Filed 12/11/20 P. v. Warren CA4/3

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION THREE

THE PEOPLE,

 Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

MICHAEL JAMES WARREN,

 Defendant and Appellant.

 G058058

 (Super. Ct. No. 07NF4496)

 O P I N I O N

Appeal from a postjudgment order of the Superior Court of Orange County, 

Elizabeth G. Macias, Judge. Reversed and remanded.

Christine Vento, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant 

and Appellant.

Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Thomas S. Patterson, Assistant Attorney 

General, Anthony R. Hakl and Nelson R. Richards, Deputy Attorneys General, as 

Amicus Curiae on behalf of Defendant and Appellant.

Todd Spitzer, District Attorney, and Seton B. Hunt, Deputy District 

Attorney, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

* * *
2

In 2019, defendant Michael James Warren petitioned the superior court to 

vacate his murder conviction and to resentence him pursuant to Penal Code section 

1170.95.1 Section 1170.95 was enacted as part of Senate Bill No. 1437 (2017-2018 Reg. 

Sess.) (Senate Bill 1437), which also amended sections 188 and 189 to limit accomplice 

liability for murder under the natural and probable consequences doctrine and the felonymurder rule. (Stats. 2018, ch. 1015.) Under section 1170.95, qualifying defendants can 

petition the superior court to have their murder convictions vacated and to be 

resentenced. (Stats. 2018, ch. 1015, § 4.) Here, the court did not determine whether 

defendant qualified for such relief; instead, the court denied the petition on the ground 

that Senate Bill 1437 unconstitutionally amends statutes approved by voters with 

Proposition 7 in 1978 and Proposition 115 in 1990. 

Appealing from the order denying his petition, defendant argues Senate Bill 

1437 is constitutional as it does not amend either Proposition 7 or Proposition 115. The 

California Attorney General filed an amicus curiae brief on behalf of defendant, 

defending the constitutionality of Senate Bill 1437. The Orange County District 

Attorney, representing the People in this appeal, maintains Senate Bill 1437 

unconstitutionally amends both propositions and the court’s order should be affirmed.2

Since the trial court’s ruling, Senate Bill 1437 has been upheld as 

constitutional by panels of this court (People v. Cruz (2020) 46 Cal.App.5th 740 (Cruz); 

People v. Solis (2020) 46 Cal.App.5th 762 (Solis); People v. Prado (2020) 49 

Cal.App.5th 480) and by our colleagues in Division One of this district (People v. 

Superior Court (Gooden) 42 Cal.App.5th 270 (Gooden); People v. Lamoureux (2019) 42 

Cal.App.5th 241 (Lamoureux)) and Division Two (People v. Lippert (2020) 53 

1 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code.

2 We grant the district attorney’s unopposed request for judicial notice of 

legislative materials concerning Senate Bill 1437, ballot pamphlet materials for 

Propositions 7 and 115, and former versions of sections 187 through 189.
3

Cal.App.5th 304; People v. Johns (2020) 50 Cal.App.5th 46). Several other appellate 

districts have concurred. (People v. Lombardo (2020) 54 Cal.App.5th 553, 560-561 [3d 

App. Dist.]; People v. Murillo (2020) 54 Cal.App.5th 160, 166, fn. 3 [2d App. Dist., Div. 

1]; People v. Nash (2020) 52 Cal.App.5th 1041, 1053 [5th App. Dist.]; People v. 

Superior Court (Ferraro) (2020) 51 Cal.App.5th 896, 902, 917 [3d App. Dist.]; People v. 

Lopez (2020) 51 Cal.App.5th 589, 601-602 [2d App. Dist., Div. 2]; People v. Alaybue

(2020) 51 Cal.App.5th 207, 211-222 [6th App. Dist.]; People v. Smith (2020) 49 

Cal.App.5th 85, 91-92, rev. granted July 22, 2020, S262835 [2d App. Dist., Div. 5];3

People v. Bucio (2020) 48 Cal.App.5th 300, 306-312 [2d App. Dist., Div. 6].) We agree 

with these well-reasoned decisions and conclude Senate Bill 1437 is constitutional. We 

reverse the court’s order denying defendant’s petition and remand the matter for the court 

to consider the petition on its merits.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Defendant and codefendant Raul Villalpando planned to rob a drug dealer. 

During the robbery attempt, Villalpando shot and killed the dealer. 

Following a jury trial, defendant was convicted of first degree murder 

(§ 187, subd. (a)), conspiracy to commit attempted robbery (§ 182, subd. (a)(1)), and 

attempted robbery (§§ 664, 211, 212.5, subd. (c)). The court imposed a prison sentence 

of 25 years to life. Defendant appealed, and in an unpublished decision, we reversed his 

conviction for conspiracy to commit attempted robbery but otherwise affirmed the 

judgment. (People v. Warren et al. (June 18, 2012, G045028).)

