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Appendix C: Motorized Mixed Use Analysis 

Appendix C consists of two documents:

Public Uses (Roads) White Paper

This is a paper on public road use on the Klamath National Forest. This paper focuses on two topics:

Forest road management and maintenance strategies to meet public and Forest Service access and 

resource protection needs using limited funding sources.

The impact of adding unauthorized roads under the Travel Management Rule.

Engineering Analysis of Motorized Mixed Use on National Forest 

System Roads

This is an engineering analysis of motorized mixed use on national forest roads on the Klamath National 

Forest which has three parts:

A summary of relevant laws and regulations; a history of transportation management on the 

Forest; and a methodology for the mixed use analysis. 

A description of the roads analyzed, by ranger district. 

A compilation of the road-by-road analyses (included in the project files).
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USDA Forest Service

Klamath National Forest

Public Uses (Roads) White Paper

Kenneth C. Stagg

Forest Engineer

April 2009

TOPIC

 Forest road management and maintenance strategies to meet public and Forest Service 

access and resource protection needs using limited funding sources.

 Impact of adding unauthorized roads under the Travel Management Rule

INTRODUCTION

The definition of a forest road is “Any road wholly or partially within, or adjacent to, and serving 

the National Forest System and which is necessary for the protection, administration, and 

utilization of the National Forest System is a “Forest Road” (Title 23, Section 101 of the United 

States Code). The Klamath National Forest (NF) road network facilitates forest management, 

provides access to diverse recreational opportunities, and contributes to the rural transportation 

infrastructure of interspersed private lands. At the same time, agency and public awareness of the 

environmental costs and risks associated with forest roads and attendant activities is increasing. 

As the agency’s emphasis has shifted from commodity production to ecosystem health, the forest 

road system needs to be analyzed, managed and maintained to minimize environmental impacts 

and reduce costs, while providing sufficient access for public and agency needs. This paper will 

provide background information and management strategies being employed to meet these 

objectives.

KLAMATH NATIONAL FOREST ROAD SYSTEM

State and county roads stretch across the Klamath NF and serve large tracts of federal land. 

Some of these county roads are also designated as Forest Highways, making them eligible under 

the Federal Lands Highway Program for disaster relief and major renovation funds. Examples 

are the Scott River Road, Sawyers Bar Road and Indian Creek Road. The Forest facilitates 

management of these roads, but jurisdiction for their repair and maintenance lies with State and 

county road agencies. Klamath National Forest System (NFS) Roads, under Forest Service 

jurisdiction, branch off from these state and county roads as arterial, collector and local roads.

National Forest System (NFS) roads are not public roads in the same sense as roads that are 

under the jurisdiction of State and county road agencies. NFS roads are not intended to meet the 

transportation needs of the public at large. Instead, they are authorized only for the use and 

administration of national forest lands. Although generally open and available for public use, that 

use is at the discretion of the Secretary of Agriculture. Through authorities delegated by the
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C-4 Klamath National Forest

Secretary, the Forest Service may restrict or control traffic to meet specific management 

direction. 

NFS roads are categorized using the following system:

Maintenance Level (ML) 5: Roads that provide a high degree of user comfort and convenience. 

Normally double lane paved facilities, or aggregate surface with dust abatement. This is the 

highest standard of maintenance. 

Maintenance Level 4: Roads that provide a moderate degree of user comfort and convenience at 

moderate speeds. Most are double lane aggregate surfaced. Some may be single lane. Some may 

be chip sealed or dust abated. 

Maintenance Level 3: Roads open and maintained for travel by a prudent driver in a standard 

passenger car. User comfort and convenience are not considered priorities. Typically these roads 

are low speed, single lane with turnouts and native or aggregate surfacing. 

Maintenance Level 2: Roads open for use by high-clearance vehicles. Passenger car traffic is

allowed but discouraged. Use by the public is unrestricted, and is generally focused on access to 

privately-owned lands or recreation sites, or permitted activities (grazing, woodcutting, etc.). The 

Forest Service uses these roads extensively for administrative purposes. Non-traffic generated 

maintenance is minimal. 

Maintenance Level 1: These roads are closed year-round, but some intermittent use may be 

authorized. When closed, they must be physically closed with barricades, berms, gates, or other 

closure devices. When closed to vehicular traffic, they may be suitable and used for nonmotorized uses, with custodial maintenance. 

The current Klamath NF transportation system encompasses 4,536 miles of roads in all 

maintenance levels (Table 1). The Ukonom District and its 357 mile road system are included; 

however, management of these roads is the responsibility of the Six Rivers National Forest.

Table 1. Road Mileage on the Klamath National Forest by Maintenance Level.

Maintenance Level Miles

Level 1 826.5

Level 2 2760.9

Level 3 805.1

Level 4 102.6

Level 5 41.5

Total Miles: 4536.6
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ROAD MAINTENANCE TERMINOLOGY

Maintenance needs on NFS roads are categorized and quantified in several ways that must be 

understood to make sense of cost data and projected annual and deferred maintenance needs 

being reported at the national level. Common terms used in this paper are defined here.

Traffic Generated & Non-Traffic Generated Maintenance: Traffic generated maintenance 

needs are those associated with the use of a road, such as rutting of the roadbed caused by traffic 

during wet weather. In general, as use on a particular route increases, so does the trafficgenerated maintenance needs. Non-Traffic generated maintenance is independent of the use of a 

road. For example, the growth of tree limbs and brush creates a maintenance need, but the 

growth is independent of the volume of traffic the road receives. 

Annual Maintenance: This term refers to the expected annual maintenance required on

roadways and roadsides based on the Maintenance Level assigned to the road. The actual 

amount of maintenance required depends on the amount of use the road has received, the 

condition of the surface, and the season of use. Annual maintenance estimates include many 

work items that are not done yearly, but are annualized. For example, the aggregate surfacing on 

a mile of level 3 road may last 25 years and cost $60,000 to replace. This equates to a simple 

annualized cost of $2,400 per mile.

Deferred Maintenance: This is work that can be deferred, without loss of road serviceability,

until such time as the work can be economically or efficiently performed. Using the example 

above, if the surfacing is completely worn down, the deferred maintenance is $60,000 per mile 

for replacement. Deferred maintenance needs can be reduced through a number of different 

actions and strategies, as discussed below.

Safety & User Related Maintenance: This term refers to activities that protect the public and 

agency employees and allow use of the road for the intended purpose. Examples include 

installation of warning devices (such as stop or bridge abutment signs); pothole patching on a 

level 5 road; maintaining surface and brush clearance for passenger car access to developed 

recreation sites; maintaining access for fire suppression initial attack equipment; or maintaining 

access for forest health project planning and implementation. 

Resource Protection Related Maintenance: These activities preserve the road prism for its 

intended use and minimize erosion and sediment delivery to aquatic systems. Examples include 

ditch and culvert cleaning; maintaining rolling dips to prevent stream diversion; or surface 

blading to remove wheel ruts that concentrate runoff.

Stormproofing & Aquatic Passage: These projects reconstruct a road using various techniques 

to minimize chronic and storm related resource damage, reduce future maintenance costs, and 

restore aquatic passage at stream crossings. Stormproofing includes out-sloping the road surface 

to the maximum extent possible and eliminating associated inboard ditches and cross drains; 

installing larger culverts and/or lowering the grade through stream crossings to reduce fill 
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volume and prevent diversion; installing rolling dips on moderate road grades to minimize road 

surface erosion; armoring fills with rock to reduce erosion should they be overtopped; or 

completely replacing earth fills with rock. Aquatic passage involves replacing a pipe culvert with 

an open bottom culvert or bridge to restore the natural stream bottom.

DEFERRED MAINTENANCE BACKLOG

The Klamath National Forest’s transportation system has developed over the past 100 years, 

generally in response to public access and resource extraction needs. The current inventory 

shows over 4,500 miles of road, with 79% in ML's 1 and 2, and only 21% in ML's 3, 4 and 5 

(Figure 1). Road maintenance budgets have declined over the past decade, and the Forest’s 

internal capability to maintain roads has been reduced with loss of maintenance personnel and 

equipment. The Klamath Forestwide Roads Analysis completed in 2002 reported a Klamath NF 

deferred maintenance backlog of $55.5 million and the need for an annual maintenance budget of 

$6.1 million to cover all ML 1 – 5 roads on the system. Fiscal year 2007 figures are $47.9 

million and $10.2 million respectively.

