UNITED STATES ENVlnONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

WASHINGTON D.C., 20460

MAR 03 2011

OFFICEOF CHEMICAL SAFETY

AND POLLUTION PREVENTION

MEMORANDUM

SUBJECT:

FROM:

THRU:

TO:

BEAD Chemical Profile for Registration Review: Fosetyl-AI (12330 1)

Bi

Le

ological An

onard Yourman,

alysis Br

Plant

anch

Pathologist ~~a- I , . l < I!'

JihadAlsadek, Economist .Td..j1k ...

Science Information and Ana' ysis Branch r-::1 _'hAt £1

John Faulkner,Economist ;;JLW'"'v, - I

Economic Analysis Branch

Biological and Economic Am ivision (7503P)

Arnet Jones, Chief tV(A..'-1''Y l"""'--;""-

Biological Analysis Branch'

Diann Sims, Chief~~

:~;;;;:;;;:~;;~~:: :):an~\y

Biological and Economic Ana~si~ivi sion (7':a3r-)

Kelly Ballard, Chemical Review Manager

Risk Management and Implementation Branch I

Pesticide Reevaluation Division (750 8P)

Product Review Panel: February 16,201 1

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this document is to convey usage information and a broad overview ofthe pest

management roles of a pesticide that is beginning to undergo registration review. The

anticipated audience consists of the team of EPA staff currently evaluating the registration status
of'fosetyl-Al, and eventually, the general public. This document builds upon the data already

provided in the "Usage and Label Use Data Packages" that are also provided to Registration

Review teams by the Biological and Economic Analysis Division (BEAD). The document is

based on information and data available to B::~AD as of January, 2011.

Fosetyl-Al (e.g., Aliette") is a phosphonate fungicide, related to various phosphorous acid

fungicide products, such as Prol'hyt" and Agri-Fos" (Brunings et al., 2005). For purposes of

resistance management, fosetyl-AI (also known as aluminum tris and O-ethyl phosphonate) is

grouped according to its mode of action as a phosphonate fungicide ("Group 33" code number)

(FRAC, 20 I0). Upon disassociation in the soil fosetyl-AI and phosphorous acid products release

phosphonate ions (phosphite), which act to control various Oomycete pathogens that cause

Phytophthora rots and downy mildews on nu merous crops.

USE SITES

Agricultural Use Sites

According to the LUIS report there were numerous registered crop uses for fosetyl-Al including

uses on avocado, almond, Brassica crops, caneberry (Figure 4), citrus (Figure 2), cucurbit crops,

grape, leafy greens (Figure 1; Figure 3), macadamia nut, pome fruit, stone fruit, strawberry

(Figure 5), tomato, walnut, ornamental plant" (Figure 7), and turf (Figure 6).

Non-Agricultural Use Sites

Fosetyl-Al may be used to treat irrigation wa l.er. It is primarily used to control the water-borne

pathogens Phytophthora spp. when irrigation water is recycled from standing water reservoirs.

COMMON FORMULATIONS AND APPLICATION METHODS

Fosetyl-AI is formulated as water dispersible granules, emulsion concentrate, and a ready-to-use

solution. Fosetyl-Al may be applied by ground sprayer, chemigation, or aerial application

depending on the crop and location (Table I, Table 2). For example, aerial treatment of lettuce

may be used in some locations under wet field conditions (Crop Profile for Leaf Lettuce in

California, 2001). The application method may vary according to field conditions in a particular

year (Table 2).

FOSETYL·AL USAGE

Based on private market pesticide usage data , the annual total agricultural crop usage averaged

2.4 Ib/acre (i.e., 600,000 lb. active ingredient [a.i.] on approximately 250,000 acres)

(OfK Kynetec, 1998-2008).

From 1998-2008, the largest markets in term s of total pounds a.i. applied were lettuce (64%),

oranges (10%), and spinach (7%). Percentages of acres-treated are almost the same ofthe

percentages for total pounds a.i. applied. (OrK Kynetec, 1998-2008).

2
For the same time period, the states with the most agricultural usage in terms of pounds a.i.

applied were California (78%), Florida (10%), and Arizona (7%). (GlK Kynetec, 1998-2008) .