3 Review was granted in Smith, supra, 49 Cal.App.5th 85, S262835, on the 

issues of (1) whether a superior court can consider the record of conviction in 

determining whether a defendant made a prima facie showing of eligibility for relief 

under section 1170.95 and (2) when the right to appointed counsel arises under section 

1170.95, subdivision (c). 
4

In 2019, following the enactment of Senate Bill 1437, defendant petitioned 

the superior court to vacate his murder conviction and resentence him under section 

1170.95. The district attorney opposed the petition on two grounds: (1) Senate Bill 1437 

is unconstitutional; and (2) defendant is statutorily ineligible for relief because he “was a 

‘major participant’ and acted with reckless indifference to human life, as defined 

by . . . section 190.2.” The court denied defendant’s petition, concluding Senate Bill 

1437 violates the state constitution because it “materially amends” section 190, as 

enacted by the voters in Proposition 7, and sections 189 and 190.2, as amended by the 

voters in Proposition 115. Defendant appeals from the court’s order. 

DISCUSSION

Senate Bill 1437 eliminated liability for murder under the natural and 

probable consequences doctrine by amending section 188 to prohibit malice from being 

imputed to a defendant based only on his or her participation in a crime. (§ 188, subd. 

(a)(3), as amended by Stats. 2018, ch. 1015, § 2.) It also limited application of the 

felony-murder rule by amending section 189 to provide that a defendant can only be 

convicted of first degree felony-murder if the defendant 1) was the actual killer; or 2) was 

not the killer but with the intent to kill, aided, abetted, induced or otherwise assisted the 

actual killer in the commission of first degree murder; or 3) “was a major participant in 

the underlying felony and acted with reckless indifference to human life . . . .” (§ 189, 

subd. (e), as amended by Stats. 2018, ch. 1015, § 3.)4 In section 1170.95, the Legislature 

created a process for the retroactive application of these statutory changes. Pursuant to 

4 These limitations on the felony-murder rule do not apply when the victim is 

a peace officer killed in the course of the officer’s duties and the defendant knew or 

reasonably should have known that the victim was a peace officer engaged in the 

performance of his/her duties. (§ 189, subd. (f).)
5

section 1170.95, a defendant previously convicted of murder under either the natural and 

probable consequences doctrine or the felony-murder rule, who could not be convicted of 

murder now under the amended statutes, can petition the court for vacatur of the murder 

conviction and resentencing. (Stats. 2018, ch. 1015, § 4.)

Here, the court denied defendant’s section 1170.95 petition on the ground 

that Senate Bill 1437 violates article II, section 10, subdivision (c) of the California 

Constitution by amending Propositions 7 and 115. This constitutional provision prohibits 

the Legislature from amending a statute enacted through a voter initiative unless the 

amendment is approved by the voters or “the initiative measure itself permits amendment 

or repeal without voter approval.” (People v. Cooper (2002) 27 Cal.4th 38, 44.) 

However, our Supreme Court has explained, “[T]he Legislature remains free to enact 

laws addressing the general subject matter of an initiative, or a ‘related but distinct area’

of law that an initiative measure ‘does not specifically authorize or prohibit.’” (People v. 

Kelly (2010) 47 Cal.4th 1008, 1026, fn. 19; accord, People v. Superior Court (Pearson) 

(2010) 48 Cal.4th 564, 571.)

We previously considered whether Senate Bill 1437 constitutes an 

unconstitutional amendment of Propositions 7 and 115 in Cruz, supra, 46 

Cal.App.5th 740 and Solis, supra, 46 Cal.App.5th 762. In these decisions, we concluded 

Senate Bill 1437 amends neither initiative and is constitutional.5 The arguments raised 

by the district attorney here are the same ones we rejected in Cruz and Solis. We see no 

reason to depart from our analysis and conclusions in our prior cases. 

In Cruz, we rejected the district attorney’s assertion that Senate Bill 1437’s 

amendments to sections 188 and 189 altered the punishment for murder in section 190 as 

approved by the voters in Proposition 7. (Cruz, supra, 46 Cal.App.5th at p. 754.) We 

explained, “After the enactment of Senate Bill 1437, a first degree murder conviction still 

5 We reached the same conclusion in People v. Prado, supra, 49 Cal.App.5th 

480, albeit through a different analysis.
6

results in a penalty of life imprisonment with the possibility of parole after 25 years and a 

second degree murder conviction results in a penalty of life imprisonment with the 

possibility of parole after 15 years, as required by Proposition 7. Senate Bill 1437 does 

not authorize reduced sentences for such convictions. Thus, Senate Bill 1437’s 

amendments do not take away from Proposition 7’s provisions.” (Ibid.) 

