# Status Report: Alternative 

# Fuels and High

- Efficiency Vehicles

State of Industry Update For Fleets

Bill Van Amburg, CALSTART

1 Fleet Sustainability Track Presented by CALSTART

## SUSTAINABILITY TRACK

 

### Advanced Fuels, Vehicles and Strategies for Fleets

– Sustainability That Works

 

### 3 Session Track for 2014 Presented by CALSTART

2 Using it Right: Fleet Deployment Best Practices for Alt Fuels and Technology April 9 9:15

– 10:30 am

Becoming a Sustainable Fleet: A New NAFA Program April 10 11:00 am

– Noon Fleet Sustainability Track Presented by CALSTART

State of the Industry

– Status Report on Alt Fuels & High Efficiency Vehicles for Fleets April 8 10:30 am

– Noon

## VISIT OUR BOOTH TO FOLLOW UP

 

### CALSTART

– Booth 926

3

## Agenda

 

### CALSTART Background

 

### A World of Change

 

### The Options Landscape for Fleets

 

### Ethanol

 

### Natural Gas (gaseous fuel)

 

### Biodiesel

 

### Electric

 

### Hybrid (including Plug in)

 

### Hydrogen

 

### Fleet Impacts

– Dealing with Change

 

### Conclusions

4

## CALSTART is a national, non - profit, clean transportation organization.

Mission: Support and expand clean transportation technology industry

Tech and fuel neutral

Goals:

• Create high

- quality jobs;

• Clean the air;

• Reduce dependence on foreign oil; and

• Reduce global warming emissions

## What CALSTART Does

Mission: Support and expand clean transportation industry Role:

Speed development, validation and use of clean transportation systems Actions:

TECH: Develop, manage and validate technology via projects

POLICY: Develop policies t o support clean transportation development and use

USE: Help fleets and others choose and use clean transportation

SUPPORT: Provide members access to opportunities, connections, info, trendsCALSTART Members. Making Clean Transportation Happen. Join Today.

PARTIAL LISTING

## CALSTART National Offices

CALSTART HQ Nor Cal Office Colorado Office Midwest Office New York Office

# Fleet Workshop: New York

 Interactive discussion session with NE policy makers on transportation challenges, trends

 Best practices, barriers and needs session with Northeast fleets

 Hands on experience with natural gas, hybrid, electric, advanced tech trucks and buses

## Smart Incentives to Move the Market: States

- Regions Leading

 California invested >$60M in voucher program for hybrid and electric trucks; has a parallel program for NGVs

 New York $19M voucher program for hybrid, electric and NG trucks

 Chicago has $11.295M electric truck voucher; $1.425M NG/ Elec infrastructure; $1.275M Green Taxi (NG) www.californiahvip.org

# U.S. CLEAN V EHICLES I NCENTIVE P ROGRAM

11 • US VIP

– new CALSTART 5

- year campaign to triple the number of voucher programs in US

• Supported by core industry and fleet membership

• Investigating potential markets in TX, FL, NJ, GA, WA, MA and elsewhere

• Additional steering committee seats still available

## Changing World, Increasing Pressures

 GLOBAL WARMING

– Dangers more clear; push to reduce GHGs intensifying and pushing fuel economy

–

 Passenger cars on path to 54.6 mpg: New fuel economy rules for med & heavy trucks coming

 Energy efficiency reduces GHG impact; Fuel switching and blending reduces GHG impact; Modal split (transit and rail) has long term role

 ENERGY SECURITY: FUEL SUPPLY AND COSTS

– Traditional fuel supplies more expensive

 The need for alt and biofuels is increasing

 Huge supply of low cost NA natural gas from new production ( hydrofracturing )

 Regional fuel variation and choice becoming more prevalent

 EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS

– New Ozone rules likely for US, could double number of regions in non

- attainment

 Fine particulates ( nano particles) will be of increasing concern from combustion

 Diesel fuel still challenged in dirtiest regions (ports, Southern California)

## Latest Climate Change Report: North America Now Feeling Impacts

 Newest United Nations IPCC report shows climate change underway, growing: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability

 Key Finding: “Many climate stresses that carry risk

– particularly related to severe heat, heavy precipitation and declining snowpack

– will increase in frequency and/or severity in North America in the next decades (very high confidence).”

