2004 Decisions

Opinions of the United

States Court of Appeals

for the Third Circuit

5-25-2004

USA v. Towers

Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 03-1963

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Recommended Citation

"USA v. Towers" (2004). 2004 Decisions. Paper 683.

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NOT PRECEDENTIAL

Case No 03-1963

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA;

GOVERNMENT OF THE VIRGIN ISLANDS

 v.

FABIAN TOWERS,

 Appellant

_________________________________

On Appeal from the United States District Court

of the Virgin Islands, St. Croix Division

(Crim. No. 02-cr-00057)

District Judge: The Honorable Raymond L. Finch

_________________________________

Argued May 5, 2004

BEFORE: BARRY, AMBRO and SMITH, Circuit Judges,

(Filed May 25, 2004)

Martial A. Webster (argued)

116 Queen Cross Street

Frederiksted, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands 00840

Counsel for Appellant 

David M. Nissman

Alphonso G. Andrews, Jr. (argued)

1108 King Street, Suite 201

Christiansted, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands 00829

Counsel for Appellee
 

1

 The District Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3231 and 48 U.S.C. §

1612(c), and we exercise jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 48 U.S.C. §

1613a(c).

2

_____________

OPINION OF THE COURT

_____________

SMITH, Circuit Judge.

Appellant Fabian Towers was convicted of possession of a firearm by a felon in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) (the “federal statute”), and of unauthorized possession of

a firearm in violation of 14 V.I.C. § 2253(a) (the “local statute”).1 He now challenges these

convictions on two grounds: (1) that the charges were multiplicitous and therefore violated

the double jeopardy clause of the Fifth Amendment; and (2) that there was insufficient

evidence to sustain his conviction. Because we conclude that the charges were not

multiplicitous and that there was sufficient evidence to support his conviction, we will

affirm.

I.

Because we write only for the parties, we set forth only a brief recitation of the facts.

Appellant Fabian Towers was on parole on April 4, 2001, when the pickup truck in which

he was a passenger was pulled over by the police. According to the testimony of Officers

Rolando Huertas and Winston Marcus, Jr., and of several of the other passengers in the
3

vehicle, several people who had been riding in the bed of the truck immediately fled. Officer

Huertas further testified that he saw Towers jump out of the bed of the truck, go to “the front

passenger door, the right side of the vehicle, front passenger door, and he went, reach [sic]

under his shirt, and pulled a gun out, and pass [sic] to the front seat passenger,” Veronica

Santana. Officer Huertas testified that when he saw Towers “pull the weapon,” he yelled

“gun” to alert his partner, drew his service weapon and ordered Towers to the ground.

Officer Huertas also informed his partner when he discovered that Towers was wearing a

bulletproof vest. A search of the truck, according to Officer Huertas, revealed a gun under

the passenger seat and another gun in the truck bed under a black jacket. 

Although Officer Marcus testified that he did not see Towers with the gun, he

confirmed that Officer Huertas had shouted the word “gun.” He also testified that Huertas

told him Towers was wearing a bulletproof vest. Towers denied passing the gun to Santana,

and Santana testified that she had not received the gun from Towers. The driver of the

vehicle, Everton Knight, testified that he did not see Towers give anything to Santana

because he “was focused on the police officer.”

The government indicted Towers on eight counts. He waived his right to a jury, and

trial commenced on July 24, 2002. The District Court dismissed counts three through eight

at trial when the Government of the Virgin Islands would not produce the records of Officer

Jose Rodriguez, whose testimony was central to those charges. The District Judge convicted

Towers on counts one and two, possession of a firearm by a felon (under the federal statute)
4

and unauthorized possession of a firearm (under the local statute), respectively. Towers was

sentenced to 115 months on the federal count and 15 years on the local count, to run

concurrently, followed by three years of supervised release. The judge also imposed a

special assessment of $100 against Towers and fined him $1,000, to be paid through

participation in the Inmate Financial Responsibility Program. 

II.

Towers argues that the indictment violated his right to be protected from double

jeopardy because the charges were multiplicitous in that the local statute contained an

enhancement provision for possession by a felon. This Court undertakes de novo review of

questions of law. United States v. Rivera Constr. Co., 863 F.2d 293, 295 n.3 (3d Cir. 1988).

