PRESENT STATUS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS IN MALAYSIA

Kuala Lumpur BUSINESS TIMES in English 17 May 78 p 13

[Text]

THE overriding conside-
ration in the develop-
ment plans for tele-
communications, as with
all the other services in
Malaysia at present, is
how they fit in with the
aims of the New Eco-
nomic Policy and, more
particularly, the Third
lalaysia Plan (TMP).
As is well .known, the
forms the second

hase in the implemen-
tion of the NEP which
began in 1970 with the

mary objectives of
eradicat pover
reatru society in

the interests of nation
building and national
polneidence, the’ tire:
coincidence, the’ firs’
half of the TMP period

will be completed at the -

end of this month and a
brief review serves a
imely purpose.

As part of the ‘‘physi-
cal infrastructure” of
the country, the develop:
ment of tele-
communications —
along with education and
the other social services
— figure as one of the
major
since tl support ser-
vices are vital to the suc-
cess of all the other ob-
jectives. More specifi-
cally, tele-
communications forms
part of the broad cate;
ry of économic activities

“Known as transport and

communications — a

3 ‘proje

of the NEP, ©

cate;
nised as having ‘‘a sup-
‘porting but essential role
‘to play in the overall de-
vel opment strategy un-
(ger the TMP”. As such,
“the main programme to
xbe followediin the field'of
ications can

able services “to serve
sthe requirements of ad-
“ministration, commerce
‘ang industry”.

Demands

» As the TMP ‘sees it,
‘thé main guiding princi-
“ple for tele-
communications ‘pro-
grammes during the cur-

rent lod is that they
whould be eared to meet
lemands crea-

developments in
» commerce and
. Based on, this
guideline, the most’ im-

portant projects to be
. Teompleted di the pe-
_ziod of the TMP are as

‘follows:
*  @Installation of new
crossbar and electronic
telephone exchanges,
supplemented by mobile
exchanges to overcome
short-term delays;
ations of mi.
crowave, VHF, UH!
coaxial and

ulse code
Modulation (PCM) sys-

m3;
@Laying of a subma-

10

ry Which is recog- ,

- terms, w!

rine cable system be-
tween Peninsular Malay-
sig, Sabah and Saraw:

MALAYSIA

@Expansion of the tel-

ex networks; .
@Establishment of a
public data switching
network to cater for or-
ganisations using com-
puters or ;modern elec-
tric business machines;
ction of a se-
cond satellite communi.
cations earth station at
Kuantan for oper
with the Pacific Ocean
satellite; and
xpansion of the tel-
ecommunications net-
work of the countries of
the Association of South-
Bast Asian Nations (Ase-
an).
In simple, ordinary
at do these
projects mean, how far
ave they progressed
and how will they affect
our future as Malay-
sians? Before we can at-
tempt to provide the an-
swers, some prelim!
facts must be known in
order that the future de-
velopments may be loo-
ked at in their proper

perspective.
It may surprise many
that the tele-

communications sys-
tems in Malaysia has a
number of character-
istiess which make: it
unique in the world. To
begin with, unlike the tel-
ecommunications sys-
tems of most other coun-
tries, Malaysia's is ope-
rated by the government.
as a public utility and not
as a commercial enter-
prise.- This basic fact
partly explains why tele-
Phone subscribers in Ma-
laysia enjoy by. for the
cheapest telephone ser-

ration ,



FUTURE POWER NEEDS DISCUSSED

Salisbury THE RHODESIA HERALD in English 5 Jul 78 p 3

[Text]

IF THE economy of Bho:
desia grew as expected,
new generating stations
equivalent to about four
or five Karibas would be
required by 1990, Mr P.
G. H. Lamport-Stokes,
Secretary for Transport
and Power, said yester-
day.
Opening the ninth an-
nual congress of the
association, Mr Lamport-
Stokes said two factors
which would — interest
farmers in. the future
would be the availability
of adequate _ electric
power and the ability of
the railways to carry all
traffic on offer.

Demands for power
remained fairly buoyant
even in periods of low
overall economic growth
and it was not unreason-
able in Rhodesia to plan
for a rate of growth of
about 7 to 10 percent
a year.

As it was important
that demands for power
could be met, the indus-
try had to have an ad-
ditional 15 percent on
hand to cater for. unfore-
seen changes, in particu-
lar for maintenance or
for faults that occur in
generating stations,

cso: 5500

At the moment demand
in Rhodesia was about
1000 megawatts. .

“On the basis of a re-
turn to sustained healthy
economic growth and tak-
ing into account the 15
percent margin, it is fore-
cast that in the early
1990s we’ will require
about 3500 megawatts.

“This means that by
1990, if the economy
grows as w> expect it to,
we will require new
generating stations
equivalent in size toabout
four or five Karibas,” he
said.

If the new stations could
be built in Rhodesia, and
did not have to be shared
with neighbouring coun-
tries, the requirement was
reduced to about 2%
Karibas,

There were the avail-
able power resources to
develop. There were tre-
mendous coal resources
and a number of potential
hydro-electric schemes on
the Zambezi.

The coal reserves at
Wankie could sustain a
thermal power _ station
equivalent in size to
Kariba for about 40 years,

28

RHODESIA

“This project is our
first priority and plans
ere in hand to implement
ft directly sanctions are
removed,” he said.

The five natural sftes
on the Zambezi for
hydro-electric schemes
are Victoria Falls, Batoka
Gorge, Devils Gorge,
further development at
Kariba, and  Mpata
Gorge.

Speaking on transport.
Mr Lamport-Stokes said
that apart from a rall-
ways route to the north,
there were the two routes,
to. the south—one through
Botswana and the other
through Beitbridge.

Dealing with the post-
sanctions situation, he
said a problem would
arise directly traffic be-
gen to pick up.

“If the Mozambique
lines are not made avail-
able to us, there will be
an immediate problem re-
sulting from the line
limitations south of Beit-
bridge,” he said.

If the Mozambique
border were e
outlet was far more sat-
isfactory and Rhodesia
would be better off than
before with one additional
external link—the one
through Beitbridge.



His Excellency ‘stated that agreements have been concluded between Saudi
Arabia and Jordan, Syria, Iraq, Oman and Yemen to open up international
communications between Saudi Arabia and these other countries, which,

God willing, will make Saudi Arabia a center of international communications.

8480
cso: 5500

25







H)

Konrentrationsbereich Durchachattenetzwerk,

| 2 | nanBn | nanan

normale
Sprechsteten

2g
renverrnle

Rs

Paksimile

Fig

Key:

ure 3.

(A)
(B)
(c)
(D)
(E)
(F)
(G)
CH)
(1)
(3)
(4)
(L)
(mM)
«N)

a)

General structure of the IFS network.

Connection field
Concentration field
Switching field

Processing field
Operational computer field
Multiplex lines to other network areas
Conventional telephone sets
Digital telephone sets
Data terminals

Facsimile terminals

Low frequency lines

To other planes

All planes

Plane X

57





All these devices have been transferred to industrial enterprises of the
Ministry of Communications for their series production in order to equip
operating enterprises with them,

COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Svyaz'," "Vestnik Svyazi," 1978

10, 233
CSO: 5500

39



cladding and the second onc the protection. These two
operations are performed on line and consist in first
dipping the fiber into the silicone resin, curing it in
an oven placed’ in .cascade with the resin vessel and
then appying the plastic protection by using an ana-
logous system.

Particular cautions have been taken for preform
cleaning and resin mixture preparation [5]. Detailed
descriptions of the drawing machine and of the used
procedure have been already published [6,7].

A view of the used drawing and coating machine is
shown in Fig. 1.

The used material are either fused silica and syn-
thetic silica rods (Synsil-Italglass; Suprasil 1, W1
Heraeus) with a 4 mm diameter as preforms, Sylgard
182 of Dow Corning as cladding and Kynar 7201 Pénn-
walt for external protection. Fibers having an overall
diameter of about 300 um with core diameter of about
140 ym and silicone cladding thickness of 70 um. have
been obtained in typical lengths of 400 m. In spite of
the very high attenuation presented by the resin con-
stituting the cladding these fibers present rather low
losses; this can be observed in Fig. 2 where typical
spectral attenuation curves measured between 500
and 1000 nm are plotted for two fibers having core
in Suprasil 1 and Suprasil W1, respectively, silicon





Figure 1. Television Signal Regenerator

RTS can be installed in intercity instrument rooms, at the outputs of long:
communication lines, at the input of television transmitters, and in the
program instrument rooms of television centers,

Structurally, the device is housed in a standard casing. Its dimensions are
480X480X160 mm. ,

The LUIS meter (Figure 2) is intended for automatic digital measurement and
monitoring of the video signal at any points of a television channel,

Figure 2, Television Signal Level Meter

The device monitors and measures the following components of the video signal:
the amplitude of the video signal (signal of brightness in transmitting color
television), synchronous pulses, signals of color synchronization (STsS) in
the lines D, and D, and unmodulated color subcarrier (TsP) ituated on the
rear sites of the quenching line pulses,

The technical characteristics of the IUTS are as follows, The measurement
limits of video signal. amplitudes are from 0.1 to 1.3 V; synchronous pulses
from 0.1 to 0.5 V; -STsS from 0.1 to 1,1 V;.NIsP from 0.05 to 0.5 Vv. The
basic measurement error is + (0.03 U, + 0.01) v.

The device ensures the cyclic measurement of the parameters according to a
Prescribed program, as well as continuous measurement of any one parameter
selected by the operator.

The IUTS can be used in studio equipment complexes of television centers,

intercity television equipment, space communication stations, and at tele-
vision transmitting stations. The economic effect from the introduction of

37



DEVELOPMENT OF ASEAN SUBMARINE CABLE NETWORK

Kuala Lumpur BUSINESS TIMES in English 17 May 78 p 12

[Text]

A NEW frontier in global
telecommunications was

cl 2,600 miles on the
bed of the Atlantic Ocean
between New York and
oh
e 112 years since
then, that act of laying
submarine cables, then
Par aatakingly carried
out the Britis!
ship Great Eastern, has
een repeated many
times over. “
Submarine communi-
cation has’ expanded to
More than 16,000 miles
with multi-channels
across the globe from
Australia to the United
States and such names
as Seacom, Icecan, Can-
ber, Oluho, Tasman, af-
fixed to various cable
rojects, are imprinted
in telecommunications
history,
The latest addition to
communications col-
lection is the Asean sub-
marine cable metwork,
one of the many Asean
envisioned to

projects
ink the five countries _

more closely together
and perhaps, one of the
first to be ‘so speedily
implemented.

Asean cable

The concept of a
uniquely regional tele-
communications net-
work structured on un-
derwater cables dates
back to March 1975 when
the then Asean per-
Manent committee on
jand transportation and
telecommunications
agreed to study the rami-
fications of such a bold
Project.

The groundwork was
completed during subse-

juent meetings in Kuala

‘umpur and Bangkok in
1976 and at the end of
that year, the tele-
communications agen:
cies of the Philippines
and Singapore — Bast-
ern Telecommunications
and the Tele-
communication -Author-
ity of Singapore — si-
gned a memorandum of
understanding to cons-
truct a 1, nautical
mile co-axial cable be-
tween ‘imao, Illoces
North in Northern Luzon.

and Singapore. This ini-

14

tialled the first stage of a
four-phase Project.

This $113 million link
is to be commissioned in
June, just over a year
from the time the ‘con-
tract for the cable cons-
truction was awarded.
The award was given to
the British company
Standard Telephones
and Cables Ltd.

In the begim of
this month, the final sta-
ge of this multi-million
cable was laid at the bot-
tom of the turbulent
South China Sea.

This final stage star-
ted with the arrival of.
the cableship CS Cabie
Venture which sailed out
from Southanpton with
2,000 kms of cable and
157 ocean amplifiers.

The first phase was
completed in February
when cable was laid
some 926 km off
Singapore's shores to-
wards the Philippines.
The cable-laying afong a
precisely charted route
is expected to be finished
this week and will carry
1,380. telephone circuits.

The other segments of
the cable network should
fully completed by

talled over 490 nautical
miles at an estimated
Cost of $50 million by
1979.

The Sings ore-
Malaysia-Thaii and. link,
to be laid at a total esti-

mated cost of $77.5 mil-:

MALAYSIA





The introduction of new technologies is also reflected in a new concept of
operation and maintenance. While maintenance and installation require less
work, we must in return accept the inconvenience of having to make greater
demands on the operating personnel. In order to rationally utilize the
personnel, the system under consideration must facilitate the operators!
work as much as possible. The operational functions are centralized in a
district operations center (48Z), which consists of a data processing
installation serving several IFS networks.

3. Structure of the IFS Network
The cperation of the IFS network can be subdivided into five fields (figure 3):

The connection field

The concentration field

The switching field

The processing field

The operational computer field

31. Connection Field

This field includes all the subscriber terminals for analog and digital
services, their associated connection lines, as well as connections with
conventional centrals. The analog subscriber network is identical with
the present connection network; the information is transmitted along analog
channels. Digital equipment subscribers are connected through the digital
subscriber network, whose circuits use a totally transparent 10-bit code,
with eight bits for the information and two bits for the signal.

32. Concentration Field

The concentration field is composed of analog and digital concentrators, and
of terminals. It fulfills the following functions:

Concentrates traffic;

Supervises subscriber lines and circuits leading to conventional centrals;
Performs analog-to-digital conversions; and if necessary

Converts 2-wire to 4-wire connections;

Forms a PCM multiplex;

Adapts transmission modes to PCM channels; and

Converts signaling to a form standardized for IFS.

33. Switching Field

The switching network (DNW) switches all the types of communications --
whether control, signal, or information -- between any two inputs and

outputs. Of modular structure, the DNW network is composed of standardized
switching units. This is the only device of its kind that performs all the
switching functions which depend on direction and bunching. However, the
concentration field does not allow a direct connection between two subscribers.

56



JPRS 71607

2 August 1978

TRANSLATIONS ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY,
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

No. 48
ConTENTS Pace
WORLDWIDE AFFAIRS
Norway To Build Complete Center for Vietnam Oil Base
(AFTENPOSTEN, 15 Jun 78) cecccccccceccccccccceccccccccces 1
Swedish L.M. Ericsson Co Sells Telephone Network to Brazil City
(SVENSKA DAGBLADET, 2 Jun 78) ccccececccccccncccccccccoce 3
ASIA
INDIA
Telecom Link Via Sputnik Satellite: Soviet Proposal
(THE HINDU, 27 Jun 78) cscccccccccccccccccccccceccceccces 6
MALAYSIA
Foreign Companies Active in Malaysian Telecommunications
(BUSINESS TIMES, 17 May 78) ccccccsccccccccccccccccsccces 7
Present Status of Telecommunications in Malaysia
(BUSINESS TIMES, 17 May 78) ceccccceccccccnccccocccccnccs 10
Development of ASEAN Submarine Cable Network
(BUSINESS TIMES, 17 May 78) ceccecccccccccccccccccsccccce 14
EASTERN EUROPE
BULGARIA
Coin Operated Telephones in Sofia Vandalized
(Yordan Bezhev; IMPULS, 20 Jun 78) ..... 16
- an [III - INT - 140]



Figure 4.

Key: (A)
(B)
(c)
(D)
(E)
(F)
(G)
(H)
(1)
(a)
(K)
(L)
(M)
(ND
(0)

Analog concentrator (AKT) configuration.

To other control equipment

AKT line equipment (ALS)

Discrimination circuit (AP)

Data memory (DS)

Coupling group (KG)

Control circuit for coupling network. (KAS)
Concentrator control (KTS) .
Concentrator processing assembly (KVT)
Line equipment connector (LSS)

Control line equipment (SLS)

Terminal (T)

Telegram processing (TGV)

Subscriber equipment (TNS)

~e« Control channels to the central control
++++ Signal. line to ALS

Since the analog concentrator is a connection point between planes, it has

control channels directed toward all the sub-planes attached to it.
the handling of traffic, it can perform some functions autonomously ail

During
ind

independently of the planes,. before relinquishing the communication. to a
sub-plane of its choice, for further processing.

