Since 197, a plan of the United Nations Development Program has been under
way whereby. the laboratory has been equipped with the instruments and
equipment necessary in the machine shops, radio link laboratory and the
telephony laboratory, among others. Due to the success in the execution of
this program, which led to concrete accomplishments in equipment and studies
made, as of 1977, its second phase is being executed,

Likewise, a large number of equipment and devices have been designed and
built, which were introduced successfully into the telecommunications
system. Some of them are:

A lO Mhz modulator for 120 telephone channels destined to replace obsolete
tube modules on the microwave trunk network.

Radio broadcast program amplifier destined to replace deficient equipment.
It amplifies programs transmitted to the entire nation on telephone lines
with great clarity.

Switchboard for telephone switching for internal communications of up to
10 extensions,

Modem of 600/1200 bauds for the transmission of data on telephone links.
Error corrector for the transmission of data up to a speed of 300 bauds.
Work is going on for the development of other equipment, among which are:
Auxiliary radio equipment with 2h telephone channels.

Modem of 200 bauds for the transmission of data through telephone links.

System of telecontrol and telemetry for radiobroadcasting transmitting
stations.

Telephone multiplex of low capacity for rural use.
The Youth Technical Brigade [BTG]

The BIG of this center consists of 2 youths, three helpers and two
technical writers. Due to the characteristics of the laboratory, almost
all its members have some technical skill: engineers, college graduates,
telecommunications technicians, draftsmen, and skilled workers.

This brigade works in coordination with the directorate. Its tasks are
primarily at the request of the directorate depending on the needs of the
organism, and it has the material support of the administration of the
center.

13


ceed

is necessary to construct a network of million zones, that is, to organize
a significant number of incoming message junctions for the new million
zones, and connect them by high-frequency or low-frequency cables with in-
coming message junctions for the newly constructed automatic telephone of-
fices. In 1977 the collectives of communications specialists of the Len-
telefonstroy Trust and the Leningrad City Telephone Office constructed and
included 17 incoming message junctions simultaneously, at the same time
opening up the possibility for communications with the new automatic tele-
phone offices.

COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Svyazi'," "Vestnik svyazi," 1978

10845
CSO: 5500

34



In the crossbar exchanges during the preparatory period, the removable
blocks for the markers were mounted and checked out on the operating equip-
ment, and jumpers were built on the registers for the operation of the SM
relay, under the armature of which a cable was laid before switchover.

The prestartup period began several hours before switchover when the load
dropped off. The volume of operations was precisely calculated for each
automated telephone office. During this period approximately 30 percent of
the line from the still operating second decade of the IGI was disconnected
and it. was prepared for connection to the DGI of the second million zone
(the installation operations—-cutoff of the wires, putting the two-motion
selector and devices into operation and checking out the exits). At the
crossbar exchanges 30 percent of the IGI units were disconnected and the
registers corresponding to them were replaced by blocks, the SM relays were
readied for operation, and the installation work was done on the AKS.

At 0000 hours on 21 August one-third of the lines on all of the 10-step
automatic telephone offices readied during the prestartup period, one-third
of the IGI equipment at the crossbar exchanges were put into operation si-
multaneously. The remaining lines and units were blocked. The T-digit
numbering was in operation in the city from that time on. At the 10-step
automatic telephone offices where the fields of all the decades except the
second, IGI and DGI remained paralleled for several hours it was possible
also to use the 6-digit dialing. Then after performing operations analo-
gous to the prestart period, the blocked lines of the 10-step automatic
telephone offices and the IGI blocks of the crossbar exchanges were put
into operation. This ended the conversion of the crossbar exchanges to the
T-digit numbering, the automatic information units were connected immedi-
ately after inclusion of the GI units and registers. At the 10-step auto-
matic telephone offices there was still work to be done with respect to de-
paralleling the IGI and the DGI outputs which was done individually by
decades with connection of the previously prepared automatic information
units to the freed decades of the IGI. From that time the 6-digit dialing
was eliminated, and the subscriber received information about the switch-
over. According to the schedules calculated individually for each auto-
matic telephone office, the startup period on the crossbar exchanges ended
by 0300 hours, and on the 10-step automatic telephone offices, by 0600
hours. In practice, by 0400 hours all of the switchover work had been
done. On the night of the switchover 500 people participated in the work--
workers from the Leningrad City Telephone Exchange, the Lentelefonstroy,
including the reserve brigades of viggers, drivers for the duty transporta-
tion units, and duty officers for the switchover.

The poststartup period which consisted in dismantling the cross connections
on the IDF was not provided for on the switchover schedule.

Of course, such efficient organization of the switchover was provided for

by the large amount of preparatory work. One and a half years before
switchover, a special group was created at the Leningrad City Telephone

30



USSR

AUTOMATION--MAIN AREA OF DEVELOPMENT OF TELEGRAPH COMMUNICATIONS
Moscow VESTNIK SVYAZI in Russian No 2, Feb 78 pp 27-29

[article by V. I. Korol', KONIIS institute chief, candidate of technical
sciences]

[Text] Under the modern conditions of the scientific and technical revolu-
tion, the role of telegraph communications has increased significantly.
Today the telegraph operations are realized by more than 86,000 communica-
tions stations providing for the transmission of about 500 million tele-
grams per year. Many of the industrial enterprises, institutions and orga-
nizations connected to the subscriber network of the country themselves es-
tablish direct document communications by teletype. The phototelegraphic
services also enjoy high demand. The automated technological process con-
trol systems and the branch automated control systems that have been intro-
duced into production use data transmission equipment.

The further development of these document communications means requires the
introduction of new highly efficient equipment. A collective of the Kiev
Division of the Central Scientific Research Institute of Communications
(KONIIS), which is the scientific and technical center of the telegraph com-
munications branch, is working on the solution of this problem.

The primary area of scientific research work is automation of the production

processes on the telegraph network which offers the possibility of timely

transmission of ever increasing flows of information without perceptible ex-

pansion of the operating and maintenance staff and production area. As a

result of the development and introduction of the automated direct communi- H
cations systems, the number of steps in the processing of the telegrams on
transmission of them from the sender to the addressee has been decreased
significantly. As a result of the application of the automated direct cou-
pling stations which significantly reduce the labor-consuming processes of
transceiving of telegrams, it has become possible to reduce the transit ex-
change by 1.2 million telegrams per day and cut the average transmission
time for one telegram in half. On completion of the conversion of the en-
tire telegraph network to the direct coupling system its efficiency will
become still higher.

39


white in the television receivers existing in the country, it also being
possible to use the transmitters we already had by making some modifica-
tions.

It is well to point out that color entered fully into our screens in 1976.
Its establishment required a ereat effort by the country to be able to
provide this service to the people because of the very expensive eouipment
of high technology it requires.

Up to this time, our color television has one remote control truck, a
control room, television-moving picture room, a standard converter, a slow
motion camera, and videotape equipment. All this equipment was purchased
in Japan, it being at this time of the most modern and advanced technology
on the market.

The color television receivers have been distributed to public use centers,
social clubs, farms, schools, stores, large industries, hotels and so forth
for those who desire to see these programs.

Master Control or Control Room

The control room is a highly technical complex, whose function it is to
route various signals and send them to the microwave system of the

Ministry of Communications, although it is still operating as a sub-control.
It is organized in such a manner that it can handle 26 received signals
from different sources, such as television moving pictures, video tape,
remote control and so forth.

When we enter it, our attention is attracted by its brilliant walls
covered with an acoustical material with glass fibers for insulating the
cabin thermically as well as acoustically. A requirement before entering
the room, is a change of shoes to prevent the entry of dust. Under the
false floor are the many cables used there, which provides more room for
the operators and safety for the equipment,

The cormand module, which is a sort of large console, has two positions
operated by a technician and a shift engineer. "From here, with the help
of the monitors, we can detect the quality of the transmission, explained
engineer Isidora Leal, who at that time was operating the controls.
Through the various buttons, the operator can check each of the signals
being received without affecting that which is on the air. We also have
an oscilloscope and a vectorscope which allows us to check the color,
signal quality and other parameters of it electronically. All the equip-
ment of master control is transistorized and with logical circuits."

Also in the room there is a clock system which is the slave of an inter-
national Greenwich mean time system. It is very exact and the future it is
planned to provide it as a national time signal.



The sorting room is equipped with:

20 ceiling units of 40 watts for 1.20-meter tubes; and
2 ceiling units of 20 watts for 0.60-meter tubes in continuous reflectors.

Each platform is equipped with:

3 ceiling units of 40 watts for 1.20-meter tubes; and
1 ceiling unit of 20 watts for a 0.60-meter tube.

The accessory compartments are each equipped with a ceiling unit of 20 watts
for a 0.60-meter tube.

Sound System

The purpose of the sound system is to provide communication with the cars
from a central post. This equipment includes general wiring, an amplifier
unit and a loudspeaker in the ceiling of the sorting room.

Other Electrical Equipment

The other electrical equipment (razor receptable, hot plates and refrigerator)
will be mentioned during discussion of the corresponding compartments.

Water Supply and Its Heating

Water supply for each of two compartments (toilet compartment and lavatory
compartment) is provided by two reinforced polyester tanks:

one tank of 290 liters capacity; and
one tank for hot water supply of 50 liters capacity (the heating of this

water is accomplished by a copper coil placed in the tank and connected
to a hot water pipe of the heating circuit).

Finish and Insulation

The acoustic and thermal insulation is particularly elaborate, its im-
portance being extreme from the standpoint of heating and comfort in

general. The detailed description which follows of the flooring, facings,
and ceiling, with the help of the sectional plan, will make the construction
understood. It goes without saying that the selection of materials utilized
took into consideration their behavior to fire and that in general the latest
regulations related to them, in force in the SNCF, were applied.

. Flooring

Sorting room and platforms--The support structure consists of wood (doussie,
iroko, azobe or belingua) longitudinal and transverse joists. The woods
used must have excellent durability, compressive strength and resistance

to rupturing and shearing.

These joists are attached to the plating by means of threaded studs but
with rubber washers between the joists, properly speaking, and the nuts.

67



These relatively frequent changes in the role and organization of the Inspec-
torage General paralleled the development of PTT in the technical and finan-
cial” domains, as well as the increase of its personnel from 70,000 to
135,000 employees between 1895 and 1916, and the various decentralization mea-
sures adopted in 1895, 1911, 1917 and 1926.

An enumeration of these measures would hardly be relevant. It is more to the
point to mention two fundamental but little known legislative acts which are
still valid, now more than ever, after apparently having been scarcely ap-
plied or not at all.

Between the Two Wars
We refer to a decree of 17 February 1921 and one of 3 August of the same year.

The first relates to two articles in the Finance Law of 13 July 1911 and insti-
tutes a budget implementation control. The budget was implemented by Posts

and Telegraphs in the name of the minister, who was responsible for its manage-
ment, and under his direct authority. The control function “is assigned to

the Inspectorate General of Posts and Telegraphs, without in any way infring-
ing upon the functions and responsibilities presently assigned to the Inspec~
torate of Finance." In executing their mission "inspectors will audit the
conditions under which all expenditures are committed, accounted for, paid,
approved for payment, and incurred; the tally of expenditures against services
provided; the observance of purchasing and contracting regulations; the proce-
dures followed to prevent abusive use or loss of funds, supplies and materials;
the vouchers and records of cashiers and accountants pertaining to the account-

ing and settlement of sums due the Treasury; and the issuance and checking of
numbered receipts."

"Inspectors will verify the legitimacy, need and timeliness of expenditures,
with particular attention to the technical, economical and financial condi-
tions under which expenditures are incurred, work projects are executed, and
requisitions, purchases, receiving, warehousing, maintenance, transformations,
transportation and materials are handled and processed. They will recommend
any steps they deem advisable to. simplify or improve operations and services.

"Auditors will not only obtain from the service chiefs of the central adminis-
tration their departmental files and all information they may need, but they
are also empowered to ‘audit': departmental headquarters operations and manage-
ment.... under special orders issued by the minister either spontaneously, at
the request of the interested department head, or at the initiative of Con-
trol, These audits (must be) conducted in the presence of the chief of ser-
vice or he must be duly invited to attend."

The committee of inspectors general prepared a comprehensive report that found
whether activities had been carried out in the best interests of the govern-
ment, indicated the improvements deemed necessary and recommended steps to be
taken for more judicious use of budget credits. At that time, the Posts and

49



continue to audit all postmaster funds and accounts, but that the control in-
spectors under his direct authority would have auditing responsibility in the
purely administrative and technical domains. These inspectors would be respon-
sible for the "permanent auditing of all operational activities and functions."

On 20 March 1886, the consolidation of the technical and operating departments
necessitated the designation of a mixed liaison group known as the "working
party." Actually, the six principal inspectors comprising it were incorporated
into the Inspectorate General of Control but saw their role limited to certain
segments of the telegraphic service.

From 1879 to 1914

In 1890, the minister of Commerce, Industry and the Colonies and tutelary minis-
ter of PTT, Jules Roche, proposed to the president of the Republic the "replace-
ment of the present control group with a control organization of a higher order
to be staffed by four officials of greater rank and acknowledged competence

who would be given the title of inspectors general. Each of them would be
responsible for continual audit and supervisory control of a regional circum~
scription the boundaries of which would be set by ministerial decision. They
would be empowered, if not to issue orders to the chiefs of service, to bring
to the official attention of the central administration any recommendations

for improvements that their awareness of the service and of public needs might
suggest.

"Each inspector would be assisted by a deputy.

"Because of the exceptional importance accorded the Paris region, there would
be two deputies for that circumscription.

"Thus constituted and strengthened, the Inspectorate General will have the
prestige and authority it needs to fulfill its lofty mission in the best in-
terests of the service."

A decree of 5 July 1890 signed Carnot, who was then president of the Republic,
marks the birth of the Inspectorate General of PTT. Its designated role was
to:

--Examine and coordinate plans for the installation and maintenance of inter-
provincial telephone and telegraph lines, telephone networks and central
telegraph offices

--Watch over the execution of work projects

--Scrutinize telephone and telegraph communications services

--Watch over provincial head offices and all provincial fixed, itinerant and
maritime poatal operations and services

47



--Oversee the adherence of departmental activities to legislative and regula-
tory provisions

~-Conduct inspections, investigations, verifications and studies of PTT's orga-
nization and administration

--Audit the implementation of the Posts and Telecommunications' autonomous
budget and that of the Caisse Nationale d'Epargne [National Savings Institute]

--Develop a spirit of rivalry among services and vitalize the performance of

_ their duties

--Participate in the selection of foreign service candidates for advancement

and, in particular, preside over the proceedings of regional promotion boards
and contribute to those of central promotion boards.

The role of the chief of the Inspectorate General is essentially one of coor-
dination and representation although in principle he can also ‘participate in
audits, investigations and studies. He presides over committees, one of which
is devoted exclusively to the preparation of an annual business plan which
takes into account all recommendations "submitted by central administration
managements for inclusion...." It is he who delimits the circumscriptions and
assigns to them an inspector general or general engineer. It is his function
to present an annual report to the minister summarizing the performance of
the governmental administrations and formulating findings and recommendations
for improving the Services.

Although the latter decree was not rescinded, Decree 71-609 of 20 July 1971
relating to the organization of the central administration of the ministry of
Posts and Telecommunications placed the Inspectorate General in the general
administrative hierarchy instead of solely within its foreign service branch,
stipulated that it would function under the direct authority of the minister
but that it "can be assigned missions of investigation or audit" by any of the
directors general or directors of the central administration.... and "will
report on the execution of these missions directly to them."

The latter provision became preemptive and the activities of the Inspectorate
General came to be determined essentially by heads of central administration
requesting the Inspectorate to include this or that matter in its schedule of
activities and report back their findings and recommendations. In practice,
the Inspectorate General found itself being called in more on administrative
and management problems than on matters of concept and policy. The minister's
cabinet rarely if ever called upon its expertise, and recommended to the
Inspectorate General that it effect its own mutation:

~-by requesting it [the cabinet] to detail to the chiefs of PTT's foreign ser-
vice their functions and responsibilities;

53



Thanks, therefore, to an appropriate legal statute, to the careful selection
of its staff, and to the personal volition of the minister to accord it his
effective support, the Inspectorate General is able to participate, as is its
desire, in the development of PTT's public services and, through them, to
contribute to the advancement of communication among peoples.

This summary instruction [handwritten note in sidebar], carefully penned by an
"epeditionnaire" (writing clerk of that period), remained in effect from 1880
to 1890,

Summary Instruction to the Posts and Telegraph Services concerning the Inspec-
torate General of Control

The Inspectorate General responsible for Control is placed under the direct
orders of the Minister.

It conducts periodic checks on all branches of the service.

Control Inspectors are assigned the mission of determining that all instruc-
tions of the Central Administration and regulations are being duly implemented
and the faults that may exist in the planning and construction of telegraph
lines and the means of transporting mail by the postal system; recommending
appropriate measures for correcting these faults; determining whether the or-
ganization and operation of services responds adequately to the needs of the
population, and whether the rules and regulations governing both services are
without exception being scrupulously observed.

