IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT JACKSON

January 3, 2024 Session

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. MICHAEL M. COOK

Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County

No. 18-06608, C1810029 Paula L. Skahan, Judge

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No. W2022-01534-CCA-R3-CD

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The defendant, Michael M. Cook, was convicted of one count of aggravated rape and two 

counts of aggravated kidnapping for which he received an effective term of twenty-five 

years’ incarceration. On appeal, the defendant argues that: (1) police contamination of the 

condom that yielded the defendant’s DNA profile resulted in a fundamentally unfair trial

under State v. Ferguson, 2 S.W.3d 912 (Tenn. 1999); (2) the trial court erred in not 

requiring chain of custody after the police mispackaged the condom in a way that degrades 

DNA; (3) the identification of the defendant’s voice based on his testimony at the Momon

hearing resulted in a fundamentally unfair trial; (4) the prosecution commented on the 

defendant’s silence by arguing the defendant’s rights prevented a non-suggestive voice 

identification; (5) improper argument by the State throughout trial affected the verdict; (6) 

the trial court failed to give a full and complete charge of the law by not instructing the 

jury on identification and other instructions requested by the defendant; and (7) the 

cumulative errors in the case warrant reversal. Following a thorough review of the record, 

the briefs, and oral arguments of the parties, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed

J. ROSS DYER, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JOHN W. CAMPBELL, SR.,

and MATTHEW J. WILSON, JJ., joined.

Phyllis Aluko, District Public Defender, William Howell (at trial and on appeal) and Glover 

Wright (at trial), Assistant District Public Defenders, for the appellant, Michael M. Cook.

Jonathan Skrmetti, Attorney General and Reporter; Katherine C. Redding, Senior Assistant 

Attorney General; Steve Mulroy, District Attorney General; and Devon M. Dennis and 

Gavin Smith, Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

02/15/2024
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OPINION

Facts and Procedural History

The defendant was indicted for aggravated rape, two alternate counts of aggravated 

kidnapping, and theft of property over $10,000. The State’s proof at trial showed that the

victim returned home around 6:00 a.m. on August 20, 2017 and, as she was exiting her 

vehicle, a man wearing a black long-sleeve shirt, black jeans, black shoes, black ski mask, 

and black gloves approached her. The man held a gun to the victim, directed her behind a 

vacant house, and told the victim that he had been watching her. As the man kept the gun 

aimed at the victim, he told the victim to undress and forced the victim to perform oral sex

on him. The man then made the victim put a condom on him and penetrated her vaginally. 

Afterwards, the man had the victim remove the used condom, which he placed in his pants 

pocket, and told the victim to get down on the ground and count to 200. The man told the 

victim that he would shoot her if she stopped counting or opened her eyes. The man then 

left and came back with a bottle of antifreeze, poured it on the ground around the victim 

where the sex act occurred and then left the vicinity. The victim did not know her attacker

but was able to provide a description of the man’s height and build and that he had 

dreadlocks with brown tips.

Later that morning, an unrelated party, Elizabeth Hall, reported that her vehicle, a 

Camaro, had been stolen. Officers located the stolen vehicle and, during an inventory, 

discovered items indicating the vehicle had been used in a crime, including items of black 

clothing and a black ski mask. The license plate on Ms. Hall’s car had also been switched 

to the license plate for another Camaro – one belonging to Ja’Don Boyd. Officers believed

it unlikely that Mr. Boyd was a serious suspect, thinking a perpetrator would not put his 

own license plate on a stolen car and also because Mr. Boyd’s dreadlocks were different 

than the victim’s description of her attacker’s dreadlocks.

During the processing of Ms. Hall’s stolen Camaro, a used condom was also 

discovered. Through the body camera footage of the police officer who processed the 

vehicle’s contents and questioning by the State and defense, it was brought out that the 

officer wore the same pair of gloves throughout and touched approximately 240 objects 

and surfaces before collecting the condom. Photographs were entered into evidence 

showing the officer’s dingy gloves and specks of some particulate on the condom. 

The condom was sent to the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation (“TBI”) for testing 

and ultimately revealed the presence of DNA consistent with both the defendant and the 

sexual assault victim. At trial, there was inconsistent testimony from the State’s expert 

witnesses and the defendant’s expert witness regarding the DNA evidence. It was also 
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brought out that at some point, the manila envelope in which the condom had been properly 

packaged had been placed in a plastic bag, which can be known to degrade DNA evidence. 

Agent Kristyn Meyers with TBI testified that she located the DNA of a major female 

contributor on the inside and outside of the condom and the profile matched the victim.

Agent Meyers was also able to locate a major male contributor on sperm fractions both 

inside and outside of the condom and concluded that the defendant’s DNA profile was 

consistent with the major contributor for both the inside and outside sperm fractions. Agent 

Meyers determined there were “at least two” contributors to the sperm fraction on both the 

inside and outside of the condom, but she was unable to make any comparisons to the minor 

contributor. Based on her training and experience, Agent Meyers believed the male DNA 

in the sperm fraction came from a body fluid and not skin cells. 

Samantha Spencer, the defendant’s expert witness and former TBI analyst, called 

into question several areas of Ms. Meyers’ analysis and determinations. Of particular note, 

Ms. Spencer thought it was more accurate to describe some of the DNA profiles as 

“including three contributors” because there was an unknown person’s DNA on the 

condom, rather than including “at least two contributors.” Ms. Spencer, however, agreed 

that the victim’s and defendant’s DNA were present on the inside and outside of the 

condom and that the defendant was the major contributor of the sperm fraction, but she 

asserted that it was impossible to know whether the defendant’s DNA came from his semen 

or skin. 

