Research Report 1312

EMPLACING, FIRING, AND MARCH ORDERING

AN M1O9A1 HOWITZER:

TASKS AND TASK TIMES

Jay S. Coke, Lloyd M. Crumley, and

Robert C. Schwalm

ARI FIELD UNIT AT FORT SILL, OKLAHOMA

_j U. S. Army

'U'.Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences

June 1981

Approved for Public release; ditribution unliMited.
U. S. ARMY RESEARCH INSTITUTE

FOR THE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

A Field Operating Agency under the Jurisdiction of the

Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel

L. NEALE COSBY

JOSEPH ZEIDNER Colonel, IN

Technical Director Commander

NOTICES

DISTRIBUTION: Primary distribution of this report has been made by ARI.

Please address correspondence concerning distribution of reports to: U.S.

Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, ATTN:

PERI-TST, 5001 Eisenhower Avenue, Alexandria, Virginia 22333.

FINAL DISPOSITION: This report may be destroyed when It Is no longer

needed. Please do not return It to the U.S. Army Research Institute for

the Behavioral and Social Sciences.

NOTE: The findings In this report are not to be construed as an official

Department of the Army position, unless so designated by other authorized

documents.

~ ~ ~ ~ .,, ~ . %; ~ .• ~ MN . Now-*'...:, h. . ; .,
Unclassified

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Dert Entered)

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE BEFoRE READ COMPLETG MSPrRUCINORs ORMo I. REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER

Research Report 1312 ____/_ /_ I_ _

4. TITLE (and Subtile) S. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED

EMPLACING, FIRING, AND MARCH ORDERING AN Final

Ml09AI HOWITZER: TASKS AND TASK TIMES 6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER

7. AUTHOR(@) I. CONTRACT OR GRANY NUMBER(.)

Jay S. Coke

Lloyd M. Crumley

Robert C. Schwalm

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT, TASK AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS

U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral

and Social Sciences

5001 Eisenhower Avenue, Alexandria, VA 22333 2Q262717A790

11. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS t2. REPORT DATE

U.S. Army Field Artillery School IS. June NUMBER 1981 OF PAGES

Fort Sill, OK 73503 38

14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS(If different from Controllting Office) IS. SECURITY CLASS. (of thie repot)

Unclassified

15. DECL ASSI FI CATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE

16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of t is Report)

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the abstreot entered In Black 20, It different from Report)

18. 'SUPPLEMENTA'RY NO)TES

19. KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse side It neceeeary nd Identify by block number)

Computer simulation

Task library

Crew-served weapon systems

Crew performance

20. ABSTRACT (ciniae - rewese ed N ne a m

),emd ldotflfy by block number)

, If there is ever a conflict in Europe between NATO forces and current

threat forces, crews operating weapon systems might be forced to fight around

the clock for up to 8 consecutive days. To assess the effects of prolonged

continuous operations on crew performance, the Fort Sill Field Unit of the

U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Scienceshas developed a computer-based simulation model. One major component of this model

(Continued)

W Im W3 FJO3 am-n- or O Nov 4S OBSOLETE Unclassified

SECuRITY CLASSIFtCATrON OF THIS PAGE (men Doe Entereat
Unclassified

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(Wlam Date etmm

Item 2 (Continued)

is a task library. The task library, which will differ depending upon the

weapon system being simulated, contains a definition of each task required

to operate a weapon and numerical values for relevant task parameters, including the minimum, average, and maximum time required to perform the task.

This report describes the development of a task library for the MIO9AI 155mm

self-propelled howitzer, the weapon system chosen as the test bed for the

research effort on continuous operations.

Unclassified

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(When Des. Entered)
Research Report 1312

EMPLACING, FIRING, AND MARCH ORDERING

AN M1O9A1 HOWITZER:

TASKS AND TASK TIMES Ac~o o

NTIS -- ','

DTI

Jay S. Coke, Lloyd M. Crumley, and v____

Robert C. Schwalm I

Dict ~ UL

Submitted by:

James A. Bynum, Chief

ARI FIELD UNIT AT FORT SILL, OKLAHOMA

Approved by:

E. Ralph Dusek, Director

PERSONNEL AND TRAINING

RESEARCH LABORATORY

U.S. ARMY RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR THE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

5001 Eisenhower Avenue. Alexandria, Virginia 22333

Office, Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel

Department of the Army

June 1981

Army Project Number Human Performance

2026271 7A790 Effectiveness and Simulation

DovuAM for public 'uilum; distributieon unlimnited.
ARI Research Reports and Technical Reports are intended for sponsors of

R&D tasks and for other research and military agencies. Any findings ready

for implementation at the time of publication are presented in the last part

of the Brief. Upon completion of a major phase of the task, formal recommendations for official action normally are conveyed to appropriate military

agencies by briefing or Disposition Form.

iv
FOREWORD

The Fort Sill Field Unit of the U.S. Army Research Institute for the

Behavioral and Social Sciences (ARI) is conducting research to determine

the effects of continuous operations on the performance of crews as they

operate weapon systems. In conducting this research, the Field Unit has

developed a computer-based model that will simulate the effects on performance of crew size, task assignment structure, and fatigue and lack of

adequate sleep. To simulate the performance of a crew on a particular

weapon system, one must have a task library for that system; this library

must contain the tasks that are performed in operating the system and the

minimum, average, and maximum time required to perform them.

This report describes the development of a task library for the

Ml09AI 155mm self-propelled howitzer, the weapon system chosen as the

test bed for the research effort on continuous operations. The research

reported was conducted under RDT&E Project 2Q263743A794, FY 1980 Work

Program, in response to requirements of the U.S. Army Field Artillery

School, Fort Sill, Okla.

JO Ei(D1R

Te hnicl'rco

v
EMPLACING, FIRING, AND MARCH ORDERING AN MI09AI

HOWITZER: TASKS AND TASK TIMES

BRIEF

Requirement:

It is expected that if there is ever a conflict between NATO and Warsaw Pact forces in Europe, howitzer sections, and other crew-served weapons,

will be forced to fight around the clock for up to 8 consecutive days. To

begin to assess the effects of prolonged continuous operations on the performance of such crews, the Fort Sill Field Unit of the Army Research Institute has developed a computer-based simulation model. The model uses

the MI09AI, 155mm howitzer as a test bed. One component of this model is

a library that contains a definition of each task required to operate a

howitzer and numerical values for relevant task parameters, including the

minimum, average, and maximum time required to perform the task. The purpose of the research described in this report was to gather the task and

task time data necessary to build a library for evaluation of MI09AI howitzer crews.

Procedure:

To determine the minimum, average, and maximum times to perform each

task, three methods were used. The first method consisted of videotaping

howitzer crews in action and then using the tapes to measure how long it

took to perform individual tasks. Since it was impossible to determine from

the videotapes the times for all the listed tasks, two back-up time estimation methods were used. The first of these back-up methods consisted of

timing one well-trained individual as he performed a task. The second consisted of having a subject matter expert estimate the time it would take to

perform a task.

Findings:

By using the procedure outlined above it was possible to determine the

minimum, average, and maximum times required for members of a howitzer crew

to perform their tasks.

Utilization of Findings:

1. The task library developed provides an adequate data base for

initial studies of the effects of crew size and task structure.

2. The task library can be upgraded to provide additional outputs

concerning "typical" crews if desired.

vii

p==Ao PAGNIAI.o u
3. The present task library is adequate for further development of

the model to predict decrements resulting from fatigue or lack

of adequate sleep or other parameters that affect speed of

performance.

4. The results of the research suggest that it would be feasible

to develop task libraries for weapon systems other than the

MI09Al howitzer. The computer-based model could then be used

to simulate the performance of crews operating those systems.

viii
EMPLACING, FIRING, AND MARCH ORDERING AN M109AI

HOWITZER: TASKS AND TASK TIMES

CONTENTS

Page

INTRODUCTION...............................1

Effects of Fatigue and Inadequate Sleep ................. 1

Effects of Crew Size and Task Structure ................ 2

Simulation Model............................3

PURPOSE.................................4

APPROACH.................................4

Development of a Task List.......................5

Task Time Data Collection........................6

RESULTS.................................9

DISCUSSION................................10

CONCLUSIONS...............................11

APPENDIX A................................13

APPENDIX B.................... ............ 23

DISTRIBUTION................................33

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Task library data entries and column locations on

80-column card image.......................4

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Relative positions of M109AI howitzer, M548 axmunition

carrier, and the three camera operators. ........... 8

ix
EMPLACING, FIRING, AND MARCH ORDERING AN MI09AI HOWITZER:

TASKS AND TASK TIMES

INTRODUCTION

Decision makers in the U.S. Army Field Artillery are concerned about

the performance of howitzer sections during the kind of battles envisioned

if there is ever a conflict in the European theater with current threat

forces. It is assumed that a European conflict would be short, lasting

perhaps only a week or two. It is also assumed, though, that it would be

intense. Because technological advances have greatly increased the capacity for night operations, battles can now be fought around the clock.

Thus, howitzer sections might be forced to fight continuously for several

consecutive days.

This continuous operations scenario suggests the need to assess the

effects of certain variables on the performance of howitzer crews. Obvious variables are fatigue and lack of sleep. Less obvious but equally important variables are crew size and allocation of tasks among crew members.