59



(0) Analog concentrator (A)
(P) Digital concentrator (D)
(Q) Terminal (1) —

(R) Dial units (WE)

(S§) Switching unit (DE)

(7) Telegram unit (TE)

(U) Digital dial unit (DWE)
(WV) Operational computer (BR)
(Ww) Centralized control (ZS)

(x) PCM multiplex line
(Y) ----- Low frequency line
(Z) ——-— Digital subscriber line

34. Processing Field

The processing field includes devices that control and supervise the network,
which in turn is composed of the central control and of an input system. In
the case of telegram units, the latter adapts the control information from the
central control to the IFS control channels or to the common channel (signal
channels), and in the case of digital dial units, delivers the signal
information from digital subscribers or fram foreign systems ta the common
channel. The selection unit is used to transform the dialing signals from
conventional systems. The centralized control (ZS) contains stored programs
for unit control and traffic flow. Input and output paths connect the
centralized control to the operations computer.

35. Operational Computer Field

This field contains all the devices that enable a rational and reliable
operation of the IFS, namely:

A programmed memory processor connected to the centralized controls of
several networks;

Operating stations connected to the processor; and

Various alarms and condition indicators.

4. System Units
41. Analog Concentrator (AKT)

Because the traffic generated by any one subscriber is low, it must be
concentrated; the analog concentrator connects the network of conventional
subscriber lines to the PCM multiplex circuits. The concentrator is divided
into functional areas (figure 4), as follows:

A peripheral switching element that includes a two-stage modular network for
electromechanical coupling, the subscriber equipment, and the line equipment;

Access devices with coupling network controls; and

Dual control devices for security purposes.

58



Figure 5. Symmetrical connection network.
Key: (A) Stage
46. Telegram Unit (TE)

The TE unit contains 31 control channel registers or telegram unit cells (TEZ).
The control information between the centralized control and the units is
exchanged through these TEZ (figure 2). This process transposes the exchange
system of .cyclic function data (telegram system) on the PCM control channel,
and transfers non-cyclic data into the access system of the centralized
control. The telegram units perform routine chores such as requests for

state modification (line conditions, supervision points); these tasks are
performed autonomously in the units, and only the state changes are signaled
to the centralized control.

47. Digital Dial Unit (DWE)

This unit is used as signaling unit for rapid digital signalization, notably
for signaling toward subscribers with digital equipment, or for common channel
systems as well. It also includes 30 registers that require direct access
from the centralized control, because of the high binary flow of the
information.

48. Centralized control (ZS)
The centralized control functions are performed by @ programmed memory

processor [3] develooed by Hasler (T 202 during the development stage, and
T 203 for the higher performance later unit).

61



INTER-ARAB AFFAIRS

ARAB SATELLITE PLANS ANNOUNCED
Riyadh AL-RIYAD in Arabic 23 Apr 78 p 2

[Text] Concrete measures for implementation of the plan for an Arab space
communications network have begun. A survey of communications traffic in the
countries will be completed within a year for the purpose of designing the
space network. In 4 years we will launch a pair of space vehicles carrying
satellites to inaugurate operation of the Arab space communications network.

Plenary sessions of the Arab Organization for Space Communications, which
will last for 3 days, began yesterday morning in al-Ta'if.

His Excellency Dr 'Alawi Darwish Kayyal, minister of telegraph, post and
telephone, presented a report which alluded to the importance of these
meetings and expressed his hope that the aspiration the Arabs have for this
organization will be realized through rapid communications, exchange of news
and information, and relaying of events through the air via our Arab satel-
lites at the moment of their occurrence.

The minister stated that the creation of the Arab Organization for Space
Communications shows that the Arab nation has resumed its cultural and
technological position, and by God's favor has begun to show the unity
and solidarity of a great nation.

Engineer Faysal Zaydan, deputy minister for telephone affairs in the ministry
of telegraph, post and telephone and head of the board of directors of the
organization, presented a report in which he stated that the participation

of the various Arab parties in this meeting attests to its meaning and
significance relative to the fervent wish and earnest desire for a strengthening
and consolidation of the organization.

He indicated that this meeting represents the dividing line between two
stages in the life of the organization, the stage of investigation, research
and preparation and that of implementation through the attainment of concrete
goals.

23



vice in the world. The
government subsidise
every telephone that is
installed to the amount
of $8,000 and the installa-
tion fee of $25 in Malay-
sia has been found to be
the lowest when compa-
red to those of 26 other
countries.

In Japan, where the

“tees are highest, the

charge is $2,280 while in
a “median” country like
the United Kingdom, the
rate is in the region of
$250. No wonder the tele-
hone is so popular in

alaysia, there being a
national aver of 28
telephones per thousand
people in Malaysia, as
compared to three per
thousand in Indonesia
and eight per thoysand in
‘Thailand.

High hopes

The public-service
orientation of the tele-
communications ser-
vices also explain why
Malaysia is remarkable
in providing a high level
of telephone servicea in
the rural areas. This
commitment is indicati-
ve of the lengths to which
the government is prepa:
red to in putting the
NEP into effect. -

Another special ohar-
acteristic of the Malay-
sian telecommunications
system arises‘from the
fact that Malaysia is vir-
tually the only country in
the world to be divided
into the two main parts
by a wide expense of sea.
Because of this circum-
stances, Malaysia is one
of the few countries in
the world to operate
what is called a ‘‘tropos-

catter’’ system — the
high-quality radio-
telephone link between
Johore Bahru and Ku-
ching — and also what is
called a ‘‘domestic satel-
lite system,"’ (which in-
volves the leasing of full
transponder from the In-
telast satellite over the
Pacific Ocean) in order
to enable TV program-
mes to be telecast sim-
ultanously in Peninsular
and East Malaysia.

There is another
feature which is peculiar
to the ele-

communications ser-
vices in Malaysia. The
explanation is somewhat
technical and is best
summed up by the fol-
lowing extract:

“The largest service
provided by the Tele-
coms Department...is
the telephone service. Its
development involves a
lot of planning which co-
vers the provision of
exchanges, the local ca-
ble distribution net-
works, and the frank and
junction network linking
fhe various excl +
The trunk and junction
networks in ‘alaysia
are normally by means
of microwave and VHF
systems spanning the
whole count

from.
‘top to hilltop. What is

unique in laysia .is
that these (hilltop) sta-
tions. are engineered to
co-site television trans-
mitters, FM_ broad-
casting transmitters, po-
ice communications
systems and civil avfa-
tion systems. At certain
stations, a troposcatter
system is also co-sited
ind a radar station is
installed nearby.”

In other words, a spe-
cial feature of
Malaysia's system is the
great extent to which the

‘ansmitting equipment
tends to be closely grou-
ped at the hilltop sta-
tions. This arrangement
involves careful plan-
ning and is justified on
the grounds of the econo-
mies to be gained.

Lastly, the Malaysian
system is outstanding for
the wide variety of ser-
vices which is included
in the telecoms network.
These range from the ba-
sic services to such spe-
cial provisions as the in-
élusion of the radio-call
system by which timber
operators in the jungle
can communicate with
the outside world
through the national net-
work.

Expansion

Another example is
the incorporation within
the system of the radio
carphone system provi-
ded in the Kuala Lumpur
areas. This carphone
system is highly sophisti-
cated and is normally

avaialble only in the ad--

vanced countries.
It is in the ight of such
iculars .1 we can
st appreciate the sig-
nificance of the ‘“blue-
prints" for the expansion
and improvement of the
telecommunications sys-
em in Malaysia to meet
resent day require-
ments. The programmes
and achievements can be
conveniently reviewed in
terms of the increasingly
sophisticated types of
equipment used and ser-
vices. provided, begin-
ning with the telephone.

11

The end-user ‘equip-
ment: This consists es-
sentially of the telephone
sets and the exchange
lines connecting the sets
to the nearest exchan-
ges.

Under the TMP, the
original target set was
the provision of 396,000
new exchange lines in
order to progressively
reduce the backlog of ap-
plications which have ac-
cumulated over the

ears. According to the
latest figures available,
a total of 72,236 applica:
tions were received du-
ring 1977 and after the
new telephones in re-
sponse to earlier and
current applications
have been installed,
there were still 76,438 ap-
Plications. which could
not be attended to.

One of the reasons for
the continued existence
of a backlog was the
shortage of funds and
this has been recognised
and met by the recent
allocation of additional
funds which will enable
the Telecoms De-
artment to fulfil the

iP target on schedule.
According to the
Department's director of
development, Mr M.
‘Tharmanason, there will
be a total of half a mil-
lion workin fines in use
throughout Malaysia
the end of 1980. The total
line capacity and actual
telephones in use will of
course be greater.

It is expected that at
the end of the TMP peri-
od, there will be an ove-
rall average of 56 tele-
phones per thousand

le in Malaysia; in -

Lumpur itself, the lo-
cal average will in fact
be around 260.

‘The telephone exchan-
gest To keep pace with
ie rate at which new
telephone Hines are ay
lied for and installed,
local distribution net-
works through the tele-
hone exchanges have to
ye correspondingly in-
creased and improved
upon. Acc tq the
original estimates, this
involves the installation
of 452,600 cable pairs, to
be used in connection
with both telephone and
telegraph services.

Wherever | possible,
the extension of the
exchange network will
be imp! lemented in con-
junction with similar
extensions for the telex
and data transmission
networks. Apart from
extensions in terms of
quantity, the improve-



BULGARIA

COIN OPERATED TELEPHONES IN SOFIA. VANDALIZED
Sofia IMPULS in Bulgarian 20 Jun 78 p 3

[Article by Chief Specialist Yordan Bezhev: "Coin Phones--An Unsolved
Problem" ]

[Text] The Sofia telephone and telegraph stations and the "Execution"
Unit of the Ministry of Communications have shown unceasing concern for
expanding and modernizing the network of automatic pay phones for local
and long distance dialing and improving the organization of their mainten-
ance and operation. In comparison with 1970, their number in the capital
has risen by 35.14 percent. Nearly one-half of these were delivered from
the USSR. At present for every 1,000 inhabitants of Sofia there are 2.6
automatic pay phones, concentrated chiefly in the central part of the city.
There is a shortage of these phones in the busiest areas, in the new hous-
ing complexes and particularly in the settlements of the suburban region
of the capital.

The development and modernization of the automatic pay phone network in
Sofia (and in the entire nation) are also impeded by the fact that the
mTA-4 [pay phone units] produced by our industry have a low technical level
in terms of design and factory manufacture. The MTA-) sets do not operate
dependably. The absence of technical standards impedes their precise ad-
justment, and this tells on the quality of the call. There have been fre-
quent instances of the jamming of the equipment with coins. There are pre-=
requisites for easy intentional jamming by malfactors.

The long distance telephone communications between all the okrug towns and
certain industrial, resort and key towns have been automated. But a standard
coin phone has not yet been introduced. For this reason in Sofia in the
suburban zone scarcely 50 automatic pay phones have been installed for long
distance dialing, and this is a rationalization development which has a
number of shortcomings.

The economic demand posed as a strategic task by the llth BCP Congress for

high quality and high efficiency in economic activities has been established
as a daily concern and task in the work of each specialist and worker

16



cso:

5500

‘The present mataysian tetecommunication -network.

OUTSTANDING TELECOMS STATISTICS, 1977

P, M’sia
No. of outstanding applications ” 67,763
No. of applications 64,076
No. of telephones lines (capacity) 315,740
No. of subscribers (working lines) 190,203
No. of Telephone Exchanges: , :
ual ' ¢ 8
‘Automatic , 291
No. of telex subscribers. ne? 1,406
‘SOURCE: Telecoms ‘Dept., Malaysia ’

13

Fed of M’sla



Engineer Faysal Zaydan stated that the organization has been able to carry
out a number of its missions in spite of a scarcity of manpower resulting
from the failure to create a continuing functional apparatus. He said

that various schedules have been prepared and agreements made with advisers
who will be responsible for various advisory services. He described.-an
extensive series of stages in the implementation of the Arab space network
project. He said that’ by a year from now the surveys and all the informa—
tion from the member countries regarding communication traffic would be
complete and that the designing of the network would follow. He added that
the agreement with the contractor would be made by 1980 and that the first
space vehicle carrying the first Arab satellite into outer space would be
launched in 1982. Engineer Faysal Zaydan stated in conclusion that the
second space vehicle carrying the second Arab satellite would be launched
4 months after the first, completing work on the space network.

This was followed by a telegram from Mr Muhammad Riyad, secretary general of
the Arab League, addressed to the plenary session of the Arab Satellite Organi-
zation in its first session of meetings, in which he expressed his hope that
the meeting would achieve the goal for which it strives, which will represent
a major accomplishment, accelerated by the serious work to establish this
organization, in the field of joint Arab work. He said, "Your coming together
in the first plenary meeting of this organization will, God willing, advance
the project of the Arab space communications network."

Dr 'Alawi Darwish Kayyal, minister of telegraph, post and telephone, announced
that the satellites to be launched by the organization will serve to transmit
telephone, telegraph, Telex and television communications between all Arab
nations.

He added that the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has provided more than a quarter of
the organization's capital.

Dr Kayyal said that Saudi Arabia has been chosen as the headquarters of the
organization and of its secondary control stations because it is located at
the strategic heart of these stations and also because it is a center of
international communications, since it is in the process of setting up a
microwave project as well as being located in the center of the Arab east
as a whole.

His Excellency: concluded his statement by saying that this organization is
considered a member of the Arab League and that it is an economic organiza-—
tion whose total profit after completion of its programs will amount to 40
percent of its capital.

The minister indicated that there are agreements between Saudi Arabia and
other Arab countries, some of which are in force and some of which are in
the study phase. He said that an international communications project in-
volving Saudi Arabia and Sudan was agreed upon a few days ago and that there
are international lines between Saudi Arabia and Qatar.

24



install POM equipment

to the Telecoms De-
partment.

PCM is.a digital tech-
nique for the tranmission
of communication infor-

mation resulting in a.

very efficient and relia-
ble. transfer of informa-
tion from one end to an-
other, said Mr A.P. Aru-
mugam, manager of the
GEC Communications
Project Department.

|, He said the introduc-
tion of PCM by Malay-
sian Telecoms’ marked
the beginning of the digi-
tal era for tele-
communications in this
country.

Originally, electro-
mechanical exchanges
were used in Malaysia
followed by the cross-bar
exchange and then the
semi-electronic exchan-
ges. The ital exchan-

e is the latest stage in

e development of tele-
communications.

The contract to Mar-
coni Italiana is for the
supply, of ‘80-channel
PCM “equipment from
1978 to 1980, at a cost
initially estimated at $3
million, «

Mr Arumugam said
the contract, won in the
face of stiff international
competition, was viewed
by rconi Italiana as a
very prestigious one, the
first to be awarded to the
company in Southeast
Asia.

The contract will be
executed jointly by Mar-
coni Italiana and a 100
per cent bumiputra com-

pany, Juwira Sdn Bhd.
“GEC Malaysia's role

‘in this is to provide lial.

son between our UK
principals and local bu-
miputra companies,"’ Mr
Arumugam said.

Atrial 30-channel
PCM link is now in ope-
ration betweeen the Pe-
pang exchange andi Baik

ulau, carrying 80 tele-
phone channels over two
cable. pairs

One. significant 24°
yantage in using: PCM
that it can make maxi-
mum use of existing ca-

bles without ha to’

wing:
f the neceusty to dig
nece:
Up, ‘publié ‘roads’ which
often causes traffic
jams.

Using PCM, the Tele-

coms is able to multiply -
er

by four to 15 the num!
of telephone lines using
only existing cables.

in addition, transpor-
table digital microwave
links have been introdu-
ced by Marconi Italiana,
thus avoiding the neces-
sity to acquire land and
construct buildings. This
enables new housing es-
tates or business centres
to have a temporary tele-
phone service until ca-

les are laid for the ins-
tallation of permanent
telephone lines,
larconi UK is also
supplying communica-
tions equipment to Tele-
coms, Mindef, Civil
Aviation Department
and Radio and Tele-
vision Malaysia.