In rebuttal, Agent Lawrence James, a supervisor with the TBI crime laboratory,

addressed Ms. Spencer’s complaints in Agent Meyers’ analysis and ultimately agreed with 

Agent Meyers’ determinations. Agent James agreed there was DNA on the inside and 

outside of the condom belonging to the victim and a sperm fraction where the defendant 

was the major contributor. Based on his twenty-plus years’ experience with the TBI, Agent 

James believed the profile from the sperm fraction came from sperm and not something 

else as Ms. Spencer suggested. 

Also, during rebuttal, the victim testified that she was present for the remainder of 

the trial, including during a jury-out hearing when the defendant spoke aloud for the first 

time. The victim said that when she heard the defendant’s voice, the day of the offense 

“flooded back” to her and her brain replayed hearing the defendant tell her that she should 

be thanking God for sparing her while he raped her. She stated that her rapist’s voice had 

replayed in her head nonstop for five years and after hearing the defendant’s voice, she 

knew he was the man who raped her. 
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Following the conclusion of the proof, the jury convicted the defendant of 

aggravated rape and two counts of aggravated kidnapping and acquitted the defendant on 

the theft charge. 

Analysis

On appeal, the defendant argues that: (1) police contamination of the condom that 

yielded the defendant’s DNA profile resulted in a fundamentally unfair trial under

Ferguson; (2) the trial court erred in not requiring chain of custody after the police 

mispackaged the condom in a way that degrades DNA; (3) the identification of the 

defendant’s voice based on his testimony at the Momon hearing resulted in a fundamentally 

unfair trial; (4) the prosecution commented on the defendant’s silence by arguing the 

defendant’s rights prevented a non-suggestive voice identification; (5) improper argument 

by the State throughout trial affected the verdict; (6) the trial court failed to give a full and 

complete charge of the law by not instructing the jury on identification and other 

instructions requested by the defendant; and (7) the cumulative errors in the case 

necessitate reversal. The State responds that this Court is limited to reviewing the 

defendant’s claims for plain error because the defendant failed to file a timely motion for 

new trial and that the defendant has not established his entitlement to plain error relief on 

any of his claims. As we will explain, we agree with the State regarding the untimeliness 

of the defendant’s motion for new trial, and then we will assess each of the defendant’s 

claims for plain error. 

The record indicates that following the sentencing hearing on August 11, 2022, the 

trial court clerk file stamped all four judgments (the rape count, the kidnapping count that 

merged, the lead kidnapping count, and the theft count of which the defendant was 

acquitted) that same day. The defendant did not file a motion for new trial within thirty 

days. Rather, on October 31, 2022, the defendant filed an untimely notice of appeal in this 

Court in which he acknowledged the untimeliness of his notice and asked this Court to 

waive the timely filing requirement. On November 4, 2022, this Court granted the 

defendant’s motion to late file a notice of appeal and accepted the defendant’s notice of 

appeal as timely. Also, on November 4, 2022, defense counsel informed the trial court that 

he had failed to file a timely motion for new trial and that he had filed a motion to late file 

a notice of appeal with this Court. After discussion, the trial court set a date for the 

defendant to argue a motion to late file a motion for new trial. 

On November 18, 2022, the trial court entered an order finding that it retained 

jurisdiction to entertain a motion for new trial and directed “the entry of the judgments of 

conviction” to reflect the date of November 18, 2022. The trial court noted that, although 

it had orally pronounced the defendant’s sentence in Count Two (the kidnapping count that 

was merged into the lead kidnapping count in Count Three) on August 11, 2022 and the 
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clerk file-stamped the judgment the same day, the court had not actually entered a sentence 

in that count because it failed to sign the judgment sheet. The court determined that the 

judgment documents and its oral pronouncement on August 11, 2022, did not constitute 

the “entry of the order of sentence for purposes of [Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure] 

33.” Later that day, the defendant filed a motion for new trial and then filed an amended 

motion for new trial on December 12, 2022. The trial court conducted a hearing on the 

motion for new trial on December 12, 2022, and, thereafter, entered an order denying the 

motion. 

A motion for new trial must be filed within thirty days of the date the order of 

sentence is entered. Tenn. R. Crim. P. 33(b). Tennessee courts have repeatedly held that 

the date the judgment was filed by the court clerk controls in determining the date on which 

a judgment was “entered.” See State v. Stephens, 264 S.W.3d 719, 727 (Tenn. Crim. App. 

2007) (determining that the effective date for entry of a judgment or order of sentence is 

the date of its filing with the court clerk and the “file-stamp” date provides evidence of 

when the order of sentence was entered by the clerk), abrogated on other grounds as 

recognized in State v. Beaty, No. M2016-00130-CCA-R3-CD, 2016 WL 3752968, at *20 

(Tenn. Crim. App. July 8, 2018); State v. Kimble, No. W2012-00407-CCA-R3-CD, 2013 

WL 3795949, at *4 (Tenn. Crim. App. July 22, 2013) (reviewing authorities and noting 

that “only a ‘file-stamp’ or other similarly designated marking by the trial court clerk can 

suffice to show what date the judgment was filed”); State v. Norman, No. W2003-02067-

CCA-R3-CD, 2004 WL 2255253, at *5 (Tenn. Crim. App. Oct. 7, 2004) (determining that 

the judgment was entered on the date it was filed with the trial court clerk for purposes of

assessing the timeliness of a notice of appeal), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Mar. 7, 2005); cf.

