Registry No. 915-01 

NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION 

C·ODE OF FAIR COMPETITION 

FOR THE 

SADDLERY MANUFACTURING 

INDUSTRY 

AS APPROVED ON OCTOBER 3, 1933 

BY 

PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT 

U.I . DlftOMTOIW 

1. Executive order 

2. Letter of Transmittal 

3. Code 

UNITED STATES 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

WASHINGTON : 1933 

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. - - - - - - - - Price 5 cents 

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Printing Office, Washington, D.C., and by district offices of the Bureau of Foreign 

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(II) 
EXECUTIVE ORDER 

CODE OF FAIR COMPETITION, SADDLERY MANUFACTURL~G INDUSTRY 

An application having been duly made, pursuant to and in full 

compliance with the provisions of Title I of the National Industrial 

Recovery Act, approved June 16, 1933, for my approval of a Code 

of Fair Competition for the Saddlery :Manufacturing Industry, and 

hearings having been held thereon and the Administrator having 

rendered his report containing an analysis of the said Code of Fair 

Competition together with his recommendations and findings with 

respect thereto, and the Administrator having found that the aid 

Code of Fair Competition complies in all respects with the pertinent 

provisions of Title I of said Act and that the requirements of clau es 

(1) and (2) of subsection (a) of Section 3 of the said Act have 

been met: 

NOW, THEREFORE, I, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the 

United States, pursuant to the authority vested in me by Title I of 

the National Industrial Recovery Act, approved June 16, 1933, and 

otherwise, do adopt and approve the report, recommendations, and 

findings of the Administrator and do order that the said Code of 

Fair Competition be and is hereby approved. 

THE WHITE HousE, 

Septeniber 1933. 

Approval recommended: 

FRANICLI D. ROOSEVELT. 

Huarr S. JOHNSON, 

Administrator. 

(III) 

14254°-133-107--33 
The PRESIDENT, 

SEPTEMBER 28, 1933. 

The White House, Washington, D.O. 

MY DEAR MR. PRESIDENT: This is a report of the hearing on the 

Code of Fair Competition for the Saddlery Manufacturing Industry 

in the United States, conducted in Washington on September 19 

1933, in accordance with the provisions of the National Industriai 

Recovery Act. 

The following exhibits are included and attached: 

(1) Final Code submitted. (2) Notice of Hearing. (3l Statistical Analysis by Research and P lanning Division. 

( 4 Transcript of the records. 

( 5 List of 1Vitnesses. 

PROVISIONS OF THIS CODE AS TO WAGES AND HOURS 

ARTICLE III-· HOURS 

SECTION 1. No employee shall work or be permitted to work in 

excess of 40 hours average in any 4-months period nor over 40 hours 

in nny week except by payment of 11/3 rate for overtime, nor over 

8 hours in any 24-hour period except by payment of 11/3 rate for 

overtime. 

SEC. 2. From the provisions of paragraph one the following 

classes shall be excepted : 

(a) Supervisory staff and executives, when working in a super .. 

visory or managerial capacity, watchmen, bookkeepers, and outside 

salesmen. 

(b) Machine repair men, factory engineers, and firemen who may 

be employed in emergencies for a longer period, but shall not be· 

permitted to work over 40 hours in any week except by the payment of 11/3 for overtime. ( c) Office workers, inside salesmen, stock clerks, order clerks, shipping clerks, porters, warehousemen, packers, truckme.n, and drivers 

who shall not be permitted to work in excess of 40 hou.rs a yerage 

in any 2G-week period. 

SEc. 3. There shall be no evasion of this Code by reclassificatlon 

of the function of workers. A worker shall not be included in one 

of the above exceptions unless the identical functions which he perform· were identically classifie l on June 16, 1933. 

SEc. 4. The maximum hours fixed in the foregoing Sections 1 and 2 

shall not apply to employe s on emergency maintenance anti repair 

work, but in any such special ca,se, at least time and one third shall 

be pail for hours worked in excess of the maximum hours herein 

provided. (IV)_ 
V 

SEo. 5. No employee shall work or be permitted to work for a 

total number of hours in excess of the number of hours prescribed 

for each week and day, whether employed by one or more employers. 

