WORLD DATA CENTER A 

for 

Solid Earth Geophysics 

CATALOG OF SUBMARINE VOLCANOES AND HYDROLOGICAL PHENOMENA 

ASSOCIATED WITH VOLCANIC EVENTS 

JANUARY 1,1900 TO DECEMBER 31,1959 

October 1986 

NATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL DATA CENTER 
COVER PHOTOGRAPHS 

Left: Nuee' ardente flow on Mt. Lamington, Papua Island, 1951. 

Center: Lava fountain, Kilauea Iki, Hawaii, 1960. 

Right: Eruption cloud, Mt. Ngauruhoe, New Zealand, May 1972. 

(all photographs, University of Colorado) 
WORLD DATA CENTER A 

for 

Solid Earth Geophysics 

REPORT SE- 42 

CATALOG OF SUBMARINE VOLCANOES AND HYDROLOGICAL PHENOMENA 

ASSOCIATED WITH VOLCANIC EVENTS JANUARY 1,1900 TO DECEMBER 31,1959 

Peter Hedervari 

Georgiana Observatory, Center for Cosmic and Terrestrial Physics 

H. 1023, Budapest, II. Arpad fejedelem utja 40 - 41 Hungary 

October 1986 

Published by World Data Center A for Solid Earth Geophysics 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION 

National Geophysical Data Center 

Boulder. Colorado 80303. USA 
DESCRIPTION OF WORLD DATA CENTERS 

World Data Centers conduct international exchange of geophysical observations in accordance with the principles set forth 

by the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) They were established in 1957 by the International Geophysical Year 

Committee (CSAGI) as part of the fundamental international planning for the IGY program to collect data from the numerous 

and widespread IGY observational programs and to make such data readily accessible to interested scientists and scholars 

for an indefinite period of time WDC-A was established in the U S A , WDC B in the US S R , and WDC C in Western Europe, 

Australia, and Japan This new system for exchanging geophysical data was found to be very effective. and the operations 

of the World Data Centers were extended by ICSU on a continuing basis to other international programs, the WDC's were under 

the supervision of the Comite International de Geophysique (CIG) for the period 1960 to 1967 and are now supervised by the 

ICSU Panel on World Data Centres 

The current plans for continued international exchange of geophysical data through the World Data Centers are set forth 

in the Fourth Consolidated Guide to lnternational Data ,Exchange through the World Data Centres. issued by the ICSU Panel 

on World Data Centres These plans are broadly similar to those adopted under ICSU auspices for the IGY and subsequent 

international programs 

Functions and Responsibilities of WDC's 

The World Data Centers collect data and publications for the following disciplines: Meteorology; Oceanography; Rockets 

and Satellites; Solar-Terrestrial Physics disciplines (Solar and Interplanetary Phenomena, Ionospheric Phenomena, FlareAssociated Events. Geomagnetic Phenomena, Aurora, Cosmic Rays, Airglow); Solid Earth Geophysics disciplines (Seismology, 

Tsunamis. Gravimetry, Earth Tides, Recent Movements of the Earth's Crust, Rotation of the Earth, Magnetic Measurements. 

Paleomagnetism and Archemagnetism, Volcanology, Geothermicsr. and Marine Geology and Geophysics. In planning for the 

various scientific programs, decisions on data exchange were made by the scientific community through the international 

scientific unions and committees. In each discipline, the specialists themselves determined the nature and form of data exchange, based on their needs as research workers. Thus, the type and amount of data in the WDC's differ from discipline to 

disc ip I ine. 

The ObjeCtS of establishing several World Data Centers for collecting observational data were: (1) to insure against loss 

of data by the catastrophic destruction of a single center, (2) to meet the geographical convenience of, and provide easy com. 

munication for workers in different parts of the world. Each WDC is responsible for: (1) endeavoring to collect a complete set 

of data in the field or discipline for which it is responsible, (2) safe.keeping of the incoming data, (3) correct copying and reproduc. 

tion of data, maintaining adequate standards of clarity and durability, (4) supplying copies to other WDC's of data not received 

directly, (5) preparation of catalogs of all data in its charge, and (6) making data in the WDC's available to the scientific community. The WDC's conduct their operation at no expense to ICSU or to the ICSU family of unions and committees. 

World Data Conter A 

World Data Center A, for which the National Academy of Sciences through the Geophysics Research Forum and its Com. 

mittee on Geophysical Data has overall responsibility, consists of the WDGA Coordination Office and seven subcenters at 

scientific institutions in various parts of the United States. The GRF periodically reviews the activities of WDC-A and has con. 

ducted several studies on the effectiveness of the WDC system. As a result of these reviews and studies, some of the subcenters 

of WDC-A have been relocated so that they could more effectively serve the scientific community. The addresses of the WDCA subcenters and Coordination Office are given inside the front cover. 

The data received by WDC-A have been made available to the scientific community in various ways: (1) reports containing 

data and results of experiments have been compiled, published, and widely distributed; (2) SynoptiC4ype data on cards, microfilm, 

or tables are available for use at the subcenters and for loan to scientists; (3) copies of data and reports are provided upon request. 
PREFACE 

This volume is the second part of a comprehensive catalog of 

hydrological phenomena associated with volcanoes. The first 

volume (Hedervari 1984) consisted of the submarine eruptions, new 

volcanic islands, tsunamis, seiches, and base surges related to 

volcanic activity from antiquity to the end of 1899. The first 

event discussed was the famous Santorini eruption, which occurred 

about 1500 B.C., that altered the history of Crete and the surrounding islands and buried by volcanic ash and pumice a really 

wonderful Minoan settlement on the volcanic island itself. The 

number of events treated in Hedervari (1984) totaled 302, including questionable and uncertain cases. Here, in the second 

volume, I discuss phenomena that occurred from January 1, 1900, 

to December 31, 1959. The same methods are applied. 

As in Hedervari (1984). this volume not only treats wellunderstood events, but also discusses those that are more doubtful. The latter are denoted by a question mark beside the 

conventional volcanological symbols. In certain cases the author 

expresses his own view: these should be regarded as personal 

opinions only; they can be accepted or rejected on the basis of 

the results of further research. 

ACKNOWLEDGMSNTS 

The author is much indebted to those scholars who kindly 

helped him in the collection and elaboration of data. He remembers with the greatest esteem the late Mr. Gustav Hantke, who 

gave him invaluable information on the volcanic events of the 

Alaska-Aleutian belt, as well as the late Professor Rein W. van 

Bemmelen and his late wife, Lucy Clara van Bemmelen. Their personal friendship, their true enthusiasm and belief in Science and 

in Humanity are unforgettable. This second volume is dedicated 

to the merorj of nr. Eantkc and to the van Bemelens. 

The author is particularly grateful to William H. Berninghausen (U.S.A. ), John H. Latter (New Zealand), Frederico Machado 

(Portugal), Maur Neumann van Padang (The Netherlands), George 

Pararas-Carayannia (U.S.A. ), Tom Simkin (U.S.A. ), the late 

Sigurdur Thorarinsson (Iceland), and Daniel Shackelford (U.S.A. 1. 

Many thanks are due Geza Toth and Laszlo Facsinay, Hungarian 

geophysicists, for their friendly help in treatment of source 

mat e r ia 1. 

During preparation of the text the author has received some 

materials and photos concerning volcanic eruptions. The author 

expresses his sincere thanks for them to Yasuhiro Tanaka and 

Yoshio Kateui (Japan), and P. M. Otway and J. C. Grower (New 

Zealand). 

For preparation of the text and its typing, the author is 

much indebted to Katalin Roasa. 

Peter Hedervari* 

*Deceased 1984 

iil 
Blank page retained for pagination 
Preface iii 

Acknowl~ts iii 

Introduction 1 

Events Between Jan. 1, 1900, and Dec. 31, 1959 1 

Supplement 26 

List of Suhnarine Volcano Lacations 

References 31 

27 

Eruption of Mt. Wee, 1902 

Mau~fmLavaFlcms 7 

2 

Barcena Volcano 19, 20 

V 
CATALOG OF SUBMARINE VOLCANOES AND HYDROLOGICAL PHENOMENA 

ASSOCIATED WITH VOLCANIC EVENTS 

JANUARY 1, 1900 TO DECEMBER 31, 1959 

INTRODUCTION ? doubtful event 

On the suggestion of M. Neumann van Padang, the S supplement to a former item 

International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry 

of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI) has accepted some 

symbols for the short description of certain volcanic 

phenomena. Those symbols are used in this catalog, 

but it has been necessary to add a few more to them. find a 

The symbols used are as follows: 

At the end of this volume (p. 27) the reader will 

of Locationsll in which all the volcanoes 

(including the unnamed ones) are listed in alphabetical order according to the name of the volcano or, if 

unnamed, in terms of the name of the area in which the 

eruptive center can be found. The event numbers used 

in this catalog continue those used in Hedervari 

(1984). Accordingly, the first event discussed is 

number 303. Names and coordinates general ly fol 1 ow 

Volcanoes of the World by Simkin et al. (1981). These 

are almost identical to those used in the volumes of 

Catalogues of Active Volcanoes of the World Including 

Solfatara Fields, published by IAVCEI. 

A 

t 

3 

v 

W 

n 

A 

f 

nf 

x 

It 

Conventional Symbolseruption in the central crater 

-_-- 

eruption in a parasitic crater 

eruption in a radial fissure 

eruption in a regional fissure 

subglacial eruption 

normal explosions 

eruptions producing nuees ardentes 

lava flow 

eruption in a crater lake 

eruption in a lava lake 

extrusion of a lava dome 

extrusion of a spine 

phreatic explosions 

mud flows 

submarine eruption, sublake eruption 

volcanic island 

tsunami 

At the time of preparation of the present volume, 

the volumes for Iceland and for the Aleutian-Alaska 

belt had not yet been published by IAVCEI. Therefore, 

the data referring to these regions are taken from 

those of Berninghausen (1969), Hantke (1979), and 

Latter (1971), as well as those of Shackelford (1981). 

respectively. 

In the Catalogues of Active Volcanoes ... and in 

Simkin et a1 . (1981), each volcano has a serial number 

that gives information about the region, about the 

district within the region, and about the special 

nature of the volcano in question within the district. 

In the IAVCEI-Catalogue, volcano Tangkuban Prahu (or 

Parahu) has the number 6.3-9. In the Simkin volume 

the same serial number is written 0603-09. The latter 

form is used in this catalog. Here, 06 refers to 

Indonesia, 03 means Java, and 09 refers to the volcano 

itself. For easy identification of the individual 

volcanoes. the same system has been adopted for the 

"List of Locations" on p. 27. For Iceland and the 

Aleutian-Alaska belt, the serial numbers given by 

Simkin et al. (1981) were used, because those IAVCEI 

volumes were not available. 

0. EVENTS BETWEEN JAN. 1. 1900, and DEC. 31. 1959 

-- 

New Symbols 303. 1900--Falcon Island, Tonga Islands, SW Pacific 

tornadoes, water spouts, high (vertical ) A shoal was seen on the site of the former new 

volcanic island. The shoal in question was 2.7 m high 

at its northern end (Richard 1962). water columns 

seiche 

base surge 

* 

submarine lava flow 304. 1901 December 30--Cook Inlet, Alaska 

submergence of dennihilation of a volcanic Doubtful. A volcanic eruption on Cook Inlet was 

island (generally used only where exact reported by a few authors. The event was allegedly 

date is known) accompanied by an earthquake and a tsunami; the latter 

1 
consisted of more than one wave. We have no data or 

details on the eruption, however. Shishaldin Volcano 

in the Aleutian Chain showed certain activity in 1901 

but no further data are available (Simkin et al. 

1981). Redoubt Volcano erupted in 1902 (Gutenberg and 

Richter 1954) and the same is true for St. Augustine 

(Cox et al. 1976): "Manuscript notes of Reid's on 

file with the Coast and Geodetic Survey (now NOAA 

National Ocean Service), Rockville, M. (R.E. Eppley, 

personal communication) have four pertinent entries: 

1) a volcanic eruption 30 - 31 December 1901, covering 

Kenai with ash; 2) a volcanic eruption late in 1901 or 

early in 1902 accompanied by a severe quake; 3) an 

eruption and quake as in 2) with 'several tidal waves 

doing much damage' accompanying the quake; and 4) an 

eruption not far from Kenai on Cook Inlet, about 70 

miles above English Bay, reported in Juneau as 

occurring about 2 months before 7 March 1902, with 

strong earthquakes recorded in Baltimore on 30-31 

December 1901. Redoubt Volcano, across Cook Inlet 

from Kenai (and about 70 miles from English Bay) was 

in eruption on 18 January 1902 (Coats 1950). However, 

Redoubt is about 20 miles from the Cook Inlet coast. 

Augustine Volcano, on Augustine Island near the mouth 

of Cook Inlet, which was the source of the 1883 tsunami (see item No. 220, Hedervari 1984) was also in 

eruption in 1902. The date of the 1901-1902 tsueami 

seems to be in doubt, and it seems possible even that 

the tsunami report is erroneous and resulted from confusion with the 1883 event" (p. 14). 

0 ?"? 

305. 1901--Karua, New Hebrides Islands, SW Pacific 

A new island emerged from the sea at the end of a 

long cycle of activity that began as early as 1897. 

See also item No. 257, Hedervari (1984). The island 

had a length of 1 km and a height of 15 m. After half 

a year it gradually disappeared (Fisher 1957). 

?i **3 

306. 1902 May 5--Mont Pelee, West Indies 

The lahar that crashed down along the valley of 

River Blanche on the island of Martinique created a 

small tsunami in the sea. One yacht sank and a mill 

was destroyed. The number of dead was estimated at 30 

to 150 (Bullard 1968). 

307. 1902 May 7 - May 8--Unnamed submarine volcano, 

San Jorge region 

The coordiates of the submarine eruption point, 

according to the Catalogue of Active Volcanoes ..., are 

38" 30' N, 27" 25' W. The eruption was not observed 

directly, as the vent opened at a point deeply 

situated on the ocean floor; the activity is known 

because a submarine telegraphic cable was burned at 

this time. Volcanic ash and cinder were found on the I 

ridge after the outbreak. The same place showed signs 

of activity as early as 1800 (see item No. 82, 

Hedervari 1984). It is probably a fissure-volcano 

(Neumann van Padang 1967). Note that this submarine 

eruption in 1902 took place just simultaneously with 

the Mount Pelee eruption. It is, however, only accidental ; no geological or geophysical correlation can 

be supposed between the Azores and the Lesser Antilles. One is unlikely not only because of the very 

great distance between the submarine eruptive center 

in question and Mont Pelee, but, in addition, because 

of the structural (tectonic) difference of the two 

1 oca1 i ti es and thei r envi rons. The submarine vol can0 

belongs to the mid-Atlantic Rift System, a belt of 

creation of new oceanic lithosphere, while Mont Pelee 

belongs to a typical island arc, the zone of subduction of old lithosphere. The simultaneous activity of 

these volcanoes is, at any rate, very interesting and 

rema rka b 1 e. 

=7T 

Town of St. Pierre, Island of Hartinique, West Indies, destroyed by eruption 

of Mt. Pelee on flay 8, 1902. See Event No. 308. (From Howell Williams). 

2 
308. 1902 May 8--Mont Pelee, West Indies 

The glowing avalanche that destroyed the town of 

St. Pierre and killed more than 30,000 people, 

initiated a tsunami in the sea which was strong enough 

to produce extensive damage as far as Fort de France 

at a distance of about 19 krn off St. Pierre (Rullard 

1968). 

309. 1902 May 9--Hodder's Volcano, West Indies 

According to Simkin et al. (1981). no volcano is 

to be found here and the observed phenomena (see 

below) were not of volcanic origin. Therefore we 

regard the event as very doubtful. In the Catalogue 

of Active Volcanoes (Robson and Tomblin 1966) the 

following events are described: 

The white patches on the sea were seen from 

0830 to 1330 local time at about 14" 02'N. 

