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,^^v United States

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Agriculture

Economic

Research

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Rural

Development

Research Report

Number 73

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Patterns of

Change in the

Rural Economy,

1969-86

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Patterns of Change in the Rural Economy, 1969-86. By T.

Alexander Majchrowicz. Agriculture and Rural Economy Division,

Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Rural

Development Research Report No. 73.

Abstract

Rural employment and earnings have grown unevenly since 1969,

following the general ups and downs of the U.S. economy.

Nonmetro employment and earnings growth was strongest in the

early 1970»s, increasing at faster rates than in metro counties.

But more recently, nonmetro counties have underperformed metro

counties, declining more in the two recessions during 1979-82 and

expanding less in the recovery that followed. Nonmetro growth

was strongest in the West and weakest in the Midwest. Nonmetro

counties that have attracted retirees have had more employment

and earnings growth, both in service- and goods-producing

industries, than those counties dependent on other economic

bases.

Keywords: Nonmetro county, metro county, adjacent and

nonadjacent nonmetro counties, employment, unemployment,

earnings, recession, recovery.

Acknowledgments

This report is based on data compiled by Glenn Immer, ERS Data

Services Center. Martha Frederick developed the appendix tables,

and Tonya Sullivan prepared the manuscript for publication.

Washington, DC 20005-4788 December 1989
Contents

Summary........................................^............ iii

Glossary.....*........•.v.................................... xv

Introduction. ..Vi

Nonmetro Growth Differs From Metro Growth.................../. 3

Comparisons of Nonmetro to Metro Growth by Industry..*... 3

Regional Comparisons of Nonmetro to Metro Growth^^^ ...... ^6

Growth Varies Within Nonmetro Counties........................7

Differences in Nonmetro Counties Grouped hy

Location to Metro Areas.^.... .........................,9

Changes in Nonmetro Counties Classified JDy^

Economic Base................^............. ...........11

Appendix Tables^............................................. 14

11
Summary

Rural areas experienced fairly rapid growth in employment and

earnings per worker during the early 1970's but, after declining

in the two recessions during 1979-82, expanded slower in the mid1980 's. The annual growth rate in nonmetro employment and

earnings per worker peaked in 1973. During the recent recovery,

nonmetro employment increased moderately each year, but earnings

per worker rose only in 1984 and 1986.

Compared with metro counties, emploYment and earnings in nonmetro

counties grew faster through the mid-1970's but more recently

have not performed as well. Each year during the 1979-82

recessions, nonmetro employment and eamings fell 0.5 percent and

3.5 percent, while metro employment grew 0.5 percent and earnings

dropped 0.9 percent. Employment and earnings in nonmetro

counties improved only half as fast as in metro counties during

the 1982-86 recovery.

The nonmetro unemployment rate has exceeded the metro rate since

1978. The margin between the nonmetro and metro unemployment

rates widened to 2.6 percentage points in 1986 before improving

slightly in 1987.

Changes in nonmetro counties varied based on their regional

location, urban population, ties to metro areas, and economic

activities. Regional growth in nonmetro employment was above the

overall nonmetro average in the West and below average in the

Midwest during 1969-86. In most regions during 1982-86, nonmetro

counties adjacent to metro counties had significantly higher

rates of employment growth than did nonadjacent counties. These

differences were largest in the West and Midwest. Employment in

the Northeast region's nonadjacent nonmetro counties grew faster

than employment in its adjacent nonmetro counties.

Employment and earnings grew faster in nonmetro counties that

have attracted retirees, particularly in industries that provide

services to the elderly, than in counties dependent on other

economic activities. Counties attracting retirees also had

strong growth in goods-producing industries, with much of the

gain tied to increased construction.

• • •

111
Glossary

Earnings. The sum of wages and salaries^ other Labor income, and

proprietor's income.

Real earnings—The value of past earnings adjusted to the

current year. In this report^ earnings are expressed in 1986

dollars by using the implicit price deflator for personal

consumption expenditures.

Earnings per worker—Total earnings in an industry divided by

the total number of employees in that industry.

Industries. Business activities classified by 1-digit Standard

Industrial Codes.

Goods-produeing industries—Farming; mining; construction;

manufacturing; and the combined category of agricultural

services, forestry, fishing, and other industries.

Service-producing industries—Transportation and public

utilities ; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and

real estate; services^ and Federal, State, and local government

enterprises.

Metro. Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA's) defined as of June

1986 by the Ü.S. Office of Management and Budget. Includes core

counties containing a city of 50,000 or more people, or

containing several smaller cities totaling 50,000 or more people

and a total area population of at least 100,000. Additional

contiguous counties are included in the MSA if they are

economically and socially integrated with the core county.

Noimetro. Areas that are not in MSA's.

Urbani zed adj acent counties—-Nonmetro counties with urban

populations of at least 20,000 and adjacent to an MSA. An

urban place is defined as any place with a population of 2,500

or more. Adjacency is defined as both touching an MSA at more

than one point and having at least 2 percent of its labor force

commuting into the central county of the MSA for work.

Urbanized nonadjiacentcounties-—Nonmetro counties with urban

populations of at least 20,000 and not adjacent to an MSA.

Less urbanized adjacent counties—Nonmetro counties with urban

populations of 2,500-19,999 and adjacent to an MSA.

Less urbanized nonadjacent counties—Nonmetro counties with

urban populations of 2,500-19,999 and not adjacent to an MSA.

Totally rural adjacent counties—Nonmetro counties with less

than 2,500 urban residents and adjacent to an MSA.

Totally rural nonadjacent counties—Nonmetro counties with less

than 2,500 urban residents and not adjacent to an MSA.

XV
Farming-dependent or agricultural counties—^Nonmetro counties

in which farming contributed a weighted annual average of 20

percent or more of the total labor and proprietor income over

the 5-year period 1975-79.

Manufacturing-dependent counties—Nonmetro counties in which

manufacturing contributed 30 percent or more of total labor and

proprietor income in 1979.

Mining-dependent counties—Nonmetro counties in which mining

contributed 20 percent or more of the total labor and

proprietor income in 1979.

Federal land counties—Nonmetro counties in which the Federal

Government owned 33 percent or more of the land in 1977.

Specialized government counties—Nonmetro counties in which

government activities contributed 25 percent or more of the

total labor and proprietor income in 1979.

Persistent poverty counties—Nonmetro counties in which per

capita family income was in the lowest quintile in 1950, 1959,

1969, and 1979.

Destination retirement counties«^-Nonmetro counties in which net

immigration rates of people aged 60 and older for 1970-80 were

15 percent or more of the expected 1980 population aged 60 and

over.

Other counties—Nonmetro counties that do not fit into any of

the above categories.

Regions. Geographic areas defined by the U.S. Bureau of the

Census.

Northeast—Connecticut, District of Columbia, Maine,

Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York,

Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont.

Midwest—Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota,

Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and

Wisconsin.

South--Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky,

Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma,

South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia.

West—Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho,

Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and

Wyoming.
Patterns of Change in the

Rural Economy, 1969-86

T. Alexander Majchrowicz*

Introduction

Rural employment and earnings have grown unevenly since 1969,

following the general ups and downs of the U.S. economy. The

rural economy was strongest during 1969-73. By 1973, the annual

employment growth rate had peaked near 4 percent, and growth in

earnings per worker had surpassed 7 percent (figs. 1 and 2).

The rural economy's performance has since been less robust and

more erratic. During the 1974-75 economic downturn, employment

growth first slowed and then sharply declined. Earnings per

worker also fell precipitously, especially in goods-producing

industries. The rural economy improved again during 1976-79,

when employment grew modestly and earnings per worker increased

slightly. However, back-to-back recessions in 1980 and 1981-82

arrested rural growth, and employment and earnings per worker

suffered their worst declines of the period. Conditions improved

during the current recovery that began after 1982, when the rural

economy showed moderate growth in employment and some gains in

earnings per worker.

These overall growth trends in rural America mask considerable

performance variation between nonmetro and metro counties or

among nonmetro counties differing by region, proximity to

metropolitan areas, or industrial mix. This report sheds new

light on recent economic trends in rural areas by analyzing

changes in county data on labor force, employment, unemployment,

and income from the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), U.S.

Department of Commerce, and the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS),

U.S. Department of Labor. This report expands on information

about the performance differences of nonmetro areas provided in

Employment and Earnings in Nonmetro Industry, 1979-86.^ The

earlier report was based on preliminary regional estimates of

employment and earnings for metro and nonmetro portions of States

*T. Alexander Majchrowicz is an agricultural economist with

the Agriculture and Rural Economy Division, Economic Research

Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

^ Majchrowicz, T. Alexander, and Linda M. Ghelfi.

Employment and Earnings in Nonmetro Industry, 1979-86. AIB-552.

U.S. Dept. Agr., Econ. Res. Serv., Nov. 1988.
Figure 1

Annual change In nonmatro employment^

Percent

2 -

I

I

ii

M

1

I%

À\\ [

%%

m

I

tP7^ I

I

II i

!

-1 -

I

_L -2

1970

1/ Chang« from pmvlou« year.

J I L J L J L I I I I L

74 78 82 86

Figures

Annual change In nonmetro earnings per worker^'

Percent

8

6

4 Immm ^m I -^3" I « r^*

-2

-4

I

1

-8 J I I J I I I I I I II

1970 74 78 82 86

V Earnings expretsed In 1066 doMars.

2/ flange from previous year.
and provided a general view of the conditions and trends in rural

America.

The employment and earnings estimates in this analysis are based

on BEA county data for 1969-86, the latest period for which

county-level employment and earnings data by industry were

available. Such county-level data permit comparisons of

employment and earnings changes between nonmetro and metro areas

and among nonmetro areas with different economic and demographic

bases and linkages to metro areas. The BEA data also enable us

to look at these changes by major industries. Appendix tables 1-

24 detail data for metro and nonmetro portions of regions, groups

of metro and nonmetro counties, and types of nonmetro counties

defined by principal economic base.

Nonmetro Growth Differs From Metro Growth

Nationally, nonmetro counties grew faster than metro counties in

the early 1970's but have since fallen behind. Nonmetro counties

suffered more in the two recessions during 1979-82, and benefited

less from the 1982-86 recovery, than did metro counties (table

1) .

Comparisons of Nonmetro to Metro Growth by Industry

The rapid nonmetro growth in the 1970's was partly attributable

to national manufacturing firms that opened branch plants in

rural communities and also to booming construction activities.

During 1969-79, construction employment in nonmetro counties

increased 4 percent per year, and manufacturing employment rose

1.7 percent annually. These gains exceeded metro employment

increases of 2.5 percent in construction and 0.2 percent in

manufacturing (app. tables 6 and 7).

Economic activity was depressed much more severely in nonmetro

than in metro counties during the 1979-82 recessions. The faster

decline in nonmetro employment and earnings growth was widespread

Table 1—Nonmetro and metro employment and earnings growth

Average annual change

Item 1969-79 1979-82 1982-86

Percent

Nonmetro:

Employment 2.2 -0.5 1.8

Real earnings 1/ 3.4 -3.5 2.5

Metro:

Employment 2.2 .5 3.2

Real earnings 1/2.7 -.9 4.4

1/ Earnings expressed in 1986 dollars.
among both goods- and service-produGing industries (table 2).

Rural manufacturing was hurt by increased international

competition, caused partly by rising U.Sy dollar values against

foreign currencies from 197 9 through the mid-198 0 » s. The

stronger dollar decreased import costs and increased U.S. export

prices, which reduced demand for U.S. manufactured goods.

Consequently, growth slowed in rural manufacturing industries

producing goods that compete with imports.

Other rural industries, particularly those based on natural

resources, experienced similar setbacks. Agriculture, which

prospered in the early 1970"s, suffered substantially in the

early 1980's, due to declines in exports, income, and farmland

values. Employment and earnings in mining surged in the late

1970"s, as high world energy prices increased domestic production

and exploration. Mining plummeted after 1981, as increased

international energy supplies and stable demand sharply deGreased

energy prices and prices for some metals declined. Earnings per

worker in nonmetro goods-producxng industries peaked at 81.2

percent of average earnings for metro goods produGers in 1973,

then dropped to 74.1 percent in 1979. By 1982, these earnings

had fallen to 67.6 perGent of the average earnings for metro

goods producers (fig. 3).

Nonmetro service-producing industries, which contributed to much

of the nonmetro employment growth in the early and mid-1970*s,

began to expand more slowly than metro service-producing

industries after 1978. The nonmetro share of U.S. employment in

service-producing industries, which remained constant at about

18.5 percent during 1969-78, had fallen to 18 percent by the end

of 1982 (fig. 4). Earnings per worker in nonmetro serviceproducing industries also declined compared with metro earnings

because of the types of jobs created. The nonmetro jobs created

typically have required less skills and have paid lower wages

than jobs in metro service-producing industries.

