market will subsequently have replacement parts of the same quality and in
sufficient quantity to take care of demand.

In the economic-financial sector, the meeting of radio station owners was
basically concerned with initiating studies with a view to getting special
federal government financing through the Fund for Financing Machinery and
Equipment (FINAME) with the extension to 72 months of the term for payment of
the debt, including principal, interest and a preestablished monetary correct-
ion. At the present time the maximum term of 36 months raises the cost of in
installment payment and the monetary correction makes the installments variable,
Also the taxes on the equipment will now receive the special attention of the
AESP., According to the executives radio equipment has become a vehicle of
dissemination and an integral part of the public life of a city and for that
reason should deserve a much lower tax than the present one, which is at the
rate of 20 to 24 percent." That financing pertains to the purchase of new
apparatus on the national market required by the government in order to give
the Brazilian radio stations a single standard of servjcé, ' 01 1)

8711
cS0: 5500

13



NORWAY

NOW WITH ONLY SHORTWAVE RADIO, SVALBARD TO GET SATELLITE TIE
Oslo AFTENPOSTEN in Norwegian 26 Apr 78 p 3
{Article by Einar Solvoll]

[Text] Test transmissions bver the past year and a half have given such
positive results that by this summer Svalbard can be connected directly to
the mainland by satellite, AFTENPOSTEN has been informed by Bjgrn Ulvang,
telegraph director of Svalbard Radio. Currently telephone service to Sval-
bard is completely broken off and connections via shortwave are so poor
that at times it is almost impossible to hear one another.

Direct TV transmission via satellite will require about 100 telephone chan-
nels and will cost a few million kroner extra per annum, chief engineer
Solbakken says.

Since the summer of 1974 experiments have been going on for satellite con-
nections with Svalbard, and the results thus far have been encouraging.
This indicates that it should be entirely possible to transmit both tele-
phone and telex to Svalbard for a relatively reasonable price, according
to chief engineer Solbakken.

Where are the satellites that are supposed to do this in the future?

We will make connections through a satellite that g0eS. over the Atlantic.
Some of the test transmissions were carried out via a satellite approxi-
mately over the equator due south of London or at 1° West Longitude, said
chief engineer Solbakken.

In addition, there may be a delay of several hours in making a telephone
call to the mainland. With two new channels via satellite, the sound quali-
ty will be greatly improved, about as good as in local calls on the main-
land, Ulvang says.

Chief engineer Kare Solbakken of the Telecommunications Directorate told
AFTENPOSTEN that there are plans to start with two satellite channels for
telephone this summer, and that telex connections will go by satellite in-
stead of shortwave, as they do today, some time this fall.

34


Safety is the decisive factor. Therefore, the Landsrad supports a proposal
to create a public safety network that can be reached even by weak trans-
mitters. But until that is done, the Landsrad says, the situation must not
be changed, and the people must be allowed to use the equipment they have.

8815
CSO: 5500

30


“ Table 2 shows a similar survey for transit telephone exchanges (long dis-
tance telephone exchanges). The transit telephone exchanges are all of a
more recent date and include a smaller number of types.

The fact that we have so many different types of telephone exchanges in
the network is, in my opinion, to a great extent caused by our history
and is more a consequence of the supplier situation in Norway than a
consequence of excessive optimizing ("tailor's sewing") for the individual
field of application.

4. Growth of the Telecommunications Network

Figure 1 shows an attempt at sketching a possible development of the tele-
communications network up to the year 2000. Predicted numbers for the total
number of installed automatic numbers have been compared with curves for
telephone exchange equipment of existing types. The curves from the exist-
ing types of telephone exchanges up to approximately 1985 represent the
volume involved in existing plans and work hypotheses. ‘The further devel-
opment should be considered more as an example than as an expression of

an accepted plan.

The most interesting part is region A, which represents unsatisfied demand.
To satisfy this demand we have types of equipment available which already
exist in the network (i.e., we can expand one or more of the areas B, C,
and D), but new types of equipment may also become of interest.

The size of area A and the trend of the curves gives an indication of the
outer limits for our possibilities for controlling the selection of equip-
ment. In practice we will have to work within tighter limits.

We see from Figure 1 that area A is growing rapidly. Already in 1995, i.e.
in barely 20 years, it will constitute one-half of the total capacity.

Another important relationship not expressed in Figure 1 is that it takes
a long time from when an administrative decision is made until its effect
can be registered fully in the network.

5. Criteria for the Selection of Automatic Equipment

The demands on the telephone network's services are heavier than during
the time before long-distance dialing was introduced, and one must expect
a continued increase in requirements in the future. This causes new auto-
matic systems to require more resources than previously. It is generally
considered that in a modern, processor-controlled system, calculated to
meet the requirement for the present time and for the near future, the
hardware alone corresponds to the complete "old-fashioned" automatic sys-
tem with regard to the development, while the software, which requires
most of the work, comes in addition.

39


exchange in operation as well as supervision during the operaticnal tests.

Cooperation between individual groups of workers was exemplary and halped
to keep the time limits of the construction work and to maintain the
quality of the work.

By completing the installation work of the Telex network and in Brno in
October 1977, the work was completed on connecting teletype stations of
subscribers and on connecting circuits for individual tele Uype hanges in
Czechoslovakia. This work was done in cooperation with the maintenance
service of the tone telegraph systems of the Regional Adninistration of
Long-Distance Cables in Zvolen.

A part of the (building of the 7 teletype exchange was also the construction
of its Gentex part in cooperation with the construction of the exchanges in
Prague and Brno. The process of connecting collection telegraph stations
(2TGS) and the corresponding connecting circuits took place according to

the harmonogram prepared by the International and Long-Disvance jelephone
and Telegraph Exchange in Prague on 2 to 5 February 1978.

The newly-built teletype exchanges make it possible to tranemit telegraph
signals at a speed of 50 Bd and data signals at a speed of 260 Bd. The use
of cross-switchesand other modern elements used in a telegraph ccumunication
network guarantees faster connecting and more reliable operations. In
addition, the exchanges provide for elasticity in channeling, setting of
rates, in the creation of the category of subscribers, and they provide
for full accessibility in all respects as well as for the creation of
departing routes. The exchanges cooperate with all types of teletype
exchanges in Czechoslovakia and provide for cooperation in international
teletype communications.

The construction of a facility of the terminal teletype exchange ACT K 60 as
well as of the facility of a transit teletype exchange MMC K 57 in Z2volen
was determined by taking in consideration the long-range developments of
the telegraphic network.

No difficulties occured in putting the exchange in operation, and the sub-
seribers of the Telex network are also fully satisfied with the present
operation. In the same way, there appeared no defects in the nature of
installation defects. A proof of this was provided by the good results of
statistical tests. The quality of the operations of the actual exchange
as well as of the connecting circuits and subscriberst connecting lines

graph.

The construction of this important system was handled by the Central Slovakia
Directorate of Communications in Banska Bystrica with effective engineering


the Telecommunications Administration. The dispatchers at the coastal radio
Stations, on the other hand, have for some years now been pointing out that
this may happen, and that it could produce far greater consequences than
those now being experienced at Farsund Radio," Saetrevik says.

Radio chief Steinar Jensen at Bergen Radio tells AFTENPOSTEN that the radio
dispatchers at the coastal Stations have not done enough to present their
views on the automation and remote control of the radio stations. "None of
the dispatchers at the coastal radio station was included in a committee
which planned how the stations were to be linked and remote-controlled, we

grated. These arguments were rejected by the Telecommunications Associa—
tion," Jensen says.

Speedy Total Destruction

He also maintains that they were lucky in the Farsund fire. "The fire broke
out at a quiet time. At Easter there is very little traffic, and at the
time the station was out of operation, luckily, no accidents at all happened.
And the way in which the fire broke out, too, clearly shows how quickly a
station can be totally destroyed. The whole thing happened so rapidly and
the entire 'main brain'--the switching center--was put out of operation so
fast that the dispatchers at the station had to race to the neighboring
house to borrow the telephone and call the fire department. So what we

have been pointing out at Bergen Radio all the time is that it would be
safer here to have two fixed stations operating in the Vestland area. If
the Floro-Bergen is now automated and remote controlled, we could experience
similar episodes there. The "main brain" could in that way be suddenly cut
out, thus instantly breaking the connection along large areas of the North
Sea. If we maintain two stations we would at least protect ourselves against
such an accident. Additionally, traffic is now so heavy, due to the constant
increase in petroleum activity, that I doubt that a single station in Vest-
land in addition to Rogaland would be sufficient to service vessels and
petroleum drilling platforms in the North Sea in a satisfactory manner,"
Jensen says.

Could Stop the Fishing Fleet

Radio dispatcher Sven Christensen at Tromso Radio says that the automation
and remote control of Tromso Radio would to a large degree affect the
safety of the fishing fleet in the area. "We have every bit as heavy
traffic as the coastal radio stations to the south. Remote control of
Tromso from Harstad would, rather, have catastrophic consequences for

68



Costs for control and administration of a satellite in orbit and during
launching are estimated at 4 million kroner.

In order to simplify the processing of life duration and time of launch-
ing for new satellites, we here assume that each satellite has ar eco-
nomic life of 6 years, which may be considered typical for the antici-~
pated technical situation.

--The ground transmitter station
has an antenna with a diameter of 5 to 10 meters av is assumed to cost
10 million kroner. The economic life is estimated at 20 years and snnual
operation, without set-asides for renewal, are estimated at 0.6 million
kroner.

~-Converters
are placed in the terrain in such a way that they can receive the signals
directly from the satellite and send these signals out on another fre-
quency so that they cover areas where viewers cannot receive the signals
from the satellite directly.

A converter for a program channel is here assumed to cost 0.23 million
kroner. It is also assumed to have an economic life of 20 years and an
annual operating cost, without depreciation for renewal, of 6.005 million
kroner per year. If the converter is equipped for several program chan-
nels, this is assumed to require an additional investment of 20 percent
and an increase in the operating costs of 8 percent per channel.

--Preamplifiers

for individual reception and joint antenna installations are assumed to
cost an average of 1,000 kroner per viewer (license). This cost figure
is based on results from three European industrial studies financed

by the European Space Research Organization, ESA, and on assumptions
about how many viewers will be connected to joint antenna installations
in Norway in 1985. The preamplifiers are assumed to have a 10-year
economic life and an annual operating cost of 5 percent.

2.2 System Costs

Figure 2 shows total investments for a one-channel satellite broadcasting
system, including a ground transmitter station, satellites, and converters,
as a function of the degree of coverage. The figure shows that 90 percent
coverage can be achieved for an investment in the transmitter system of
130 million kroner. In order to achieve almost complete coverage, an
additional 185 million kroner will have to be invested for a total of

350 million kroner. The figure also shows the necessary additional in-
vestments on the receiver side.

It can be mentioned that we now have almost 95 percent coverage with our
ground VHF network.

49


NORWAY

EXPECTED ECONOMIC CONDITIONS FOR SATELLITE BROADCASTING DISCUSSED
Oslo TELEKTRONIKK in Norwegian No 1, 1977 pp 1-6

[Director of Research 0. P. Hakonsen: “Expected Economic Conditions for
Satellite Broadcasting in Norway*"]

[Text] 1. Introduction

In the following, data will be shown on cost conditions for a satellite
broadcasting system, which finally will be compared with corre:.ponding
cost conditions for a ground UHF network.

So far no design has been done of either a UHF network cr a satellite
network for broadcasting in Norway. The data which are being presented
are therefore associated with a great deal of uncertainty. This is espe-
cially true for data for a satellite system. Here the most important
system components have not yet been developed to a stage which makes it
possible to invest in these components in an operational system. Even
though the numbers are based on a good knowledge of today's situation

and the expected development in this field, they must therefore only be
considered to be examples of data--for supporting a discussion of the more
basic conditions associated with satellite broadcasting.

For the sake of order it should also be specified that in NRK's [Norway's
Broadcasting Corporation] long-range plans, which go as far as until 1985,
no resources have been allocated for a new program channel for television.
2. Cost of the Satellite Systems

2.1 Cost Data for the System Components

In order to get an impression of the cost conditions in a satellite broad-
casting system, we will in the following assume that such a system will

be built in Norway starting in 1985.

*The following three articles are reproduced from lectures given in connec-
tion with "The Electric Days 76," 8-10 November at Park Hotel, Sandefjord.

47


Satellite system + preamplifier

i

ae 1 Ground + UHF receiver equipment
Ground

—————— Satellite system

ob de

a a a a ae

Year from start of development

Figure 7. Annual costs per subscriber. One channel.

cate Ground + UHF receiver equipment:
Ground. ves
ieleieteeeieieneieneieieiaie> alee Satellite system + preamplifier

Satellite sys

Cr a a a a)
Year after start of development

Figure 8. Annual costs = interest + renewal + operation. Nordic program
exchange (4x1). Annual investment in the Norwegian sector
40 million kroner.

In this case, three new channels must be developed in Norway in a ground
network, while the satellite system is assumed to transmit four channels
with an antenna beam which covers all four countries.

It is assumed that the satellites will still have the capacity for four
channels and that the four countries will share the satellite costs and
investments equally.

Figure 8 shows the total annual costs for Norway during and after the
development period if the development takes place with an annual invest~
ment of 40 million kroner. ‘The dotted lines show the costs when additional
equipment on the receiver side has also been included.