Graham v. State, 90 S.W.3d 687, 689 (Tenn. 2002) (addressing the timeliness of an 

application to appeal the denial of a motion to reopen a post-conviction petition and 

determining that the day the judgment was filed by the clerk, and not the day the judgment 

was signed by the trial judge, was the day the judgment was entered and thus when the 

time commenced to run for filing an application to appeal).

In light of the aforementioned precedents, we determine that the judgments in this 

case were entered on August 11, 2022, the date they were file stamped by the court clerk, 

and the trial court’s actions on November 18 and December 12, 2022, were nullities. “A 

court may not create jurisdiction over a matter where none exists.” Welch v. State, No. 

W2008-01179-CCA-R3-PC, 2009 WL 1741394, at *2 (Tenn. Crim. App. June 15, 2009). 

As additional evidence of the trial court’s “entry” of judgments on August 11, 2022, we 

observe that the trial court signed all three of the lead judgments in the case, the only one 

she neglected to sign was the kidnapping count that merged into the lead kidnapping count. 

Moreover, “[w]hen an appeal is filed, the trial court loses jurisdiction, and the jurisdiction 

of the Court of Criminal Appeals attaches.” State v. Peele, 58 S.W.3d 701, 705 (Tenn. 

2001). As noted, the defendant filed a motion to late-file a notice of appeal, which this 
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Court granted on November 4, 2022, so the jurisdiction of this Court had already attached 

when the trial court issued its subsequent rulings. 

Because the defendant’s motion for new trial was untimely, review of the 

defendant’s allegations is only for plain error. We may consider an issue to be plain error 

when all five of the following factors are met: (a) the record must clearly establish what 

occurred in the trial court; (b) a clear and unequivocal rule of law must have been breached; 

(c) a substantial right of the accused must have been adversely affected; (d) the accused 

did not waive the issue for tactical reasons; and (e) consideration of the error is “necessary 

to do substantial justice.” State v. Adkisson, 899 S.W.2d 626, 641-42 (Tenn. Crim. App. 

1994) (footnotes omitted); see also State v. Smith, 24 S.W.3d 274, 283 (Tenn. 2000) 

(adopting the Adkisson test for determining plain error). “[A]ll five factors must be 

established by the record before this Court will recognize the existence of plain error, and 

complete consideration of all the factors is not necessary when it is clear from the record 

that at least one of the factors cannot be established.” Smith, 24 S.W.3d at 283. “Moreover, 

the error must have been of ‘sufficient magnitude that it probably changed the outcome of 

the trial.’” State v. Vance, 596 S.W.3d 229, 254 (Tenn. 2020) (quoting State v. Banks, 271 

S.W.3d 90, 119 (Tenn. 2008)).

I. Ferguson Issue / Contamination of Evidence 

Prior to trial, the defendant filed a motion to dismiss alleging that the State violated 

Ferguson by failing to preserve DNA evidence found on the condom that ultimately linked 

him to the crime. In his motion and at a hearing on the motion, the defendant pointed out 

that body camera footage from the officer who found the condom showed that the officer 

did not change his gloves before collecting the condom, which created the possibility of

unwanted genetic material being transferred to it. The defendant contended that the 

“contamination destroyed any potential exculpatory value possessed by the condom” 

because had it been properly preserved, the condom could have provided definitive proof 

that it was used, or was not used, during physical contact between him and the victim. He 

asserted that mishandling of the evidence by the police gave rise to a third possibility – that 

his DNA appeared on the condom when the police transferred it from a different surface. 

The defendant informed the court that his expert had concluded that there was a third DNA 

profile on the condom in addition to his and the victim’s. The State responded that its 

expert was unable to definitively say a third profile was present. The trial court denied the 

motion to dismiss, determining that it was a question for the jury to decide the weight of 

the contaminated DNA evidence against the defendant. 

On appeal, the defendant asserts that the denial of his Ferguson motion was in error 

because the State had a duty to preserve potentially exculpatory DNA evidence. In 

Ferguson, 2 S.W.3d 912 (Tenn. 1999) our supreme court held that the loss or destruction 
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of potentially exculpatory evidence may violate a defendant’s right to a fair trial. Id. at 

915-16. The court adopted “a balancing approach in which bad faith is but one of the 

factors to be considered in determining whether the lost or destroyed evidence will deprive 

a defendant of a fundamentally fair trial.” State v. Merriman, 410 S.W.3d 779, 785 (Tenn. 

2013). The court “observed that fundamental fairness, as an element of due process, 

requires a review of the entire record to evaluate the effect of the State’s failure to preserve 

evidence.” Id. at 784-85 (citing Ferguson, 2 S.W.3d at 914, 917).

When applying this balancing test, the trial court must first decide whether the State 

had a duty to preserve the evidence. Merriman, 410 S.W.3d at 785. Only constitutionally 

material evidence must be preserved, and to be constitutionally material, the evidence 

“must potentially possess exculpatory value and be of such a nature that the defendant 

would be unable to obtain comparable evidence by other reasonably available means.” Id.

(citing Ferguson, 2 S.W.3d at 915, 918). If the State did have a duty to preserve the 

evidence, and breached that duty, the trial court must next determine whether a trial without 

the evidence would be fundamentally fair. Ferguson, 2 S.W.3d at 917. When doing so, 

the trial court must apply these three factors to the case:

(1) The degree of negligence involved;

(2) The significance of the destroyed evidence, considered in light of the probative 

value and reliability of secondary or substitute evidence that remains available; and

(3) The sufficiency of the other evidence used at trial to support the conviction.