The recent economic recovery benefited nonmetro counties less

than metro counties. Nonmetro employment and earnings growth in

Table 2—Employment and earnings in nonmetro and metro

industries, 1979-82

Average annual chancre

Ëmolovmént Real earn

Nonmetro

inas 1/

Industry Nonmetro Metro Metro

Percent

Goods-producing -2.8 -2.7 -6.4 -3.4

Fanning and mining -.8 2.9 -8.5 1.8

Construction -3.5 -3.2 -7.4 -5.5

Manufacturing -4.2 -3.4 -4.9 -3.3

Service-producing .9 1.6 --1.1 ,4

1/ Earnings expressed in 1986 dollars.
Figure 3

Nonmetro earnings per worker as a percentage of metro earnings per worker

Percent

85

75

65

65 J L

Service-producing industries

J -L J , L J_ L

1969 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 B7

Figure 4

Nonmetro percentage of total goods- and service-producing employment

Percentage service-producing empioyment

22

Percentage goods-producing employment

30

21

20

19

18

17 J L

1969 71

Goods-producing Industries

Service-producing industries

I 1 I 1 L J I I Î

73 75 77 79 81 83 85

29

28

27

26

25

87
both goods- and service-producing industries lagged their metro

counterparts (table 3). Among goods-producing industries, only

manufacturing improved more rapidly in nonmetro than in metro

counties, partly aided by a lower U.S. dollar value against

foreign currencies. The importance of nonmetro service-producing

industries continued to decline relative to metro serviceproducing industries. The nonmetro share of total serviceproducing employment slipped from 18 percent in 1982 to 17.4

percent in 1986, possibly because nonmetro counties lack the

businesses to support the same growth in service-sector jobs as

in metro counties (fig. 4). As a result of both the relative

deficiency in nonmetro service-producing industries and the

typically lower wage jobs created, nonmetro earnings per worker

in service-producing industries fell from 78.8 percent of the

metro average in 1979 to 76.9 percent in 1982, and to 73.8

percent in 1986 (fig. 3).

Sluggish employment growth in rural areas after the mid-1970's

caused the nonmetro unemployment rate to exceed the metro rate

during 1978-87 (app. table 24). The nonmetro unemployment rate,

more than 0.5 percentage point lower than the metro rate in 1976,

had risen to about 2 percentage points higher than the metro rate

by 1982-83 (fig. 5). As U.S. economic activity began to pick up

after 1983, the nonmetro unemployment rate dropped, but the

decline in nonmetro counties was smaller and less persistent than

in metro counties. The difference between the nonmetro and metro

rates widened to 2.6 percentage points in 1986 before narrowing

slightly in 1987. However, in 1987, the nonmetro unemployment

rate was still 1.8 percentage points higher than it was in 1979,

while the metro unemployment rate had returned to its 1979 level.

Regional Comparisons of Nonmetro to Metro Growth

Differences in economic performance between nonmetro and metro

counties were more pronounced among regions than for the Nation

as a whole. Nonmetro counties in all regions except the South

Table 3—Industry recovery in nonmetro and metro areas, 1982-86

Industry

Average annual change

Employment Real earnings 1/

Nonmetro Metro Nonmetro Metro

Percent

Goods-producing

Farming and mining

Construction

Manufacturing

Service-producing

0.3

-2.1

3.0

1.4

2.7

1.3

.1

6.4

3.8

1.6

-.3

2.4

2.4

3.2

2.4

-.4

6.3

1.6

5.3

— = None or negligible.

1/ Earnings expressed in 1986 dollars.
Figure 5

Nonmetro and metro unemployment rates, 1976-87

Percent

11.6

10.5

9.5

8.5

7.5

6.5

5.6

Nonmetro /

Metro

•■■■■■■• " • Mt*.,,,,,

1976

had more rapid employment and earnings growth than did metro

counties during 1969-79 (app. tables 3 and 12). The difference

between nonmetro and metro employment growth rates was largest in

the Northeast, at 0.8 percent, and nonmetro earnings growth most

exceeded metro earnings growth in the West, by 1 percent.

During the 1979-82 recessions, nonmetro counties generally fared

worse than metro counties in all regions, with the largest

nonmetro disadvantage appearing in the South (fig. 6). While the

South's metro employment increased 2 percent annually and

earnings rose 1.2 percent per year, nonmetro employment and

earnings fell 0.1 and 2.1 percent each year. Metro counties in

all regions continued to outperform nonmetro counties during the

1982-86 economic recovery, with the largest metro advantage in

employment and earnings growth rates occurring in the South and

West (fig. 7).

Growth Varies Within Nonmetro Counties

Just as nonmetro counties performed differently than did metro

counties, some nonmetro counties did better than others. In this

section, employment data are analyzed to first describe national

variation^ among groups of nonmetro counties classified by their

urban population and their adjacency or nonadjacency to metro

areas (see glossary). The analysis of employment change among

county groups is then expanded to regions. Next, regional

employment change among types of nonmetro counties based on their
Figure 6

Regional employment and earnings changée^ t979-^82

Employment

Nonmetro ^^p

Earnings^

Unitetl States

Northeast

Midwest

Soutii

AAfest

Percent

1/ Earpinçp Chang« expressed as compound average annual rate In^ 1986 xiollars.

Figure 7

Regional employment and earnings changee» 1982-86

Employment

Nonmetro

Metro United States

Earnings^

Mortheast

Midwest

South

West

Percent

1/ Earnings change expiessed as coropound average annual rate in 1986 doBare.

8
principal economic base or major population characteristic is

determined. Analysis is provided for three periods; 1969-79, the

1979-82 recessions, and the 1982-86 recovery.

Differences in Noimetro Counties Grouped by Location to

Metro Areas

Nationally, employment in nonmetro counties with different-sized

urban populations and different orientations to metro areas grew

or declined at similar rates during 1969-79 and 1979-82 (table

4). But during 1982-86, clear differences in economic

performance emerged between county groups, with adjacent counties

growing faster than nonadjacent counties. Totally rural

nonadjacent counties grew the slowest during 1969-79 and again in

1982-86. Totally rural adjacent counties declined the least

during the recessions. Employment growth for all county groups

during all periods was much stronger in seryice-producing

industries than in goods-producing industries. The strength of

the service sector was most evident during the recessions, when

nonmetro employment rose 0.9 percent per year in serviceproducing industries but declined 2.8 percent in goods-producing

industries.

Regional analysis shows that during 1969-86, nonmetro counties

adjacent to metro areas generally grew faster and recovered from

recessions better than nonadjacent nonmetro counties.

1969-79. Early employment growth rates were higher than

subsequent increases during 1982-86 in most nonmetro counties in

the Midwest, South, and West (table 5). Nationai estimates

revealed a clear difference between adjacent and nonadjacent

counties only in 1982-86, but regional analysis shows that during

1969-79, employment in nonmetro counties adjacent to metro areas

generally grew faster than in nonadjacent counties in all regions

Table 4--Employiaent changes in nonmetro goods- and service-producing

industries, by county group

Average annual chemae

Total

County group

GoodsproducingServiceproduGinq

1969 1979 1982 1969 1979 1982 1969 1979 1982

-79 -82 -86 -79 -82 -86 -79 -82 >-B6

Percent

All nonmetro

Urbanized adjacent

Urbanized nonadjacent

Less urbanized adjacent

Less urbanized nonadjacent

Totally rural adjacent

Totally rural nonadjacent

2.2 -0.5 1.8 1.4 -2.8 0.3 2.7 0.9 2 .7

2.1 -.6 2.4 1.0 -3.6 .9 2.8 1.1 3\2

2.5 -.5 1.8 1.7 -3.6 .2 2.9 .9 2.4

2.1 -.6 1.9 1.6 -2.7 .5 2.6 .9 2.9

2.2 -. 5 1.5 1.5 -2.5 ^- 2.8 .9 2.3

2.2 -.1 1.8 1.7 -2*3 .3 2.7 1.7 3.0

1.8 -.4 1.3 1.1 -1.7 -.1 2.5 .7 2.4

~ = None or negligible.
except the Midwest. Counties in the faster growing West

experienced the highest average annual increases, with adjacent

and nonadjacent urbanized counties growing the quickest at more

than 4 percent per year. Expansion was slowest in the nonmetro

Northeast, but its totally rural counties performed well.

197&-82. The Midwest suffered the most during the recessions

(table 5). Employment in midwestern nonmetro counties adjacent

to metro areas fell more quickly than employment in nonadjacent

counties, with the fastest decline occurring in the more

urbanized nonmetro counties. In the South, employment in

nonadjacent counties declined, while employment in adjacent

Table 5—Employment change in groups of nonmetro counties,

by region, 1969-86

Region and county type

Average annual change

1969-79 1979-82 1982-86

Percent

1.6 -0.1 2.7

1.5 -.1 2.8

1.2 -.3 3.9

1.8 -.3 2.0

1.7 -.2 2.6

2.7 .6 4.2

2.5 .7 4.6

1.8 -1.5 1.5

1.5 -2.5 1.7

1.8 -1.2 1.2

1.8 -1.6 1.9

2.1 -1.1 1.4

1.8 -1.4 1.8

1.3 -1.1 .8

2.2 -. 1 1.7

2.3 .5 2.3

2.1 -.3 2.0

2.3 .— 1.7

2.1 -.4 1.4

2.3 .1 1.3

1.8 -.6 1.7

3;9 ^ .4 - 2.2

4.3 V ^.2 3i6

4.1 -.2 1.^

3.9 .7 3.7

3.6 .7 1.2

2.9 2.6 3.1

4.1 2.2 1.4

Northeast

Urbanized adjacent

Urbanized nonadjacent

Less urbanized adjacent

Less urbanized nonadjacent

Totally rural adjacent

Totally rural nonadjacent

Midwest

Urbanized adjacent

Urbanized nonadjacent

Less urbanized adjacent

Less urbanized nonadjacent

Totally rural adjacent

Totally rural nonadjacent

South

Urbanized adjacent

Urbanized nonadjacent

Less urbanized adjacent

Less urbanized nonadjacent

Totally rural adjacent

Totally rural nonadjacent

West

Urbanized adjacent

Urbanized nonadjacent

Leso urbanized adjacent

Less urbani zed nonadjacent

Totally rural adjacent

Totally rural nonadjacent

-- = None or negligible.

10
counties was stable or slightly higher. Totally rural counties

in the West and Northeast outperformed other counties in their

region.

1982-86. Noninetro adjacent counties in the West grew at a rate

two to three times faster than nonadjacentnonmetro counties, a

performance partly tied to spillover from the strong 3.9 percent

average annual growth in the metro West (table 5 and app. table

3). The recovery in the Midwest was also better in adjacent than

nonadjacent counties. The slowest rate of increase among county

groups in all regions was in the Midwest's totally rural

nonadjacent counties, which grew less than 1 percent per year.

Nonadj acent counties performed better than adj acent counties in

the Northeast, the only region to experienGe this pattern of

growth during 1982-86. As in previous periods, the Northeast's

totally rural counties outperformed its other county groups.

Changes in Nonmetro Counties Classified by Economic Base

Employment in counties dependent on Federal lands and retirement

activities grew faster than employment in counties with other

economic bases during 1969-86. At the same time, employment in

manufacturing- and farming-dependent counties grew slower and

fell quicker than employment in counties with other economic

bases.

1969-79. Nonmetro counties dependent on Federal lands, mining,

and retirement activities had the fastest employment growth,

while manufacturing- and farming-dependent counties experienced

relatively slow growth (fig. 8). Much of the growth in counties

dependent on retirement and Federal lands resulted from rapid

expansion of service-producing industries. Employment in these

industries rose 4.0-4.5 percent per year, compared with only 2.7

percent growth in services for all nonmetro counties (app. table

8). Retirement- and mining-dependent counties, both adjacent and

nonadjacent to metro areas, had the fastest employment growth in

all regions, especially in the West (table 6).

1979-82. Employment declined fastest in manufacturing-dependent

counties during the recession, falling 1.5 percent per year (app.

table 3). While both adjacent and nonadjacent manufacturing

counties in all regions experienced employment losses, the rate

of decline was especially steep in the Midwest and West (table

6). Farming-dependent counties in the Midwest also lost

employment more quickly than other regions. Among the types of

nonmetro counties that grew, mining-dependent counties in the

South and nonadjacent counties of the West increased most

rapidly, as high energy prices spurred energy exploration and

production.

1982-86. Nonmetro employment increased in the recovery but at a

slower rate than during 1969-79 (fig. 8). Fastest growth, 3.4

percent per year, occurred in retirement counties. Gounties

dependent on manufacturing. Federal lands, and Government

activities grew between 2.0 and 2.5 percent annually.

Retirement- and Government-dependent counties had the highest

11
employment growth rates in both xtdjacent and nonadjacent nonmetro

counties in all regions (table 6). Especially high rates of

increase occurred in the nonmetro adjacent counties of the

Northeast and West. Mining counties lost employment, as world

energy prices slumped. Co\inties that are not adjacent to metro

areas in the South and West had the steepest employment declines.

Table 6—-Nonmetro employment change in adjacent and nonadjaGent

counties, by region and economic base

AVeraae annual change

Adiacent Nonad-iacent

Region 1969-79 1979-82 :1982-86 1969-79 1979-82 1982-86

Percent

United States 2.2 0.5 2.3 2.3 0.5 1,7

Farming

Manufacturing

Mining

Government

1.7

1.^

3.1

2.2

-.9

-1.5

.8

.5

1.3

2.1

- .7

2 .8

1.1

2.0

3.4

2,1

-.9

-1.5

1.2

.2

.6

2.1

-1.6

2.3

Retirement 3.5 1.2 3.7 3.5 .4 3,0

Northeast 1.5 -.1 2.5 1.4 -.2 2.4

Farming

Manufacturing

Mining

Government

1.2

3.3

1.2

-.8

-1.0

1.2

1.8

3.2

1.1

2.3

1.1

-.7

-2.0

-.4

1.8

,8

2.7

Retirement 3.0 1.6 5.1 3.0 2.0 4,1

Midwest 1.6 -2.0 2.0 1. 8 -1.3 1.5

Farming

Manufacturing

Mining

Government

1.3

1.5

2.6

2.1

-1.4

-2.5

-2,9

-.9

.6

2,2

-.1

3.3

1,1

1.9

2,7

1.8

-1.2

-2.3

.3

-.8

.4

1,8

.6

1,8

Retirement 2.4 -.2 3.2 3.2 -.5 3.0

South 2.4 .2 2.1 2.2 -.2 1.8

Farming

Manufacturing

Mining

Government

1.6

2.1

2.9

2.1

-,4

-.9

2.6

.6

1.6

2.1

-1.5

2.2

,7

2.0

3.0

1.9

-.6

-1.1

.9

.8

.7

2.2

-1,8

2.4

Retirement 3.3 1,4 3.2 3.2 .8 3.0

West 4.0 .2 3.6 3,5 -.1 1.5

Farming

Manufacturing

Mining

Government

3,0

3.7

4.6

3.4

-.3

-1.8

-1.8

.7

2.3

2.3

1.8

3.5

2,1

3.0

4.5

3.1

-.6

-2.9

2.2

. 6

1.2

1,8

-2,3

2,7

Retirement 4.7 .9 4.6 4,7 ~'" 2.9

— = None or negligible.