Since continuous operations will force crew members to fight and rest in

shifts, and since crew members, besides fighting and resting, must perform

certain off-howitzer support tasks, the full crew will never be available

to operate the howitzer. How many men, then, are needed to operate the

howitzer and complete all support duties at acceptable levels of performance? How can one best assign tasks so as to minimize the effects of

having a limited number of crew members?

Effects of Fatigue and Inadequate Sleep

The effects of fatigue and lack of adequate sleep on performance are

easy to visualize. As crew members grow physically fatigued, they move

more slowly while performing the individual tasks involved in emplacing,

firing, or march ordering a howitzer. Inadequate sleep, even when it does

not involve physical fatigue, causes lapses of attention, slower performance of cognitive operations, and reduced eye-hand coordination. Thus,

fatigue and lack of adequate sleep will cause many individual tasks to be

performed more slowly. When individual tasks in a task sequence are performed more slowly, the sequence as a whole will, of course, be performed

more slowly. 1

1It is assumed in this paper that speed is a critical measure of crew performance. Another measure that might be considered critical is error

rate. With howitzer crews, though, errors are usually reflected in speed:

When a crew member makes an error in performing a task, he corrects the

error and correcting the error takes time.

1J
Effects of Crew Size and Task Structure

The effects of crew size and task structure are more difficult to

visualize than the effects of fatigue and inadequate sleep. Crew size and

task structure do not affect the speed of performance of individual tasks.

Instead, they affect the speed of performance of sequences of tasks by

affecting the scheduling of individual tasks.

A conceptual analysis of the effects of crew size and task structure

on crew performance suggests two useful indicators of performance effectiveness. The first indicator is obvious and has already been suggested:

speed of performance, where speed is inversely related to time required

to perform an activity such as emplacing, firing, or march ordering the

howitzer (increased speed = decreased time). The second indicator is less

obvious: idle time, the amount of time individual crew members are not

working during the performance of an activity.

Tasks involved in an activity such as firing the howitzer are performed either simultaneously or sequentially, and they are performed sequentially for reasons either intrinsic or extrinsic to the tasks. To

illustrate, in firing a howitzer the projectile must be fuzed before it

can be fired. This sequencing is intrinsic to the tasks. Fuzing the projectile and preparing the propellant charge, though, could be done either

sequentially or simultaneously. Obviously, the activity of firing the

howitzer will be completed more rapidly if these tasks are performed simultaneously. Perhaps, however, there is only one man available to do both

tasks; the tasks will then be performed sequentially but for reasons extrinsic to the tasks. When tasks are performed sequentially, for intrinsic

or extrinsic reasons, one seeks to minimize occasions where one man ready

to begin a task is forced to be idle while waiting for another man to complete a prior task within the sequence.

Given a specified series of tasks and a specified crew size, the task

assignment structure that minimizes idle time should also minimize the

total time to perform the tasks. The amount of work to be done is determined by the tasks and the environment in which the tasks are to be performed; total time to perform an activity can Le shortened only through

the effect of task structure on idle time (Total Time = Work Time/Crew

Size + Idle Time/Crew Size). Thus, with movement toward the optimal task

structure, both performance indicators move in the desired direction.

Changes in crew size will move only one of the two indicators in the

desired direction. Increasing crew size will increase speed of performance

to the extent that it allows the simultaneous performance of tasks that had

been performed sequentially with smaller crews. Increasing crew size,

however, will increase idle time. Conversely, decreasing crew size will

decrease speed of performance to the extent that it forces the sequential

performance of tasks that could be performed simultaneously. Decreasing

crew size, however, will also decrease idle time. In making decisions about

crew size, then, one must be concerned with trade-offs between speed of performance and efficient use of available manpower.

2

-a-d
Simulation Model

The U.S. Army Research Institute, Fort Sill Field Unit, is currently

developing methods and collecting data that will allow decision makers to

assess the effects of the variables discussed above without having to perform the costly operation of observing crews of different sizes, with different task assignments, operating at different levels of fatigue. An

important part of this process is the development of a computer model that

simulates the performance of howitzer crews. 2

This model consists of three segments. One segment is the computer

program that simulates the performance of howitzer crews. The second is

a task library that contains a definition of each task required to operate

a howitzer and numerical values for relevant task parameters. The parameters include the minimum, average, and maximum time required to perform

the task. The third segment specifies the size of the crew being simulated

and the allocation of tasks among crew members. This segment also specifies the number of iterations the simulation program is to complete.

Given appropriate inputs (i.e., the second and third segments), the

simulation program provides information about the speed with which the

crew being simulated would perform such activities as emplacing, firing,

or march ordering the howitzer. Suppose, for example, that one simulates

emplacement and asks for 200 iterations. The simulation program will determine the time required to emplace the howitzer by calculating the time

required to complete each individual task involved in this activity and by

taking into account the scheduling of the tasks. The 200 times for emplacement calculated by the model will differ from one another because the

model is probabilistic. Assume, for example, that the minimum time to complete a particular task is 1 second, the average is 2 seconds, and the

maximum is 5 seconds. For any one iteration of the emplacement activity,

the simulation model would randomly select a time somewhere between 1 and

5 seconds for that task. Since times for the individual tasks vary from

iteration to iteration, the total times for the activity will, of course,

also vary.

The program provides summary information on the iterations performed.

Presented are the minimum time to perform the activity, the times at the

10th, 20th, 30th, 40th, 50th, 60th, 70th, 80th, and 90th percentiles of

the distribution, and the maximum time to perform the activity. The simulation program also provides a count of how often each man was the "critical" man (i.e., the number of iterations during which he worked the greatest amount of time) and the average amount of time each man was idle.

Thus, the model provides output on speed of performance and idle time,

the two indicators of performance effectiveness discussed earlier. To

summarize, the simulation model operates as follows:

1. Tasks are defined and placed in the task library with each task

entry consisting of the items described in Table 1.

2For a complete description of the model, see Schwalm, R. C., Crumley,

L. M., Coke, J. S., & Sachs, S. A. A Description of the ARI Crew Performance Model. ARI Research Report, in press.

3
2. Information about crew size and task assignment is input through

a set of control cards. Also included in the control cards is

the number of iterations the simulation model is to complete.

3. Based upon the information given, the simulation program will

make its calculations and print out the summary information described above.

Table 1

Task Library Data Entries and Column Locations

on 80-Column Card Image

Column Data entry

2-5 Task number

7-10 Hold (number of another task that must be performed

before this task can be performed)

12-15 Concurrent (number of another task that must be performed concurrently with this task)

16-20 Minimum time in seconds to perform the task

21-25 Average time in seconds to perform the task

26-30 Maximum time in seconds to perform the task

40 Source of the time data

PURPOSE

The purpose of the research described in this report was to develop a

library of the tasks performed by Ml09Al howitzer crews. The task library

makes it possible to simulate the performance of howitzer crews of different sizes and with different task assignment.structures. The task library

also provides a data base for later simulations of the effects of fatigue

and inadequate sleep on performance. Before such simulations can be run,

however, more information about the effects of fatigue and inadequate sleep

on performance is needed. Research to acquire that information is planned.

APPROACH

The Ml09Al howitzer section, which consists of a 155mm self-propelled

howitzer, an M548 section vehicle, and a nominal 10-man crew, was selected

as the test bed for the modeling effort. Development of the task library

4

n.mn3 l-| . .
involved two major efforts: developing a comprehensive list of tasks required to operate a howitzer, and obtaining data that describe the range

of times required to perform the various tasks.

Development of a Task List

The tasks making up an initial task list were gathered from the following documents: (1) FM 6-88 (155mm Howitzer M109, Ml09AI, Self-Propelled);

(2) TM 9-2350-217-1ON (Operation and Maintenance Manual (User) for Howitzer,

Medium, Self-Propelled: 155mm M109 (2350-00-440-8811) and 155mm Ml09AI

(2350-00-485-9662)); and (3) WCXXMG, HO (Duties of the Personnel of the 155mm

Howitzer M109/MI09Al Self-Propelled Section). This task list is shown in

Appendix A. Some tasks in the initial list were then broken into smaller

task units. This was done if it appeared possible that the different units

might profitably be performed by two or more men instead of one or if it

appeared possible that there might sometimes be a gap in time between the

performance of one unit and the performance of another. Also a series of

locomotion tasks was added so that the crew simulations could reflect the

requirement that crew members move to and from various work locations. In

all, approximately 200 tasks were identified. The tasks that make up the

final task library are shown in Appendix B.

After the task list was developed, a further analysis was performed

to identify constraints intrinsic to the tasks that force some tasks to be

perforrned sequentially and some to be performed concurrently. For example,

in firing the howitzer, the gunner cannot properly perform Task 100, "Sets

deflection," until the chief of section performs Task 12, "Announces deflection." The entry for Task 100 reflects this constraint: In columns

7-10, Task 12 appears indicating that Task 100 cannot be performed until

Task 12 has been completed (see the fire mission tasks in Appendix B).

This means that Task 100 must "hold" for Task 12. When calculating the

time required to fire the howitzer, the simulation program takes account

of this constraint. 3

Task 500, "Holds projectile while another affixes and sets fuze,"

must be performed concurrently with Task 404, "Affixes and sets fuze..'

