REVERSE and RENDER in Part and AFFIRM in Part; Opinion Filed October 20, 2014.

S

In The

Court of Appeals

Fifth District of Texas at Dallas

No. 05-13-01219-CV

GERARDO HERNANDEZ, Appellant

V.

BRANDON HERNANDEZ, Appellee

On Appeal from the 44th Judicial District Court

Dallas County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. DC-11-11698

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Before Justices O'Neill, Lang-Miers, and Brown

Opinion by Justice Brown

Brandon Hernandez sued Gerardo Hernandez for negligence after the parties were 

involved in a car accident.1

 On the day the case was set for trial, during a hearing on pretrial

motions, Gerardo’s attorney stipulated as to her client’s liability for the accident. The next day,

before jury selection, Brandon moved for sanctions under rules of civil procedure 13 and 215 

based on the allegedly late stipulation, but did not get a ruling from the court. The jury awarded 

Brandon damages in the amount of $44,591. Brandon reurged his motion for sanctions in 

writing after the verdict. The trial court rendered judgment for Brandon in accordance with the 

jury’s damage award and ordered that Brandon recover $5,000 in attorney’s fees as sanctions. 

On appeal, Gerardo contends the trial court abused its discretion in awarding sanctions 1) under 

 1 Although the parties have the same last name, they are not related.
rule 215 because Brandon waived any right to seek sanctions based on pretrial discovery by 

failing to get a ruling before trial, or 2) under rule 13 because it did not hold an evidentiary 

hearing or make particularized findings of good cause to justify the sanctions. Gerardo also 

contends the trial court erred in allowing the jury to consider an amount of future medical 

expenses greater than what had been disclosed in response to a request for disclosure and in 

allowing Brandon’s expert to remain in the courtroom during Brandon’s testimony in violation 

of “the Rule.” For reasons that follow, we reverse that portion of the trial court’s judgment 

ordering Gerardo to pay sanctions and render a take-nothing judgment on Brandon’s claim for 

sanctions. In all other respects, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

BACKGROUND

According to Brandon’s pleadings, on July 3, 2010, he was driving in the right lane of a 

road in Dallas. Gerardo was driving in the same direction in the lane to the left of him and 

attempted a right turn from that lane, crashing into Brandon’s car. Brandon filed a negligence 

suit in September 2011. Gerardo answered with a general denial and asserted affirmative 

defenses. Brandon made a request for disclosure seeking the information described in rule of 

civil procedure 194.2. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 194.2. Brandon did not seek any admission regarding 

liability.

The case was called for trial on April 16, 2013. Before jury selection, while the court 

was hearing the parties’ pretrial motions, Gerardo’s attorney stated that her client was not present 

and that she was going to stipulate as to liability. She indicated Gerardo was not there because 

he was unable to get off of work. After Brandon’s counsel indicated her surprise, the judge

raised the issue of sanctions, stating, “I don’t like that. . . . It’s sanctionable.” The court heard 

the remainder of the pretrial motions and then continued the proceedings until the following day. 

The next day, before the jury was selected, Brandon’s counsel orally moved for sanctions 

under rules 13 and 215 for the allegedly late stipulation. The court did not rule on the motion,
stating, “We’re not going to do everything just willy-nilly out of the blue without giving the 

other side an opportunity to respond to whatever motion you are going to file. So motions for

sanctions can be heard after the trial’s over if you choose to do that.” The case then proceeded to 

trial before a jury on damages. The only witnesses were Brandon and his chiropractor. The jury 

determined that Brandon’s damages were $44,591.

On April 26, 2013, eight days after trial, Brandon filed a written motion for sanctions. 

Based on Gerardo’s stipulation to liability on the day of trial, Brandon sought sanctions under 

rule 13 for groundless and false pleadings or sanctions under rule 215 for abuse of discovery. 

Brandon asked for attorney’s fees for the time spent preparing for trial on the issue of liability,

plus the cost of taking Gerardo’s deposition. On May 17, 2013, the court held a hearing on the 

motion. Brandon’s counsel argued that she had spent about ten hours preparing for trial on the 

issue of liability and asked for attorney’s fees of $5,000. The court did not make a ruling at the 

hearing, but signed a judgment that day ordering that Brandon recover damages in accordance 

with the jury’s verdict, court costs, and “attorney fees of $5,000 as sanctions.” The judgment 

does not indicate on what authority the court imposed sanctions. This appeal followed.

SANCTIONS

Gerardo raises four issues on appeal, two of which complain of the sanctions order. In 

his first issue, he contends Brandon waived the right to sanctions based on pretrial discovery by 

failing to get a ruling on his motion for sanctions prior to trial. We agree.