12
Figure 8

Employment growth In nonmetro counties classified by economic base,

1969-79 and 1982-86

Percent

5

1969-79 1982-86

- »,

-1 -

m

^

Farming Manufacturing Mining Federat lands Government Retirement

13
Appendix Tables

Appendix table 1--Employment in goods- and service-producing industries, 1969-86

United States Metro Normetro

Year Total Goods Services Total Goods Services Total Goods Servi ces

1969 89,519.800 30,178,700 59,341,100 70,405,082 22,043,652 48,361,430 19,114,718 8.135.048 10,979,670

1970 89,752,500 29,250,100 60,502^400 70,562,270 21,207,414 49,354,856 19,190,230 8,042,686 11,147,544

1971 90,053,500 28,467,200 61,586,300 70,622,879 20,473,520 50,149,35^ 19,430,621 7,993,680 11,436,941

1972 92,773,000 29,228,300 63,544,700 72,741,158 20.987,457 51,753,701 20,031,842 8,240,843 11,790,999

1973 96,854,200 30,721,200 66,133,000 76,050,890 22,108,796 53,942,094 20,803,310 8,612,404 12,190,906

1974 98,528,600 30,825,800 67.702,800 77,351.706 22,081,314 55,270.392 21,176,894 8.744.486 12,432,408

1975 97,177,400 28,769,200 68,408^200 76,210,297 20,442,722 55.767,575 20,967,103 8,326,478 12,640,625

1976 99,859,600 29,695,100 70,164,500 78,122,813 20,977.187 57,145,^26 21,736,787 8,717,913 13,018,874

1977 103,323,500 30,717,300 72,606,200 80,948,390 21,804,274 59,144.116 22,3^,110 8.913,026 13,462,084

1978 108,091,600 32,138,000 75^953,600 84,902,401 22,962,581 61.939,820 23,1S9,199 9,715,419 14.013,780

1979 111,631,900 33,167,800 78,464,100 87,876,916 23,780,992 64,095,924 23,754,984 9,386,808 14,368,176

1980 112,256,700 32,309,900 79,946,800 88,616,664 23,188,252 65,428,412 23,640,036 9,212.648 14,518,388

1981 113,312,800 32,138,900 81,173,900 89,644,449 23,104,465 66,539,984 23,668,351 9,034,435 14^633,916

1982 112,565,400 30,505,700 82,059,700 89.173^952 21,895,377 67,27^.575 23,391,448 8,610;323 14,781,125

1983 114,146,500 30,273,800 83,872,700 90,508,982 21,648,354 68,860,628 23,637,518 8,625,446 15,012,072

1984 119,485,200 31,769,200 87,716,000 95.080,544 22,871,171 72,209.373 24.404,656 8.898.029 15,506,627

1985 123,166,700 31,944,300 91,222/400 98,377,602 23,145,215 75,232,387 24,789,098 8.799,085 15,990,013

1986 126,169,400 31,780,900 94,388,500 101,021,228 23,058,825 77.962,403 25,148.172 8,722,075 16,426,097

Source: U.S. Department of Conmerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis.

Appendix table 2--Earnings per worker in goods- and service-producing industries, 1969-86

united States Metro Nonmetro

Year Total Goods Services Total Goods Services Total Goods Servi ces

(:urrent doltars

1969 6,921 8,009 6,368 7,314 8,735 6,667 5,472 6,042 5,050

1970 7,329 8,424 6,799 7,747 9,209 7,119 5,790 6,352 5,385

1971 7,792 8,964 7.251 8,241 9,822 7,595 6.161 6,765 5,740

1972 8,348 9,703 7.725 8,799 10,543 8.092 6,709 7,566 6,111

1973 8,985 10,719 8,179 9,353 11,314 8.549 7,639 9,192 6.542

1974 9,565 11,409 8.726 10.006 12,258 9,106 7,956 9,263 7,037

1975 10,298 12,381 9,422 10,779 13,395 9,821 8,548 9.892 7,663

1976 11,133 13,321 10,208 11,693 14,589 10,629 9,123 10^270 8,355

1977 11,960 14,466 10,900 12,560 15,833 11,353 9,792 11,1^3 8,911

1978 12,924 15,776 11,717 17,083 17,199 12,199 10,743 12.503 9,590

1979 13,974 17,188 12,615 14,591 18,546 13,124 11,691 13,749 10,347

1980 15,011 18,537 13,586 15,767 20,358 14,139 12,179 13,906 11,094

1981 16,233 20,233 14,650 17,001 22,032 15,254 13,326 15,631 11,902

1982 17,030 21,130 15,505 17,917 23,258 16,179 13,645 15,7T6 12,438

1983 17,839 21.713 16,441 18,865 24,232 17,178 13,910 15,389 13,059

1984 18,813 23,212 17,220 19,787 25,462 17,990 15,018 17,429 13,635

1985 19,629 24,276 18,001 20,675 26,661 18.833 15,478 18,005 14,087

1986 20,398 25.296 18,749 21,484 27,706 19,644 16,036 18,924 14,503

Source: U.S. Department of Conmerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis.

14
Appendix table 3--Total employment by type of county and region, 1986, and employment changes during

1969-79, 1979-82, and 1982-86

1986 emolovroent

PercentEmployment changes

Type of county

and region Total age of Compound

U.S.

total

Total averaqe annual rate

1969-79 1979-82 1982-86 1969-79 1979-82 1982-89

Lhousands Percent Thousands • Percent

U.S. total 1/ 126,169 100.0 22,112 934 13,604 2.2 0.3 2.9

Metro 101,021 80.1 17,472 1,297 11,847 2.2 .5 3.2

Greater core 40,607 32.2 4,663 295 4,050 1.4 .3 2.7

Greater fringe 20,431 16-2 4,910 705 3,383 3,6 1.4 4.6

MediuB 28,559 22.6 5,460 193 3,344 2.5 .3 3.2

Lesser 11,425 9,1 2,439 104 1,070 2.8 .3 2.5

Nonmetro 25,148 19.9 4,640 -364 1,757 2.2 -.5 1.8

Urbanized adjacent 5,075 4.0 876 -85 466 2.1 -.6 2.4

Urbanized nonadjacent 4,201 3.3 862 -59 287 2.5 -.5 1.8

Less urbanized adjacent 6,184 4.9 1,113 -102 455 2.1 -.6 1.9

Less urbanized nonadjacent 7,065 5.6 1,348 -96 396 2.2 -.5 1.5

Totally rural adjacent 949 .8 174 -2 67 2.2 -.1 1.8

Totally rural nonadjacent 1,674 1.3 267 -19 85 1.8 -.4 1.3

Northeast 26,909 21.3 2,014 174 2,756 .9 .2 2.7

Nonmetro 2,588 2.1 345 -10 264 1.6 -.1 2.7

Metro 24,322 19.3 1,669 184 2,492 .8 .3 2.7

Midwest 30,709 24.3 4,527 -1,505 2,785 1.7 -1.7 2,4

Nonmetro 8,025 6.4 1,266 -351 472 1.8 -1.5 1.5

Metro 22,684 18.0 3,262 -1,154 2,313 1.7 -1.8 2.7

South 42,327 33.5 8,837 1,528 4,572 2.8 1.4 2.9

Nonmetro 10,753 8.5 1,936 -41 710 2.2 -.1 1.7

Metro 31,574 25.0 6,901 1,569 3,862 3.1 2.0 3.3

West 26,225 20.8 6,734 736 3,490 3.7 1.1 3.6

Nonmetro 3,783 3.0 1,093 39 311 3.9 .4 2.2

Metro 22,442 17.8 5,641 697 3,180 3.7 1.2 3.9

Type of nonmetro county:

Agricultural 3,378 2.7 424 -89 117 1.4 -.9 .9

Manufacturing 9,852 7.8 1,594 -426 (U 1.9 -1.5 2.1

Mining 1,545 1.2 435 50 -82 3.3 1.1 -1.3

Federal lands 2,205 1.7 647 20 194 4.0 .3 2.3

Governn^nt 3,375 2.7 578 30 323 2.1 .3 2.5

Persistent poverty 1,236 1.0 199 -24 76 1.9 -.7 1.6

Retirement 5,450 4.3 1,351 108 677 3.5 .8 3.4

Other 4,277 3.4 784 -72 227 2.1 -.6 1.4

1/ Detail may not sum to total because of rounding.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis.

15
Appendix table 4--Total goods-producing employment by type of county and region, 1986, and employment changes

during 1969-79, 1979-82, and 1982-86

1986 employment

PercentEmDloyment changes

Type of county

and region Total age of Compound

U.S.

total

Total average annual rate

1969-79 1979-82 1982-86 1969-79 1979-82 1982-86

Thousands Percent Thousands - Percent

U.S. total 1/ 31,781 100.0 2,989 -2,662 1,275 0.9 -2.8 1.0

Metro 23,059 72,6 1,737 -1,886 1,163 .8 -2.7 1.3

Greater core 8,157 25.7 -207 -708 167 -.2 -2.8 .5

Greater fringe 4,831 15.2 750 -327 557 1.8 -2.4 3.1

Medium 7,182 22.6 706 -600 357 1.0 -2.8 1.3

Lesser 2,890 9.1 488 -251 82 1.8 -2.8 .7

Nonmetro 8,722 27.4 1,252 -776 112 1.4 -2.8 .3

Urbanized adjacent 1,623 5.1 171 -182 59 1.0 -3.6 ,9

Urbanized nonadjacent 1,112 3.5 190 -130 7 1.7 -3.6 .2

Less urbanized adjacent 2,370 7.5 363 -197 43 1.6 -2.7 .5

Less urbanized nonadjacent 2,555 8.0 391 -203 1 1.5 -2.5 --

Totally rural adjacent 378 1.2 62 -27 4 1.7 -2.3 .3

Totally rural nonadjacent 684 2.2 75 -37 -4 1.1 -1.7 -.1

Northeast 6,305 19.8 -630 -504 71 -.9 -2.6 .3

Nonmetro 791 2.5 37 -62 26 .5 -2.6 .9

Metro 5,515 17.4 -666 -442 45 -1.1 -2.6 .2

Midwest 8,540 26.9 261 -1,583 310 .3 -5.7 .9

Nonmetro 2,790 8.8 307 -372 42 1.0 -4.1 .4

Metro 5,750 18.1 -46 -1,211 268 -.1 -6.4 1.2

South 11,019 34.7 1,895 -317 359 1.9 -1.0 .8

Nonmetro 4,114 12.9 616 -266 24 1.5 -2.1 .1

Metro 6,905 21.7 1,279 -51 335 2.2 -.3 1.2

West 5,917 18.6 1,463 -259 535 3.0 -1.6 2.4

Nonmetro 1,028 3.2 292 -76 19 3.2 -2.4 .5

Metro 4,889 15.4 1,171 -182 516 3.0 -1.4 2.8

Type of nonmetro county:

Agricultural 1,348 4.2 95 -111 -14 .7 -2.6 -.3

Manufacturing 4,066 12.8 459 -484 151 1.1 -3.8 1.0

Mining 542 1.7 194 -10 127 3.4 -.5 -5.1

Federal lands 611 1.9 171 -54 23 3.1 -2,9 .9

Government 787 2.5 T19 -46 35 1.6 -1.9 1.1

Persistent poverty 534 1.7 75 -27 13 1.5 -1.7 .6

Retirement 1,733 5.5 388 -88 113 2.6 -1.8 1.7

Other 1,306 4.1 189 -126 -6 1.4 -3.0 -.1

-- = None or negligible.

y Detail may not sum to total because of rounding.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis.