>

Their authority extends without distinction to technical as well as operation-
al matters. Personnel of all grades (chiefs of service and other officials)
must diligently assist them by producing all documents and information they
may [text incomplete]

FOOTNOTES

1. Napoleon I, upon instituting the Cour des Comptes (law of 16 September
1807), declared: "I desire active supervision to eliminate irregularities
and guarantee lawful use of public funds."

2. Readers are referred to the interesting article by Mr Jacques Auboyneau,
inspector general of Finance, on "The Inspectorate General of Finance"
which appeared in the REVUE DES PTT DE FRANCE number 6-1976, and to the
REVUE's "Dossier du Mois", number 3-1977, which deals with "La Cour Des
Comptes."

3. It is not within the scope of this article to discuss the different re-
cruiting methods used by these Inspectorates.

4, LA REVUE ADMINISTRATIVE number 134-1970.

57



FRANCE

ROLE OF PTT INSPECTOR GENERAL'S OFFICE DETAILED
Paris REVUE DES PTT DE FRANCE in French No 1, 1978 pp 3-10

[Article by Georges Clavaud, General Engineer, Chief of the Inspectorate
General of Posts and Telecommunications]

[Text] Many government employees are undoubtedly aware of the existence of
the Office of the Inspector General. In fact, applicants for promotion to
“higher grades and for temporary assignment to positions of greater responsibi-
lity met recently with the inspector general or the general engineer of their
regional circumscriptions. The members of higher management staffs also come
to know the officials of the Inspectorate General at the time of a general
audit of any national, provincial or regional head office.

The public image of the Inspectorate General is vaguely that of a body that
reprimands and punishes.

Actually, the Inspectorate General of Posts and Telecommunications can be de-
fined simply as the upper echelon auditors of our Service.

The most recent legislative act concerning the Inspectorate General of PTT
dates back to a decree of 20 July 1971. But before detailing its present
role, it may be useful to recall that several inspectorates general exist,
each under its respective ministry, and to retrace the ups and downs of a
corps that is little known to the general public.

We can then view in perspective the evolution and future of the Inspectorate
General of Posts and Telecommunications.

Inception and Role of Inspectorates General

Our present day concept of inspectorates general seems to date from the crea-
tion in 1781 of a corps of general inspectors of civil hospitals and correc-
tional prisons. This gave subsequent origin to an Inspectorate General of
Government Services under the Ministry of Interior. It must be acknowledged,
however, that despite its several efforts to establish its authority and

45



INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS

MALI-ALGERIAN COOPERATION IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS REPORTED
Bamako L'ESSOR in French 15 May 78 p 4

[Text] His Excellency Redha Malek, minister of information and culture, of
the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria, is expected to arrive in our
capital this afternoon on an official 5-day visit at the head of an impor-
tant delegation.

The visit of the Algerian Minister of Information and Culture falls within

the framework of the excellent cooperation which has always existed between :
two sister countries, both desirous of strengthening their bonds of friend-

ship and faternity.

Algerian-Malian cooperation is a model of success because our two peoples,
our two governments, have joined their wills, their human and material
resources, in the completion of this work which responds positively and
concretely to the recommendations of the OAU.

Algerian-Malian cooperation is being strengthened in sectors other than
telecommunications, as our two countries in 1975 signed an agreement covering
highway transportation which resulted in the creation of a Joint Algerian-
Malian Transport Company.

In the telecommunications sector, the Sullymanbougou Earth Station is
most particularly tangible proof of an exemplary model of cooperation.
This station was opened in September 1977 by Colonel Zerdini, Algerian
minister of communications, in the company of his Malian counterpart, Yava
Bagayogo.

This station is of the Standard B type, operates with the special INTELSAT |
IV (Fl) which is in position over the Indian Ocean and has the capability
of operating with the INTELSAT IV A over the Atlantic Ocean.

Resigned to provide international telephone, telegraph and telex communica-

tions with the capability of receiving two color television channels, the
station is equipped with 12 telephone links which may be expanded to 24.

17


USSR

A MATTER OF GREAT IMPORTANCE; POSTAL AREA NUMBERS
Moscow VESTNIK SVYAZI in Russian No 2, Feb 78 pp 25-26
[Article by S. M. Plotnikova, Vladivostok]

[Text] It is a complicated matter to have all of the letters mailed in the
country be addressed by an index of six stylized digits. Nevertheless, the
postal workers of the country are working on this matter. It is hardly
necessary to mention the importance of introducing the indexing of mail
correspondence which the postal branch has been working on for many years.
Nevertheless, I should like to note the following: now in places it is
necessary to set about this work especially intensely and with a greater
sense of responsibility. It is known that the MAP-O automatic machine de-
veloped by the SPKB special design office of the USSR Ministry of Communi-
cations has been in experimental operation since 1976 at the largest rail-
road post office in the country at Kazanskiy railroad station in Moscow.

By 1980 similar machines are to be installed at several of the junction
post offices. The reader of the MAP-O is designed for correctly written
(in stylized digits) six-digit indices. If there is no index, the letter
goes for manual handling. It is understandable that the effect of the ap-
plication of the new, expensive equipment, the purpose of which is to in-
erease the efficiency of handling of correspondence and accelerate its
movement from the sender to the addressee, depends on the communications
workers locally, beginning with the PTUS workers and ending with the post-
man.

In the Primorskiy Kray, more than half of the rayon and municipal communi-
eations junctions have achieved 90-percent use of the indexing of the out-
going correspondence, and the average figure for the kray is 88.9 percent.
This is good if we consider that the percentage of outgoing letters indexed
throughout the communications administrations of the country is on the
average 79.8 percent.’

There have been no special extraordinary measures taken by the communica-

tions workers of Primor'ye with respect to the introduction of indexing;
but I do feel that there is something the other collectives can use.

35


respectively, to 20°C, 22°C and 24°C [at the location of the ambient thermo-
stat located above the register in the ceiling at the middle of the vehicle.*]

Interior temperature higher than 18°C but below the posted value--in this case
ventilation and preferential circulation of water in the unit below the
canopy is stopped; it is the hot water radiators which provide the heating.

Ventilation--In summer the previously described ventilation system can be
used to circulate fresh outside air (switch in the position "ventilation").
Intake of fresh air is effected on the exterior of the vehicle; it is
accomplished by means of a duct attached to the water-air heat exchanger
and terminating in an opening in the canopy sheeting.

Untapped steam line--Although no provision has been made to use steam as a
source of heating, the car is equipped with an untapped steam line in order
to provide continuity for this service from car to car.

Electrical Equipment and Sound System
Power Distribution
High voltage wiring--This concerns the general 1,500-volt supply.
The main line is protected by a copper tube, 2 mm thick, and by a fluid-
tight flexible metallic sheath and is terminated at each end by cables
for car to car connections.
The car's own supply wiring is protected by steel tubes.
Low voltage wiring (for lighting, heating and braking)--Different circuits
are necessary in order to perform the various functions provided upon the

car.

380-volt circuit--This concerns the platform-side supply for the transform-
ers-rectifiers.

72-volt circuit--This concerns the lines for electro-pneumatic control of
braking.

24-volt circuit--This concerns the supply for the car's own functions
(lighting, heating, ventilation and hot plates).

Lighting

Lighting is by fluorescent lamps supplied by individual inverters to obtain
a minimum of 300 luxes on the work tables in the sorting room.

* The location of this thermostat (there is no ideal location) explains why
sometimes, in consideration of varied conditions (regions which are
colder than others, opening of doors occasioning temporary local cooling)
the temperature at the level of the thermostat must reach 24°C in order
to obtain a suitable temperature at a man's height.

66


CONTENTS (Continued) Page
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS

Mali-Algerian Cooperation in Telecommunications Reported

(L'ESSOR, 15 May 78) .........000- 17
CAPE VERDE
Briefs
Automatic Telecommunications System 19
GUINEA-BISSAU
Briefs
Joint Telecommunications Commission 20
New Telephone Link 20
MALI
Briefs
FRG Loan for Transmitters 21
USSR
USSR
Integrated Quasielectronic Communications System: Technical-
Economic Advantages
(L. Ya. Misulovin; VESTNIK SVYAZI, Mar 78) .........0.- 22
Seven-Digit Telephone Numbers: Effect of Organization of
Conversion
(V.V. Malinikov; VESTNIK SVYAZI, Feb 78) ......sseeeeee 28
A Matter of Great Importance: Postal Area Numbers
(S.M. Plotnikova; VESTNIK SVYAZI, Feb 78) .... 35
Automation--Main Area of Development of Telegraph Communica-
tions
(V.I. Korol'; VESTNIK SVYAZI, Feb 78) ......... eens 39



Such doors have for a long time been installed upon 21.57~meter feeder cars;
they have been proven, notably as far as the various safety devices and
tightness are concerned.

Window Openings

In addition to the window openings in the doors and those to admit light
into the accessory compartments, there is only one window opening on each
side (approximately in the middle of the sorting room). Those two openings
have inside latches.

Passage Between Cars

At the ends of the car the doors are of UIC type with a device for blocking
them open. Passage is provided by rubber flanges and UIC bridges of retract-
ing. type. These doors are put out of use by a bolt operated remotely from
the outside or the inside; an additional bolt operated only from the inside
has been added.

Steps

In consideration of the location of the loading doors (as shown in the
diagram of the mail car in the preceding article they are at right angles
to one end of a bogie) the tread plate is very small because, on the
outside, the clearance limits of the SNCF impose a limitation and, on the
inside, the necessary clearance must be provided for the bogie when going
around a curve. To this must be added the relative play or movement of
various parts, as well as wear, which must be taken into account in
calculating the required free space.

The steps to the personnel access doors are situated in a recess in the
car's chassis, the depth at this location being satisfactory. Likewise,
the bottom plate is of suitable width, no part interfering here.

Tests
It can readily be seen that so complex an assembly, during erection and
assembly, requires numerous tests, for the chassis-body as well as for
the various accessories taken one at a time (braking, heating, dust removal
equipment, and so forth) as well as the entire mounted assembly.

Without wishing to expand this more technical aspect, which would require
a separate presentation, let us cite several of these tests.

Tests of the Chassis-body by the SNCF
These tests were performed upon the chassis-body of the feeder car which

has the same structure as the mail car except that the loading openings
are 2.40 meters wide instead of 1.60 meters wide as in the mail car.

69



Starting from underneath the vehicle, one sees successively the following
products and materials: two layers of "Insonastic," the plating sheet metal,
two layers of "Insonastic," a cushion of mineral fibers (between the joists) ,-
asphalt felt between joists and flooring strictly speaking, the latter
consisting of 15-mm thick plywood attached with wood screws to the supporting
structure, and last, 4-mm thick linoleum, the thickness of the whole is

80 mm.

Accessory compartments--The floor in these compartments consists of a poly-
ester pan itself within a pan of stainless steel sheet, 1.5 mm thick.

This stainless steel pan rests upon joists of formed sheet steel welded to
the plating. The "Insonastic" and mineral fiber insulation is retained.

Facings and Ceiling

The interior finish facings consist of electro-galvanized steel sheets,
1 mm thick (platforms and sorting room) and panels of stabilized laminated
plastic, 3 mm thick (accessory compartments).

The ceiling is perforated, pre-lacquered, sheet metal.

The finish facing and the ceiling facing are screwed to a wooden support
structure attached to the framework. As with the flooring precedingly
described, one will find, starting with the side sheeting: paint, side
sheeting, "Insonastic" layers, mineral fiber cushion (between supports),
asphalt felt, and interior facing.

Doors, Window Openings and Intercirculation
Personnel Access Doors

The car has two personnel access doors at the ends of the car on opposite
sides. These doors are UIC type, folding, with unequal panels, and have
locks to put them out of use, operated byakey from the outside, as well as
a remotely controlled bolt operated from inside and outside.

Loading Doors

Each side of the car has two loading doors allowing access to the platforms.
These doors, 1.60 meters wide, are of single-panel sliding, folding type.
Entirely of metal, each has two fixed window openings. In open position
they slide into metal housings provided with inspection parts which provide
access to the suspension rollers and the bottom guide rails.

These doors are put out of use by two locking bolts operated from the inside
(one by remote control, the other manually).


Some Inspections and Verifications

Inspection and verification of the braking systems, because of the originality
of the adopted solution, necessitated development of a completely specific
test procedure.

Electrical and thermal tests:

measurement of resistances to ground;

tests of dielectric strength;

measurements of insulation resistance;

general inspection of wiring;

inspection of generating equipment and the ensemble of platform-
side supply; and

tests of ventilation and heating equipment (power consumption,
controls, efficiency, noise,and so forth).

Interior Arrangement and Facilities

The Sorting Room

Sorting tables--The tables are placed against the car's sides and the parti-
tions separating the sorting room from the platforms. They are attached in
part by metal screws driven into plates welded to the car's structure and
in part by lag bolts into the flooring joists.

They are unit assemblies wholly of metal assembled at installation in the
vehicle; the vertical sides are partially perforated to allow free circula-
tion of air warmed by the radiators located beneath the sorting tables.

The tops of the tables are covered with bonded linoleum, 4 mm thick, and

their exposed edges trimmed with a rubber hosing forming a stop for the
sacks.

The tables are fitted with:

sheet steel partially perforated shelves;

two small drop-tables in the open bays; and

draws and large equipment chests mounted upon roller slides which
can be locked closed.

Sorting pigeonholes--These are made of perforated, anodized aluminum sheet
elements, 1.2 mm thick. They are arranged side by side on the sides of

the car, attached by screws (with felt washers) to plates welded to the side
structure and plates set flush in the plywood of the partitions separating
the sorting room from the platforms.

The sorting room is provided with 324 small pigeonholes (21 centimeters
wide) and 212 large ones (28.5 centimeters wide); the depth (28.5 centi-
meters) is the same for both. It must also be observed that the interior
of these pigeonholes (plane of support for letters) is inclined to the
rear (about 10 degrees).

71



USSR

SEVEN-~DIGIT. TELEPHONE NUMBERS: EFFECT OF ORGANIZATION OF CONVERSION
Moscow VESTNIK SVYAZI in Russian No 2, Feb 78 pp 23-24

[article by V. V. Malinikov, head of the Leningrad City Telephone Exchange,
and G. G. Sokolova, deputy chief engineer]

[Text] A 7-digit telephone numbering system has been introduced in Lenin-
grad (in 1976). All of the automatic telephone offices were switched over
to the new operating mode simultaneously without interruption of communica-
tions. The telephone network has operated stably since the switchover.
This article tells about some of the technical and organizational solutions
which can be useful in analogous action taken in the other telephone net-
works of the country.

At the time of conversion to the 7-digit numbering, the Leningrad City
Telephone Exchange was a multioffice exchange with incoming communications
junctions through which connections were made between the automatic tele-
phone offices of the various junction areas. Inside the junction areas the
automated telephone offices are connected by the "each-to-each" principle.
The IGI null decade is used for special services, and the eighth, the long-
distance office.

The switching of the network to 7-digit numbering took place in the follow-
ing way. All of the automatic telephone offices in operation at the
switching time were converted to the second million zone without organiza-
tion of the incoming message junctions: the DGI-2 were installed at all of
the 10-step automatic telephone offices, and the register and marker oper-
ating program was changed at the crossbar-type telephone exchange. This
made it possible to keep the interoffice communications bunches the same.
The load from eight equipped decades of the IGI field was switched to a
second decade. (Before switching this decade was also equipped, but for a
comparatively short period of time and with small load; therefore the tech-
nical condition of the field contacts could be considered satisfactory.)
Later when the automatic telephone office is grouped into the million zones
corresponding to the territorial arrangement, the load on the second decade
will be reduced.

28



"Although our brigade was recently created," says Carlos Hernandez, its
chairman, “we have accomplished the redistribution of electrical energy
and the lighting of our center. This work was evaluated as 'Good' by the
directorate and the administration. A telephone switchboard with 10
subscribers was also designed and built by a group consisting mainly of
members of the brigade."

Carlos also refers to the overfulfillment of the goal of filling 1,000
polyethylene bags with tree seedlings as part of the activities for the llth
World Youth and Student Festival.

Likewise, other work was accomplished, by the members of the brigade as
well as by those who work with the brigade. The latter contribute their
work experience for the better progress of the tasks inherent to the center,
such as the creation of an internal bulletin in the laboratory, the
acoustics in the activities room, the reconstruction of a grass cutter, as
well as other work which results from this type of cooperation. The
brigade members also take part in a Scientific-technical Interest Club made
up of 25 students of the Lenin Vocational School.

That is why, in their future plans, aside from the work ordered by the
directorate of the central telecommnications laboratory, they contemplate
other work which results from the initiative of the brigade members and
which will also be of technical interest and economic importance for the
Ministry of Communications and the country in general,

PHOTO CAPTIONS

1. p.1l Measurement of frequency response of a filter through the use of
@ sweep generator.