These national estimates require some explanation. The deferred and annual maintenance 

figures were generated using a national formula based on random sampling (less than 0.2% miles 

of system roads nationwide for 2009) and standard maintenance prescriptions. It is a useful tool 

for tracking national trends and producing auditable outputs, but was never intended for use at 

the forest level, nor is it considered to be statistically valid at this scale. The 2007 deferred 

Klamath NF Road Maintenance Levels

Total System Miles - 4537

Level 1

18%

Level 2

61%

Level 3

18%

Level 4

2%

Level 5

1%
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maintenance cost figures for ML 4 and 5 roads ($4.1 million) is a reasonably fair assessment of 

needs, since paved or chip sealed roads have clearly defined maintenance needs to preserve the 

surfacing and avoid rapid failure. Annual maintenance cost figures (3.1 million) for ML 4 and 5 

roads are too high for the Klamath due to lighter traffic volumes and winter snow cover 

extending the pavement life. Local estimates are closer to $2 million. Maintenance level 2 and 3 

road maintenance costs are even more overstated. These roads account for $42 million (88%) of 

the 2007 deferred maintenance and $6.7 million (66%) of the annual maintenance needs; 

however these require far less maintenance expenditures to remain useable and protect natural 

resources. The nationally calculated cost figures for ML 2 and 3 roads are based on several 

assumptions: 

High cost aggregate surfacing should be replaced and maintained on most level 3 roads

Culverts have fixed and relatively limited life spans 

ML 2 roads require high numbers of cross drain culverts 

Roadside vegetation and debris should be regularly removed from every road 

These assumptions are not site-specific to the Klamath NF, and do not apply to many of the 

Forest’s roads. Given the conditions on the ground and current maintenance and environmental 

objectives, the maintenance figures for ML 2 and 3 roads are considered to be unreasonably 

high, which artificially inflates the Forest deferred backlog figure. More reasonable figures for 

the entire Klamath ML 1 through ML 5 road system would be in the range of $20 million 

deferred maintenance and $3 million annual maintenance. While these figures may still appear

high, they are slowly being reduced through a variety of activities that are part of a Forest-wide 

strategy.

FOREST STRATEGY FOR ROAD MAINTENANCE 

Klamath NF line officers regularly make decisions about which roads to maintain or improve, 

and to what standard, in order to protect resources and minimize costs. These maintenance 

decisions, coupled with road projects such as stormproofing, fish passage construction, and 

decommissioning, reduce road maintenance needs and the deferred maintenance backlog. These 

actions are accomplished through carefully targeted maintenance planning, and aggressive 

pursuit of funding opportunities. The Forest has requested and received significant additional 

funding from several sources for road restoration and design projects since 2006. The ongoing 

decommissioning program has resulted in a net loss of road miles over the past decade. These 

actions have reduced annual road maintenance needs, allowing more regular maintenance funds 

to be focused on the deferred maintenance backlog. 

Annual Maintenance

Road managers consider a number of factors in deciding when, where and on what to spend 

annual maintenance funds. Every road does not need or receive maintenance every year, nor is 

every type of maintenance task completed when a road is maintained. There is no expectation, 

either by Forest managers or the public that every mile of every Forest road will be passable 

every year. A description of the Klamath NF transportation system by maintenance level 

follows.
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Maintenance Level 5: These roads are mostly double lane paved that do require care every year 

and significant mission and safety related maintenance every 8 – 10 years. Important to note is 

these roads only make up 1% of the system. An example is the 9 mile segment called Grayback 

located between county roads connecting Happy Camp on Highway 96 to O’Brien on Highway 

199 in Oregon. These roads receive relatively low traffic volumes with significantly fewer log 

trucks than in years past, and most are not driven in winter due to snow cover. This substantially 

reduces maintenance costs as heavy vehicles and winter use greatly accelerate asphalt 

deterioration, and generate increases in safety related costs. By the end of 2009, we will have 

completed major maintenance on more than 23 of 41 miles of level 5 roads by completing full 

depth asphalt patching of bad areas, crack sealing and then double chip sealing with a fog seal. 

Another 6 miles may receive the same treatment if special funding materializes. This will extend 

the pavement life for another 10 years. The remaining 12 miles are in fair to good condition. 

Drainage is fully maintained and sediment run-off is negligible on these roads. 

Maintenance Level 4: These are mostly chipsealed roads with some asphalt sections that also 

require annual care and significant mission and safety related maintenance every 8 – 10 years. 

These roads make up 2% of the system. They generally service campgrounds, major trailheads, 

river accesses and administrative sites. These roads receive low traffic volumes and most are not 

driven in winter due to facility seasonal closures and snow cover. The vast majority of these 

roads have received the critical maintenance necessary to preserve the surfacing. Examples 

include recent chipseals at Tree of Heaven, Juanita Lake and Indian Scotty campgrounds and 

asphalt overlays at several administrative sites. Drainage is fully maintained and sediment runoff is negligible.

Maintenance Level 3: These roads make up 18% of the system and 88% are in-sloped to a 

ditch, which reduces the probability that water will concentrate on the road and erode the 

surface. Most of these roads were aggregate surfaced at one time, but the rock has worn off and 

been pounded into the native material. In many cases, the aggregate surfacing was placed for the 

purpose of withstanding heavy use during logging operations. Since the mid 1990’s, the traffic 

mix has shifted to predominately light administrative use and dispersed recreation. The 

maintenance objectives have shifted to drainage structure cleaning, debris removal, hazard tree 

removal and spot roadside brushing for safety. The road surfaces are generally hard, stable and 

bumpy, but are passable with most passenger cars having reasonable ground clearance. The 

majority of traffic on these roads is pickup trucks or sport utility vehicles, which offer even 

better ground clearance. These roads are graded only as necessary for proper drainage or for 

safety concerns such as severe wash boarding. This not only saves maintenance funds, but 

reduces fresh ground disturbance and reduces surface disturbance and the potential for sediment

generation. We only plan to replace aggregate surfacing where needed for resource protection. 

From a road user perspective, the trip may take a little longer, but given the winding roads, steep 

drop offs, extremely light traffic volumes and beautiful country, this is probably a good thing.

The following summarizes the maintenance level 3 strategy and cost savings:

 Aggregate Surfacing – Applied only as needed for resource protection adjacent to major 

streams or in soft soils or for driver safety. Approximately 200 miles of road could be 
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Klamath National Forest C-9

enhanced through the replenishment of aggregate surfacing, but since there are no 

associated resource problems, the decision has been made to forgo surfacing at this time. 

 Grading/Ditch Cleaning – Conducted as needed to restore surface drainage or abate 

safety hazards. In many areas where the surface is hard and stable, the roadbed would 

need to be ripped in order to loosen enough soil to grade a smooth running surface. This 

ground disturbance could lead to an increase in sediment run-off until the road surface 

stabilizes, so roads with stable surfaces are generally not graded.

 Culverts – Check and clean as needed, with scheduled replacement of those that are 

deteriorated or of inadequate size. National standard for replacement life is 20 years; 

however, inspections indicate that most culverts on the Klamath are 30 – 40 years old and 

still in good condition. Changing culvert lifespan directly affects calculated deferred 

maintenance costs.

 Debris Removal – Accomplished as required on all ML 4 – 5 and most ML 3 roads, but 

generally only as needed for specific projects on ML 2 roads. As an example, in fiscal 

year 2008 only 686 miles of ML 2 roads received maintenance.

 Roadside Brushing – Brushing needs depend on vegetation types and precipitation 

which decreases substantially from west to east across the Forest. The western-most 

roads on the Klamath NF with lower growing vegetation generally have higher brushing 

costs. Brushing is focused on areas with safety concerns (generally sight distance around 

curves). Force account crews assist with spot brushing, which is less expensive and more 

flexible than using contract crews.

Maintenance Level 2: These roads make up 61% of the system. Eighteen percent are in-sloped 

to a ditch; the remaining 82% are either out-sloped or flat. The majority of these roads are only 

maintained as needed to support Forest projects or provide access to lookouts or recreation 

facilities; therefore, many may not see any maintenance for several years. In some cases, roads 

may become impassable due to rocks or down trees. When needed, maintenance activities 

typically consist of debris removal and roadside brushing. The amount of brushing required can 

be substantial, depending on location and the last time it was done. Spot aggregate surfacing is 

only used to stabilize soft areas. By designing a maintenance scheme focused on roads needed 

specifically for project or recreation access, we can effectively utilize our maintenance budget on 

the highest-priority needs.

Maintenance Level 1: These roads make up 18% of the system and only 3% are in-sloped to a 

ditch. Nearly half of the in-sloped roads are located on the Goosenest District where rainfall is 

low and the volcanic soil is porous. Normal practice is to place these roads into self-maintaining 

hydrologic storage using a combination of water bars, rolling dips and pulling culverts. Closure 

device is either a gate or berm. No maintenance is typically performed except to check the 

closure device.
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Change in Operational Maintenance Level

When roads no longer warrant or receive the type of use for which they were designed, the road 

manager may recommend that the road’s maintenance level be reduced. For example, in many 

cases on the Forest, ML 3 roads support little traffic, and may be subject to rocks, woody debris, 

encroaching vegetation and uneven surfaces. Over the past decade a number of ML 3 roads have 

been reduced to ML 2, and drainage function (rather than passenger comfort) has become the 

primary objective. These roads are then prioritized for maintenance with the rest of the ML 2 

roads. Annual maintenance needs are reduced, and the dollar values assigned to these roads as 

part of the deferred maintenance backlog are also reduced.

