Approved Code No. 277 Registry No. 1111-o4 

NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION 

CODE OF FAIR COMPETITION 

FOR THE 

GRAY IRON FOUNDRY 

INDUSTRY 

AS APPROVED ON FEBRUARY 10, 1934 

BY 

PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT 

WE DO OUR PART 

fA I r, 

1. Executive Order 

2. Letter of Transmittal 

3. Code 

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I r 

WASHINGTON : 1934 

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Approved Code No. 277 

CODE OF FAIR COMPETITION 

FOR THE 

GRAY ffiON FOUNDRY INDUSTRY 

As Approved on February 10, 1934 

BY 

PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT 

EXECUTIVE ORDER 

An application having been duly made, pursuant to and in full 

compliance with the provisions of Title I of the National Industrial 

Recovery Act, approved June 16, 1933, for my approval of a Code 

of Fair Competition for the Gray Iron Foundry Industry and hearings 

having been held thereon and the Administrator having rendered his 

report containing an analysis of the said Code of Fair Competition 

together with his recommendations and findings with respect thereto, 

and the Administrator having found that the said Code of Fair 

Competition complies in all respects with the pertinent provisions 

of Title I of said Act and that the requirements of clauses (1) and (2) 

of subsection (a) of Section 3 of the said Act have been met: 

NOW, THEREFORE, I, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of 

the United States, pursuant to the authority vested in me by Title 

I of the National Industrial Recovery Act, approved June 16, 1933, 

and otherwise, do approve the report and recommendations and 

adopt the findings of the Administrator, and do order that the said 

Code of Fair Competition be and it is hereby approved. 

FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT. 

Approval recommended: 

HuGH S. JoHNSON, 

Administrator. 

THE WHITE HousE, 

February 10, 1934. 

39357°----376-48----34 (419) 
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 

The PRESIDENT, 

The White House. 

SIR: This is a report on the Code of Fair Competition for the Gray 

Iron Foundry Industry in the United States and on the hearing 

conducted thereon in Washington, D.C., on November 9, 1933, in 

accordance with the provisiOns of the National Industrial Recovery 

Act. 

RESUME OF THE CODE AS TO WAGES AND HOURS 

The Code provides a forty ( 40) hour week for all employees except 

those performing executive or technical work, and members of their 

staffs individually receiving pay at the rate of thirty-five dollars ($35) 

per week. Peak period employment is allowed not to exceed fortyeight (48) hours during any calendar six months' period. Repair and 

maintenance employees, firemen, and engineers may be employed 

ten percent (10%) longer hours than other employees. In cases of 

emergency, breakdowns, or in very special cases when restrictions of 

hours of highly skilled workers would unavoidably reduce or delay 

production, overtime is permitted but must be paid for at the rate 

of time and one half. W'atchmen ma.y work fifty-six (56) hours per 

week, but not more than ix (6) out of any seven (7) days. Child 

labor is prohibited, and no p rson under eighteen (18) years of age 

may be employed in any dangerous or hazardous occupation. 

Minimum rates of pay are twenty-five cents (25¢) per hour m the 

extreme Southern District, and thirty cents (30¢) per hour for other 

parts of the South, with the rate of thirty-five cents (35¢) per hour 

for the States of Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, and Kentucky; 

thirty-seven (37¢) and f rty cents (40¢) per hour are provided for 

the Northern District. Eighty percent (80%) of these rates are 

paid to learners, and to superannuated and maimed employees. 

Provision in the Code is made for an equitable adjustment of wages 

above the minima prescribed in the Code. 

GENERAL STATEMENT AND ECONOMIC EFFE T OF THE ODE 

The Gray Iron Foundry Industry consists of establishments 

engaged in producing gray iron castings for sale as such. The principal products of the Industry are automotive and motor, machinery, 

street equipment, agricultural, boiler, machine tool, engine, heater, 

sewing machine, and lawn mower castings. It is estimated that there 

are approximately sixteen hundred (1,600) plants which, in 1926, 

had on the average, sixty-two (62) employees each. 