We review a trial court’s decision to award discovery sanctions, and other discovery 

rulings, under an abuse of discretion standard. Bodnow Corp. v. City of Hondo, 721 S.W.2d 839, 

840 (Tex. 1986); Carbonara v. Tex. Stadium Corp., 244 S.W.3d 651, 655 (Tex. App.—Dallas

2008, no pet.).

A party who is aware of possible discovery abuse is required to move for sanctions and 

obtain a ruling prior to trial. Cherry Petersen Landry Albert LLP v. Cruz, No. 05-12-01559-CV, 
2014 WL 4851066, at *8 (Tex. App.—Dallas Aug. 26, 2014, no pet. h.) (citing Remington Arms 

Co. v. Caldwell, 850 S.W.2d 167, 170 (Tex. 1993)). The failure to obtain a pretrial ruling on 

discovery disputes that exist before commencement of trial constitutes a waiver of any claim for 

sanctions based on that conduct. Remington Arms, 850 S.W.2d at 170. 

Brandon became aware of Gerardo’s stipulation of liability during a hearing on pretrial 

motions. Although he orally moved for sanctions before trial began, he did not obtain a ruling 

on his motion at that time. There was no ruling on the motion until the court issued its judgment 

a month after trial. Because Brandon knew of the alleged discovery abuse before trial began, but 

did not obtain a ruling on his motion for sanctions until after trial, he waived his right to seek 

pretrial discovery sanctions. See id.; Cherry Petersen Landry Albert, 2014 WL 4851066, at *8

(rejecting argument that court’s unilateral decision to defer determination of sanctions until after 

trial did not constitute waiver). As a result, the trial court abused its discretion in imposing 

sanctions under rule 215.2

 We sustain Gerardo’s first issue.

In his second issue, Gerardo contends the sanctions cannot be upheld under rule 13 

because the court did not enter a written order that included particularized findings of good cause 

justifying the sanction. Again, we agree. 

After notice and a hearing, rule 13 authorizes sanctions against a party who files a 

pleading that is both groundless and brought in either bad faith or harassment.3 TEX. R. CIV. P.

13. No sanctions under rule 13 may be imposed except for good cause, the particulars of which 

must be stated in the sanction order. Id. We review a trial court’s imposition of sanctions under 

rule 13 for an abuse of discretion. Cire v. Cummings, 134 S.W.3d 835, 838 (Tex. 2004); Arnold

 2 In his first issue, Gerardo asserts only that Brandon waived the right to discovery sanctions; he does not challenge the appropriateness of 

discovery sanctions in this situation. We do not wish to create the impression that Gerardo’s stipulation of liability during a pretrial hearing on 

the day the case was set for trial was discovery abuse. At no time during discovery did Brandon ask Gerardo to make any admission of liability. 

Cf. McGowen v. Lewis, No. 01-07-01095-CV, 2010 WL 1729331, at *3–4 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Apr. 29, 2010, no pet.) (mem. op.) 

(not designated for publication) (involving discovery sanctions for pretrial stipulation of liability when defendant had previously denied requests 

for admission on liability).

3 Rule 13 expressly provides that a general denial does not constitute a violation of the rule. TEX. R. CIV. P. 13.
v. Life Partners, Inc., No. 05-12-00092-CV, 2013 WL 4553379, at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas Aug. 

28, 2013, pet. filed). 

Here, regarding sanctions, the trial court’s judgment states only that it orders attorney’s 

fees of $5,000 as sanctions. The court did not make the required particularized findings of good 

cause to support sanctions under rule 13. Failure to comply with this clear directive is an abuse 

of discretion. King v. First Nat’l Bank of Baird, 161 S.W.3d 661, 663 (Tex. App.—Eastland

2005, no pet.); Tex.-Ohio Gas, Inc. v. Mecom, 28 S.W.3d 129, 135 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2000, 

no pet.). Thus, to the extent it ordered sanctions under rule 13, the trial court abused its 

discretion. 

Brandon argues that the sanctions can be upheld under the trial court’s inherent power to 

impose sanctions. A trial court has inherent power to sanction to the extent necessary to deter, 

alleviate, and counteract bad faith abuse of the judicial process, such as any significant 

interference with the court’s administration of its core functions, including hearing evidence, 

deciding issues of fact raised by the pleadings, deciding questions of law, rendering final 

judgment, and enforcing its judgments. Cherry Petersen Landry Albert, 2014 WL 7076496, at 

*9. When using its inherent power to sanction, the court must make findings, based on evidence, 

that the conduct complained of significantly interfered with the court’s legitimate exercise of its 

core functions. Union Carbide Corp. v. Martin, 349 S.W.3d 137, 147 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, 

no pet.). The court made no such findings in this case, and thus the sanction order cannot be 

upheld under the court’s inherent power to sanction. See id. at 148. We sustain Gerardo’s 

second issue.