61" 04' W. After 1330 they disappeared completely. They were irregular in shape, but 

approximately oval. The larger one was 137 x 

91 m in extent, while the smaller spot meas 

ured 91 x 55 m. They appeared about 0.8 km 

apart. They gave the appearance of bubblings. 

Note that these white patches appeared just 

halfway between tlont Pelee of Martinique and 

Soufriere of St. Vincent. Mont Pelee had its 

paroxysmal outburst of a very similar character on the same day. 

The physical correlation between these two great 

eruptions appears to be almost certain, but as regards 

Hodder's "volcano", there is no proof of its physical 

existence. 

x ?? 

310. 1902 August 7 - August 24--Tori-sima, Itu 

Islands, Japan 

Simultaneously with the subaerial eruption, a submarine outbreak also took place 1.5 km southwest of 

the island (Kuno 1962). 

OpT 

311. 1902--hetepe, Nicaragua 

An eruption took place within Lake Nicaragua, on 

the island of Ometepe (Mooser et al. 1958). Whether 

there was any sublake component of this outbreak or 

not, is not known exactly; the event, therefore, is 

doubtful. 

=? 

(tectonic) earthquakes were observed on those days 

(Furumoto et al . 1973). 

313. 1904 April 17 - April 18--Banua Wuhu, Sangihe 

Submarine eruption (Neumann van Padang 1951), temporary island (van Bemmelen 1970). Van Bemmelen gives 

the following date for the activity: 1904 April 16 - 

August 27. The eruption on August 27 is treated by 

the Catalogue of Active Volcanoes as an independent 

event (Neumann van Padang 1951). 

Islands, Indonesia 

otx* 

314. 1904 May 14 - May 15--Kiwu Lake, Central African 

Volcanic Region 

Not mentioned by the Catalogue of Active Volcanoes 

and similarly absent from Simkin et al. (1981). 

Sublake eruption at 1" 40' S, 9" 08' E, in the northwestern part of the lake. Strong subterranean noise 

accompanied the event (Sapper 1927). Doubtful. 

-? 

315. 1904 August 27--Banua Wuhu, Sangihe Islands, 

Indonesia 

The submarine volcano erupted (Neumann van Padany 

1951; see item No. 313 as well. 

316. 1904 November 14 - 1905 June--Sin-Iwo-zima, 

Bonin Islands, Japan 

On November 14 sounds like cannon firing were 

heard. On the 28th the amount of smoke increased and 

on December 5 a small island came into being. The outbreak continued, and in 1905 January a pumice- and 

obsidian-fragment cone was built up. On 1905 February 

1 the circumference of the island was 5 km; it reached 

the height of 150 m. It soon declined, however. In 

1905 June its circumference was only 150 m and still 

later it disappeared due to collapse around the crater 

on the cone, and to wave erosion (Kuno 1962). 

K *A3 

312. 1903 October 5 (or October 6 or 8?)--Hawaii 

The unusual disturbance, observed in the ocean, 317. 1904 December - 1905 January--Nushima. Ryukyu 

Not mentioned by Simkin et al. (1981). According 

to Neumann van Padang (1938). a submarine eruption led 

miyht have been d submarine eruption. but was not d Islands 

tsunami ( Pararas-Carayannis and Calebaugh 1977). Note 

that an eruption of Flauna Loa volcano commenced from 

the summit on 1903 October 6 (r1acDonald 1955). NO 

3 
to the formation of a temporary island that was of an American vessel, Albatross. We accept the event 

destroyed soon after. No exact location is given. as valid (Supan 3910). 

E *A3 71* 

318. 1904--Fukutoku-0kanoba, Boni n Islands, Japan 324. 1906 October 4--Fl jl Islands 

According to SEAN (1980), a submarine eruption led A submarine outburst is mentioned by Sapper 

to the formation of a new island. (1927). As no further data are available and the 

event is not mentioned elsewhere, the case is regarded 

71* as doubtful. 

K? 

319. 1905 August 4 - 1911 November--Matavanu, Samoa, 

SW Paci f 1 c 

325. 1907 January - September--Bogoslof, Aleutian 

Great eruption on 1905 August 4, followed by an Is1 ands 

unusually long period of activity. The outburst was 

accompanied by a lava flow of some 1 km3. Small tsunamis were caused by material avalanching into the 

ocean. Several tsunamis were observed when the crater 1927). in lgo7 a eruption took 

was more than usually active (Richard 1962). 

Et rth of McCulloch Peak--a volcanic dome (Sapper 

and the south part of Mecalf Cone was destroyed 

(Latter 1979). 

0 t07% x t- A*t3 

320. 1905--Bogoslof. Aleutian Islands 

Bogoslof was active during this year (Latter 1979). 

 or O? 

321. 1906 February--Bogoslof, Aleutian Islands 

Birth of Metcalf Cone (the month is not quite certain, but probably in or around February). Half of it 

was blown away by an explosion before McCulloch dome 

arose in 1907 (Bullard 1968). The Metcalf Cone or 

Perry Island emerged from the sea midway between 

Castle Rock and Fire Island (Latter 1979). 

* 

322. 1906 April 7 - April 14--Bayonnaise Rocks. 

In the Myojin Sho area, at a point 9 to 15 km 

southeast of the Rocks. an eruption took place that 

ejected much pumice (Kuno 1962). 

Izu Islands, Japan 

71 

323. 1906 August--Perry Island. Aleutlan Islands 

326. 1907 April 1--Nameless submarine volcano at 

Monaco Bank, Azores 

The outbreak was detected only as a result of the 

rupture of a telegraph cable. Hence, the eruption is 

regarded as somewhat doubtful (Neumann van Padang et 

al. 1967). 

= ?K 1 

327. 907 July--Unnamed volcano, Tonga Islam 

SW Pacl f 1 c 

Submarine activity, no details (Richard 1962). 

Doubtful. 

T? 

328. 

Dense black cloud rose from Eogoslof, ash fell at 

Unalaska, rumblings, explosion of McCulloch Peak 

(Jaggar, see: Bullard 1968). This peak was wrecked by 

these explosions (Bullard 1968). McCulloch Peak was 

destroyed by the violent eruption (Latter 1979). 

1907 September 1--Bogoslof, Aleutlan Islands 

x t *3 

329. 1907 - 1908--Bogoslof, Aleutlan Islands 

During the winter of 1907/1908, explosions At 54" N, 168" W, a new island originated by submarine eruption. It is interestins to note that this occurred at Rogoslof (Bullard 1968). 

event is not mentioned in the different volcanological catalogs; it was, however, observed by the staff 

4 
330. 1908 February 6--Oempo, Sumatra 

A tsunami occurred, caused by an earthquake at 5' 

S, 100' E (Berninghausen 1966), observed at Sikakap, 

Pageh Isles (Visser 1922). The current name is 

Kepulanan Mentawai, Mentawai Island Group. Explosive 

outbreak of Dempo (mudflow and ash; Sapper 1927) on 

February 16 and 17 (Neumann van Padang 1951), after a 

3-year interval of quiescence. May it be that the 

eruption was triggered by the shock that caused, at 

the same time, the tsunami as well? Note that Dempo 

is located near the earthquake epicenter, namely at 

4.03' S, 103.13' E. In this case we have an indirect 

correlation between the quake and the eruption. 

30 ?e-.? 

331. 1908 June - 1910 September--6ogoslof. Aleutian 

Eruptions in the Bogoslof Group led to the formation of two (later coalesced) small lava-islands 

with a maximum height of 53 m. This is known by the 

name Tahoma (Neumann van Padany 1938). Origin: Oct. 

Islands 

1, 1909. 

332 

The 

( Jaggar; 

1908 July--Bogoslof, Aleutian Islands 

emains of Metcalf Cone (of Bogoslof) subsided 

see Bullard 1968). 

333. 1910 January 25--Poas, Costa Rica 

A very strange volcano-hydrological event occurred 

on this day. A phreatic eruption took place and it 

produced a probably unique phenomenon: it sent a 

geyser of water upward more than 4000 m into the air 

(Mooser et a1 . 1958). 

336. 1911 January 27 - February 8--Taal, Philippine 

Phreatic eruptions and normal explosions, devastation of arable land. According to Neumann van Padang 

(1953). a tsunami took p1 ace; Berni nghausen (1969), 

however, is of the opinion that it was a seiche. A 

seiche is accepted here, as seiches are frequent phenomena in Taal's crater lake. 

Is1 ands 

337. 1911 March 7--Monaco Bank, Azores 

A submarine eruption occurred. It consisted of a 

phreatic (?) explosion with a few water jets (Neumann 

van Padang et al. 1967). 

=7t t ??- 

338. 1911 August--Unnamed volcano, Tonga Islands, 

Submarine eruption, no further data exist (Richard 

1962, Sapper 1927). According to Simkin et al. (1981) 

the area is non-volcanic. Therefore, we regard the 

event to be doubtful. 

SW Pacific 

339. 1911 September 30--Pinne Marine Bank, Sicily Sea 

Emission of gases and submarine activity was 

accompanied by earth shocks, probably of volcanic origin (Imbo 1965). 

7T 

340. 1912 April 29--Unnamed Volcano, Tonga Islands, 

334. 1910 September 18 - 19--Bogoslof, Aleutian This is a reef on which the seawater breaks. On 

Islands the day mentioned, steam and smoke was seen (Richard 

Violent eruption of Bogoslof, strong explosions, 

and a new crater formed at the sumnit of Tahona Peak 

(Latter 1979, Bul lard 1968). 

SW Pacific 

1962). 

xt 

xt 

341. 1913--Falcon Island, Tonga Islands, SW Pacific 

335. 1910--Canal d' Orleans area near Antarctica 

Between Trinity Island and Palmerland, In Canal d' 

Orleans, allegedly a submarine outbreak took place 

(Sapper 1927). Doubtful. 

5 

The island--as a matter of fact a shoal, see item 

No. 303--has disappeared (Richard 1962). 

1)') 
342. 1914 January 12 - April--Sakura-zima, Kyushu. 

Japan 

Great explosive eruption from a lateral crater, 

accompanied by lava flow. The volcano originally was 

an island in the northern part of Kagoshima Bay, but 

it has been connected with the mainland by a narrow 348. 1916 April 18--Unnamed Volcano North of Taiwan 

isthmus formed by the 1914 lava (Kuno 1962). The 

eruption caused a tsunami, however probably A submarine eruption occurred near P’eng-Chia-Yu 

indirectly, because a (volcanic) shock with a magni- (Peng-Chia-Hsu). Steam eruption took place over an 

tude of 6.1 on the Richter scale (Usami 1966) took area Of about 30 square meters. The activity stopped 

place, and this shock was followed by the seismic sea 

wave having a tsunami magnitude of -1 (Iida et al. 

within 10 minutes (MacDonald 1972, Kuno 1962). ’ 

1972). iT 

349. 1916 June 21--Smith Rocks, Izu Islands, Japan 

343. 1914 January 23 - February 12--Sin-Iwo-zima, 

8oni n Islands, Japan Eruption below sea surface at a point just to the 

west of the Smith Rocks (Kuno 1962). 

The volcano is identical with Fukutoku-oka-noba. 

For the eruption Neumann van Padang (1938) gave the 

date January 13, only one day after the great eruption 

of Sakura-zima, see item No. 342, New submarine eruption on the site of the former one (see item No. 31;). 

Smoke rose up to 3 km above the sea, explosions 

occurred 26 times during 1 hour. A new island emerqed 350. 1916--Sin-Iwo-zima, Bonin Islands, Japan 

during January. It -was formed from pumice and 

obsidian fragments. It had a summit crater 250 m Disappearance of the new island that was formed in 

across. On February 12 the island was 0.7--1 km early 1914; see item No. 343 (Kuno 1962). 

across, 3.5 km in circumference, and had a height of 

120 m. The island disappeared in 1916 (Kuno 1962). A3 

xt * 

344. 1915 February--8ayonnaise Rocks, Izu Islands, 

Submarine activity occurred in the Myojin Sho 

Japan 

area, at a point 11 km east of the Rocks (Kuno 1962). 

E 

345. 1915 April--Bayonnajse Rocks, Izu Islands, Japan 

Another submarine outbreak on the place mentioned 

in item No. 344 (Kuno 1962). 

E 

351. 1918 July 18 - 1919 May--9anua Wuhu, Sangihe 

A temporary island is mentioned by van Bemmelen 

(1970). The coordinates of this feature -- also 

according to van Bemmelen -- are 3’ 8’ 16” N, 125’ 29’ 

26” E; and an earthquake of M = 8.25 was reported by 

Gutenberg and Richter (1954) from 5.5’ N, 123’ E, that 

occurred on 1918 August 15. It was accompanied by a 

tsunami (Iida at al. 1972) having a tsunami-magnitude 

of about 2.5 and a maximum height of 7 m at the coast 

of Mindanao. The sea wave was observed at Glan Lebak 

(2 m), at Kii Kushimoto (0.2 m) and at Honolulu 

(smaller than 0.1 m). Many people lost their lives as 

a consequence of this tsunami. It is not impossible 

that this shock might have been associated with the 

eruption mentioned above. The new island reached a 

length of 70 m and a height of 12 m. It disappeared 

in 1935 (Neumann van Padang 1951). 

Islands 

X*S? 

346. 1915 June--Bayonnaise Rocks, Izu Islands, Japan 

Submarine explosions took place at points 19 km 

northeast and 4 km southwest of the Rocks (Kuno 1962). 

352. 1918 September 8--Slmuslrl (Kurl le Islands) 

A very doubtful event. Sapper (1927) has mentioned that the great tsunami that occurred on this 

day might have heen connected with a submarine eruption, but other catalogs (Gorshkov 1958, Slmkln et al. 

1981) do not mention any eruption for this day and 

place. It Is not clear, furthermore, which volcano 

347. 1915 July--6ayonnalre Rocks, Izu Islands, Japan was involved. Is Slmuslri Identlcal with Slmuslru 

Fudz4 (0900-19) or Gorlaschala Sopka (0900-178)? The 

Submarine explosions occurred at polnts 19 km tsunami was the dfrect consequence of a great (H 

northeast and 4 km southwest of Bayonnalse Rocks, In 8.25) tectonic earthquake that occurred at 45.5’ N, 

the same places mentloned under No. 346, (Kuno 1962). 151.5’ E at a shallow depth, The tsunaml reached a 

6 
, maximum height of 12 m. Its magnitude was 3.6 (Iida 

et a1 . 1972). 

1 353. 1919 April 2--Kelut, Java 

On this day an earthquake shook western Java and 

southern Sumatra and a tsunami was observed along the 

coast of southern Sumatra. This sea wave was not mentioned by Iida et al. (1972) however. Volcano Kelut 

erupted on May 20. If 

so, the eruption was indirectly related to the tsunami. The physical connection between these events 

is, however, uncertain. No data is available about 

the magnitude of the shock (Visser 1922). According 

to Sapper (1927). the eruption caused a flood that 

killed 5,110 people. The water came from the Kelut's 

crater lake, and its volume was estimated as 3.5 

million cubic meters. 

Was it triggered by the quake? 

The eruption began after dark. 

Volcano Kelut is well known by its crater-lake 

eruptions. As these are also volcano-hydrologic phenomena, here is a list of the known cases up to about 

1950 (Neumann van Padang 1951). 

Dates of crater-lake eruptions and floods 

1000; 1311; 1334; 1376; 1385; 1395; 1411; 1451; 1462; 

1481; 1548; 1586; 1641; 1716 July 20; 1752 May 1; 1771 

January 10; 1776;1785; 1811 June 5; 1825; 1826 October 

11-14, 18 and 25; 1835; 1848 May 16; 1851 January 24; 

1864 January 3-4; 1901 May 22-23; 1919 May 20; 1920 

December 6-12. 

For the April 2 event: 5 

For the May 20 event: w 7 -nm t 

(meaning of the last two symbols: Devastation of 

arable lands, and casualties). 

