IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 23-0496

Filed May 10, 2023

IN THE INTEREST OF S.C.,

Minor Child,

M.C., Mother,

Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Story County, Stephen A. Owen, 

District Associate Judge.

A mother appeals the termination of her parental relationship with her fouryear-old son. AFFIRMED.

Daniela Matasovic of Matasovic Law Firm, Ames, for appellant mother.

Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Mary A. Triick, Assistant Attorney 

General, for appellee State.

Shannon M. Leighty, Nevada, attorney and guardian ad litem for minor 

child.

Considered by Bower, C.J., and Tabor and Greer, JJ.
2

TABOR, Judge.

A mother, McKenzie, appeals the order terminating her parental relationship 

with four-year-old S.C. She challenges all three steps in the termination analysis.1 

First, she argues that the State failed to offer clear and convincing proof of a ground 

for termination. Second, she contends that termination was not in her son’s best 

interests. And third, she urges that termination would harm S.C. because of the 

closeness of the parent-child relationship. After our independent review, we reach 

the same conclusions as the juvenile court and affirm the termination order.2

In May 2022, the court approved a request from the Iowa Department of 

Health and Human Services to remove S.C. from McKenzie’s custody. While 

caring for her then three-year-old son, McKenzie had been using

methamphetamine and passed out. McKenzie also acknowledged locking S.C. in 

his room.3 One month after his removal, McKenzie obtained a substance-abuse 

evaluation in which she admitted daily methamphetamine use.

4

 After that 

1 See In re A.B., 957 N.W.2d 280, 294 (Iowa 2021) (identifying our three-step 

termination process that includes: (1) review of the statutory grounds for 

termination, (2) the child’s best interests, (3) and permissive exceptions to 

termination).

2 We review termination decisions de novo. In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d 33, 40 (Iowa 

2010). We will uphold an order when there is clear and convincing evidence of the 

statutory grounds for termination. In re T.S., 868 N.W.2d 425, 434 (Iowa Ct. App. 

2015). We give careful consideration to the juvenile court’s factual findings and inperson observations, but we are not bound by them. See In re W.M., 957 N.W.2d 

305, 312 (Iowa 2021). Our top priority is the child’s best interests. See In re J.E., 

723 N.W.2d 793, 802 (Iowa 2006) (Cady, J., concurring specially) (identifying 

safety and the need for a permanent home as the “defining elements” in the bestinterests determination).

3 The department placed S.C. in the care of a relative, and McKenzie agreed to his 

adjudication as a child in need of assistance (CINA). 

4 At the termination hearing, she denied making that admission. But she did 

concede abusing methamphetamine since she was sixteen years old. McKenzie 

was twenty-three at the time of the hearing.
3

evaluation, she started extensive outpatient treatment. But McKenzie

unsuccessfully discharged from that program in October 2022. She did not 

reengage with treatment until February 2023, about a week before the termination 

hearing. 

McKenzie also experienced housing instability. She was evicted from her 

residence in Colo in August 2022. She then moved in with her boyfriend’s mother 

in Des Moines and later with her boyfriend’s grandmother in Griswold—about two 

hours from S.C.’s placement. McKenzie testified that these moves and 

transportation problems contributed to her difficulties in accessing services and 

attending visits with S.C.5

The juvenile court described her “record of visitation” as “abysmal”—noting 

that she attended only twenty of fifty-four sessions offered with her son. According 

to the service provider, it was “really hard” on S.C. when she missed visits. 

Meanwhile S.C. has lived with his maternal grandmother since July 2022. And he 

is “very comfortable” in that placement, according to the social worker. 

The juvenile court held a permanency hearing in November 2022, granting 

McKenzie more time to seek substance-abuse services and improve her 

engagement with visitation. When that didn’t happen, the State petitioned to 

terminate her parental rights the following February.

6

 After a hearing that March, 

the court granted the petition. The court found grounds for termination under Iowa 

Code section 232.116(1) (2023) paragraphs (e) and (l). McKenzie now appeals.

