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Produced by the NASA Center for Aerospace Information (CASI)
(E84-10110) DETECTION OF' HILDEh MINERAL N84-21928

DENGSITS BY AlhbOBNE SPECTEAL ANALYSIS CF

Fu&EST CANOPIES Final Report (Columbia

Uaiv.) 79 p HC A05/MF A01 CSCL 02F Unclas

G3/43 00110

s,Ni 9 2k711--^

a

.^ MAR 1984 tiN

RECEIVED

DETECTION OF HIDDEN MINERAL DEPOSITS BY i 4131 STI FACILITY c,^

IM BRAN6M 4^

AIRBORNE SPL _ _ RAL ANALYSIS OF FOREST ^`9 

S \^O

CANOPIES

BY

"^ ^`^y^^ 0

dk

WILLIAM COLLINS

! 6 ('

SHENG-HUEI CHANG

JOHN T. KUO

Aldridge Laboratory of Applied Geophysics

Columbia University

New York, New York 10027

Final Report To NASA, Contract NSG-5222*

*Research also

supported by NSF

Grant. DAR-78-16320

n0 photo8raphy may be puro'bas"

EROS Data Center

Falls, SD 57198
TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION ...............................................1

II. COTTER BASIN TEST SITE .....................................4

Waveform Analysis and Mapping of Spectral Anomalies ........ 6

Thin Canopy Discrimination .................................7

Anamalous Vegetation Mapping ..............................10

Correlation of Results from 19706 Survey with 1978

Survey Results ............................................13

Discrete Band Analysis ...................................•14

Band Ratio ................................................16

Multiband Analysis ........................................23

Multiband Analysis Using LANDSAT Bands ....................28

Conclusions in Cotter Basin Experiment .................... 28

III. SPIRIT LAKE, WASHINGTON TEST AREA .........................33

Goat Mountain Site ........................................33

Red Springs Site ..........................................35

Spirit Lake Waveform Analysis .............................37

Spectral " Signatures" from Spirit Lake Test Site.......... 39

Band Ratios in Spirit Lake Data ........................... 39

Conclusion in Spirit Lake Experiment ......................41

IV. BLACKTAIL MOUNTAIN, MONTANA, TEST AREA ....................45

V. CATHEART MOUNTAIN, MAINE, TEST SITE .......................47

Spectral Signatures Observed in the Catheart Site......... 48

Catheart Waveform Analysis .. .............................53

Conclusions in Catheart Mountain Experiment ............... 58

VI. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...............................59

REFERENCES ................................................61

" 3

.s.

- J
1

I. INTRODUCTION

Field surveys and data anlysis of several biogeochemical test

sites have been completed under National Science Foundation Grant

DAR-78-16320 to Columbia University. The research has been in cooperation with Dr. Frank Canney, Dr. Gary Raines, and Dr. Roger Ashley of

the U.S. Geological Survey. The earlier phases of airborne data acquisition and preliminary analysis were conducted under. NASA Grant

NSG-5222 to Columbia University.

Very promising results have been obtained in the four major

test sites of the study. These sites are:

1. Cotter Basin, Montana;

2. Spirit Lake, Washington;

3. Blacktail Mountain, Montanta;

4. Catheart Mountain, Maine.

Known or suspected sulfide zones were detected on each site. The Cotter

Basin experiment, furthermore, was able to successfully repeat the

results of a survey flight two years previous.

The present research was stimulated by the earlier successful

results obtained in a Goddard Institute for Space Studies funded

Columbia University experiment in Cotter Basin (Collins, et al., 1978).

In that study, anomalous spectral properties of the forest canopy

growing in a known copper, lead, zinc zone were discovered using the

prototype airborne spectroradiometer system designed and developed at

J
i 

Columbia University and Goddard Institute for Space Studies (Chiu

and Collins, 1978).

Results of field data analysis under the present NSF grant

strongly correlate with our past results indicating that sulfide

mineralization can affect overlying vegetation, and hence induce

anomalous spectral reflectivity properties. The spectral region

most affected by mineral stress is between 550nm and 750nm. The

spectral variations observed in the field occur on the wings of i

the red chloropyhll band centered at about 680nm. The metal-stressinduced variations on the absorption band wiLIgs are most successfully resolved in the high-spectral-resolution field data using

a waveform analysis technique being developed at Columbia University.

Complimentary studies on laboratory grown plants have been

i

conducted under the present NSF grant to Columbia University The same

spectral effects that we observe in the field data have been reproduced in our laboratory studies (Chang and Collins, 1980). Doping

of greenhouse plants with copper and zinc retards the development of

the chlorophyll pigments. The lowered chlorophyll production in

metal poisoned laboratory plants results in specificly identified

changes on the wings of the chlorophyll bands of reflectance spectra

from those plants. These spectral effects are now well documented

and identical to those observed in the field.

The laboratory studies have also yielded convincing evidence

that the present high resolution spectoradiometer insturmentation

and waveform analysis techniques offer the most sensitive method of

stress detection, especially under field conditions (Collins, et al.,

1980). The major problem we encounter in field data analysis is
3

filtering of noise induced by vegetation canopy and other environmental effects. The noise is especially bothersome because it

contains low-frequency components that are very similar in nature

to the spectral waveforms related to stress but at much higher

amplitudes. With the waveform technique, we establish a -,^zry sensitive

narrow band-pass filter that passes the specific spectral curvF:s

indicating metal stress and rejects all other low and high frequency

spectral features present in the airborne survey data. The prospects

of developing a new mineral exploration technique based on these

techniques looks very hopeful.

,Preliminary analyses to determine the potential for using

discrete spectral bands and imaging techniques for detection of

mineral stressed vegetation have also been assessed in the present

study. Our studies show that the LANDSAT broad bands will not work.

Stress detection, however, may be possible using multiple narrow

bands in the 550nm to 750nm region. Determination of specific bands

will require further study of filtering techniques to remove the

effects of canopy density, slope, texture, and irradiance angle.

These effects produce broad-band radiance variations two orders of

magnitude greater than the subtle variations caused by mineral rich

soils.
4

II. COTTER BASIN TEST SITE

A spectral anomaly in the forest canopy growing over a sulfide

vein system was detected in a Columbia University experimental surve y

A

flown in 1976 (Collins, Raines, and Canney, in press). The test A-te

in the Cotter Basin area, Lewis and Clark County, Montana, was flc^^ri

for the second time in 1978 to assure the repeatability of the earlier

results and to allow further analyses of the vegetation stress phenomenon.

Mineralization in Cotter Basin occurred along westerly striking

shear zones in Precambrian sedimentary rocks. Veins up to 3 feet thick

are calcitic with copper and 'Lead sulfide mineralization. Geocheinical

studies indicate anomalously high concentrations also of Ag, Zn, and Au

in the soil. The soil concentrations are up c•) 10,000 ppm copper, up to

1,500 ppm lead, and up to 400 ppm zinc. The copper geochemical anomaly

as mapped by Utah International, Inc. is shown in Figure 2. More complete

geochemical and plant ash sampling are presently being conducted by the

U.S. Geological Survey and Columbia Unite-rsity.

The high mineral content of the soil, are (A) -n the aerial photo

of the test site (Figure 1), has resulted in a natural clearing where the

local tree species fail to grow. The cleared areas (B) and (C) are open

cuts on the sulfide veins. The geologic data indicates westerly striking

shear zones (D) through the northern open cut area (C) and through the

southern clearing and open cut area (B and A). The clearings and mineralization are located on a northerly facing slope. The area is thickly

forested with a mature (climax) growth of spruce and pine.

The airborne survey procedure acquires 500-channel spectra at the

rate of 2.5 complete spectra per second along the flight path. The data

comes out of the system in digital form and are stored on computer-compatible magnetic tape on board the aircraft. In the 1978 survey, the

M
R+

a .

5

ORIGINAL P!' C

^

^ ,",

OF POUR QUALITY

Figure 1. Photo of Cotter Basin site with 1978 survey traverses. Symbols

mark the locations of every tenth spectral measurement, wh:.ch are recorded

on 35mrr. film taken simultaneously with the spectral measurements.
Y

The spectroradiometer was flown at 610m above the ground surface and at

200km per • hour ground speed„. -The target measurements 'were taken ix A I *. t 

18-meter square field-of-view and in a contiguous ore-dimensional line

sequence along the ground track. The survey site was covered in a pattern

of south-north flight lines with about 200 feet of s p acing between lines.

The ground tracks of the flight lines, determined from aircraft 35mm film

acquired simultaneously with the spectral data, are plotted in Figure 1.

The survey lines are about 3 kilometers long and were planned to cover the

areas of both background and anomalous vegetation. Each traverse contains 130 to 200 spectral measurements in 500 bands each. The symbols

along each flight line in Figure 1 mark every tenth spectral measurement

in the sequence, at which time the 35mm camera records an image of the

ground track. All survey parameters were kept, as nearly as possible,

the same as those of the 1976 survey.

The aircraft data are calibrated channel-by-channel for spectral

radiance received at the entrance aperture. The data are processed first

using our waveform analyses techniques. In the case of the Cotter Basin

data, discrete band techniques were also applied to compare the two

methods and to determine if discrete bands could be used in future sensor

systems.

