JPRS 7199 7

5 October 1978

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TRANSLATIONS ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

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TRANSLATIONS ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY, No. 181

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JPRS 7199 7

5 October 1978

TRANSLATIONS ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

No. 181

CONTENTS PAGE

ASIA

FIJI

Carp Could Help Fiji Clear Weed Problem

(NEW ZEALAND HERALD, 7 Sep 78) 1

MALAYSIA

Environmental Impact Reports Required for Some Projects

(A. Kadir Jasin; BUSINESS TIMES, 19 Jul 78) 3

Government Seminar on Water Pollution

(NEW STRAITS TIMES, 18 Jul 78) 4

NEW ZEALAND

Aerosol Industry Phasing Out Fluorocarbons

(THE EVENING POST, 31 Aug 78) 5

Nuclear Fall-Out Levels Lowest Since 1960

(THE PRESS, 17 Aug 78) 7

LATIN AMERICA

URUGUAY

Nation Takes Steps To Control Erosion

(EL PAIS, 11 Aug 78) 8

Briefs

Water Service Improvement 13

Second Stage Forestation 13

- a - [III - INT - 139]
CONTENTS (Continued) Page

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

NIGERIA

Afforestation Program Under Way

(Nura Suleiman Ishak; NEW NIGERIAN, 1 Sep 78) 14

Water Shortage in Capital of Niger State Called Acute

(Abdul Salami Zubairu; NEW NIGERIAN, 7 Sep 78) 15

Contract Signed for Aerial Survey of Irrigation Sites

(Edet Charles; NEW NIGERIAN, 7 Sep 78) 16

Protests Over Displacement Due to Dam Construction, Bad

Roads

(NEW NIGERIAN, 7, 12 Sep 78) 17

Sokoto Riot Over Compensation Claims, by Mu'azu

Alhaj i

Tax Revolt Threatened in Oyo, by Lekan Yusuf

USSR

Legislation and Protecting the Environment

(G. Filimonov; PRAVDA, 22 Aug 78) 19

Environmental Protection in Yaroslavskaya Oblast

(V. Toropov; KHOZYAYSTVO I PRAVO, Jul 78) 22

Krasnodarskiy Kray Experiences Slight Earthquake

3 September

(S. Afonin; IZVESTIYA, 5 Sep 78) 29

WESTERN EUROPE

NORWAY

Province Forestry Office Urges Felling of Trees Hit by

Beetle

(AFTENPOSTEN, 6 Sep 78) 31

SWEDEN

Spruce Bark Beetle Destroying Forests

(Anders Ohman; DAGENS NYHETER, 5 Sep 78) 33

Stockholm Authorities Warn of Exhaust Lead in Foods

(Kerstin Fried; DAGENS NYHETER, 25 Aug 78) 35

- b -
CARP COULD HELP FIJI CLEAR WEED PROBLEM

Auckland NEW ZEALAND HERALD in English 7 Sep 78 p 2

[Text]

FIJI

ChinS^grass^carp could be the

answer to some serious freshwater weed

problems in Fiji. -....._..__

, That is the belief of the

scientist in charge of

fisheries research in Rotorua, Dr G. R. Fish.

One thousand grass carp

fingerlings from research

ponds at Rotorua will leave

tomorrow as a gift to the

Fijian Government,.

Grass-eating carp werel

first brought to New Zealand

in 1971 for experiments into]

weed control, Dr Fish said!

yesterday.

He believed they could welli

be an answer to New!

Zealand freshwater weed

problems, and research at

Ministry of Agriculture and

Fisheries ponds at Rotorua

had shown some evidence for

this.

Problems

But fears by anglers of

interaction between- carp and

trout had, he said, prevented

I release of the carp into any

' major river or lake so far.

But Fiji, which had also

been experimenting with the

fish, could well proceed with

grass carp for weed control.

Fiji had serious weed problems already which could

Worsen -^hen it proceeded

with plans for new

reservoirs, Dr Fish said.

In New Zealand, plans

were made a few years ago

to release carp into Lake

Rotokawa, a small lake near

the Rotorua airport, but were

abandoned due to pressure:

from angling interests and

from the Internal Affairs

Department.

US Fears

Dr Fish said he hoped

attitudes to the carp could

change in the future to allow

wider research on their

possibilities in New Zealand

waters.
) Unlike ffieTEuroDean carp

!they did not make boles in

lake banks and they were

too big to be eaten by trout.