16
Appendix table 5--Farming and mining employment by type of county and region, 1986, and employment changes

during 1969-79, 1979-82, and 1982-86

1986 employment

PercentEmployment changesType of county

and region Total age of Compound

U.S.

total

Total average annual rate

1969-79 1979-82 1982-86 1969-79 1979-82 1982-86

Thousands Percent "-"Thousands "- - Percent

U.S. total 1/ 5,644 100.0 597 130 -267 1.1 0.7 -1.1

Metro 2,569 45.5 485 210 6 2.3 2.9 .1

Greater core 553 9.8 142 101 9 4.0 7.1 .4

Greater fringe 512 9.1 89 27 40 2.3 2.0 2.1

Medium 943 16.7 167 45 -17 2.0 1.6 -.5

Lesser 561 9-9 86 37 -27 1.7 2.2 -1.2

Nonmetro 3,075 54.5 111 -80 -272 .3 -.8 -2.1

Urbanized adjacent 355 6.3 34 -10 -19 .9 -.9 -1.3

Urbanized nonadjacent 315 5.6 17 -6 -32 .5 -.6 -2.4

Less urbanized adjacent 842 14.9 26 -27 -73 .3 -1.0 -2.1

Less urbanized nonadjacent 993 17.6 36 -17 -101 .3 -.5 -2.4

Totally rural adjacent 183 3.2 -- -5 -13 -- -.9 -1.7

Totally rural nonadjacent 388 6.9 -2 -14 -33 -- -1.1 -2.0

Northeast 495 8.8 55 14 20 1.3 1.0 1.0

Nonmetro 160 2.8 16 4 -7 1.0 .9 "1.1

Metro 335 5.9 39 10 27 1.4 1.1 2.1

Midwest 1,624 28.8 73 -70 -40 .4 -1.4 -.6

Nonmetro 1,140 20.2 17 -60 -60 .1 -1.6 -1.3

Metro 484 8.6 55 -10 20 1.2 -.7 1.1

South 2,326 41.2 196 147 -244 .8 2.0 -2.5

Nonmetro 1,307 23.2 -9 -23 -174 -.1 -.5 -3.1

Metro 1,019 18.1 205 170 -70 2.6 5.8 -1.7

West 1,199 21.2 zn 39 -31 2.7 1.1 --

Nonmetro 469 8.3 87 -2 -31 1.9 -.1 -1.6

Metro 730 12.9 186 41 29 3.4 2.0 1.0

Type of nonmetro county:

Farming 814 14.4 -48 -57 -62 -.5 -2.1 -1.8

Manufacturing 867 15.4 -22 -41 -46 -.2 -1.5 -1.3

Mining 352 6.2 130 5 -107 3.4 .4 -6.4

Federal lands 251 4.4 47 -1 -22 1.9 -.1 -2.0

Government 278 4.9 6 -6 -12 .2 -.6 -1.1

Persistent poverty 214 3.8 -2 -10 -19 -.1 -1.4 -2.1

Retirement 583 10.3 74 2 -31 1.3 .1 -1.3

Other 516 9.1 -1 -2 -43 -.1 -2.0

- = None or negligible.

y Detail may not sum to total because of rounding.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis.

17
Appendix table 6--Construction employment by type of county and region, 1986, and employment changes during

1969-79, 1979-82, and 1982-86

1986 eraolovment

PercentEmpI ovment 4;h anges

Metro/nonmetro

status and region Total age of Compound

U.S.

total

Total average annuaI rate

1969-79 1979-82 1982-86 1969-79 1979-62 1982-86

Thousands Percent ---- Thousands Percent ....

U.S. total 1/ 6,658 100.0 1,433 -556 1,316 2.8 -3.2 5.7

Metro 5,325 80.0 1,001 420 1,167 2.5 -3.2 6.4

Greater core 1,850 27.8 168 -101 363 1.1 -2.2 5.6

Greater fringe 1,254 18.8 311 -104 364 3.8 -3.6 9.0

Medium 1,609 24.2 320 -140 360 2.7 -3.5 6.5

Lesser 612 9.2 202 -75 79 4.1 -4.3 3.5

Nonmetro 1,333 20.0 432 -135 149 4.0 -3.5 3.0

Urbanized adjacent 263 4.0 59 -31 56 2.9 -4.5 6.2

Urbani zed nonadjacent 229 3.4 87 >38 32 4.7 -5.6 3.8

Less urbanized adjacent 336 5.1 t20 -27 35 4.6 -2.9 2.8

Less urbanized nonadjacent 357 5.4 105 -29 17 3.4 -2.7 1.3

Totally rural adjacent 58 .9 29 -6 2 6.7 -3.4 .9

Totally rural nonadjacent 90 1.4 32 -4 7 4.7 -1.6 1.9

Northeast 1,290 19.4 -36 -6 335 -.4 -.2 7.8

Nonmetro 148 2.2 14 -1 43 1.4 -2.1 8.9

Metro 1,141 17.1 -51 1 292 -.6 -- 7.7

Midwest 1,346 20.2 205 -273 214 1.6 -7.0 4.4

Nonmetro 356 5.3 102 -61 11 2.9 -5.3 .8

Metro 991 14.9 103 -212 203 1.1 -7.6 5.9

South 2,639 39.6 741 -106 448 4.0 -1.6 4.8

Nonmetro 614 9.2 204 -50 80 4.4 -2.9 3.6

Metro 2,024 30.4 537 -56 367 3.8 -1.1 5.1

West 1,383 20.8 523 -170 320 5.7 -4.8 6.8

Nonmetro 215 3.2 112 -17 14 7.4 -2.7 1.8

Metro 1,168 17.5 412 -152 305 5.3 -5.3 7.9

Type of nonmetro county:

Agricultural 158 2.4 46 -15 9 3.3 -3.1 1.5

Manufacturing 476 7.1 107 -58 69 2.6 -4.3 4.0

Mining 86 1.3 41 2 -13 5.6 .6 -3.4

Federal lands 135 2.0 69 -15 16 7.5 -3.8 3.2

Government 170 2.5 52 -12 31 4.3 -2.8 5.2

Persistent poverty 67 1.0 20 6 3 4.4 3.6 1.3

Ret i rement 350 5.3 122 -17 71 5.5 -1.9 5.8

Other 230 3.5 98 -49 14 4.7 -6.6 1.6

-- = None or negligibie.

y Detail may not sum to total because of rounding.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis.

18
Appendix table /--Manufacturing employment by type of county and region, 1986, and employment changes

during 1969-79, 1979-82, and 1982-86

1986 employment

PercentEmployment changesType of county

and region Total age of Compound

U.S.

total

Total average annual rate

1969-79 1979-82 1982-86 1969-79 1979-82 1982-86

Thousands Percent Thousands -...- Percent

U.S. total 1/ 19,479 100.0 959 -2,236 226 0.5 -3.6 0.3

Metro 15,165 77.9 251 -1,675 -10 .2 -3.4 --

Greater core 5,754 29.5 -517 -708 -205 -.7 -3.7 -.9

Greater fringe 3,065 15.7 350 -250 153 1.2 -2.7 1.3

Medium 4,630 23.8 218 -504 14 .4 -3.4 .1

Lesser 1,717 8.8 200 -213 29 1.1 -3.9 .4

Nonmetro 4,314 22.1 708 -516 235 1.7 -4.2 1.4

Urbanized adjacent 1,006 5.2 78 -141 22 .7 -4.4 .6

U rban i zed nonad j acent 569 2.9 87 -86 8 1.4 -4.6 .4

Less urbanized adjacent 1,191 6.1 217 -142 81 1.9 -3.9 1.8

Less urbanized nonadjacent 1,205 6.2 250 -157 85 2.2 -4.3 1.8

Totally rural adjacent 137 .7 32 -16 15 2.6 -4.0 3.0

Totally rural nonadjacent 206 1.1 44 -19 23 2.5 -3.2 3,0

Northeast 4,521 23.2 -648 -511 -283 -1-1 -3.3 -1.5

Nonmetro 483 2.5 7 -60 -9 .1 -3.7 -.5

Metro 4,038 20.7 -655 -452 -274 -ll3 -3.3 -1.6

Midwest 5,570 28.6 -17 -1,239 136 -- -6.6 .6

Nonmetro 1,294 6.6 187 -251 91 1.4 -6.1 1.8

Metro 4,276 21.9 -204 989 45 -.4 -6.8 .3

South 6,054 31.1 957 -357 156 1.7 -1.9 .7

Nonmetro 2,193 11.3 421 -193 118 2.1 -2.9 1.4

Metro 3,862 19.8 537 -164 38 1.5 1.4 .2

West 3,334 17.1 667 -128 217 2.3 -1,3 1.7

Nonmetro 344 1.8 93 -58 35 3.0 -5.5 2.8

Metro 2,990 15.4 573 '70 182 2.2 -.8 1.6

Type of nonmetro county:

Farming 375 1.9 97 -39 39 3.0 -3.6 2.8

Manufacturing 2,723 14.0 374 -385 128 1.3 -4.5 1.2

Mining 104 .5 24 -17 -7 2.1 -4.5 -1.7

Federal lands 225 1.2 55 -39 28 2.7 -5.8 3.4

Government 340 1.7 61 -28 16 1.9 -2.7 1.2

Persistent poverty 253 1.3 56 -24 28 2.6 -3.3 3.0

Retirenrent 800 4.1 192 -74 73 2.8 -3.2 2.4

Other 560 2.9 92 -75 24 1.7 -4.3 1.1

-- = None or negligible.

1/ Detail may not sum to total because of rounding.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis,

19
Appendix table 8—Total service-producîng emplayment by type of county and region, 1986, and employment

changes ciuring 1969-79/1979-82, and 1982-86

1986 employment

PercentEmDIovment changes

Type of county

and region Total age of Con^und

U.S.

total

Total average annuai Pâte

1969-79 1979-82 1982-86 1969-79 1979-82 1í?82-86

Thousands Percent Thousands Percent -

U.S. total 1/ 94,389 100.0 19,125 3,596 12,329 2.8 1.5 5.6

Metro 77,962 82.6 15,734 3,183 10,684 2.9 1.6 3.8

Greater core 32,450 34.4 4,870 1,003 3,882 2.0 1.2 3.2

Greater fringe 15,601 16.5 4,160 1,032 2,826 4.5 2.8 5.1

Medfum 21,377 22.6 4,754 793 2,988 3.2 1.5 5.8

Lesser 8,535 9.0 1/951 355 988 3,2 1.6 3.1

Nonmetro 16,426 17.4 3,389 413 1,645 2.7 .9 2.7

Urbanized adjacent 3,452 3.7 705 97 408 2.8 1.1 3.2

Urbantzed nonadjacent 3,089 3.3 672 71 280 2.9 .9 2.4

Less urbanized adjacent 3,8t5 4.<> 750 95 412 2.6 .9 2.9

Less urbanized nonadjacent 4,510 4^8 956 107 395 2.8 ,9 2.3

Totally rural adjacent 571 .6 112 25 63 2.7 1.7 3.0

Total Iy ruraI nonadjacent 990 1.0 193 18 88 2.5 .7 2.4

Northeast 20,604 21,8 2,644 678 2,685 1.7 1.3 3.6

Nonmetro 1,797 1.9 308 52 238^ 2.3 1.1 3.6

Metro 18,807 19.9 2,335 626 2,447 1.6 1.3 3.5

Midwest 22,169 23.5 4,266 78 2,475 2.5 .1 3.0

Nonmetro 5,235 5,5 959 21 430 2.3 .1 2.2

Metro 16,934 17.9 3,307 57 2,045 2,6 .1 5.3

South 3t,308 33.2 6,942 1,845 4,213 3.3 2.4 5.7

Nonmetro 6,^9 7.0 1,320 225 686 2.7 1.3 2.Ô

Metro 24,669 26.1 5,622 1,620 3,527 3.5 2.7 5,9

West 20,308 21.5 5,271 994 2,956 4.0 2.0 4.0

Nonmetro 2,755 2.9 801 115 292 4.3 1.6 2.S

Metro 17,553 18.6 4,470 879 2,664 3.9 2.0 4.2

Type of nonmetro county:

Farming 2,030 2.2 328 21 131 1.9 .4 1.7

Manufacturing 5,786 6.1 1,135 58 626 2.5 .4 2.9

Mining 1,003 1.1 241 60 45 3.2 2.2 1.1

Federal lands 1,593 1.7 kit 74 171 4.5 1.8 2.9

Government 2,588 2;7 459 76 287 2.3 1.1 3.0

Pers i s tent pover ty 702 .7 124 3 63 2.2 .2 2.4

Retirement 3,717 3.9 963 196 564 4.0 2.2 4.2

Other 2,971 3.1 595 53 232 2.5 .7 2.1

1/ Detail may not sum to total, because of rourding.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis.

20
Appendix table 9--Wholesale and retail trade employment by type of county and region, 1986, and employment

changes during 1969-79, 1979-82, and 1982-86

1986 employment

PercentEmoloyment chanqes

Type of county

and region Total age of Compound

U.S.

total

Total average annual rate

1969-79 1979-82 1982-86 1969-79 1979-82 1982-86

Thousands Percent Thousands "-• Percent

U.S. total 1/ 26,900 100.0 5,947 401 3,093 3.0 0.6 3.1

Metro 22,098 82.1 4,764 383 2,725 2.9 .7 3.3

Greater core 8,655 32.2 1,150 1 834 1.6 -- 2.6

Greater fringe 4,754 17.7 1,410 218 816 4.9 1.9 4.8

Medium 6,234 23.2 1,516 108 821 3.4 .7 3.6

Lesser 2,455 9.1 688 57 254 3.9 .9 2.8

Nonmetro 4,802 17.9 1,183 17 368 3.2 .1 2.0

Urbanized adjacent 1,017 3.8 249 12 119 3.4 .4 3.1

Urbanized nonadjacent 891 3.3 249 4 69 3.7 .2 2.0

Less urbani zed adj acent 1,122 4.2 255 -1 94 2.9 -- 2.2

Less urbanized nonadjacent 1,353 5.0 338 2 69 3.1 .1 1.3

Totally rural adjacent 147 .5 30 1 11 2.5 .3 1.9

Totally rural nonadjacent 272 1.0 62 -- 6 2.7 -.1 .6

Northeast 5,730 21.3 651 30 713 1.4 .2 3.4

Nonmetro 522 1.9 107 7 72 2.8 .5 3.8

Metro 5,207 19.4 544 23 641 1.3 .2 3.3

Midwest 6,689 24.9 1,308 -224 579 2.3 -1.2 2.3

Nonmetro 1,579 5.9 356 -50 52 2.6 -1.1 .8

Metro 5,110 19.0 952 -174 527 2.3 -1.2 2.8

South 8,993 33.4 2,362 433 1,128 3.9 1.9 3.4

Nonmetro 1,968 7.3 476 39 195 3.3 .7 2.6

Metro 7,025 26.1 1,886 394 933 4.1 2.3 3.6

West 5,488 20.4 1,626 161 673 4.4 1.1 3.3

Nonmetro 733 2.7 244 21 50 4.7 1.1 1.8

Metro 4,755 17.7 1,382 140 623 4.3 1.2 3.6

Type of nonmetro county:

Farming 599 2.2 124 -15 -6 2.3 -.8 -.3

Manufacturing 1,813 6.7 401 -23 186 2.8 -.5 2.7

Mining 288 1.1 85 12 -5 3.7 1.4 -.4

Federal lands 423 1.6 146 13 27 4.9 1.1 1.7

Government 612 2.3 163 16 67 3.8 1.0 3.0

Persistent poverty 189 .7 45 -5 13 2.9 -1.0 1.8

Retirement 1,081 4.0 306 48 149 4.3 1.8 3.8

Other 880 3.3 213 -9 38 2.9 -.4 1.1

-- = None or negligible.

y Detail may not sum to total because of rounding.