2. pell Ernesto Morejon, technical operator, makes adjustments and
measurements in analog circuits (modulators and demodulators).

3.:p.12 The operator of the computer, Teresa de la Pena, made reliability
studies in the department of environmental engineering.

p.12 Telephone measuring equipment. It measures the electro-acoustic
characteristics of telephonic equipment.

4. p.13 Telephone panel for internal communications developed in this
laboratory. Of practical use in Junior High Farming Schools,
polyclinics, offices, shops and so forth.

p.13 Error corrector for data transmission TELDAX-200, developed in
this laboratory.

Se peli Design of printed circuit for masters.

14



GUINEA-BISSAU

BRIEFS

JOINT TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION--The Joint Commission for Postal and
Telecommunications of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde held its third meeting
last Tuesday in Bissau. In the first discussion session the agenda was
outlined, and at the same time three separate committees were created to
study the following questions: . postal service, use of telecommunications,
and telecommunications technicians. At the meeting, which has now been
concluded, each of the joint members presented a summary of the experience
acquired in the respective country. There was also a report on the
development programs in progress and on those which are to be adopted in
the future. In Guinea-Bissau's case, the telecommunications projects are
those of L.M. Ericcson, and the project in cooperation with France is

the responsibility of the France Cable Co. With respect to Cape Verde,
mention was made of the emergency project financed by the African
Development Bank, the project for the expansion of existing telecommunica-
tions systems and a small assistance project by the FIR [expansion unknown]
(regarding the control of air space). Later sessions also took up ques-
tions regarding the training of technicians and the coordination of opera-
tions at the regional and international levels. [Text] [Bissau NO PINTCHA
in Portuguese 15 Apr 78 p 2] 6362

NEW TELEPHONE LINK--Within the scope of cooperation with France, the
Bissau~Bolama telephone link was inaugurated by Comrade Francisco Mendes,
the prime commissioner, who spoke by telephone with Comrade Francisco
Pereira, president of the state commission for the region of Bolama-
Bijagos. According to information supplied by the officials responsible
for this service, the Bissau-Cacheu connection is also in operation.

This project is being extended to other regions of the ccuntry, namely to
Fulacunda, Catio, Bissora and Gabu. A team of telecommunications tech-
nicians is presently mounting antennas in these locations, and it is
expected that these connections will go into operation by the end of
this month. [Text] [Bissau NO PINTCHA in Portuguese 7 Mar 78 p 2] 6362

cso: 5500

20



INTER-ARAB AFFAIRS

BAHRAINI, SAUDI ARABIAN SATELLITE PROJECTS REPORTED

Beirut EVENTS in English 2 Jun 78 p 29

FextJ

cso:

In today’s world of increasingly
advanced technology you can either
send your message scurrying under-
ground through a maze of computer-
operated switching devices, or you can
beam it through the air and far across
the ocean. The Middle East is an
expanding market for companies whose
expertise is in developing new town and
country grids, and also for firms who
specialise in installing earth stations to
connect with satellites for international
calls and telexes. And contacta in’both
areas are hard won.

On the satellite front the British firm
Cable and Wireless is doing well, even if
other British firms have been finding it
hard going for ground systems where
the Swedish firm L M Ericsson and the
Japanese are particularly strong. Cable
and Wireless are to install a new large
dish satellite earth station in Bahrein

in a project that is worth at least several
million dollars.

The firm already has one such station
in Bahrein, which came into service in
1969 ~ the first of its kind in the Middle
East. But the firm establishment of
Bahrein as an offshore banking centre
has meant a huge growth of inter-
national telephone and telex traffic in
and out of the island. The new station
will also allow telephone calls to be
routed via an Atlantic communications
satellite while at present all Bahrein’s
long-distance calls are routed over the
Indian Ocean. Cable and Wireless also
have earth stations in the UAE and
North Yemen.

5500

Another Arab satellite project is the
planned regional system Arabsat,
which it is now thought will become
operational in the early 1980s. Arabsat,
a 21-nation satellite organisation in
which Saudi Arabia holds the largest
equity share, will revolutionise tele-
communications within the region. The
main idea is to bring the remote regions
of the Arab world into telephone and
television contact with the various
centres, avoiding the difficulties of lay-

ing lines over millions of kilometres of
desert sands.

Apart from basic communications the
idea is to use Arabsat as a means of
spreading education to these remote
regions. Several consortia are after the
valuable contracts involved in this pro-
ject, including the MESH consortium of
,European companies manufacturing
‘satellite equipment, led by British
Aerospace.

16



For convenience of the subscribers, it was decided to switch all of the op-
erating automatic telephone offices to the second million zone simultane—
ously. For this purpose it was necessary to ready all of the facilities
for the planned time and ensure extreme precision in the organization of
the work and mass information of the population of the forthcoming switch-
over.

The plan for organizing the switchover developed by the Leningrad City
Telephone Exchange jointly with the Giprosvyaz'-2 Institute provided three
periods: preparatory, prestart and poststart. During the preparatory pe-
riod at the 10-step automatic telephone offices, an additional dialing step
was installed, the field of the second IGI decade was cut, and temporary
jumpers were installed to maintain the existing cross connections of the
active second decade and also the DGI field was connected (paralleling) to
the active connector relays of the interoffice communications. In this
case the cross connections on the IDF were not soldered to the DGI which
offered the possibility of checking out the DGI equipment during the entire
preparatory period by using the APA or other instruments.

Figure 1. Electrician of the central telephone exchange L. ‘A. Ustyugova
testing equipment.

For a month before the switchover at the 10-step automatic telephone office
the cross connections were soldered on the DGI input side on the IDF, and
the inputs of the devices are isolated as follows in order not to interfere
with the active second decade: in the DGI of the ATS-54 automatic telephone
office the relay B is fixed in the operating position using specially built
locators, and individual fuses are removed; on the DGI-47 the devices are
taken out of the initial position and the individual fuses are removed.
During the installation work the cable remaining after switchover was per-
manently laid, and that intended for dismantling was soldered at the top
and visually extinguished which excluded errors at the switchover time,
which was thus reduced to cutting off the lines.

29


PHOTO CAPTIONS

1. p.43 Television-moving picture equipment located in three racks
can work independently or pass the controls to a console table
where a technician operates all the equipment at once.

2. pel One of the most recent acquisitions, the standards converter,
can convert one system to any of the other two electronically
without detriment to color.

pl In the command module, the shift engineer checks the film being
recorded on videotape without affecting the signal which is on
the air,

p-hh The professional videotape machines acquired for color programing,
record, edit and transmit in the NTSC and SECAM systems.

p.4 In the interior of the remote control truck, technicians work at
recording a program with the videotape machines.

p45 This is the way color television programs which come to your
home are prepared. .

p45 The modern cameras are characterized by their great reliability
and optimum color quality.

p45 The color camera, unlike the black and white, has three tubes
which receive the image in the three primary colors (red, green
[as published] and blue, and it combines them. This mixture
reaches the television receivers and is broken up again into the
three aforementioned colors, reflected as small points on the
Screen. The human eye once more combines these colors and
receives the image as it was transmitted originally.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Ministry of Communications, Cuba. Technical monograph: "Color
Television."

Telecommnications Laboratory Described
Havana JUVENTUD TECNICA in Spanish Aug 77 pp 10-15
(text] A masterly and very well-studied decision on the election of the
most modern patents, together with an intrepid development plan for the
construction of equipment with our own means, and the concentration of all

the forces in very reduced areas of specialization, have contributed to the
positive result of the central telecommunications laboratory.

11


The test objectives were:

--to verify the mechanical strength of the chassis-body subjected to satic

compressive and tensile stresses and vertical loads as follows: compres-

sion upon the buffers, 2 meganewtons (MN) (200 tons);

compression upon diagonally opposite buffers, 0.5 MN, (50 tons);

axial compression, 2 MN (200 tons);

axial tension, 1.5 MN (150 tons); .

compression upon the end walls at various levels; and

vertical load by means of weights of 53 tons uniformly distributed over
the car's floor.

In the course of these tests stresses must not have exceeded the elastic
limits of the steels utilized (except that in the test under load the
stresses must have remained less than four-fifths of such elastic limits).

--to study the vibration behavior of the body under vertical excitation. |

The body was excited at the middle by means of a hydraulic jack in the
vicinity of the resonant frequency of the assembly. The amplitude of

the vibration at various points of the body were measures; certain limits
fixed by the SNCF standards in effect must not have been exceeded.

Inspection During Construction of the Chassis

It consisted of inspection of the following (the very tight dimensional
tolerances-~on the order of a few millimeters--are variable, depending TM
upon the points examined):

outside dimensions of the chassis;

squaring of the longitudinal stringers;

verification of the axial planes of the pivot cross members;
squaring of the head cross member; and

inspection of the deviation of the mounting axis of each buffer.

Inspection During Construction of the Shell*

plumb and squaring of the sides;

true flatness of sides;

position of canopy battens; 1
square of canopy; i
skew between pivot cross members; |
twist of the ends; H
skew, true flatness, and geometry of doors and windows;

sag of completed shell; and

height of shell.

"Shell' a trade term designating the stripped body of the vehicle. The !
body assembly with sheeting and all welded components but without the :
buffers and sub-assemblies attached with screws or bolts,

[Note: "shell" seems the most appropriate English word to translate the
French word used--"chaudron"--which means small boiler or caldron.]

70


--Inspectors general and general engineers may collaborate at times and for
specified periods with departmental officials in highly specialized technical
studies.

--Annual reports requested in letter orders must include an analysis of the
state of morale in each region or branch of service,

. The purpose of thses measures was obviously to ensure greater participation of
the Inspectorate General in the activities of the PTT.

Where Are We Today?

We will not refer to material working conditions except to say that they have
been substantially improved.

As to the activities of the Inspectorate General: The secretary of state and
his cabinet must endorse all requests by central directors for inclusion of
items in the annual business plan of the Inspectorate General and may add
their own items. The annual report on the regions and services is prepared
by the regional inspector general or general engineer and permits the prepara-
tion of the composite report for the secretary of state.

Three budget implementation control teams have been formed. One of these,
headed by an inspector general with the assistance of officials of Budgets and
Accounting, functions at the regional accounting level (Dijon in 1976, Rouen
in 1977)"". The other two teams, each consisting as of now of a total of five
class "A" officials headed by a general inspector, have been operational,
after a period of training, since June and have effected audits in the Dijon
region on the following matters:

--budgetary receipts

--mail transportation contracts

--regional postal employee compensation

--building construction service

--long lines service

~-regional telecommunications employee compensation.

These auditing procedures are undoubtedly burdensome on both the auditors and
the officials responsible for the audited activity. But their purpose -- as
the secretary of state has repeatedly emphasized -- is to guarantee to the
satisfaction of Parliament and of public opinion the judicious use of the con-
siderable autonomous budget sums now available to PTT. The rigorous and
detailed auditing of the use of these sums has no other purpose. It must en-
courage the staff and those responsible for managing funds to treat their
responsibility with due regard and concern for the public interest.

"Report, investigate, recommend." These are the three lines of action laid
down by the secretary of state for the Inspectorate General.

55



ARGENTINA

BRIEFS

SPANISH ELECTRONIC DELEGATION--A Spanish commercial mission for the electronic
industry arrived yesterday to meet with official authorities and representa-
tives of the private sector. The purpose of this meeting was to analyze
possible industrial cooperation and technological exchanges. This delegation
is sponsored by the Ministry of Commerce, the Commercial Bureau of Spain and
the Buenos Aires Spanish Chamber of Commerce. [Text] [Buenos Aires LA
PRENSA in Spanish 9 May 78 p 12] 6857

CSO: 5500


installed directly on the network or during a relatively short time inter-
val which form a radial or radial junction network with a central station
equipped with a united control device for the entire network. In addition,
the connecting lines in this network must be cable lines.

These conditions can be developed far from everywhere. Very frequently the
necessity arises for installation of only one station (for example, the
PBX) or on the network the overhead connecting lines continue to be used
(for example, in rural areas) or the multiplexing equipment operates on ca-
ble with frequency separation which is incompatible with the PCM-type equip-
ment. In these cases offices can be used with autonomous control.

In addition, on the network where the stations are used with autonomous con-
trol, several closely arranged offices of the integrated quasielectronic
system can appear, the overhead connecting lines are replaced by cable
lines, and so on. Then, from the defined point in time the offices with au-
tonomous control are expediently converted to the integrated mode. The sit-
uation where the office operating in the integrated mode with remote control
is expediently converted to the autonomous mode after several years of op-
eration should not be overlooked. This can occur with a significant in-
crease in capacity of the office.

Table 4
Specific Volume of Equipment in Liters Per Number

Crossbar Automatic Integrated Quasielectronic
Capacity Telephone Office Autonomous Mode Integrated Mode
64 (ATSK 50/200) 16 13 13
256 (ATSK 100/2,000) 29 10 5
1,024 (ATSK 100/1,000) 22 9 4
4,096 (ATSK 10,000) 26 8 8
Table 5

Specific Area in m? Per Number

Crossbar Automatic Integrated Quasielectronic
Capacity Telephone Office Autonomous Mode Integrated Mode
64 (ATSK 50/200) 0.140 0.100 0.100
256 (ATSK 100/2,000) 0.080 0.054 0.030
1,024 (ATSK 100/2,000) 0.054 0.023 0.012
4,096 (ATSK 10,000) 0.055 0.016 0.016

Consequently, the optimal communications system must include the offices
with integrated operating regime and with autonomous operating regime and
something of great importance, the offices must permit two-way transition
from one operating regime to another. The developed integrated communica-
tions system has just such properties.

26



Suspension of the floating crossbar--consisting of a transverse beam, the
floating crossbar rests upon the above mentioned frame through two groups
of coil springs.

The floating crossbar bears a central spindle and two slide blocks, one
at each end. The load is applied to the two lateral slide blocks with a
part of that load being transmitted at right angles to the spindle through
a coil spring.

Automatic Braking--The braking system, on discis and on the wheels, on
each bogie consists of the following parts:

two discs upon which the force exerted upon braking is constant, whatever
the load upon the bogie; and

sixteen brake shoes acting upon the wheels which exert upon the bogie upon
braking a force proportional to the load. For this purpose a hydraulic-
pneumatic pressure reducer is situated in the first stage of the suspension;
it controls a regulating device which mechanically varies the force

applied to the brake shoes.

Manual Braking--Controlled by a wheel located on the partition of one of the
accessory compartments, the manual brake acts upon the brake gear of one of
the two bogies through a cable.

Electric Power Supply
Batteries and Their Supply

Two banks of storage batteries supply the 24-volt system of the vehicle.
Each consists of 12 lead-acid batteries with rated capacity of 495 ampere—
hours at continuous discharge in 5 hours. Recharging them is effected in
either of two ways, depending upon whether the vehicle is alongside the
station platform or is running:

at the platform, by connecting to the EDF [French Electric (Power) Company]
lines; recharging is provided by a three-phase transformer rated at
10 kilovolt-amperes, 380 volts, 50 hertz; and

on the road, recharing is provided by two three-phase alternators, each
rated at 4.5 kilowatts. Each alternator situated upon a bogie is driven
by five parallel V-belts from an axle pulley. Each alternator has a
rectifier-regulator which, in addition to rectifying the alternating
current performs the following two functions: regulation of the output
voltage for charging the batteries and regulation of the maximum current
output of each generator.

62


The inner shell forms the furnace into which the flame from the mouth of the
burner enters. The water circulates between the two shells, directed by
helical fins which force it to circulate around the furnace.

At the lower part, a tank between the two seating plates is fitted with
48 transverse tubes to receive the electrical heating elements.

The burner--This is similar to the burners used in boilers used in buildings
with its fuel supply, turbine blower, ignition transformer, ignition
apparatus and safety devices. However, the ruggedness and reliability

of this equipment must be foolproof, the operating conditions being vastly
different from those present in fixed locations (vibration, contamination,
and so forth).

The smoke box-~A part intermediate between the heater and the chimney, the
smoke box is made of stainless steel sheet highly heat resistant and having
very good corrosion resistance.

It includes a housing for mounting a pyrostat and a tube for water drainage.

Gaseous combustion products exhaust chimney--This chimney, which connects
the boiler, located on the chassis, to the chimney outlet on the canopy
passes through the sorting room. Particular care has been taken with the
Passages through the floor and ceiling from the standpoint of thermal
insulation.

The outlet on the canopy is provided with a deflector which causes a lowered
pressure in the chimney while the car is moving.

Safety and regulating devices*--In case of excessive rise in temperature
of the combustion product gases a pyrostat causes the heating installation
to be shut down.

On the hot water header (mounted in immediate proximity to the heating unit
outlet) are three thermostats:

a safety thermostat which shuts down the heating when the water temperature
in the boiler exceeds 90°C [Celsius];

a regulation thermostat which limits to a maximum of 750°C the water
temperature in the boiler; and

a thermostat for release of preheating ventilation which does not allow such
ventilation to operate until the water temperature in the boiler reaches
40°C.