Mr Arumugam said
Marconi UK supplied
and installed the first
VHF radio links car-
rying 48 telephone chan-
nels in Peninsular Ma-
laysia, stretching from
North to South and to
East. This main trunk
communication network
introduced in Malaya du-
ring the 1950s is still in
operation as a standby
link.

”
The Telecoms has in-
troduced 1800/2700
micro-wave links’ since
fren to bear the heavier
load.

Various other forms
of ‘civil communication
equipment have also
been supplied by Marco-
ni UK, such as links
Peninsular Malaysia and
Sabah and Sarawak and
of particular interest the
troposcatter link be-
tween Gi Pulai, Jo-
hore, and Kuching, Sara-
wak. This link, set up in
1965/66 was at that time
the longest in the world.

Marconi Radar Sys-
tems Ltd. also supplied
and installed aed us
approach/airport radar
systems to the Civil
Aviation Department:
while Marconi UK sup-
piled Getence communi.
Cation equipment like ra-
dar for the ‘air force.

le.

communications Lt
management the man:
gement company of the
EC group, specialises
in civil tele-
communications equip-

ment ranging from tele-
phone instruments to mi-
crowave links ‘to hig!
compex electronic swit-
ching’ exchanges.

Together with- other
British tele-
communications indus-
tries, it is now involved’
in the research and deve-
lopment of the revolu-
tionary System X, the,
latest telephone exchan-
ge system introduced by
he British Post Office in
England.

‘his is expected to
into production by 19
and, acco io Mr

jugam, the Malay-
sian Telecoms De-
partment is keeping an
eye on this system.
System X utilises sto-
red programme control
equipment thus ente:
the computerisation era.
Being a subsidiary of.
GEC UK, GEC Malaysia:
is now involved in pro-
moting the sharing of
technical knowledge
with local bumiputra
companies, some .of
whom are working close-

"ly with Marconi UK and

Marconi Italiana in sup-
plying and ‘installing
equipment to the Malay-
sian communication in-
lustry. .
ee Malaysia is
very impress e,
Teldcoms Department's
programme for develop-
ment under the TMP,”’
Mr Arumugam said.
“As a major equips
ment Suppligr, our ro}
not only to supply equip-
ment meeting internatio-
nal standards but also to
ensure that delivery da-
tes are strictly followed
so that TMP projects will
not be aoayee This is
one of our major respon-
sibilities," he added
“It is also our inten-
tion to train sufficient lo-
cal manpower capable of
installing, icmamlaglo-
ning and maintaining,
equipment without cau-
sing delays to the vari-
ous departments.” - .
Another object of
folding of seminary and
‘5 of seminar:
conferences specifically
catering for engineers
from Telecoms and other
departments. .



From the standpoint of switching technique, it maintains control and signal
connections with the centralized control, and works with the line equipment

of the analog concentrator (ALS) through a link system. Up to 8000 subscribers
can be connected to an analog concentrator.

42. Digital Concentrator (DMT)

Its function is similar to that of the analog concentrator, with this
difference: digital equipment subscribers are connected to the primary
PCM multiplex through a time multiplex coupling network. The DAT not only
concentrates traffic, but also distributes it evenly among the four planes.

43. Terminal (T)

Its function is to perform the analog-to-digital conversion of at most 30
channels, and to group them into a 4-wire PCM multiplex. The lines are
connected to the terminal through the line equipment (LS), which also groups
the functions pertinent to telephone communications (line signalization,

call insertion, and so on). Cost considerations make it reasonable to
centralize the functions as much as possible; when the 30 lines operate on
pulse signals, a terminal is used for pulse processing, whereas the analog
concentrator terminal is used when the 30 lines lead to the analog concentrator.
When a universal terminal is used, different types of line equipment can be
intermixed depending on the type of signalization.

44. Dial Unit (Wwe)

It services 30 dial units or dial unit cells (WEZ) in time multiplex; the
units must be capable of receiving and sending dial signals. Each WEZ can

_ process all signal modes; it adapts the dial signals to a standardized
internal format.

45. Switching Unit (DE)

A switching unit is a space-time switch to which one can connect 28 multiplex
circuits (2048 Mbit/s). This unit thus makes it possible to simultaneously
conduct 420 communications with four wires at most. Totally accessible, the
unit is free of blockages. Switching units are grouped in symmetrical
networks. Figure 5 shows an entirely symmetrical network with stages A and B,
capable of handling a traffic of 3000 erlangs. All the units of the IFS
system are attached to the stage A switching-unit, while the switching unit
of stage 8B is connected to the stage A switch through a system af junction
lines.

Parts of the switching network can be located in a decentralized fashion
(far instance in nodal centers).

60



the literature [2,8] which give a pulse spreading of
10 + 20 ns/km against a theoretical value of about
200 ns/km.

On the other hand it is well known that two are
the main mechanisms which can reduce the mode
dispersion predicted on an index difference basis:
mode coupling and higher order mode losses. The
second one is particularly relevant in silica-plastic
fibres due to the very high losses of the cladding.

We recall that the power flow in the cladding
is given by [9]

1—b

1 Poag/P = ————__—

() ‘clad! PerreaT
where P is the total power, b and v denote the
normalized propagation constant and frequency res-
pectively, and v the azimuthal mode order.

By utilizing some numerical results obtained in
previsious theoretical studies on dispersion characte-
ristics in multimode fibers with nearly step index
profile [10], we evaluated at the working wavelength
( = 900 nm) the differential attenuation for the
various modes.

Further, recalling that due to the large mode vo-
lume in this type of fiber the mode spectrum can ‘be
considered as a continuum and assuming an uniform
modal illumination, it was possible to evaluate the
impulse response of the fiber after a certain length,
taking for the losses of the bulk cladding material
the measured value of about 10000 db/km and

relative amplitude

e ” 7

‘ ‘
time nse
Fig.'3. - Measured pulse shapes after 350 m long fibers. Curve a)
corresponds to the input pulse, curves b) and c) correspond to
Suprasil 1 and Suprasil WI core fibers respectively. The dashed
curves a‘) and b*} represent the evaluated impulse response and
output pulse after the same fiber length. The time origins are
indipendent for the different pulses which have been overlapped
for convenience.

46



Seismic investigations are now being made in the ocean off the coast of
Vietnam, and it is thought that the prospects for finding oil are promising.
With the oil, the country hopes to be able to get much needed currency.

The base, which is now being built, is located near Ho Chi Minh City (for-
merly Saigon). The location will be the main base for southern Vietnam,
and later there will be a concentration of refineries, petroleum activities
and other activities which have to do with oil, in the area.

912k
CSO: 5500

{
|



fl
Hl
Hl
Hl
Hl
Hl
|
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|
i
i

PERU

PROJECTS PLANNED FOR EXPANSION OF TELEPHONE SERVICE

New Exchanges in Arequipa

Lima EL COMERCIO in Spanish 7 Jul 78 p 18

[Text] Arequipa, 6 July--In the near future, the management of the National
Telecommunications Enterprise will sign contracts with the Dutch company,
Philips, covering the acquisition of two new, type PRX, semielectronic
exchanges to expand the telephone capacity of Arequipa by 10,000 new

lines.

This information was released by officials of ENTELPERU [National Tele-
communications Enterprise of Peru] at the conclusion of activities in this
city celebrating "Telephone Operator's Day."

The two semielectronic exchanges to be acquired from the Dutch company,
Philips, will complement the PRX exchange now being installed at ENTELPERU
facilities and will represent a combined increase in telephone service
amounting to 22,000 lines which will permit the present demand for tele-
phones in Arequipa to be met.

One of the new exchanges will be installed on Avenida del Ejercito, in
the Cayma district, which will provide 5,000 lines for the region located
on the right bank of the Chile River while the other exchange will be
installed in Monterrey, in the Paucarpata district, to provide service
for subscribers on the left bank of the Chile River.

Japan to Extend Credits
Lima EL COMERCIO in Spanish 8 Jul 78 p 1
[Text] Two telecommunications projects will be carried out. in the country

with a credit of 2.75 billion soles provided by the Government of Japan,
through the Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund.

21



SWITZERLAND

BASIS OF INTEGRATED TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORK DESCRIBED
Bern BULLETIN TECHNIQUE in French No 9, 1977 pp 398-410

[Article by Walter Suter: "Fundamental Principles of the Integrated
Telecommunications System (IFS)"]

(Text] Abstract. As one of the telecommunications systems of the future,
IFS is called upon to provide a broad range of the most diversified services.
It will eventually have to allow the economical and suitably adapted
introduction of data services in parallel with telephone services. Primarily
of digital design, switching and transmission in this system are based on the
use of a PCM (pulse code modulation) channel capable of carrying 64 kbit/s.
In the case of larger telecommunications sectors, the the control functions
are grouped in centralized control devices with programmed memories. The
overall structure is such that the fabrication of various functional blocks
can be readily adapted to modern technology. In addition to the goals
proposed for the system's design, the author describes the general structure
of the network, security protection measures, as well as the principles which
govern the exchange of control information and the communication traffic.

1. Introduction

Modern electronics has created a totally new situation in telecommunications
technology. Until now, our efforts have been devoted ta the development of
new and more economical solutions for existing partial applications; current
technology now makes it possible to convert a complete telecommunications
network to digital design. The first digital transmission systems were built
in the early 1960's using PCM. Once the technological conditions were
specified, the PCM technique was also extended to switching. Following a
number of projects and studies, an integrated telecommunications system
(IFS) was developed in Switzerland [1,2]. Given the ambitious goals that
vere established for the project and the complexity of the development work,
it was decided in 1970 to form a PCM work group composed of Hasler SA in
Bern, Siemens-Albis SA in Zurich, Standard Telephone et Radio SA in Zurich,
and the Research and Development Division of the PTT (Mail, Telegraph, and
Telephone) General Directorate.

52



broad base, we can assure the slow and progressive introduction of the system,
which will meet.the needs for future services. Service quality improvement is
therefore manifested not only in the quality of the various services, but also
in the number of facilities that are offered.

The switching systems existing in Switzerland differ greatly, not only from
a technical standpoint, but also in terms of utilization. By introducing the
IFS system, we are attempting to install throughout the country a uniform
system with a very flexible structure. Given its technical capabilities, we
are therefore laying the foundations of a system with a very high quality of
operation.

A very important point in the design of the system, is the fact that the
telecommunications technology is slow in adapting itself to the rapid
development and modernization taking place in electronics. We can indeed
remember that while electronic equipment has a lifetime of some 10 years,

the life of telecommunications equipment is normally 30 to 40 years. This
situation will change only very slowly. The development of a telecommunication
system of the scope discussed here implies a high development risk, which
should be reduced to a minimum through proper design.

Certain principles of introduction should be considered as early as the
planning stage. An existing telecommunications system cannot be simply
replaced; the new system must be installed progressively, over a long period
of time, and must operate in parallel with existing networks without requiring
that the latter be modified or adapted. The economic profitability of the
integrated system must be maintained despite its long period of introduction
and the additional costs involved.

These ‘specifications and other requirements are so to speak the support piers
of the IFS system, to wit:

The basis of the information transmission consists of a switchable and
universal channel operating in a PCM mode at 64 kbit/s, for the transmission
of voice signals, data, and signal and control information (figures 1 and 2).
The use of 4-wire transmission and digital switching leads to a uniform,
homogeneous, and high quality network. In accordance with CEPT (European
Conference of Mail and Telecommunicattons Administrations) standards, we
have combined 32 time intervals or 68-bit channels at a sampling frequency

of 8 kHz, into a PCM multiplex circuit with 2048 Mbit/s connectors.

IFS is a centralized control system. -It includes a limited number of system
units, remotely controlled through a standardized and uniform connector. The
PCM channel is used as control circuit, providing a semi-permanent
communication path between the centralized control unit and system units,
along a network of connections (figure 2).

54



cinten A)

t con

ere

F)

taacsceceesan

c)

O—-s

Figure 2.. PCM channel as control connection.

@)

pesaeeeaeenssce=

1

Key: (A) Units
(8) Time multiplex switching network (DN)
(C) Centralized control (ZS)
(D) ‘Terminal (T)
(E) Dial unit (WE)
(F) Telegram unit (TE)
(G) 64 kbit/s PCM channel

The units can thus be located at separated points, such: as any peripheral
position of the network. No additional remote control network is needed.

By using standard connectors, the system units can be adapted to the most
recent technologic advances without needing to modify the other parts of the
system, a fact that unquestionably illustrates the flexible and modular
concept behind the network's design.

Compatibility with existing systems, high control flexibility, and the
modular nature of the network, require the installation of a programmed
memory centralized control device, to be used for control, switching, and
maintenance.

For the software, just as for the hardware, we had to create a structure
with well defined interfaces, adapted to the needs of long range development.

Functional centralization demands very high reliability. In the IFS system,
this reliability is assured by a multi-plane implementation, in which the
traffic is distributed among four autonomous sub-planes. A total failure of
all four planes is highly improbable. The four planes form a control group
(essentially coinciding with a group of networks) that allows the connection
of a maximum of 100,000 subscribers.

55





J
j

._

aD. lm F)

bone c) periohorer Bereich
By

com —— cern BB)

] =t)

Figure 9. Telegram exchange between a unit and the centralized control.

Key: (A) Answer

(8) Order
(C) Question
(D) Unit

(€) Report

(F) Peripheral sector
(G) Processing sector
(H) Telegram unit cell (TEZ)
(1) Centralized control (ZS)

The data Flowing along the control channels is ‘continually supervised by
means of these principles and their control systems.

Sefore a unit can be controlled, a semi-permanent control channel must be
established, either during the initial installation of the network or when
a conventional system is being expanded. The control channels are formed
by programs for reconfigurating control channels at the level of the
centralized control (figure 10). The operations proceed in the following
order:

Seeking and holding a telegram register in the telegram unit beam;
Seeking and forming a free path through the connection network; and
Testing the established path.

Since the establishment of the control path makes new use of remote contrel,
certain priorities must be set when the network is initially installed.

Because the control path is switchable, a new path can be established in
case of faults; the new path is forme by reconfiguring a control path which
avoids devices in the old path, so that the unit can then perform its
traffic functions without limitations. As a first priority the system
therefore seeks a path which will avoid defective circuits, the latter being
then located and removed in corrective maintenance [5].

65



CONTENTS (Continued)

TANZANIA

Briefs
Earth Satellite Project
Satellite Contract

USSR

'TASS' Announced Launching of 'Raduga' Telecommunications

Satellite
(TASS International Service, 19 Jul 78) ...cceccceccce

Research on Radio Communications Described
(Vv. S. Yampol'skiy, L. B. Shtrapenin; VESTNIK
SVYAZI, Apr 78) sees

New Television Equipment Described
(N. V. Samsonov; VESTNIK SVYAZI, Apr 78) ..