13 http://ipcc

- wg2.gov/AR5/images/uploads/WGIIAR5

- Chap26_FGDall.pdf

## President’s Truck Fuel Economy Announcement 2/18

• New “Phase 2” truck fuel economy rules under development

• Draft rules March 2015

• Final rules March 2016

• Vocational and long haul

## Urban Smog Still a Challenge

 

### EPA likely to enact tougher standards on ozone (urban smog)

 

### Drop from 75 ppm to 65

- 70 ppm based on health impacts

 

### New rules had been delayed from 2008 when proposed

 

### Could double US regions in non



### attainment

15 From Dallas Morning News

## Efficiency Remains Driver

 

### Light duty adding improved combustion, turbocharging, multi

- speed transmissions, 

### aerodynamic features to cars and trucks

– based on new Fed CAFE

 

### In big rigs, tractor and trailer aerodynamics, low 

### rolling resistance tires are current focus

– but next gen includes turbo

- compounding, thermal energy recovery, idle reduction

 

### In vocational trucks, some hybrid and electric options, big interest in natural gas (for price 

### rather than efficiency)

 

### More stringent truck standard under development
16

## Ford Aluminum 150

 

### Big shift for trucks

– light weight aluminum body, combined with efficient engine

17

## For Fleets: Many Options to Consider

Fuels Technologies

Ethanol : avail now; regional; process and feedstock improving; small CO2 gain but growing Propane : vehicle models available; special fueling; small CO2 gains

Biodiesel : feedstock concerns; CO2 gains; NOx issue Renewable diesel : emerging option Plug

- in hybrid : first LD products available; first pilot products in M/HD; business case varies based on fuel prices; strong policy support

Hydrogen : longer term option; transit; blending Electric : LD products expanding, multiple makers; MD products emerging for delivery/ urban niche

Fuel Cell : still early demos; limited testing; some deployments 2015? Hybrid : models of ALL types including start

- stop expanding in LD; OEM production in MD/HD and prices dropping; 20

- 50% carbon/fuel reduction Strategies

Platform/engine size reduction: “right

- sizing ” platforms Dispatch changes, work changes to reduce/optimize vehicle use Routing efficiencies: VMT reduction Natural gas : low price, high production/jobs; controversy on production; limited infrastructure but expanding; CO2 benefits; Biomethane Adv. Engine/Powertrain : cylinder on demand; improved combustion ;; turbocharging; transmissions Fleet driver training/ eco

driving

Telematics

## Ethanol

 Impacted by net reduction in gasoline demand (which peaked in 2006), greater efficiency of vehicles

 It is off setting oil today ; required by Renewable Fuel Standard (

RFS); but now less ethanol needed to meet RFS

 However, EPA now allowing E15 (15% ethanol) in conventional gasoline

 Clear limits seen on corn - only based production

 Other feedstocks and advanced production (such as cellulosic) are in development

 Mostly a blend fuel but higher percentages in key regions

## Ethanol: More Choices, Less Market

20

## Ethanol, Biodiesel Shares

21

## Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel

 Volumes still low but production and use increasing though incentives lapsed

– some impact from feedstock switching to produce ethanol, drought

 Most OEMs accepting increased biodiesel use

– fuel spec has now been developed for B1

- B20 levels

 Little or no performance drop off from conventional diesel; some operating concerns (such as cold weather)

 Reduced greenhouse gases and particulates from diesel

## Biodiesel Production Increasing

23

## Natural Gas

 Growth of natural gas continues

 2:1 price differential over diesel remaining relatively steady

 But, Growing concern over fracking, methane leakage

 Fleets have several OEM pickup and van options

 ALL medium and heavy

- duty OEMs now offer natural gas (Freightliner, Mack, Volvo, Kenworth , Peterbilt , Navistar)

