# fit**~:~~~!~~E~A~~O~CTION**

SECRETARY

September 5, 2014

Mr. Shawn M. Garvin Regional Administrator

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region III

1650 Arch Street, (Mail Code: 3RAOO) Philadelphia, PA 19103-2029

Dear Mr. Garvin:

I am pleased to submit to the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency a request to redesignate the Pennsylvania portion of the Philadelphia-Wilmington (PA-NJ-DE) 1997 annual and 2006

24-hour fine particulate matter (PM 2

. 5 ) nonattainment area to attainment, and a revision to the

State Implementation Plan (SIP) including a Maintenance Plan demonstrating that the area can maintain the 1997 and 2006 PM 2

. 5 National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for at least

ten years after redesignation, as required under Section 175A(b) of the Clean Air Act (CAA).

The SIP submittal also includes the comprehensive emissions inventory required under

Section 1 72( c )(3) of the CAA.

The Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) opened a 30-day public comment period on May 10

, 2014, on the proposed redesignation request, maintenance plan and comprehensive

emissions inventory for the area. The public hearing scheduled for June 12, 2014, was cancelled

because no one expressed interest in presenting testimony or attending the hearing. Written

comments were received from two parties.

The following documents are enclosed for your approval:

1. Request for Redesignation to attainment;

2. Maintenance Plan State Implementation Plan revision, which includes the comprehensive emissions inventory and a Motor Vehicle Emissions Budget for the

purposes of transportation conformity;

3. Certification of public participation activities; and

4. Comment and Response Document.

A paper copy of each document and a disc containing electronic copies are enclosed. I certify

that the electronic files are exact duplicates of the hard copies. The Commonwealth followed all

of the applicable procedural requirements of the State's laws and constitution in conducting and completing the issuance of the SIP revision.

Rachel Carson State Office Building I P.O. Box 2063 I Harrisburg, PA 17105-2063

717.787.2814 (JLz.

Printed on Recycled Paper 

### '\.6CJ www.depweb.state.pa.usMr. Shawn Garvin -2- September 5, 2014

Thank you in advance for the expeditious processing of the redesignation request and SIP

revision. Should you have any questions or need additional information, please contact Joyce E. Epps, Director, Bureau of Air Quality, bye-mail at jeepps@pa.gov or by telephone at

717.787.9702.

Sincerely,

E. Christopher Abruzzo Secretary

Enclosures- 1

- Comment and Response Document Philadelphia Nonattainment Area

1997 and 2006 Fine Particulate Matter National Ambient Air Quality Standards

Redesignation Request and Maintenance Plan

On May 10 , 2014 , the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (DEP ) requested

written comments and provided notice of the opportunity for a public hearing on the proposed Redesignation Request and Maintenance Plan for the 1997 and 2006 Fine Particulate Matter National Ambient Air Quality Standards in the Philadelphia Nonattainment Area. A public hearing was scheduled for June 12 , 2014 on the proposed redesignation request and plan revision, but the hearing was cancelled because no person requested a hearing. The comment period closed on June 13 , 2014

.

Two commentator s provided comments on the proposed SIP revision

.

1. Diana Esher, Director

Air Protection Division U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

1650 Arch Street Philadelphia, PA 19103

- 2029

2. Diego Rincón Deputy Director of Aviation, Capital Development Philadelphia Division of Aviation Philadelphia International Airport Terminal D, Level 3 Philadelphia, PA 19153

COMMENTS AND RESPONSES

. The identi t y of each commentator making the comment is indicated by the assigned numbers in parentheses after each comment.

1. Comment: In Table III

- 3: Comparison of Safety Margin to total Anticipated Emissions Reductions in 2017 and 2025, EPA identified the following calculation errors.

 The anticipated emissions reductions for PM2.5 from 2007

- 2017 should be 1,690, not 2,491.

 The anticipated emissions reductions for NOx from 2007

- 2017 should be 44,809, not 57,699.

 The anticipated emissions reductions from for NOx fr om 2 007

- 2025 should be 57,700, not 57,699. (1)

Response: DEP agrees and has corrected the calculation errors in Table III

- 3 in the final

Maintenance Plan

.

2. Comment: The commentator compared aircraft emissions in the Air Quality Technical Report for the Capacity Enhancement Program (CEP) at the Philadelphia International Airport (PHL) with the aircraft emissions in the proposed Maintenance Plan for- 2

-

Philadelphia and Del aware counties. PHL is situated in both counties. Because the proposed Maintenance Plan contains estimates for 2007, 2017 and 2025 and the CEP contains estimates for 2004, 2020 and 2025, the commentator adjusted the Maintenance

Plan ’ s emissions to 2020 levels by assuming a linear growth model. The commentator concluded that the proposed Maintenance Plan underestimates aircraft emissions for 2017 and 2025 as compared to the CEP estimate for NOx, SO2, PM10 and PM2.5. The

differences a re 12 percent for NOx, 7 percent for SO2, 69 percent for PM10 and

70 percent for direct PM2.5. The commentator ’ s comparison chart also shows that the proposed Maintenance Plan contains 9 percent more emissions for VOC than the CEP. The commentator reques ts that the final Maintenance Plan include the emi ssions

estimates from the CEP. (2)

Response: The Department agrees that the more general projections in the proposed

Maintenance Plan may not adequately account for the implementation of the CEP. The

final Maintenance Plan incorporates the commentator ’ s suggestion s and include s a separate emissions category for the CEP, based on the emission estimates from the final Environmental Impact Statement (released August 2010) for the CEP

. The Maintenance Plan describes the revised methodology for estimating projected airport operations

emissions.

Using the increased estimates for NOx, SO2, PM10 and PM2.5 does not affect the ability of the Pennsylvania portion of the nonattainment area to show that emissi ons in future years will be less than emission s in the attainment year.

3. Comment: The final Maintenance Plan should include a sentence that states that any low emission initiatives that are undertaken by the City of Philadelphia at the Philadelphia International Airport are not accounted for in the SIP. In particular, any emission reductions resulting from the following low emission initiatives implemented at the Airport will be considered above and beyond the scope of the SIP and there fore eligible for Airport Emission Reduction Credits, as defined by the Federal Aviation

Administration ’ s Voluntary Airport Low Emissions (VALE) Program:

 The use of electric ground service equipment ( GSE ) by the City or by tenant

airlines

.

 The installation and use of precondition ed air (PCA) and 400 Hz converter units on jetbridges or for use at remote aircraft parking positions, cargo aircraft loading aprons, or maintenance facilities.

 The use of electric or other alternative fuels for mobile equipment

.

 Up grades to central utility plants or other heating, air conditioning, and ventilation systems to operate more efficiently than required by law, including the use of geothermal wells. (2)

Response: The Department agrees that these low emission initiatives are not accounted for in the SIP. They are also not listed as potential contingency measures should the area violate the 1997 or 2006 NAAQS. Therefo re, the final Maintenance Plan will clarify that

these types of projects are eligible for the VALE program.

# C ommonwealth of Pennsylvania

State Implementation Plan Revision: Maintenance Plan and

Comprehensive Inventory Pennsylvania Portion of the Philadelphia

- Wilmington, PA

- NJ

- DE

Nonattainment Area

1997 and 2006 Fine Particulate Matter

National A mbient Air Quality Standards



# August 201 4

Bureau of Air Quality Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection

P.O. Box 8468 Harrisburg, PA 17105

- 8468

717

- 787

- 9495

www.dep.state.pa.usThis page intentionally left blank

.- i

- Table of Contents

I. Introduction and Overview

................................ ................................ ................................ .. 1

A. Health and Environmental Effects of Fine Pa rticulate Matter (PM 2.5 )

.................... 1

B. Sources of PM 2.5 and Precursor Pollutants of Concern

................................ ............ 3

C. Purpose and Structure of this SIP Revisi on

................................ ............................. 5

D. Public Participation

................................ ................................ ................................ .. 9

II. Emission Inventories

................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 10

A. Em issions Inventory Methodology for Baseline Year (2002) and Attainment Year (2007) Emissions

................................ ................................ ........ 11

B. Baseline Year (2002) Annual Emissions (Tons per Year)

................................ ..... 16

C. Attainment Year (2007) Annual Emissions (Tons per Year)

................................ 16

D. Growth Projection Methodologies for 2017 and 2025

................................ .......... 17

E. Interim Year (2017) Emissions

................................ ................................ .............. 22

F. Maintenance Year (2025) Emissions

................................ ................................ ..... 22

G. Maintenance Plan Emissions Test

................................ ................................ ......... 23

III. Permanent and Enforceable Control Measures

................................ ................................ .. 25

A. Permanent and Enforceable Control Measures

................................ ...................... 25

1. Stationary Point Sources

................................ ................................ ............ 28

2. Highway Vehicle Sources

................................ ................................ .......... 33

3. Nonroad Sources

................................ ................................ ........................ 37

4. Stationary Area Sources

................................ ................................ ............. 37

B. Motor Vehicle Emission Budgets for Transportation Conformity

........................ 38

IV. Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network

................................ ................................ ........ 42

V. Verification of Continued Attainment

................................ ................................ ............... 42

VI. Continge ncy Measures

................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 42

Table of Tables

Table II

- 1: 2002 Emissions (Tons per Year)

................................ ................................ ............... 16

Table II

- 2: 200 7 Emissions (Tons per Year)

................................ ................................ ............... 17

Table II

- 3: VMT (Miles) and Vehicle Emissions (Tons per Year)

................................ ............. 20

Table II

- 4: Projected 2017 Emi ssions (Tons per Year)

................................ ............................... 22

Table II

- 5: Projected 2025 Emissions (Tons per Year)

................................ ............................... 23

Table II

- 6: Pennsylvania Maintenance Emissio ns Test

................................ ............................... 24

Table II

- 7: PA, NJ, DE Maintenance Emissions Test (PM 2.5 , SO 2 and NOx)

............................. 24

Table II

- 8: PA, NJ, DE Maintenance Emissi ons Test (VOC and NH 3 )

................................ ...... 25

Table III

- 1: Summary of Emission Reductions (Tons) from 2007 to 2025 from Control

Measures

................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 27

Table I II

- 2: Motor Vehicle Emission Budgets (Tons per Year)

................................ .................. 39

Table III

- 3: Comparison of Safety Margin to Total Anticipated Emission Reductions in

2017 and 2025

................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 40

Table III

- 4: Comparison of 2025 On

- Road Mobile VOC, NH 3 , and SO 2 Emissions to the

Total Projected 2025 Inventory

................................ ................................ ................ 40- ii

- APPENDICES

APPENDIX A: STATIONARY POINT SOURCES

A

- 1 Methodology

– Prep aration of Pennsylvania Point Source Inventories and

Instructions for Completing the Annual Emissions Reporting Forms

A

- 2 Facility Annual Emissions

– 2002

A

- 3 Facility Annual Emissions

– 2007, 2017, 2025

A

- 4 Banked Emissions Reduction Credits

APPENDIX B: S TATIONARY AREA SOURCES

B

- 1 Pennsylvania 2002 Area Source Criteria Air Pollutant Emission Estimation

Methods (EH Pechan, Feb. 2004)

B

- 2 Pennsylvania 2007 Area Source Criteria Air Pollutant Emission Estimation

Methods (Dec. 2009)

B

- 3 Area Source Annual Em issions

– 2002

B

- 4 Area Source Annual Emissions

– 2007, 2017, 2025

APPENDIX C: REGIONAL EMISSIONS INVENTORY AND PROJECTION

METHODOLOGY

C

- 1 Technical Support Document for the Development of the 2007 Emission

Inventories for Regional Air Quality Modeling in the Northeast/Mid

- Atlantic Region Version 3.3 (AMEC Environment & Infrastructure and SRA International, Inc. for MARAMA, January 2012)

C

- 2 Technical Support Document for the Development of the 2017/2020 Emission

Inventories for Regional Air Quality Modelin g in the Northeast/Mid

- Atlantic Region Version 3.3 (AMEC Environment & Infrastructure and SRA International, Inc. for MARAMA, January 2012)

C

- 3 Technical Support Document for the Development of the 2025 Emission

Inventory for PM Nonattainment Countie s in t he MANE

- VU Region

Version 3.3 Rev. 1 (AMEC Environment & Infrastructure and SRA International, Inc. for MARAMA, January 2012)

C

- 4 Technical Memo Emission Factors for Condensable PM

APPENDIX D: HIGHWAY VEHICLE SOURCES INVENTORY INFORMATION

D

- 1 Mobile Source Highway Emissions Inventory

– An Explanation of

Methodology

D

- 2 Highway Emissions Estimates

– 2002, 2007, 2017, 2025

D

- 3 MOVES Input Parameter Summary

D

- 4 MOVES Input and Output Files

APPENDIX E: NONROAD SOURCES

E

- 1 Emissions Estimation Methodology

– 200 2

E

- 2 Nonroad Source Emissions

– 2002

E

- 3 Nonroad Source Emissions

– 2007, 2017, 2025

APPENDIX F: INVENTORY COMPARISON 2007/2008/2025

F

- 1 Summary

F

- 2 Point, Area and Nonroad

– 2008

F

- 3 MOVES

– 2008- 1

-

I. I NTRODUCTION AND O VERVIEW

A. Health and Environment al Effect s of Fine Particulate Matter (PM 2.5 )

Particulate matter (PM) is a mixture of microscopic solids and liquid droplets suspended in air that include: acids (such as nitrates and sulfates), organic chemicals, metals, soil or dust particles and allerg ens (such as fragments of pollen or mold spores). Fine particle pollution or PM 2.5 describes particulate matter th at is less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers (μm) in diameter, approximately 1/30th

the diameter of a human hair. Because of their small size , fine particles can penetrate deeply into the lungs.

Health studies have shown a significant association between exposure to fine particles and premature death from heart or lung disease. Fine particles can aggravate heart and lung diseases and have bee n linked to effects such as cardiovascular symptoms, cardiac arrhythmias, heart attacks, respiratory symptoms, asthma attacks, and bronchitis. These effects can result in increased hospital admissions, emergency room visits, absences from school or work, and restricted activity days. Individuals that may be particularly sensitive to fine particle exposure include people with heart or lung disease, older adults, and

children. The article, “Fine

- Particulate Air Pollution and Life Expectancy in the

United S tates” by C. Arden Pope, III, et al. published January 22, 2009

, in the New England Journal of Medicine evaluate d the role PM 2.5 reductions occurring in the 1980s and 1990s had on the increased life expectancy observed over that period. The study found th at a reduction of 10 micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m 3 ) of PM 2.5 was associated with an average increase in life expectancy of

7.3 months.

PM 2.5 has significant environmental impacts, including acid rain and stream eutrophication. PM 2.5 also affects visi bility (regional haze) through the scattering and absorption of light. Fine particles, similar in size to the wavelength of light, are most efficient, per unit of mass, at reducing visibility. Soiling and materials damage can also be caused by PM 2.5 in t he air.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) promulgated PM 2.5 national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) in 1997 after evaluating hundreds of health studies and conducting an extensive peer review process. The

EPA established an a nnual primary (health

- based) and secondary (welfare

- based)

standard of 1 5.0 μg/m

, 3 based on the 3

- year average of annual mean PM 2.5 concentrations. The EPA also established a primary and secondary 24

- hour

standard of 65 μg/m 3 determined by the 3

- year aver age of the 98th percent ile of

24

- hour concentrations. In 2006, the EPA promulgated a revised 24

- hour PM 2.5 standard of 35 μg/m 3 determined by the 3

- year average of the 98th percent ile of

24

- hour concentrations. The annual standard was not revised ( 71 F R 61144 (October 17, 2006)).- 2

- On December 17, 2004, the EPA issued air quality designations for the 1997

PM 2.5 NAAQS based on 2001

- 2003 air qu ality monitoring data

. The final designations were published in the Federal Register on January 5, 2005 (70 FR 944) . The designa tions became effective on April 5, 2005. The EPA designated eight areas c omprised of all or portions of 21 counties in Pennsylvania

as PM 2.5 nonattainment areas. On April 5, 2005, the EPA published a supplemental notice changing the designa tion of certain areas from nonattainment to attainment based on newly available PM 2.5 quality

- assured, and certified air quality data from 2002

- 2004. The EPA supplemental notice was published in the Federal Register on April 14, 2005 (70 FR 19844 ). Merce r County was the only county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (Commonwealth or Pennsylvania )

for which EPA changed the designation for the area from nonattainment to

attainment based on the 2002

- 2004 air quality data

.

The Philadelphia

- Wilmington, PA

- NJ

- DE (Philadelphia) Area was one of eight areas in Pennsylvania, comprising all or parts of 21 Pennsylvania counties, designated by the EPA as nonattainment for the 1997 annual PM 2.5 NAAQS. The Philadelphia Area was designated by EPA as nonattainment becau se it violated

the 1997 annual standard of 15.0 μg/m 3 based on 2001

- 2003 monitoring data. The Philadelphia Area did not violate the 1997 24

- hour standard of 65 μg/m

. 3

On October 8, 2009, the EPA promulgated air quality designations for the 2006

PM 2.5 standard based on 2006

- 2008 air quality monitorin g data

. The final designations were published in the Federal Register on November 13, 2009 (74 FR 58688 ). The EPA designated seven areas c omprised of all or portions of

22 counties in Pennsylvania as 24

- hour PM 2.5 nonattainment areas. The designations b ecame effective on December 14, 2009.

The Philadelphia Area was one of seven areas in Pennsylvania designated by the

EPA as nonattainment for the 2006 24

- hour PM 2.5 NAAQS. The Philadelphia

Area was designated nonattainment because the area violated the 2006 24

- hour

PM 2.5 standard of 35 μg/m 3 based on 2006

- 2008 monitoring data.

The Pennsylvania portion of the nonattainment area consists of Bucks, Chester, Delaware, Montgomery and Philadelphia counties in Pennsylvania. The Delaware portion of the non attainment area consists of New Castle County. The New Jersey portion of the nonattainment area consists of Burlington, Camden and Gloucester counties. The EPA redesignated the New Jersey portion of the

nonattainment area for both the 1997 annual and the 2006 24

- hour NAAQS on September 4, 2013 ( 78 FR 54396 ). The EPA proposed to redesignate the Delaware portion of the nonattainment area for both the 1997 annual and the 2006

24

- hour NAAQS on April 11, 2014 (79 FR 20139).- 3

-

B. Sources of PM 2.5 and Precurso r Pollutants of Concern

Fine particle pollution can be emitted directly or formed secondarily in the atmosphere. PM 2.5 emitted directly into the air in a stable solid or liquid chemical form (including PM 2.5 that is formed near its source by condensation ) is referred to as “primary” PM 2.5

. PM 2.5 is formed by chemical reactions of gases in the atmosphere is considered to be “secondary” PM 2.5 . The chemical composition of

PM 2.5 in an area depends on the mix of emissions, location, time of year, and

weather

. The chemical composition of PM 2.5 can include sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, particle

- bound water, black (elemental) carbon, a great variety of organic compounds, and miscellaneous inorganic material

, such as dust and

metals.

Primary PM 2.5 includes soot f rom diesel engines, condensed organic material from incomplete combustion and compounds from condensation during combustion or smelting.

The atmospheric chemistry of PM 2.5 formation is complex. Formation of secondary PM 2.5 depends on numerous factors

, in cluding the relative concentration of precursors, atmospheric conditions and the interactions of precursors with each other and with other particles, clouds or fog. The contribution of different pre cursors will vary by location.

The principal forms of se condary PM 2.5 include:

 Sulfates, formed from emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) from power plants and industrial facilities ;

 Nitrates, formed from emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO X ) from power plants, vehicles, and other combustion sources ;

 Ammonium, forme d primarily from emissions of ammonia (NH 3 ) from animal operations ; and

 Secondary organic aerosol

, formed from emissions of v olatile organic

c ompounds ( VOCs ) from incomplete combustion and evaporation fr om a wide diversity of sources.

Because of the compl exity and variability of the process of particulate matter formation, the EPA recognizes that effective control measures for PM 2.5 will vary

among nonattainment areas . This recognition was reflected in EPA’s “Implemen tation Guidance for the 2006 24

- Hour F ine Particle National Ambient Air Quality Standard,” Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, EPA,

March 2, 2012 (“Implementation Guidance for the 2006 24

- Hour PM 2.5 NAAQS”). In the Implementation Guidance for the 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS, EPA adopted the fr amework and policy approach the agency espoused in its implementation rule for the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS, known as the “Clean Air Fine Particle Implementation Rule” (72 FR 20586; April 25, 2007) (“Implementation

Rule for the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS”).- 4

- In its Implem entation Rule for the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS, EPA had established general presumptive policies for assessing which PM 2.5 precursors should be evaluated for possible controls. 1 In that earlier rule, the EPA required states to

evaluate control measures for SO 2 an d primary PM 2.5 in all locations. The EPA required states to evaluate control measures for NO X unless a technical

demonstration is made to show that NO X emissions from sources in the state do not significantly contribute to PM 2.5 concentrations in the non attainment area

. The EPA required states to evaluate measures for VOC and NH 3 only if a technical demonstration is made to show VOC or NH 3 emissions significantly

contribute to PM 2.5 in the nonattainment area.

The EPA reaffirmed the appropriateness of these presumptions in its Implemen tation Guidance for the 2006 24

- Hour PM 2.5 NAAQS. 2 Meanwhile, the

U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit was considering a challenge to the Implementation Rule for the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS, in Natural Resources Defense

Co uncil v. EPA , No. 08

- 1250. On January 4, 2013, the Court handed down its ruling in that case

. The Court granted the petitions for review and remanded the

case to EPA to re

- promulgate the rule pursuant to Subpart 4 of Part D of the Clean Air Act, rather t han implementing it under Subpart 1, as EPA had done (706 F.3d 428 at 437(D

. C

. Cir. 2013)).

Shortly thereafter, EPA withdrew its Implemen tation Guidance for the 2006

24

- hour PM 2.5 NAAQS. According to EPA’s June, 2013 withdrawal memorandum (see second pag e of memorandum) 3 , EPA withdrew the guidance in response to the Court’s decision in Natural Resources Defense Council v. EPA

, No. 08

- 1250.

This M aintenance P lan demonstrates maintenance of the standard s consistent with the Court’s ruling. In general, th e Court’s decision (for the 1997 NAAQS and to

the extent it would be extrapolated to the 2006 24

- Hour PM 2.5 NAAQS) could affect an area’s nonattainment classification, certain deadlines, and the impacts of failing to attain timely, and could impose a deadl ine for implementation of reasonably available and best available control measures ( 706 F.3d at 436, n. 6).

Since the Philadelphia Area is already attaining the 1997 annual and 2006

24

- Hour PM 2.5 NAAQS, however, those considerations are not relevant for t his

M aintenance P lan. The court noted that PM 2.5 precursors, including ammonia and VOCs, are presumptively regulated in PM 2.5 nonattainment areas under Subpart 4,

1 The EPA’s definition of “PM 2.5 attainment pla n precursor” can be found in 40 CFR Section 51.1000, which reads:

“ PM 2.5 attainment plan precursor means S0 2 and those other PM 2.5 precursors emitted by sources in the State which

the State must evalua te for emission reduction measures to be included in its PM 2.5 nonattainment area or maintenance area plan.”

2 EPA wrote: “The EPA believes that these same presumptions would be appropriately applied with respect to the

2006 24

- hour PM 2.5 NAAQS as well.” See, Implementation Guidance for the 2006 24

- hour PM 2.5 NAAQS, page 3,

footnote 8.

3 “Withdrawal of Implementation Guidance for the 2006 24

- Hour Fine Particle ( PM 2.5 ) National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS),” Stephen D. Page, EPA, June 6, 2013.- 5

- pointing specifically to section 189(e), which applies to control of major stationary source s of PM 10 [the court stated that PM 10 includes PM 2.5 throughout Subpart 4] (706 F.3d at 436, n. 7, and at 437, n. 10). According to CAA

Section 189(e), control requirements applicable for major stationary sources of

PM 10 also apply to major stationary sou rces of PM 10 precursors, except where the Administrator determines that major stationary sources do not contribute significantly to PM 10 levels that exceed the standard in the area; Section 189(e) also requires EPA to issue guidelines regarding the applica tion of Subsection (e). Pennsylvania assessed emissions of PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X , VOC and NH 3 for the

maintenance demonstration.

This State Implementation Plan ( SIP) revision provides emissions information for all pollutants ( PM 10 , PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X , VOC and N H 3 ), as required by EPA’s guidance entitled, “Emissions Inventory Guidance for Implementation of Ozone and Particulate Matter National Ambient Air Quality Stan dards (NAAQS) and Regional Haze Regulations.” 4

C. Purpose a nd Structure o f t his SIP Revision

In December 2004

, after consultation with states and receipt of public input, the EPA designated eight areas in Pennsylvania

, compris ing all or part s of

21 Pennsylvania counties

, as PM 2.5 nonattainment areas for 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS

based on 2001

- 2003 air qu alit y monitoring data

. Under Section 110 of the Clean Air Act ( CAA )

, Pennsylvania is required to develop a revision to the SIP to
demonstrate how the Philadelphia Area will attain the 1997 standard by April 2010, meet emission reduction requirements in the CA A and ensure that in the event of a future violation or failure to meet emission reduction milestones, the area is brought back to atta inment as quickly as possible.

However, o n May 16, 2012

, the EPA determined that the Philadelphia Area had

attained the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS based on quality assured, quality controlled and certified ambient air monitoring data that show the area ha d monitored attainment

based on 2007

- 2009 and 2008

- 2010 data (“Clean Data Determination”) ( 77 FR 28782 )

. This final action suspend ed the requirements for this area to

submit an attainment demonstration and associated reasonably available control measures, reasonable further progress plans, contingency measures and other planning SIP revision s related to the attainment of the 1997 PM 2 .5 NAAQS for so long as the area continues to attain the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS

. 5

On November 13, 2009 (74 FR 58688), after consultation with states and receipt of public input, the EPA designated seven areas in Pennsylvania, comprising all

4 Emissions Inventory Guidance for Implementation of Ozone and Particulate Matter National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and Regional Haze Regulations

– EPA

- 454/R

- 05

- 001, August, 2005, updated November, 2005.

5 In the same rulemakin g, EPA also made a statutorily required determination under Section 179(c) of the CAA, that

the Philadelphia Area attained the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS by the applicable attainment date of April 5, 2010. EPA based this determination on complete, quality assured, and certified ambient air monitoring data that show the area

monitored attainment for the 2007

- 2009 monitoring period.- 6

- or parts of 22 Penns ylvania counties, as 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS nonattainment areas

based on 2006

- 2008 air quality monitoring data

. Under Section 110 of the Clean Air Act (CAA), Pennsylvania is required to develop a revision to the SIP to

demonstrate how the Pennsylvania portion o f the Philadelphia Area will attain the standard by December 31, 201 5 , meet emission reduction requirements in the

CAA and ensure that in the event of a future violation or failure to meet emission reduction milestones, the area is brought back to attainme nt as quickly as possible.

However, on January 7, 2013 , the EPA determined that the Philadelphia Area had

attained the 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS based on quality assured, quality controlled and certified ambient air monitoring data that show the area had monitored attainment

based on 2008

- 2010 and 2009

- 2011 data (“Clean Data Determination”) ( 78 FR 882 ). This final action suspended the requirements for this area to submit an attainment demonstration and associated reasonably available control measures, reasonable f

urther progress plans, contingency measures and other planning SIP revisions related to the attainment of the 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS for so long as the area continues to attain the 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS.

EPA’s determination s of attainment and the Clean Data Determin ation s d id not

“ redesignate ” the area as “attainment.” The Pennsylvania portion of the Philadelphia Area remain s a designated nonattainment area for the 1997 annual

and 2006 24

- hour PM 2.5 NAAQS until the Commonwealth submits, and EPA

approves, a Request f

or R edesignation and a Maintenance P lan showing the area

can mainta in the standard s for at least 10 years after redesignation

. N onattainment new source review continue s to apply until EPA redesignates the

area as attainment ( 72 FR 20603 )

. Transportation conformity and genera l conformity also apply ; they will continue to apply to the area even after redesignation by EPA as attainment

. The C lean D ata D etermination s do not suspend the CAA Sec tion 172(c)(3) requirement to establish a comprehensive inventory for all pollutants considered potential precursor s to PM 2.5 and for direct

emissions of PM 2.5.

This SIP revision includes the Maintenance P lan for the Pennsylvania portion of the Philadelphia Area for the 1997 and 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS and the 200 7 comprehensi ve inventory required under Sec tion 172(c)(3) of the CAA for the 2006 NAAQS. The 2007 comprehensive inventory includes point, area, highway

and nonroad sources of direct PM 2.5 , PM 10 (particles less than 10 microns in diameter), SO 2 , NO X , VOC and NH 3

. The emissions inventory for 2002 was approved by EPA as meeting the requirements of Section 172(c)(3) for the 1997

annual PM 2.5 NAAQS on August 28, 2012 (77 FR 51930). The 2007 comprehensive inventory is being submitted in this Plan to meet the requirements

of Section 172(c)(3) for the 2006 24

- hour PM 2.5 NAAQS. The 2007 comprehensive inventory also serves as the attainment year inventory representing a level of emissions sufficient for the Pennsylvania portion of the Philadelphia Area to attain the 1997 PM 2. 5 NAAQS. For the 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS,- 7

- t he 2007, 2008 and 2025 emission inventories were evaluated to show that the 2007 emission inventory is an appropriate and representative emission inventory to use as a surrogate attainment emission inventory for the 200 8 emission inventory, a year when attainment of the 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS was demonstrated.