Briefs
Jammer Nearing Completion

WESTERN EUROPE

ITALY
Funding of Medium-Term Space Program Discussed
(LIUNITA, 22 Jun 78) ccccceccccccccccccccccccccccccece
Silica-Plastic Fibers for Short-Medium Distances
(M. Brenci, et al.; ALTA FREQUENZA, May 78) cesseccece
NORWAY
Number of Customers Awaiting Phone Service Increases
(AFTENPOSTEN, 16 Jun 78) sssccccecccccccee
Telephone Service To Set Up Mobile Exchanges
(AFTENPOSTEN, 16 Jun 78) cecccccccccccccccccccccscccecs
SWITZERLAND
Basis of Integrated Telecommunications Network Described.
(Walter Suter; BULLETIN TECHNIQUE, No 9, 1977) .sescee
TURKEY

Briefs
New Radio Transmitters

-c-

Page

31

32

33

36

40

41

43

48

51

52

71



CONTENTS. (Continued)
LATIN: AMERICA

GUYANA

Commission Told Technical Training Needed at ‘CTC!
(GUYANA CHRONICLE, 27 Jun 78) ..ccsseeee

PERU |

Projects Planned for Expansion of Telephone Service
(EL COMERCIO, 7, 8 Jul 78) .csscccceccccccccccccccsoce

New Exchanges in Arequipa
Japan To Extend Credits

NEAR.EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
INTER-ARAB AFFAIRS

Arab Satellite Plans Announced
(AL-RIYAD, 23 Apr 78) sscccecoee

Briefs
Saudi-Sudanese Microwave Link

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
KENYA

Construction of Satellite Station Beginning on 26 July
(DAILY NATION, 18 Jul 78) cecccceccccccccceccsccceccee

RHODESIA

Future Power Needs Discussed
(THE RHODESIA HERALD, 5 Jul 78) .ccccoccccees

SOUTH AFRICA

Computer Industry Companies Trains Blacks
(THE STAR, 7, 10 Jul 78) ..scccaccccccccccsrcecccecves

Business Equipment Association, by Sieg Hannig
International Computer

Page

19

21

23

26

27

28

29



cso:

5500

‘At such seminars,
experts from parent
companies are called
upon to lecture and dis-
cuss the various prob-
Jems associated with tel-
ephone planning net-
work.

Recently, GEC Ma-
ljaysia held a seminar on
secondary network plan-
ning to impart technical
expertise to engineers
from Telecoms. The top-
ics discussed ranged
from current develop-
ment to solving of partic-
ular network problems
such as provision of tele-
phone services in urban
areas where ‘there is a
Jong ‘waiting list.

o commemorate
World Tele-
communications Day,
GEC Malaysua will be
holding an exhibition of

\

its equipment at the T
ecoms Training Centr

About 80 per cent
all equipment whi
goes into Malaysia's t
ecommunications is i
ported.

Nippon Blectric Co:
pan (NEC) has a v

ual monopoly in 1
transmitters and a lar
share in microwave a:
VHF/UHF systems a
also in PCM cables. _

Fujitsu, handled
Nissho-Iwai . (Japan
GTE International ai
GEC are also evident,

NEC is part of the J
Banese giant Sumitor

shoji Kaisha, which s
up office in Kuala Lu
pur 16 years ago. It h
Installed; up to May la
year, 77 of Malaysia

transmitters wor
about $35 million and hi
also taken a $10 millic
lion's share of 38m,
transmitters for 15 rad
stations.

But the current cau:
for joy in the Sumitorr
camp is the $10 millic
contract for Malaysia

‘second earth Satellit

station to be complete
by 1979 in Malacca.

‘The present station ¢
Kuantan was put up b
Mitsubishi and is use
primarily for internatic
nal telephone calls. Th
new station will bear
RTM programmes d:
rect to Kota Kinabalu t
Sabah.

Siemens, the Wes
German manufacture
(handled by Guthrie Er
gineering) last year s:
gned a contract to mee
art of the Telecom

epartment’s expansio
programme over th
next few years. Siemen
will provide semi-elec
tronic equipment for be
tween 300,000 to 400,00
new lines.

Siemens has also'hac
the department's con
tract for electronic tele:
switching equopmen
and teleprinters for thc
past eight years.

In Malaysia, larg: .

parts of the existing net
work consist o
Ericsson's Crossbai
exchanges that ari
working well and relia
bly. These electro-me
chanical systems wil
continue to be in use for
a long time to come ‘unti
Malaysia switches tc
Stored. Programmer
Control (SPC) systems.

Ericsson Tele
communications Manu
facturing Sdn Bhd a
Batu Tigé had since 197:
been producing a ful
range of public telephons
exchanges which maki
trunk subscriber dialli
(STD) a standard faci
ny throughout the coun
ry.

‘The company, whict
employs more than 40(
people at its factory, is ¢
member of the LM
Ericssoi Group, one o:
the largest internationa
manufécturers of tele
communications equip-
ment.



WORLDWIDE AFFAIRS

NORWAY TO BUILD COMPLETE CENTER FOR VIETNAM OIL BASE

Oslo AFTENPOSTEN in Norwegian 15 Jun 78 p12
{Unsigned article]

[Text] The electronics firm, United Marine Electronics, Inc., which is a
subsidiary of Elektrisk Bureau, is, in the next few months, about to com-
plete the delivery of a complete communications center for an oil base in
Vietnam. The contract was signed in the beginning'of this year, and the
equipment will be shipped from Norway at the end of June. The base will be
in operation by the middle of September. The whole contract is for 10 mil-
lion crowns, of which about 20 percent goes to the subcontractor.

Elektrisk Bureau is negotiating further deliveries of communication equip-
ment to Vietnam within a finance package of 23 million crowns which is be-
ing arranged by the Norwegian government.

Seven Vietnamese are now in Norway to be trained in maintenance. Also, op-
erators will be taught at the location, and the Norwegian firm plans to have
6-7 men in Vietnam in the first period.

Actually there are two "packages" which will be delivered. The first is a
station for communication out to the oil rigs. The other has to do with
equipment in connection with an airfield which is to be built for helicop-
ters which will fly back and forth to the oil fields. In addition to this,
there will be spare parts and equipment for later repairs and instruction
of workers. This is the first complete unit that United Marine Electronics
has had an order for. The firm became a 100-percent-owned subsidiary of
Blektrisk Bureau when the concern took over Nera, and from 1 July it will
be a division of EB.

"Since we have had reversals in the marine area, we have had to find new
markets, and Vietnam is one of the countries where we have worked hard to
get in. We got the contract after extended negotiations, and we hope now
to get further deliveries for Vietnam," said Edvard Flasen, sales director.



Figure 11. Input side continuity test.

Key: (A) A-stage connection unit (DE-A) +
(8) B-stage connection unit (DE-8)
(C) Incoming line equipment (LS(K))
(D) Terminal (T)
(E) Register unit (ue)
(F) Register unit cell (WEZ)
(G) Locked PCM channel

If the test is negative, the result is communicated to the centralized
control in a report, and all the devices are freed according to the principle
of defect avoidance; another attempt is made with another register unit.

When the continuity test is positive (figure 12), the loop in the incoming
line circuit LS(4) is eliminated, insofar as the latter receives the order
to operate in a band status. The register unit cell which is still emitting
a cantinuity signal recognizes this interruption and anounces it to the
centralized control in a report; the centralized unit and the register unit
are now ready to receive the selection information. Depending on the type
of signal, the register unit automatically issues the Teady signal. . The
band switching means that the signals are transmitted in the 7417 bit format
on the channel between the incoming line circuit and the register unit.

The register signals in the form of pulses arrive at the unit in the 8th bit,
and the voice frequency signals in the seven other bits of the PCM channel in
the circuit; at this stage, the register unit receives these signals and sends
them in the Form of one-at-a-time telegram message (report) to the centralized
control, through the control channel of the register unit. ‘
When the centralized control has received a sufficient number of Figures, it
can determine the destination of the call by using the Following program:

Figure analysis program whose result determines a group of lines in the

desired direction; and
Search for an outgoing line equipment LS(G) in this group (search for LS group).

67



[2] 3. H. Beesley, The Foundation of System IFS-1, Boston, International
Switching Symposium (June 1972), p. 55.

[3] W. Kreiss, Die Zentralsteuerung in Integrierten Fernmeldesystem IFS~1,
Zurich, BULLETIN SEV (1976), No 18, S. 963.

{4] R. Herheuser, Independent Network Planes to Secure Operation of
Integrated Communication System IFS-1, Geneva, World Telecommunication
Forum (October 1975), No 2.2.1.

[5] G. Bieri, Les Dispositifs d'Exploitation et d'Entretien Assistes par
Ordinateur dans le Systeme IFS-1, Zurich, BULLETIN SEV (1976), No 18,
p 97h.

11,023

cso: 5500

70



lion, will carry a total of
960 links (480 circuits for
each segment), stret-
ching a total of 779 nauti-
cal miles.

The most expensive
and longest connection is
between the Philippines
and Thailand. This is es-
timated to cost $148 mil-
lion, carrying 480 cir-
cuits stretching 1570 nau-
tical miles on comple.
tion. Altogether, the Asi
an submarine cable net
Work will cost $396.5 mil-

ion.

The most visible ad:
vantage of the network is
the establishment of di-
rect dialing services be-

tween the five capital ci- -

ties at relatively low ta-
riff. This service is very

much an expansion of
the subcriber trunk dia-
ling service (STD) be-
tween Singapore and
Malaysia. When fully im-
plemented, the Asean di-
reot dialing will be a con-
venience greatly appre~
ciate appreciated, espe-
cially the business
community.

The ¢ cab ies, capaple of
carry! es of tele-.
communications. traffic
— including telex, tele-
gram and data broad:
cast — is also very useful
for the transmission of
television and high fre-
quency data broadcasts,
two services, increasin-
gly useful in the fields of
commerce and security.

The cost breakdown is

to be based on the esti-
mates of the usage of the
System. For the
Singapore-Philippines
link, Singapore is pick-
ing up as much as. one-
third of installation cost.
si Work x a the

ngapore-Malaysia-
Thalland link has Jet to
be started. The ‘three
countries agreed in No-
vember last year on a
Provisional construction
programme the connec-
ion by April 1980.

The landing sites for
the cable are to be Ka-
tong, Kuantan and Phet-
chaburi. But the three
countries have to go
through ihe necessary
procedures of signing a
memorandum oPunder
standing before tenders
can be awarded.

However, a Japanese
survey team from the
Japan ‘International Co-
operation Agency, at the
invitation of the three go
yvernments, was recently
in Thailand to.conduct a
preliminary oceanic sur-
vey for the route and
work may possibly begin
before too ong

‘Tt appears that Singa-
pore will act as the cen-
tral exchange when the
network is fully comple-
ted as the island republic
lies at the centre of the
region. It is believed that
the Telecommunications
Authority od Singaj
is planning to spread the
Asean network even fur-
ther afield through the

propoted ASEAN eable network
Diner eabies

CSO:

5500

15

roposed IOCOM cable
Between Madras and the
island. This will link the
Asean cable to the Indian
subcontinent and
through that direct to
Europe. .
* Another tele-
communications project
presently on the cards is
the offer from Indonesia
to use its orbital satellite
system, Palapa, as the
regional satellite com-
munications system. —

‘his offer was discus-
sed in March by the Ase-
an Committee on Trana-
portation and Communi-
cations which also
agreed to carry out a
study on the Indonesian
Proposal. of
working party

technical and economic
experts are to convene in
indoncela and ct Oy cgme
yy @ repo!
tember or October,

Pan-Asia .
However, even if th
five countries agree to
accept the offer, there is
stil e legal problem ot

aving to get cle
from the international
Telecommunications
Satellite Organisation
(Intelsat) to which they
belong. There is thus
that possibility that this
project, if it ever comes
to pass, may take a lon-

er time-span than did

e submarine cable net-
work.

Presently, Palapa will
be used for the purpose
of border communica-
tions, for circuits be-
tween Davao ot in the

ines and Medano
in Indonesia, Malaysia
and Indonesia will, on
the other hand, use the
cline-of-sight microwave
system between it
and Palawan.

The Asean Countries
are also part of a
million project join‘ly
Undertaken by the Intu
national Tele-
communications Union
and the. Economic and
Social Commission for
Asia and the Pacific.
This project: when com-

leted by late 1979, will
link 15 south and south-
east Asian countries in a
network comprising
mainly of terret mi-
crowave links’ across
Asia from Iran down to
Indonesia and up to the
Philippines. '



JPRS 71607

2 August 1978

rynunses 025

TRANSLATIONS ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY,
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
No, 48

U. S. JOINT PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH SERVICE

____.. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A
ae \.. Approved for Public Release
| Distribution. Unlimited
Reproduced From . num
Best Available Copy

_





USSR

RESEARCH ON RADIO COMMUNICATIONS DESCRIBED
Moscow VESTNIK SVYAZI in Russian No 4, Apr 78 p 25

[Article by V. S. Yampol'skiy, Head of the Department of Theoretical Physics,
Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; L. B. Shtrapenin, Head of
the Department of General Physics, Candidate of Physical and Mathematical
Sciences of the Omsk State Pedagogical Institute imeni A. M. Gor'kiy]

[Text] Less than 100 years have passed since A. S. Popov, our famous country-.
man, had created the world's first artificial radio communication channel

but today the air is filled to capacity with them. The total number of radio
transmitters in developed countries is measured in hundreds of thousands,

and their number doubles every 6-8 years, As a result of this, there has
developed ;an acute problem of expedient effective utilization of radio waves
of the entire radio spectrum,

The frequency band from 150 to 1600 kHz, which is the radio broadcasting band
of long and. medium waves, occupies a special position in the radio spectrum,
Radio waves of this band propagate well both along the earth, and reflecting
from the ionosphere (the upper part of the earth's atmosphere). The stability
of the conditions of their propagation is considerably higher than that. of
shortwaves, the communication range is considerably greater than on untra-
short waves, and the parameters of transmitting antennas (particularly eco-
nomic) are substantially better than in the band of superlong waves. All
this predetermined such a wide utilization of long and medium waves in radio
broadcasting and navigation that less than.one percent of the requests of

all countries for the frequency of this band can be satisfied today.

In order to prevent chaos in the air and for the radio facilities of individ-
ual countries not to interfere with one another, international conferences
are held regularly for the planning and distribution of the radio spectrum,
These conferences make their decisions on the basis of recommendations of
radio physicists studying the conditions of the propagation of radio waves,
These recommendations are concentrated in the so-called “propagation curves"
which show the dependence of the characteristics of the signal (its strength,
fading) on the frequency, length of the route, the time of the day and year,
etc. Since the problems of the allocation of the radio spectrum affect po-
litical, technical, and economic interests of many countries, very strict



Negotiations are simultaneously going on about selling shares in the Brazilian
subsidiary EDB.’ Brazilian private interests already own 8 percent of the
shares, but the host country is now demanding a majority vote in the company.

It will not be the Brazilian state which gets into EDB.- In accordance with
the new strategy in Brazil, one will instead let a private company take over,
in this case the insurance group Atlantic Boa Vista. It is not clear what
percentage of the shares LM will release. Even though the Brazilian partici-
pant must have a voting majority, it does not have to own one-half of the
shares.

Manufactured in Brazil

The Brazilian order will not have any great effect on employment in LM's
installations in Sweden, which are operating with a troublesome overcapacity.
One condition of the transaction is that the equipment must be manufactured

in Brazil. However, there may be a positive effect’ on the Swedish. employment
during the transition stage before LM has managed to transfer the | new technology
to its subsidiary there.

In recent years LM's factories in Brazil have reduced their production since
the ambitious Brazilian investment program has been reduced. Gradually LM
expects that the new order should lead to a new increase in the production
there.

Brazil is the latest in the series of LM Ericsson's export conquests with
the new AXE system. So far a total of thirteen countries have chosen AXE
to a larger or smaller extent. Four of them and an additional two have

ordered the new telex system, which is based on the exact same principle.

All Over the World

The first large order came from France approximately 2 years ago. There
LM and ITT got to share the development of the telephone system. In the
same way as in Brazil now, LM was forced to sell the majority of the shares
to French interests in order to get the order.

In the fall of 1977 a large order came from Australia after an intensive
battle with the competitors, and in December of last year LM got their
largest order ever from Saudi Arabia for a good two billion kroner. The
Swedish Telecommunications Administration has ordered AXE for nearly a
half-billion kroner up to 1983.

LM's technicians are very proud of AXE, which they have considered to be
unbeatable for a long time. The advantage as compared to the competitors
is that AXE is built entirely with modules, which facilitates the construc-
tion and the operation.

It has cost LM Ericsson approxiamtely 500 million kroner to develop AXE.
As compared to the competitors, the development work started relatively



WORLDWIDE AFFAIRS

SWEDISH L.M. ERICSSON CO SELLS TELEPHONE NETWORK TO BRAZIL CITY

Stockholm SVENSKA DAGBLADET in Swedish 2 Jun 78 p 17

[Article: "One More Contract for LM for a Billion Kroner. Brazil Buys the
AXE System"]

[Text] On Thursday L.M. Ericsson took a new long stride out on the world
market with their computerized AXE system. It was then clear that the
national telephone company in Brazil had decided to choose AXE for developing
the telephone network in the largest city in the country, Sao Paulo.

