# Patent

## Title
Additive containing an anti-fungal amount of a salt of formic acid

## Abstract

An additive for controlling the growth of spores of a fungi growth which is adapted to be added to an aqueous system comprising a salt of formic acid. The salt of formic acid is a metal salt or an organic salt. Additive comprises a salt of formic acid and a different second salt of formic acid.

## Background
The present application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/408,802 filed on Apr. 7, 2003 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,821,637, and titled “PRODUCTS CONTAINING AN ANTIFUNGAL AMOUNT OF A SALT OF FORMIC ACID”.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to additives containing an anti-fungal amount of a salt of formic acid.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an additive for controlling the growth of certain fungi and mold cells from fungal spores on the surface of various products treated with an aqueous system. The invention was designed to control the growth by killing the vegetative fungi or mold germinating from spores of the fungi with an additive that can be blended into commercially available paints, spackle, adhesives, grout, and sealants used in the home and commercial construction industry. The additive can also be used in the paper making industry to control growth of spores during the making of paper that causes spoilage. The additive can also be used to control the growth of bacteria in automotive lubrication systems, compressors for oil field drilling, transmission systems, other motors, air conditioning and heating systems and the like.
An object of the invention is to provide an easy to use, environmentally friendly additive which is cheaper than those currently commercially available.
Another object of the invention is to provide an additive that is light and easy to transport.
A final object of the invention is to provide an additive that does not cake or clog and can easily flow into a system in a continuous flow without the need to batch addition of the additive.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to an additive for controlling the growth of spores of a fungi which is adapted to be added to an aqueous system comprising a salt of formic acid. The additive can be used on items having a compressed calcium sulfate layer, a paper layer over the sulfate layer, an adhesive for securing the paper layer to the sulfate layer; an amount of a salt of formic acid disposed on the paper layer thereby forming sheet rock with an ionic lattice on the surface to prevent vegetative growth from fungi spores, and a paint, an adhesives, a sealant, and an insulation each containing an antifungal amount of a salt of formic acid, such as potassium formate.
The invention relates to additive containing a formulation which is contemplated to kill the spores of fungus which includes in particular certain penicillium species and certain stachybotrys species


DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Before explaining the present invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the particular embodiments and that it can be practiced or carried out in various ways.
The invention relates to an additive for use in various aqueous systems.
Biological fouling due to the growth of spores after pretreatment to control the fungi is a serious economic problem in many commercial and industrial uses.
The growth of fungi or mold from spores has wreaked havoc in the home insurance industry, where families have to be moved out of their homes to treat the initial killing of the fungi growth, only to discover a year or two later that the fungi has grown back creating a serious health hazard.
Fungi known as strachybotrys species, penicillium species and various aspergillus species create spores to propagate. Although numerous commercial additives exist to kill the vegetative growth of the fungi, typically these additives must be used in extremely high and toxic concentrations to destroy the spores of these fungi. The use of high concentrations of these known additives, when added to aqueous systems, destroy valuable intrinsic properties of the formulation to which they are added. For example, if bleach is used to kill vegetative fungus, and it is added in high concentration to a condensation system of an air conditioner, typically, the polar characteristics of the lubricant fluid would be harmed. Also, other additives, when added in quantities large enough to kill fungi from the spores, have resulted in clogged systems, without the continued ability to flow freely.
A need has existed for an additive that can be applied to various products which does not destroy the underlying advantages of the aqueous system to which it is added which may include the fundamental chemical characteristics of that system.
The present invention addresses these needs.
An embodiment of this invention relate to an additive that is adapted for controlling growth of vegetative fungi from spores after being applied to building materials having, a compressed calcium sulfate layer, a paper layer over the sulfate layer, an adhesive for securing the paper layer to the sulfate layer, an amount of a salt of formic acid disposed on the paper layer thereby forming sheet rock with an ionic lattice on the surface to prevent vegetative growth from fungi spores, and a paint, an adhesives, a sealant, and an insulation each containing an antifungal amount of a salt of formic acid, such as potassium formate.
An embodiment of the invention relates to products containing a formulation which is contemplated to kill the spores of fungus which includes in particular certain penicillium species and certain stachybotrys species.
An embodiment of the invention is a building material adapted for controlling growth of vegetative fungi from spores. The building materials are a compressed calcium sulfate layer, a paper layer over the calcium sulfate layer, an adhesive for securing the paper layer to the calcium sulfate layer, and an amount of a salt of formic acid disposed on the paper layer. The combination forms sheet rock with an ionic lattice on the surface to prevent vegetative growth from fungi spores.
The salt of formic acid can be potassium formate. Further, a second salt of formic acid can be added to the materials. The building materials can also include a salt of citric acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, acetic acid, fumaric acid, humic acid, fulvic acid, malic acid, glutaric acid, or glutamic acid.
In an alternate embodiment, the building materials can include an encapsulation agent to encapsulate the spores. The preferred encapsulation agent is colloidal oatmeal.
An embodiment of the invention is a paint comprising an amount of a salt of formic acid capable of forming an ionic lattice on a surface to which paint is applied to prevent vegetative growth from fungi spores.
An embodiment of the invention also contemplates an adhesive comprising an amount of a salt of formic acid capable of forming an ionic lattice on a surface to which adhesive is applied to prevent vegetative growth from fungi spores.
An embodiment of the invention is also an insulation comprising an amount of a salt of formic acid disposed on the surface of the insulation adapted to form an ionic lattice on the surface thereby preventing vegetative growth from fungi spores.
An embodiment of the invention is also a sealant comprising an amount of a salt of formic acid which forms an ionic lattice on the surface to which the adhesive is formed to prevent vegetative growth from fungi spores.
An embodiment of the invention is for an additive which can be mixed into a batch aqueous system or through a continuous flow aqueous system. The additive can be in dry powder form or blended with an acceptable carrier to reduce the cost of the additive for a particular system.
The additive is contemplated to be added to the aqueous system in amount between about 0.01 wt % and 50 wt % based on the total weight of the aqueous system.
