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THE SUPREME COURT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE

___________________________

Hillsborough-northern judicial district

No. 2013-0762

THE STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE

v.

OSCAR GRANDE

Argued: October 15, 2015

Opinion Issued: January 12, 2016

Joseph A. Foster, attorney general (Susan P. McGinnis, senior assistant 

attorney general, on the brief and orally), for the State.

Stephanie Hausman, deputy chief appellate defender, of Concord, on the 

brief and orally, for the defendant.

DALIANIS, C.J. Following a jury trial in Superior Court (Abramson, J.), 

the defendant, Oscar Grande, was convicted of armed robbery. See RSA 636:1 

(2007). On appeal, he argues that his trial counsel was ineffective by failing to 

contest the admission of evidence concerning an uncharged robbery. We 

affirm.

The relevant facts follow. On January 9, 2013, two men, both wearing 

masks and gloves, and one carrying a knife, entered the “Bremmer Street Food 

Mart” (Food Mart), in Manchester, and demanded money from the clerk. The 
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clerk did not give the men any money, but stated that he was going to call the 

police. The two men left the store, and the clerk called 911. When the police 

arrived, the clerk showed them the surveillance footage of the robbery. The 

police conducted a canine track of the suspects, which was unsuccessful.

At the time of the robbery, the defendant was living with Lisa Velasques, 

and others, at a residence located approximately one-and-one-half blocks from 

the Food Mart. On January 9, Velasques overheard the defendant and a man, 

whom she knew as “Danny,” discussing a robbery they had committed at a 

store “off of Bremmer Street.” The two said that the defendant “went in with 

the knife and was at the counter with the clerk,” who told them that “there was 

a cop out back,” and they left without getting any money. They also discussed 

having put “their gloves and masks in the garbage cans and jump[ed] fences so 

the dogs wouldn’t follow them back to [the] house.” After hearing this 

conversation, Velasques contacted her attorney because she had a pending 

theft charge and “didn’t need any more . . . trouble.” Velasques’s attorney 

advised her to speak with the police.

A few days later, Velasques gave a statement to the police concerning

what she had heard about the Food Mart robbery. She also told the police 

that, on January 6, she overheard a separate conversation between the 

defendant and Danny concerning a robbery of the 99 Cent and Cedar Market

(99 Cent Store) in Manchester. During that robbery, Danny, acting alone, went 

into the store with a knife and demanded money from an employee, who ran 

into a back room, grabbed a shovel, and chased Danny out of the store. The 

defendant was charged with the robbery of only the Food Mart.

Before trial, the State moved in limine to introduce evidence of the 99 

Cent Store robbery, arguing that it was necessary to corroborate the 

defendant’s admissions regarding the Food Mart robbery. Specifically, it

sought to introduce Velasques’s testimony concerning what she had overheard 

about that robbery, as well as the testimony of the 99 Cent Store employee who 

was working on the night of that robbery. The trial court denied the State’s 

motion, but stated that it would revisit its ruling after opening statements. 

During opening statements, defense counsel made several statements that 

caused the trial court to reverse its ruling and allow the State to present 

evidence of the 99 Cent Store robbery. Following trial, the jury convicted the 

defendant.

After the defendant filed his direct appeal, he filed in the trial court a 

motion for new trial, alleging ineffective assistance of counsel. Although the 

defendant was appointed counsel in his direct appeal, he filed his motion for a 

new trial as a self-represented party. We stayed the direct appeal pending the 

outcome of the post-trial proceedings in the trial court. The defendant was 

subsequently appointed counsel in the post-trial proceedings. In October 

2014, the trial court denied the defendant’s motion for new trial and his 
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subsequent motion for reconsideration. The defendant did not timely appeal 

the trial court’s denial of his motion for new trial. See Sup. Ct. R. 7(1)(B).

In February 2015, the defendant filed a “motion to allow late filing of a 

notice of appeal” of the trial court’s denial of his motion for new trial. However, 

because he did not accompany the motion with the required notice of appeal,

see Sup. Ct. R. 21(6), we deferred ruling on his motion and ordered him to file 

the notice of appeal on or before March 23, 2015. Included with our order was

both the notice of discretionary appeal form and instructions on its completion. 

The defendant again failed to file a notice of appeal, and we denied his motion 

to allow late filing. See id. Afterward, the defendant filed another motion to 

allow late filing, which we interpreted as a motion for reconsideration and 

denied on May 11, 2015.

Approximately a month later, the defendant filed a motion to add an 

ineffective assistance of counsel claim to his direct appeal. We granted the 

motion subject to the State’s reservation of the right to raise any procedural, 

substantive, or preservation issues that might arise upon its review of the

record. The defendant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim is the sole issue 

presented in this appeal.