That evaluation is contained in Appendix F

.

To demonstrate maintenance of the PM 2.5 NAAQS for this area, Pennsylvania is

show ing that the future emissions of PM 2.5 and its precursors will remain at levels that will provide for maintenance of the PM 2.5 NAAQS for at least 10 years after redesignation , taking economic, population and travel growth into account ( See, EPA, “Procedures for Processing Requests to Redesignate A reas to Attainment,” John Calcagni (September 4, 1992) (1992 Calcagni Memo) )

. This Maintenance Plan contains an attainment year inventory for 2007 and demonstrates that emissions will not be greater in 2017 and 2025 than the attainment year

. The plan

des cribes emission reduction measures that have been previously adopted; it neither changes existing measures nor adopts additional measures . The plan

indicates how M aintenance P lan progress will be tracked and identifies measures

that would be available to promptly correct any NAAQS violation.

Section 107(d)(3)(E) of the CAA requires that a Maintenance Plan be fully approved by the EPA before an area can be redesignated as attainment. The

Maintenance Plan is considered a SIP revision under Section 110 of t he CAA

. A state may submit the R equest for Redesignation and the Maintenance Plan at the same time and federal rulemaking on both may proceed on a parallel track.

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 107(d)(3)(E) of the CAA, t he R equest for Redesignat ion submitted concurrently with this Maintenance Plan indicates that

the Philadelphia Area has attained the NAAQS and that attainment wa s due to permanent and enforceable control measures. The R equest for Redesignation also

demonstrates that the Commonwea lth has met all of the regulatory and planning requirements under the CAA for the Philadelphia Area that we re due before the

date of the R equest for Redesignation

.

In Section 5 of the 1992 Calcagni Memo, EPA re commends the following to

ensure maintenance of the NAAQS:

 The state should continue to operate an appropriate air quality monitoring network in order to verify the area’s attainment status (addressed in

Section IV of th is Plan);

 The state should develop an emissions inventory to identify the level of emissions sufficient to attain the NAAQS. This “attainment year

i nventory” was developed for 2007 ;

 The state may demonstrate maintenance by show ing that the future emissions of a pollutant or its precursors will not exceed the level of the- 8

- attainment inventory over at least 10 years following redesignation, taking economic growth into account. The Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection ( DEP or Department) has develop ed emission

inventories for 2025 and for 2017 , an interim year between t he attainment year and the maintenance year (addressed in Section II of this Plan) ;

 The Commonwealth should ensure that it has the legal authority to implement and enforce all measures necessary to attain and mainta in the NAAQS, and indicate how M aintena n ce P lan progress will be tracked (addressed in Sections III and V of this Plan and the R equest for Redesignation ); and

 The Commonwealth should identify measures that would be available to promptly correct any NAAQS violation (addressed in Section VI of th is Plan).

This document describes how the Commonwealth will meet those criteria.

Th is Maintenance Plan demonstrates that the 1997 and 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS will

be maintained for at least 10 years after redesignation of the Pennsylvania portion

of the Philade lphia Area to attainment of the standard s

. T he Maintenance Plan

shows that emission levels of PM 2.5 and its precursors over the 10 years following redesignation remain at levels that will provide for maintenance of the PM 2.5 NAAQS

, even considering growth in populatio n and vehicle miles traveled. In addition, this SIP revisions fulfills the requirement for a comprehensive inventory for the 2006 NAAQS for the Pennsylvania portion of the Philade lphia Area under

40 CFR Section 51.1008 to meet the requirement s of Section 172(c)(3) of the

CAA.

Th is Maintenance Plan also shows that t he following state and federal programs will ensure the continuing decline of PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X and VOC emissions :

 The Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) ;

 Emission limits for large ind ustrial boilers;

 State regulation of cement kilns, large stationary internal combustion engines , and smaller sources of NO X ;

 State regulations incorporating by reference the federal Prevention of Significant De terioration (PSD) regulations;

 State requireme nts for Best Available Technology ( BAT ) ;

 State regulation of the sulfur content of fuel oil ;

 The Pennsylvania and federal new motor vehicle emission control programs for p assenger and light

- duty trucks;

 The Pennsylvania and federal heavy

- duty di esel emissi on control

programs;- 9

-  Federal fuel programs for highway vehicles and nonroad mobile equipment; an d

 Federal regulation of offroad diesel and gasoline

- powered vehicles and equipment.

The emission reductions from the following programs were not included in th e 2017 and 2025 emission inventories and, thus, were not relied upon for the demonstration of maintenance. However, emission reductions from these measures may nonetheless assist the Philadelphia Area in maintaining air quality.

 The Diesel

- Powered Motor Vehicle Idling Act, Act 124 of 2008 (Idling Act). The Idling Act was approved by EPA as a SIP revision on August 1, 2011 (76 FR 45705).

 NOx and VOC emission reductions from Pennsylvania’s Outdoor Wood

- Fired Boilers regulation

. The Outdoor Wood

- Fired Bo iler regulation was published

in the Pennsylvania Bulletin on October 2, 2010 (40 Pa.B. 5571) and approved by EPA as a SIP revision on September 20, 2011 (76 FR 58114).

 Pennsylvania’s regulation to control VOC emissions from adhesives, sealants, primers an d solvents

. This regulation was published in the Pennsylvania

Bulletin on December 25, 2010 (40 Pa.B. 7340) and approved by EPA as a SIP revision on September 26, 2012 (77 FR 59090).

 The federal Tier 3 Motor Vehicle Emission and Fuel Standards program. ( 79 FR 23414).

In th is Maintenance Plan, the Department provide s assurances that it will continue to operate the ambient air quality monitoring network in order to track

maintenance of the standard s and to evaluate emissions inventories periodically

compa red to the projections provided in the plan. The Department also provide s a list of potential contingency measures that it would consider to correct any violation of the NAAQS that occurs af ter redesignation of the area.

Eight years following redesignati on, the Commonwealth will submit a revised plan that ensures attainment of the 1997 and 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS through 2035

.

D. Public P articipation

Requirements for a public comment process are set forth in Section 110(a)(2) of the CAA, 40 CFR Section 51.102( d) and Section 7.5 of the Pennsylvania Air

Pollution Control Act. 35 P.S. Section 4007.5 (b)

. On May 10, 2014, t he Department provided not ice of a public comment period and the opportunity for a hearing on the Maintenance Plan for the Pennsylvania portion of the Philadelphia

Area for the 1997 and 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS

, the 2007 comprehensive inventory required by Section 172(c)(3) of the CAA, and the Request to Redesignate the Pennsylvania portion of the Philadelphia Area to attainment for the 1997 and

2006 PM 2 .5 standard s

. The Department scheduled the public hearing to occur on June 12, 2014, but no one expressed interest in presenting testimony or attending.- 10

- Therefore, the Department cancelled the hearing. The public comment period

closed June 13, 2014. Th e Department received comments from two commentators, which have been addressed in a Comment and Response

D ocument.

II

. E MISSION I NVENTORIES

To demonstrate maintenance of the 1997 annual and 2006 24

- hour PM 2.5 NAAQS for th e Pennsylvania portion of the Ph iladelphia A rea, Pennsylvania is show ing that the future

emissions of PM 2.5 and its precursors will remain at levels that will provide for

maintenance of the PM 2.5 NAAQS for at least 10 years, taking economic, population and travel growth into account. Th is Maintenance Plan contains an attainment year inventory for 2007 and demonstrates that emissions will not be greater than the attainment year in

2017 and 2025

. 6 This Maintenance Plan also contains a 2002 baseline inventory that represents the emissions present when the Philadelphia Area did not meet the 1997 and

2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS. On August 28, 2012 (77 FR 51930), EPA approved the base year emissions inventory for 2002 as part of the A ttainment P lan for the Pennsylvania portion

of the Philadelphia area f or the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS . The Attainment Plan also included the modeled attainment demonstration, motor vehicle budgets, and contingency measures. The motor vehicle budgets were subsequently amended and approved as a SIP revision on April 3, 2013 (78 FR 1 9992).

In addition, this SIP revision fulfills the requirement for a comprehensive inventory for

the 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS for the Philadelphia Area under 40 CFR Section 51.1008 to meet

the requirements of S ection 172(c)(3) of the CAA

. As specified by the EP A, the pollutants inventoried by Pennsylvania include direct PM 2.5 , PM 10 , SO 2 , NO X , VOC, and

NH 3 . Information on the manmade sources of these pollutants was compiled for:

 “Stationary point sour ces” (or “point” sources)

, which are sources for which the

De partment collects individual emissions

- related information. Generally

, they represent major stationary sources but may be smaller.

 “ Stationary a rea sources
, ” which are industrial

, commercial , and residential

sources too small or too numerous to be handle d individually . These include but

are not limited to commercial and residential open burning, architectural and industrial maintenance coatings application and clean

- up, consumer product use, and vehicle refueling at service stations. Where there is over lap between stationary point sources and stationary area sources, the area source values are adjusted to remove any double counting.

 “Highway vehicles

, ” which include passenger cars and light

- duty trucks, other trucks, buses and motorcycles.

6 Due to rounding, numbers presented throughout this document may not add up precisely to the totals provided.- 11

-

 “Nonroad sou rces
, ” which encompass a diverse collection of engines

, including

but not limited to outdoor power equipment, recreational vehicles, farm and construction machinery, lawn and garden equipment, industrial equipment,

recreational marine vessels , commercial m arine vessels, locomotives, ships, and

aircraft.

Pennsylvania and other Northeastern and Mid

- Atlantic states participated in a regional effort to refine the emissions inventory and to compile a regional emissions inventory.

The Mid

- Atlantic Regional Air Management Association (MARAMA) coordinated that regional effort, which allowed states to pool their resources to compile a regional emissions inventory for the purpose of conducting the regional modeling analysis used in Pennsylvania’s air quality managem ent p lanning efforts to attain the 8

- hour ozone NAAQS and the PM 2.5 NAAQS, and to prepare the regional haze plan.

Please note that all emission inventory information provided is for the Pennsylvania portion of the Philadelphia Area.

A. Emissions Inventor y Methodology for Base line Year (2002) and Attainment Year (2007) Emissions

As noted above, EPA has already approved the 2002 inventory as a SIP revision for the 1997 annual NAAQS

.

Stationary Point Sources. The 2002 and 2007 stationary point source

in ventories were based on emissions reported to the Department by facilities. The Department requires owners and operators of larger facilities to submit annual production figures and emission calculations each year. Throughput data are multiplied by emiss ion factors from Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System and the EPA’s publication series AP

- 42 and are based on Source Classification Code (SCC). Each process has at least one SCC assigned to it. If the owners and operators of facilities provide more accurate emission data based upon other factors, these emission estimates supersede those calculated using SCC codes. Appendix A

- 1 includes information on stationary point source emission methodology, and Appendix A

- 2 is the data set for facility 20 02 annual

emissions. Appendix A

- 3 includes the data set for facility 2007 annual emissions

, as well as projected facility emissions for 2017 and 2025. Appendix A

- 4 is a table documenting the banked emissions reduction credits for the Philadelphia

Area in the 2017 and 2025 emission projection s

.

Condensable PM is a vapor or gas at stack temperature that condenses to a l iquid

or solid at stack exit. Condensable emissions from electric generating units ( EGU s ) were not reported uniformly by all facilities

. Because of the need to consider the effect of condensable emissions from EGUs on regional haze and fine particles, the 2007 inventory data was augmented, utilizing the condensable emission factors for EGUs developed for MARAMA in 2008 to calculate

condensa ble PM emissions where that data was missing. The 2002 inventory did- 12

- not include condensable PM for many facilities and was not augmented. Appendix C

- 4 contains the technical memorandum describing how the emission factors were developed. The general pro cess is to use the emission factors and heat input to calculate the condensable PM ( PM

- CON ) emissions, and then to perform the gap filling for compounds missing from the facility

- reported

emissions

.

Stationary Area Sources

. Stationary a rea source emissio ns are generally estimated by multiplying an emission factor by some known indicator or collective activity for each area source category at the county level. Pennsylvania

estimates emissions from stationary area sources using emission factors and SCC

cod es in a m ethod similar to that used for stationary point s ources. Emission factors may also be derived from research and guidance documents if those

documents are more accurate than FIRE and AP

- 42 factors. Throughput estimates are derived from county

- lev el activity data, by apportioning national or statewide activity data to counties, from census numbers, and from county employee numbers. County employee numbers are based upon North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes to establish that those numbers are

spe cific to the industry covered.

Pennsylvania’s 2002 stationary area source emissions inventory was developed in accordance with EPA guidance 7 and was submitted to the National Emissions Inventory (NEI) to satisfy the requirements of th e Consolidated Emissions Reporting Rule

.

EPA emissions inventories and emission estimation tools were used to create the 2007 area source inventory. For many area source categories, the most recent

EPA data was used. These categories included ammonia em issions from livestock and fertilizers which came from a recent application of the Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) ammonia model to produce 2007 emissions ; output from a version of the Residential Wood Combustion (RWC) model developed by

EPA and run with updated 2007 data to produce emission estimates for that

source category ; and EPA data on wildfire emissions developed as part of EPA’s SMARTFIRE system.

The EPA develops area source emission estimation methodologies and estimates

for the NEI on a three

- y ear cycle. Where 2008 NEI data were used to fill missing categories in the 2007 inventory, no growth adjustment was made to the emissions with the assumption that activity in 2008 and 2007 was similar.

For fugitive dust area sources, the 2007 inventory w as adjusted to apply the EPA

PM “ transport factors” to fugitive dust sources.

7 Emissions Inventory Guid ance for Implementation of Ozone and Particulate Matter National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and Regional Haze Regulations

– EPA

- 454/R

- 05

- 001, August, 2005, updated November, 2005.- 13

- More specific information on the procedure used for each industry type is

contained in Pennsylvania 2002 Area Source Criteria Air Pollutant Emission

Estimation Methods , (E.H. Pe chan & Associates, Inc., February 2004)

, which is contained in Appendi x B

- 1

. Appendix B

- 2 co ntains the methodology for the 2007 Pennsylvania area source inve ntory. Additional methodology information is

available in the technical support document for the 2007 regional inventory wh ich is contained in Appendix C

- 1 . Appendix B

- 3 is a table containing stationary area

source emissions data for 2002 for the Pennsylvania portion of the Philadelphia

Area . Appendix B

- 4 contains the stationary area source emission s data for 2007

, 2017 and 2025 for the Pennsylvania portion of the Philadelphia Area

.

Highway Vehicle Sources. EPA’s MOVES2010 (M o tor Vehicle Emission Simulator) is the official model for estimating air pollution emissions from onroad

mobile sources incl uding buses, cars, trucks and motorcycles. MOVES2010 replaces MOBILE6.2, the previous mobile source model

. Therefore, t he Department employed MOVES2010 to estimate the onroad emissions inventory for 2002, 2007, 2017 and 2025

.

Additional information on h ighway emission method ology is available in Appendix D. Appendix D

- 1 summarizes the methodology and data inputs used to produce the mobile emissions inventory. Appendix D

- 2 provides the 2002 base

year , 2007 attainment year and 2017 and 2025 projections o f mobile (highway) vehicle miles travelled ( VMT ) and annual PM 2.5 direct and prec ursor emissions. Appendix D

- 3 describes the model inputs used to generate emission factors for a specific area. Some examples of th e inputs described in Appendix D

- 3 are the type and frequency of vehicle emission testing, the fuel types required in the area, temperatures by month, and fleet a ge. The summary in Appendix D

- 3 indicates when default information contained in the model is used rather than specific area

i nformation

.

Nonroad Sources

.

The 2002 Emissions Inventory

. The 2002 emissions for the majority of nonroad emission source categories and pollutants were estimated using the EPA

NONROAD 2005 m odel. The NONROAD model estimates emissions for diesel, gasoli ne, liq uefied petroleum gas , and compressed natural gas

- fueled nonroad equipment types and includes growth factors. The National Mobile Inventory Model (NMIM) was used to estimate emissions of ammonia from sources

contained in the NONROAD model. The NONROAD mod el does not estimate emissions from aircraft, locomotives or commercial marine vessels. Emissions from aircraft, locomotives, and commercial marine vessels were estimated using EPA guidance and best available information. If specific local operational da ta was available, that data was used to estimate emissions. State and national data

was used if local data was unavailable.- 14

- Appendix E

- 1 is the technical document providing the methodology and description of the procedures used to generate 2002 county

- level pollutant emission estimates for nonroad mobile engines included in the EPA’s NONROAD2005 model, locomotive engines, and aircraft operations. The t able of 2002 nonroad emissions data sorted by source category is available as Appendix E

- 2.

Aircraft Emissions in 2002

. The Department worked with the staff of the Philadelphia Division of Aviation to obtain accurate operational information for emission sources at Philadelphia International Airport (PHL). The Division of Aviation operates PHL as well as the Northeast Philadelphia Airport. The 2002 PHL Inventory includes aircraft and aircraft

- related equipment from the EPA

approved model, Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System (EDMS), and also

additional on

- airport highway, stationary and area source e missions.

For 2002 aircraft emissions from the Northeast Philadelphia Airport, the Department estimated emissions using operations data obtained from the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) Terminal Area forecast and modeling the emissions directly with the EDMS.

Railroad Emissions

. For 2002 locomotive emissions, the Department projected emissions from a 1999 survey when the Department obt ained fuel use statistics

from C l ass II and III railroads. For C lass I railroads, which produ ce most of the

emissions in the Commonwealth, the Department conducted a 2002 inventory of all railroads that operate in Pennsylvania beca use the 1999 fuel use data for

C lass I railroads was skewed by gridlock caused by the acquisition of Conrail by

CSX and Norfolk South ern. Both Conrail and Norfolk Southern suffered major gridlock in Pennsylvania and beyond during 1999. Consequently, fuel consumption and air emissions for these two railroads were greatly reduced in 1999. The Department requested and received 2002 fuel usage from these railroad companies and developed a 2002 emissions inventory for them. Emissions were generated using EPA emission factors.

Commercial Marine Vessels

. The Philadelphia Area contains the Port of Philadelphia. The port is home to several refineries where large oil tankers often call and shipping terminals. All air emissions from commercial marine vessel (CMV) traffic in the Port of Philadelphia were estimated using the methodology outlined in the EPA’s publication Commercial Marine Activ ity for Deep Sea Ports in the United States, Final Report . Additional understanding of the port’s operations was obtained from conversations with tugboat operators in the port and ship traffic data provided by the Philadelphia Regional Port Authority. Em ission estimates were based on port activity data provided by the United States Army Corps of Engineers Waterborne Commerce Statistics Center and best available

EPA nonroad emissions factors. Fuel use and emissions factors for CMV were

based on the most c urrent data available.- 15

- The 2007 Emissions Inventory. The 2007 inventory for the majority of nonroad

cat egories was generated using NMIM 2008 of which the NONROAD m odel is a

part. The NONROAD model estimates emissions for diesel, gas oline, liquefied

pet roleum gas , and compressed natural gas

- fueled nonroad equipment types and includes growth factors. For nonroad vehicle the NMIM does not estimate emissions from aircraft, locomotives or commercial marine vessels. Emissions from aircraft, locomotives, and commercial marine vessels were estimated using EPA guidance and best available information. If specific local operational data was available, that data was used to estimate emissions. State and national data

was used if local data was unavailable. NMIM includes emissions from airport ground support equipment. However, emissions for airport ground support equipment calculated by NMIM were removed because EPA considers the emissions calculated by the EDMS to be better estimates of the emissions from airp ort ground support equipment. Growth estimates for source categories modeled by NMIM are included in the model. The EPA default values were used for most categories

.

Aircraft. For airport emissions, Pennsylvania used the database developed by

EPA to su pport the 2008 NEI, as described in the technical support document for the development of the 2 007 inventory in Appendix C

- 1.

Railroad Emissions

. The Department used the emissions inventory developed by the Eastern Regional Technical Advisory Committee (ERTAC). Emissions from

2007 and 2008 were considered to be identical. ERTAC completed a nationwide inventory with the assistance of the railroad associations and submitted the inventory to the EPA. The ERTAC inventory was the accepted inventory for th e 2008 NEI and was loaded into the EPA’s Emission Inventory System (EIS). The Department made slight modifications in cooperation with ERTAC that resulted in changes in emissi ons of smaller Class III railroads operating in Pennsylvania

which included loco motive yard operations. The Department had developed its own inventory using information received from a statewide survey of railroad operational data. The Department determined that ERTAC’s methodology and inventory were similar to the Department’s meth od except in the cases of some

smal ler railroads mentioned above.

ERTAC developed an emissions inventory for Class I, II, and III line haul activity based on fuel use, tonnage carried by the railroad using each individual rail link,

current in

- use locomot ive emission standards, and rail link use. Track grade and locomotive power settings were not considered. ERTAC based their yard locomotive emissions on (1) name and location of rail yards, (2) number of switchers operating per yard, (3) the tier/year of switchers, (4) annual fuel use (gal lons /y ear ) for switchers per yard, (5) approximate duty cycle or just percent of time in idle for operating switchers, and (6) temporal characteristics of the

switcher’s use.- 16

- Commercial Marine Vessels. The size of prop ulsion and auxiliary power engines as well as typical fuel used was considered in estimating emissions. Growth and control factors were developed using methodology and data that EPA used in developing regulations for these vessels. The e mission estimati on methodology

commercial marine vessels is described in more detail in Appendix C

- 2.

B

. Base line Year ( 2002 ) Annual Emissions (Tons per Year)

An emission inventory is an estimate of the emissions from sources in a particular

area. The Department deve loped an emission inventory for 2002 in accordance with EPA guidance 8

. The 2002 emissions inventory represents the emissions present when the Philadelphia Area did not meet the 1997 and 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS

. On August 28, 2012 (77 FR 51930), EPA approved the base year emissions inventory for 2002 as part of the A ttainment P lan for the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS for the Pennsylvania portion of the Philadelphia A rea . The Attainment

Plan also included the modeled attainment demonstration, motor vehicle budgets,

and conti ngency measures. The motor vehicle budgets were subsequently amended and approved as a SIP revision on April 3, 2013 (78 FR 19992). The

2002 base line year inventory i ncludes the pollutants PM 10 , PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X , VOC, and NH 3

. The inventory consists of s ources in four sectors: stationary point

sources, stationary area sources, highway vehicle sources and nonroad sources. The 2002 inventory is not directly comparable to the 2007, 2017 and 2025 inventories because of changes in inventory methodology and th e adjustment made to account for condensable PM emissions from EGUs in the 2007, 2017 and

2025 emission inventories. Table II

- 1 (relating to 2002 Annual Emissions (Tons per Year) ) summarizes the emissions for 2002.

Table I I

- 1: 2002 Emissions ( Tons per Y ear )

Philadelphia 2002 PM 2.5 PM 10 SO 2 NOx VOC NH 3 Stationary Point Sources 2,139 3,430 23,745 22,124 8,183 256

Area Sources 10,020 55,224 13,153 13,029 59,227 4,821 Highway Vehicle Sources 2,905 3,497 1,848 90,879 32,150 1,451

Non

- Road Sources 1,535 1 ,611 1,640 21,619 21,589 14

Totals 16,598 63,763 40,387 147,651 121,149 6,542

C

. Attainment Year ( 2007 ) Annual Emissions (Tons per Year)

An emissions inventory of 2007 emissions of PM 10 , PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X , VOC, and

NH 3 for the Pennsylvania portion of the Philadelphia Area identifies PM and PM precursor emissions during the period when the Philadelphia Area was attaining

the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS. It also represents a surrogate attainment inventory for the 2006 NAAQS. Table I I

- 2 (relating to 2007 Annual Emiss ions (Tons per

8 Emissions Inventory Guidance for Implementation of Ozone and Pa rticulate Matter National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and Regional Haze Regulations

– EPA

- 454/R

- 05

- 001, August, 2005. Updated November,

2005.- 17

- Year) ) summarizes the emissions for 2007. While , as noted above, the 2002 emissions inventory is not directly comparable to the 2007, 2017 and 2025 inventories due to changes in inventory methodology and the adjustment made to

account for c ondensable PM emissions from EGUs in the 2007, 2017 and 2025 emission inventories, PM 2.5 , SO 2, NO X , VOC, and NH 3 emissions decreased by

15 percent

, 5 percent

, 16 percent

, 16 percent and 19 percent , respectively, from

2002 to 2007

.

The 2002 inventory was based on emissions reported to the Department by the owners and operators of the facilities. The 2002 reports did not include condensable PM for many facilities. The 2007 EGU inventory was augmented utilizing condensable PM emission factors for EGUs dev eloped for MARAMA in 2008 to calculate condensable PM emissions where that data was missing. The projected 2017 and 2025 PM 2.5 emissions for EGUs also include condensable PM emissions because they were projected from the 2007 inventory.

Table II

- 2: 2007 Emissions (Tons per Year)

Philadelphia 2007 PM 2.5 PM 10 SO 2 NOx VOC NH 3 Stationary Point Sources 2,444 3,442 19,633 20,744 6,281 743

Area Sources 7,722 23,546 15,005 12,925 47,568 3,293 Highway Vehicle Sources 2,386 2,985 508 69,327 29,293 1,270

Non

- R oad Sources 1,562 1,663 3,375 20,393 18,751 23

Totals 14,114 31,635 38,520 123,390 101,894 5,329

D

. Growth Projection Methodologies for 2017 and 202 5

This section describes the data, methods, and assumptions utilized in developing

estimates o f emission s changes between 2007 and interim year 2017 and maintenance year 2025

. Appendix C

- 2 contains the technical support document

for the d evelopment of the 2017 e mission s inventory . Appendix C

- 3 contains the technical support document for the development of the 2025 emissions inventory.

The document s prov ide details on the specific factors, control assumptions, and implementation schedules used in the emission projection calcula tions for each source category. MARAMA coordinated development of the projection inventories for the regional inventory, consisting of the states in the

Mid

- Atlantic/Northeast Visibility U nion and Virginia (MANE

- VU+VA).

Significant infrastructure development to extract natural gas from the Marcellus Shale formation in some Pennsylvan ia counties has occurred. Point and area source emissions result from the placement of drilling equipment, gathering lines and compressor stations. The Philadelphia Area has not experienced any Marcellus Shale development and is not expected to experienc e any of this development in the future.- 18

- EGUs

. A nnual 2007 EGU point emissions were “ grown ” to 2017 and 2025 using growth factors based on AEO2011 Table 96

- Electricity Generation by Electricity Market Module Region and Fuel Source

. The appropriate AEO 2011 growth factor was applied to the 2007 emissions to calculate a “growth only”

emission value for 2025. P ost

- 2007 controls or shut downs were applied on a

unit

- by

- unit basis. The control factors were applied to the grown emissions to calculate a “grow th and control” emission value for 2025. A more detailed description of the methodology used to project emissions from EGUs is located in the technical support document for the development of the 2025 emi ssions inventory in Appendix C

- 3

.

Non

- EGU Point So urces and Stationary Area Sources. For non

- EGU point

sources and stationary area sources

, the emission projections for the 2017 a nd

2025 were based on Version 3 .3 of the 2007 MANE

- VU+VA inventory, which

was adjusted to apply the EPA PM “transport factors” to fugitive dust area

sources.

The methodology for projecting emissions to 2017 and 2025 is documented in the technical support documents for the development of the 2017 and 2025 emissions inventories contained in Appendix C

- 2 and Appendix C

- 3, respectiv ely. These documents were prepared for MARAMA as part of an effort to assist states in developing maintenance plans for fine particles. The documents describe the data sources, methods, and r esults for emission forecasts.

NonEGU point source and station ary area source grow th factors were developed using :

 Annual Energy Outlook (AEO) fuel c onsumption forecasts;

 State

- level employment projections by NAICS code; and

 Other state

- specific emission projection data.

Generally

, AEO projection factors were used for fuel consumption sources and employment data for other source categories. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) publishes the AEO annually. The AEO contains long

- term projections of energy supply, demand and prices. AEO2010 fuel

- use fore casts were available during inventory development. After AEO2011 was published, MARAMA compared the AEO2010 and AEO2011 projections. Minor differences were found for most categories. Based on this analysis, t he AEO 2010

fuel

- use forecasts were used for a ll residential, commercial and industrial sector fuel use, except for industri al natural gas usage, where AEO 2011 projections were

used.