Id. We review the trial court’s decision regarding the fundamental fairness of the trial 

under a de novo standard. Merriman, 410 S.W.3d at 790. 

We determine that the defendant is not entitled to plain error relief because he cannot 

show the breach of a clear and unequivocal rule of law. Ferguson applies to the State’s 

loss or destruction of evidence alleged to have been exculpatory. Ferguson, 2 S.W.3d at 

915. The evidence in this case, i.e., the condom, was preserved and available for testing. 

The defendant’s claim is that of possible contamination, which would appear to go to the 

weight of the evidence. Our research has revealed no clear and unequivocal rule of law 

providing that contamination of evidence is the same as loss or destruction for purposes of 

Ferguson. The defendant is not entitled to plain error relief on this issue.

II. Chain of Custody

The defendant objected to introduction of the condom at trial on chain of custody 

grounds, asserting the condom was packaged in a way that could potentially degrade DNA 

evidence and that the chain of custody rule “is not . . . only about physically showing who 

held what[] but also goes to whether there was some sort of degradation of the evidence to 
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contamination.” The trial court overruled the defense objection and, on appeal, the

defendant argues that the trial court acted unreasonably in not requiring the State to 

establish chain of custody for the condom when it was “not show[n] that the condom 

arrived for testing uncontaminated . . . and did not establish when police improperly stored 

it” in a way that could degrade genetic material. 

Rule 901(a) requires evidence be authenticated or identified as a condition precedent 

to its admissibility. Tenn. R. Evid. 901(a). “[A] witness must be able to identify the 

evidence or establish an unbroken chain of custody,” but absolute certainty is not required. 

State v. Kilpatrick, 52 S.W.3d 81, 87 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2000) (internal citation omitted). 

The purpose of this requirement is to “demonstrate that there has been no tampering, loss, 

substitution, or mistake with respect to the evidence.” State v. Braden, 867 S.W.2d 750, 

759 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993). The trial court needs only reasonable assurance of the 

identity and integrity of the sample in order to admit it into evidence. Ritter v. State, 462 

S.W.2d 247, 250 (Tenn. 1970).

As to this allegation, we determine that consideration of the issue is not necessary 

to do substantial justice. In our view, the fact the condom was at some point mispackaged 

in a way that could degrade DNA material did not impact the outcome of the case. Agent 

Meyers testified that she did not observe any significant degradation in either the sperm 

fraction or non-sperm fraction profiles and also that a DNA profile would not change as it 

degraded, there would just be less information or it would go away entirely. The jury 

presumably convicted the defendant based on the presence of his DNA on the condom, 

something that degradation or possible degradation did not affect. Simply put, the DNA 

on the condom did not “degrade” from another person’s DNA into the defendant’s DNA. 

In addition, as to the condition of the condom when the police officer collected it 

and turned it in to the property room, the jury heard that the officer wore the same pair of 

gloves while handling fingerprinting powder and collecting evidence, and saw photos and 

body camera footage of the officer’s gloves being discolored and him holding the condom. 

The officer placed the condom in a manila envelope that he marked with his name and IBM 

number and delivered to the property room. The jury later heard that when Agent Meyers’ 

received the condom, it was packaged in a manila envelope, that had been placed inside a 

plastic bag, that had been placed in another manila envelope. The jury saw photos of the 

condom when in Agent Meyers’ possession showing the condom with black specks 

reminiscent of fingerprinting powder. The evidence indicates that the condom came to 

have black specks on it during the police officer’s packaging of the condom into a manila 

envelope and that the manila envelope was at some point later placed into another package. 

There is simply no proof the condom itself was tampered with in between the time the 

police officer took it to the property room and the time it arrived at the TBI. The defendant 

is not entitled to plain error relief on this issue. 
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III. In-Court Voice Identification

The defendant filed a pretrial motion to preclude the victim from making an in-court 

identification of him because the victim had not identified him outside of court, meaning 

any in-court identification of him would be the equivalent of a show-up. In the alternative, 

the defendant asked that the court require the State to conduct a “constitutionally adequate” 

out-of-court identification procedure prior to any in-court identification and to prohibit incourt identifications by any witnesses unable to identify him during that procedure. The 

court stated that it would conduct a jury-out hearing to see if the victim could make an 

identification.

Later, at trial but before voir dire, the parties questioned the victim outside of the 

defendant’s presence regarding her ability to identify the perpetrator. The victim testified 

that she did not think she would be able to identify the perpetrator because he wore a ski 

mask. However, the victim agreed that she was able to provide the police with the 

perpetrator’s height, weight, and complexion. The court observed that it was clear the 

victim could not make an identification but that it would consider the issue again if 

something changed at trial. 

After the prosecution rested its case, the defendant took the stand for a Momon

hearing to discuss his right to testify. The colloquy was as follows:

Q. Hello, [the defendant].

A. Hello.

Q. So, [the defendant], we -- we have met several times and we have 

discussed a number of your -- your trial rights.

A. Right.

Q. And we’ve talked about specifically your right to testify?

A. Right.

Q. And have I explained to you that that’s your decision?

A. Yeah. Yes.

Q. And that if you chose not to testify the Judge would instruct the jury that you 

have -- they could not hold that against you; is that correct?

A. Yes.

Q. As well I have explained to you that you have the absolute right to testify and 

that you could if you want to --

A. Right.

Q. -- is that correct?

A. Yes.

Q. Is your decision today not to testify?
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A. I don’t know at the moment. 