But Internal Affairs representatives have saicTtfiat the

carp is banned in several

American states because of

fears of its effect on waterways and marine life. . The conservator of wildlife

in Rotorua, Mr P. J.

Burstall, had described the

carp as too greata potential

danger to the Rotorua-Taupo

fisheries to risk introducing

them in this area.

Carp are reported to have!

'colonised" whole river

systems in the Soviet Union,

and research has shown they

can bea host to parasites

which could spread to other

types of fish.

It was also considered

possible that the carp were

carnivorous ina juvenile

stage, only becoming

herbivorous later.

CSO: 5000
MALAYSIA

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORTS REQUIRED FOR SOME PROJECTS

Kuala Lumpur BUSINESS TIMES in English 19 Jul 78 p 1

[Article by A. Kadir Jasin]

[Excerpts] A NEW element will be

introduced in the Fourth

Malaysia Plan: the impact of development on

the environment.

Procedures are to be

instituted for Environftiental, Impact

Assessment (EIA) as

part of a preventive approach to pollution problems so that development does not have unintended side effects.

A background paper

on existing national policies and environmental

programmes presented

at the second day of the

System Engineering

Seminar on Water Quality in Kuala Lumpur yesterday discloses that an

EIA report would be required for a limited number of projects in the

Fourth Plan.

A chapter on environmental impact

assessment will be included in the Plan, and füll

implementation of the

procedures is expected

to be made in the Fifth

Development Plan.

Full implementation

of the ElA procedures,

says the paper will eliminate most of the ofawibacks and adverse longLterm effects of development.

'-.. "It will ensure that all

'future development

projects will be environmentally sound and prevent any further deteritfration of our fabulous natural heritage, unspoilt

land, forest and rivers,"

adds the paper.

The EIA can be characterised as a 'look before you leap' approach.

The environmental impact assessment procedures will include the

evaluation of the anticipated impact of project

alternatives, comparison of short-term uses of

resources as against

long-term productivity,

and the consideration of

all irreversible actions,

including any irretrievable commitment of resources.

The EIA will attemptto avoid costly future

problems rather than resorting to expensive remedial measures which

do not guarantee full success^

The paper notes that it

is not easy to create an

environmental conscience in agencies and organisations with histories

of disregard for such

matters.

On the proposed effluent discharge standard for rubber, the paper says that it will be

' implemented through a

three-generation set of

limits against four in the

case of palm oil.

In the first generation

or stage, SMR and conventional factories have

tb reduce their BOD (biological oxygen demand)

limit to 500 parts per million (ppm); 300 ppm in

the second stage and 200

ppm in the third stage.

No dates have yet

been set for the enforcement of these limits although the regulations

will pe gazetted in the

"near future. Discharge

'-standards for'sewage

and industrial effluents

i are also being gazetted.

CSO: 5000
MALAYSIA

GOVERNMENT SEMINAR ON WATER POLLUTION

Kuala Lumpur NEW STRAITS TIMES in English 18 Jul 78 p 9

[Text]

KUALA LUMPUR,

Mon. — A warning

that water pollution

will pose serious consequences in' certain

areas of the country

was given by Science,

Technology and Environment Minister Tan

Sri Ong Kee Hui today.

The Minister said several major rivers were

found to be grossly polluted, according to a water quality study by the

Water Environment Division of his: Ministry.

' Among the; river are

Sungai Kelang, Sungai

Selangor, Sungai Linggi,

•Sungai Langgat, Sungai

Melaka,, Sungai Muar,

! Sungai Segamat, Sungai

Johore, Sungai Muda,

Sungai Trengganu, Sungai Kelantan and Sungai

Perak.

Tan Sri Ong was speaking here at the opening

of a 12-day seminar and

workshop on Systems

Engineering on Water

Quality organised by the

Science, Technology and

Environment Ministry

and the Mitre Corporation of the United

States.

More than 50 officials

from Government agencies, and representatives

from universities, research organisations and

private firms are attending the seminar-workshop.

"The major sources of

organic pollution have been

attributed to sewage, oil

palm mill and rubber factory effluents," Tan Sri Ong

said.

Problems

Pollution from these

sources had been quantified

and together discharge a

B.O.D. (Biological Oxygen

Demand) of two million

pounds per day, of which oil

palm . and rubber factories

account for one million

pounds, he added.

"Among the remaining

agro-based industries, waiter pollution problems of a

' localised nature are caused

by the tapioca, pineapple

and sugar industries.

"In addition, water pol'

lution problems are also

caused by the discharge of

other industrial effluents,

particularly in industrial

centres like Kuala Lumpur,

Petaling Jaya and Penang," he said.