5 On a brighter note, McKenzie was fairly consistent with mental-health treatment.

6 The State also petitioned to terminate the rights of S.C.’s father. He is not a party 

to this appeal.
4

Grounds for Termination. At the termination hearing, McKenzie asked 

the juvenile court to delay permanency for six more months to allow her “some 

extra time to work on issues.” But in this appeal, she contests the grounds for 

termination.7 To affirm, we need only find sufficient proof of one ground. See In 

re A.B., 815 N.W.2d 764, 774 (Iowa 2012). We focus on paragraph (e).

To terminate under that section, the State must show: (1) S.C. had been 

adjudicated as a CINA under section 232.96; (2) he was removed from McKenzie’s

physical custody for at least six straight months; and (3) there is clear and 

convincing evidence that she has not maintained significant and meaningful 

contact with him during the previous six months and has made no reasonable 

efforts to resume care despite getting a chance to do so.8 Iowa Code 

§ 232.116(1)(e). McKenzie contests element (3), claiming that she did maintain 

significant and meaningful contact with S.C.

Like the juvenile court, we find clear and convincing evidence that McKenzie 

shirked her parental duties. Not only did she miss more than half of the offered 

visits with her son, but the service provider reported that when McKenzie did 

attend, she only focused on S.C. for about half of the two-hour visit. What’s more,

7 Her petition on appeal challenges termination under paragraphs (e), (h), and (l), 

but the court based its decision only on paragraphs (e) and (l).

8

“Significant and meaningful contact” includes but is not limited to the “affirmative 

assumption by the parents of the duties encompassed by the role of being a 

parent.” Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(e)(3). 

This affirmative duty, in addition to financial obligations, requires 

continued interest in the child, a genuine effort to complete the 

responsibilities prescribed in the case permanency plan, a genuine 

effort to maintain communication with the child, and requires that the 

parents establish and maintain a place of importance in the child’s life. 

Id. 
5

she did not make a genuine effort to fulfill the goals of the case permanency plan—

especially when it came to addressing her methamphetamine addiction. When we 

perform a “qualitative analysis of her efforts” to meet the duties of parenting S.C., 

we find a lack of reasonable efforts to resume care. See T.S., 868 N.W.2d at 438.

Best Interests. McKenzie’s petition on appeal cites the best-interests 

framework in section 232.116(2), but does not analyze those factors. Instead, she 

makes this admission: “While it may very well have been in best interests of the 

child to remain in the care of his maternal grandmother, the termination of the 

mother’s parental rights was the most restrictive means for this end to be 

achieved.” She then shifts to an argument for delaying permanency, or 

alternatively, a guardianship with the grandmother. 

Neither of those options is best for S.C. We may allow another six-months 

for reunification only if the need for removal will be resolved after that extension. 

See In re W.T., 967 N.W.2d 315, 323 (Iowa 2021) (discussing Iowa Code 

section 232.104(2)(b)). But McKenzie made little progress during the time she had 

after the permanency hearing. At the termination hearing, she testified:

I want to prove that I can finish my substance abuse courses, 

going to my visits every week, and complying with everything the 

Department is asking of me. I know in the past I’ve had some things 

come up and I’ve had to deal with it, and now I’m focused and ready 

and willing to be able to do it as needed.

While heartfelt, her aspirations do not make up for lost time. She needed 

to take action when S.C. was removed from her care. And a guardianship for this 

four-year-old child will leave too much uncertainty about his future. See In re A.S., 

906 N.W.2d 467, 478 (Iowa 2018). Like the juvenile court, we find that S.C.’s 

safety and long-term nurturing and growth are best ensured by termination and 
6

continued placement with his grandmother for adoption. See Iowa Code 

§ 232.116(2).

Permissive Exception. Finally, McKenzie contends that she presented 

clear and convincing proof that termination would harm S.C. because of the 

closeness of their relationship. See Iowa Code § 232.116(3)(c). The record does 

not support her contention. The social worker testified that McKenzie’s bond with 

S.C. was “currently estranged” because of the inconsistency of her visits. And the 

service provider testified that S.C. looks to his grandmother for his needs, even 

calling her “mom” at times. No doubt, McKenzie was truthful in testifying to her 

love for S.C. But she did not show that they maintained the kind of bond that would 

prompt a court to save the parent-child relationship under section 232.116(3)(c).

Because all three steps in the analysis point toward terminating McKenzie’s 

parental rights, we affirm.

AFFIRMED.