The Gray Iron Founders' Society, Inc., which presented the Code 

and which represents nearly seventy percent of the Industry in production of castings, presents the following figures: 

Invested CapitaL _____________ ___________________ ---------- Rate of Production, July 1933, tons per year_ _________________ _ Production Capacity, tons per year_ ___ _____ _________________ _ 

Number of Employees, July 1933 _________ __ -----------------

(420) 

$243,504,000 

1, 400,000 

11,650,000 

71, 000 
421 

Statistical information in regard to the Industry is exceedingly 

meager. 

Such statistics as are available indicate that in 1926 the average 

hours of labor were fifty-five (55), and 'that hours of fifty-eight (58) 

or sixty (60) were not uncommon; some plants working even longer 

hours. In that year, less than three percent (3 %) of the employees 

worked as few as forty (40) hours a week. Even in the first quarter 

of 1933, over sixteen percent (16%) of the employees worked over 

forty (40) hours a week. Hours of employment since the first quarter 

of this year are not available; but, as production in July 1933 (the 

latest month for which we have data), was double the rate of production in the first quarter, it is safe to assume that this percentage has 

materially increased and that a maximum of forty (40) hours a week, 

as the Code provides, will materially increase the number of 

employees. 

Pertinent figures relative to the Industry since 1928 are as follows: 

-

Estimated Estimated 

Year number of Minimum wages tonnage employees 

1928--------------------------------------- 2, 400, 000 94,000 

1929--------------------------------------- 2,810, 000 99, 500 

1930--------------------------------------- 1931 ___________________ ____________ ________ 1,680,000 70, 000 

1932 _______________________________________ 1,260,000 72,000 

790,000 57,500 

1933, first quarter----··-------------------- 700,000 46,200 r••th, 30.7 oout' ; South, 19.5 oont. 

1933, July--------------------------------- 1,400,000 71, 000 per hour. Estimated under Code at July level of 1,400,000 81,000 North, 37 and 40 cents per hour1 

production. South 25, 30, and 35 cents per hour. 

It is estimated that operations under the Code will add nearly 

ten thousand (10,000) employees to the payroll and two hundred 

thousand dollars ($200,000) to the weekly payroll and ten million 

dollars ($10,000,000) to the annual payroll of the Industry, based on 

operations at levels of July 1, 1933, for the Industry in general. 

Administration of the Code is provided by an adequate Code 

Authority on which membership of Administration Representatives 

is provided. 

FINDINGS 

The Deputy Administrator in his final report to me on said Code 

having found as herein set forth and on the basis of all the proceedings 

in this matter: 

I find that: 

(a) Said Code is well designed to promote the policies and purposes 

of Title I of the National Industrial Recovery Act, including removal 

of obstructions to the free flow of interstate and foreign commerce 

which tend to diminish the amount thereof and will provide for the 

general welfare by promoting the organization of industry for the 

purpose of cooperative action among the trade groups, by inducing 

and maintaining united action of labor and management under 

adequate governmental sanctions and supervision, by eliminating 

unfair competitive practices, by promoting the fullest possible utilization of the present productive capacity of industries, by avoiding 

undue restriction of production (except as may be temporarily 

required), by increasing the consumption of industrial and agricultural 
422 

products through increasing purchasing power, by reducing and 

relieving unemployment, by improving standards of labor, and by 

otherwise rehabilitating indus.try. 

(b) The Code as approved con1plies in all respects with the pertinent 

provisions of said Title of said Act, including without limitation Subsection (a) of Section 3, Subsection (a) of Section 7, and Subsection 

(b) of Section 10 thereof; and that the applicant group is an industrial 

group truly representative of the aforesaid Industry; and that said 

group imposes no inequitable restrictions on admission to membership therein. 

(c) The Code is not designed to and ,\-ill not pernlit monopolies or 

nwnopolistic practices. 

(d) The Code is not designed to and will not eliminate or oppress 

small enterprises and will not operate to discriminate against them. 