Among the major industrial sources of pollution named by him were tanneries,

textile mills, electronic factories, electroplating indus-

; tries and sulphuric acid

_plants.

"Significant levels of

: toxic metals, such as mercury, lead, chromium and

cadmium have been encountered in the Juru and

Kelang River basins," he

said.

Tan Sri Ong said another

major water pollution problem was siltation, mainly as

a result of the opening of

land and mining, which is

expected to increase in the

future.

He said the Environment

Division had taken steps to

curb the current incidence

of water pollution.

He said regulations to

control oil palm effluence

came into force on July 1

this year and those for rubber factory effluence, industrial effluence and sewage

would be gazetted shortly.

He added that a report

on siltation would be submitted to the National Land'

Council for approval and

adoption by the States.

Tan Sri Ong also said the

Environment Division was

also monitoring water quality of several Malaysian rivers.

CSO: 5000
NEW ZEALAND

AEROSOL INDUSTRY PHASING OUT FLUOROCARBONS

Wellington THE EVENING POST in English 31 Aug 78 p 6

[Text]

New Zealand's aerosol industry, following world-wide

trends to protect the atmosphere's ozone layer, has

made major moves to use

hydrocarbon propellents

rather than the harmful fluorr

»carbon propellants.

On Monday a visiting American scientist (Professor F

Sherwood Rowland) warned

that New Zealand takes the

risk of contributing to an increase in skin cancer unless it

bans the use of fluorocarbons

in aerosol containers

However, a recent survey

carried out by the Department

of Trade and Industry indicates New Zealand — in the

past two or three years — has

made major moves to using

hydrocarbon propellants.

"Aerosol cans are classified^

into two uses — household and

personal," a member of the

aerosol subcommittee of the

New Zealand Cosmetic and

Toiletries Association (Mr

Peter Isherwood) said today.

"The household uses are

products such as polishes,

cleaners, fly sprays and

paints, while the personal use,

class covers cosmetics and

toiletries.

"And the survey shows a

Very substantial drop in the

use of fluorocarbons for household products — only about

one third of te cans used this

year (compared with 1977)

had fluorocarbon in them.

"Next year we expect that

figure to be cut in half, and

within a year or two fluorocarbon propellants should —
with one or two exceptions be

phased out altogether.

"However, in personal use

products there isa bigger

problem.

"Here there has beena 20

percent reduction on the 1977

figures, and in 1979 we expect a further 20 percent reducton

on the 1978 figure," he said.

"Manufacturers are trying

to change to the hydrocarbons

as quickly as they can. And are

aiming for the lowest possible

level they can.

"But it must be remembered Öiat personal use

aerosol products are being

used near the eyes and on the

face in many cases— and the

hydrocarbon can create problems.

^Also the complexity of r*

formulation of the products to

suit hydrocarbon propellants is

difficult."

Fiuorocarbons have been

banned in many countries— it

is understood its use in aerosol cans will be banned in the

United states in October— be

cause of their damaging effects on the world's ozone j

layer. |

This is the part of the upper

atmosphere which diffuses and

filters harmful ultra-violet

rays from the sun.

In New Zealand, the hydrocarbon butane propellant is

produced at the Natural Gas

Corporation's Kapuni plant

from natural gas, with butane

being chosen as it has the

right liquid vapour characteristics.

CSO: 5000
NEW ZEALAND

NUCLEAR FALL-OUT LEVELS LOWEST SINCE 1960

Christchurch THE PRESS in English 17 Aug 78 p 3

[Text]

" Nuclear fall-out levels

measured In New Zealand

last year were the lowest

since measurements began

in 1960, says the National

Radiation Laboratory.

Deposits of strontium 90

fat nine New Zealand

recording stations averaged less than 0.1 millicuries per square kilo*

metre, according to an annual report on environmental radioactivity released yesterday.

This was one thirtysixth of the deposits recorded in 1964, said the

report by the laboratory's

director (Dr H. R. Atkin-

: son). The 1964 deposits resulted from large United

States and Soviet atmospheric tests inJ961-62. _

Concentrations of strontium 90 and caesium 137

in New Zealand milk

reflected the changes in

fall-out deposit.

He said that five Pacific

island stations had been

monitoring levels continuously in the area since

French underground nuclear testing began in 1975.

, "Fresh fission products,

from possible venting dur«

ing underground tests,

have been detected since

this programme started.

"The levels recorded

during 1977 were very

small fractions of the reference levels and do not

constitute a public health

hazard.