Source: U.S. Départirent of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis.

21
Appendix table 10--Governrnent services employment by t^^ 1986, and employment changes

during 1969-79/ 1979-82, ârKl1982-^

>I986 empltiyment

PercentEraolovment changes

Type of county

and region Total age of Compound

U.S.

total

Total average annual rate

1969-79 1979-82 1982-86 1969-79 1979-82 1982-86

Thousands Percent ----- Thousands Percent

U.S. total 1/ 19,612 lOO.O 2,462 20 1,048 1.4 -- 1.4

Metro 15,373 78.4 1,897 18 856 1.4 -- 1.4

Greater core 5,834 29.7 538 -49 352 1.0 -.3 1.6

Greater fringe 2,795 14.3 425 13 132 1.8 .2 1.2

Medium 4,589 23.4 67^ 12 249 1.7 .1 1.4

Lesser 2,155 11.0 260 42 123 1.4 .7 1.5

Nonmetro 4,239 21.6 565 2 192 1.5 -- 1.2

Urban1zed adj acent 885 4.5 102 2 42 1.3 .1 1.2

Urbanized nonadjacent 844 4.3 ^ 8 35 1.1 .3 1.1

Less urbanized adjacent 963 4.9 149 -3 46 1.8 -.1 1.2

Less urbanized nonadjacent 1,102 5.6 171 -4 47 1.8 -.1 1.1

Totally rural adjacent 167 .9 30 3 7 2.1 .7 1.1

Totally rural nonadjacent 278 1.4 29 -3 14 1.2 -.4 1.3

Northeast 3,661 18.7 276 -116 175 .8 -1.1 1.2

Konmetro 402 2.1 20 -& 19 .5 -.5 1.2

Metro 3,259 16.6 256 -110 156 .8 -1.2 1.2

Midwest 4,290 21,9 524 -129 204 1.3 -1.0 1.2

Nonmetra 1,251 6.4 75 -30 57 .6 -.8 1.2

Metro 3,039 15.5 449 -99 147 1.6 -1.1 1.2

South 7,361 37.5 1,098 182 401 1.8 .9 1.4

Honmetro 1,822 9.3 318 31 69 2.1 .6 1.0

Metro 5,539 28.2 780 151 332 1.7 1.0 1.6

West 4,299 21.9 564 83 268 1.6 .7 1.6

Nonmetro 764 3.9 152 7 47 2.4 .3 1.6

Metro 3,536 18.0 412 76 222 1.4 .8 1.6

T^^ of nonmetro county:

Farfliing 539 2.7 43 -8 21 .8 -.5 1.0

Manufacturing 1,347 6.9 223 -13 49 1.9 -.3 .9

Mining 264 1.3 45 8 13 2.1 1.1 1.2

Federal tands 435 2.2 96 4 22 2.7 .3 1.3

Goveriiment 1,020 5.2 73 4 43 .8 .1 1.1

Persistent poverty 222 1.1 42 -4 7 2.1 -.5 .8

Retirement 885 4.5 179 10 64 2.5 .4 1.9

Other 704 3.6 89 -1 31 1,4

"

1.1

-- = Hone or negligible.

1/ Detail may not sum to total because of rourKiing.

Source: U.S. Department of Corrmerce. Bureau of Econonvîç Analysis.

22
Appendix table 11-*0ther service-producing employment by type of county and pegion, 1986, and employment

changes during 1969-79, 1979-82, and 1982-86

T986 i»mo loyment

PercentErflDl ovment changes

Type of county

and region Total age of Compound

U.S.

total

Total average annual rate

1969-79 1979-82 1982-86 1969-79 1979-82 1982-86

Thousands Percent Thousands Percent ----

U.S. total 1/ 47,877 100.0 10,714 3,175 8,188 3.5 2.8 4.8

Metro 40,492 84.6 9,074 2,781 7,103 3.6 2.9 4.9

Greater core 17,961 37.5 3,182 1,052 2,696 2.6 2.4 4.Î

Greater fringe 8,052 16.8 2,324 801 1,8^ 5.8 4.7 6.9

Medium 10,554 22.0 2,564 673 1,917 4.0 2.7 5.1

Lesser 3,925 8.2 1,003 256 611 4.1 2.7 4.3

Nonmetro 7,385 15.4 1,641 394 1,086 3.3 2.2 4.1

Urbanized adiacent 1,549 3.2 354 83 247 3.5 2.2 4.4

Urbanized nonadjacent 1,354 2.8 340 59 176 3.7 \.7 3.5

Less urbanized adjacent 1,730 3.6 346 99 271 3.0 2.4 4.4

Less urbanized nonadjacent 2,055 4.3 447 110 279 3.2 2.2 3.7

Tota Lly ru ral adj acent 257 .5 53 21 45 3.3 3*5 4.9

Totally rural nonadjacent 440 .9 101 22 68 3.5 2.0 4.3

Northeast 11,213 23.4 1,717 763 1,797 2.2 ¿.9 4.5

Nonfftetro 872 1.8 182 51 147 3.2 2.5 4.7

Metro 10,341 21.6 1,535 712 1,650 2.2 2.9 4.4

Midwest 11,190 23.4 2,435 432 1,691 3.2 1.6 4.2

Nonmetro 2,406 5.0 528 101 321 3.1 1.7 3.6

Metro 8,784 18.3 1,907 331 1,371 3.2 1.5 4.3

South 14,954 31.2 3,482 1,230 2,685 3.9 3.6 5.1

Nonmetro 2,849 6.0 526 155 423 2.7 2.2 4.1

Metro 12,105 25.3 2,956 1,075 2,262 4.2 3.9 5.3

West 10,520 22.0 3,080 750 2,015 5.2 3.1 5.5

Nonmetro 1,258 2.6 405 87 196 5.5 2.9 4.3

Metro 9,262 19.3 2,676 663 1,819 5.1 3.2 5.6

Type of nonmetro county:

Farming 892 1.9 162 44 117 2.5 2.0 3.6

Manufacturing 2,626 5.5 510 94 390 2.8 1.4 4.1

Mining 451 .9 111 40 37 3.6 3.4 2.1

Federal lands 735 1.5 234 57 122 5.6 3.3 4.6

Government 956 2.0 223 56 177 3.8 2.5 5.2

Persistent poverty 291 .6 37 12 43 1.7 1.7 4.0

Retirement 1,751 3.7 478 138 351 4.9 3.5 5.8

Other 1,387 2.9 293 63 164 3.0 1.8 3.2

1/ Detail may not sum to total because of rounding.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis.

23
Append!K table 12--Total earnings by type of county and region, 1986, and earnings changes during

1969-79, 1979-82, and 1982-86

1986 earnings Earnings changes

Type of county Percentand negron Total age of Compound average

U.S.

total

Total 1/ annual rate 2/

1969-79 1979-82 1982-86 1969-79 1979-82 1982-86

Million

dollars Percent Million dollars — - Percent

U.S. total 3/ 2,573,620 100.0 940,397 356,984 656,683 2.8 -1.3 4.1

Metro 2,170,338 84.3 767,273 315,536 572,572 2.7 -.9 4.4

Greater core 968,973 37.7 323,564 147,085 247,752 1.9 -.6 4.1

Greater fringe 432,836 16.8 150,591 60,994 137,246 3.9 -.5 6.4

Medium 562,076 21.8 208,847 78,376 143,137 3.1 -1.3 4.1

Lesser 206,453 8.0 84,271 29,081 44,437 3.7 -1.6 2.8

Nonmetro 403,282 15.7 173,124 41,448 84,111 3.4 -3.5 2.5

Urbanized adjacent 86,930 3.4 34,975 8,948 19,954 2.8 -3.4 3.2

Urbani zed nonadj acent 71,317 2.8 31,335 8,929 13,273 3.8 -2.6 1.8

Less urbanized adjacent 96,416 3.7 41,102 9,256 21,180 3.4 -3.8 2.9

Less urbanised nonadjacent 110,188 4.3 48,798 11,176 21,402 3.5 -3.7 2.1

Totally ruraI adjacent 14,120 .5 6,113 1,281 3,150 3.6 -4.0 3.0

Totally rural nonadjacent 24,311 .9 10,800 1,857 5,151 3.4 -4.7 2.6

Northeast 600,607 23.3 183,543 87,475 165,706 1.1 -.7 4.8

Nonmetro 43,363 1.7 15,421 5,004 10,913 1.8 -2.6 4.0

Metro 557,244 21.7 168,123 82,471 154,793 1.0 -.6 4.9

Midwest 620,025 24.1 247,344 47,761 146,245 2.3 -4.6 3.4

Nonmetro 127,384 4.9 56,146 5,944 27,243 2.7 -6.0 2.7

Metro 492,641 19.1 191,198 41,817 119,001 2.2 -4.2 3.6

South 795,287 30.9 301,363 137,237 193,162 4.1 .4 3.7

Nonmetro 167,472 6.5 71,264 22,276 34,088 3.9 -2.1 2.4

Metro 627,814 24.4 230,099 114,961 159,074 4.1 1.2 4.0

West 557,701 21.7 208,147 84,510 151,570 4.1 -.4 4.7

Nonmetro 65,063 2.5 30,294 8,224 11,866 4.9 -2.6 1.7

Metro 492,638 19.1 177,853 76,287 139,704 3.9 -.1 5.1

Type of nonmetro county:

Farming 50,391 2.0 22,331 t,ó2r 11,067' 2.6 -6.6 2.9

Manufacturing 162,631 6.3 67,390 13,426 37,398 2.8 -4.3 3.2

Mining 28,427 1.1 15,788 5,926 -162 5.6 -.5 -3.4

Federal lands 35,895 1.4 16v78a 4,076 6,984 4.9 -3.1 2.1

Goverr¥ñent 53,516 2.1 20,860 7,106 12,408 3.1 -1.9 3.3

Pers istent poverty 16,254 .6 16,976 t,807 3,455 3.7 -3.1 2.7

Retirement 82,417 3.2 33/446 9,701 21,940 4.4 -2.4 4.5

Other 67,102 2.6 29,760 7,064 12,575 3,5 -3.5 1.9

y Expressed in current dollars.

2/ Expressed in 1986 dollars.

3/ Detai I may not sum to totaI because of rounding.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic AnalysI s.

24
Appendix table 13--Earnings in all goods-producing industries by type of county and region,

1986, and earnings changes during 1969-79, 1979-82, and 1982-86

1986 earnings Earnings changes

Type of county Percentarri region Total age of Compound average

U.S.

total

Total 1/ annual rate 2/

1969-79 1979-82 1982-86 1969-79 19;^'82 1982-86

Million

dollars Percent "Mill ion dollars -- --'•"- Percent

U.S. total 3/ 803,935 100,0 328,410 74,472 159,359 2.2 -4.0 2.2

Metro 638,876 79,5 248,501 68,207 129,623 1.9 -3.4 2.4

Greater core 247,520 30.8 88,725 30,290 44^361 .8 -2.8 1,6

Greater fringe 137,582 17,1 52,605 13,193 36,879 2.8 -3.5 4.6

Medium 185,857 13.1 75,496r 18,900 37,319 2.3 -3.6 2.3

Lesser 67,917 8.4 31V676 5,824 11,064 3.3 -4.5 1.1

Nonmetro 165,059 20.5 79,909 6,265 29,736 3.3 -6.4 1.6

Urbanized adjacent 35,189 4.4 15,699 1,495 6,881 2.4 -6.2 2.1

U rbam zed nonadj acent 23,447 2.9 12,141 1,228 3,178 3,8 -5.9 .3

Less urbanized adjacent 42,782 5.3 20,477 1,579 8,367 3.4 -6,4 2.1

Less urbanized nonadjacent 46,359 5.8 22,936 1,850 7,840 3.4 -6.4 1.3

Totally rural adjacent 6,110 .8 3,161 57 1,150 4.0 -7.5 1.9

Totally rural nonadjacent 11,172 1.4 5,494 55 2,321 3.4 -7.7 2.5

Northeast 174,395 21.7 56,^64 20,993 33,800 -- -2.8 2.1

Nonmetro 16,591 2.1 6,452 1,353 3,316 1.4 -4.5 2.3

Metro 157,804 19.6 50,212 19,640 30,484 - .2 -2.6 2.0

Midwest 229,115 28.5 101,983 -4,166 48,702 1.6 -8.6 2.7

Nonmetro 54,650 6.8 26,864 -3,363 12,591 2.5 -10.2 3.3

Metro 174, 465 21.7 75,120 -803 36,111 1.3 -8.1 2.5

South 240,137 29.9 103,610 37,176 40,686 3.8 -1.3 1.3

Nonmetro 71,992 9.0 34,227 7,289 11,235 3.8 -3.9 .9

Metro 168,145 20.9 69,383 29,887 29,452 3.8 -.1 1.5

West 160,287 19.9 66,153 20,469 36,171 3.8 -2.2 3.1

Nonmetro 21,826 2.7 12,367 987 2,595 5.0 -6.2 -.2

Metro 138,461 17.2 53,787 19,483 33,576 3.6 -1.4 3.7

Type of nonmetro county:

Farming 23,224 2.9 11,290 -1,850 5,760 2.4 -10.9 3.9

Manufacturing 80,652 10.0 35,813 3,115 17,068 2.6 -6.3 2.6

Mining 13,046 1.6 9,161 2,823 -2,390 6.7 -1.5 -7,3

Federal lands 12,135 1.5 6,980 212 1,742 5.3 -7,2 .5

Government 13,794 1.7 6,271 732 2,918 3.2 -5.7 2.6

Persistent poverty 7,097 .9 3,310 599 1,280 3.7 -4.5 1,6

Ret i rement 29,964 3.7 13,780 1,876 7,150 4.4 -5.2 3.5

Other 23,191 2,9 12,128 304 3,611 3.5 -7,4 .9

-- = None or negligible.