Figure 9 shows the Norwegian part of the investments for the two systems
as a function of the degree of coverage in Norway.

Figure 10 shows the investments when the additional equipment the viewers
must procure is also taken into consideration.

53


It must be possible to rationalize and improve the operating and main~
tenance methods so that the steadily larger and more complex telephone
networks can be operated with reasonable resources.

The AKE 13 system has been specially developed to meet these requirements
both as a national, international, and intercontinental long-distance
telephone exchange. By means of stored program control (SPC = stored pro-
gram control, DMS = data machine controlled) the system has ebtained pre-
cisely the flexibility required by present and future long-distance tele~
phone exchanges.

Hardware for the Telephone Part

In the telephone part the switching takes place in the selector network.
This has been built as a link system with a code selector as the switching
unit. The code selector has 10 verticals (bridges), and each of these
has 10 inputs and 32 outputs when one has four-wire switching as in AKE
132, The 10 verticals in a selector has its 42 outputs wired jn parallel.

0 is a chicken symbol which corresponds to one selector input (vertical)
where "the beak" points towards the outputs.

The code selectors are connected in series and parallel until one gets a
unit with 600 inputs, which is the smallest construction unit in the AKE
132 system. This unit, which is called a 600 grour, is used for incoming
and outgoing traffic. Oslo AKE has a total of 16 600-groups distributed
over eight input (GI) and eight output (GU) 600-groups.

AKE 132 is a long-distance telephone exchange and has therefore no direct
subscriber connection. The incoming repeaters (FIR) and the outgoing re-
peaters (FUR) which process the line signals are each connected to their
bridges in in- and outgoing GV steps, respectively. The register signals,
either in a MFC national variant, R2 or MFC 8B variant, are processed by
code receivers (KM) or code transmitters (KS), which are associated with
the B side of the GV step.

In a conventional system, both the FIR and the FUR repeaters are compara-
tively expensive since the line signals must be detected and accepted by
relay circuits within the repeaters. In a computer-controlled system, it
should, for instance, be possible to reduce an input repeater to one or
at the most a couple of relays which react to the line signals, while
signals, interconnection states, and signal interpretation are being de-
tected and stored by the computer.

Matching the Data Part to the Telephone Part
The data part controls the telephone part by means of a continuous informa-
tion exchange between them. Since they have different time, power and in-

formation requirements, a buffer, test and control part (TO part), has
been introduced between the data part and the telephone part.

57


choice of a standard automatic system. Also, it is not very inspiring for
a supplier to work with a customer who does not match his level profes-
sionally. In order to produce his best, the supplier requires the chal-
lenge represented by having a customer which on a professional basis is
both good at setting requirements and difficult to satisfy. A ciritical,
but constructive attitude from the Telecommunications Administration's
side, based on good professional competence, is thus important to achieve
the best results from the cooperation with the individual supplier.

7. Carrying Out the Standardization

The ideal solution from a standardization point of view would be to have
one single complete automatic system which with a few telephone exchange
variations would cover our requirement in all consumer fields. If such a
system has now been found and a systems standard has been established,
carrying out a complete standardization of the automatic telephone ex-
changes in our telecommunications network would be such a big and long-
Yange task that it could not be done during the life of the system. We
must therefore always work with several system generations in the network
at the same time. It is therefore even more important to keep the number
of types within each system generation low.

In the normal, continuous development of the telecommunications network
it is in most cases of interest to build further on already existing auto~
matic telephone exchanges. It must therefore be possible to fit the new
equipment into the network besides what is to be retained of older equip-
ment. Only in a few cases, as for automatization and for replacement of
automatic equipment by areas, one will have considerable freedom to choose
systems without having to take into consideration existing older equipment
in the area. It is therefore normal for the transition from old to new
equipment to take place gradually.

As far as that goes, the working together of new and old equipment may take
place at any of the various levels in the network hierarchy, but it is
normally simplest to group new and old equipment separately ir traffic-
related central groups and direct the traffic between the groups via tran-
sit points in a higher part of the network hierarchy. ‘his especially
true when the difference in the applied technology is too great. This
procedure usually requires that the existing equipment be relocated simul-
taneously with the introduction of new telephone exchanges of standard
type.

The way our automatic network has been built up with regard to structure
and types of telephone exchanges, carrying out a standardization of equip-
ment even within a limited geographic area would have to take place over

a longer period of time and with considerable relocation of existing equip-
ment on the way. One must therefore work according to long-range plans,
and one may find that steps in the process may cost a great deal as com-
pared to the immediate effect which can be obtained.

45


IRAN

BRIEFS

USE OF MICROWAVE LINES--Tehran--Minister of Posts,

Telegraphs and Telephone
Karin Motamedi, speak

ing on the occasion of the International Union of
Telecommuni cations yesterday said Iran currently uses 20,000 kilometers of
microwave lines on its telecommuni cations facilities in Tehran and a few

Provinces. Present facilites will be extended to cover other cities as
well over the

Oughout the world, Meanwhile, the ministry
ational Telecommunications
st office counters, [Text]

CSO: 5500

17



"But the big change will come in 1981, when according to plans Longyearbyen
will get an automatic exchange with long-distance dialing to the mainland
via 24 satellite channels," says chief engineer Solbakken.

"Today connections with the mainland use two shortwave channels of varying
quality. As early as this summer two satellite channels using a temporary
station will make traffic capacity and sound quality a little better, but
from 1 January 1980 it is planned to establish a large permanent station
and lease seven or eight high-quality channels, which will mean a great
improvement in telephone and telex traffic," chief engineer Solbakken said.

"Will radio listening conditions on Svalbard get better with satellite
transmission?"

"It will be possible as early as this summer to send radio programs from
NRK over an ordinary satellite channel, and the sound quality may then be-
come much better."

"Today people in Svalbard sce 14-day-old TV programs flown in by video tape.
Will it be possible to use the satellite for direct transmission of TV
programs to Svalbard?"

"That is possible, but it is first and foremost an economic question."

8815
cso: 5500

35


PAGES“
ARE |
MISSING
IN |
ORIGINAL |
DOCUMENT



CONTENTS (Continued)

Radiobroadcasters Protest Quandt TV Broadcasting Decision
(0 ESTADO DE SAO PAULO, 30 Apr 78) ..sseeveeeceeee

COBRA Proposes Minicomputer Association To Block IBM Sales
(JORNAL DE BRASIL, 29 Apr 78) ..sscsesecevceeseees

CAPRE Picks ELEBRA To Build Minicomputer Printer
(JORNAL DO BRAZIL, 1 May 78) ..-cesccceeeescceeees

NEAR EAST & NORTH AFRICA

ALGERTA
Briefs
Nonalined Broadcasting Resolution
TRAN
Briefs

Use of Microwave Lines
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
CENTRAL AFRICAN EMPIRE

Briefs
New Satellite Station

CHAD

Briefs
New Radio Transmitters

DJIBOUTI

Briefs
Automatic Telephone System

GUINEA

Briefs
Scholarships to Japen

NIGERIA

NBC Director General Reviews Broadcast Plans
(NEW NIGERIAN, 11 May 78) .....ccsceesceceeeeeeeres

Briefs
New Balloon Communications System

-b-

Page

14

aD)

16

17

18

19

20

el

22

23


The Telecommunications Administration is planning ten central remote-control
stations along the coast: Vardo, Hammerfest, Harstad, Bodo, Oerlandet,
Aalesund, Floro, Rogaland, Farsund and Tjoeme. Seven of these have already
been adapted to the remote-control system. In the years between now and
1981 Harstad will remote-control Tromso, Bergen will be controlled from
Floro and Roervik will be remote-controlled from Oerlandet Radio.

8739
cso: 5500

70



we cannot use other stations as replacements, if an accident happens and
one of the stations is put out of action due to fire or technical failure.
It should also be considered that the majority of the fishing fleet docs
not have such powerful, up-to-date radio equipment as larger vessels and
oil platforms. So we have always maintained that it is important to keep
the station in Tromso, above all for safety reasons," Christensen says.

Action section chief Knut Stafne in the Telecommunications Administration
explains that this is the first time fire has broken ovt, disabling the
remote-control unit at a station in this country. "You can, after all,
never protect yourself against an accident, and we will now give greater
consideration to what must be done as regards new equipment at Farsund and

further installation of remote control at the other coastal radio stations,"
Stafne says.

Tae encase pert mvs
Det te eer nano ae A
i 8 wr smu

.

1. VHF coastal stations in operation 1 October 1975
2. VHF coastal stations planned for 1975-76
3. MF coastal radio equipment


WEST GERMANY

FUTURE TELECOMMUNICATIONS DEVELOPMENTS DISCUSSED
Duesseldorf HANDELSBLATT in German 29 Mar 78 p 3

[Article by Dietrich Elias, state secretary: "Electronics Will Relieve the
Mailman. Trends for Future Communications Systems" |

'Text]The highly automated telecommunications system,

which requires large capital assets, is yielding increasingly
higher cost surpluses--at present almost DM5 billion per year.
On the other hand, the deficits in the postal system, which
by its nature has high personnel requirements and cannot

be automated to any great extent, have meanwhile shown, with
a tendency to rise, an increase to about DM3 billion per
year. In this matter the Federal German Postal Service DBP
can no longer put off rate adjustments if it wants to avoid
getting into the situation of having to effect such large
jumps in the rates that the demand for postal services

would drop off ruinously.

In terms of managerial operation the new rate policy is in order. In terms
of managerial policy, however, it is sound only if the developments and
shifts in demand, which undoubtedly go along with it, in and between the two
service sectors can proceed without detrimental results for the national
economy, for the individual customer and, not least, also for the overall
enterprise itself. In this we have the fundamental question about the
timely development and the scope of the replacement competition between
electrical and physical transmission of information.

The catchword here is the "electronic letter." In fact, if, apart from the
telex which already exists, this term brings together the office teletype
facsimile transmission (Telefax) and possibly also the viewing screen text,
then new means of communication are being offered here which, to a
considerable extent, combine the advantages of electric information trans-
mission, namely speed, availability at any time and opportunities for

greater price reductions, with the present advantages of physical trans~
mission of information, namely the documentary, written and visual representa-
tion.

72



The ground transmission network of this system will consist of many dispersed
transmitters of varying, mainly small, capacity and equipped with relatively
simple ground stations for the reception of TV programs from the Ekran satel-
lite. The Ekran satellite itself is practically stationary in relation to the
Earth. For experimental purposes over 150 Earthstations of the Ekran system
have already been set up. In 1978-1980, the Ministry of Communications Equip-
ment Industry will increase the production of the Ekran system Earth stations
in conjunction with TV relays. They will be distributed, as before, by local
communications authorities in accordance with a coordinated plan. The de-
velopment of this network will make it possible to increase the number of
central programs simultaneously received in densely populated areas of
Siberia, to expand the zone of reliable reception, and to extend it to many
newly developing areas.

cso: 1823

28


BRAZIL

COBRA PROPOSES MINICOMPUTER ASSOCIATION TO BLOCK IBM SALES
Rio de Janeiro JORNAL DO BRASIL in Portuguese 29 Apr 78 p 16

[eextT COBRA the Brazilian Computers and Systems Corporation, yesterday
proposed that all four Brazilian companies authorized to manufacture mini-
computers in the country join together in order to prevent IBM from putting
400 minicomputer systems on the national market. The proposal was cited
yesterday by the director-president of the company, Carlon Augusto Rodrigues,
who considers the entry of that multi-national into this segment of the
market highly detrimental,

The president of COBRA believes that putting those 400 IBM systems on the
market is a serious threat to Brazilian industry and would be equivalent to
the annual production of two of those companies authorized to manufacture
minicomputers, or 30 percent of the market. "It is important that Brazilian
manufacturers be united at this time becuase IBM's intention is creating great
uncertainty," he declared,

Within the next few days, there will be a meeting among the four companies
involved when a joint statement will be issued protesting against the sale of
the IBM minicomputers in the domestic market. The Brazilian companies are
going to get together and once again it is the time to seek an association
through which we can speak, That association could te the Brazilian Electro-
Electronic Industry Association (ABINEE), explained Carlos Augusto,

Next week, COBRA will launch its first product developed with completely
national technology: a telecommunications terminal developed by the company
together with the Federal Data Processing Service (SERPRO). According to
the executive, this terminal is similiar IBM's, with technology as well
developed as the multinational's, That is the best answer we can give all
those who do not believe in our capability and our work, he declared.