354. 1919 May 22--Stromboli, Italy 

This was a very severe eruption that was followed 

by a tsunami (Imbo 1965, Perret 1950). 

or kl 

355. 1919 September 29--Mauna Loa, Hawaii 

Eruption from the southwest rift zone, with submarine lava flow of some 153 million cubic meters 

(MacDonald 1955). 

Mauna Loa, Hawaii. Collapsed lava tube in flow 

(1933). 

rift zone. See Event 355. (From Univ. of Colorado). 

Looking SW to historic fissure flow from NE 

Mauna Loa, Hawaii. Note Lava trees. Pahoehoe flow 

looking W. See Event 355. (From Univ. of Colorado). 

I 

Mauna Loa, Hawaii. Shield volcano emitting fumes. 

See Event 355. (From University of Colorado, 

356. 1919 October 2--Mauna Loa, Hawaii 

Small tsunami on the Kona coast--probably associated with the outbreak on Mauna Loa that began on 

7 
September 29, 1919 at the southwest rift zone. See second was a parasitic cone. It appeared on 1923 May 

item No. 355. 8. It had a length of 30 m and a height of only 0.3 m 

above the mean level of the ocean. The submarine cone 

probably came into being in the same year. Its top 

was 19 m below sed level (Neumann van Padang 1953). 

(Pararas-Carayannis and Calebaugh 1977). 

*T 3 

?r *a? 

357. 1920 January 22--Unnamed Volcano, New Hebrides 

Islands, SW Pacific 

TI *? 

358. 1920--Nyamuragi ra, Africa 

Probable eruption in Lake Kivu (Richard and 

Neumann van Padany 1957). 

-? 

359. 1921 November--Falcon Island, Tonga Islands, SW 

The island has reappeared in the form of a rock, 

Paci f i c 

13.7 m across (Richard 1962). 

?q * 

360. 1922--Unnamed Volcano, Sangihe Islands, 

Allegedly an eruption took place during the first 

half of the year. Simkin et al. (1981) dated the 

eruption February 1 plus or minus 30 days, and for the 

location they gave the following coordinates: 03.97" 

N, 124.17" E. Van Bemmelen (1970) mentioned 3" 58' N, 

124" 12' E. while MacDonald (1972) gave 3" 58' N, 

128" 10' E. The outbreak of this volcano and even the 

existence of it is strongly questioned (see item 

No. 245 in Hedervari 1964). 

Indonesia 

iT ?? 

361. 1922--Bogoslof, Aleutian Islands 

By this time the Metcalf Cone and Tahoma Peak of 

Bogoslof were removed by explosions, collapse, and 

erosion (Latter 1979). 

t 

362. 1923 March 2 - May 13-Cendres (or Ile des 

Three submarine eruption points are known; two 

islands and a submarine cone emerged. The first was a 

34-m high and 457-m long crescent-like island, seen at 

first on March 15 and yone since 1927 July. The 

Cendres), SE Asia 

A submarine eruption is noted; no further data 

(Ki chard 1962). 

K 

364. 1924 February 15--Unnamed Volcano, Kuri le 

A submarine eruption is indicated by Gorshkov 

(1958). He yave the following coordinates for the 

event: 48" 05' N, 153O 20' E. Sapper (1927) has mentioned a submarine outbreak on February 9 at 48" 2U' 

N, 155" E. The identity is, however, not certain. 

'71 

Islands 

365. 1924 May 10--Kilauea, Hawaii 

Start of Kilauea outbreak in the caldera, followed 

by collapse in the same month. Phreatic explosions, 

preceded by rapid sinking of magma column, accompanied 

by shocks (probably of volcanic origin) and faultings 

in the east rift zone. Possibly there was a submarine 

eruption east of the island (MacDonald 1955). Base 

surge. Tsunami on May 30 -- somewhat doubtful, it 

miyht have been perhaps a storm-surge or a tsunami due 

to local landslide (Pararas-Carayannis and Calebauyh 

1977). 

Note: It can be supposed that the disappearance 

of thelava-lake from the Halemaumau crater within 

Kilauea's caldera -- that also happened in 1924 -- was 

related to the phreatic eruption. 

O?'=?= xf "? 

366. 1925 August 11 - 1926 January 14--Santorini, 

Explosions in the channel between Mikra Kameni, 

Nea Kameni, and Georgios Islands within the caldera. 

Submarine effusion of lava formed a small dome that 

rose above the water and united Mikra Kameni with Nea 

Kameni on the next day (Georgalas 1962). See items 

367 and 370. 

Aegean Sea 

Note: This eruption of Santorini, like almost all 

othemown outbreaks of this volcano, has been associated with earthquakes of tectonic origin. For 

details see Komlos, Hedervari, and Meszaros (1978). as 

well as Hedervari (1979). 
373. 1926 July 17--Bogoslof, Aleutian Islands 

Submarine eruptions accompanied by explosions. 

Lava at Bogoslof (Latter 1979). New dome (Bullard 

1968). T9n -A367. 1925 September ll - September 24--Santorini , 

THe eruption center and the dome that united Mikro 

Aegean Sea 

and Nea Kameni Islands in the caldera shifted 140 rn to 

the southwest from the initial point. Three lava 374. 1926 August 12--Bogoslof, Aleutian Islands 

flows were observed. During the entire activity a 

96.2-m high rampart was formed around the Dafni dome. 

The third flow covered an area of some 25,000 m2. km high (Latter 1979)* 

Violent explosive outbreak at Bogoslof; ash cloud 

(Georgal as 1962). xt 

714- st 

375. 1926--Bogoslof, Aleutian Islands 

368. 1925 September 24--Nieuwerkerk, Banda Sea From January until December 1927 at Bogoslof. a 

fumarolic activity was observed with some explosions, 

and pumice was seen (Latter 1979). 

A submarine eruption? See item NO. 245 in Heder- lava dome joined the Fire Island and Castle Rock; 

vari (1984). See also Neumann van Padang (1951). 

K? 7(; * 

369. 1925 October Jl--Iriomote-jima, Ryukyu Islands 376. 1926--Askja. Iceland 

Submarine activity: water domes were formed and. 

lapilli were ejected. On the next day a field of 

Dumice. 5.6 km lonq and 0.9 km wide. was seen (Kuno from 26 km long fissure (Berninghausen 1964). 

A small volcanic island formed in lake Oskjavatn 

1962). 

XI 

370. 1926 January 14--Santorinl, Aegean Sea 

=* 

377. 1927 February or March--Emperor of China, Banda 

Sea 

At the end of the activity within the caldera the 

new dome had a height of 89 m. the total area covered Allegedy a submarine eruption took place. See 

with the new (so-called) Dafni lava was 980,000 m2, item No. 245 in WDC-A Report SE-36. (Neumann van 

and its volume reached 108,239,800 m3. (Georgalas Padang 1951)- 

1962). 

X9n .h 

371. 1926 April 10--Mauna Loa, Hawaii 378. 1927 February or March--Nieuwerkerk, Banda Sea 

Allegedy a submarine eruption took place (Neumann 

van Padang 1951). See item No. 245 in the first 

volume, WDC-A Report SE-36, Eruption from the southwest rift belt with a submarine lava flow of about 1.2 million 'm3 

(MacDonald 1955). 

aF 

372. 1926 June--Eldey, Iceland 

379. 1927 July 6--8ogoslof. Aleutian Islands 

The new cumulo-dome was surrounded bv an extensive 

warm lagoon, which was enclosed by a co6plete ring of Submarine eruption "Ortheast Of boulder banks and sands 3 m above the level of the 

was first bubbling and later spouting; finally, dead sea. The surviving of Castle Rock and 

fishes (Thorarinsson 1965)* An Grewing were connected by this means (Cotton 1969). 

An eruption was noted (Davis and Echols 1962). island came into belng (MacDonald 1972). 

The Sea 

X* 7T 

9 
380. 1927 July--Anak Krakatau, Indonesia 

Start of the first eriod of activity -- the first 

the great eruption of 1883 -- gas bubbles appeared 

within the caldera of Krakatau (Neumann van Padang 

1951). 

signs of a new perio --he-r o vo canic manifestations after 

Note: For the further development of Anak 

Kraks see the later events as well. Neumann van 

Padang (1983) has recently summarized the most important stages as follows: 

"The activity of Anak Krakatau.. .hegan on 29 

December 1927 with submarine eruptions from a spot in 

the caldera sea near the steep northeastern submarine 

ridge in the basin. The eruption products built up a 

cone which rose above the sea level on 26 January 1928 

as a long elongated island. ... Surf eroded this 

island and in February it already had disappeared. 

"The eruption continued, and on 28 January 1929 a 

new crater rim appeared, Anak Krakatau 11, which 

lasted until July the 3rd. Stehn made a special study 

of the ebullitions: the upwellings of the sea, the 

water cones and the water fountains that accomparied 

the eruptions. In the Bulletins of the Netherlands 

Indies Volcanological Survey of the years 1929 through 

1940 the activity and the origin of Anak Krakatau 111 

and IV since 12 August 1930 were described. A violent 

eruption of Anak Krakatau was observed in May 1933 by 

Stehn. The eruption clouds, reaching a height of 4000 

m and even more, were accompanied by rumblings and 

electric discharges." (p. 26) 

381. 1927 July - 1930 August 15--Anak Krakatau, 

Flrst period of activity. (For details see the 

different phases, discussed in later items.) In 1927 

and 1928 base surges were observed (Moore 1967). 

I ndones i a 

7T t fk = =!= 

382. 1927 August 7--Paluweh, Lesser Sunda Islands 

Heck (1947) mentioned an eruption on 1927 August 

7. Berninghausen (1969) gave August 4, the same year. 

Iida et al. (1972) noted an eruption of Rokatinda 

(synonym of Paluweh) again for 1927 August 7. All 

these items are erroneous since no eruption on 1927 

August 4 or 7 is mentioned in the Catalog of Active 

Volcanoes (Neumann van Padang 1951) and in Volcanoes 

of the World (Simkin et al. 1981). The real date is 

1928 August 4; see item 390. 

? 

383. 1927 October 4--Falcon Island, Tonga Islands, SW 

Submarine eruption, forming a new island, having a 

didmeter of 1581 m in the north-south, and 1308 m in 

the east-west, direction (Richard 1962). 

Pacific 

384. 1927 December 29 - 1928 February 5--Anak 

First phase of the first period. Smoke was seen 

since December 29. On January 3 six submarine vents 

appeared, but only one remained active on January 4. 

From January 26 until February 4 the crater rim 

emerged above the sea (height 3 m, length 175 m), but 

this land, Anak Krakatau I, was soon destroyed. 

Tremors and explosions became much stronyer after 

January 7. On January 21 the rim emerged once again 

for one day. On January 28 a great amount of matter 

was ejected. The final result was an island, Anak 

Krakatau I1 (height 38 m, length 250 m). On February 

3 and 4, 11,791 explosions were counted within 24 

hours! (Neumann van Padang 1951). 

Krakatau, Indonesia 

=A3 

385. 1928 January 23 - March 17--Santorini, Aegean 

A new eruption center came into being within the 

caldera, 300 m south-southeast of the Dafni dome. A 

new dome, called Naftilos, originated due to lava 

effusions, having a maximum height of 15.6 111 and a 

total volume of about 40,000 m3 (Georgalas 1962). 

Sea 

71.Tj;O- * 

386. 1928 March 25 - June 2--Anak Krakatau, Indonesia 

The explosive activity continued; no futher details are available 

(Neumann van Padang 1951). 

Second phase of first period. 

387. 1928 May--Falcon Is 

Violent eruption; no detai 

Paci f 1 c 

Tt 

and, 

s (H 

Tonga Islands, SW 

chard 1962). 

388. 1928 July 3--Anak Krakatau, Indonesia 

By sliding into the deep basin nearby, and as the 

consequence of wave erosion, the island of Anak 

Krakatau I1 that emerged on and after January 28, 

1928, completely di sappeared (Neumann van Padang 

1951). t = *-+ 

389. 1928 July 6 - July 13--Anak Krakatau, Indonesia 

Third phase of the flrst period. The explosive 

activity continued, no further data (Neumann van 

Padang 1951). 

10 
K t= 

390. 1928 August 4 - August 5 (or September 25)-- 

Eruption of Paluweh (identical with Rokatinda, 

which is, as a mtter of fact, the name of the 

crater). Explosions, new lava dome. A tsunami has 

been associ ated with the event, magnitude about 1. 

Effects of the tsunami, the earthquake, and the eruption caused 226 deaths. Sieberg (1932) gave the date 

as 1928 Auyust 4 or 5. Simkin et al. (1981) accepted 

1928 August 4 - September 25. Thus the date given by 

other authors, such as 1927 Auyust 4 or 7 is erroneous; see item No. 382. Tsunami-data are from Iida 

et al. (1972) and Berninghausen (1969). respectively. 

Paluweh, Lesser Sunda Islands 

0 ps 

396. 1928--Veteran. SE Asia 

Discolored water was reported, suggesting a submarine eruption. The event is doubtful (Neumann van 

Padang 1953). 

X? 

397. 1929 January 12 - February lS--Anak Krakatau. 

I ndones i a 

Seventh phase of the first period. Explosions. 

(Neumann van Padang 1951). 

K t= 

391. 1928 August 25 - September 4--Anak Krakatau, 

Explosive acti398. 1929 March 6 - 13--Anak Krakatau, Indonesia Indonesia 

Fourth phase of the first period. Eiyhth phase of the first period. The explosive vity (ikumdnn van Paddny 1951). activity continued (Neumann van Padang 1951). 

xt= K t= 

392. 1928 September 19--Anak Krakatau, Indonesia 399. 1929 June 8 - 20--Anak Krakatau, Indonesia 

Detonations without visible phenomena. On this Ninth phase of the first period. Further exploday 1,326 exPlosions were heard (Neurlldnn van Paddng sions were observed (Neumann van Padang 1951). 

1951). 

71 t= 

400. 1929 July 25 - August 25--Anak Krakatau, 

Tenth phase of the first period. Explosive acti393. 1928 October 13 - 1930--Falcon Island, Tonga Indonesia 

Islands, SW Pacific 

The island was grwiny slowly. un October 13 it 

had a heiynt of 123.4 m, while in 1Y3O a height of “Ity (N~~~~~~ van padang 1951). 

144.8 m was stated (Kichard 1Y62). K t= 

A 

401. 1929 September 19 - Octotber 7--Anak Krakatau, 

Eleventh phase of the first period. Explosions. 

Indones i a 

394. 1928 November 4 - 26--Anak Krakatau, Indonesia 

Fifth phase of the first period. txplosions (Neumann van padang 1951). 

(Neumann Vdn Pdddny 1951). 

7i t= K t= 

402. 1929 December 7 - 23--Anak Krakatau, Indonesia 

395. 1928 December 11 - 20--Anak Krakatau, Indonesia 

The center of 

Sixth phase of the first period. The explosive the eruptions shifted 6U0 m to the southwest to a 

activity continued; no further details are avdilable place where the depth of the caldera is 250 m (Neumann 

(Neuiiiann van Pndany 1Yk11). 

Twelfth phase of the first period. 

van Padang 1951). 

11 
403 

crat 

1930 January 14 - 28--Anak Krakatau, Indonesia 

hirteenth phase of the first period. The original 

r became active again (Neumann van Padang 1951). 

xt= 

404. 1930 March 10 - April 5--Anak Krakatau, 

Indonesia 

Fourteenth phase of the first period. Explosive 

activity (Neumann van Padang 1951). 

K t= 

405. 1930 April 30 - May 15--Anak Krakatau, Indonesia 

Fifteenth phase of the first period. The explosive activity continued; no further details are 

available (Neumann van Padang 1951). 

7l t= 

406. 1930 June 2 - August 8--Anak Krakatau, Indonesia 

First part of the 16th phase of the first period. 

Between June 8 and 13 a new island emerged from the 

sea. This was Anak Krakatau 111. Hy June 25 the 

crater rim emerged above sed level on all sides. On 

this day particularly strong eruptive activity was 

observed: 14,269 explosions were counted! At the 

same time flashes of lights were seen. On June 14 the 

height of the island was 31 rn. A new phenomenon was 

noted: gases mixed with fine ash escaped with a great 

force and a roarins sound. At night they were visible 

as a beam of fire (Neumann van Padang 1951). 

