National Park Service 

U.S. Department of the Interior 

Natural Resource Program Center 

Live-specimen Key for the Mammals of 

Southeast Coast Network Parks

Natural Resource Report NPS/SECN/NRR—2009/122 
ON THE COVER 

Black bear (Ursus americanus) in central Georgia. 

Photograph courtesy of B. Bond, Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Live-specimen Key for the Mammals of 

Southeast Coast Network Parks

Natural Resource Report NPS/SECN/NRR—2009/122 

Michael W. Byrne 

National Park Service 

Southeast Coast Inventory and Monitoring Network 

Cumberland Island National Seashore, PO Box 806 

Saint Marys, GA 31558 

and 

Danielle M. Lagana 

National Park Service 

Southeast Coast Inventory and Monitoring Network 

Cumberland Island National Seashore, PO Box 806 

Saint Marys, GA 31558 

July 2009 

U.S. Department of the Interior 

National Park Service 

Natural Resource Program Center 

Fort Collins, Colorado 
ii 

The Natural Resource Publication series addresses natural resource topics that are of interest and 

applicability to a broad readership in the National Park Service and to others in the management 

of natural resources, including the scientific community, the public, and the NPS conservation 

and environmental constituencies. Manuscripts are peer-reviewed to ensure that the information 

is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, 

and is designed and published in a professional manner. 

Natural Resource Reports are the designated medium for disseminating high priority, current 

natural resource management information with managerial application. The series targets a 

general, diverse audience, and may contain NPS policy considerations or address sensitive issues 

of management applicability. Examples of the diverse array of reports published in this series 

include vital signs monitoring plans; monitoring protocols; "how to" resource management 

papers; proceedings of resource management workshops or conferences; annual reports of 

resource programs or divisions of the Natural Resource Program Center; resource action plans; 

fact sheets; and regularly-published newsletters. 

Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations and data in this report are solely 

those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the U.S. Department of 

the Interior, NPS. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute 

endorsement or recommendation for use by the National Park Service. 

This report is available from the Southeast Coast Network and the Natural Resource Publications 

Management website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/publications/NRPM). 

Please cite this publication as: 

Byrne, M. W., and D. M. Lagana. 2009. Live-specimen key for the mammals of Southeast Coast 

Network parks. Natural Resource Report NPS/SECN/NRR—2009/122. National Park Service, 

Fort Collins, Colorado. 

NPS 910/100148, July 2009 
iii 

Contents 

Page 

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1

Dichotomous Keys .......................................................................................................................... 5

Key to the Orders: ............................................................................................................... 5

Key to the Order Artiodactyla: ........................................................................................... 6

Key to the Order Lagomorpha > Family Leporidae: .......................................................... 6

Key to the Order Insectivora: .............................................................................................. 6

Key to the Order Carnivora: ............................................................................................... 7

Key to the Order Rodentia: ................................................................................................. 8

Literature Cited ............................................................................................................................. 11

1 

Introduction 

This document includes a dichotomous key to mammal Orders, dichotomous keys for each 

mammal Family for 53 mammals known to occur in Southeast Coast Network (SECN) parks 

(Webster 2007, NPSpecies 2008) (Table 1). SECN mammals in the Orders Cetacea (whales and 

dolphins), Chiroptera (bats), and Sirenia (manatees) are not included in this document, nor are 

feral dogs and cats. When only one species occurs in the SECN for any Order or Family, the 

species is identified when the Order or Family is identified. Nomenclature follows the Integrated 

Taxonomic Information System (ITIS 2008). 

SECN parks include, Canaveral National Seashore (CANA), Cape Hatteras National Seashore 

(CAHA), Cape Lookout National Seashore (CALO), Castillo de san Marcos (CASA), 

Chattahoochee National Recreation Area (CHAT), Congaree National Park (CONG), 

Cumberland Island National Seashore (CUIS), Fort Caroline National Memorial (FOCA), Fort 

Frederica National Monument (FOFR), Fort Matanzas National Monument (FOMA), Fort 

Pulaski National Monument (FOPU), Fort Sumter National Monument (FOSU), Horseshoe Bend 

National Military Park (HOBE), Kennesaw Mountain National Military Park (KEMO), Moores 

Creek National Battlefield (MOCR), Ocmulgee National Monument (OCMU), and Timucuan 

Ecological and Historic Preserve (TIMU). 