Waveform Analysis and MaPping of Spectral Anomalies 

Our waveform analysis techniques for analysing the high density

500-channel spectrometer data have been used on all sites presented and

have consistently produced the best results. The Chebyshev polynomial

functions reduce the 500 point spectral curves to a small number of

variables similar to the simulated spectral band_ratio_technique. In

,KlGJNP-L p'vP

►LIiY ^F pOOR Q

V 
r

7

the Chebyshev functions, however, the relative values among many more

points along the sp ectral curve are considered. We are', therefore, able

to achieve much more reliable recognition of certain spectral patterns

(Collins and Chiu, 1979).

With various pol ynomial functions we are able to recognize several

s p ectral patterns which can, to varving degLees, be separated. The

spectral variations caused by canop v density and irradiation level, however, remains by far the largest effect and the one that often limits

recognition of other vegetation spectral features. For this reason, we

have extended the mapping technique by allowing it to first identify

and separate areas of thin canopy or low irradiance levels, where the

data will tend to become unreliable. The computer p attern recognition

technique can then be applied in a second step, and possible a third or

more steps, using only data from areas with good vegetation cover and

with good surface exposure to the solar irradiation. The multistage

discrimination is useful mostly in areas where the vegetatation anomalies

are very weak.

Thin Canopy Discrimination

The data from flight line 7 in Figure 1 were used for reference

in developing a mapping technique for Cotter Basin and the other sites.

This traverse crosses the main part of the geochemical anomaly. A polynomial function sensitive to canopy density along flight line 7 is

plotted from south to north in Figure 2a.

To obta"n a relative scale that will clearly resolve contrasts

within the survey data set, each mapped polynomial function for the array

of data points containing all spectra from all flight lines in the survey

area are resealed into the interval from 0 to 10. For each polynomial

function, therefore, we have in the computer an array in which the x, y

OF PU61i

J
ORIGINAL PACE f9

OF POOR QUALITY

8

CANOPY DENSITY USING WAVEFORM ANALYSIS

8.7

z

7.5

V

T.

4 6.3

J

Q

U

^ 5.1

N

of 3.9

CL

W 2.7 SN

rco

W (.5

1

V

0.3 i 1 v 1

0 110 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

SPECTRAL MEASUREMENT ALONG FLIGHT PATH

8.70

FIGURE 2 ►

7.61

z

0

6.56

z

D

L&

z 5-49

0

4AI

v=

N

a 3.34

J

V

2.27 I

11.20 Alf q^ JUA

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

SPECTRAL MEASUREMENT ALONG FLIGHT PATH

Figure 2. (a) Traverse 7 Chebyshev function sensitive to canopy density

(b) Classification of thin canopy along traverse 7.

saw 6—
ORIGINAL PACIE Is 9

^

OF POOR QUALITY

n e.

plai-w.contains the coordinates of th-e surve y grid shown in Figure 1. The

z axis is the rescaled, from 0 to 10, magnitudes of a particular poiy•-

nomial function. By this technique, the absolute values of the variations

in polynomial functions are no-malized, and the contrast is enhanced.

For example, the variation in functions sensitive to cover density are

two orders of magnitude greater than functions sensitive to the apparent

stress variation (Figure 3a). The spectral variations reflected in

Figure 3a would be imperceptible if plotted on the same absolute scale

as the function in Figure 2a. Plots as shown of aircraft traverses are

essentially a slice of the array. The variables plotted along aircraft

traverses are on a maximum/minimum scale, also to enhance contrasting

spectral dualities along the traverses. The y axis values are on the

same 1 to 10 scale used in the survey grid array.

From the polynomial data in Figure 2a, a very precise separation

of thin canopy areas can be made using a s-,nple thresholding technique.

Areas of thick canopy cover are well below 2 in magnitude on the relative

scale, while areas of thin canopy are close to 10. The area. of 'sigh

values in the first 15 measurements along the traverse are mostly bare

soil. Other areas of vegetation cover vary from a background value of

approximately 1 or less in areas of thick cover to 2 and above for

thinner forest canopy with soil showing through.

In the Cotter Basin survey, a good practical threshold for

eliminat.Lng thin cover is 1.2 in the relative magnitude of this polynomial function. All points above 1.2 are eliminated from consideration

in the next step of the analysis. The higher order polynomial terms

used in calculating this and other functions are sensitive only to the

relative wave shapes rather than absolute energ y under tr.e curve, or the

amplitude. The 1.2 threshold limit, therefore, has proven to be transferaY,le from this reference data to all other data in this survey site

--- 
10

ORIGINAL PAGE iS

OF POOR QUALITY

and in other survey sites with very good results. The results of the

threshold discrimination are shown in Figure d2b. All points above `f

1.2 are considered thin canopy.

Anamal.ous Vegetation Mapping

The resealed polynomial function sensitive to mineral-induced

differences in the chlorophyll absorption region between 550nm and

750nm is shown in Figure 3a. Flight line traverse 7 crosses the sulfide

M1 zone between measurement 60 and 80. A very high contrast in the magnitude of tt,.e polynomial function sensitive co spectral waveforms of

vegetation stress is very evident over the sulfide zone. The variation

in the magnitude of this function is between 1 and 3 over background

forest canopy areas. The signal in the anomalous region is greater than

200 percent above this background level using the polynomial technique.

This signal to noise ratio is consistent in other sites where vegetation

anomalies have been observed.

The spectrally anomalous vegetation in the Cotter Basin survey

site has been mapped by threshold discrimination using the polynomial

Einctions shown in Figure 3a. A threshold magnitude of 3 has been

established for discriminating :anomalous vegetation using the polynomial function in Figure 3a. This discrimination threshold hz! .s proved

consistent in other sites. The discrimination results for traverse 7

or Cotter Basin are presented in Figure 3b.

The waveform analy.3is for the entire array of survey data points

is presented in Figure 4. The fine cross hatching encompasses areas in

which anomalous spectral properties were detected. The anomalous vegetation g one is centered over the known copper anomaly zone (white stippled area), and is elongated east/west similar to the mapped soil geo-

-`Or. -A. - 6- :'W . J
z

0

►- 7.24

z

649

z

0

5 74

499

J

V

CLASSIFICATION

OF ANOMALOUS

CANOPY

11 

I OR,G=r„A!. PAGE 19

OF POOR QUALITY

ANOMALOUS VEGETATION USING WAVEFORM ANALYSIS

7 78 1 1 1 —1—

o SULFIDE

FIGURE 30

^. 679 ZONE v

z

-)80 

J ! WAVE FORM

4 18 I^I

FUNCTION

o

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r oJ 3 83

a

w 2 84

x ^^

W

x

1 65

u

0 86 —

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 160

SPECTRAL MEASUREMENT ALONG FLIGHT PATH

8 73 F

FIGURE 3e

7,98

4.25

it 50

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

SPECTRAL MEASUREMENT ALONG FLIGHT PATH

Figure 3. (a) Traverse 7 Chebyshev function sensitive to anomalous vegetaion.

(b) Classification of anomalous vegetation along traverse 7.
.w

12

ORIGINAL PACE 19

OF POOR QUA-AUTY

r

Figure 4. Photo of Cot`er Basin with 1978 survey results. Anomalous

vegetation mapped wi _ the waveform analysis technique is indicated

by fine cross hatching;.

^
ORIGINAL PAGC i$

OF POOR QUALITY,

chemical anomaly. Broader cross hatching (labeled no data) indicate

areas where no geochemical data were vai.lable from ah jnGernational survey. Ground geochemical data from the ara$i'.'en c I o s e d by

the broad cross hatched pattern in Figure 4 indicatelw ckground metal

content in soils.

The vegetation anomaly extends eastward to the rim of a large

glacial cirque. Thin canopy conditions east of the rim may be masking

vegetation anomalies in that area. The spectral survey indicates that

<MMW

the geochemical anomaly cuts off on the western edge about where the ^^fSfa{

ground geochemical sampling stopped. Two geochemical sampling traverses ^tL_4

^A

were subsequently run along the western boundary by the 'U.S. Geological hE^^

Survey and Columbia University. This data confirms that the geo- k_

chemical anomaly does stop about where it is indicated by the spectral

survey. Tne Spectral anomaly extends to the south of the copper geochemical anomaly. Our ground reconnaissance reveals that previously

unmapped porphyry outcrop extends to the south in the area of anomalous

vegetation. The anomalous vegetation extends to the northeast. The

reason for this distribution has not been determined.

Correlation of Results from 1976 Survey with 1978 Survey Res^ilts

The two-fold aim of the 1978 survey flight over the Cotter

Basin site was to determine both our experimental repeatability and the

temporal persistance of the vegetation anomaly. The results were

positive in both cases.

The results of the waveform analysis and mapping of anomalous

vegetation a---e shown for both surveys in Figure S. The cross hatching

sloping down to the right indicates areas ma p ped with the 1978 survey

data, as seen in Figures 4. Other. areas with opposite cross hatching
were mapped from the 1976 survey data The results are essentially

the same. Differences in the shapes of the mapped areas can be attributed to the placing of ' flight lines and other expe`r mentaY

er_ors. The main anomaly areas, however, overlap very well.