SALTS OF FORMIC ACID—The key ingredient is contemplated to be a salt of a formic acid, and in the preferred embodiment, the salt is a potassium formate. While it is contemplated that a usable formulation to treat spore growth could contain between about 0.01 wt % and 70 wt % potassium formate, between about 0.1 wt % and 50 wt % potassium formate or a similar salt of formic acid such as cesium formate could be used.
In a second embodiment of the invention, a second salt of formic acid can be added to the first salt, wherein the first salt is potassium formate and the second salt is cesium formate. A preferred ratio of the potassium formate to the cesium formate would be 5:1.
A formulation of potassium formate with cesium formate would utilize between about 1 wt % and 50 wt % of the cesium formate, preferably between about 1 wt % and 5 wt % of the cesium formate when used in combination with another salt of formic acid, such as potassium formate.
The salts are preferably metal salts, such as cesium formate, sodium formate, zinc formate, lithium formate, calcium formate, potassium di-formate, potassium formate and combinations thereof.
The salts can be organic salts, such as ammonium formate, ethyl formate, methyl formate, amine formate, butyl formate, propyl formate and combinations of these.
KAVALACTONES—In yet another embodiment of the invention, an amount of active kavalactone can be added to the additive comprising the first salt of formic acid, notably the potassium formate. The additional kavalactone can be added in amounts between about 0.01 wt % and 50 wt % of the overall additive formulation. A preferred embodiment contemplates using between about 1 wt % and 50 wt % of kavalactone based on the wt % of the total composition prior to addition to the aqueous system. Yet another embodiment contemplates using between about 1 wt % and 20 wt % of active kavalactone based on the total wt % of the composition prior to introduction to the aqueous system.
Kavalactone is derived from piper methysticum or the Kava Kava plant of New Guinea, Indonesia area. The extract of the kava root is known to contain a class of structurally related chemical compounds, kavalactones. Kavalactones possess low bio-availability and are practically insoluble in water. The invention relates to the unexpected discovery that three kavalactones, diydrokawain, dihydromethysticin and kawain, exhibit inhibitory effect on the growth of fungi spores. Although is known that kavalactones have exhibited inhibitory effects on cytokines such as interleukin-12 (see U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20020187169 filed May 11, 2002), which is hereby incorporated by reference. The reference does not teach any use attributed to it in combination with a salt of formic acid to inhibit spore growth after treatment of the vegetative state of the same fungi.
SURFACTANTS—Additionally, this composition may include surfactants. A sulfamic acid can be used as a stabilizer. The molar ratio of surfactant to the salt of formic acid is contemplated to range from 1:30 to 1:60.
It is contemplated that between about 0.5 wt % and 10.0 wt %, more preferably between 3 wt % and 5 wt %, surfactants could be used in this invention.
Other components that could be used in addition to or as substitution for the above noted surfactants include antioxidants, ultraviolet stabilizers, dyes, viscosifiers, and combinations of these.
A viscosifier usable in this invention would be xanthan gum, carboxymethyl cellulose, starch, guar gum, polyacrylates, polyacrylamides and combinations of these viscosifiers.
CARRIERS—The formulation can be disposed in a carrier prior to introduction to an aqueous system.
The most preferred carrier is water. Different types of water can be used, including heavy water, distilled water, de-ionized water, tap water and combinations thereof.
Other than water, glycol can be used as a carrier, such as propylene glycol, butylene glycol, ethylene glycol and combinations of these.
An embodiment of the invention contemplates that the carrier can be a mixture of water, and glycol or a hydrocarbon.
Hydrocarbons which would be useful as carriers include mineral spirits, ethanol, butanol, propanol, naptha, and combinations thereof.
An embodiment of the invention contemplates that the fungi or mold growth controlling component can be spayed onto a surface, such as with a propellant. Typical propellants could be butane, propane, and inert gas such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, air, and combinations of these.
If a propellant is used, it could comprise between about 1% and 30% by volume of a desired container for spray on purposes.
Alternatively the formulation can be sponged on, brushed on, wiped on. Alternatively, components, such as wood or sheet rock could be soaked in the formulation or dredged in the formulation if a large vat full of the formulation was used.
AQUEOUS SYSTEM—The invention can be used with various aqueous systems such as paints, lubricants, transmission fluids, or air conditioning systems.