Predicted declines in fuel use and employment resulted in negative growth factors

for some non

- EGU point source and st ationary area source categories. Consequently, for some categories, emissions are lower for the projected future years than for the base year, eve n before the application of control assumptions.- 19

- Because of the possibility that facilities could apply for and sell Emission Reduction Credits (ERCs) at the level of the base year inventory, Pennsylvania opted for the conservative approach of assuming no growth (growth factor=1) for

non

- EGU point source categories with negative AEO or employment growth

factors.

As discussed previously , b ecause the 2002 stationary point source inventory was based on emissions reported to the Department by facilities and did not include

condensable PM for many facilities, the emissions invento ry shows an apparent

increase of dire ct PM 2.5 emissions from stationary point sources in 2007, 2017 and 2025 compared with 2002.

Emission Reduction Credits (ERCs)

. ERCs can be created by a facility owner or operator if the emission reductions a re surplus, permanent, quantifi able and

federal ly enforce able

. These ERCs can be either bought or sold to meet offset requirements for the construction of major new or modified stationary sources subject to nonattainment N ew Source Review . ERCs generated from the over

control of emissions at an exist ing facility do not expire for use as emission offsets. The credits generated from the curtailment of operations or the shutdown of a facility will expire for use as offsets ten years from the date of the shutdown or curtailment if they are not in use in a Plan Approval. To accou nt for this potential increase, ERCs banked in Pennsylvania’s Emissions Reductions Credit Registry System were added to the projected inventor ies

.

Highway Vehicle Sources. The EPA’s a pproved highway vehicle emission model, MOV ES 2010 , projects highway vehicle average fleet emission factors. State specific information was used where available and appropriate. Traffic forecasts were compiled using information from the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation’s ( PennDOT ) Traffic Information System and

socioeconomic data. The Pennsylvania methodology for estimating highway

vehicle emissions is consistent with the April 2010 guidance published by the

EPA’s Office of Transportation and Air Quality ( OTAQ ) entitled

, Technical

Guidanc e on the Use of MO VES2010 for Emissions Inventory Preparation in State Implementation Plans and Transportation Conformity

. Appendi ces D

- 1 through D

- 3 of this Maintenance Plan i nclude s pecific information on the highway emission s inventory methodology , dat a files of emissions estimates

and MOVES input parameters

.

As shown in Table II

- 3 (relating to VMT (Miles) and Vehicle Emissions (Tons per Year) )

, VMT for the future analysis year increases 36 percent from

4.26 billion VMT in 2007 to 5.78 billion VMT in 2 025 within the Pennsylvania portion of the Philadelphia Area

. Despite the growth in VMT, emissions of the most significant vehicle

- related precursor, NO X , are significantly lower in the

future a nalysis year

. The emissions shown in Table II

- 3 do not inclu de a transportation conformity safety margin, which will be discussed later in this- 20

- document. See

, S ection III

- B relating to motor vehicle emission budgets for transportation conformity.

Table II

- 3 : VMT (Miles) and Vehicle Emissions (Tons per Year)

Yea r VMT PM 2.5 PM 10 SO 2 NOx VOC NH 3 2002 25,092,544,276 2,905 3,497 1,848 90,879 32,150 1,451

2007 26,288,139,003 2,386 2,985 508 69,327 29,293 1,270

2017 31,316,315,077 1,460 2,534 248 34,475 16,349 903

2025 37,043,541,066 1,145 2,385 259 23,056 11,222 9 08

Nonroad Sources

.

Nonroad Sources in NMIM

. Projected emissions for the majority of nonroad emission source categories and pollutants were estimated using the NMIM, which contains default assumptions for projected years. The NMIM estimates emissions for diesel, gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas, and compressed natural gas

- fueled nonroad equipment types and includes growth factors. Control measures due to finalized emission standards for nonroad vehicles and engines are also accounted

for in NMIM. Ba seline emissions are multiplied by growth and control factors to obtain projected emissions.

Aircraft Emissions Growth. Aircraft operations were projected to future years by applying activity growth using data on itinerant (ITN) o perations at airports as reported in the FAA ’s Terminal Area Forecast (TAF) System for 2009

- 2030 (FAA 2010). The ITN operations are defined as aircraft take

- offs or landings. This information is available for approximately 3300 individual airports. Actual

take

- offs and landing s are reported for 2007 and projected take

- offs and landings are provided for all years up to 2030. New aircraft emission controls that will be

used in the future were also taken into account.

In addition to those general projections, the Department has included in the 2017 and 2025 inventories specific emissions expected to result from construction of the Capacity Enhancement Pro gram (CEP) at the Philadelphia International Airport (PHL) in future years

. The CEP will be an effort to reduce ground delays at the airport and throughout the nationwide air traffic system

.

To make adjustments in the 2017 and 2025 inventories for the CEP , a ir craft

emissions from PHL, which is located in both Delaware and Philadelphia counties, were removed in the final Mainte nance Plan from the summary of projected nonroad emissions in Tables II

- 4 and II

- 5 for 2017 and 2025

. ( T he nonroad inventory in Delaware and Philadelphia c ounties still contains the airport

- related emissions produced by auxiliary power units and ground su pport equipment. ) A n additional category, PHL CEP, is provided in the emission

summaries for relevant pollutants; these emissions are those contained in the Final Environmental Impact Statement for the pro posed CEP, released by the- 21

- U.S. Federal Aviation A dministration (FAA) on August 27, 2010. 9 Because the final EIS projected emissions to 2020 rather than 2017, the Department used the

2020 emissions

, which is the conservative approach

. The final EIS did contain

emission estimates for 2025.

The Record of Decision on the EIS for the CEP was finalized by the FAA in

Decem ber 2010, approving Alternative A of the EIS . The air quality analysis for

the CEP used E missions and D ispersion M odeling S ystem Version 5.0.2, supplemented with emissions from other sourc es where necessary, such as AP

- 42

, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors

.

No specific emission

- reducing initiatives that may be undertaken at P HL have

been included in the emission estimates for 2017 or 2025 in this SIP revision; no specific ini tiatives are being relied upon for maintenance. Therefore, emission reductions resulting from low emission initiatives

, such as those listed below

, that

are implemented at the Airport will be considered eligible for Airport Emission Reduction Credits, as defined by the FAA's Voluntary Airport Low Emissions Program

. 10 These l ow emission initiatives include but are not limited to:

 The use of electric ground support e quipment by the City or by tenant

airlines

.

 The installation and use of preconditioned air and 400 Hz converter units on jetbridges or for use at remote aircraft parking positions, cargo aircraft loading aprons, or maintenance facilities.

 The use of electric or other alternative fuels for mobile equipment

.

 Upgrades to central utility plants or o ther heating, air conditioning, and ventilation systems to operate more efficiently than required by law, including the use of geothermal wells.

Railroad Emissions Growth. MANE

- VU+VA inventory development relied on AEO2010 growth projections published in May 2010. There are separate projections for passenger rail and freight rail energy use. Passenger rail data from

AEO2010 Table A

- 7 was used to calculate the growth factor f or 2007

- 2017 and

2007

- 2025. These growth factors were applied to inter

- city pas senger train locomotives and independent commuter rail systems. For freight ra il, the data

from AEO2010 Table A

- 7 was used to calculate the growth factor for 2007

- 2017

and 2007

- 2025. Freight rail annual growth factors for Class I line haul,

Class II/III line haul, and yard switch locomotives were used

.

Commercial Marine Vessels. Table A

- 7 of the AEO2010 for international shipping was used to calculate the grow th factors for commercial marine vessel

diesel and residual oil port emissions and CMV diesel a nd residual oil underway

9 Philadelphia International Airport Capacity Enhancement Program, Final Environmental Impact Statement

, August 2010, available at www.phl

- cep

- eis.com.

10 Guidance on Airport Emission Reduction Credits for Early Measures Through Voluntary Airport Low Emission Programs, EPA, September 2004- 22

- emissions

. Reductions in emissions due to EPA rules for diesel fuel and engines

were then estimated.

Additional information about nonroad emission projection methodologies can also be found in Appendices C

- 2 and C

- 3, the technica l support documents for the development of the 2017 and 2025 inventories, respectively.

The t able of nonroad emissions data sorted by source category is available as Appendix E

- 3.

E

. Interim Year (2017 ) Emissions

Table II

- 4 (relating to Projected 2017 Emissions (Tons per Year) ) summarizes the emissions expected in 2017 in the Pennsylvania portion of the Philadelphia Area. These emissions take activity and emissions growth and/or controls from 2007 into account. Appendix C, relating to the regional emi ssions inventory and projection methodology, contains the technical support documents that describe the methodologies used to project the 2007 emissions to 2017.

Table II

- 4 : Projected 2017 Emissions (Tons per Year)

Philadelphia 2017 PM 2.5 PM 10 SO 2 NOx V OC NH 3 Stationary Point Sources 1,788 2,458 5,870 11,366 6,438 814

Area Sources 7,383 23,830 12,844 12,461 45,239 3,375 Highway Vehicle Sources* 1,679 2,534 248 37,922 16,349 903

Non

- Road Sources 1,019 1,097 305 10,332 11,224 26

PHL CEP 83 83 355 3,33 7 828 0

Emission Reduction Credits 726 980 9,839 7,150 463 0

Totals 12,678 30,981 29,460 82,567 80,540 5,117
*A portion of the difference between attainment year and maintenance year emissions of PM 2.5 and NO X has been set aside as a transportation conf ormity safety margin to accommodate unanticipated growth in highway vehicles. The hig hway vehicle emissions in Table II

- 4 reflect inclusion of that safety margin

.

F

. Maintenance Year (202 5 ) Emissions

Table II

- 5 (relating to Projected 2025 Emissions (Ton s per Year) ) summarize s the emissions expected in 2025 in the Pennsylvania portion of the Philadelphia Area

. These emissions take activity and emissions growth and/or controls from 2007

into account. Appendix C, relating to the regional emissions invento ry and projection methodology , contains the technical support documents that describe the methodologies used to project the 2007 emissions to 2025

.- 23

- Table II

- 5: Projected 2025 Emissions (Tons per Year)

Philadelphia 2025 PM 2.5 PM 10 SO 2 NOx VOC NH 3 Statio nary Point Sources 1,808 2,441 5,858 11,316 6,508 789

Area Sources 7,047 24,138 9,186 12,675 44,530 3,436 Highway Vehicle Sources* 1,316 2,385 259 25,361 11,222 908

Non

- Road Sources 837 911 123 7,990 11,058 29

PHL CEP 102 102 435 3,910 1,027 0

Emissio n Reduction Credits 726 980 9,839 7,150 463 0

Totals 11,837 30,957 25,701 68,402 74,808 5,162
*A portion of the difference between attainment year and maintenance year emissions of PM 2.5 and NO X has been set aside as a transportation conformity safety ma rgin to accommodate unanticipated growth in highway vehicles. The highway vehicle emissions in Table II

- 5 reflect inclusion of that safety margin

.

G. Maintenance Plan Emissions Test

To demonstrate maintenance of the 1997 annual and 2006 24

- hour PM 2.5 NA AQS for this area, Pennsylvania must show that the future emissions of PM 2.5 and its precursors will remain at levels that provide for maintenance of the PM 2.5 NAAQS for at least 10 years after redesignation , taking economic, population a nd travel growth i nto account.

EPA’s Implementation Guidance for the 2006 24

- Hour PM 2.5 NAAQS adopted the same presumptions related to PM 2.5 precursors as EPA’s Implementation Rule

for the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS. However, Pennsylvania recognizes the Court

decision in Natural Re sources Defense Council v. EPA , No. 08

- 1250,

706 F.3d 428 (D.C. Cir. 2013) and EPA’s subsequent withdrawal of the Implementation Guidance for the 2006 24

- Hour PM 2.5 NAAQS

. The court noted

that PM 2.5 precursors, including ammonia and VOCs, are presumptivel y regulated

in PM 2.5 nonattainment areas under Subpart 4 , pointing specifically to

section 189(e) of the CAA , which applies to control of major stationary sources of

PM 10 [the court stated that PM 10 includes PM 2.5 throughout Subpart 4] ( 706 F.3d

at 436, n. 7, and at 437, n. 10 )

. According to CAA Section 189(e), control requirements applicable for major stationary sources of PM 10 also apply to major stationary sources of PM 10 precursors , except where the Administrator determines that major stationary source s do not contribute significantly to PM 10 levels that exceed the standard in the area; section 189(e) also requires EPA to issue guidelines regarding the application of subsection (e). Pennsylvania assessed

emissions of PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X , VOC and NH 3 for th e maintenance demonstration.

For the Pennsylvania portion of the Philadelphia area, t his Maintenance Plan contains an attainment year inventory for 2007 and demonstrates that emissions of

PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X , VOC and NH 3 , including emissions in the transpor tation conformity safety margin for PM 2.5 and NO X , will not be greater in 2017 and 2025 than in the attainment year, as shown in Table II

- 6

.- 24

- For the Pennsylvania portion of the Philadelphia Area, emissions of SO 2 and NOx are projected to decrease from 200 7 to 2025 by approximately 12,820 tons (33 percent) and 54,988 tons (45 percent). Emissions of PM 2.5 , VOC, and NH 3 also decrease from 2007 to 2025 by approximately 2,278 tons (16 percent), 27,085 tons (2 7 percent), and 167 tons (3 percent), respectively.

Table II

- 6: Pennsylvania Maintenance Emissions Test

Philadelphia PM 2.5 PM 10 SO 2 NOx VOC NH 3 2007 14,114 31,635 38,520 123,390 101,894 5,329

2017* 12,678 30,981 29,460 82,567 80,540 5,117

2025* 11,837 30,957 25,701 68,402 74,808 5,162
*A portion o f the difference between attainment year and maintenance year emissions of PM 2.5 and

NO X has been set aside as a transportation conformity safety margin to accommodate unanticipated growth in highway vehicles. The emissions in Table II

- 6 reflect inclusion of that safety margin.

The Plan also demonstrates that for the entire Philadelphia Area, including portions of Delaware and New Jersey, emissions of PM 2.5 , SO 2 , and NO X will not be greater in 2017 and 2025 than in the att ainment year, as shown in Table I I

- 7. Emissions information for New Jersey was obtained from the State Implementation Plan Revision for the Attainment and Maintenance of the PM2.5 NAAQS Final Redesignation Request and Mai ntenance Plan for the Annual

15 μg/m 3 and Daily 35 μg/m 3 PM2.5 Nati onal Ambient Air Quality Standards

, December 2012, Tables 5, 6, and 7. 11 Emissions information for Delaware was

obtained from the Final Redesignation and Maintenance Plans for the 1997

Annual and 2006 24

- hr PM2.5 NAAQS, November 27, 2012, Table 8

- 1. 12

Tab le II

- 7 : P A, NJ, DE Maintenance Emissions Test (PM 2.5 , SO 2 and NOx)

PM 2.5 SO 2 NOx

2007 2017 2025 2007 2017 2025 2007 2017 2025 PA portion 14,114 12,678 11,837 38,520 29,460 25,701 123,390 82,567 68,402 NJ portion 5,159 4,549 4,102 4,965 1,579 1,8 80 41,718 26,057 17,870 DE portion 3,193 2,844 2,893 15,228 6,995 6,958 23,084 14,475 13,797

Totals 22,466 20,071 18,832 58,713 38,034 34,539 188,192 123,099 100,069

Emissions information was not available for all sectors for all states for comparable years for VOC and NH 3 . Therefore, the Department has used information from EPA’s Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) for the 2012 PM 2.5 NAAQS to show that these emissions also continue to decrease for the interstate

Phila delphia Area, as shown in Table II

- 8

. While the RIA emissions inventories are only projected out to 2020, there is no reason to believe that this downward trend would not continue through 2025. Given that the Philadelphia Area is already attaining the 1997 annual and 2006 24

- hour PM 2.5 NAA QS even with the

11 www.r egulations.gov

, docket #EPA

- R02

- 2012

- 0889

12 www.r egulations.g ov
, docket #EPA

- R03

- 2014

- 0022- 25

- current level of emissions from sources in the area, the downward trend of

emissions inventories would be consistent with continued attainment.

Table II

- 8 : PA, NJ, DE Maintenance Emissions Test (VOC and NH 3 )

VOC NH3

2007 2020 2007 2020 PA portion 95,255 * 75,861 5,229 * 4,903 NJ portion 36,108 27,510 1,677 1,526 DE portion 14,326 9,242 984 850

Totals 145,689 112,613 7,890 7,279

* 2007 emissions may be different in this table than other tables in the

document due to the differen t source of the data.

I II

. P ERMANENT AND E NFORCEABLE C ONTROL M EASURES

A. Permanent and Enforceable Control Measures

Because of the complexity and variability of the process of particulate matter formation, the EPA recognizes that effective control measu res for PM 2.5 will vary among nonattainment areas. This was reflected in EPA’s “Implemen tation

Guidance for the 2006 24

- Hour Fine Particle National Ambient Air Quality Standard,” Office of Air Quality Pla nning and Standards, EPA, March 2, 2012 (“Implement ation Guidance for the 2006 24

- Hour PM 2.5 NAAQS”). In the Implementation Guidance for the 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS, EPA adopted the framework and policy approach the agency espoused in its implementation rule

for the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS, known as the “Clean Air Fine Particle Implementation Rule” (72 FR 20586; April 25, 2007) (“Implementation Rule for

the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS”).

In its Implementation Rule for the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS, EPA established general presumptive policies for assessing which PM 2.5 precursors should be evaluated for possible controls. In that earlier rule, the EPA required states to evaluate control

measures for SO 2 and primary PM 2.5 in all locations. The EPA required states to

evaluate control measures for NO X unless a technical demonstration is ma de to

show that NO X emissions from sources in the state do not significantly contribute

to PM 2.5 concentrations in the nonattainment area . The EPA required states to

evaluate measures for VOC and NH 3 only if a technical demonstration is made to

show VOC o r NH 3 emissions significantly contribute to PM 2.5 in the

nonattainment area.

The EPA reaffirmed the appropriateness of these presumptions in its Implemen tation Guidance for the 2006 24

- Hour PM 2.5 NAAQS. 13 Meanwhile, the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Cir cuit was considering a challenge to the Implementation Rule for the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS, in Natural Resources Defense

13 See footnote 2, above.- 26

- Council v. EPA , No. 08

- 1250. On January 4, 2013, the Court handed down its ruling in that case

. The Court granted the petitions for review and remanded the

case to EPA to re

- promulgate the rule pursuant to Subpart 4 of Part D of the Clean Air Act, rather than implementing it under Subpart 1, as EPA had done (706 F.3d 428 at 437(D

. C

. Cir. 2013)).

Shortly thereafter, EPA withdrew its Implemen t ation Guidance for the 2006

24

- hour PM 2.5 NAAQS. According to EPA’s June, 2013 withdrawal memorandum (see second page of memorandum)

, 14 EPA withdrew the guidance in response to the Court’s decision in Natural Resources Defense Council v. EPA

, No. 08

- 1250.

This M aintenance P lan demonstrates maintenance of the standard s consistent with the Court’s ruling. In general, the Court’s decision (for the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS and to the extent it would be extrap olated to the 2006 24

- Hour PM 2.5 NAAQS)

could affect an ar ea’s nonattainment classification, certain deadlines, and the impacts of failing to attain timely, and could impose a deadline for implementation of reasonably available and best available control measures ( 706 F.3d at 436, n. 6). Because the Philadelphia Area is already attaining the

1997 and 2006 24

- Hour PM 2.5 NAAQS, those considerations are not relevant for

this M aintenance P lan. The court noted that PM 2.5 precursors, including ammonia and VOCs, are presumptively regulated in PM 2.5 nonattainment areas under Subpart 4, pointing specifically to section 189(e), which applies to control of major stationary sources of PM 10 [the court stated that PM 10 includes PM 2.5 throughout Subpart 4] (706 F.3d at 436, n. 7, and at 437, n. 10). According to

Section 189(e) of the CAA , control requirements applicable for major stationary

sources of PM 10 also apply to major stationary sources of PM 10 precursors, except where the Administrator determines that major stationary sources do not contribute significantly to PM 10 lev els that exceed th e standard in the area;

Section 189(e) also requires EPA to issue guidelines regarding the application of

Subsection (e). Pennsylvania assessed emissions of PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X , VOC and

NH 3 for the maintenance demonstration.

This section de scribes the federal and state measures that will provide direct

PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X , and VOC emission reductions ensuring maintenance of the

standard s

.

A summary of the quantity of emission reductions expected from 2007 to 2025 is

included in Table III

- 1 . Th e n egative valu e s in Table III

- 1 indicate emission

reductions. The emission change estimates account for any anticipated growth in the activity of sources regulated by the strategy and include emissions in the transportation conformity safety margin

. Dir ect PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X , VOC , and NH 3 emissions in 2025 in the Pennsylvania portion of the Philadelphia Area are anticipated to be lower than they were in 2007

. This means that the projected growth in emissions is smaller than anticipated emission reductions from control

14 See footnote 3, above.- 27

- measures for all pollutant s

. Each control measure is explained in greater detail in the following sections. Based on 2010

- 2012 monitoring data, t he Philadelphia Area currently has an annual design value of 13.4 μg/m 3 and a 24

- hour design

val ue of 31 μg/m 3

, which is significantly lower than the 1997 annual PM 2.5 NAAQS of 15 μg/m 3 and the 2006 24

- hour NAAQS of 35 μg/m

. 3

Table III

- 1: Sum mary of Emission Reductions (Tons) from 2007 to 2025

from Control Measures

2007 to 2025 Difference PM 2.5 PM10 SO 2 NOx VOC NH 3 Stationary Point Sources 90

- 21

- 3,936

- 2,279 690 46

Area Sources

- 674 592

- 5,818

- 250

- 3,039 143 Highway Vehicle Sources*

- 1,070

- 599

- 249

- 43,966

- 18,071

- 363

Nonroad Sources

- 624

- 650

- 2,817

- 8,493

- 6,666 6

TOTAL

- 2,278

- 678

- 12,820

- 54,988

- 27,085

- 167
*A portion of the difference between attainment year and maintenance year emissions of PM 2.5 and

NO X has been set aside as a transportation conformity safety margin to accommodate unanticipated growth in highway vehicles. The highway v ehicle emissions in Table II I

- 1 reflect inclusion of that safety margin.

Pursuant to 40 CFR Part 51, Subpart K (relating to source surveillance), the SIP revision is required to provide for monitoring of the status of compliance with any

rules an d regulations that set forth any portion of the control strategy. These include provisions, as applicable, for:

 emissions reports and recordkeeping for stationary sources;

 periodic testing and inspection of stationary sources;

 enforcement and complaint i nvestigation of visible emission limitations;

 enforceable test methods for emission limits; and

 continuous emission monitoring for stationary sources.

Subpart K also requires monitoring of the implementation of transportation control measures (TCMs). The re are no TCMs in this SIP revision

.

The rules and regulations for stationary sources, which are part of the control strategy for attaining and maintaining the PM 2.5 standard, as well as the Department’s comprehensive permit ting program requirements in 25 Pa. Code Chapter 127 and the Commonwealth’s SIP in 40 CFR 52.2020, meet the requirements of Subpart K. EPA has approved the Department’s plan approval and operating permitting program s as part of the State Implementation Plan ; the

Title V Operating Permi ts Program was approved under 40 CFR Part 70 on July 30, 1996 (61 FR 39597)

.

There are many examples in Title 25 of the Pa. Code of provisions for monitoring the status of compliance with the Department’s rules and regulations. For example, 25 Pa. Code § 127.12(a) (relating to the content of applications) contain requirements for reporting and recordkeeping for plan approval applications.- 28

- Similar requirements are found in § 127.411(a) (relating to content of applications) for permit applications. Sectio ns 145.145 and 145.146 contain the compliance demonstration, reporting and recordkeeping requirements for cement kilns that enable the Department to monitor the status of compliance with the regulations in Chapter 145 Subpart C. The Department als o monito rs the status of compli ance by conducting complaint investigations. The Department does visible emission inspections at regulated facilities and reports the results to the EPA AFS system as required under the Department’s grant. The Department conducts

i nspections of air contamination sources in accordance with the Compliance Monitoring Schedule which is approved by EPA.

1. Stationary Point Sources

Background for Pennsylvania’s Stationary Source Permitting Programs. An owner or operator of a proposed n ew air contamination

source in the Commonwealth is required to receive a plan approval (pre

construction permit) from the Department prior to the construction, assembly, installation of new sources, modification of any existing stationary air contamination sources, or the installation of air pollution control equipment or devices. Following the construction of the new facility or air contamination source, the owner or operator must obtain an operating permit from the Department. The type of operating perm it will depend on the quantity of regulated pollutants emitted from the air

contamination sources. DEP will issue a “State

- only Operating Permit” for minor air contamination stationary sources that are below the

app licability thresholds for Title V facili ties. A “ Title V O perating

P ermit ” is required for major facilities that have the potential to emit air contaminants exceeding the Title V thresholds. The Title V Permit, which is issued for a term of five years, incorporates all applicable requirements for the facility in a single federally enforceable operating permit

.

The requirements contained in 25 Pa. Code Chapter 127 (relating to the construction, modification, reactivation and operation of sources), and

associated definitions in 25 Pa. Code Chap ter 121.1, are a suite of programs regulating air contamination sources to improve and maintain air quality. Chapter 127 establishes requirements for the submission, review and approval of pre

- construction and operating permits for both major and

non

- majo r air contamination sources. The provisions of Chapter 127 have

been codified in the SIP at 40 CFR § 52.2020(c)(1) at various times since May 31, 1972 and most recently on October 5, 2012, and are therefore all federally enforceable. Several aspects of C hapter 127 are highlighted below as being particularly important for the maintenance of the PM 2.5 standard.

Title V Permitting Program. The Title V Permitting Program, adopted pursuant to the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, is- 29

- applicable to major stati onary sources as defined in 25 Pa

. Code

Section 121.1. The purpose of the Title V program is to detail a facility’s air quality requirements in a single permit document so that industry, the regulatory agency, and the public know exactly what regulations and requirements apply and how the facility’s owner or operator will monitor and demonstrate compliance with all applicable requirements. The Title V permit includes all sources at a site including all air pollution control devices as well

as activities t hat were determined to be insignificant sources of

emissions. Each source is described in detail within a section of

the Title V permit. The requirements include general conditions applicable to all Title V facilities, emission restrictions, detailed

mon itoring, recordkeeping, and reporting requirements to assure compliance with the facility’s applicable federal and state requirements. The Title V Operating Permits Program requirements are codified in 25 Pa. Code Chapter 127, Subchapter s F and G. The pr ogram was fully approved by EPA on July 30, 1996 (6 1 FR 39597 ).

Nonattainment New Source Review and Prevention of Significant Deterioration. Major facilities proposed in Pennsylvania will also be subject to New Source Review (NSR) requirements in nonatta inment areas and Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) requirements in areas of the Commonwealth designated attainment for National Ambient Air Quality Standards including carbon monoxide, particulate matter (PM), lead, nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), ozon e and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ). Generally, NSR permit requirements are applicable to a facility located in a nonattainment area for a particular pollut ant with a potential to

emit 50 tons or more per year (tpy) of volatile organic compounds

or 100 tpy or more of NOx, SO 2 , PM or carbon monoxide. It should be noted that the entire Commonwealth, included in the Ozone Transport Region by operation of law, is treated as a “moderate” ozone nonattainment area, irrespective of the area’s

attainment status. Because NOx and VOC are precursors of PM 2.5 , NOx and VOC emission reductions required statewide under the nonattainment NSR program for ozone also allow Pennsylvania to make substantial progress in attaining and maintaining the PM 2.5 NAAQS. Any major stationary s ource or major modification subject to the NSR requirements must receive a plan approval. To receive approval from the Department, a person must show that the proposed source will, among other things, offset its potential to

emit air contaminants includin g NOx, PM and VOCs by securing emission reductions credits at the specified offset ratio, will employ the “ lowest achievable emission rate ” (LAER) for each regulated pollutant and conduct an alternative analysis. The- 30

- nonattainment NSR requirements are cod ified in 25 Pa. Chapter 127, Subchapter E and approved as a SIP revision on

December 9, 1997 (62 FR 64722).

The PSD program is a pre

- construction review and permitting program applicable to new or modified major stationary sources subject to Title I, Part s C and D of the federal CAA. The PSD requirements are applicable to major sources in areas attaining the NAAQS. The federal PSD regulations codified in 40 CFR Part 52 are incorporated by reference in their entirety in 25 Pa. Code § 127.83 (relating to a doption by reference). The Department’s PSD regulations, codified in 25 Pa. Code Chapter 127, Subchapter D, were approved by the EPA on August 21, 1984 and

codified at 40 CFR § 52.2058 (49 FR 33128).). PSD permit requirements may apply to a facility loca ted in an attainment area

for a standard with the potential to emit 100 tpy or 250 tpy of the six criteria pollutants including carbon monoxide , lead, NO 2 , ozone, PM and SO 2 , depe nding on the source category. Any major stationary source or major modification subject to the PSD requirements must conduct an analysis to establish the best available control technology (BACT). In addition, the owner or operator of a facility needs to conduct an ambient air quality analysis, analyze the impacts to soils, vegetation and visibility and make sure that the project will not adversely impact mandatory

federal Class I areas including national parks greater than

6

, 000 acres and national wildern ess areas and national memorial parks greater than 5

, 000 acres.