8711
CSO: 5500

14


DJIBOUTI

BRIEFS

AUTOMATIC TELEPHONE SYSTEM~-The Republic of Djibouti has just put its new
automatic telephone system into service, furnished by CIT-ALCATEL [inter-
national Telephone Company-Alsatian Company for Atomic, Telecommunications
and Electronic Construction] in accordance with a contract on the order of

5 million francs. The new telephone network installed by CIT-ALCATEL is of
the Crossbar CP 400 type. It has an initial capacity of 4,000 consumers.
CIT-ALCATEL also furnished an installation (six positions) making it possible
to assure a hookup with international connections of the Republic of Djibouti.
ffext/ /Paris ELECTRONIQUE ACTUALITES in French 21 Apr 78 p 87 8568

CSO: 5500

20


ALGERTA

BRIEFS

NONALINED BROADCASTING RESOLUTION--The group of broadcasting resolution—
The group of broadcasting experts of the nonalined states following their
session in Algiers approved a resolution in which they stated that they
had studied the question of the distribution of the frequency bands in
Preparation of the world administrative conference of broadcasting and
communication. The experts expressed their belief that an important step
has been taken in Algiers along the road of achieving the legitimate
expectations of the broadcasting organizations of the nonalined countries.
Data has been compiled for formulating firm proposals on several questions.
The experts warned against the danger of the foreign radio stations whose
frequencies extend outside their national borders, underlined their soli-
darity with the radio stations of the liberation movements and demanded
equality in the distribution of the frequency bands with the advanced

countries. [Text] [Algiers Domestic Service in Arabic 2200 GMT 16 May
78 LD]

cso: 4402

16



DENMARK

GREENLAND ASKS EXEMPTION FROM INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS RULES
Copenhagen BERLINGSKE TIDENDE in Danish 20 Apr 78 p 12

[Text] Godthaab.--The Landsrad (assembly) of Greenland will petition all
Danish and European radio authorities to give Greenland a provisional ex-
emption from the regulations on private radio transmitters.

The matter of the private transmitters is a textbook example of how insuf-
ficient knowledge in Europe of the realities in Greenland can cause diffi-
culties between Denmark and Greenland.

In accordance with a decision of the European Telecommunications Conference,
the Postal and Telegraph Service required that all private transmitters in
Greenland, including walkie-talkies, meet the European regulations on
transmitter strength. Existing transmitters are to be registered, and, if
they do not meet the type specifications, impounded.

This has been protested in the Landsrad since 1975, and in the spring ses-
sion this year three members raised the issue. Both the president and the
vice-president had to take part in the lively debate, and now a united as-
sembly is trying to fight its way through.

The European regulations are not suitable for Greenland, and observance of
them can bring many people into mortal danger. Some of the examples from
the debates:

The kayaker cannot haye an antenna sticking up from his vessel. It must

lie in the hull of the kayak. He needs a high signal strength when he gets
sick.

The shepherd in South Greenland travels through high mountains far from
the fixed transmitter at home. He cannot get through with the strength
that is commonly used in Nords jalland. :

Almost every single family has a boat or a dinghy and sails in the mountain-
rimmed fjords along the 1,000 km coastline. Many people have been saved
because after an accident they have been able to give their position on a
powerful walkie-talkie.

29



transfer of technology and rapidly raise the level of nationalization of the
equipment of a Japanese company recently arrived in the country, I can guarantee
that all the high-ranking authorities with whom I spoke at the time expressed
their approval of my plans and did not interpose any objections my heading the
NEC do Brasil, Today I reply with concrete facts to the accusations of 1975 ané
guarantee that the NEC do Brasil has been a company that has conducted itself
correctly in all aspects, even accepting conditions that are unusual among
multinationsl to accelerate the actual transfer of technology to Brazil.

8711
SO: 5500

IL



SPAIN

BRIEFS

PRIVAT® BROADCASTING STATIONS--GTE has just installed the largest Spanish
private network of telecommunications by wireless beam, serving one of the
country's largest hydroelectric companies. This achievement was the result
of a contract for $2.2 million (approximately 11.1 million francs). The
network transmits computerized information to the stations spread out along
its 1,280-km course in order to control the production and distribution of
electric current to several of Spain's large cities. The system, starting
from Morata, near Madrid, has a capacity of 300 channels for vocal trans-
missions and the transmission of data, as well as 10 terminals and 14 re-
peaters. A surveillance system, located in two strategic terminals, con-
trols 22 terminals and distant stations furnishing the latest information
to the system's control device. The equipment for this project was fur-
nished by GTE Electronica SA, Madrid, and includes CTR 115B transmitters
and receivers and the MP 25 multiplexers supplied by GTZ Telecomunicazioni
SpA, Milan, another branch of GTZ, /Text/ /Paris ELECTRONIQUE ACTUALITES
in French 21 Apr 78 p 8/ 8568

cSO: 5500

71



system is completely dependent upon the assumptions that the unit
prices for mass production of preamplifiers will be low.

C. Satellite broadcasting becomes economically more advantageous compared
to a ground development the more channels that are being transmitted.
A Nordic program exchange seems to be technically and economically
well suitable for a satellite system if use of an antenna beam with
an overall Nordic coverage is permitted.

The system economy will also to some extent depend upon the possibilities
for utilizing the space segment for other telecommunications services too.
This is subject to extensive investigations at the Telecommunications Ad-
ministration's research institute.

The data presented here have been obtained with the cooperation of, among
others, Section Manager Veastad, Chief Engineer Theisen, and Chief Engineer
Hansen at the Telecommunications Administration Broadcast Office, as well
as Engineer Brunvoll from NERA A/S, Division Bergen and researcher Naerland
at the Telecommunications Administration research institute.

I thank all of them for the help they have given.
Later calculations at TRK indicate that the cost figures for a ground sys~-
tem will be approximately 40 percent higher than shown in this figure.

This does not change the main conclusions, but strengthens the impression
about the good economy of the satellite system.

8958
cso: 5500

55


INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

BRIEFS
INTERSPUTNIK DEVELOPMENTS-~At the fifth meeting of the council of the Inter-
sputnik organization which was held in Berlin, new tasks and possibilities
of development were the primary topic of discussion. Plans for distribution
of the channels were approved, as were charges for their use. Charges
identical to the charges for the given communications channel cosmic complex
were adopted for the use of each earth station. At present the stations are
combining their experiences and working out the statutes for the International
Satellite Telecommunications System (MSZSZSZ). Among other things they are
Preparing the technical documentation of the technical equipment of the
stations. Said documentation will be subject to facility inspection. Future
plans call for multi-channel satellites to be placed in the area of the
Atlantic and Indian oceans. These new satellites will make possible a sig-
nificant increase in the capacity of the system: communications connections
can be established with all continents of the earth. Intersputnik has worked
out and is currently collating the plans of the documents which will deter-
mine the nature and concrete forms of cooperation with the International Radio

and Television Organization (OIRT). [Excerpts] {Budapest MAGYAR HIRLAP in
Hungarian 30 Apr 78 p 7]

cso: 2500


USSR

USSR FIRST DEPUTY MINISTER OF COMMUNICATIONS TALKS ON RADIO DAY
Moscow Domestic Service in Russian 1015 GMT 6 May 78 LD

[Talk by Vasiliy Aleksandrovich Shamshin, USSR first deputy minister of
communications, about 7 May Radio Day]

[Excerpts] Radio-broadcasting, for us, is developing in an integrated man-
ner. Construction work is underway and the capacities of the radio trans-
mission networks of all broadcasting ranges are increasing at the same time
as the expansion and increase in programs in the wired radio network. The
distinguishing specialty of our system of radio broadcasting is the organic
unity of program provision--the serving of the entire country with central
and republic programs--and this has demanded the solution of a number of
complex technical problems. The mastering of space has opened up new pos-
sibilities. In the coming years central radio programs will be transmitted
to the most remote corners of the country by these space "bridges" and
their quality will be very high.

The wired radio network is the largest in the world. The network of long-
and medium-wave broadcasts, which has been developed over decades, is being
enlarged by new and powerful transmitters, primarily in Siberia and the Far
East; however, this is limited by the accelerated development of wired radio
distribution and radio broadcasting on ultra-short waves. This is the basis
for local radio broadcasting, which is becoming increasingly popular.

The creation of a widespread network of intercity television channels has
allowed for the unification of all the country's television stations into
a single network. Every day there are link-ups between large cities in the
USSR and also abroad via Intervision and Eurovision. An international sys-
tem of space links with the socialist countries--via Intersputnik--has been
created which also uses the Soviet Molniya communications satellites. In
the near future there will be an exchange of programs with Pyongyang and a
number of other capitals. The work done for the Olympics will further ex-
pand the networks for exchanging TV and radio programs.

The entire TV broadcasting system in the USSR today contains more than
2,000 transmitting stations of varying capacities, All of them are linked

26



Since the AKE telephone exchange in Oslo is the first delivery of this
system in Norway, most of the material has been produced by L. M. Ericsson,
but DB has produced approximately 7,000 of the approximately 30,000 circuit
cards.

The Telecommunications Administration has ordered AKE 13 for the long-

distance telephone exchanges in Drammen, Skien, Bergen, and Stavanger.
Here EB will take over a larger and larger part of the production.

8958
cso: 5500

62



in the systems specifications had been met with a good margin. All of
these measurements on the systems were carried out under the control of
the representatives from the telecommunications administration as usual.

On this occasion the telecommunications directorate information office
had sent out the press report which follows later and which also was de-
livered to representatives of the press at the press conference together
with some other background material. After a short orientation from the
representative of the telecommunications directorate, Chief Engineer

K, W. Olsen showed a series of slides he had made himself of his own and
others' pictures, which showed the construction of the sea cable sche-
matically, various stages in the manufacturing of the cable itself as
well as the manufacturing of the electronic equipment, reloading the
cable in Vigo, Spain, insertion of amplifiers and equalizers, and even
placement of the sea cable.

Those present also answered questions from the press, and q fairly lively
and interesting exchange of ‘questions and answets developed, « Shop

"Norway's largest sea cable for telecommunication, which was laid this
summer between Norway and Denmark, was operational on 1 October and will
be opened for normal traffic on 1 November this year. The new telephone
cable has a capacity of 2,700 telephone channels. The existing three sea
cables between Norway and Denmark which are being used today have a total
capacity of only 600 telephone channels, and these carry a heavy load.

The new telephone cable will therefore improve the telecommunications with
Denmark and the rest of Europe and will, according to the forecasts, be
sufficient to handle the traffic for 10 years into the future.

"The cable is 144 km long and is produced in Japan. It runs from Arendal
via Vrakvika on Hisoy to Hjorring via Tornby on Jylland. The expenses

for the cable and the placement were 36.2 million kroner, which are shared
between the Telecommunications Administration and the Danish Post and
Telegraph Administration, which own the cable jointly.

"The new telephone cable will be able to transmit not only telephone traf-
fic, but also Telex traffic and data traffic. The cable is connected to
the new long-distance telephone exchange in Oslo via a radio line. But
only when a new radio line communication between Arendal and Oslo and the
new tower on Roverkollen in Oslo have been completed according to the plan
during the fall of 1978, will it be possible to utilize the entire capacity
of the cable to Denmark.

"The part of the cable closest to the Norwegian and Danish coasts were
laid by the Danish cable ship ‘Peter Faber,' while the main cable was laid
by the British cable ship 'Mercury.' The laying of the cable took place
without problems, respectively, in June and August this year. The Tele-
communications Administration's cable ship 'Telekabel' could not be used
since it did not have equipment for laying such large cables. In the sea
cable, 34 amplifiers spaced approximately 4 km apart and 5 amplifiers in

64



the land cable ends have been installed so that the signals will not become
weaker on the way. The cable lies at a maximum depth of 665 m. The sea
cable is monitored automatically by EDB-controlled measurement equipment.
"The contract partner for the cable is the Japanese trading company C. Itoh
& Co, Ltd, Tokyo. The manufacturer of the cable is Ocean Cable Co, Ltd,

and the manufacturer of the electronic equipment is Fujitsu Ltd. The cable
was shipped to the harbor Vigo in Spain, where the amplifiers were installed,
and the cable was then picked up by the British cable ship 'Mercury.'"

Some data for the sea cable system Norway-Denmark No 4

Contract partner: the trading company C. Itoh & Co, Ltd, Tokyo.

Manufacturer: Electronic equipment: Fujitsu Ltd, Tokyo.
Sea and land cable: Ocean Cable Co, Ltd, Tokyo.

Total length:

From the terminal in Arendal to the terminal in Hjorring 144 km, of which
the distance Arendal-Vrakvika 6.5 km and the coast end cable Vrakvika-—
east of Ytre Torungen 4.7 km.

Greatest depth: 665 meters.

Coaxial cable, external dimensions: main cable 57 mm, coast end cable
76 mm, and land cable 48 mn.

Internal diameter of coaxial pipe: 25.4 mm.

Intermediate amplifiers: 34 undersea and five buried on land (two of which
are in Norway).

Equalizers: two undersea.
Number of telephone and data channels: 2,700.

Frequency band: Arendal-Hjorring: 3,650 kHz--17,048 kHz. Hjorring-
Arendal: 22,752 kHz--37,000 kHz.

Time schedule:

Coast end cable on the Norwegian side laid: 20 June 1977 by the cable
ship K/S "Peter Faber"

Main cable laid: 15-16 August 1977 by the cable ship C/S "Mercury"

Electrical tests on the cable: 17 August-1 October.