(e) Those engaged in other steps of the economic process have not 

been deprived of the right to be heard prior to approval of said Code. 

For these reasons, therefore, I recommend that this Code be 

approved. 

Respectfully, 

FEBRU ARY 10, 1934. 

HuGH S. JoHNSON, 

Administrator. 
CODE OF FAIR COMPETITION FOR THE GRAY IRON 

FOUNDRY INDUSTRY 

ARTICLE I-PURPOSE 

To effectuate the policies of Title 1 of the National Industrial 

Recovery Act, the following provisions are submitted as a Code of 

Fair Competition for the Gray Iron Foundry Industry, and upon 

approval by the President, shall be the standards of Fair Competition 

for this Industry. 

ARTICLE II-DEFINITIONS 

The terms used in this Code are defined as follows: 

SECTION 1. The term " United States" means and includes all of 

the territory subject to the jurisdiction of the United States of America. SEc. 2. The term "the President" means the President of the 

United States of An1erica. 

SEc. 3. The term "the Industry" means and includes the business 

of producing and selling in the open market ferrous or ferrous base 

castings other than steel or malleable iron castings, whether cast 

in sand or other type of mold, and commonly kno"\\"'11 as Gray Iron 

Castings and sold in competition with similar Gray Iron Castings 

either with or without any subsequent processing thereon performed by 

the producer; provided, however, that such term shall not include said 

castings when produced by a manufacturer in another industry 

(including any affiliated or parent company of such manufacturer) 

(1) as part of his O\ -n products in sueh other industry (including 

finished and semifinished parts therefor) or (2) as materials for servicing products of such other industry (including finished and semifinished parts therefor) when such servicing materials are distributed 

by such n1anufacturer to the user of products of such other industry 

either directly or through such manufacturer's usual distribution 

channels. 

SEc. 4. The term "Affiliated Company" means a company connected with another company where at least more than a half of such 

affiliated company's voting stock is owned by such other con1pany, 

either directly or indirectly. 

SEc. 5. The term "Parent Company" means a company that owns 

more than half of the voting stock of another company or business, 

either directly or indirectly. 

SEc. 6. The term "Employees" as used herein includes any and 

all persons engaged in the Industry, however compensated. 

SEc. 7. The term "Employer" as used herein includes anyone for 

whose benefit such an employee is so engaged. 

SEc. 8. The term "Member of the Industry" includes, but without 

limitation any individual, partnership, association, corporation or 

other form of enterprise engaged in the Industry, either as an employer or on his or its own behalf. 

(423) 
424 

SEc. 9. The term 11 the Society" means Gray Iron Founders' 

Society, Inc. 

SEc. 10. The term "the Board of Directors" means the Board of 

Directors of the Gray Iron Founders' Society, Inc. 

SEc. 11. The term "Code Authority" means the Administrative 

body for this Code, as set forth in Section 1 of Article III. 

SEc. 12. The term" the Administrator" as used in this Code means 

the Administrator at the time in office, who has been appointed by 

the President to administer Title 1 of the Act. 

SEc. 13. The term" export" means and includes shipments of Gray 

Iron Castings to foreign countries and to territories and possessions 

of the United States. 

SEc. 14. The term "Act" means the National Industrial Recovery 

Act as approved by the President June 16, 1933. 

ARTICLE III-ADMINISTRATION -

SECTION 1. The Code Authority shall be the general agency for 

the administration of this Code, and shall consist of eight (8) members, 

all of whom shall be experienced in and actively connected with the 

business of the Industry, six (6) of whom are to be chosen from 

among the Board of Directors of the Society, two (2) of whom shall 

be representatives of nonmembers to be selected by ballot by said 

nonmembers from amongst their numbers. If said nonmembers do 

not select their two (2) representatives within a reasonable length of 

time, they shall be then chosen by the Code Authority from among 

the said nonmembers. At least one (1) member of the Code Authority 

shall be elected from the States enumerated in Article IV, Section 3 

(a), Subparagraphs (1) and (2). In addition, the Administrator 

may appoint not to exceed three (3) members to serve (without vote) 

with the Code Authority in the administration of this Code. Members appointed by the Administrator shall serve for terms of from 

six (6) months to one (1) year, and their terms of appointment shall 

be so arranged that they do not expire at the same time. The Code 

Authority shall: 