* In addition, warning signals are given in event of:
stopping of the motor-pump unit;
extinction of the burner flame;
abnormally low water level, and
absence of fuel.

64


The ceiling water-air heat exchanger (ventilation and air heating unit)--
This exchanger consists of finned tubes over which a motor driven centri-
fugal blower directs air.

The heating-ventilation unit assembly is shock-mounted and the speed of
rotation of the motor was chosen as low as possible (about 1,500 revolutions
per minute), all with the end in view of reducing noise and vibration to
the greatest extent possible.

The thermal capacity of this exchanger can reach 20 therms per hour [1 therm =
1 million calories].

Piping and radiators--Piping is seemless steel tubing and radiators consist
of finned copper tubes providing a good heat exchange coefficient as well as
suitable corrosion resistance.

Placement of the radiators was the subject of tests with models, tests made
necessary, on the one hand, by the size of the sorting room, (above all,

in wall space) and, on the other hand, so that the platforms where the sacks
are piled not interfere with general diffusion of the heat.

Air Distribution Ducts (for preheating or ventilation)--These ducts facilitate
diffusion of air to the various compartments. Connected to the ventilation
and heating unit, they are attached to the framework of the canopy above the
ceilings of the various compartments. Thermal and acoustic insulation of
these ducts was the subject of decided attention.

Thirteen adjustable baffles allow for distribution of the air.

Operation

Heating may therefore be effected either by the hot water radiators alone
(switch in the position "water heating") or by these same radiators after a
period of preheating provided by the water-air heat exchanger and its
ventilation (switch in the position "water-air heating").

In the latter case (the only case presenting some special features) the
operation is as follows:

Interior temperature below 18°C--the unit under the canopy is preferentially
supplied with hot water and the air blower does not start up until the
temperature of this water reaches about 40°C. In addition, provision is
made for recirculating of interior air (about four-fifths of the air blower
intake) in order to increase the speed with which the vehicle's atmosphere
attains desired temperature.

After this temperature has been attained an automatic regulator allows choice
among three operational instruction values: mini-normal-maxi, corresponding,

65



All of the stations can include both physical connecting lines and the mul-
tiplexing channels with PCM or with frequency separation. It is possible
to connect only the cable connecting lines to the remote control station:
physical or multiplexed PCM equipment.

The subscriber lines are physical lines with a loop resistance of 200 ohms

with a leakage of no worse than 20 kilohms. All types of stations are de-

signed for inclusion of the subscriber lines with a load range from 0.06 to
0.24 erlangs. If all of the subscriber lines have a load of 0.24 erlangs,

then the maximum admissible capacity of the station decreases. The propor-
tion of the paired subscriber lines can reach 100 percent under the condi-

tion of observation of the limiting admissible telephone loads. Thus, the

capacity of each of the stations can be doubled without significant change

in cost.

As a result of the possibility of easy variation of the structural diagram,
all of the stations can operate both with closure of the subscriber traffic
and without closure (substation modes). The last mode, especially combined
with remote control, permits the creation on the city networks of an entire
range of economical substations with a broad capacity range (from 64 to
4,096 subscribers).

In each of the stations it is possible to form groups of common interests
from the subscribers which inside the group will be able to use abbreviated
numbering of the telephones and other advantages of the PBX.

In all types of offices the subscribers will have a broad selection of addi-
tional types of equipment and both ordinary and push-button telephones.

The commutation devices of the station are capable of transmitting signals
which occupy the frequency spectrum from 0 to 1.5 MHz with amplitude in the
low-frequency range of up to 127 volts and 0.2 amps.

The described set of equipment will permit the construction of communication
networks which can operate in two modes--integrated and autonomous. Both
operating modes can be combined in the same network. In the integral mode
of operation in the commutation system both the analog and digital signals
can be commuted, and in the autonomous one, only the analog signals.

This set of equipment can be used for the construction of the rural, PBX
and city telephone exchanges. The junction with the existing automated
telephone offices (step and crossbar) is made only through the offices with
autonomous control.

The development of the entire set of equipment has been broken down into

several phases. First of all the 64/256 station with remote control and
the 512/4,096 station with its own control unit are created.

23


the fifth figure characterizes the nine main types of car (0: Posts and
Telecommunications cars, 1: first class seating cars, and so forth).

the sixth digit is used to indicate the number of compartments of bogie-
mounted cars; in this case 0;

the seventh digit indicates the maximum speed and heating characteristics
of the car (8: maximum speed greater than 140 kilometers per hour and
electrical (and possibly steam) heating;

the eighth digit is combined with the seventh to indicate the electrical
power supply used (7: 1,500 volts, direct current or 50 hertz single phase
alternating current);

the ninth, tenth and eleventh digits constitute the car number strictly
speaking in its series (here it is the 57th car of this type); and

the twelfth digit is a control for the correctness of the other 11 digits.

In domestic service the car number is sufficiently defined by the fifth to
eleventh digits, which are underlined on the car (00-87-057).

Other markings on the side--without detailing all these markings (some,
such as those related to electric supply or to length between buffers or
between pivots being almost self-evident) let us simply point out the
following:

=| marking denoting car with sound system but without central station

& marking for cars equipped with class R brakes for fast trains

or|ep|marking indicating car equipped with electro-pneumatic brakes
(©) marking indicating the car is equipped with disc brakes.

Markings at the back of the car--on the door jam of the car is a table
intended to summarize information related to acceptance and maintenance
of the car, as well as the marking which is a mark of compatibility
for use in making up trains.

At the end of this presentation it is undoubtedly not unnecessary to wonder
whether, on the one hand, the car fulfills the requirements, and on the
other hand, whether it behaves satisfactorily in course of time.

Experience (soon the first cars will have been in service for 4 years) has
shown that the 26.40-meter railway mail car satisfies the needs of its
users. Without breaking away from the traditional modes of performing
traveling services, it provides comfort in the broad sense better adapted
to what one is today accustomed and it facilitates, by virtue of its large
size and various means of access, the loading and storing operations.

75



JPRS 71333

21 June 1978

TRANSLATIONS ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY,
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

No, 41



CONTENTS (Continued) Page

WESTERN EUROPE

FRANCE
Role of PTT Inspector General's Office Detailed
(Georges Clavaud; REVUE DES PTT DE FRANCE, No 1, 1978).. 45
New Railway Mail Car Described in Detail
(Daniel Jarreau; REVUE DES PIT DE FRANCE, No 1, 1978)... 59
GREECE

Problems in Progress of Expanding Telephone System
(G. Papanikolaou; 0 OIKONOMIKOS TAKHYDROMOS, 13 Apr 78). 77



The development of modern systems and new types of equipment and apparatus
is done by this center, which is dedicated to the amplification and
perfectioning of available technical capabilities. At the same time, it is
also destined for the research and development of new systems, utilization
of the most recent achievements in techniques and technology applied to
telecommunications.

On Kilometer 14.5 on Rancho Boyeros Avenue, is found the central tele-
commnications laboratory, which is the development center of the Ministry
of Communications.

It has 12 years of uninterrupted experience, during which it has been
increasing its technical capabilities progressively until it has become @
modern institution, It has equipment and instruments, which together with
young personnel (the majority university graduates, technicians and skilled
workers), allows it to achieve the many successes it has had in the research
and development work carried out there.

The main objective of this laboratory is to serve as a technical support to
the Ministry of Communications in its effort for continuing to improve the
quality of comminications and improve the operation and maintenance of
existing systems,

For this purpose, a plan of basic problems to be resolved during the
1976-80 5-year period has been established. The plan responds to the
specific needs of our country and for this reason collaboration with other
institutions such as the Electronic Industry Enterprise and the universities
is foreseen.

The main work being done consists of the development of equipment and
professional devices for telecommunications, climate tests of materials,
equipment and electronic components, measurements and studies of tele-
communications systems, installed or newly acquired, as well as the
manufacture of quartz frequency crystals.

The laboratory has a technical subdirectorate, a technological subdirectorate
and an administrative section.

In the technical subdirectorate, designs for new equipment are made and
operational tests and experimental installation tests are made. It has
the departments of radio links, data transmission and telephony. It also

has a computer center equipped with a CID-201 B, nationally manufactured
computer.

The other subdirectorate provides the technology of the other equipment to
be produced and has areas specialized in construction of prototypes,
technological design, environmental engineering and instrumentation.

12



ARGENTINA

NEW ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS FIRM ANNOUNCED
Buenos Aires LA PRENSA in Spanish 9 May 78 p 12

[Text] The creation of a new firm, PECOMNEC, INC, was announced yesterday at
a press conference. It will produce electronic communications equipment.

It is made up of the Perez Company Inc of Argentina which will hold the
majority stock, and the Japanese firm Nippon Electric Company. The latter is
already known in this country for having provided, in 1973, the 1,400-km long
microwave relay between Comodoro Rivadavia and Ushuaia and for having made

similar contributions to the 1,200-km long Buenos Aires-Tandil-Mar del Plata-
Bahia Blanca network.

It should be pointed out that the greater percentage, in kilometers, of micro-

wave systems installed in this country are currently equipped with NEC products,
imported from Japan.

The new PECOM-NEC company intends to participate in the development plans an-
nounced by ENTEL, providing electronic automatic exchanges equipped with
microwave and multiplex PCM telephones, all produced in this country.

Equipment To Be Produced

Construction of ND-10 and ND-20 type automatic exchanges is planned for this
country; they were remodeled for local uses. The first system controlled by
a storage program with D-10 type space division, began to be used commercial-
iy in 1971 in the principal Japanese cities and now, they can be found
operating 150 systems.

The development of microwave systems began in 1955, based essentially on nega-
tive feedback techniques and the use of locked-phase detectors and low-noise
parametric amplifiers. The result was a wide range of highly sensitive wide-

band commercial systems. Microwave communications system via. satellite were
developed later on.

It shonld be noted that, in the field of communications, the NEC Company
handled 46 percent of total Japanese exports for automatic exchanges, 80
percent for the microwave systems and 67 percent for PCM multiplex systems.

6857
cso: 5500 2



GREECE

PROBLEMS IN PROGRESS OF EXPANDING TELEPHONE SYSTEM
Athens O OIKONOMIKOS TAKHYDROMOS in Greek 13 Apr 78 p 18
[Article by G. Papanikolaou: "Getting Worse Every Year"]

{Text] When the first satellite went into orbit in October 1957, it
marked the beginning of a new era characterized by the tremendous develop-
ment of telecommunications.

In this context and judging from the intervening two decades, our country
has made significant progress in the field of both domestic and inter-
national telecommunications.

However, needs have grown apace with the improvement of the national
standard of living and economic development, and have now become pressing.

As shown in charts 1 and 2, the yearly demand for new telephone installa-
tions has at least remained steady. On an average, about 200,000 applica-

tions are being submitted every year throughout the country, out of which
100,000 are for the capital area.

Unfortunately, however, the same charts show that fewer applications are
being approved every year, and as a result, more applications are conse-
quently left pending.

Thus, the repeated statements made by the OTE [Greek Telecommunications
Organization] according to which "144,000 new telephones will be installed
in the capital area alone during 1978" (TA NEA 3 Feb 78) should not be
taken too seriously unless they are compared to the number of applications
now pending, as well as to those which must already have been submitted.

Already, 498,722 applications for new telephone installations are pending
throughout the country, compared to 347,765 in 1976.

77



Chart 1: Number of applications for new telephone installations
which were submitted and mproved, and are pending (au-

tomated switchboards)

Years Submitted Approved Pending (including previous years)
1973 232,251 203,033 137,803
1974. 230,227 161,492 214 4.73
1975 165,603 148,020 210,396
1976 = 229,023 131, 787 347,765
1977 266, 326 129,078 498,722

Chart 2: Number of applications for new telephone installations
which were submitted and approved, and are pending

in the capital area

Years Submitted Approved Pending (including previous years)
1973 106,068 88,742 5,562

1974 101,86 73,645 87,965

1975 733394 60,701 102,428

1976 91,090 43,823 154,339

1977 104,298 595275 201,910

80


The station is also equipped with:

--Five links including two telephone and three telegraph and telex links
to handle communications with Algiers;
--Two service links (telephone-telex).

The Sullymanbougou earth station is only one part of the commitments made
by the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria to Mali in the telecommuni-
cations sector.

In addition to the earth station, Algeria has provided the following:

Installation of a 1,000-line Telephone Central in Bamako;

Installation of a 500-line Automatic Telephone Central in Sikasso;
Supplying of 1,000 telephone sets;

--Training of Malian cadres to handle maintenance of these various installa-
tions.

During this official visit to our country by the Algerian Minister of Infor-
mation and Culture, His Excellency Redha Malek will have the opportunity

of evaluating our cultural, artistic and touristic achievements, in addi-
tion to meeting his Malian counterpart for a work session. He will also be
received by the chief of state, Col Moussa Traore.

In addition to the minister, the Algerian delegation will include four
other members, including Messrs Baba [?] Ali, director general of the APS
(Algerian Press Service); Laghouati, director general of the RTA (Algerian
Radio-Television); Raouraoua, deputy director of Public Relations;
Nourredine Ikander, director general of the ANEP (National Publication and
Advertising Agency], a team of three persons from the RTA and one newsman
from the APS.

His Excellency Malek Redha, who has a degree in philosophy, was a member

of the MILD [Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties] and of the
bureau of the General Union of Algerian Students (UGEMA): editor of the
newspaper, LA RESISTANCE, at the beginning of the Algerian revolution;
director of the newspaper, EL MOUDJAHID, which was published during the
fight for liberation; member of the National Council of the Algerian Revolu-
tion. Since independence, Malek Redha served successively as Algerian
ambassador to Belgrade, Paris and Moscow before becoming Minister of Infor-
mation and Culture.

8143
cso: 5500

18



JPRS 71333 |
21 June 1978 er
TRANSLATIONS ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY,
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
No, 41

Reproduced From
Best Available Copy

DISTRIBUTION § STATEMENTA |
sd forPublicReleasa |
Distribution Unlimited :

U. S. JOINT PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH SERVICE

RF



Chart 3: Length of time applications have been pending in

certain Nomes

Capital area from 1 Jan 1973

Salonica area " 11 Aug 1971
Rest of Attiki " 14 Apr 1973
Rest of Salonica " 24 Mar 1971
Voiotia Nome " 28 Nov 1971
Evvoia Nome " 7 Dee 1971

Kerkyra Nome " 8 Dec 1975

Irakleion Nome " 9 Oct 1973

Drama Nome " 10 Feb 1973
Serrai Nome " ; 29 May 1972
Argolis Nome " 7 Aug 1973

Korinthia Nome " 28 Dec 1970
Fthiotis Nome " 13 Sep 1971
Khios Nome " 18 Sep 1973
Dodekanisos Nome " 21 Oct 1973
Toannina Nome " 11 Jan 1971
Zakynthos Nome " 10 Mar 1975

81



and other documents which are used when designing and operating the tele-
graph network and which regulate the characteristics of its elements and
the equipment used.

One of the principal elements of the general purpose telegraph network and
subscriber telegraph is the commutation station. Now basically the auto-
mated switching stations of the AT-PS-PD type are in operation in the re-
public and oblast centers; in the large rayon centers, the substations of
the PTS-K type; in the intraoblast stations with small (up to 20) numbers
of subscribers, the ATA-MK and the ATK-20 type substations. The modified
stations of the Nikola Tesla Plant (Yugoslavia) are also finding broad ap-
plication. In the creation of them, the most improved element base, the
multiple coordinate connectors, relays and elements of modular electronics
were used. An important distinguishing feature of these stations is the
absence in the transition networks of information signals of the radio re-
lays and the converting electromechanical relays which have made it possi-
ble to eliminate the additional distortions of the transmitted signals, to
increase the transmission rate on the network from 50 to 200 baud and sig-
nificantly simplify the equipment.

All of these commutation stations and substations of the coordinate-type
can be included in a single telegraph network. Its qualitative indices are
improved here as a result of shifts of the load peaks in the various net-
works and enlargement of the bunches of channels, the volume of the re-
quired equipment will be decreased, and as a result of creation of united
services, the service personnel staff will be reduced.

In the near future new electronic commutation stations will appear on the
telegraph network which will provide for the introduction of up to 100 dif-
ferent categories of subscribers, they will increase the limiting transmis-—
sion rate to 2,400 baud, and they will provide all subscribers with new ser-
vices: abbreviated dialing of numbers, establishment of connections with
respect to three categories of urgency, multiple address and circular com-
munications, and push-button dialing. The KONIIS Institute is developing
this type of electronic commutation station. Line testing of it is planned
for the end of the 10th Five-Year Plan, and industrial production, by the
llth Five-Year Plan.

The telegraph network indices such as the percentage failures when estab-
lishing a connection, the reliability of transmission and reliability of
communications depend to a significant degree on the number and quality of
the available telegraph channels. Significant shortage of them and the in-
creased load planned in the near future are making the problem of creating
new channel-forming equipment an urgent one. This would provide a large
number of channels and have high reliability, small overall dimensions, low
weight and low energy intake.