65


NIGERIA

BRIEFS

NEW BALLOON COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM--In a great many countries, they have be-
gun an expansion of telephone, radio and television service thanks to the
use of electronic transmitter-receivers held aloft by balloons at altitudes
of from 3,000 to 5,000 meters. These kinds of "flying towers" are of par-
ticular interest to the countries of Africa, the Middle East and the Far
East, where the developed and populated zones are often very far apart.
These floating systems, held aloft by balloons, are already in place in
Tran, Korea and around Key West in Florida on the southeast coast of the
United States. The Federal Republic of Nigeria's minister of communications
made a deal estimated at about 150 million dollars with the TCOM Corpora-
tion, an affiliate of Westinghouse Electric, for the installation of six
balloons, attached together in a cluster with an aerodynamic design giving
them great stability. These balloons, called "aerostats," will make it
possible to introduce television and FM radio to the greater part of the
territory of Nigeria. Moreover, they will provide a high-density, inter-
urban telephone network, linking between them the main local stations, will
insure the connection of the local circuits and the stations, will furnish
a secondary interurban line insuring communications with the regional capi-
tals, and will make it possible to establish a community telephone service
for isolated subscribers and a mobile telephone service covering the entire
territory. [Text] [Paris AFRIQUE INDUSTRIE in French 15 Apr 78 p 21]
11937

CSO: 5500

23


CONTENTS (Continued)

Skagerrak Undersea Cable in Operation
(TELEKTRONIKK, No 3, 1977) cescecccacccecccecccees

Automation Plans for Coastal Radio Stations Meet Criticism
(Rolf L. Larsen; AFTENPOSTEN, 29 Mar 78) ...

SPAIN
Briefs
Private Broadcasting Stations

WEST GERMANY

Future Telecommunications Developments Discussed
(Dietrich Elias; HANDELSBLATT, 29 Mar 78) .......5

Page

63

67

7

Te



CONTENTS (Continued)
TOGO

Telecommunications Satellite Station Inaugurated
(TOGO PRESSE, 27 Apr 78) ..scsececcececceccecereeces

UGANDA

Briefs
News Agency Reorganized

USSR

USSR First Deputy Minister of Commmications Talks on Radio
Day
(Vasiliy Aleksandrovich Shamshin; Moscow Domestic
Service, 6 May 78) cccceccceccccccccccccccccccsceces

WESTERN EUROPE

DENMARK

Greenland Asks Exemption From International Telecommunications
Rules
(BERLINGSKE TIDENDE, 20 Apr 78) ...c.ecsecesceceeces

FRANCE

Thomson-CSF Division Chief Details Division's Goals
(Loeffler Interview; ELECTRONIQUE ACTUALITES, 21 Apr 78)

Now With Only Shortwave Radio, Svalbard To Get Satellite Tie
(Einar Solvoll; AFTENPOSTEN, 26 Apr 78) ....ssceeseee

NORWAY

Telecomunications Administration Outlines Stendardization
Plans
(Nils Jonsson; TELEKTRONIKK, No 2, 1977) cesceceecees

Expected Economic Conditions for Satellite Broadcasting
Discussed
(0. P. Hakonsen; TELEKTRONIKK, No 1, 1977) ...sseeeee

New Ericsson Exchange in Oslo Begins Operation
(Ole G. Nordbo3 TELEKTRONIKK, No 3, 1977) «..seeeceee

Page

ah

25

26

29

31

34

36

LT

56



BRAZIL

RADIOBROADCASTERS PROTEST QUANDI iV BROADCAST

No DECISION

Sao Paulo 0 ESTADO DE SAO PAULO in Portuguese 30 Ape 75 p 26

[Pext] The owners of radio stations in the intcrior of the stats returned

to their cities greatly concerned over Minister Buclides Guandt de Oliveira's
confirmation on Friday of the decision opening the way for television stations
to install video repeater stations which, according to the radio executives
will cause an economic decline among the radio stations in the interior.
According to them "the financially more stable business firns will end up by
diverting their advertising budgets to television because afier all it is
something new for their store or industry and even for the city."

That was the great concern of the 99 radio executives who participated in
the First Radiobroadcasters Meeting sponsored by the Association of Radio
Stations of Sao Paulo (AESP) for 3 days in Aguas de Sao Pedro. In a veiled
way the blame fell upon the Brazilian Association of Radio and Television
Stations because, according to the minister himself, the organization was
consulted before the decree was drafted and it did not lodge any objection.

Strangely enough, the report of the issuance of President Geisel's decree was
transmitted on the same day that the presiding panel of the Aguas de Sao

Pedro meeting was preparing a memorandum to the minister of communications
requesting the review and reevaluation of the paragraphs of a directive issued
in 1975, authorizing the operation of repeaters. Since the regulation of the
subject had been finalized, the radio executives on Friday heard only Minister
Quandt de Oliveira's covering memo justifying the measure.

But the charter of principles and objectives of Aguas de Sao Pedro includes
studies that may bring benefits to sound radiobroadcasting in Brazil in the
future especially in the industrial area. According to the radio executives,
the factories of sound equipment do not maintain a uniform system to advertise
and to put medium quality equipment on the consumer market; and what is of
greater concern, there is successive lack of replacement parts, forcing the
radio stations to purchase new equipment. A specific motion on the problem
was presented to Minister Quandt de Oliveira requestion the minister's
intervention with the industries to see that a piece of equipment put on the

12


INTER-ASTAN AFFAIRS

BRIEFS
*NCNA', BANGLADESH COOPERATION AGREEMENT--Peking, 28 April (Hsinhua)--An agree-
ment for cooperation on exchange of news between the Hsinhua News Agency and
the Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha was signed here this evening. Tseng Tao,
director of the Hsinhua News Agency, and Abul Hashem, general manager and
chief editor of the National News Agency of Bangladesh, signed the agreement.
Attending the signing ceremony were Peng Ti, a leading member of the Hsinhua
News Agency; Abdul Momin, Bangladesh Ambassador to China; and Hasanuzzaman
Khan, chief news editor of the National News Agency of Bangladesh. After the
signing ceremony, Tseng Tao gave a banquet in honor of the Bangladesh friends.
Abul Hashem, Hasanuzzaman Khan and their party arrived in Peking yesterday as
guests of the Hsinhua News Agency. [Peking NCNA in English 1543 GMT 28 Apr
78 Ow]

cso: 5500


CENTRAL AFRICAN EMPIRE

BRIEFS

NEW SATELLITE STATION--President Yhombi-Opango opened the new satellite
telecommunications station at (Moungouni), 12 kilometer from Brazzaville,
this morning. The station will facilitate telephone, telegraph and TELEX
links with several countries through the INTELSTAR system. Links with
France, Ivory Coast and Gabon have already been established. The station
will also be used for the reception and transmission of television programs.
The project was financed chiefly by French aid, which took the form of a
13-year low interest loan of some 1,800 million CFA francs. Congo's initial
contribution was 275 million CFA francs. [Brazzaville Domestic Service in
French 1215 GMT 28 Apr 78 LD]

cso: 5500

18



JPRS 71243

6 June 1978

TRANSLATIONS ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY,
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
No. 39

i
|

Best Available Copy

|
3 3 Reproduced From
3

IBUTION STATEMENT A |

DISTR



Because of the rapid technical development, especially in the field of
electronics, it is expected that semi- and fully electron‘: automatic sys-
tems of more modern types will have a shorter economic life than the elec-
tromechanical systems from the 1920's and 1930's. (In or to avoid mis~
understandings I must here add that "life," in this connection, is the time
the equipment is being produced and sold for new installations, not the
considerably longer time when it is operational in the telecoiwmmications
network.)

Table 2. Installed Line Capacity in Transit Telephone Exchanges on
1 January 1982 Broken Down Into Types cf Equipment and Age

Capacity
Placed in operation on

Type 1960-64 1965-69 1970-74 1975-79 1980-81) 1
8B 6,400 9,500 8,400 24,300
ARM 503 2,200 5,900 8,460 14,400 23,266 54,160
ARM 201 1,600 6,600 4,600 38,700 6,809 58,300
AKE 13 15,600 12,000 27,600
Total 3,800 18,900 22,560 77,100 42,090 164,360

It is evident that the Norwegian market is too small to give an economic
basis for the development and efficient production of a complete automatic
system of a modern type. A larger sales volume is required to get a
reasonable depreciation of the development costs for a new system. How-
ever, for subsystems, especially with regard to the very small telephone
exchange units where special requirements exist, even a smaller market
such as the Norwegian market may give a sufficient basis for development
and production. ("Subsystems" here refer to add-ons or complete automatic
systems which are also delivered in a standard model for a larger market.)

One consequence of this is that the Telecommunications Administration
should demand from a supplier of complete automatic systems that he must
be supported by a larger company and that the goods which are offered
must in the main features also be the company's standard product for mar-
kets other than the Norwegian market.

After full automatization has been realized, the procurement program will
include replacements and expansions. For expansions where the same type
of equipment will still be used, there is no possibility for a choice.
However, it is conceivable that expansions may be carried out with equip-
ment of another type, possibly combined with rearrangement of existing
equipment. This could become of interest especially as a stage in
standardization measurements when new technology is available.

In such cases one would have more freedom in selection of equipment--and

thus also supplier. One would have the same degree of freedom for re-
placement by areas.

41


According to the program worked out till 1990 for improving the material

and technical base of the radio and television, it is provided to build two
middle and long wave networks, for (?USW) networks, three TV networks for
black and white and color image, a radio-relay line for radio and TV programs
between the county cities and some bigger industrial centers.

It is planned in the years to come to build a complex radio and television
station on Mt. Vitosha, which will enable excellent transmission mainly for
the Sofia and Pernik counties on 5 TV channels and 4 radio-channels at ultra-
short waves, two of which [will be] stereo, automated radio-telephone systems
will be mounted there, which will provide automatic telephone connections to
mobile facilities.

Eng Markov emphasized that work goes on matters connected with the direct
radio and TV broadcasting through earth satellites. In close cooperation
with the "INTERSPUTNIK" member-countries, the transmission of radio and TV
programs through satellites is expected to begin in the above period.

cso: 5500


BULGARIA

COMMUNICATIONS OFFICIAL HOLDS PRESS CONFERENCE
Sofia BTA in English 0806 GMT 4 May 78 LD

[Text] Sofia, 4 May (BTA)--The first deputy minister of communications,
Eng. Stoyan Markov, stated at a press conference here: "In the years of the
Sixth and Seventh Five-Year Plans the material and technical base of the
radio and television in Bulgaria has considerably developed. The powerful
middle wave radio-stations, the result of integration with the Soviet Union,
were built during this period in Vidin, Stara Zagora, Shoumen, Petrich and
Kurdjali. The technical base of the first TV channel was further built,

the scope of the second TV channel was considerably widened, and the ultra
short wave radio broadcasting network enlarged. An earth station for space
connections was also put into operation. This makes it possible to make
intercontinental telephone, telegraph and phototelegraph connections, to
transmit data and exchange TV and radio programs within the framework of

the "INTERSPUTNIK" international space connection organization.

Eng. Markov pointed out that in recent years the wideband radio relay lines
for radio and TV programs, for international connections and for carrying
through the intercounty automation of telephone communications, have been
widely applied in Bulgaria.

By the end of the seventh five-year period the first and second TV networks
will have been built, and the construction of a third one to be completed by
1985, will have begun. Parallel with the main TV transmitters, the equipment
for which is imported from abroad, the additional networks of TV retranslators
develop as well, which are fitted out with Bulgarian-made equipment. At
present there are 15 TV transmitters in Bulgaria, with a total capacity of
249.7 kw and 216 TV retranslators for the two channels.

The first deputy minister of communications also spoke about radio broad-
casting in Bulgaria, which is effected through two national radio broadcast—
ing networks, the radio and TV broadcasting facilities are on a modern tech-
nical level, any breaks due to technical causes are slight and minimized--an
average of about one minute break per 100 workhours.



Milt
kr

1500

1000

500

Ground_system (UHF

Satellite
system

100

Figure 9.

4,

0 ny 9 40 50 60 70 8 90 100
Percent coverage

Three channels, Nordic
program exchange.
Investment in the
Norwegian transmitter
system.

Conclusion

Mitt
ke
2500

Ground system

1 20°30 40—«50.—=«60S~~SD 80100
Percent coverage
Figure 10. Three channels, Nordic

program exchange.
Norwegian investments
in transmitter systems
and preamplifiers.

Considerable uncertainty is associated with the foundation and the assump-
tions for the examples of data shown above.

An interest rate of 12 percent has been used consistently in all calcula-

tion examples.

An increase in the interest rate will favor investments

in equipment with short lifetime--in this case the satellite system, while

a lower interest rate will make the ground system more competitive.

examples indicate that:

A.

The

The satellite system sometimes gives a considerably less expensive
transmitter system than a ground UHF system, and it gives all parts
of the country a high degree of coverage from the start.

The cost relationship between the two systems is not as clear when
the costs on the receiver side are also taken into consideration.

The biggest investments in the satellite system lie in the ground seg-
ment, extensive preamplifiers, and converters.

The economy of the



2. Standardization of Automatic Equipment, General

Standardization, which is the subject of my contribution today, is one of
the measures which can contribute to a rational. and econcmic operation of
the Telecommunications Administration. The need for establishing standard
solutions has become more and more urgent as the telecomuunicatious network
has grown in size and complexity.

The purpose of standardization is not only to get more i pensive equip~
ment. The general quality improvement, which should possible to achieve
over the long range both in production and in operstion by exercising
restraint with regard to variations in equipment, is probably just as sig
nificant.

Unfortunately, standardization also involves a conse jon effect,
may be a disadvantage. One may keep obsolete technology too long.

There are actually two forms of standardization:

~~Standardization of the building bricks, the modules, within the iudivid-
ual automatic system and the individual automatic center.

--The standardization of a smali number of automatic systems for use in
the telecommunications grid.

The first-mentioned form of standardization, which might better be desig-
nated as variant limitation, is a continuous process for the entire life
of the automatic system. Strictly followed, it may be felt as a brake on
the updating which new services and functions and new components require.
There must always be a balance between standardization and modernization,
a balance which may often be difficult both for the producer and for the
Telecommunications Administration.