Best Available Technology Program. The Department’s Best Available Technology (BAT) Program ensures that new stationary sources will prevent, reduce or control emissions of air

contaminant s to the maximum degree possible. The Department determines BAT requirements on a case

- by

- case basis for both major and minor stationary sources taking into account energy,

environmental benefits and costs. Pursuant to 25 Pa. Code § 127.1, the emission o f air pollutants from new sources in Pennsylvania must be controlled to the maximum extent, consistent with the best available technology as determined by the Department as of the date of issuance of the plan approval for the

new source. Under 25 Pa. Code § 127.12(a)(5), an application for a plan approval must show that the emissions from a new source will be the minimum attainable through the use of the best available technology. Pennsylvania regulations define “best available technology” in 25 Pa. Code § 121.1 as, “Equipment, devices, methods or techniques as determined by the Department which will prevent, reduce or control emissions of air contaminants- 31

- to the maximum degree possible and which are available or may be made available.” The Department’s B AT regulations, codified in

25 Pa. Code §§ 127.1 and 127.12(a)(5), were approved by EPA on July 30, 1996, and codified in the SIP at 40 CFR § 52.2020(c)(1).

NOx and SO 2 Control Programs. In 1998, EPA promulgated the NO X SIP Call as the EPA’s principal ef fort to reduce interstate transport of pollution (63 FR 57356; October 27, 1998). In response to the federal

NO X SIP call rule, Pennsylvania adopted the NO X Budget Trading Program regulations for EGUs and large industrial boilers , with emission

reductions to commence May 1, 2003. The regulations were approved by EPA as a revision to the Commonwealth’s SIP on August 21, 2001 (66 FR 43795). Additionally, in response to the NO X SIP Call, Pennsylvania adopted additional NO X control regulations covering cemen t plants and internal combustion engines, with emission reductions to commence May 1, 2005. These regulations were approved by EPA as a SIP revision on September 29, 2006 ( 71 FR 57428).

Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR). In 2005, EPA adopted CAIR (70 FR 25162; May 12, 2005, as amended) to address interstate transport of NO X and SO 2 . CAIR is now being implemented in Pennsylvania through the Department’s CAIR regulation, codified

in 25 Pa. Code Chapter 145, Subchapter D, with related amendments in Chapters 121, 129 and 145. EPA approved Pennsylvania’s CAIR SIP revision on December 10, 2009, codified

at 40 CFR § 52.2020(c)(1) (74 FR 65446). In the CAIR SIP revision, Pennsylvania terminated the NO X Budget Trading Program and transitioned to the federal CAIR for large electric generating units (EGU).

The market

- based CAIR is designed to reduce EGU emissions of

NO X and SO 2 below 2002 levels throughout the eastern United States. Pennsylvania and the other CAIR states were required to adopt a regulation implem enting the requirements of the CAIR or an equivalent program. The large EGUs in Pennsylvania were initially regulated under CAIR FIPs promulgated by EPA, but have been regulated under the SIP since EPA approved Pennsylvania’s

CAIR SIP revision. Under the SIP revision, Pennsylvania participates in the EPA

- administered cap

- and

- trade programs for

NO X annual, NO X ozone season, and SO 2 annual emissions.

EPA’s CAIR was remanded to EPA for revisions by the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Colu mbia on

December 23, 2008 (See, North Carolina v. EPA , 531 F.3d 896, modified, 550 F.3d 1176 (D.C. Cir. 2008) .) Following remand, EPA replaced CAIR with the Cross

- State Air Pollution Rule- 32

- ( Transport Rule ), but in a separate legal challenge the court

vacat ed the Transport Rule . In that ruling, the court ordered EPA to continue administering CAIR pending the promulgation of a valid replacement (See, EME Homer City Generation L.P. v. EPA

, 696 F.3d 7 (D.C. Cir. 2012 ).) On April 29, 2014 , the Supreme

Court of the United States reversed the Court of Appeals’ decision that had vacated the Transport Rule

. The Supreme Court remanded the case to the Court of Appeals for further proceedings. At the time of submittal of this SIP revision, the Transport Rule is

unde r a stay previously imposed by the Court of Appeals and

CAIR continues to be implemented

.

NO X Budget Trading Program limits on non

- EGUs. The CAIR

SIP revision also established emission limits for the non

- EGUs and other units that were subject to the Comm onwealth’s NO X Budget Trading Program but are not subject to the CAIR NO X Ozone Season Trading Program. T hese units must continue monitoring

NO X emissions and must meet an emissions cap. Each unit has an allowable emission rate, calculated by January 31 of each year, based on the previous ozone season’s heat input. If the combined

NO X ozone season emissions from all of these units exceed the statewide ozone season emission cap of 3,438 tons, each unit that

exceeds its individual allowable emissions limit for that ozone season must surrender to the Department one CAIR NO X ozone season allowance and one CAIR NO X annual allowance for each

ton of emissions over its all owable limit. In addition, the Department has set aside 181 tons of NO X , including tons tha t will be retired each year to compensate for sources that were exempted

under t he “twenty

- five ton exemption” in section 145.4(b) 3. The balance of tons remaining in the set aside is available to the Department annually f

or accounting corrections. The D epartment retires any unused amount from this set aside each year.

It is unlikely that the 3,438

- ton statewide NO X ozone season emission limitation will be exceeded. Pennsylvania’s non

- EGU sources’ total emissions during each of the years they were tradi ng under the NO X Budget Trading Program never exceeded the statewide cap of 3,438 tons.

The Department’s regulation, codified in 25 Pa. Code § 145.8(d), was approved by EPA as a SIP revision on December 10, 2009,

and codified at 40 CFR § 52.2020(c)(1).

C ement kilns and large stationary internal combustion engines. The CAIR SIP revision also included regulations updating the cement manufacturing and large stationary internal combustion- 33

- engine regulations that were adopted pursuant to the NO X SIP Call.

Un til 2009, cement kilns and large stationary internal combustion engines that were subject to the NO X SIP Call were required to

surrender NO X SIP Call allowances if they exceeded their NO X emission limits set forth in Department regulations. Because the

De partment discontinued the NO X Budget Trading Program beginning 2009, at which point NO X SIP Call allowances were replaced by CAIR NO X ozone season allowances, the Department modified the regulations to require surrender of CAIR NO X ozone season and CAIR NO X annual allowances for emission limit

exceedances.

The Department’s regulations for large stationary internal combustion engines and cement kilns, codified in 25 Pa. Code Chapter 145, Subchapters B and C, respectively, were approved by

EPA as a SIP revis ion on December 10, 2009, and codified at

40 CFR § 51.2020(c)(1). An amendment to the Department’s regulation for cement kilns to reduce NO X emissions effective April 15, 2011, codified in 25 Pa. Code Chapter 145, Subchapter C, was subsequently approved b y EPA as a SIP revision on July 19, 2011, and codified at 40 CFR § 51.2020(c)(1).

Federal Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants. Federal standards to control hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) require Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) at units located at major sources of HAPs. The EPA has promulgated a series of MACT regulations that are applicable to sources in Pennsylvania. These MACT standards are adopted and incorporated by reference in Section 6.6 of Pennsylvania’s

Air Pollution Control A ct and implementing regulations in 25 Pa. Code § 127.35 (relating to maximum achievable control technology standards for hazardous air pollutants) . The standards are also included in federally enforceable plan approvals and operating permits issued by the Department for affected sources.

2

. Highway Vehicle Sources

Even with increases in VMT t hat occur from 2007 through 2025

, highway

vehicle emissions will continue to decrease . As more vehicles subject to cleaner new car standards replace older vehicles subject to less stringent new vehicle standards, the fleet as a whole emits fewer emissions, compensating for the incr ease in vehicle miles traveled. These decreases can be attributed to the programs des cribed below.

Federal Motor Vehicle Control Program s (FMVCP) and Pennsylvania Clean Vehicle Program for passenger vehicles and light

duty trucks and cleaner gasoline. Tier 1 tailpipe standards established- 34

- by the CAA Amendments of 1990 include NO X and VOC limits for light

duty gasoline vehicles (LDGVs) and light

- duty gasoline trucks (LDGTs).

The phase in of the se standards began in 1994. Evaporative VOC emissions were reduced in gasoline

- powered cars starting with M odel

Y ear (MY) 1998.

In 1998, under the authority of section 177 of the CAA, the Departmen t adopted the Pennsylvania Clean Vehicles Program (28 Pa. B. 5973 , Dec. 5, 1998)

. The Pennsylvania Clean Vehicles Program incorporates by

reference certain California Low Emission Vehicle (CA LEV) emission standards for passenger cars and light

- duty trucks . As required under

Section 177 of the CAA, these provisions are identical to the low emission standards adopted by California

. T he regulation does not incorporate by reference the California zero emissions vehicle (ZEV) or emissions control warranty sys tems statement provisions.

In the same rulemaking, the Department adopted the National Low Emission Vehicle (NLEV) program as a compliance alternative to the Pennsylvania Clean Vehicles Program. The NLEV program became effective in the Ozone Transport Re gion (OTR) in 1999. Pennsylvania’s

New Motor Vehicle Emissions Control Program regulations in 25 Pa.

Code Sections 126.401

- 126.441 , in addition to including the Clean Vehicles Program, allowed automobile manufacturers to comply with

NLEV instead of the CA LEV program through MY 2005. These regulations affected vehicles 6,000 pounds and less and were the regulations in effect for new motor vehicl es in the baseline year, 2002.

In 1999, the EPA promulgated regulations more stringent than NLEV ( Tier 2), star ting with MY 2004 (65 FR 6698 ; Feb. 10, 2000) T he N LEV program was replaced for MY 2004 and later by the more stringent Tier 2 regulations, and vehicle manufacturers operating under the NLEV program became subje ct to the Tier 2 requirements.

Pennsylvania amended the former New Motor Vehicle Emissions Control Program in 2006. The Clean Vehicles Program continues to incorporate the California Low Emission Vehicle Program by reference. As amended, the program affects MY 2008 and newer passenger cars and li ght

- duty

trucks vehicles ( 36 Pa

. B

. 7424 ; Dec

. 9, 2006 ) , corrected 37 Pa. B. 209 (Jan. 12, 2007, eff. Dec. 9, 2006)

. EPA approved Pennsylvania’s Clean Vehicle Program as a revis ion to the Commonwealth’s SIP o n January 24,

2012 (77 FR 3386).

Heavy

- Duty Dies el Control Programs. The EPA promulgated more stringent national regulations for heavy

- duty engines and vehicles (over 14,000 pounds) starting with MY 2004. In addition, federal consent decrees with seven of the largest heavy

- duty engine manufacturers- 35

- re quired, among other terms, that diesel engines made by these companies comply with these 2004 standards two model years early, in MY 2002.

The emission reductions from these programs are reflected in the future year emission inventories, as provided in th e MOVES model.

In 2002, the Department adopted the Heavy

- Duty Diesel Emissions Control Program for model years starting after May 2004. The program incorporates California standards by reference and requires MY 2005 and subsequent new heavy

- duty diesel h ighway engines to be those certified by California. California standards we re more stringent than federal standards for the two model years between expiration of the consent

decrees discussed above (MYs 2005 and 2006 ) and the implementation of more string ent federal standards affecting MY 2007 and beyond.
However, EPA ’s MOVES model already assumed that the engines would comply with consent decree standards, even without an enforcement mechanism. The Department has used MOVES defaults to calculate

emissio ns from MY 2005 and 2006 highway engines.

The EPA adopted new emission standards for heavy

- duty engines and

vehicles for MY 2007 and subsequent. For diesel engines, the standards

were phased in from 2007 to 2010 for NO X and VOCs. For gasoline engines, t he standards were phased in during MY 2008 and 2009. Federal

and California standards were virtually identical for MY 2007. For

MY 2008, California adopted requirements for idling restriction engine programming and an option al “clean NO X idle” standard. However, there

is no EPA

- approved methodology to estimate emission reductions from this requirement. Therefore, the emission estimates use assumptions of

the federal rule for MY 2007 through 2010

.

Because the new engine standards are adversely affected by sulfur in fuel,

the EPA also require d most highway diesel fuel to contain no more than

15 parts per million (ppm) of sulfur , beginning in the fall of 2006. There

was a temporary compliance option allowing refiners to continue to produce up to 20 percen t of their highway diesel fuel at 500 ppm fuel until

2010. The Department u sed MOVES defaults to estimate the effects of the phase

- in provision.

Vehicle Emission Inspection/Maintenance Program

. The Pennsylvania portion of the Philadelphia area has had a vehicle emissions inspection program since 1984. In early 2004, Pennsylvania revised the implementation of its Vehicle Emission Inspection/Maintenance (I/M) Program in the five

- county Philadelphia area. The program applies to gasoline

- powered vehicles 9 ,000 pounds and under, MY 1975 and newer.

For vehicles MY 1996 and newer, the program consists of an annual on

board diagnostics test and a gas cap pressure test. For subject vehicles

MY 1995 and older, the program consists of an annual tailpipe test, vi sual- 36

- inspection of pollution control devices to ensure they are present, connected and the proper type for the vehicle and a gas cap pressure test.

For vehicles older than 25 years, the program is a visual inspection and

gas cap test. These regulations c an be found in 67 Pa. Code Chapter 177. Pennsylvania submitted the revised emissions program as a SIP revision

on December 1, 2003. The EPA approved the SIP revision on October 6,

2005. (70 FR 58313).

Low Sulfur Gasoline

. Sulfur is a natural component in crude oil that ends up in gasoline and diesel unless removed. Sulfur in gasoline impairs the effectiveness of emission control systems and contributes to air pollution. By removing most sulfur from gasoline, new advanced

emission controls will work lo nger and more efficiently, and air pollution

will be reduced.

The 1999 federal Tier 2 regulations (65 FR 6698; Feb. 10, 2000) reduce d

the sulfur content of gasoline by up to 90 percent, enabling the use of new emission control technologies in cars and tru cks that reduce harmful air pollution. The emission inventory analysis in this Maintenance Plan uses the default assumptions provided in MOVES2010 to account for the implementation of the federal standards for low sulfur gasoline. Requirements for use of low

- sulfur gasoline enabled use of advanced emission control systems in light

- duty vehicles beginning in model year

2004. Vehicles meeting Tier 2 emission standards are 77 to 95 percent
cleaner than earlier models.

On March 3, 2014, EPA signed a regulat ion adopting more stringent

vehicle standards and reducing sulfur limits in gasoline further with the

Tier 3 Motor Vehicle Emission and Fuel Standards program. (79 FR 23414). The rule takes effect in 2017. The Tier 3 program requires the annual average content of sulfur in gasoline to be reduced to

10 parts per million, starting January 1, 2017. By 2018, EPA estimates

that SO 2 emissions from gasoline vehicles will be reduced by 56 percent. When fully implemented, this program, by 2030, will increase th e effectiveness of vehicle emission controls even further and reduce onroad emissions of NOx by 25 percent, direct particulate matter by 10 percent and VOCs by 16 percent. The rule will also significantly reduce

e missions of carbon monoxide and hazardous air pollutants including acrolein, benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. Emission reductions

from the federal Tier 3 program have not been included in future year inventories and, therefore are not relied upon in the maintenance

demonstration. Emission reductions from the federal Tier 3 program may

nonetheless assist the Philadelphia Area in maintaining the PM 2.5 NAAQS.- 37

- 3

. Nonroad Sources

The EPA has adopted a series of regulations affecting new diesel

- powered (“compression ignition”) and gasoline

- pow ered (“spark ignition”) nonroad engines of various sizes (horsepower) and applications. Information on these federal rules, including their implementation dates, can be found at www.epa.gov/nonroad

. The Department used the assumptions built into

the nonr oad model (NONROAD2005) and NMIM to estimate emissions for all milestone years.

While the EPA has published a notice of proposed rulemaking for more stringent standards for locomotives and large commercial marine diesel engines, the agency has not finaliz ed any new standards.

On June 29, 2004, EPA adopted a rule establishing a comprehensive national program to reduce emissions from nonroad diesel engines (69 FR 38958). The rule phased in requirements for reducing the sulfur

content of diesel used in nonr oad diesel engines. The reduction in fuel

sulfur content prevent s damage to the more advanced emission control systems needed to meet the engine standards; it will also reduce fine particulate emissions from diesel engines. In 2007, fuel sulfur levels we re limited to 500 ppm for nonroad applications other than ocean

- going marine vessels. In 2010, fuel sulfur levels were reduced to the same sulfur concentration as in highway fue l, 15 ppm; this requirement began applying in 2012 to locomotive and marine di esel fuel. EPA ado pted

technical a mendments to the program in rules published in the Federal Register on November 22, 2005 (70 FR 70498) and May 1, 2006 (71 FR 25706). On April 30, 2010 (75 FR 22896), EPA adopted changes to the nonroad diesel fuel progra m to allow for the production and sale of diesel fuel with up to 1

, 000 ppm sulfur for use in Category 3 marine

vessels.

4

. Stationary Area Sources

Low Sulfur Fuel Oil. The Environmental Quality Board has adopted a

rule to reduce the sulfur content of fuel oil in Pennsylvania . This final rule, published in the Pennsylvania Bulletin February 9, 2013 (43 Pa. B. 806), corrected April 20 , 2013 (43 Pa. B. 2140), will limit the

sulfur content of No. 2 fuel oil to 500 ppm, No. 4 fuel oil to 2,500 ppm and Nos. 5 and 6 fuel oils to 5,000 ppm. Compliance with the lower sulfur content limits will be req uired beginning July 1, 2016. The Department

estimates statewide SO 2 emission reductions of approximately 25,000 tons per year from this rule. These emission reduc tions will allow the

Commonwealth to attain and maintain the PM 2.5 standards and improve visibility. The final

- form regulation was submitted to EPA for approval as a SIP revision on February 26, 2013. On February 20, 2014, EPA- 38

- proposed approval, as a rev ision to the SIP, Pennsylvania’s regulation for

the “Control of Commercial Fuel Oil Sulfur Limits for Combustion Units” (79 FR 9701). EPA issued a final rule app roving the SIP revision on July 10, 2014 (79 FR 39330 ).

Consumer Products. This regulation a pplies statewide to any person who sells, supplies, offers for sale, or manufactures certain consum er products on or after January 1, 2005, for use in the Commonwealth. The

Consumer Products program is codified in 25 Pa. Code Chapter 130, Subchapter B. I t was submitted to the EPA as a SIP revision on March 26,

2003

, and approved on December 8, 2004 (69 FR 70895). Amendments

to the Consumer Products regulations were adopted on October 11, 2008

, submitted to the EPA for approval as a SIP revision on March 11 , 2009

, and approved by EPA as a SIP revision on October 18, 2010 (75 FR 63717)

.

B

. Motor Vehicle Emission Budgets for Transportation Conformity

Section 176 of the CAA provides a mechanism by which federally funded or approved highway and transit plans , programs, and projects are determined not to produce new air quality violations, worsen existing violations, or delay timely attainment of the NAAQS. EPA regulations issued to implement transportation conformity provide that motor vehicle emission “budg ets” establish caps of these emissions that cannot be exceeded by the predicted transportation system emissions in the future. Transportation agencies in Pennsylvania are responsible for making timely transportation conformity determinations. The respons ible agency in the Pennsylvania Portion of the Philadelphia Area is the Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission , the designated Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) under federal transportation planning requirements.

In this Maintenance Plan, Pen nsylvania establish es budgets for highway

emissions for direct PM 2.5 and NO X in order to ensure that transportation emissions do not impede clean air goals in the next decade and beyond. The highway emission budgets include a safety margin, which was crea ted by setting aside a portion of the difference between attainment year and maintenance year

emissions of PM 2.5 and NO X to accommodate unanticipated growth in highway

vehicles.

Amendments to the 40 CFR part 93 transportation conformity regulations to

add ress the 1997 PM 2.5 standard were published in the Federal Register on May 6, 2005 (70 FR 24280)

, to account for PM 2.5 and its precursors. 15 The

I mplementation R ule did not amend these regulations. In the transportation

15 The Federal transportation conformity regulations were again amended on March 14, 2012 (77 FR 14979) to restructure several sections so that they apply to any new or revis ed NAAQS and make several c larifications to improve implementation.- 39

- conformity regulations, s ection 93. 102 requires conformity determinations to be applicable to direct emissions of PM 2.5 and NO X (unless a determination is made that transportation

- related emissions are not significant contributors to PM 2.5 ), but

to emissions of SO 2 , VOC, and NH 3 only if a f inding is made that transportation

related emissions of these pollutants are significant contributors to PM 2.5

. EPA approved Pennsylvania’s SIP revision establishing transportation conformity requiremen ts in the Commonwealth on April 29, 2009 (74 FR 19451 ).

T his Maintenance Plan SIP revision establishes motor vehicle emission budget s for PM 2.5 and NO X

. The information in Table III

- 2 (relating to Motor Vehicle Emission Budgets (Tons per Year) ) , once the EPA approves it for purposes of conformity, will es tablish transportation conformity budgets for the Pennsylvania portion of the Philadelphia Area.

Table III

- 2: Motor Vehicle Emission Budgets (Tons per Year)

Philadelphia PM 2.5 NOx

2007 2,386 69,327

2017 Predicted 1,460 34,475 Safety Margin 2 19 3,447 2017 Budget 1,679 37,922

2025 Predicted 1,145 23,056 Safety Margin 171 2,305 2025 Budget 1,316 25,361

The highway emission budgets include a safety margin to accommodate unanticipated growth in highway vehicles. The safety margins we re created by setting aside a portion of the difference between attainment year and maintenance year emissions of PM 2.5 and NO X

. Table III

- 3 (relating to Comparison of Safety Margin to Total Anticipated Emission Reductions in 2017 and 2025) shows that

the amount of emission reductions anticipated between 2007 and 2017 and between 2007 and 2025 easily accommodates the safety margins granted.- 40

- Table III

- 3 : Comparison of Saf ety Margin to Total Anticipated

Emission Reductions in 2017 and 2025

Philadelphia PM 2.5 NOx

2007 14,114 123,390

2017 12,459 79,120

2025 11,665 66,096

2007

- 2017 Anticipated

Emission Reductions 1,656 44,270

Margin Granted 219 3,447

2007

- 2025 Anticipated

Emission Reductions 2,449 57,294

Margin Granted 171 2,305

F or informational purposes, DEP analyzed the projected 2025 inventory and found that highway emissions of V OC, NH 3 , and SO 2 account for 15 percent,
18 percent, and 1 percent of the total projected 2025 inventory, respectively, as

shown in Table III

- 4 (relat ing to Comparison of 2025 On

- Road Mobile VOC,

NH 3 , and SO 2 Emissions to the Total Projected 2025 Inventory).

Table III

- 4 : Comparison of 2025 On

- Road Mobile VOC

, NH 3 , and SO 2 Emissions

to the Total Projected 2025 Inventory

2025 SO 2 VOC NH 3 On

- Road Mobil e Source Projected Inventory (Tons) 259 11,222 908

Total Projected 2025 Inventory (Tons) 25,701 74,808 5,162

Percent of Total Projected 2025 Inventory (%) 1.01 15.00 17.58

The motor vehicle emission budgets include PM from vehicle exh aust, brake

wear, and tire wear, which are estimated by the MOVES model. The Department

has included direct PM 2.5 re

- entrained road dust emissions from paved and unpaved roads in the area source inventory , not in the motor vehicle emission budgets. Appendices B

- 3 and B

- 4, relating to area source annual emissions,

contain estimates of the PM 2.5 emissions attributable to paved and unpaved roads.

In addition to monitors that measure PM 2.5 mass, the Chester and New Garden monitoring sites are equipped with speciation monitor s that collect data on the

chemical constituents of PM 2.5 in the Philadelphia Area

. Transportation

construction

- related fugitive dust emissions are not a significant contributor to the

PM 2.5 concentrations observed at th ese monitor s

. T he crustal component was found to be small compared to other components of PM 2.5 ( See Figure 1 ). Given- 41

- that construction

- related fugitive dust is one of many source categories contributing to the crustal material observed at the monitor, and transportation

construction is a small subset of all construction, it is reasonable to conclude that transportation construction

- related fugitive emissi ons are insignificant.

Figure 1. Pie Chart s of 2007 Philadelphia Speciation Data

New Garden Percentage of Total M ass Year 2007

Nitrate

19%

Sulfate

27%

Ammonium

16% Organic carbon

24% Elemental carbon

4% Crustal component

2% Other

8% Chester Percentage of Total Mass
Year 2007

Nitrate

11%

Sulfate

26%

Ammonium

12% Organic carbon

22% Elemental carbon

5% Crustal component

4% Other

20%- 42

-

I V

. AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING NETWORK

The DEP and the Philadelphia County Health Department will continue to operate the air

monitorin g network in accordance with 40 CFR Part 58 to verify the attainment status of

the Philadelphia A rea for the 1997 annual and 2006 24

- hour PM 2.5 NAAQS , with no reductions in the number of sites from those in the existing network unless pre

- approved by EPA. The DEP has concurrently submitted a request for redesignation of the Pennsylvania portion of the Philadelph ia A rea that contains analysis of ambient air quality data and related factors.

V

. V ERIFICATION OF C ONTINUED A TTAINMENT

The DEP will track the attainment status of the 1997 and 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS in the Philadelphia A rea by reviewing air quality and emissi ons data during the maintenance period. The DEP will perform an annual evaluation of two key factors, VMT data and emissions reported from stationary sources, and compare them to the assumptions about these factors used in this plan. The DEP will also ev aluate the periodic (every three years) emission inventories prepared under EPA’s Air Emiss ion Reporting Requirements (40 CFR 51

, Subpart A) to see if they exceed the attainment year inventory (2007 ) by

more than 10 percent. Based on these evaluations, th e DEP will consider whether any further emission control measures should be implemented.

VI

. C ONTINGENCY M EASURES

The Commonwealth will adopt and expeditiously implement corrective actions , as necessary and appropriate, in the following circumstances:

A first level response will be prompted if the annual mean PM 2.5 concentration exceeds

15.5 μ g/m 3 in a single calendar year within the maintenance area , if the 98 th percentile

24

- hour PM 2.5 concentration exceeds 35.0 μg/m 3 in a single calendar year within the

maintenance area or if the periodic emissions inventory for the Philadelphia Area exceed s the attainment year inventory (2007) by more than 10 percent . The first level response will consist of a study to determine whether the PM 2.5 value indicates a trend toward higher PM 2.5 values and whether emissions appear to be increasing. If there app ears to be an increasing trend, the study will evalu ate whether the trend is likely to continue and, if so, the necessary and appropriate control measures to reverse the trend. Implementation of necessary and appropriate controls would take place as exped itiously as possible.

A second level res ponse will be prompted if the 2

- year average of the annual mean PM 2.5 concentrations exceeds 1 5.0 μ g/m 3 or if the 2

- year average of 98 th percentile 24

- hour

PM 2.5 concentrations exceeds 35.0 μg/m 3 within the maintena nce area. If this trigger point occurs, the DEP will evaluate whether additional emission control measures should be implemented in order to prevent a violation of the air quality standard s

. The Department will analyze the conditions leading to the PM 2.5 levels and evaluate what measures might be most effective in correcting the PM 2.5 levels. The Department will also analyze the potential emissions effect of federal, state and local measures that have- 43

-

been adopted but not yet implemented at the time the second level response is triggered

. The Department will then begin the process of adop ting any selected measures that are necessary and appropriate so that in the event of a violation, the measures can be implemented as expeditiously as practicable.

If a violation of the PM 2.5 NAAQS occurs, the Commonwealth will propose and adopt

additional emission reduction measures , as necessary and appropriate, as expeditiously as practicable in accordance with the implementation schedule in this section , the CAA, the Pennsylvania Air Pollution Control Act , other Pennsylvania statutory requirements, and the Department’s Policy for Development, Approval and Availability of Regulations in

order to return the area to attainment with the standard s

.

Additional emission red uction measures to be considered for adoption if a violation of the NAAQS occurs in the Philadelphia Area would be based on criteria including the following :

 air quality analysis indicating nature of violation [cause, location, source];

 emission reduction potential, including extent to which emission generating sources occur in the nonattainment area;

 timeliness of implementation in terms of the potential to return the area to attainment as expeditiously as practicable; and

 costs, equity and cost

- effective ness.

Additional emission reduction measures the Department would consider pursuing for promulgation if a violation of the NAAQS occurs in the Philadelphia Area include the following :

Regulatory measures :

 A regulation based on the OTC Model Rule to upda te requirements for consumer products ;

 A regulation based on the Control Techniques Guidelines (CTG) for industrial cleaning solvents ; and

 Other regulatory measures identified base d on the above

- listed criteria.

