. Mechanical Response of 

Future Combat Systems (FCS) 

High-Energy Gun Propellants at 

High-Strain Rate 

by Michael G. Leadore 

ARL-TR-2747 June 2002 

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 

20020625 069 
The findings in this report are not to be construed as an 

official Department of the Army position unless so 

designated by other authorized documents. 

Citation of manufacturer’s or trade names does not 

constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use 

thereof. 

Destroy this report when it is no longer needed. Do not 

return it to the originator. 
Army Research Laboratory 

Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005-5069 

ARL-TR-2747 June 2002 

. 

Mechanical Response of 

Future Combat Systems (FCS) 

High-Energy Gun Propellants at 

High-Strain Rate 

Michael G. Leadore 

Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, ARL 

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 
Abstract 

Five lots of Future Combat Systems high-energy gun propehants were tested in 

uniaxial compression at high-strain rate. A production lot of JA2 that is currently 

used in the M865 round was also tested for comparison purposes. The materials 

were tested for comparison purposes. The materials were tested while 

conditioned at temperatures of 21”, 63”, and -32 “C. The materiaIs were taken to 

-60% strain using a deformation rate of 1.3 m/s. The stress at failure, strain at 

failure, compressive modulus, failure modulus, incremental energy density, and 

the fracture assessment values were recorded for each test. 

ii 
Contents 

List of Figures 

List of Tables 

V 

vii 

. 

. 

1. Introduction 

2. Background 

3. Approach and Results 

4. Conclusions 

5. References 

Distribution List 

Report Documentation Page 

9 

25 
. 

iv 
List of Figures 

Figure 1. Prepared test specimen being loaded for compression test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 

Figure 2. Stress vs. strain plot of JA2 and Thiokol propellants tested at 

21 “C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 4 

Figure 3. Tested remains of JA2 lot HCL93J014001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 

Figure 4. Tested remains of Thiokol lots at 21°, 63”, and -32 “C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 

Figure 5. Stress vs. strain plot of JA2 and Thiokol propellants tested at 

63 “C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 6 

Figure 6. Stress vs. strain plot of JA2 and Thiokol lots at -32 “C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 

V 
vi 
List of Tables 

Table 1. Mechanical properties of Thiokol and JA2 lots at 21 “C. . . . . . . . . . . . O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 

vii 
INTENTIONALLYLEFTBLANK. 

. . . 

VU 
1. Introduction 

The following is the U.S. Army Research Laboratory’s (ARL’s) report of the 

material test systems (MTS) servo-hydraulic tester (SHT) high-rate mechanical 

response of Thiokol lots TGD-022, TGD-023, TGD-024, TGD-025, and 

TGD-022/023/022 layered (five lots) (test sets 07-21 Fiscal 02). The Thiokol 

materials are candidate gun propellants for the Future Combat System (FCS). A 

production lot of JA2 lot no. HCL93J014-001 was also tested using identical test 

conditions for comparative purposes. 

2. Background 

Five lots of Thiokol gun propellants were received from Joseph Colburn of ARL. 

The Thiokol lots were extruded into a solid-sheet configuration and shipped to 

ARL’s Dr. Robert Lieb. Also, a production lot of JA2 granular propellant was 

procured from Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG) for comparison testing. All of 

these materials were tested during October 2001 for high-rate uniaxial 

compression mechanical response evaluation (Figure 1). 

Figure 1. Prepared test specimen being loaded for compression test. 
3. Approach and Results 

The Thiokol lots were received in solid-sheet form. The JA2 lot was granular 

with a diameter of 9.80 mm and was cut using a double-bladed diamond saw. 

Sample ends were machined so that the surfaces were flat, parallel to each other, 

and perpendicular to the extruded axis. The Thiokol lots were punched out 

using a 12.7-mm stainless steel hole punch. The punched samples were then 

stacked to make a test specimen. 

MT’S SHT mechanical properties tests (l-7) were conducted on several specimens 

under each test condition. Strain rates of 133.0 s-1 were achieved. The specimens 

were taken to failure at ambient pressure to -50% end strain while conditioned 

at temperatures of 21”, 63”, and -32°C. The stress at failure, strain at failure, the 

modulus, failure modulus, the incremental energy density, and the fracture 

assessment value were recorded for each test (Table 1). 