The other form of standardization, the choice of a standard automatic sys~
tem, is probably the form one normally thinks of when one talks about
standardizing automatic systems in a country's grid, and it is also the
form of standardization I will discuss here.

I will not get much involved in concrete conclusions with regard to the
selection of equipment, but I will mainly discuss assumptions and guide~
lines in the choice of automatic systems for the Norwegian telecommunica-
tions network.

One important condition for a sensible selection of stardard automatic
systems is that one must have established what services. are to be required
from the equipment. The requirements must be specified and given in the
form of a set of well-defined services and functions, capacity and quality
standards, standards which the equipment must satisfy. “" :

37


UGANDA

BRIEFS

NEWS AGENCY REORGANIZED--Kampala, 3 May (Hsinhua)--Ugandan President Idi Amin
has approved the reorganization of the Uganda News Agency, according to a
report of the "Voice of Uganda" today. The president appointed Nathan Epenu
who has been the editor-in-chief of the "Voice of Uganda", as director of

the news agency, Eddy Keronga who has been the controller of the programme

of the Uganda television station, as deputy director of the agency, Zulf
Khalefan who has been the deputy editor-in-chief of the "Voice of Uganda",

as editor-in-chief of the agency. President Amin said that the Uganda News
Agency will project not only Uganda's image but also that of the entire Afri-
can continent and third world. The president also advised the agency to ensure

that it always transmits true facts. [Text] [Peking NCNA in English 1611 GMT
3 May 78 OW]

CSO: 5500

25



Unit installed

35

3,0

25

2.0

1,0

0,5

A = demand not covered

B = processor-controlled
telephone exchanges

C = semielectronic tele-

t / : .

Phone exchanges with
wired logic :

e D = coordinate selector
7 ephone exchanges

) E = telephone exchanges
of older type

There are generally many factors involved in determining which system and
which supplier should be selected for specific projects.

One group of such factors
tions":

--Traffic
--Services

--Expansion possibilities

can be classified under "Requirements for func-

--Adaptation to existing network

~-Quality of operation

42



TOGO

TELECOMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE STATION INAUGURATED
Lome TOGO PRESSE in French 27 Apr 78 pp 3, 4

[Text] President of the Republic Eyadema on 26 April inaugurated Togo's
ground station linked to the International Telecommunications Organization
communications satellite network. The station, which is built at the site
of the receiving station at Cacavelli, is 6 meters high and weighs 400 tons.
The antenna itself is 32.5 meters in diameter and weighs 150 tons. The
station, which cost 2.355 billion, was constructed by the French company
Telspace. It has direct connection with France, FRG, the United States,
Gabon and Ivory Coast.

CSO: 5500

24



resistance ground network (total resistance approsimately 0.1 mf).

A

short circuit with a subsequent fuse burnout at one point will not disturb
the adjacent rack either in the form of a decreased voltage below the

eritical level in the time before the

fuse has burnt or in the form of

voltage peaks caused by the burning of the fuse.

Electronic voltages used, for instance, in the computer part are produced

by de converters. Input-output units

are operated on 220V ac produced

from inverters driven from the 48V system.

Environment

The various parts in an AKE telephone
quirements on their environment. For
made on temperature and humidity both
control room where the personnel will
tives for the operational reliability
high that considerably tighter limits

exchange set sowewhat different re~
instance, the sams requirements are
for the tape station and for the
stay. On the other hand, the objec-
of an AKE telephone exchange are so
are recommended fur the climate espe-

cially in the tape station.

The low levels which the fast circuits in the data processing unit are
working on make them sensitive to electrical disturbances. discharges,
etc. Semiconducting floors connected to ground are therefore used in these
rooms in order to prevent electrostatic discharges caused by the personnel.

Kit

AKE is delivered with 2.9 m high racks, which are assembled at the place
of installation and connected to each other and to cross connection racks
with station cables, mainly 21 x 2. Each rack contains a number of shelves
connected through plugs and jacks. Units, for instance, are built in
standard size circuit cards which are plugged into the shelves.

Even though the individual cards have been checked out in the factory, con-
siderable testing of the installation remains to be carried out on site.
The data processing unit itself is delivered as complete tested functional
units, which reduces the transit time for startup since it is used as a
data source in testing the rest of the installation. The normal operating
and maintenance programs are also used in addition to special test programs
which are only used during the installation.

Construction, Production

A number of repeaters have to be built for adaptation to the Norwegian
network. The requirements and the boundary sections have been formulated
by the telecommunications administration and EB/LME jointly, while almost
all the hardware and software have been prepared by A/S Klektrisk Bureau,
partly as a stage in the development of system expertise.

61


WORLDWIDE AFFAIRS

BRIEFS

BENIN-ALGERIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS AGREEMENT--A communique issued at the time
of a 5-day visit to Algeria by Minister of Equipment Richard Rodriguez in-
dicates that the two countries have agreed to cooperate in telecommunications
matters. Among other things, specialized students from Benin will be able
to complete their professional training at the Institute of Telecommunications
in Algiers. [Text] [Paris INFORMATIONS D'OUTRE-MER in French 17 May 78 p 6]

cso: 4400



BRAZIL

CAPRE PICKS ELEBRA TO BUILD MINICOMPUTER PRINTER
Rio de Janeiro JORNAL DO BRAZIL in Portuguese 1 May 78 pis

[iext7 Sao Paulo -- The Brazilian Electronics Corporation (ELEBRA), a
company with completely national capital (24 million cruzeiros), the largest
in the country in the area of telecommunications equipment, was selected by
the Electronic Activities Coordination Commission (CAPRE) to produce equipment
to interface with the computer systems in Brazil, The item is a serial
printer, which will be presented to the minicomputers producers in five
different models. The beginning of production is scheduled for next June,

The information was supplied by the president of ELEBRA, Engineer Seily
Heumann, who explained that his company's project for the production of
accessories is the first presented in the country. The Sao Paulo executive
is optimistic about the prospects of the minicomputer market in Brazil which,
according to him, is the fifth in potential in the world, and obviously it
will also be the fifth in the area of accessories,

Anticipated Production

Mr. Seilly Heumann explained that the company has invested 25 million eruzeiros *
(10 million in training and 15 million for the production of the mechanical
parts) to make possible the production of the printers which will be associated
with the minicomputers to be put on the market the second half of this year,

"Our anticipated production in 5 years is 7,000 printers. About 1,500 per
year; 600 this year and then we will have gradual increases." With regard to
the percentage of nationalization of the equipment, the business manager of
the company, Mr Edier Santiago Pereira, reported that it will be 50 percent
at the beginning, reaching 85 Percent in 1980 and 90 percent in 1982, He
pointed out further that "our project envisages the addition of 60 employees
to our present staff of 490 employees."

The cost of the serial printer will range from 90,000 to 160,000 cruzeiros,
Tt will depend on the model and the options -- 10 -- selected,

8711
CSO: 5500 15



Mill
ir
2000
1500
Mill
ir
250
1000 200b” Ground system (UHF)
150 +
500 100 F Satellite
system
sob
100
0 JO 40 50 oO 70 80 90 100 5 10 6 20 25 Jo 35 40
% Coverage Years from start of development
Figure 5. Three television chan- Figure 6. Annual cost = interest +
nels in Norway. Invest- renewal + operation. One
ment in transmitter channel. 40 million kroner
system. invested annually.

In order to get a more concrete impression of the conditions, we will in
the following consider the two systems' economy in connection with two
hypothetical development situations.

Example 1: One new program channel is to be developed in Norway for an
annual investment in the transmitter network of 40 million kroner.

Figure 6 shows the annual costs in and after the development period, which
for the ground system lasts for 36 years, while for the satellite system
it can be concluded after approximately 10 years.

In the time after the development has been completed, the annual costs for
the ground system are approximately 200 million kroner, or approximately
3.5 times as large as for the satellite system. Here it is assumed that
only one-quarter of the satellite costs, including the costs for launching,
are charged to the satellite system. As previously mentioned, it is as-
sumed that the satellites have a capacity of four television channels.

Figure 7 shows the costs distributed over the number of viewers which are
always covered with satisfactory signals.

Example 2: Norway and three neighbor countries exchange programs so that
one program from each country for a total of four programs can be received
in all four countries.



a) Selection of devices and paths through the selector network. These
functions form the SEL block (Selection of devices and paths).

b) Operation of the selectors. The relay unit VMR and program and deta
for operation form the ORS block (Operation and Release of Switches).

c) Operation of bistable relays. The relay operation takes place through
equipment referred to as ODU, and the associated functional block is
referred to as ORB (Operation and Release of Bistable Relays).

d) Digit analysis. This is performed by the AND block and consists exclu~
sively of programs and data, namely an analysis program and analysis
tables.

e) Coordination of the cooperation between input repeaters, code receivers,
code transmitters, and output repeaters during register phase and speech
phase. COR-block.

If a signal is to be forwarded from FIR to the FUR side, this takes place
through the coordinating block COR. In the same way, digits are being ex~
changed from KM to KS via COR. COR has no hardware either and consists of
program routines for signal processing.

The Data Processing Part APZ 150

The data processing part APZ 150 has been developed especially by L. M.
Ericsson for controlling telephone systems and consists, as mentioned,
partly of hardware and partly of software (operational system). In addi-
tion to the synchronous duplexing, the demand for a high operational reli~
ability has been met by advanced hardware and program functions integrated
into the system. Programs and data can easily be changed, for instance
in connection with an expansion of the installation.

The computer part Figure 6, consists of 1-8 data processing blocks DFB,
each of which contains:

--central processor CP
--internal program memory PSI
--data memory block DSB
--transfer control TCB
--multiplexer MU

The functions of the telephone exchange can readily be assigned to the
various DPBs so that each one has


were given by Argentina (world soccer champions), Libya, the USSR, Beypt and
several other African countries.

Regarding the domestic market, PIT orders increase 23 percent compared with
1976, and this increase, which has been going on for some years (PTT orders
have tripled in 4 years), will still continue in 1978 (the ceiling year, it
seems), for PTT wants to balance its wireless-beam and cable sector, a sector
which is presently experiencing a deficit in the vireless-beam area (35 per-
cent compared with 65 percent for cables). Balance could te achieved somewhere
around 1980 to 1982. In addition, let us note that the distribution of civil-
jan-military orders (80 percent to 20 percent) will begin to undergo changes
this year in favor of the military in view of wireless-beam orders anticipated
for RITA /Integrated Communications Network of the Army/, a network used ty
the land forces.

New Wireless Beams

The "Wireless-Beam and Space-Intercommunications" division's backlog of orders
was established on 31 December 1977 at 1.45 billion francs (1.15 billion francs
of direct orders and 300 million francs of internal Thomson-G°" orders), which
assures the division more than a year and a half of activity. But the future
is already being prepared through the development of new products. Stress is
especially being placed on numerical systems, which are exyeriencing strong
growth, particularly in low and middle-of-the-range frequencies, At the pres-
ent time, the requirements are divided in the proportion of two-thirds for
analog wireless beams and one-third for numerical beams; but Mr Loeffler be-
lieves that this ratio will reverse itself from 1980 on particularly due to the
fact that there is a tendency toward time-sharing, which calls for numerical-
transmission systems,

For that reason Thomson-CSF, through a PIT engineering cortract and jointly
with SAT [Telecommunications Corporation/, is developing an 11 GHz numerical
wireless beam with 140 million bits (that is, 1,920 tracks) intended fox high-
capacity channels and expected gradually to take up the slack of numerical
beams. For this equipment SAT is working out the numerical part (demodulating,
regenerative frequency) of local oscillators and surveillance with comnutation
arrangement and capability of automatic-phase operation. It shculd be men-
tioned that Koweit is inviting bids for this type of beam.

Again, under contract with PTT and in conjunction with SAT, Thomson-CSF is
rfecting a renewal of “Pharaon" 13 GHz wireless beams with 3+ million bits
t80 tracks), 52 million bits (720 tracks, compatible with the present system)
and 2 times 34 million bits (960 tracks) intended for urban and regional ccn-

nections,

Lastly, to replace its present FH 665 generation covering the capacities of

300 to 1,260 tracks, Thomson-CSF has launched a new family of very modular
wireless beams, of low consumption, using a modern technology (microelectronic

32


In the FRG the DBP and the commission for the expansion of the technical
communications system have been concerned with this problem. In this
connection it was discovered that of the 36 million first-class letters
each day about 20 million messages could be technically transmitted
electronically. There is naturally uncertainty in appraising what will
ultimately be realized from it in actual practice. This depends on the
traffic flow between sender and receiver, between companies and authorities
among one another (40 percent), between companies authcrities with private
parties (39 percent), from one private party to another (13 percent) and
from private parties to authorities (8 percent).

If one assumes that because of the relatively high costs of the terminal
units only business subscribers have office teletype equipment and telefax
equipment at this disposal, and also that no all letters are transmitted
electronically, then about 30 percent of the letters that can be transmitted
electronically or about 16 percent of all letters sent by the electronic
letter would still be first determined by the general economic development
and the individual operational advantages.