Given the SECN spans five states, many mammals, particularly small mammals, exhibit a wide 

range of morphological variability. Consequently, whenever possible emphasis is placed on 

using descriptive characteristics, instead of discrete measurements, to differentiate species. 

When measurements are required, the authors recommend that two observers obtain each 

measurement twice, as measurement error is common and can result in incorrect identification 

(Blackwell et al. 2006). Information included in this key was taken from several sources, and all 

sources are identified in the Bibliography section. 

Differentiation among some groups requires opening the mouths of specimens to inspect incisor 

and canine teeth. Tools necessary for some species include a metric ruler and a caliper. Due to 

the limitations inherent in a living mammal key and some characteristics included in this key can 

be ambiguous and lack adequate specificity, absolute identification may require collection for 

post-mortem analysis (i.e., skull and dentition evaluation) or to conduct DNA analysis. It is 

important to note that some species in this key are identified by locality; however these 

assumptions are based upon the published literature regarding known and expected range and do 

not account for atypical geographic occurrences. If these species need to be identified with more 

assurance of proper identification, the specimen should also be collected and processed for 

further analysis. 

The authors recommend review of the descriptions provided in Webster (2007) to confirm 

identification of individuals identified through use of the key. 
2

Table 1. Mammals of the Southeast Coast Network included in this dichotomous key (NPSpecies 2008). X= Present, E = Expected, U = U

(Webster 2007, NPSpecies - accessed November 2008). “Present” is defined as current and verifiable evidence exists of the sp

“Expected” is defined as the species has a high likelihood of occurring based upon available appropriate habitat, the animal exor verifiable evidence is not current; “Unconfirmed” is defined as only anecdotal or unverified evidence exists. 

 Order Family Scientific name Common name 

 CAHA 

 CALO 

 CASA 

 CANA 

 CHAT 

 CONG 

 CUIS 

 FOCA 

 FOFR 

 FOMA 

 FOPU 

FOSU 

Artiodactyla Cervidae Odocoileus virginianus White-tailed deer X X X X X X X X X Artiodactyla Suidae Sus scrofa Feral pig X X X U 

Carnivora Canidae Canis latrans Coyote U X X X Carnivora Canidae Urocyon cinereoargenteus Common gray fox X U X X X X Carnivora Canidae Vulpes vulpes Red fox X U X U Carnivora Felidae Lynx rufus Bobcat X X X X X X Carnivora Mephitidae Mephitis mephitis Striped skunk U X X 

Carnivora Mephitidae Spilogale putorius Eastern spotted skunk X U 

Carnivora Mustelidae Lontra canadensis Northern river otter X X U X X X X X X X X 

Carnivora Mustelidae Mustela frenata Long-tailed weasel U E E U Carnivora Mustelidae Mustela vison American mink X X X X X U X X X X Carnivora Procyonidae Procyon lotor Northern raccoon X X X X X X X X X X X X Carnivora Ursidae Ursus americanus American black bear U 

Cingulata Dasypodidae Dasypus novemcinctus Nine-banded armadillo X X X X X 

Didelphimorphia Didelphidae Didelphis virginiana Virginia opossum X U X X X X X X X X Insectivora Soricidae Blarina brevicauda Northern short-tailed shrew X X 

Insectivora Soricidae Blarina carolinensis Southern short-tailed shrew X X X X X 

Insectivora Soricidae Cryptotis parva Least Shrew X X X X X X Insectivora Soricidae Sorex longirostris Southeastern shrew X X X X Insectivora Talpidae Condylura cristata Star-nosed mole U 