Stormproofing, Decommissioning & Aquatic Passage

Stormproofing opportunities are evaluated at the watershed level on typically maintenance level 

1 through 3 roads, to reduce the need for drainage maintenance and to prevent catastrophic soil 

loss during significant storm events. Approximately 117 miles of roads in the South Fork 

Salmon, Grider Creek and Elk Creek have been stormproofed using grants and/or special funding 

sources. Stormproofing project design plans are underway in the Indian Creek drainage and 

funds are being sought to start project designs in North Fork Salmon River and Lower Scott 

River watersheds. 

Decommissioning is analyzed at the watershed level through the appropriate project-level 

environmental documentation. It may be as simple as taking a naturally revegetated road with no 

erosion issues off the system, or it may involve major reconstruction to remove culverts and fills, 

followed by aggressive outsloping to restore the original hillside contour to the extent possible. 

Deferred and annual maintenance costs are removed from the transportation system corporate 

database (INFRA) for all decommissioned roads. Over the past decade, the Klamath NF has 

decommissioned 167 miles of NFS roads and 75 miles of unauthorized roads, either uneeded 

roads or those that were causing or could potentially cause resource damage.

Aquatic passage projects have been completed on approximately 23 stream crossings, with a few 

more under construction or waiting for funding. The projects typically replace a culvert with an 

open bottom arch or a bridge that greatly reduces the fill volume in the stream and exceeds the 

100 year storm flow. These projects do more than enhance aquatic habitat – they reduce the 

potential for culvert blockage and subsequent heavy sedimentation from loss of fill. In some 

cases, the old culvert was near the end of its useful life, so the replacement structure reduces 

future maintenance needs.

ADDING ROADS TO THE SYSTEM

A logical question when proposing to add new roads to the transportation system is that of 

affordability. The ongoing efforts described in this paper are aimed at providing a sustainable 

transportation system to meet a range of access needs and protect natural resources. The 

unauthorized roads being proposed for addition to the system under the Travel Management 

FEIS have for years provided access to dispersed recreation opportunities, and connections 

between NFS roads. These routes have not needed nor received Forest Service maintenance, due 
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Klamath National Forest C-11

in large measure to being mostly short lengths located over generally gentle slopes with no 

erosion potential. On-the-ground review of these routes indicates that we would not consider 

conducting maintenance for user access. Expected additional management costs are (1) 

installation of road signs at less than $100 each and (2) entry of data into the corporate INFRA 

database.

SUMMARY

 Management of the Forest road system has changed from an emphasis on commodity 

extraction to resource protection.

 The Klamath NF is working towards the minimum road system to meet agency and 

public uses.

 National maintenance cost models were not intended to be used at the Forest level

 The Forest road management program is focused on safety and resource protection while 

aggressively seeking to leverage maintenance funds through grants and special programs.

 Strategies to reduce annual maintenance costs include:

Prioritizing maintenance of ML 2 roads on project and recreation-related access 

needs; 

Downgrading maintenance levels where possible without compromising user 

needs or resource protection; and

Focusing on watershed level stormproofing and decommissioning to enhance 

resource protection and reduce future maintenance needs.

 Proposed road additions under the Travel Management FEIS will have minimal impact 

on road maintenance program.
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Engineering Analysis

of

Motorized Mixed Use

on

National Forest System Roads

Klamath National Forest

April 2009

Prepared in Consultation With

Lampe Engineering
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Table of Contents

Introduction......................................................................... EA-3

Forest Service Directives and State Laws.................................. EA-4

Methodology........................................................................ EA-7

Klamath NF Background.........................................................EA-12

Attachments: 

1. CVC – California Vehicle Code

2. HSA – Highway Safety Program

3. Terms – Clarification of Terms

4. Current Traffic Volume and Classification Estimates

5. Summary of Engineering Judgment
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Introduction

Engineering analysis, or traffic engineering, is the science of measuring traffic and 

travel, the study of the basic laws relating to traffic flow and generation, and the 

application of this knowledge to the professional practice of planning, designing and 

operating traffic systems to achieve safe and efficient movement of persons and goods. 

(Ref. 1)

Motorized mixed use, as defined by the US Forest Service (FS), is the designation of a 

National Forest System (NFS) road for use by both highway-legal and non-highwaylegal motor vehicles. Examples of highway legal motor vehicles are: passenger cars,

sport utility vehicles, pickups, motor homes, buses, motorcycles, dual-sport motorcycles 

and commercial trucks. Examples of non-highway-legal (OHV) motor vehicles are: 

dual-sport motorcycle, enduro motorcycle, motocross motorcycle, trails motorcycle (dirt 

bikes), sport ATV (all-terrain vehicle), utility ATV (quad) long-wheel base 4WD, short 

wheel base 4WD, rock crawler, dunebuggy/sandrail, utility type vehicle( UTV) and 

snowmobiles.

The FS maintains NFS roads for prudent drivers in standard passenger cars (buses and 

motor homes) or for high-clearance traffic, i.e., all the others listed above. (FSH 

7709.59–25.21 & 25.22 2/09)

Further, the FS defines five (5) levels of maintenance to be applied to all NFS roads 

(FSH 7709.59 62.32 (2/09)

Level 1 Closed to motor vehicle use.

Level 2 High clearance vehicle use.

Level 3 Standard passenger car use with comfort and convenience not a 

priority. Typically low speed with single lane and turnouts.

Level 4 Passenger car with moderate degree of user comfort and 

convenience at moderate travel speeds. Most are 2 lane and 

aggregate running surface.

Level 5 Passenger cars with high degree of user comfort and convenience. 

Normally 2 lane and paved.

The objective of this analysis is to assess the current operating conditions on the 

identified miles of maintenance level (ML) 3 & 4 unpaved NFS roads to address the 

many factors related to motorized mixed use as outlined in EM-7700-30 (12/05).

OHV use is not being proposed on paved (asphalt or chip sealed) NFS roads except on 

two ML 4 roads. 

The first task is to review, understand and apply the FS regulations, directives and state 

laws.
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4

Forest Service Manual (FSM) Forest Service Handbook (FSH) and 

State Vehicle Code Laws

EM-7700-30 (12/05)–Guidelines for Engineering Analysis of Motorized Mixed Use on 

National Forest System Roads is the basic road map for conducting this analysis.

FSM 7700 (1/09) Zero Code, Chapter 10 Travel Planning, Chapter 30 Road Operations 

and Maintenance, FSH 7709.55 (1/09) Chapter 10 Travel Planning for Designations, 

Chapter 30 Engineering Analysis and FSH 7709.59 (2/09) Chapters 10-60 Road 

System Operations and Maintenance Handbook, all dovetail with EM-7700-30(12/05).

The California State Vehicle Code (CVC) and Oregon Revised Statutes (ORS) are the 

major sources of State law pertaining to traffic engineering and are referred to in both 

the FSM and FSH. Relevant sections of the CVC and ORS are covered below; 

however the vast majority of the Forest is located in California and the Forest Service 

Pacific Southwest motorized mixed use guidance is written around the CVC.

CVC Provisions:

There are several CVC Divisions that apply to operator license/certificates, vehicle 

registration, vehicle equipment and training. The key sections are listed in the Appendix 

1 – CVC. For example, Division 16.5, Chapter 7–OHV Safety, Education and 

Certificates provides specific requirements for operators under the age of 18 years. 

And there are three sections in Chapter 1 of Division 16.5 that are causing a lot of 

confusion and concern. The following is from the on-line CVC:

Applicability of Provisions

38001. (a) Except as otherwise provided, this division applies to off-highway motor 

vehicles, as defined in Section 38006, on lands, other than a highway, that are open 

and accessible to the public, including any land acquired, developed, operated, or 

maintained, in whole or in part, with money from the Off-Highway Vehicle Trust Fund, 

except private lands under the immediate control of the owner or his or her agent where 

permission is required and has been granted to operate a motor vehicle. For purposes 

of this division, the term “highway” does not include fire trails, logging roads, service 

roads regardless of surface composition, or other roughly graded trails and roads 

upon which vehicular travel by the public is permitted.

Amended Sec. 37, Ch. 563, Stats. 2002. Effective January 1, 2003.

Operation on Highway

38025. In accordance with subdivision (c) of Section 4000, a motor vehicle issued a 

plate or device pursuant to Section 38160 may be operated or driven upon a highway 

but only as follows:
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5

(a) On a two-lane highway, only to cross the highway at an angle of approximately 90 

degrees to the direction of the roadway and at a place where a quick and safe crossing 

may be made or only when the roadway is not maintained by snow removal equipment

and is closed to motor vehicles that are subject to registration pursuant to Division 3 

(commencing with Section 4000), or only to cross a highway in the manner specified in 

subdivision (b).