Upon hearing the defendant’s voice, the victim began crying in the courtroom, 

drawing the attention of the prosecutor and the court. Nonetheless, the defense proceeded 

with the presentation of its proof, and the State presented rebuttal testimony from an expert. 

Thereafter, the trial court conducted a jury-out hearing at the State’s request, at which the 

State informed the court that the victim had heard the defendant speaking in court earlier 

that day and told the prosecution team that “she is 100 percent certain she can identify his 

voice.” The State requested to call the victim for that purpose. 

The defendant objected, asserting that the victim’s claim to recognize the 

defendant’s voice was unreliable because when the victim gave a statement at the hospital 

right after the rape, she said that the rapist might have been trying to disguise his voice as 

deeper than it really was. The defendant also asserted that the victim’s testimony was far 

more prejudicial than probative. The trial court overruled the objection. The defendant 

then claimed that the victim’s testimony was not admissible as rebuttal proof because the 

defense proof had nothing to do with the defendant’s voice. The State responded that it 

was appropriate rebuttal proof because the defense proof focused on combatting 

identification. The court ruled that it would allow the victim to testify. The defendant then 

clarified for the record that he objected to the victim’s testimony on grounds that the victim 

heard his voice at the mandatory hearing where he was required to voluntarily waive his 

right to testify so he was, in effect, being penalized for invoking his right to silence in that 

his words were being used against him. 

The victim then testified that she was in the courtroom for the remainder of trial and 

was present during a jury-out hearing when the defendant spoke aloud for the first time. 

She said that when she heard the defendant’s voice, “[t]hat day just flooded back to me” 

and her brain replayed the defendant telling her that she “should be thanking God for 

sparing [her] while he was raping [her].” She stated that she might not have been able to 

see her rapist’s face, but his voice had replayed nonstop in her head for five years. When 

she heard the defendant’s voice, it “brought everything back” and she could only stay in 

the courtroom for a few minutes before having to leave to compose herself. Based on his 

voice, the victim identified the defendant as the man who raped her. The victim stated that 

she had not heard the defendant speak at any other hearings or at any other point during 

the trial. 

On cross-examination, the victim acknowledged that she told law enforcement in 

the immediate aftermath of the incident that the rapist had attempted to disguise his voice 

by making it deeper. The victim agreed that the defendant was not attempting to disguise 

his voice when he spoke in court, but she clarified that the rapist had dropped his attempt 
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to disguise his voice by the time they were under the carport and he told her to be thankful 

God was sparing her. 

On appeal, the defendant argues that using his Momon testimony against him 

resulted in a fundamentally unfair trial because it penalized the assertion of his right not to 

testify and forced a dilemma between the right to confront witnesses and the right not to 

self-incriminate. Alternatively, the defendant asserts that the identification was an 

unnecessarily suggestive and unreliable identification brought about by state action. 

We determine that the defendant is not entitled to relief because he cannot show the 

breach of a clear and unequivocal rule of law. As the defendant appears to recognize, there 

is no clear and unequivocal rule of law prohibiting a witness from identifying a defendant 

based on hearing the defendant testify at a Momon hearing. In addition, there are no 

Tennessee cases directly addressing the administration of first-time, in-court 

identifications. See Merrilees v. State, No. M2021-01324-CCA-R3-PC, 2023 WL 

3309562, at *14 (Tenn. Crim. App. May 8, 2023), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Nov. 16, 

2023). Because this issue is a matter of first impression, there is no breach of a clear and 

unequivocal rule of law. See State v. Fusco, 404 S.W.3d 504, 532, 535-36 (Tenn. Crim. 

App. 2012) (declining to find a breach of a clear and unequivocal rule of law on an issue 

of first impression); State v. Cody, III, No. E2022-00947-CCA-R3-CD, 2023 WL 9006670, 

at *20 (Tenn. Crim. App. Dec. 28, 2023) (stating that a novel argument cannot be the basis 

for granting plain error relief).

As to the defendant’s secondary assertion on this issue, we determine that 

consideration of the issue is not necessary to do substantial justice. The victim’s 

identification was not the result of an unduly suggestive identification procedure because 

it occurred in court and did not involve state action. See Merrilees, 2023 WL 3309562, at 

*15 (stating that the victim’s first-time, in-court, identification did not involve state action); 

cf. State v. Cannon, 642 S.W.3d 401, 448 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2021) (affirming denial of 

motion to suppress in-court identification based on absence of state action where the 

witness identified the defendant from television after previously being unable to make an 

identification in two photograph arrays). 

Moreover, even if the identification involved state action, the victim’s identification 

was reliable because she had an opportunity to hear the perpetrator’s voice at the time of 

the crime, she was paying remarkable attention to details during the incident, the victim’s 

identification was consistent with her testimony that she never saw the perpetrator’s face 

and would be unable to identify him by sight, and the victim was certain of her 

identification. See Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188, 199-200 (1972). In addition, when 

making her identification, the victim did not call attention to the fact the defendant elected 

not to testify, and the defendant was able to cross-examine the victim concerning how she 
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was able to identify the defendant despite having told law enforcement in the immediate 

aftermath that the perpetrator had attempted to disguise his voice. Furthermore, the 

defendant argued to the jury in closing that the victim’s identification was unreliable and 

made under suggestive circumstances and that the victim only identified him because he 

was the person on trial. The defendant is not entitled to plain error relief on this issue. 

IV. Prosecution Comment on the Defendant’s Silence

During closing argument, defense counsel argued that the State could have 

conducted a reliable voice lineup in the years leading up to trial. Thereafter, in its rebuttal 

closing argument, the prosecutor stated:

Now, something big I also want to talk about that [defense counsel] 

just kept repeating was about producing a reliable voice identification. Well, 

the defendant has a very big right, the right to remain silent, the right not for 

the State to make him talk. So for [defense counsel] to say the State isn’t

doing their job, that’s a mischaracterization. 