 Slow down in new engines coming available for trucks

 Growth beginning in line haul applications; Niches remain strong (transit , refuse, ports);

 Infrastructure still barrier, though fuel partners available and corridors are growing

## LD Natural Gas OEM Products

 

### Honda Civic NG

 

### Dodge Ram 2500

 

### Chevy Silverado

 

### Ford F

- 250

 

### Ford’s Transit shipping with gaseous fuel

- ready engines

 

### Upfit vans

25• 5.9 Liter

• 150

- 230 hp

• Euro 5, EEV

• Introduced in 2000 • 6.7 Liter

• 200

- 260 hp

• EPA 2013, Euro 6

• Development starting 2012; 2015 launch • 8.3 Liter

• 250

- 280 hp

• Euro 3, 4

• Euro 5 by 2014

• Introduced in 2005 • 8.9 Liter

• 250

- 320 hp

• EPA 2013

• Euro 5, EEV

• CARB Certified in 2007, launched 2008 B Gas Plus ISB6.7 G C Gas Plus ISL G 

### Cummins

- Westport Product Line

• 11.9 Liter

• 320

- 400 hp

• EPA 2013

• Launched 2013 ISX12 G

All engines use simple, passive, maintenance

- free exhaust aftertreatment. 2627

## New Engine Supports Line Haul, Heavier Truck Applications

28http://www.westport.com/company/media/presentations/corporate

- update/corporate

- update.pdf

## Natural Gas: Compelling Long Term Fuel

 New “fracking” tech allows economical access to natural gas

 Current and future production projected to outstrip demand

 US has some of the largest NG reserves in the world

 Fleets seek price certainty & stability

30

### Natural Gas Pump Price Low Price Volatility

A doubling of the price of natural gas increases prices at the pump only $0.50 per GGE

31

## Fracking

– Expect More Controls

 

### Hydraulic fracturing used to extract natural gas (and oil) has greatly expanded nation’s 

### supply but is under increasing scrutiny

 

### EPA report due out this year

32

## Methane Leakage

– Growing Concern

 

### Science published study in Feb, EDF studies underway looking at methane leakage in production, use of natural gas

 

### Methane a very potent greenhouse gas

 

### If leaks are major, could negate climate benefits 33

### Galileo

- Different Approach to CNG Refueling

• Example of new approaches to faster NG fueling deployment

• Compact , self

- contained unit suitable for urban setting

• Plug and Play

- all components in explosion proof steel enclosure

• Ability to right size the fast fill product to the demand

• Smart software to optimize performance and diagnose problems quickly

## Ultra Low Emitting Engines in Development

 

### Cummins and Cummins

- Westport developing next generation low NOx NG engines

– 50% 

### or lower than 2010 EPA

 

### Cummins building 15 liter development engine; Cummins

- Westport improving an 8.9 liter engine

 

### Demonstration by 2015

 

### California needs even lower NOx emissions than current EPA engine standards

– 80% lower by 2030!

35

## Electric Technology

– Many Options

 Plug in vehicles expanding

– multiple Electric Vehicles and plug in hybrids now available

– may be hitting early tipping point in light duty

 Volt extended range EV battling Nissan Leaf; Toyota PHEV, Tesla big sellers

 Medium

- duty all

- electric trucks available in North America, new players emerging but market slow at moment; Smith Trucks, EVI, Boulder, Zero Truck, AMP, Orange EV, Trans Tech Bus

 Increased petroleum prices makes an improving business case in right applications

 Criteria and GHG emissions very low; varies depending on fuel source of power plants, each region different

 However: powerplant emissions improving over time everywhere

## (P)EVs : Growth Continues

 

### ~100,000 PEVs sold 

### to date

 