1/ Expressed in current dollars,

2/ Expressed in 1986 dollars.

3/ Detail may not sum to total because of rounding.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis.

25
Appendix table 14- -Earnings in farming arxi mining by type of county and region, W86i and earnings changes

during 1969-79, 1979-%2^ and 1982-86

1986 earnings Earnings changes

Type of county Percentand region Total age of

Ü.S.

total

Total 1/

CompourKi average

annual rate 2/

1969-^ 1979-82 1982-86 1969-79 1979-82 1982-86

Million

dollars Percent - Mr 11 ion (Collars - Percent --- -

U.S. total 3/ 93,296 100.0 45,196 10,29íS 10,505 3.4 -3.7 -0.4

Metro 47,982 51.4 20,813 11,049 5,258 4.3 1.8 -.4

Greater core 14,886 16.0 5,676 5,530 1,367 6.1 9.8 -.9

Greater fringe 8,571 9.2 3,439 1,183 2,010 3.8 -1.6 3.4

Medium 15,680 16.8 7,476 2,880 1,137 3.9 -.8 -1.4

Lesser 8,844 9.5 4,2?? 1^455 744 3.7 -1.6 -1.1

Nonmetro 45,314 48.6 24v383 -753 5,247 2.7 -8.5 -.3

Urbanizecf adjacent 5,288 5.7 2,S1Ô -22 627 2.8 -8.0 -.2

Urbanized nonadjacent 5,330 5.7 3,199 442 -105 3.9 -5.2 -3,8

Less urbanized adjacent 10/816 11.6 5,922 -596 1,272 2.4 -9.7 -.2

Less urbanized nonadjacent 15,521 16.6 8,238 -98 1,832 2.7 -8.1 -.2

Totally rural adjacent 2,303 2.5 Î,14Î —91 377 1.9 9.3 1,1

Totally rural nonadjacent 6,056 6.5 3,074 -388 1,244 2.5 -10.2 2.4

Northeast 8,649 9.3 M74 A,067 1,702 2.1 -2.6 2.2

Morwïetro 2,077 2.2 1,000 191 110 1.8 -4.7 -2.0

Metro 6,573 7.0 2,375 876 1,592 2*2 -1.7 3.7

Midwest 24,138 25.9 12,310 -4,390 6,994 2.1 -14.6 5.4

Nonmetro 17,035 18.3 8,772 -3,861 5,279 1.8 -16.2 6.1

Metro 7,103 7.6 3,538 -530 1,715 2.7 -10.7 3.6

South 37,556 40.3 18,371 10,604 -1,168 4.2 2.5 -4.0

Nonmetro 17,596 18.9 9,798 2,399 -676 3.2 -3.5 -4.2

Metro 19,960 21.4 8373 8,204 -492 5.8 9.3 -3.9

West 22,953 24.6 11,141 3,015 2,977 4.3 -2.7 .1

Nonmetro 8,607 9.2 4,813 517 535 3,8 -5.8 -1.7

Metro 14,347 15.4 6,327 2,499 2,442 4.8 -.4 1.3

Type of nonmetro county:

Farming 13,538 14.5 ^,589 -2,225 3,573 1.3 -13.9 4.4

Manufacturing 9,650 10.3 4,265 -795 2,131 .8 -10.9 2.9

Mining 8,866 9.5 6,617 2^197 -2,242 7.4 -,9 -8.6

Federal lands 4,175 4.5 2^602 242 -5 4,5 -6.0 -3.3

Goverhmerit 3,599 3.9 1 ,^9 -58 540 2,1 -8.5 .7

Persistent poverty 1,898 2.0 1,198 -55 -23 2.9 -8.7 -3.6

Retirement 7,360 7.9 3,570 309 1,279 3.2 -6.3 1.4

Other 7,018 7.5 3,843 -234 792 2.6 -9.0 -.3

X/ Expressed in current dollars.

2/ Expr^sed in 1986 dollars.

3/ Detail may not sum to total because of rounding.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis,

26
Appendix table 15--Earnings in construction by type of county and region, 1986, and earnings changes

during 1969-79, 1979-82, and 1982-86

1986 earnings

PercentEarnings changesType of county

and region Total age of Compound average

U.S.

total

Total 1/ annual rate 2/

1969-79 1979-82 1982-86 1969-79 1979-82 1982-86

Million

dollars Percent - Mill ion dollars -- ---- Percent

U.S. total 3/ 165,527 100.0 681,490 7,465 49,309 3.5 -5.8 5.7

Metro 138,499 83.7 537,509 7,113 43,758 3.1 -5.5 6.3

Greater core 53,189 32.1 183,670 4,860 15,378 1.7 -3.6 5.3

Greater fringe 33,495 20.2 127,109 720 13,378 4.3 -6.8 9.9

Medium 38,124 23.0 152,815 1,322 12,260 3.4 -6.3 6.6

Lesser 13,691 8.3 73,915 211 2,742 5.4 -7.3 2.3

Nonmetro 27,028 16.3 143,981 352 5,551 5.1 -7.4 2.4

Urbanized adjacent 5,508 3.3 24,102 -221 1,858 3.4 -9.7 7.2

Urbanized nonadjacent 4,902 3.0 27,788 -147 1,123 6.0 -9.0 3.2

Less urbanized adjacent 6,773 4.1 37,202 167 1,368 6.1 -6.9 2.3

Less urbanized nonadjacent 6,959 4.2 37,129 372 912 4.3 -5.9 .2

Totally rural adjacent 1,189 .7 8,311 -7 113 8.4 -8.1 -.8

Totally rural nonadjacent 1,697 1.0 9,450 188 177 6.1 -3.7 -.6

Northeast 35,250 21,3 79,455 3,551 14,105 -.4 -2.1 9.9

Nonmetro 3,091 1.9 8,702 56 1,384 1.1 -6.8 12.2

Metro 32,159 19.4 70,753 3,495 12,721 -.6 -1.6 9.7

Midwest 33,988 20.5 157,329 -2,732 9,139 2.0 -11.0 4.6

Nonmetro 7,206 4.4 42,941 -503 1,017 3.9 -10.2 .5

Metro 26,782 16.2 114,388 -2,229 8,122 1.5 -11.3 5.9

South 57,113 34.5 256,288 5,076 14,802 5.3 -3.9 4.2

Nonmetro 11,712 7.1 60,203 383 2,780 5.9 -6.5 3.5

Metro 45,401 27.4 196,085 4,692 12,022 5.2 -3.1 4.4

West 39,176 23.7 188,418 1,570 11,264 6.3 -6.1 5.3

Nonmetro 5,020 3.0 32,135 415 370 8.1 -5.0 -1.4

Metro 34,157 20.6 156,283 1,155 10,894 6.0 -6.3 6.5

Type of nonmetro county:

Agricultural 3,011 1.8 16,258 -122 647 4.2 -9.4 2.7

Manufacturing 9,206 5.6 43,215 -61 2,300 3.3 -8.2 3.9

Mining 1,860 1.1 13,019 353 -275 6.9 -2,2 -6.6

Federal lands 2,886 1.7 18,246 -16 501 8.1 -8.1 1.4

Government 3,312 2.0 15,757 43 948 5.0 -7.3 5.2

Persistent poverty 1,274 .8 4,933 327 219 5.0 4.3 1.4

Ret i rement 6,864 4.1 32,718 184 2,132 6.5 -6.7 6.1

Other 4,750 2.9 31,858 -439 756 6.4 -11.0 1.0

y Expressed in current dollars.

2/ Expressed in 1986 dollars.

3/ Detail may not sum to total because of rounding.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis.

27
Appendix table 16- Earnings in manufactiiririg by type of county and region, 1986, ard earnings changes

during 1969-79, 1979-82, and 1982-86

1986 earnings Earnings changes

Type of county Percentand region Total age of

Ü.S.

total

Total iy

Compound average

annual rate 2/

1969-79 1979-82 1982-86 1969-79 1979-82 1982-86

Million

dollars Percent "Mill ion dollars -- Percent

U.S. total 3/ 545,112 100.0 215,065 56,711 99,545 1.6 -3.6 1.7

Metro 452,395 83.0 173,938 50/045 80,607 1.3 -3.3 1.6

Greater core 179,445 32.9 64,682 19,899 27,616 .3 -3.5 .8

Greater fringe 95,516 17.5 36,456 11,290 21,491 2.3 -2.7 3.1

Medium 132,052 24.2 52,738 14,697 23,922 1.9 -3.3 1.7

Lesser 45,382 8.3 20,062 4,158 7,578 2.7 -4.2 1.2

Normetro 92,717 17.0 41,127 6,666 18,938 3.1 -4.9 2.4

Urbanized adjacent 24,393 4.5 10,479 1,738 4,396 2.1 -5.0 1.6

urbanized nonadjacent 13,215 2.4 6,163 934 2,160 3.0 -5.1 1.1

Less urbanized adjacent 25,193 4.6 i0>834 2,008 5,727 3.3 -4.5 3.2

Less urbani zed nonadj acent 23,879 4.4 10,985 1,576 5,095 3.8 -5.2 2.7

Totally rural adjacent 2,619 .5 1,190 156 661 4.4 -5.3 4.0

Totally rural nonadjacent 3,419 .6 1,476 254 900 4.2 -4.6 4.4

Northeast 130,496 23,9 45,344 16,374 17,993 -.1 -2.9 .4

Nonmetro 11,423 2.1 4,582 1,105 1,822 1.3 -4.1 1.0

Metro 119,073 21.8 40,762 15,270 16,171 -.2 -2.8 .3

Midwest 170,990 31.4 73,940 2,956 32,569 1.5 -7.2 2.0

Nonmetro 30,409 5.6 13,797 1,000 6,295 2.7 -6.6 2.5

Metro 140,580 25.8 60^142 1,956 26,274 1.2 -7.3 1.9

South 145,469 26.7 59^610 21,497 27,052 3.1 -1.5 1.8

Nonmetro 42,685 7.8 18,409 4,507 9,131 3.7 -3.3 2.7

Metro 102,784 18.9 41,202 16,990 17,922 2.9 -.8 1.5

West 98,157 18.0 36,171 15,883 21,931 2.7 -.4 3.0

Nonmetro 8,200 1.5 4,340 55 1,690 4.8 -7,6 2.5

Metro 89,958 16.5 31,831 15,829 20,240 2.5 .4 3.1

Type of nonmetro county:

Farming 6,674 1.2 3,076 497 1,540 4.5 -4.7 3.3

Manufacturing 61,796 11.3 27,227 3,972 12,637 2.8 -5.3 2.4

Mining 2,319 .4 1,242 271 127 4.0 -3.7 -1.9

Federal lands 5,073 .9 2,551 -14 1,247 4.6 -8.0 3.8

Government 6,883 1.3 2,907 746 1,430 3.2 -3.2 2-5

Persistent poverty 3,926 .7 1,619 327 1,085 4.0 -4.0 4.9

Retirement 15,740 2.9 6,938 1,382 3,740 4.2 -4.0 3.5

Other 11,424 2.1 5,099 977 2,064 3.0 -4.4 1.7

X/ Expressed in current doI tars.

2/ Expressed in 1986 dollars.

3/ Detail may not sum to total because of rounding.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis.