One condition for the transaction is that Brazilian interests must get the
right to make decisions in LM's subsidiary Ericsson do Brasil Commercia e
Industria S.A. (EDB). LM now owns 92 percent of the shares in that country.

"The Brazilian decision is of great stategic importance to us," says Director
Nils Tengberg, LM Ericsson. "Sao Paulo is the most important city in Brazil,
and Brazil is the largest country in Latin America..."

"It is especially encouraging that the Brazilians state clearly that our
system is definitely technically superior to those of our competitors. The
customers seldom say things like that."

Hard Battle

To start with, a series of telephone companies were fighting for the order
from Brazil. In the last round there were only three left, the American ITT,
the Japanese Nippon, and LM Ericsson.

"The Brazilians have taken their time to evaluate the system. We have been
lying quite low when we have talked about the possibilities for getting the
orders since we have been uncertain about our chances," says Nils Tengberg.

It is still impossible to say how much money the order involves, but it should
be clear that over the long range it involves business for a billion kroner.
LM Ericsson and the Brazilian TELEBRAS will now negotiate on the amount of
the order, delivery times, and other details.



resin cladding and external plastic protection. The up-
per curve represents the attenuation of the bulk
cladding material measured on a 30 cm long and 3 cm
diameter rod. The fiber attenuation curves exhibit a
minimum value of about 10 db/km at % = 820 nm, for
Suprasil 1 and a minimum of about 15’ db/km at
2 = 740 nm for Suprasil Wt.

The absorption peaks between 900 and 1000 nm
are probably also caused by the maxima in the
absorption loss of the cladding material; however the
Suprasil WI fiber presents a much lower peak due to
its low OH- content. As for dispersion characteristics,
measurements performed on the pulse emitted by a
commercial type 900 nm GaAs laser diode give a half-
width spread of about 2 ns for Suprasil 1 and of
about 3 ns for Suprasil W1 after 350 m propagation
in the fiber and hence a dispersion < 10 ns/km. This
pulse spread is much lower than the theoretical
value of about 80 ns/km which can be predicted on
the basis of refractive index difference. These results
are in good agreement with the data reported in

20000
sylgard wea (bulk)

000

3000 L

t

200
=
ri 100 — suprasil wi
5
2
0
"
00 wo 700 00 00 ‘00

Fig. 2. - Spectral loss curves for S 1 and Suprasil WI core
fibers and for the cladding gard 182).

45



fice equipment. Others
underwent speed.
typing courses on elec-
tric typewriters,

The new customer
engineers are Mr Den-
nis Magana (29), a for-
mer telephone techni-
cian from Soweto; Mr
Simon Hadebe (25), a
former high schoo} tea-
cher in ‘Dobsonville;
Mr Andries Lebelo
(24), a former matricu-
lant’ from the ‘Setotol-
oane High School, ‘near
Pietersbirg;| Mr Vin-
cent Mokoena (22)
who matriculated in
Natal and now lives in
Soweto; and Mr Pat-
rick Ndlovu who stten-
ded the Edendale
Techni College. on
the Ea Y oy

International Computer

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 10 Jul 78 p 13

[Text] ‘International Computers

cso:

(SA), ‘Res made a break
through in the training of
black South Africans in’
. the seid, of compu ters,
ip has earmar-
ked 300 000 this year for
‘the education of blacks
for computing : careers,
and the first’ 30 graduates
have been awarded diplo-
mas and certificates under
the Manpower’ Develop-
ment Progranime. 7

The 80 — successful
students were’ chosen
from more than 1200 who
had “applied for a four-
month .

Presenting the awards,
Dr C Wilson, managing
director “ict, a fo Britian,
said: “ wi operates
in 86 ‘countries around
the world. with its head-
quarters in’ London, is an
Equal. ‘Opportunities or-

5500

ganisation. It has to be, to
succeed in -a multi-
Mational scenario. ‘

“It .is my group’s inten-
tion to become a leader in
‘progranimes’ and. activities
which enhance these op-
portunities for all citizens
within the various coun-
tries in which" it ‘oper-
ates.”.

The group's South Afri-

been observed with great
interest abroad, particular
ly. in; Britian, These.

‘servers? aad Dr ‘Wilson,
“have been impressed.”

30


Figure 12. Selection phase.

Key: (A) A-stage connection units (DE-A)
(8) 8-stage connection units (DE-8)
(C) Incoming line equipment (LS(K))
(D) Terminal (1)
(E) Register unit (we)
(F) Register unit cell (WEZ)
(G) PCM channel

Figure 13. Outgoing continuity test.

Key: (A) A-stage connection units (DE-A)
(B) 8-stage connection units (DE-8)
(C) Incoming line equipment (LS(K))
(D) Outgoing line equipment (LS(G))
(E) Terminal (T)
(F) Register unit (WE)
(G) Register unit cell (wWeZ)
SH) = ss PCM channel

On the outgoing side, a new register unit is connected to the outgoing line
circuit LS(G) so that part of this signal path can then be used as a
conversation channel (figure 13). This path is once more tested for
continuity and then switched into a band condition. The register unit can
now issue a busy signal on the ocutgoing line. By means of a report, the
register unit announces to the centralized control that it has received a
ready signal, and receives from the control the various selector figures in
the form of a telegram.

68



cso:

telephones by residents of
the area-was, not being met
because of the unavailability
of line plant.

‘The district representatives

-also spoke about the need for -

improved transportation
facilities. to cope. with the
demands for their ‘services
and about problems in
acquiring spare parts to‘carry
out effective and important
maintenance works.

However, Co-ordinator for
the East-West’ Region . ex-
‘plained to thé commission
that ‘the . transportation
problem was dueTMnot only to
the fact that the corporation
has not sufficient vehicles at
its disposal but also because
. of the indiscriminate use of
corporation vehicles by
employees, who often fail to
carry out the required basic
maintenance operations such
as ensuring that there is oil in
the engines of these vehicles.

-The commission will meet
again on Thursday at the
Boardroom of the Ministry of
Trade and Consumer
Protection.

5500

20



requirements are imposed on the curves of radio wave propagation and they
are created by scientists of various countries on the basis of long and numer-

ous studies.

Such studies have also been conducted for 10 years in the radio physics
laboratory of the Omsk Pedagogical Institute. We studied the structure of
the radio wave field along routes -of 300-700 km, i.e., under such conditions
when it is necessary to take into consideration the effect of both ground
and ionospheric waves. Amplitude distribution laws and their dependence on
technical and geophysical conditions have been studied, Spectral character-
istics of slow fading were obtained for the first time in the world practice
for this waveband. Physicists of many schools of the Omskaya and neighbor-
ing oblasts helped greatly in our experiments. According to our program, they
conducted simultaneous observations on the propagation of radio waves over
the large territory of Western Siberia, Southern Urals, and Northern Kazakh-
stan. 7

By 1970, the’institute accumulated and processed more than 16,000 hours of
field intensity registration, Let us mention for comparison that the European
Broadcasting Union (which includes almost all capitalistic countries of
Europe) have conducted and processed 22,000 hours of experiments in six years.
This is why the Council for the Propagation of Radio Waves of the USSR Acad-
emy of Sciences recommended our institute as a leading institute for develop-
ing propagation curves of radio waves at distances of up to 500 km.

We were faced with great difficulties, and the main difficulty was in the
fact that there were no developed methods for measuring the intensity of the
ionospheric field in the zone where the effect of the ground waves was great.
The degree of these difficulties is indicated by the fact that the member
countries of the International Radio Consultative Committee which approved
the distribution curves for long distances at their Geneva Conference not
long before that could not agree even on the method of creating such curves
for short distances (to 500 km).

Our laboratory analyzed not only its experimental materials, but also the
results obtained by the institutes of the USSR Ministry of Communications,
Novosibirsk University, Institute of Geology and Geophysics of the Siberian
Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and other organizations (they con-
stituted about one third of our studies).

Theoretical analysis of the mechanism of radio wave propagation, mathematical
simulation on electronic computers, as well as the analysis of vast experi-
mental data made it possible for us to develop new methods for measuring the
field intensity of the ionospheric wave and to propose our method for creat~
ing propagation curves for short distances. An automatic multichannel re-
ceiving and registering complex was constructed in the laboratory for check-
ing this method,

Experimental verification of the developed method was done chiefly during
field measurements. The members of the laboratory and students of the

34



GUYANA

COMMISSION TOLD TECHNICAL TRAINING NEEDED AT ‘crc!

Georgetown GUYANA CHRONICLE in English 27 Jun 78 pp 8, 9

[Text]

THE need for more
technical training for
employees attached to
the-' Guyana Telecom- -
munication Corporation
was underlined
yesterday as the
Merriman Commission
of Enquiry continued its
probe into the operations
and: structure of the
GT.

This need was stressed: by
several employees who gave
evidence .before the com-
mission yesterday. Those
who gave evidence were
drawn from the Radar, the
Radio, Transmission
External Plant Maintenance
Control departments and the
corporation's East-West
Region which includes
telephone exchanges bet-
ween Mahaicony and Anna»
Regina.

Engineer in charge’ of the

radio section who first raised

the question of training for
technical personnel told the
commission that the situation
in his department was
“frightening”. It’ was only
last November, he said, that
new and sophisticated“ radio \
equipment was installed in
the city. However, there

were ‘only three persons --
including himself -- in that
department capable of
servicing and maintaining
the equipment.

The general view was that
while there was a lot of on-
the-job training at the GTC
there was need for more
training to cope with the
demands of the system and
in some instances, there was
also a. need for more
technicians to be recruited
and trained.

Head of the Radio
Department who explained
that his department was
responsible for the trans-'
mission of telephone
messages via radio between

distance points + Direct
Distance Dialling -- also told
the commission that there,
have been reports that the
traffic between some ex-
changes has reached a stage
of saturation.

These ‘reports about
congestion within the
national network was further
borne out in the evidence
given by. a representative
from the “West Demerara
District. This representative
explained that subscribers in
the West Demerara area
hardly evér make calls within
their respective telephenc

19

exchange district. Instead
most of the calls made in that
district are terminated in
Georgetown.

He contended that the
number of junctions which
facilitate the ‘making of calls
from the West Demerara
area to the city were
“drastically inadequate” and
that this“ has resulted in
bottlenecks and consumer
dissatisfaction.

He said there were 164
subscribers at Vreed-en-
Hoop but enly 10 junctions to
the city; there were 128
subscribers at Leonora, but
only 15 junctions tothe city;
and while there were ‘sub-
scribers at ‘Tuschen, there
were ‘only five junctions to
the city.

The representative from the
Essequibo Coast district
where there are two
telephone exchanges -- one
at Suddie and the other at
Anna Regina — told the

commission that while there
was a lot of spare capacity-at_
the two exchanges — the
‘Anna Regina Exchange could
accommodate ‘another 79
subscribers while the Suddie
Exchange — sould ‘ac
commodate. - another ©93
subscribers — the demand for”



NORWAY

TELEPHONE SERVICE TO SET UP MOBILE EXCHANGES
Oslo AFTENPOSTEN in Norwegian 16 Jun 78 p 12
[Unsigned article]

[Text] In the near future the telephone service will offer television con-
ferences as one of its services. These types of television broadcasts make
it possible to receive sound and picture from a speaker's area located sev-
eral kilometers from the receiver.

The system was tested at the national meeting of Norway's Bus Owner's Union
at Geilo last week. Eight hundred and fifty participants in 4 different ho-
tels could follow what was said from the broadcasting station.

The equipment which is used in such transmissions is a new, mobile, radio
line system which mainly has been obtained to cover the need of the perma-
nent radio lines or cable system in the country to handle damage or make
improvements.

Telephone Inspector Kjell Kaltenborn says that the telephone service will
offer this system as a service. Among other things, it can be used for
sports events, conferences, education and supervision. It can transmit up
to 1,800 telephone lines, television and music channels.

The distance between sender and receiver cannot exceed 80 km, and there must
be line of sight. This latter problem can be solved by setting up interme-
diary stations. The signals are reinforced over bowl-shaped antenna reflec-
tors which also can provide two-way communication.

"The telephone service is expecting a great deal of this equipment, which,
compared to conventional equipment, is light in weight, small in volume, and
stable in the face of climate variations," Kaltenborn said. He added that
it is quite easy to set up.

912k
cso: 5500

51





ments will involve quali-
tative changes aimed at
full automation of the
exch systems at the
end of the NEP period.

Latest returns show a
total 386 telephone
exchanges of which 870

be expanded in step with
the increases and impro-
vements in the provision
of telephone id
exchanges. It has been
estimated that the total
circuit requirements will
increase at the rate of 15
to 20 per, cent per aia
over the TMP period. In
meeting these juire-
ments, the Subscribers
Trunk Dialling -(8TD)
system will be extended
to cover the whole coun-

try.

In more detailed tech-
nical terms, déve-
lopment involves “the
e ion of pulse code
modulation stems,
coaxial cable systems,
microwave radio s:
tems, as well as ae)
and underground cables

: and overhead carrier
systems"’.

Telex

More {ransmitting
stations will also be buil

in order to extend the
basic tele-
communications ser-
vices to the rural areas,
new townships and other

h centres.

‘ The completion of the
improved transmission
networks will
Malaysians wit -
quality circuits through-
out the country.

Telex and data net-
works: These will natu-
rally be developed in line
with the more basic im-
provements in order to
provide a more varied
and up-to-date range of
services. It is expected
that the demand for com-
puterised telex services
will increase at the rate
of between 30 to 50 per
cent. To meet the de-
mand, additional telex
and data facilities are
being provided. The
number of telex subscri-
bers increased by 31 per
cent from 1,816 in 1976 to
1,728 at the end of last
year.

Overseas/internation-
al networks: For over~
seas and international
communications, the use
of both the cable and ra-
dio or ‘wireless’ have
existed side by side for
along time. Under the
TPM, they will continue
to be developed. The ad-
vent of satellite commu-
nications has not affec-
ted the importance of the
submarine cable. The
prusual (civision of Mar
laysia into two geograph-
ical halves sepereted ‘by
‘a sea has given the sub-
marine cable a special
value, since it is more
economical and more ad-
vantageous from the
point of view of national
security. For this rea-
son, and in order to sup-
plement and comple-
ment:the more modern
facilities provided by the
satellite systems, a new
submarine cable will be
laid linking Kuantan in
Peninsular Malaysia to
Kuching in Sarawak.

. The cable will be able
to carry 1,200 speech cir-
cuits which is many
times the capacity of
only 80 circuits by the
SEACOM cable which
was put into commission
in 1967 to link Malaysia
and Singa ore to Hong
Kong and other countries
by way of Kota Kinaba-
lu. Described as the big-
Rest project under the

(P, the Kuantan to Ku-
ching cable, according to
our information, ‘is
expected to be comple-
ted on schedule by the
end of 1979.

ce with ine growing
pace e
cultural, diplomatic anc
economic ties between
Malaysia and the rest of
the world, other means
of overseas communica-
tions will be expanded.
The existing e satel-
lite station at Kuantan
will be enlarged and a
second station will be
built to operate in con-
junction with the Intelsat
sateliite over the Indian
Ocean. It is most proba-
ble that the new station
will be located on the
West Coast of Peningular
Malaysia instead of at
Kuantan as originally
planned. ¥

In the interest of Bro-
moting Asean develop-
ments, the Malaysian

12

(P
and
to extend the coverage of
its services to the smal-
ler towns. Emphasis will
be laid on the provision
of local and regi
broadcasting stations
and recording studios.

telecommunications sys-
tem will be specially
orientated tow!
ter participation in the
region's in!

work.

is grea-
tegrated net-

Broadcasting: _The
Fon gvides for Radio
‘Malaysia (RTM)

year.
Aid

With the completion of
new regional stations or
studios at such centres
as Kuala Lipis, Alor
Star, Bintulu and Sand-
akan, RTM will be able
to provide full coverage
for the whole country by
1980.