Designating Highways: Combined Use

38026. (a) In addition to Section 38025 and after complying with subdivision (c) of this 

section, if a local authority, an agency of the federal government, or the Director of 

Parks and Recreation finds that a highway, or a portion thereof, under the jurisdiction of 

the authority, agency, or the director, as the case may be, is located in a manner that 

provides a connecting link between off-highway motor vehicle trail segments, between 

an off-highway motor vehicle recreational use area and necessary service facilities, or 

between lodging facilities and an off-highway motor vehicle recreational facility and if it 

is found that the highway is designed and constructed so as to safely permit the use of 

regular vehicular traffic and also the driving of off-highway motor vehicles on that 

highway, the local authority, by resolution or ordinance, agency of the federal 

government, or the Director of Parks and Recreation, as the case may be, may 

designate that highway, or portion thereof, for combined use and shall prescribe rules 

and regulations therefore. No highway, or portion thereof, shall be so designated for a 

distance of more than three miles. No freeway shall be designated under this section.

Amended Sect. 39, Ch. 563, Stats. 2002. Effective January 1, 2003

ORS Provisions:

Oregon Revised Statutes (ORS) regulates the use of motor vehicles in Oregon, 

including motor vehicles used on the national forests. Per ORS 821.190, it is unlawful 

to operate a Class III vehicle on a highway, but exemptions are established in 821.200. 

One of these exemptions is “(2) a snowmobile or all-terrain vehicle may be lawfully 

operated upon a highway under any of the following circumstances...(c) Where the 

highway is posted to permit snowmobiles or all-terrain vehicles. ORS 821.200 states 

“The prohibitions and penalties under ORS 821.190 do not apply when a snowmobile or 

all-terrain vehicle that qualifies for the exemption from equipment requirements under 

ORS 821.010...”

The exemption noted above is described in ORS 821.020:

Applicability of off-road vehicle exemption from general equipment requirements. 

(1) This section establishes the areas where the exemption from equipment 

requirements for off-road vehicles described under ORS 821.010 is applicable. The 

exemption applies to any land, road or place within the State of Oregon that meets the 
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Appendix C: Motorized Mixed Use Analysis

6

description in subsection (2) of this section and that is not posted as closed to off-road 

use.

(2) The exemption applies to each of the following lands, roads and places:

(a) Lands that are open to the public.

(b) Roads, other than two-lane gravel roads, that are open to the public.

(c) Paved parking lots adjacent to or on designated off-road vehicle areas, trails

and routes that are open to the public.

(d) Any local two-lane gravel road that is open to the public and that is 

designated by the road authority with jurisdiction over the road as open to offroad vehicles that are described in ORS 821.010. [1983 c.338 §711; 1999 c.565 

§4]

The use of the term “highway” appears in the following FSM‟s and FSH:

FSM 7703.3(1/09) – Jurisdiction Over Forest Transportation Facilities. 2. Transfer of 

Jurisdiction Over a Forest Transportation Facility. Wherever possible, transfer 

jurisdiction over NFS roads and associated forest transportation facilities to the 

appropriate public road authority when the road meets any of the following criteria:

a. More than half the traffic on the road is not related to administration and use of 

NFS lands.

b. The road is necessary for mail, school, or other essential local government 

purposes.

c. The road serves yearlong residents within or adjacent to NFS lands.

FSM 7740.5 (8/2000). Forest Highway. A designated forest road under the jurisdiction 

of, and maintained by, a public authority that is subject to the Highway Safety Act.

FSM 7741.1 – Route Designation. Forest highways are a special classification of forest 

roads. They are specifically designated state or local government roads that meet the 

criteria listed in 23.CFR 660.105. The designation of forest highways is not intended to 

form a “system” of roads. Instead, the purpose of the designation is to identify state and 

local government roads that qualify for construction and reconstruction funding under 

the forest highway program – which is administered by the Federal Highway 

Administration.

FSH 7709.59 Chapter 40 (2/09) – Highway Safety Programs as applied to all NFS 

roads. See Appendix 2 – HSA.

Forest Service Region 5 direction regarding MMU reiterates that roads maintained for 

passenger cars (ML 3 – 5) are highways and do meet the roughly graded exception 

defined in the CVC. Therefore, the operation of non highway legal vehicles on these 

roads must be consistent with state law for “combined use” and/or Forest Service MMU 
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policy. Further, Regional direction states that ATV operators must have state drivers‟ 

licenses to operate on these roads. 

Methodology

Traffic Volume and Classification – The second task of the analysis is to learn the 

actual facts about how much volume and what class of vehicle is traveling on the 

Klamath NFS roads today.

See Appendix 3–Terms, for clarification of engineering terminology. 

In the 1960s and 1970s the FS in California established a traffic surveillance program to 

assist in setting road construction design standards and cost share agreement 

percentages. Machine counts were the predominate method for obtaining data. 

Attempts were made to classify logging traffic from other traffic. The data and 

assumptions made during that period of time is what have generally been carried 

forward over the years.

Since the 1990‟s, the amount of road construction has been reduced to nearly nothing 

and the traffic surveillance program followed suit. As a result of the change in resource 

activities over the last 20 years the volume and class of traffic has changed dramatically 

and is not reflected in the data base (INFRA).

There is no recent statistically sound average daily traffic data or vehicle classification 

information available for the Klamath NF. The data in the transportation records 

generally reflects values used for design prior to the 1990‟s.

We know of one recent traffic volume and classification study done on 72 miles of NFS 

ML 3 and 4 roads by a State Licensed Traffic Engineer. The study protocol was fully 

documented and forwarded to the Washington Office Recreation Staff, National Visitor 

Use Monitoring Group, for evaluation and concurrence. The only change recommended 

was to observe and record the number of people in each vehicle when it passed the 

count station.

The protocol was based upon the guidance published in the ITTE Syllabus (Ref. 1) for 

rural roads. Manual counts were made between 7:00 AM and 7:00 PM on the first 

Sunday and third Wednesday in June, July and August, 2005. Recordings were by 4 

hour blocks of time and distinguished between passenger cars, SUVs, pickups, highway 

legal motorcycles, dirt bikes and quads. No commercial traffic occurred during the 

summer on the involved roads. The protocol statistically measured 85% of total traffic 

flowing.

The observations were made by a group of volunteers under a Volunteer Agreement. 

The work began by holding a training session with all hands to ensure uniformity in data 

collection. The study included local USFS employee participation. This study provided 

a snapshot of what volume and class of traffic was flowing during the summer of 2005 

on 72 miles of ML 3 and 4 NFS roads. 
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Table 1 – Statistical Sample – Summer 2005 Traffic Study on

72 miles Maintenance Level 3 and 4 unpaved NFS roads on the Lassen NF

Count Station

Data

1 3 4 5 9 10 11 12 Ave

ADT–LNF Roads 

Analysis 2006

25 25 25 25 15 40 ? 40 28

ADT Counted in 2005 5.5 18.0 19.2 11.2 5.6 13.9 14.0 7.9 12

Peak Hr (7/3) 5.0 13.8 5.8 3.3 2.3 3.0 8.5 1.5 5.4

Hwy Legal%* 42 95 83 87 83 76 95 85 81%

Non-Hwy Leg.% 58 5 17 13 17 24 5 15 19%

Passen. Car% 11 9 8 10 10 9 19 4 10%

People/veh 1.6 1.9 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.9 1.6 1.65

*Highway Legal – 10% pass. cars, 26% SUVs, 47% Pickups

ADT = Average week end day (2) + Average week day (5)

7

Peak Hour = chose 7/3 between 11AM and 3PM, thus data for 4 hours

Peak Hour = X ÷ 4

Finally – Keep in mind that the ADT volume is for a 24-hour day

So, how much traffic is flowing?

Count Station #1 Roads Analysis ADT = 25 ADT

25 ADT ÷ 24 Hours = 1.04 veh. per hour

Count Station #1 Observed ADT = 5.5 ADT

5.5 ADT ÷ 24 = 0.23 veh. per hour

The Klamath NF does not currently have an active traffic surveillance program. 

Therefore, judgments of engineering staff based on years of field observations have 

been used, guided by the above 2005 traffic study, to estimate the current volume and 

classification of traffic occurring on the NFS roads being evaluated in this analysis.

Appendix 4, lists Klamath NFS roads (or segments) with estimated ADT, estimated 

percentage of highway-legal and non-highway traffic flowing, average speeds and road 

widths. This estimate was prepared by the Forest Engineer, Transportation Planner 

and Roads Operation and Maintenance Engineer in March 2009.