28
Appendix table 17--Earnings In all service-producing industries by type of county and Region, 1986, and

earnings changes during 1969-79, 1979-82, and 1982-86

1986 earnings

PercentEarnings chanaes

Type of county

and region Total age of Compound average

U.S.

total

Total 1/ annual rate 2/

1969-79 1979-82 1982-86 1969-79 1979-82 1982-86

Million

dollars Percent -- Million doll ars -- ---- Percent

U.S. total 3/ 1,769,685 100.0 ,611,987 282,512 497,324 3.2 0.2 5.0

Metro 1,531,462 86.5 518,772 247,329 442,949 3,2 .4 5.3

Greater core 721,453 40.8 234,840 116,796 203,392 2.4 .3 5.1

Greater fringe 295,254 16.7 97,985 47,800 100,367 4.6 1.2 7.3

Medium 376,219 21.3 133,351 59,477 105,817 3.6 .1 5.0

Lesser 138,536 7.8 52,596 23,257 33,373 3.9 .1 3.6

Nonmetro 238,223 13.5 93,215 35,183 54,375 3.5 -1.1 3.2

Urbanized adjacent 51,741 2.9 19,276 7,453 13,074 3.2 -1.1 4.0

Urbanized nonadjacent 47,871 2.7 19,195 7,701 10,095 3.8 -.6 2.6

Less urbanized adjacent 53,633 3.0 20,625 7,677 12,813 3.3 -1.3 3.5

Less urbanized nonadjacent 63,829 3.6 25,862 9,326 13,562 3.6 -1.4 2.7

Totally rural adjacent 8,009 .5 2,952 1,224 2,000 3.2 -.6 3.9

Totally rural nonadjacent 13,139 .7 5,306 1,803 2,831 3.4 -1.8 2.8

Northeast 426,212 24.1 126,879 66,483 131,907 1.7 .3 6.1

Nonmetro 26,772 1.5 8,969 3,652 7,598 2.2 -1.2 5.1

Metro 399,440 22.6 117,910 62,831 124,309 1.7 .4 6.2

Midwest 390,910 22.1 145,361 51,927 97,542 2.8 -1.7 3.9

Nonnietro 72,734 4.1 29,282 9,307 14,652 2.8 -2.4 2.3

Metro 318,176 18.0 116,078 42,620 82,890 2.8 -1.5 4.3

South 555,149 31.4 197,753 100,061 152,476 4.2 1.3 4.8

Nonmetro 95,480 5.4 37,037 14,987 22,854 3.9 -.5 3.6

Metro 459,669 26.0 160,716 85,074 129,622 4.3 1.7 5.1

West 397,414 22.5 141,994 64,041 115,399 4.2 .4 5.4

Nonmetro 43,237 2.4 17,927 7,237 9,271 4.8 -.2 2.7

Metro 354,177 20.0 124,067 56,804 106,128 4.1 .5 5.7

Type of nomretro county:

Farming 27,167 1.5 11,041 3,479 5,307 2.8 -2.4 2.1

Manufacturing 81,979 4.6 31,577 10,311 20,330 3.1 -2.1 3.9

Mining 15,381 .9 6,628 3,102 2,228 4.4 .8 .6

Federal lands 23,760 1.3 9,808 3,864 5,242 4.7 -.4 2.9

Government 39,722 2.2 14,589 6,374 9,490 3.1 -.3 3.5

Persistent poverty 9,157 .5 3,665 1,208 2,175 3.7 -1.9 3.5

Retirement 52,453 3.0 19,666 7,826 14,790 4.4 -.4 5.1

Other 43,911 2.5 17,632 6,760 8,964 3.4 -1.0 2.4

1/ Expressed in current dollars.

2/ Expressed in 1986 dollars.

3/ Detail may not sum to total because of rounding.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis.

29
Appendix table 18- -Earnings in wholesale and retail trade by type of county and region, 1986, and

earnings changes during 1969-79, 1979-82, and 1982-86

1986 earnings Earnings changes

Type of county Percentand region Total age of Compound average

U.S.

total

Total 1/ annual rate 2/

1969-79 1979-82 1982-86 1969-79 1979-82 1982-86

Million

dollars Percent -- Hitl ion dolliITS -- Percent

U.S. total 3/ 417,464 100.0 158,095 51,475 103,868 2.8 -2.2 3.9

Metro 360,045 86.2 132,261 46,502 93,088 2.8 -1.8 4.2

Greater core 158,916 38.1 55,401 20,690 37,403 1.5 -2.0 3.4

Greater fringe 77,447 18.6 27,744 10,667 25,449 4.8 -.6 6.8

Medium 91,524 21.9 35,288 11,106 23,610 3.3 -2.2 4.2

Lesser 32,158 7.7 13,828 4,039 6,625 3.9 -2.4 2.5

Nonmetro 57,419 13.8 25,834 4,973 10,780 3.3 -4.4 1.9

Urbanized adjacent 12,317 3.0 5,079 1,197 2,854 3.1 -3.^ 3.3

Urbanized nonadjacent 10,966 2.6 5,119 1,076 1,886 3.8 -3.9 1.4

Less urban i zed adjacent 13,323 3.2 5,903 1,049 2,645 3.1 -4.7 2.2

Less urbani zed nonadjacent 16,063 3.8 7,522 1,369 2,602 3.3 -4.5 1.1

Totally rural adjacent 1,696 .4 742 101 350 2.6 -5.5 2.5

Totally rural nonadjacent 3,054 .7 1,469 180 443 2.9 -5.7 .6

Northeast 95,598 22.9 29,336 11,778 27,579 .9 -1.9 5.3

Nonmetro 6,432 1.5 2,313 599 1,815 2.1 -3.5 5.1

Metro 89,167 21.4 27,023 11,179 25,764 .8 -1.7 5.3

Midwest 98,348 23.6 40,502 7,403 20,439 2.1 -4.8 2.5

Nonmetro 18,311 4.4 8,828 949 2,482 2.6 -6.Û .3

Metro 80,037 19.2 31,674 6,454 17,957 2.0 -4.4 3.1

South 133,010 31.9 52,525 20,535 32,267 4.3 -.6 3.7

Nonmetro 23,715 5,7 10,400 2,417 4,984 3.8 -3.5 2.6

Metro 109,296 26.2 42,125 18,118 27,283 4.4 .1 3.9

West 90,508 21.7 35,732 11,759 23,583 4.1 -1.8 4.3

Nonmetro 8,962 2.1 4,293 1,007 1,499 4.6 -3.3 1.2

Metro 81,546 19.5 31,439 10,752 22,084 4.0 -1.5 4.7

Type of nonmetro county:

Farming 7,125 1.7 3,562 383 779 2.7 -5.9 -.4

Manufacturing 21,615 5.2 9,250 1,412 4,846 2.8 -5.1 3.1

Mining 3,584 .9 1,873 595 153 4.4 -1.8 -2.2

Federal lands 4,952 1.2 2,401 538 810 4.6 -3.5 1.1

Government 6,991 1.7 2,972 698 1,563 3.5 -3.6 3.0

Persistent poverty 2,107 .5 1,019 83 404 3.5 -6.3 2.0

Retirement 12,757 3.1 5,256 1,355 3,311 4.1 -3.0 4.3

Other 10,682 2.6 5,077 932 1,530 3.2 -4.5 .5

y Expressed in current dollars.

2/ Expressed in 1986 dollars.

3/ Detail may not sum to total because of rounding.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis.

Ï0
Appendix table 19--Earnings in government services by type of county and region, 1986, and earnings

changes during 1969-79, 1979-82, and 1982-86

1986 earnings Earnings changes

Type of county Percentand region Total age of Compound average

U.S.

total

Total 1>r annual rate 2/

1969-79 1979-82 1982-86 1969-79 1979-82 1982-86

Million

dollars Percent - Mill.ion dollars -- Percent

U.S. total 3/ 406,094 100.0 140,006 73,541 91,912 2.3 0.7 3.1

Metro 332,884 82.0 113,790 59,719 76,234 2.2 .6 3.2

Greater core 137,859 33.9 46,496 23,027 32,091 1.8 -- 3.3

Greater fringe 60,915 15.0 20,863 11,391 13,892 2.4 1.0 3.2

Medium 93,005 22.9 32,277 17,162 21,261 2.5 .9 3.2

Lesser 41,104 10.1 14,154 8,139 8,991 2.5 1.5 2.9

Nonmetro 73,210 18.0 26,216 13,822 15,678 2.7 1.0 2.7

Urbanized adjacent 16,195 4.0 5,656 3,010 3,505 2.4 .8 2.8

Urbanized nonadjacent 15,496 3.8 5,301 3,211 3,167 2.3 1.9 2.4

Less urbanized adjacent 16,126 4.0 5,851 2,901 3,628 3.0 .6 3.1

Less urbanized nonadjacent 18,475 4.5 6,829 3,442 3,912 3.1 .8 2.6

Totally rural adjacent 2,666 .7 1,021 489 557 3.6 .6 2.6

Totally rural nonadjacent 4,251 1.0 1,557 768 909 2.9 .5 2,7

Northeast 81,179 20.0 26,493 12,926 19,815 1.5 -.3 3.7

Nonmetro 7,506 1.8 2,390 1,328 1,760 1.3 .5 3.4

Metro 73,673 18.1 24,103 11,598 18,055 1.5 -.4 3.8

Midwest 84,103 20.7 30,613 14,175 17,239 2.3 -.3 2.4

Nonmetro 20,641 5.1 7,250 3,648 4,187 1.9 .1 2.4

Metro 63,462 15.6 23,363 10,527 13,052 2.4 -.4 2.4

South 145,678 35.9 50,631 28,821 32,673 2.8 1.6 3.1

Nonmetro 29,902 7.4 10,951 5,857 6,447 3.3 1.4 2.8

Metro 115,776 28.5 39,680 22,964 26,226 2.6 1.7 3.1

West 95,134 23.4 32,269 17,619 22,184 2.3 1.0 3.4

Nonmetro 15,162 3.7 5,625 2,990 3,284 3.6 1.5 2.8

Metro 79,973 19.7 26,644 14,630 18,900 2.1 .9 3.5

Type of nonmetro county:

Agricultural 8,313 2.0 2,960 1,504 1,676 2.2 .4 2.3

Manufacturing 22,456 5.5 8,219 3,949 4,955 2.9 .3 2.9

Mining 4,517 1.1 1,649 977 936 3.6 2.4 2.5

Federal lands 8,211 2.0 3,113 1,571 1,758 3.8 1.1 2.7

Government 19,377 4.8 6,746 3,739 3,897 2.1 1.0 2.3

Persistent poverty 3,220 .8 1,246 564 681 3.6 .2 2.6

Retirement 15,674 3.9 5,650 2,973 3,806 3.7 1.4 3.7

Other 11,710 2.9 4,185 2,240 2,445 2.6 1.0 2.5

-- = None or negligible.

y Expressed in current dollars.

2/ Expressed in 1986 dollars.

3/ Detail may not sum to total because of rounding.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis.

31
Af^ndix table 20--Earnings in other service-producing industries by type of county and region,

1986, and earnings changes during 1969-79, 1979-82, and 1982-86

1986 earnings Earnings changes

Type of county Percentand region Total age of Compound average

U.S.

total

Total 1/ annual rate 2/

1969-79 1979-82 1982-86 1969-79 1979-82 1982-86

Million

dollars Percent - Mill ion dollars -- Percent

U.S. total 3/ 946,127 100.0 313,886 157,496 301,544 4.0 1.1 6.5

Metro 838,534 88.6 272,720 141,108 273,627 3.9 1.4 6.8

Greater core 424,678 44.9 132,943 73,079 133,897 3.0 1.4 6.3

Greater fringe 156,892 16.6 49,378 25,742 61,026 5.9 2.2 9.4

Medium 191,690 20.3 65,786 31,208 60,946 4.5 .9 6.4

Lesser 65,274 6.9 24,614 11,079 17,757 4.9 .6 4.7

Nonmetro 107,593 11.4 41,166 16,388 27,917 4.1 -.5 4.3

Urbanized adjacent 23,229 2.5 8,541 3,245 6,715 3.9 -.9 5.3

Urbanized nonadjacent 21,408 ' 2.3 8,775 3,413 5,042 5.0 -.4 3.4

Less urbanized adjacent 24,184 2.6 8,871 3,727 6,540 3.8 -.3 4.6

Less urbanized nonadjacent 29,291 3.1 11,511 4,515 7,048 4.1 -.6 3.6

Totally rural adjacent 3,647 .4 1,189 634 1,093 3.3 1.3 5.7

Totally rural nonadjacent 5,834 .6 2,280 854 1,479 4.2 -.9 4.0

Northeast 249,435 26.4 71,050 41,779 84,513 2.2 1.5 7.3

Nonmetro 12,835 1.4 4,267 1,725 4,023 2.8 -.9 6.3

Metro 236,600 25.0 66,784 40,053 80,490 2.1 1.7 7.3

Midwest 208,459 22.0 74,246 30,350 59,864 3.5 -.6 5.3

Nonmetro 33,782 3.6 13,204 4,711 7,984 3.5 -1.5 3.5

Metro 174,677 18.5 61,042 25,639 51,880 3.5 -.4 5.6

South 276,461 29.2 94,597 50,704 87,535 5.2 2.2 6.4

Nonmetro 41,864 4.4 15,685 6,712 11,422 4.5 .1 4.7

Metro 234,597 24.8 78,911 43,992 76,113 5-4 2.7 6.7

West 211,772 22.4 73,993 34,663 69,632 5.4 1.1 6.9

Nonmetro 19,113 2.0 8,010 3,240 4,488 5.9 .1 3.4

Metro 192,659 20.4 65,984 31,423 65,143 5.3 1.2 7.2

Type of nonmetro county:

Farming 11,729 1.2 4,519 1,592 2,852 3.3 -1.6 3.7

Manufacturing 37,908 4.0 14,108 4,950 10,528 3.5 -1.5 4.9

Mining 7,280 .8 3,106 1,531 1,140 4.9 1.4 .9

Federal lands 10,597 1.1 4,295 1,755 2,674 5.6 .1 4.0

Government 13,354 1.4 4,870 1,937 4,030 4.4 -.4 5.8

Persistent poverty 3,830 .4 1,401 562 1,091 3.9 -.6 5.2

Retirement 24,022 2.5 8,760 3,497 7,672 5.1 -.2 6.5

Other 21,520 2.3 8,370 3,589 4,989 4.0 -.1 3.3

y Expressed in current dollars.

2/ Expressed in 1986 dollars.

3/ Detail may not sum to total because of rounding.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis.

