IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

NO. 2002-CA-00870-SCT

RHONDA MASSEY

v.

ROSS TINGLE d/b/a COLUMBUS SPEEDWAY AND

JOHN DOES 1-5

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 4/30/2002

TRIAL JUDGE: HON. LEE J. HOWARD

COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: LOWNDES COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: JOHN W. BOLING

CHRISTOPHER MICHAEL FALGOUT

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEES: PATRICK H. ZACHARY

NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - PERSONAL INJURY

DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED- 03/04/2004

MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:

MANDATE ISSUED:

SMITH, P.J., WALLER, P.J., AND CARLSON, J.

SMITH, PRESIDING JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1. Rhonda Massey appeals to this Court from a Lowndes County Circuit Court order granting Ross

Tingle’s motion for summary judgment. The trial court relied on a broad waiver of liability giving notice to

the plaintiff and other persons entering the pit area of a race track that a racing event is dangerous and may

involve risk of injury or death. The trial court also held that such danger is open and obvious. Finally, the

trial court held in the alternative that Massey’s injuries were not proximately caused by any alleged breach

of duty by the Tingle. 

FACTS
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¶2. The plaintiff, Rhonda Massey (“Massey”), attended a racing event at a dirt track leased by the

defendant, Ross Tingle doing business as Columbus Speedway (“Tingle”). Massey paid an additional fee

to be admitted to the pit area. She also signed a “Release and Waiver of Liability, Assumption of Risk and

Indemnity Agreement” (“Waiver”) prior to entry. One clause of the Waiver stated the undersigned

“HEREBY acknowledges THE ACTIVITIES OF THE EVENT(S) ARE VERY DANGEROUS and

involve risk of serious injury and/or death and/or property damage.” (Emphasis in original).

¶3. While at the Columbus Motor Speedway, Massey agreed to help a friend time a race car. Massey

used a stop watch to time the cars, but wanted to see the speedway’s time clock so that she could compare

her times to the official times. Massey left the pit area in order to see the official clock. The pit area was

enclosed by a chain-link fence. There was an open area between the chain-link fence and the track

guardrail. She was timing the cars in the area between the chain-link fence and the guardrail when she was

injured. There were no designated areas at the speedway for timing cars, but Massey testified she thought

that she could have seen the official time clock from the grandstands. She was fully aware the cars were

traveling around the track at speeds of up to one hundred miles per hour. Moreover, she stated that one

could see the track from the grandstands.

¶4. An out-of-control race car struck the guardrail. The guardrail struck Massey, and she suffered

serious injuries. The car did not, however, enter the fenced-in pit area. Massey contends that Tingle was

negligent in the following respects: failing to construct the guardrail of a material strong enough to sustain

the weight placed upon it; failing to furnish her with a safe place to view the race; allowing her to be in an

unreasonably dangerous area; and failing to warn her that the area of the premises where she was injured

was unreasonably dangerous.
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¶5. Massey has been attending racing events for more than fifteen years. She has seen over one

hundred races and has been admitted to the pit area between eighty-five and ninety times. It appears that

each time Massey was admitted to the pit area, she was required to sign “something.” Massey denies ever

reading this waiver specifically or any prior release in the sixteen years she has been attending races. The

trial court found there was no genuine issue of any material fact, and, therefore, granted summary judgment

to Tingle. Massey raises the following issues on appeal:

I. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GRANTING

SUMMARY JUDGMENT IN FAVOR OF TINGLE.

II. WHETHER THE LANGUAGE USED IN THE WAIVER IS

AGAINST PUBLIC POLICY.

III. WHETHER TINGLE HAD A DUTY TO WARN MASSEY OF AN

ALLEGEDLY UNREASONABLY DANGEROUS CONDITION.

IV. WHETHER THE DOCTRINE OF ASSUMPTION OF RISK BARS

MASSEY’S CLAIMS.

V. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FINDING MASSEY’S

DAMAGES WERE NOT PROXIMATELY CAUSED BY A BREACH

OF ANY DUTY TINGLE OWED MASSEY.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶6. This Court’s standard of review regarding motions for summary judgment is well established. We

review summary judgments de novo. Hardy v. Brock, 826 So. 2d 71, 74 (Miss. 2002) (citing Heirs

and Wrongful Death Beneficiaries of Branning ex rel. Tucker v. Hinds Cmty. Coll. Dist.,

743 So. 2d 311, 314 (Miss. 1999)). The facts are viewed in light most favorable to the nonmoving party.

Id.(citing Robinson v. Singing River Hosp. Sys., 732 So. 2d 204, 207 (Miss. 1999)). The existence

of a genuine issue of material fact will preclude summary judgment. Id. The non-moving party may not

rest upon allegations or denials in the pleadings but must set forth specific facts showing that there are
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genuine issues for trial. Id.(citing Richmond v. Benchmark Constr. Corp., 692 So. 2d 60, 61 (Miss.

1997)). 

DISCUSSION

I. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GRANTING

SUMMARY JUDGMENT IN FAVOR OF TINGLE.

¶7. This Court begins its review of the trial court’s grant of summary judgment keeping in mind that

“[t]he presence of fact issues does not per se entitle a party to avoid summary judgment. The court must

be convinced that the factual issue is a material one, one that matters in an outcome determinative sense.”

Hudson v. Courtesy Motors, Inc., 794 So. 2d 999, 1002 (Miss. 2001) (citing Simmons v.

Thompson Mach. of Miss., Inc., 631 So. 2d 798, 801 (Miss. 1994)). 

¶8. First, Massey’s complaint alleges that Tingle constructed and maintained the guardrails in a

defective and dangerous manner and condition. The complaint also contends that Tingle failed to construct

the guardrails of a material strong enough to sustain the weight placed upon them. However, the record

does not contain any evidence regarding the construction or maintenance of the guardrails. Likewise, there

is no evidence of Tingle’s alleged failure to construct the guardrails of material strong enough to sustain the

weight placed upon them. 

¶9. M.R.C.P. 56(e) states: 

When a motion for summary judgment is made and supported as provided in this rule, an

adverse party may not rest upon the mere allegations or denials of his pleadings, but his

response, by affidavits or as otherwise provided in this rule, must set forth specific facts

showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. If he does not so respond, summary

judgment, if appropriate, shall be entered against him.

See also Boyles v. Schlumberger Tech. Corp., 832 So.2d 503, 507 (Miss. 2002); Hartford Cas.

Ins. Co. v. Halliburton Co., 826 So.2d 1206, 1215 (Miss. 2001). Massey simply failed to come
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forward with any concrete evidence to support her first two allegations. She clearly did not “set forth

specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial” and, therefore, “rest[ed] upon the mere

allegations...of h[er] pleadings” with respect to these contentions. The bare statements regarding the

guardrail in her complaint and response to Tingle’s motion for summary judgment are insufficient, standing

alone, to insulate Massey from a summary judgment. 

¶10. The complaint next alleges that Tingle failed to provide Massey a safe place to watch the race.

However, viewing the facts in the light most favorable to Massey, it is apparent to us that there is no issue

of material fact regarding this contention. Massey admitted that she was not instructed to watch the race

from the area between the chain-link fence and the guardrail. In fact, she could have watched the race from

the pit area or the grandstands. Massey admitted that the official clock was probably visible from the

grandstands. Further, her act of timing the cars was for her own benefit and was not directed in any way

by the race track or its staff. 

¶11. Massey’s complaint alleges that Tingle negligently allowed her to be in an area that was

unreasonably dangerous. The complaint also asserts that Tingle negligently failed to warn her that the

particular area of the premises where she was injured was unreasonably dangerous. This allegation is

identical to Massey’s third assignment of error; therefore, Massey’s third issue will be treated here as a

sub-part of the summary judgment issue. 

¶12. The analysis of a premises liability case proceeds according to three steps. Titus v. Williams,

844 So.2d 459, 467 (Miss. 2003). First, it is necessary to determine whether the injured person is an

invitee, licensee, or trespasser. Next, the duty owed to the injured person must be determined. The final

step is the determination of whether the landowner breached that duty. Id. 
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¶13. In order to create invitee status, there must be a mutually advantageous interaction between the

landowner and invitee. Corley v. Evans, 835 So. 2d 30, 37 (Miss. 2003). A landowner “is not an

insurer of the invitee’s safety, but does owe to an invitee the duty ‘to keep the premises reasonably safe,

and when not reasonably safe, to warn only where there is hidden danger or peril that is

not in plain and open view.’”Id.(emphasis added) (quoting Caruso v. Picayune Pizza Hut, Inc.,

598 So. 2d 770, 773 (Miss. 1992)). 

¶14. Where a person enters the property in question for his or her “own convenience, pleasure or benefit

pursuant to the license or implied permission of the owner,” he or she is a licensee. Titus, 844 So.2d at

467. We have characterized trespassers as follows:

A trespasser is a person who enters on the property of another without any right, lawful

authority, or express or implied invitation, permission, or license, not in the performance

of any duty to the owner or person in charge or on any business of such person, but merely

for his own purposes, pleasure, or convenience, or out of curiosity, and without any

enticement, allurement, inducement, or express or implied assurance of safety from the

owner or person in charge. 