Non

- regulatory measures:

 Voluntary diesel projects:

o Diesel retrofit (including replacement, repowering or alternative fuel use) for public or private local onroad or offroad fleets;

o Idling reduction technolo gy for Class 2 yard locomotives; and

o Idling reduction technologies or strategies for truck stops, warehouses and

ot her freight

- handling facilities.- 44

-

 Promotion of a ccelerated turnover of lawn and garden equipment, e specially commercial equipment.

 Additional promotion of alternative fuel s for fleets, home heating and agricultural

use.

Once the Dep artment’s Bureau of Air Quality has obtained an approved request to initiate a rulemaking, the rulemaking may proceed as follows:

Within 2 months: Review by Air Quality Technical Advisory Committee (AQTAC), Citizens Advisory Council and other advisory co mmittees

, 16 as appropriate.

Within 5 months: Environmental Qual ity Board (EQB) meeting/action.

Within 7 months: Publi cation in the Pennsylvania Bulletin for c omment as proposed rulemaking.

Within 9 months: Public hearing takes place and comment period on proposed

rule closes.

Within 10 months : Independent Regulatory Review Commission (IR RC) comment on proposed rule.

Within 12 months: AQTAC, Citizens Advisory Council and other advisory

committee s, as appropriate, review responses to comme nts and draft fi nal rulemaking.

Within 15 months: EQB meeting/action.

Within 16 months: IRRC action on final rulemaking.

Within 17 months: Attorney General review/acti on. Within 18 months: Publi cation in the Pennsylvania Bulletin as final rulemaking

and submi ssion to the EPA as a SIP revision. The regulation would become effective upon publication in the Pennsylvania Bulletin

.

16 Other committees could include the Small Business Compliance Advisory Committee and Agriculture Advisory

Committee.- 45

- ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

AEO Annual Energy Outlook AQTAC Air Quality Technical Advisory Committee

BACT Best Available Control Technology

BA T Best Available Technology

CAA Clean Air Act

CAIR Clean Air Interstate Rule

CA LEV California Low Emission Vehicle (program)

CF Control Factor

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

CMU Carnegie Mellon University

CMV Commercial Marine Vessel

DEP Pennsylvania Dep artment of Environmental Protection

EDMS Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System

EGAS Economic Growth Analysis System

EGU Electric Generating Unit

EIA Energy Information Administration

EIS Emission Inventory System

EPA The U nited S tates Environmental Pro tection Agency EQB Environmental Quality Board

ERC Emission Reduction Credit

ERTAC Eastern Regional Technical Advisory Committee

FAA Federal Aviation Administration

FIP Federal Implementation Plan

FIRE Factor Information Retrieval

FMVCP Federal Motor Vehi cle Control Program

FR Federal Register

FRM Federal Reference Method

HAP Hazardous Air Pollutant

I/M Inspection and Maintenance

IRRC Independent Regulatory Review Commission

ITN Itinerant

LDGV Light Duty Gasoline V ehicles

LDGT Light Duty Gasoline T rucks

M ACT Maximum Achievable Control Technology

MANE

- VU Mid

- Atlanti c/ Northeast Visibility Union

MARAMA Mid

- Atlantic Regional Air Management Association

MOVES Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator

MPO Metropolitan Planning Organization

MY Model Year NAAQS National Amb ient Air Quality Standard

NAICS North American Industry Classification System

NEI National Emissions Inventory

NH 3 Ammonia

NLEV National Low Emission Vehicle (program)- 46

-

NMIM National Mobile Inventory Model

NO X Oxides of Nitrogen

NSR New Source Review OTAQ O ffice of Transportation and Air Quality

OTC Ozone Transport Commission

OTR Ozone Transport Region

OWB Outdoor Wood

- fired Boiler

PennDOT Pennsylvania Department of Transportation

PM Particulate Matter

PM 2.5 Particulate Matter less than 2.5 microns in diamet er or Fine P articulates

PM 10 Particulate Matter less than 10 microns in diameter

PSD Prevention of Significant Deterioration

RIA Regulatory Impact Analysis

RWC Residential Wood Combustion

SCC Source Classification Code

SIP State Implementation Plan

SO 2 Su lfur Dioxide

TAF Terminal Area Forecast

TCM Transportation Control Measures

TSD Technical Support Document μg/m 3 M icrogram per cubic meter

μm Micrometer

VMT Vehicle Miles Traveled

VOC Volatile Organic Compound

WOE Weight of Evidence

ZEV Zero Emissions V ehicle

# C ommonwealth of Pennsylvania

Redesignation Request Pennsylvania Portion of the Philadelphia

- Wilmington, PA

- NJ

- DE Nonattainment Area

1997 and 2006 Fine Particulate Matter

National Ambient Air Quality Standard s



# August 2014

Bureau of Air Quality Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection

P.O. Box 8468 Harrisburg, PA 17 105

- 8468

717

- 787

- 9495

www.dep.state.pa.usThis page intentionally left blank

.- i

- TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 1

I. Demonstration of Attainment and Air Quality Trends Analysis

................................ ......... 4

A. Design Value Determination

................................ ................................ .................... 6

B. Air Quality Trends Analysis

................................ ................................ .................... 7

C. Climate Trends Analysis

................................ ................................ ........................ 11

1. Temperature Trends

................................ ................................ ................... 13

2. Precipitation Trends

................................ ................................ ................... 14

D. Additional Trends

................................ ................................ ................................ .. 16

1. Population Trends

................................ ................................ ...................... 16

2. Economic Trends

................................ ................................ ....................... 16

E. Modeling Analysis

................................ ................................ ................................ . 18

II. SIP Approvals and Applicable Requirements

................................ ................................ .... 20

A. Section 110(a)(2) of the CAA

................................ ................................ ................ 21

B. Part D

- Plan Requirements for Nonattainment Areas

................................ ........... 22

1. Section 172(c) of the CAA

................................ ................................ ........ 22

2. Section 173 of the CAA

................................ ................................ ............. 22

3. Section 176 of the CAA

................................ ................................ ............. 23

4. Section 189(e) of the CAA

................................ ................................ ........ 24

C. Conclusion

................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 24

III. Demonstration of Permanent and Enforceable Improvement

................................ ............ 24

A. Baseline (2002) Emissions Inventory

................................ ................................ .... 26

B. Attainment Year (2007) Emissions Inventory

................................ ....................... 27

C. Control Measures

................................ ................................ ................................ ... 28

1. Stationary Point Sources

................................ ................................ ............ 30

2. Highway Vehicle Sources

................................ ................................ .......... 36

3. Nonroad Sources

................................ ................................ ........................ 39

4. Stationary Area S ources

................................ ................................ ............. 40

IV. Maintenance Plan

................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 40

Acronyms and Abbreviations

................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 42- ii

- TABLES

Table I

- 1: Philadelphia Area (PA, DE, NJ) Annual PM 2.5 Concentrations

................................ .... 7

Table I

- 2: Ph iladelphia Area 24

- Hour PM 2.5 Concentrations

................................ ......................... 8

Table I

- 3: Philadelphia Area Annual PM 2.5 Design Values

................................ ............................ 9

Table I

- 4: Philadelphia Area 24

- Hour PM 2.5 Design Values

................................ ........................ 10

Table I

- 5: Philadelphia Area Monthly Mean Temperature (°F)

................................ ................... 13

Table I

- 6: Philadelphia Area Precipitation (inches)

................................ ................................ ...... 15

Table I

- 7: EPA’s Transport Rule Modeling Results for the PM 2.5 Standard for the

Philadelphia Area

................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 20

Table III

- 1: 2002 Pennsylvania portion of the Philadelphia Area Annua l Emissions (Tons

per Year)

................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 27

Table III

- 2: 2007 Pennsylvania Portion of the Philadelphia Area Annual Emissions

(Tons per Year)

................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 28

Table III

- 3: Change in the Pennsylvania Portion of the Philadelphia Area Annual

Emissions (Tons per Year) from 2002 to 2007

................................ ........................ 29

Table III

- 4: Summary of Emission Totals (Tons) in 2007, 2017 and 2025

................................ .. 30

FIGURES

Figure I

- 1: Pennsylvania’s 1997 Annual PM 2.5 Nonattainment Areas

................................ ........... 5

Figure I

- 2: Pennsylvania’s 2006 24

- Hour PM 2.5 Nonattainment Areas

................................ ......... 5

Figure I

- 3: PM 2.5 Annual Concentration Trend

................................ ................................ ............. 11

Figure I

- 4: PM 2.5 24

- Hour Concentration Trend

................................ ................................ .......... 11

Figure I

- 5: Pie Charts of 2007 Philadelphia Area Speciation Data

................................ .............. 12

Figure I

- 6: Philadelphia Area Monthly Mean Temperature (°F)

................................ .................. 14

Figure I

- 7: Philadelphia Area Annual Precipitation (inches)

................................ ....................... 15

Figure I

- 8: Population Trend for the Pennsylvania Portion of the Philadelphia Area

.................. 16

Figure I

- 9: Philadelphia Area Population and Labor Force Trends

................................ .............. 17

Figure I

- 10: Pennsylvania and National Coincident Indexes from the Philadelphia

Federal Reserve Bank

................................ ................................ ............................... 18- 1

- INTRODUCTION

Particulate matter (PM) is a mixture of microscopic solids and liquid droplets suspended in air that include: acids (such as nitrates and sulfates), organic chemicals, metals, soil or dust particles and allergens (such as fragments of pollen or mold spores). Fine particle pollution or PM 2.5 describes particulate matter that is less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers (μm) in diameter, approxim ately 1/30th the diameter of a human hair. Because of their small size, fine particles can penetrate deeply into the lungs.

Health studies have shown a significant association between exposure to fine particles and premature death from heart or lung dise ase. Fine particles can aggravate heart and lung diseases and have been linked to effects such as cardiovascular symptoms, cardiac arrhythmias, heart attacks, respiratory symptoms, asthma attacks, and bronchitis. These effects can result in

increased hos pital admissions, emergency room visits, absences from school or work, and restricted activity days. Individuals that may be particularly sensitive to fine particle exposure include people with heart or lung disease, older adults, and children. The artic le, “Fine

Particulate Air Pollution and Life Expectancy in the United States” by C. Arden Pope, III, et al. published January 22, 2009 in the New England Journal of Medicine evaluated the role PM 2.5 reductions occurring in the 1980s and 1990s had on the in creased life expectancy observed over that period. The study found that a reduction of 10 micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m 3 ) of PM 2.5 was associated with an average increase in life expectancy of 7.3 months.

PM 2.5 has significant environmental impacts, i ncluding acid rain and stream eutrophication.

PM 2.5 also affects visibility (regional haze) through the scattering and absorption of light. Fine particles, similar in size to the wavelength of light, are most efficient, per unit of mass, at reducing visi bility

. Soiling and materials damage can also be caused by PM 2.5 in the air.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued PM 2.5 national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) in 1997 after evaluating hundreds of health studies and condu cting an extensive peer review process. The EPA established an annual primary (health

- based) and secondary (welfare

- based) standard of 15.0 micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m 3 ), based on the

3

- year average of annual mean PM 2.5 concentrations. The EPA also established a primary and secondary 24

- hour standard of 65 μg/m 3 determined by the 3

- year average of the 98th percent ile

of 24

- hour concentrations. In 2006, the EPA promulgated a revised 24

- hour PM 2.5 standard of

35 μg/m 3 determined by the 3

- year average of the 98th percent ile of 24

- hour concentrations. The annual standard was not revised. ( 71 FR 61144 (October 17, 2006))

On December 17, 2004, the EPA issued air quality designations for the PM 2.5 standard based on air quality monitoring data from 2001

- 2 003. The final designations were published in the Federal Register on January 5, 2005 (70 FR 944). The designations became effective on April 5, 2005. On April 5, 2005, the EPA issued a supplemental notice changing the designation of

certain areas from nonattainment to attainment based on newly available air quality data (70 FR 19844; April 14, 2005). The April 5, 2005

, supplemental notice only affected Mercer County in th e Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.- 2

-

The Philadelphia

- Wilmington, PA

- NJ

- DE (Philadelphia) Area was one of eight areas in Pennsylvania, comprising all or parts of 21 Pennsylvania counties, designated by the EPA as

nonattainment for the 1997 annual PM 2.5 NAAQS. The Philadelphia Area was designated by

EPA as nonattainment because it violated the 1997 annual standard of 15.0 μg/m 3 based on

2001

- 20 03 monitoring data. The Philadelphia Area did not violate the 1997 24

- hour standard of

65 μg/m

. 3 The Pennsylvania portion of the nonattainme nt area consists of Bucks, Chester, Delaware, Montgomery and Philadelphia counties in Pennsylvania. The Delaware portion of the nonattainment area consists of New Castle County . The New Jersey portion of the

nonattainment area consists of Burlington, Cam den and Gloucester counties. The EPA redesignated the New Jersey portion of the nonattainment area for both the 1997 annual and the

2006 24

- hour NAAQS on September 4, 2013 ( 78 FR 54396 ). The EPA proposed to redesignate the Delaware portion of the nonattainment area for both the 1997 annual and the 2006 24

- hour NAAQS on April 11, 2014 (79 FR 20139).

On October 8, 2009, the EPA promulgated air quality designations for the 2006 24

- hour PM 2.5 standard based on 2006

- 2008 air quality monitoring data

. The final designations were published

in the Federal Register on November 13, 2009 (74 FR 58688 ). The EPA designated seven areas comprised of all or portions of 22 counties in Pennsylvania as 24

- hour PM 2.5 nonattainment

areas. The designations became ef fective on December 14, 2009.

The Philadelphia Area was one of seven areas in Pennsylvania designated by the EPA as

nonattainment for the 2006 24

- hour PM 2.5 NAAQS. The Philadelphia Area , consisting of the

same counties as those listed above for the 1997 NAAQS, was designated nonattainment because

the area violated the 2006 24

- hour PM 2.5 standard of 35 μg/ m 3 based on 2006

- 2008 monitoring

data.

The subsequent analyses described in this Request for Redesignation clearly demonstrate that the ambient air quality in the Philadelphia Area now meets the 1997 and 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS

. T he

emission reductions responsible for the improvements in PM 2.5 air quality are both permanent
and enforceable. These analyse s and the Maintenance P lan submitted concurrently demonstrate

that the Department has completed all criteria set forth in Section 107(d)(3)(E) of the Clean Air Act (CAA) for the Pennsylvania portion of Philadelphia Area and so the Area should be officially redesignated as attain ment for both the 1997 and 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS

.

Section 107(d)(3)(E) of the CAA states that an area may be redesignated to attainment if the following conditions are met:

● The NAAQS has been attained ( discussed in Section I ) ;

● The applicable implementati on plan has been fully approved under Section 110(k) of the

CAA and the state has met all applicable requirements for the area under Section 110 and

Part D ( discussed in Section II ) ;

● The improvement in air quality is due to permanent and enforceable reductions in emissions ( discussed in Section I and Section III ) ; and- 3

-

A Maintenance P lan with contingency measures has been fully approved under Section 175A ( discussed in Section IV )

.

This Request for Redesignation describes how the Philadelphia Area satisfies each of the C AA ’s

Section 107(d)(3)(E) criteria for redesignation to attainment.

Requirements for a public comment process are set forth in Section 110(a)(2) of the CAA,

40 CFR Section 51.102(d) and Section 7.5 of the Pennsylvania Air Pollution Control Act.

35 P.S. Section 4007.5 (b)

. On May 10 , 2014, t he Department provided no tice of a public comment period and the opportunity for a hearing on the Maintenance Plan, 2007 compreh ensive inventory required by Section 172(c)(3) of the CAA, and this Request for Redesignation. The Department scheduled the public hearing to occur on June 12, 2014, but no one expressed interest in presenting testimony or attending. Therefore, the Depar tment cancelled the hearing. The pu blic comment period closed June 13, 2014. Comments were received from two

commentators and have been addre ssed in a Comment and Response D ocument.- 4

-

I. DEMONSTRATION OF ATT AINMENT AND AIR QUAL ITY TRENDS

ANALYSIS

On December 17, 2004, the EPA issued air quality designations for the 1997 PM 2.5 annual standard based on 2001

- 2003 air quality monitoring data

. The final designations were published in the Federal Register on January 5, 2005 (70 FR 944). The designations became effective on April 5, 2005. On April 5, 2005, the EPA issued a supplemental notice changing the designation of certain areas from nonattainment to attainment based on newly available air quality data (70 FR 19844; April 14, 2005). The April 5, 200 5 supplemental notice only affected Mercer County in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (Commonwealth or Pennsylvania ).

The Philadelphia Area was one of eight areas in Pennsylvania, comprising all or parts of

21 Pennsylvania counties, designated by the EPA as nonattainment for the 1997 annual

PM 2.5 NAAQS. The Philadelphia Area was designated as nonattainment because it

violated the 1997 annual standard of 15.0 μg/m 3 based on 2001

- 20 03 monitoring data.

The Philadelphia Area did not violate the 1997 24

- hour standard of 65 μg/m

. 3

On October 8, 2009, the EPA promulgated air quality designations for the 2006 24

- hour

PM 2.5 standard based on 2006

- 2008 air quality monitoring data

. The final designations were published in the Federal Register on November 13, 2009 (74 FR 58688 ). The EPA designated seven areas comprised of all or portions of 22 counties in Pennsylvania as

24

- hour PM 2.5 nonattainment areas. The designations became effective on December 14,

2009.

The Philadelphia Area was one of seven areas in Pen nsylvania designated by the EPA as

nonattainment for the 2006 24

- hour PM 2.5 NAAQS. The Philadelphia Area was designated nonattainment because the area violated the 2006 24

- hour PM 2.5 standard of

35 μg/m 3 based on 2006

- 2008 monitoring data.- 5

- Figure I

- 1: Pennsylvania’s 1997 Annual PM 2.5 Nonattainment Areas

Figure I

- 2: Pennsylvania’s 2006 24

- Hour PM 2.5 Nonattainment Areas- 6

-

Air quality in the Philadelphia Area has improved since the EPA’s original designations.

The Philadelphia Area’s annual and 24

- hour PM 2.5 design value s ha ve decreased over the

2001 to 201 2 time frame. Based on 2001

- 2003 air quality monitoring data, t he Philadelphia Area’s annual and 24

- hour design value s for 2003 were 16.2 μ g/m 3 and

43 μg/m

, 3 respectively

. T he Philadelphia Area’s annual and 24

- hour design value s w ere 13.1 μ g/m 3 and 31 μg/m 3 based on 2010

- 2012 air quality monitoring data . Following EPA criteria, annual PM 2.5 design value s below 15.0 μ g/m 3 and 24

- hour design values

below 35 μg/m 3 are considered to be attainment. Annual and 24

- hour c oncentrati ons are expected to remain lower than 15 μ g/m 3 and 35 μg/m 3 over the next decade.

On May 16, 2012 , the EPA determined that the Philadelphia Area had attained the 1997

annual PM 2.5 NAAQS based on quality assured, quality controlled and certified ambient air monitoring data that show the area had monitored attainment based on 2007

– 2009 and

2008

– 2010 data. (“Clean Data Determination”) ( 77 FR 28782 ). This final action suspended the re quirements for this area to submit an attainment demonstration and associated reasonably available control measures, reasonable further progress plans, contingency measures and other planning SIP revisions related to the attainment of the

1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS for so long as the area continues to attain the 1997 annual PM 2.5 NAAQS 1

.

On January 7, 2013 , the EPA determined that the Philadelphia Area had attained the 2006

24

- hour PM 2.5 NAAQS based on quality assured, quality controlled and certified ambient

air mo nitoring data that show the area had monitored attainment based on 2008

- 2010 and

2009

- 2011 data (“Clean Data Determination”) ( 78 FR 882 ). This final action suspended the requirements for this area to submit an attainment demonstration and associated

reaso nably available control measures, reasonable further progress plans, contingency measures and other planning SIP revisions related to the attainment of the 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS for so long as the area continues to attain the 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS.

The determinatio n s of attainment did not “ redesignate ” the area as “attainment.” The Pennsylvania portion of the Philadelphia Area remains nonattainment for the 1997 and

2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS until the Commonwealth submits, and EPA approves, a Request for

R edesignation and a Maintenance Plan showing the area can maintain the se standard s for

at least 10 years.

A. Design Value Determination

The ambient air quality analysis is based on PM 2.5 data measured at several Philadelphia Area monitoring site s

. The ambient air quality d ata analysis for

PM 2.5 was completed using the appropriate regulations and guidance documents. Monitoring procedures were determined in accordance with 40 CFR Part 58

. The

PM 2.5 design values were calculated in accordance with 40 CFR Part 50,

1 In the same rulemaking, EPA also made a statutorily required determination under Section 179(c) of the CAA, that

the Philadelphia Area attained the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS by the applicable attainment date of April 5, 2010. EPA based this determination on complete, quality assured, and certified ambient air monitoring data that show the area

mo nitored attainment for the 2007

- 2009 monitori ng period.- 7

- Appendix N, “ Interpretation of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for

Particulate Matter. ”

B

. Air Quality Trends Analysis

This section provides a brief summary of PM 2.5 data from monitors in the Philadelphia Area , including data from monitoring sites loca ted in New Jersey and Delaware portions of the Philadelphia area

.

To assess trends, PM 2.5 monitoring data from 2001

- 2012 were analyzed

. Table I

- 1 displays annual PM 2.5 concentrations monitored in the Philadelphia

Area. Table I

- 2 contains the 98th percent ile of 24

- hour concentrations for each

year.

Table I

- 1: Philadelphia Area (PA, DE, NJ) Annual PM 2.5 Concentrations

* This data is shown in EPA’s Air Quality System (AQS) as incomplete. Additional statistical analysis was done to

ensure the Philadelphia Area meets the completeness requirement for the Clean Data Determination.- 8

- Table I

- 2: Philadelphia Area 24

- Hour PM 2.5 Concentrations

*This data is shown in EPA’s AQS as incomplete. Additional statistical analysis was done to ensure the

Ph iladelphia Area meets the completeness requirement for the Clean Data Determination.

Tables I

- 3 and I

- 4 contain the Philadelphia Area’s annual and 24

- hour PM 2.5 design values for each monitoring site calculated from 2001

- 2012 monitoring

data. The highest design value for each year is shown in bold type. T he highest design value does not always occur at the same monitor. The Philadelphia Area was designated as nonattainment for the 1997 annual standard based on the

2001

- 2003 annual design value of 16.2 μg/m

. 3 The 24

- hour design value for that time period was 43 μg/m

. 3 Compared with the 2001

- 2003 design values, the annual design value for 2010

- 2012 has decreased by 19 percent and the 24

- hour design value by 28 percent . The annual and 24

- hour PM 2.5 desi gn values for the Philadelphia Area are shown below in Tables I

- 3 and I

- 4, respectively.- 9

- Table I

- 3: Philadelphia Area Annual PM 2.5 Design Values

*This data is shown in EPA’s AQS as incomplete. Additional statistical analysis was done to ensure the Philadelphia Area meets the completeness requirement for the Clean Data Determination.- 10

- Table I

- 4 : Philadelphia Area 24

- Hour PM 2.5 Design Values

*This data is shown in EPA’s AQS as incomplete. Additional statistical analysis was done to ensure the

Phi ladelphia Area meets the completeness requirement for the Clean Data Determination.

The 2001 through 2012 trend lines of the Philadelphia Area’s highest annual and

24

- hour PM 2.5 design values are shown in Figures I

- 3 and I

- 4

. As shown in Figures I

- 3 and I

- 4 , the slope of the trend lines for the annual and 24

- hour PM 2.5 design values are both negative, indicating decreasing concentrations.- 11

- Figure I

- 3 : PM 2.5 Annual Concentration Trend

Figure I

- 4 : PM 2.5 24

- Hour Concentration Trend

C

. Climate Trends Analysis

PM 2.5 formation in the eastern United States is a complex process involving local and regional meteorology, topography, chemistry and transport. Sulfates and nitrates are formed primarily through atmospheric reactions of precursor

emissio ns of sulfur dioxide ( SO 2 )

, oxides of nitrogen ( NO X ) and ammonia ( NH 3 )

. Organic carbon is a combination of secondary organic particles formed from

emissions of volatile organic compounds ( VOC ) and the organic portion of primary PM 2.5 that is directly emit ted or condenses near its source. Currently, our y =

- 0.3234x + 17.061

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 PM2.5 Design Value (ug/m3) 

## PM2.5 Annual Design Value Trend

Philadelphia Area

Annual DV

Level of Standard

y =

- 0.9895x + 44.348

25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 PM2.5 Design Value (ug/m3) 

## PM2.5 24

- Hour Design Value Trend

Level of Standard

Philadelphia Area 24-

Hour DV- 12

- understanding of sulfate and nitrate chemistry and its impacts on PM 2.5 concentrations far exceeds our understanding of contributions from anthropogenic VOCs. This is important because sulfates, nitrates

, ammonium and organic carbon are major contributors to the total PM 2.5 , making up approximately 71 and

86 percent PM 2.5 concentration observed at the Chester and New Garden PM 2.5 monitoring sites in the Philadelphia Area in 2007. Data from these sites was

assessed because t he Chester and New Garden monitoring sites are equipped with speciation monitors that collect data on the chemical co nstituents of PM 2.5 in the Philadelphia Area.

Figure I

- 5 : Pie Chart s of 2007 Philadelphia Area Speciation Data

Chester Percentage of Total Mass
Year 2007

Nitrate

11%

Sulfate

26%

Ammonium

12% Organic carbon

22% Elemental carbon

5% Crustal component

4% Other

20%

New Garden Percentage of Total Mass

Year 2007

Nitrate

19%

Sulfate

27%

Ammonium

16% Organic carbon

24% Elemental carbon

4% Crustal component

2% Other

8%- 13

- Attainment of the PM 2.5 NAAQS involves the range of meteorological conditions throughout the year. PM 2.5 chemistry favors sulfate formation during the warm summer months and nitrate formation during the colder winter months. In addition, local temperature inversions more common in the winter can concentra te emissions near the surface, leading to periods of elevated PM 2.5 concentrations.

To assess whether it is likely that unusual meteorological patterns have

contributed to the lower PM 2.5 concentrations observed in the Philadelphia Area, temperature and precipitation trends over the last 10 years were examined.

The data used in the trends analysis is from the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) database for the Philadelphia International Airport. The monthly summary data was obtained from the NOAA National Climatic Data

Center at: www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo

- web/search#t=secondTabLink

.

1. Temperature Trends

Table I

- 5 presents monthly mean temperature data for the Philadelphia

A rea for 2001 through 201 2 . Figure I

- 5 graphically displays the data.

Table I

- 5: Philadelphia Area Monthly Mean Temperature ( ° F)

Philadelphia Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

2001 32.5 37.4 41.0 54.9 64.6 75.2 75.4 79.9 68.4 59.2 52.9 43.7

2002 39.2 41.2 45.5 57.2 63.3 73.9 79.7 79.5 72.1 57.6 45.9 35.4

2003 28.6 29.8 44.8 52.7 60.4 71.2 78.8 78.3 70.0 55.9 50.7 36.7

2004 26.1 35.4 45.1 54.3 69.3 71.8 76.3 75.0 70.5 56.1 47.8 37.8

2005 31.8 36.1 39.6 55.2 59.5 74.7 78.8 79.7 73.8 58.8 49.3 34.3

2006 40.8 35.6 44.4 56.7 64.6 72.9 79.3 78.1 67.1 56.1 51.3 42.8

2007 38.1 27.9 43.7 50.7 66.0 73.8 77.4 77.0 72.0 64.6 45.7 37.6

2008 35.8 36.9 44.8 56.3 61.2 76.5 79.3 74.7 70.3 56.5 45.5 38.7

2009 29.1 37.0 43.7 55.6 64.9 71.1 75.9 78.1 68.0 56.3 50.9 36.3

2010 33.3 31.8 48.4 58.5 67.5 78.3 81.7 79.0 72.9 59.0 48.2 32.7

2011 29.3 37.2 44.1 56.8 67.3 75.4 82.4 76.1 71.1 57.7 51.3 43.3

2012 37.9 41.0 52.2 55.6 68.2 73.6 81.7 78.6 70.3 59.4 44.2 43.2

2013 36.5 35.1 41.2 54.9 64.8 74.7 80.6 74.7 68.0 60.6 45.5 38.7- 14

- Figure I

- 6 : Philadelphia Area Monthly Mean Temperature ( ° F)

The Philadelphia Area was designated nonattainment for the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS based on 2001

- 2003 monitoring data and nonattainment for the

2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS based on 2006

- 2008 monitoring data

. These

timeframe s show typical year

- to

- year variation in temperature with no

unusual conditions that would be expected to cause higher PM 2.5 concentrations as experienced. The Philadelphia Area’s C lean D ata

D etermination s for the 1997 and 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS were based on

2007

- 2010

, and 2008

- 2011 monitoring data, respectively. T he Philadelphia Area continues to monitor attainment. Examination of the

temperatu re data from 2006 through 201 2 shows normal variation in seasonal temperatures but no evidence of unusual patterns that would be expected to repress PM 2.5 formation.