From the results of the two Cotter Basin surveys and waveform analysis,

we can conclude that vegetation anomalies over this sulfide zone can

be detected with suitable remote sensors and data processing. It

also appears that the vegetation anomalies are persistant over time.

We still require further experimental surveys to determine the

effects of season, sun angle, rainfall, and ether environmental factors

on the observed spectral properties of forest canopies.

Discrete Band Analvsis

Several discrete band techniques have been employed in our

analysis of the Cotter Basin data. The aim is to determine the effectiveness of discrete band measurements for detection of vegetation anomalies.

Methods of detection using a limited number of fixed spectral bands

are essential for future airborne and possibly satellite spatial scanner

systems.

The spectral properties of the vegetation canopy observed in

the Cotter Basin site are presented in the spectra of Figures 6. The

r•

long wavelength limit of photon absorption on the near IR absorption

edge of spectra from the sulfide zone is shifted toward the shorter

wavelengths. This change in the absorption properties of the chlorophyll pigments is often accompanied by a change in the spectral absorption properties of the 550nm and 650nm r egion on the short wavelength wing of the main chlorophyll a bank at 630nm. Further analysis

of the chlorophyll spectral properties using laboratory grown plants

ORIGINAL PAGE 6-2

OF pOO,j QUALITY

14

J
.:ti

15

011I,Ir4 1.

OF pOOR ^^^,.3TY

_ ti.

Basin plots comparing the results of the waveform

e 197E and the 1978 surveys.
ORIGINAL PAGE 19 tb

OF POOR QUALITY

have been obtained under the present,National Science Foundation Grant.

These results clea-cly substantiate the field observations presented

hece (Chang and Collins, 1980).

The spectrum of exposed white soil is included in Figure 6 to

indicate the general. shape of the normal solar spectrum in the absence

of absorbing pigments. The slope of the reflected solar radiance

curve changes from n_gative to positive in the 75Onm to 770nm region

on either side of the 0., absorption band. The magnitude of the

positive slope of the curve in this narrow region has been used successfully in analyzing the spectral properties of some types of

agricultural vegetation (Collins, 1978). A negative slope in this

region has also been used previously to detect the vegetation anomaly

in Cotter Basin using the 1976 survey data (Collins, Raines, and Canney,

in press). The slope in each case was determined using band ratio

techniques. The discrete band methods, however, have high noise

susceptibility in some cases, as we show in the following analysis.

Band Ratio

Bands of various widths, usually 10nm, have been computer simliB

latPd for the present study byt^ratiori^of narrower (1.4nm wide)

binds in the aircraft spectroradiometer data. The ratios of 10nm

wide spectral bands placed at 745nm and 785nm are presented in

Figure 7a. The data in Figure 7a is from reference traverse 7.of the

1978 survey as presented in Figures 2a and 3a. Other simulated band

745nm and 785nm ratios for a 1976 survey traverse, flown very close

to the 1978 traverse in Figure 7a, are presented for comparison, in

Figure 7b. The ratios of these two bands tend toward unity as the

J
ORIGINAL r* !,r @J

OF FOOR Q,f"-.LITY

I

.008

BLUE SHIFT IN THE SPECTRUM

.007 OF CONIFERS

17

OOG

t

u

1

.005

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1 

U

3 .004

E

v

Ld

U .003

Z

Q

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.002

EXPOSED WHITE SOIL

M1 HA

FRAUNHOFER

LINES

BLUE SHIFT

IN ABSORPTION

LIMIT

SULFIDE ZONE

ot

Ito

BACKGROUND

0

^4

.001

I' \►

BACKGROUND

0 ` ,

400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100

WAVELENGTH (NANOMETERS )

Figure 6. Spectra of background and anomalous vegetation and of

white slope rubble taken from the 1973 Cotter Basin data.
1R 

ORIr'INAI

 r"

OF POOR QvF...

NEAR-IR BAND RATIOS OVER SULFIDE ZONE

T - T THIGH SUN ANGLE 1978 FIGURE To

785nm , T3 nm

- J

1.060

N

ir

W

w 1064

0

1.049

n 

1033

n

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1.017

v 1.002 Z

0 0 986 SULFIDE

ZONE

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a

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0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

SPECTRAL MEASUREMENT ALONG FLIGHT PATH

160 180

1056

CA

cr

w

1.047

0

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a

1.018

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z

w

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a

°C 0 990

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

SPECTRAL MEASUREMENT ALONG FLIGHT PATH

!iRur.e 7. (a) Ratios of band 785nm over 745nm from the 1978 Cotter

Basin survey, Traverse 7 (10nm wide bands)

(b) Ratios of same bands from a similar traverse in the

1976 survey 10nm wide bands)
ORIGNAL PAGE: 19

OF POOR QUALITY 19

absorption edge shift to shorter wavelengths, and goes below one in

the absence cf a chlorophyll absorption feature in this wavelength

region.

A decreasing trend is visible in the 735/745 band ratios in the

area of sulfide zone, which falls between measurements 60 and 80.

There is, however, a similar, and much larger, decreasing trend alon o cana^ C^^^

rfvdt o^

the trave rse caused by other canopy variations along the traverse in wh^lMCd

►ni►^e^alrr.F

Figure 7a overwhelm the ratio changes over anomalous vegetation.

This effect was not as serious in the earlier 1916 survey data because

of the lower sun angle at that time. In the 1976 Cotter Basin stirvey,

it was possible to map the vegetation anomaly using this ratio alone

(Figure 7b). The 1976 tra-erse shown in Figure 7b crossed the geochemical zone between measurement 63 and 93 where the band ratio values

are lowest. It becomes obvious in the 1978 survey data, then, that

the combination of sun angle, ground slope, and canopy density are

going to have a very serious negative effect on discrete band data

analysis.

Other spectral band ratios were tested. Bands lOnm wide were

simulated in parts of the spectrum selected for optimum sensitivity to

the major wide band vegetation features. The bands were placed at

785nm on the near IR plateau, at 680nm in the red chlorophyll absorption

band, at 550nm on the green peak, and at 480nm in the blue pigment

3bsorpti3n region. In each case the reference traverse 7 path from

the 1978 survey are presented. The ratio of the 785nm near IR band

over the 680nm chlorophyll absorption band in Figure 8a is very sclsitive

to canopy density variations. All the other spectral ,ariations are

submerged in the canopy density signal. The ratios of bands at 550nm
to

w

2.13

0

1.93

z

om 1.72

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vi I.51

z

c

~ 1.3!

z

o I.10

d 089

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OF Poori

NEAR-IR AND VISIBLE BAND RATIOS OVER SULFIDE ZONE

FIGURE Bo

785nm

680nm SULFIDE

ZONE

1

I

8 76

w

w 7.64

2

0

a 653

z

0

m 541

w

n

CD 4.30

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G

318

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4

0 2.07

H

Q

¢ 095

0. 20 ,0 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

SPECTRAL MEASUREMENT ALONG FLIGHT PATH

234

FIGURE 9D

550nm SULFIDE

680nm ZONE

I

L^

0

L

20 40 60 60 100 120 140 16U 180

SPECTRAL MEASUREMENT ALONG FLIGHT PATH

Figure 8. Band ratios of 1978 Cotter Basin data, Traverse? (10nm wide

bands): (a) 785nm/680nm, (b) 550nm/680nm.
J

L PAG9 ^S

OF POOR QUALITY ^_1 ^

over 680nm (figure 8b) are also dominated by the canopy density effect.

The;- sub tle^,cranges i ,:the green peak vg^° the, angmal0s ;zon ^

24.,-s bmerged.

The ratios of bands in the blue and green region are dominated

by two first order effects: canopy density, and irradiance level.

The ratios of the 550nm band over the 480nm band, which are sensitive

to canopy density, show an interesting artifact of the ratio technique.

The Figure 6 spectral curves show that, in the first order approximation, there is essentially the same slope relationship between

mints at 480nm and 550nm on both the vegetation spectral curves and

the curve for white soil. The radiance at 480nm, however, approaches

a value close to zero in vegetation spectra at which point the ratios

will rapidly approach a very large number not indicative of the true

slope on the curve. The ratios of the same two points on the exposed

soil curve, on the other hand, are the ratios of two large numbers,

in which case the ratios will approach unity. This effect is demonstrated in the Figure 9a ratios where the traverse crosses exposed white

soil and rock in the first 15 measurement points and setr eral other areas

along the flight path. The problem is that the simple band ratios are

not a true Ay /o x function.

A more broadly varying slope or irradiance effect in the dense

canopy areas is superimposed on the ratio cureves in Figure 9a and 9b.

The ratios of the bands at 680nm and 480nm show the slope/irradiance

effect very well in Figure 9b. The flight line 7 traverse crosses the

south facing slope of the ridge above Cotter Basin at measurement 40

and traverses the north facing slope to the valley at measurement 120,

ORIGINAL PAGE IS

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r

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u

+ _

^` ., ^ ,. • s •^ . ^ t sue' `., ^ ^i.

M^

I r

2.^ l ,

w A'. 7^p+-^' }' ^'„"^^s'^'1,`

^71iA1^Jh^" ran'=^La.IS^^"' 'BW'Il^^:•!.