‘A sum of over $1,000
million was originally
set aside to meet the
expenses of carrying out
the programmes for de-
veloping the various tele-
communications net-
works under the '.
Because of the capital-
intensive nature of the
major projects, much of
the financing for the de-
velopments in the tele-
communications system
is ex cted to be obtal-
ned from external sour-
ces such as the World

Bank, the Asian Deve-
jopment Bank and the
bilateral ald  program-
mes.

On the whole, the Tel-
ecoms Department has
been successful in car-
rying out the projects
and improvements ac-
cording to schedule in
spite setbacks such as
insufficient funds and
manpower and operating
difficulties. Given the
will to succeed and the

foresight, and planning
which have character-
ised much of the Tele-
coms Department's
work so far, there is Tio
reason why the objecti-
ves of the [P and the
New Economic Policy
cannot be fulfilled and
exceeded to provide Ma-
laysia with a tele-
communications system
which is not only unique
but one of the best in the
world.-



_@ se ve-s AY BY
c) B)

LsiGr bs Ny

Figure 14, Established communication.

Key: (A) A-stage connection unit (DE-A)
(8) B-stage connection unti (DE-8)
(C) Incoming line equipment (LS(K))
(D) Qutgoing line equipment (LS(G))
(E) Terminal (T) :
(F) PCM channel

At the end of the selection:

The register units that are no longer needed, as well as their associated
paths, are released;

The conversation channel is connected; and

The two line equipment units are switched (8 bit. coding).

The communication is mow in the call stage (figure 14); it is supervised by
two line equipment units. The answer signal is recognized by the outgoing
line circuit LS(G) and sent to the centralized control in the form of a
report, so that the latter can begin its charges and send to LS(K) the order
for sending the first charge pulse.

During the conversation phase, the release signal is received by the incoming
line circuit LS(K) ‘and communicated to the centralized control by means of a
report. The call handling program

Orders the disconnection of the path in the connection network; .
Standardizes the incoming line circuit LS(K) by means of an order; and
Causes the outgoing line circuit LS(G) to send the release signal.
Receipt of the release confirmation for the outgoing line circuit LS(G) is
announced to the centralized control so that the communication handling
program for the call will be returned to a stand-by condition.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

{1] K. E. Wuhrmann, Das Integrierte Fernmeldesystem IFS-1, Bern, TECHN.
MITT. PTT, 514 (1973) No 12, S 554...578.

69

*



SILICA-PLASTIC FIBERS FOR SHORT-MEDIUM DISTANCES

Milan ALTA FREQUENZA in English May 78 pp 236-238

TTALY

[Brticle by M. Brenci, P. F. Checcacci, R. Falcial, A. M. Scheggi

[fext]

‘Abstract. The transmissive properties (relatively low losses and dispersion) of « silica-plastic »
fibers are pointed out in view of their short-medium distance application, The technology
for their fabrication developed at Istituto di Ricerca sulle Onde Elettromagnetiche of C.N.R.
is briefly described and the measured propagation characteristic are reported along with
2 short discussion on the possible causes of the low dispersion presented by these fibers.

« Silica-plastic » fibres employing silicone resin as
cladding and fused silica as core [1,2] are of interest
for short-medium distance communications. The first
merit of such fibers is the large core diameter which
can reduce the coupling loss between fiber and light
source; the second merit is the relative simplicity of
manifacturing. In addition these fibers present reaso-
nably low losses and small pulse spread which make
them particularly suitable for other uses such as re-
mote monitoring systems or data transmission in the
premises or data links in airplanes and ships. A
technology for manifacturing this type of fibers has
been developed at the Istituto di Ricerca sulle Onde
Elettromagnetiche » of C.N.R. in the framework of an
activity aimed to the aquisition of a know how in this
field. The technique used is the standard one for the
fiber fabrication by preform method, however some
noticeable modifications have been introduced, in
particular the use of a R.F, induction heated furnace
having an inert gas laminar flow for protecting the
preform surface thus avoiding the contamination of
the fiber core surface due to the furnace graphite
susceptor [3, 4] which is a very important factor in
determining the loss in the silica plastic fiber.

At the exit from the furnace the fiber is subject to
two successive coatings: the first one constituting the

43



a

Figure 10. Constitution and reconfiguration of control path.

Key: (A) Unit
(B) -A-stage ‘connection unit, (DE-A)
(C) .B-stage connection unit (DE-8)
(D) Telegram unit (TE)
(E) Telegram unit cell (TEZ)
(F) Centralized control (ZS)
(G) Unit connection point (A1)
(H) Connection point for telegram unit. cell (A2)
(1) Initial control path
(3) Possible alternative control path

8. Principle of Communication Formation

In what follows, an example of a transit communication can explain the
principle, function distribution, and internal signalization involved in
the formation of a communication, given that the incoming and outgoing lines
are both connected to a conventional system.

The incoming line equipment LS(K) receives the busy signal and changes its
state. The periodic interrogations of the telegram system inform the
centralized control of these changes of state by sending a report concerning
the control channel of the terminal. The selection information is inserted
through the connection of a register unit cell by way of the connection
network. The call handling program

Seeks a free register unit cell among a group of register cells;

Seeks a free path;
Connects the itinerary that it finds.

The determined itinerary is then subjected to a continuity test (figure 11).
The 4-wire digital channel is locked to the terminal so that a code train
sent in the register unit cell is once more received and tested.

The test indicates that

The transmission paths function perfectly;
The units involved react properly to orders; and
The switching units switch properly.

66



TURKEY

BRIEFS

NEW RADIO TRANSMITTERS--Two radio transmitters of 250 kilowatts output,
established to insure that Turkish Radio and Television Administration [TRT]
transmissions beamed abroad can be heard over a wider area, will go into
service on Friday, 7 July. The transmitters are located at Cakirlar station
near Ankara and will enable TRT transmissions to be heard better in Balkan
and Middle East countries as well as in certain areas in Africa, Europe and
Asia. The antenna and frequency change facilities of these transmitters
are completely automatic and will enable TRT's transmissions beamed abroad
to be received better and with greater intelligibility. According to the
TRT technical authorities, these transmitters were ordered toward the end
of 1973 and have cost nearly 63 million liras. [Text] [Ankara International
Service in Turkish 1700 GMT 5 Jul 78 LD]

cso: 5500 END

71



Last year 66 manual stations were put out of service, and it is estimated
that another 86 will be automated this year.

Eighty percent of the telephone traffic is now direct distance dialing,
while 20 percent is manual.

At the end of 1977, the telephone company had 19,889 regular employees, an
increase of 701 from the year before.

Most Expensive for Private Subscribers

Ovregard pointed out that in this country we have had a rather special tax

system. As a result of the 20-percent added value tax on telephone rates,

the private subscribers have had higher rates than business subscribers who
get the added value taxes refunded.

Most countries in Europe do not have added value taxes on telephone rates.
This includes, among others, Sweden and Finland. Denmark has 18-percent
added value tax on telephone services, Belgium 16, Italy 14 percent on
business telephones and 6 percent on residential phones, and Great Britain
8 percent.

The added value system is a great burden on the telephone company, accord-
ing to Ovregard. Last year the telephone company paid 540.3 million kroner
in added value taxes and 230.2 million kroner in investment taxes.

Fewer Telegrams

Mobile telephone traffic increased last year by 41.2 percent to 2,685,000
conversations. The number of mobile subscribers increased by 36.1 percent
to 16,078 at the end of 1977.

There was a decrease in telegraph service at home last year to 985,700,
while there was a decrease of telegrams abroad from 269,900 to 259,600.
The number of radiograms to ships in distant waters increased last year by
9.3 percent to 81,152.

Mobile Stations Provide Telephone Service to 12,000

(Rolf L. Larsen) The telephone company will, in the course of the year and
in the beginning of next year, set up 18 mobile telephone stations to help
the most pressing telephone need. About 12,000 new telephone subscribers
will be able to be connected to the mobile stations which will be placed in
Oslo, Lorenskog, Drammen, Stavanger, Bergen, Steinkjer and Tromso, according
to Section Chief Petter N. Pettersen in the Telephone Directorate, in a
statement to AFTENPOSTEN,

The mobile telephone stations are built like large campers and can be trans-
ported by truck and placed where there is the greatest need for them. The

49



CONSTRUCTION OF SATELLITE STATION BEGINNING ON 26 JULY

Nairobi DAILY NATION in English 18 Jul 78 p 3

[lent]

CSO:

| EARTH BREAKING for the
|. Second satellite station con-
| necting Kenya and West
| Africa will take place at the
, Longonot site on July 26.

Power and Communications
Minister Mr. Daniel Mutinda ‘will be
guest of honour. .

The Minister yesterday toured the
external telécommunications services
in Kenya.

He was first taken around the head-

. quarters in Nairobi after which lie had
a brief stop-over at the Ngong station
on the way to Longonot satellite
station.

Mr. Mutinda had an exciting

moment when.he talked to someone in-

Australia through. the Kenya satellite
station. “It is so clear and quick to get
through,” he said.

‘The Permanent Secretary in the
Ministry, Mr. D. Mwiraria and the
Assistant Minister for Labour, Mr. S.
Kairo accompanied Mr. Mutinda.

The officials were taken round by
the chairman of Extelcoms, Mr. E.
Hambwe, and the managing director,
Mr. B. Okudo.

ha

Mr. Okudo told Mr. Mutinda that
kenya’s external telecommunications
services has been described as one of
the best in Africa.

He said in future, thé public will be
able to dial international calls directly
without going through the operators. -

Mr. Okudo said the aim is to keep a
abreast’ technology," adding “ that’
Kenya was the first to have a satellite:

station, south of the Equator.
tion, ou eicone ea a Govan Ot 900

engineers plus other trained staff.

‘he firm's present revenue was Sh.
150 million and was expected to rise to
‘Sh. 280 million.

5500

Mr. Okudo said much would depend
on what the Kenya Post Office
Corporation was doing, adding that
there was a co-ordinating committee
which looked in to the affairs of both
the Corporation and the company.

Mr. J. Wachira, Longonot station
manager, said when taking. the
Minister around that there were over
150 satellite stations in the world
today with more 50 still. under cons-
truction.

27



Figure 6. Configuration of the centralized control (T 202).

Key: (A) Read only, pre-programmed memory (MEM P)
(B) Data memory (MEM D)
(C) Central processor units U, V, W (CPU)
(D) Input and output unit (Xx)
(E) Control unit (CU)
(F) Telegram unit (TE)
(G) District operations center (KBZ)

A redundant configuration must be used because the system requires a very
high reliability (figure 6), provided by a triplicate processor with
Ferrite loop memories and input and output units. This configuration
protects against permanent and transient hardware errors, even though simple
software errors could lead to total failure of the centralized control, and
therefore of this sub-plane.

5. Multiplane System

The high redunrancy at the processor level cannot by itself satisfy the
extensive reliability requirements created by the strongly centralized
control and switching functions. Sy using the multiplane system [4]
(figure 7), service can be maintained either in the case of sporadic
hardware and software faults, or when a sub-plane fails completely, even

if this implies a somewhat poorer service quality. Each sub-plane operates
autonomously, so that the extent of errors is limited ta a single sub-plane.

The only interfaces are the concentrator, the district operational center,
and the overflow traffic system with common signalization channel. The
multiplane system also simplifies maintenance (disconnection of specific
sub-planes, anc! so on).

62





USSR

BRIEFS

JAMMER NEARING COMPLETION--The installation of an ultramodern radio jamming
station is nearing completion by the Soviets in Bulgaria. The principal
targets: Radio Vatican, which is going to increase its power, and Radio
Free Europe, broadcasting from West Germany. [Text] [Paris LE POINT in
French 10 Jul 78 p24]

cso: 5500

40



involved in maintaining and operating the pay phones. This creates condi-
tions for extending the operating time and on a daily basis to handle around
125,000 telephone calls. The 1977 plan for the volume of income was over-
fulfilled by 10.4 percent. Last year 90.86 leva of income were produced
for each 100 leva of fixed productive capital. ‘The level of social labor
productivity is high and also the level of profitability measured as profit
per 100 leva of fixed productive capital.

Along with these positive results in the work of the unit involved in the
development, maintenance and collection of automatic pay phones, there are

also a number of problems the solution to which will aid in a significant a
improvement in the serving of the citizens of Sofia.

In the first place; we must accelerate the delivery of Soviet pay phones for .
local and long distance dialing, and gradually replace the poor quality

Bulgarian sets of the MTA-4 type. It is also essential to supply spare

sets of dialing mechanisms, interchangeable units of internal parts, the
microtelephone headsets and other spare parts.

For improving the management and control over the proper working order of
the network of pay telephones it is essential also to expand and strengthen
the dispatcher group, and particularly to organize the receiving of infor-
mation from the citizens concerning nonworking pay phones. For this pur-
pose it is essential to supply metal plates with a text which directs the
citizens to where they can report a nonworking phone.

It is also essential to discuss the question of increasing the numerical
size of this unit and to involve a broader group of inspector-coworkers
mainly from among the retired postal workers and with whom a labor contract
would be concluded for hourly pay. Each inspector would be responsible
for a certain number of pay phones and each ‘day by. schedule in 2 or 4 hours
would be visited and checked for proper working order.

Control of the proper working order of automatic pay phones. can also be
organized by the daily observation of the readings on the individual counter
at the ATTs [automatic telephone exchange]. These functions must be en-
trusted to the technical personnel on duty at the ATTs. They should show
the results in the log and should alert the dispatcher bodies under the
unit in instances when there has been-no increase in the metering.

A serious problem confronting the STTS [Sofia Telephone and Telegraph Station]

is the protecting of the booths and telephones against intentional damage.

In 1977, the enterprise suffered losses of around 40,000 leva. .Some 31 .
sets were stolen, 84 coin boxes, 535 receivers, 1,380 microphone and tele-

phone insets, 1,859 cords, 1,086 dials, a total of 1,430 m2 of glass in the
booths were broken and replaced, 270 m? of reinforced glass, 10 booths were

unfit for use, and so forth.

17



set aside for other research objectives in keeping with the immediate
interests of the country (agriculture and human health). In addition it
must be observed that in this program the quotas being assigned to research
activities are not identified as compared with those which are a part of a
“package” of initiatives for industrial promotion. Beyond the value of
individual proposals which are being discussed at the present time in
political headquarters and research laboratories it should be noted that
the most important evaluation of the initiative taken by the unions rests
on the fact that the discussion on this subject has finally been brought
out of the restricted and specialized orbits in which, unfortunately, it
had been held up to this moment.

Other than Bolognini [sic], the following were present at the parties’
round-table: the honorable Gerardo Bianco and Dr Elia of the DC, Dejak
(PLI) [Italian Liberal Party], Giunio Luzzatto (PSI) [Italian Socialist
Party], Polcaro (PDUP) [Proletarian Unity Party]. The meeting was brought
to an end by Angelo di Gioia of the industrial office of CGIL [Italian
General Confederation of Labor]. Among others, the president of CNR
[National Research Council] was present.

7993
cso: 5500

42



The stations come in two sizes. The largest has a capacity for 1,000 lines.
The stations are purchased in Japan. The largest type costs about 2 mil-
lion.

“two of the stations are already set up in Oslo, one in Furuset and one in
Slemdal. Bergen has also put a station into use, and one is about to be set
up in Lorenskog. The stations can be connected to the net of fixed stations
anywhere in the country, and the intention is that they are to remain until
fixed stations have been built in these areas," Pettersen said.

He thinks that all the stations will be in Norway by the end of the year,
and that all of them will probably be in use by the beginning of next year.
The telephone company has bought 10 stations with 1,000 lines and 8 stations
with 500 lines. It is expected that about 85-90 percent of the lines can be
used by new subscribers.