"The radiation dose to

the general population resulting from the long-term

average levels is small,"

Dr Atkinson said ._.._

CSO: 5000
URU&ÜAY

NATION TAKES STEPS TO CONTROL EROSION

Montevideo EL PAIS in Spanish 11 Aug 78 Supplement p 4

/fext7 Erosion is a natural phenomenon caused by rain, wind and

water currents in general. The phenomenon occurs normally in

nature, molding the landscape and acting in balance with the rest

of the ecosystem.

Once man begins to work the soil, the vegetation and woodlands,

etcetera, change that equilibrium and erosion can become a

serious problem that endangers fertile lands, the regeneration of

forests, the quality of water and of supplies of pure water.

The phenomenon of erosion received special attention in the

developed countries beginning in the decade of the 30's, due

principally to the deterioration that became particularly evident in areas that had been cleared of forests for agricultural

use.

Erosive Process

The process of erosion becomes evident when the dynamic equilibrium in which the soil exists is destroyed in some way, thus

causing an acceleration of this naturally slow process.

The equilibrium is destroyed whenever the soil is stripped of

its natural covering of vegetation, thus permitting the principal erosive agent—rain—to work upon the bare surface. The

destruction of the ground cover is caused by various things:

over-grazing, deforestation, fire, and, principally, by agriculture .

Rain has been noted as the principal erosive agent in our country

due to the characteristics of our climate, in which rainfall is

concentrated during relatively short periods of time, in addition

to extremely heavy rains (millmeters per hour).

As to the causes of destruction of the ground cover, we must
point out agriculture, first of all. When we say agriculture

favors the process of erosion, we note that we are referring to

traditional methods of agriculture, without the use of adequate

measures of conservation and soil management.

In this process, two important aspects should he pointed out:

1) Loss of nutrients and minerals when part of the topsoil is

washed away.

b) Deterioration of physical properties or physical degradation.

These two points are closely related, generally occurring

simultaneously and interacting with each other. Thus the process

begins to accelerate itself. This means that once the deterioration has begun, the land becomes continually more susceptible to

erosion.

In outline form, one might say that once a soil begins to be

cultivated, it is more exposed to the effect of this washing away

because the excess rainwater does not penetrate the soil. Then

the richest arable layer is washed away to lower land or deposited

in drainage ditches where it accumulates or is carried further,

deteriorating the water supply. This process happens year after

year, and at first it is hardly visible, since its traces are

easily covered by cultivation of the fields. But once it becomes

pronounced and little gullies begin to appear that grow larger

year after year, it can no longer be stopped without the use of

special practices that are generally costly. And most Important,

the volume of soil that is lost can no longer be returned to its

original place.

As this process continues to occur, its effects are seen in

lower yields, poorer quality pastures, greater risk of drought,

more restricted and costlier periods of cultivation (because the

land area of the farms is cut away by the gullies), poorer

response to the use of fertilizers, and so on. Thus, a soil that

is affected by a moderate degree of erosion produces a smaller

crop yield per hectare, which in turn makes it more difficult to

improve its structure, moisture retention, permeability, and so

forth.

In our climatic conditions, soils are more or less susceptible

to erosion depending principally on: topography, soil depth,

texture, structure, permeability, natural fertility, characteristics of the subsoil and type of vegetation. These characteristics are closely related to each other.

Under cultivation, as previously mentioned, the vegetation has

been destroyed, therefore soil management and crop rotation?

become fundamentally important.
Crops that offer the soil little protection, such as those

where the surface of the ground is just scratched, are those

that generally favor erosion when not accompanied by adequate

measures to offset it.

Estimates of Erosion in Uruguay

The process of erosion in our country has reached proportions that

lead us to think seriously about adopting measures for the

reclamation of seriously eroded areas, and of adequate measures

of conservation in those zones where the phenomenon is controllable and where its effect would manifest itself, in the long

run, in production.

We should think, basically, about the economic effect of the loss

or deterioration of our principal natural resource, on which our

production is based.

In the past, when soils were depleted or eroded, it was easy to

move to new highly productive lands. But today, the majority

of our best soils are already being farmed and are affected to

some degree by erosion or seriously threatened by inadequate

management.

The incorporation of new soils into agriculture generally is being

done at the expense of marginal soils that detract from the livestock and which in general are more susceptible to erosion.

