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<p><b>United States Department of Agriculture
</b></p>
<p><b>Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
</b></p>
<p><b>Plant Protection and Quarantine</b></p>
<p><b>Administrative action to change T314-a and add a new T314-c in the Treatment Manual </b></p>
<p><b>Treatment Evaluation Document</b> (TED)
</p>
<p><b>Date</b>:
February 8, 2010

</p>
<p><b>Treatments, Pests, Commodities and Countries
</b></p>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b>New Treatment/ Revision/Deletion </b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Treatment Type</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Target Pests
</b></p>
<p></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Commodity Applicable</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Country(ies) of origin</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Treatment revision </p>
</td>	<td><p>Heat</p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Agrilus planipennis </i>(Emerald Ash Borer)</p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Fraxinus</i> ( Ash logs, including firewood) and all hardwood firewood from Emerald Ash Borer quarantine areas </p>
</td>	<td><p>All</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>New treatment</p>
</td>	<td><p>Heat</p>
</td>	<td><p>Various wood pests</p>
</td>	<td><p>Wood articles as described in §§ 319.40-5 and 319.40‐6</p>
</td>	<td><p>All</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p><b>Objective: </b>To provide supporting information and justification for a change being proposed to phytosanitary treatments in the Treatment Manual.  The change is to help continue trade of Ash logs and all hardwood firewood in countries/areas infested with <i>Agrilus planipennis</i> (Emerald Ash Borer).</p>
<p><b>Overview:  </b>Currently<b>, </b>in order<b> </b>to contain the spread of<b> </b>emerald ash borer (EAB), movement of<b> </b>firewood of<b> </b>all non-coniferous hardwood species and wood articles of the genus <i>Fraxinus</i> (including ash logs, firewood, cants, stumps, roots, branches, etc.), hereafter referred to as regulated articles, is regulated under 7 CFR 319.40-5(n) or 7 CFR 301.53-2.  Accordingly, the regulated articles may be moved from EAB-infested areas in Canada or the United States only after debarking or treatment with heat at 71.1 0C for 75 minutes in accordance with treatment schedule T314-a (see below).  The added effort and expense involved in the debarking process has led many firewood producers to choose the heat treatment option.  The above treatment schedule (71.1 0C for 75 minutes) is based on data targeting such pests and organisms as fungi.  Such pests require a treatment more stringent than what would perhaps be needed for EAB.  Reaching and maintaining the current treatment temperature in current lumber kilns and other wood ovens has been difficult and expensive.  APHIS’ Center for Plant Health Science and Technology (CPHST) was therefore requested by the firewood industry to determine the thermal death point of the emerald ash borer in firewood with the aim to establish a heat treatment specific for emerald ash borer, allow firewood producers to tailor their heat treatments to emerald ash borer, and avoid the added difficulty and expense involved in meeting the rigorous requirements of the current treatment schedule.</p>
<p><img src="embedded:image1.emf" alt="image1.emf"></p>
<p><b>Evaluation:</b>  CPHST’s Treatment Quality Assurance Unit (TQAU) evaluated the use of heat to kill the emerald ash borer in ash firewood over a period of two years. The results from these experiments found that a minimum heat treatment of 60°C for 60 minutes was an effective quarantine treatment of ash firewood against the emerald ash borer (Myers et al. 2009). This treatment would provide >99.9% control. These results are consistent with other, similar studies (McCullough <i>et al.,</i> 2007, Nzokou <i>et al.,</i> 2008).  McCullough et al.  (2007) reported that emerald ash borer prepupae were killed at 60°C for 120 minutes but not 20 minutes. Nzokou <i>et al</i>. (2008) observed the emergence of emerald ash borer from logs heated to 60°C for 30 minutes but there was no emergence at 65°C for 30 minutes.  TQAU recommended reducing the temperature and time of T314-a from 71.1°C for 75 minutes to 60° for 60 minutes for quarantine treatment of emerald ash borer for firewood and ash logs.  </p>
<p><b><i>Revision of Treatment T314-a</i></b></p>
<p>In order for the trade of wood products to continue unaffected, we propose the following treatment schedule to heat treat <i>Fraxinus</i> (ash logs, including firewood) and all hardwood firewood from emerald ash borer quarantined areas for emerald ash borer.</p>
<p>T314-a
<i>Fraxinus</i> (Ash Logs, including Firewood) and all Hardwood Firewood from Emerald Ash Borer Quarantined Areas</p>
<p>Pest: <i>Agrilus planipennis</i> (Emerald Ash Borer)</p>
<p>Treatment:  T314-a—Heat Treatment</p>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p>Unit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Temperature</p>
</td>	<td><p>Time (minutes)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>°F</p>
</td>	<td><p>140</p>
</td>	<td><p>60</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>°C</p>
</td>	<td><p>60</p>
</td>	<td><p>60</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>Since the treatment in the 7 CFR 319.40-7(c) is also used to treat wood articles for pests other than emerald ash borer, it is recommended that a new schedule with a different treatment number be added to the treatment manual to allow treatment of articles at 71.1 C for 75 minutes so that the Treatment Manual continues to provide for treatment of wood articles for these pests.</p>
<p><b><i>Addition of Treatment T314-c </i></b></p>
<p>T314-c

Wood articles as described in §§ 319.40-5 and 319.40-6</p>
<p>Pest: Various wood pests</p>
<p>Treatment:  T314-c—Heat Treatment</p>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p>Unit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Temperature</p>
</td>	<td><p>Time (minutes)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>°F</p>
</td>	<td><p>160</p>
</td>	<td><p>75</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>°C</p>
</td>	<td><p>71.1</p>
</td>	<td><p>75</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p><b>Decision: </b>Amend the treatment temperature and time currently provided in T314-a for emerald ash borer in firewood, ash wood products including logs and lumber and add a new schedule T314-c to continue treatment of wood articles for pests other than emerald ash borer as provided in §§ 319.40-5 and 319.40-6.</p>
<p><b>Originator: 
</b>Dean Komm, PPQ-CPHST-TQAU, Treatment Program Manager</p>
<p>

Scott Myers, PPQ-CPHST, Entomologist
</p>
<p><b>Literature cited:</b></p>
<p><b>McCullough, D.G., T.M. Poland, D. Cappaert, E. L. Clark, I. Fraser, V. Mastro, S. Smith, and C. Pell. 2007</b>. Effects of chipping, grinding and heat on survival of emerald ash borer (<i>Agrilus planipennis</i> Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in chips. J. Econ. Entomol. 100: 1304-1315.</p>
<p><b>Myers, S. W., I. Fraser and V. C.  Mastro. 2009. </b>Evaluation of heat treatment schedules for emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 102:2048-2055.
</p>
<p><b>Nzokou, P., S. Tourtellot, and D. P. Kamden. 2008.</b> Kiln and microwave heat treatment of logs infested by the emerald ash borer (<i>Agrilus planipennis (Fairmaire</i>) C Coleoptera: Buprestidae ). For. Prod J. 58: 68-72.</p>
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