2. Precipitation Trends

Table I

- 6 presents monthly and annual precipitation data for the Philadelphia A rea for 2001

- 201 3 . Figure I

- 6 graphically displays the annual precipitation data. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 degrees Fahrenheit 

## Monthly Mean Temperature- 15

- Table I

- 6: Philadelphia Area Precipitation (inches)

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

Total

2001 2.8 3.0 5.4 1.5 4.0 5.9 1.3 1.0 2.6 0.8 0.6 2.1 31.0

2002 2.4 0.6 4.0 2.2 3.6 3.7 2.1 2.5 3.7 5.9 4.7 4.1 39.4

2003 1.9 5.0 4.1 2.2 4.2 8.1 2.0 3.3 4.7 4.5 2.6 5.5 48.0

2004 1.7 2.5 3.5 6.0 3.6 4.6 7.9 4.2 5.2 2.2 4.6 3.2 49.2

2005 4.5 2.6 3.7 5.3 1.3 3.3 4.3 2.6 0.2 8.7 2.9 3.0 42.3

2006 4.3 1.5 0.9 3.7 2.2 7.9 4.3 3.9 6.0 6.4 4.9 2.1 48.2

2007 3.4 1.7 3.8 9.0 2.7 4.0 3.4 2.9 0.6 4.7 1.5 4.4 42.1

2008 1.7 3.9 3.7 2.2 4.6 2.9 3.4 2.4 4.3 1.6 4.0 5.6 40.4

2009 2.7 0.8 1.6 4.0 4.8 4.8 3.4 10.3 3.7 5.5 2.1 8.9 52.5

2010 2.2 5.8 7.3 2.6 2.5 2.1 6.3 2.2 3.5 5.0 1.8 3.2 44.5

2011 3.4 2.7 4.3 5.3 1.9 2.6 2.7 19.3 10.3 3.7 3.9 4.4 64.4

2012 2.6 1.8 0.8 2.5 3.4 2.9 1.5 5.4 5.5 4.1 1.1 4.4 36.0

2013 3.3 2.1 2.4 2.3 2.3 10.6 13.2 5.9 3.3 2.5 2.7 5.2 55.9

Figure I

- 7 : Philadelphia Area Annual Precipitation (inches)

Examination of the precipitation data within the 2001

- 2003 and

200 6

- 2011 time periods shows year

- to

- year variation in precipitation

amounts. There is no indication from the data that unusual precipitation

patterns contribute d to the lower PM 2.5 concentrations in recent years in

which the Philadelphia Area monitored attainment of the PM 2.5 NAAQS

. 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0

2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 Precipitation (inches) 

## Annual Precipitation- 16

-

D

. Additional Trends

1. Population Trends

The Pennsylvania portion of the Philadelphia Area

, which consists of Bucks, Chester, Delaware, Montgomery and Philadelphia counties

, has experienced population growth over the last decade

. The population of the Pennsylvania portion of the Philadelphia A rea increased approximately

4 percent between the 2000 and 2010 Censuses. Population increases correspond with increased emissions from some types of emission sources

and

, therefore

, can result in increased pollution levels. While the Pennsylvania portion of the Philadelphia Area’s populati on has grown approximately 4 percent over the last decade, t his growth has not resulted

in increased PM 2.5 concentrations. In fact, the area’s PM 2.5 concentrations have declined in spite of the increase in population.

Figure I

- 8 : Population Trend for the Pennsylvania Portion of the Philadelphia Area

2. E conomic Trends

Economic trends could have impacts on emissions and consequently affect

PM 2.5 concentrations in the Philadelphia Area . The two factors considered

here include estimated labor force changes in the Pennsylvania portion of

the Philadelphia Area and overall economic activity in Pennsylvania as measured by the Coincident Index. The labor force data was obtained

from the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Mid

Atlantic I nformation Office. The Coincident Index data was obtained from the Philadelphia Reserve Bank

. 3,750,000 3,800,000 3,850,000 3,900,000 3,950,000 4,000,000 4,050,000

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 

## Population of the Pennsylvania Portion of

the Philadelphia Area

Population- 17

- Figure I

- 8 shows the Pennsylvania portion of the Philadelphia Area’s population change and estimated labor force change since 19 9 0. A larger

labor force could lead to more driving and increased infrastructure demands. This in turn could lead to higher emissions. Increases in the county’s labor force also contribute to overall increases in economic activity (greater family income/spending). The Philadelphia Federal Reserve Bank has tracked economic activity in Pennsylvania over the last

25 years. Pennsylvania’s Economic Activity Index is graphically depicted

in Figure I

- 9. In spite of these upward trends, air quality continues to improve in the Philadelphia Area

.

Figure I

- 9 : Philadelphia Area Population and Labor Force Trends

Data Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Mid

- Atlantic Information Office The database containing “ State and local industry employment and earnings

– monthly ” data was accessed from the following site: www.bls.gov/ro3/data.htm

Pennsylvania’s Economic Activity Index is graphically depicted in Figure I

- 9. In spite of these upward trends, air quality continues to improve in the Philadelphia Area. 1,500,000.00 2,000,000.00 2,500,000.00 3,000,000.00 3,500,000.00 4,000,000.00 4,500,000.00

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 

## Population and Labor Force Trends

Nonfarm Employment

Population- 18

- Figure I

- 10 : Pennsylvania and National Coincident Indexes from the

Philadelphia Federal Reserve Bank

Data downloaded on 5/24/2012 from: The Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia at: www.philadelphiafed.org/research

- and

- data/regional

- economy/indexes/coincident/

The Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia produces a monthly coincident

index for each of the 50 states. The coincident indexes combine

four state

- level indicators to summarize current economic conditions in a single statistic. The four state

- level variables in each coincident index are

nonfarm payroll employment, average hours worked in manufacturing, the unemployment rate, and wage and salary disbursements deflated by the consumer price index (U.S. city average). The trend for each state’s index is set to the trend of its gross domestic produc t (GDP), so long

- term growth in the state’s index matches long

- term growth in its GDP.

E

. M odeling Analysi s

Modeling results for the EPA’s Cross

- State Air Pollution Rule (76 FR 48207; August 8, 2011) 2 ( CSAPR or Transport Rule) were examined to determine if the model results support redesignating the Philadelphia Area to attainment. EPA’s analysis indicates that the Philadelphia Area would attain the 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS in 2014, even in the absence of either the Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) or

CSAPR

.

EP A used the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extension (CAMx)

version 5.3. CAMx is a three

- dimensional Eulerian grid

- based photochemical model designed to simulate the formation, chemical transformation, transport, and removal of ozone, secondary and d irectly emitted PM 2.5 , and their precursor

2 “ Federal Implementation Plans: Interstate Transport of Fine Particulate Matter and Ozone and Correction of SIP Approvals .” 0.00

20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00

Jan-79 Feb-81 Mar-83 Apr-85 May-87 Jun-89 Jul-91 Aug-93 Sep-95 Oct-97 Nov-99 Dec-01 Jan-04 Feb-06 Mar-08 Apr-10 Coincident Index 

## Pennsylvania and National Coincident

Indexes

PA

US- 19

- species on national, regional, and local scales for short

- term episodes up to annual time periods. Using this model, EPA simulated the emissions from many different sources of pollution (such as electric generati ng units (EGU), and mobile sources). All of the CSAPR CAMx simulations used meteorology for 2005

derived from simulations of the Pennsylvania State University/ National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) version 3.7.4. The 2005

emission s of SO 2 , NO X , VOC, NH 3 and direct PM 2.5 were modeled. The modeling was based on the annual PM 2.5 design values for the 2003 through 2007 base period.

EPA outlined the model results in the Air Quality Modeling Final Rule Technical Support Document for th e Transport Rule. Air quality modeling was performed

to simulate ozone and PM 2.5 concentrations for the 2005 base year, a 2012 “no CAIR” base case, a 2014 “no CAIR” base case, and the 2014 remedy scenario.

Table I

- 7 (relating to EPA’s Transport Rule mode ling results for the PM 2.5 Standard for the Philadelphia Area) displays the results of EPA’s analysis for the Philadelphia Area. EPA’s analysis indicates that the Philadelphia Area would

attain the 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS in 2014, even in the absence of either C AIR or the Transport Rule. The results support redesignat ion the Philadelphia Area to

attainment for the PM 2.5 NAAQS.- 20

-

Table I

- 7: EPA’s Transport Rule Modeling Results for the PM 2.5 Standard for the Philadelphia Area

Source: Air Quality Modeling Final Rule Technical Support Document for the Transport Rule ( http://www.epa.gov/airtransport/pdfs/AQModeling.pdf )

I I

. SIP APPROVALS AND AP PLICABLE REQUIREMENT S

In order for EPA to redesignat e a nonattainment area to attainment, the applicable SIP revision must be fully approved by the EPA under Section 110(k) of the CAA. In addition, the state must have met all requirements applicable to the area under

Section 110 and Part D

- Plan Requirement s for Nonattainment Areas. The specific requirements applicable to the Philadelphia Area can be found in S ections 110(a)(2), and

Part D S ections 172(c) (relating to nonattainment plan provisions)

, 173 (relating to permit requirements) and 176 (relating to limitations on certain federal assistance) of the CAA

. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia circuit has also recently held that EPA must implement the PM 2.5 NAAQS pursuant to Subpart 4 of Part D

– see Section III

below for more informat ion.

These requirements have been fulfilled for the Pennsylvania portion of the Philadelphia

A rea.- 21

-

A. Section 110(a)(2) of the CAA

Section 110(a) of the CAA contains the general requirements for a SIP. Pennsylvania concludes that, as EPA has stated in previous rulemaking in another

state 3 , only the Section 110 and Part D requirements that are linked with a particular area’s designation are the relevant measures to consider in evaluating a redesignation request. Further, Pennsylvania believes that the o ther Section 110 elements that are not connected with nonattainment plan submissions and not linked with an area’s attainment status are also not applicable requirements for purposes of redesignation. A state remains subject to these requirements after an area is redesignated to attainment.

The requirements of Section 110(a)(2 ) of the CAA that are statewide requirements and that are not linked to the PM 2.5 nonattainment status of the Philadelphia Area are not applicable requirements for purposes of review of the

Commonwealth’s PM 2.5 R equest for R edesignation

. However, EPA requires that

the Commonwealth’s Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) requirements be approved prior to redesignation, because PSD requirements will apply after redesignation. Sections 110(a)(2)(C) and 110(a)(2)(J) of the CAA require state plans to meet the requirements of CAA, Subchapter I, Part C, which contains PSD requirements. In addition

, Section 110(a)(2)(I) requires that a plan revision for an area designated as a nona ttainment area meet the applicable requirements of CAA, Subchapter I, Part D (relating to nonattainment areas). Therefore, Pennsylvania has concluded that only the parts of Sections 110(a)(2)(C), 110(a)(2)(I) and 110(a)(2)(J) that relate to Part D applica ble requirements or PSD are applicable for purposes of redesignation.

EPA has previously approved provisions of Pennsylvania ’s SIP addressing

Section 110 requirements, including provisions addressing PM 2.5

. Pennsylvania’s SIP measures meeting Section 110 (a)(2)(C) and 110(a)(2)(J) requirements are fully approved under Section 110(k) of the CAA. The Maintenance Plan associated with this Request for Redesignation for the Philadelphia Area is a SIP revision for an area designated as a nonattainment area and meets the applicable requirements of Part D of Subchapter I of the CAA . T herefore, the Maintenance Plan associated with this Request for Redesignation meets the requirements of

Section 110(a)(2)(I). Please see the discussion below concerning Part D (plan requirements for nonattainment areas)

.

3 See EPA’s proposed approval of Ohio’s redesignation request for the Ohio portion of the Huntington

- Ashland

nonattainment area for the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS (76 FR 79593). On December 31, 2012, EPA published final approval of Ohio’s redesignation request for the Ohio portion of the Huntington

- Ashland nonattainment area for the

1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS (77 FR 76883).- 22

-

B. Part D

- Plan Requirements for Nonattainment Areas

1. Sect ion 172(c) of the CAA

Section 172 of the CAA contains the general provisions required to be

included in SIP revisions for nonattainment areas. These include attainment demonstrations, reasonably available control measures, reasonable further progress, inventory data, and permitting requirements.

As stated above, on May 15, 2012 , the EPA determined that the Philadelphia Area had attained the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS (“Clean Data Determination”) ( 77 FR 28782 ). EPA’s Clean Data Determination was based on quality

- assured, quality

- controlled and certified ambie nt air monitoring data that show the area ha d monitored attainment since the

200 7

- 200 9 and 2008

- 2010 monitoring period s

. The Clean Data Determination suspended the requirements for this area to submit an attainment demonstration, associated reasonably available control measures, a reasonable further progress plan, contingency measures, and other planning SIP revisions relate d to attainment of the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS for so long as the area continues to meet the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS.

On January 7, 2013 , the EPA determined that the Philadelphia Area had

attained the 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS based on quality assured, quality

controlled and ce rtified ambient air monitoring data that show the area had

monitored attainment based on 2008

- 2010 and 2009

- 2011 data (“Clean Data Determination”) ( 78 FR 882 ). This final action suspended the requirements for this area to submit an attainment demonstratio n and associated reasonably available control measures, reasonable further progress plans, contingency measures and other planning SIP revisions

related to the attainment of the 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS for so long as the area

continues to attain the 2006 PM 2.5 NA AQS.

Submittal of a comprehensive inventory is required by 40 CFR

Section 51.1008 to meet the requirements of Section 172(c)(3) of the CAA. This requirement was not suspended by the Clean Data

Determination

. In fulfillment of this requirement, t he 2007 inventory

, which also serves as the attainment year inventory, is being submitted as part of the Maintenance P lan, su bmitted concurrently with this Request for Redesignation

.

2

. Section 173 of the CAA

Section 173 of the CAA outlines requirements related to permitting of air pollution sources in nonattainment areas.- 23

- Stationary air pollution sources are subject to the regulations of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Code in Title 25 Environmental Resources ( 25 Pa. Code Chapters 121

- 145). These regulations include:

● Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources promulgated by EPA under the Clean Air Act (25 Pa. Code Chapter 122) ;

● Standards for Contaminants ( 25 Pa. Code Chapter 123) ;

● National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (25 Pa.

Code Chapter 124);

● Construction, Modification, Reactivation and Operation of Sources, including plan approval, prevention of significant deterioration, new source review, operating permit program (25 Pa. Code Chapter 127);

● Stan dards for Sources ( 25 Pa. Code Chapter 129) ; and

● Annual Emission Statements and required reporting to the Department ( 25 Pa. Code Chapter 135).

These permitting, stationary source monitoring and reporting, preconstruction review, offset ratios and enf orceable emission limitations requirements were adopted to implement the fed erally mandated requirements in S ections 110, 172, 173 and 182(a) of the CAA. EPA has approved all of these regulations as SIP revisions

, as indicated in

Section III of this document

.

3

. Section 176 of the CAA

Section 176 (c) of the CAA contains the provision prohibiting federal financing of projects or activities that do not conform to an approved implementation plan.

The Commonwealth adopted and incorporated EPA’s General Conformity rule (40 CFR Part 93, Subpart B) by reference in its entirety in 25 Pa.

Code Section 127.802 . The General Conformity regulation describes procedures to determine if federally

- financed, non

- transportation projects

are in con formity with air quality plans

.

EPA and the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) have issued regulations regarding criteria and procedures for demonstrating and assuring conformity of transportation improvement programs (TIP or- 24

- program), long range plans (LRP or plan), and individual transportation projects with the requirements of the CAA and the SIP for the specific nonattainment area. Affected transportation planning organizations are complying with all federal laws, regulations and guidance for transportation confo rmity.

4. Section 189(e) of the CAA

In light of a recent court decision

, Natural Resources Defense Council v.

EPA , No. 08

- 1250, 706 F.3d 428 ( D.C. Cir. 2013) (see discussion in

Section II I ), the Department considered Section 189(e) of the CAA

. According to Section 189(e) and the court decision

, control requirements

in nonattainment areas applicable for major stationary sources of PM also apply to major stationary sources of PM precursors. Pennsylvania

assessed emissions of PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X , V OC and NH 3 for the

maintenance demonstration

. Please see Section III

- C

- 1 relating to control measures for stationary sources for a discussion of the stationary source control measures in place in the Philadelphia Area.

C. Conclusion

The requirements of Section 110(a) and Subpart D of the CAA have been fulfilled

in the Philadelphia Area for the 1997 and 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS.

I II

. DEMONSTRATION OF PER MANENT AND ENFORCEAB LE IMPROVEMENT

This section provides an assessment of the PM 2.5 and PM 2.5 precursor emissions at a time

the Philadelphia A rea was monitoring nonattainment of the PM 2.5 NAAQS and at the

time when this area attained the PM 2.5 NAAQS. 4 A 2002 ( baseline ) inventory of PM 2.5 and PM 2.5 precursor emissions is used to represent emission s during the PM 2.5 nonattainment designation period. A 2007 inventory is used to identify PM 2.5 and PM 2.5 precursor emissions during a period when the Philadelphia A rea demonstrated that it

attained the PM 2.5 NAAQS. Detailed information is presented in the Maintenance Plan by sector.

Because of the complexity and variability of the process of particulate matter formation, the EPA recognizes that effective control measures for PM 2.5 will vary among

nonattainment areas. This recognition was reflected in EPA’s “Implementation Guidance

for the 2006 24

- Hour Fine Particle National Ambient Air Quality Standard,” Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, EPA, March 2, 2012 (“Implementat ion Guidance for

the 2006 24

- Hour PM 2.5 NAAQS”). In the Implementation Guidance for the 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS, EPA adopted the framework and policy approach the agency espoused in its implementation rule for the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS, known as the “Clean Air Fine P article Implementation Rule (72 FR 20586; April 25, 2007) (the Implementation Rule for the

1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS”)

.

4 Due t o rounding, numbers presented throughout this document may not add up precisely to the totals provided.- 25

-

In its Implementation Rule for the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS, EPA established general presumptive policies for assessing which PM 2.5 precursors should be evaluated for possible controls. In that earlier rule, the EPA required states to evaluate control

measures for SO 2 and primary PM 2.5 in all locations. The EPA required states to evaluate

control measures for NO X unless a technical demonstration is made to show NO X does not significantly contribute to PM 2.5 . The EPA required states to evaluate measures for

VOC and NH 3 only if a technical demonstration is made to show they significantly

contribute to PM 2.5 in that area.

The EPA reaffirmed the appropriat eness of these presumptions in its Implementation

Guidance for the 2006 24

- Hour PM 2.5 NAAQS. Meanwhile, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit was considering a challenge to the Implementation Rule for the 1997

PM 2.5 NAAQS, in Natural Resources Defense Council v. EPA, No. 08

- 1250. On January 4, 2013, the Court handed down its ruling in that case.

The Court granted the petitions for review and remanded the case to EPA to re

promulgate the rule pursuant to Subpart 4 of Part D of the Clean Air Act, rather than implementing it under Subpart 1, as EPA had done (706 F.3d 428, 437 ( D.C. Cir. 2013)).

Shortly thereafter, the EPA withdrew its Implementation Guidance for the 2006 24

- Hour

PM 2.5 NAAQS. According to EPA’s June, 2013 wi thdrawal memorandum (see

second page of memorandum) 5 , EPA withdrew the guidance in response to the Court’s

decision in Natural Resources Defense Council v. EPA, No. 08

- 1250.

The Maintenance Plan accompanying this Request for Redesignation demonstrates

mai ntenance of the standard s consistent with the Court’s ruling.

In general, the Court’s decision (for the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS and to the extent it would be extrapolated to the 2006 24

- Hour PM 2.5 NAAQS) could affect an area’s nonattainment
classification, certa in deadlines, and the impacts of failing to attain timely, and could impose a deadline for implementation of reasonably available and best available control measures (706 F.3d at 436, n. 6). Because the Philadelphia Area is already attaining the

1997 and 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS, those considerations are not relevant for this Request for Redesignation and the Maintenance Plan. The C ourt noted that PM 2.5 precursors, including ammonia and VOCs, are presumptively regulated in PM 2.5 nonattainment areas

under Subpart 4, pointing specifically to Section 189(e), which applies to control of major stationary sources of PM 10 [the court stated that PM 10 includes PM 2.5 throughout Subpart 4] (706 F.3d at 436, n. 7, and at 437, n. 10). According to Section 189(e) of the CAA, c ontrol requirements applicable for major stationary sources of PM 10 also apply to major stationary sources of PM 10 precursors, except where the Administrator determines that major stationary sources do not contribute significantly to PM 10 levels that excee d the standard in the area; Section 189(e) also requires EPA to issue guidelines regarding

5 “Withdrawal of Implementation Guidance for the 2006 24

- Hour Fine Particle ( PM 2.5 ) National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS),” Stephen D. Page, EP A, June 6, 2013.- 26

-

the application of Subsection (e). Pennsylvania assessed emissions of PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X , VOC and NH 3 for the maintenance demonstration.

T his Request for Redesignation provides emissions information for all pollutants (PM 10 , PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X , VOC and NH 3 ), as required by EPA’s guidance entitled, “Emissions Inventory Guidance for Implementation of Ozone and Particulate Matter National Ambient Air Quality Stan dards (NAAQS) and Regional Haze Regulations

. ” 6 Section III

first describes the PM 2.5 and PM 2.5 precursor emission estimates for the Philadelphia

A rea. These inventories have been developed in accordance with EPA emission inventory preparation guidance. The section then presents information about the permanent and enforceable control measures that have been implemented in the Philadelphia A rea to produce the PM 2.5 and PM 2.5 precursor emission reductions that have occurred between these years and that will provide emission reductions ensuring

maintenance of the PM 2.5 standard s

.

A. Baseline (2002) Emissions Inventory

An emissions inventory for 2002, which is being used as a base year inventory for both the 1997 and 2006 NAAQS , was developed f or PM 10 , PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X , VOC and NH 3 in accordance with EPA guidance. On August 28, 2012 (77 FR 51930), EPA approved the base year emissions inventory for 2002 as part

of the 1997 annual PM 2.5 NAAQS attainment plan for the Pennsylvania portion of

the Philadelphia area which also included the modeled attainment demonstration, motor vehicle budgets, and contingency measures. The motor vehicle budgets were subsequently amended and approved as a SIP revision on April 3, 2013 (78 FR 19992). Th e baseline y ear inventory represents the emissions present

when the Philadelphia A rea did not meet the 1997 annual and 2006 24

- hour PM 2.5 standard s . The inventory contains information for these sectors:

● “Stationary sources” (or “point” sources), which are sources for which the Department collects individual emissions

- related information. Generally, they represent major stationary sources but may be smaller.

● “Area sources,” which are industrial, commercial, and residential sources

too small or too numerous to be handled individually. These include but are not limited to commercial and residential open burning, architectural and industrial maintenance coatings application and clean

- up, consumer product use, and vehicle refueling at service stations. Where there is overlap between stationary point sources and stationary area sources, the area source values are adjusted to remove any double counting.

● “Highway vehicles,” which include passenger cars and light

- duty trucks, other trucks, buses and motorcycles.

6 Emissions Inventory Guidance for Implementation of Ozone and Particulate Matter National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and Regional Haze Regulations

– EPA

- 454/R

- 05

- 001, August, 2005, updated November, 2005.- 27

- ● “Nonroad sources,” which encompass a diverse collection of engines, including but not limited to outdoor power equipment, recreational vehicles, farm and construction machinery, lawn and garden equipment, industrial equipment, recreational marine vessels, commercial marine vessels, locomotives, ships, and aircraft.

Pennsylvania and other Northeastern and Mid

- Atlantic states participated in a regional effort to refine the emissions inventory and to compile a regional emissions inventory. The Mid

- Atlantic R egional Air Management Association (MARAMA) coordinated that regional effort, which allowed states to pool their resources to compile a regional emissions inventory for the purpose of conducting the regional modeling analysis used in Pennsylvania’s air qua lity management planning efforts to attain the 8

- hour ozone NAAQS and the PM 2.5 NAAQS, and to prepare the Regional H aze SIP revision.

Table III

- 1: 2002 Pennsylvania portion of the Philadelphia Area Annual Emissions (Tons per Year)

Philadelphia 2002 PM 2.5 PM 10 SO 2 NO X VOC NH 3 Stationary Point Sources 2,139 3,430 23,745 22,124 8,183 256

Area Sources 10,020 55,224 13,153 13,029 59,227 4,821 Highway Vehicle Sources 2,905 3,497 1,848 90,879 32,150 1,451

Non

- Road Sources 1,535 1,611 1,640 21,619 21,589 14

Totals 16,598 63,763 40,387 147,651 121,149 6,542

A summary of the 2002 inventory is shown in Table III

- 1. The 2002 inventory

, which is being used as a base year inventory for both the 1997 and 2006 NAAQS, is not directly comparable to the 2007, 2017 and 2025 inventories because of changes in inventory methodology and the adjustment made to account for condensable PM emissions from EGUs in the 2007, 2017 and 2025 emission

inventories. The Technical Appendi ces to the M aintenance P lan contain more

detailed information about the 2002 emissions for each sector.

B. Attainment Year (2007) Emissions Inventory

A 2007 inventory of PM 10 , PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X , VOC and NH 3 emissions for the Pennsylvania portion of the Philadelphia A rea is used to identify emissions during the period when attainment of the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS was demonstrated for the Philadelphia A rea. For the 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS, t he 2007, 2008 and 2025

emission inventories were evaluated to show that the 2007 emission inventory is an appropriate and representative emission inventory to use as a surrogate attainment emission inventory for the 2008 emission inventory, a year when

attainment of the 2006 PM 2.5 NAAQS was demonstrated. That evaluation is

contai ned in Appendix F of the Maintenance Plan

.- 28

- A summary of the 2007 inventory is provided in Table III

- 2.

Table III

- 2: 2007 Pennsylvania Portion of the Philadelphia Area Annual Emissions (Tons per Year)

Philadelphia 2007 PM 2.5 PM 10 SO 2 NO X VOC NH 3 Stationary Point Sources 2,444 3,442 19,633 20,744 6,281 743

Area Sources 7,722 23,546 15,005 12,925 47,568 3,293 Highway Vehicle Sources 2,386 2,985 508 69,327 29,293 1,270

Non

- Road Sources 1,562 1,663 3,375 20,393 18,751 23

Totals 14,114 31,635 38,520 123,390 101,894 5,329

PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X , VOC, and NH 3 emissions decreased by 15 percent

, 5 percent

, 16 percent

, 16 percent and 19 percent , respectively, from 2002 to 2007. The permanent and enforceable reductions of direct PM 2.5 , SO 2, NO X and VOC

emissions between 2002 and 2007 , as described in more detail in Section III

- C

, led to the improvement in air quality observed in that time period.

T he 2002 inventory was based on emissions reported to the Department by

facilities and did not in clude condensable PM for many facilities. The 2007 EGU inventory was augmented utilizing the updated condensable emission factors for EGUs developed for MARAMA in 2008 to calculate condensable PM emissions where that data was missing.

The Maintenance Pla n describes how the 2007 inventory was compiled. The Technical Appendices to the Maintenance Plan contain more detailed information

for each sector.

C. Control Measures

Along with the analysis of ambient air quality and c ontributing factors in

Section I of th is Request for Redesignation , this section describes the permanent
and enforceable federal and state measures in the Pennsylvania portion of the Philadelphia Area that provided PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X and VOC emission reductions from 2002 to 2007 to bring th e Philadelphia Area into attainment and measures

that will assure maintenance of the standard s

.

EPA ’s Implementation Guidance for the 2006 24

- Hour PM 2.5 NAAQS adopted

the same presumptions related to PM 2.5 precursors as EPA’s Implementation Rule

for the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS

. However, Pennsylvania recognizes the Court

decision in Natural Resources Defense Council v. EPA , No. 08

- 1250,

706 F.3d 428 ( D.C. Cir. 2013) and EPA’s subsequent withdrawal of the Implementation Guidance for t he 2006 24

- Hour PM 2.5 NAAQS.

In general, the Court’s decision (for the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS and to the extent it would be extrapolated to the 2006 24

- Hour PM 2.5 NAAQS) could affect an area’s- 29

- nonattainment classification, certain deadlines, and the impacts of failing to attain timely, and could impose a deadline for implementation of reasonably available and best available control measures (706 F.3d at 436, n. 6). Since the Philadelphia Area is already attaining the 1997 and 2006 24

- Hour PM 2.5 NAAQS,

howeve r, those considerations are not relevant for this Redesignation Request or the accompanying Maintenance Plan.