ARTIOLE V-CmLo LAnOR 

On and after the effective date employers in the Saddlery Industry shall not em ploy or retain any minor under the age of sixteen 

years. 

ARTICLE VIII-WAGES 

SECTION 1. Labor in the Saddlery Industry shall be classified as 

consisting of skilled mechanics and unskilled labor. Skilled mechanics shall include the following when working in factories manufacturing lrn.rness, harnes,s parts, strap work, collars, and saddles, or any 

of them, whether made of leather or substitutes for leather; cutters, 

sewing-machine operators, fitters, stampers, stuffer , hand collar 

f acers, bucklers, thong stitchers, whether by hand or machine; operators of clicking machines, dieing-out machines, riveting machines, 

finishing machines, punching machines.., or other similar machines; 

but as there are different degrees of Sl{ill within the above operations, workmen in the above-mentioned operations are entitled to a 

differential in wages therein. Unskilled labor shall include all help 

other than skilled mechanics. 

SEc. 2. The minimum wage shall be thirty-five (35) cents per hour, 

save in the States of Tennessee, K entucky, Mississippi, Alabama, 

Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Texas, 

Oklahoma, Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Arizona, where it shall 

be thirty-two and one half (321⁄2 ) cents per hour. There shall be 

11 differential in favor of skilled labor of not less than fifteen ( 15) 

cents per hour, but in no case shall the lowest paid skilled mechanic 

receive less than fifteen (15) cents per hour over and above the minimum rate prescribed herein. 

As an exception to the foregoing provisions of Sections 1 and 2 of 

this Article all women engaged as employees making pads use l under 

collars, harness, or saddles, or making canvas stitched back bands 

or open bottom cotton fibre stuffed cotton collars or flynets or horse 

covers, shall receive not less than thirty-two and one half (321⁄2) 

cents per hour, save in the States named above, where it shall bo 

thirty (30) cents per hour. 

SEC. 3. Beginner without previous experience in making saddlery 

products hall receive not less than 80% of the minimum wage of unskilled labor for a period of not more than ninety days· beginners 

with previous experience in making sadcllery products who are 

classified as skilled mechanics in one department when tran £erred 

to another department shall receive not le s than Oo/£ of the minimum wage for said operation to skilled mechanics, for not more than 

ninety days, the percentage of all beginner at any one tim not to 

exceed 5% of the total employees, but any manufacturer may employ 

at least two such beginners. 

'Ee. 4. Special exceptions to Sections 1 and 2 of this Article. 

Skilled mechanics who on account of the infirmities of ag or ome 

physical or mental disability, cannot do the work of able-bodied 
VI 

workers, are exempt from the wage prov1s10ns of their class; provided, however, that such employees hall not exceed in number 5% 

of the total workers employed by a manufacturer; but any manufacturer may employ at least two such employees. Their compensa- tion i.f on piecework, shall be the regular piece rates; if on a time 

basis, they shall be paid what they are worth, measured by the output 

of fair average able-bodied workers, but in no case shall this be less 

than 80% of the minimum rate for unskilled workers. 

ECONOMIO EFFECT OF THE CODE 

The 40-hour average maximum for factory employees with payment for overtime above 8 hours per day, or 40 hours per week, should 

tend to level peaks of employment in this Industry and increase employment by between 15% and 20%. The 40-hour average for office 

workers and the like, while uncontrolled as to 1naximum, will result 

in hours following very closely those of the factory and equally will 

cause reen1ployment to the extent of some 15% to 20%. 1Vhile the average weekly wage will not be materially increased, 

the total of wages paid in the Industry should increase at least to the 

extent of reemployment. The larger number of one-man saddlery and harness shops in this 

country do not con1e under the Code. They represent competition 

which already is severe and which will increase to the extent that 

wages are increased in the larger shops. The wage rates established 

seem to be the highest which can safely be borne by the Industry in 

the £ace of such competition for new material and the possibility of 

r epairing old material. 