Until recently when developing the telegraph channel-forming equipment, the
frequency method of channel sharing was used exclusively. As a result, a

41


After Nipkow, other systems were used but without attaining any significant
advances. It was not until the advent of cathode-ray tubes that monochro-
matic television (black and white) began the new phase of development which
allowed it to reach the degree of perfection it has today.

The problem posed by television at the beginning because it had to use the
same channel for transmitting the information corresponding to the lumino-
sity of all the points of an image, is now being resolved by the same
system used by Nipkow, with the difference that he used an electromechanical
procedure and today it is done by electronic means.

Television began to go public shortly before World War II, and during the
war it made significant progress. However, from its beginning, it
sufferenced from one defect: it lacked color in its pictures.

Men of science undertook the task of obtaining a naturalness in three aspects:
form, size and color, The first two they had, the third, was obtained
thanks to the joint work of scientists, engineers, and researchers.

Color Television

The foundations of color or polychromatic television, are based on research
done on the nature and composition of light, as well as the perception of
colors by eyesight.

Who has not admired the beauty of the rainbow after a rain? This phenomenon
not only awakened the esthetic curiousity of man but also his study. In it
are clearly contained the six colors of the spectrum visible to the human
eye. Within this specturm may be found the so-called primary colors: red,
green [as published] and blue, which on being mixed indiscriminately
maintain the quality of producing the color white and a gamut of different
colors.

This peculiarity is used by polychromatic television because that mixture
is the best for the emission of images in colors.

With these elements and the advances reached in monochromatic transmission,
the study of the prerequisites color television should have were begun.

As a basic question, the compatibility of the systems was established. This
means that the signal emitted by the transmitter rust be reproduced similarly
in either black and white or color television receivers. This requirement
was due to factors of technical and economic nature. It was a questions
which necessarily implied maintaining the color television receiver within
the same specifications as those used up to the time, the same vertical

and horizontal sweep frequencies, bandwidth, modulation and so forth.

Thus, it was decided, after several experiments, to transmit a signal which
had the same characteristics as that used by black and white television.


CUBA

CUBAN COMMUNICATIONS DEVELOPMENTS REPORTED
Color Television System Described
Havana VERDE OLIVO in Spanish 23 Apr 78 pp 42-l5

{text] Night falls and a group of boys with a veritable arsenal of whips,
bows and swords, let their imagination run wild on the fierce battle that
approaches. Suddenly, and to the shout of [word missing] the adventure
began, the "good guys" and the "bad guys" ran to take a place before the

Its Origins

Television, that magnificent invention, which has so many different uses in
our time, is not, as many think , such a recent discovery. Its roots go
back beyond our century to the moment when sound was made to travel through
space, an event which aroused in men the desire to do the same thing with
pictures, However, the realization of this idea was not an easy process.

_ In 183, a Scots watchmaker, Alexander Bain, discovered in the breakup of
images into many points of variable light, the possibility of transforming
them into electrical imoulses and reproducing the image at a distance
through a universal process.

The first transmission was made by Blakewell in 1847, It was more a matter
of telephotography than television, The discovery by May of the photo-
electric cell in 1873, was another incalculable contribution to its develop-
ment.

An event took place then which gave a practical solution to the transmission
of an image.. Paul Nipkow thought of a process which consisted in scanning

the image using a disk which contained a number of holes in a spiral manner,
which characteristic did not allow any part of the image to remain unscanned.

This process in its time clashed with the obstacle that the disk used had
to have a diameter of two or three meters, necessary for obtaining an image
of acceptable size,



--by bypassing the regional organizations in staff promotion matters and re~
apportioning functions and responsibilities in such manner as to enable a
single member of the central Inspectorate General to examine all the candi-
dates for any given promotion; and

~-by assigning investigations and audits to teams of three inspectors or gene-
ral engineers working together with the central administration official whose
activity was affected.

However, the Inspectorate General saw itself losing the chairmanship of the
regional promotion boards for positions in the provinces, which would minimize
its role as consultant to the board members.

This humiliating situation was resented, as much as was the fact that the
Inspectorate General lacked sufficient funds and material, and premises appro-
priate to its needs.

Role of the Inspectorate General

After a period of hesitation and wavering, the secretary of state,,by letter
order of 11 December 1975 based on the legislation in effect then”, assigned
the Inspectorate General three objectives:

~-Regular and systematic auditing of the foreign services and of the organiza-
tions under the tutelage of the secretary of state, which has resulted, since
1976, in a detailed annual report on each region and department and a composite
report that is forwarded to the minister during the month of December

--Timely missions as in the past, but requested by the central administrative
managements and forwarded to the minister for his prior approval to proceed
or not

--The permanent role of organic engenderer of conceptual and analytical studies,
forecasts and proposals.

These objectives were confirmed and elaborated on by a memorandum of the secre-
tary of state addressed to the central directors on 3 June 1976 stating that:

--The Inspectorate General is a branch of the central administration!4 and,,as
such, administers its own staff of inspectors general and general engineers”.
The chief of the branch is empowered to engage certain expenditures inasmuch
as the departmental budget is henceforth autonomous.

--The branch chief is responsible for establishing his own schedule of acti-
vities based on the requests made of him.

-~Auditing of the implementation of its autonomous budget will henceforth follow
the lines of procedure used by the Inspectorate General of Finance and will be
effected by specialized teams headed by a general inspector or general engi-
neer aided by class "A" officials assigned temporarily to the Inspectorate
General.

54


In practice the procedure goes as follows: on discovering unindexed ser-
vice correspondence in the post boxes, the guilty parties are invited by
telephone to complete the addresses.

At one time there were envelopes and postcards for sale without guidelines
which interfered with indoctrinating the population in proper addressing
habits. Accordingly, a special stamp was produced which was put in the
stamp machine. By using this stamp the communications enterprises applied
the guidelines to all of the old-style envelopes and postcards.

More than 25,000 metal tablets with indication of the index have been manu-
factured centrally for each city and village in the kray. Indices were
stenciled on all of the group subscriber boxes, base stations and mailboxes.

All of the communications enterprises were supplied with stamps made in the
engraving office so that an impression of the index was applied to letters
coming from other enterprises without an index in the recipient's address.

It is quite obvious that the success of the matter is impossible without
constant control on the part of the PfUS. This is why the kray commission
on indexing reviews the course of its introduction quarterly. The communi-
cation enterprise directors periodically talk at the meetings of the PTUS
council and the commission, and the resolutions adopted are reported to all
the remaining enterprises. Review of letters with an analysis of the intro-
duction of indexing are sent-out throughout the kray quarterly. During
complex checking of the operating activity, a deep analysis is made of the
indexing work, and its results are reflected in the documents, in a special
section.

Beginning in 1974 a competition inspection has been made in the collectives
of all of the enterprises annually for the best communications division
(section) with respect to the introduction of indexing. The percentage in-
troduction is considered when summing up the results of the socialist com-
petition of the junctions and considering the sizes of the bonuses to the
directors, and their assistants with respect to the summaries of operations
for the quarter.

Such junction as Bol'shekamenskiy, Novopokrovskiy, Pogranichnyy, Khorol'skiy
are now ahead. The proportion of outgoing letters with correctly affixed
indices is now 95 percent.

The communications divisions of Roshchino of Novopokrovskiy Rayon and
Smolyaninovo of Bol'shekamenskiy Rayon have reached 98 percent. They be-
long to the third group and service the large workers' villages. The en-
tire collective of the divisions has been mobilized to work on indexing.
For example, the mailmen make apartment-by-apartment rounds to all of the
clients who receive letters without indices in the addresses. The direc-
tors and other workers of these communications divisions frequently appear
at meetings of the residents, at meetings of the rural and village councils

37


This situation becomes evident from chart 3, which refers specifically to
certain areas of the country and shows the corresponding dates when
applications were submitted.

Among the data provided by the OTE are mentioned some of the most dis-
couraging cases.

In the Salonica area, applications have been pending since 1971, while
in the capital area, they have been pending since 1973.

Charts 4 and 5 show the rise in the use of telecommunications media, as
well as the rise in domestic long distance calls in units (347 million in
1977 as compared to 309 million in 1976). They also show the increase in
out-going international calls for first-minute conversations (60,624,844
in 1977 as compared to 50,295,343 in 1976).

It should be noted that according to information provided by the OTE,
the plan to install 850,000 new telephones during the period 1976-1980 is
being pushed through, following approval by the government.

However, 500,000 applications are still pending, and an average 500,000
new telephones are installed every year. If we estimate that the number
of new applications is remaining at a relatively low level--since the
inability of the OTE to satisfy demand is well-known--then we shall still
be behind in 1980 and at least 100,000 new applications, if not more,
will be pending.

The same is also true of Telex installations.

As shown in chart 6, the attempt to fill the new applications submitted
for Telex machines was not sufficient; as a result, 1,119 applications
are still pending.

Lower Investments

A consoling note is struck by the rise in telecommunications automation,

a field in which our country presents one of the highest percentages:
about 99 percent in 1977.

Years Automated Switchboards Manual Switchboards
1975 1,021 2,820
1976 1,077 2,774
1977 1,128 2,700

(The high number of manual switchboards covers a small percentage of
the telephone network).

78


subscribers. The communication losses for more than 10 percent of the sub-
scribers of the investigated group or an increase in the loss of messages
to more than 10 percent or the loss of any form of communications are con-
sidered idletime.

Table 3

Average Number of Damages Per Year

Autonomous Mode Integrated Mode

Without With Without With
Capacity and Type of Station DVO DVO DVO DVO
64 numbers, OS 7 10 5 6
256 numbers, 0S -- 11 -- 7
1,024 numbers, 0S -- -- -- 35
4,096 numbers making up the network -- -- 230 280

As is obvious from Table 2, the average idletime in hours per year in the
integrated mode is less than in the autonomous mode in spite of the fact
that the control is centralized within the limits of the network. This oc-
curs as a result of the fact that in the integrated mode there is appreci-
ably less equipment than in the autonomous mode which is obvious also from
the table, for the cost and the amount of the equipment are closely related.

The reliability from the point of view of the service personnel is deter-
mined by the average number of damages to the equipment in the year consid-
ering the service regime. Whereas for the subscriber failure of part of
the reserve equipment goes unnoticed, from the point of view of the service
personnel all failures must be considered.

As the calculations show, the average number of damages in a year in the in-
tegrated regime is less than in the autonomous regime (see Table 3). A
quite low total number of damages is the result of the application of highly
reliable elements (hercons, integral circuits, plugs with guilded contacts,
and so on) and a decrease in the total amount of equipment which is charac-
teristic of the integrated regime.

As is obvious, the integrated regime has a noticeable advantage over the
autonomous regime with respect to cost and reliability. In addition, it is
possible to add the advantage in the occupied space and the possibility of
automating the process of operational servicing within the limits of the
section or even an entire network, for example, a rural district. In addi-
tion, as a result of centralization of control in the integrated regime the
carrying capacity of the network increases by 15-30 percent, and the possi-
bility of combining several forms of communication in it, telephone, tele-
graph and data transmission, appears.

However, it is possible to realize the integrated regime only in the case
where several stations of the integrated quasielectronic system are

25


large fleet of voice-frequency telegraph equipment was created. The modern
Soviet transit voice-frequency telegraph equipment of the TT-12 and TT-48
type is on the level of the best world models: it has small size, it is
relatively light (the specific weight for the channel will be 3.5-6.0 ke),
it is economical with respect to electric power (it consumes 8-10 volt-
amperes on a'channel), it is resistant to climatic effects (the operating
temperature range goes from +5 to +40° C).

Figure 2. Duplex subscriber telegraph DATA-6P0 installed in the municipal
communications division of Leningrad.

Figure 3. Facsimile transceiving equipment Shtrikh-M.

With the development of the data processing equipment using digital elements
it has become possible to begin the development of equipment with time
sharing of the channels, the so-called multiplexors which, without being
inferior to voice-frequency telegraph with respect to the above-enumerated
operating and technical indices, are significantly superior to it with re-
spect to degree of use of the carrying capacity of the communications chan-
nel and with respect to the technical-economic indices. The multiplexors
of the TVU-12, TVU-12M, DATA types created in the KONIIS Institute and the
URAL and AGAT equipment joined with them have resolved the problem of orga-
nizing communications on the local networks. In the near future, it is

42



The expected cost of the station equipment of the integrated quasielectronic
communications system is determined by calculation. It is obvious that on
organization of the production of these offices, the actual prices can dif-
fer from the calculated prices. In Table 1 we have the specific (for one
number) cost of the station equipment (without the channel-forming equip-
ment) for the terminal office (0S), the junction office (US) and the cen-
tral office (TsS). (The DVO are the auxiliary forms of equipment.) In the
last row of the table the average cost of one number on the radial junction
network of the rural telephone communications with a capacity of 6,000 num-
bers is given.

Table 1
Specific Cost of Station
Equipment, rubles

Autonomous Mode Integrated Mode

Without With Without With
Capacity and Type of Station DVO DVO DVO DVO
64 numbers, OS , 270 310 170 170
128 numbers, 0S 190 220 110 110
1,024 numbers, OS 140 1h0 72 72
64 numbers, US 470 530 260 260
128 numbers, US 360 kro eho 2h0
3,072 numbers, TsS 130 1h0 150 150
Network for 6,000 numbers 170 190 135 140
Table 2

Average Idletime in Hours Per Year

Autonomous Mode Integrated Mode

Without With Without With
Capacity and Type of Station DVO DVO DVO DVO
64 numbers, OS 18 0.15 9.1 0.050
256 numbers, OS -- 0.15 -- 0.050
1,024 numbers, 0S — -- -- 0.080
4,096 numbers making up the network -- -- -- 0.016

As is obvious from Table 1, the integrated regime requires significantly
lower specific capital investments than the autonomous regime. These in-
vestments in practice do not increase with the introduction of the auxiliary
forms of equipment as occurs in the autonomous mode.

The reliability of the equipment of the integrated quasielectronic communi-
cations system was investigated from the point of view of the subscribers

and from the point of view of the service personnel. The reliability from
the point of view of the subscribers is characterized by the average idle-
time during the year for the equipment servicing the investigated group of

24



Spandrels between every two curved members consist essentially of formed
steel angle sections, 3 mm thick, assembled by welding, and whose joints
are reinforced by gussets. On the other hand the spandrels at right
angles to the partitions of the accessory compartments consist of a
vertical web of sheet steel, 2 mm thick, stiffened by formed sheet metal
angles, 2.5 mm thick.

In the central portion of the roof there is an opening intended for intake
of external air.

At each end of the roof framing there are compartments of flat sheet metal
intended in particular to house the water tanks of 290 liters and 50 liters
capacity.

Bogies and Braking Apparatus

The factors to be considered in selection of bogies are numerous and varied.
Let us quickly enumerate some of them: maximum desired speed, comfort,
possibility of installing braking dependent upon the loading, ability to
place an alternator upon the bogie, feasibility of attaining maximum body
width, length of service life, same bogie for the railway mail car as

for the feeder car, greatest possible number of parts in common with the
bogies in present use by the SNCF [French National Railroads], and so forth.

Some Ideas on Bogies (Load Bearing)

The bogie is a small truck with two axles upon which a portion of the vehicle
body rests and intended to permit better seating of the body and facilitate
swiveling of the vehicle around curves.

In the case of bogies the load is supported upon a special element of the
latter called the floating crossbar whose mobility, combined with the
flexibility of the suspension, considerably improves comfort. The suspension
consists of two distinct parts:

the suspension of the bogie strictly speaking, or primary suspension; and
the suspension of the floating crossbar, or secondary suspension.

In addition, connecting rods, snubbers and other subsidiary parts connect
the various constituent elements together. These parts transmit the
vertical and horizontal forces while moderating them in order to alternate
and reduce the various relative motions such as sway, pitch, roll, and

so forth.

The Y24X Bogie: Construction and Special Features
Suspension of the bogie, strictly speaking--The load on the bogie is trans—-
mitted on each side to the two axle boxes by longitudinal balancing beams.

The frame of the bogie rests upon each of these balancing beams through
two groups of coil springs.

61



WORLDWIDE AFFAIRS

BRIEFS

INTERNATIONAL RADIO CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEE--Kyoto Jun 7 KYODO--A total of
350 electricians from 70 countries opened a meeting here Wednesday to study
ways to harmonize utilization of their technology on electric waves and
establish a new world order in this field. The 14th plenary meeting of the
International Radio Consultative Committee (CCIR), a standing advisory
organ to the United Nations specialized body of the International Tele-
communications Union (ITU), got under way at the Kyoto International Hall.
The CCIR general meeting, to last about two weeks, is the first to be held
in Japan. The technicians are to take up problems pertaining to laser
communications, microwave-using earth-inspecting satellites and other
technical innovations at the meeting. The 66-member Japanese delegation to
the assembly was led by Masao Hirano, chief of the posts and telecommunica-
tions ministry's radio regulatory bureau. [Text] [Tokyo KYODO in English
1032 GMi 7 Jun 78 ow]

CSO: 5500



6. p.15 Carlos Hernandez, president of the BTJ and with a degree in
physics.

p.16 The module for the plating of connectors serves to impose the
metallic covering on printed boards through a chemical precipita-
tion process, The construction of this equipment in the labora-

tory saved our country $15,000.