The rule governing multiplicity in an indictment was set forth by the Supreme Court in

Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299 (1932): “[W]here the same act or transaction

constitutes a violation of two distinct statutory provisions, the test to be applied to determine

whether there are two offenses or only one, is whether each provision requires proof of a fact

which the other does not.” 284 U.S. at 304; see also United States v. Hodge, 211 F.3d 74, 78

(3d Cir. 2000) (“To determine whether the offenses grow out of the same occurrence, we

apply the test set forth in Blockburger.”). “[I]f each statute requires proof of an additional

fact which the other does not, an acquittal or conviction under either statute does not exempt

the defendant from prosecution and punishment under the other.” Blockburger, 284 U.S. at
 

2

 Both parties agree, and it is settled law, that “the Virgin Islands and the federal

government are considered one sovereignty for the purpose of determining whether an

individual may be punished under both Virgin Islands and United States statutes for a

similar offense growing out of the same occurrence.” Hodge, 211 F.3d at 78 (quoting

Gov’t of the V.I. v. Brathwaite, 782 F.2d 399, 406 (3d Cir. 1986)). 

5

304 (citations and quotation marks omitted).2

When applying the Blockburger test, courts look to the offenses in the abstract rather

than to the facts of the particular case. Brathwaite, 782 F.2d at 407 n.8. In this case, when

the local and federal statutes are compared—even ignoring the requirement in the federal

statute that the defendant be a felon and the enhancement available under the local statute if

the defendant is a felon—the two statutes each require proof of an additional element that the

other does not. Specifically, unlike the federal statute, the local statute requires that the

firearm be operable and that it be carried illegally, United States v. Blyden, 740 F. Supp. 376,

380 (D.V.I. 1990). Likewise, the federal statute requires possession “in or affecting

commerce,” see United States v. Dodd, 225 F.3d 340, 344 (3d Cir. 2000), while the local

statute does not. 

Towers argues that “because of the unique size, location and limited resources of the

Virgin Islands, it is axiomatic that no firearm is manufactured in the Virgin Islands.” Towers

Br. at 15-16. Because we look at the offenses in the abstract, we need not resolve this

question. It matters only that the federal statute, and not the local statute, requires that the

gun travel in or affect interstate commerce. The charges of which Towers was convicted

were therefore not multiplicitous and his double jeopardy rights were not violated. 
6

III.

Towers further argues that the evidence was insufficient to sustain his conviction. In

reviewing a claim of insufficient evidence, this Court employs a substantial evidence

standard, i.e., whether there is substantial evidence that, when viewed in the light most

favorable to the government, would allow a rational trier of fact to find the essential elements

of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. United States v. Aguilar, 843 F.2d 155, 157 (3d Cir.

1988). The testimony of even one individual is sufficient to satisfy the substantial evidence

standard, so long as that testimony would allow the finder of fact to find the essential

elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. See, e.g., United States v. Provenzano, 620

F.2d 985, 999 (3d Cir. 1980); Jacobs v. Redman, 616 F.2d 1251, 1255 (3d Cir. 1980).

In this case, not only did Officer Huertas testify that he saw Towers hand the gun to

Santana, but Officer Marcus’s testimony corroborated Officer Huertas’s testimony in that

Officer Marcus heard him yell out “gun,” saw him apprehend Towers and verified that a gun

was found where Santana had been sitting. Knight did not contradict Officer Huertas’s

testimony and he testified that there had not been a gun in his truck prior to Towers riding

in it that day. Although Towers’s and Santana’s testimony conflicted with Officer Huertas’s,

our role is not to weigh evidence or determine the credibility of witnesses. United States v.

Casper, 956 F.2d 416, 421 (3d Cir. 1992). Officer Huertas’s testimony alone would have

been sufficient for a rational trier of fact to find that the essential elements of the crime had

been established beyond a reasonable doubt, and here the record shows that there was
7

significant additional corroborating testimony. 

IV.

Because we conclude that the charges were not multiplicitous and the evidence was

sufficient to convict Towers of violating 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) and 14 V.I.C. § 2253(a), we

will affirm the judgment of the District Court.