As pointed out in the report of the Research and Planning Division, the Saddlery Manufacturing Industry has been decreasing for 

some time, resulting in an unusual degree of demoralization. In 

their desire to correct this situation, the proponents of the Code were 

very insistent upon the inclusion of unfair trade practices and marketing provisions, which would insure some degree of price protection. Such provisions usually were at the expense of the consumer. There still remain a number of such provisions in Article 

X, but these provisions are not such as to lead to arbitrary price 

fixing. 

1Vhile at first glance Section 2 of Article X appears to be an 

attempt to control wholesalers not members of the Saddlery Manufacturing Industry, the provision that the resale rules must receive 

the approval of the Administrator should insure coordination and 

the absence of injustice to such wholesalers. This provision is desirable because of the fact that many manufacturers are distributors 

of their own product, while others use the independent wholesalers 

referred to. 

This Code is unusual to the extent of attempting to segregate and 

define killed labor as compared with unskilled labor. The defini- tion of killed labor has the approval of the L abor Advisory Board. 

In spite of some possible disadvantages of such an abrupt jump 

in wage, the 15-cent differential in favor of the skilled classification 

seems highly desirable to force a m.ore uniform spread for skill 
VII 

throughout the Industry and secure a more uniform competitive 

situation. 

While most of the product of this Indu try is of leather, some 

considerable volume of harness is made of cotton. Leather harness 

is much longer lived and much higher priced than is the cotton 

product. The cotton product sold in most part to southern tenant 

£armers would, on account of the skilled classification, be increa ed 

in price out of proportion to otherfroducts of the Industry. Most 

employees engaged on this type o product are female. For this 

reason, and for the reason that a female differential does in fact 

exist, there is included a provision for a 21⁄2 cent lower wage for 

females. The resulting level is as good or better than that of the 

Cotton Textile Code. The differential is too small to cause any 

appreciable displacement of male workers by female workers. 

I believe that the Code, as a whole, is a compromise between the 

producers of high and low quality goods both in the North and the 

South that is an excellent tool with which to approach the goal set 

up in the National Industrial Recovery Act. 

FINDINGS 

The Administrator finds that: 

(a) 1rhe Code as recommended complies in all respects with the 

pertinent provisions of Title I of the Act, including, without limitation, subsection (a) of Section 7 and subsection ( b) of Section 10 

thereof; and that 

(b) The applicant group imposes no inequitable restrictions on 

admission to membership therein and is truly representative of the 

Saddlery Manufacturing Industry; and that 

( c) The Code as recommended is not designed to promote monopolies or to eliminate or oppress small enterprises and will not operate 

to discriminate against them, and will tend to effectuate the policy 

of Title I of the National Industrial Recovery Act. 

It is recommended, therefore, that this Code be immediately 

adopted. 

Respectfully submitted. 
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CODE OF FAIR COMPETITION FOR THE SADDLERY 

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY 

ARTICLE I-PURPOSE 

To effectuate the policies of Title I of the National Industrial 

Recovery Act, the following provisions are submitted as a Code of 

Fair Competition for the Saddlery Industry, and upon approval by 

the President shall be the standard of fair competition for this 

industry. 

ARTICLE II-DEFINITIONS 

"\Vherever used in this Code the terms hereinafter in this article 

defined shall, unless the context shall otherwise clearly indicate, have 

the respective n1eanings hereinafter set forth. The definition of any 

term in the singular shall apply to such use of the term in the 

plural, and vice versa. 

SECTION 1. The term "The President " means the President of the 

United States. 

SEc. 2. The term "The Saddlery Industry" or "the industry" 

means and includes the business of manufacturing harness, harness 

parts, strap work, collars, and saddles, or any of them, and/or 

kindred lines whether made of leather or substitutes for leather, and 

selling, by manufacturers, of products of their own manufacture. 

Kindred lines include pads, flynets, horse covers, muzzles~ and any 

other related lines that may from time to time be included under the 

provisions of this Code. 

SEc. 3. The term " Employee " as used herein includes uny person 

engaged in any phase of the industry in any capacity in the nature 

of employee irrespective of the method of payn1ent of his compensation. Helpers paid by employees are employees o:f the manufacturer. 