After the completion of the State’s rebuttal closing argument, defense counsel 

addressed the court with his objections to the argument, per the court’s directive, rather 

than contemporaneously objecting. One such objection was to the prosecutor’s mention of 

the defendant’s right to remain silent. While the court did not find anything improper in 

the State’s argument, the court reiterated to the jury that the defendant had the right to 

remain silent. 

 

On appeal, the defendant argues that the prosecution improperly commented on his

silence by arguing that the defendant’s rights prevented a non-suggestive and reliable voice 

identification. 

The Tennessee Supreme Court has adopted a two-part test to determine whether a 

prosecutor’s remark amounts to an improper comment on the defendant’s exercise of the 

constitutional right to remain silent. The test analyzes: (1) whether the prosecutor’s 

manifest intent was to comment on the defendant’s right not to testify; or (2) whether the 

prosecutor’s remark was of such a character that the jury would necessarily have taken it 

to be a comment on the defendant’s decision not to testify. State v. Jackson, 444 S.W.3d

554, 588 (Tenn. 2014). If application of the two-part test indicates that the prosecutor’s 

remark was constitutionally impermissible, then the State must show that the error was 

harmless beyond a reasonable doubt in order avoid reversal. Id. at 591. When determining 

whether the State has met its burden, this Court “should consider the nature and 

extensiveness of the prosecutor’s argument, the curative instructions given, if any, and the 

strength of the evidence of guilt.” Id. (footnote omitted).
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As to this issue, we determine that consideration of the issue is not necessary to do 

substantial justice because even assuming the prosecutor’s statement was improper, the 

error was harmless. The prosecutor’s statement consisted of three sentences toward the 

middle of a rebuttal argument that spanned eleven pages of transcript. There is nothing in 

the record to indicate that the prosecutor’s delivery was verbally or physically forceful such 

to imbue it with a greater potential for prejudice. The evidence against the defendant was 

reasonably strong, consisting of DNA evidence and vocal identification by the victim. 

Although the trial court did not give a specific curative instruction, which in our view could 

have actually drawn more attention to the prosecutor’s statement, the court did reiterate to 

the jury that “the defendant has the right to remain silent” and also that “[l]awyers[’]

arguments are not evidence.” In addition, the trial court’s final charge to the jury included 

the following instruction on the defendant’s not testifying:

The defendant has not taken the stand to testify as a witness but you 

shall place no significance on this fact. The defendant is presumed innocent 

and the burden is on the State to prove his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.

He is not required to take the stand in his own behalf and his election not to 

do so cannot be considered for any purpose against him, nor can any 

inference be drawn from such fact.

 

The defendant is not entitled to plain error relief on this issue. 

V. Improper Arguments by the State

The defendant argues that improper arguments by the State throughout the trial 

affected the verdict. The defendant points to remarks during opening statement, 

questioning of witnesses, and closing argument in which he claims the State misstated the 

evidence, injected issues broader than guilt or innocence into the trial, expressed personal 

beliefs, and argued facts outside the record. 

This Court has recognized five general categories of prosecutorial misconduct: (1) 

intentionally misstating the evidence or misleading the jury as to the inferences it may 

draw; (2) expressing personal beliefs or opinions as to the truth or falsity of any testimony 

or evidence or the guilt of the defendant; (3) inflaming or attempting to inflame the passions 

or prejudices of the jury; (4) injecting issues broader than the guilt or innocence of the 

defendant; or (5) arguing or referring to facts outside the record that are not matters of 

common knowledge. See State v. Goltz, 111 S.W.3d 1, 6 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2003). 

The established test for determining whether prosecutorial error based on improper 

comments amounts to reversible error is whether the conduct was so improper, or the 
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argument so inflammatory, that it affected the verdict. See State v. Reid, 164 S.W.3d 286, 

344 (Tenn. 2005); Goltz, 111 S.W.3d at 5. In assessing whether comments made by the 

prosecution are so inflammatory or improper as to affect the verdict, the court must 

consider five factors:

(1) The conduct complained of viewed in the context and the light of the facts 

and circumstances of the case;

(2) The curative measures undertaken by the court and the prosecution;

(3) The intent of the prosecutor in making the improper statements;

(4) The cumulative effect of the improper alleged conduct and any other 

errors in the record; and

(5) The relative strength or weakness of the case.

Judge v. State, 539 S.W.2d 340, 344 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1976); see also Goltz, 111 S.W.3d 

at 5-6.

The misstatements of the evidence that the defendant alleges center around various 

points of the experts’ testimony concerning the DNA evidence. We observe that the expert 

testimony in the case was highly technical and likely difficult for a non-scientist attorney 

to recall and relay the intricacies of in an argument to the jury. The defendant has not 

shown that the prosecutor intentionally misstated the evidence, and we conclude there is 

no breach of a clear and unequivocal rule of law.

The defendant’s allegations of injection of issues broader than guilt or innocence

and, similarly, expression of personal beliefs concern the prosecutor’s use of the phrases

“we know” and “we agree,” the prosecutor’s asking the jury to not make the victim wait 

for justice, and the prosecutor’s “wishing” that more evidence had been tested and that the 

victim had heard the defendant’s voice before trial to identify him. We have reviewed each 

of the statements outlined by the defendant and, read in context, do not take the statements 

to be the prosecutor’s expression of personal beliefs or the injection of issues broader than 

guilt or innocence. As such, there is no breach of a clear and unequivocal rule of law.