The C ourt noted that PM 2.5 precursors are presumptively regulated in PM 2.5 nonattainment areas under Subpart 4 , pointing specifically to S ection 189(e), which applies to control of major stationary sources of PM 10 [the court stated that

PM 10 includes PM 2.5 throughout Subpart 4]

. ( 706 F.3d at 436, n. 7, and at 437, n. 10 )

. According to CAA Section 189(e), control requirements applicable for major stationary sources of PM 10 also apply to major stationary sources of

PM 10 precursors , except where the Administrator determines that major stationary sources do not contribute significantly to PM 10 levels that exceed the standard in the area; Section 189( e) also requires EPA to issue guidelines regarding the application of Subsection (e) . Pennsylvania assessed emissions of PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X , VOC and NH 3 for the maintenance demonstration

.

Emissions of PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X , VOC and NH 3 in the Pennsylvania portion of the Philadelphia Area decreased by 15 percent, 5 percent, 16 percent, 16 percent and

19 percent, respectively, from 2002 to 200 7. The permanent and enforceable

reductions of direct PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X and VOC emissions, as described in more

detail in the following sections , led to the improvement in air quality observed in that time period. As noted above, the decrease in PM 2.5 emissions is a conservative estimate because the 2007 inventory was augmen ted to account for

condensable PM. A summary of the quantity of emission reductions from 2002 to

2007 is included in Table III

- 3

. The n egative values in Table III

- 3 indicate

emission reductions.

Table III

- 3: Change in the Pennsylvania Portion of the Philadelphia Area Annual

Emissions (Tons per Year) from 2002 to 2007

Change from 2002 to 2007 PM 2.5 PM 10 SO 2 NO X VOC NH 3 Stationary Point Sources 305 11

- 4,112

- 1,380

- 1,903 487

Area Sources

- 2,298

- 31,678 1,852

- 105

- 11,659

- 1,529 Highway Vehicle Sources

- 518

- 512

- 1,340

- 21,552

- 2,856

- 181

Non

- Road Sources 27 51 1,735

- 1,226

- 2,838 9

Total

- 2,484

- 32,128

- 1,866

- 24,262

- 19,256

- 1,213

This section also describes the federal and state measures that will provide direct

PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X and VOC emission reductions

, ensuring maintenance of the

standard s

.

A summary of the total emission s in 2007 and projected estimates for 2017 and

2025 is included in Table III

- 4

. The emission estimates account for any- 30

- anticipated growth in the activity of sourc es and include a transportation conformity safety margin for PM 2.5 and NO X . For all pollutants, emissions in

2017 and 2025 in the Philadelphia A rea are anticipated to be lower than they were in 2007. This means that the projected growth in emissions is s maller than anticipated emission reductions from control measures for all pollutants. In addition, the Philadelphia Area currently has an annual design value based on

2010

- 2012 monitoring data of 13.1 μg/m

, 3 which is significantly lower than the 1997 NAAQS of 15 μg/m

. 3 Based on 2010

- 2012 monitoring data, t he Philadelphia Area also has a 24

- hour design value of 31 μg/m 3 which is significantly lower than the 2006 PM NAAQS of 35 μg/m

. 3 Each measure is explaine d in greater detail in the following sections.

Table III

- 4 : Summary of Emission Totals (Tons) in 2007 , 2017 and 2025

Philadelphia PM 2.5 PM 10 SO 2 NO X VOC NH 3 2007 14,114 31,635 38,520 123,390 101,894 5,329

2017* 12,643 30,947 29,432 82,028 80,645 5,117

2025* 11,795 30,916 25,674 67,996 74,916 5,162
*A portion of the difference between attainment year and maintenance year emissions of PM 2.5 and NO X has been set aside as a transportation conformity safety margin to accommodate unanticipated growth in highway vehicles. The emissions in Table III

- 4 reflect inclusion of that safety margin.

1. Stationary Point Sources

Background for Pennsylvania’s Stationary Source Permitting Programs. An owner or operator of a proposed new air contamination

source in the Commonwealth is required to receive a plan approval (pre

construction permit) from the Department prior to the construction, assembly, installati on of new sources, modification of any existing stationary air contamination sources, or the installation of air pollution control equipment or devices. Following the construction of the new facility or air contamination source, the owner or operator must obtain an operating permit from the Department. The type of operating permit will depend on the quantity of regulated pollutants emitted from the air

contamination sources. DEP will issue a “State

- only Operating Permit”

for minor air contamination stati onary sources that are below the applicability thresholds for Title V facilities. A “ Title V Operating

P ermit ” is required for major facilities that have the potential to emit air contaminants exceeding the Title V thresholds. The Title V Permit, which

i s issued for a term of five years, incorporates all applicable requirements for the facility in a single federally enforceable operating permit.

The requirements contained in 25 Pa. Code Chapter 127 (relating to the construction, modification, reactivati on and operation of sources), and

associated definitions in 25 Pa. Code Chapter 121.1, are a suite of programs regulating air contamination sources to improve and maintain air quality. Chapter 127 establishes requirements for the submission, review- 31

- and ap proval of pre

- construction and operating permits for both major and

non

- major air contamination sources. The provisions of Chapter 127 have

been codified in the SIP at 40 CFR § 52.2020(c)(1) at various times since May 31, 1972 and most recently on October 5, 2012, and are therefore all federally enforceable. Several aspects of Chapter 127 are highlighted

below.

Title V Permitting Program. The Title V Permitting Program, adopted pursuant to the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, is applicable to major sta tionary sources as defined in 25 Pa

. Code

Section 121.1. The purpose of the Title V program is to detail a facility’s air quality requirements in a single permit document so that industry, the regulatory agency, and the public know exactly what regulation s and requirements apply and how the facility’s owner or operator will monitor and demonstrate compliance with all applicable requirements. The Title V permit includes all sources at a site including all air pollution control devices as well

as activities that were determined to be insignificant sources of

emissions. Each source is described in detail within a section of

the Title V permit. The requirements include general conditions applicable to all Title V facilities, emission restrictions, detailed

m onitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting requirements to assure compliance with the facility’s applicable federal and state requirements. The Title V Operating Permits Program requirements are codified in 25 Pa. Code Chapter 127, Subchapters F and G. The program was fully approved by EPA on July 30, 1996 (61 FR 39597).

Nonattainment New Source Review and Prevention of Significant Deterioration. Major facilities proposed in Pennsylvania will also be subject to New Source Review (NSR) requirements in nonattainment areas and Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) requirements in areas of the Commonwealth designated attainment for National A mbient Air Quality Standards including carbon monoxide, particulate matter (PM), lead, nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), ozone and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ). Generally, NSR permit requirements are applicable to a facility located in a nonattainment area for a particular pollutant with a potential to

emit 50 tons or more per year (tpy) of volatile organic compounds

or 100 tpy or more of NO X , SO 2 , PM or carbon monoxide. It should be noted that the entire Commonwealth, included in the Ozone Transport Region by operation of law, is treated as a “moderate” ozone nonattainment area, irrespective of the area’s

attainment status. Because NO X and VOC are precursors of PM 2.5 , NO X and VOC emission reductions required statewide under the nonattainment NSR program for ozone also all ow Pennsylvania to- 32

- make substantial progress in attaining and maintaining the PM 2.5 NAAQS. Any major stationary source or major modification subject to the NSR requirements must receive a plan approval. To receive approval from the Department, a person m ust show that the proposed source will, among other things, offset its potential to emit air contaminants including NO X , PM and VOCs by securing emission reductions credits at the specified offset ratio, will employ the “ l owest achievable emission rate” (L AER) for each regulated pollutant and conduct an alternative analysis. The nonattainment NSR requirements are codified in 25 Pa. Chapter 127, Subchapter E and approved as a SIP revision on

December 9, 1997 (62 FR 64722).

The PSD program is a pre

- construc tion review and permitting program applicable to new or modified major stationary sources subject to Title I, Parts C and D of the federal CAA. The PSD requirements are applicable to major sources in areas attaining the NAAQS. The federal PSD regulations codified in 40 CFR Part 52 are incorporated by reference in their entirety in 25 Pa. Code § 127.83 (relating to adoption by reference). The Department’s PSD regulatio ns, codified in 25 Pa. Code Chapter 127, Subchapter D, wer e approved by the EPA on August 21, 1984 and

codified at 4 CFR § 52.2058 (49 FR 33128).). PSD permit requirements may apply to a facility located in an attainment area for a standard with the pote ntial to emit 100 tpy or 250 tpy of the six criteria pollutants including carbon monoxide , lead, nitrogen

dioxide , ozone, particulate matter and sulfur dioxide depending on

the source category. Any major stationary source or major modification subject to the PSD requirements must conduct an analysis to establish the best available control technology (BACT). In addition, the owner or operator of a facility needs to conduct an

am bient air quality analysis, analyze the impacts to soils, vegetation and visibility and make sure that the project will not adversely impact mandatory federal Class I areas including national parks greater than 6

, 000 acres and national wilderness

areas and national memorial parks greater than 5

, 000 acres.

Best Available Technology Program. The Department’s Best Available Technology (BAT) Program ensures that new stationary sources will prevent, reduce or control emissions of air contaminants to the maximum degree possible. The Department determines BAT requirements on a case

- by

- case basis for both major and minor stationary sources taking into account energy,

environmental benefits and costs. Pursuant to 25 Pa. Code § 127.1, th e emission of air pollutants from new sources in Pennsylvania must be controlled to the maximum extent,- 33

- consistent with the best available technology as determined by the Department as of the date of issuance of the plan approva l for the

new source. Under 25 Pa. Code § 127.12(a)(5), an application for a plan approval must show that the emissions from a new source will be the minimum attainable through the use of the best available technology. Pennsylvania regulations define “b est available technology” in 25 Pa. Code § 121.1 as, “Equipment, devices, methods or techniques as determined by the Department which will prevent, reduce or control emissions of air contaminants to the maximum degree possible and which are available or may be

made available.” The De partment’s BAT regulations, codified in

25 Pa. Code §§ 127.1 and 127.12(a)(5), were approved by EPA on July 30, 1996, and codified in the SIP at 40 CFR § 52.2020(c)(1).

NO X and SO 2 Control Programs. In 1998, EPA promulgated the NO X SIP Call as the EPA’s principal effort to reduce interstate transport of air pollution (63 FR 57356; October 27, 1998). In response to the federal

NO X SIP call rule, Pennsylvania adopted the NO X Budget Trading Program regulations for EGUs and large industrial boilers , with emission

reductions to commence May 1, 2003. The regulations were approved by EPA as a revision to the Commonwealth’s SIP on August 21, 2001 (66 FR 43795). Additionally, in response to the NO X SIP Call, Pennsylvania adopted additional NO X control regulations covering cement plants and internal combustion engines, with emission reductions to commence May 1, 2005. These regulations were approved by EPA as a SIP revision on September 29, 2006 (71 FR 57428).

Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR). In 2005 , EPA adopted CAIR (70 FR 25162; May 12, 2005, as amended) to address interstate transport of NO X and SO 2 . CAIR is now being implemented in Pennsylvania through the Department’s CAIR regulation, codified

in 25 Pa. Code Chapter 145, Subchapter D, with rela ted amendments in Chapters 121, 129 and 145. EPA approved Pennsylvania’s CAIR SIP revision on December 10, 2009, codified

at 40 CFR § 52.2020(c)(1) (74 FR 65446). In the CAIR SIP revision, Pennsylvania terminated the NO X Budget Trading Program and transitioned to the federal CAIR for large electric generating units (EGU).

The market

- based CAIR is designed to reduce EGU emissions of

NO X and SO 2 below 2002 levels throughout the eastern United States. Pennsylvania and the other CAIR states were required to adopt a regulation implementing the requirements of the CAIR or an equivalent program. The large EGUs in Pennsylvania were initially regulate d under CAIR FIPs promulgated by EPA, but have been regulated under the SIP since EPA approved Pennsylvania’s- 34

- CAIR SIP revision. Under the SIP revision, Pennsylvania participates in the EPA

- administered cap

- and

- trade programs for

NO X annual, NO X ozone sea son, and SO 2 annual emissions.

EPA’s CAIR was remanded to EPA for revisions by the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia on

December 23, 2008 (See, North Carolina v. EPA , 531 F.3d 896, modified, 550 F.3d 1176 (D.C. Cir. 2008)). Foll owing remand, EPA replaced CAIR with the Cross

- State Air Pollution Rule ( Transport Rule ), but in a separate legal challenge the court

vacated the Transport Rule . In that ruling, the court ordered EPA to continue administering CAIR pending the promulgation of a valid replacement (See, EME Homer City Generation L.P. v. EPA

, 696 F.3d 7 (D.C. Cir. 2012). On April 29, 2014 , the Supreme

Court of the United States reversed the Court of Appeals’ decision that had vacated the Transport Rule

. The Supreme Court

rem anded the case to the Court of Appeals for further proceedings. At the time of submittal of this SIP revision, the Transport Rule is under a stay previously imposed by the Court of Appeals and

CAIR continues to be implemented

.

NO X Budget Trading Program limits on non

- EGUs. The CAIR

SIP revision also established emission limits for the non

- EGUs and other units that were subject to the Commonwealth’s NO X Budget Trading Program but are not subject to the CAIR NO X Ozone Season Trading Program. T hese units must continue monitoring

NO X emissions and must meet an emissions cap. Each unit has an allowable emission rate, calculated by January 31 of each year, based on the previous ozone season’s heat input. If the combined

NO X ozone season emissions from all o f these units exceed the statewide ozone season emission cap of 3,438 tons, each unit that

exceeds its individual allowable emissions limit for that ozone season must surrender to the Department one CAIR NO X ozone season allowance and one CAIR NO X annual a llowance for each ton of emissions over its allowable limit. In addition, the Department has set aside 181 tons of NO X , including tons that will be retired each year to compensate for sources that were exempted

under t he “twenty

- five ton exemption” in sec tion 145.4(b) 3. The balance of tons remaining in the set aside is available to the Department annually for accounting corrections. The Department retires any unused amount from this set aside each year.

It is unlikely that the 3,438

- ton statewide NO X o zone season emission limitation will be exceeded. Pennsylvania’s non

- EGU sources’ total emissions during each of the years they were trading- 35

- under the NO X Budget Trading Program never exceeded the statewide cap of 3,438 tons.

The Department’s regulation, codified in 25 Pa. Code § 145.8(d), was approved by EPA as a SIP revision on December 10, 2009,

and codified at 40 CFR § 52.2020(c)(1).

Cement kilns and large stationary internal combustion engines. The CAIR SIP revision also included regulations updati ng the cement manufacturing and large stationary internal combustion engine regulations that were adopted pursuant to the NO X SIP Call. Until 2009, cement kilns and large stationary internal combustion engines that were subject to the NO X SIP Call were re quired to

surrender NO X SIP Call allowances if they exceeded their NO X emission limits set forth in Department regulations. Because the Department discontinued the NO X Budget Trading Program beginning 2009, at which point NO X SIP Call allowances were repl aced by CAIR NO X ozone season allowances, the Department modified the regulations to require surrender of CAIR NO X ozone season and CAIR NO X annual allowances for emission limit

exceedances.

The Department’s regulations for large stationary internal

combu stion engines and cement kilns, codified in 25 Pa. Code Chapter 145, Subchapters B and C, respectively, were approved by

EPA as a SIP revision on December 10, 2009, and codified at

40 CFR § 51.2020(c)(1). An amendment to the Department’s regulation for cement kilns to reduce NO X emissions effective April 15, 2011, codified in 25 Pa. Code Chapter 145, Subchapter C, was subsequently approved by EPA as a SIP revision on July 19, 2011, and codified at 40 CFR § 51.2020(c)(1).

Federal Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants. Federal standards to

control hazardous a ir pollutants (HAPs) require Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) at units located at major sources of HAPs. The EPA has promulgated a series of MACT regulations that are applicable to sources in Pennsylvania. These MACT standards are adopted and incorporated by reference in Section 6.6 of Pennsylvania’s Air Pollution Control Act and implementing regulations in 25 Pa. Code § 127.35 (relating to maximum achievable control technology standards for hazardous air pollutants). The standards are also i ncluded in federally enforceable plan approvals and permits issued by DEP for affected

sources.- 36

- 2. Highway Vehicle Sources

Even with increases in vehicle miles travelled ( VMT ) that occurred between 2002 and 2007, and are anticipated to occur from 2007 th rough 2025, highway vehicle emissions will continue to decrease . As more vehicles subject to cleaner new car standards replace older vehicles subject to less stringent new vehicle standards, the fleet as a whole emits fewer emissions, compensating for the increase in VMT . These decreases can be

attributed t o the programs described below.

Federal Motor Vehicle Control Programs (FMVCP) and Pennsylvania Clean Vehicle Program for passenger vehicles and light

duty trucks and cleaner gasoline. Tier 1 tailpipe standards established by the CAA Amendments of 1990 include NO X and VOC limits for light

duty gasoline vehicles (LDGVs) and light

- duty gasoline trucks (LDGTs)

. These standards began to be phased in 1994. Evaporative VOC emissions were reduced in gasolin e

- powered car s starting with Model Year (MY) 1998.

In 1998, under the authority of Section 177 of the CAA, the Pennsylvania Environmental Quality Board (EQB) adopted the Pennsylvania Clean Vehicles Program (28 Pa. B. 5873 ; Dec. 5, 1998). The Pennsylvania Clean Vehicles Program incorporates by reference certain California Low Emission Vehicle (CA LEV) emission standards for passenger cars and light

- duty trucks. As required under Section 177 of the CAA, these provisions are identical to the low emission standards adopted by California. The regulation does not incorporate by reference the California zero emissions vehicle (ZEV) or emissions control warranty systems statement provisions.

In the same rulemaking, the EQB adopted the National Low Emission

Ve hicle (NLEV) program as a compliance alternative to the Pennsylvania Clean Vehicles Program. The NLEV program became effective in the Ozone Transport Region (OTR) in 1999. Pennsylvania’s New Motor Vehicle Emissions Control Program regulations in 25 Pa. C ode §§ 126.401

- 126.441 allowed automobile manufacturers to comply with NLEV instead of the CA LEV program through MY 2005. These regulations affected vehicles 6,000 pounds and less and were the regulations in effect for new motor vehicl es in the baseline year, 2002.

In 1999, the EPA promulgated regulations more stringent than NLEV (Tier 2), starting with MY 2004. T he NLEV program was replaced for

MY 2004 and later by the more stringent Federal “Tier 2” vehicle emissions regulations ( 65 FR 6698 ; Feb. 10, 2000), and vehicle manufacturers operating under the NLEV program became subje ct to the

Tier 2 requirements.- 37

- Pennsylvania amended the former New Motor Vehicle Control Program in 2006. The Clean Vehicles Program continues to incorporate the

California Low Emission Vehicle Program (CA LEV II) by reference. As amended, the program affects MY 2008 and newer passenger cars and light

- duty trucks vehicles ( 36 Pa.B

. 7424 ; Dec. 9, 2006, corrected

37 Pa. B. 209 ; Jan. 12, 2007, eff. Dec. 9, 2006). EPA approved Pennsylvania’s Clean Vehicle Program as a revis ion to the

Commonwealth’s SIP o n January 24, 2012 ( 77 FR 3386).

Heavy

- Duty Diesel Control Programs. The EPA promulgated more stringent national regulations for heavy

- duty engines and vehicles (over 14,000 pounds) starting with MY 2004. In addition, consent decrees with seven of the largest heavy

- duty engine manufacturers required, among other terms, that diesel engines made by these companies comply with these 2004 standards two model years ea rly, in MY 2002. The emission

reductions from these programs are reflected in the future year emission inventories, as provided in the Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator ( MOVES ) model.

In 2002, the EQB adopted the Heavy

- Duty Diesel Emissions Control Progra m for model years starting after May 2004. The program incorporates California standards by reference and requires MY 2005 and subsequent new heavy

- duty diesel highway engines to be those certified by California. California standards were more stringent than federal standards for the two model years between expiration of the consent

decrees discussed above (MYs 2005 and 2006) and the implementation of more stringent federal standards affecting MY 2007 and beyond. However, EPA’s MOVES model already assume d that the engines would comply with consent decree standards, even without an enforcement mechanism. The Department has used MOVES defaults to calculate

emissions from MY 2005 and 2006 highway engines.

The EPA adopted new emission standards for heavy

- du ty engines and

vehicles for MY 2007 and subsequent. For diesel engines, the standards

were phased in from 2007 to 2010 for NO X and VOCs. For gasoline engines, the standards w ere phased in during MY 2008 and 2009. Federal

and California standards are vir tually identical for MY 2007. For

MY 2008, California adopted requirements for idling restriction engine programming and an optional “clean NO X idle” standard. However, there

is no EPA

- approved methodology to estimate emission reductions from this requir ement. Therefore, the emission estimates use assumptions of

the federal rule for MY 2007 through 2010.

Because the new engine standards are adversely affected by sulfu r in fuel, the EPA also required most highway diesel fuel to contain no more than- 38

- 15 pa rts per million (ppm) of sulfur, beginni ng in the fall of 2006. There

wa s a temporary compliance option allowing refiners to continue to produce up to 20 percent of their highway diesel fuel at 500 ppm fuel until 2010. The Department u sed MOVES defaults to estimate the effects of the phase

- in provision.

Vehicle Emission Inspection/Maintenance Program. The Pennsylvania portion of the Philadelphia A rea has had a vehicle emissions inspection program since 1984. In early 2004, Pennsylvania revised the implementation of its Vehicle Emission Inspection/Maintenance (I/M) Program in the five

- county Philadelphia area. The program applies to gasoline

- powered vehicles 9,000 pounds and under, MY 1975 and newer.

For vehi cles MY 1996 and newer, the program consists of an annual on

board diagnostics test and a gas cap pressure test. For subject vehicles

MY 1995 and older, the program consists of an annual tailpipe test, visual inspection of pollution control devices to ens ure they are present, connected and the proper type for the vehicle and a gas cap pressure test.

For vehicles older than 25 years, the program is a visual inspection and

gas cap test. These regulations can be found in 67 Pa. Code Chapter 177. Pennsylvan ia submitted the revised emissions program as a SIP revision

on December 1, 2003. The EPA approved the SIP revision on October 6,

2005. (70 FR 58313).

Low sulfur gasoline. Sulfur is a natural ly occurring component of crude oil that ends up in gasoline and diesel unless removed. Sulfur in gasoline impairs the effectiveness of emission control systems and contributes to air pollution. By removing most sulfur from gasoline, new advanced emission controls will work long er and more efficiently, and air pollution

will be reduc ed.

The 1999 federal Tier 2 regulations (65 FR 6698 ; Feb. 1 0, 2000) reduce d the sulfur content of gasoline by up to 90 percent , enabling the use of new emission control technologies in cars and truck s that reduce harmful air pollution. The emission inventory analysis in the Maintenance Plan submitted concurrently with this Request for Redesignation uses the default assumptions provided in MOVES2010 to account for the implementation of the federal sta ndards for low sulfur gasoline. Requirements for use of low

- sulfur gasoline enabled use of advanced emission control systems in light

- duty vehicles beginning in MY 2004. Vehicles meeting Tier 2 emission standards are 77 to 95 percent cleaner

than earlier models.

EPA signed a regulation adopting more stringent vehicle standards and reducing sulfur limits in gasoline further with the Tier 3 Motor Vehicle Emission and Fuel Standards program on March 3, 2014. (79 FR 23414).

The rule takes effect in 2017. The Tier 3 program requires the annual- 39

- average content of sulfur in gasoline to be reduced to 10 parts per million, starting January 1, 2017. By 2018, EPA estimates that SO 2 emissions from gasoline vehicles will be reduced by 56 percent. When fully imple mented, this program, by 2030, will increase the effectiveness of

vehicle emission controls even further and reduce onroad emissions of

NO X by 25 percent, direct particulate matter by 10 percent and VOCs by

16 percent. The rule will also significantly red uce emissions of carbon monoxide and hazardous air pollutants including acrolein, benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. Emission reductions from the federal Tier 3 program have not been included in future year inventories and,

therefore are not relied u pon in the maintenance demonstration. Emission

r eductions from the federal Tier 3 program may nonetheless assist the Philadelphia Area in maintaining the PM 2.5 NAAQS.

3. Nonroad Sources

The EPA has adopted a series of regulations affecting new diesel

- powered (“compression ignition”) and gasoline

- powered (“spark ignition”) nonroad engines of various sizes (horsepower) and applications. Information on these federal rules, including their i mplementation dates, can be found at www.epa.gov/nonroad

. The Department used the assumptions built into the nonroad model (NONROAD2005) and NMIM to estimate emissions for all milestone years.

While the EPA has published a notice of proposed rulemaking for more stringent standards for locomotives and large commercial marine diesel engines, the agency has not finalized any new standards.

On June 29, 2004, EPA adopted a rule establishing a comprehensive national p rogram to reduce emissions from nonroad diesel engines (69 FR 38958). The rule phased in requirements for reducing the sulfur content of diesel used in nonroad diesel engines. The reduction in fuel

sulfur content prevent s damage to the more advanced emission control systems needed to meet the engine standards; it will also reduce fine particulate emissions from diesel engines. In 2007, fuel sulfur levels were

limited to 500 ppm for nonroad applications other than ocean

- go ing marine vessels. In 2010, fuel sulfur levels were reduced to the same sulfur concentration as in highway fuel, 15 ppm ; this requirement began applying in 2012 to locomotive and marine diesel fuel. EPA adopted technical amendments to the program in rul es published in the Federal Register on November 22, 2005 (70 FR 70498)

, and May 1, 2006 (71 FR 25706). On April 30, 2010 (75 FR 22896), EPA adopted changes to the nonroad diesel fuel program to allow for the production and sale of diesel fuel with up to 1

, 000 ppm sulfur for use in Category 3 marine

vessels.- 40

- 4. Stationary Area Sources

Consumer Products. This regulation applies statewide to any person who sells, supplies, offers for sale, or manufactures certain consumer products on or after January 1, 2005, for use in the Commonwealth. The

Consumer Products program is codified in 25 Pa. Code Chapter 130, Subchapter B. It was submitted to the EPA as a SIP revision on March 26,

2003

, and approved on December 8, 2004 (69 FR 70895). Amendments

to the Consumer Products regulations were adopted on October 11, 2008,

submitted to the EPA as a SIP revision on March 11, 2009

, and approved

on October 18, 2010 (75 FR 63717).

I V

. MAINTENANCE PLAN

The Maintenance Plan for the Philadelphia Area is being submitted to EPA for approval as a SIP revision concurrently with this R equest for R edesignation. The Maintenance

Plan shows that the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS will be maintained for at least 10 years after redesignation. Eight years following redes ignation, the Commonwealth will submit a revised plan that e nsures attainment through 2035.

T he Maintenance Plan shows that emission levels of PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO X , VOC and NH 3 over the 10 years following redesignation will remain below the emissions level in 2007, while allowing for growth in population and vehicle miles traveled. Based on 2010

- 2012 monitoring data, the Philadelphia Area currently has an annual design value of

13.1 μg/m

, 3 which is significantly lower than the 1997 NAAQS of 15 μg/m

. 3 In addit ion,

based on 2010

- 2012 monitoring data, t he Philadelphia Area has a 24

- hour design value of

31 μg/m 3 which is significantly lower than the 2006 NAAQS of 35 μg/m

. 3 The following state and federal programs will ensure the continuing decline of SO 2 , NO X , direct PM 2.5 and VOC emissions:

● C lean A ir I nterstate R ule ;

● Emission limits for large industrial boilers;

● State regulation of cement kilns, large stationary internal combustion engines, and

smaller sources of NO X ;

● State regulations incorporating by reference the federal Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) regulations;

● State requirements for Best Available Technology ( BAT ) ;

● State regulation of the sulfur content of fuel oil;

● The Pennsylvania and federal new motor vehicle emission control programs for

p assenger and light

- duty trucks;- 41

-

● The Pennsylvania and federal heavy

- duty di esel emission control programs;

● Federal fuel programs for highway vehicles an d nonroad mobile equipment; and

● Federal regulation of off

- road diesel and gasoline

- powered vehicles and equipment.

The emission reductions from the following programs were not included in the 2017 and 2025 emission inventories and, thus, were not relied upon for the demonstration of

maintenanc e. However, emission reductions from these measures may nonetheless assist the Philadelphia Area in maintaining air quality.

 The Diesel

- Powered Motor Vehicle Idling Act , Act 124 of 2008 (Idling Act). The Idling Act was approved by EPA as a SIP revision on August 1, 2011 (76 FR 45705).

 NOx and VOC emission reductions from Pennsylvania’s Outdoor Wood

- Fired Boilers reg ulation. The Outdoor Wood

- Fired Boiler regulation was published in

the Pennsylvania Bull etin on October 2, 2010 (40 Pa. B. 5571) and approved by EPA as a SIP revision on September 20, 2011 (76 FR 58114 ).

 Pennsylvania’s regulation to control VOC emissions from adhesives, sealants, primers and solvents This regulation was published in the Pennsylvania Bulletin

on December 25, 2010 (40 P a.B. 7340) and approved by EPA as a SIP revision on September 26, 2012 (77 FR 59090).