The district attorney contends the Legislature cannot alter the elements of 

murder without voter approval because the punishment for murder approved by voters in 

Proposition 7 necessarily incorporated the definition of murder at that time. We rejected 

this contention in Cruz and explained the Legislature was free to amend sections 188 and 

189 because the elements of murder are related to but distinct from the punishment for 

murder set by Proposition 7. (Cruz, supra, 46 Cal.App.5th at pp. 755-757.) We similarly 

rejected the district attorney’s contention in Solis, supra, 46 Cal.App.5th at page 779. In 

Solis, we reviewed the ballot materials for Proposition 7 and concluded Senate Bill 1437 

does not circumvent the voter’s intent. (Solis, at pp. 776-779.) 

In Cruz and Solis, we also rejected the district attorney’s assertion that 

Senate Bill 1437 unconstitutionally amends Proposition 115. (Cruz, supra, 46 

Cal.App.5th at pp. 759-761; Solis, supra, 46 Cal.App.5th at pp. 780-783.) Proposition 

115 amended section 189 by adding five serious felonies to the list of predicate offenses 

for first degree felony-murder. (Cruz, at p. 759.) We found unpersuasive the district 

attorney’s contention that Senate Bill 1437 “substantially changes” section 189 “by 

requiring additional elements be proved for accomplices.” In Cruz, we concluded, “The 

only change made to section 189 by Proposition 115 was the addition of five serious 

felonies to the list of predicate felonies for first degree felony-murder liability. That is all 

the electorate voted on in this regard. The voters were not asked to consider the 

circumstances under which an aider and abettor should be liable for first degree felony 

murder. While the Legislature cannot remove Proposition 115’s five felonies from the 
7

list for first degree felony-murder liability, it can limit liability for accomplices under the 

felony-murder rule.” (Cruz, at p. 760.) 

We also rejected the district attorney’s argument that the Legislature was 

prohibited from addressing accomplice liability for felony murder in Senate Bill 1437 

because accomplice liability in death penalty cases was addressed in Proposition 115. 

(Cruz, supra, 46 Cal.App.5th at p. 760.) We explained Senate Bill 1437’s limitations on 

accomplice liability “in section 189 is an area of law related to but distinct from 

accomplice liability in special circumstance murder in section 190.2” and “Senate Bill 

1437 did not improperly amend Proposition 115 by adding such restrictions to felony 

murder in section 189.” (Cruz, at p. 760.) 

In Solis, we rejected the district attorney’s assertion that the Legislature was 

prohibited from amending any portion of section 189 by a simple majority “because 

Proposition 115 reenacted section 189 in full.” (Solis, supra, 46 Cal.App.5th at p. 782.) 

Based on relevant case law, we concluded “reenactment of section 189 in full by 

Proposition 115 did not affect the Legislature’s ability to revise any portion of section 

189 not directly addressed by the initiative.” (Id. at p. 783.)

In Cruz and Solis, we found ourselves in agreement with our Division One 

colleagues in Gooden, supra, 42 Cal.App.5th 270 and Lamoureux, supra, 42 Cal.App.5th 

241, who concluded that Senate Bill 1437 does not amend either “Proposition 7 or 

Proposition 115 because it neither added to, nor took away from, the initiatives.” 

(Gooden, at p. 275; accord, Lamoureux, supra, at p. 251.) In Gooden, the court 

explained, “Senate Bill 1437 presents a classic example of legislation that addresses a 

subject related to, but distinct from, an area addressed by an initiative.” (Gooden, supra, 

42 Cal.App.5th at p. 282; accord, Cruz, supra, 46 Cal.App.5th at p. 756.) “[T]he voters 

who approved Proposition 7 and Proposition 115 got, and still have, precisely what they 

enacted—stronger sentences for persons convicted of murder and first degree felonymurder liability for deaths occurring during the commission or attempted commission of 
8

specified felony offenses. By enacting Senate Bill 1437, the Legislature has neither 

undermined these initiatives nor impinged upon the will of the voters who passed them.” 

(Gooden, at p. 289.) 

In conclusion, Senate Bill 1437 amends neither Proposition 7 nor 

Proposition 115 within the meaning of article II, section 10, subdivision (c) of the 

California Constitution. We reverse the court’s order denying defendant’s section 

1170.95 petition and remand for further proceedings on the merits of defendant’s petition. 

DISPOSITION

The postjudgment order denying defendant’s petition for resentencing 

under section 1170.95 is reversed and the matter is remanded for further proceedings on 

the merits of defendant’s petition. 

IKOLA, J.

WE CONCUR:

BEDSWORTH, ACTING P. J.

ARONSON, J.