As to his arguing facts outside the record claim, the defendant points to the 

prosecutor’s use of a “derogatory tone” in commenting on the length of the body camera 

footage and referring to the defense expert as an “armchair Googler,” as well as the 

prosecutor’s questioning an expert witness about whether a medical condition or 

spermicide could affect the amount of sperm found on a condom. The defendant’s 

complaint about the prosecutor’s comment on the length of the body camera footage is not 

a complaint about arguing facts outside the record. Likewise, the defendant’s complaint 

about the prosecutor’s reference to the defense expert as an “armchair Googler” is not a 

complaint about arguing facts outside the record especially when the defense expert agreed 
- 15 -

that she conducted her research using a search engine similar to Google and that she did 

not test DNA as part of her current job. The defendant’s complaint that the prosecutor 

questioned an expert witness about whether a medical condition or spermicide could affect 

the amount of sperm found on a condom is a complaint about the testimony elicited at trial, 

not a complaint about an improper prosecutorial argument. Having determined that none 

of these complaints are arguing facts outside the record, we conclude there is no breach of 

a clear and unequivocal rule of law. 

In addition to our analysis above, we have reviewed each of the statements outlined 

by the defendant, in context, and we do not perceive any as being so inflammatory or 

improper that they affected the outcome of the trial. The defendant is not entitled to plain 

error relief. 

VI. Full and Complete Jury Charge

On the final day of trial, the defendant filed a motion for special jury instructions. 

The defendant asked the court to give an instruction on his “defense theory” as follows:

The defense contends the State improperly collected and thereby 

contaminated the condom on which the defendant’s DNA was found. If, 

after considering all of the proof, you have a reasonable doubt as to whether 

the defendant’s DNA was on the condom before the condom was collected 

by the State, you must find the defendant not guilty. 

The trial court declined to give the requested instruction, finding that it was too much of a 

comment on the evidence.

The defendant also asked the court to give the following instruction on DNA 

evidence:

DNA evidence has been presented in this case. You may consider this 

evidence in determining the defendant’s identity as the person who 

committed these crimes.

DNA evidence is circumstantial evidence; that is, it is proof of 

collateral facts and circumstances from which the existence of a primary fact 

may be deduced by you according to reason and common experience. For 

DNA evidence alone to sustain a conviction, you must find that the 

defendant’s DNA could only have been impressed on the condom during the 

commission of the crime. You may consider whether the defendant’s DNA 

could have been transferred to the condom.
- 16 -

The weight to be accorded DNA evidence is a question for the jury to 

decide in light of all the surrounding facts and circumstances of the case. 

The trial court also declined to give the requested DNA instruction, finding it was not 

appropriate. 

The defendant also asked the trial court to give the following instruction regarding 

Ja’Don Boyd’s prior conviction: “You may find from the evidence presented that witness 

[Ja’Don] Boyd has been convicted of a prior crime. If you so find, you can consider such 

for the purpose of its effect, if any, on his credibility as a witness.” The trial court declined 

to give this instruction, determining that the pattern instruction on credibility of witnesses 

was sufficient.

The defendant also asked the trial court to instruct the jury that it was “free to find 

that the [victim’s] identification was suggestive and therefore unreliable.” The State 

objected, arguing that such an instruction would amount to the court commenting on the 

victim’s credibility which was an issue for the jury. The court declined to give the 

requested instruction. 

The defendant lastly requested a Ferguson instruction regarding the State’s duty to 

preserve evidence of exculpatory value. The trial court denied the defendant’s request, 

determining that the instruction was not applicable because, although the police officer 

who collected the evidence could “have done his job better,” the evidence was inculpatory 

not exculpatory.

On appeal, the defendant argues that the trial court failed to give a full and complete 

charge of the law by not instructing the jury on election of offenses, or giving his requested 

instructions on Ja’Don Boyd’s prior conviction, DNA evidence, his theory of defense, and 

identification. 

“It is well-settled in Tennessee that a defendant has a right to a correct and complete 

charge of the law so that each issue of fact raised by the evidence will be submitted to the 

jury on proper instructions.” State v. Farner, 66 S.W.3d 188, 204 (Tenn. 2001) (first citing 

State v. Garrison, 40 S.W.3d 426, 432 (Tenn. 2000); and then citing State v. Teel, 793 

S.W.2d 236, 249 (Tenn. 1990)). Accordingly, trial courts have a duty to give “a complete 

charge of the law applicable to the facts of the case.” State v. Davenport, 973 S.W.2d 283, 

287 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1998) (citing State v. Harbison, 704 S.W.2d 314, 319 (Tenn. 

1986)).
- 17 -

We determine that the defendant is not entitled to plain error relief. As to the 

defendant’s claim that the trial court failed to charge the jury with election of offenses, the 

record shows that the trial court told the jury during its final instructions that the State had 

to elect which of the alleged sex acts it was relying on for the charge of aggravated rape, 

and the State announced that it elected the act of vaginal penetration as the basis for the 

charge. Later in its instructions, the trial court charged the jury regarding the requirement 

of a unanimous verdict and what that entailed. Accordingly, there is no breach of a clear 

and unequivocal rule of law. 

As to the trial court’s not giving a special instruction on Ja’Don Boyd’s prior 

conviction, we determine that consideration of the issue is not necessary to do substantial 

justice. The trial court charged the jury concerning credibility of witnesses, which included 

that it could consider any proof presented on a witness’s reputation for telling the truth as

a factor in forming an opinion on whether to believe a witness. The defendant has not 

shown why this instruction did not provide sufficient guidance.