?i ti%= 

407. 1930 August 9 - 12--Anak Krakatau, Indonesia 

Second part of the 16th phase of the first period. 

On August 9, the new island, Anak Krakatau 111, disappeared. Its final height was 50 m, and its length 

reached 375 m. It is supposed that the island was 

destroyed by submarine explosions. There might have 

been four submarine centers in total. On August 12 a 

new island, Anak Krakatau IV, was born. It still 

exists. 

x t=++i%a 

408. 1930 August 13 - 15--Anak Krakatau, Indonesia 

Third part of the 16th phase of the first period. 

The explosive activity continued. On August 14 gas 

and water spouts caused damage to the woods of 

Vertaten Island. One of the waterspouts had a height 

of 140U m with a width of 100 m. Extraordinarily 

intense seismicity was observed until August 15 (the 

shocks by all likelihood were of volcanic origin). 

Anak Krakatau IV at this time had a height of 13.5 m., 

which was reduced to 8.9 m. in November. The width of 

the island, before this reduction took place, was 500 

m and the length reached 1125 m. The crater was 750 

m across (Neumann van Padang 1951). 

jrl t=3/ 

409. 1930 September 11--Stromboli , Italy 

Very severe explosive eruption accompanied by a 

tsunami (Imbo 1965). 

0 t.73 

410. 1931 September 23 - 1932 February 17--Anak 

Second period of activity . Krakatau, Indonesia 

Phases : 

1. 1931 September 23 - 26 

2. 1931 November 5 - 7 

3. 1931 December 5 - 21 

4. 1932 February 12 - 17 

In the first phase two explosion points were 

active. Clouds rose up to 2400 m. Great quantities 

of ash and lapilli increased the island height to 

47.2 m. Length and width of the island were 1150 m 

and 550 m, respectively. The diameter of the crater 

was 375 m. The activity of the other three phases was 

insignificant (Neumann van Padany 1951). 

-to, 

411. 1931 October--Bogoslof, Aleutian Islands 

End of funiarolic activity and explosions in the 

area of Fire Island and Castle Rock in the Bogoslof 

area (Latter 1979). 

412. 1931 November 1--Bogoslof, Aleutian Islands 

Dome formation, explosions (Hantke 1979. MacDonald 

1972). 

413. 1932 November 14 - 1934 June 9--Anak Krakatau, 

Indonesia 

Third period of activity. Phases: 

1. 1932 November 14 - December 25 

2. 

3. 1933 June 10 - 17 

5. 

6. 1933 November 10 - December 6 

1933 January 16 - May 25 

1933 September 5 - October 5 

4. 1933 July 5 - 6 
7. 1934 January 6 - 26 

8. 1934 March 

9. 1934 May 5 - 12 

10. 1934 June 7 - 9 

Character of activity similar to the two previous 

periods. By May 25, 1933, the height of the island 

was measured as 96.9 m, and by the end of the period 

it was reduced to 88.5 m. In October 1933, three new 

explosion holes came into existence; each had a width 

of 30 - 45 m (Neumann van Padang 1951). 

-t 0 

414. 1932, end of the year--Unnamed undersea volcano, 

Tonga Islands, SW Pacific 

Submarine activity has been reported, but no 

details are known (Richard 1962). 

415. 1933 January 8--Kharimkotan, Kurile Islands 

Explosive eruption of Kharimkotan (the name is the 

synonym of Severgi n), accompanied by tsunamis 

(MacDonald 1972). The tsunami -magnitude (Iida et al. 

1972) was around 3; the maximum height at Kharimkotan 

Island reached 9 m. There were three waves in total 

but no significant (tectonic) earthquake took place, 

so the tsunamis 

eruption itself. 

were the direct consequences of the 

t416. 1933 April--Falcon Island, Tonga Islands, SW 

The island at this 

Pacific 

Explosive underwater eruption. 

time was longer than before (Richard 1962). 

"t 

417. 1933 May 1 - 2-- Anak Krakatau, Indonesia 

In the second phase of the third period (see item 

No. 413) an exceptionally violent eruption of phreatomagmatic character (Williams and McBirney 1979) took 

place. It is worth separate mention. A dark base 

surge emerged over the crater's rim and spread 

laterally outward. Neumann van Padang (1951) has 

written about this particular eruption as follows: 

"Very violent activity took place on May 1st and 

2nd. Stehn. ..distinguished 12 gas phases, by which 

during 5, up to 77 minutes ash laden volcanic gases 

were blown into the air with great force, even to a 

height of more than 6800 m. The column, black at day 

time and ablaze at night, was uninterruptedly accompanied by booming, roaring, buzzing, cracking and 

thundering sounds. With a terrible crack the phenomena generally began and ended. These violent eruptions have not heightened the island but they partly 

demolished the SE rim. --Anak Krakatau. being 37.35 m 

high in the beginning of this eruption period reached 

a height of 96.92 m. on May 25, 1933." (p. 59) 

t =I= 

418. 1933 November 13 - 1934 June--Alaid, Kurile 

Flank eruption and formation of a new lateral 

crater. Until 1934 May, there was Strombolain-type 

activity. As a result, at a certain distance from the 

coast a new adventive cone came into existence. 

Height: 145 m. (Gorshkov 1958). 

Is1 ands 

0 tx9* 

419. 1933 December 25--Bulusan, Luzon, Philippines 

Normal explosions from the central crater, accompanied by a tsunami (Neumann van Padang 1953). 

According to Iida et al. (1972), it can be supposed 

that the tsunami was the consequence of a storm since 

it took place on December 26; that is, one day after 

the start of the eruption. The relationship between 

the volcanic outbreak and the tsunami is, therefore, 

doubtful. 

0 ta 

420. 1934 May--6ayonnaise Rocks, Izu Islands, Japan 

In the Myojin Sho area a submarine eruption was 

reported at a point 9 km east of the Bayonnaise Rocks 

(Kuno 1962). 

x 

421. 1934 September 17 - to 1935 September 20 -- 

Submarine activity. Smoke and pumice were seen 

and detonations were heard. In 1934 November a lavaisland came into being but was disintegrated by explosions on 1934 December 30. A second island was formed 

on 1935 January 8. It had a length of 300 m, a width 

of 15U m. and a height of 20 in, as measured on 1935 

January 20. Its crater was 50 m. across. Another 

island was born on 1935 February 20. On 1935 March 26 

the older island was 50-60 m high and the new one was 

22-23 m hiyh (Kuno 1962). 

Tokara-Iwo-Jlma, Ryukyu Islands 

" ttCAq* 

422. 1934--Uracas, Hariana slands, Central Pac fic 

Submarine activity was noted; no details are 

available (Kuno 1962). The name is the synonym of 

Farallon de Pajaros. 

c)3T 

13 
423. 1935 January 4 - July 12--Anak Krakatau, 

Fourth period of activity. Phases: 

1. 1935 January 4 - 14 

2. 1935 February 6 - May 6 

3. 1935 May 25 - July 12 

Indonesia 

From the 275-111 long and 250-111 wide oval crater 

lake, mud was thrown up to 125 m, but usually these 

mud-spouts were smaller than 50 m. These events 

occurred in February and the first weeks of March. 

From July 6 to 12 very strong explosions took place. 

Their detonations were heard at a distance of 360 km. 

Afer July 12 the height of the island was 63.3 m. 

(Neumann van Padang 1951). 

424. 1935 August - 1936 August-- Anak Krakatau, 

The southwest coast of the island receded in the 

northeast direction. Thus in August 1936 it shifted 

over a distance of about 400 m. The crater lake was 

almost completely filled up with sand (Neumann van 

Padang 1951). 

Indonesia 

iT ?t 

425. 1935 November 21--Hauna Loa, Hawali 

every 15 minutes. The height of the island was 61 m 

(Richard 1962), 

OKt* 

429. 1936 October 13 - November--Anak Krakatau, 

Fifth period of activity. Medium-sized eruptions; the ejected solid material reached only 

100, 200, or 300 m above the crater. Note that the 

vent was outside of the main crater (Neumann van 

Padang 1951). 

Indonesia 

E?t 

430. 1936 November 4--Kliuchevskaja Sopka. Karnchatka 

The volcano erupted on this day. Note that its 

coordinates are as follows: 56.18' N, 160.78" E. 

About 10 days after the beginning of the outbreak a 

strong, M = 7.2 earthquake of tectonic origin took 

place at 55.50°N, 163.00'E at a shallow depth. 

These data are froin Vlodavetz and Piip (1959) as well 

as Gutenberg and Richter (1954). Iida et al. (1972) 

have mentioned that at Ust ' Kamchatsk, Kamchatka 

Peninsula, a tsunami was observed on November 14. 

Quoting their text: "13 m swell reported beginning at 

time of both earthquake and high wind. Solov'ev and 

Ferchev consider probably a tsunami but considering 

lack of distant mareographic effects this seems 

doubtful 'I. 

Eruption from the northeast rift belt. A tsunami If -- nevertheless -- it was a real tsunami, then 

did damage at Hilo (Furumoto et al. 1973). An earth- it can be supposed that the eruption triggered the 

quake (of tectonic origin?) was associated with the earthquake, and the tsunami was the consequence of 

eruption and the tsunami was probably the consequence We know many cases when volcanic 

of this shock. Thus a physical correlation between eruption had a triggering effect on earthquakes (e.g., 

the shock and the outbreak can be suggested. Volcanoes Katmai 1912; Agung 1963; see: Hedervari 

1979). However, in the present case, although such an 

indirect correlation among the events is not excluded, 

the relationship appears to be uncertain. 

this tectonic shock. 

Ot =7 

426. 1935--Bogoslof, Aleutian Islands 

By this year, Fire Island, as a result of erosion, 

separated from the larger southern island (Latter 

427. 1935--Banua Wuhu, Sangihe Islands, Indonesia 

Disappearance of the island that came into being 

between 1918 July 18 and 1919 May (see item No. 351). 

(Neumann van Padang 1951) 

x-a 

431. 1937 May 29 - June 2-Vulcan, New Britain, SW 

Vulcan or Raluan is one of the marginal volcanoes 

of the Rabaul caldera. A submarine eruption, and 

violently explosive. the present Vulcan Crater was 

built up from sea level. A tsunami accompanied the 

event. About 21 hours later, the nearby Matupi 

volcano--known also as Tavurvur and having the same 

code, 0502-14--also erupted into violent explosive 

outburst (Fisher 1957). 

Pacific 

Note: The (almost) simultaneous eruption of two 

neighboring volcanoes represents a very infrequent, 

but not unique, interesting phenomemon. A similar 

case is the Katmai--Nova Rupta eruption in 1912 in 

Alaska. Another example is the eruption of Mont Pelee 

of Martinique on May 2, 1902, with the paroxysm on May 

8, and the outbreak of Soufriere of St. Vincent on May 

428. 1936 June--Falcon Island, Tonga Islands, SW 6, the same year. In the case of volcanoes that are 

Pacific located near one another, within a few tens of kilometers, such as the Katmai--Nova Rupta pair or with 

Frequent explosive eruptions; explosions generally Vulcan and Matupi, a subterranean connection ("natural 
tunnel" between the volcanoes in question) can be sup- Strong outbreaks in the first phase. Two small 

posed. In cases where the distance is great, a (40-and 47-m wide) craterlets originated on March 20, 

hundred kilometres or more, such simultaneous erup- 1939, and in June a new border craterlet came into 

tions can be attributed to regional stresses that act being. June 17 - 18: very strony eruptions, clouds 

on the shallow magma chambers of the volcanoes reached the height of 4000 m. At the end of the 

involved rather simultaneously. period the altitude of the island was 125 m and the 

crater was 680 m across and the lake within the crater 

was 460 m in width (Neumann van Padang 1951). x*foxqt 

432. 1937 August 6 - November 23--Anak Krakatau, 

Indonesia 

436. 

Simultaneously with the eruptions that took place 

1. 1937 August 6 - September 21 from the summit crater and from a parasitic crater, 

2. 1937 November 17 - 23 respectively, spouts of water were seen some 1.6 km 

southeast of the island. Five separate eruptions 

1939 June--Fonualei, Tonga Islands, SW Paclfic 

Sixth period of activity. Phases: 

Rather strong eruptions. In the first phase the occurred from two different sources (Richard 1962). 

maximum height of the clouds was about 26U0 m. 

(Neumann van Padang 1951). 

In the 

second, the explosions produced smaller clouds xt L 

437. 1939 July 24--Kick-'Em-Jenny, W. Indies 

From 0800 (local time) earthquakes were felt fre433. 1937--Nameless undersea volcano, Tonga Islands, quently in the northern part of Grenada. Between 

SW Paci fic 1202 and 1315 seven heavy shocks occurred, the most 

prolonged of which lasted 12 seconds and was accomHere a reef on which the sea breaks is known. In panied by the discharge of a black column of smoke 

the year mentioned, explosive activity was noted from a point of the sea 8 km north of David Point. 

(Richard 1962). The eruption cloud was a small one. It reaching 61 m 

at most. It contained solid, dark bodies of considerable size. At 1804 a second discharge of brown 

smoke emerged froni the same point, reaching a height 

of 274 m (Robson and Tomblin 1966, Robson 1964). 

xt 

xt 

434. 1937 - 1940--Falcon Island, Tonga Islands, SW 

Paci f i c 

In 1937 and 1938 no further volcanic activity was 

observed, but measurements were made. According to 

the results the island was some 2400 m long and 85 m 

high. In 1940 November the reinnants of the island 

consisted of black scoriae and the height was about 

9 m only (Richard 1962). 

438. 1939 17 - end of December--Tori-Sima, 

A submarine eruption was reported, no details 

IZU Islands, Japan 

(MacDonald 1972). 

A 

435. 1938 July 4 - 1940 July 2--Anak Krakatau, 439. 1939 August 20 - 1941 first days of July-- 

Indonesia Santorini, Aegean Sea 

Seventh period of activity. Phases: 

1. 1938 

2. 1938 

4. 1938 

6. 1939 

7. 1939 

8. 1939 

9. 1939 

10. 1939 

11. 1940 

12. 1940 

13. 1940 

3. 1938 

5. 1938 

A new eruptive cycle began thdt can be divided 

into five ohases. See the followincl five items 

July 4 - August 29 

September 12 - 14 

October 2 

November 7 

December 8 - 9 

January 15 - 27 

March 20 

June 1 - August 4 

September 23 - 25 

December 13 - 1940 January 9 

February 3 - 10 

March 1 - May 15 

June 10 - July 2 

(Georyal as 1'962). 

t7iTa * 

440. 1939 August 20 - September 1--Santorini, Aegean 

Sea 

Submarine explosions at the western coast of Nea 

Kameni. Two small domes were formed: on the west 

Triton A and on the east Triton 6. Later on, however, 
they united and reached an altitude of 13 m. The 

total area, covered by new lava was 9850 m2. There 

were smaller esplosions from August 26 to September 1 

first phase. (Georgalas 1962). 

t?YTa * 

441. 1939 September 23 - November 25--Santorinl, 

A new dome, called Ktenas, was formed west of the 

summit of Nea Kameni Island. The lava flow covered 

the Triton domes. Maximum height of Ktenas reached 

77 m. Lava covered 132,500 m2 of the surface second 

phase. (Georgalas 1962). 

Aegean Sea 

XTa * 

442. 1939 November 13 - 1940 July 

While the Ktenas dome was still in 

9--Santorini, 

Aegean Sea 

eruption, new 

activity began on November 13, due to which a new 

dome, known as Fouque, appeared on November 17. This 

exhibited a much stronger effusive and explosive activity than Ktenas. The final height of the new dome 

was 122 m, the total area, covered by lava was 376,250 

m2. In Fouque, 27 paroxysms were 0bserved;thlrd phase 

(Georgalas 1962). 

tX+ * 

443. 1940 July 12 - November 15--Santorini, Aegean 

Sea 

The new cycle began with explosions and lava 

flows. The latters were observed on the night of July 

15/16. Due to these flows two new domes were formed: 

on the west, Smith A, and on the east, Smith B. On 

July 17 a third new dome came also into beiny; this is 

Keck. Smith A and Reck exhibited strong explosive 

activity. On October 11 the Reck dome was 126 m high. 