The library entry for Task 500 reflects this constraint: In columns 12-15,

Task 404 appears indicating that Task 500 must be performed concurrently

with Task 404 (again see the fire mission tasks in Appendix B).

3

The gunner could of course set a deflection before the chief of section

announced the one sent by the fire direction center. A howitzer crew that

followed this piocedure, however, would seldom place its projectiles in

the desired location. We identified those tasks that must be performed

sequentially or concurrently if the weapon system is to operate as intended

(i.e., intrinsic constraints). Identification of constraints requires

knowledge of the system.

5
Task Time Data Collection

To estimate the minimum, average, and maximum times to perform the

tasks, three methods were used. The first method consisted of videotaping

howitzer crews in action and then using the tapes to measure how long it

took to perform individual tasks. Since it was impossible to determine

from the videotapes the times for all the listed tasks, two back-up time

estimation methods were used. The first back-up method consisted of timing one well-trained individual as he performed a task. The second consisted of having a subject matter expert estimate the time it would take

to perform a task.

Videotaping. The major method of data collection consisted of filming two howitzer crews. The crews and equipment came from III Corps Artillery, 75th FA Group, 2nd Battalion, 34th FA. Each crew used one Ml09AI

155mm self-propelled howitzer, one M548 section vehicle, and all the equipment associated with these two vehicles. The M548 was loaded with 10 pallets of high explosive (HE) projectiles and 36 powder cannisters. Each

pallet contained 8 projectiles and each cannister contained 2 green bag

propellant charges.

The two crews were videotaped on separate days. The weather on both

days was good and should not have adversely affected performance. Each

crew repeated four times the sequence of emplacing the howitzer, firing

three rounds, and then march ordering the howitzer. Support elements required to perform these activities were furnished. Laying the howitzer

for direction required an aiming circle, a man to operate the aiming circle, and a communications wire between the aiming circle and the howitzer.

Firing the howitzer required a fire direction center (FDC) to transmit

fire missions to the howitzer crew and a forward observer (FO) to observe

the fired rounds in the target area.

Because the data were intended to be applicable to combat operations,

the crews were instructed to operate as they would in combat. The crews

were also directed to work out of the back of the ammunition carrier in

preparing ammunition for firing. In training exercises, crews usually unload their ammunition and prepare it for firing on the ground beside the

howitzer. This procedure is easier than working out of the back of an ammunition carrier. In combat, however, a crew might be forced by enemy

action to march order rapidly and the crew would not have time to reload

ammunition into the carrier. Thus, in combat, a crew would be forced to

work out of the ammunition carrier.

The fire missions transmitted to the howitzer crews were also designed to be representative of combat. Since target locations vary from

fire mission to fire mission, the crew must frequently change the deflection and quadrant settings on the fire control instruments of the howitzer.

Further, howitzer crews are called upon to fire various kinds of projectiles and fuzes, the shell-fuze combination fired depending upon characteristics of the target.

These variations were reflected in the fire mission. There were five

elements in each fire mission transmitted to the howitzer crews: projectile

6
location, charge, fuze, deflection, and quadrant. One element was constant: The crews always fired charge 5. Each of the other four elements

varied from round to round. Although all projectiles fired by the howitzer crews were HE, the FDC directed the howitzer crews to get their projectiles from a pallet either at the front, middle, or rear of the M548.

This requirement simulated a combat situation in which a crew might have

to obtain different kinds of projectiles from different locations within

the ammunition carrier. The FDC also directed the howitzer crews to fire

either point detonating (PD), variable time (VT), or time (Ti) fuzes.

Deflection and quadrant were varied from one round to the next within the

constraint that the fired round had to land in a specified target area.

As the howitzer crews worked, they were filmed by three camera operators who carried portable videotape cameras and recording units. Each

camera was equipped with a directional microphone. To facilitate filming,

the howitzer and ammunition carrier were emplaced in an open field in the

configuration shown in Figure 1. In combat, of course, a howitzer battery would seek a concealed position.

Figure 1 also shows the positions to which each of the three camera

operators moved as the howitzer and ammunition carrier drove into position. As can be seen in Figure 1, one camera looked directly into the

back of the howitzer, one looked into the back of the ammunition carrier,

and one focused on the left side of the howitzer, a location where considerable activity takes place during emplacements and march orders.

When the filming was completed, a running digital clock accurate to

the half-second was superimposed in the lower right-hand corner of the

videotape. Two researchers then recorded the start and stop points of

tasks to the nearest second. They subsequently used this information to

calculate the total task time in seconds. For some tasks, the start or

stop point was based on oral commands or statements. Usually, though, the

start and stop points were based on visual information.

During the initial phases of data reduction, the two researchers independently observed the same tapes. When large discrepancies in times

recorded for a task occurred, it was because the two researchers interpreted the actions of a crew member differently. The researchers resolved

such discrepancies by reviewing the tape, discussing their two interpretations in light of the review, and deciding which interpretation was correct.

In nearly all cases, however, the times the researchers recorded for a

task were within one second of being in agreement. Because the times were

so close, no formal assessment of reliability was considered necessary.

Individual Task Timing and Time Estimate. Since it was impossible

to videotape all the tasks listed in the task list, some data were collected by alternative methods. Indeed, despite the instructions to the

howitzer crews to operate as if in combat, they failed to perform some

tasks that should have been performed. To generate estimates of the time

to perform the tasks not performed or not visible, two back-up methods

were used. One method involved timing an individual as he performed the

tasks; the other involved estimating the times. Generally, the times for

the simple tasks that had not been filmed were obtained by timing a

USAFACFS Weapons Department instructor performing the tasks. For more

7
Figure 1. Relative positions of M109AI howitzer, M548 ammunition

carrier, and the three camera operators.

8
complex tasks where it seemed likely that the time to perform a task would

vary widely depending on the performer's skill level, the instructor provided minimum, average, and maximum time estimates for a "typical" crewman.

RESULTS

The completed task library is shown in Appendix B. Two lines are used

to describe each task, the first line consisting of numerical values for

the task parameters and the second line consisting of a brief verbal description of the task. The data entries appearing on the first line have

been described briefly in Table 1.

The entries for hold, concurrent, and source of time data, however,

need some explanation beyond that provided in the table. The hold and concurrent entries are used to reflect constraints intrinsic to the tasks.

If the task being described cannot be performed until another task has been

performed, the number of that other task appears in the hold columns. If

the task being described must be performed concurrently with another task,

the number of that other task appears in the concurrent columns.

As is indicated in Table 1, the entry in column 40 indicates the

source of the time data for the task. If the time data for a task were

based on observation of the howitzer crews, a "I" appears in column 40. 4

If times for a task could not be directly determined from observation of

the videotapes but could be inferred from the tapes, a "2" appears in column 40. If the data were obtained by timing the USAFACFS instructor, a

"3" appears. If the data were the estimates of a subject matter expert,

a "4" appears.5 Of the times for the 161 nonlocomotion tasks, 66 were obtained by observation of the videotapes, 7 were inferred from the videotapes, 21 were obtained by timing the performance of the USAFACFS instructor, and 67 were estimates of the USAFACFS instructor.

An attempt was made to organize the task library in such a way that

it would be easy to use. The task library was divided into three segments

representing the three major activities engaged in by a howitzer crew:

emplacing, firing, and march ordering. The numbers assigned to the tasks

indicate which crew member usually performs the tasks. Tasks were assigned

numbers according to the following scheme: 0-99, Chief of Section; 100-199,

gunner; 200-299, assistant gunner; 300-399, number 1 cannoneer; 400-499,

4Even for tasks assigned a "1" in column 40, subjective judgment was sometimes involved in determining the minimum, average, and maximum times. If

we thought that a time recorded for a task was for some reason atypical,

the time was disregarded. On one occasion, for example, a howitzer crew

member made several mistakes in fuzing a projectile. Using his time on

that occasion as the maximum time would have greatly distorted the distribution for the task.

5It was assumed that times for tasks would generally be positively skewed.

If an error is made in performing a task, the time required to perform the

task might be considerably increased. There is no corresponding mechanism

that might decrease the time required to perform a task.

9
number 2 cannoneer; 500-599, number 3 cannoneer; 600-699, number 4 cannoneer; 700-799, number 5 cannoneer; 800-899, motor driver; and 900-999, section driver.

For convenience of presentation, the locomotion tasks were shown as

a separate segment in Appendix B. To actually use the model to simulate

an activity, however, the locomotion tasks would have to be entered in the

same segment or file as the tasks for that activity. Thus, the same locomotion tasks would be entered in the file with the emplacement tasks, the

file with the fire mission tasks, and the file with the march order tasks.

DISCUSSION

The purpose of the present research was to collect data that could be

useful in evaluating the effects on performance of different crew sizes

and different task assignments within a given crew size. For this specific purpose, a sample of two howitzer crews was sufficient. Lest the

reader make inferences not justified by the data, however, a caveat is in

order. One might be tempted to assume that the performance of most howitzer crews would be similar to the performance of the crews studied and

that one could, therefore, predict the level of performance of howitzer

crews in general from the data collected. Given the small sample of crews,

this assumption is unwarranted. The performance of howitzer crews must

fall along a distribution, some crews being fast, some slow, some average.

With our sample of only two crews, one should not assume that they were

average or typical.