As to the trial court’s failure to give the defendant’s proposed instruction on DNA 

evidence, we determine that consideration of the issue is not necessary to do substantial 

justice. The trial court charged the jury that it had the duty to decide the weight to give the 

direct and circumstantial evidence, and that it was to consider all the evidence and give it 

whatever weight it believed the evidence deserved. The defendant has not shown why the 

instructions given by the court did not provide sufficient guidance on how the jury should 

consider DNA evidence. 

As to the trial court’s failure to give the defendant’s proposed instruction on his 

theory of defense, we determine there is no breach of a clear and unequivocal rule of law. 

The defendant proposed to instruct the jurors that “[i]f . . . you have a reasonable doubt as 

to whether the defendant’s DNA was on the condom before the condom was collected by 

the State, you must find the defendant not guilty.” Such an instruction would have 

essentially told the jurors to disregard the victim’s identification of the defendant based on 

his voice and thus supplanted the jury’s role as the finder of fact. 

With regard to the trial court’s failure to give an enhanced identification instruction,

as we will explain, we determine that consideration of the issue is not necessary to do 

substantial justice. In State v. Dyle, 899 S.W.2d 607 (Tenn. 1995), the Tennessee Supreme 

Court promulgated a comprehensive jury instruction to be used in cases where identity is 

a material issue. Id. at 612. The instruction sets forth a list of factors for the jury to consider

in determining whether the State has met its burden of proving “identification of the 

defendant as the person who committed the crime.” Id. Those factors include:
- 18 -

(1) The witness’ capacity and opportunity to observe the offender. This 

includes, among other things, the length of time available for observation, 

the distance from which the witness observed, the lighting, and whether the 

person who committed the crime was a prior acquaintance of the witness;

(2) The degree of certainly expressed by the witness regarding the 

identification and the circumstances under which it was made, including 

whether it is the product of the witness’ own recollection;

(3) The occasions, if any, on which the witness failed to make an 

identification of the defendant, or made an identification that was 

inconsistent with the identification at trial; and

(4) The occasions, if any, on which the witness made an identification that 

was consistent with the identification at trial, and the circumstances 

surrounding such identifications.

Id. 

This instruction, which is now part of the Tennessee Pattern Jury Instructions, must 

be given whenever identification is a material issue, and the instruction is requested by the 

defendant’s counsel. Id. Identity is a material issue “when the defendant puts it in issue 

or the eyewitness testimony is uncorroborated by circumstantial evidence.” Id. at 612 n.4. 

It is plain error for the trial court not to give the comprehensive identity jury instruction 

under these circumstances. Id. at 612. “If identification is a material issue and the 

defendant does not request the instruction, failure to give it will be reviewable under Rule 

52 harmless error standard.” Id. 

In this case, the defendant did not ask the trial court to give the enhanced 

identification instruction. The defendant did ask the court to declare a mistrial based on 

the victim’s identification or, in the alternative, for “a jury instruction that says the jury is 

free to find that the identification was suggestive and therefore unreliable.” However, it 

would be a stretch to view that request as a request for an enhanced identification 

instruction. Because the defendant did not request the instruction, the trial court’s failure 

to give it is reviewable under the harmless error standard, which is now found in Tennessee 

Rule of Appellate Procedure 36(b). Under harmless error analysis, “[r]eversal is [only] 

required if the error affirmatively appears to have affected the result of the trial on the 

merits, or in other words, reversal is required if the error more probably than not affected 

the judgment to the defendant’s prejudice.” State v. Williams, 977 S.W.2d 101, 105 (Tenn. 

1998).

We conclude that this error was harmless and that consideration of the error as plain 

is, therefore, not necessary to do substantial justice. A review of the factors outlined in 

Dyle support the reliability of the victim’s identification. The victim had ample 
- 19 -

opportunity to observe the perpetrator for a significant period of time and at a close 

distance. The victim’s identification was the product of her own recollection, and she 

immediately identified the defendant as the perpetrator upon hearing his voice. Nothing in 

the victim’s testimony about the identification indicates any uncertainty. The victim did 

not have a prior occasion to identify the defendant before trial such that there is a prior 

identification to consider. Although the trial court failed to provide the enhanced 

identification instruction, the court did provide the jury with instructions on evaluating the 

credibility of witnesses. Moreover, in our view, evidence that the victim’s and the 

defendant’s DNA was found on the condom was particularly convincing evidence of 

identification. We cannot say that the failure to give an enhanced identification instruction 

more probably than not affected the judgment or resulted in prejudice to the judicial 

process. As such, we decline to notice this issue as plain error. 

VII. Cumulative Error 

The defendant lastly argues that the cumulative errors in the case warrant reversal. 

The cumulative error doctrine applies when multiple errors were committed during trial, 

each of which alone would have constituted harmless error, but in the aggregate have a 

cumulative effect on the proceedings so great the defendant’s right to a fair trial can only 

be preserved through reversal. State v. Hester, 324 S.W.3d 1, 76 (Tenn. 2010). 

Circumstances warranting reversal of a conviction under the cumulative error doctrine 

“remain rare.” Id. Our review is limited to plain error and the defendant has failed to 

establish plain error with respect to any of his issues. Accordingly, there can be no 

cumulative error in the absence of any error.

Conclusion

Based on the forgoing authorities and reasoning, we affirm the judgments of the trial 

court.

____________________________________

 J. ROSS DYER, JUDGE