8908
csO: 5500

15


However, the main factor which proves that the future of telecommunications
in our country is not as bright as are the needs for the development of
this sector, is the decrease in investments.

While 4 billion drachmas were invested in 1974 and 1975 respectively, and

again 4 billion in 1976, barely 3.5 billion were approved for 1977, when
at least 5 billion were needed.

The level of capital investment for 1977 is the same as the 1973 level!

Thus, not only is it impossible to satisfy present needs, but telecommuni-
cations are also prevented from playing a fitting role in the development
of our national economy.

Following the transfers from Beirut and the establishment in Athens of
many new headquarters of international enterprises, it would have been
more advantageous to deal more carefully with the future of telecommuni-
cations rather than simply attempt to fill part of the applications and
at the same time to create a sensation among the public by announcing
the approval of a large number of new phone installations.which, however,

constantly leave wide gaps in the demand and in the real needs of the
country.

79



"The chief of service of the Inspectorate General assigns to inspectors gene-
ral of its technical staff who are not assigned to a particular circumscrip-
tion any mission he may deem useful or any work that may contribute to the
total effort" (art 14). :

Another article stipulates that the staff officials of the Inspectorate General
are responsible for all audits, inquiries, and studies relating to the organi-
zation or operation of other departments. It specifies that they perform
audits of budget performance and direct the work of promotion and rating
boards. :

Lastly, competitive selection of candidates for administrative control inspec-
tors’ was abolished. Candidates for the grade of deputy inspector general
must already have attained a certain grade and appear on the list of candidates
prepared by the central administration management board. The differentiation
between the grades of deputy inspector general and congrol inspector was based
on the prior salary level of the successful candidate’. This system of dif-
ferentiation was quickly abolished by the law of finance of 31 December 1942
which transformed all specialized control inspector and deputy inspector
general assignments into two inspector and twelve deputy inspector general
positions.

However, when the reclassification of civil service employees took place in
1948, deputy inspectors general were deemed to have suffered downgrading by
comparison with their previous relative position in the salary structure since
their regponsibilities were now comparable to those of inspectors general.

In 1951", they became "2nd echelon inspectors general" and their colleagues
"lst echelon inspectors general." Shortly afterwards, the officials of the
technical staff were reclassified to lst and 2nd echelon inspectors general
in accordance with a decree of 5 July 1951 instituting an interministerial
corps of telecommunications engineers.

During the 50's, several plans to reorganize the Inspectorate General were un-
successful and the decree of 1941 was not rescinded until Decree 64-142 of 13
February which established a specific statute of the corps of inspectors
general”.

The Reforms of 1964 and 1971

A decree of 28 A!lril 1964 defined the role, organization and functions of the
Inspectorate General as the highest control branch of the ministry of Posts
and Telecommunications, placing it under the direct authority of the minister
of Posts and Telecommunications and, through delegation of his authority, that
of the secretary general. Although the minister was empowered to assign to
it any mission, its permanent mission was to:

--Inform the minister at all times regarding the conduct of international
operations

52


Several of these railway mail cars having undergone general overhaul, it was
possible to verify the excellent performance of the structure (assembly of
parts, welds and so forth), of the materials, as well as air-tightness.

This satisfactory balance sheet justifies the precautions which had been taken
in its studies which preceded beginning of construction (investigations,
models, varied tests, and so forth) and allows us to pay homage to the various
companies and enterprises which participated in this accomplishment, parti-
cularly the SNCF and the D. Soule establishment.

11706
cso: 5500

76


Chart 4: Domestic long distance calls (in units)

Years Automated switchboard Manual switchboard Total

1973 189,954,218 31,292,974 221,247,192
1974, 238,146,643 23,797,865 261, Ml. 508
1975 257,588,033 15,870,830 273,458, 863
1976 296 572,337 15,070,952 309,643,289
1977 336,000,000 11,270,000 347,270,000

Chart 5: Duration of out-going international calls in first

minutes
Years Automated switchboard Manual switchboard Total
1973 21,227,033 5,159,681 26,386,721),
1974, 26,46, , 900 549955543 32,460,443
1975 31,992, 16h, 5,746,300 37,738, 4.6L,
1976 4,149,893 6 51454450 50,295,343
1977 Shy 783,546 5,8h,1,298 60,62, Bly

Chart 6: Number of applications for new Telex installations
which were submitted and approved, and are pending
Capital Entire Country

Years Subm. Appr. Pending

1973 776 750 26

} Years Subm. Appr. Pending
197) 837 863 - }
)
)
)
)
)

1973 1,039 1,013 26
1974. 987 1,012 1
1975 188 89 100
1976 670 123 647
1977 1,654 1,182 1,119

1975 136 48 88
1976 526 100 514
1977 1,259 905 868

END

8980 82
cso: 4701


FRANCE

NEW RAILWAY MAIL CAR DESCRIBED IN DETAIL

Paris REVUE DES PTT DE FRANCE in French 1978 No 1, pp 18-30

[Part two of article by Daniel Jarreau, engineer in the Equipment and
Transport Directorate of the General Directorate of Posts]

[Text] This text, describing the construction and
facilities of the new railway mail car continues

a first article published in the. REVUE DES PTT DE
FRANCE, 1977 No 5, which reviewed the history of the
study of this vehicle, describing its place in
relation to the other vehicles of the post office
rolling stock fleet.

Framework of the Chassis and Body
The Chassis
Constituting the lower portion of a tubular beam the chassis consists of:
two UAP 200[ side sills of half hard weldable copper bearing steel joined
together, in part by the flat plate pivot cross members and in part by
the IPN 160 I cross members, these elements being assembled by oxy-

acetylene welding;

two UAP 200 struts at right angles to the buffers which connect the forward
cross member to the pivot cross member;

a central compartment arranged to house either the tractive elements or
the automatic coupling elements; and

two gussets (lower and upper) enclosing the front of the chassis practically
over the length of the automatic coupler compartment.

The chassis is covered over its entire surface between the pivot cross
members by ribbed sheet metal flooring 1.25 millimeters (mm) thick.

59



service information network at the outputs of the freed decades of the au-
tomatic telephone offices through the repeaters and decoupling circuits.
The repeater and bypass racks were specially developed and manufactured at
the Leningrad City Telephone Exchange, and each one made it possible to
connect information simultaneously to 150 outputs. One or two of the racks
were installed at every automatic telephone office. The automatic informa-
tion was provided round the clock for 1.5 months after switchover, then an-
other month in the daytime.

Figure 3. Senior engineer of the Ul'yanovskaya automatic telephone office
. G. A. Turkova controls the operation of the automatic telephone
office after switchover.

The greatest danger to a normal operation of the telephone network after
switchover came from erroneous dialing, that is, dialing of the 6-digit
numbers which could create an additional load. Therefore, the switching
was carried out during the lowest load period, at the end of the 3d week of
August. However, measurements of the load occurring on 25 percent of the
IGI groups of the 10-step automatic telephone offices demonstrated that no
significant change occurred after switchover. By calculations the errone-
ous dialing during the first days after switchover created an additional
load on the IGI within the limits of 1-1.5 percent.

The number of erroneous dialings which during the first day after switch~
over reached 40 percent at the individual automatic telephone offices drop-
ped by two or three times the next day and decreased continuously for the
ist week of observation. The number of errors from the PBX subscribers at
all of the observed automatic telephone offices was lower than from the
residential subscribers.

There were no failures in the second decade of the IGI of the 10-step auto-
matic telephone office. At only 17 percent of the automatic telephone of-
fices was an increase in the current consumption noted, but its values were
30-ho percent below the values observed before holidays. The measurements

32



Seats~-The sorting room is provided with nine swiveling seats consisting of
upholstered stools.

These seats can be put out of the way under the sorting table and can be set
at two different heights in relation to the sorting table level.

Dust removal tables--Two dust removal tables, one on each side at the
extremities of the sorting tables and continuous with them are installed in
the sorting room.

Their operation is as follows: the sacks are emptied onto a perforated
horizontal plate underneath which is a hopper connected to a removable
filter intended to remove dust from the air before it is redirected into
the car. The aspirated and filtered air is directed into the sorting room
through a V-shaped duct located between the sorting pigeonholes and the face
covering; it must be emphasized that the aspiration velocity must be high
enough at the filter to achieve effective action but in contrast the
diffusion velocity of that air into the vehicle must be as low as possible;
for this reason it is directed through a very wide duct to its ceiling so
as to avoid its blowing directly upon the occupants.

The motor driven ventilator is mounted elastically and the assembly is
soundproofed.

Control is effected by means of a control box attached to the side of the
sorting room to the right of, and below the dust removal table.

Miscellaneous--Stamping plates and writing desks complete the equipment of
the sorting tables.

Bars upon which sacks are hung are installed at right angles to each of
the central openings and upon each side of the sorting room toward the
end sliding doors.

An emergency guide rail is situated above the sorting pigeonholes and
sliding door and leads to the manual brake platform.

Platforms

These platforms with working surface of about 12 square meters must allow
for storing mail sacks (intended for, or coming from the sorting room),
passage for access to accessory compartments and to the access doors,

and passage between cars, all while not obstructing the loading doors.

Each platform has nine vertical straps whose ends are fastened to anchoring
devices, one in the floor and the other in the ceiling. These straps are
intended to serve as operating stations for the mail sacks in order to limit
their territory.

72


of the failures at the automatic information units demonstrated that the
selected number of outputs was sufficient for the erroneous dialings. When
calculating the number of leads to the automatic information unit from the
freed decades, the time spent giving out automatic information has great

significance. The information text must be short and laconical as possible.

The observations demonstrated that after switchover on the average the sub-
scriber listened to the information twice, and in the subsequent period
there was a sharp decrease in the time spent listening to the information,
especially during the daytime.

sec

eg note (1)

a= 618 G0 230

ave SOF

Anumensrocms
dno: unpopmouyy

nn uw & 7 % Angust
Days of observation

Figure 4. Average time the subscribers keep the automatic information
units busy.

Key: 1. From... to... hours
2. Time for one session of providing information

Teh me arcenpentatancen nbepmapracecexnege 1
Ell = egetneennaéneleern STC 3
Sol NW) —-— Atcenmatrtoncen gegen derceroto

2 eenrod B
a

x

2

i

3

’

:

oe wt se ae
August September
Observation days

Figure 5. Dynamic reduction of the number of erroneous dialings after
switchover of the automatic telephone office to the 7-digit num-
bering.

Key: 1. Automatic telephone office with conversion of a block section
2. Average with respect to the observed automatic telephone offices
3. Automatic telephone office with conversion of the PBX section -

The conversion of the Leningrad City Telephone Exchange to the 7-digit num-
bers is only the beginning of the further development of the network. It

33


--Act on all matters referred to it by the central administration and report
back its findings and recommendations for corrective action, organizational
changes, etc.

The four regional circumscriptions thus created were delimited in accordance
with the railway network configuration of that period:

-~-Paris and the region covered by the western railway system
--the region covered by the northern and eastern railway systems
--the region covered by the PIM and Corsican railway systems

--the region covered by the federal railways, those of Orleans and of the
southern sector.

Four inspectors general and five deputy inspectors were appointed. Many of
them came from the original Control Service.

Although they did not issue orders to the provincial service chiefs, the latter
were asked to consider inspectors general as “representatives of the director
general" and to assist them in their task of supervision and control.

On 10 November 1890, the regional circumscriptions were abolished as were the
positions of deputy inspector. However, the number of inspectors general was
increased from four to six, and the decree specified that they were at the
disposal of the minister.

In 1907, a decree relative to the corps of engineers created two posts for
them in the Inspectorate General. However, these engineers were designated
inspectors general. This was the case of Edouard Estaunie, assigned to the
Inspectorate General on 1 June 1911.

Nine years later, on 2 September 1916, at the height of the war, Minister
Clementhal submitted to President Poincare a decree that reestablished the
regional circumscriptions while retaining the mobility of the inspectors gene-
ral according to the needs of the moment, The inspectors general were also
given the function of presiding over second echelon staff ratings commissions
permanently, and over other commissions and administrative committees on an
ad hoc basis.

The decree stipulated that at the end of each quarter the inspectors general
would meet in committee to exchange views and coordinate their work. These
committee meetings would be chaired by an inspector general to be designated
by the minister. But not until 1921 would a decree provide that a chief of
service, to be designated by the minister, would thenceforth direct all the
activities of the Inspectorate General. Each quarterly committee of inspectors
general must address a report to the minister.

48


MALI

BRIEFS

FRG LOAN FOR TRANSMITTERS--On Tuesday, 9 May 1978 at 1600 hours, a brief
ceremony was held in the Conference Room of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
for the signing of a loan agreement betweer. the government of the Federal
Republic of Germany and the government of the Republic of Mali. According
to the terms of this agreement, the government of the Federal Republic of
Germany, through the intermediary of the "Kreditantstalt Fur Wiederaufbau"
(KFW), places at the disposal of the government of Mali a credit of
8,770,000 Deutsches marks (that is nearly 1,929,400,000 Malian francs) for
the acquisition of two shortwave transmitters of 50 and 10 kilowatts and
one 100 kilowatt medium-wave transmitter. [Excerpt] [Bamako L'ESSOR in
French 11 May 78 p 5] 8143

cSO: 5500

21


recruiting its members and the disciplinary regulations. It defined the
Inspectorate's "essential role" as being "to continually inform the secretary
general on the conduct of overseas operations and, on the other hand,.... to
vitalize the departments with due regard for departmental control...."

This decree, despite several modifications, has stood for twenty-three years
as the basic framework for the general auditing corps. Several attempts to
remodel it were unsuccessful, although certain of its provisions have become
obsolescent.

According to this decree, the chain of command starts with the secretary gene-
ral, and no longer with the minister.

That provision must be viewed in the context of the period: The seat of
government is Vichy (the secretary of state for Communications, with responsi-
bility also for PTT, is Jean Berthelot), but the highest administrative eche-
lon of our service’ remains in Paris, in order, no doubt, to avoid a poten-
tially serious separation. The position of secretary general, created 9
February 1941, responds to this concern for maintaining an integral adminis-
trative organization headquartered in France's real capital. The minister
himself, in view of ghis political responsibilities, must reside with the
government at Vichy .

Under this decree, the chief of service, although reporting to the secretary
general, is given greater autonomy in organizing and managing the activities
of the corps.

"He apportions the staff of the Inspectorate General among the circumscrip-
tions.

"He schedules and assigns missions, receives official copies of the special
directives issued to the Inspectorate General, and forwards all reports and
studies to the secretary general.

"To the extent permitted by the performance of his specialized functions, he
participates in all audits and studies,

"Deputy inspectors general and control inspectors of the corps' administrative
and technical staffs who are not attached to a particular circumscription are
assigned to the chief of service of the Inspectorate General.

"These officials perform all tasks and missions assigned to them by the inspec-
tor general, chief of service. Those of the administrative staff may be uti-
lized especially to make detailed audits of any department's activities or

the activities of special sections, in accordance with the directives of the
chief of service of the Inspectorate General and in coordination with the
inspector general of the interested circumscription."

51



The Body

The body, which constitutes the upper portion of the tubular beam with load
bearing skin, consists of an overall flat sheeting 2 mm thick, achieved

by butt welding the various constituent elements. This sheeting is attached
to vertical uprights and Z-shaped formed sheet metal stringers.

At the top an L-shaped formed sheet metal profile, 3 mm thick, serves to
brace the framework.

In addition, a stringer in the shape _[ [., 2.5 mm thick, at about mid-
height on the sides, extends between the uprights. All these elements are
welded together and joined to the side sheeting by ‘stitch welds.

The assembly thus formed is joined by means of the uprights to the entire
height of the side sill webs and by means of the upper edging above des-
cribed to the longitudinal edge member of the roof consisting of a formed
sheet metal profile 4 mm thick.

The walls of the ends of the box forming the shock absorber consist of
formed sheet metal uprights 3 mm thick arranged in two groups, one on
each side of the longitudinal axis of the vehicle. These uprights serve
to support the end sheeting, 3 mm thick, which bounds the box, strictly
speaking.

Beyond the end walls a streamlining device in the form of hoods which are
extensions of the faces and of the canopy serve to support the flanged
car-to-car joints.

The roof, which forms an integral part of the tubular beam, includes a
framework consisting of curved arches and five longitudinal members of
Z-shaped formed sheet metal. The five Z-shaped longitudinal members are
supplemented by five formed continuous sheet metal longitudinal members,
with the shape ~\/-> which are situated below the flanges of the preceding
longitudinal members.

iS WN

The edging of this framework consists of a > profile of formed sheet metal
4 mm thick which permits assembly to the upper edges of the sides. This
edging is reinforced at its ends by a profile of formed sheet metal 3 mm
thick which begins at the shock absorber and extends beyond the loading

door.