32
Appendix table 21- -Total civilian labor force by type of county and region, 1987, and emptoynient changes

during 1976-79, 1979-82, and 1982-87

1987 labor force

PercentLabor force1 changes

Type of county

and region Total age of Compound average

U.S.

total

Total annual rate

1976-79 1979-82

Nousands

1982-87 1976-79 1979-82

Percent

1982-87

Thousands Percent Tj

U.S. total 1/ 119,899 100.0 8,879 5,363 9,543 3.0 1.7 1.7

Metro 94,222 78.6 7,037 4,204 8,878 3.1 1.7 2.0

Greater core 34,190 28.5 1, ((^ 1,227 2,583 2.0 1.3 1.6

Greater fringe 22,089 18.4 2,475 1,206 2,700 5.0 2.2 2.6

Mediim 27,158 22.7 1,930 1,242 2,712 2.9 1.8 2.1

Lesser 10,785 9.0 853 529 883 3.2 1.8 1.7

Nonmetro 25,678 21.4 1,843 1,159 665 2.7 1.6 .5

Urbanized adjacent 5,138 4.3 380 197 325 2.9 1.4 1.3

Urbanized nonadjacent 3,870 3.2 296 160 116 2.9 1.5 .6

Less urbanized adjacent 6,729 5.6 496 302 222 2.8 1.6 .7

Less urbanized nonadjacent 7,046 5.9 489 350 -37 2.5 1.7 -.1

Totally rural adjacent 1,120 .9 80 67 53 2.8 2.2 1.0

Totally rural nonadjacent 1,776 1.5 102 84 -15 2.1 1.6 -.2

Northeast 24,926 20.8 1,190 420 1,487 1.8 .6 1.2

Nonmetro 2,676 2.2 158 50 197 2.3 .7 1.5

Metro 22,250 18.6 1,033 370 1,290 1.7 .6 1.2

Midwest 29,827 24.9 1,924 446 1,288 2.4 .5 .9

Noninetro 8,093 6.7 561 154 -111 2.4 .6 -.3

Metro 21,734 18.1 1,362 292 1,400 2.4 .5 1.3

South 40,571 33.8 3,175 2,738 4,174 3.4 2.6 2.2

Nonmetro 11,196 9.3 738 666 443 2.6 2.2 .8

Metro 29,375 24.5 2,437 2,073 3,731 3.7 2.8 2.8

West 24,575 20.5 2,590 1,759 2,594 4.7 2.8 2.3

Nonmetro 3,713 3.1 386 290 137 4.2 2.9 .8

Metro 20,863 17.4 2,204 1,469 2,458 4.8 2.8 2.5

Type of nonmetro county:

Farming 3,548 3.0 172 148 -71 1.7 1.4 -.4

Manufacturing 10,205 8.5 636 261 312 2.3 .9 .6

Mining 1,516 1.3 167 166 -259 3.7 3.3 -3.1

Federal lands 2,172 1.8 219 186 92 4.2 3.2 .9

Government 3,371 2.8 240 173 360 3.0 2.0 2.3

Persistent poverty 1,493 1.2 92 78 39 2.3 1.8 .5

Retirement 5,792 4.8 480 398 695 3.7 2.7 2.6

Other 4,237 3.5 345 165 -35 3.0 1.3 -.2

y Detail may not sum to total because of rounding.

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

33
Appendix table 22--Totâl ©nployment by type of county and region, 1987, and employment changes during

1976-79/ 1979-82, and 1982-87

1987 emolovment

PercentEmDloyment changes

Type of county

and region Total age of Compound

U.S.

total

Total average annual rate

1976-79 197^-B2 1982-87 1976-79 1979-82 1982-87

Thousands Percent Thousands - Percent

U.S. totai 1/ 112,476 100.0 10,171 752 12,812 3.7 0.3 2.4

Metro 88,822 79.0 8,225 896 11,401 3.9 .4 2.8

Greater core 32,170 28.6 2,419 115 3,491 3.0 .1 2.3

Greater fringe 21,054 18.7 2,687 4^ 3,317 5.8 1.0 3.5

Medium 25,540 22,7 2,219 188 3,463 3.6 ,3 3.0

Lesser 10,059 8.9 899 94 1,131 3.6 .4 2.4

Nonmetro 23,653 21.0 1,946 -145 1,411 3.1 -.2 1.2

Urbanized adjacent k,nr 4.2 423 -72 526 3.5 - .6 2.4

Urbanized nonadjacent 3,^549 3.2 300 -13 201 3.2 -.1 1.2

Less urbanized adjacent 6,194 5.5 523 -60 427 3.2 -.3 1.4

Less urbanized nonadjacent 6,471 5.8 514 -15 151 2.9 -.1 .5

Totally rural adjacent 1,031 ,9 79 13 82 3.0 .5 1.7

Totally rural nonadjacent 1,632 1.5 108 2 24 2.3 -- .3

Northeast 23^805 21.2 1,730 -163 2,468 2.8 -.3 2.2

Nonmetro 2,532 2.3 202 -40 314 3.2 -.6 2.7

Metro 21,274 18.J9, 1,528 -122 2,154 2.8 -.2 2.2

Mixest 27,841 24.8 2,116 -1,178 2,468 2.8 -1.5 T.9

Normet ro 7,k97 6.7 586 -296 182 2.7 -1.3 .5

Metro 20,343 18.1 1,530 '883 2,285 2.8 -1.6 2.4

South 37,814 33.6 3,430 1,282 4,674 3.9 1.3 2,7

Nonmetro 10,251 9.1 765 90 688 2.8 .3 1.4

Metro 27,563 24.5 2,665 1,192 3,987 4.3 1.7 3.2

West 23,016 20.5 2,895 811 3,202 5.7 1.4 3.0

Nonmetro 3,374 3.0 393 101 227 4.7 1.1 1.4

Metro 19,642 17.5 2,502 710 2,975 5.8 1.5 3.3

Type of nonmetro county:

Agricultural 3,271 2,9 169 -8 -2 1.8 -.1 _ . --

Manufacturing 9,444 8.4 700 -367 790 2.7 -1.4 1.8

Mining 1,336 1.2 160 61 -236 3.8 1.3 -3.2

Federal lands 1,977 1.8 227 65 155 4.7 1.2 1.6^

Goyernment 3,127 2.8 256 54 421 3.4 .7 2.9

Persistent poverty 1,327 1.2 93 -17 76 2,6 -.5 1.2

Retirement 5,350 4.a 511 134 829 4.2 1.0 3.4

Other 3,902 3.5 361 -26 49 3.3 -.2 .3

-- = None or negligible.

1/ Detail may not sum to total because of rounding.

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

34
Appendix table 23- -Total unemployment by type of county and region, 1987, and unemployment changes during

1976-79, 1979-82, and 1982-87

1987 unemploymçQt Mnemploym^nVctîtûflÊ

Type of county Percentand region Total age of Çonpound

U.S.

total

Total

1969-79 1979-8â_1282-97 1969-79 1979^8^ iáS2-97

Thousands Percei^t Thousands ESiSâQÎ -

' • • •

U.S. total 1/ 7,423 100.0 -1,295 4,611 -3,269 -6.2 20.7 -7.Û

Metro 5,399 72.7 -1,191 3,307 -2,523 -7.4 19.7 ^7-4

Greater core 2,020 27.2 -644 1,112 -908 -9.6 17.3 -7.2

Greater fringe 1,036 14.0 -212 707 -617 -6.5 20.5 -8.9

Medium 1,618 21.8 -290 1,054 -751 -6.4 21.7 ^7.3

Lesser 725 9.8 -46 435 -248 -2.7 21.8 *5>7

Nonmetro 2,024 27.3 -104 1,304 -745 -2.3 23.6 *-6.1

Urbanized adjacent 360 4.9 -43 269 -210 -4.4 24.3 -8.S

Urbanized nonadjacent 321 4.3 -4 173 -85 -.6 20.3 -4.6

Less urbanized adjacent 535 7.2 -27 ^2 -204 -2.3 25.1 -Í.3

Less urbanized nonadjacent 576 7.8 -25 ä5 -188 -2.0 24.2 -5.5

Totally rural adjacent 89 1.2 1 54 -29 .4 22.9 -5.4

Totally rural nonadjacent 144 1.9 -6 82 -39 -1.9 21.9 -4.6

Northeast 1,121 15.1 -540 583 -981 •9.6 11.4 -11.8

Nonmetro 144 1.9 -44 90 -117 -7.4 15.2 -11.2

Metro 977 13.2 -496 492 -864 -9.9 10.9 -11.9

Midwest 1,986 26.8 -193 1,624 -1,179 •3.9 27.1 -8.9

Nonmetro 596 8.0 -25 449 -294 -1.9 26.4 *7.7

Metro 1,390 18.7 -168 1,175 -886 -4.6 27.4 -9.4

South 2,757 37.1 -256 1,45¿ -500 -4.3 21.8 -3»3

Nonmetro 945 12.7 -27 575 -244 -1.4 24.6 -4.5

Metro 1,812 24.4 -229 881 -256 -5.7 20.3 -2.6

West 1,560 21.0 -306 948 -608 -7.2 21.1 -6.4

Nonmetro 339 4.6 -8 189 -90 -1.0 21.3 -4.6

Metro 1,221 16.4 -298 759 -518 -8.5 21.1 -*.ô

Type of nonmetro county: -

Agricultural 277 3.7 3 76 10 .5 11.8 ,8

Manufacturing 761 10.3 -64 313 -165 -3.2 14.8 -3.S

Mining 180 2.4 8 34 48 2.8 10.4 6.4

Federal lands 195 2.6 -8 50 9 -2.0 10.8 .9

Goverrwient 244 3.3 -17 59 .2 -2.9 9.7 --

Persistent poverty 166 2.2 -1 48 10 -2 13.1 1.2

Retirement 441 5.9 -31 130 -.3 -3.1 12.3 ' * *.

Other 335 4.5 -16 93 14 -2.2 12.0 .8

-- = None or negligible.

1/ Detail may not sum to total because of rounding.

Source: U.S Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

35
Appendix table 24--Unemployment rates by type of county and region, 1976-87

Type of county Unemployment rate

and region T976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 ^983 1984 1985 1986 1987

Percent

U.S. total 7.7 7.0 6.0 5.8 7.1 7,6 9.7 9.6 7.5 7.2 7.0 6.2

Metro 7.8 7.1 6.0 5.7 6.9 7.4 9.3 9.1 7.1 6.7 6.4 5.7

Greater core 8.6 7.7 6.5 6.0 7.0 1.^ 9.3 9.2 7.2 6.9 6.6 5.9

Greater fringe 7.4 6.5 5.5 5.2 6.2 6.6 8.5 8.1 6.1 5.5 5.2 4.7

Medium 7.5 6.9 5.8 5.7 7.0 7.6 9.7 9.7 7.4 6.9 6.7 6,0

Lesser 6.9 6.4 5.S 5.7 7.4 7.8 9.8 9.8 7.7 7.6 l\t 6.7

Nonmetro 7.1 6.8 6.2 6.1 8.0 8.5 11.1 11.2 9.1 9.1 9.0 7.9

Urban!zed adjacent 7.9 7.3 6.3 6.3 8.3 8.8 11-7 11.6 8.9 8.6 8.2 7.0

Urban i zed nonadj acent 7.2 7.2 6.5 6.5 8.0 8.7 10.8 1U3 9.3 9.4 9.4 8.3

Less urbanized adjacent 7.1 6.7 6.1 6.1 8.1 8.7 11.4 11.3 9,2 9.1 9.0 7.9

Less urbanized nonadjacen^t 6.8 6.5 6,Û 5.9 7.7 8.2 10.8 11.1 9.1 9.4 9.5 8.2

Totally rural adjacent 6,8 6.7 6.3 6.3 8.1 8.6 11.0 10.9 9.4 9.2 9.0 8.X^

Totally rural nonadjacent 6.6 6.6 6.1 5.9 7.7 8.1 10.2 10.6 9.3 9.3 9.3 8.1

Northeast 9.4 8.5 6^ 6.6 7.1 7.4 9.0 8.7 6.8 6.2 5.6 4.5

Nonmetro 9.5 8.6 7.1 7.0 8.3 8.4 10.5 10.8 8.1 7.3 6.6 5.4

Metro 9.4 8.4 6.9 6.5 7.0 7.3 8.8 8.5 6.7 6.0 5.4 4.4

Midwest 6.6 6.0 5,3 5.5 8.2 8.6 11.1 10.8 8.4 8.0 7.3 6.7

Nonrwetro 6.2 5.8 5.4 5.5 8,0 8.3 10.8 10.8 8.9 9.0 8.3 7.4

Metro 6.8 6.0 5.3 5.5 8.3 8.7 11.2 m.8 8.2 7.6 6.9 6.4

South 6.7 6.4 5.6 5.4 6.4 7.1 8.9 9.3 1,Z 7.2 7.6 6.8

Nonmetro 6.9 6.7 6.1 6.1 1,1 8.5 11.1 11.5 9.3 9.4 9.8 8.4

Metro 6.7 6.2 5.4 5.0 5.Ö 6.5 8.1 8.4 6.4 6.3 6.7 6.2

West 8.6 7.8 6.6 6.0 6.9 7.4 9.9 9.5 1,6 7.3 7.1 6.3

Nonmetro 8.5 8.4 7.5 7.3 8.5 9.2 12.0 11.7 9.8 10.0 10.V 9.1

Metro 8.7 i.r 6.4 5.8 6.6 7.1 9.4 9.1 7.2 6.8 6.6 5.9

Type of nonmetro county:

Farming 5.7 5.8 5,6 5.5 7.0 7.5 9.6 10,0 8.7 9.0 ZJÎ 7.8

Manufacturing 7.5 7.0 6.2 6.4 8.8 9:4 12.5 11,9 9.5 9,4 8.9 1,5

Mining 6.3 6.2 6.3 6.1 7.3 IJ 11.4 14.7 11.1 11.6 13.1 n.9

Federal lands 8.7 8.4 7.3 7.2 8.7 9.3 12.4 12.1 10.1 10.1 10.Ö 9,0

Government 7.8 7.5 6.5 6.5 7.9 8.3 10,1 10.4 8.4 8.2 8.1 7.2

Persistent poverty 8.5 8.4 IJ 7.8 9.9 11.0 14.0 14.3 12.4 12.4 12:9 11.1

Retirement 8.1 7.7 6.8 6.6 8.4 8.9 11.3 11.2 9.a 8.8 8.7 7.6

Other 6.5 6.2 5.7 5.6 7.3 7.6 9.8 10.4 8.7 8.8 9.0 7.9

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

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