Stavanger has great need and demand for new lines, and 3 of the stations
with 500-line capacity will probably be placed there.

gi2ak
cso: 5500

50





USSR

'TASS' ANNOUNCED LAUNCHING OF 'RADUGA' TELECOMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE
Moscow TASS International Service in Russian 1515 GMT 19 Jul 78

[Text] Moscow--In accordance with the program for the further development
of communications and television broadcasting systems with the use of
artificial earth satellites, another "Raduga" communications satellite

was launched in the Soviet Union today. On-board is relay apparatus
designed to insure in the centimeter waveband uninterrupted round-the-clock
telephone and telegraph radio communications and simultaneous transmission
of color and black-and-white central television programs to the "Orbita"
station network.

The "Raduga"” satellite has been put into a near~stationary circular orbit
with the following initial parameters: distance from the earth's surface--
36,590 km; period of revolution--24 hours 38 minutes; orbital inclination--
0.5 degrees.

Apart from improved multichannel communications and television relay
apparatus, the satellite has a triaxial system for precise earth orienta-
tion, a power supply system with solar batteries which independently aim

at and track the sun, an orbital correction system, a thermoregulation
system, a radiotelemetry system for transmitting to earth data on the func-
tion of the onboard systems, and a radio system for accurately measuring the
orbital parameters and control of the satellite.

The apparatus installed on the "Raduga" satellite is functioning normally.
The command and measuring complex is controlling the satellite. The
communications and television apparatus of the satellite will be used in
accordance with the proposed program.

The "Raduga" satellite has the international registration index "Statsionar-2."

CsO: 1866

32



TANZANIA

BRIEFS

EARTH SATELLITE PROJECT--Tanzania is to have its own earth

satellite next year at a cost of 23 million shillings. Contracts for the
provision of the satellite were signed yesterday by the director general
of the Tanzania Posts and Telecommunication, Ndugu (Maida), for the
corporation [as heard] and a representative of Japan's Nippon Electric
Company. The project will end Tanzania's dependence on Kenya for external
telecomminication services. [Excerpt] [Dar es Salaam in English to Cen-
tral and Southern Africa 0400 GMT 13 Jul 78 LD/EA]

SATELLITE CONTRACT--Dar es Salaam, 13 Jul, (AFP)--The Tanzania Posts and
Telecommunications Corporation has signed a contract with the Nippon
Electric Company of Japan to deliver and install an earth satellite worth
2,900,000 dollars. J. Maeda, director general of the corporation, said
that the satellite station would be in service in the second quarter of
next year. He added that the corporation would sign another contract for
the manufacture, delivery and installation of 1,150,000-dollar interna-
tional telex exchange expected to be operational by the end of next year.
[Paris AFP in English 0443 GMT 14 Jul 78 PAJ

cso: 5500

31



2. Goals

In structuring the system we had to satisfy a whole’ range of requirements
typical of a telecommunications system and specific for IFS, while also
taking into account the advantages offered by the all-electronic design
and the reduced weight and volume of the installations.

we
g
z

eater A) | sng) | , a

beeen tennnnceeeeeeed

Benn

|

Figure 1. PCM channel as operational connection.

Key: (A) Users
(B) -Line equipment
(C) Time multiplex switching network (DNW)
(D) === 64 kbit/s PCM channel
(E) Analog or digital channels

In order to take full advantage of the PCM technique in a telecommunications
network, the transmission equipment as well as the switching equipment must
be capable of directly handling PCM signals. Time multiplexed switching
based on the principle of full frame memorization makes it possible to
eliminate electromechanical contacts. This is the case of technical in-
tegration. And in a selection-network of this type, a communication that
crosses many switching points is of a quality equally as good as that of a
point-to-point connection of the same length. The advantages of a digital
network are also obvious from the standpoint of functional integration. A
digital network makes it possible to integrate telecommunications services
whose parts of very different natures (figure 1), such as telephone or other
analog services, and telex, data transmission at medium or fast rates, or
other similar digital traffic. We therefore do not have to establish and
define at this time, the long range requirements for new services. Using a

53



TELECOM LINK VIA SPUTNIK SATELLITE:

Madras THE HINDU in English 27 Jun 78 p 10

[Text]

NEW DELHI, June 26.

The Soviet Union is understood
to have put forward a proposal to
‘the Union Government that India
should join its inter-sputnik satel.
lite system for establishing direct
satellite telecommunicaticn link
between the two countries.

A tentative study carried out by
the Union Communications Minis:
try has indicated that an invest-
ment of about Rs. 3 to Rs. 4 crores
would have to be made by India
if it were to join the inter-sput.
nik satellite system, In view of
these. and certain other problems,
India has not made any commit+
ment. It has to consider what ad-
vantages membership of the sys
tem would confer over and above
those derived from its member:
ship of the Internatlonal Telecom:
munications Satellite Organisation
Untelsat) through which it is cur
rently handling 90 per cent of its
international -telephone ‘traffic.

The troposcatter link between
India and the Soviet Union, esti
mated to cost about Rs. 3.90 crores
with an exchange component of
Rs. 92 lakhs is expected to ba
completed by 1980. It is estimated
that the entire: investment would
be recovered in four years from
the net revenue surplus that wquld
be earned on the link. The link,
vhich will have initially 12 chane
will be expanded to 24 chan:
nels later.

csO; 5500

Each will meet the cost - of set
ting up the facilities on its, side.
The terminal station on the Inv
dian ‘side will be located at Chay
rar-iSharif, whith is about 23 km
from Srinagar while that on the
Soviet side will be Dushanbe in
Tashkent. The telecommunication
channels from these places will be
extended to New Delhi and Mos-
cow by terrestrial coaxial cables or
microwave system.

Most’ of the equipment consisting
of antennae and multiplexing
equipment, will be indigenously

roduced and the installation will

e done by Indian engineers. Cer-
tain specialised sub-systems of
equipment costing about Rs. 80
lakhs will be ‘imported from the
Soviet Union. Technical assistance
for the installation, testing and
commissioning of the equipment
from the Soviet Union will be fin-
anced under the Indo-Soviet credit
which is repayable in 12 years.

‘The Central Public Works De
partment (CPWD) hus _alteady
prepared preliminary _ estimates
and drawings for the elvil works
to be constructed at Charar-i-Sha-
rif and Dushanbe. Action has also
been taken for the purchase of
Recessary equipment from the In.
dian Telephone Industries, Bharat
Electronics Ltd., Electronics Cor-
poration of India and the Soviet
Union,

_At present, the telecommunica-
tion services’ for handling tele:
phone, telegraph and telex traffic
etween India and the Soviet

‘herent techni

INDIA

SOVIET PROPOSAL

Union _are operated by the Over.
seas Communications — Service of
the Communications Ministry, on
the high frequency radio link bet:
ween New Delhi and Moscow. Be-
sides this, there is a satellite-cum-
microwave circuit from Delhi. This

circuit operates through the Intel:

(Sat satellite via Paris and Ss ex-

tended. on mirowave system bet-
ween Paris and Moscow. ;
The existing communication
links with the Soviet Union are
not. adequate and reliable for lone
term requirement due to the i
te limitations of
the high frequency radio system.
In order to improve the existing
facilities between the two coun-
tries, an alternative cormmunica-
tion medium ‘was, therefore, con-
sidered necessary. As the terrain
between India and the- Soviet
Union is mountainous,.a troposcat-
ter communication link was consi-
dered the most suitable.



ITALY

FUNDING OF MEDIUM-TERM SPACE PROGRAM DISCUSSED
Rome L'UNITA in Italian 22 Jun 78 p 2

[Text] Rome. For over 1 year this government (and the preceding one as
well) debated and then formulated a medium-term space program which, up to
the present time, has remained locked away in Ministerial and technical
equipment offices. And yet this is a project of obvious significance. The
program anticipates a public funding totaling about 500 billions for a
period of 5 years beginning in 1979, in correlation with national and
international commitments. Its main objectives are the development of a
scientific satellite and an additional satellite for telecommunications,
which would use the positive part of the "SIRIO" experiment, and could
serve either for direct television transmission or as an advanced
technological satellite for telecommunications at highest frequencies.

Does this concern a plan which can be divided in its entirety? Substantially
no, for several specific reasons. This was almost the unanimous opinion of
the representatives of the political forces (excepting, naturally, the DC
[Christian Democratic Party]), which is the real proponent of this plan, as
expressed yesterday morning in Rome at a round-table organized at the
headquarters of the CNR [National Research Council] by the research unions.
It has been said that this project, more than being a space program, is a
"satellite program." At the present time it is recognized that space
research can be performed without using these very costly devices. On this
point comrade Mario Bolognani, in charge of the scientific research office
of the PCI, intervened specifically and stated that the communist party is
well-disposed toward selective and critical development of space activities
and therefore not prejudicially opposed to the launching of a national
satellite, on condition, however, that these activities be directly and
strictly correlated with Italy's commitments ‘in its relations with ESA
(European Space Agency) and in accord with the perspectives of the industrial
policies of our country.

As regards the entity of the expenditures contemplated, it is necessary to

point out immediately that obviously they represent a substantial figure
(which will be reviewed), especially if it is compared with the amounts

4l



CSO:

5500

neglecting the differential losses in the core with
respect to those in the cladding.

Fig. 3 shows the evaluated impulse response for a
350 m long fiber (dashed line a’) and the measured
pulse shapes for the same fiber length. Precisely curve
a) corresponds to the input pulse, curve b) and c)
corresponds to Suprasil 1 and Suprasil W1 fibers
respectively. The output signal of the fiber, computed
by convolution of the impulse response with the input
pulse, is also shown (dashed curve b’) which is very
close to the experimental curves, thus confirming the
relevance of the role played by the higher order mode
Josses in lowering the dispersion in this type of fibers.

Manuscript received march 20, 1978.

REFERENCES

[1] K. Ivana, T, Akimoro, M, Kona, K. Sanapa: Transmission
Characteristics of a@ Low-Loss Siticone-Clad Fused Silica-Core
Fibre. First Europ. Conf. on Optical Fibre Comm., Londra,
Sett. 1975. « Conf. Publ », n. 132, 1975, p. 57.

[2] S. Tanaxa, K. INADA, T. AKIMOTO, M. Kofista: Silicone-Clad
Fused Silica-Core Fibre. « Electr. Lett. », vol. 1, 1975, p. 153.
[3] P.F. Checcaccr, A.M. Scuecor, M. Brenct: RF Induction Furna-
ce for Silica Fiber Drawing. «Electr. Lett. », Vol. 12, 1976,

p. 265.

(41 M. Brenct, P: F. Creccacct, R. Fatctar, A.M. ScHeoci: Conta-
mination of Furnace-Drawn Silica Fibers: Comment. « Appl.
Opt. », Vol. 16, 1977, p. 3084.

[5] M. Brenct, P. F. Cueccacct, R. Fatciat, A.M. Scttecor: Deterio-
ration in Optical Material as a Result of Ultrasonic Cleaning:
Comment. « Appl. Opt. », Vol. 16, 1977, p. 3084.

[6] M, Brenct, F. Ceccont, P. F, Cueccaccr, F. Cost, R. Fatctar, A. M.
Scircct: Macchina per tirare fibre ottiche per comunicazioni -
« Alta Freq. », Vol. 45, 1976, p. S41.

{7] M. Brenct, PF. Curccacct, F. Cost, R. Fauctat, A.M, ScHeoct:
Progressi nella tecnologia delle fibre ottiche in silice plastica

realizzate presso I'l.R.O.E.C.N.R. «Alta Freq.», Vol. 47,
1978, p. 122.

(8] K. INava, T. Axttoro, S. Tanaka: Pulse Spread Mechanism of
Long Length Silicone Optical Fiber. « Proc. of 2nd Europ. Conf.
on Optical Fibre Comm., Paris, 1976, p. 157.

[9] D. Gtoce: Weakly Guiding Fibers. « Appl. Opt. », Vol. 10, 1971.
p. 2282;

[10] See for instance:
P.F. Cueccacct, R. FAtctat, A.M. Scuecer: Ray Tracing Techni-
que for Evaluating the Dispersion Characteristics of Graded
Index Cylindrical Fibers, « Electr. Lett. », Vol. 11, 1975, p. 633;
A.M, Schecor, P. F, Curccacer, R. Fatciat: Dispersion Evaluation
in Multimode Fibers by Numerical Techniqnue: Application to
Ring Shaped and Graded Index with a Central Dip - AGARD
Conf, « Opt. Fibers, Integr. Optics and Their Military Appl. »,
Proc. n. 219, 1977, p. 32-1.

47



MALAYSIA

FOREIGN COMPANIES ACTIVE IN MALAYSIAN TELECOMMUNICATIONS

. Kuala Lumpur BUSINESS TIMES in English 17 May 78 p 8

[Text]

‘THE government's plan
to increase its allocation
to the Tele-
communications De-
partment under a massi-
ve effort to stimulate in-
vestment in the private
sector will provide tre-
mendous business oppor-
tunities to companies
i supplying such equip-
ment.

It also serves to un-
derscore the importance
of telecommunications
as a “‘superstar"’ in pub-
lic sector development.

According to reports,
the Telecoms De-
partment which has ori-
ginally been allocated

1.08 billion for projects
under the Third Malay-
sia Plan, is likely to get
another $.13 billion to ful-
fil its commitments.

With the department
itself expected to foot an-
other $1 billion from its
own revenue, this would
mean a total of $3.38 bil-
lion to be spent on deve-
lopment of tele-
communications facil-
ities.

There will be ample
scope for various:compa- *
nies, especially those ac-
ting’ as agents of large
international corpo-
rations or their local sub-
sidiaries to get a piece of
th e action each.

Major programmes
under the will in-
clude:

@ Installation of new
crossbar and electronic

telephone exchanges,

Supplemented by mobile
exchanges to overcome
short-term delays.

@ Installation of a
submarine cable be-
tween Peninsular Malay-
sia, Sabah and Sarawak.
Installation of microwa-
ve, VHF, UHF, coaxial
and pulse code modula-
tion (PCM) systems.

@ Expansion of telex
networks.

@ Construction of a
second satellite commu-
nication station in Ma-
lacea (originally sited in
Kuantan) for operation
with the Pacific Ocean
Satellite.

@ Expansion of tele-
coms network of the Ase-
an countries. .

So vast is the pro-
gramme that it is not
possible for any single
company, no matter how,
large or extensive its’
world network, to hog all
the tenders to supply tel-
ecommunications equip-
ment.

At the same time, Ma-
laysian telecoms specif-
ications are said to be so
exacting that internatio-
nal companies consider
it a mark of prestige to
be awarded a contract
by the department, no
matter how small the or-
der.

Most of Malaysia's
telecommunications
equipment is imported,
local assembly being
confined mainly to ca-
bles (Federal Cables,
Wires and Metal Manu-
facturing), telephones
and private exchanges

(Pernas Plessey) and
switchgear (Ericsson).

About 70 per cent of
Plessey’s business is in
telecommunications —
supplying exclusively all
receivers to the Tele-
coms Department — but
they hope to take an in-
creasing share in the
market for radar, navi-

ational and other aids
for the Marine and Tele-
coms Departments and
Armed Forces.

GEC already, has 8
stake in thi:
and its name can also be
found on cables, multi-
plexing and channelling
equipment and in the mi-
crowave and troposcat-
ter links.

GEC — General Elec-
tric Com| pany _ is 8
British holding com)
with interests in bain
Telecommunications Ltd
of UK, Marconi Commu-
nications System Ltd,
Marconi. Italiania and
‘Allied Electrical Industi-
res (AEI).

‘Their activities in Ma-
laysid are coordinated
by the GEC Malaysia
$4in Bhd which has a spe-
cial Communications
Projects Department. -

ithe -introduction of
Pulse Code Modulation
(PCM), which is the
trend throughout the
world in the field of tele-
communications, made
py Marconi Italiana
through GEC Malaysia.

‘The company secured
a contract to supply and



r Al ‘A |}: Report No.
BIBLIOGR PHIC DAT. JPRS 71607

3. Recipient's Accession No.

4. Title and Subtitle

AND DEVELOPMENT, No. 48

TRANSLATIONS ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY, RESEARCH

3. Report Date
2 August 1978

6.