### Most popular? GM Volt EREV, Nissan 

### Leaf, Tesla Model S

– AND Plug in Prius

## Plug in market growth

38

## PEV Growth Rate Higher than Hybrid

39

## Do You Know What’s Available?

40  Cadillac ELR

 BMW i3

 Chevy Spark EV

 Honda Fit EV

 Ford Focus EV

 Mitsubishi I

 Fiat 500e

 Toyota iQ

 Smart for 2 EV

 Tesla Model S

 RAV 4 EV

## Do You Know What’s Coming?

41 

###  

### Tesla Model X

 

### VW E

- Up

 

### VW E

- Golf

 

### Porsche Panamera Plug in

 

### Nissan e

- NV200

 

### Kia Soul EV

## VIA Motors Close!

 

### Range extended electric trucks and vans in final certification

 

### Upfit new after trucks off assembly line

 

### First units being delivered to some customers

42

# Workplace Charging: Employer EV Initiative

 Fills a critical gap in PEV Infrastructure needs 

###  Extends the range of PEVs and builds the market  Creates local ‘PEV 

### showrooms’ for info sharing on vehicles  EV’s can act as ‘employee 

### pool cars’ for day trips

www.evworkplace.org

## Electric Trucks

– Assessment Underway

 

### First models out and in 

### service

 

### Fleets evaluating for performance, business case

 

### New suppliers entering market

## Electric Trucks

Smith EVI

Boulder DV 500

## E

- Trucks

Zero Truck

Balqon Vision Industries

Capacity

## AMP e

- 100 and Repower Program

 

### Walk in van EV

 

### Workhorse chassis

 

### Can retrofit existing diesel chassis

 

### Dual motor system

47

## Motiv ERV

 

### ERV

– Electric Refuse Vehicle, City of Chicago

 

### Up to 10 possible

 

### 60 mile range, 70 compaction cycles, 10 battery packs

 

### Crane Carrier Chassis, Loadmaster 20 cubic yard rear loader body

48

## Trans Tech, Motiv All Electric School Bus

 

### Trans Tech Bus SST

- e; uses Motiv ePCS

 

### Type A school bus on E450 chassis

 

### 80 and100 mile range options

 

### Up to 25 students plus wheelchair lift versions

49

## Transpower E School Bus Demo

 

### Type C/D

 

### Escondido School District Test

50

## Transpower E

- Drayage Demo

51 

###  

### 100 mile range possible on battery packs

 

### For congested, polluted port regions

 

### Variant for yard tractor

## Orange EV

 

### All electric yard tractor

 

### Up to 80,000 pound loads, up to 20 hour 

### work days

 

### Available for Chicago incentive program

52

## Zero Emission buses are in pre

production Similar driveline size to HD drayage trucks Provides pathway to ZE HD trucks

## Best Uses for E

- Truck Business Case

To get sufficient payback, need to drive maximum miles possible (or maximum use of energy)

• Dedicated, return

- to

- base routes with known daily mileage highly valuable
High Utilization/Daily miles (5

- 7 days a week) seems important

70

- 100 miles/day seems like an initial “sweet spot” for fuel savings payback (sufficient miles to generate fuel savings needed)

## Best General Use/ Duty Cycles

1. Fixed route applications

- 70%

• Stop and go

• Localized, dedicated routes

• Short haul

• Limited range

• ‘Spoke and hub’

• Urban Delivery, Refuse, Mail trucks, Transit Buses

2. Facility vehicles

– 19%

• Airports, seaports, railyards , military bases, parks, resorts

• Warehouse support and maintenance

• Cargo handling

3. High idle, work site applications

– 11%

• Aerial devices

• PTO

• Utility vehicles

## Hybrid Technology

 Platform types expanding, incremental cost in cars dropping, multiple models now available

 Over a decade experience in cars: decent and growing market penetration (3 %); automaker competition growing ( Toyota, Ford, Honda)