SEc. 4. The term " Employer " or " manufacturer " as used herein 

includes anyone for whose benefit such an employee is so engaged. 

SEc. 5. The term " Member of the Industry" includes any employer or manufacturer who shall be subject to this Code. 

SEc. 6. "Effective Date" as used herein means ten days after this 

Code shall have been approved by the Presid0 nt of the Unite l States. 

SEc. 7. The term "The Saddlery Manufacturers Association" or 

" The A ociation " means the Saddlery Manufacturer A sociation 

of the United States of America, a voluntary a ociation of manufacturers engaged in the saddlery industry, offices of which association now are at 822 Exchange Avenue, Union Stock Yards, Chicago, 

Ill. 

SEc. 8. The term " The Sadcllery Industry N ationa1 Committe " 

means the Executive Committee (as from tim to time on tituted) 

of the Saddlery Manufacturers Association, elected by a fair method 

(1) 
2 

of selection, approved by the President, and not more than three 

members without vote, appointed by the President. 

SEc. 9. The term " The Secretary " means the Secretary o:f the 

Saddlery Manufacturers Association at the time in office. 

SEc. 10. The term "Unfair Trade Practice" means and includes 

any act herein described as an unfair practice. 

ARTICLE III-HouRs 

SECTION 1. No employee shall ·work or be permitted to work in 

excess of 40 hours average in any 4-months period nor over 40 hours 

in any week except by payment of 11/2 rate for overtime, nor over 8 

hours in any 24-hour period except by payment of 11/3 rate :for overtime. 

SEc. 2. From the provisions of paragraph one the :following classes 

shall be excepted : 

(a) Supervisory Staff and executives, when working in a supervisory or managerial capacity, watchmen, bookkeepers, and outside 

salesmen. 

(b) Machine repair men, factory engineers, and firemen who may 

be employed in emergencies for a longer period, but shall not be permitted to work over 40 hours in any week except by the payment o-f 

11⁄2 for overtime. 

( c) Office workers, inside salesmen, stock clerks, order clerks, 

shipping clerks, porters, warehousemen, packers, truckmen, and 

drivers who shall not be permitted to work in excess of 40 hours 

average in any 26-week period. 

SEc. 3. There shall be no evasion of this Code by reclassification 

o:f the function of workers. A worker shall not be included in one 

of the above exceptions unless the identical functions which he performs were identically classified on June 16, 1933. 

SEc. 4. The maximum hours fixed in the foregoing Sections 1 and 

2 shall not apply to employees on emergency maintenance and repair 

work, but in any such special case at least time and one third shall 

be paid for hours worked in excess of the maximum hours herein 

provided. 

SEc. 5. No employee shall work or be permitted to work for a total 

number of hours in excess of the number of hours prescribed for each 

week and day, whether employed by one or more employers. 

ARTICLE IV-STATUTORY PROVISIONS 

All employers in the industry shall comply with the following 

provisions of the National Industrial Recovery-Act. 

SECTION 1. That employees shall have the right to organize and 

bargain collectively through r epresentatives of their own choosing, 

and shall be free from the interference, restraint, or coercion of employers of labor, or their agents, in the designation of such representatives or in self-organization or in other concerted activities for the 

purpose of collective bargaining or other mutual aid or protection; 

SEC. 2. That no employee and no one seeking employment shall be 

required as a condition of employment to join any company union 

or to refrain from joining, organizing, or assisting a labor organization of his own choosing; and 
3 

SEc. 3. That employe·rs shall comply with the maximum h'-'urs of 

labor, minimum rates of pay, and other conditions of employment, 

approved or prescribed by the President. 

ARTICLE V-CHILD LABOR 

On and after the effective date employers in the Saddlery Industry 

shall not employ or retain any minor under the age of sixteen years. 

ARTICLE VI-ADMINISTRATION 

SECTION 1. To further effectuate the policies of the Act, a Code 

Authority is hereby set up to cooperate with the Administrator in 

the administration of this Code. It shall consist of the Saddlery 

Industry National Committee as defined in Article 2, Section 8, o:f 

this Code, and will be referred to as the Sadcllery Industry National 

Committee. The Saddlery Industry National Committee shall have 

all the powers and duties conferred upon it by the National Industrial Recovery Act and the Code, subject to review by the 

Administrator. 