Its lava covered an area of 109,000 m2; fourth phase 

(Georgalas 1962). 

444. 1940 November 24 - 1941 first days of July-- 

The activity has begun in the eastern Fouque lava 

stream. Mostly effusions occurred rrith only small 

explosions. A new dome, named Niki. has been formed 

and reached an altitude of 125 m. With its three lava 

flows it covered an area of 170,000 m2; fifth phase 

Santorl nl , Aegean Sea 

(Georgalas 1962). 

7XTa * 

445. 1941 January 28 - February 

Eighth period of activity. 

12--Anak Krakatau, 

Eruptions in the 

Indonesia 

crater lake. No further details are available 

(Neumann van Padang 1951). 

=t 

446. 1941 March--Falcon Island, Tonga Islands, 

Eruptions from crater lake (Neumann van Padang 

SW Pacl f I c 

1951, Kusumadi nata 1979). 

*? 

447. 1942 January 29 - 30--Anak Krakatau, Indonesia 

Eruptions from the crater lake (Neumann van Padang 

1951, Kusumadi nata 1979). 

448. 1942 February 1--Myojin-Sho, Izu Islands, Japan 

This eruption is not mentioned in the available 

catalogs (e.g., Kuno 1962, Simkin et al. 1981). By 

all likelihood there is a printed error in Morimoto's 

paper (Bulletin Volcanlogique, 11, 3) where a series 

of photos is presented showing Myoji n-Sho-events 

(Morimoto 1960, see the caption of Plate 11). 

Accordingly the correct date is 1946 February 1 

instead of 1942 February 1. See 1946 February 1. 

1 

449. 1943 October 5 - 6--Kick-'Em-Jenny, W. Indies 

Submarine eruption during the night (Robson and 

Tomb1 f n 1966). 

x 

450. 1943--Anak Krakatau, Indonesia 

The volcano was probably active in this year too; 

eruptions in the crater lake (Neumann van Padang 1951, 

Kusumadinata 1979). 

Wt? 

451. 1943--Nameless submarine volcano, Tonga, SW 

A1 leyedly a submarine eruption occurred here in 

1943 (Richard 1962) but thi s event is ext raordi nari ly 

Improbable, since the place is not of volcanic origin 

(Slmkin et a1 . 1981). 

Padflc 

7T ??? 

16 
452. 1944 August 10 - 31--Unnamed underwater volcano, 

Marl ana ' Is1 ands , Central Paci f IC 

Near Esmeralda Bank, boiling sulfur was seen on 

some day between the dates mentioned above, indicating 

a possible submarine eruption (Kuno 1962). 

T? 

453. 1944--Anak Krakatau, Indonesia 

Probably active, eruptions in the crater lake 

(Neumann van Padang 1951). 

454. 1945 May (probably before) 21 - September 

(probably before) 20--Carabobo, North of Gulf 

of Darl en 

Allegedly a new volcanic island in an unknown 

location off Northwest Colombia and north of the Gulf 

of Darien appeared in 1945 May (before the 21st) and 

disappeared in September (before the 20th). The 

events were reported on May 21 and September 20 by the 

New York Times (XCIV May 21 and XCV September 20). 

The phenomena had -- accordingly -- to occur one or 

two days prior to the appearance of these articles. 

The new island was named Carabobo. 

Note: This event (and this name) are not mentioned by Simkin et al. (1981), and therefore the 

event is very problematical. In addition: the place 

mentioned is not volcanic. Perhaps we have to do with 

a mud-volcano, but not with a real, igneous one. We 

regard the event as extraordinarily doubtful. 

x *A-)??? 

455. 1945 November 28 - December--0rmus Islands, Gulf 

Two small islands were seen in the Gulf of Arabia, 

240 km northwest of Karachi, Pakistan. No exact dat 

are available for their location. About 4 and 2.5 km 

large, they were at a distance of 5 km from each 

other. In December 1945 a third, 3-m high island was 

observed at a distance of some 500 km from the fOmX!r 

two. The surrounding sea was still hot and lava 

flowed out (Neumann van Padang 1963). 

Note: The site mentioned is far from the volcanic 

belts. In spite of this, Sapper (1927) and later on 

Neumann van Padang (1963) regarded this zone as a 

volcanic one; Sapper has referred to lava flows that 

occurred in the Middle Age (historical meaning, not 

geologicl). Therefore we can reyard the event as 

sure. 

of Arabia 

h 

iT 

456. 1945--Anak Krakatau, Indonesia 

Probably active, eruptions in the crater lake 

(Neumann van Padang 1951). 

457. 1945--Unnamed submarine eruptive center, 

A submarine (mud?) volcane was reported here. 

existence of this underwater eruption ooint is. 

Gui nea 

wen 

The 

how 

ever, doubtful, althouoh there were indications of 

submarine activity in 1951 November 24 as well (see 

the Supplement). (Fisher 1957). 

R? 

458. 1946 February 1--6ayonnaise Rocks, Izu Islands, 

In the Moyin-Sho area a new island appeared which 

persisted until October lY46. The island was located 

at 31" 57' N, 140" 01' E. (The coordinates of the 

Bayonnaise Rocks themselves are: 31" 55' N, 139" 55' 

E.) In December 1946 on the site of the island a reef 

was seen that projected a little above the water. 

Maximum height of the new volcanic spine was 94 m 

above the level of the sea on February 1 between 07 

and 10 o'clock (probable local time) (Morimoto 1960, 

Kuno 1962). 

Japan 

'IC *A3 

459. 1946 Aprll 1--Pavlof, Alaska Peninsula 

A very severe shallow earthquake with a Richtermagnltude of 7.4 took place at 12h 29m (Universal 

Time) at 53.5" N, 163.0' W in the area of the Aleutian 

Islands. An extraordinarily strong tsunami (with a 

tsunami magnitude of about 5!) followed the shock. 

The height of the waves reached 30.5 m (!) at Unimak 

Island, Aleutians. Five persons lost their lives 

(Iida et al. 1972). 

According to Hantke (1979) volcano Pavlof erupted 

on the same day. Ash showers and lava flows were 

observed on April 1, 2, and 3 as well. By all likelihood the tectonic earthquake directly triggered the 

outbreak. 

tS5 

460. 1946 July 25 - December--Anak Krakatau. 

Eruptions in the crater lake (Neumann van Padang 

I ndones i a 

1951). 

wt 

461. 1947 January--Anak Krakatau, Indonesia 

Eruption clouds were observed (Kusumadinata 1979). 

t 

17 
462. 1947 April--Anak Krakatau, Indonesia 

Eruptions in the crater lake (Nuemann van Padang 

1951). 

Wt 

463. 1948 September 22 - 29--Karua, New Hebrides 

Islands, SW Pacific 

Submarine eruption (Fisher 1957). 

x 

464. 1949 February--Falcon Island, Tonga Islands, SW 

Pacific 

The volcanic island disappeared (Richard 1962). 

A3 

in the caldera. Explosions and lava effusions 

occurred. A new dome was formed, which is named 

Liatsikas, and two lava tongues came into being. The 

area covered by Since the lava was about 8000 mz. 

then the volcano is in a solfataric and fumarlic stage 

(Georgalas 1962). The great tectonic shocks of 1956 

(July 9, 36' 42'N, 25' 48' E, M= 7.8 and July 9, 36' 

36' N, 25" 42' E, M= 6.9, Rothe 1969) did not cause 

any further eruptions, although the shocks were very 

strongly felt on Santorini (the coordinates of the 

volcano are: 36' 24' N, 25" 23' E). 

tKS-* 

469. 1950 June 1--Mauna Loa, Hawaii 

Eruption of Mauna Loa from the southwest rift 

belt, acc panied by a submarine lava flow of about 76 

mi 11 ion mT (MacDonald 1955). 

03 

465. 1949 Aprll--Karua, New Hebrides Islands, SW 470. 1950 July 3 - 7--Anak Krakatau, Indonesia 

Ash eruptions between July 3 and 6 (Suryo 1978); 

eruption in the crater lake on July 7 (Neumann van 

Padang 1951). 

Pactftc 

Submarine eruption (Fisher 1957). 

=t x 

466. 1949 May 12 - June--Anak Krakatau, Indonesia 471. 1950 December 1 (uncertainty; plus or minus 1 

Eruption in the crater lake on May 12. In June month)--Kovachi, Solomon Islands, SW Pacific 

the island showed the first signs of the development of vegetation, The southwest wall of the crater was Submarine eruptions were reported, perhaps an 

annihilated by wave-erosion and thus the crater lake island was also formed (Fisher 1957, Simkin 

had a crescent shape (Weumann van Padang 1951). Mud et 1981)* 

eruptions as high as 120 m. 

v t? *?of 

472. 1950 - 1963--Anak Krakatau, Indonesia 

Remarkable topographical changes have taken place 

on the island of Anak Krakatau, For example: the 

former mooncrescent-shaped crater lake has completely 

disappeared and instead of it lava flows covered the 

467. 1949 November--Karua, New Hebrides Islands, SW 

Paci f i c 

Severe submarine eruptions built up a new 

above the level of the sea. This island disappeared 

in December the same year (Fisher 1957). The cone had Of the crater (Zen and Hadikusumo 1964)* 

a diameter of 1.6 km and a.height of 100 m (Center for 

Short-Lived Phenomena Report No. 1137). 

Note: In the following listings the reports of 

Center for Short-Lived Phinomena of the Smithsoni an 

Institution will be avvreviated as CSLP, No. ..., and 

the reports of the Scientific Event Alert Network of 

the same institute, as SEAN, No. ..., respectively. 

473- 1952 March 19 (Or. 167) - 1952 June--Didlcas, 

Luzon Island 

Submarine eruption that led to the formation of a 

new island. Extrusion of a lava dome? (Neumann van 

Padang 1953). Eruption from a parasitic crater. The 

diameter of the island was some 2400 m and its height 

was about 240 m above the sea level (CSLP No. 484). 

7l t*h3 

468. 1950 January 10 - February 2--Santorinl, Aegean 

Sea 

New eruption on the eastern slope of Georgios dome ax *a? 
474. 1952 April--Kovachi, Solomon Islands, SW Pacific 

Submarine explosions, no details (Fisher 1957). 

7To t. 

475. 1952 Hay--Kovachi, Solomon Islands, SW Pacific 

Further explosions beneath the sea level (Fisher 

1957) 

KO 

476. 1952 June - 1953 January PO--Kovachi, Solomon 

Islands, SW Pacific 

Submarine eruptions and explosive activity. In 

the latter part of 1952 the powerful activity led to 

the birth of a cone above the sea level. The maximum 

height of the new island was 30 m. It disappeared on 

1953 January 19. The explosions ceased on 1953 

January 20 (Fisher 1957). 

;II -k 0 t. A3 

477. 1952 August 1--Barcena, San Benedicto island, 

A new volcano, known as Barcena, was born on this 

day at the southern end of San Benedicto Island. The 

initial activity was of vulcanian type, accompanied by 

pumice eruption (Richards 1962) and a base surye 

(Moore 1967). 

"A 1250-ft. ash and cinder cone was erected within 

12 days of the b i r t h o f the volcano. Block lava half 

Revillagigedo Islands 

/ 

filled the crater in middle November 1952, and in 

early December viscous lava pierced the eastern base 

of the cone and flowed out into the sea for over two 

months forming a delta of lava. Barcena became inactive in March 1953. A strong emission of fumarolic 

steam continued to escape from the crater into 1954. 

Since August 1954 only weak fumarolic activity has 

been observed from the crater and lava delta vent; the 

vol can0 is presumed to be dead" (Snodgrass and 

Richards 1956, p. 97). 

The chronology of the events is as follows: 

1952 August 1: Birth of the volcano. 

Vulcanian-type activity. 

1952 August 12: Continuous roar. Continuous 

vu1 canian--Peleean-type eruptions. 

1952 November 13: Intermittant low rumble. 

Weak ash and steam eruptions. Extrusion 

of lava into the crater. 

1952 November 15: Random rumble. No correlation with volcanic activity. 

1952 December 9: Intermittent low rumble. 

Weak ash and steam emissions from the crater, 

beginning of lava extrusion form basal vent. 

1952 December 10 -11: Loud, continuous 

hissing. Weak ash and steam eruptions 

from the crater, extrusion of lava into 

the sea. Noise of sea quenching incandescent block lava. 

1953 January 12: Intermittent faint rumble. 

Very weak ash and steam eruption from the 

crater, extrusion of lava from basal vent. 

1953 July 13: Short bursts of hissing noise. 

Sea quenching hot lava. 

1953 September 21: Bursts of hissing, probably originated from sea quenching hot 

lava. 

1953 November 17 - 19: Hissing, the cause of 

which is the same as above (Snodgrass and 

Richards 1956). 

nti =* *9 
Barcena volcano, San Renedicto Island, in 1955. 

See Event 477. (From Howell Williams). 

478. 1952 September 16 - 26--Myojin-Sho, Izu Islands, 

The first signs of the impending submarine eruptions were recorded by the underwater listening station off California on the early morning of September 

16 (Morimoto 1960). 

The activity that started on this day consisted of 

submarine explosions, base surge (Moore 1967), tsunamis (Iida et al. 1972), and the birth of a new island 

made up of blocky lava (Morimoto 1960). The tsunamis 

were relatively snall ones, reaching 0.1 - 0.3 m in 

height at Hachi jo Is1 and, and occurred on September 

16, 23, 24, and 26 respectively. For the later 

events, occurring after September, see items that 

follow. The tsunami magnitudes are not assigned as 

the generation mechanism differs from that assumed in 

the definition of tsunami magnitudes. 

After two suicessive submarine explosions on 

September 23, the new island submerged completely 

leaving sea water yellow in color owing to the 

subaqueous emission of volcanic dust (Morimoto 1960). 

For the base surge see the series of photos by 

Morimoto. 

On September 24, at about 12h 2Om (Japanese time), 

a submarine explosion annihilated S. S. No. 5, the 

Kalyo-naru, 211-ton surveying ship of the Hydrographic 

Office of Japan; all persons on board were lost with 

the vessel. There were no eyewitnesses of the event. 

Nine scientists and twenty-two seamen died (Morimoto 

1960). 

Japan 

T *At 4=s479. 1952 October 3--Karua, New Hebrides Islands, SW 

Light explosions were reported but no island 

Paci f i c 

emerged (Fisher 1957). 

480. 1952 October (after) 3 - before 11--Myojin-Sho, 

Izu Is1 ands, Japan 

The submarine volcanic feature appeared again on 

the sea. It was a typical volcanic spine, similar to 

that of Mont Pelee in 1902 - 1903 (Morimoto 1960). 

481. 1952 October 10 - 21--Anak Krakatau, Indonesla 

Ash eruptions (Suryo 1978). The vegetation was 

entirely destroyed when a layer of ash, almost 3 m in 

thickness, was desposited (Decker and Hadikusumo 1961). 

t 

482. 1953 February 12 - 19--New Hebrides Islands, 

Nameless submarine eruption centers. An outburst 

took place from three submarine craters that were 

generally active simultaneously. A Large quantity of 

pumice was produced and a pumice cone was formed above 

the level of the water. It was washed away soon, 

however (Fisher 1957). 

SW Pacf i c 

w+Aa 

483. 1953 March 9 - 10--Myojin-Sho, Izu Islands, 

After a severe explosion a new spine submerged. 

Japan 

See item No. 480 (Morimoto 1960). 

tm 

484. 1953 March 11 - 25--Myojln-Sho, Izu Islands, 

Submarine eruptions. The explosions were accompanied by tsunamis, 48 in total; tsumani magnitudes 

Here not stated since the mechanism of the wave 

generations was different from that assumed in the 

definition of tsumani magnitude. The maximum height 

of the waves at Hachijo Island was as low as 0.1 m 

(Iida et al. 1972). 