4. Conclusions 

Five lots of Thiokol high-energy gun propellants and a production lot of JA2 

were tested for mechanical response evaluation at ambient pressure while 

conditioned at 21”, 63”, and -32 “C. The materials were tested in uniaxial 

compression to -50% end strain using a deformation rate of 1.35 m/s. 

At 21 “C, the Thiokol lots and the JA2 lot all showed good response to high-rate 

uniaxial compression. Note the compressive modulus values for the Thiokol lots 

are -50% less than the JA2 production lot. The positive failure modulus values 

achieved indicated all of the lots’ abilities to sustain load beyond -50% strain. 

Note the stress vs. strain plot (Figure 2) shows the JA2 lot workhardening 

beyond 50% strain. The tested specimens (Figures 3 and 4) suffered permanent 

deformation with very minimal fracturing. 

At 63 “C, again, the mechanical response of all the lots was quite good. The 

Young’s modulus values showed some “softening” as a result of the higher 

testing temperature, as expected. The stress/strain plot (Figure 5) shows all the 

lots able at sustaining load. The tested specimens again showed very minimal 

axial fracture and deformation (Figures 3 and 4). 
Table 1. Mechanical properties of Thiokol and JA2 lots at 21 “C. 

Stress at Strain at Failure 

Lot Failure Failure Modulus Modulusa IEDb FAVc 

(MPa) (%I GPa) W’a) (MPa) (Ml%) 

at 21 “C 

Thiokol 42.01 19.04 0.341 0.0980 7.19 1AB 

Lot TGD-022 

Thiokol 36.19 16.51 0.283 0.0424 6.63 1AB 

Lot TGD-023 

Thiokol 33.63 19.21 0.218 0.0564 5.38 1AB 

Lot TGD-024 

Thiokol 40.19 15.31 0.355 0.0299 7.75 1AB 

Lot TGD-025 

Thiokol Layered 33.00 16.24 0.260 0.0590 6.42 1AB 

TGD-022/023/022 

JM 16.87 4.56 0.722 0.0523 5.37 1B 

3 

TGD-022/023/022 

JM 54.03 7.09 1.62 0.067 13.82 5AS 

Lot HCL93J014001 

aThe failure modulus (slope of the curve after failure) has been added. Generally, the lower the value, the worse 

the material (i.e., a negative value indicates the material is unable to sustain load). A positive value indicates a 

positive failure slope (i.e., the material is better able to support load after failure). 

bThe incremental energy density (IED) value reported is the amount of energy per unit volume absorbed at 25% 

strain; this includes a portion of the area located beneath the stress/strain curve. 

cThe tested specimens were assigned a fracture assessment value (FAV). The values range from 0 (no observed 

fracturing) through 9 (severe fracturing observed). The type of fracture was also characterized using the 

following methodology: A = axial fracture, S = shear fracture, B = barreling/deformation, R = radial splitting 

(i.e., 9A indicates the tested specimens showed a severe amount of axial fracture). 
10/16/01 

nob THIOKOL AND JA2 PROPELLANTS a07 PIA 

t?om 

I 

“NUXUL CDMPRESslca TFZT 0 2, c 

/ : 

Figure 2. Stress vs. strain plot of JA2 and Thiokol propellants tested at 21 “C. 

At -32 “C, the tested specimens (Figures 3 and 4) suffered moderate amounts of 

axial and shear fracture. Note the stress/strain plot at -32 “C (Figure 6) shows 

the JA2 lot able at sustaining load and workhardening up to 50% strain and thus, 

the only lot yielding a positive failure modulus value. Lot TGD-022 pro\Tided the 

better mechanical response compared to the remaining Thiokol lots. Lot 

TGD-022 also was able to sustain load at -32 “C. The layered lot TGD022/023/022 yielded values similar to lot TGD-023. This was expected as lot 

TGD-023 showed a poor response to mechanical testing, and the layered lot was 

comprised of lots TGD-022 and TGD-023. The modulus value for lot TGD-025 

was alarmingly high, indicating possible sensitivity to -32 “C. 