It would be desirable in the future to collect data from a much larger

sample of howitzer crews. This would increase the power of the simulation

model since one could use it to predict the performance of howitzer batteries in particular battle scenarios. How many sections, for example,

would be able to fire the number of rounds per day and make the number of

moves per day envisioned in the European scenario?

Still, the small sample used in the present research does not lessen

the value of the data in accomplishing the purpose for which they were intended. Even if the two crews studied were far faster or far slower than

the average howitzer crew, the data could still be used to evaluate the

effects of different crew sizes and task assignment structures. Consider,

for example, two 10-man crews, one of which can perform twice as fast as

the other all the tasks involved in emplacing a howitzer. The time it

takes to emplace the howitzer with the full crew provides a base line

measure of performance for each crew. If we took several men from each

crew and distributed the tasks these men had performed among the remaining

crew members, the speed of both crews would probably decrease by some

amount and not necessarily the same amount. The key point, though, is

that losing the men would cause approximately the same percentage decrease

in speed relative to the base line for both the fast and the slow crew.

Hence the fast and the slow crew data would lead one to draw the same

inference about the effects of crew size changes.

Another issue of concern is the relatively large number of tasks with

time data based on the back-up methods of data collection. It certainly

10
would have been preferable to determine the times for each task by observing howitzer crews. As with the small sample of crews, however, the use

of back-up methods of data collection does not lessen the value of the

data for making inferences about the effects of different crew sizes or

task structures. It is unlikely that any errors in the times based on

the back-up methods are sufficiently large that they would lead to incorrect inferences about the effects of these variables. Further, as decision

makers move toward any final decisions about crew size or task structure,

the task library will be updated with more accurate times if that becomes

necessary.

CONCLUSIONS

1. The present task library provides an adequate data base for initial studies of the effects of crew size and task structure using

the simulation model.

The task library can be upgraded to provide additional outputs

.oncerning "typical" crews if desired.

3. The present task library is adequate for further development of

the model to predict decrements resulting from fatigue or lack of

adequate sleep or other parameters that affect speed of performance.

4. The present results suggest that it would be feasible to develop

task libraries for weapon systems other than the MI09AI howitzer.

The computer-based model could then be used to simulate the performance of crews operating those systems.

11
APPENDIX A

TABLE 1

LIST OF TASKS PERFORMED BY CREW DURING THE PROCESS OF LAYING A HOWITZER

CHIEF OF SECTION

1. Gives command to prepare for action.

2. Supervises work of cannoneers during all activities.

3. Directs backing of carriage against spades. Directs driver to cut engine and

set brakes.

4. Checks position of replenisher indicator and recuperator guide pins. Checks

recoil system for leaks. Directs servicing as required.

5. Verifies the adjustment of the sighting and fire control equipment to insure

that the howitzer has been properly laid.

6. Assisted by the gunner, measures angle of site to crest.

7. Indicates alternative aiming point to the gunner.

8. Supervises gunner and assistant gunner as they boresight or check previous

boresighting.

9. Reports to executive officer that the howitzer is prepared for action or

reports any defects that the section cannot remedy without delay.

GUNNER

1. Depresses left pedal latch when spades are used. Opens left cab door.

2. Removes collimator and hands it to number 4.

3. Releases cab traverse lock. Places cab power switch in the on position and

places the elevation switch in the gunner position for power elevation.

4. Assists driver in disengaging howitzer travel lock, and then depresses tube

to minimum elevation so number 5 can remove the muzzle cover and plug. Places

the elevation control switch in the number I man position for power elevation.

Checks power and manual traverse.

5. Commands the driver to lift and lock ballistic cover, and installs panoramic

teLe-,cope. Uncovers azi.nuth counter. Zeroes the gunner's aid counter and

levels the telescope mount.

6. Lays the howitzer for direction. Directs alinement of collimator and resets

counter to 3,200 mils. Directs alinement of aiming posts so that an alternative to the collimator is available. Identifies and records deflection to

alternative aiming point.

13

pmal pA & -NoT nimQ3
7. Assists chief of section in measuring angle of site to crest.

8. Boresights the weapon or checks previous broesighting.

ASSISTANT GUNNER

1. Depresses right pedal latch. Opens right cab door.

2. Checks functioning of elevating mechanism, power and manual.

3. Elevates the tube to loading elevation. Centers cross-level bubbles. Sets

correction counter to zero.

4. Checks direct fire telescope.

5. Assists chief of section in measuring site to crest.

6. Boresights direct fire telescope.

NUMBER 1 CANNONEER

1. Opens rear cab doors and dismounts.

2. Removes left spade strut safety pin. Releases left locking latch and lowers

spade to ground.

3. Procures lanyard; operates firing mechanism; inspects, operates, and cleans the

breechblock, power rammer, chamber, bore, primer seat, and obturator vent; leaves

the breechblock open.

4. Procures sponge, burlap, and bucket of water and places them in a convenient

location.

5. Procures primers and places them in a convenient and safe location.

NUMBER 2 CANNONEER

1. Opens and holds rear hull door while the chief of section and numbers 1 and 2

dismount; then closes hull door for emplacement of the spades.

2. Removes right spade strut safety pin. Removes right locking latch and lowers

spade to ground.

3. Procures fuze setters and, assisted by number 3, unloads fuze boxes and opens

box.-, and arranges fuzes as directed by the chief of section.

NUMBER 3 CANNONEER

1. Assists number 2 in unloading and opening fuze boxes and arranging fuzes.

2. Does other tasks as directed by the chief of section.

14
NUMBER 4 CANNONEER

1. Obtains collimator from gunner and places it to the left front of the howitzer.

Alines the collimator in accordance with directions from the gunner.

2. Assembles aiming posts and places them to the right rear of the piece for

number 5.

3. Assembles rammer staffs.

4. Does other tasks as directed by chief of section.

NMBER 5 CANNONEER

1. Acts as gun guide when required. Guides piece into position parallel with

stakes.

2. Plugs the piece into the battery. communication system.

3. Removes muzzle cover and plug, folds the cover, and places the cover and plug

in the driver's compartment.

4. Alines aiming posts in accordance with directions from the gunner.

5. Emplaces muzzle boresight when required.

6. Does other tasks as directed by the chief of section.

MOTOR CARRIAGE DRIVER

1. When directed by chief of section, backs carriage against the spades. Sets

brakes and stops the engine.

2. Assisted by the gunner, disengages and secures the howitzer travel lock.

3. Opens and locks direct fire telescope window. Lifts and locks the ballistic

cover on command of the gunner.

4. Puts instrument panel inside driver's compartment and closes and secures hatch.

5. Does other tasks as directed by the chief of section.

SECTION VEHICLE DRIVER

I. Does tasks as directed by the chief of section.

15

! i
TABLE 2

LIST OF TASKS PERFORMED BY CREW DURING FIRE MISSION

CHIEF OF SECTION

I. Commands the section during firing and insures an efficient and safe operation.

2. Follows fire commands and repeats commands to section as required to insure

efficiency and safety.

3. Verifies the adjustment of the sighting and fire control equipment.

4. Checks all ammunition components of a complete round that has been prepared

for firing before it is loaded in the cannon tube.

5. Indicates that the howitzer is ready to fire by extending his right arm

vertically and reporting to the fire direction center.

6. Drops his right arm sharply to his side and gives the comnand to fire.

GUNNER

1. Sets announced deflection on the reset counter by turning the azimuth knob.

2. Traverses the tube until the vertical reticle of the telescope is correctly

alined with the collimator or until it is on the left edge of the aiming point.

3. Centers the pitch- and cross-level bubbles.

4. Calls "ready" after the piece is laid for direction and the assistant gunner

has called "set".

ASSISTANT GUNNER

I. Using the elevation knob, sets the announced quadrant on the elevation counter.

2. Elevates the tube until the elevation level bubble is centered.

3. Using the cross-level knob, centers the cross-level bubble.

4. Calls "set" after the tube is laid for quadrant.

NUMBER I CANNONEER

1. Places the projectile in the loading tray of the power rammer.

2. Rams the projectile with the power rammer.

3. Returns rammer to stowed position.

16
4. Places tile propellant charge in the chamber so that the red ignitor pad is

3 inches inside the rear of the chamber.

5. Closes breech, inserts primer into primer seat, and slides block assembly

to the left to position the firing mechanism over the primer.

6. Attaches the lanyard to the eyelet on the firing mechanism lever.

7. At the command of the chief of section, fires the howitzer.

8. Swabs and inspects the powder chamber forcing cone and obturator head after

each round is fired and calls "bore clear."

NUMBER 2 CANNONEER

1. Fuzes projectile.

2. Sets selective superquick and delay fuzes.

3. Sets all time and proximity fuzes with the proper fuze setter. Removes

setter and verifies setting.

NUMBER 3 CANNONEER

I. Inspects and cleans projectiles.

2. Holds projectile upright while number 2 fuzes the projectile and sets the fuze.

3. Carries fuized projectile to the howitzer and places it wh.?

ro it will be

convenient for number I.

NUMBER 4 CANNONEER

1. Assisted by the motor carriage driver, prepares propellant charge.

2. Hands propellant charge to motor carriage driver, and disposes of excess powder

increments.