Japan 

T At5 

485. 1953 March 13 - Apri 

Ash eruption; eruption clouds 

of 2500 m (Suryo 1978). 

t 

1--Anak Krakatau, 

Indonesia 

reached an altitude 

486. 1953 March 25 - April 3--Myojin-Sho, Izu Islands, 

Remarkable submarine explosions were recorded many 

Japan 

20 
times. 

ash and vapor became continuous (Morimoto 1960). 

Explosions became very frequent and emission of 

xt 

487. 1953 April 3 - 5--Myojin-Sho, Izu Islands, Japan 

Third appearance of the island. It presumably had 

been exposed above the sea surface with continuous 

vapor emission until the end of August and no conspicuous explosions have been recorded in this subaerial 

period (Morimoto 1960). 

iT.A 

488. 1953 June 27--Tuluman. Admiralty Islands, 

SW Pacific 

Start of the new cycle of activity. For the different phases see the subsequent items from phases 1 

to 14. A more detailed description of the events can 

be found in the volume Volcanism in Australasia, see 

the paper by Reynolds and Best (1976). 

Between 1953 June 27 and 1Y55 November 25, six 

eruptive centers -- called cones -- were active. Nos. 

2, 4, and 5 coalesced into a single, rouyhly trianyular 

island, the northeastern side of which was some 

700 m long. the others about 1000 m. The highest 

point of the crater was about 40 m above the average 

sea level. Its diameter reached 50 m approximately, 

but the depth was as small as 10 m. Around Cone No. 3 

an irregular island built up, 40U m in length. Cone 

No. 6 was entirely submarine (Fisher 1957). 

x*o t9T 

489. 1953 June 17 - July 6--Tuluman, Admiralty 

Submarine eruption with lava extruIslands, SW Pacific 

First phase. 

sion from Cone No. 1 (Fisher 1957). 

into the air, or more. In the last week of that month 

an explosive stage started and the explosions at the 

end of August were the most destructive ones of the 

whole period. Large amounts of sand, ash, and pumice 

were ejected. About 10 days of explosive activity led 

to collapse of the island into the sea (Morimoto 

1960). 

T tA-4 

492. 1953 September 21 - 22--Anak Krakatau, Indonesia 

Detonations; the eruption clouds reached a maximum altitude of 3000 m (Suryo 1978). 

t 

493. 1953 October 8 (or some days earlier)--Matthew 

Submarine eruption that led to the formation of a 

new island which is joined to the old Matthew Island 

by a 200-m-wide isthmus. The new island has a rouyhly 

circular shape some 750 m across and hds a height of 

almost 200 m. It has a small crater from which lava 

has erupted (Fisher 1957). 

Island, SW Pacific 

494. 1953 October 25 - 26--Anak Krakatau, Indonesia 

Continuous detonations. The eruption clouds 

reached an altitude of 4UUU m (Suryo 1978). 

t 

495. 1953 October 30--Kick-'Em-Jenny, W. Indies 

Probably submarine eruption between 0200 and 

1200 local times (Hobson and Tomblin 1966). 

T? 

490. 1953 June--Off the nest coast of Baja California 

At 27' 25' N, 114" 35' W, off the west coast of 

Baja California, a submarine eruption has been Ash eruption (Suryo 1978). 

suspected; the acoustic method for its detection was, however, unsuccessful. The report was -- probably -- Note: There is a printed error in the source: 

false (Richards 1963). The event is doubtful. 1953 IX 10 - 25, instead of 1953 XI 10 - 25. The 

496. 1953 November 10 - 25--Anak Krakatau, Indonesia 

latter is the correct listing. 

t 

491. 1953 August - September--Myojin-Sho, Izu Islands, 

Since the middle of August the amount of water 

Japan 497. 1953 November 14 - 1954 February 18--Tuluman, 

vapors over the new island had increased. At the end Second phase. Submarine eruptions with lava 

of the month, there were ash clouds at least 500 m eXtrUSiOnS from Cone No. 2 (Fisher 1957). 

Admiralty Islands, SW Paclfic 

21 
498. 1953 November--Unnamed submarine volcano, New 

Hebrides Islands, SW Pacific 

Discoloration and churning of the water was seen, 

sugyesting a submarine eruption which was other 

wise invisible. This site had submarine eruptions 

in 1920 (No. 357) and 1953 (No. 482), which increases 

very much the possibility of new underwater activity. 

The event is regarded as certain (Fisher 1957). 

x 

503. 1954 July 10 - 27--Tulunian, Admiralty Islands, 

SW Pacific 

Fourth phase. Lava extrusions frorii Cone No. 2 and 

explosive activity from Cone 140. 3. Subaerial eruptions (Fisher 1Y57). 

st 

504. 1954 October 20 - November 6--Tuluman, Admiralty 

Islands, SW Pacific 

Fifth phase. Submarine lava extrusion from Cone 

No. 1 (Fisher 1YS7). 

KF 

499. 1953--Sin-Ino-Zlma, Bonin Islands, Japan 

at Some northeast Of 505. 1954 November 4--MyoJin-Sho, Izu Islands, Japan Iwo-Zima, which may be regarded as sign of submarine 

activity (Kuno 1962). Two submarine explosions were reported between 

500. 1954 (probably between) January and April-- 

Near Alcedo volcano, between 00 15'- 20' S, 9l0 

08'- 14', at a point called Bahia Urvina, uplift of 

the shore was first observed during the early spring 

of 1954. The seaward margin of the uplifted area 

extended to a maximum of about 1200 m from the old 

shore. Vertical elevation averaged 4.6 m. Probably a 

rapid-up1 i ft phenomenon, believed to have been caused 

by tumescence of rising lava, that moved upward within 

Alcedo volcano's vent. A few signs of earthquakes that 

accompanied the event were seen. The volcano erupted 

in 1954 November 9 (Richards 1957). 

Alcedo, Isabela Island, Galapagos Islands 

? orF? 

501. 1954 February - March--Stromboli, Italy 

Severe eruption with glowing clouds (nue'es ardentes) and a tsumani whose arrival times after the 

explosion were as follows: Ginestra. 10 min; Panarea, 

25 min; Lipari, 60 min; Sicily coast, 9U min, respectively (Imbo 1965). 

0 t,-93 

502. 1954 April 9 - 13--Tuluman, Admiralty Islands, 

Third phase. Submarine lava extrusion from Cone 

SW Paci f i c 

No. 3 (Fisher 1957). 

14UU diid 15Uu, local time (norimoto 1960). 

xt 

506. 1955 February 10 - 15--Tuluman, Admiralty 

Sixth phase. Submarine lava extrusions froin Cone 

No. 5. Explosive dctivity from Cones No. 2 and 4, 

preceded ~y uplift around Cone No. 2 (Fisher 1957). 

Islands, SW Pacific 

507. 1955 February 11--Anak Krakatau, Indonesia 

Hsn eruptions with detondtions (Suryo 1978). 

t 

508. 1955- (?) February 13--Unnamed volcano, Sangihe 

Concerning this supposed event, see item No. 360 

Islands, Indonesia 

as well. 

The Volcano Letter, No. 527, January - March 1955, 

mentioned activity of a submarine volcano; the paper 

was quoted by Jezek (1978), who strongly questioned 

the existence of this volcano. According to the 

Volcano Letter, in the Celebes Sea, south of the 

Philippine Islands, a black, "smoke"-laden cloud -- 

probably ash -- of fume and steam was seen. It rose 

from the sea to a height of 200 to 300 m. A few minutes later the cloud became whi,e, probably containing 

mostly steam. The cloud rose from an area of about 

1800 m2 of sea surface. Uncertain, as the sea here is 

at least 5000 m deep. Simkin et al. 1981 also 

considered uncertain even the time or year of the 

event. 

22 
509. 1955 February 15 - March 11--Tuluman, Admiralty 

Islands, SW Pacific 

explosive activity, strong detonations from Cone No. 5 

(Fisher 1957). 

515. 1955 July 21 - August E--Tuluman, Admiralty 

Seventh phase. Lava extrusions with considerable Tenth phase. Spasmodic mud eruptions from Cone 

Islands, SW Pacific 

No. 4. Subaerial activity (Fisher 1957). 

510. 1955 February 28--Kilauea, Hawaii 

Eruption of Kilauea volcano from its east rift 

zone, accompanied by submarine lava flow of some 5.5 

mi 11 ion m3 (MacOonal d 1955). 

511. 1955 February 28 - March ZO--Stromboli, Italy 

Eruption in a radial fracture on the northwestern 

slope, lava flow and submarine activity -- no further 

detai 1 s ( Imbo 1965). 

G9X 

512. 1955 March 11 - May 9--Tuluman, Admiralty 

Eighth phase. Submarine lava extrusion from Cone 

Islands, SW Pacific 

No. 6 (Fisher 1957). 

513. 1955 May 16 - June 26--Tuluman, Admiralty 

Ninth phase. Lava extrusion with some explosive 

activity from Cone No. 1. A new island emerged from 

the extrusion of lava but was soon reduced to a submarine mound. From June L to June 26 spasmodic mud 

eruptions occurred from Cone No. 2. At the same time, 

an increase in the temperature and the extent of the 

activity in the thermal reyion on Lou Island was 

observed (Fisher 1957). 

Islands, SW Pacific 

A *=lr tt A-l 

514. 1955 June 25--Bayonnaise Rocks, Izu Islands, 

Submarine activity at a point 4 km north of the 

Japan 

Rocks (Kuno 1962, Morimoto 1960). 

516. 1955 September 20 and 26 - 28--Tulumn, 

Eleventh phase. Submarine eruptions near Cone 

Admiralty Islands, SW Pacific 

No. 1 (Fisher 1957). 

7c 

517. 1955 October 3 - 7--Tuluman, Admiralty Islands, 

SW Pacific 

Twelfth phase. Submarine outbreak near Cone No. 1 

(Fisher 1957). 

?v 

518. 1955 October 15 - 16--Tuluman. Admiralty 

Thirteenth phase. Minor steam and ash eruptions 

from Cone No. 4. Subaerial activity. Note that similar events were observed on October 23 as well (Fisher 

1957). 

Islands, SW Pacific 

t 

519. 1955 November 7 - 25--Tbluman, Admiralty 

Islands, SW Paclfic 

Fourteenth phase represents the end of the new 

cycle. Small explosions of steam from the west side 

of Cone No. 4. Subaerial activity (Fisher 1957). 

t 

520. 1955 November--Submarine volcano on the 

According to a report (Shackelford 1981) a submarine eruption took place in the Arctic Ocean. 

Evidently the date is incorrect due to a misprint. 

For the correct date see item No. 527. 

Lomonosov Ridge, Arctic Ocean 

? 

521. 1955--Nameless underwater eruptive center, 

MacUondld (1972) has reported a submarine eruption 

at the western termination of the group of Hawaiian 

Islands but no details are yiven, including the month 

and day of the event. As the depth of the ocean there 

is some 4000 m, the eruption is doubtful. 

Hawa i i 

23 
522. 1956 March 30--Bezymianny, Kamchatka 

One of the greatest explosive eruptions in the 

present century was that of Bezymianny. For the 

aetai 1 s see Gorshkow (1959). 

At the time of the paroxysmal eruption a relatively small tsunami with a tsunami magnitude of 

around 0 was observed (Iida et al. 1972). The maximum 

height of the wave was as small as 0.3 m at Attu, in 

the Aleutians. At the time of the tsunmami's origin 

no tectonic shocks occurred (Rothe 1969; Regional 

Catalogue of Earthquakes, 1956, International 

Seismological Centre, Edinburgh). Therefore, it is 

concluded (Hedervari 1980) that the tsunami was 

generated by the air waves of the explosion, similar 

to the case of Krakatau (see No. 218 in Hedervari 

1984) where many smaller waves were observed very far 

from the volcano and were recently attributed to airsea interactions. Thus, Bezymi aany represents the 

second example for such events. 

523. 1956 June--Unnamed submarine eruptive center/ 

east of Kauai, Hawaii 

Doubtful event: A submarine eruption was 

suggested in the Kauai Channel, between Kauai and Oahu 

Islands. Sounds were heard, propagating in the water, 

but not positively indentified with known volcanic 

astivity. These were observed by submarine sonar 

equipment (Richards 1963; MacDonal d 1963) that 

interpreted the event as a real submarine outburst, 

but Eaton and others have doubted this. 

Note: Simkin et al. (1981) gave May 23 for the 

event instead of June. For the event, described under 

item No. 521, they gave 1955 August 20. 

524. 1957 March 11 - 12--Vsevidof/Umnak Island, 

A1 eut i an Is1 ands 

The Vsevidof eruption represents a very interest 

ing example of the physical correlation between tectonic earthquakes and volcanic outbreaks. 

A series of very great earthquakes began on 1957 

January 2 and ended on June 13, the same year. The 

main shock that occurred on March 9 was one of the 

most powerful ones in the present century. Orginally, 

its Richter magnitude was assigned as 8.25 (Duda 1965) 

but later on Kanamori (1977) modified some of the 

earlier magnitude values. Thus, the magnitude of the 

shock in question was 9.1 instead of 8.25. This, and 

all the other quakes that belong to the same series, 

were of shallow origin. 

In Table 1, derived from Duda (1965) and Kanamori 

(1977). the epicentral distribution of the members of 

the series is shown. The data for them are given 

below. It is remarkable that the shocks belonged to 

two well-separated groups, a western and an eastern 

one. The western shocks (2, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 11) were 

concentrated around the main shock of the series, symbolized by 2. The eastern shocks (1, 3. 4, 9 and 10) 

were concentrated around volcano Vsevidof. 

Table I. Shocks at Vsevidof/ Umnak Island, 1957 

- No. Date Latitudeo Longitude' Magnitude 

1. January 2 53.0 N 168.0 W 7.0 

2. March 9 51.3 N 175.8 W 9.1 

3. March 9 52.5 N 169.5 W 7.1 

4. March 11 53.0 N l6Y.3 W 7.0 

5. March 11 51.5 N 178.5 W 7.2 

..................................................... Eruption: 

March 11 53.13 N 168.68 W 

..................................................... 

6. March 12 51.0 N 177.0 W 7.3 

7. March 14 51.5 N 177.0 W 7.2 

8. March 16 52.0 N 179.0 W 7.2 

9. March 22 54.0 N 166.0 W 7.0 

10. April 19 52.0 N 166.5 W 7.3 

11. June 13 51.5 N 175.0 W 7.0 

No doubt earthquakes No. 1, 3, and 4 (eastern 

group) had triggering effects on the volcano. In 

particular, Nos. 3 and 4 had strong and direct effects 

of this kind. 

The main shock (No. 2) initiated a very disastrous 

tsunami (Iida et al. 1972) having a tsunami magnitude 

of around 3.5. The height of the waves reached 12 m 

at Unimak, Scotch Cave, and 16 m at Kauai, Hawaiian 

I sl ands. 

Considering that the western and eastern shocks 

- although they occurred very far from each other - 

were manifestations of the same regional stress 

system, and that some of the eastern earthquakes had 

a triggering effect on the volcano, it can be stated 

that the tsunami was correlated indirectly with the 

eruption. 

ta 

525. 1957 May--8ayonnaise Rocks, Izu Islands, Japan. 

Submarine activity, no details (Kuno 1962). 

K 

526. 1957 September 17--Fayal, Azores 

Start of the formation of a new island by submarine activity. The phenomena - off Ponta dos 

Capelinhos - began with a submarine variant of the 

24 
Vulcanian-type explosions, that were accompanied by 

jets reaching an altitude of 1000 m or more. The 

emergent cinder ring, progressively formed, was at 

first an islet, but afterwards became connected to the 

island by a sand isthmus. The event lasted only until 

September 10 (Neumann van Padang et a1 . 1967). The 

violent submarine eruption was followed by a base 

surge (Moore 1967). (See items No. 528 and 530 as 

well). 