Text preparation and processing, because of its advantages in the producing
letters, has good prospects of gaining ground quickly and extensively in
offices. Because of this, there is a rise in the prospects for the rapid
spread of the office teletype and the direct transmission of letters via
the telecommunications system to addressees with their own office teletype.
Thus, it is especially suited to "normal" urgent business mail; in this
regard the obvious advantages in the office organization and the speed are
surely more important than the cost savings in postage.

Remote copying (telefax), in contrast to the office teletype, offers the
advantage that handwriting and illustrations are transmitted in a natural
form. Thus, it is particularly suited to the direct transmission of such
messages which, for example, are needed in a form true to the original, for
use as working materials or papers for discussion. The D3? is planning to
introduce telefax service shortly.

Viewing screen text is also suited to rapid and simple information trans~
mission between all parties. The limited, standardized selection of symbols
and the stylized representation of the image naturally limit the extent

of use. This disadvantage could, however, be compensated for a long-term
basis by "fully supplying" every household with a telephone and television
set. The prerequisite for this is a screen text supply that. is reasonably
priced. Then, among other things, even simple messages, such as preformulated
and pictorially represented greetings and messages in telegram style, can

be taken over by this new medium.

The DBP rate policy now planned takes these new technical developments into
consideration and also reflects the various cost trends of material and
immaterial information transmission. But it is also recognized that, con-
trary to different suspicions, letter mail service is not being dealt a

73


hyperfrequency, transistors using a GaAs /gallium-arsenide/ effective field
in the DMH department of group...) and well-adapted to difficult development
conditions, "Thus, Thomson-CSF will have entirely and gradually renewed its
catalog during the next few years," Mr Loeffler told us.

"The importance of low-consumption systems with reduced maintenance is, in
fact, influencing manufacturers to view their wireless beams in an entirely
new light. However, and even though the telecommunications market in the
world is strongly expanding, competition will be keen among various competi-
tors on the foreign markets," Mr Loeffler believes, for, he says, “the prices
of materials for the new generation are going to drop substantially; there-
fore, it will be necessary for greater production to compensate for the drop
in price.”

100 Million Frances for Ground Stations This Year

In the space field Mr Loeffler believes that his division will benefit from
the setbacks of the European ECS [Command and Service Squadron/ and Marots
telecommunications-satellite programs, for which he would like to carry the
load along with the H-SAT heavy direct-television satellite. He also hopes
to participate in the national projects, known as "SPOT," and their military
offshoots. Discussions are under way with the individuals responsible for
these programs.

8568
CSO: 5500

33



Satellite broadcasting

Figure 1

The system is shown in Figure 1, and fully developed it consists of:
--The space segment, consisting of

...Two satellites in orbit, one of which is a backup

+..One backup satellite on the ground.

--One transmitter ground station, which transmits the programs up to the
satellite.

--800 converters, for covering the shadow areas.

-~A large number of joint antenna installations and adapters for individual
receivers.

The following assumptions are associated with the individual components
in this system:

--The Space Segment

is assumed to have the configuration of a so-called 2 + 1 pattern, i.e.
two satellites in orbit, one of which as a backup--and one satellite as

a backup on the ground. If the main satellite fails, the backup satel-
lite takes over immediately and a new satellite is prepared for launching.
This gives a system with high reliability at the same time as it provides
a possibility for utilizing the backup satellite in orbit for servicing
telecommunications traffic with lower priority.

Here it is assumed that each satellite has the capacity for four tele-
vision channels and that it costs 100 million kroner. In addition come
launching costs, which have here been set at 88 million kroner for each
satellite launched. The launching costs are expected to be reduced
dramatically in the future by use of the "space shuttle," but this sav-
ing has not been included here.

48



GUINEA

BRIEFS

SCHOLARSHIPS TO JAPAN--By Decree No. 352 PRG [Office of the President of the
Republic of Guinea] of 4 August 1977, a scholarship for 3 months' study in
Japan, within the framework of the telecommunications network with hertzian
and multiplex waves, was granted to the following comrades: 1) Abdoulaye
Kobele Keita, engineer; 2) Malick Soumah, engineer; 3) Moro Sangare, en-
gineer; 4) Oumar Barry, engineer; 5) Djibril Diallo, engineer; 6) Thierno
Saidou Bah, engineer; 7) Abdoul Karin Diallo, assistant engineer; .
8) Malado Diallo, assistant engineer; 9) Keoule Pepe, assistant engineer;
10) Oumar Sampou, assistant engineer, The instruction and living expenses
as well as those of round-trip transportation are provided by the Japanese

partners. [Text] (Conakry JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA REPUBLIQUE DE GUINEE in
French 15 Sep 77 p 172] 11937

CSO: 5500

21



For a satellite broadcasting system the situation is different because a
predominant part of the total costs lies in the extra equipment the viewers
must buy so that the total costs increase with the number of viewers in the
area.

The relationship can be illustrated in simplified form as shown in Figure 3.
For a given geographical area, satellite broadcasting will, according to
this, be most favorable economically if the area has a siver density,
while a ground system is most inexpensive if the receiv y is high.

In view of this, it is expected that Norway within Western Europe--under
otherwise equal conditions--will be one of the countries most suitable for
satellite broadcasting.

Table 2 shows numbers for investment in the two systems assuming tha" they
must give full coverage in Norway:

Table 2. Investment in Transmitter Networks

Investment for Additional Amount

One Channel for Extra Channels

Ground UHF network: 1,430 million kroner 430 million kroner
Satellite system 315 million kroner 146 million krone:

These are costs for the transmitter networks alone. Additional investments
on the receiver side have not been included here. For one channel the re-
lationship between investment and coverage for the two systems is as shown
in Figure 4.

Figure 5 shows the corresponding conditions for three channels. However,
the overall economy for the systems is determined by several parameters;
the life of the system components, interest on invested capital, and
operating costs must also be included.

a
Total 1800 —
costs
Area of coverage = given Ground system (UHF)
_Sround 000
Satellite
! 00
i
' Satellit
Hl system
Space H 100
H
segment = a a a a a a)
Number of viewers percent coverage
Figure 3. Initial costs for a Figure 4. A television channel in
television channel Norway. Investment in the

transmitter system
Ss


--all functions for the units which each DPB serves (sectioning).

--Variable and fixed telephone exchange data which are associated with the
part of the installation which a certain data processing block controls
are stored in the associated data memory DSB. The central processors
normally work within their own DPB. If a conversation arrangement in
an installation with several DPBs affect several installation units, the
various DPBs work together in such a way that all central processors can
write and read in each other's data memory, DSB and transfer control
block TCB. This cooperation takes place through the electronic switch-
ing network, which is referred to as a MU multiplexer.

~-A common program memory PSC can be reached via the multiplexer.
Reliability Aspects

The reliability requirements for the long-distance telephone exchanges are
very strict because of their central location in the network. For the
computer in AKE 13 this means that it must be able to carry out its con-
trol functions without any or with very small disturbances even if there
are errors in hardware or software.

For this reason the central processor, the program memory, the data memory,
and the transfer control block in a DPB consist of two units each working
in synchronization. This means that as much as half of the data processing
part can be taken out of operation without affecting the functions of the
installation or its ability to process traffic. If necessary, it is also
possible to take one or more DPBs in a multiprocessor installation out of
operation, but in this case the traffic capacity of the telephone exchange
is reduced correspondingly.

The duplexing also makes it possible to let the station operate with one
unit while the other units may be loaded with a new program, for instance.

Thanks to the synchronous duplexing system and systematic monitoring by
both hardware and software, a hardware defect caused by a failing com-
ponent can be discovered quite rapidly and the faulty unit can be iso-
lated. Individual hardware failures do not affect normal operation.
Even a number of simultaneous hardware defects may take place without
causing disturbances in the operation.

Power Supply

The central power supply installation is of a standard type with rectifier
and series converters and batteries for 48V and consists of three parts,
part C for the telephone side and parts A and B for each of the duplexed
computers. Part C is a backup for both parts A and B. The distribution
takes place with individual negative lines (minimum 45 ml) from a central
distribution point to each individual consumer unit and with all positive
lines, wired in parallel, of a larger dimension and connected to a low

60



JPRS 71243

6 June 1978

TRANSLATIONS ON. TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY,
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
No. 39
CoNTENTS PAGE
WORLDWIDE AFFAIRS

Briefs
Benin-Algeria Telecommunications Agreement 1

ASTA
INTER-ASIAN AFFAIRS

Briefs
'NCNAL Bangladesh Cooperation Agreement 2

EASTERN EUROPE
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

Briefs
Intersputnik Developments 3

BULGARIA

Communications Official Holds Press Conference
(BEA, 4 May 78) csccccccccccccccceccccccscccccecerceeces 4

CZECHOSLOVAKIA

New Second-Generation Telex System in Operation
(Ondrej Siagi, Jan Merica; TELEKOMUNIKACE, Mar 78) .oeee 6

LATIN AMERICA
BRAZIL
Nippon Electric, Docas Group Form Electronics Firm
(0 BSTADO DE SAO PAULO, 2 May 78) .ccsececseveeeevescecs 9

-a- [III - INT - 140]



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cg Uer T T86T O8-9L6T SL-TL6T OL-996T S9-T96T 09-9561 SE-TS6T OG-OF6T SH-TH6T OF=IEET SAAT
uo [Te oy,

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e8y pue quemdtnbg
umog uexorg “Zg6T Aaenuer T uo sioquny oTeEWoO Ny PeTTeISUL Jo zequMN ‘*{T eTqey

40



In some cases it may also be advisable to specify a standard for ‘how a
service or a function is to be realized in the equipment, for instance
whether it will take place in software or hardware, centralized or de-
centralized.

The more precise and farsighted one can be when the requirements are
established, the less will one have to depend on building in excess
flexibility in the equipment in order to be able to handle unanticipated
tasks, and the simpler and less expensive should the equipment become.

It is therefore important to do thorough work in the part of the standard-
ization process represented by the specification of requirements.

3. Existing Telecommunications Network

If we now consider the existing telecommunications network, we find that
this network includes automatic systems with rotating, machine-operated
selectors, which had their golden days in the 1920's and 1930's, besides
coordinate selector systems from the 1950's and 1960's. The first tele-
phone exchanges using processor-controlled systems from the 1970's have
come into operation and more are on order, and we have also ordered tele-
Phone exchanges of the modern semielectronic type equipped with wired
logic. This selection represents a wide technical range, and we must ex-
pect additional expansion of this range when digital telephone exchanges
are placed in operation before, for instance, AGF and 7D are out of the
network.

Table 1 shows a survey of the amount of equipment and the age distribution
for the automatic telephone exchanges (the subscriber telephone exchanges)
in our telephone network at the time planned for full automation (approxi-
mately 1981/82).

The telephone exchanges are subdivided into four main groups:

--Older systems with machine-operated selectors, relay telephone exchanges.
--Coordinate selector telephone exchanges.

--Semielectronic systems with wired logic.

~-Processor-controlled systems.

Each main group is again broken down into types and models.

In the same main group and year, one can sometimes find several types of
telephone exchanges and variations which cover roughly the same field of
application.

If Table 1 is read carefully, one can detect a tendency toward a concentra-
tion of a smaller number of types of telephone exchanges in recent years,
but the acquisition of new systems and new variations of systems is still

too large as compared to the retirement from a standardization point of
view.

38



NORWAY

SKAGERRAK UNDERSEA CABLE IN OPERATION
Oslo TELEKTRONIKK in Norwegian No 3, 1977 pp 304-305

[Text] The above-mentioned sea cable system is owned jointly by the
Danish and the Norwegian Telecommunications Administration. In connec-
tion with the provisional acceptance of this cable system on 1] October
1977, a press conference was held at Hotel Phoenix in Arendal on 3 Octo-
ber. In addition to representatives from the two telecommunications ad-
ministrations, representatives from the Japanese suppliers were also
present, namely:

--From the trading company C. Itoh and Co, Ltd, the main person respon-
sible for the contract: Ryoohei Kikuno, manager of the department for
telecommunications systems.

~--Takao Kato, manager of the Oslo office.

--From the cable supplier Ocean Cable Company Ltd: Kenzoo Meguri, admin-
istrative director.

--From FujitsuLtd, supplier of terminal equipment, amplifiers, and equal-
izers: Tsunahiko Hashimoto, administrative director for overseas market-
ing of telecommunications equipment. Shonosuke Issobe, responsible for
the project.

--T. Sakashia, director of Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Public Corpora~
tion's office in Geneva, also participated. The reason for this was
that NTT Public Corporation had been kind enough to perform factory con-
trol of the deliveries for the Telecommunications Administration, a task
which was carried out in a very satisfactory way.

The Danish delegation was led by Chief Engineer Jens Kiil from the cable
engineering service.

When it was accepted, the sea cable system had been under voltage for

approximately 1.5 months, and the telecommunications administrations had
received measurement journals which showed that all important requirements

63


activities of the MTTU in
Installation Enterprise in

struction groups of the Economic

5668
CSO: 5500

Prague, good instal.

lation work of the Communications

Bratislava, as well as of installation components
of the Communications Installation Enterprise

in Banska Bystrica and con-

Administration of Communications in 2volen.



Total
1000 |.
Pre-
amplifiers

$00

Transmitter
200 network
100

0 0 909 00
% Coverage

Figure 2. The satellite system: Investment in transmitter network and
preamplifiers, one channel

In the following we assume that investment capital is obtained through
loans at 12 percent interest but with no repayment of principal. We also
assume that depreciation for renewal of each system component is carried
out with equal annual amounts throughout the economic life of the entire
equipment in such a way that these amounts together with the interest are
exactly enough for any necessary new procurement. After the development
has been completed, the annual costs for the system will be as shown in
Table 1.