NUMBER 5 CANNONEER

I. If present, acts as section radio telephone operator. He will usually be gone

with advance party, helping to prepare next battery location. When he is gone,

the CS usually serves as the radio telephone operator.

MOTOR CARRIAGE DRIVER

I. Assists number 4 in preparing the propellant charge.

2. Hands the propellant charge to number I so that he can grasp the base of the

charge with his right hand.

17

............................
SECTION VEHICLE DRIVER

1. Does tasks as directed by the chief of section.

18
TABLE 3

LIST OF TASKS PERFORMED BY CREW DURING THE PROCESS OF MARCH ORDERING A HOWITZER

CHIEF OF SECTION

1. Gives command to march order.

2. Inspects chamber to insure that howitzer is not loaded.

3. Supervises the work of the section as they prepare the ammunition for travel.

4. Directs driver in extracting and stowing spades.

5. Verifies that the howitzer is prepared for traveling and takes his post.

6. Reports to the executive officer that his section is in order or reports any

defect that the section cannot remedy without delay.

GUNNER

1. Sets azimuth counter to 3,200 mils and closes window. Sets gunner's aid

counter to zero. Covers bubbles on the telescope mount.

2. Removes the panoramic telescope from its mount and replaces it in its case.

3. Assists the driver in engaging howitzer travel lock. Places cab power switch

in the off position. Locks cab traverse lock.

4. Steps on left and right release pedals respectively, after the driver has

backed against spades. Makes sure pedal latch engages pin. Closes left cab

door after receiving and stowing the collimator.

5. Verifies that all section equipment is present and secure, and takes his post.

ASSISTANT GUNNER

1. Sets elevation and correction counters to zero. Covers bubbles on the elevation

quadrant.

2. Closes right cab door.

3. Takes post.

NUMBER I CANNONEER

I. Closes the breechblock after the chief of section has inspected the chamber,

and secures the power rammer.

19
2. Secures sponge, burlap, and cleaning materials and replaces unused primers

in travel compartments. Replaces vent and primer seat cleaning tools.

3. Assisted by number 3, lifts the left spade into the travel position.

4. Closes rear cab doors.

5. Takes his post, closing rear hull door.

NUMBER 2 CANNONEER

1. Replaces fuzes in containers and places them in the hauitzer compartment.

2. Returns fuze wrenches and setters to their travel chest and replaces

ammunition in the howitzer compartment.

3. Assisted by number 4, lifts the right spade into the travel position.

Replaces right spade strut safety pin.

4. Takes post.

NUMBER 3 CANNONEER

1. Insures that projectiles are ready for loading, that all fuzes are removed,

and that the supplementary charges, lifting plugs, and grc =ets are

replaced.

2. Assists number 1 in lifting the left spade into the travel position.

3. Takes post.

NUMBER 4 CANNONEER

1. Recovers collimator, prepares it for traveling, and passes it to the gunner

for storage.

2. Assists number 2 in lifting the right spade into travel position.

3. Takes post.

NUMBER 5 CANNONEER (IF AVAILABLE)

1. Recovers and disassembles aiming posts and hands them to the rotor carriage

driv,-r for stor:ige.

2. Secures cormun i cations equipment.

3. Replaces muzzle plug and cover.

4. Takes post.

20

.. ,
MOTOR CARRIAGE DRIVER

I. Disassembles and secures rammer staff sections. Secures aiming posts and .toneer tools.

2. Li!fts howitzer travel lock to the vertical position and, assisted by the

gunmr, locks the tube in the travel position.

3. Closes direct fire telescope window, and closes and secures ballistic

cover.

4. Starts engine, and backs against spades as directed by the chief of section.

To extract spades, drives vehicle forward as directed by the chief of

section.

SECTION VEHICLE DRIVER

1. Does tasks as directed by the chief of section.

(

21
U LU -

o 0 I- -z

Ml M 0 0 0 ofU

-1 0 +- -I 0 L 0

I - w 4( 0 0 a

x x 0 0 z:

I" 0r + I- U -0 w 

> + 1.- 0 D M- 0 3 -

Wl ia (A a U LA 1z 0K 

+ - L L 0 >- ar :3 4

M CI 0 - a- > 0 3 LU M I. z a l 6- J 4 AU 0 U -A 4

0 ~ a w I.- 0 6- w Z0a9- 

0~. 0a M3 0 0 0 > , i

4 oz m-;wn 0, -C C UiNnN 4 0 I - - 0 ; ,- 20 4 C-*(4);l o 0- Ui ':U 3o a a 0 - - N an WN C.I- wl I- a v a- MA :3 (A-C

44 (3 -1 z 4 Z! 0 tl cv 0 F.- 4 U 0 u ix o

a - M41- Z <( M q co x - 0 - Mo -~ U'oO o a o 0 . 0 C! Ml-A 0 z 9- M O -- -I - - Ml a -IZ Z 4 :3 :3

oa 'T :3 N. CL a 0 M anm> - zW 0 MlN-- 2 - 4 M - :3 M D 4) . d W 0 - 0 I 0 0 Wi dg C- (z

0lol o 01 uo OaO 0 o 0 0:3 o o- LfWjl 0 V 0 000 4 a 0 0000a000 0 *0OO"M -0 tA. 3. c * o~ .. z0 <.0.1 w- a 0-9 . - w. *0( -> .. f L *W Z *U*M0 . 0 C 0M u 0 l~0 -0a9IlC4 M(D w~ - C(C JN N0Z C

0 9 9.o.1 - - 0~ MLc'd to.--4 CLto .- - 0 0~ Z M D.-WE 07 4x 4 (z 4 9- 4v 0 a zL #-d9 0 A- 4 0 -1 P OZD V) C o-.. "9.. 04 W0 L" - 00 ,0aED 0 00,I-.N OD W (A t, W .

c 09- x u)U ~ w- a C' 0o0'~C - r 0- w . - *cf U r M u !tL ;( w z: I C.-a - 7 j 0W 0: 0 0 0j :; 0- -- ca-(A. wlw - 9- 9 9 c 0 w l- 0 2 j us to I- I dc 9-C

0 om 0 90 00w00e40 04 (v 00 0004 0 - U4O Z

0 0 1 0 + 0 M 0 9 U

00 ~ * * ~ V23

0 0~~~~~~~ 4A 0 n ua0s9 (~ 0 a D l 0
W L) z

W 0C -

0 in l Mw 0 0- r 0 c 4 

o) w C) - W 0 u4 cI Ix 0 I0 wCR 0 

0 0 I-- 0 in

(A0 MA MA 0 0 L z

g o MAt C- cc oC- MA Ix at 0 2 Ir CR W- qA .A m M VW' I' 0 M g- MMAo -a !MZI z o- 0 a- x-. 1- a- wi Z z 0A CR (

-D CR r - 0 0 ! U <A 0. IA x

0 t (A CR ;R u 0 CR 00 w m- a us 1-- 9 >- W c - 0 - a v - - -

0 f 1.~ - .4 ft W e 3 ft - 24 CR 2 4 2 UJ N C A

0 -J i - > -K 3 2 0: U v- 2 0 _-C 0.- W 'nU UA 0

ft or 4C .. j W > 2 A MA . M U 0 MA0 - &t ui > N 0 w. CR U. W 0 0 a. 4 .J a MA uW a I . 3 3 x 'C a 0 - 0 0 > 'I C 0 La 4 -9 n -. L' CR 0 - M A 0 0 Z

WAO 0 a-Q0 0.0 00C/i IinWO 0 0 OMA20ZOfCMAO0WI 0 0-OOW 01002C O O M 0 0 ft.C-~~~~~z *0Z *0 0. *. . .- . Z.- -or . .C -(AC-. .- f . . .. .

OZO N'47C40 1-!OMMC C ciZO O 0C N 0W-4'MOAI w OZR nW 0-- 000

-:3 0-3 ~ om N -) -Z. 0 0C'I - iCi.- UA 4, X-J -4 C1 CR 1- N - M

zO0CnC LMa0 0 *OOOCRC):c-4 -000 0M 00U.O M OaOJ ft M OC O .- R0tf

*-.4.C 00'1 4 040 W 0 C- 4 3. It O J 0 0 c-(M 0 (A*-0 0 M-

~ 4 . . - n 2 . C 0 . [t 0. W CR CR CR M 0

0n Itm0*Z uNu . . mN0 . . t 0 u w2~ . *A m 0- .0 DC 0 U. NC - .C .' 40'R to, 4w 0 U *0 

CRq Oa1 -4(C'ui -4- 0. (DiM MA (D) C- U CO m W 0 OMA W-0I 

2 C- 2- 2" MA C- 2 MA+C - 0 MA U Uf W a- 

(n C.I-- $ _CR t -q 0 C R mA ft Wt ( . CR U.I. CR CR (A CR WR CR Zcr I

'c coM M -1 c 19 .- - u 0 2 x 0 A >- u I T ( j 0.-f U! 0) U U0 ix 0- 2 4 22 Cc 0

n - MA 0 0E z MA ( 3 0 W MA MA N z f Z) . f 4 ft a Ow a9 MA 3 0 u. 0 ld 3a ' 'A 0 M) A I ft 0 4 r n U t 0 0 a 0 n 0 0 0 I0 0 uC ( ( 0 0 m 0 ~ 0 C 0 CC 4rNu 0 C C le CW 0) 0 t C W ND 0 0A Ci 04A t

CC f~ 'C4 ~ ~ 0 i 0 0 0 - - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

24
-J

'u

U) 0

0. U)

oA + 

0 to cc in 0

0r L 0 <0 0

U) Ix 0 AL I- 0 .