0: t KR4= 

527. 1957 November 21 - 24--Submarine volcano on the 

Lomonosov Ridge , Arct i c Ocean 

A submarine, subglacial eruption took place on 

the Lomonosov Ridge. This nameless volcono is the 

northernmost one on the Earth. It was mentioned 

already in item No. 520, but as Hantke (1962) and 

Simkin et al. (1981) both gave 1957 for the year of 

occurrence, it is clear that the year 1955, as mentioned in No. 520, is erroneous, due to a printed 

error in the source. 

xn 

5 28 

The 

No. 526 

1957 November - December--Fayal, Azores 

eruption that began on 1957 September 27 (see 

continued (Neumann van Padang et al. 1967). 

eo, tx* 

529. 1958 Apri 1 - November--West-Northwest of 

No exact location and date are known for the event 

which was reported in newspapers (therefore, the event 

is reyarded as very doubtful). Allegedly, a submarine 

outbreak created an underwater feature, called Mount 

Mikhail Lomonosov. Samples of olivine basalt and 

other products of the eruption were recovered from the 

ocean floor. Within a radius of 40 km from the eruptive center, one-third of the sediments consisted of 

volcanic cinders. The event is not mentioned in the 

comprehensive catalog of volcanoes by Simkin et al. 

Capelinhos, Azores 

( 1981 ) . 'II 17 

530. 1958 May 13 - October 24--Fayal, Azores 

The eruption of Fayal (see items No. 526 and 528, 

respectively) continued. In May 1958 It changed into 

a Strombolian type. A spatter cone grew inside the 

previous cinder ring and many lava flows entered the 

sea. The character change was accompanied by a swarm 

of shocks, including several destructive ones as well, 

although in all likelihood they were of volcanic and 

not tectonic origin. Horizontal and vertical displacements of the ground as much as a few meters were 

also observed (Neumann van Dadang et al. 1967). 

OODtsvK 

531. 1958 July - 1965 August--Rumble I, I1 and I11 

submarine volcanoes, South Kemdec 

Seamounts, Northeast of New Zealand 

Kibblewhite (1966) has shown that three submarine 

eruptive centers existed at a point lying some 256 km 

east-northeast of the Great Barrier Island, northeast 

of the Northern Island of New Zealand. They were 

discovered by acoustic methods and are called Rumble 

I, 11, and 111, respectively. The fourth member of 

the group. Rumble IV, was discovered in April 1966. 

The measurements have been carried out over years. 

Activity and prohable activity were stated in the 

following months (see the graph in Figure 9 of 

Kibblewhite (1966) page 196). 

1958 

1959 

1960 

1961 

1962 

1963 

1964 

19b5 

532. 

July, August, November, Uecember 

March, April, May, August, October, 

November, December 

January, March, April, November 

March, November, December 

May, June, August, October 

The whole year, particularly in March, 

June, July, Auyust 

January, February, March, April, July, 

Ausust, September, November, December 

From January to August, almost continuously 

1958 October 2--Anak Krakatau, Indonesia 

Detonations (Suryo 1978). 

t 

533. 1958 October 23--Anak Krakatau, Indonesia 

Detonations (Suryo 1978). 

t 

534. 1958 November 5--Anak Krakatau, Indonesia 

Three small ash eruptions (Suryo 1978). 

t 

535. 1958--Bayonna 

Submarine activity 

se Rocks, Izu Islands, Japan 

no details (Kuno 1962). 

'71 

25 
536. 1959 February 4--A~ak Krakatau, Indonesia 

Ash eruption (Suryo 1978). 

t 

537. 1959 June 8--Anak Krakatau, Indonesia 

t 

543. 1959--Bayonnaise Rocks, Izu Islands, Japan 

Submarine activity was reported during this year 

(Kuno 1962). 

K 

Ash eruption, eruption cloud up to 150u m (Suryo 

1978). 

t 

544. 1959--Metis Shoal, Tonga Islands, SW Pacific 

538. 1959 June 15 (?)--Nameless submarine volcano, 

Hantke (1962) reported that according to press 

information on June 15, a pilot flying above the 

Atlantic Ocean about 300 km west of Ireland, saw 

a green spot on the water and the spot appeared to be 

turbulent. It was supposed to be a submarine 

outbreak. 

Note: The event is not mentioned in other sources 

including Simkin et al. (1981). The site, 300 km west 

of Ireland, is very far from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge 

and its rift valley, and is not a volcanic area. 

Therefore, the event is very doubtful. 

At 1 antic Ocean 

The rock on which the sea breaks that emerged from 

the sea in 1858 (see event No. 147 in Hedervari 1984) 

submerged either in this year or somewhat earlier - the exact date is not known - at a depth of 3.7 m 

(Richard 1962). 

E. SUPPLEMENT L__ 

545. 1951 November 24--Unnamed submarine eruptive 

center, NE of New Guinea 

A mrine disturbance was reported here; dead 

539. 1959 June 26--Unnamed submarine V01Can0, Tonga fish and marine growth were thrown up. On the same 

Island, SW Pacific spot a "mud volcano" was reported in 1945 (see item 

No. 457). The submarine eruption in 1951 is, 

A reef was seen on which the sea breaks. On the however, doubtful (Fisher 1957). although it is menday mentioned, churning of the water through bubbling tioned by MacDonald 1972 as a true submarine eruption. 

gases was observed (Richard 1962). x1 x1 

540. 1959 June--Falcon Island, Tonga Islands, 

The volcanic island submeryed entirely. No Uncertain event (Simki n et a1 . 1981). 

SW Paci f i c 546. 1953 July 20--Unnamed submarine volcano, Mexico 

further signs of activity were observed (Richard 

1962). K? 

x-a 

+- 

541. 1959 October 10 - l3--Karua, New Hebrides 

Submarine eruption, new island (Blot 1963). 

Islands, SW Pacific 

a* 

542. 1959 December--Anak Krakatau, Indonesia 

Ash eruption (Suryo 1978). 

547. 1955 October--Unnamed submarine volcano, 

Submarine eruption, no details (Simkin et al. 

East of Taiwan 

1981). 

x 

S: The submarine volcano, earlier unnamed, has 

since received the name "Ruby." Its catalog number is 

No. 452 and U804-21=, respectively (Simkin et al. 

1981). 
LIST OF SUBMARINE VOLCANO LOCATIONS 

Name and Serial Number 

ALAI0,Kurile Islands, 0900-39 

ALCEOO, Isabela Island, Galapagos Islands, 1503-04 

ANAK KRAKATAU, Indonesia, 0602-00 

ASKJA, Iceland, 1703-03 

BAJA CALIFORNIA, off west coast 

BANUA WUHU, Sangihe Islands, Indonesia, 0607-03 

BARCENA, San Benedicto Island, E. Pacific, 1401-02 

BAYONNAISE ROCKS, Izu Islands, Japan, 0804-07 

BEZYMIANNY, Kamchatka, 1000-25 

BOGOSLOF, Aleutian Islands, 1101-30 

BULUSAN, Philippines, 0703-01 

CANAL D'ORLEANS AREA, near Antarctica 

CAPELINHOS, AZORES, west-northwest of 

CARABOBO, North of Gulf of Darien 

CENDRES, SE Asia, 0705-02 

COOK INLET, Alaska 

OEMPO, Sumatra, 0601-23 

OIDICAS, north of Luzon Island, 0704-02 

ELDEY, Iceland, 1701-02 

EMPEROR OF CHINA, Banda Sea. 0605-01 

FALCON ISLAND, Tonga Islands, SW Pacific, 0403-05 

FAYAL, Azores, 1802-01 

FIJI ISLANDS 

FONUALEI, Tonga Islands, SW Pacific, 0403-10 

FUKUTOKU-OKANOBA, Bonin Islands, Japan, 0804-13 

HAWAII 

W) Lat i tude 

50.80 N 

00.43 S 

06.102 S 

63.03 N 

03.138 N 

19.27 N 

31.92 N 

56.07 N 

53.93 N 

12.77 N 

10.158 N 

04.03 S 

19.08 N 

63.75 N 

06.62 S 

20.32 S 

38.60 N 

18.15 S 

24.28 N 

155.50 E 

091.12 W 

105.423 E 

016.75 W 

125.491 E 

110.80 W 

139.92 E 

160.72 E 

168.03 W 

124.05 E 

109.014 E 

103.13 E 

122.17 E 

022.92 W 

124.22 E 

175.42 W 

028.73 W 

174.325 W 

141.52 E 

Catalog Event Number 

418 

500 

380. 381, 384. 386, 388. 

389. 391, 392, 394, 395 

423, 424, 429, 432, 435 

445, 447, 450, 453, 456, 

481, 485, 492, 494, 496 

397-408, 410, 413, 417, 

460-462, 466, 470, 472, 

507, 532-537, 542 

376 

490 

313, 315, 351, 427 

477 

322, 344-347, 420, 458, 514, 

420, 458, 514, 525, 543 

Also see MYOJIN-SHO 

522 

320, 321, 325, 328, 329, 

379, 411, 412, 426 

419 

331, 332, 334, 361, 373-375, 

335 

529 

454 

362 

304 

330 

473 

372 

377 

303, 341, 359, 383, 387, 

393, 416, 428, 434, 446, 

464, 540 

526, 528, 530 

324 

4 36 

318 

312 

27 
LIST OF SUBUARINE VOLCANO LOCATIONS 

Name and Serial Number 

HOUDER'S VOLCANO, West Indies, 1600-13 

ILE DES CENDRES (see Cendres) 

IRIMOTE-JIMA, Ryukyu Islands, 0802-01 

KARUA, New Hebrides Islands, SW Pacific, 0507-07 

KELUT, Java, 0603-28 

KHAHIMKOTAN, Kurile Islands, 0900-30 

KICK-'EM-JENNY, W. Indies, 1600-16A 

KILAUEA, Hawaii, 1302-01 

KIWU LAKE, Central African Volcanic Region 

KLIUCHEVSKAJA SOPKA, Kamchatka, 1000-26 

KOVACHI, Solomon Islands, SW Pacific, 0505-06 

LOMONOSOV RIDGE, submarine volcano, 

MATAVANU, Samoa, SW Paci f i c, 0404-04 

MATTHEW ISLAND, SW Pacific, 0508-01 

MAUNA LOA, Hawaii, 1302-02 

METIS SHOAL, Tonga Islands, SW Pacific, 0403-07 

MONACO BANK, Azores, 1802-11 

MONT PELEE, W. Indies, 1600-12 

MYOJIN-SHO, Izu Islands, Japan, 0804-07 

Arctic Ocean, 2001-01 

NAMELESS SUBMARINE VOLCANOES OR ERUPTIVE CENTERS 

NIEUWERKERK, Banda Sea, 0605-02 

NUSHIMA, Ryukyu Islands 

NYAMURAGIRA, Africa, 0203-02 

OMETEPE, Nicaragua, 1404-12 

ORMUS ISLANDS, Gulf of Arabia, 0302-14 

PALUWEH, Lesser Sunda Islands, 0604-15 

PAVLOF, Alaska Peninsula, 1102-03 

PERRY ISLAND, Aleutian Islands 

PINNE MARINE BANK, Sicily Sea, 0101-07c 

POAS, Costa Rica, 1405-04 

Latitude Lon itude Catalog Event Number 

'(degrees) * 

14.03 N 061.07 W 309 

24.57 N 123.93 E 369 

16.829 S 168.536 E 305, 463, 465, 467, 479, 

541 

07.93 S 112.308 E 353 

49.05 N 154.43 E 415 

12.30 N 061.63 W 437. 449, 495 

19.425 N 155.292 W 365, 510 

314 

56.18 N 160.78 E 430 

09.02 S 157.95 E 471, 474-476 

88.27 N 065.60 W 520, 527 

13.52 S 172.37 W 319 

22.33 S 171.32 E 493 

19.475 N 155.608 W 355, 356, 371, 425, 469 

19.18 S 174.87 W 544 

37.60 N 025.88 W 337 

14.82 N 061.17 W 306, 308 

31.92 N 139.92 E 448, 478, 480, 483, 484, 

486, 487, 491, 505 

Also see Bayonnaise Rocks 

See unnamed submarine volcanoes in order of 

seri a1 number 

06.60 S 124.675 E 368, 378 

317 

01.38 S 029.20 E 358 

11.53 E 085.62 W 311 

26.00 N 057.00 E 455 

08.32 S 121.708 E 382, 390 

55.42 N 161.90 W 459 

54.00 N 168.00 W 323 

36.90 N 013.00 E 339 

10.20 N 084.22 W 333 

20 
LIST OF SUBMARINE VOLCANO LOCATIONS 

Name and Serial Number 

RUMBLE I, I1 and 111 submarine volcanoes, South Kermadec 

Seamounts, northeast of New Zealand, 0401-28 

040 1 - 29 

0401-30 

SAKURA-ZIMA, Kyushu, Japan, 1802-08 

SANTORINI, Aegean Sea, 0102-04 

SIMUSIRI, Kurile Islands (if same as Simuslru Fudzi), 

SIN-IWO-ZIMA, Bonin Islands, Japan, 0804-13 

SMITH ROCKS, Izu Islands, Japan, 0804-08 

STROMBOLI, Italy, 0101-04 

TAAL, Philippine Islands, 0703-07 

TOKARA-IWO-JIMA, Ryukyu Islands, 0802-06 

TORI-SIMA, Izu Islands, Japan, 0804-09 

TULUMAN, Admiralty Islands, SW Pacific, 0500-01 

0900-19 

UNNAMED SUBMARINE ERUPTIVE CENTERS (see unnamed submarine 

UNNAMED SUBMARINE VOLCANOES in order of serial number: 

volcanoes in order of serial number 

Tonga Islands, SW Pacific, 0403-01 II II 

n 

,I II 

0403-02 

0403-03 

0403-04 

New Guinea (NE of), 0501-04 

New Hebrides Islands, SW Pacific, 0507-06 

Sangihe Islands. Indonesia, 0607-05 

Taiwan (N of), 0801-05 

Taiwan (E of), 0801-011 

Mariana Islands, Cent. Pacific, 0804-21 

Kurile Islands, 0900-23 

Hawaii, Kauai (E of), 1302-09 

Hawaii , 1302-10 

Mexico, 1401-005 

San Jorge region, 1802-03a 

Monaco Bank, Azores, 1802-11 

Lomonosov Ridge, Arctic Ocean, 2001-01 (see Lomonosov 

Ridge, submarine volcano, Arctic Ocean) 

Latitude 

(degrees) 

35.53 s 

35.42 S 

35.70 S 

31.58 N 

36.404 N 

47.02 N 

24.28 N 

31.28 N 

38.789 N 

14.00 N 

30.78 N 

30.48 N 

02.447 S 

21.458 S 

21.07 S 

20.85 S 

20.57 S 

04.311 S 

16.68 S 

03.97 N 

26.18 N 

19.17 N 

15.62 N 

48.08 N 

21.75 N 

23.58 N 

28.00 N 

38.50 N 

37.60 N 

178.87 E 

178.65 E 

178.48 E 

130.67 S 

025.396 E 

152.12 E 

141.52 E 

139.77 E 

015.213 E 

121.00 E 

130.28 E 

140.32 E 

147.32 E 

175.769 W 

175.33 W 

175.53 W 

175.38 W 

146.256 E 

168.37 E 

124.17 E 

122.458 E 

132.25 E 

145.57 E 

153.33 E 

158.75 W 

163.83 W 

115.00 W 

027.42 W 

025.88 W 

Catalog Event Number 

531 

531 

531 

342 

366, 367, 370, 385, 439, 

440-444, 468 

352 

316, 343, 350, 499 

349 

354, 409, 501, 511 

336 

421 

310, 438 

488, 489, 497, 502, 503 

504, 506, 509, 512, 513, 

515-519 

327, 414 

338 

363 

340, 433, 539 

457, 545 

357, 482, 498 

360, 508 

348 

547 

452 and S in Sup364 

523 

p 1 emeiit 

521 

546 

307 

326, 337 
LIST OF SUBMARINE VOLCANO LOCATIONS 

Name and Serial Number 

Atlantic Ocean 

Catalog Event Number 

538 

UNNAMED UNDERWATEK VOLCANOES: 

see: unnamed submarine volcanoes, in order of serial 

number 

URACAS, Mariana Islands, Cent. Pacific, 0804-14 20.53 N 144.90 E 422 

VETERAN, SE Asia, 0705-01 09.83 N 109.85 E 396 

VSEVIDOF, Umnak Island, Aleutian Islands, 1101-27 53.13 N 168.68 W 524 

VULCAN, New Britain, SW Pacific, 0502-14 04.271 S 152.17 E 431 

ADDENDUM: The Loi hi submarine volcano, Hawaiian Is1 ands 

In terms of the theory of hot spots and mantle plumes, the existence of the Hawaiian chain of extinct 

seamounts, inactive island volcanoes, and active volcanoes (Mauna Loa, Kilauea and some smaller vents, 

volcanoes, and lava lakes, e.g., Mauna Ulu, Kilauea-Iki, etc. on the eastern slope of Hawaii) is the consequence of the combined effect of the horizontal plate motion (spreading) of the Pacific lithosphere and the 

action of the plume that now can be found beneath Mauna Loa and Kilauea. 