Data for turf and nursery/greenhouse uses are limited. Fosetyl-AI's usage on golf courses and

nurseries/greenhouses peaked in 2002, at 370,000 Ib a.i. and 14,000 Ib a.i., respectively (Kline

and Co., 2000-200 6). According to the data, fosetyl-AI use on institutional turf was reported

only in 2006 (23,000 lb. a.i.). Lawn Care Operators (LCOs) used less than 1,000 lb. a.i. in 1999

and 2006 (Kline and Co., 2000-2006).

USE TRENDS

Figures 1-5 show historical usage data, from 1998-2008, for lettuce, orange s, spinach,

caneberries, and strawberries. The usage of fo setyl-Al on lettuce and oranges fluctuated except

for oranges, which peaked in 1999 and 2000 (Figures 1 and 2). Use on spinach peaked in 2005

(Figure 3). Caneberry crops (Figure 4) were not surveyed before 2006. Usage on strawberries

has fluctuated with peak usage in 200 1 (Figure 5). Fosetyl-AI usage on both golf courses (Figure

6) and nursery/greenhouse (Figure 7) peaked in 2002 and fen in 2004 and 2006 . The se data have

not been analyzed in detail and are provided lor preliminary scoping purpo ses only.

Additional Data

For fosetyl-AI, most food crops have a label-maximum application rate of 4 lb. a.i. per acre,

except for some tropical crops such as macadamia nut (6.0 lb. a.i. /acre), banana (4.8 lb.

a.i.lacre), and pineapple (12.0 lb. a.i.lacre). Turf (golf course, sod farms, commercial turf) labels

show a maximum rate of up to 18.0 lb. a.i.zacre.

BEAD examined additional data collected fo r 2006-2008: 1) how this chemical has been used

(aerial, ground, chemigation, and spot treatment), 2) application rate distributions and how they

compare to the label rate for the different cro ps, and 3) average application rate per acre used for

each crop in various states (GfK Kynectec, 2-:1 06-2008). The data BEAD examined showed that

most of the acres treated with fosetyl AI are in California. Application method s (aerial, ground,

chemigation, or spot), use rates, and acres-treated may vary according to the crop and year (e.g.,

Table 1, Table 2). Variation in usage, use rate, and choices of application method may be

affected by such factors as weather conditions and disease pressure in a particular year.

3
a e axrmum Use Rales 0f FosetyrlA- I ror Se ec I tederops.

Crop State Applicati In Method Maximum Surveyed Use

Ratel

ADDles washineron Ground 2.0

Asoarazus California Ground 3.0

Graoefruit Florida Ground 4.0

Caneberries" California Ground 4.0

Caneberries Washin ton Ground 4.0

Lemons Arizona Ground 4.0

Lettuce Arizona Ground 1.6

Lettuce California Aerial, Ground 3.2

Oranees California Ground. Chern ,'!alien 4.0

Oranges Florida Ground. Chern gano n, Spot 4.0

Pears California Ground 4.0

Pistachios California Ground 4.0

Spinach Arizona Aerial 1.6

Spinach Californ ia Aerial, Ground 3.2

SQuash Florida Ground 2.0

Strawberries California Ground, Cherni alie n 5001 3.3

Strawberries Michiean Ground 4.0

Strawberries Oreeon Ground, 5DOt 4.0

Tomatoes California Chemigation 1.6

Tomatoes Florida Ground 4.0

T bl 1 M

Source. GfK Kynetec, 2006-2008.

I Rates may vary in a given yeardepending on conditionsthat affect disease development.

2 Blackberry andraspberry arc included in the caneberry crop group; they were not necessarily differentiated in data

surveys.

Table 2. Proportion ofthe Total Area Treate.!with Fosetyl-Al by Application Method(s).

Percent or Total Area Treated bv Aoolication Method

Crop State Year or Survey Ground Aerial Chemfgatlo e Spot

Treatment

Lettuce California 2006 60 40

2007 34 66

2008 99 t

Oranees Californ ia 2006 100

2006 100

2008 98 2

Oranges Florida 2006 98 2

2007 99 t

2008 100

Sninach Californ ia 2006 58 42

2007 98 2

2008 64 36

Strawberry Californ ia 2006 70 22 8

2007 87 13

2008 89 It

Strawbe Ore on 2006 100

2007 100

2008 95 5

Source. GfK Kynetec, 2006·2008.