0 3> 2f

w z 4. ,

0:-7O .- M D- 4 -x m0 14 0 e- -(D' NU-Cr) 4 4 (n oU) w V. Uj LU D U 

L0 U t>- w) 0 4 w U) 0q~ I- a; W; L uS C; - z Ta w'

W < LL.-U m U) 3 O0 W LUL 4 4 E T MU Z 4 0 - m 2 U) 00 10 On ono2 US 2 oJ -L < 0 u .02 . . 0 LU U)C .:t Lm CZ 0 .2

q. (A . C4 - 1 0 to - ) VU 0. U) w US x -K w a 1 - Z t- - ' - -j LU ) >> -0 o .4 -- 0 U w) 4 z- N 4 0 x Ir C 0 0 0 O 20 0 00 . .. A 0 0 04.' 1 0 0 0 0 1 f. 0 0 0 0 -. OU..ia -1 Oa - A 0 L -*U*. m* * MO )U "I . -U 0 c o *A u 0. (Dm 0 0.'A sf A (A CO t-00 LO) 05If U)( 0 yL 0 4L1 i + ~ 39 :) w -- 0aU) 0 - 2. LSI.(n-I- 0 0 . t- L)~ , ; - 0U)

P. Q > - U OD 'A -U (D + 1 LU C- 5- w u mL 00 0a 0 0U) 0U-.0i w5Lfl f 0U) 2 UO - a 2 50 a 50 O~5) 0 -0Ua

-J q. (D 04 0 0 N Vt4 0 (4 0 >NL 0--L o .- w to co 0 U) C 0 (4 - i U 0 0 0. ) LU- 0 - U 4 a LU 0 5- 4 3 0

30 00 0-O 0 UO 00 fl 09-0 0 DO UO O cl4 fl)O O2fl~25- U
w)

0 0 0

+

b-

- 0 0 UA

OA . U u . UE4n^ .

(A -j 0- - z

0 A C i LA a :l

2 0C 0 - 2

z Z; 4C Z; h- 0 0 -j z . -

0 2 -J no (A I.- 0 0 a W . - -j I- 2A U U; A *a - wn mw 0e 1 w a aJ w a - 2 K c

w U 0 4 0 2 0 < 0 x

r- t. m 0- -n w 4l 0; U. 6- u 0. Z -J 4 - 0 -Z tn. MO- o. * 4 2 0 _n

(A . 0 . LU - -w -. 0j . . (A .J2,- 0 2 LU L-C (A v; v(ATL :- C4zC4nk U to 0 m mI- "- -J+- U IT. UU L.-U O; ; 0 A a;

-a :3 U L" -0 2 0inLU 2~

La N UW - g 0 Lu 4 . 1 3F 4 z ) - 5ior IWO 0 0, o a 0 OOOO U 0i 1. OOif 0 - An.>0On+n0 3flw 000(. 0 00

+-.0.-- 6- 6- .~~ w- S- u cc (A ILA -.AC>-u 0Sm -j & a0o - 0 0 0 0 1 S M .- O - 0 . 5 0 0-L-- En-M 2 5+ I- w U #A 0 .. w a w <n 0 2L a 0 .

D m n 0 D VL An cc -An N 0 v A 0 N u~ v~~ 0- W-0A CAV 0 00.f

U4 0 0 0 0 0 0-- -(4C An n U,0S ( -I04 > 0:;o Do UW0 w 4N.An2IL 80(A 2 Lm (A a. 1- L #. 41 o mWr 9 A 1-0l a 4Y 0 r 4 

cc LU0 4 2 w U 0 5- cx - 4r 0 $ A o4ovowooo ow w 0o v w 0 wl2 0 v0 N v Z w 00 nZ+f0O0 CDUoW e

0 0 - 0 N 0 CV 6- aM 0 0 0 4. a 0 2 a 0 0. . U 0 00 0 4 LU - 4 4 m m ma m mU it

(A4 - U ~0.~ 0 a~262 0
w2

114 us

o) U A C

0 -, w 0

o x 0 4 h cc LA 4x

x W

65. a ~0 ;pL

q U.- U - cr C- D 0

0 w c ir Lra L M&A La xa 0 0o 0 3 1*

N 0 to2 q L 0 a 09 n oVZ - 0- - a 0 a - 2

o 0 0 00 0 -. 0000

- 0 0.~ w 0 . P

a .1 La x a

IL t 0.-0 w v 0 fJ 00 (~ 00

N0 x0W IaC 0 u 4= W- W mi -c4C -J 0.-nC W 0 0 ) 0 U. L L -j ty f.- I 0. C 3j 

0 La 4 It 0- C4 0 a 0 4 N

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a 0 0 L 0

0D in i to 0 to~ 0 -0 ow O

-J I -0-' .. 5 0. 5- 2 0.I5-60I27
0 w

a. 0

to 0i u

in $A In 00 C. 0

4 W N 0 -h

Ln 0i -C z In In w 

o co 4c z a CL a. I(A 

w x I 'I l UJ 4 U0 >n uA IA> 0 m~

2 0 L 4j 4 a I- > cr z . rI- (A I- a

4 I 0 W I-Cr p -in IJ0 W 4 o > x 0 cc j > k3 >

w 0 -J II LL 0 w WI .(

0 ,- La a - L I- n I-U 1 0 IXCn q !- ! a I- C! q 4 0 CO uJ In 0 - O4 0 L30 0, .- O O

4j 4 (X a. 0n a. - . U l . U a . In . -i

4~ ~~~ 0- mJ UJn - <. ( n I

23~z u 0 4 0 -Ii. 3c f cc w 1>

00 : O - 0c L M4 - W om 00 (A M 00 ou - 0000040O~ 0 11)0 0.a404--0 T n10 c 0 f3t04.0 -L0 -j0 *W.~.4.- EA* .2E *oo w n *.0 . *.a. . *. L . .. C-4 no(MONONOO oao M4 miI43 4 0 

W. C4- 0. co' .- . DNi w- w. 4" 04-

Ill C) L) L 0 W D I- LO) 'n 4 mJ 

0 D 0 tA 0. 0 OWLIDI 0 f 0 0 M ')j w Lu0 (4a 0 00 f 0 4 040-Jha.0 n-A

o,~~q nowww~ L an 0Ma. 0oI0)q,2')c1IU O w m o:-a cm 4 En X a.- az C4 Ln - -k in. - a L. o~ . -

0 un CO I) 0 .t C U 0 0 4 In 0r U a. w N -r ID u) w a . 0wt

> i- .- w8 0r U W-3 w 0 0 C> CL -a lD. U-MW > > 2 0 W U) - - 0 W wA m J 0 - -

a L.) LU z 0 u1 a.ID 0t 0 4 !! -j 8- 2 .4 c-) 3I ID a Uo I (4 D L U40t-C u -C o0 4-3 3 In U a! 0 U 4 0n. 1 W0 LU 0 m -I a. wn wn Z- 3)0 u In 0nDIA DN In M- wn P.-. . In -J I

-4 q. .. C o W. 0 vD~an - Nq~-o nIl M 0'M34 00 U U 

28
k0 a 0 . a

I.- I-in x

39 us IA3 I. 0) 3 LU - x u co # - In 0 a .- I 0 I

x I.- LU In I 4 Wn 0 LU I

In 4 Z wI 0: x LU 2 x 0 - -h UJ

o ~~I- LU u . 0 > I 0

a* 39 0 0 - I- 0. 4

ri W 0 -1 (1 0 0 E 0 + I a Z I- LU . -j Ll W LUS U co

x I 4 + LU U wn + x a >

V V V IT -W 14C --- lz- V -WV V -j o 0 WW- 0a- 0~

tn W a P4 0 4 a

o W C, 0 f 30 0 1- In 103 3 uJ 

a. wU m 0 > I- 2 In -j - LU 31 wU LU

4 N - 0 40. 0 V) -9 Z = 0 Ia. I- - 0 0. In 0 LU) 1- 4 LL 0 :) (c L . * L I 4 LU + a n. I - 0 - ar 0 a - L Z > LI.

N 00(0 -00 xlfLI 0 0D)f0n' Da0(d(000 , w L 002Ca V1 j

w- cJ .v ~ ~ m WA - aI =)o .L,)oo m W (00 L, M.I- ON - mm o do .--

a . a . tz 11 (D 0 w (- In4 z t- . N a

.- 0-~m.0 LaO 4 a 0'O fn-0 - - I n M-4 0.I I- Z * Lai N ' 0 0 4 0 N I.- - -M I- 0m - 0 - 0 