Upon this framework a sheet metal canopy, 1.5 mm thick,* is welded.

* As for the feeder car, the sheet metal for the canopy is aluminum alloy,
2 mm thick; assembly of the sheets is by riveting.

60


JPRS: 71333

21 June 1978

TRANSLATIONS ON. TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY,
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
No. 41
CoNTENTS PaGE
WORLDWIDE AFFAIRS

WORLDWIDE AFFAIRS

Briefs
International Radio Consultative Committee 1
LATIN AMERICA
ARGENTINA
New Electronic Communications Firm Announced
(LA PRENSA, 9 May 78) ....ecceeeceeeeees ce teeeeeeeees 2
Briefs
Spanish Electronic Delegation 3

CUBA

Cuban Communications Developments Reported
(Various sources, various dates) ........ eee e wees 4

Color Television System Described
Telecommunications Laboratory Described

NEAR EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
INTER-ARAB AFFAIRS

Bahraini, Saudi Arabian Satellite Projects Reported
(EVENTS, 2 Jun 78) ..... eke ence tence eens eee ne nneee 16

“an [III - INT - 140]



Figure 1. Equipment for voice-frequency TT-12 telegraphy based on inte-
grated microcircuits with quartz stabilization of the basic pa-
rameters (on the left); general station combination rack for the
PTS-K substation (on the right).

The message commutation centers developed on the basis of computers (TsKS)
play a significant role in decreasing the massive manual labor in the han-
dling of the transit main flows of telegrams. The planned introduction of
the first stage of the TsKS (in Moscow, Khabarovsk, Novosibirsk) will ac-
celerate the delivery of the telegrams and it will improve the degree of
automation of their handling on the main links.

The work aimed at maximum combination of technical means of the subscriber
network, the direct coupling system and the data transmission equipment
into an integrated telegraph-type network and the creation of the automated
network control system, the introduction of which will permit improved
quality and reliability of the telegraph network to be achieved by dynamic
control of the load distribution, have great significance for improving the
efficiency of the telegraph communications means. These projects of the
KONIIS Institute have found reflection in the "basic areas of. development.
of the networks of commutable telegraph communications of the direct cou-
pling systems and subscriber network," "Telegraph Rules," and the "Recom-
mendations for the Application of Message Commutation Centers on the Gen-
eral Purpose Network" now being prepared and also a number of state standards

40



of workers' deputies where, along with other problems, attention is con~
stantly focused on the course of the introduction of indexing, and defi-
ciencies are noted with presentation of specific examples.

The introduction of the six-digit indexing will make it possible to use the
inexperienced, low-qualified workers and also students at the institutions
of learning to sort mail during the preholiday periods, for they can sort
the letters by indices.

At the present time the kray communications specialists are experiencing
difficulties in the explanatory work on indexing at the large enterprises
and in the organizations where more than 200 or 300 letters a day are sent
out. The fact is that the affixing of the indices manually, especially in
stylized numbers, requires great expenditures of time and labor on the part
of the workers. In our opinion, centralized production of special machines
for the application of the six-digit numbers to envelopes and postcards and

equipment of the large enterprises and organizations with them are extremely
necessary.

The workers of the postal branch of the Primorskiy Kray will do everything
required in the future so that all of the letter correspondence will go by
indices. In this they see the possibility of significant improvement of
the productivity of labor in the handling of correspondence and accelera-
tion of its delivery.

COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Svyaz'," "Vestnik svyazi," 1978

10845
CSO: 5500

38



The Platform-Side Supply Transformer

The three-phase transformer above mentioned has three secondaries, two of

which supply the batteries, while the third supplies the operating circuits
of the car.

1,500-Volt Supply

A high-voltage power supply (1,500 volts) is provided. It will be provided
either by the railway power line from the locomotive or a 1,500-volt
connection at the platform.

Heating and Ventilating Equipment

As stated in a previous article this equipment was the subject of very in-
tensive investigation and study. As a matter of fact, considering the highly
specialized use of railway mail cars, heating and ventilation necessitated
development of original solutions. .

Principles of Solutions Adopted

The main heating is accomplished by means of hot water radiators, whose
thermal inertia is always to be appreciated.

However, to increase the rapidity of bringing the vehicle up to required
temperature and improve the vertical temperature gradient, at the top of
the vehicle in the middle of the sorting room, between the ceiling and the

canopy there is installed a forced air heating unit with water-air heat
exchanger.

Without hot water this latter system can serve to ventilate the car by means
of intake of external air.

Brief Description of the Installation

The boiler has combination heating and can operate either electrically at
1,500 volts or with liquid fuel burner, or even, but under certain condi-
tions, by using both these energy sources simultaneously. The installed
thermal capacities are as follows:

40 kilowatts for the water heater with burner; and
40 kilowatts for the water heated electrically.

The water heating unit is a unit assembly consisting of the following
elements:

The water heater--At the upper part is the water-gas exchanger. It con-
sists of two cylindrical shells held in position at their extremities by
two very thick steel plates having two suspension brackets; one serves
for seating the burner, the other the smoke box.

63



Next, there is the installation of three television moving picture install-
ations. Consisting of three racks, they have 16 and 35 millimeter project-
ors, slide drums. and their respective color cameras. The systems can

work independently or pass ccntrol to a console table where a technician
operates all the equipment at once, There is also a Cinesinc in this
place. It is a machine, which through magnetic tapes, is capable of
reproducing the narration synchronized with the picture of those films
with separate magnetic sound.

In a small adjoining room, there is one. of the most recent acquisitions:
a standards converter. It is a complex piece of equipment and very
important because of the work it performs. Through it, the three color
systems: SECAM, PAL and NISC can be made compatible, With this equipment,
any of the other two systems can be converted electronically without any
detriment with respect to color,

In this way, if one wishes to transmit a program produced in Cuba to the
Soviet Union, the signal is passed through the converter, which processes
it and instantly changes it into the standard or system used in that
country, and from there it is sent to the Jaruco Earth Station from where
it is transmitted via satellite to the USSR or viceversa.

Its utilisation allows various political, artistic and sports programs
received from the socialist countries to be provided to the people with
great clarity, which increases the variety of our programing.

Other equipment which contributes to maintaining the quality of our color
television, are the two professional videotape machines which record, edit,
and transmit on the NTSC and SECAM systems.

The remote control van plays, at this time, a highly important role in

the preparation of programing in color because it is used in outdoor takes
as well as in the studios, It has four cameras, which are characterized by
their great reliability and optimum color quality, and it can record the
program directly on the two professional video-tape machines installed

in the van.

From the central panel, an operator controls the signal which is being
recorded or going out on the air through the microwave link equipment.

In a small compartment of the truck are the working positions of the
program director and the sound and picture producers, the latter a new
position introduced in color TV due to the complexity of the equipment,

With the image commtator, the producer can mix cameras and produce 35
special effects, which introduce different geometric figures into the
image. Another possibility it provides is that of cutting out or
inserting letters and figures into the picture, including persons, a very

“good resource for preparing a more finished image with fewer resources.



Telegraphs budget was part of the general budget, and inspectorate reports
and responses to their findings and recommendations were forwarded to the
minister of Finance.

Besides, an inspector general of Finance designated by his minister was a mem-
ber of the committee of inspectors general that drew up the report, Chiefs
of service were entitled to participate in a solely consultative capacity on
matters concerning their services, and the departmental comptroller with right
of argument.

The second above mentioned decree, that of 21 August 1921, ordered a reorga-
nization of the Inspectorate General "modeled according to the organizational
structure and auditing procedures of the Inspectorate General of Finance."
The minister at that time, Yves Le Trocquer, felt that, for its consummation,
the reform should "ultimately be accomplished by a statute organizing the
Inspectors General of PTT on a definitive basis."

The changes effected by this decree were the creation, mentioned several para-
graphs above, of a chief of service charged, under direct authority of the
minister, with the responsibility for directing and coordinating the activi-
ties of the inspectors general through the issuance of all necessary direc-
tives, and for "ensuring general control of budgets." And, although regions
were retained, they would be audited periodically by teams of control inspec-
tors headed by an inspector general who would no longer be a member of a
circumscription staff.

In 1923, the decree of 1921 was amended to distinguish between the Inspectorate
General's technical and administrative specialist staffs. This was necessi-
tated by the preponderant increase in purely technical activities within our
service. Recognition of the commercial and industrial aspects of our services
resulted in the institution in that same year of an autonomous PTT budget.

While administrative control inspectors were recruited through competitive
examinations among administrative staff officials of PTT, their technical
colleagues were selected from chief engineers or, if none were available, from
regular engineers appearing on the list of candidates for promotion to the
grade,

All subsequent legislative acts relating to the Inspectorate General, until
1941, dealt essentially with the recruitment, creation or abolishment of posi-
tions or grades (deputy inspector general). However, the decree of 16 December
1937 is worthy of note. It formulated the organization of the Inspectorate
General, the number of employees, recruiting procedure and appointments, and
discipline regulations, but defined its activities very succintly and loosely
compared with the 1921 decrees.

From 1921 to 1964

Four years later, a new text (the decree of 26 July 1941) again took up the
organization of the Inspectorate General by establishing the number, method of

50


This recall to the direct authority of the minister responds fully to the
views of the members of the general control corps. It strengthens their in-
dependence of mind and spirit. Detached from the day to day events that con-
front those who bear the brunt of responsibility for government and from having
to cope blow by blow with a situation in perpetual change, the inspectors
general and general engineers of the Inspectorate General can operate with
greater serenity and can approach the problems of Posts as well as Telecommu-
nications with longer range objectives in mind.

The Future

The scope and diversity of missions assigned to the Inspectorate General demand
officials combining outstanding qualifications. These men of strong character
and distinct temperaments must bring to the general corps of auditors ex-
periences of diverse natures, levels and durations, but at the same time a clear
sense of duty, objectivity, and the public interest. The Inspectorate General
therefore welcomes officials in the prime of their careers or capable of ful-
filling the highest responsibilities on central administrative or foreign
staffs.

This collaboration among personalities of diverse educations, characters,
careers and ages is a source of ideas and action. It is made possible by,
above all, a greater latitude in the choice of candidates (graduates of the two
national institutes of higher learning technology and administration and care-
fully screened class "A" officials), but also by a restoral, perhaps in the
near future, of the function or grade of control inspector. The Inspectorate
General offers these officials a career or a step forward in their professional
lives.

This broad recruiting policy is bound to be reflected in the scope of the In-
spectorate's activities and in its work methods. We have already discussed
the auditing teams each headed by a general inspector. We can envision the
formation of permanent, specialized, conceptual and analytical study teams of
general inspectors and general engineers capable of tracking events in a con-
stant state of change.

An Inspectorate General with the professional qualifications and the necessary
means for accomplishing its mission undoubtedly represents an asset for the
efficient operation of government services. Far from conferring on the con-
trol concept an excessive and psychologically paralyzing sense of formality,
the qualities and rich humaneness of these officials must:

--Assist the chiefs of foreign services to better fulfill their role

--Make their views available to the central administrative staff as to the
most suitable lines of development

--Assist the minister in leading his Administration to increasingly better
responses to the public need.

56


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10



BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA
SHEET

1. Report No. 2.
JPRS 71333

3. Recipient's Accession No.

4. Title and Subtitle

TRANSLATIONS ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY, RESEARCH
AND DEVELOPMENT, No. 41

5. Report Date
21 June 1978

6.

17. Author(s)

8. Retforming Organization Rept.
‘ lo.

9. Performing Organization Name and Address
Joint Publications Research Service
1000 North Glebe Road

10, Project/Task/Wotk Unit No.

Arlington, Virginia 22201

11. Contract /Grant No.

12, Sponsoring Organization Name and Address

As above

13. Type of Report & Period
‘overed

14,

15. Supplementary Notes

16. Abstracts

computers, and satellite communications.

People's Republic of China, Sweden, and the Netherlands.

This serial report contains translations from the world press and radio relating
to worldwide political, economic and technical developments in telecommunications,|

Coverage will be worldwide with focus
on France, Federal Republic of Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, the USSR,

17. Key Words and Document Analysis. 17a. Descriptors

Worldwide
Computers
Satellite Communications

Electronics and Electrical Engineering
Telecommunications
Telemetry

17b. Identifiers Open-Ended Terms

We. COSATI Field/Group Q9B, C, F, 17B, 22B

18. Availability Statement 19.. Security Class (This

21. No. of Pages

Unlimited Availability Report) D FF
Sold by NTIS Security s (This 22. Price Y
Springfield, Virginia 22151 °8S CLASSIFIED. Pa Ags

FORM NTISSS REVS 37ST

THIS FORM MAY BE REPRODUCED

USCOMM-Dc 14952-P72



Exchange which solved all of the technical problems, developed the plan for
performance of the operations, simultaneously realizing the technical in-
spection of their performance at the automatic telephone offices. Three
months before switchover a special commission went to work with the par-
ticipation of representatives from the Main Administration of Telephone
Communications of the USSR Ministry of Communications which again inspected
the technical solutions and gave special attention to the organizational
problems. A week before switchover, a training exercise was held with con-
nection of the network of automatic information units.

KamTs (1) ay (2)

autre

TOT junit 7 (3)
RS Fi
43). Maser (4)
DGI-2, 4 ‘
eam ,
{? j= eam meas ache ema { 9)

Figure 2. Structural diagram of the switchover of a 10-step automatic
telephone office from 6-digit to 7-digit numbers.

IDF IGI

Automatic information unit

Initial RSPK

Main inner connection

IDF DGI-2

Connection to 6-digit numbers

Connection to 7-digit numbers

Connection dismantling

Remaining temporarily, in first operating automatic information
unit

Key:

Ol MAKDNEWNHH

The preparation of the subscribers for the forthcoming changes in telephone
numbers was accomplished ahead of time: 1.5 million information lists were
sent out to the population and left in the coin telephone booths, advertise-
ment lists for the organizations, news bulletins in the newspapers, on ra-
dio and television and at the subway stations, a special movie film which
was shown at all of the movies in the city and also advertising in the sub-
urbs--all of this promoted normal operation of the telephone network after
switchover.

The automatic information units answering the subscribers in case of incor-

rectly dialed telephone numbers played a decisive role. Automatic informa-
tion was supplied from eight central automatic information units over the

31


At each platform there also are:

the hot water radiators and a ventilation-heating ceiling register;

a mail box intended to receive mail posted by travelers at the
station platform;

two dry fire extinguishers; and

a hammer for breaking window glass.

Accessory Compartments
Access to these four compartments is through sliding doors which recede
into the longitudinal double partition separating the accessory compart—
ments from the platforms. As a matter of fact it was a question of en-
croaching neither on the platforms nor the compartments by swinging doors.
Toilet-Kitchen

The "toilet" compartment (a toilet and small washstand) includes:

a toilet bowl with flopper valve operated by a pedal which at the same time
provides flushing;

a small washstand. Water supply is provided by a swiveling goose neck from
two faucets, one mounted directly below the 50-liter hot water tank, the other
directly below the 290-liter tank. These faucets are actuated by floor
pedals below the washstand; and

miscellaneous accessories (soap dispenser, towel holder, and so forth).

The "Kitchen" compartment includes:

a 500-watt hotplate (width 270 mm, depth 370 mm, and height 430 mm);

two small stainless steel tables;

a garbage receptacle with removable pail;

a medicine cabinet; and

a refrigerator (interior temperature maintained at 4° £1°C) whose inside
dimensions are: width 395 mm, depth 400 mm and height 750 mm.

The development of this last named accessory was a rather ticklish problem.
Asa matter of fact, on the one hand such equipment is not generally
manufactured with direct current motors and, on the other hand, the
vibration and shock inherent in railroad equipment can affect it.
Lavatory-Cloakroom

The lavatory compartment includes:

a washstand (water supply is provided in the same way as for the
washstand located in the "toilet" compartment) ;

73



CAPE VERDE

BRIEFS

AUTOMATIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM--Plessey Automatic Electric of Portugal,
a company headquartered in Lisbon, has signed a contract with the Republic
of Cape Verde to expand the telecommunications system of the archipelago.
Worth close to 17 million escudos, and with a 2-year period for delivery
and execution, the contract calls for furnishing radiophonic equipment and
materials and manpower for installation. Under the terms of an agreement
regarding works and investments included in the development plan for the
Republic of Cape Verde, the Portuguese Government is responsible for up to
16 million escudos of the cost of this undertaking. [Text] [Bissau NO
PINTCHA in Portuguese 16 Mar 78 p 3] 6362

cso: 5500

19


NOTE

JPRS publications contain information primarily from foreign
newspapers, periodicals and books, but also from news agency
transmissions and broadcasts. Materials from foreign-language
sources are translated; those from English-language sources
are transcribed or reprinted, with the original phrasing and
other characteristics retained.

Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets
{] are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicators such as [Text]
or [Excerpt] in the first line of each item, or following the
last line of a brief, indicate how the original information was
processed. Where no processing indicator is given, the infor-
mation was summarized or extracted.

Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the
original but have been supplied as appropriate in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an
item originate with the source. Times within items are as
given by source.

The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli-
cies, views or attitudes of the U.S. Government.

PROCUREMENT OF PUBLICATIONS

JPRS publications may be ordered from the National Technical
Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151. In order-
ing, it is recommended that the JPRS number, title, date and
author, if applicable, of publication be cited.

Current JPRS publications are announced in Government Reports
Announcements issued semi-monthly by the National Technical
Information Service, and are listed in the Monthly Catalog of
U.S. Government Publications issued by the Superintendent of
Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
20402.

Indexes to this report (by keyword, author, personal names,
title and series) are available through Bell & Howell, Old
Mansfield Road, Wooster, Ohio, 44691.

Correspondence pertaining to matters other than procurement
may be addressed to Joint Publications Research Service,
1000 North Glebe Road, Arlington, Virginia 22201.


necessary to expect the appearance of the multiplexors designed for the or-
ganization of main communications lines and permitting the formation of
more than 100 telegraph channels in one voice-frequency channel.

A necessary condition of the complete realization of the potentials of the
automated telegraph networks and, in particular, the direct coupling sys-
tem is equipment of the network with modern terminals. Unfortunately, the
Ministry of the Communications Equipment of the USSR still has not mastered
the production of roll-type teletypes which must replace the low-output
tape telegraphs type STA-M67 on the network.

The facsimile terminal equipment developed at the KONIIS Institute has
found broad application on the telegraph network of our country.

The Shtrikh facsimile equipment which has been introduced into production
transmits and receives text and graphical messages over the physical net-—
works of the city telephone exchange at a rate of 120 and 2h0 lines per
minute and also over the voice-frequency channels at a speed of 120 lines
per minute. The black, red, green and violet line documents and telegrams
with glued strips can be transmitted over this equipment, and a black~and-
white reproduction will be received. The transmission time for one tele-
gram is 2.5 minutes. The technical parameters of the equipment correspond
to the recommendations of the International Telegraph and Telephone Consul-
tative Committee.

The analysis of the existing state of operations with respect to the cre-
ation of new facsimile equipment will permit the expectation that by 1980
the industrial production will be mastered and introduction of the facsimile
equipment on the network with open recording by the unmanned procedure at

a rate of 360 lines per minute and with an average power of the facsimile
signals of about 50-60 microwatts will begin. At that time the facsimile
equipment will be widely used on local telegraph communications on the ~
scale of the entire country.

The first collective use of stations in our country for data transmission
(PKP-PD) has been organized, which, jointly with the 200 baud telegraph
channels and automatic switching stations will form a low-speed PD [data
transmission] network. The principles will be set down at the same time
for the creation of a national data transmission system (OGSPD).

With the appearance on the telegraph network of new terminal commutation t
and channel-forming equipment, the demand for precision, reliable measuring

devices that are convenient in operation will increase. Now this demand is

being satisfied by such devices as the edge distortion meters of the IKI-S

and the IKI-ST types, the electronic sensor for the EDIT test text, the de-

vice for estimating the validity of the PVO transmission, the SChPU-2 pulse
interference and interrupt recorder, and so on. In the near future the

fleet of measuring and control testing equipment will be filled out sig-

nificantly.

43


By comparison with the crossbar equipment, the offices of the integrated
quasielectronic system have smaller volume (see Table 4) and nomenclature
of equipment (a total of 17 types of racks instead of 47 in the ATSK) ; they
occupy less area (see Table 5). In addition, in these stations the carrying
capacity has been increased, and the quality of the talk channel has been
improved. The passband of the commutation system has been expanded to 1.5
MHz, and the possibility for transmission of digital data with high relia-
bility is ensured. Other advantages of the offices of the integrated quasi-
electronic system are the provision of the subscribers with a large set of
additional forms of equipment, improvement of reliability, automation of
the technical operating process, standardization of equipment for the net-
works for different purposes and different capacity ranges.

The introduction of this communication system can be carried out without re-
equipping the existing networks and with small initial capital expenditures.

COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Svyazi," "Vestnik svyazi," 1978

10845
CSO: 5500

27


The main thing is to do the work constantly, on a daily basis. This is how
the postal workers of the kray have approached the problem during the past
years, and the rule will not be changed. In its time, a commission was
created under the kray PTUS administration for the introduction of index-—
ing. This commission included the workers from the dispatch junction of
the GUPS, the postal communications service and the directors of the large
postal enterprises. It was headed by the deputy chief of the administra-
tion. Analogous commissions are working also in their rayon and municipal
communications junctions. Although they have already existed for 7 years,
the work has not diminished, only the methods have changed. The fact is
that taking defined measures one time is entirely insufficient. This is
why the indexing sheets are delivered to the population periodically just
as they were several years. The management workers of the PTUS and the en-
terprises systematically write articles in the kray,: municipal and rayon
newspapers, they talk on television and radio explaining why the indices
are needed. In 1976 alone, two television programs were organized: the
workers of the PTUS and the Vladivostok railroad post office held a discus-—
sion with the television viewers.

All the communications enterprises are supplied with postal indexing refer-
ence books obtained in centralized order and also manufactured locally with
indication of the indices of the communications enterprises of Primor'ye.
All the work areas for servicing clients are equipped with them. On taking
the mail the operators check to see whether there is an index, they see
that the people supply it and help them use the reference books. At some
enterprises special reference tables have been organized for the clients.

The communications specialists have seen that all of the institutions, or-
ganizations and enterprises of the national economy of the kray have been
supplied with these references (12,000 copies were sold through the Soyuz-
pechati and communications enterprise kiosks). It must be stated that the
work has been purposeful and planned. In particular, there have been dis-
cussions of the necessity for indexing, not from case to case, but by
charts. In accordance with the decisions made by the ispolkoms of the mu-
nicipal and rayon councils, the institutions, enterprises and organizations
have replaced the old address stamps and accompany envelopes with new ones,
with the six-digit index codes. By agreements between the PTUS and the
editors of local newspapers none of them will accept advertisements for
publication if the index is not given in the address.

During recent years the communications specialists have constantly checked
to see that the enterprises and institutions send out correspondence with
indices. If violators are discovered, they are sent letters with the re-
quest to use the established addressing procedure with reference to the
corresponding ispolkom resolutions. If this does not work, the institution
is sent a similar letter signed by the chairman of the ispolkom. In 1976
the group working with the customers of the Vladivostok post office alone
sent out more than 700 such letters to the enterprises and organizations.

36



USSR

INTEGRATED QUASIELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM: TECHNICAL-ECONOMIC ADVAN-
TAGES

Moscow VESTNIK SVYAZI in Russian No 3, Mar 78 pp 27-29

[Article by L. Ya. Misulovin, scientific division chief of the Central Sci-
entific Research Institute of Communications, candidate of technical sci-
ences]

[Text] The integrated quasielectronic communications system developed by
the specialists of the USSR and the German Democratic Republic combines the
most important features of both the quasielectronic systems of the auto-
matic telephone offices and the integrated digital communications systems.
With a defined set of developed equipment it is possible to form a number
of standard quasielectronic automatic telephone offices of different capac-
ity. These offices will be produced by Soviet and German Democratic Repub-
lic industry on the principles of specialization and cooperation of produc-
tion. The experimental model of one such station, the Istok, has already
been manufactured at the Pskov automatic telephone office plant. In our
country these offices will be used in the first phase as rural offices and
PBX offices. The use of quasielectronic offices will permit reliable, sta-
ble telephone communications and will reduce the number of operating per-
sonnel by several times.

The developed integrated quasielectronic communications system contains sta-
tions with a capacity from 6 to 1,024 numbers (64/1,024), from 512 to 4,096
numbers (512/4,096) and from 3,584 to 16,384 numbers (3,584/16,384). The
stations with the 64/1,02h and 512/4,096 capacity can have their own con-
trol unit (autonomous mode) or be controlled remotely from another, superior
station (the integral regime). During the course of their operation it is
quite easy to convert from one operating mode to the other. The station
with 3,584/16,384 capacity operates only with its own control unit.

The control unit is a specialized computer with developed structure operat-
ing by the recorded program principle, which permits variation of the out-
put capacity of the control units in accordance with the capacity and the
operating regime of the station.

22



This signal, called brightness, is applied on the picture tube of both
receivers for the purpose of reproducing programs in black and white and
with the main objective of making the color and black and white systems
compatible.

In view of this situation, it was necessary to find another signal capable
of transmitting color. Thus, the color signal emerged. For this reason,
the video signal put on the air by color TV is made up of two signals:

the one called luminescence, which transmits information on the brilliance
of each point of the picture, and the one. called chromaticism, used to
transmit the information on the value of primary colors in each point of
the picture.

Its Introduction in Cuba

Television was introduced in our country in 199-1950, most of the equip-
ment being old. As the years passed it became obsolete. In 1968, negotia-
tions began for replacing this equipment with modern technology.

The Soviet Union once more made an extraordinary effort to satisfy our
needs in that area. As an example, it is enough to point to the change in
an assembly line in the industry to adapt its production to the standards
used in Cuba.

Installation of the first equipment was begun in 197). This meant a creat
advance for our television, which entered a solid-state technology, that
is, it went from tubes to transistors.

With more solid foundations, conditions now presented themselves for the
establishment of color television.

Worldwide, color television works with three different systems: in Europe,
the Pal and the SECAM, and the NTSC in America. Each of them has its own
characteristics which distinguish it from the others. In turn, all of them
are based on common principles and their introduction into each country is
due, among other things, to the existing electrical service. Cuban
Broadcasting Institute { IcR] technicians, the Ministry of Communicaticns,
and other organisms made an analysis to determine the most suited for Cuba.

The study centered on SECAM and the NTSC. The first confronted the problem
of having a different electrical network than.ours and its use would mean
a double transmission: the one in color on one system and black and white
in the present system. This would be a long and complicated process

because it would be necessary to adapt the 50 cycle system to one of 60
cycles.

Thus, the conclusion was reached to use the NTSC, which solved these
problems because it allows programing in color to be received in black and



Institution of its Revenue Collection Service in 1879, its Service of the
CNE [National Savings Institute] in 1882, of Telephones in 1889, of Collect
Parcel Post in 1892, and of Postal Money Orders in 1918.

6, Circumscriptions.

7. This was the case of the majority of the ministries.

8, Notably, executive decisions of 19 March 1941, 21 January 1942 and 3
February 1943, signed by the secretary general and delimiting the circum-
scriptions, all included the regions of Nancy and Strassbourg despite .
Germany's de facto annexation of Alsace and part of Lorraine.

9, Actually, there were only two organized competitive examinations: one in
1926 for eight positions and one in 1932 for five positions.

10. Successful candidates having a salary at least equal to that of a section
chief were appointed deputy inspectors general. Those who did not ful-
fill this condition were appointed control inspectors.

11. Finance Law of 24 May 1951.

12. 1st and 2nd echelon inspectors general became inspectors general without
echelon.

13. Executive decision of 1964 and decree of 1971 (see above).

14. This provision of the decree of 1971 had become a dead letter.

15. The 1978 budget provides for one chief of service, eighteen inspectors
general and fifteen general engineers.

16, Regional head offices are audited under the provisions of Executive Deci-
sion 2404 of 15 September 1971 which stipulates in article 11 that "re~
gional accountants will be audited by the Inspectorate General of Finance
and the Inspectorate General of Posts and Telecommunications."

9238

cso: 5500

58


a folding bench;

a 220-volt alternating current receptacle for shavers;

miscellaneous accessories (soap dispenser, towel holder, mirror,
and so forth).

The cloakroom compartment includes:

two shelves; and
two suitcase racks.

Miscellaneous Facilities
At the ends of the car are the regulation signal carriers.

Upon each of the sides are the rings and special supports for direction
markers.

A reinforced neoprene beading intended to protect the longitudinal sides
of the car is attached to them and forms a belt around the body.

Painting and Markings
Painting

The exterior of the car, completely painted brown-red with polyurethane
lacquer, carries the regulation markings (see following). Preparation

of the surfaces and application of the paints and various materials de-
mands careful attention in order to avoid numerous defects (orange peeling,
crazing, cracking, and so forth). A precise operating procedure, which

is the subject of technical specifications, must be observed.

The inside of the car is finished with green-tinted flat glycerophtholate
lacquer.

Markings

The plan shown in pages 10 and 11 of the preceding article shows the
locations of the "POSTES" markings and the emblem a
Numbering, and remarks concerning numbering--Each car is numbered in
accordance with the SNCF. As a matter of fact, the 12-digit numbering

is the result of international agreement (UIC). For example, the number
of a railway mail car could be: 51 87 00-87 057 0, where the first two
digits (51) are code for the rules of exchange among the different
countries; 51 designates the use which can be made of cars in international
service;

the following two digits (87) are code for the various railroad administra-

tions (Federal Republic of Germany: 80, Belgium: 88, France: 87, and so
forth;

74


In order to improve the operating quality of the telegraph network it is
necessary to improve its operating system. This can be achieved as a re-
sult of the introduction of the correction and control method of operation
of the commutation stations, the preventive servicing of the terminal and
channel-forming equipment with broad utilization of the automatic monitoring
equipment, organizational centralization of the technical servicing by the
creation of test control sections on the telegraph with prospective conver-
sion of them in the monitoring and test shop. The institute collective is
now working on all of these problems.

The development of the telegraph equipment indicates the worthy contribu-
tion of the communications scientists to the matter of intensifying social
production. At the same time the course of the CPSU toward improving the
operating quality and efficiency in all branches of the national economy is
imposing new, higher requirements on Soviet science. Implementing the in-
structions of the party, our scientists and designers are struggling to
improve the quality of scientific research and experimental design work
and accelerate scientific and technical progress in the field of telegraph
communications.

COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Svyaz'," "Vestnik svyazi," 1978

10845
cso: 5500

44



exercise effective control, the ancient regime's excesses and abuses succeeded
in scarring French public opinion for centuries. Hence the precept that those
who exercise governing power and handle public funds must be supervised and
controlled. Hence also the concern of the various regimes that followed after
the revolution of 1789 that the sovereign citizenry be assured of the judi-
cious use of public funds and of the sound and economical management of govern-
ment services.

We will not retrace in this article the histories of the various inspectorates
general. Suffice it to note that they were instituted as and when the need
arose’. The Inspectorate General of Public Education, for example, dates back
to 1852, while that of Agriculture has existed only since December 1959, It
is important on the other hand to point out the differences among inspecto-
rates. Mr Victor Silvera, civil administrator, differentiates inspectorates
general as follows:

"a) Inspectorates of unlimited scope that exercise auditing authority over all
government services; for example, the Inspectorate General of Finance under
the Ministry of Economy and Finance;

b) Inspectorates having unlimited authority in specified matters over all
government services having to do with those matters. For example, the Inter-
ministerial Corps of Inspectors General for Social Security has, from its ori-
gin to its incorporation in the Inspectorate General of Social Affairs, exer-
cised supervisory authority over the social security organizations of all
ministries;

c) Inspectorates whose authority is essentially limited to the activities of
a single ministry but can be extended to those of other ministries. The
Inspectorate General of Civil Service, for example, is assigned to the Minis-
try of Interior but its authority can be extended to the personnel, depart-
ments, establishments or institutions of ministries other than Interior; and

d) Inspectorates whose authority is confined to the activities of a single
ministry. The majority are of this type. (National Education, Agriculture,
Industry, Highways and Bridges, Construction, Cultural Affairs, Posts and
Telecommunications, Public Health and Populatiog, fabor, War Veterans, Judi-
cial Services, Civil Aviation, Merchant Marine)~’ °."

Thus, the authority of the Inspectorate General of Posts and Telecommunications
is strictly limited to the functions of the Ministry of PTT.

Evolution of the Inspectorate General of PIT

Upon creation of the Ministry of Posts and Telegraphs in 1878 a Control Ser-
vice was instituted which exercised supervisory control authority in the name
of the minister over all postal and telegraph services. It consisted of a
director and three inspectors. In May 1879, the minister informed his depart-
ment heads and branch chiefs that the Inspectorate General of Finance would

46


It also has a piece of equipment called background color with which signs
in different colors can be placed, and as its name indicates, it is
possible to vary the background color.

The audio equipment in the truck can receive the sound of up to 12 micro-
phones.

A reality

Only a few years ago, to speak of color TV appeared as a fairytale, however,
the present teaches us that with effort and work dreams can become reality.
Undoubtedly, many things have been accomplished in a short time, but our
engineers and technicians, producers, directors, artists, cameramen, and

so forth remain alert. Color is demanding, and a monolithic teamwork is
required, because the slightest carelessness in a setting, a change in
brightness, or poor makeup, is made prominent by color.

With dedication and study, new experiences are being accumulated and
difficulties overcome. The sum of achievements is increasing and we are
sure that color video will continue to develope more and more in our
television.