S ^, i,; -

:.t•'

^1

riy i

,I^9t ^` ^,`2', 1 ,s^^» ^ r

}}y+^^

^^, i ....y.,y ^,y

,^'^^' W ^9 ^?^85C+rm' a ,^j '{^iw .• ^,., r 't^,f^ +

t• +

,c+ a 'Y ,.+ 1:^^" ^

t. •s ^ ,^.i yr, .J

.I

-

,!' f.s,^7ri

z 1.82

1.69 , d ' .i,

t

a 1.57

z

0

U 1.45

z

C) 132 SULFIDE

ZONE

a

a 1.20

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

SPECTRAL MEASUREMENT ALONG FLIGHT PATH

1.48

Ir

W FII

W 1.36

2

0.

a 1.25

z 680nm

v113 480nm

CD t ^" ± ^. 40 1.02 r

Z r

c~, 0.90

~: • SIB 

0 0.76 MEN'

Ix

x

0? ' t00x r j120 `" f N40 "160 "".. 180 ^.•,,,

w SPECTRAL v REMIEN'f kO' NG FLIGHT, PATH

ORIGINAL PAGE 19

OF POOR QUALITY

Figure 9. Band .ratios of 1:1 7§',,Cotter Basin data, Traverse 7 (10nm wide

bands) : (a) 550nri/480nm, (b) .b80nm/480nm.

J
4"r"

X

re leve l s t o -, be -ome a o-5t a

v^'

;ne 4inorr- n,.g4C3.ng ­i

.4

of §%'kf d Vln-tijiire4^1

In conclusion, the simple band ratio technique will•not detect

second order effects in vegetated terrain. •iirrow bands on the near

IR shoulder or in other regions of the spectrum are dominated by,-the

much larger first order effects of canopy density j irradiation 1p4el,

and . target. s lope . and texture. This does not, howeveF.. preclude

use of multiple bands to filter the canopy-induced "noise" effects

and extract the desired signal.

Multiband Analysis

The principal component technique of multiband analysis has

I

been applied to the spectral data from reference traverse 7 in the

Cottevl

,a6in data. The multibafild analysis using from 4 to . 32'!lOnL-:

T wide bands in various regions of the spectrum- ield promising,results

Z.andA., ' ve,59 :Ulterin`g-;^M analya

Oe'.. el ban'. 7na as ippliid to the near-IR ik06,4tJ.on

w

posqi le.;^ Me.

4t

eg. ee I k* . L

edg

0

^

n r

560nmnd 6 0nm' the blue chlorophyll region between 480nm to 680nm

interval and the entire 480nm to 785nm pigment region, and to the

550nm to 780nm region used in the waveform analysis,,method.

The near-IR region was tested using 4 bands between 710nmAlm',

785nm. The results plotted in Figure 10a indicate that a component_.

exists in the 4 band relationships . that can uniquely identify t

ORIGINAL PAGE 19

OF POOR QUALITY

rt.

J
f{ • r',3. { i• ..^, . r-4,a `r ~¢ .'.Sy ^, `•r XN^^`• `i ,,'^'.. r r` ' 1,y^r ',^ 

MR

^' ~ BAN. J^^;

t ^.

f t

. , -I

Z

Z I.SI jj 1

1.23

J ^ r I^ y 

r r

a 0.95 V I 

CL 0.67 SULFIDE^

ZONE ..; j . G

0.39

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 TAO

SPECTRAL MEASUREMENT ALONG FLIGHT PATH

7.23

z

C) 6.21

f=V2

2 5.20

Z

= 4.18

g

0 3.17

W,

J

a 2.15

V2

a 1.14

0.12

Figure 10. Principal component analysis of l0nm wide bands in 1978

Cotter Basin data, Traverse' 7.4 "t, (a):x:710nm to -785nm region (4"'bands) Ilk (b) 560nm to 670nm region (12 bands).

OPIG1NAL PAGE 19 •

OF POOR QUALITY

1 (J

. t
*j!

r. f

ion aniiik%j:^in tr4ayvere'*." Ctral Nr4r

zone is less. than 507. ab Ve the back._grouna nog f9d

77;

in ..the-ne qr!--19 b gure 7 a.. or,

e eML,

flight path and in the roads near the end. Through, , ;-'%Ma d

dit-ional bands we can establish that the canopy noise efff-''C- ts Call be I -

significantly reduced.

The short wavelength wing of the chlorophyll absorption band

was tested using 12 conti guous narrow bands between 560nm and 670rim

(Figure 10b). The response to the vegetation anomaly using this

region al,:,ne is reduced and mostly submerged in the noise. The road

effects seen in Figure 10a, however, can be filtered out using the

principal component function in Figure 10b. I

The blue pigment absorption region from 480nm to 550nm wag

tested using 8 bands in Figure lla with essentially no improvement

over the results using the 560am to 670nm region. The response to the

anomalous zone lii!,only we ak,ly above the. - noise Aevel. Ex tensio n o- ' q

2 *0 ' 8 --- nab W

bawls the 8=11!interval in Figure 11b brings

proven ,wponse t e sulfide zone. In

R, sitiv o ba round noise effects is increased. I'

With Virther extension of the principal component analysis to

32 bands, including the near.-IR edge, the sensitivity to the anomalous

zone increases significantly. The broad interval from'4806-in to 785nm

shown in Figure 12a, however, is still sensitive to background c'a'nopyinduceld no"se- effects. These results are improved by narrowingt'lie

spectfal region to 24 bands in the-550nm to the 780nm region (Figure

12b). • he.ztesponse to' anowlous vegetation.in Figure 12b comes closest

ORIGINAL PAGE 13

OF POOR QUALITY
4111 11

v X:^

CID

^ .^^^+^ ^y^ryy^,e7,^,^ ^j^ ^ ^ #l,C^ 'e,►'L 2^^`' d' Y . ^' +f"`^ `

zo 05ULFIbEF T.91 8 BAND-S

6.62 -

z ORIGINAL PAGE F.9

5.33 - OF POOR QUALITY

0 4.U5

na. 2T6

1.47

OAS

0 20 40 60 so 100 120 140 160 ISO

S PECTRAL MEASUREOIENT ALONG FLIGHT PATH

6.43

T

5.53 20 BANDS

SULFIDE

ZONE

4.63

W

CL

1,93 "4'

0.13

140 0 20 ­40 too 160 ISO

SPECTAl1 .,,; MEASUREMENT ALONG FLIGHT'^PATH

Figure 11. Principa exit;,.'- gfialyp is, of 10nm wide bands-iij

Cotter Bas n'tate, -,Traverse. q-,.

i ,.- !, MOY.gonri'to 550nm region ' -i' 

78

(b) 490nm to 0'80nm reptio' (20•" bands)

^J 
10

r -.171

; :jp

W11 I t' ,* I;

:1 W4

2 8.03 32 BANDS

La 5.40

ORIGINAL PAGE 18

R

5A.09

OF POOR QUALITY

CL 1.46

0.15 —L0 20 40 60 so 100 120 140 160 ISO

SPECTRAL MEASUREMENT ALONG FLIGHT PATH

9.15

7.86 24 BANDS

SULFIDE

ZONE ^

FIGUJR E 12b

71

N(Mv

^^,^ 14i,f-"fir' J ! z: , T#_ '.,, 4+ f i`

024

0 20 '.40 ^"' 60. 80 100 120 140 160 180

SPE 4VEASURIEVENT: ALONG FLIGHT PATH

Figui: e 12. Prifidi I --co mpbrijilij anjjysis*-of 10nm wide bands in 1978 Cotter Bas 4 n:data," Travairs e `7.1 (a) 480nm'to 785nm region (32 bands) (b) 5 -^Orm to,'.Mnu^ 'region (24.,bands). ,

Lr
V

i.,

to the s^ nI'M to noise tatio obtain

r ft",

M, #Z 1151,111 

,

I - . .,

.

tNe'­ ne edge 'region ; robab q c^i as, ion'.

•,A'^

Sm}'}^; i- ' N•'' '^. .' - 11'•1.5+'b f

Bands in the pigment absorption refit- - tive to

first order noise variations in the`?brest canopy; "`..t:key': screte

band analysis will be noise filtering:

Multiband Analysis Using LANDSAT Bands 34.

The principal component method has been applied`-to the 19JC

Cotter Basin reference traverse Ito determine the possible LANDSAT

system responsitivity to the vegetation anomaly. The four LANDSAT

band responsitivities were simulated by integration of the radiar^ce

in the aircraft spectral curves over the spectral intervals of the

LANDSAT bands. The principal component analysis results for the

simulated LANDSAT bands along traverse 7 are" plotted gure 13a-d.

The-:major component of the 4 '3aiid^ laistribution is the canopy

density; e `fec°shown in . Fie 13a.E ` on^ke

L, x r

both the canopy density a ' he ' 41OPe -^ilr ce ^,',( b JA

The-reneainfng, cy

omponents.ar Asst at om nQ

The LANDSAT bands, is concluded, are s only to the

•!Try• ' gross first order variation's in brodd4and reflectaneOpr,operties of

vegetation canopies, and can ot .m sepnrstte .x he autIe b . ^spe t LVariations seen in the vegetation a iomaly, bf Cotter Das^:

Conclusions in Cotter Basin Experiment

The second Cotter Basin survey in 101t success$ull

'

y ^repEated the

• .t r

results obtained in the-J976 survey. In.both cases the c^irrelation,,of:.