Overall, all of the materials’ mechanical responses at 21” and 63 “C were very 

good. At -32 “C, the JA2 lot was clearly the better material, followed by lot 

TGD-022. The layered lot TGD-022/023/022 suffered much fracture at -32 “C, 

but did not show any separation between the layers. 

4 
‘ j” ,. 

I .,. 

,..:ic ,, , .,.. I_ ;. ~-,: .~... z. 

Figure 3. Tested remains of JA2 lot HCL93J014-001. 

Figure 4. Tested remains of Thiokol lots at 21”, 63”, and -32 “C. 
THIOKOL AND JA2 PROPEUANTS ou+3&4 

UNRXlAL CDMPRc5mm TEST 0 633 c 

Figure 5. Stress vs. strain plot of JA2 and Thiokol propellants tested at 63 “C. 

Figure 6. Stress vs. strain plot of JA2 and Thiokol lots at -32 “C. 

6 
5. References 

7 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

Gazonas, G. A. “The Mechanical Response of M30, XM39, and JA2 

Propellants at Strain Rates From 10-Z to 250 Set-1.” BRL-TR-3181, U.S. Army 

BaIlistic Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, January 1991. 

Lieb, R. J. “Impact-Generated Surface Area in Gun Propellant.” 

BRL-TR-2946, U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving 

Ground, MD, November 1988. 

Lieb, R. J., and J. J. Rocchio. “High Strain Rate Mechanical Properties Testing 

on Lots of Solid Gun Propellant With Deviant Interior Ballistic Performance.” 

1982 JANNAF Structures and Mechanical Behavior Subcommittee Meeting, CPIA 

Publication 368, pp. 23-38, October 1982. 

Leadore, M. G. “MI’S Servo-Hydraulic Tester (SHT) Mechanical Properties 

Evaluation of M43 PropeIIants.” ARL-TN-5, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, 

Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, March 1993. 

Leadore, M. G., and C. J. GiIIich. “Material Testing System (MTS) 

Servo-Hydraulic Tester (SHT) Mechanical Response of Energetic ThermaI 

Plastic Elastomer (ETPE) RDX-Based Propellants.” ARL-TN-28, U.S. Army 

Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, April 1994. 

Leadore, M. G. “Mechanical Response of Energetic Thermoplastic Elastomer 

Low-Vulnerability Ammunition (ETPE-LOVA) RDX-Based, TNAZ-Based, 

and CL-ZO-Based Gun Propellants.” ARL-TN-64, U.S. Army Research 

Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, March 1996. 

Lieb, R. J. Personal communication. U.S. Army Research Laboratory, 

Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, October 2001. 
INTENTIONALLYLEFTBLANK. 