 Products in market for medium

- and heavy

- duty vehicles

 First focus is urban work trucks: Class 4

- 8 refuse, utility, delivery; class 8 drayage, line

- haul and construction equipment are in demonstration

 M/HD Market slowed a bit by regulatory issues (OBD), fleet evaluations

 Hybrids multiply benefits when combined with low carbon fuels (biofuels, NG, electricity

– plug

- in)

## Plug

- in Hybrid Electric Vehicles

 They’re here! Really now lumped with PEV

– Plug in Vehicle category

 Multiple OEMs in market, more coming

 Benefits : increased fuel economy, GHG reductions, possible zero emission driving, driving flexibility

 Cost and life cycle of energy storage (batteries) are prime limiter: but, infrastructure less of an issue (can plug in off 110 V at home, do not need high rate charging)

 Most focus is on passenger cars

– however there are variants in trucks in market and under development

## Toyota Successful “Leveraging” Prius

 

### Plug in Prius

58

# Multiple Players, Options

 Ford offers dedicated hybrid platform (C

- Max), redesigns Fusion hybrid, PHEV

 Honda maintains Civic and Accord hybrid, adds Accord PHEV

 GM expanding options

 Hyundai, Nissan, Mitsubishi

## Start

- Stop/Mild Hybrids

– Broad Promise

 

### GM offering a 

### mild hybrid called “ eAssist ”

 

### Belt driven 

### starter alternator

 

### Saves fuel by turning off engine at stops

 

### Chevy, Buick

60

## WalMart

- Peterbilt WAVE Advanced Concept Truck

61 

###  

### Series hybrid electric 

### drive, advanced aero, ultra light weight trailer

## Hybrid Sales Growing Again

 

### New conversion, retrofit options showing attractive price points

 

### Hino Class 5 Cab

- over 

### highly competitive for price and selling well

## XL Hybrids

 

### New and existing vehicle conversion to hybrid electric on Class 1

- 3 chassis

 

### Solid payback in high mileage applications

 

### Fast conversion process uses QVM

63

## Crosspoint Kinetics

64 

###  

### Hybrid electric system for Class 3

- 7 trucks, buses and delivery trucks

 

### Light systems can bolt to 

### vehicle frame rails

 

### U ses ultra capacitors instead of batteries

 

### Captures and releases braking energy quickly

 

### New and retrofit capable

 

### Tests show up to 30% fuel economy improvement

## Lightning Hybrids

65 

###  

### Retrofit or conversion

 

### Hydraulic hybrid system

 

### B enefits for reduced brake wear, improved 

### stopping, fuel savings

 

### Currently Class 2

- 5

## Hydraulic Hybrid

– Class 6

 

### Parker Hannifin, Freightliner Custom Chassis, Morgan Olson moving into production of a series hydraulic hybrid for delivery cycles

 

### Completed initial validation testing

– have seen 

### 40

- 50% fuel economy improvement

 

### Major delivery fleets in first deployments

66

## Parker

– Test Route 3

## Parker On

- Road Emissions Testing

 

### +29.4% better fuel economy

 

### +40.5% on P&D operating area




### - 30.4% NOx per mile

 

### +75.4% on Hwy/Arterial #1 operating area

## Hydraulic Hybrid: Autocar

- Parker

 E3 Hydraulic hybrid refuse truck uses Parker

“ Runwise ” system

 Up to 30

- 50% reduction in fuel use

 High cost

– but good business case in intense duty cycles

 Now in early production after pre

- production validation in Florida

## Caterpillar Hydraulic Hybrid Excavator

Early field deployment helped CAT move hydraulic hybrid to market as much as 1 year earlier

Caterpillar employs hydraulic hybrid technology that is 98% common with the conventional 336E excavator to boost fuel

efficiency of the 336EH hybrid 50 %.