Estimates by the Soil and Fertilizer Administration about the

different degrees of erosion indicate that approximately 30 percent of the nation's land is affected by a certain degree of

erosion, as shown in the following charts

Little or no erosion, 69.9 percent

Light erosion, 21.2 percent

Moderate erosion, 6.8 percent

Severe erosion, 2.0 percent

If we compare the eroded area with the area that is suitable for

agriculture in the country, this figure becomes very important.

The most severely eroded areas are located in the departments of

Ganelones, San Jose and part of Maldonado. This is the region

that has supported the most intensive and prolonged period of our

agricultural history.

In general terms, the rest of the areas affected are located in

our principal agricultural region, the western sector along the

Uruguay River, where our most fertile soils are found and where

approximately 80 percent of the nation's grain is produced.

10
With respect to the south-central part of the country, agricultural use is more intensive but locally concentrated, added to

which is the greater susceptibility to erosion of this area,

resulting in light and moderate degrees of erosion.

Qj NULA 0 MUY UGERA

LIGERA

f*.* '

MODERADA

SEVERA

I

Keyj Q Little or no erosion

HI Light erosion

11

m Moderate erosion

Severe erosion
In the next article we will outline practical measures of

conservation and soil management that permit intensive agriculture but prevent it from deteriorating the soil resources and

consequently, national agricultural production.

8631

CSO s 5000

12
URUGUAY

BRIEFS

WATER SERVICE IMPROVEMENT—Mercedes— Intensive work is cohtih- """"

uing to complete important projects that will permit an improvement in the supplying of pure drinking water in this city, in

accordance with the program of projects of the OSE /state Board

of Sanitation/, a million-liter auxiliary distribution tank is

being built on Q-aribaldi Street near the Municipal Football

Stadium—one of the highest points in Mercedes. This tank will

permit a regular supply to areas that suffer water shortages in

the summer. The OSE plan also envisions a considerable expansion

of the water distribution network in various sections of Mercedes.

In addition, the water mains are being Iword illegible] in order to

improve the pure water supply service. /Text? /Montevideo

LA MANANA in Spanish 2 Aug 78 p 87 8631 "

SECOND STAGE FORESTATION—Punta del Diablo— A resolution promoted

by the Mayor's Office, with the full cooperation of superiors and

officers of Infantry Battalion No 12, with headquarters in the city

of Rocha, was made on 31 August to initiate the second stage of

forestation in this locality and surrounding areas. /Text/ /Montevideo EL DIA in Spanish 12 Aug 78 p 157 8631

CSO: 5000

13
NIGERIA

AFFORESTATION PROGRAM UNDER WAY

Kaduna NEW NIGERIAN in English 1 Sep 78 p I

[Article by Nura Suleiman Ishak]

[Text] MORE than 100,000 seedlings are

to be planted in all the three

districts of Ikara Local Government area during the current

1978/79 tree planting campaign.

The districts include Ikara.

Makarfi and Kubau.

Of this number, 36,000 seedlings

have already been planted at

Anchau Takalaf ia in Kubau District

ofIkara Local Government area, in

Kaduna State.

Speaking at the launching of the

campaign, the Sole Administrator

of the Ikara Local Government,

Alhaji Ahmadu Bakori, further

disclosed that about 25,850 seedlings

would soon be distributed to

farmers, and 4,100 would be given

to all the primary schools, while a

newly established village in the

-area was to receive 300 and young

farmers' clubs throughout the local

government are 1,500 seedlings.

Thirty-two thousand seedlings

were to be sold, however, to

interested farmers at subsidised

prices, he said.

Alhaji Ahmadu Bakori further

reiterated the importance of tree

planting in our economy and

implored all those who received the

seedlings to plant them according

to the advice given by bush

inspectors in their areas.

He, however, commended the

people of the area for the interest

they had shown in the campaign

and called formore co-operation.

The launching ceremony was

attended by many distinguished

people including the District Head

of Kubau, Alhaji Suleiman, KatukanZazzau.

CSO: 5000

14
NIGERIA

WATER SHORTAGE IN CAPITAL OF NIGER STATE CALLED ACUTE

Kaduna NEW NIGERIAN in English 7 Sep 78 p 2

[Article by Abdul Salami Zubairu, Minna]

[Text] AN acute shortage of water has

hit Minna, capital of Niger State,

and its environs, and for the past

three weeks, people have had to

travel, four to five kilometres to

fetch drinking water.

All the water taps in Minna, and

Bosso quarters in particular, have

either been locked or gone dry for

almost one month now.

Efforts to get the cause of the

shortage proved abortive, but a

competent source close to the

Water Board told me that the

water dearth in Minna and Bosso

was due to the construction works

i on roads now in progress

throughout the state capital, and

which had caused a lot of damage

to the water pipes.

