitioner’s parental and custodial rights. 

Finally, petitioner argues that the circuit court erred in denying his motion for posttermination visitation with the children. According to petitioner, the circuit court cited the 

children’s tender ages and the other evidence presented in making this decision without providing 

specificity as to why post-termination visitation was inappropriate. Petitioner argues that this is 

insufficient to support the decision. We do not agree.

This Court has held as follows:

“When parental rights are terminated due to neglect or abuse, the circuit 

court may nevertheless in appropriate cases consider whether continued visitation 

or other contact with the abusing parent is in the best interest of the child. Among 

other things, the circuit court should consider whether a close emotional bond has 

been established between parent and child and the child’s wishes, if he or she is of 

appropriate maturity to make such request. The evidence must indicate that such 

visitation or continued contact would not be detrimental to the child’s well being 

West Virginia Code § 49-4-604(d) setting forth a circumstance in which it can be assumed there 

is no such reasonable likelihood. It is unnecessary to address this specific argument, however, 

because the circuit court correctly cited several circumstances in which it can be presumed that 

there is no reasonable likelihood that the conditions of abuse and neglect can be substantially 

corrected under this subsection, demonstrating that the incorrect language to which petitioner cites 

was not determinative of the finding at issue. More importantly, however, is the Court’s analysis 

above regarding petitioner’s failure to acknowledge the conditions of abuse and neglect and his 

resulting inability to correct these conditions. Because this analysis is determinative, this argument 

entitles petitioner to no relief. 
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and would be in the child’s best interest.” Syl. Pt. 5, In re Christina L., 194 W.Va. 

446, 460 S.E.2d 692 (1995).

Syl. Pt. 11, In re Daniel D., 211 W. Va. 79, 562 S.E.2d 147 (2002). Based on our review of the 

record, it is clear that continued contact with petitioner was not in the children’s best interest, 

especially in light of the fact that he refused to accept that his extensive, egregious conduct had 

any negative impact on the children or that he committed any parental errors beyond not spending 

enough time with the children. Even more importantly, the evidence does not establish that 

petitioner and the children had a close emotional bond. While it is true that petitioner testified that 

a bond existed, the circuit court found that his testimony was entirely without credibility and was, 

in fact, some of the least credible testimony the court had encountered in decades. We will not 

disturb this finding on appeal. Michael D.C. v. Wanda L.C., 201 W. Va. 381, 388, 497 S.E.2d 531, 

538 (1997) (“A reviewing court cannot assess witness credibility through a record. The trier of fact 

is uniquely situated to make such determinations and this Court is not in a position to, and will not, 

second guess such determinations.”). Because the evidence did not indicate that continued contact 

would not be detrimental to the children’s wellbeing, we find no error in the circuit court’s denial 

of post-termination visitation. 

For the foregoing reasons, we find no error in the decision of the circuit court, and its 

September 17, 2020, order is hereby affirmed.

Affirmed.

ISSUED: April 20, 2021

CONCURRED IN BY:

Chief Justice Evan H. Jenkins

Justice Elizabeth D. Walker

Justice Tim Armstead

Justice John A. Hutchison

Justice William R. Wooton