The defendant argues that his trial counsel was ineffective because he 

failed to contest the trial court’s ruling that he had opened the door to evidence 

of the 99 Cent Store robbery and failed to articulate why that evidence was 

inadmissible. The State argues that the defendant waived his ineffectiveness 

claim when he failed to appeal the trial court’s rulings in his collateral 

proceeding. The State also argues that the doctrines of collateral estoppel, res

judicata, and judicial estoppel prevent the defendant from re-litigating his 

ineffectiveness claim. Alternatively, the State argues that, even if we reach the 

merits of the defendant’s claim, it was not error for the trial court to have 

admitted evidence of the 99 Cent Store robbery.

We begin with the State’s argument that the defendant is procedurally 

barred from raising his ineffectiveness claim in this direct appeal. In his brief, 

the defendant relies solely upon State v. Thompson, 161 N.H. 507 (2011), in

support of his assertion that he may bring his ineffectiveness claim under 

these circumstances.

In Thompson, we held that in certain “extraordinary” situations, a 

defendant may raise an ineffective assistance of counsel claim in his direct 

appeal. Thompson, 161 N.H. at 527. Such a claim can be decided on direct 

appeal “where the factual basis of the claim appears indisputably on the trial 

record.” Id. (quotation omitted). Thus, we provided a defendant “with the 

choice of whether to raise an ineffectiveness claim on direct appeal or in a later 

collateral proceeding.” Id. However, “we again emphasize[d] that we strongly 
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disfavor adjudication on direct appeal,” and that “we maintain a strong 

preference for collateral review of ineffectiveness claims.” Id.

Thompson is readily distinguishable from the instant case. Thompson

involved a defendant who brought his ineffectiveness claim in his direct appeal,

without having first sought collateral review in the superior court. Id. at 509. 

Here, the defendant stayed his direct appeal, litigated his ineffectiveness claim 

in the trial court, lost, and failed to appeal the trial court’s decision. We have 

stated that a defendant may request that we stay his direct appeal in order for 

him to raise his ineffectiveness claim in the trial court before proceeding with 

the rest of his appeal. Id. at 528. However, nothing in Thompson allows a 

defendant to litigate his ineffectiveness claim in the trial court, fail to appeal 

the trial court’s ruling, and then obtain appellate review of his claim as part of 

his direct appeal.

The State contends that the defendant is precluded, under the doctrine 

of collateral estoppel, from making his ineffective assistance of counsel

argument in this appeal. The doctrine of collateral estoppel “bars a party to a 

prior action, or a person in privity with such a party, from relitigating any issue 

or fact actually litigated and determined in the prior action.” Hansa Consult of 

N. Am. v. Hansaconsult Ingenieurgesellschaft, 163 N.H. 46, 50 (2011). The 

State sets forth the test, generally applicable in civil cases, that collateral 

estoppel applies when: (1) the issue subject to estoppel is identical in each 

action; (2) the first action resolved the issue finally on the merits; (3) the party 

to be estopped appeared in the first action or was in privity with someone who 

did; (4) the party to be estopped had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the 

issue; and (5) the finding at issue was essential to the first judgment. Id. 

Because we have held that “[p]ost-conviction relief, such as a motion for a new 

trial based upon ineffective assistance of counsel, is civil in nature,” and

because the defendant does not argue otherwise, we assume without deciding

that the civil test applies. State v. Hall, 154 N.H. 180, 182 (2006) (quotation 

omitted); see Pennsylvania v. Finley, 481 U.S. 551, 557 (1987).

We first consider whether the issues the defendant raised in his motion 

for new trial are identical to those he now raises on appeal. In the trial court, 

the defendant argued that his trial counsel was ineffective because he had

failed to argue that: (1) in fact, he had not opened the door to Velasques’s 

testimony about the 99 Cent Store robbery; and (2) Velasques’s testimony 

constituted inadmissible hearsay. These issues are identical to those which 

the defendant raises on appeal. On appeal, he argues that his trial counsel 

was ineffective because, “when the trial court indicated that counsel had 

opened the door, . . . counsel appeared to have agreed that he opened the door” 

and because counsel “did not present the trial court with the basis upon which 

it could determine that the evidence was inadmissible.”
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We next consider whether these issues were resolved finally on the 

merits. The trial court held a hearing on the merits and, after the court 

rejected the defendant’s argument, the defendant failed to appeal the trial 

court’s ruling. The defendant’s failure to appeal rendered the trial court’s

decision a final judgment. See Super. Ct. Civ. R. 46(b). Therefore, we conclude 

that the first action resolved the issues on the merits.

We conclude that the third and fourth prongs of the collateral estoppel 

test are also met because the defendant was a party to the trial court action 

and is a party in this appeal, was appointed counsel, and the trial court held a 

hearing on the merits of his motion for new trial. We likewise conclude that 

the trial court’s findings on the defendant’s ineffective assistance issues were

essential to the final judgment. The court considered and rejected the 

defendant’s arguments on the merits, and, had it not done so, would have been

required to grant his request for a new trial. See Tyler v. Hannaford Bros., 161 

N.H. 242, 247 (2010). Therefore, because all of the prongs of the test are 

satisfied, we hold that the defendant is collaterally estopped from raising his 

ineffective assistance of counsel issues again in this direct appeal.

Affirmed.

CONBOY, LYNN, and BASSETT, JJ., concurred.