 The federal Tier 3 Motor Vehicle Emission and Fuel Standards program

. (79 FR 23414).

DEP has provided in the Maintenance Plan for the PM 2.5 NAAQS assurances that it will continue to operate the ambient air quality monitoring network in order to track

maintenance of the standard s and to evaluate emissions inventories periodically compared to the projections provided in the plan. DEP has also provided in the

Maintenanc e Plan a list of contingency measures that it would consider to correct any

violation of the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS that might occur af ter redesignation of the area.- 42

- ACRONYMS AND ABBREVI ATIONS

AEO Annual Energy Outlook AQS EPA’s Air Quality System AQTAC DEP’s Air Quality Technical Advisory Committee

BACT Best Available Control Technology

BAT Best Available Technology

CAA Clean Air Act

CAIR Clean Air Interstate Rule

CA LEV California Low Emission Vehicle (program)

CAMx Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extens ion

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

CMV Commercial Marine Vessel

DEP Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection

DOT U.S. Department of Transportation

EGU Electric Generating Unit

EIA Energy Information Administration

EIS Emission Inventory System

EPA U

. S

. Environmental Protection Agency EQB Environmental Quality Board

ERC Emission Reduction Credit

FAA Federal Aviation Administration

FIP Federal Implementation Plan

FMVCP Federal Motor Vehicle Control Program

FR Federal Register

FRM Federal Reference Method

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GHCN Global Historical Climatology Network

HAP Hazardous Air Pollutant

I/M Inspection and Maintenance

IRRC Independent Regulatory Review Commission

LDGV Light Duty Gasoline V ehicles

LDGT Light Duty Gasoline T rucks

LRP Long Range Plan

MACT Maximum Achievable Control Technology

MARAMA Mid

- Atlantic Regional Air Management Association

MM5 Mesoscale Model

MOVES Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator

MPO Metropolitan Planning Organization

MY Model Year NAAQS National Ambi ent Air Quality Standard

NAICS North American Industry Classification System

NEI National Emissions Inventory

NH 3 Ammonia

NLEV National Low Emission Vehicle (program)

NMIM National Mobile Inventory Model- 43

-

NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NONROAD Nonroad Model

NO X Oxides of Nitrogen

NSR New Source Review

OTC Ozone Transport Commission

OTR Ozone Transport Region

OWB Outdoor Wood

- fired Boiler

PennDOT Pennsylvania Department of Transportation

PM Particulate Matter

PM 2.5 Particulate Matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter or Fine P articulates

PM 10 Particulate Matter less than 10 microns in diameter

ppm parts per million

PSD Prevention of Significant Deterioration

RWC Residential Wood Combustion

SCC Source Classification Code

SIP State Implementation Plan

SO 2 Sulfur Dioxide

TAF Terminal Area Forecast

TCM Transportation Control Measures

TIP Transportation Improvement Program

TSD Technical Support Document μg/m 3 M icrogram per cubic meter

μm Micrometer

VMT Vehicle Miles Traveled

VOC Volatile Organic Compound

ZEV Zero Emissions Vehicle

### Department -oT 

### <EnvlrOAmenta'**P.rote~**

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA
8TD-521 REV. 06-2010 INVOICE NO.
PUBLICATIONS AUTHORIZATION AND INVOICE it Resource Management

PUBLICATIONS AUTHORIZATION '(To be comp1eted by agency): 

### Div,S on

TO: (NAME AND ADDRESS OFNEWSPAPERj I FEDERAL !.D. NO.lSOC. SEC. NO. FROM: (NAME AND ADDRESS OF AGENOY) AGENCY I TELEPHONE NO.

### ~~~k~~~~~%~~~~~~~~imes**!m<~.~.~?~~<~<?..~.~.w** 

### ..... w...............................................

### ~~e~~;~sBureau of Air Quality 

### l

..**".?~.?.:?..~.!.~?~.~.~** 

### ......................................... .. Doylestown, PA 18901 400 Market Street**~** 12th FI

HEREWITH IS ENCLOSED COpy FOR PUBLICATION OF ADVERTISEMENT FOR PROPOSALS TO 

## o EMPLOY 

### 0 PURCHASE 

### 0 CONTRACT 

### 0 SELL

PUBLISH ADVERTISEMENT (NO. OF TIMES) MAXIMUM NO. OF LINES

1x Only

DATES OF INSERTION

Between May 8, 2014, and May 10,2014 TYPE OF AD 

## o CLASSIFIED 

### I8l LEGAL NOTICE

You, as vendor, are authorized to publish this advertisement in your newspaper, subject to the terms of this order, as follows:
Advertisement to be published in regular advertising columns, no position specified; caption of two lines and Signature to be in capitals and subject matter and title of officer to be set solid in type regularly used by your newspaper for public (legal) notice advertising; charge to be made at the rate charged to and paid by commercial advertisers for matter similarly set and occupying

similar space; advertisement to be run in the editions specified above. Vendor agrees that, in the performance of any contract
awarded to it hereunder, said vendor will not discriminate against any employee or other persons on account of race, color, sex, religious creed, ancestry, age or national origin and that the Commonwealth, upon receipt of satisfactory evidence of such discrimination, shall have the right to cancel said contract. Return this copy at once if you will not accept this advertisement under

the terms set forth.

Return original and two copies (signed by the editor or publisher) to the agency listed above. Proof of advertising

in the form of a tear sheet must be stapled to original and copies. Original must be notarized.

Commonwealth to be billed only for actual number of printed lines published.

SAP FUND COST CENTER GENERAL LEDGER ACCOUNT CODE %

7027313000 3522710000 6343200

[/0 V16414000000

INVOICE (To be completed by publisher):

DATE OF INSERTION ACTUAL NO. OF PRINTED LINES COST PER LINE TOTAL AMOUNT

1st Ad 

## L

2nd Ad (Jl)

3rd Ad 

# au

GRAND TOTAL-+ 

# SL/O 

# 14-2-**common~~nnSYIVanla** County of

### ~~IIIC.-_ Before me, the subscriber, a Notary Public in and for**sai~o~nt¥,** personal!

who eing duly**swo~doth** depose and say that**h~** is* f**~\** \ \.

. Do n '\ 0. the \.:)'(""**~** \\ a general newspaper published at _---.:::L::::.300e_I_2

.....**\.....Iili~~{~,;,ilIoI.LO.L._** _______________ _ that the advertisement, of which tearsheet is attached hereto, was published in**th~** regular advertising columns of said newspap'

in the editions of said newspaper, in all respects as ordered and invoiced above; and that the Commonwealth is not charg'
therefor at a rate higher than is charged any ordinary advertiser for a similar amount of matter occupying similar space and set ir
similar matter, in said newspaper.

### z..o~

NSYlVANIA

SIGNATURE OF AFFIANTNOTICE OF
PUBLIC HEARINGS

PA DEPARTMENT OF

BUREAU OF AIR QUALITY

Proposed State Implementation

Plan Revision

Redesignation Request and

Maintenance Plan for the Pennsylvania Portion of the Philadelphia-Wilmington, PA-NJDE Nonattainment Area for the

1997 Annual and 2006 24-Hour

Fine Particulate Matter National

Ambient Air Quality Standards;

Particulate matter (PM) includes
both solid and liquid particles suspended in the air. Fine particle pollution describes particulate matter
that is less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers in diameter (PM2.5).

PM2.5 concentrations above the
federal health-based standard pose

a serious human health threat.

With significant improvements in air quality in the Philadelphia Area, this

nonattainment area now meets the

1997 annual and the 2006 24-hour
PM2.5 National Ambient Air Quality
Standards (NAAQS). Therefore,

the Department of Environmental

Protection (DEP) intends to submit

a request to the U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency (EPA) to redesignate the area to attainment.

DEP is seeking public comments

on the redesignation request and a proposed revision to the State Implementation Plan (SIP) containing

the 2007 comprehensive inventory

as required under Section 172(c)(3)

of the federal Clean Air Act (CAA)

and a maintenance plan demonstrating that the area can maintain
the 2006 24-hour PM2.5 healthbased NAAQS for the next 10 years

as required under Section 175A(a)

of the CAA (42 U.S.C.A. § 7505a). Upon EPA approval, the maintenance plan· will also establish new
motor vehicle emission budgets for transportation conformity purposes.

The request to redesignate the

area to attainment and the proposed SIP revision are available on DEP's website at www.dep. state.pa.us (select "Air," then "Bureau of Air Quality," then "Regs/Plans," then "Clean Air Plans") or through the contact persons listed below.

DEP will hold a public hearing to
receive comments on the proposal

on Thursday, June 12, 2014, at

1 :00 p.m., at the DEP Southeast Regional Office, 2 East Main Street, Norristown, PA 19401. Persons wishing to present testimony at the hearing should contact Alex Haas at P.O. Box 8468, Harrisburg, PA 17105, by phone at 717.787.9495

or via email at alehaas@pa.gov to

reserve a time. Witnesses should keep testimony to ten minutes and

should provide two written copies of

their statement at the hearing.

If by Tuesday, June 10, 2014, no
person has expressed an interest in testifying at the hearing, the hearing

will be cancelled. DEP will provide public notice on the Bureau of Air Quality webpage at: w w w . dep.state.pa.us (DEP Keyword, "Air") if the hearing is cancelled.

Persons may also contact the DEP

to find out if the hearing is cancelled by contacting Alex Haas at ;(717) 787-9495 or alehaas@pa.

'gQY. Persons with a disability who wish

to attend the hearing and require an auxiliary aid, service or other accommodation to participate in the proceeding should contact Alex

Haas at 717.787.9495 or alehaas@pa.gov. TOO users may
contact the AT&T Relay Service at
800.654.5984 to discuss how DEP

can best accommodate their needs.

DEP must receive comments no

. later than June 13, 2014. Written

comments should be sent to the attention of Nancy Herb, Bureau of

Air Quality, P.O. Box 8468, Harrisburg, PA 17105-8468, or

. nherb@pa.gov. Use "Philadelphia

! PM2.5 Redesignation" as the subject line in written communication.

E. CHRISTOPHER ABRUZZO, Secretary
,3tM 8

Department of
Environmental Protection



### JUN 0 3 2014

Air Resource Management
Division

. Pat Vigneau Being duly

affirined according to law, deposes and says that he/she is the

Billing Manager

(Manager or Designated Agent)

of the COURIER TIMES INCORPORATED, Publisher of The

Bucks County Courier Times, a newspaper of general

circulation, published and having its place of business at

Levittown, Bucks County, Pa.; that said newspaper was

established in 1910; that securely attached hereto is a printed

notice which is exactly as printed and published in said

newspaper on
May 8th, 2014

and is a true copy thereof; and that this affiant is not interested in

said subject matter of advertising; and that all of the allegations

in this statement as to the time, place and character of

publication are true.

Billing Manager

Affirmed and subscribed to me before me

This 28 th day of May

A.D. 2014**eQMM~w~un.~U** 

## ..**~l.~·~~~~**

- Notarial Seal

Karen McGovern, Notary Public

Tullytown Boro, Bucks County My Commission Expires Feb. 19, 2017

..... ,.,u"

1 LV"""M ASSOCIAll0N OF NOTARIESCOMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA
STD-521 REV. 06-2010 INVOICE NO.
PUBLICATIONS AUTHORIZATION AND INVOICE

PUBLICATIONS AUTHORIZATION (To be completed by agency):

TO: (NAME AND ADDRESS OF NEWSPAPER) Delaware County Daily Times

500 Mildred Avenue

Primos, PA 19018 FEDERAL 1.0. NO.lSOC. SEC. NO.
13-3405136 FROM: (NAME AND ADDRESS OF AGENCy) AGENCY

Alex Haas

PA DEP

- Bureau of Air Quality

400 Market Street

- 12th FI

Hrtrrkhllrn PA**171()1-?~01** 

## a

TYPE OF AD TELEPHONE NO.

717-787-9495

HEREWITH IS ENCLOSED COPY FOR PUBLICATION OF ADVERTISEMENT FOR PROPOSALS TO 

# o EMPLOY 

### 0 PURCHASE 

### 0 CONTRACT 

### 0 SELL 

## o CLASSIFIED 

### I8J LEGAL NOTICE

PUBLISH ADVERTISEMENT (NO. OF TIMES)

1xOnly MAXIMUM NO. OF LINES

DATES OF INSERTION
Between May 8, 2014, and May 10,2014

You, as vendor, are authorized to publish this advertisement in your newspaper, subject to the terms of this order, as follows:

Advertisement to be published in regular advertising columns, no position specified; caption of two lines and signature to be in capitals and subject matter and title of officer to be set solid in type regularly used by your newspaper for public (legal) notice advertising; charge to be made at the rate charged to and paid by commercial advertisers for matter similarly set and occupying

similar space; advertisement to be run in the editions specified above. Vendor agrees that, in the performance of any contract

awarded to it hereunder, said vendor will not discriminate against any employee or other persons on' account of race, color, sex, religious creed, ancestry, age or national origin and that the Commonwealth, upon receipt of satisfactory evidence of such discrimination, shall have the right to cancel said contract. Return this copy at once if you will not accept this advertisement under

the terms set forth.

Return original and two copies (signed by the editor or publisher) to the agency listed above. Proof of advertising

in the form of a tear sheet must be stapled to original and copies. Original must be notarized.

Commonwealth to be billed only for actual number of printed lines published.

SAP FUND COST CENTER GENERAL LEDGER ACCOUNT CODE %

7027313000 3522710000 6343200

I/O V16414000000

INVOICE (To be completed by publisher):

DATE OF INSERTION ACTUAL NO. OF PRINTED LINES COST PER LINE TOTAL AMOUNT

1stAd 

# :S/9/1 LJ Q**XCo&~** 

# \3C, L(l9**!~** 2nd Ad

3rd Ad

GRAND TOTAL 0+

I

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

County of 

# Oela \.vQ 

# re 

# L ;J 

### J I /

Before me, the subscriber, a Notary Public in and for said County p. rS9naily came 

## 'i1J!J 

# t5e T!C1Je1'**wh~in~~sworn,** dofu depose and

### sayfu~he**~*****_~~~/~~e~r~(~~~~~~~.~~~~~~~~~~~~_** the ill 

### ll-u I 

### h'tS a general newspaper published at**~CO~..:....w..i 1.!::!!.ln~~e'-7'** **i....L..!'I':......:I..:...:ny;,~--'-.L.L..L.L.l.o:2..l"'--~~~~~_** that the advertisement, of which tearsheet is attached hereto, was published in the regular advertising columns of said newspapl

in the editions of said newspaper, in all respects as ordered and invoiced above; and that the Commonwealth is not chargl

therefor at a rate higher than is charged any ordinary advertiser for a similar amount of matter occupying similar space and set ir

similar matter, in said newspaper. 

# ir I 

# J '

da 0

### ~**~** 20

...... I-I_f--_

. Sworra ajld subscribed before me this

# ~ 

# '* Jl '

-**-pr~~'~~~~~** '[IV

# I~**'--- No~"~~** 

*This affidavit must be made by the Owner, Publisher, or the designated agent of the owner or publisher. Kathleen RaCJnI, NotIry Public Upper DIfby iwp., Delaware County My**Co~** ExpIres March 2, 2015

MEMBER, PENNSYLVANIA .ASSOCTATIOM f)F W'ITI\IUFf"Copy of Notice or Publication

-**-~m** Be"isian**r~e'** Plan far the**~i1mingtan,** PA-NJ.-**,~'!1** and

lianal Ambient, Air



## t**~** and liquid particles i1escribes particulate i;>meters in diameter**~deral** health-based ieat. With significant**:~delphia** Area, this**~al** and the ,2, 0.0.6 24- Jtandards (NAAQS).
181 Protection (DEP)
i.'i.uonmental Protection iDment.

.

.**Idesignatio~** reqIJest

JnentationPlan (SIP) tyas required under 

# j "'r Act (CAA)' and a,

',. ,e,',a. c.an. ma,.intain. the

. r the next 10. years



### 1M (4? U.S.C.A. §**~;~ance** plan will also
rets for transportation " ' J¥3 :,

_ 

# t
attainment an.d ,:the " DEP's ,website at

:,ureau of Air Quality,"**~r** through the contact f f,te' .comments on', the**~:Qo.** p.m., at the DEP fStreet, Norristpwn, PA, fmony at the hearing**~468,** Harrisburg" PA J: or via email at 

### I**'~1nesses** should**ke~p** 

# r two written copies of I**iJ~** ,**~n** . has**exp~essedan,** ,.ring will be cancelled. :BureauoL Air Quality

- Keyword, "Air") if the'

contact the DEP to,find '\' 19 Alex Haas at

, i
;attend the heari'ng and-;
ther accommodation**to~ ~ct**  Alex Haas at

.: users may contact .the i ) 'discu?s how DEP can

-

:0 June 13, 20.14. Written -) of Nancy Herb, Bure.au

r urg, PA 171o.5-8468,or

- 5 Redesignation" as, the I

I

. I AISTOPHER ABRUZZO,.:

-------,. Proof of Publication of Notice in Delaware County Daily Times

Under Newspaper Advertising Act. No. 587. Approved May 16, 1929

State of Pennsylvania,

County of Delaware,

LYNN D. BETTCHER 

# }

ss.

designated agent of CENTRAL STATES PUBLISHING, INC.,

being duly sworn, deposes and says that the DELAWARE COL::-.iTY DAILY TIMES, a daily newspaper of general circulation

as defined in the above-mentioned Act, published at Primos, Delaware County, Pennsylvania, was established September 7,

1876, and issued and published continuously thereafter for a period of 100 years and for a period of more than six months

immediately prior hereto, (under the name Chester Times prior to November 2, 1959) in the City of Chester, County of

Delawnre and further says that the pdnted nqtice or publication attached hereto is an exact copy of a notice or publication

printed and published in the J'egulnr edition nnd issues of the DELAWARE COUNTY DAILY TIMES on the following dates,

viz

................................................................................................................. .

May 9, A.D. 20 14

and that said advertising was inserted in all**respect~** as ordered

.

Affiant further deposes that he is the proper person duly authorized by**CE~TRAL ST~TES** 

PUBLISHING, INC. publisher of said DELAWARE COUNTY DAILY TIIVIES, a newspaper of general circulation, to verify

the foregoing statement under oath and that affiant is not interested in the subject matter of the aforesaid**notil'l~** or

advertisement, and that all allegations in the foregoing statements as to time, place' and character of publication arc true.

9th 20 14

Notary Public

r4EMBER, PENNSYLVANIA ASSOCIATION OF**NOTAruF.~**Copy of Notice or Publication

Proposed State Implementation Plan Revision

,. Redesignation Request" and

. Maintenance Plan for the

Pennsylvania Portion of the Philadelphia-Wilmington, PA-NJDE (Nonattainment Area for the 1997 Annual and

. 2006 24-Hour· Fine Particulate Matter National Ambient· Air**.~uality Standa~ds;··**  .',
Public Hearing

Particulate matter (PM) includes' both solid and liquid particles suspended in the 'air. Fine particle pollution describes particuli;3.te : matter that .is less than or equaHo 2.5 micrometers in diameter' (PM2.5). PM2.5 concentrations

.. above the federal**health~based' .~**  staljldard -pose a serious human health threat. With significant imp,rovements in. air quality in the Philadelphia Area, this

non attainment area now meets the 1997 annual and the 20.0.6 24- ' hour PM2.5 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)., Therefore, the Department of Environmental Protection (DEP,) intends to submit a request to' the U.S. Environmental Protection AgE;lncy (EPA) to redesignate the area to attair:HTIent.

DEP is seeking public comments on theredesignation reqLJest and a proposed revision to the State Implementation Plan (SIP) containing the 20.0.7 comprehensive inventory' as required under Seqtion 172(c)(3) of the federal Clean Air Act (CAA) and a maintenance plan demonstrating. that the area can maintain the 20.0.6 24-hour, PM2.5 health-based NMQS forIhe next 10. years

as -required under Section 175A(a)of the 

### eM (4,2 U,S.C.A.§ 75o.5a). Upon EPA approval, :the maintenance plan will also establish, new motorvehicle emission budgets for transportation conformity purposes. '

. , .'

The request to redesignate ·thearea to. attainment· and the ,proposed SIP revision.- are available on DEP's website at 

### .J**www~dep.state.pa.us~** (select "Air," thEm "Bureau of Air Quality,"

1 then ''Regs/Plans,''then "qleanAir.Plans", or through the contact 1 persons listed below. '

, 

### J DEP will hold a public hearing

- to receive ,comments on. the

. proposal .on Thursday, June 12, 20.14, at 1 :0.0. p.m., at the DEP Southeast Regional· Office,·2' East 'Main

. Street, Norristpwn, PA 1940.1. Persons wishing to present testimony at the hearing j should contact Alex Haas at P.O. Box 8468, Harrisburg, PA i
1710.5, by phone at 717.787.9495 .or via. email at I' alehaas@pa.gov to reserve atime.Wiinesses should**ke~p** testimony to ten minutes and should provide two written copies of their statement 1(.t the hearing..

. . . i
If by Tuesday, June 1o.,2o.14,no person has**exp~essed** an

. interest in .testifyingat the hearing, the hearing will be cancelled. ; DEP will provide public notice on the· Bureau ·of Air Quality ,«ebpa,ge at: www.dep.state.pa.us (D'EP Keyword, "Air") if the: hearing. is cancelled.Persons.mayalso.contact the DEPtofind 

### I

out if the hearing is cancelled by contacting Alex Haas at (71;7) 767-9495 or alehaas@pa.gov. i**Pe~sons** with a disability who wish to· attend the hearing and- i reqqire an auxiliary aid, service .brother accommodation to. participate ih the proceeding should. contact Alex Haas at.

. . I '717.787.9495 or alehaas@pa.gov. TDD users may contact ,the I AT&T Relay Service at 80.0..654.5984 todiscu$s how DEP can'**be~t** accommodate their needs

.. DEP must receive comments no later than June 13, 2o.14

.. Written
.' cOmments should be sent to the attention of Nancy Herb; Bure.au

, of .Air Quality, P.O

.. Box 8468, Harrisburg, PA 171o.5-8468,or : nherp@pa.gov. Use. "Philadelphia PM2.S Redesignation" as the 

## i

subject line in written communication., I

E. CHRISTOPHER ABRUZZO, ' DOT, fy1ay 9, a-1 Proof oj

State of Penns:

County of Del:

LYNN D. BE;

being duly sworn, dell

as defined in the abo

1876, and issued and
immediately prior h{

Delaware and furthe:
printed and publishe(

viz

............................. ..

and that said advcrti:

PUBLISHING, INC;.

the foregoing staten

advertisement, and t

Sworn to and subscr

9th

### Department 

### of

. """

!nvironmentat 

### Protectaon CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING INVOICE

ACCOUNT INFORMATION

DELAWARE COUNTY TIMES

P.O. BOX 347 PRIMOS, PA 19018 PHONE NO:

ACCOUNT NO:

DATE: 717 -787 -9495

893-0657493

05/09/2014

Address Service Requested 

### MAY 1 5 

### 2014 TERMS: PAYABLE ON RECEIPT

CUSTOMER NAME AND ADDRESS:

PA DEP/BUREAU OF AIR QUALITY

400 MARKET STREET

12TH FLOOR

PO BOX 8468 HARRISBURG, PA 17105-8468 AI

... · Resource, Management
Division CLE

FIRST NOTICE Page 1 of 1

INVOICE 

# I

REP 

# I
CL"S 

# I

;m; DESCRIPTION 

# I
DOCKET I PO NUMBER 

# I
START 

# I
STOP 

# I
TIMES 

# I
LINES 

# I
AMOUNT NO. 

### till

hl !II DATE DATE

00425702 MTW 086 ED STATE IMPLEMENTA

14, MTW, ALEXANDER HAAS EMAIL

DCW

DEP BUREAU OF AIR redesignation reques 05/09/14 05/09/14

*** THANK YOU FOR YOUR PROMPT PAYMENT ***

BILLING INQUIRIES 877-573-0236 MON-FRI8:30 AM

- 5PM
CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING 610-622-8800 MON-FRI 8:30 AM

- 5PM
DISPLAY ADVERTISING 610-622-8865 MON-FRI 9:00 AM

- 5PM 02

SUBSCRIPTIONS 888-799-6299 MON-FRI6:00 AM

- 5PM SAT/SUN 6-12:00PM
WEB SITE DELCOTIMES.COM 136.00

TOTAL AMOUNT INCLUDES SURCHARGE OF $8.00 PER PROOF.

DELAWARE COUNTY TIMES

P.O. BOX 347 PRIMOS, PA 19018 Detach and return this portion with your payment.

Please do NOT include correspondence

or write on this remittance form. FIRST NOTICE

PHONE NO: 717-787-9495

ACCOUNT NO: 893-0657493
ACCOUNT NAME: PA DEP/BUREAU OF AIR QUALITY

AMOUNT PAID: $

CHECK#

CLE

MAIL PROMPTLY TO:

111.11 •• 1.1 •• 1.11111'11111 ••• 111 •• 1.1 ••• 11 ••• 11'111111.11 ••• 11

DELAWARE COUNTY DAILY TIMES
P.O. BOX 1877 ALBANY, NY 12201-1877

893000CLE000000657493000000657493000000425702000041950000041950050920147 419.50

# NOTICES

Proposed State Implementation Plan Revision; Redesignation Request and Maintenance Plan for the Pennsylvan ia Portion of the PhiladelphiaWilmington, PA-NJ-DE Nonattainmen t Area for the 1997 Annual and 2006

24-Hour Fine Particulate Matter Nati onal Ambient Air Qu ality Standards; Public Hearing

[44 Pa.B. 2808] [Saturday, May 10, 2014]

Particulate matter includes both solid and li quid particles suspended in the air. Fine particle pollution describes partic ulate matter that is less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers in diameter (PM 2.5 ). PM 2.5 concentrations above the Federa l health-based standard pose a

serious human health threat. With signi ficant improvements in air quality in the Philadelphia Area, this nonattainment ar ea now meets the 1997 annual and the 2006 24-
hour PM 2.5 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Therefore, the Department

of Environmental Protection (Department) intends to submit a request to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to redesignate the ar ea to attainment.

The Department is seeking public comments on the redesignation re quest and a proposed revision to the State Implementation Plan (SIP) containing the 2007 comprehensive inventory as required under se ction 172(c)(3) of the Federal Clean Air Act (CAA) (42 U.S.C.A. § 7502(c)(3)) and a maintenance plan demonstrating that th e area can maintain

the 2006 24-hour PM 2.5 health-based NAAQS for the next 10 years as required under

section 175A(a) of the CAA (42 U.S.C.A. § 7505a(a)). Upon the EPA approval, the maintenance plan will also establish new mo tor vehicle emission budge ts for transportation conformity purposes.

The request to redesignate the area to at tainment and the proposed SIP revision are available on the Department's web site at www .dep.state.pa.us (select ''A ir,'' then ''Bureau of Air Quality,'' then ''Regs/Plan,'' then ''Clean Ai r Plans'') or through the contact persons listed

as follows.

The Department will hold a public heari ng to receive comments on the proposal on Thursday, June 12, 2014, at 1 p.m. at the DEP Southeast Regional Of fice, 2 East Main Street, Norristown, PA 19401. Pe rsons wishing to present te stimony at the hearing should
contact Alex Haas at P. O. Box 8468, Harrisburg, PA 17105, (717) 787-9495 or alehaas@pa.gov to reserve a time. Witnesses should keep testimony to 10 minutes and should provide two written copies of their statement at the hearing.

If by Tuesday, June 10, 2014, no person has expr essed an interest in testifying at the

hearin g , the hearin g will be cancelled. The De p artment will p rovide p ublic notice on the Page 1 of 2 PA Bulletin, Doc. No. 1 4 -98 6

5 / 13 / 201 4 htt p ://www. p abulletin.com/secure/data/vol44/4 4 -19/986.htm lBureau of Air Quality web page at www.de p.state.pa.us (DEP Keyword: ''Air'') if the hearing is cancelled. Persons ma y also contact the Department to find out if the hearing is cancelled by contacting Alex Haas.

Persons with a disabili ty who wish to attend the heari ng and require an auxiliary aid,

service or other accommodation to participate in the proceed ing should contact Alex Haas. TDD users may contact the Pe nnsylvania AT&T Relay Servi ce at (800) 654-5984 to discuss how the Department can best accommodate their needs.

The Department must receive comments no later than June 13, 2014. Written comments should be sent to the attention of Nancy Herb, Bureau of Air Quality, P. O. Box 8468, Harrisburg, PA 17105-8468, nherb@pa.gov. Use ''P hiladelphia PM2.5 Redesignation'' as the subject line in written communication.

E. CHRISTOPHER ABRUZZO, Secretary

[Pa.B. Doc. No. 14-986. Filed for public inspection May 9, 2014, 9:00 a.m.]

No part of the information on this site may be reproduced for profit or sold for profit.

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webmaster@PaBulletin.com Page 2 of 2 PA Bulletin, Doc. No. 1 4 -98 6

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