Insectivora Talpidae Scalopus aquaticus Eastern mole X X U X X X X X X 

Lagomorpha Leporidae Sylvilagus aquaticus Swamp rabbit X 

Lagomorpha Leporidae Sylvilagus floridanus Eastern cottontail X X E X X X X 

Lagomorpha Leporidae Sylvilagus palustris Marsh rabbit X X X U X X X X X U Perissodactyla Equidae Equus caballus Feral horse X X X 

Rodentia Castoridae Castor canadensis American beaver X U X 

Rodentia Dipodidae Zapus hudsonius Meadow jumping mouse E 
3

 Order Family Scientific name Common name 

 CAHA 

 CALO 

 CASA 

 CANA 

 CHAT 

 CONG 

 CUIS 

 FOCA 

 FOFR 

 FOMA 

 FOPU 

FOSU 

Rodentia Geomyidae Geomys pinetis Southeastern pocket gopher U Rodentia Muridae Microtus pennsylvanicus Meadow vole X X 

Rodentia Muridae Microtus pinetorum Woodland vole X X Rodentia Muridae Mus musculus House mouse X X U E X X U U X X U 

Rodentia Muridae Neofiber alleni Round-tailed muskrat X 

Rodentia Muridae Neotoma floridana Eastern woodrat X X U X 

Rodentia Muridae Ochrotomys nuttalli Golden mouse E X X X Rodentia Muridae Ondatra zibethicus Common muskrat X X X X 

Rodentia Muridae Oryzomys palustris Marsh rice rat X X U X X X X X X X X U 

Rodentia Muridae Peromyscus gossypinus Cotton mouse X U X X X X X Rodentia Muridae Peromyscus leucopus White-footed mouse X X U 

Rodentia Muridae Peromyscus polionotus Oldfield mouse U X Rodentia Muridae Peromyscus polionotus

niveiventris 

Southeastern beach mouse X 

Rodentia Muridae Peromyscus polionotus 

phasma 

Anastasia Island beach mouse E 

Rodentia Muridae Podomys floridanus Florida mouse X E Rodentia Muridae Rattus norvegicus Norway rat X U U X U U 

Rodentia Muridae Rattus rattus Black rat X U X U X X X X X U Rodentia Muridae Reithrodontomys humulis Eastern harvest mouse X X Rodentia Muridae Sigmodon hispidus Hispid cotton rat X X X X U X X X Rodentia Myocastoridae Myocastor coypus Nutria X X 

Rodentia Sciuridae Glaucomys volans Southern flying squirrel E E E U 

Rodentia Sciuridae Marmota monax Woodchuck E 

Rodentia Sciuridae Sciurus carolinensis Eastern gray squirrel X X X X X X X X X X X 

Rodentia Sciuridae Sciurus niger Eastern fox squirrel U X U 

Rodentia Sciuridae Sciurus niger shermani Sherman’s fox squirrel U 

Rodentia Sciuridae Tamias striatus Eastern chipmunk X 

5 

Dichotomous Keys 

Key to the Orders: 

1. Toes modified as hooves..........................................................................................................................2. 

2. Even number of toes, antlers sometimes present..................................................................Order Artiodactyla 

2. Odd number of toes, antlers never present............................................Order Perissodactyla > Family Equidae > 

Equus caballus (feral horse) 

1. Toes not modified as hooves.....................................................................................................................3. 

3. Dorsal surface of body covered with bony flexible plates, 

 including 8-9 bands across the back, tapered snout..................................Order Cingulata > Family Dasypodidae > 

Dasypus novemcinctus (nine-banded armadillo) 

3. Body covered partially or entirely by pelage.............................................................................................4. 

4. Scaly prehensile tail, first toe on hind foot opposable 

 and clawless, gray/white pelage, females have 

 marsupium...................................................................................Order Didelphimorphia > Family Didelphidae > 

 Didelphis virginiana (Virginia opossum) 

4. Tail not scaly and prehensile, first toe on hind foot not 

 opposable and has a claw, females do not have marsupium....................................................................5. 

5. Canine teeth absent, either two or four large incisor teeth that 

 are longer than other teeth, diastema present.................................................................................6. 