Table 1. Costs for a Single-Channel Satellite Broadcasting Station

Interest on borrowed capital 37.6 million kroner
Reserves for renewal of satellites 14.6 million kroner
Reserves for renewal of ground transmitter station 0.1 million kroner
Reserves for renewal of converters 2.6 million kroner
Operation of satellites 2.0 million kroner
Operation of ground station 0.6 million kroner
Operation of converters 4.0 million kroner
Total annual costs 61.5 million kroner

In addition to interest on invested capital, the annual costs for the
satellite channels are approximately 24 million kroner.

In these examples interest has been calculated at 12 percent both for in-
vestments and for reserves for new procurement.

3. Comparison of Costs for the Two Broadcast Systems, Ground UHF Network
and Satellite-Carried SHF Network

Somewhat simplified it may be said that a ground broadcast system costs
the same for each square kilometer covered regardless of how many viewers
are located in the area.

50



NORWAY

NEW ERICSSON EXCHANGE IN OSLO BEGINS OPERATION
Oslo TELEKTRONIKK in Norwegian No 3, 1977 pp 222-229

[Project Leader Ole G. Nordbo*¥: "Oslo's New Long-Distance and Foreign
Telephone Exchange AKE 132 (OAKE)"]

[Text] Oslo's new long-distance and foreign telephone exchange of the
type AKE 132 has now been in operation for approximately 1 year. It was
delivered by A/S Elektrisk Bureau and the L. M. Ericsson Telephone Company
jointly. It is a processor-controlled telephone exchange with duplex
processors, each with a capacity of 256K words in the data memory and in
internal program memory and with a common program memory of 256K words.

The selector network consists of LME's code selector.

The first stage of construction covers 4,800 input and 4,800 output lines.
The system fully developed is intended for 30,000 input + 30,000 output
lines with up to eight processors working in parallel.

New Requirements

The requirements for automatic telephone systems have increased steadily
in recent years. One of the strongest requirements directly associated
with the rapid development of telephony is that it must be possible to
expand one station during its life to many times its original size while
it simultaneously undergoes many functional changes. The system must be
able to supply new services, and it must be possible to connect it to a
steadily more integrated worldwide telephone network. Especially the long-
distance telephone exchanges with their centralized location in the net-
works have met this requirement for flexibility in connection with the
development of long-distance dialing. The increase in traffic for these
types of exchanges is exceptionally high, and they are subjected to re-
quirements that they must be able to tie together telephone networks with
equipment from various manufacturers and of various ages.

*A/S Elektrisk Bureau

56



The Nippon Electric Co of Japan will supply all the basic software for the
manufacture of the electronic exchanges by the CEN, and aiso part of the
hardware, especially the more advanced components, Hygino Corsetti explained.
"We can advance much more rapidly in that field and prepare the phase of
digital exchanges which will necessarily come in the eighties. Iingineering
is the decisive point for that,"

Corsetti declared that the SPC exchanges not only reduce the initial cost of
investment--for 100,000 or more terminals-~compared to the conventional
telephone exchanges of the cross-bar type but they permit much greater savings
in the long term with greater reliability and reduced maintenance costs,

After almost 2 years of negotiations with five national groups, the Nippon
Electric Co, and the Docas Co, reached final agreement with the NEC becoming
the minority partner in the new company "as is already the case in six other
countries," Hygino Corsetti pointed out, "As a Brazilian and as a former
minister, my major effort has been to fight to that Japsnese participation
be the most advantageous possible for Brazil. Ths," he observed, "NEC has
never sent profits or royalities abroad. The Tokyo home office has always
covered the possible deficits and supported the investments of its Brazilian
affiliate."

Corsetti declared that the NEC do Brasil under his influence and with the
"understanding of the Japanese," has full autonomy of decision. That is why
he believes that the future CEN "will be able to have greater independence
than a simple subidiary, having that experience and a majority share of
Brazilian capital." According to the former minister, the NEC do Brasil
succeeded in achieving one of the highest level of nationalization of
telephone equipment (around 92 percent) in the country, reducing imports
and at the same time avoiding the excessive specialization of production,
“And we established a department of technological development with the
growing and predominant participation of Brazilian engineers. Today we are
in cooperative contacts with the University of Sao Paulo (USP) and the
Brazilian Telephone Corporation (Telebras) research center.”

Old Accusation

"Is it legal for a minister of communications immediately after leaving his
post to become the director of a company in that sector, with which the
government had contracted to supply about 100,000 telephone terminals?"

Hygino Corsetti, accused in 1975 of having favored the NEC do Brasil during
his administration because he assumed the position of chairman of the board
immediately afterwards, received the question calmly and replied:

"Before accepting the offer of the position of chairman of the board of NEC
do Brasil, I consulted Minister Quandt de Oliveira, Minister Reis Velloso,
and even the minister-chief of the National Intelligence Service (SNI),
General Joao Baptista Figueiredo, to whom I showed my plans to accelerate the

10


RAPHIC DATA |} Report No.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC Dar JPRS 71243

3. Recipient's Accession No.

4. Title and Subtitle

AND DEVELOPMENT, No. 39

TRANSLATIONS ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY, RESEARCH

3. Report Date

6 June 1978

6.

7. Author(s)

8. Performing Organization Rept.
No.

9. Performing Organization Name and Address

Joint Publications Research Service
1000 North Glebe Road

Arlington, Virginia 22201

10. Project/Task/Work Unit No.

11. Contract /Grant No.

12, Sponsoring Organization Name and Address

As above

13. Type of Report & Period
Covered

14,

15. Supplementary Notes

16. Abstracts

computers, and satellite communications.

This serial report contains translations from the world press and radio relating
to worldwide political, economic and technical developments in telecommunications,|

Coverage will be worldwide with focus
on France, Federal Republic of Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, the USSR,
People's Republic of China, Sweden, and the Netherlands.

17. Key Words and Document Analysis. 17a. Descriptors

Worldwide
Computers
Satellite Communications

Electronics and Electrical Engineering
Telecommunications
Telemetry

7b. Identifiers /Open-Ended Terms

We. COSATI Field/Group, Q9B, C, F, 17B, 22B

18. Availability Statement 19. Security Class (This 21. No. of Pages
Unlimited Availability Report) > —
Sold by NTIS ecurity Class (This 22, Price va
Springfield, Virginia 22151 Page ct ASSIFIED Pe BEA

FORM NTISSS REV) 37a

THIS FORM MAY BE REPRODUCED

USCOMM-DC 14982-P72



FRANCE

THOMSON-CSF DIVISION CHIEF DETAILS DIVISION'S GOALS
Paris ELECTRONIQUE ACTUALITES in French 21 Apr 78 ppl, 8

[Report on interview with Mr Loeffler, Thomson-CSF division chief, on divi-
sion's goals, by D. Levy; date and place not given]

[Text] In taking over as head of the “Wireless-Beam and Space~Intercommuni-
cations" division of Thomson-CSF /Thomson-Géeneral. Wireléss Company/ at the
beginning of this year, Mr Loeffler found a healthy situation--a turnover of
620 million francs representing a 45 percent increase over that of the preced-
ing accounting period; 1.45 billion francs of total orders on the books
amounting to more than a year and a half of activity; and new products in the
development stage--and a few arduous questions to be resolved: bringing the
renewal of the wireless-beam catalog to a successful conclusion and making a
favorable approach to the industrial era of space intercommunications relative
to equipment aboard satellites as well as to small ground stations, In this
regard, according to Mr Loeffler, “small business has managed to get along in
the space domain; we are entering the industrial era, and it is only under
these conditions that we shall carry on space activity.”

During the interview he granted us, Mr Loeffler takes great pleasure in pre-
senting the good results incurred in 1977 in Thomson-CSF's "Wireless-Beam and
5 pace-Intercommunications" division, for which he gives credit to his prede-
cessor, Mr Lepeigneux. In fact, last year this division had a turnover of
620 million francs (direct sales), an increase of 45 percent over that of 1976.
This expanded business occurred principally through exports, inasmuch as ex-
ports represent 55 percent of the 1977 turnover compared with 35 percent of
the turnover of the previous accounting period, It must likewise be pointed
out that civilian activity (wireless telegraphy for the PTT [Telephone and
Postal Services/ and television) also increased in relation to military ac-
tivity (92 percent of the 1977 turnover compared with 82 percent for 1976).

The 1977 receipt of orders amounts to 570 million francs marking, it seems,

a downward trend toward the first few months of 1978. The comparison with
1976 does not appear favorable (1.074 billion francs); yet it should be men-
tioned that the exceptional order from Zaire (350 million francs) was included
in that year's business. The 1975 accounting period can be considered a bet-
ter basis for comparison (475 million francs . Substantial foreign orders

31



"death blow." As indicated, realistically considered, only about 16 percent
of all first-class mail will be replaced in the next 10-15 years. In this
connection consideration was never even given to the fact that there is a
chance to compensate for this loss by the demonstrably steadily growing
demand for information and communications in all industrial countries.

12124
cso: 5500 END

74



BRIEFS

have new transmitters that will enable it to provide better radio coverage
in the country and to increase the number of hours of national language
programs by instituting a second broadcasting schedule. The new equipment
will include a 100-kilowatt transmitter supported by another, 20-Kw, trans-
mitter in the event of breakdowns. On the other hand, a third, 20-Rw,
transmitter will be provided to cover the N'djamena area. The total cost
of this work, which will be carried out by the French Thomson CSF company,
comes to Fr 1 billion 200 million CFA [African Financial Community]. This
sum was made available through the efforts of the Chadian government itself,
[Text] [Brazzaville LA SEMAINE AFRICAINE in French 30 Apr 78 p 10] 7428

CSO: 5500

19



NOTE

JPRS publications contain information primarily from foreign
newspapers, periodicals and books, but also from news agency
transmissions and broadcasts. Materials from foreign-language
sources are translated; those from English-language sources
are transcribed or reprinted, with the original phrasing and
other characteristics retained.

Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets
{] are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicators such as [Text]
or [Excerpt] in the first line of each item, or following the
last line of a brief, indicate how the original information was
processed. Where no processing indicator is given, the infor-
mation was summarized or extracted.

Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the
original but have been supplied as appropriate in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an
item originate with the source. Times within items are as
given by source.

The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli-
cies, views or attitudes of the U.S. Government.

PROCUREMENT OF PUBLICATIONS

JPRS publications may be ordered from the National Technical
Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151. In order-
ing, it is recommended that the JPRS number, title, date and
author, if applicable, of publication be cited.

Current JPRS publications are announced in Government Reports
Announcements issued semi-monthly by the National Technical
Information Service, and are listed in the Monthly Catalog of
U.S. Government Publications issued by the Superintendent of
Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
20402.

Indexes to this report (by keyword, author, personal names,
title and series) are available through Bell & Howell, Old
Mansfield Road, Wooster, Ohio, 44691.

Correspondence pertaining to matters other than procurement
may be addressed to Joint Publications Research Service,
1000 North Glebe Road, Arlington, Virginia 22201.


Another group can be classified under "Price":
--Purchase price

~--Expected price development

-~Delivery conditions

~-Guarantees

--Introduction costs

--Operating expenses

A third group may be requirements which pertain to the suppliers:
--Competence

--Production capacity

--Manufacturing site

--Company support

A fourth group may pertain to conditions in the Telecommunications Adminis-
tration:

~-Availability of personnel
--Level of competence
--Training possibility

Factors of this type can normally lead to clear conclusions for the project
involved when it is considered in isolation.

The technical status is an important factor in the evaluation of market
offers. It is desirable to have a technology which has stabilized without
being obsolete. A technique based on a technical new acquisition in an
early stage may involve the risk of winding up on a dead-end street.

The procurement of automatic equipment cannot be evaluated only on the
basis of the immediate advantages for individual purchases. This is es-
pecially true when standardization is being considered. An automatic
system has a long life, and one is therefore severely restricted both by
the existing equipment and the new equipment one is purchasing. It is
therefore necessary to work over a relatively long range. Both in the
selection of systems and suppliers one must have clarified and accepted
the effects the selection will have not only with regard to the new equip-
ment but also with regard to the existing equipment which one must continue

43


by a network of TV channels, by radio relay, by cable and by space lines of
communications extending for hundreds of thousands of kilometers. Already
80 Orbita stations work via the system of Molniya and Raduga satellites.
Thanks to this, since the beginning of 1977, provision has been made for
multitime zone television broadcasting of the first program of central TV--
via Orbita-1, -2, and -3. The zone for receiving the second program of cen-
tral TV has also been expanded in the north European part of the country,
the Urals and Central Asia and for television viewers of Chukotka, Kamchatka,
Sakhalin and Magadan Oblast. The Orbita-l prog:.m is transmitie’ from Moscow
with a difference of 8 to 10 hours in relation to Moscow time. For viewers
in Krasnoyarsk Kray and further east to the Pacific coast it is Orbita-2
with a difference of 5 to 7 hours in relation to Moscow time. ¥or TV view-
ers in Western Siberia, Altay and the republics of Central Asia and Kazakh-
stan it is Orbita-3 with a difference of 2 to 4 hours.