17. Author(s)

8. Performing Organization Rep.
Jo.

9. Performing Organization Name and Address

Joint Publications Research Service
1000 North Glebe Road

Arlington, Virginia 22201

10. Project/Task/Work Unit No.

11. Contract/Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address

As above

13. Type of Report & Period
Covered

15. Supplementary Notes

16. Abstracts

computers, and satellite communications.

This serial report contains translations from the world press and radio relating
to worldwide political, economic and technical developments in telecommunications,
Coverage will be worldwide with focus

on France, Federal Republic of Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, the USSR,
People's Republic of China, Sweden, and the Netherlands.

17. Key Words and Document Analysis. 17a. Descriptors

Worldwide
Computers
Satellite Communications

Electronics. and Electrical Engineering
Telecommunications
Telemetry

17b. Identifiers/Open-Ended Terms

We. COSATI Field/Group O9B, C, F, 17B, 22B

18. Availability Statement

Unlimited Availability
Sold by NTIS

Springfield, Virginia .22151

19. Security Class (This 21. No. of Pages
Report) 74

UNCLASSIFIED
ecurity Class (This 22. Price

Page
SONCLASSIFIED

FORM NTIS-35 (REV. 5-72)

THIS FORM MAY BE REPRODUCED

USCOMM-DG 14952-P72

ee |



INTER-ARAB AFFAIRS

BRIEFS

SAUDI-SUDANESE MICROWAVE LINK~-His Excellency 'Alawi Darwish Kayyal, minister
of telegraph, post and telephone, yesterday signed an agreement to supply,
construct, maintain and operate a microwave communications system between
Saudi Arabia and Sudan. The implementation of this plan, which will cost
8,234,000 dollars, is intended to strengthen communications between Saudi
Arabia and Sudan and to assure the movement of telephone, telegraph, Telex
and, television communications, thereby strengthening the fraternal bonds
between the two countries. Saudi Arabia and Sudan have agreed to install
this system across the Red Sea to connect the two countries at al-Ta'if

and Port Sudan. Implementation of the project, for which Saudi Arabia will
bear all the expenses, will take 19 months from the conclusion of the agree-
ment. [Text] [Riyadh AL-RIYAD in Arabic 19 Apr 78 p 2] 8480

cso: 5500

26



Figure 7. The multiplane system.

Key: (A) 8F lines
(8) Conventional networks
(C) PCM lines
(0) IFS networks
(E) Concentration field
(F) Processing field
(G) Sub-plane
(H) Concentrator (KT)
(I) Connection network (DNW)
(J) District operations center (BZ)
(4) Centralized control data-to-K8Z connection

6. District Operations Center (KBZ)

The operations center includes a data processing system capable of assuming
the tasks involved in the operation of at most six control sectors (figure 8).
This center is connected to the centralized control of each sub-plane and
also has direct interfaces with the services. The operational concept [5]
includes:

The tasks performed on one hand by the services, and on the other hand at
the man-machine interfaces themselves, that is, at operator stations;
Maintenance, notably preventive maintenance, including on one hand test and
maintenance, and on the other hand corrective maintenance such as the

location, removal, and repair of faults.

The concept of maintenance implies an effective error detection, as well as
the possibility of connecting avoidance channels for defective circuits in
the centralized control and its sub-plane.

The ¥8Z is also equiped redundantly; but service of a somewhat lower quality
is still possible without having recourse to the operations center.

63





NOTE

JPRS publications contain information primarily from foreign
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Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets
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last line of a brief, indicate how the original information was
processed. Where no processing indicator is given, the infor-
mation was summarized or extracted.

Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
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original but have been supplied as appropriate in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an
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physics department participating in this work traveled bycar inmany regions
of Western Siberia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, and the Ukraine.

As a result of painstaking studies over many years, we have created wave pro~
pagation curves which are fundamentally different from all curves proposed ear-
lier by various international organizations or individual countries. The
results of this work have been published in journals and. reported at all-
union and international conferences. At the present time, on the basis of

the results of these studies, proposals have been made to the MKKR [Inter-
national Radio Consultative Committee] by the Soviet Union (on methods of
measurement, methods of processing, and propagation curves). :

Thus, the group of problems which was necessary for the development of, radio
broadcasting networks of this band has been solved. However, there are other
radio engineering systems operating in this band for which it is necessary
to have more detailed information on the structure of the signal, phase and
polarization distortions, etc, Members of the scientific research labora-
tory of our institute are now engaged in this research.

COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Svyaz'", "Vestnik Svyzi," 1978

10, 233
cs0: 5500

35



This information was released yesterday by ENTELPERU which emphasized that
the loan will be used to build the microwave network of Cerro de Pasco-
Huanuco-Tingo Maria—Pucallpa, an expansion of more than. 300 kilometers,
and the network via satellite of Lima-Iquitos-Tarapoto-Pucallpa.

The microwave networks will be integrated with the Microwave Trunk Network,
will have a capacity of 960 telephone channels, plus one reserve channel,

and will provide telephone, telex, telegraphy, television and teleprocessing -
services. . ‘

This work will be completed in a period of 18 months, beginning in the
early months of 1979, with an estimated completion date of December 1980.

Experts have finished the survey studies; and it has been programmed that
the equipment to be used in the projects will have long lifetime of use and
high reliability, requiring little maintenance, because the repeaters are
located in areas which are difficult to reach.

Also, for the first time in the country, solar cells will be used to obtain
the energy needed to operate the repeaters, according to ENTELPERU.

The microwave project for Lima, Iquitos, Tarapotc and Pucallpa also
involves the installation of: mobile earth stations which utilize advanced
technology in this sector.

The Iquitos earth station will begin operations in December 1978 and those
.of Tarapoto and Pucallpa in May.1979. The system to be used will be DOMSAT,
employing the INTELSAT IV-A satellite.

The satellite system in the eastern forest region will have 92 channels
distributed as follows: 48 for Iquitos, 23 for Tarapoto and 23 [figures
as published] for Pucallpa. The quality of telecommunications will be
improved.

8143
cso: 5500

22



COMPUTER INDUSTRY COMPANIES TRAINS BLACKS

Business Equipment Association

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 7 Jul 78 p 10

[Article by Sieg Hannig:

[Text]
Yet another skill
barrier has been

toppled with _the
graduation this
week of the first
black “customer en-
gineers” in the com:
puter industry. ,
The five men wif
Join’ a select band of
white troubleshooters
in pinpointing faults in
computer brains - and
repairing them ‘with
delicate “surgery.” =
Their achievement
has been made possible
by the twoyearold
technical
scheme of the Business

Equipment Association
at ihe Shamdor in-
service training centre,
Rear. Krugersdorp.
Most of the five had
Post-matric —_qualifica-

_ynchronous

training ©

tions before under-
going -epecialised trai-
‘ming in electgonics and
computer logics at the
Ri-million training cen-
tre.

Now they are well
versed in the intricac-
ies of terminology such
as .bipolar and. MOS -
integrated circuits, as-
counters
demultiplexers, random ©
‘access memories and
logic families. .

‘Big firms

As customer
engineers they will
serve large companies
which often depend on
computers for their ef-
ficiency, for example
banks or building so-
cieties.

29

For their final
perlod of training in
computer logics, «thei
lecturer was. the sir
black.-lecturer in that

“subject, Mr, Mike’ Ngu

y a cyber data ‘spe-
cialist: who worked on
the Airways computer
at. the Johannesburg

‘Rotunda.

. Mr Neguyuza, former-
ly a science student at
Turfloop and now com-
pleting .a: Unisa course
in data’ metrics, took
over the course when
the white lecturer left
the training centre for
Pelindaba.

“{ have nothing but
praise for the way
these students worked
to achieve their goal,”

SOUTH AFRICA

"Computer 'Brain Surgery' at Their Fingertips"]

said Mr Joos Lemmer,
the principal of the
training centre.

“We are ogelighted,
because this will
enable them. to
acceptance’ solely on’

their merits.””
Technicians

Of the 1500 trdinees
who have sed
through: ~ this

Government - sponsored
centre for ‘black’ ‘trai-
ning, mote .than’ 160
were from the Business
Equipment Assocjation. _
Most of these. are
now working‘as techni-
cians qualified to fe. |
pair typewriters, calcu-:
lators adding,
machined and other of-.



Cooperation from the citizens must be enlisted to halt this barbarian atti-
tude on the part of malfactors toward the booths and pay phones. For example,
television, the movies and the press must be more frequently used.

The joint solution of these and a number of other problems by the STTS and

the appropriate units of the ministry will. help to improve the services for
the citizens of Sofia. There are the forces and possibilities for this.

10272
cso: 5500

18



late, not until 1971. But LM believes this has been more of an advantage.
The system has become more modern and more flexible since it has been
possible to learn from the mistakes other people have made.

Progress in Thirteen Countries

The LM Ericsson Company has installed AXE in 13 [sic] countries--Australia,
Brazil, Denmark, Finland, France, Holland, Yugoslavia, Kuwait, Norway,
Panama, Saudi Arabia, USSR, Spain, Sweden, and Venezuela. Norway and the
Soviets have chosen corresponding telex systems, the AXB-20. The first
order came from France, but the big breakthrough for AXE was an order from
Australia. There they carried out very detailed investigations before they
decided on the purchase. LME got its largest order ever from Saudi Arabia
--it was worth a good 2 billion kroner.

8958
cso: 5500



NORWAY

NUMBER OF CUSTOMERS AWAITING PHONE SERVICE INCREASES
Oslo AFTENPOSTEN in Norwegian 16 Jun 78 p 12

[Unsigned article]

[Text] Before the end of the year about 70,000 people will be on the wait-
ing list to get a telephone in this country. This is an increase of about
20,000 in the course of 1 year, and the waiting list will increase until
1981. It is predicted that 85,000 will then be on the waiting list, accord-
ing to General Director Per Ovregard in the Telephone Directorate at a press
conference in Oslo on Thursday when he announced the telephone company's
yearly report. "If the predictions are accurate, the telephone waiting list
will diminish to almost nothing in 1985,"-the general director said.

"If we are to reduce the waiting list, the level of investment must be
raised and the appropriation must be increased. Several stations do not
have sufficient capacity to handle the expected increase in traffic. They
must be expanded, together with the cable network.

"There is also an undersupply of fitters. . About 18,000 of the 70,000 who
are now on the telephone waiting list are there because of lack of fitters.
We think that this lack is only temporary and will be made up in the course
of the coming years," Ovregard said.

One Million Subscribers

In the course of the year, the telephone company will get 1 million main
subscribers with a total of 1.5 million telephones. An increase of 140,000
units a year is necessary to cover the waiting list and new subscribers,
who, last year, reached 80,386. Telephone earnings make up 90 percent of
the telephone company's income and yearly investments.

Ovregard pointed out that Norway is one of the most backward countries in
Europe in automation, in spite of the fact that automation in Norway has
now reached 92 percent. Only Ireland and Hungary in Europe are behind Nor-
way in development.

48



is A)

H B) '

! 7 CUTER |

i <Csee9

| OEE

L D)
AoM-Dienste )
Storugsaenst
“f)o)

(ERT

i =P (Soncaent 1)
! Tionrentvaior <fsum GHEY J
1 Goes |
1

L Steverbererch § 3

Figure 8. Position of the district operations center.

Key: (A) Sub-plane
(8) Concentrator
(C) Control sector
(D) Administrative services
(E) Repair services
(F) Computer center (ERZ)
(G) Computer management of telephone service (TERCO)

7. Remote Control Principles

Control paths lead from the processing sector to remotely controlled units,
by way of a connection network, using the common PCM channels. Rapid and
secure data transfer is provided by a data exchange system that is largely
independent of the operation of the units. This system is operated by means
of addressed telegrams (TG); at the heart of the processor sector we use the
system of centralized telegrams, and outside the processor wé use the system
of peripheral telegrams (figure 9).

The telegram format is redundant, and in addition, the system rests on the
Following principles:

Receipt principle: The issue of each telegram (order or interrogation) must
be receipted by the addressed unit.

Interrogation principle: A unit never issues a telegram on its own initiative,
but only following an order or interrogation.

One-at-a-time principle: The centralized control or the TEZ issues no other
telegram to a unit as long as it has not received an answer to the previous
one. In case of transmission error in the peripheral telegram system, the
telegram unit automatically repeats the last message.

Error surveillance principle: To the’extent of its abilities, the unit
supervises the correctness of the telegrams' content. The centralized
control (software) compares the answer to the still-memorized order.

64



USSR

NEW TELEVISION EQUIPMENT DESCRIBED
Moscow, VESTNIK SVYAZI in Russian No 4, April 78 p 24

{Article by N. V. Samsonov, engineer of the State Scientific Research Insti-
tute of Radio, USSR Ministry of Communications]

[Text] State Scientific Research Institute of Radio
has recently developed devices which have made it pos-
sible to solve the problem of bringing the quality in-
dexes of the operating television stations and
main channels. of program transmission to the require-
iments of colored television very effectively, These
devices include a television signal regenerator (RTS),
a device for input stabilization and correction of
* transmitting television stations (UVSK), a television
signal level meter (IUIS), and others. The article gives
a brief description of the technical characteristics of
television equipment produced in series by the indus-
trial enterprises of the USSR Ministry of Communications.

The RTS regenerator (Figure 1) is intended for stabilizing the levels of the
components of the color television signal and improving the quality of
synchronization during the transmission of television signals along long-
distance communication lines and ensures the following: restoration of the
amplitude and the form of the synchronous mixture of quenching pulses in
accordance with GOST 7854-72 with a decrease in the synchronous mixture in
the input signal to 0.1 V, the level of the background interference in the
input signal to 50 percent, and the value of the noise interference to 40 4B;
automatic stabilization of the level of image signals in the signals of
black-and-white and color television with an accuracy of +5 percent when
it changes at the input by +50 percent and of the color | signal with an ac-
curacy of +5 percent when it changes in the input signal by +6 dB; formation
of a signal for external synchronization of the oscillograph which makes it
possible to examine conveniently any region within the range of a frame
quenching pulse, including test lines.

36



the device will be 156,000 rubles. The housing of the device is the same
as that of the RTS.

By equipping the television network with the IUIS devices, it will be pos-
sible to improve the monitoring of the state of the program transmission
network, to:determine the suitability of television signals for transmitting
the television broadcasting programs, to determine timely the faults in tele-
vision channels, and to take measures for their elimination.

The UVSK device (Figure 3) is intended for equipping of all operating trans-
mitting television stations of any power in order to increase their stability
and to bring their quality indexes to the requirements of color television.

Figure 3. Device for Input Stabilization and
Correction of Transmitting Television
Stations
The UVSK device ensures the correction of the following: differential phase
to 15 degrees; group time of the propagation of the transmitter-receiver
channel in the band of up to 5.5 MHz with the possibility of continuous control
distortions of differential amplification to 60 percent; AChKh [amplitude-
frequency characteristic] within the limits of up to +1 dB; amplitude of the
synchronous signal in the case of deflections of up to 100 percent from the
nominal deflection, The UVSK makes it possible to limit the depth of modula-
tion during an increase of the amplitude of the input signal by 3 dB; to
eliminate the additive frequency background of 50 Hz with an amplitude of
50 percent and the background to 500 Hz with an amplitude of 10 percent,
in which case the background at the output is one percent; to reduce to 3 per-
cent the skewness of the flat top of the rectangular pulse of the frequency
of the fields from 70 percent at the input. UVSK ensures the operation of
the systems of the restoration of constant component (VPS) in the modulators
of the transmitters.

The device is constructed from transistors and integrated circuits and is
housed in a standard casing. Its power intake is not over 40 W,

By equipping the operating TV stations with UVSK, it will be possible to
improve the quality of the transmission of the color television signal by
all TV stations, including stations not intended for transmitting television
programs in color, The economic effect from their introduction will be 612,000

rubles,

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