FILED 

 U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

 ELEVENTH CIRCUIT 

 08/11/99 

 THOMAS K. KAHN 

 CLERK

* Honorable William Stafford, Senior U.S. District Judge for the Northern District of

Florida, sitting by designation.

[PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 97-3562

________________________

D. C. Docket No. 96-348-CV-T-25B

ASX INVESTMENT CORP.,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

versus

R. PARK NEWTON, III, and 

ASSIX INTERNATIONAL, INC.,

a Delaware corporation,

Defendants-Appellees.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

_________________________

(August 11, 1999)

Before ANDERSON ,Chief Judge, BLACK, Circuit Judge, and STAFFORD*, Senior District

Judge.

BLACK, Circuit Judge:
1

 Although all three cases involved additional parties, we refer in our discussion only to

Appellant and Appellees.

2

Appellant ASX Investment Corp. appeals the district court’s dismissal of its complaint

under the Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(a)(1) two dismissal rule. We hold the dismissal of Appellant’s

Delaware state case upon Appellant’s motion and court order did not constitute a first dismissal

implicating the two dismissal rule and therefore reverse. 

I. BACKGROUND

Since 1994, Appellant has filed three actions against Appellees Assix International Inc.

(Assix) and R. Park Newton, III — one in Delaware Chancery Court and two (including this

case) in federal court. All three are relevant to this appeal.1

A. The Delaware Chancery Court Case

On April 8, 1994, Appellant filed its Delaware Chancery Court case against Appellees,

seeking primarily an injunction barring Appellees from taking actions to entrench Assix

management and disenfranchise stockholders in violation of Delaware law. After Appellees

filed an answer, Appellant filed a motion to dismiss the case without prejudice. The Delaware

court initially deferred ruling on Appellant’s motion in order to permit Appellees to complete

Rule 11 discovery. On May 18, 1994, the Delaware court granted the motion to dismiss without

prejudice and without conditions. In so ruling, the court pointed out that, in light of the early

stage of the proceedings, Appellees would suffer little, if any, harm from the dismissal. In

concluding that no conditions were warranted, the court noted Appellant was unaware of the

facts underlying the newly-filed federal securities case (the 1994 federal case) until it conducted

discovery in the Delaware action and Appellant therefore could not reasonably have foreseen
2

 Appellant subsequently filed an amended complaint, which included both federal and

state law claims. 

3

that federal court would be a more efficient forum for its claims. 

B. The 1994 Federal Case

On April 26, 1994, Appellant filed its first federal action against Appellees in the U.S.

District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. The complaint alleged violations of state

and federal securities laws and other state claims, and sought monetary and injunctive relief. In

July 1994, Appellant filed an amended complaint in response to Appellees’ motion to dismiss for

failure to state a claim. Appellees moved to dismiss the amended complaint. Without ruling on

the motion to dismiss, the district court transferred the case to the Middle District of Florida on

forum non conveniens grounds. After the case was transferred, the parties agreed to a discovery

cut-off of December 31, 1995, and a trial date of April 1, 1996. 

In November 1995, Appellant filed a motion for leave to file a second amended

complaint. On February 20, 1996, six weeks before trial was scheduled to commence, with

Appellant's motion to amend and the defendants’ motion to dismiss still pending, Appellant filed

a second federal case (this case). On March 11, 1996, Appellant filed a Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(a)(1)

notice of dismissal in the 1994 federal case.

C. 1996 Federal Case (This Case)

The case giving rise to this appeal was initiated by Appellant’s February 20, 1996,

complaint against Appellees, in which it asserted claims under RICO and Rule 10b-5, seeking

declaratory relief, damages (including treble damages), and injunctive relief.2

On March 18, 1996, Appellees moved to dismiss with prejudice under the Rule 41(a)(1)
4

two dismissal rule. On October 30, 1997, the district court granted Appellees’ motion. The

court reasoned that Appellant’s dismissal of the 1994 federal action by Rule 41(a)(1) notice

constituted an adjudication on the merits barring this action since the Delaware case, which was

based on or included the same claim as the 1994 federal case, had previously been dismissed on

Appellant’s motion.