6. Tail tuft-like and resembling a cotton ball, tail length less than 

 ear length, two pair of incisors in upper jaw with one directly 

 behind the other...........................................................Order Lagomorpha > Family Leporidae 

6. One pair of incisors in upper jaw, chunky body with short legs, tail 

 thin furred or furless and longer than ear length.....................................................Order Rodentia 

5. Canine teeth present and occasionally large and longer than other teeth, 

 space between teeth does not exceed width of largest tooth..............................................................7. 

7. Eyes small or reduced appearing to have limited function, canine teeth 

 present but not large relative to other teeth, pinnae reduced or not 

 clearly visible, long snout that extends well beyond the mouth, velvet-like 

 pelage, head and body length less than 170mm .....................................................Order Insectivora 

7. Eyes well developed, canine teeth large and longer than other 

 teeth, pinnae well developed..........................................................................Order Carnivora 
6 

Key to the Order Artiodactyla: 

1. Stout with stocky body, snout flattened and disk-shaped at tip, antlers 

 absent, large canines occasionally curved and extending outside mouth....................Family Suidae > Sus scrofa (feral pig) 

1. Long legs, antlers seasonally present on males, tail broad basally and 

 white below................................................................................................................Family Artiodactyla > 

Odocoileus virginianus (white-tailed deer)

Key to the Order Lagomorpha > Family Leporidae: 

1. Underside of tail not white, other ventral surfaces dark...........................................Sylvilagus palustris (marsh rabbit) 

1. Underside of tail white, other ventral surfaces posterior of the chest generally whitish.................................................2. 

2. Rufous-colored nape, occasionally white spot on forehead, 

 large eyes relative to head size..........................................................Sylvilagus floridanus (eastern cottontail) 

2. Often cinnamon-colored ring around eye, small pinnae 

 relative to head size..............................................................................Sylvilagus aquaticus (swamp rabbit) 

Key to the Order Insectivora: 

1. Front feet broad and paddle-shaped, twice as large as hind feet, 

 large claws, head-and body-length greater than 105mm...............................................................Family Talpidae 2. 

2. Fingerlike fleshy projections surrounding the nose, tail hairy 

 and constricted at base.........................................................................Condylura cristata (star-nosed mole) 

2. No fingerlike fleshy projections surrounding the nose, tail 

 mostly hairless.....................................................................................Scalopus aquaticus (Eastern mole) 

1. Front feet not broad, long toes with short sharp claws, head and 

 body length less than 106mm............................................................................................Family Soricidae 3. 

3. Head and body length greater than 65mm...............................................................................................4. 

4. Tail length less than 20mm, cinnamon pelage...................................................Cryptotis parva (least shrew) 

4. Tail length greater than 20mm, dark brown pelage...............................Sorex longirostris (Southeastern shrew) 

3. Head and body length less than 64mm.......................................................................................................5. 

5. Occurs at CHAT, KEMO, HOBE, MOCR............................Blarina brevicauda (Northern short-tailed shrew) 

5. Occurs at CAHA, CANA, CONG, CUIS, OCMU, TIMU/FOCA......................................Blarina carolinensis

(Southern short-tailed shrew) 
7 

Key to the Order Carnivora: 

1. Toes on hind foot exhibit webbing, body long and sleek.............................................................Family Mustelidae 2. 

2. Toe webbing to the terminal digit pads, thick tail moderately 

 dorso-ventrally flattened at base........................................................Lontra canadensis (Northern river otter) 

2. Toe webbing less extensive than above..................................................................................................3. 

3. Slender black-tipped tail, tail length approximately half of 

 head- and body-length, dorsal pelage yellow-brown with 

 buff-colored ventral pelage that typically extends through the 

 throat to the chin..............................................................................Mustela frenata (long-tailed weasel) 

3. Tail length less than half of head- and body-length, furred tail, 

 pelage dark brown or black pelage on dorsal surfaces, ventral surfaces 

 typically dark occasionally with white patches, midline of 

 belly is occasionally white.....................................................................Mustela vison (American mink) 

1. Toes on hind foot do not exhibit webbing, body not long and sleek.........................................................................4. 