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I MCNAB 

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S BLESS 

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RYKIM 

AKROY 

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R AVERILL 

3515 EB 

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245 HAMMOND BLDG 

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CTSUN 

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STANFORD UNIV 

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& AEROBALLISTICS 

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NEWARK DE 19716 

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URBANA IL 61801 

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A WALLS 

J KITZMILLER 

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BLACKSBURG VA 24061-0219 

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P DIETZ 

392 HOPKINS RD 

AMx!sY TD 

APG MD 21005-5071 

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US ARMY RESEARCH LAB 

AMSRL OP AP L 

APG MD 21005-5066 

90 DIR USARL 

AMSRL CI 

AMSRL CI S 

AMARK 

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M ADAMSON 

AMSRL SL BA 

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D BELY 

R HENRY 

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L GHIORSE 

S MCKNIGHT 

AMSRL WM MB 

BFINK 

J BENDER 

T BOGETTI 

R BOSSOLI 

L BURTON 

K BOYD 

S CORNELISON 

I’ DEHMER 

R DOOLEY 

W DRYSDALE 

G GAZONAS 

S GHIORSE 

D GRANVILLE 

D HOPKINS 

C HOPPEL 

D HENRY 

RKASTE 

M KLUSEWITZ 

M LEADORE 

R LIEB 

E RIGAS 

JSD SPAGNUOLO 

W SPURGEON 

J TZENG 

E WETZEL 

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E CHIN 

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A WERECZCAK 

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MERL 

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UK 

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T GOTTESMAN 

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LOD 70150 

ISRAEL 

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SANDRE 

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316 ROUTE DE BAYONNE 

TOULOUSE 31060 

FRANCE 

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SEVEN OARS RENT TN 147BP 

UK 

1 DEFENSE RESEARCH ESTAB 

VALCARTIER 

F LESAGE 

COURCELETIE QUEBEC 

COA IRO 

CANADA 

1 SWISS FEDERAL ARMAMENTS 

w LANZ 

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3602 THUN 

SWITZERLAND 

NO. OF 

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‘DYNAMEC RESEARCH AB 

AKE PERSSON 

BOX 201 

SE 15123 SODERTALJE 

SWEDEN 

ISRAEL INST OF 

TECHNOLOGY 

S BODNER 

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL 

ENGR 

HAIFA 3200 

ISRAEL 

DSTO 

WEAPONS SYSTEMS DMSION 

N BURMAN RLLWS 

SALISBURY 

SOUTH AUSTRALIA 5108 

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A DUPUIS 

2459 BOULEVARD PIE XI NORTH 

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CANADA 

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CANADA 

INSTITUT FRANC0 ALLEMAND 

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LOUIS 

DE M GIRAUD 

5 RUE DU GENERAL 

CASSAGNOU 

BOITE POSTALE 34 

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FRANCE 

ECOLE POLYTECH 

J MANSON 

DMX LTC 

CH 1015 LAUSANNE 

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23 
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1 TN0 DEFENSE RESEARCH 

R IJSSELSTEIN 

ACCOUNT DIRECTOR 

R&D ARMEE 

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2600 JA DELFT 

THE NETHERLANDS 

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ESTAB . 

DIR DEPT OF WEAPONS & 

PROTECTION 

B JANZON 

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R HOLMLIN 

S 172 90 STOCKHOLM 

SWEDEN 

2 DEFENSE TECH & PROC AGENCY 

GROUND 

I CREWTHER 

GENERAL HERZOG HAUS 

3602 THUN 

SWITZERLAND 

1 MINISTRY OF DEFENCE 

RAFAEL 

ARMAMENT DEVELOPMENT 

AU-l-H 

M MAYSELESS 

PO BOX 2250 

HAIFA 31021 

ISRAEL 

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IHPASMAN 

POSTBUS 6006 

2600 JA DELFI’ 

THE NETHERLANDS 

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NETAMUA 42611 

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D 86523 SCHROBENHAUSEN 

GERMANY 

24 
. 

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved 

OMB No. 0704-0188 

Propellants at High-Strain Rate 

Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 210055069 

9. SPONSORlNWMONlTORlNG AGENCY NAMES(S) AND ADDRESS 10.SPONSORING/MONITORlNG 

AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 

12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 

4pproved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 

12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE 

13. ABSTRACT(h4aximum 200 words) 

?ive lots of Future Combat Systems high-energy gun propellants were tested in uniaxial compression at high-strain rate. 

4 production lot of JA2 that is currently used in the M865 round was also tested for comparison purposes. The 

naterials were tested for comparison purposes. The materials were tested while conditioned at temperatures of 21”, 63”: 

md -32 “C. The materials were taken to -60% strain using a deformation rate of 1.3 m/s. The stress at failure, strain al 

%lure, compressive modulus, failure modulus, incremental energy density, and the fracture assessment values were 

.ecorded for each test. 

14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGES 

ugh-rate, deformation, Future Combat Systems, modulus, mechanical properties, gun 29 

n-opellants, material testing system 16. PRICE CODE 

7. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT 

OF REPORT OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT 

UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED UL 

IChl 7cnn.nr -9*r-Lcmn CII”Ar.rl CT..... 000 ID..., 1-*o\ 

25 .J,*ll”al” r”,,!! LS” \nc;v. L-u=, 

Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-l 8 298-l 02 
26