1Studies Assessing Persistence of Mosquito Adulticides Applied by Ultra Low Volume SprayPyrethrins and PyrethroidsAI Product SampleTypeTimesampledResults Persistence Notes ReferenceResmethrin Scourge Watercolumn0.5 h2 hr9 hr48 h96 hrSpray # 10.038 ppb @ 2 hrND @ 9 hrSpray #2ND at any time>2h but <9 hr helicopter2 spray dates1 site (tidalditch)Abbene et al. 2005Pyrethrins Evergreen Water 2-6 cmbelowsurface1 hr12 hr24 hr36 hrNo detect at Princetonsite before or afterColusa site: ND 1, 12,24h. Jasmolin 0.213ppb @ 36 hrs, probnot from this applicsince levels werehigher at 36 hr than 1,12, or 24 hrs postapplic<1 h No pyrethrinsdetected at 1 site,prob fromanother applic atthe other sincelevels werehigher at 36 hrsthan 1, 12 or 24hrsSchleier et al. 2008Pyrethrins Evergreen Watermiddepth10 sites1 h12-16 h8 daysNDND>1h but <16 h No signifincrease afterMultiple applicsLarry WalkerAssoc. 2006SYVCD reportPyrethrins Evergreen Water 10-34hrs PTND in H2O <34 hrs No water causedsignif mort in 7daysWeston et al, 2006Pyrethrins Evergreen sediment 10-34hrs PTSediment was beforeapplication was madePBO present at34 hrsNo signif difbetw 10 & 34hrNo water causedsignif mort in 7daysWeston et al, 2006In studies where repeated testing was done, pyrethroids and pyrethrinsnever persisted for 48 hours,and were often undetectable a few hours after theapplication2Piperonyl Butoxide (PBO)AI Product SampleTypeTimesampledResults Persistence Notes ReferencePBO inPyrethrinmixEvergreenCropSprayWater 2-6 cmbelowsurface1 hr12 hr24 hr36 hrColusa pondsBelow back by 36 hPrinc ditches 0.012 @36 h (0.004 above pre)~ 36 h Exp. decay w/return to backgrby 36 hSchleier et al. 2008PBO inPyrethrinsmixPyrenone25-5Water +sediment12 hr1 wk0-3 ppb in sediment0-0.08 in water< report limit of 2 ppb>12h but <1 wkfor sediment orwater8 spray eventsSampled 1 wkafter last truckapplicationAmweg et al. 2006PBO inPyrethrinmixEvergreenCropSprayWatermiddepth10 sites1 hr12-16 hr8 daysND >16 h but < 8 d No signifincrease aftermultiple aerialapplicationsLarry WalkerAssoc. 2006SYVCD reportPBO inPyrethrinmixEvergreenCropSprayWater 10-34hrs postapplic0.44-3.92 ppb in H2OPBO present at34 hrsNo signif difbetw 10 & 34 hrNo watercaused signifmort in 7 daysWeston et al, 2006PBO inPyrethrinmixEvergreenCropSpraySediment10-34hrs postapplic< reporting limit(<1ppb)15.9, 19.2, 34.0, 61.4ppb>15.9 ppb @ 34hrsNo signif difbetw 10 & 34 hrSame aerialapplicationsstudied byLarry WalkerAssocWeston et al, 2006PBO inResmethrinmixScourge Water1 site, 2application dates0.5 h2 hr9 hr48 hr96 hr0.113 ppb @ 9 hrND at 480.006 ppb @ 48 hrND @ 96 h>48 h but <96hrMultiplesamples after 2helicopterapplicationsover a tidalditchAbbene et al. 2005ND = Not detectedJasmolin is one of the 6 materials making up natural pyrethrinsSchleir et al. 2008 demonstrated that PBObecame undetectable around 36 hours after aerial applications (residues were not significantly higher thanthe level present before treatment). Thefour other papers reported on PBO concentrations following applications of PBO in pyrethrins or pyrethroidshad fewer sample times at greater intervals. Results of these supportthe conclusions of Schleieret al. 2008. Taken together, these resultsdemonstrate that PBO does not persist insediment or water for 4 days (96 hours).3OrganophosphatesActiveIngredientProduct SampleTypeTimesampledResults Persistence Notes ReferenceNaled Water 12 timesafter, upto 48 hWorst case H2O concpeak = 20.15 ppb @15 minND in sample by 9 hr9 hrs after airapplic4 hrs after truckapplicTucker et al, 1987Malathion water 12 timesafter, to48 hWorst case H2O concpeak = 20.15 ppb @45 min80% decrease by 8 h20% persisted 24 hND by 48 h>24 but <48 hr1 applic by air,1 by truckTucker et al, 1987Naled breaks down rapidly and is undetectable by9 hours after applications by air or truck.Malathion persists longer thannaled, but also decreases to undetectable levels by 48 hours following an application event by air or truck.ReferencesAmweg, EL, DP Weston, CS Johnson, J You and MJ Lydy. 2006. Effect ofpiperonyl butoxide on permethrin toxicity in the amphipodHyalellaazteca. Environmental Toxicologyand Chemistry 25 (7):1817-1825Abbene, I.J., S.C. Fisher, and S.A. Terracciano (U.S. Geological Survey). 2005. Concentrations of insecticides in selected surface water bodies inSuffolk County, New York, before and after mosquitospraying, 2002-04. Open-File Report 2005- 1384. New York, NY. 1-14.Larry Walker and Associates 2006. SYMVCD Pyrethrin Water QualityMonitoring Data Summary. LarryWalker and Associates. 49 pp.Lawler, S.P., D.A. Dritz, C.S. Johnson, and M. Wolder. 2008. Does synergized pyrethrin applied overwetlands for mosquito control affectDaphniamagnazooplankton orCallibaetis californicusmayflies?Pest Manag Sci64: 843-847.Schleier JJ III, RKD Peterson, PA Macedo, DA Brown,. 2008. Environmental concentrations, fate, and risk assessment of pyrethrins and piperonylbutoxide after aerial ultralow-volume applications for adult mosquito management. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol.27, No. 5,pp. 1063–1068, 20084Tucker, J.W., C.Q. Thompson, T.C. Wang, and R.A. Lenahan. 1987. Toxicity of organophosphorous insecticides to estuarine copepods and youngfish after field applications. Journal of the Florida Anti-Mosquito Association 58: 1-6.Weston DP, EL Amweg, A Mekebri,RS Ogle, MJ Lydy. 2006. Aquatic effects of aerialspraying for mosquito control over an urbanarea.EnvironSci Technol40:5817–5822.