0: LU,-I 0 0 0 0 n .N4.i01 o 0..C Ino .-. 0 o *-AM 0 - LUom

3 n U n O N 0 0 0 > I n LU u 4 0 .4 W n U

o NI~.'.00 I 2 u 0jpm 4 Z - .- M 0 m j V-I01- LU IIn a In -' Vn . (A > _ U In a 0

w-N 3 w azo ICd1040 Nn -0CgWL -040 (OA 

v 4 9- - N- Wl n. 0 u 0 0- WO 0 - 0 0 09 0 0i In 0 In a

LU C n I:n In, 0 .4 0 o 3 . f - -, .4 m a a 0 u 4) In

0N 14 4 I 0 0 e ed 0 Cd 0 4 G* IDON ONO 0 0 0 ~ 0 0 0 0 0 CD- 0 0 0 >0 0 0 0L 0 0 0- ----- > 0 0 Z 4 I- D ; DI W ! I D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0~ a 0

29
3 0 w. 0 x

0 03 I U W ) -

> 0 i- U- L.A 0 NL CW- Z 0ON 0OZ

au- 0 x 0 w- Ii 0 D -

a uj U UC) N O0 - 3 U- U. U U. N o a. 4 I- M 3 U- U 0 0 0 a 0a Lu U 0 0 0 0- U) 0 m 4 C- 1 - Z 3

a- -U)x U Z Z 0 0 0 U) x L cc w 0 0 Lu a a a m> o a -r u 4 U- u 0: cc 0 a. - U- U U- ti U- x o00 0) N 0 N 0 U U- - 0NO 0 Ix in 0 0 p- 5 - a-U 5 5 C-#.- 93 Wf ) ~ in InI a - ) .5 v5 5- X LU) UJ 3j A AZ 3 4 3 > > Z 39 u 0 4 - 0 NI 0 0 0 0 w > > 0 ) 0 0 - Lu j I.- a ) ) 0 Ia

x mu U) c 4 A U. U- U- U- w > U- 0 0 w- to Lu at U)z 2 m ULU 0 0 50> 0 0 0U)0 05 0 us cc 0 > U) (A I.- I.- 1.- 0 I.4 - - 0 0 e x w - . 2r Z z c x U- LuZ C- 3 in Z u u) u C) U- u u 0 4 0 0 C ui 0 0 0 tf000-0 0 .0 0 OZ-to x0 40 <0 x0 0 04Ux)0 U)L (Z.0C.C .Ua0(n 0 cc.. ............... .) .0 .0C3. .0.0. . .0 1 *a U. -0 0 U. .5

U) U) m U-D0 0 CD e o i r- z V IxWz t- 0D en) 0), cn)vw v OZ U) - (0 11 M U

a. a. 0. Lu 4 U. 0 U- cd c 02'~'Z Z- w-.Z 

N -i (! u0 11U) L")10 J L. W, w u co L c: w w W L. .. UJ " w) Lu u

0 0 D 0 > x U) m- w. 0 0 0 UJ 0 0 ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 I.-

0 LL .L M,) 01 -l *Cm *UL *U; ~ o tU W **NOMUmu .MW .1 .u U U) U ) U ... N

o 04.'l-C > z z Z Z CD Z Z 90 Z - Z-z Z Z ZZ ccl . (NCuqUC)U)U-C)U:g-W0)<muWCoU(ue.Cu -C .9 4C1)C.,( 1.-c (

Q U U 49 9 a. > 4A U) LA AU U) 'A A) U) U) (n U) (A U) (A U) 0 a.

to 0 w(A to0 00 0 0 0 a 0 0 0 a 0 0 0 0 4n

01- W IA - Lo) L C-U a 0: u a Lul A 0u (A 0 U) mu Ln Lu mu mu Ln M) 0. mu mu

( X( f Of x Z 2 Z z U) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

mu Lu muW u Lu UJ mu 4 < a Uj a a . a M a 3 3 U U

N w 0 0 0 0v 0 0 0 0 0T 0 0D 0 0' v 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0t0

30

a.-a
0.

CL

0

UA0

0 0

I.-U

4ft ( w 0j

0 4

U 2

!:I 0

N 39

00

0 0

:) 3

-0

131
DISTRIBUTION

I (IS AKMY WESTERN~ CJMMAND ATTNI AP

I I)EIPATMENT OF lL NAVY TIKAININu ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION bRUU

I HUI)A AT TN: Ak-i

I H-U, ICATA ATTN: AICAT-UhP-u

rl HWDtA NLSEARCrH Aij) SIULSL OFC

I MILIiARY UCCUPA)1DNAL ut'vLLOPMENI DlV DAPC-MSP-Ug RM P52C HOFFMAN SLuG 1

4 OASO (MRA AND L)

1 HU htATA TECHNILAL LItIRANY

I HUA ODCSPEH

I t-UL)A ATT1N: DAMI-ISI

I USA AVIATION SYTIEMS COMO ATht: UkSAV-IiwR

I USA iORAUCOM AfTN: AMSLL-I'A-RH

I 11SA HADCOM 'ATT'4: ATPE-LO-AC

I HEADjUARTERS Ub MAWINL CUNIPS AIIN: CJUE MTMT

I HEADwUAHTERSv US AARINE CORPS ATTN; COut MPI-20

? UIS ANMY EUPOPE AN) SLVLNThi ARMY I ISr iNFANTRY DIkVISION AND IT. WILLY AITN: AFZN-DPT-T

I USA INTELLIGENLF AND SECURITY CUMMAND ATTN: IAOPS-TNG-T

?HU) THADOC TLCrI41CAL LIHHAHY

I NAVAi- THAINING b4JiPMENT CEN ATTN: TECHNICAL LISRARY

I MILIIA14Y UCCUPArI)NAL OEVLOPMENT DIRECTORATE ATTN: ATZI-NCR-MS-M, HM 3N33 HOFFmAN BLDG 11

I DATA ANALYSIS DIVISION Al IN: Afil-NCR-MD, HOFFMAN bLUG Ii

)USA 41LPLRCEiq ATTN: DAPL-POO-T

I 11TH iNFANTRY DIVISION

I e-QfJA ARMY FORCE 401DLRNIZA71ON LOURDU1JAFION OFFICE

I HU0A ATTN: I)AS,-31$ '

i NAVAi AIR SYSTEA COMMANU

I 123D USARCOM NI-S;kVt CENIER

1 US ApiMY SOLI)IEk >JPPuWT LLNTEWI USA i-ORCES COtMiaN) AFLG3 - DERUIT CHIEF OF STAFF FOR LOGISTICS I OIRELTORATF OF THAININt, ATTN: ATZU-T

I DI'REi.TORATF OF CO%4hAT DEVtLOPRMrdIS ATTN: ATZU*D

I HUOAmCOM MARINE FZORPS LIAISON UFC

I DEPAm~TMENT OF T-tt ARMY Uti ARMY INTELL-IGErNCL * SECUkITY COMMAND

I USA MISSILE COMMA14U ATTN: ORSHI-NIN

I US AN.MY CECOM ATTN: DHSEL-ATD

I USA PORCES COMMAN)

I PM TKADE /

I US MiLITARY U1STHICT OF WASHIN(TtJN OFL OF EQUAL OPPORTUNITY

1 NAVAL CIVILIAN PERSONNE.L COMU SOUTHERN FLU DIV

22 ARI i.IAISON OFFICE

I 7TH ARMY TRAININU COMMAND

I HQUA. OCSOPS OUdT TRA11INN

IHQ0A. DCSoUPS TRAINING DIHECTORATE

I HQ0A. DCSLOG MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT

I HQI)A. OCS STUDY DFFICE

I U.Se NAVY TRAINlI4t ANALYSIS EVALUATIDN GROUP

I USACukC ATTN: ATEC-EX-L HUMAN FACTORS

I ATTN; SM-ALC/DPCN4

1 OASA (RUA) DEPUIY FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1 OFC uF NAVAL RLSEARCH/

I AFHRL/LRT

I AFrIRL/LRLG3

I AIR~ .ORCE HUMAN RE-SOURCES LAb ATTN: AFHRL/TSH

1 AFAMmL/bS

I NAVY PERSONNEL R AND 0 CE1NTER DIRLCTOR OF PROGRAmS

I NAVY PERSONNEL W AND D CENTER/

P OFC tiF NAVAL RE',EAHCH PERSONNEL AND rWAININ, WESEARCM4 PRJGRAmS

) NAVAL PERSONNEL H + U CENIER /I

I OFC uF NAVAL RLSLAkCH PROJECT OFF ICE4t, ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY

I OFC uF NAVAL RbCH ONGjA141ATIUNAL EFFECTIVENESS PRO.