Starting from Kilauea and going along the chain toward the northwest, one can find progressively older 

volcanic features. On this basis and considering the theory of hot spots and plate techtonics, the birth of 

the youngest member of the chain is to be expected somewhere southeast of the East Rift Zone, which belongs to 

the system of Kilauea and which has been the site of the recent eruptions. Mauna Loa and Kilauea will 

separate from their (probably common) mantle plume within the next million years owing to the continuous 

northwestern displacement of the oceanic lithosphere that carries thein. The mantle plume is regarded to be 

a feature having a fixed position relative to the core of the Earth. As a consequence of this process, these 

two volcanoes became extinct. 

On the submarine flank of Hawaii, there is an eruptive center, named Loihi, that represents the nascent, 

younyest seamount within the chain as a whole, 

years. It is located on a submarine "peninsula" that is defined by the southeastern protrusion of the 2000- 

and 3000-m isobaths. It has a height of some 950 m above the 2000-in isobath-line. 

Loihi is definitely an active volcano; volcanic earthquake swanns took place there in 1971-72 and in 1975. 

These swarms of shocks were caused by either intrusions of magma that flowed through the interior of the new 

volcano but stopped before reaching the floor of the ocean, or by effective submarine eruptions when the magma 

reached the floor of the ocean and phreatomagmatic explosions occurred. 

According to sonar bathymetric investigations and underwater photos taken by high-resolution camera, there are two 

rift systems on the surface of Loihi. 

south flank. 

young aye is suggested for Loihi. 

flowed during the last two centuries, but no precise information is available about these earlier eruptions. 

They represent only an insignificant event in the history of Loihi. Many other eruptions must have occurred 

during the last millennium since the volume of Loihi is remarkably large. Leihi has 2 percent of the volume 

of Mauna Loa. It should continue its activity and emerge from the ocean to form a subaerial volcano. Mauna 

Loa and Kilauea will be extinct volcanoes. 

Varying estimates for its aye range from 2,000 to 20,000 

Morphologically, Loihi is a typical shield volcano, having a top-caldera with a diameter of some 3200 m. 

One system can be found north of the caldera, while the other is along the 

Since very little oceanic sediment has accumulated over the surface of the volcano, a relatively 

The lava appears to be fresh and glassy in structure. The lava may have 
REF E RE NCES 

Note: Catalogue ... = Catalogue of Active Volcanoes of the World Including 

Solfatara Fields. Francesco Giannini & Figli, publisher, Napoli, 

Italy. 

Beri ta = Geosurvey Newsletter of Di rectorat Geologi (Geological 

Survey of) Indonesia. Bandung, Indonesia. 

Berninghausen, W. H., 1964: A Checklist of Icelandic Volcanic Activity. 

Bull. Seism. SOC. Am., v. 54, No. 1. 

Berninyhausen, W. H., 1966: Tsunamis and Seismic Seiches Reported from 

Regions Adjacent to the Indian Ocean. Bull. Seism. SOC. Am., v. 56, No. 1. 

Berninghausen, W. H., 1969: Tsunamis and Seismic Seiches of Southeast Asia. 

Bull. Seism. SOC. Am., v. 59, No. 1. 

Blot, C., 1963: Volcanisme et Seismicite dans 1 'Archipel des NouvellesHebrides. Bull. Volc., v. XXVI, pp. 167-177. 

Bullard, F. M., 1968: Volcanoes, in History, in Theory, in Eruption. Univ. 

of Texas Press, 441 pp. 

Coats, R. R., 1950: Volcanic Activity in the Aleutian Arc. U.S. Geological 

Survey Bull ., 9748, pp. 35-37. 

Cotton, C. A., 1969: Volcanoes as Landscape Forms. Hafner Publ. Co., New 

York and London, 416 pp. 

Cox, D. C., Pararas-Carayannis, G., and Calebaugh, J. P., 1976: Catalogue of 

Tsunamis in Alaska. Revised 1976. WDC-A Report SE-1, NOAA, Boulder, CO. 

Davis, T. N., and Echols, C., 1962: A Table of Alaskan Earthquakes, 

1788-1961. Geophys. Res. Rept. No. 8, Univ. of Alaska, College, AK. 

Decker, R. W., and Hadikusumo, D., 1961: Results of the 1960 Expedition to 

Krakatau. Journ. Geophys. Res., 66, pp. 3497-3511. 

Duda, J., 1965: Secular Seismic Energy Release in the Circum-Pacific Belt, 

Tectonophysics, 2:5, pp. 409-452. 

Fisher, N. H., 1957: Catalogue...V. Melanasia. Napoli, Italy. 

Furumoto, A. S., Nielsen, N. N., and Phillips, W. R., 1973: A Study of Past 

Earthquakes, Isoseismic Zones of Intensity, and Recommended Zones for 

Structural Design for Hawaii. HIG-75-4, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics, 

Univ. of Hawaii. 

31 
REFERENCES (Continued) 

Georgalas, G. C., 1962: Catalogue ... XII. Greece. Napoli, Italy. 

Gorshkov, G. S., 1958: Catalogue ..., IX. Kurile Islands. Napoli, Italy. 

Gorshkov, G. S., 1959: Gigantic Eruptiori of the Volcano Bezyrnianny. Bull. 

Volc., Serie 11, v. XX. 

Gutenberg, B., and Richter, C. F., 1954: Seismicity of the Earth. Second 

edition, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ. 

Hantke, G., 1962: Ubersicht uber die Vulkanische Tatigkeit 1957-1959. Bull. 

VO~C., V. XXIV, pp. 321-348. 

Hantke, G., 1979: Personal Communication. (An unpublished list of volcanic 

activity in the Aleutian-Alaska Belt). 

Heck, N. H., 1947: List of Seismic Sea Waves. Bull. Seisrn. SOC. Am., v. 37, 

No. 4. 

Hedervari, P., 1978: Geonornic Notes on the Bronze Age Eruption of Santorini. 

Thera and the Aegean World, I. London, pp. 152-161. 

Hedervari, P., 1979: The Relationship between Tectonic Earthquakes and 

Volcanic Eruptions with Particular Reference to Santorini (Aegean Sea) and 

Indonesia. Geologie en Mijnbouw, Special Issue in honor of Professor R. -W. 

van Bemmelen: 53:2, pp. 213-224. 

Hedervari, P., 1980: On the Tsunami that Accompanied the Bezymianny Eruption, 

March 30, 1956. Volcano News, No. 5. 

Hedervari, P., 1984: Catalog of Submarine Volcanoes and Hydrological 

Phenomena Associated with Volcanic Events, 1500 B.C. to December 31, 1899. 

World Data Center A for Solid Earth Geophysics Report SE-36, NOAA, Boulder, 

CO, 76 pp. 

Iida, K., Cox, D. C., and Pararas-Carayannis, G., 1972: Preliminary Catalogue 

of Tsunamis Occurring in the Pacific Ocean. Report HIG-67-10, Hawaii 

Institute of Geophysics, Univ. of Hawaii. 

Imbo, G., 1965: Catalogue ... XVIII. Napoli, Italy. 

Jezek, P., 1978: Subrnarirle Volcanoes in the Banda and Celebes Seas. Berita, 

v. 10, Nos. 13 and 20. 

Kanamori, H., 1977: The Energy Release in Great Earthquakes. Journ. Geophys. 

Res., 82:20, pp. 2981-2987. 

Underwater Volcano. New Zealand Journ. of Sci., v. 9, No. 1. 

Kibblewhite, A. C., 1966: The Acoustic Detection and Location of an 

32 
REFERENCES (Continued) 

Komlos, G., Hedervari, P., and Meszaros, S., 1978: A Brief Note on Tectonic 

Earthquakes Related to the Activity of Santorini from Antiquity to the 

Present. Thera and the Aegean World, I. London, England, pp. 97-107. 

Kuno, H., 1962: Catalogue ... XI. Japan, Taiwan and Marianas. Napoli, Italy. 

Kusumadinata, K., 1979: Data Dasar Gununydpi Indonesia. Catalogue of 

References on Indonesian Volcanoes with Eruptions in Historical Time. 

Volcanological Survey of Indonesia, 820 pp. 

Latter, 3. H., 1979: The History and Geography of Active and Dormant 

Volcanoes. A Worldwide Catalogue and Index of Active and Potentially 

Active Volcanoes, with an Outline of their Eruptions. (In preparation. To 

be pub1 i shed in : The Encycl opedi a of Volcanology , Dowden, Hutchi nson, and 

Ross, Inc., Calif., edited by J. Green. In the present Catalog we used 

only the chapter on the volcanic activity in the Aleutian - Alaska Belt 

from 1700 to the present. The manuscript copy was given to us by Dr. 

Latter. This may be regarded as a personal communication.) 

MacDonald, G. A., 1955: Catalogue ... 111. Hawaiian Islands. Napoli, Italy. 

MacDonald, G. A., 1972: Volcanoes. Prentice-Hall Publishers, New Jersey, 500 

PP. 

Moore, J. G., 1967: Base Surge in Recent Volcanic Eruptions. Bull. Volc., 

v. xxx. 

Morimoto, R., 1960: Submarine Eruption of the Myojin Reef. Bull. Volc., 

Serie 11, v. XXIII. 

Elooser, F., et al., 1958: Catalogue ... VI. Central America. Napoli, Italy. 

Neumann van Padany, M., 1938: Uber die Unterseevulkane der Erde. De 

Mijningenieur, V, Djakarta, Indonesia, Nos. 5 - 6. 

Neumann van Padang, M., 1951: Catalogue. ..I. Indonesia. Napoli, Italy. 

Neumann van Padang, M., 1953: Catalogue ... 11. Philippine Islands and Cochin 

China, Napoli, Italy. 

Neumann van Padang, M., 1963: Catalogue.. .XVI. Arabia and the Indian Ocean. 

Napol i , Italy. 

Neumann van Padang, M., et al., 1967: Catalogue ... XXI. Atlantic Ocean. 

Napol i , Italy. 

Neumann van Padang, M., 1983: History of the Volcanology in the Former 

Netherlands East Indies. Scripta Geologica, 71 Rijksmuseum van Geologie 

en Mineralogie. Leiden, The Netherlands, 80 pp. 

33 
REFERENCES (Continued) 

Pararas-Carayannais, G., and Calebaugh, J. P., 1977: Catalogue of Tsunamis in 

Hawaii. Revised 1977. WDC-A Report SE-4, NOAA, Boulder, CO. 

Perret, F. A., 1950: Volcanological Observations. Carnegie Inst. of 

Washington, Publ. 549, 162 pp. 

Reynolds, M. A., and Best, J. G., 1976: Summary of the 1953-1957 Eruption of 

Tulrnan Volcano, Papua New Guinea. In: Volcanism in Australasia (R.W. 

Johnson, editor), Elsevier Publishers, Amsterdam, Oxford, New York, pp. 

28 7-298. 

Richard, 3. J., 1962: Catalogue ... XIII. Kermadec, Tonga, and Samoa. 

Napoli, Italy. 

Richard, 3. J., and Neumann van Padang, M., 1957: Catalogue. .. IV. Africa 

and the Red Sea. Napoli, Italy. 

Richards, A. F., 1957: Volcanism in Eastern Pacific Ocean Basin: 1945 - 

1955. Proceedings of the Congress Geologic0 Internacional, XXa Sesion. 

Ciudad de Mexico, 1956. Seccion I. Vulcanologia del Cenozoico, pp. 19 - 

31. 

Richards, A. F., 1963: Relationship Between Types of Volcanic Activity and 

Character of Sounds. Volcanic Sounds: Investigation and Analysis. Journ. 

Geophys. Res., 68:3, pp. 919-928. 

Robson, G. R., 1964: An Earthquake Catalogue for the Eastern Caribbean 1530 - 

1960. 8ull. Seisin. Soc. Am., v. 54, No. 2, pp. 785 - 832. 

Hobson, G. R., and Tomblin, J. F., 1966: Catalogue ... XX. West Indies. 

Napoli, Italy. 

Rothe, J. P., 1969: Seismicity of the Earth, 1953 - 1965. UNESCO, Paris, 

France. 

Sapper, K., 1927: Vulkankunde. J. Engelhorns Nachf., Stuttgart, FRG., 424 

PP. 

SEAN (Scientific Events Alert Network, Smithsonian Institution ) 1980: 

Submarine Volcanoes, Volcano Islands, North Pacific, v. 5, No. 4, pp. 

10-1 1. 

Shackelford, D., 1981: Volcano Extrema, 2. Volcano News, No. 8, p. 7. 

Sieberg, A., 1932: Untersuchungen uber Erdbeben. und Bruchschol lenbau im 

Ostlichen Mittelmeergebiet. Denkschr. Med. Naturw. Ges., v. 18, Jena, GDR. 

34 
REFERENCES (continued) 

Simkin, T., Siebert, L., ElcClelland, L., Bridge, D., Newhall, C., and Latter, 

J., 1981: Volcanoes of the World. Hutchinson Ross, Stroudsburg, PA, 

233 pp. 

Snodgrass, J. M., and Richards, A. F., 1956: Observations of Underwater 

Volcanic Acoustics at Barcena Volcano, San Benedicto Islznd, Mexico, and 

Shelikof Strait, Alaska. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 37:1, pp. 97-104. 

Supan, A., 1910: A fizikai foldrajz alapvonalai (in Hungarian); Basis of 

Physical Oceanography. Kertesz Publishing Co., Budapest, Hungary, 870 pp. 

Suryo, I., 1978: Volcanic Phenomena During the Year 1960. Bull. Volc. 

Survey, Indonesia, No. 103. 

Thorarinsson, S., 1965: Nedansjavargos wid Island. (In Icelandic). Submarine 

Eruptions off the Coast of Iceland. Natturufraedingurrin, v. 35, No. 2, 

pp. 49 - 74. 

Usami, T., 1966: Descriptive Table of Major Earthquakes in and near Japan 

which were Accompanied by Damages (in Japanese). Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst., 

V. 44, No. 4, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 1571 - 1622. 

Van Bemmelen, R. W., 1970: The Geology of Indonesia. v. IA, General Geology. 

Hartinus Nijnoff, publisher, The Hague, Netherlands. 

Visser, S. W., 1922: Island and Submarine Epicentra of Sumatra and Java 

Earthquakes. Koninkli jk Magnetish en Meteorologish Observatorium de 

Batavia, Djakarta, Indonesia. 

Vlodavetz, v. I., and Plip, 6. I., 1959: Catalogue...VIII. Kamchatka and 

Williams, H., McBirney, A. R., 1979: Volcanology. Freeman, Cooper and Co., 

Continental Asia. Napoli, Italy. 

San Francisco, CA, 397 pp. 

Zen, M. T., and Hadikusumo, D., 1964: Recent Changes in the Anak-Krakatau 

Volcano. Bull. Volc., v. 27, pp. 259-268. 

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