It is contemplated that the formulation can be used with cooling water towers, air cleaners, swimming pools, spas, industrial water systems, laundry detergents, bleaching agents, recycling water systems, oil field water, sweet water, gas scrubbers, or even water slides.
SURFACES—The formulation can be disposed on any number of surfaces to control spore growth.
ENCAPSULATION AGENT—Colloidal oatmeal can be used as an ingredient to form a paste with the novel composition and provide a means to encapsulate the spores to insure controlled growth.
A typical colloid oatmeal usable herein is oat gel, available from Quaker Oats.
A paste of the formulation could be created as follows (the powder is mixed at a shear rate):
a. 30 wt % of potassium formate;
b. 60 wt % of colloidal oatmeal; and
c. 10 wt % tap water.
The unique oatmeal contains L-histines to kill the vegetative growth. The killing of the vegetative growth is an unexpected result of combining the oatmeal with the salt of the formic acid.
The ingredients are blended and mixed for about 2 minutes then the paste is ready to be applied to the surface.
An embodiment of the invention also contemplates that the carrier can be a mixture of water and glycol or a hydrocarbon.
The fungi growth to which the invention can be applied includes Stachybotrys parvispora, Stachybotrys chartarum, Stachybotyrs kampalensis, Stachybotrys theobromae, Stachybotrys bisbyi, Stachybotrys cylindrospora, Stachybotrys dichroa, Stachybotrys oenanthes or Stachybotrys nilagerica and combinations thereof.
An embodiment of the invention can also treat the fungi growth of aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus flavus, aspergillus oryzae, aspergillus niger, aspergillus niger, aspergillus foetidus, aspergillus phoenicus, aspergillus nomius, aspergillus ochraceus, aspergillus ostianus, aspergillus auricomus, aspergillus parasiticus, aspergillus sojae, aspergillus restrictus, aspergillus caesillus, aspergillus conicus, aspergillus sydowii, aspergillus tamari, aspergillus terreus, aspergillus ustus, aspergillus versicolor and combinations thereof.
Aspergillus terreus can also be treated with the invention.
An embodiment of the invention can treat spores from the fungi growth of absidia corymbifera, absidia coerulea, absidia glauca and combinations thereof.
An embodiment of the invention can treat the fungi growth and spores of cladosporium herbarum and fusarium oxysporum. 
An embodiment of the invention is contemplated to control spores from fungi growth of acremonium strictum, alternaria alternate, apopphysomyces elegans, Saksena vasiformis and combinations thereof.
The fungi growth of Penicillium freii, Penicillium verrucosum, Penicillium hirsutum, Penicillium alberechii, Penicillum aurantiogriseum, Penicillium polonicum, Penicillium viridicatum, Penicillium hirsutum, Penicillium brevicompactum, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium griseofulivum, Penicillium glandicola, Penicillium coprophilum, Penicillium crustosum, Penicillium citrinum, Penicillium sartoryi, Penicillium westlingi, Penicillium corylophilum, Penicillium decumbens, Penicillium echinulatum, Penicillium solitum, Penicillium camembertii, Penicillium commune, Penicillium echinulatum, Penicillium sclerotigenum, Penicillium italicum, Penicillium expansum, Penicillium fellutanum, Penicillium charlesii, Penicillium janthinellum, Penicillium raperi, Penicillium madriti, Penicillium ochrochloron, Penicillium spinulosum, Penicillium glabrum, Penicillum thomii, Penicillium pupurescens, and combinations thereof are also contemplated as susceptible to treatment with this invention.
In order that the invention described herein may be more readily understood, the following examples are set forth. It should be understood that these examples are for illustrative purposes only and not to be construed as limiting this invention in any manner. All references cited herein are expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety.
EXAMPLE 1
ADDITIVE—50 wt % of potassium formate is mixed with grout mix to add to a sealing composition, such as Easy Grout, in a ratio of 90:10 of sealing composition to additive.
EXAMPLE 2
ADDITIVE—50 wt % of potassium formate is mixed with 5 wt % of cesium formate and 45 wt % of a carrier. The carrier is water and is added to a coating for sheet rock in a ratio of 93:7 of sheet rock to additive coating known as Gypsum Brand available from US Gypsum, Inc.
EXAMPLE 3
ADDITIVE—30 wt % of potassium formate is mixed with an active kavalactone, namely Kava Kava Extract. The formed mixture is then added to a carrier, such as water, and added to a paint formulation such as a Sherman William Latex-based paint.
EXAMPLE 4
ADDITIVE—30 wt % of potassium formate is mixed with 2.5 wt % of cesium formate and 30 wt % of an active kavalactone, namely dihydrokawain forming a mixture. The mixture is then added to a carrier, namely, water in an amount up to 37.5 wt % of the water and added to a swimming pool water system.
The following is a chart of the results of treatment on various fungi:

