J

ORIGMAL PAGE 19

0;7 P0011 QUALITY,

E
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1

190

SPECTRAL MEASUREMENT ALONG FLIGHT 'ATH

. . .. . .

10.0

z

2 811

7.43

O

C) 4.86 -

V

-j

3.57 -

1.00 —

0

10.0 r

S.TI

7.43 U.

1;

612

OCL

C2) 4.86.

CL

2.29)

1.0 0

11

JNN^.. E f^ T^41CWL S

FIR.

FIGURE Ass.

SULFIDE I CANOPY

ZONE

DENSITY EFFECTS

^ ^l^lll^^^^l ^ ^ t VIII ^I^^ "If^ ^^'j;'^^;' ,

s.

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

SPECTRX MEASUREMENT ALJ0NG FLIGHT PATH

Figure 13a and b. Principal component analysis of simulatedIANDSAT

bands 'in the .1973. C..otter Basia data, Traverse 7. The LANDSATI' -ds

are sensitivee to cii6py density (a), and irradiance level
r.

r; rrt!_.

n+gt;:^^^.rY 

y^ ^` ^t}+!'^ r ^'. l^hy r:

."S,q

PRINCIPAL C

•^' qtr ^ 9 ^1bZ^^j1^ ^Ft,r,^: .. y ^^`i ^

,#

j„y G;^' .44. ;,s ,,,F fv

f SEC(f_N^^iR

10.0

r. Y • x. ^ « , , ^,ia2 7, ..:,,:, . ,tea r •-°"

6.T1 SULFIDE

t ZONE R

z

Fes7.43

+ r 6.12 a=

!.®6

aJ 3.57

s

'

'^ , ^ :•Y^

2.29

ii

a

1.00 -- ' i 1 1 I a t

0 20 40 50 ao 100 120 140

SPECTRAL MEASURENT ALONG FLIGHT PATH

10.0

4SULFIDE

z ZONE

c. e,71

U

z

T.43 h

Z

6,12 1 d I I

o .

V r > ""

` 1.00 !

-- c 0 YO 40 60 60 100. 120 140 ISO 1e0

SPECTRAL MEASURENT ALONG FLIGHT PATH

160 180

1

7

a

M 

Figure 13 c and d. Principal component analysis of simulated bands yin 'the 1975 Cotter Bas{.n data. Other than the first o

effects shown in 13 a and b, the LANDSAT bands show,,,--:.only. ran

M I t ^

+

ORIGINAL PACT 19

OF POOR QUALITY

J
` ! •'.^` 'F. • ^^ .^. r rkly .^ a14^ f^, . ^; '.^^r'• w• 7^.^1Tr "^^r^^ t _ ^! t ^ g^' :',p :, ^ •^

^R 

ton d th tt},e Io ,^.^tnyt ^sia"^rr thy: on ej

. :L^l¢ lYGbG V a ^`

L

;1 a. 1. ^l^{7 1• LG} {TVy, ,^. Y Y,ci +.^^i ^^{^ '

t

S - .. Z ^

an the` evili1^. ^"otri

expect d that :p o>`^^s3± D

^: ample de per^<a at an

conventional soil sampling techniques. In the case of the southward

extension of the•3^egexation anomaly in Cotter Basin, the tree stress

appears to be related to the altered porphyry bedrocks and clay rich

soils. This correlation is interesting because our present labo"tory

studies indicate that plant stress may be related to low iron uptake.

Low available iron in the leached porphyry zone could cause plant

stress. We are further encouraged by our field reconnaissance revealing that the geochemical anomaly does cut off at the western edge as

the spectral survey data indicates.

The important carry-on reseazch includes continued analysis of

the aircraft data to extend our knowledge about the spectral properties

of natural targets, and-,tioise filtering and-signal extraction techniques for proces iAe = + et^sor data, These studies have been enhanced to aver

sessed ;p 's

Geophysics (Chang''ead''Cc^Iliri"1980)

Further researcb. will include,mul.tiple flights over Cotter Basin

to determine the effects of environmental factors on the vegetation

anomaly. The contrait--be.t;ween background and anomalous vegetation

apparently does change.. The contrast in the anomalous zone was significantly greater i.n the 197,

8 ,data. This factor could be very siga^ •

OPIGIMPL PAGE IS

OF POOR QUALITY

ve

oratory analysis-of:mineral

M

S.a.

idge Laboratory of -Ap i^ed

s

V 
"77

nificant in. mapping applications a rNat'"del '-,

''surveys mill' bd dondii6t!dd with 0

B Pt Y I 

a

trorad " 'eter systems

Spec -1 :-range to 2500nm. The ti a e,

the spectral features observed in the airborne survey a=e ifidee'dL

real phenomena related to copper and zinc in the soil; sWdies

have also shown that the present hi gh resolution spectroradiomet'e

instrumentation and waveform analysis techniques offer the most

sensitive method of stress detection (Collins, et al., 1980).

j'.

OR'r, 1 .01- F -

OF POOR Q, fY
S

portion of the Spirit Lake quadrangle. Hydrothermal sulfide mineralization in the area is associated with Tertiary plutonic intrusions into

earlier volcanic host rocks (Hollister, 1979).

The same waveform analysis and discrimination techniques

developed in the Cotter Basin study detected strong vegetation anomalies

associated with both the copper and the iron sulfide zones.

Goat Mountain Site

The Goat Mountain site in Figure 14 was tr6versed by f}ve

survey flight lines flown from west to east. Copper sulfide mineralization is associated with a circular. porphyry intrusion on the south

flank of Goat Mountain. The intrusion is surrounded by a pyritic

hydrothermal halo. The porphyry and pyritic zones are shown on Figure

The mineralized zonev 

Y 

are covered by thin volcanic sediments and .

thin-"overburden on the upper slopes. The overburden on the lower slopes

(;roughly through the center of the mineralized zones -shown on Figure l-z)

thickens rapidly to 110 feet and greater. The area is coverod by very

dense Douglas .fir and pine forest. Spring water 0-merging near the middle

and base of the Elope is high in copper content. Samples of the Douglas

.fir taken by the Duval Corp. are hig`, in copper, but this data is not yet

ava4l.able.

ORIGINAL PACE 19

OF POOR QUALITY

t jW 
7

n . I

Figure 14. Photoh - ,survey traverses, and analysis results of ;the-:

Goat Mountaiii. site"-: "-* -

ORIGINAL PAGE tS

OF P00R QUALITY

J. 

. --16 - wbo. --*, s.. &- . - .
1f 1..

I The sure `'tines

v- y.

f to }n e .

1 

ere tree roots

they would e' ff6 t by th @

'Ful

l

sulfides

. •,r,^. ^^^ ^ ,^,

rer

ih 

'' , s•^rai.

-

;q^: '>^ a my ^ ^ • e c:

The anomal les'` £a thin both`' the' pyra. and cop r` porphyry Zones.

The strongest= anomalies are near_ mid-slope where the interactive effects

of down slope soil and ground water-migration and thin overburden are

most favorable for influencing the vegetation.

Another area of strong anomalies was detected to the west of

the mapped pryritic zone.. This area lies directly-above the "Last

Hope" mine. This and other anomalous areas are being examined further

on the ground by Columbia University and the U.S. Geological Survey.

Red Springs Site

t

The Red Springs site five miles north of the Goat Mountain site

is a pyritic alteration zone with very high levels of iron_ pyrite but

little or no known copper mineralization. Three traverses shown in

Figure 15 were flown over the pyritic-zone and background forested

areas.,,

The waveform anAlysis shows,-,very strong anomalies.:in the Red

Springs area in two a pparentl^ X e hgated zones. These vegetation

anomalies occur over the zone, of known pyrite mineralization and are

elongated along the direction of known pyrite shear zones. The

anomalous areas to Fig-vre 15 are also shown in Figure 14.

The waveform analyr;is techniques have performed very well in

analyzin5 the data from these teat sites. The traverses in the Red

Springs area crossed a wide variety of terrain and canopy conditions

i

with no apparent false indications or noise problems. The detected

Ui%; _..;NHL PAGE 19

OF POOR QUALITY

J

es
'P

71 Figure 15. Phot o„ S11rA.q traverses, and ana1y3is resultsof, Red Spring site.

ORIGINAL' PAGE 1,51

OF POOR QUALITY
A

valley and has higher ind thicker valley forest cover. The waveform

analysis is rdble to filter the widely varying terrain•effects^and

u;^quely classify the anomalous areas. The data analysis is reviewed

in the following sections.

The anomalies detected in the Red Springs area are also being

followed up with ground studies by Columbia University and the U.S.

Geological Survey. 1

Spirit Lake Waveform Analysis

The waveform analysis from the Spirit Lake sites followed the

same procedures as the Cotter Basin analysis with essentially the same

results. The data from traverses E4 (Figure 14) and RS2 (Figure 15) were o

used for reference and are presented in the following figures. Traverse

E4 was flown west to east and RS2 was flown east to west.