FUTURE MEDICAL EXPENSES

In his third issue, Gerardo contends the trial court erred in allowing the jury to consider 

an amount of future medical damages greater than was previously disclosed in response to a 

request for disclosure. In response to Gerardo’s request under rule 194.2 for disclosure of the 
amount of his economic damages, Brandon stated that his future medical expenses were $6,000 

to $10,000. At trial, chiropractor Gerald Barnes, who treated Brandon after the accident,

testified about the medical treatments Brandon still needed. Without objection, Barnes testified 

that a conservative estimate of Brandon’s future medical expenses would be around $20,000. At 

the charge conference, Gerardo asked that any damages for future medical expenses be capped at 

$10,000, the maximum disclosed. The court postponed ruling on that request until after the 

jury’s verdict. After the jury awarded $15,000 for future medical expenses, Gerardo objected 

again and also moved in his motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict to cap the damages. 

The court’s judgment awarded Brandon the full amount of damages as determined by the jury. 

Gerardo argues that because Brandon did not supplement his discovery responses 

regarding future medical expenses at least thirty days before trial and did not show good cause 

for the failure to supplement, the court should have capped these damages at the amount 

disclosed.4

 Gerardo relies on the law providing for exclusion of evidence or witnesses for failure 

to timely respond to discovery. Rule of civil procedure 193.6 provides that a party who fails to 

supplement a discovery response in a timely manner may not introduce in evidence the 

information that was not timely disclosed, unless the court finds there was good cause for the 

failure to do so. TEX. R. CIV. P. 193.6(a). 

Gerardo’s remedy for Brandon’s alleged failure to supplement discovery was the 

exclusion of the evidence not disclosed. Yet Gerardo did not object to Barnes’s testimony about 

future medical expenses or ask that the jury be instructed not to consider the testimony. Gerardo 

cites no case law, and we have found none, supporting his proposition that a damage cap should 

 4 We note that Brandon asserts he was not required to supplement his response because the additional information was made known to 

Gerardo through other discovery responses, specifically his medical records from visits to Barnes indicating that “[f]uture medicals could exceed 

$5,000-$6,000 or more.” See TEX. R. CIV. P. 193.5.
be imposed. We cannot conclude the trial court abused its discretion in not capping the damages 

under these circumstances. Gerardo’s third issue is overruled.

ALLEGED VIOLATION OF THE RULE

Gerardo’s fourth issue centers on the fact that Brandon’s expert, his chiropractor Barnes, 

was present in the courtroom during Brandon’s testimony. Gerardo asserts that the court denied 

his request to invoke “the Rule” and allowed the expert to remain in the courtroom. See TEX. R.

CIV. P. 267. However, the record does not reflect that Gerardo raised this issue before the trial 

court. In his written pretrial motion in limine, Gerardo “invoke[d] The Rule.” However, the 

Rule was not invoked or mentioned at trial, and Gerardo made no objection to Barnes’s presence 

in the courtroom or to his being called as a witness. Gerardo first raised this issue in his motion 

for judgment notwithstanding the verdict. By failing to timely raise this complaint in the trial 

court, Gerardo has not preserved this issue for appeal. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a). We overrule 

his fourth issue.

In conclusion, we reverse that portion of the trial court’s judgment awarding sanctions 

and render judgment that Brandon take nothing on his claim for sanctions. In all other respects,
we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

131219F.P05

/Ada Brown/

ADA BROWN

JUSTICE
Court of Appeals

S

Fifth District of Texas at Dallas

JUDGMENT

GERARDO HERNANDEZ, Appellant

No. 05-13-01219-CV V.

BRANDON HERNANDEZ, Appellee

On Appeal from the 44th Judicial District 

Court, Dallas County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. DC-11-11698.

Opinion delivered by Justice Brown. Justices 

O'Neill and Lang-Miers participating.

In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is 

AFFIRMED in part and REVERSED in part. We REVERSE that portion of the trial court's 

judgment ordering that Brandon Hernandez recover from Gerardo Hernandez attorney's fees of 

$5,000 as sanctions. We RENDER judgment that Brandon Hernandez take nothing on his claim 

for sanctions. In all other respects, the trial court's judgment is AFFIRMED. 

It is ORDERED that each party bear his own costs of this appeal.

Judgment entered this 20th day of October, 2014.