4
Fi ure I. Pounds of Fosetyl-AI Applied to Lettuce (1998-2008)

Lettuce

900,000 ,-- - ---- - - - - --- - ---

Pounds A.I.

o

1998 1999 2000 2001200 Z2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Years

Source: GfK Kynetec, 1998-2008

Fi ure 2. Pounds of Fosct

Oranges

180,000 ,-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - ---

Pounds A.I.

o

1998 1999 2000 2001 20022003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Years

Source: GfK Kynetec, 1998-2008

5
Figure 3. Pounds of Fosetvl-AI Aoolied to Suinach (1998-2008)

Spinach

80,000 ,.- - ----- - - - - - - - - -

Pounds A.I.

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Years

Source: GfK Kynerec, 1998·2008

Fi ure 4. Pounds of Foset I-Al Ap lied to Caneberries 2006-2008

30,000 ,.--- - - - - - - .- - - - - - ---

PoundsA.I.

0 -1--

2006

Source:GfK Kynetec, 2006·2008

2007

vee rs

6

2008
St raw berries

Fi ure 5. Pounds of Foset I-AI A

30,000

Pounds A.I.

o

1998 1999 2000 2001 200 2 2003 2004 200S 2006 2007 2008

Years

Source: GfK Kynetec, 1998-2008

Fi ure 6. Pounds of Foset I-AI A lied to Golf Courses 1999-2006

Golf Courses

• PoundsA.1.

400,000

300,000

200,000

100,000

Source: Kline and Co., 2000-2007

1999 2002

7

Years

2004 2006
Figure 7. Pounds ofFoset I-AI A lied to l\urseries and Greenhouses 1999-2006)

Nursery/Greenhouse

16,000

14,000

12,000

10,000

8,000

6,000

• Pounds A.I. 4,000

2,000

Source: Kline and Co ., 20 00-2007

1999 2002

Years

2004 200 6

BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS RELEVANT TO FOSETYL-AL

This section describes disease issues related 10 lettuce, spinach, strawberries, and caneberriescrops where fosetyl-Al has been widely used historically.

LETTUCE

Fosetyl-Al has been one of the main fungicides used to treat downy mildew of lettuce. Downy

mildew is a serious foliar disease of lettuce, including in the major production fields of

California, Arizona, and Florida (Brown et al., 2004; Crop Profile for Leaf Lettuce in California,

2001; Crop Profile for Lettuce in Arizona, 2(100; Crop Profile for Lettuce in Florida, 2005). The

disease is most prevalent in cool moist areas, such as the coastal regions in California.

Downy mildew is caused by the obligate fungal parasite Bremia lactucae. Coo l, moist

conditions are necessary for initial disease development. Free moisture on the leafsurface is

essential for spore germination and infection, but not growth of the pathogen within the leaf

(Crop Profile for Lettuce in Arizona, 2000). Initial symptoms are pale yellow regions on the

upper-side of older leaves with white spore growth on the lower leafsurface. Infection is limited

when free moisture from rain, irrigation or dew is absent and temperatures rise above the disease

optimum of 50-72 F. Downy mildew was not observed in the lettuce growing areas of Florida

until the late 1990s (Crop Profile for Lettuce in Florida, 2005). Subsequently, the disease has

been observed and can affect 25% ofthe acreage and up to 75 to 80% ifinfection begins early in

the season.

Cultural practices to manage downy mildew include planting varieties of lettuce with tolerance

or resistance to the pathogen. Fanners generally disk in crop residue to destroy spores between

8
crops. The pathogen is capable ofsurvival 01 a number of native weeds such as chicory,

cudweed, scwthistle, and wild lettuce (Crop Profile for Lettuce in Florida, 2005).

Resistance by Bremia lactucae has been observed to fcsetyl- Al (Brown, et aI., 2004) and

mefenoxam (Crop Profile for Lettuce in Flor:.da, 2005), both historically important fungicides

used against lettuce downy mildew. Fosetyl-AI has been used for downy mildew control with

the number of foliar applications in California historically rangin g from none up to four

applicatio ns per acre per season in the coasta l regions, and from none up to two applications in

the desert (Crop Profile for Leaf Lettuce in California, 2001).