4. Claws retractile..................................................................................Family Felidae > Lynx rufus (bobcat)

4. Claws not retractile..........................................................................................................................5.

5. Four toes on base of hind foot, metacarpal pads triangular in shape.........................................Family Canidae

6. Tail length less than half of body length, hind foot length typically 

 greater than 62mm...............................................................................................................Canis latrans (coyote)

6. Tail length more than half of body length, hind foot length typically 

 less than 62mm .................................................................................................................7. 

7. Pelage reddish-brown but can be silver or black, 

 lower legs and feet generally black, tail tip white............................................Vulpes vulpes (red fox) 

7. Dorsal pelage mostly gray, ventral pelage white, lower legs 

 and feet same color as pelage, tail tip black...............................Urocyon cinereoargenteus (gray fox)

5. Five toes on base of hind foot, metacarpal pad asymmetrical and not triangular in shape..................................8.

8. Hind foot length greater than 11cm, approximate body weight 

 greater than 50lbs, pelage black, brown, or cinnamon, often with 

 white patch on chest .........................................................................................Family Ursidae > 

Ursus americanus (American black bear) 

8. Hind foot length less than 11cm..............................................................................................9.

9. Pelage black with white spots or stripes......................................................Family Mephitidae 10. 

10. Pelage with white stripes..................................................Mephitis mephitis (striped skunk) 

10. Pelage with white spots and multiple interrupted 

 white stripes...................................................Spilogale putorius (Eastern spotted skunk)

9. Pelage not black with white spots or stripes, tail hairy with 

 five to ten black rings, distinct black mask across the eyes 

 and cheeks outlined with white, pinnae pointed............Family Procyonidae > Procyon lotor (raccoon)
8 

Key to the Order Rodentia: 

1. Four toes with obvious claws on front foot 

2. Tail length greater than 1.5 times head and body 

 length..........................................................Family Dipodidae > Zapus hudsonius (meadow jumping mouse)

2. Tail length less than 1.5 times head and body length............................................................Family Sciuridae 3.

3. Flying membrane between fore- and hind-limbs............................Glaucomys volans (Southern flying squirrel)

3. Flying membrane between fore- and hind-limbs absent..........................................................................4.

4. Pelage has distinct white or beige lateral stripe bordered 

 by dark brown or black stripes.....................................................Tamias striatus (Eastern chipmunk)

4. Pelage with no distinct white or beige lateral stripe bordered 

 by dark brown or black stripes.................................................................................................5.

5. Tail length less than half head and body length....................................Marmota monax (woodchuck)

5. Tail length approximately equal to head and body length...........................................................6.

6. Pelage variable but typically a reddish- to yellowish-brown, 

 but can be dark gray or black with yellowish to beige 

 ventral pelage, can have black patches on face with white on the 

 ears, cheeks, and nose, tail hairs typically beige-tipped, body size 

 may be quite large........................................................Sciurus niger (Eastern fox squirrel)

6. Pelage typically gray with occasional reddish flanks, ventral 

 pelage white, tail hairs typically white-tipped.............Sciurus carolinensis (Eastern gray squirrel)

1. Five toes with obvious claws on front foot ....................................................................................................7. 

7. External cheek pouches present, upper incisors have two 

 grooves on front surface, large claws on front foot ...........................................................Family Geomyidae > 

Geomys pinetis (Southeastern pocket gopher) 

7. External cheek pouches absent, upper incisors do not 

 have two grooves on front surface, no large claws on front foot .....................................................................8.

8. Hind feet adapted for swimming with webbing or swimming-fringe hairs.....................................................9.

9. Tail dorsoventrally flattened, hairless and scaly, tail 

 half as wide as width of body.........................................................................Family Castoridae > 

Castor canadensis (American beaver)

9. Tail not dorsoventrally flattened, hairless and scaly, tail 

 not half as wide as width of body.............................................................................................10. 

10. Hairless and scaly tail laterally compressed.....................................................Family Muridae > 

Ondatra zibethicus (common muskrat)

10. Thinly haired and scaly tail not laterally compressed..............................................................11. 

