IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS

OF TEXAS

NOS. WR-82,875-01 & WR-82,875-02

IN RE THE STATE OF TEXAS EX REL. JOHN F. HEALEY, JR., DISTRICT

ATTORNEY, 268TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT, Relator

ON PETITIONS FOR WRIT OF MANDAMUS AND PROHIBITION

AGAINST THE HONORABLE BRADY ELLIOT

IN CAUSE NO. 10-DCR-054233 IN THE 268TH DISTRICT COURT

OF FORT BEND COUNTY

YEARY, J., filed a dissenting opinion.

The issue here boils down to whether the judge of the trial court has the authority to

conduct a jury trial on the question of Turner’s present competency as part of his mandate

to determine the feasibility of making a retrospective competency determination. As this

Court today characterizes it, the trial court apparently believes that Turner must be presently

competent before it can be determined whether a retrospective determination of his

competency at the time of his trial is feasible. I reject that notion. Just as “[t]here is no

expectation that a defendant be competent during his competency trial[,]” Dissenting Opinion

of Presiding Judge Keller at 3, there is no reason to expect an appellant to be competent in
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order to determine whether it is currently feasible to litigate the question of whether he was

competent at the time of his initial trial.

Perhaps the trial court would simply like to have the benefit of a jury’s perspective on

Turner’s present competency to stand trial as that perspective would be relevant to its judicial

determination whether a retrospective competency determination isfeasible. The Court today

seems to hold that there is nothing that clearly prohibits the trial court from convening a fullblown competency trial in order to inform its judicial decision; therefore, the State is not

clearly entitled to the extraordinary relief it seeks. Like Presiding Judge Keller, however, I

do not view the question in this case as whether the law clearly prohibits the trial court from

holding a competency trial, but rather, whether our remand conferred upon the trial court the

authority to conduct such a competency trial. Since present competency to stand trial is not

currently an issue per se, such a competency trial could only serve an advisory function.

Like Presiding Judge Keller, I do not believe the trial court is authorized to convene

a jury to decide Turner’s present competency, under either the statute or the common law,

simply to serve such an advisory function. Because Turner’s present competency is not

currently in issue, invoking Article 46B.051 of the Code of Criminal Procedure to obtain a

jury verdict on present competency will not determine the issue that is currently pending

before the trial court. It would serve, at best, to resolve a kind of basic fact, to help the trial

1

See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 46B.051 (“a jury shall make the determination” of 1

competency to stand trial upon the request of either party). The jury’s competency verdict under this

provision is apparently limited to the ultimate question of “whether the defendant is incompetent to

stand trial.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 46B.052(a).
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court determine the ultimate fact for which we remanded the case. Thus, in that best case

scenario, it would seem to operate in much the same way as a special issue, to help inform

the determination (assigned to the trial court by our remand) whether a retrospective

competency determination is feasible. But verdicts in criminal actions in Texas, with certain

statutory exceptions, are required to be general, and special issues, designed to require juries

to expressly resolve certain basic fact issues along the way to a general verdict, are not

authorized. E.g., Stewart v. State, 686 S.W.2d 118, 124 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984) (“Other than

the provisions in Article 37.071, V.A.C.C.P., Texas jurisprudence has no authority allowing

the submission of special issues to a jury in a criminal case.”). Here, the trial court does not

even propose to convene a jury to decide the ultimate fact we remanded for—the feasibility

of a retrospective competency hearing. Instead, the trial court would inconvenience a jury to

render what is—essentially—an advisory verdict with respect to what is—at best—a

marginally relevant basic fact: is Turner competent now?

Federal trial courts in civil cases may have some authority to “try any issue with an

advisory jury[.]” See FED. R. CIV. P. 39(c). However, I find no comparable authority for a

district court to do so in a criminal matter in Texas, even with the best of intentions.

Convening an advisory jury seems all the more indefensible considering that the trial court

has lost general jurisdiction over the case, and the terms of our order of remand returning

jurisdiction to the trial court is limited, explicitly assigning the role of deciding the ultimate

issue of feasibility to the trial court itself. Cf. State v. Patrick, 86 S.W.3d 592, 594-96 (Tex.
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Crim. App. 2002) (plurality opinion) (the limited jurisdiction that Chapter 64 of the Code of

Criminal Procedure confers on convicting courts to conduct post-conviction DNA testing

after it has lost general jurisdiction does not authorize them to order DNA testing beyond the

explicit terms of the statute); In re Medina, 475 S.W.3d 291, 296 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015)

(writs of mandamus or prohibition are appropriate extraordinary remedies when a trial court

acts beyond the scope of its jurisdiction or authority). Such a remand does not contemplate

the invocation of Article 46B.051 to conduct a full-blown jury trial on present competency

to stand trial when that is not the issue and it is not even determinative of what is the issue.

If the trial court believes that Turner’s present competency is so relevant, it is certainly free

to determine that basic fact for itself after hearing evidence on the issue.

None of this is to suggest, of course, that Turner’s present competency has no

relevance whatsoever to the question of the feasibility of conducting a retroactive

competency determination. But it is clear to me that it is far from determinative of that issue.

The judge of the trial court can certainly exercise his own judgment with respect to Turner’s

present competency if he thinks that such a determination is important to the feasability

question. Moreover, in deciding the feasibility question, the trial court will undoubtedly hear

from the same experts who would most likely inform an advisory jury verdict with respect

to Turner’s present competency to stand trial. There is neither any need to involve a jury nor

any legal authority to do so. Since its general jurisdiction has lapsed, I agree with Presiding

Judge Keller that the trial court currently lacks the authority to carry out a full-blown trial on
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Turner’s present competency to stand trial.

With these additional observations, I join Presiding Judge Keller’s dissent.

FILED: March 8, 2017

DO NOT PUBLISH