Id.(citingWhite v. Miss. Power & Light Co., 196 So.2d 343, 349 (Miss. 1967)). Landowners owe

licensees and trespassers the same duty, specifically, to refrain from willfully or wantonly injuring them.

Titus, 844 So.2d at 467. 

¶15. Regardless of whether Massey is characterized as an invitee, licensee, or trespasser at the time

she was injured after leaving the fenced-in area, we find that there is no material fact issue as to whether

Tingle made the premises reasonably safe. Clearly, the fenced-in pit area was reasonably safe, as

evidenced by the fact that the out-of-control car which struck the guardrail did not enter the pit area.

Moreover, when he took control of the race track, Tingle had repairs done on some of the track guardrails.

Further, he installed guardrails in the portion of the track where the accident occurred. Tingle testified that
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the metal guardrails and supporting posts were a type approved by the State. Moreover, the pit area was

enclosed by a chain-link fence. 

¶16. Nor is there any genuine issue of material fact regarding whether Tingle failed to warn Massey that

the particular area of the premises where she was injured was very dangerous. First, we find that the

speeding cars were in plain and open view. The risk of injury increased when Massey left the fenced-in

pit area to time the cars. This increased risk of injury was likewise not a hidden peril, especially since

Massey had attended race events for over sixteen years prior to her accident. It is certainly obvious to any

person, particularly an experienced race goer like Massey, that a spectator who moves closer to speeding

race cars with less protection is subjected to more risk of injury than to one who is further away from the

cars with more protection. Massey admitted that she knew the rate of speed at which the cars traveled

around the track. She also knew the reason there was a guardrail between the track itself and the

designated spectator areas was to prevent cars from leaving the track. Because Massey was in more

danger after leaving the fenced-in area, and this danger was not hidden, but open and obvious, we find that

Tingle had no duty to warn even if he failed to make the premises reasonably safe. 

¶17. Moreover, “[i]n Mississippi, a person is charged with knowing the contents of any document

that he executes.” Russell v. Performance Toyota, Inc., 826 So.2d 719, 726 (Miss. 2002) (citing

J.R. Watkins Co. v. Runnels, 252 Miss. 87, 96, 172 So.2d 567, 571 (1965)) (emphasis added). See

also Dunn v. Dunn, 786 So.2d 1045, 1050 (Miss. 2001) (“a person cannot avoid a written contract

which he entered into on the ground that he did not read it or have it read to him”); Turner v. Terry, 799

So.2d 25, 36 (Miss. 2001) (“parties to an arms-length transaction are charged with a duty to read what

they sign; failure to do so constitutes negligence”). The warning clause is not printed in fine print - rather,

it was printed in bold typeface which could easily be seen, even at a glance. Although Massey admitted
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that she did not read the document, there is no evidence that she was prevented from reading it had she

chosen to do so. In fact, Massey admitted to receiving this document and signing it. She also admitted that

on previous occasions she had received other similar documents at racing events and signed them without

reading the documents. The document she received at the Columbus Speedway clearly stated that the race

activities were dangerous and involved serious risk of injury. Therefore, even if Tingle had the duty to warn

Massey, we find that the document Massey executed gave sufficient warnings of the possible danger

presented by the race, and she is charged with knowledge of those warnings. 

¶18. Accordingly, we find that none of the contentions in this issue has merit. Because our holding as

to summary judgment is dispositive of this appeal, we need not consider Issues II, IV, and V. 

CONCLUSION

¶19. For the foregoing reasons, we find that the trial judge did not err in granting summary judgment.

Therefore, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

¶20. AFFIRMED.

PITTMAN, C.J., WALLER, P.J., COBB, CARLSON AND DICKINSON, JJ.,

CONCUR. GRAVES, J., DISSENTS WITHOUT SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION. DIAZ

AND EASLEY, JJ., NOT PARTICIPATING.