11. Tail length less than 20cm, pinnae concealed in pelage, 

 hind foot not strongly webbed, hind foot with 

 swimming-fringe hairs........................Family Muridae > Neofiber alleni (round-tailed muskrat) 
9 

11. Tail length greater than 20cm, pinnae evident, 

 hind foot strongly webbed.........................Family Myocastoridae > Myocastor coypus (nutria)

8. Hind feet not adapted for swimming with webbing or swimming-fringe hairs.........................Family Muridae 12.

12. Inconspicuous eyes and pinnae, ear often concealed in pelage, tail 

 length less than one-third head- and body-length.......................................................................13.

13. Tail length greater than 30mm..........................................Microtus pennsylvanicus (meadow vole)

13. Tail length less than 30mm..................................................Microtus pinetorum (woodland vole)

12. Conspicuous eyes and pinnae, tail length greater than one-third head and body length...........................14.

14. Hind foot length greater than or equal to 28mm....................................................................15.

15. Tail length greater than or equal to head- and body-length.................................................16.

16. Dorsal surface of tail darker than ventral surface, dorsal pelage 

 gray-brown, ventral pelage gray, whitish feet, hairy pinnae...................Oryzomys palustris

(marsh rice rat)

16. Tail uniform in color, pelage a uniform back or brown....................Rattus rattus (black rat)

15. Tail length less than head- and body-length..................................................................17.

17. Pinnae concealed in long pelage.............................Sigmodon hispidus (hispid cotton rat)

17. Pinnae not concealed in pelage...........................................................................18.

18. Dorsal surface of tail darker than ventral surface............................Neotoma floridana

(Eastern woodrat) 

18. Tail uniform in color..............................................Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) 

14. Hind foot length less than or equal to 27mm 

19. Upper incisors grooved.............................Reithrodontomys humulis (Eastern harvest mouse)

19. Upper incisors smooth and not grooved.......................................................................20.

20. Tail scaly, hairless and length greater than half of 

 head and body length.....................................................Mus musculus (house mouse)

20. Tail hairy.....................................................................................................21.

21. Dorsal pelage gold...........................................Ochrotomys nuttalli (golden mouse)

21. Dorsal pelage brown or cinnamon.................................................................22.

22. Five pads on sole of hind feet......................Podomys floridanus (Florida mouse)

22. Six pads on sole of hind feet..................................................................23.

23. Hind foot length less than 20mm, tail 

 length less than 61mm...............Peromyscus polionotus (Oldfield mouse) 24. 
10 

24. Occurs at CASA/FOMA.....................Peromyscus polionotus phasma

 (Anastasia Island beach mouse)

24. Occurs at CANA..............................Peromyscus polionotus niveiventris

 (Southeastern beach mouse)

23. Hind foot length greater than 19mm, tail 

 length greater than ......................................................................25.*

25.* Peromyscus leucopus (white-footed mouse) (PELE) – Present and does not coexist with PEGO at CAHA 

25.* Peromyscus gossypinus (cotton mouse) (PEGO) – Present and does not coexist with PELE at CUIS, FOCA, FOFR, 

FOMA, OCMU, TIMU 

25.* Both species occur at CHAT, CONG, MOCR, HOBE, KEMO. These species cannot be reliably differentiated in the 

field. 

* Not only are P. leucopus and P. gossypinus very similar in living-specimen characteristics, the skulls do not exhibit substantial 

differences. Differences in pelage require both species to be present at the time of inspection to derive relative comparisons. 

Further, these two species exhibit variability across parks within the SECN. Although unlikely in wild animals, these two species 

are also know to crossbreed in captivity; adding this as a potential issue for differentiation. Proper and reliable identification can 

only be obtained through DNA analysis or evaluation by an expert with these species. 
11 

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13 

Wolfe, J. L. 1982. Oryzomys palustris. Mammalian Species 176:1-5. 

Wolfe, J. L., and A. V. Linzey. 1977. Peromyscus gossypinus. Mammalian Species 70:1-5. 

Yates, T. L., and D. J. Schmidly. 1978. Scalopus aquaticus. Mammalian Species 105:1-4. 

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