(a) At all times be truly representative of the Industry and in other 

respects comply with the provisions of the Act. The Administrator 

may, therefore, prescribe such hearings as he may deem proper, and 

thereafter if he shall find that the Code Authority is not truly representative or does not in other respects comply with the provisions 

of the Act, may require an appropriate modification in the method of 

selection of the Code Authority. 

(b) For the purpose of keeping the President infonned as to the 

observance or nonobservance of this Code and as to whether the 

Industry is taking appropriate steps to effectuate in all respects the 

declared poliey of the Act, require from any member of the Industry, 

in the event of complaint or otherwise, duly certified reports in such 

form as may hereafter be required by the President. 

(c) Obtain from mmnbers of the Industry, such information and 

reports as are required for the administration of the Code; and shall 

provide for submission by men1bers of such information and reports 

as the Administrator may deem necessary for the purposes recited 

in Section 3 (a) of the Act, which information and reports shall be 

submitted by members to such Administrative and/or Government 
425 

Agencies as the Administrator may designate. Except as otherwise 

provided in the Act, all information and reports obtained from 

members of the Industry as are required for the administration of the 

Code shall be confidential. Such information and reports shall not 

be revealed except as published in composite form to any other member of the Industry, except that for the purpose of administering or 

enforcing the provisions of this Code, the Code Authority shall have 

access to any and all such information and reports. 

(d) Make rules and regulations as may be necessary for t.he administration and enforcement of this Code, and generally insure the 

execution of the provisions of this Code, and provide for compliance 

of the Industry with the Code. 

SEc. 2. Members of the Industry having a common interest and 

common problems may group themselves for administrative purposes 

in various territorial subdivisions or product classifications. The 

majority of members in each territorial subdivision or product classification may, with the approval of the Code Authority, appoint its 

own agency with supervisory and/or administrative powers. If formal 

complaint is made to the Code Authority that the provisions of this 

Code have been violated by any member or members of any territorial subdivision or product classification, the agency for the territorial subdivision or product classification to which the complaint 

refers shall institute such inquiry as may be necessary to develop the 

facts, adjusting said complaint according to the provisions of the Code, 

and finally submitting their findings and conclusions to the Code 

Authority. 

SEc. 3. The jurisdiction, under this Code, of the Code Authority 

and of any supervisory agency as provided in Section 2 of this Article, 

is expressly limited to that portion of such member's business as falls 

within the definition of the term "the Industry." 

SEc. 4. The expense of administering the Code shall be equitably 

apportioned among all members of the Industry in the following 

manner: 

The Code Authority shall, from time to time, make such assessments 

on account of such expenses against all members of the Industry as 

shall be equitable and proper. It shall apportion such assessments 

upon the basis of shipments in net tons of castings within the Industry 

by each member of the Industry for the preceding calendar year, or it 

shall apportion such assessments in such other form as may be reasonable and equitable. Such assessments shall be payable as the Code 

Authority shall specify. In the event any member of the Industry 

shall not have been in operation during all of the preceding calendar 

year, such assessments shall be based on such perwd as the member 

was in operation. 

SEc. 5. In order to fully comply with the Act, the Society shall 

impose no inequitable restrictions on members, and shall submit to 

the Administrator true copies of its Articles of Association, By-Laws, 

Regulations, and any amendments when and as made thereto, together 

with such other information as to 1nembership, organization, and any 

and all activities as the Administrator may deem necessary. 