The first central television program is transmitted to ail the TV iransalt-
ters of the European part of the country and the Urals, More and more towns
receive the second central program by land line. Much work has teen done
recently to provide TV and radio broadcasting to the oil and gas workers of
West Siberia. Thousands of kilometers of radio relay liics anid stations for
space communications and dozens of TV and radio broadcasting stations have
been built. Much work has been done for the BAM region. Fowerful radio
transmitters have been commissioned and a number of areas can receive TV.

By 1982, without exception, the inhabitants of this area will be able to
receive high quality TV and sound broadcasts.

The development of television and radio networks is being carried out accord-
ing to a single state plan with the use of standardized equipment supplied
mainly by Soviet industry. Party and administrative organs have been of
great help in this, especially in Kemerovo, Tyumen and Amur oblasts and in
Yakutiya. In 1977 alone the.zones of TV broadcasting were significantly ex-
panded in Amur, Novosibirsk, Chita, Tyumen, Sakhalin,and many other oblasts.
The 1978 new and powerful TV stations will be commissioned in Krasnodarskiy
and Altay krays, in Sakhlin and Kamchatka, Volgograd, Tyumen, Chita and
other oblasts. Thanks to the construction of Orbita stations last year the
inhabitants of Nizhneangarsk and Severokurilsk received television, as did
Novaya Zemlya and Barguzin. This year they will be joined by Nogliki,
Arkalyk, Mys Shmidta and other inhabited areas.

While in the past TV transmitters were built in densely populated areas, each
serving tens and hundreds of thousands of inhabitants, they are now being
built in much more sparsely populated areas, and in this sense the efficiency
of each new station is reduced. Thus it became necessary to develop a new
space system for TV transmission, with the use of artifical Earth satellites
with higher capacity relay apparatus and highly directional antennas aimed at
the area to be served. Such a system is the Ekran system, which is to be-
come operational in 1978. Its service zone will constitute some 9 million
square kilometers and will cover the territory of central and northern
Siberia approximately from the Ob' River in the west to the Lena River in

the east.

27


NORWAY

TELECOMMUNICATIONS ADMINISTRATION OUTLINES STANDARDIZATION PLANS
Oslo TELEKTRONIKK in Norwegian No 2, 1977 pp 205-210

[Department Head Nils Jonsson: "Standardization of Automatic Systems in
Norway"]

[Text] 1. Introduction

Paragraph 1 in "Instruction for the Telecommunications Administration" es—
tablished by Royal Decree of 20 December 1968 Says:

"The goal of the Telecommunications Administration is to make sure the
country's requirements for telecommunications will be covered in the most
rational and economic way in accordance with the guidelines established
by Parliament, the King, and the Department."

What I want to bring up at this time is the requirement about operating
the Telecommunications Administration in "the most rational and economic
way." This is--roughly speaking--a simple and sensible guideline for the
activity. However, in practice there are many things to take into consid-
eration, and a great deal of judgment must be exercised when the course

is to be established.

Important guidelines are being set by the political authorities, which
naturally enough will not consider the Telecommunications Administration
as being isolated. Instead they see it in connection with the environment
and the society it must serve.

The Telecommunications Administration does not only provide services. The
department also consumes a great deal of materiel and services and there-
fore constitutes an industrial-political unit of considerable size. One
must expect that the political authorities will also be interested in this
side of the activity in the Telecommunications Administration.

I mention this in the introduction so that we must clearly realize that the

Telecommunications Administration's freedom to operate within the framework
of the appropriations may be limited in various ways.

36



NBC DIRECTOR GENERAL REVIEWS BROADCAST PLANS

NIGERIA

Kaduna NEW NIGERIAN in English 11 May 78 pp 9, 12

[ixcerp ts7

THE role of radio asa
communication medium
cannot be over emphasised.
In spite of all its shortcom-
ings the Nigerian Broadca-
sting Corporation (NBC) oc-
cupies a unique position in
the country’s media of in-
formation. When Dr. Chri-
stopher Kolade retired as its
Director-General last Dece-
mber, it was not clear as to
who would succeed him.
The speculations ended
early in February when the
Federal Military Govern-
ment named Mr. George
Bako, as the sixth Director-
General of the NBC.

Mr. Bako, 40, is an engineer
by profession and was the De-
puty Director-General (Techni-
cal Services) of NBC before
his new appointment.

Youngish looking, Mr. Bako is
married with four children and is
a thorough-bred professional.

To find out how he is coping with
his new appointment, the New
Nigerian recently _ interviewed
him. Below are extracts from the
interview: —-

CSO: 5500

NNN: Work has been going on in
the proposed NBC stations in
each state of the federation.
What is the total achievement so
far and when do you think the
projects will be completed?

BAKO: We have seven new
states. Lagos State has never
had a Lagos State NBC. Maybe
because Lagos has a dual role as.
federal capital and belongs to a
state. The government said we
should have radio stations in these
eight areas. Out of the eight, four
are on, which are Yola, Bauchi,
Minna, and Lagos State. Owerri
will be on soon. So is Makurdi,
By the end of the month, all the
eight stations will be on. If they
are on and we are confident they
will, we would have achieved 100
per cent in that wise. In the case
of the older states, we have been
replacing transmitters there
because the transmitters have
been for 15 years and even some
\7years. Westarted off with Horin
then’ Fbadan, Benin, ~ Enugu,
Sokoto and Kaduna which will be
on anytime from now. All we are
left to do now is new transmitter
for Port Harcourt and Maidu-
guri. In fact ‘that of Maiduguri
was delayed mainly because of a
change in site where construc-
tion had begun because of the
Maiduguri Airport.

22

NNN: You have been beaming
signals to South Africa. I guess
you have ‘been -monitoring

performance. What is the
‘success?
BAKO: It’s been quite successful.

We have been getting listerners’
letters from southern Africa
since we started the transmis-
sion and some of them say they
have been enjoying our pro-
grammes. We are happy about it
because we designed the aerials
ourselves, (NBC). We feel very
proud of it because this is the
type of thing we would like to
see more often. In the technical
services division, there is the
research and development sec-
tion which looks into such
initiatives.


CZECHOSLOVAKIA

NEW SECOND-GENERATION TELEX SYSTEM IN OPERATION
Prague TELEKOMUNIKACE in Slovak No 3, Mar 78 p 32

fi Article by Ondrej Siagi, Jan Merica, Okres Communications Administration
n Zvolen 7

Text 7 Further progress in t he modernization and improvements of the
elegraphic network in Czechoslovakia made it possible to put in operation

In continuation of the construction of a teletype switching center in Prague,
and after good results were obtained in its operation, two additional tele-
type exchanges were purchased from the firm Nikola Tesla in Zagreb fe Yugo-
slavia 7 for Brno and Zvolen, the construction of which started in 976.
They are the types ACT K 60 and MMC K 57. It was necessary to prepare the
necessary space in Zvolen through adaptation work. This work was done well
and within the time limit by the Economic Administration of Communications
in Zvolen.

The actual construction of the exchange began in 1977. The work was divided
into two stages:

-- installation of the construction, laying of cables, and construction of
sources of electric current;

-- tests, construction of switches, and completion of installation work r
including the process of putting the equipment in operation.

done according to procedures which have been agreed to and under ther super-
vision of workers of the firm Nikola Tesla in Zagreb. These workers were
specialists for construction of the first stage, that is, installation work,
and especially for the second stage, which means the Process of putting the



"Writing" in the Telephone Part

A bistable flip-flop in the TO part will react to a pulse (length in sec)
from the computer and turn over. In its new state the flip-flop can sup-
ply current to the coil in a reed relay so that the tongue in the reed
relay will operate. In this way a telephone relay can be fed with 48
volts. This bistable flip-flop with the reed relay is called an operating
point (SMR), and the SMR points are grouped in matrices (ONX) of 16 x 16
each. The address from the computer determines which row and the data
word determines which SMR point(s) will operate.

The operating point which in this way get a 1 digit from the data machine
will operate their associated relays, while the points which previously
have switched and now receive a zero are rejected by their relays.

"Reading" From the Telephone Part

Test points (RT points) are used for signalling from the telephone part ta
the data part. A signal-receiving relay, for instance in a repeater, has
a contact which is connected to a test point in the TO part. When the con-
tact is closed, a plus is sent to the test point, which can thus register
that the relay has operated.

The test points are grouped into matrices (TEX) of 72 x 16 such points.
Sixteen text points form a test word with a certain address. By sending
the address from the processor, the states of all 16 test points are tested
simultaneously.

A unit operating independently--the scanner unit--reads the state of the
test points and compares the results with information in its memory. The
scanner unit is controlled by the computer which provides information on
which test words are to be tested and waits for a return report on what
changes have taken place or possibly on information that the scanning has
been completed.

Software for the Telephone Part
The software for the telephone part distinguishes between traffic control
functions and operating and maintenance functions. The following func-

tioning blocks are available for traffic control:

Repeater block, FIR, FUR, or FDR block. The relay unit with the asso-
ciated program and data forms a functional block.

Register signal blocks. Here too the blocks actually consist of a relay
unit (e.g., KM-MFC) and the associated programs and data.

Central blocks. In each switching process in an AKE station, the follow-
ing central functions are being used:

58



to live with. What may seem to be the best choice for an individual
project may be unacceptable seen in this wider context.

The Telecommunications Administration may also be given other restraints.
As I indicated in the introduction, one cannot completely disregard the
fact that the political authorities may want to see, in a wider context,
possible decisions by the Telecommunications Administration which may have
important consequences for industry in Norway, and they may on the basis
of national economic considerations find it appropriate to give the Tele-
communications Administration directives which are contrary to a profit-
ability consideration for the Telecommunications Administration when con-
sidered in isolation. In this connection it is an important task for the
Telecommunications Administration to provide the political authorities with
a basis for decisions which shows the consequences of alternate choices.

6. Requirements on the Telecommunications Administration as a Buyer

The Telecommunications Administration has a good basis for standardizing
equipment when a specification has been presented which contains clearly
defined requirements for the operation of the equipment and when criteria
have been set up for the selection of equipment and suppliers. This is
still not sufficient to guarantee a correct choice. As a buyer one must
also be able to evaluate the market offer both in view of technology and
price. In other words, demands are being placed not only on the supplier's
but also on the buyer's professional competence. For the buyer to acquire
this competence requires an investment both in studies of a general, basic
nature and in further research on possible systems of interest. Of course,
a selection assumes that there are several alternatives, which all must

be studied more or less thoroughly before one of them can be selected. An
investment in developing the necessary competence for an evaluation is an
essential requirement in order to be able to guarantee a correct choice.

One cannot expect to find a new automatic system on the market which imme-
diately coincides completely with one's own specifications. The Tele-
communications Administration must therefore expect to adapt their require-
ments or they must discuss proposals for system changes with the supplier.
Usually both of these will be of interest.

When system changes are to be made, it is important that one does not
create a Norwegian local variation but that the changes be accepted as a
system standard. If the Telecommunications Administration is to achieve
such a penetration for their change proposals, it is not sufficient to
provide the purchasing power, but one must also provide convincing exper-
tise in discussions with the supplier's experts. Of course, this applies
especially when one has come so far in the development phase that the sys-
tem concept has started to set.

The incompetent buyer cannot expect to make a good trade. However, this

is not the only reason why I have come up with good professional competence
in the Telecommunications Administration as a requirement for a sensible

44



While the new automatic equipment is introduced in the network, one must
make sure that the operating personnel get the necessary training. The

same holds for relocation of equipment. In practice one cannot count on
being able to move the operating personnel together with the equipment.

A plan for a changeover to new equipment as a stage in a standardization
must therefore also include the operating personnel.

8. Conclusion

In the above I have tried to discuss some of the many relationships asso-
ciated with standardization of automatic equipment. I have not found it
correct to draw concrete conclusions with regard to the selection of equip-
ment at this time. We are still located early in the standardization pro-
cess, and many questions remain which we must find answers to before the
future pattern can be drawn up.

8958
cso: 5500

46



BRAZIL

NIPPON ELECTRIC, DOCAS GROUP FORM ELECTRONICS FIRM
Sao Paulo 0 ESTADO DE SAO PAULO in Portuguese 2 May 78 Pp 32

Ltext7 The Nippon Electric Co, (NEC) and the Docas Group of Santos reached
final agreement on the formation of a new company with Brazilian private
capital control for the production of SPC (stored-program-cont rolled) tele-
phone exchanges, With majority capital, Docas will have the right to appoint
the president and two other directors of the future CEN -National Electronics

Company, the name that has already been chosen for the company that is being
organized.

The chairman of the board of NEC do Brasil, Hygino Corsetti, announcing the
decision exclusively to 0 ESTADO, pointed out the "new and revolutionary
aspects of the condition of exchange of technology which the country will
obtain from the Nippon Electric Co, because the Percentage of national capital
in the CEN from the outset could be much higher than might be ecpected in the

industrial establishment of the new generation of telephone exchanges controlled

by computers."

According to the former minister of communications, the conditions already
defined for the NEC-Docas joint venture will make it possible to frame
industrial production within the real needs of the market both as to quality

“without forcing or pressuring the sector through unrealistic expansion of
the factories."

undoubtedly is. In the second place, as a result of the concrete work by the
NEC do Brasil we can guarantee really high levels of nationalization at the
rate the Brazilian Government stipulated. That way we will be able to offer

better prices, according to the competitiveness already shown by the NEC do
Brasil,