Preventative appl ications of broad-spectrum copper or sulfur products are recommended when

there is a period of coo l, moist weather befor e disease has been detected. In recent years, several

fungicides have been registered for managing downy mildew on lettuce. Registered fungicides

(not all are necessarily registered in all states }include fosetyl-Al, mefenoxam (Ridomil'"),

dimethomorph (e.g ., Acrobat"), famox adone +cymoxanil (Tanos" ), fenamidone (Reason'"),

mandipropamid (Revus"), propamocarb (Pre vicur"), azoxl strobin (Ouadris"), pyraclostrobin

(Cabrio'"), acibenzolar (Actigard"), fluopicolide (Presidio ), copper, sulfur, and various monoand di-potassium salts (Olson and Santos, 20 10; Southeast Vegetable Crop Handbook, 2010). In

addition, there are various bacterial products formulated for foliar application. Some fungicides

of different chemistries can be tank-mixed or alternated to reduce resistance by the pathogen to

an individual fungicide . Ground application of fungicides are the preferred method, however,

aerial treatments are also used, especially under we t field conditions (Crop Profile for Leaf

Lettuce in California, 2001). Ae rial applications are not allowed in some states, such as New

York.

SPINACH

Downy mildew poses the most serious threat for California growers (Crop Profile for Spinach in

California, 1999). Fosetyl-Al has been a stardard treatment for disease management. Downy

mildew of spinach (Peronospora fo rtnosa f. sp. sp inaciae) causes serious losses during cool, wet

weather. Initial symptoms include irregular patches of grayish mycelia on the undersides of

older leaves. Then the upper surfaces ofthe :eaves develop irregular chlorotic lesions. In later

stages of infection lesions tum brown and leaves become curled, distorted and later die . Entire

spinach fields can be ruined with this rapidly spreading disease. In recent years, new races ofthe

pathogen have appeared in California with unknown levels of virulence (Koike and Correll,

2010) against cultivars developed to resist different races of the pathogen.

Fungicides are generally app lied to spinach crops as preventative treatments agai nst downy

mildew. Spinach crops are grouped (along with lettuce) as "leafy vegetab les, except Brassi ca",

there are generally the same fungicides available for downy mildew control ofspinach as for

lettuce. These include fosetyl-Al, mefenoxam (Ridomil®), dimethomorph (e.g., Acrobat'"),

famoxadone + cymoxanil (Tanos'"), fenamidonc (Reason'"), mandipropamid (Revus'"), gropamocarb

(Previcur'"), azoxystrobin (Quadris'"), pyraclostrobin (Cabrio'"), acibenzolar (Actigard ),

fluopicolide (Presidio" ), copper, sulfur, and various mono- and di-potassium salts (UC Pest

Management Guidelines, 2009b; Southeast Vege table Crop Handbook, 2010; Olson and Santos,

2010).

9
STRAWBERRY

Fosetyl-AI is used to control Phytophthora d iseases ofstrawberry. Other common fungicide

treatments are mefenoxam or phosphorous add products (Crop Pro file for Strawberry in North

Carolina, 2003; Adaskaveg et aI., 20 10; UC Pest Management Guide lines, 2008a; Olson and

Santos, 2010; WSU, 2007). Although not Iisted as a target pathogen on the labels, azoxystrobin

and pyraclostrobin have shown efficacy against leather rot (Rebo llar-Alviter et al., 2005).

Phytophthora diseases ofstrawberry include crown rot (most commonly caused by Phytophthora

cactorum, but also P. citricola, P. parasitica , and P. megasperma), leather rot (caused by

Phytophthora cactorum), and red stele (caused by Phytophthora fr agariae var.fragariae) (Crop

Profile for Strawberries in Florida, 20 10; Crop Profile for Strawberries in California, 1999; UC

Pest Management Guidelines, 2008b).

Phytophthora species produce mo tile water-bo rne zoospores that can move through contaminated

irrigation water and standing water due to pc or drai nage. Crown rot is characterized by a sudden

decline and wilt of plants. Infected transplants are the primary source of inoculum for crown rot

epidemics in Florida (Crop Profile for Strawberries in Florida, 20 I0). Leather rot can infect all

plant parts and can result in brown, leathery fruit (U'C Pest Management Guidelines, 2008b).

Symptoms of red stele incl ude stunting, first appearing in plants located in low, poorly drai ned

parts ofthe field (UC Pest Management Guide lines, 2008a). Splitting affected roots reveals the

"red stele"--coloration in the core of the ro ot above the rotted end.

Fumigation usually precedes planting but motile spores can re-infest fumigated production land.

Fosetyl-AI can be applied in California as a preplant dip or a foli ar spray beginning 24 to 2 1 days

after planting and up to 30 to 60 day intervals. Mefenoxam can be app lied as a ground spray or

through drip irrigation (UC Pest Managemer.t Guidelines, 2008c). Fosetyl-Al and mefenoxam

have provided effective control ofthese diseases, although resistance to these fungicides has

been des cribed (CSC, 2003; Rebollar-Alviter et aI., 2005).