Other Travel Factors – The third task is to assess other travel and roadway factors that 

may have an effect on the probability of a crash between highway-legal and nonhighway-legal motor vehicles if they are permitted to co-exist on a road.
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Speed – There is a design speed and there is an average speed that a prudent driver 

can travel the road under its current conditions. “The average speed method is a 

driving technique by which the driver is to travel at a speed that, in his/her opinion, is 

representative of the speed of all traffic at the time. Tests of this method have shown 

excellent correlation with actual travel time. (Ref. 1)

Road Surface – Surface conditions affect how fast a prudent driver can safely drive and 

stop. All roads in this study are unpaved, i.e., native, pit-run, rock aggregate or cinders. 

Stopping sight distances listed below are for these unpaved conditions and are 

compatible with guidance given in FSH 7709.56 4.25 (5/87).

 Safe Stopping Sight Distance–Gravel Surface

MPH Distance in Feet

10 70

15 120

20 150

25 190

30 215

35 280

40 290

Intersecting Roads/Trails – The key factor here is stopping sight distance for all 

operators. Normal conditions are that the main (major) road will have right-of-way and 

the operator making the turn movement has the greater responsibility. The physical 

“lay-of-the-land” and sight distance affect the judgment call to require traffic control at an 

intersection. The general rule on the Klamath NF is to not provide intersection controls 

where an unpaved road meets another unpaved road. There may be exceptions to this. 

When an unpaved road meets a paved road, then intersection control is generally 

required. Control is generally by use of a yield sign or stop sign.

Roadway Alignment, Visibility and Sight Distance – Can be measured by checking the 

stopping sight distance (see above).

Climate conditions – Not a major factor for the Klamath NFS roads. Mixed use 

generally occurs in the summer months when the weather is clear and warm. Drivers 

have the responsibility to slow down to avoid dust from other vehicles. In the fall, when 

rain is possible, you will see hunters out in pickups or quads. Quads are becoming the 

preferred method of poking around on the roads during the hunting season.

Single lane with turnouts – This is the general case for Klamath NFS roads. And those 

roads constructed via timber sales also have curve widening for log truck trailer tracking 

and an extra full lane width on curves to allow two logging/chip trucks to pass.

The typical design standards used during the development days were for a travel way 

width of 12 or 14 feet, plus 2-4 feet of curve widening on the inside of a curve and an 
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additional 10 foot wide passing zone/turnout on the outside of most curves. Turnouts 

were generally designed to be intervisible.

Most passenger cars, SUVs and pickups are about 7 feet wide. Most OHV‟s 

encountered are less than 50 inches wide–say 4 feet–thus there is room to safely pass.

An observation from driving these roads is that almost always opposing drivers slow 

down to pass, in particular the folks on quads. There is that 2-5% that does not drive 

safely and in particular those that are working out there. They are using the road to get 

to and from work and tend to over drive a safe speed, including USFS drivers.

Crash Probability – The following assumptions and benchmarks will be used to assess 

the risk of a crash happening: It is assumed that all operators have met California 

Vehicle Code requirements for having and maintaining their vehicle and have obtained 

required safety training and certifications to operate legally, that parents are responsibly 

looking after their minor operators, and all drivers are operating prudently.

Assessing High Probability and Low Probability for a crash:

Indicator Benchmark Ranking

High Low

Crash History (5 year period) >4/site 0

Average Daily Traffic (ADT) >150* 30 or less*

Prudent Driver Average Speed (MPH) >40** 25 or less**

Intersections with Sight problems >5 0

Visibility, Alignment, Stopping

Sight Distance not met (sites) many >10/mile few <4/mile

Travel Way width (feet) <10 14 or more

* Used by R3, & 6. R4 & R8 used 100 ADT or less for low probability

** In FSH 7709.55.32 (2/09)

Crash Severity –

1. Roadside Conditions

a. Downhill slopes – the steeper the slope the greater damage will be done in the 

event of a run off the road crash. A major portion of the Klamath NFS roads are 

in steep country. The operators know this and drive accordingly. The 

topography is visible. Also, FSH, 7709.59.41.4 (2/09) states that for NFS roads 

with an ADT of 400 or less, it is generally not appropriate to make special 

provisions for roadside design features, such as clear zones and barriers, 

intended to minimize the consequences of run off the road accidents.
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b. Hazards – large, unyielding features adjacent to the road such as trees, bridge 

abutments, cattle guards, boulders, culvert drop inlets, drainage dips on curves, 

shoulder slough due to short culverts or grade lowering.

2. Speed – The road‟s surface condition plays a major part in how fast people will drive. 

Today, most travelers are out to enjoy the ride and road surfaces are rough, which 

keeps the speed down.

3. Traffic Class – A variety of different sized vehicles will tend to cause the severity to 

increase.

Assessing Crash Severity – The following assumptions and benchmarks will be used 

to assess the severity of a crash causing personal injury and property damage.

It is assumed that a temporary forest order will be issued for a road during times of 

commercial activity to prohibit non-highway-legal vehicles in accordance with FSH 

7709.59.23 (2/09).

Proposed High Probability and Low Probability of a severe crash causing severe 

damage:

Indicator Benchmark Ranking

High Low

Prudent Driver Average Speed (MPH) >40* 25 or less*

Clearance from Hazards Little or None Adequate

Alignment & Sight Distance Poor Adequate

Roadway Gradient >12% <12%

Multi-passenger vehicles Buses Cars, PU

Motor homes SUV

*In FSH 7709.55.32 (2/09)

Most operators on the Klamath NFS roads live in or very near the Forest and, therefore, 

are considered to be familiar with driving conditions. All operators are assumed to be 

legal per the license and safety certificate requirements of the state.

Crash History – There are no records or knowledge of mixed use crashes on ML 3-5 

roads according to R5 mixed use accident data over the past 15 years. Reporting 

procedures are being established to provide information for future mixed use decision 

making, with emphasis on the official cause of the crash if roadway related.
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Klamath NF Background

Transportation History – Homesteading and mining began in the 1800s, followed by 

logging, grazing and fire suppression. These activities generated the need for vehicle 

travel, thus the majority of roads that exist today were developed.

During the period of major timber harvesting, 1950s to 1980s, roads were designed and 

constructed to serve the efficient extraction of timber. The roads also provided access 

for all forms of recreation, including driving for pleasure. The designs were done to 

accommodate the large logging trucks and the volume of daily traffic that was 

generated. The roads were generally 12-14 feet wide with intervisible turnouts so that 

logging trucks could pass each other. Further, the Region had a traffic surveillance 

(counting) program to understand how much traffic was actually flowing, when and 

where. The ADT data that is in the INFRA corporate database today is based largely 

upon the data collected in the 1970s and „80s and needs to be revised.

With the major change in resource activities in the 1990s, traffic flow on the NFS roads 

has changed significantly. Funding for the operation and maintenance of the existing 

system has also been reduced. As a result, factual knowledge of the type and volume 

of traffic has not been updated or collected. Instead, emphasis has been given to 

drainage maintenance and higher clearance vehicle access.

Mixed Use Traffic and Public Safety: The Klamath has a long history of light density 

MMU with no recorded accidents resulting from the interaction of highway and non 

highway legal vehicles. Our non highway legal vehicle user groups are predominately 

local residents that use utility type ATV‟s that are built for power rather than speed. 

They typically ride our road system to hunt or sight see rather than race as you may see 

on forests near large urban centers.

The landscape is rugged, particularly on the west side of Interstate Highway 5, and this 

affords many excellent observation points to enjoy the scenery. Because the existing 

roads were constructed for logging, they are fairly wide and have reasonable stopping 

sight distance and intervisible turnouts. Furthermore, the roadway surface has worn 

down to where it is impractical to maintain the surface in a smooth condition, thus travel 

speeds are generally slow, between 10 and 20 miles per hour.

User safety is further enhanced by the fact that the recent estimated traffic volume on 

any given road is in the range of less than 1 to at most 15 vehicles per day. At 15 

vehicles in a 15 hour driving day, statistically that is one vehicle every 1 hour.

Consistency with State and Local Law – During public workshops on Travel 

Management recently held throughout Siskiyou County, it became apparent that many 

OHV users were not aware of 1) the difference between ML 2, ML 3 and some ML 4

roads, 2) the Forest Service interpretation of the CVC regarding ML 3 roads as 

highways and 3) the associated vehicle restrictions. Their frame of reference is 
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Appendix C: Motorized Mixed Use Analysis

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focused on the road surface - whether the road is paved or gravel/dirt. OHV users 

agreed that paved roads were not open to OHV‟s, but thought unpaved roads were 

legal to use. Together with observations by Forest Service employees, it is clear that

OHV use is occurring on ML3 and ML 4 roads, not because it is sanctioned by the 

Forest Service, but rather public misperception and historical practices on a large 

remote road system. An important aspect of implementing any alternative and 

publishing the Motor Vehicle Use Map will be educating the public on when and where 

use of non-highway legal vehicles is allowed. 