^L'he waveform function sensitive to canopy density effects was

used to threshold unreliable data from areas of thin canopy. The waver

-form function sensitive to the anomalous vegetation (Figure 16) is

200 percent to 300 percent above the background noise in the Spirit Lane

data, The classification threshold was placed at ;tagnitude of 3.0 for

the waveform functions in Figure 16.

The results of this f_rvey and data analysis very strongly

correlate with the .-es .^,ts of

e^,iderce in thie. &r;--a that th,

Lion •ma,• not be restricted to

strongest anomaly detected -n

$m trAverSe. RS2 (Figure 16bl,

heavy metal concentration but

the Cotter basin study. There is additional

s anomalous spectral properties of vegetathe zone of heavy metal concentration. The

the series of airborne surveys is the one

This i5 an area with little reported

high iron pyrite mineralization and present

t POU L Y 
= 0

J

Q

0 3.07

z

r

o 233

CL

W 1.59

x

N

Y

W 1.84

z

7.60

z

0

F 6.57

U

z

^. 5.54

J

Q

4.51

i^z

N

0 3.48

s

W 2.45

z

N

r

W 1.42

z

U

0.39 `

0 20 4(

r

Figure 16. Wavefozru a'

W, Goat Mountain sit

WAVEFORM ANALYSIS-SPIRIT LAKE SITE

530, --I I --- I

z

0

4.56

z

b

0'0

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

SPECTRAL MEASUREMENT ALONG FLIGHT PATH
J 

weathering. Ground water in the area carries

acid soils on vegetation spectral properties ,A.r0 .p^ey^U 8 i^4 , c Xf 'Iabc

atory research at Columbia Univex it r

,°,`^ s

r^^ ^r

Spectral "Signatures" from 'Spir:.t Lake Test Site

The spectral properties of the anomalous vegetation zones in

Spirit Lake are the same as those observed in Cotter Basin. Spectral

1. measurements from forest canopies in background and anomalous areas of

Goat Mountain are presented in Figures 17a and b. The spectrum from

background vegetation shows wider wings on both sides of the 680nm

chlorophyll band.

The slipe of '.he near-IR region, on either side of the oxygen

line at 760nm is positive for the background spectrum indicating pigment absorption in this region. The near-IR shoulder of the anomalous

spectrum is sharper and shifted toward the shorter wavelengths. The

near-IR change :n the anomalous spectrum is accompanied by a steeper

negative $lope on the 550nm to 680nm wing, resulting in a more intF!nsa

green peak.

These anomalous spectral curves in the 550nm to 780nm region

pass through the filter function. of the waveform analysis; and in this

second test site, again are uniquely associated with the known mineralization.

Sand Ratios in , Spirit Lake Data

Several band ratios were tested again in the Spirit Lake data

to test the results of the simple band ratio experiment with the Cotter

ORIGMAL PQGE 19

W POOR QUALITY

Y

KI
5'/ MOP f t{

GOAT M1TN. T`ST SITE. '

4Q0 500 GOO 700 800 900 1000 ! 100

0.88

N

0

0.73

L

I s: 4'.J8

N

i E

u. 0.43

V

C

WU

a 0.28

E

Q

012

FIGURE 17b

I ANOMALOUS

CANOPY

1 I I i I

400 500'- 600 700 800 900 MOO I i 00

WAVELENGTH !NANOMETERS1,

Figurg 17. Spectral curves from the Spirit Lake area (Goat Mountain):

(a) background vegetation, (b) spectrally anomalous vegetation.

ORIGINAL PAGE 19

Or POOR QUALITY

if Jr
t ,; x, ,•ft _ ar

- 41^

1 -t Basin data. The results substantiate the conclusions drawn" ,Cotter

order effects of vegetation Stress.

The ratios of simulated 10= wide bands fromj^ihe west ito...east

traverse N of Figure 14 and 16a are plotted in Figures 18a through d.

The anomalous zone occurs between measurement 45 and 85 of the traverse.

There is a subtle decrease in the 785nm/745nm ratios in the anomalous

zone, but these are obscured by larger variations caused by background

canopy effects.

There is a general decrease also in the 785nm/680nm ratios i1L

the anomalous zone, but there aie much larger variations both within

the anomalous zone and in the background areas caused by canopy thi-ining.

The 680nm/550nm ratios are very sensitive to background canopyleffects.

There is also an apparent general increase ^_n. the 680nm/550rim ratios

in the anomalous zone, but this . is an artifact of the data. The higher

ratios correlate with thin canopy patches. Careful comparison with

the wave orm analysis indicate that these points were filtered out as

thin canopy, not anomalous vegetation.

The 550nm/480run ratios again are sensitive to both canopy

density qnd Slope/_rra,diance effects. Traverse E4 started on a southwesterly fae,_ ng slope with more direct sunlight (high ratio values) and

folloNed ground to a southeasterly facing slope with indirect sunlight

(low ratio v;Aluv,sj.

Conclusion in Spirit Lake Experiment

The results of the Spirit Lake si:rvey and data analysis very

strongly enhance the conclusions drawn from the Cotter Basin site.

We detect a unique spectral waveform that appears definitely associated

with known sulfide mineralization. The analysis techniques developed

CRIGj14,-,L PAGE 1S

OF POOR QUAL:'.Y
CA

1.12

W '^

w 1.09

O

a 1.07

K

r0

1.05

1.02

z

4

1.00

z

D

O 0.97

a

0

12.38 Ln

cr

W

10.77

Q

'a 9.16

z

0

QD 7.55

n

CD

r- 5.94

z

n

Lj 4.33

z

0 2.T2

F=

a

¢ 1.1 f

0

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

SPECTRAL MEASUREMENT ALONG FLIGHT PATH

20 '40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

SPECTRAL MEASUREMENT ALONG FLIGHT PATH

Figure 18 a and b. Ratios of simulated l0nm wide bands from traverse Eb

over the Goat Mountain anomaly: ( p ) 785nm/745nm, (b) 785nm,1680nm.

prrGj^. ^6L PALL 18

0' POORIQ JALITY
9

^--- SULFIDES + JA R

Sri

c^, FIGURE ICI

'II1 ^ y

^,^ YU6^;fl s^

40 60 30 100 120 140

SPECTR-"L :A[ASUREMENT ALONG FLIGHT PATH

f

160 160

rd

LU

W 0.09

6130 nm

50 nm

0.80

0

'

0.70

0

an

i° 0.61

z

0

1 Z 0.52

o 0.43

r vU^„/V

0.34 111

0 20

2.61

W

W 2.40 2

0z

Z 2.i9

0

11

1.98

0

W)

1.76

z

0 550rrr

I'—

1.55 480rrrn z

a<

0 1.34

4

1.13

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

SPECTRAL MEASUREMENT ALONG FLIGHT PATH

F -ure 18 c and d. Ratios of simulated l0nm wide bands from traverse i 

E4 over the Goat Mountain anornaly: (c) 680nm/550nm: (d) 550nm/480nm.

L'

' OF r^^,. ^. r
w ` ^`* ad ' l!1'. ^ ^yy.

^

^ 1.7.E u.+. Yo t

M

at Cotter Basf , applied to the new site with rio modificati ,)ns r ired.

. i^• "' t..r ^z

-ve-A" a `'`^ 5 1`Zi 'W.l A n6 V40 1P 3{+^ ^ A

but background canopy effects were successfully filtered in thei.Ibq ],y$ s.

We can draw a further conclusion from-the spirit Lake results th t the."

vegetation stress may well be associated with iron pyrite geochemical

effects rather than simple uptake of heavy metals.

orcurIAL PAI!_ _ Fg

OF POOP QUALITY,

I

I 

T

Y.IIY.i•^
4{

All.

tt

r r

IV. BLACKTAIL MOUNTAIN, MONTANA, TEST AREA

_ _ _ _ _^...-..__...s_.ti_ a...r_ _..- _ ^. •2M9^AUAik1114.?

reconnaissance 'lines to establish it as a possible test site. The

results in this site are positive. This site will be flown in the

future with a more specific flight line pattern.

The test site area conta3.ns a stratabound copper prospect.

The mineralized geologic unit stri,Kes northwest/southeast through

Blacktail Mountain in the center of Figure 19. Drilling is now in

progress on the site in the area of the dotted circle on Blacktail

Mountain. This area was not covered by an; aircraft traverses

because the prospect was not well enough known at the time of the

survey.

Flight l^n°s were planned to cross the known copper-rich

unit north and south of Blacktail Mountain. Using the same waveform

analysis techniques appli.d in the two previous experiments, a strong

anomaly was detected to the northeast of Blacktail Mountain along

traverses 2 and 2a, The spectrally anomalous vegetation is within

the,,solid circled areas of these two traverses.

This anomaly correlates well with the known geology and

suspected location of the stratabound copper minerals in the area.

More specific data, however, are not yet available. The site will

be studied on the ground and sampled by Columbia University and the

U-.5., Geolo^j3caj Survey.