SEc. 6. Nothing contained in this Code shall constitute the members of the Industry or of the Code Authority partners for any 

purpose. Nor shall any member of the Industry or of the Code 

Authority be or become liable in any manner to anyone for any act 
426 

of any other member of the Industry, or of the Code Authority, or 

of any officer, agent, or employee of either: nor shall any member of 

the Code Authority exerrising reasonable diligence in the conduct of 

his duties hereunder be liable to anyone for any action or omission to 

act under this Code, except for his own wilful misfeasance or nonfeasance. 

ARTICLE IV-RATES oF PAY, HouRs OF LABOR AND OTHER CoNDITioNs OF EMPLOYMENT 

SECTION 1. Pursuant to subsection (a) of Section 7 of the Act, and 

so long as the Code shall be in effect, the Industry shall be subject to 

the following conditions: 

(1) That employees shall have the right to organize and bargain 

collectively through representatives of their own choosing, and shall 

be free from interference, restraint, or coercion of employers of labor, 

or their agents, in the designation of such representatives or in selforganization or in other concerted activities for the purpose of collective bargaining or other mutual aid or protection; 

(2) That no employee and no one seeking employment shall be 

required as a condition of employment to join any company union or 

to refrain from joining, organizing, or assisting a labor organization 

of his own choosing; 

(3) That employers shall comply with the maximum hours of 

labor, minimum rates of pay, and other conditions of employment, 

approved or prescribed by the President. 

SEc. 2. On or after the effective date, no employer shall employ 

any minor under sixteen (16) years of age, and no one under eighteen 

(18) years of age shall be employed in hazardous occupations. The 

Code Authority shall file with the Administrator within ninety (90) 

days a list of such occupations. 

Sec. 3. (a) On and after the effective date, the minimum wage 

which shall be paid by any employer to common labor engaged in 

the Gray Iron Foundry Industry, shall be as follows: 

(1) For the States of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, 

Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana-twenty-eight cents 

(28¢) per hour, or the rate in effect July 15, 1929, whichever is lower, 

but in no event less than twenty five-cents (25¢) per hour. (The 

optional use of July 15, 1929, rate applies only to the foregoing specified terri tory.) 

(2) For the States of Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, Oldahoma, and 

Texas-thirty cents (30¢) per hour. 

(3) For the States of Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, and Kentucky-thirty-five cents (35¢) per hour. 

(4) For the remainder of the United States, the minimum wage 

which shall be paid by any employer to common labor in the Gray 

Iron Foundry Industry shall be as follows: 

In Metropolitan Districts and Cities having a population of 25,000 

and over-forty cents (40¢) per hour. 

For Cities, Towns, and political subdivisions not included in any 

Metropolitan District, having a population of less than 25,000-thirtyseven cents (37¢) per hour. 

Provided, that superannuated and maimed employees may be paid 

not less than eighty percent (80%) of the above minimum wage, but 
427 

the total number of such superannuated and maim.ed employees paid 

at such reduced rates shall not exceed five percent (5%) of the total 

employees in any calendar month. 

Provided further that nothing in Section 3 (a) of Article IV shall 

apply to or affect a bona fide apprentice employed under a system 

or cou;rse of training which, when completed, will make the apprentice 

a skilled journeyman mechanic, and provided further, that beginners 

or learners who are not so apprenticed, may be paid for a period of not 

more than three (3) months, from the date of their employment, a 

wage rate of not less than eighty percent (80%) of the minimum 

wages prescribed in Section 3 (a) of Article IV. At no time shall the 

total number of such apprentices and learners or beginners, receiving 

less than the minimum rate, exceed five percent (5%) of the total 

employees. 

(b) On and after the effective date the minimum wage that shall 

be paid office and salaried employees shall not be less than the following weekly rates: 

In Metropolitan Districts and Cities having a population of 25,000 

and over, at the rate of Fifteen Dollars ($15.00) per week. 

For Cities, Towns and political subdivisions not included in any 

Metropolitan District, having a population of less than 25,000, not 

less than at the rate of Fourteen Dollars ($14.00) per week. The population and outlying Metropolitan Districts used for dividing the areas mentioned in Article IV will be that shown in the 

"Fifteenth Census of the United States, Metropolitan District 

Population Areas." 