Regional Forester Order No. 08-01 pertaining to Division 16.5 of the California Vehicle 

Code provides the authority for NF Law Enforcement Officer's to contact operators and 

check for safety certificates as well as registrations, helmets, spark arresters, brakes 

and to provide information and education.

Summary

The background presented above provides the context used for assessing the safety of 

motorized mixed use on the individual roads in this analysis.

References

1. Fundamentals of Traffic Engineering – 6

th Edition – Syllabus, Institute of 

Transportation and Traffic Engineering (ITTE), University of California, Berkeley, CA 

1966.

2. Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways (MUTCD), 

Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), 2003 Edition.

3. Guide for Traffic Volume Counting Manual, Bureau of Public Roads (now FHWA), 2nd

Edition, 1965.

4. Forest Service Manual and Handbook (FSM 7700 & FSH 7709.59)
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Attachment 1 – CVC 

California Vehicle Code (CVC) Liability and Licensing Requirement

Following are brief excerpts from the on-line code:

Division 6 – Driver‟s Licenses (Highway Legal)

CVC 12500. (a) A person may not drive a motor vehicle upon a highway, unless the 

person then holds a valid driver‟s license under this code.

CVC 12501. The following persons are not required to obtain a driver‟s license:

(c) Any person driving or operating an off-highway motor vehicle subject to identification, 

as defined in Section 38012, while driving or operating such motor vehicle as provided in 

Section 38025.

38012 – Motorcycle or motor driven cycle, snowmobile, sand buggy, dune buggy, 

all-terrain vehicle or Jeep. (green or red sticker)

38025 – to cross a two-lane highway.

CVC 12512. Except as provided in Sections 12513, 12514 and 12814.6, no license to 

drive shall be issued to a person under the age of 18 years.

12513 – Junior permit for 14-18 when for school purpose or public transportation 

more than one mile away.

12514 – Junior permit duration

12814.6 – Provisional license for minor under direct supervision of 25 year old 

licensed driver or parent.

Class M1 Licenses. To operate any 2-wheel motorcycle or motor driven cycle.

NOTE – The DMV will not issue a license to operate a 2-wheel motorized vehicle to 

anyone under 21 years of age unless that person has completed a CHP approved 

motorcycle rider training program certified on the Certificate of Completion of Motorcycle 

Trailing (DL 389).

OHV – See Division 16.5 Chapter 7 below. (Non-Highway-Legal)

Division 7 – Financial Responsibility Laws

Reportable Off-Highway Accident

16000.0 (a) For purposes of this division, a “reportable off-highway accident” means an 

accident which includes all of the following:
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(1) Occurs off the street or highway.

(2) Involves a vehicle that is subject to registration under this code.

(3) Results in damages to the property of any one person in excess of seven hundred 

fifty dollars ($750) or in bodily injury or in the death of any person.

(b) A “reportable off-highway accident” does not include any accident which occurs offhighway in which damage occurs only to the property of the driver or owner of the motor 

vehicle and no bodily injury or death of a person occurs.

Evidence of Financial Responsibility

CVC 16020. (a) Every driver and every operator of a motor vehicle shall at all times be 

able to establish financial responsibility pursuant to Section 16021, and shall at all times 

carry in the vehicle evidence of the form of financial responsibility in effect for the 

vehicle.

Establishing Financial Responsibility

CVC 16021. Financial responsibility of the driver or owner is established if the driver or 

owner of the vehicle involved in an accident described in Section 16000 is:

b) An insured or obligee under a form of insurance or bond which complies with 

the requirements of this division and which covers the driver for the vehicle 

involved in the accident.

Division 9 – Civil Liability of Owners and Operators of Vehicles

Article 2. Liability of Private Owners

17150. Every owner of a motor vehicle is liable and responsible for death or 

injury to person or property resulting from a negligent or wrongful act or omission 

in the operation of the motor vehicle, in the business of the owner or otherwise, 

by any person using or operating the same with the permission, express or 

implied, of the owner. 

Division 16.5 Off-Highway Vehicles

Vehicle License

CVC 38012. (a) As used in this division, “off-highway motor vehicle subject to 

identification”* means a motor vehicle subject to the provisions of subdivision (a) 

of Section 38010.

(b) As used in this division, “off-highway motor vehicle” includes, but is not limited 

to, the following:

(1) Any motorcycle or motor-driver cycle, except for any motorcycle which 

is eligible for a special transportation identification device issued pursuant 

to Section 38088. (Motorcycle used in racing events).

(2) Any snowmobile or other vehicle designed to travel over snow or ice, 

as defined in Section 557.
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Appendix C: Motorized Mixed Use Analysis

16

(3) Any motor vehicle commonly referred to as a sand buggy, dune 

buggy, or all-terrain vehicle.

(4) Any motor vehicle commonly referred to as a jeep (that is not highway 

legal).

*Identification refers to registration with DMV and evidenced by a green or red 

sticker–date sensitive.

Vehicle Equipment

CVC 38335 & 38345 – Headlights and taillights when operating from one-half 

hour after sunset to one-half hour before sunrise.

CVC 38355 – Serviceable brakes.

CVC 38366 – Spark Arrester

CVC 38370 – Noise Limits

Division 16.5 Chapter 7 OHV Safety, education and certificates

CVC 38007. The Off-Highway Motor Vehicle Recreation Division of the Department of 

Parks and Recreation shall adopt courses of instruction in off-highway motor vehicle 

safety, operation, and principles of environmental preservation by January 1, 2005. For 

this purpose the division shall consult with the Department of the California Highway 

Patrol and other public and private agencies or organizations. The division shall make 

this course of instruction available directly, through contractual agreement, or through 

volunteers authorized by the division to conduct a course of instruction.

CVC 38501. (a) An all-terrain vehicle safety training organization, commencing on 

January 1, 1989, shall issue an all-terrain vehicle safety certificate furnished by the 

department to any individual who successfully completes a course of instruction in allterrain vehicle operation and safety as approved and certified by the Off-highway Vehicle 

Safety Education Committee.

CVC 38502. The department, on and after July 1, 1988, may monitor any all-terrain 

vehicle safety training organization or any all-terrain vehicle safety instructor without 

advance notice. The monitoring may include, but is not limited to, the instruction 

provided, business practices, and records required by Section 11108.

CVC 38503. No person under the age of 18 years, on and after January 1, 1990, shall 

operate an all-terrain vehicle on public lands of this state unless the person satisfies one 

of the following conditions:

(a) The person is taking a prescribed safety training course under the direct 

supervision of a certified all-terrain vehicle safety instructor.

(b) The person is under the direct supervision of an adult who has in their 

possession an appropriate safety certificate issued by this state, or issued under 

the authority of another state.
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(c) The person has in possession an appropriate safety certificate issued by this 

state or issued under the authority of another state.

CVC 38504. No person under 14 years of age, on and after January 1, 1990, shall 

operate an all-terrain vehicle on public lands of this state unless the person satisfies one 

of the conditions set forth in Section 38503 and, in addition, is accompanied by and 

under the direct supervision of a parent or guardian or is accompanied by and under the 

direct supervision of an adult who is authorized by the parent or guardian.

CVC 38504.1 (a). Neither a parent or guardian of a child who is under 14 years of age, 

nor an adult who is authorized by the parent or guardian to supervise that child shall 

grant permission to, or knowingly allow, that child to operate an all-terrain vehicle in a 

manner that violates Section 38504.

CVC 38504.2. If a person under 14 years of age was not properly supervised or 

accompanied in accordance with Section 38504, and the parent or guardian of that child 

or the adult who was authorized by the parent or guardian to supervise or accompany 

that child is in violation of Section 38504.1, upon conviction pursuant to Section 38504, 

the court may order that child to attend and complete the all-terrain vehicle safety 

training course accompanied by the person who violated Section 38504.1. If so ordered, 

the child under 14 years of age shall provide the court a copy of the all-terrain vehicles 

safety certificate issued as a result of that completion.

CVC 38505. No person, on and after January 1, 1989, shall operate, ride, or be 

otherwise propelled on an all-terrain vehicle on public lands unless the person wears a 

safety helmet meeting requirements established for motorcycles and motorized bicycles, 

pursuant to Section 27802.

CVC 38305. 38314, 38316a, 38317. Operators may not drive a motor vehicle in a 

manner that endangers the safety of other persons or their property.

CVC 38319. No person shall operate, nor shall an owner permit the operation of, an offhighway motor vehicle in a manner likely to cause malicious or unnecessary damage to 

the land, wildlife, and wildlife habitat or vegetation resources.
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Appendix C: Motorized Mixed Use Analysis

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Attachment 2 – HSA 

Highway Safety Program – FSH 7709.59.40 (2/09)

40.3 – Policy

 Safety is the predominant consideration in road operation and maintenance and takes 

priority over biological and other considerations.

 Roadways must be managed for safe passage by road users.

 Identification of danger trees must be performed by qualified persons.

 When high priority hazards to road users are identified on NFS roads and those hazards 

cannot be immediately mitigated, the roads must be closed.