33
I NAVAL AEROSPACE MEDICAL RbH LAb AIRdORNE RANGER RESEARCH

I NAVAL AEROSPACL MEDICAL HbCH LAb AEROSPACE PSYCHOLOGY DEPARTMENT

I USA tHAUOC SYSTEMS ANALYSIS ACTIVITY ATTN: ATAA-TCA

I HEADwUARTERS, COAST UARD CHlE~t PSYCHOLOGICAL NSCH RR

I USA kESEARCH AN) TECHNULOGY LAd /

1 USA tNGINEER TOPOGRAPHIC LA6S AITN: ETL-GSL

1 USA MOBILITY EUOIDMENT k AND 0 CUMU ATTN: DRDME-TQ (SCHOOL)

1 FT. bELVOIR, VA 22060

1 ATTN: ATTG-ATB-TA

1 USA HUMAN ENGINEERING LAB

1 USA ImATERIEL SYSTEMS ANALYSIS ACTIVITY ATTN: QRXSY-C

I USA ARCTIC TEST CEN ATTN: AMSTL-PL-TS

I USA LOLD REGIONS TEST CEN ATIN: STECR-Op

I USA LONCEPTS ANALYSIS AGCY ATTN$ CSCA-RUP

1 USA LONCEPTS ANALYSIS AGCY ATTN: CSCA-JF

I USACACUA ATTN: ATZL-CAC-IC

I USACACDA ATTN: ATZL-CAC-IM

1 USACAC ATTN: ATLL-CAC-IA

I USACmCDA ATTN; ATZL-CAC-A

1 USA NSCH UEVEL + STANDARUIZA GP9 U.K.

1 USA HESEARCH AND DEVELOPMLNT LABS CHIEF, BEHAW SCIENCES DIV, FOOD SCI LAB

I TRAJ^NA ATTN: SAJS-OR

1 NAVAL AIR SYSTEMS COMMAND ATTN: AIR-5313

1 USACuEC TECHNICAL INFORMATION CENTER

I USAAwL LIBRARY

I US-A IRADOC SYSTEMS ANALYSIS ACTIVITY ATTN: ATAA-SL (TECH LIBRARY)

1 UNIFURMED SERVICES UNIT O THL HEALTH SCI DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHIATRY

I USA LOMPUTER SYSTEMS COMMAND ATTN: COMMAND TEGHNICAL LIBRARY H-9

I GRONNGER LIBRARY ATTN: AIZF-RS-L BLDG 1313

I CENTtR FOR NAVAL ANALYSIS

I NAVAL. HEALTH RSCH CEN LIBRARY

I NAVAL PERSONNEL R AND U CLN LIBRARY ATTN: CODE P106

I AIR iORCE HUMAN RESOURCES LAB ATTN: AFHRL/OTS

I HQ, To HUACHUCA ATTN: TLCH REF DIV

I USA ACADEMY OF HEALTH SCILNCLS STIMSON LIBRARY (DOCUMENTS)

) SCHOuL OF SYSTErS AND LOGISTICS /

I DEPANTMENT OF THE NAVY TRAININb ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION Gp

1 US,4A DEPT OF BEHAVIORAL 5LI AND LEADERSHIP

1 USA COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLLEGE ATTN: LIBRARY

I USA IRANSPORTATIOU SCHOOL USA TRANSP TECH INFO ANU RSCH CEN

I USA ADMINCEN TEC4NICAL RESEARCH BRANCH LIBRARY

I USA WIELD ARTY HD /

I INSTITUTE FOR DEFENSE ANALYSES

I USA IRAINING SUPPORT CENTLR ATTN: ATIC-OST-PA

I AFHRL TECHNOLOGY OFC (H)

I USA MOBILITY EUUIPMENT R AND U CUMMAN) ATTN: DRUME-ZG

I DA Ub ARMY RETRAI4ING bUL RESEARCH + EVALUATION DIVISION

I US MILITARY ACADEiY DEPT. OF HISTORY, HLDG 601

1 MARIne CORPS INSTITUTE

I NAVAL SAFETY CLNTER /

I GALLaUDET COLLEGE LEARNINU CENTER

I USAAvNC AND FT. RJCKER ATTN; ATLU-ES

I US ANMY AVN TNU LIBRARY AITNI CHIEF LIBRARIAN

I USA AIR DEFENSE SCHOOL AITN: ATSA-DT

"1 USAAVNC AT .: ATZQ-U

I US MILITARY ACAUELY DIRECTOR OF INSTITUTIONAL RSCM

I USA AIR DEFENSE SCHOOL ATIN: AISA-CU-MS

I USAAuS-LIBRARY-I)UCUMENTS

I USA AIR DEFENSE BDARD ATTN: FILkS REPOSITORY

I USA INFANTRY BUARO ATTNI ATZB-Ib-AE

I USA INTELLIGENCE CEN AND SCH ATTN: ATSI-DT-SFL

I USA uHONANCE CEN AND SCH ATTN: ATSL-TU-TAC 314
I USA ARMOR SCHOOL ATTN: ATZK-TI,

I US4 ARMOR CENTLw DIRECTORATE OF CUM8AT g)EVELUPMENTS

I NAVAl POSTGRAOUATE SCH AITN: IUULEY KNOX LIBRARY (CODE 1424)

I USA IRANSPORTATIO' SCHOOL DEPlUTY ASSTo COMMANDANT EOUCA. TECHNOLOY

I USA sIGNAL SCHOOL AND FT. UORUON ATT4: ATZH-ET

I USA wUARTLRMASIF.H SCH ATTN: ATbM-TNj-TM-Er

I USA MILITARY PULICE SCHOUL ATTN9 LIBRARy

I USA ARMOR CENTER + FT. KNOX OFFICE OF ARMOR FORCE MbT + STANDARDIZATION

1 CHIE OF NAVAL LUJCATION AND TNI. /

I USA AIGNAL SCHOOL + FT. GURDON LUUCATIONAL IECHNOLOGy DIVISION

I HO AIC/XPTD TRAINING SYSILMS l)LVLLOP1ENT

I USA INSTITUTE FOR MILITARY ASSISTANCE ATTN: ATSU-ID-TA

% USA INTELLIGENCE CEN AND SCH AIrNt ArSI-ERM

I US AMMY ARMOR CENTER ATiN: ATZl-TU-P4U

I USA AIR DEFENSE CENTLR, F. BLISS ATIN: ATZC-0IM

I USA wUARTERMASTER SCHOUL UINkCIURATE OF TRAINING DEVELOPMENTS

I US CuAST GUARD ACADEMY /

I USA IRANSPORTAIIUN SCHOOL DIWECIORATE OF TRAINING + OOCTRINE

I USA INFANTRY SfHUDL LIhAHY /

I USA INFANTRY SCHOOL AITN: AISH-1-V

I US AtMY INFANTRY SCHOOL AITNI AISH-CU

I USA INFANTRY SCHOL ATTN: AISH-UUT-LRU

I USA INFANTRY SCHU3L ATTN: ATSH-LV

I USA mP + CHEM SCH/TN6 CEN + FT. MCCLELLAN ATTN: ATZN-PTS

I USA o4P + CHEM SCH/1NG CLN + FT. MCCLELLAN UIR. COMBAT DEVELOPMENT

I USA mP + CHEM SCH/TNQ CEN + FT. MCCLELLAN DIN. IRAINING DEVELOPMENT

I USA ,mP * CHEM bCH/TNG CLN # FT. MCCLELLAN ATTN: ATZN-MP-ACE

I USA INSTITUTE OF ADMINISTRATION ATTN: RESIOLNT TRAINING MANAGEMENT

I USA iIELD ARTILLERY SCHOOL MORRIS SwEIT LIBRARY

1 LJSA INSTITIUE UF AUMINISTHATION ACADEMIC LIBHARY

I USA wAR COLLE6t ATTN: LIbrARY

I USA tNGINEER SLmUXL LIBRARY AND LLAR4ING RESOURCES CENTER

I USA ARMOR SCHOOL (USARMS) ATTN: LIBRARY

I US CuAST GUARD ACADEMY LIbRARY

I USA IRANSPORTAIUNN SCHOOL TRANSPOHTATION SCHOOL LIBRARY

I ORGAm'IZATIONAL EFFECtIVENLSS CEN + SCI ATTN: LIBRARIAN

I US AmMY INTELLIOLNCE CENTEH # SCHOOL ATTN: ATSI-TP

I US A"MY INTELLI'SENLE CENILH + SCHOOL ATTN: ATSI-RM-M

I US AMMY INTELLIuLNCE CENTER * SCHOOL ATTN: ATSI-ES

I USA tIELU ARTILLERY SCHOOL UIRLCIORATL OF COURSE OEV + TRAINING

I DEPAxTMENT OF THE AIm FORCL AIR UNIVERSITY LIWRARY (ATC)

I HO TiADUC TRAINING DEVELOPMENT INbTITUTE

2 HRITISH EMBASSY 3RITISH ULFLNLL STAFF,

2 CANAulAN JOINT STAFF

I CULS (W) LIBRARY

I FRENLH ARMY ATTACqE

I AUSTRIAN EMBASSY DEFENSE, MILITARY A4U AIR ATTACHE

3 CANAuIAN DEFLNCE LIAISON blAFF ATTN: COUNSELLOR, DEFENCE R AND 0

I ROYAi. NE7TERLANuS EMBASSY MILITARY ATTACHE

I CANAuIAN FORCES bASE CORNwALLIS ATTN: PERSONNEL SELECTION

? CANAuIAN FORCEb PERSONNEL APPL H$CH UNIT

I ARMY PERSONNEL RESEARCH LSIAbLISHMLNT

6 LIHR^RY OF CONbRLSS EXCHANGE AND UIFI DIV

I IJEFFvSE TECHNICAL INFOWMATION CEN ATIN: OTIC-DDA-2

140 LIHR'mRY OF CONURESS UNIT uOCUMLN1S EAPEUITING PROJECT

I US GuVERNMENT PNIINb OFC LIbRARY, PUBLIC DOCUMENTS DEPARTMENT

I US GOVERNMENT PRINTING UFC LIHRARY AND STATUTORY, LIB DIV (SLL)

1 THE ARMY LIBRAHY ATTN: ARMY STUUIES SEC

3/ /

1/ /

35

Aih'a.