Office boys and girls shall be exempt from the provisions of this 

Section, provided they are paid at a rate of not less than eighty percent 

(80%) of the above minimum wage, and provided further, that the 

number of such office boys and girls shall not exceed one (1) to every 

twenty (20) persons or fraction thereof employed in any office of an;y 

member of the Industry, provided further that each employer shall 

be entitled to at least one (1) office boy or girl. . This article establishes a minimum rate of pay which shall apply, 

irrespective of whether an employee is actually compensated on a 

time rate, piecework, or other basis. 

There shall be an equitable adjustment of wages above the minimum herein prescribed to the end that so far as may be equitable, the 

differential which now exists in the Industry between the wage rates 

paid to skilled workers and those paid for unskilled labor shall be 

preserved, it being understood, however, that the hourly earnings of 

those employees receiving above the minimum rate, shall not be 

reduced thereby. 

SEc. 4. On and after the effective date, employers shall not operate 

on a schedule of hours of labor in excess of forty (40) hours per week 

per employee; provided, however, thltt because of any seasonal or 

peak demand which places a temporary burden on the Industry that 

the number of hours that may be worked by any employee in excess 

of that provided in the preceding paragraph shall not be more· than 

forty-eight (48) in any calendar six (6) months' period, and provided, 

further, that in no case shall the number of hours worked by any 

employee in any one (1) week exceed forty-eight (48), and provided, 

further, that in cases of emergency, breakdowns, or in very special 

cases where restrictions of hours of highly skilled workers would 
428 

unavoidably reduce or delay production, overtime shall be permitted 

beyond those hours specified in this Article IV and such overtime shall 

be paid for at the rate of time and one half, and provided, further, 

repair-work, maintenance employees, firemen, and engineers may be 

employed ten percent (10%) longer hours than other employees. They 

may, however, work additional hours beyond the ten percent (10%) 

longer hours specified in this paragraph, provided such additional 

hours beyond the ten percent (10%) allowed shall be paid for at the 

rate of one and one half, and provided, further, that watchmen may 

work fifty-six (56) hours in any seven (7) days' period, without payment of overtime, but not more than six (6) out of any seven (7) days. 

The Industry recognizes the desirability of the eight (8) hour 

working day for labor and, insofar as it reasonably can, will endeavor 

to employ its labor on that basis. 

No employee shall be regularly employed more than si.~ (6) out 

of seven (7) days. 

No employee shall knowingly be permitted to work for one (1) or 

more employers in the aggregate in excess of the above-prescribed 

number of hours. 

No employer shall reclassify employees or duties or occupations 

performed or engage in any other subterfuge for the purpose of 

defeating the purposes or provisions of the Act or of this Code. 

No provision herein shall supersede any State or Federal Law 

which imposes on employers more stringent requirements as to age 

of employees, wages, hours of work, or general working conditions, 

than are imposed by this Code. 

SEc. 5. Nothing in the foregoing provisions with reference to 

hours shall apply to Executive, Administrative, Supervisory and 

Technical employees who receive at the rate of Thirty-five ($35.00) 

Dollars or more per week, and outside salesmen. 

ARTICLE V-MoDIFICATIONs AND SuPPLEMENTs 

Such of the provisions of this Code as are not required to be included 

therein by the Act may, with the approval of the President, be modified, amended, or eliminated as changes in circumstances or experience 

may indicate. It is contemplated that from time to time, and with 

the approval of a majority of the Code Authority, amendments and 

supplementary provisions to this Code or additional Codes may be 

submitted for the approval of the President to prevent unfair competition in price and other unfair and destructive competitive practices 

and to effectuate the other purposes and policies of Title I of the Act. 

Pursuant to subsection (b) of Section 10 of Title I of the Act, the President may from time to time cancel or modify any order, approval, 

license, rule, or regulation issued under said Title. 