CANEBE RRY (Raspberry, Blackberry)

Fosetyl-Al targets two diseases of caneberries-c-downy mildew and Phytopthora rot (UC Pest

Management Guidelines, 2009a; Crop Profile for Blackberry in Oregon, 2002).

Downy mildew (Peronospora sparsa) initial ly causes a light green to yellow discoloration on the

upper blackberry leafsurface and eventually progresses to red and purple. Primocanes infected

by downy mildew are often stunted and have red streaks on the side ofthe cane that faces the

sun, wit h reddish colored lenninal leaves. Downy mildew-infected berries are dull in luster, lack

turgidity, and dry out rap idly. Early infection of green fru it induces premature reddening,

shriveling, and hardening. Downy mildew is most prevalent during wet weather at temperature s

of 65°F. The pathogen overwinters as mycelium inside roots, crowns, and canes. Sporulation is

usually found in dense foliage near the cane or at th e base of the plant. Airborne spores are

10
produced durin g cool, wet nights and are disseminated by wind. Symptoms develop within 10 to

11 days after infection. Weed growth and dense canopies create humid environments that favor

the development of the disease on suckers. Fosetyl-Al, phosphorous acid products, and copper

products are recommended treatments. If uncontrolled, with disease present and favorable

conditions for infection, yield losses can reach 75% (Crop Profile for Red Raspberries in

Washington, 1999).

Phythophthora rot of caneberries is caused by Phyfophthorafragariae var. rubt, but also by other

species (OSU, 2010). Roots become rotted and plants do not produce fibrous roots. After hot,

dry periods older leaves may wither or become scorched. Fruit stems usually are shortened and

berries remain small and often wither before ripening. Once the root system begins

deteriorating, new roots may arise from above decayed ones in summer. Plants may appear to

recover, but new roots are often weak and lack lateral development. The new roots in turn

become infected durin g cold, wet weather the next fall and winter so that the plant progressively

declines and is unproductive.

Mefenoxam has been the most effective chemical treatment, but may be used in rotation with

fosetyl-Al or phosphorous acid products, to reduce the likelihood of development of resistance

by the pathogen (OSU, 2010; WSU, 2007).

HISTORY OF BEAD ASSESSMENTS FOR FOSETYL-AL

BEAD has not conducted assessments offosetyl-Al, except for some reviews of emergency

exemption requests. Emergency exempti ons were issued for fosetyl-Al for control ofroot rot in

orchards (California, 1997), control of downy mildew in peas (Idaho, 1999-20 02; Washington,

1998-2002), and for control of blue mold on tobacco (Connecticut, 1997-2000; Massachusetts,

1998-2000). Fosetyl-AI is currently registered for use on various orchard trees (e.g., almonds,

avocado, stone fruit, citrus, pome fruit) and tobacco.

INFORMAnON THAT MAY BE USEFI L FOR BEAD'S FUTURE WORK ON

FOSETYL-AL

Obtaining additional information on the following items would improve future BEAD

assessments of the use and usage of fosetyl-Al. This information may be important to consider

as part ofthe registration review of this pesticide

1. Information on the use and usage of f osetyl-Al for managing pathogens in irrigation

water supply systems.

2. Given the high label use rate for turf(- 18 Ib/acre) it would be useful to have informati on

on typical use rates, which may or may not be different than maximum label rates.

3. Information on usage offosetyl-AI with various application methods (e.g., ground vs.

aerial vs. chemigation applications) used on crops where alternative application methods

may be permitted according to the label.

t 1
REFERENCES

Adaskaveg, J., Gubler, D., Michailides, T., arid Holtz, B. 2010 . Efficacy and timing of

fungicides, bactericides, and biological for de ciduous tree fruit, nut, strawberry, and vine crops2010 . University ofCalifornia Extension.

http://wv.w.ipm.ucdavis.eduiP0 FIPMGffuDgicideetlic8C)1iilling.pctf;

http ://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r7349021 ] I.html

Brown, S., Koike, S. T., Ochoa, O. E., Laemrnlen, F., and Michelmore, R. W. 2004. Insensitivity

to the fungicide fosetyl-Al in California isola.es ofthe lettuce downy mildew pathogen, Brem ia

latucae. Plant Disease 88:502-508.