OF POu;: QUitL

J
ORIGINAL PAGE IS

i

Figure 19. Photo, survey traverses, B and analysis results of the lacktail Mountain site. :rk#i
• V. CATHEART MOUNTAIN, MAINE, TEST SITE ORIGINAL PAGE 18

OF POOR QUALITY

R

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e Catheart Mountain site in no

t

rth central Maine was flown

in a closely spaced survey pattern with.,15 traverses. The survey was

flown to determine the spectral properties of the known porphyry copper

prospect and the surrounding mixed forest terrain. The experimental

results in this area are very promising. The Catheart test site has

presented a special challenge to the techniques developed in the western

states because of the background canopy variations and the weak anomalous

vegetation features that were encountered. The experiment has been most

useful in demonstrating the effectiveness of high spectral resolution data

and the accompaning waveform analysis. Equally important, --his site reveals some of the limitations imposed by general canopy variation effects.

The mineralization in the Catheart Mountain site is copper and

molybdenum associated with a porphyry intrusive centered on the left flank

of Catheart Mountain. The major mineralization is located by the dashed

boundaries 5a Figures 25 and 26. Another area of strong mineralization,

as indicated on the photo and map, occurs on the southwest flank. Total-,

sulfides generally exceed two percent in these two areas (Schmidt, 1978).

The two mineralized zones, within the dashed boundaries, have thin overbur6en and strong soil geochemical anomalies.

The test site is well forested with mixed conifer and deciduous

trees. The distribution of species,however, is uneven, with spruce

density increasing at higher elevations on mountain tops and also in wet

bog areas. The spectral variety of the canopy over the survey area was

further aggravated by the Autumn foliage change. The survey was flown

s

September 2, 1978. An early Autumn change was just becoming apparent to

the eye. The Autumn change was found to produce a red shift, toward the

r
.f4 r.M. tfr .^^Y t^1

e

t3

t7,.,..

41

J] fi

Y`^Fl

^

long wavelength'end of• the spectrum, on the near - IR a sor Jtibn edge.

This spectral phenomenon is similar. to the "red shift" seen"in wheat

(Golli4s, X713 , d h'rcyh

'

r{ r

r ^

E

a^ o h

4. r

,s a

1 ^'

t • r 1 a.. W

senescence. The ze

k'. r ;.. . .i

shift would tend to

r

cover up the type of spectral

anomalies observed in the western test sites.

Spectral Signatures Observed in the Cathcart Site

A variety of spectral properties of ve g etation were observed

in the Cathcart survey. Spectral curves for spruce canopies from background areas and from Cathcart Mcuntain (Figures 20a and b) show the

typical spectral changes seer, over sulfide zones. The near-IR edge moves

toward the blue end of the spectrum and the shorter wavelength wing of

the 680nm chlorophyll band increases in intensity. The same effect appears to develop in the deciduous trees (Figure 21a and b) but to a much

weaker extent.

The normal spectral properties of the deciduous canopy in this

area are confused because of the Autu.nn change effects. A background deciduous spectrum from an earlier Summer survey over Cathcart in 1976 is

compared with a background spectrum of deciduous trees taken from the 1978

survey in Figure 22a and b. The early effects of the Autumn change apparently cause the wings of the 680nm band to broaden :. • onsiderably producinq the red shift on the near•-IR edge and the depressed green intensity

seen in Figure 22a. This Autumn effect, then, would tend to obscure the

opposite effect on the chlorophyll wings produced by stress or other related environmental or geological factors.

In addition to these spectral variations, we observe others in

the spruce growing in bog areas. The dwarfed spruce growing in the wetter

bog areas (Fig. 23a) have a sharp near-IR shoulder and an intense green pea#;

URIGINAL PAGE iS

OF POUR QUALITY

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CATHEART MTN. TEST SITE

wl3 u toUU 600 700 800 900 1000 1100

089 r

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w

U

Z

Q

0 0.24 Q

SPRUCE CANOPY

OVER BACKGROUND

SOIL

FIGURE 20b

0.08 L

400

WAVELENGTH (MANOMETERS)

Figure 20. Aircraft spectral measurement of spruce stands in the Cathearr

test site: (a) spruce from Catheart Mountain with an anomalous near I-R

shoulder, (b) spruce from an area 1_n this site with no mineralization has

less of a short wavelength shift on the near I-R ed`e and a lower green

peak.

OF POOR QUALITY
x ^ }/.

( \

d'^ ^

cy \^ 1^

^

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CATHEART MTN. TEST SITE

0.92

^ti! " ^ ris .

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DECIDUOUS CANOPY

OVER MINERALIZED

ZONE

ORICIPJAL p'A' !-.E !3

OF POOR QUALN-Y

FIGURE 21a

Wc^

z

a

0 0.25

a

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0.80 1`

400

1.10

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0 0.89

K

LU

T O.'Wd

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W

V

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9 027

Cr

500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100

- I I T -- T -

FIGURE Llb

DECIDUOUS CANOPY

OVER AACKGROUND

SCIL

400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100

WAVELENGTH (NANOMETERS)

Figure 21. Aircraft spectral measurements of deciduous canopy in the

Catheart test site: (a) deciduous trees from the mineralized flank of

Catheart Mour.L:ain with a weak short wavelength shift on the near I-R

shoulder, (b) deciduous trees from a background area with a normal

near I-R edge and low green peak.

:
CATHEART MTN. TEST SITE

1.07 I I ^

,*.;^ r"

EARLY AUTUMN" ` . Y.. M i N

0.87 EFFECT ON

w DECIDUOUS CANOPY

t ,•}

^r 067

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w

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Cr

400 500 600

1.50

7C0 800 900 1000 1100

OF

N

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n

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E 0.65

wU

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cr

0.09

DECIDUOUS CANOPY 1A flcuRE 22e

IN LATE f

SUMMER STAGE

I 1

0 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100

WAVELENGTH 'NANOMETERS)

Figure 22. Aircraft spectral measurements of deciduous trees showing

seasonal change: (a) spectrum from the 1 9 78 survey during the Autumn

color 'change, (b) spectrum from the 19i^; survey before the Autumn effects.

,r
500 600 700 800

0.09 L400

0.5 3

. .

044

ILu

0.35

N

N

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E 0.26

U

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900 1000 i l_ .

--r1

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3 I I

CATHEART NITN. TEST SITE

0.88

DWARFED SPRUCE - - '

4t

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c^ 0.72 IN BOG AREA K

T

T 0.56

N

E

"19

s 0.41 E

52

'.(,: 1

UV0 I 1

400 50J 600 700 800 900 IOCO 1100

WAVELENGTH MANOMETERS)

Figures 23. Aircraft spectra measurements of spruce stands in bog arca5:

of the•Catheart test site: (a) dwarfed spruce from very wet bog areas

have sharp near I-R aLoulder and high green peak, (b) taller spruce

from bog perimeters generally have a less sharp near I-R shculder but

still intense green peak.

N

r . '0I -.A-- - - r
l

1

Taller background spruce (Figure 23b) growing on C)e bog perimeters have

a more intense green peak than other background spruce (figure 20b), but

m; , yI + wR• . .i. . y 17 .p

1i 4 1. 4.60' , ` Zi ' ^, A•

less of a sh~i t '-e^ a*Pthe bide in -itb` n r f `'eI

spruce.

The spectral variety in this area, then, is considerable, and it

complicates the data analysis.

Catheart waveform Analysis

The waveform analysis technique developed in the western sites

was used on the ;;atheart site, but with adjusted threshold limits to accomodate the data. The classification limits in this area were lowered to

the degree that the second order effects of background spectral variation:,

caused by species and bog conditions, as shown in the spectra of preceeding section, become a factor.

The Ch2byshev functions along traverse 8 (Figure 25) a're shown

in Figure 24. The survey line, flown east to west, covers a large area

of background mixed canopy then traverses Catheart mountain with dense

spruce. The last portion traverses the porphyry zones to the west

flank of Catheart. The west flank is mixed canopy.

The entire traverse covers very dense canopy, except for a few

sma'l, slightly thin, exploration cuts on Catheart molnLain. These are

indicated by the few peaks greater than 1.2 in Figure 24a. The waveform

functions sensitive to canopy thinning in Figure 24a are generally -,.-•Iry

low and respond strongly, up to a magnitude of 9 (e.g. Figure 2a), over

thin canopies. The variations below 1.2 are within the noise limit, and

in this case reflect second order effects of spectral changes caused by

species differences.

The species differences also appear as weaker second order

variations in the waveform function (Figure 24b) sensitive to anomalous

ORIGINAL PAGE 19

OF POOR QUALITY

Sall
r ,, r •^ *0 54

aWAVEFORM ANA , IS - CATHEART MTN. TEST SITE

FIGURE Z4a

THIN CANOPY

IV

2.01

z

O

v

z

LL 1.52

J

Q

0 1.28

Z

r

o I ^3

Q.