The Code Authority shall have among its duties, but without 

limitation on the foregoing, that of investigating complaints from 

members of the industry respecting prices or practices that are 

demoralizing or destructive to the industry, or that tend to create a 

monopoly; and if such prices or practices are found to exist, the 

Committee shall report the facts to the proper authority. 

SEc. 2. The Saddlery Industry National Committee shall have 

power from time to time (a) to appoint and remove, and to fix the 

reasonable compensation of all officers and employees and all such 

accountants, attorneys, and experts as such Saddlery Industry National Committee shall deem necessary or proper for the purpose of 

administering the Code. 

SEc. 3. The expenses of administering the Code shall be borne by 

members of the industry. The Saddlery Industry National Committee may from time to time make such assessments on account of 

such expenses against the members of the industry as it shall deem 

proper, and such assessments shall be payable as such Committee 

shall specify. The assessments above referred to shall be divided 

among the members of the industry in the same proportion to each 

other as their dues would bear to each other if all were members of 

the Association. 

ARTICLE VII-STATISTICS 

SECTION 1. The Saddlery Industry through the Saddlery l\ianufacturers Association shall collect and compile all reports required 

by the National Industrial Recovery Administration. Every member 

of the industry shall furnish such reports as are required pursuant 

to the provisions thereof. 

In addition to information r equired to be submitted to the Code 

authority, there shall be furnished to government agencies ,such 

statistical information as the Administrator may deem necessary 

for the purposes recited in Section 3 (a) of the National Industrial 

Recovery Act. 
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8Ec. 2. To the extent that the Saddlery Industry National Committee may deem that any information furnished in accordance with 

the provisions of the Code is of a confidential character, no publication thereof to anyone except the Ad,ministrator shall be made 

other than in combination with similar information furnished by 

other members of the industry. 

ARTICLFVIII-WAGES 

SECTION 1. Labor in the Saddlery Industry shall be classified as 

consisting of skilled mechanics and unskilled labor. Skilled mechanics shall include the following when working in factories manufacturing harness, harness parts, strap work, collars, and saddles, or 

any of them whether made of leather or substitutes for leather; 

cutters, sewing-machine operators, fitters, stampers, stuffers, hand 

collar facers, bucklers, thon~ stitchers, whether by hand or ,machine, 

operators of clicking machines, dieing out machines, riveting machines, finishing machines, punching machines, or other similar 

machines; but, as there are different degrees of skill within the above 

operations, workmen in the above-mentioned operations are entitled 

to a differential in wages therein. Unskilled labor shall include all 

help other than skilled mechanics. 

SEc. 2. The minimum wage shall be thirty-five (35) cents per 

hour, save in the States of Tennessee, Kentucky, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, 

Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Arizona, where 

it shall be thirty-two and one-half (321⁄2) cents per hour. There 

shall be a differential in favor of skilled labor of not less than 

fifteen cents per hour, but in no case shall the lowest paid skilled 

mechanic rocei ve less than 15 cents per hour over and above the 

minimum rate prescribed herein. 

As an except10n to the foregoing provisions of Sections 1 and 2 of 

this Article all women engaged as employees making pads used 

under collars, harness, or saddles, or making canvas stitched back 

bands or open bottom cotton fibre stuffed cotton collars or flynets or 

hor e covers, shall receive not less than thirty-two and one halt 

(321⁄2) cents per hour, save in the States named above, where it shall 

be thirty (30) cents per hour. 

SEc. 3. Beginners without previous experience in making saddlery 

products shall receive not less than 80% of the minimum wage of 

unskilled laqor for a period of not m re tl1an ninety days; beginners 

with previous experience in making saclcllery products who are 

classified as skilled mechanics in one department, when transferred 

to another department shall receive not less than 80% of the minimum wage for said operation to skilled mechanics, for not more than 

ninety days, the percentage of all beginners at any one time not to 

exceed 5% of the total employees, but any manufacturer may employ 

at least two such beginners. 