41 – Highway Safety Program Components

41.1 – Traffic Engineering Services

1. Engineering skills

2. Engineering principles and road safety audits

3. Establish a traffic control device plan

41.2 – Identification, Investigation, and Surveillance of Accident (Crash) Locations

41.3 – Design and Construction

1. Design Standards – for construction and reconstruction of NFS roads

2. Temporary Traffic Control at Construction Sites – requires compliance with MUTCD 

in construction zones on roads open to public travel.

41.4 – Roadside Design

On NFS roads with 400 ADT or less, it is generally not appropriate to make special 

provision for roadside design features, such as clear zones and barriers, intended to 

minimize the consequences of run off the road accidents.

41.5 – Highway–Rail Grade Crossings

Sign all railroad grade crossings in accordance with the MUTCD

41.6 – Roadway Maintenance

Maintain roadway and roadsides for movement of traffic commensurate with the annual 

operational maintenance level assigned to the road.
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41.7 – Hazard Identification and Correction

1. General – use common sense and engineering judgment to determine safety 

deficiencies and the priority for corrective action.

2. Danger Trees

41.8 – Incident Management

Temporary traffic control measures during incident management activities must comply 

with the MUTCD, Part 6.

41.9 – Forest Service Employees and Forest Service-Owned Equipment.

Requirements are found in FSH 6709.11 Health and Safety Code Handbook, Chapter 10 

and the Drivers-Operators Guide, EM-7130-2.
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Appendix C: Motorized Mixed Use Analysis

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Attachment 3 – Terms 

Clarification of Terms

Combined Use – This is a State of California term defined in CVC 38026 to provide for OHV‟s to 

legally use up to 3 miles of highway. The California Highway Patrol has clarified, via their 

December 19, 2007 letter to the Regional Forester of the Pacific Southwest Region (California) 

of the U. S. Forest Service, that unpaved USFS roads are not considered highways. 

Mixed Use – This is a U.S. Forest Service term most recently defined in their “Guidelines for 

Engineering Analysis of Motorized Mixed Use on National Forest System Roads” (EM7700-30, December 2005). The Guide‟s Glossary, page 10, defines Motorized Mixed 

Use as “Designation of a NFS road for use by both highway-legal and non-highway legal 

motor vehicles”.

 Shared Use – This is a term and standard warning sign listed in the 2003 edition of the “Manual 

of Uniform Traffic Control Devices” published by the Federal Highway Administration.

CalTrans and other road management agencies, including the Forest Service, may use 

these signs to warn the traveling public about what they may encounter along the 

highway or road where posted. This sign does serve to put the traveling public on notice 

that they may encounter a bicycle, horse, ATV, etc.

The terms traffic volume, traffic flow, average daily traffic (ADT), and vehicle classification are 

used throughout the FSM and FSH directives and guidance, but they are not defined.

The following are definitions for the above terms and some others as used in this analysis:

Average Day – a day representing traffic volumes normally and repeatedly found at a 

location. When volumes are primarily influenced by employment, the average day is 

typically a week day. When volumes are primarily influenced by entertainment or 

recreation, the average day is typically a weekend day. (Ref. 2)

Average Daily Traffic (ADT) – the average number of vehicles passing a particular point 

on the road during a specified period of time. (Ref. 3)

Average daily traffic is calculated by averaging the recorded weekday and weekend day 

traffic for the time period. (Ref. 3)

Average Daily Traffic (ADT) or Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT) in vehicles per day 

is used for: (Ref 1)

a) Measuring the present demand for service by the road.

b) Evaluating the present traffic flow with respect to the road system.

c) Developing (or identifying) the major or arterial road system.

d) Locating areas where new facilities or improvements to existing facilities are 

needed. 
Motorized Travel Management Final Environmental Impact Statement

Appendix C: Motorized Mixed Use Analysis

21

Counting Periods – The length of time that a specific location should be counted is 

dependent upon the data desired and the application in which the data are to be used. 

(Ref. 1)

1. Some of the more commonly used intervals are:

a. Weekends between 6PM Friday to 6AM Monday

b. 24–hour counts

c. 16–hour counts usually from 6AM to 10PM

d. 12–hour counts usually from 7AM to 7PM to cover most daytime 

traffic movements.

e. Peak-period counts, i.e., commute times

Counting Programs – The establishment of scheduled periodic volume counts is 

necessary if accurate information concerning the use of roads is to be maintained. (Ref. 

1)

1. Rural Counting Programs

2. Urban Count Programs

3. California Statewide Counting Program

Counting Techniques – The data required usually determines the method to be used in 

obtaining the counts. (Ref. 1)

1. Machine Counts

2. Manual Counts

3. Moving Vehicle Method

Traffic – pedestrians, bicyclists, ridden or herded animals, vehicles, streetcars, and other 

conveyances either singularly or together while using any highway for purposes of travel. 

(Ref. 2)

Traffic Counter – a person or a machine that keeps track of the traffic that passes a 

counting site in a specified period of time.

Traffic Service Level – A description of the road‟s significant traffic characteristics and 

operating conditions:

Code Description

 A – Free flowing, mixed traffic; stable, smooth surface.

Provides safe service to all traffic.

 B – Congested during heavy traffic, slower speeds and periodic dust;

accommodates any legal-size load or vehicle.

 C – Interrupted traffic flow, limited passing facilities, may not accommodate 

some vehicles. Low design speeds. Unstable surface under certain 

traffic or weather.

 D – Traffic flow is slow and may be blocked by management activities. Twoway traffic is difficult, backing may be required. Rough and irregular 

surface. Travel with low clearance vehicles is difficult. Single purpose facility.
22

Volume Studies – The type of data collected in a specific volume study depends upon 

the application in which the information is to be used. (Ref. 1)

1. Street (Road) Counts

2. Direction Counts

3. Turning Movement/Intersection Counts

4. Classification Counts

5. Occupancy Counts

Volume Characteristics – Traffic volumes tend to have general characteristics depending 

upon certain variables present. (Ref. 1)

1. Variables

a) Type of road – Rural or Urban

b) Type of use – recreational, commercial

c) Composition of traffic – proportion autos, pickups, buses, or (OHV)

2. Rural Characteristics

a) A recreational route with high summer traffic and a high Sunday peak.

b) A general purpose interstate route

c) A farm service route
Motorized Travel Management Final Environmental Impact Statement

Appendix C: Motorized Mixed Use Analysis

23

Attachment 4 – Current Traffic Volume and Classification Estimates

District Road Number INFRA ADT Est. ADT Ave Speed Rd Width 

 51 12 20/5/10 10 20 22 

 51 46N42 5 5 20 20

 51 46N50 5 10 18 17

 52 15N19 20 5 15 16

 52 45N19 10/20 5 14 16

 52 46N03 30 5 20 18

 54 39 5 5 20 18 

 54 39N23 5 10 15 18

 54 39N41 5 10 15 18

 54 39N60 1 10 15 17

 55 40N08 1/5/5 5 20 18

 55 41N08 10 10 25 18

 57 6 25 10 20 17

 57 43N69 10/25 5 10 16

 57 46N09 25 15 15 17

 58 13N11 10/30 5 15 16

 58 14N01 30 5 20 16

 58 15N17 10/30 5 15 16

The collaborative judgment of the Forest Engineering Staff is that the general traffic on 

the Klamath is made up of 90% high-clearance vehicles, 2% passenger cars, 6% quads 

and 2% dirt bikes. OHV use has been observed over time on all of these roads. These 

percentages do not reflect sporadic commercial use of the road.

The average speed listed is the speed recorded when driving the road now. And the 

road widths listed represent the measured width over most of the road‟s length. There 

are minor variations of these numbers; however, they are evident when driving the road.
24

Attachment 5 - Documentation of Engineering Judgment: Analysis of Roads For 

Motorized Mixed Use Designation

Forest: Klamath District: 51 Oak Knoll

The following roads or segments are included in this engineering judgment:

Road Name Road No BMP EMP Ob ML Op ML Maint. by Jurisd.

Siskiyou Divide 20 0.35 13.44 3 3 FS FS

Siskiyou Summit 40S01 0.00 9.54 3 3 FS FS

Beaver Grouse 40S15 3.40 9.80 3 3 FS FS

Long John 40S16 0.00 7.23 3 3 FS FS

High CCC 45N28 19.98 21.49 2 3 FS FS

White Cloud 47N69 0.00 4.17 3 3 FS FS

The Forest Engineer, Transportation Planner and Roads Operations and Maintenance Engineer 

collaborated their judgment to assign traffic volume and vehicle classification. The collective 

judgment is that traffic flow ranges between 5 ADT and 15 ADT and composition is 

approximately 90% high-clearance vehicles, 2% passenger cars, and 8% OHV‟s at this time.