II. DISCUSSION

 The two dismissal rule is found in the last sentence of Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(a)(1). Rule 41(a)

provides in its entirety:

Rule 41. Dismissal of Actions

(a) Voluntary Dismissal: Effect Thereof

(1) By Plaintiff; by Stipulation. Subject to the provisions of Rule 23(e),

of Rule 66, and of any statute of the United States, an action may be dismissed by

the plaintiff without order of court (i) by filing a notice of dismissal at any time

before service by the adverse party of an answer or of a motion for summary

judgment, whichever first occurs, or (ii) by filing a stipulation of dismissal signed

by all parties who have appeared in the action. Unless otherwise stated in the

notice of dismissal or stipulation, the dismissal is without prejudice, except that a

notice of dismissal operates as an adjudication upon the merits when filed by a

plaintiff who has once dismissed in any court of the United States or of any state

an action based on or including the same claim.

(2) By Order of Court. Except as provided in paragraph (1) of this

subdivision of this rule, an action shall not be dismissed at the plaintiff’s instance

save upon order of the court and upon such terms and conditions as the court

deems proper. If a counterclaim has been pleaded by a defendant prior to the

service upon the defendant of the plaintiff’s motion to dismiss, the action shall not

be dismissed against the defendant’s objection unless the counterclaim can remain

pending for independent adjudication by the court. Unless otherwise specified in

the order, a dismissal under this paragraph is without prejudice.

(Emphasis added).

Appellant contends the district court erred by holding the dismissal of the 1994 federal
3

 We note that neither party cites, nor have we found, any federal case directly on point as

to whether dismissal of the Delaware case by motion and order of the court constituted a first

dismissal implicating the two dismissal rule. Appellant does point out, however, that the Florida

Supreme Court, in construing an old version of the Florida two dismissal rule, which was

“almost identical with [Federal] Rule 41,” held that a voluntary dismissal filed after the

5

case operated as an adjudication on the merits because: (1) the dismissal of the Delaware case

was by motion and order of the court and therefore did not qualify as a first dismissal under the

two dismissal rule; and (2) the Delaware case was not “an action based on or including the same

claim” as the 1994 federal case. We conclude Appellant’s first argument is dispositive and

therefore do not address the second.

We review de novo the district court’s interpretation of Fed. R. Civ. P. 41 and its

resulting conclusion that the dismissal of the Delaware action by motion and order of the court

constituted a first dismissal under the two dismissal rule. See Silvious v. Pharaon, 54 F.3d 697,

700 (11th Cir. 1995).

In construing the two dismissal rule, we look to the plain language of the rule and read it

as a whole, being mindful of the linguistic choices made by the drafters. See FDIC v. Lacentra

Trucking, Inc., 157 F.3d 1292, 1302 (11th Cir. 1998), cert. dismissed, __ U.S. __, 119 S. Ct.

1493 (1999). We take care not to construe the rule too broadly, as it “is an exception to the

general principle, contained in Rule 41(a)(1) and honored in equity prior to the adoption of the

Federal Rules, that a voluntary dismissal of an action does not bar a new suit based upon the

same claim.” Poloron Products, Inc. v. Lybrand Ross Bros. & Montgomery, 534 F.2d 1012,

1017 (2d Cir. 1976). 

The two dismissal rule does not state the specific means by which the first dismissal must

have been obtained to implicate the rule.3

 It does, however, state the rule is implicated when “a
defendants filed an answer and thus effective only upon order of the court did not constitute a

first dismissal under the Florida rule. Crump v. Gold House Restaurants, Inc., 96 So.2d 215,

218-19 (Fla. 1957).

4

 The fact that the first dismissal at issue in this case was under the Delaware state rule

and not the federal rule does not affect our analysis. The Delaware Chancery Court Rule 41(a) is

virtually identical to Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(a). 

5

 The headings in Rule 41(a) lend support to our conclusion that a Rule 41(a)(2) dismissal

by motion and order of the court is one by the court and not one by the plaintiff implicating the

two dismissal rule. The Rule 41(a)(1) subsection heading is “By Plaintiff; by Stipulation,” and

the Rule 41(a)(2) subsection heading is “By Order of Court.” Although we recognize that

headings may not be used to limit the plain meaning of a statute or rule and generally are used as

interpretive tools only when the text is ambiguous, Raven v. Oppenheimer & Co., Inc., 74 F.3d

239, 243 (11th Cir. 1996), we note in this case the headings bolster our plain reading of the rule. 