SEc. 4. Special exceptions to Sections 1 and 2 of this Article. 

Skilled mechanics who, on account of the infirmities of age or some 

physical or mental disability, cannot do the work of able-bodied 

workers, are exempt from the wage provisions of their class; pro-
5 

vided, however, that such employees shall not exceed in nuniber 5% 

of the total workers employed by a manufacturer; but any manufacturer may employ at least two such employ es. Their compensation, if on piecework, shall be the regular piece rates; if on a tin1e 

basis, they shall be paid what they are worth, measured by the output 

of fair average able-bodied workers, but in no case shall this be less 

than 80% of the minimum rate for unskilled workers. 

ARTICLE IX-AccouNTING 

SECTION 1. The Saddlery Industry National Committee may prepare a practical accounting procedure applicable to saddlery manufacturers, which, when approved by the President, shall govern the 

determination of cost. 

ARTICLE X--u NF AIR TRADE PRACTICES 

. For all purposes of the Code, the following-described Acts shall 

constitute unfair practices: 

SECTION 1. Selling saddlery products on terms more favorable than 

those defined as standard terms for the industry, to wit: 2% discount 

for cash within 10 days from date of shipment; 30 days net, except 

products shipped between July 1 t and October 1st may be subject to 

2% discount, October 10th, net November 1st, and products shipped 

between December 1st and :March 1st, may be subject to 2% discount 

Ma_rch 10th, and net April 1st, which standard terms apply to harness, harne~s parts, strap work, collars, and saddles, or any of them, 

whether made of leather or substitutes for leather; but in the case of 

saddlery products sold to wholesalers 011 above excepted terms, shipments may be made 30 days earlier. 

SEc. 2. Selling saddlery products to wholesalers for resale to 

retailers unless and until said wholesale.rs have agreed to abide by the 

standard terms for resale laid down for the Saddlery Industry when 

and as a pp roved by the President. 

SEc. 3. Shipping Saddlery .products on consignment or on approval, or on any terms that are evasive of the established terms 

established in this Code. 

SEc. 4. Misbranding saddlery products, or selling saddlery products as of good commercial quality, when made from leather known 

and sold by tanners as being below standard quality. 

SEc. 5. :Making direct shipments of stock pads :from the pad manu- facturer to any other consignee than the actual wholesale purchaser 

at his regular place of business, except as jobbers may require 

shipments in straight carloads to other points for distribution 

therefrom. 

SEc. 6. The Sadcllery Industry National Committee shall hold 

further trade practice conferences from time to time to determine 

and e tabli h other rules of fair trade practices and unfair trade 

practices for the entire industry, which, when approved by the 

President, shall become a part of this Code. 
6 

ARTICLE X I-GENERAL 

SECTION 1. No provision in this Code shall be interpreted or applied 

in such a manner as to 

(a) promote monopolies or monopolistic practices; (b ) permit or 

encourage unfair competition; ( c) eliminate or oppress small enter• 

prises ; or ( d) discriminate against small enterprises. 

SEc. 2. This Code and all the provisio~s thereof are expressly 

made subject to the right of the President, in acordance with the 

provision of Subsection (b) of Section 10 of the National Industrial 

Recovery Act from time to time to cancel or modify any order, 

approval, license, rule or regulation issued under Title I of said Act 

and specifically, but without limitation, to the right of the Preseident 

to cancel or modify his approval of this Code or any conditions 

imposed by him upon his approval thereof. 

SEc. 3. Within each State, members of the industry shall comply 

with any laws of such State imposing more stringent requirements, 

r egulating the age of employees, wages, hours of work, or health, 

fire, or general working conditions, than under this Code. SEc. 4. The provisions of this Code shall not he binding on a 

member to the extent, if at all, that the Code may be in conflict with 

the Anti-Trust Laws of a State, where such member operates. 

SEC. 5. The bylaws of the association shall not be amended in 

any way which will tend to place inequitable restrictions on membership in the association or which will tend to make the association 

not truly representative of the industry. 

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