W 0.79

N}

en

W 0.54

v

0 30 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320

SPECTRAL MEASUREMENT ALONG FLIGHT PA1H

FIGURE 241)

THIN CANOPY Will H OT;'FR

CANOPY EFFECTS CONVOLVED

I

,

2.94

z

O

2.57

z

^. 2.i9

J

Q

2 1.82 O

z

}

of 1.44

= 1.07

N}

W 0.69

v_

0.32

^a

0 40 60 120 160 200 240 280 320

SPECTRAL MEASUREMENT ALONG FLIGHT PATH

Figure 24. Waveform functions from traverse 8 in Catheart test site:

(a) Chebyshev function generall y sensitive to thin canopy, (b) Chebyshev

functidn generall.; sensitive to anomalous vegetation.

}
chlorophyll features. The magnitude of this function is as high as 8

over sulfide zones, whereas they are generally below 2.2. in Fi u e 24b.

The thres^iolc^ of 2.5 used for classification of anomalous spectra in the

western sites would see nothing in this area where all points are lower.

The subtle variation of less than 2.5 in the Figure 24b functions reflect

the spectral differences among deciduous, conifer, and bog areas, as well

as possible weaker mineralization effecc--. Successful data analysis in

this terrain, then., is especially dependent upon precise filtering of

many background effects. This will require a multi-step dise•.imination

procedure with additional discrimination functions to separa-e the various

effects. The technique is under study. But for the present analysis, we

used the two step procedure , with the function shown in Figure 24a and

b. The 'threshold for the vegetation mapping function, in Figure 24b,

was lowered to 1.4 and 1.8. Separation of the various canopy effects was

then accomplished using photo and map interpretation.

The computer mapping results are transferred to the site photo

in Figure 25. The cross hatched areas along survey traverse lines indicate the areas discriminated using the lowered threshold values. The

solid boundaries in Figure 25 outline areas discriminated f-rom bac'.cground

forest. The lasted boundaries are the known mineralization. These

boundaries have been transcribed to the topographic map of the site in

Figure 26, From the topographic map, it can be seen that the computer

mapping has identified very reliably two distinct environmental areas:

mountain !ops with spruce stands, and bog areas. Spruce areas indclude

Catheart Mountain, two peaks to the southeast, Bean Brook Mountain, a

peak between Bean. Brook Mountain and Catheart Mountain, and a ridge in

ORIGIrlPIAL PAGE IS

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J
I

op 
ORIGINAL PAGE 19

OF POOR (QUALITY

J-W 
g 

; 

; 

small bogs east of Catheart Mountain and soutri of Bean Brook Mountain.

stands and the hogs fall within the dashed boundaries of the mineralized

zones.

Conclusions in Catheart Mountain Experiment

The results of the Catheart Mountain survey study arm especially

encouraging because it demonstrates the capacity of the high-spectralresolution system and data analysis techniques to opp`rate in complicated

terrain. The mapping results, when accompanied by further map and photo

interpretation are quite adequate for detecting anomolous spectral properties associated with mineralizatio:L in confined sites as in the

Catheart survey. Regional reconnaissance will benefit from more sophisticated filtering techniques. However, these should be developed after

more study has been made to determine the optimum seasonal periods for

detection of mineral effects. The Autumn canopy changes appear to have

a negative, or masking effect,in the deciduous canopy.

ORICINW_ PACE ig

OF P JOR QUALITY

'
The airborne system with high-spectral-resolutioi is al^1v

detect.-an anomalous spectral waveform that appears definitely assoF

with sulfide mineralization. Along with the airborn instruments,,.background canopy-induced "noise" filtering and signal extraction techniques

are essential for analysis and mapping of the more subtle vegetation

features, such as those associated with mineralization. The computerized

waveform filter and analysis technique under development is most sensitive

to the second order vegetation signals, and it has proven applicable in

several different sites with little or no modification. T jith more research, it will be possible to design discreet band systems for biogeochemical surveys; but the high resolution airborne spectroradiometer

system and waveform analysis will remain the most -satile method for

research and the most sensitive technique for survey applications.

Further research into biogeochemical techniques of exploration

using airborne spectral sensors is recommended by three approaches: lab-

..''.+,

oratory studies, airborne surveys extended to additional sites, and application of the developed techniques to mapping one or two extended areas.

Laboratory studies to'explain the pigment absorption ,proper-ties

observed in the field, have proven of very great value in understanding

these phenomena; and in guiding further field research. These studies are

being conducted at Columbia University, under National Science Foundation 

funding. The laboratory studies are complicated, however, by the lack of

capacity to reproduce the soil, plant and environmental factors present in

the &ield. The laboratory studies, when correlated with field studies,

promise the optimum return.

OF POOR QUALITY

J
Airborne research surveys are requited over additional known

^^ 1

research. These surveys offer an expeditious route to -pxove tha'a1rborne techniques and to develop-them lWi& -survey methods.' Thd `A'^ional

surveys are essential for continued development of analysis methods to

filter various unwanted canopy effects and for studying spectral "signatures" of various geologic features that will be encountered in extended

terrain.

The very good experimental results obtained in Montana and

Washington suggest that regional mapping in these areas is possible.

Plans are being formulated to attempt larger scale mapping _n the Spirit

Lake region to coincide with present U.S. Geological Survey mineral

mapping. This experiment will provide an excellent applicatiod's test for

the techniques that appear so promising in the studies to date.

OkiCiINAL PAGE 19

OF POOR QUALITY
REFERENCES

Chang, S.H,, and Collins, W.E., 1980, Toxic effects of 'h Vy metals

on plants: Sixth Annual Pecora Symposium

Chiu, Hong Yee, and Collins W. 1978, A sDectroradiometer for airborne

remote sensing; Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,

v. 44, no. 4, pp. 507-517.

Collins, W.E., 1978, Remote sensing, of crop type and maturity:

Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,, v. 44, no. 1,

pp. 43-55.

Ccllins, W.E., Chang, S.H., Raines, G.L., Canney, F.C., and Ashley, R.

1980, Airborne Biogeochemical survey test case results: Sixth

Annual Pecora Symposium.

Collins, W., and Chiu, H.Y., 1979, Signature evaluation of natural

targets using high spectral resolution techniques: 13th ERIM

Symposium Proceedings.

Collins, W., Raines, G.L., and Canney, F.C., 197 p , Airborne spectorradiometer discrimination of vegetation anomalies overtsulfide

mineralization in the Cotter Basin aria, Lewis and Clark County,

Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report, (in-press).

Grimes, D.J., and Earhart, R.L., 1975, Geochemical soil studies in the

Cotter Basin area, Lewis and Clark County, Montana: U.S.

Geological Survey Open File Report, pp. 72-75.

Hollister, V,F., 1975, Porphyry copper • type deposits of the cascade

volcanic arc, Washington: Minerals Sci. Engng., vol. 11, No. 1.

Schmidt, R.G., 1978, The potential for Portyry copper - molybdenum

deposits in the Eastern United States: U.S. Geological Survey

Prof, paper 907-E, 31 p.

ORIGINAL MSS (? I

-)F POUR QUALI3Y

J 

I

ti4^ —.& • Mbfto. — y. A a. - T •

_

-- . s
t'

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

,^.,^ a. f. 't 1h s r

setG., ri was^ippated+'b 't 

`^y^^IASA^^ G an ^5^2^^ef

earlier phases that included field surveys and initial data

processing. Field surveys were supported in part by U.S.

Geological Survey funding which supported the field clews. We

are especially grateful for the support and participation by

Drs. Frank Canney, Gary Raines, Roger Ashley, and Larry Rowan

of the U.S. Geological Survey.

The data analysis was rompleted under research Grant DAR-78-

16320 from the Division of Applied Research of the National

Science Foundation. The research presented in this report and

continuing research is presently being funned under the NSF grant.

t

OPIGINAL PA?-F ig

OF POOR 4UALiTY

It

- .. ^- --- ff— 0- - ^-7.
} , APPENDIX 

I

-^1-'"4^r^C^ ^1:^^fF{7!':'{'l^ {.'r:17'6^tr. , ,. _^':t,'',

•'.' "^iA►1 ^r

,^ r^^.^.;^ f^. ^ 'r ^Y,t^Y^rI^^I^^'►

"ntl^'MS^ i

The spectral analysis of data from the Columbia sensrr systems

depends heavily on the polynomial waveform analysis techniques

developed at Columbia University. A jtandard polynomial function

is used to fit the data. Differences in the frequency components

of the spectral curves can be found by simply comparing the

coefficients of polynomial terms. The particular function that

we have found useful is the Chebyshev polynomial, which is defined:

To (x) =

r

n f` 7r - c o S ( z-. ©^

COS 9 = -k

A decailed presentation of the Chenyshev polynomials can be found

in the standard texts, for example "Mathematical Analysis" by

Lyvsternik and Yanpol'skii.

Enclosed are data for six aircraft spectra from Cotter Basin.

Three are in background areas:

records 1458

1461

1474. 0R1Gt1`! a,L PAGE S3

and three are from t:ie anomaly:

OF POOR Q'.1ALTY

records 1414

1423

1426.

The data include:

I

1. radiance and wavelength of the 500

channels of data for each spectrum,

{ 2. a plot of the above,

3. the corresponding polynomial coefficients

derived from the six spectra.
,-.A

• 1V

J

I OR'Itl- The absoidt

data, the coordinate space used, and the portion of the speC,^rum

fitted. In interpreting the data, as in ratio techniques,-'et c.,

the relative values contain the useful information.
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