Bnmings, A. M., Datnoff, L. E., and simonne, E. H. 2005. Phosphorous acid and phosphoric

acid : when all P sources are not equal. University of Florida Publ. HS IOIO.

http://ed is.i[as.ull .edu/hs254)

Crop Profile for Blackberry in Oregon. 2002.

http://v.'\\'W.ipmcenters.erg!cropprofiles/docs!ORblack bernes.pdf

Crop Profile for LeafLettuce in California. 2UOI .

http ://wwvy'.ipmcenters.org!cropprofi Iestdoc s!calettuce-Ieaf.pdf

Crop Profile for Lettuce in Arizona. 2000.

http ://vvw\....ipmcenters.org!cropprofilesldocs!'azlettuce.pdf

Crop Profile for Lettuce in Florida. 2005.

http ://www.ipmcenters.org!cropprofiIestdoc s;F LIett uce.pdf

Crop Profile for Red Raspberries in Washingon, 1999.

http://wwv.·.ipmcenters.org/cropprofilesldocS!'waraspberries-red.pdf

Crop Profile for Spinach in California. 1999 .

http://\\'v./w .ipmcenters.org!cropprofi Iestdoc slcaspi nach.pdf

Crop Profile for Strawberries in California. 1999.

http://Vv'\\'W.ipmcenters.org!cropprofi Iesldoc S!'castra\vberries.pdf

Crop Profile for Strawberries in Florida. 201 0.

http://www.ipmcenters.org!cropprofiles/docslFLstrawberries.pd f

Crop Profile for Strawberry in North Carolina. 2003 .

http://wVvw.ipmcentcrs.org!cropprofiIestdoc s;N Cstrawberries. pdf

CSC (California Strawberry Comm ission). 2003. A Pe st Management Strategic Plan for

Strawberry Production in California.

http://www.ipmcenters.org/pmsp/pdf/CASTRAWBERRY.PDF

12
FRAC (Fungicide Resistance Action Commit ee). 2010. FRAC Code List

e: Fungicides Sorted

by Mode of Action. http://w\\.w.frac.info/fraclpublication/anhangfFRAC Code List 201O.pdf

GtK Kynetec, 1998-2008

Kline & CO., lnc., 2000-2007

Koike, S. and Correll, 1. 2010. Challenges ofspinach downy mildew. Western Farm Press, Jan.

4, 20IO. http:lh...·esternfannpress.com/managerncntlehallenges-spiDaeh-dowDY·miIdew

Olson, S. M. and Santos, B. 2010. Vegetable Production Handbook for Florida, 20 10-2011.

http://www.citrusandvegetable.comiMedial2010 VPG/20 10 VPG .pdf

OSU (Oregon State University). 2010. Raspberry Root Rot. http://plantdiscase.ipPC.orst.edu/discasc.cfm?ReeordID=954

Rebollar-Alviter, A., Madden, L. V. and Ellis, M, A. 2005. Efficacy of azoxystrobin,

pyraclostrobin, potassiwn phosphite, and mef enoxam forcontrol ofstrawberry leather rot caused

by Phytophthora cactorum. Plant Health Progress. PHP-2005-0107-01-RS.

http://w\,,·w.plantmanagementnetwork.orglpuh/php/rcsearehl2005Ileatherl

Southeast Vegetable Crop Handbook . 2010,

http://v.v;w.citrusand\'egetable.comlMedialSr \'cg guide201 012010 SEVG lo.pdf

UC (University of California) Pest Management Guidelines. 2009a. Caneberries-c-Downy

Mildew. http //wv..\\. .ipm .ucdavi .edufPMG/r ·1100 511 .htm

UC (University of California) Pest Management Guidelines. 2009b. Spinach Downy Mildew.

http://www.iprn,ucdavi s.edulPMG/r73210011I.htrnl;

UC (University of California) Pest Management Guidelines. 2008a. Strawberry-Red Stele.

http://wv;w.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r734101111 .html

UC (University of California) Pest Management Guidelines. 2008b. Strawberry-Leather Rot.

http://w,,w.iprn.ucdavis.eduIPMG/r7341004 11.htrnl

UC (University of California) Pest Management Guidelines, 2008c. Strawberry-Phytophthora

Crown Rot. http://v.ww.ipm.ucda\'is.edufPMG/r73410091I.html

WSU (Washington State University). 2007. Pest Management Guide for commercial Small

Fruits. WSU Extension, EB149 1. http://whateorn.wsu,edulaglcomhortlebI49 I.pd f

13