All of the roads listed above were constructed more than 20 years ago with the main reason for 

level 3 status being high volume commercial haul. The only maintenance required in recent 

years has been culvert cleaning, tree or rock hazard removal and brushing if required for 

intermittent commercial use. The existing running surface is hard, stable and generally weather 

resistant. Grading is typically not needed for resource protection and would actually be 

counterproductive due to the existing hard and/or stable surface. The roads or road segments 

located in California specifically meet the CVC 38001 exemption for non-highway legal vehicles 

in two ways. First, they began existence as logging roads and second, are considered roughly 

graded today, i.e., rough with lots of embedded rocks showing. The road or road segments 

located in Oregon meet the exemptions listed in ORS 821.020.

All of these roads have had some OHV (green sticker) vehicle use over the years and there are 

no records or knowledge of crashes between highway-legal and non-highway-legal motor 

vehicles. Therefore, per FSH 7709.55.30.3 (1/09) No. 5, all of these roads are recommended 

for mixed use and reducing the operational maintenance level to 2.

Prepared by: _________________________ Date: _________

Lampe Engineering

Approved by: ________________________ Date: _________

Qualified Engineer
Motorized Travel Management Final Environmental Impact Statement

Appendix C: Motorized Mixed Use Analysis

25

Forest: Klamath District: 52 Happy Camp

The following roads or segments are included in this engineering judgment:

Road Name Road No BMP EMP Ob ML Op ML Maint. by Jurisd.

Bishop 15N13 9.95 13.04 3 3 FS FS

Doolittle 17N11 2.3 9.9 3 3 FS FS

Benjamin Creek 17N16 0.0 16.56 3 3 FS FS

Fryingpan Ridge 45N85 0.0 4.44 2 3 FS FS

The Forest Engineer, Transportation Planner and Roads Operations and Maintenance Engineer 

collaborated their judgment to assign traffic volume and vehicle classification. The collective 

judgment is that traffic flow ranges between 5 ADT and 15 ADT and composition is 

approximately 90% high-clearance vehicles, 2% passenger cars, and 8% OHV‟s at this time.

All of the roads listed above were constructed more than 20 years ago with the main reason for 

level 3 status being high volume commercial haul. The only maintenance required in recent 

years has been culvert cleaning, tree or rock hazard removal and brushing if required for 

intermittent commercial use. The existing running surface is hard, stable and generally weather 

resistant. Grading is typically not needed for resource protection and would actually be 

counterproductive due to the existing hard and/or stable surface. The roads or road segments 

located in California specifically meet the CVC 38001 exemption for non-highway legal vehicles 

in two ways. First, they began existence as logging roads and second, are considered roughly 

graded today, i.e., rough with lots of embedded rocks showing. 

All of these roads have had some OHV (green sticker) vehicle use over the years and there are 

no records or knowledge of crashes between highway-legal and non-highway-legal motor 

vehicles. Therefore, per FSH 7709.55.30.3 (1/09) No. 5, all of these roads are recommended 

for mixed use and reducing the operational maintenance level to 2.

Prepared by: _________________________ Date: _________

Lampe Engineering

Approved by: ________________________ Date: _________

Qualified Engineer
26

Forest: Klamath District: 54 Salmon River

The following roads or segments are included in this engineering judgment:

Road Name Road No BMP EMP Ob ML Op ML Maint. by Jurisd.

High Point 10N04 0.00 18.69 3 3 FS FS

Cecil Point 38N27 0.15 10.01 3/2 3 FS C/FS

The Forest Engineer, Transportation Planner and Roads Operations and Maintenance Engineer 

collaborated their judgment to assign traffic volume and vehicle classification. The collective 

judgment is that traffic flow ranges between 5 ADT and 15 ADT and composition is 

approximately 90% high-clearance vehicles, 2% passenger cars, and 8% OHV‟s at this time.

All of the roads listed above were constructed more than 20 years ago with the main reason for 

level 3 status being high volume commercial haul. The only maintenance required in recent 

years has been culvert cleaning, tree or rock hazard removal and brushing if required for 

intermittent commercial use. The existing running surface is hard, stable and generally weather 

resistant. Grading is typically not needed for resource protection and would actually be 

counterproductive due to the existing hard and/or stable surface. The roads or road segments 

located in California specifically meet the CVC 38001 exemption for non-highway legal vehicles 

in two ways. First, they began existence as logging roads and second, are considered roughly 

graded today, i.e., rough with lots of embedded rocks showing. 

All of these roads have had some OHV (green sticker) vehicle use over the years and there are 

no records or knowledge of crashes between highway-legal and non-highway-legal motor 

vehicles. Therefore, per FSH 7709.55.30.3 (1/09) No. 5, all of these roads are recommended 

for mixed use and reducing the operational maintenance level to 2.

Prepared by: _________________________ Date: _________

Lampe Engineering

Approved by: ________________________ Date: _________

Qualified Engineer
Motorized Travel Management Final Environmental Impact Statement

Appendix C: Motorized Mixed Use Analysis

27

Forest: Klamath District: 55 Scott River

The following roads or segments are included in this engineering judgment:

Road Name Road No BMP EMP Ob ML Op ML Maint. by Jurisd.

Tom Walker 46N64 24.12 30.78 3 3 FS FS

The Forest Engineer, Transportation Planner and Roads Operations and Maintenance Engineer 

collaborated their judgment to assign traffic volume and vehicle classification. The collective 

judgment is that traffic flow ranges between 5 ADT and 15 ADT and composition is 

approximately 90% high-clearance vehicles, 2% passenger cars, and 8% OHV‟s at this time.

All of the roads listed above were constructed more than 20 years ago with the main reason for 

level 3 status being high volume commercial haul. The only maintenance required in recent 

years has been culvert cleaning, tree or rock hazard removal and brushing if required for 

intermittent commercial use. The existing running surface is hard, stable and generally weather 

resistant. Grading is typically not needed for resource protection and would actually be 

counterproductive due to the existing hard and/or stable surface. The roads or road segments 

located in California specifically meet the CVC 38001 exemption for non-highway legal vehicles 

in two ways. First, they began existence as logging roads and second, are considered roughly 

graded today, i.e., rough with lots of embedded rocks showing. 

All of these roads have had some OHV (green sticker) vehicle use over the years and there are 

no records or knowledge of crashes between highway-legal and non-highway-legal motor 

vehicles. Therefore, per FSH 7709.55.30.3 (1/09) No. 5, all of these roads are recommended 

for mixed use and reducing the operational maintenance level to 2.

Prepared by: _________________________ Date: _________

Lampe Engineering

Approved by: ________________________ Date: _________

Qualified Engineer
28

Forest: Klamath District: 57 Goosenest

The following roads or segments are included in this engineering judgment:

Road Name Road No BMP EMP Ob ML Op ML Maint. by Jurisd.

Baird Spring 43N02 1.83 3.73 2 3 FS FS

Little Horse 43N03 2.22 4.36 2 3 FS FS

Lost Springs 43N37 0.00 0.71 3 3 FS FS

South Deer Tie 43N69 0.00

4.42

1.50

5.60

2 3 FS FS

Badger Loop 44N03 0.00 8.82 3 3 FS FS

Deer Mtn 44N23 7.94 12.87 3 3 FS FS

Old Highway 44N25 1.59

4.90

1.90

5.30

3 3 FS FS

Cold Bottle Spring 46N09 0.00 2.12 3 3 FS FS

Poison Springs 47N05 2.80 5.14 3 3 FS FS

Steep Trail 47N13 0.00 8.90 3 3 FS FS

The Forest Engineer, Transportation Planner and Roads Operations and Maintenance Engineer 

collaborated their judgment to assign traffic volume and vehicle classification. The collective 

judgment is that traffic flow ranges between 5 ADT and 15 ADT and composition is 

approximately 90% high-clearance vehicles, 2% passenger cars, and 8% OHV‟s at this time.

All of the roads listed above were constructed more than 20 years ago with the main reason for 

level 3 status being high volume commercial haul. The only maintenance required in recent 

years has been culvert cleaning, tree or rock hazard removal and brushing if required for 

intermittent commercial use. The existing running surface is hard, stable and generally weather 

resistant. Grading is typically not needed for resource protection and would actually be 

counterproductive due to the existing hard and/or stable surface. The roads or road segments 

located in California specifically meet the CVC 38001 exemption for non-highway legal vehicles 

in two ways. First, they began existence as logging roads and second, are considered roughly 

graded today, i.e., rough with lots of embedded rocks showing. 

All of these roads have had some OHV (green sticker) vehicle use over the years and there are 

no records or knowledge of crashes between highway-legal and non-highway-legal motor 

vehicles. Therefore, per FSH 7709.55.30.3 (1/09) No. 5, all of these roads are recommended 

for mixed use and reducing the operational maintenance level to 2.

Prepared by: _________________________ Date: 

Lampe Engineering

Approved by: ________________________ Date: 

 Qualified Engineer