Strachybotrys
Penicillium
Asperg



Example
% killed
% killed
% killed





















1
100
99.9+
100



2
100
100
100



3
100
100
100



4
100
100
100










The process of the invention can be used to control Bacillus anthracis, Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, Brucella suis, Burkholderia mallei (formally called Pseudomonas mallei), Burkholderia pseudomallei (formally called Pseudomonas pseudomallei), and Botulinum neurotoxin producing species of Clostridium. 
While this invention has been described with emphasis on the preferred embodiments, it should be understood that within the scope of the appended claims the invention might be practiced and carried out in various ways other than as specifically described herein.

## Claims

1. An antifungal additive composition for controlling the growth of vegetative fungi from spores comprising an effective amount of a salt of formic acid wherein the formic acid salt is a metal salt selected from the group consisting of cesium formate, sodium formate, zinc formate, lithium formate, calcium formate, potassium di-formate, potassium formate and combinations thereof; and an effective amount of an active kavalactone selected from the group consisting of a dihydrokawain, a dihydromethysticin, a kawain, and combinations thereof wherein the composition is added to an aqueous system.

2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition additionally comprises a second salt of formic acid.

3. The composition of claim 2, wherein the salt of formic acid is potassium formate and the second salt of formic acid is cesium formate.

4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the aqueous system is a paint, a lubricant, a transmission fluid, or air conditioning system.

5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the aqueous system is a cooling water tower, an air cleaner, a swimming pool, a spa, an industrial water system, a laundry detergent, a bleaching agent, a recycling water system, an oil field water, a sweet water, a gas scrubber, or a water slide.

6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the additive is disposed in a carrier prior to introducing the additive to the aqueous system.

7. The composition of claim 6, wherein the carrier is water selected from the group consisting of heavy water, distilled water, de-ionized water, tap water, and combinations thereof.

8. The composition of claim 6, wherein the carrier is a glycol selected from the group consisting of propylene glycol, butylene glycol, ethylene glycol, and combinations thereof.

9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the fungi is Stachybotrys parvispora, Stachybotrys chartarum, Stachybotyrs kampalensis, Stachybotrys theobromae, Stachybotrys bisbyi, Stachybotrys cylindrospora, Stachybotrys dichroa, Stachybotrys oenanthes, Stachybotrys nilagerica or combinations thereof.

10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the fungi is Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillusflavus, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus foetidus, Aspergillus phoenicus, Aspergillus nomius, Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus ostianus, Aspergillus auricomus, Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus sojae, Aspergillus restrictus, Aspergillus caesillus, Aspergillus conicus, Aspergillus sydowii, Aspergillus tamari, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus ustus, Aspergillus versicolor or combinations thereof.

11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the fungi is Absidia corymbifera, Absidia coerulea, Absidia qlauca or combinations thereof.

12. The composition of claim 1, wherein the fungi is Acremonium strictum, Alternaria alternate, Apopphysomyces elegans, Saksena vasiformis or combinations thereof.

13. The composition of claim 1, wherein the fungi is Penicillium freii, Penicillium verrucosum, Penicillium hirsutum, Penicillium alberechii, Penicillium aurantiogriseum, Penicillium polonicum, Penicillium viridicatum, Penicillium hirsutum, Penicillium brevicompactum, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium griseofulvum, Penicillium glandicola, Penicillium coprophilum, Penicillium crustosum, Penicillium citrinum, Penicillium sartoryi, Penicillium westlingi, Penicillium corylophilum, Penicillium decumbens, Penicillium echinulatum, Penicillium solitum, Penicillium camembertii, Penicillium commune, Penicillium echinulatum, Penicillium sclerotigenum, Penicillium italicum, Penicillium expansum, Penicillium fellutanum, Penicillium charlesii, Penicillium janthinellum, Penicillium raperi, Penicillium madriti, Penicillium ochrochloron, Penicillium spinulosum, Penicillium glabrum, Penicillum thomii, Penicillium pupurescens, or combinations thereof.

14. The composition of claim 1, wherein the salt of formic acid forms a concentration between 100 and 150,000 parts per million of the total aqueous system.

15. The composition of claim 1, further comprising a salt of citric acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, acetic acid, fumaric acid, humic acid, fulvic acid, malic acid, glutaric acid, or glutamic acid.

16. The composition of claim 1, further comprising an encapsulation agent to encapsulate the spores.

17. The composition of claim 16, wherein the encapsulation agent is colloidal oatmeal.

18. An antifungal additive composition for controlling the growth of vegetative fungi from spores comprising an effective amount of a salt of formic acid wherein the formic acid salt is a metal salt selected from the group consisting of cesium formate, sodium formate, zinc formate, lithium formate, calcium formate, potassium di-formate, potassium formate and combinations thereof; and an effective amount of an active kavalactone selected from the group consisting of a dihydrokawain, a dihydromethysticin, a kawain, and combinations thereof wherein the composition is added to an aqueous system comprising
a cooling water tower, an air cleaner, a swimming pool, a spa, an industrial water system, a laundry detergent, a bleaching agent, a recycling water system, an oil field water, a sweet water, a gas scrubber, or a water slide;
wherein the salt of formic acid forms a concentration between 100 and 150,000 parts per million of the total aqueous system; and
further comprising an encapsulation agent to encapsulate the spores.