NOT FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
RAFI HOVAGIMIAN, DBA Paradise Banquet Hall and Restaurant, Inc.,

Plaintiff

- Appellant,

v. MAXUM CASUALTY INSURANCE COMPANY, a Connecticut corporation; et al., Defendants

- Appellees. No. 22

- 55358
D.C. No. 2:21

- cv - 08364

- MWF

- AFM

MEMORANDUM *

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Michael W. Fitzgerald, District Judge, Presiding

Submitted April 10, 2023 * * Pasadena, California Before: W. FLETCHER, BERZON, and MILLER, Circuit Judges. Plaintiff

- Appellant Rafi Hovagimian dba Paradise Banquet Hall & Restaurant, Inc. (“H ovagimian”) appeals from the district court’s order granting

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36

- 3.

** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). 

# FILED

APR 14 2023 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS2

Defendant s - Appellee s Maxum Casualty Insurance Company and Maxum Indemnity Company’s (“Maxum”) motion to dismiss this action contesting
Maxum’s denial of insurance coverage. We affirm. Policyholder Hovagimian seeks coverage under its insurance policy with Maxum for COVID

- 19 related economic losses. The virus exclusion provision of Maxum’s insurance policy bars coverage for Hovagimian’s alleged losses

. The exclusion provides that Maxum “will not pay for loss or damage caused by or resulting from any virus, bacterium or other microorganism that induces or is capable of inducing physical distress, illness or disease.” The exclusion applies to “all coverage under all forms and endor sements” of the policy. Hovagimian argues that the exclusion does not preclude recovery because (1) the COVID

- 19 virus is not the type of virus to which the exclusion applies ; (2) the policy includes a

“ virus ” as opposed to a “pandemic” exclusion and COVI D

- 19 is a pandemic ; and (3) government stay

- at

- home orders, not COVID

- 19 , was the predominant cause of Hovagimian’s losses

. 1. Hovagimian contends that the word “virus” in the exclusion should be interprete d “narrowly to apply to a
. . . hazardous and or industrial pollution
context ” and not COVID

- 19 , because of the words “pollutant,” “hazardous material,” “toxin,” and others “accompanying ‘virus’. . . in the exclusion.” The provision defining the policy’s virus exclusion contains, however, no such words.3

Moreover, California insurance law looks to the plain meaning of terms, or “the meaning a layperson would ordinarily attach to [a term] .” Waller v. Truck Ins. Exchange, Inc. , 11 Cal.4th 1, 18 (1995). COV ID

- 19 is a virus “that induces or is capable of inducing physical distress, illness or disease,” so the exclusion encompasses the COVID

- 19 virus

. 2. Hovagimian also argues that Maxum could have include d an exclusion for loss or damage caused by or resul ting from a “pandemic” as opposed to a “virus” and that , because Maxum did not, the parties did not intend for the virus exclusion to apply to loss or damage caused by the COVID

- 19 pandemic

. W here the text is “ clear and explicit, ” the language of the insurance contract governs. Pardee Const. Co. v. Ins. Co. of the West , 77 Cal. App. 4th 1340 , 135 2 (2000). Because the language of the exclusion is clear and explicit, the plain language controls and the exclusion encompasses the COV ID

- 19 virus

. Moreover, we agree that “[a]rguing that the Virus Exclusion does not apply to bar coverage for losses stemming from the COVID

- 19 pandemic

. . . is akin to arguing that a coverage exclusion for damage caused by fire does not apply to damage ca used by a very large fire.” Disc. Elecs. , Inc. v. Wesco Ins. Co. , No. 22

- 55133, 2023 WL 2009935 , at * 2 (9th Cir. Feb. 15, 2023) (internal quotation marks and citatio n omitted)

. 3. Finally, Hovagimian argues that government orders

— not the COVID

- 19 virus

— predominantly caused its losses , or at least that the predominant cause of4

Hovagimian’s losses is a question of fact

. The district court correctly rejected this argument. In California, “where there is a concurrence of different causes, the efficient

cause

— the one that sets others in motion

— is the cause to which the loss is to be attributed, though the other causes may follow it, and operate more immediately in producing th e disaster.” Mudpie, Inc. v. Travelers Ca s . Ins. o f Am. , 15 F.4th 885, 894 (9th Cir. 2021) (quoting Sabella v. Wisler , 59 Cal.2d 21, 31

- 32 (1963)). Coverage does not exist if “ an excluded risk was the efficient proximate (meaning predominant) cause of th e loss.” Id. (quoting Garvey v. State Farm Fire & Cas.
Co. , 48 Cal. 3d 395 , 40 2

– 0 3 (1989)). Mudpie involved the same virus exclusion at issue here, and the insured made a similar “efficient cause” argument, claiming that government orders, rather than the virus itself, were the most direct cause of its losses. 15 F.4th at 893

– 94. We rejected that argument, holding that the insured did “not plausibly allege that ‘the efficient cause,’ i.e., the one that set others in motion

. . . was anything other than the spread of the virus throughout California, or tha t th e virus was merely a remote cause of its losses .” Id. at 894 (citing Sabella , 59 Cal.2d at 31

- 32). Because Hovagimian fails to distinguish the instant policy from that at i ssue in Mudpie , Mudpie controls. The virus exclusion therefore precludes recovery for Hovagimian’s losses caused by the COVID

- 19 virus , including losses caused by5

subsequent government orders responsive to the virus. Because the virus exclusion bars coverage for all claims, we do not address Hovagimian’s remaining arguments regarding coverage.
AFFIRMED.