ARTICLE VI-UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES 

SEcTION 1. To accomplish the purposes contemplated by the Act, 

the following practices are hereby declared to be "unfair methods of 

competition": 

(1) Cost Accounting.-To sell or offer to sell any product(s) or 

service(s) below the cost of such product(s) or service(s). 

For this purpose, cost is defined as the cost of direct labor, plus the 

cost of matenals, plus a normally adequate amount of overhead, 
429 

fairly spread over all articles of manufacture, including an amount 

for the use of any plant facilities employed, as determined by eost 

accounting methods recognized in the Industry (such cost accounting 

methods to be approved by the Code Authority and the Administrator). 

(2) Rebates, Subsidies, Commissions, Etc.-To secretly make any 

allowance of rebates, credits, subsidies, discounts, commissions, or 

like concessions, whether in the form of money or otherwise, not given 

to all customers of the same class or to change an order for the purpose 

of giving a customer any advantage. 

(3) Allowances-Preferences, Etc.-To n1ake allowances for n1achining and/or welding (except to repair specific defective castings), 

pattern repairs, pattern construction, pattern insurance, or other 

services not extended to all buyers, under like terms and conditions. 

(4) Commercial bribery.-N o member of the Industry shaH give, 

permit to be given, or directly offer to give, anything of value for the 

purpose of influencing or rewarding the action of any employee, 

agent, or representative of another in relation to the business of the 

employer of such employee, the principal of such agent, or the represented party, without the knowledge of such employer, principal, or 

party. Commercial-bribery provisions shall not be construed to 

prohibit free and general distribution of articles com1nonly used for 

advertising except so far as such articles are actually used for 

commercial bribery as hereinabove defined. 

(5) Dejamation.-To make, cause, or permit to be made or published, any false statement or misrepresentation of, or concerning the 

business, policies, methods, or products of a competitor. 

(6) Terms.-To make terms more favorable than a cash discount of 

one percent (1 %), or in any event to permit ca.sh discounts for payments made beyond thirty (30) days from the date of shipment. 

(7) Assuming responsibility for losses.-To assume responsibility 

(except to repair a specific defective casting) for machine work, 

welding, labor charges, or losses or damages caused in any manner 

by defective castings. 

(8) Interference with Contractual Relations.-For a member of the 

Industry to attempt to induce the breach of an existing contract 

between a competitor and his employee, or customer, or source of 

supply; or interfere with or obstruct the performance of such contractual duties or services. 

ARTICLE VII-SALES FOR ExPORT 

No provision of this Code relating to prices or terms of selling, 

shipping, or marketing shall apply to gray-iron castings shipped directly 

by a member of the Industry for Export Trade; provided, however, 

that the provisions of Article IV shall apply to gray-iron castings 

shipped for Export Trade. 

ARTICLE VIII-VIOLATIONS 

Violations by any member of the Industry of any provisions of 

this Code, or of any rule or regulation issued thereunder, and approved 

by the President, shall constitute an unfair method of competition, 

and the offender shall be subject to the penalties imposed by the Act. 
430 

ARTICLE IX-POSTING 

All employers shall post the hours and wages prov1swns of this 

Code in conspicuous placEs, accessible to employees, and in such form 

as shall be prescribed by the Code Authority. 

ARTICLE X 

All action taken by the Code Authority, or any other agency, 

within the Industry in connection with the Administration of this 

Code, except where made specifically subject to the approval of the 

Administrator, shall be subject to review and disapproval by the 

Administrator. 

ARTICLE XI-EFFECTIVE DATE AND DuRATION 

This Code shall be effective the second Monday after the fourth 

day following the date on which this Code shall have been approved 

by the President of the United States, and shall continue m effect 

until June 16th, 1935, or the €arliest date prior thereto on which the 

President shall, by proclamation, or that Congress shall, by Joint 

Resolution, declare that the emergency recognized by Section 1 of the 

Act has ended. 

Approved Code No. 277. 

Reg is try No. 1111- 04. 

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UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 

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