## Plug In Work Trucks

- Odyne

 Odyne n ext generation systems now being deployed

 S everal models

 Plug

- in hybrid utility bucket trucks

 PHEV “digger

- derrick” version 6/08, a higher power

- demand work truck

 PHEV underground compressor truck

## Plug

- in Energy Storage Bodies

 

### Altec , Terex, Time , and others with systems

 

### Stored energy to operate lift, 

### tools at work site

 

### Separate from and does not change conventional 

### driveline

 

### Fuel savings and idle reduction benefitsAll

- electric; range extended EV; PHEV; roadway power 

# Zero Emission Freight Zone in LA 2025

– Tech Options Being Developed

## Hydrogen / Fuel Cell Technology

 A few hundred vehicles built worldwide for technical assessment to date

- launch of initial volumes in CA in 2015

– 2014 for Hyundai

 Longer term technology for vehicles

– still developmental

 US DOT still investing in technology for transit buses, costs have reduced by about half

 In medium term, good applications in stationary/ distributed generation; fork lifts; Auxiliary power units (APUs) for system power, idle reduction, range extension on some vehicles/equipment

 Costs still very high, though significant technical advancement has occurred in cost, reliability, durability

 Benefit in near term from blending hydrogen with natural gas ( NOx reductions

)

## New FC Cars

75

## FCEVs

 

### Honda, Daimler, Toyota, GM among world leaders

 

### Hyundai very 

### aggressive, says time of FC is here

 

### Refueling 

### infrastructure a limiter

– first markets limited

 

### 2015 will see a small number offered

76

## FC Commercial Vehicles

 

### Investment and demonstration continue for zero

- emission transit buses

 

### Emerging business case for forklifts and other industrial vehicles

 

### Many companies incorporating in warehouses

77

## Develop a Strategic Fleet Plan: We Can Help You Do It Technology/ Fuel/ Operational Application/ Region

LD Urban Support LD Regional

Vehicle

Reduce vehicle count through process improvement

Right size platforms to job needs

NEVs for on

- site transport Mix of natural gas or propane vehicles in regions with infrastructure

Hybrids for urban driving Some hybrids for stop and go driving E85/Flexfuel for longer distance if fuel available Right size platforms to job needs MD Work Vehicle

- Urban

Mix of hybrids for urban, stop

- go or high idle work Right size platforms dispatched for job needs

Natural gas or propane vehicles in cities with infrastructure

Biodiesel blends (check spec and source) MD Work

Vehicle

- Rural

Right size platforms dispatched for job needs

Biodiesel blends (check spec and source)

Chassis energy storage for work site idle Natural gas or propane vehicles in cities with infrastructure

# QUESTIONS?

Before my last thoughts....

79 bvanamburg@calstart.org

# Regional Meetings: New York

 Interactive discussion session with NE policy makers on transportation challenges, trends

 Best practices, barriers and needs session with Northeast fleets

 Hands on experience with natural gas, hybrid, electric, advanced tech trucks and buses

## 2014 HTUF Annual Meeting 

## Argonne National Lab, Sep 23

- 24, 2014

Mark Your Calendars! 2

- Day Event with Working Groups, Work Sessions and Ride & Drive www.htuf2014.org

## Summary

 

### Climate change concerns and need for 

### efficiency driving rapid vehicle change

– next 10 years will see significant penetration of key technology, fuels

 

### More options than ever

– several still in relatively early stages and assessment

 

### Not every tech or fuel works best in every application

– fleets need to look at how they use their vehicles, match use, infrastructure 

### to options that fit their need

82

## SUSTAINABILITY TRACK

 

### Next Session: Using it Right

- Fleet Deployment Best Practices for Alt Fuels/Tech

 

### Visit CALSTART in Booth 926

83

Becoming a Sustainable Fleet: A New NAFA Program April 10 11:00 am

– Noon Fleet Sustainability Track Presented by CALSTART

State of the Industry

– Status Report on Alt Fuels & High Efficiency Vehicles for Fleets April 8 10:30 am

– Noon Using it Right: Fleet Deployment Best Practices for Alt Fuels and Technology April 9 9:15

– 10:30 am

## Thank you

Please complete and submit your evaluation

forms!

84