6

plaintiff . . . has once dismissed” a claim. Rule 41(a)(1), in which the two dismissal rule appears,

provides for dismissal by a plaintiff without order of court by the filing of a timely notice of

dismissal or a stipulation of dismissal signed by all parties. Dismissal on plaintiff’s motion and

by order of court, on the other hand, is provided for in Rule 41(a)(2). Rule 41(a)(1) and Rule

41(a)(2) each ends with a sentence explaining the effect of dismissal obtained under their

respective provisions. For Rule 41(a)(1), that last sentence includes the two dismissal rule. 

There is no two dismissal rule set out in Rule 41(a)(2) and we see no basis for reading the two

dismissal rule to apply where the first dismissal is achieved by motion and order of the court.4

Although dismissal under Rule 41(a)(2) is, as the rule says, “at the plaintiff’s instance,” the

actual dismissal is by the court and therefore does not implicate the Rule 41(a)(1) two dismissal

rule.5

Although not pivotal to our analysis, our conclusion is further supported by consideration

of the purpose of the Rule 41(a)(1) two dismissal rule. “[T]he primary purpose of the ‘two

dismissal’ rule is to prevent an unreasonable use of the plaintiff’s unilateral right to dismiss an
6

 Appellees point out that some claims such as class actions and derivative suits cannot be

dismissed without court approval or order. They argue that under the interpretation of the two

dismissal rule we espouse today, a plaintiff could bring such claims without ever being subject to

the two dismissal rule. We need not resolve this issue today, but note it is not at all clear that

those rules requiring court approval or order for dismissal necessarily transform a Rule 41(a)(1)

notice or stipulation of dismissal into a Rule 41(a)(2) dismissal by court order. See 8 James Wm.

Moore et al., Moore’s Federal Practice ¶¶41.32[1], [2] (fact that a court order is needed for

dismissal of a class action or derivative suit does not convert a notice or stipulation of dismissal

to a Rule 42(a)(2) dismissal by court order).

7

action prior to the filing of the defendant’s responsive pleading.” Poloron Products, Inc., 534

F.2d at 1017 (citations omitted); see also American Cyanamid Co. v. McGhee, 317 F.2d 295, 297

(5th Cir. 1963) (“The reason for this arbitrary limitation [set out in the two-dismissal rule] . . . is

to prevent unreasonable abuse and harassment.”). A dismissal obtained by motion and order of

the court under Rule 41(a)(2) or similar state rule is not unilateral and does not pose the same

danger of abuse or harassment as does a Rule 41(a)(1) dismissal by plaintiff's notice. In ruling

on such motions, a court has discretion to determine whether the dismissal will be with or

without prejudice and with or without conditions based on its view of the case and the plaintiff’s

actions.6

Even though we conclude a dismissal by motion and court order does not implicate the

Rule 41(a)(1) two dismissal rule, we do not mean to suggest that there is no limit to Rule

41(a)(2) or analogous state dismissals:

It does not follow that there is no limit at all on the number of [Rule 41(a)(2)]

dismissals . . . . While there is no precise digital answer, the mere repetition of

such occurrence may, in and of itself, become so oppressively prejudicial as to

require the sound conclusion that even once more is too much. This along with

countless elements, traditionally called upon to underpin our concepts of

reasonableness and fairness, goes into the process of sound discretion of the trial

court, as 41(a)(2) says, “as the court deems proper.”

American Cyanamid Co., 317 F.2d at 298 (footnote omitted). Abuse of the procedure can be
8

sanctioned. A court granting a Rule 41(a)(2) or analogous state dismissal may do so “upon such

terms and conditions as the court deems proper.” Also, a court hearing a subsequently filed

action may impose sanctions if the facts suggest bad faith or an intent to harass on the part of the

plaintiff.

III. CONCLUSION

We conclude the Rule 41(a)(1) two dismissal rule is not implicated where a first

dismissal is by a plaintiff’s motion and order of the court. Thus, the district court erred when it

applied the rule in this case.

REVERSED AND REMANDED.