As a result of the shortage, local

well-diggers are now in full

business in these areas, while

tanker drivers of the state Water

Board who travelled to the nearest

towns to fetch water meant for

distribution to the inhabitants

mostly affected, seized the opportunity of the situation to exploit

the public.

Investigation carried out by the

New Nigerian revealed that these

drivers now sell a drum of water

at between three Naira to five

Naira to the people in these areas,

while those who cannot afford this

amount have to travel out in

search of well, stream or river

water both for drinking and

domestic use.

The investigation also revealed

that the areas mostly affected

include Minna, Bosso^ Keteren

Gwari and Kuta, and some

businessmen in these areas who

could afford to buy tanker vehicles

did so.

It was discovered that the inhabitants of the Types 'A' and 'B''

quarters including the low-cost

housing estates where top government officials and some government workers are putting up are

not experiencing this shortage.

I also discovered that a village

about four kilometres away from

Minna whose inhabitants always

had water for two hours in a week,

in the taps, complained that the

water which came out of the taps

was not good enough for human

consumption since it was always

full of mud, insects, or worms.

The source agreed that the

water being supplied to this village

could be harmful to the people

since it was not treated, adding

that, the water "is being supplied

direct from Bosso Dam untreated."

CSO: 5000

15
NIGERIA

CONTRACT SIGNED FOR AERIAL SURVEY OF IRRIGATION SITES

Kaduna NEW NIGERIAN in English 7 Sep 78 p 7

[Article by Edet Charles, Calabar]

[Text] AN aerial survey of the proposed

sites of a number of flood projects

to be established in the country

has been commissioned.

The irrigation projects which

are for agricultural purposes in

the Cross River Basin will be sited

on Okete River in Benue State,

Nyaba River, Anambra State and

Unwana in Imo State.

Contract for the earial survey

of the project sites has been signed

in Calabar, between the Chairman

of the Cross River Basin Development Authority, Mr. O. E. Ikpi and

Mr. George Olusegun Osifeso for

an indigenous firm;, of aerial

surveyors, Messrs Mapcotec Nigeria Limited.

The contract which is valued at

843,000 Naira, is for the production

of aerial photographs and maps of

the project sites. It also covers

Qua Iboe River in Cross River

State,

Tne chairman of the Basin

Authority announced at the signing

ceremony that the contract was

expected to be completed within

seven months.

He also announced other approved projects to be executed by

the authority during the current

financial year.

These include, a poultry hatchery and a livestock feed mill to

be established in the authority's

headquarters complex in Calabar.

Another establishment of poultry

farms in Otukpo, Benue State,

Enugu, Anambra State, Umuahia,

Imo State, and Etinan in Cross

River State, as well as the setting

up of area officers in these places.

Last year, the authority had

commissioned feasibility studies of

the first se{ of projects it executed

The projects consisted of 26

hydrological stations which were

installed as well as two medium

projects and five minor schemes

involving flood protection and irrigation schemes in various parts of

the Cross River Basin.

CSO: 5000

16
PROTESTS OVER DISPLACEMENT DUE TO DAM CONSTRUCTION, BAD ROADS

Sokoto Riot Over Compensation Claims

Kaduna NEW NIGERIAN in English 7 Sep 78 p 32

NIGERIA

[Article by Mu'azu Alhaji]

[Text] MORE than 300 villagers

displaced by the 200 million

Nairn Bakolori Dam project

in Sokoto State, have staged

a violent demonstration

in which one person was

killed and 17 others injured.

The villagers were protesting against what they called

non-payment of compensation for their farmlands taken

over by the Sokoto Rima Basin Development Authority.

The demonstrators, who were

armed with bows and arrows, cutlasses and sticks, stormed the government offices in the area with

a view to finding some of the

officials responsible for effecting

the payment of compensation, but

they were overpowered by the

police.

The police in Talata Mafara had

to ask for reinforcement from

Sokoto because of the danger of

their being overwhelmed by the

angry villagers.

Soon after the arrival of the

reinforcement, the villagers began

to attack them with stones and

arrows.

So far investigations now going

on in the area revealed that some

influential people with vested

interest in the compensation instigated the villagers to attack the

police.

When contacted, the Military

Administrator of Sokoto State, Col.

Mohammed Gado Nasko, told me

that he had visited the scene of the

'incident but pointed out that

investigations were still going on

to track down the "selfish people

who pushed the villagers to attack

the law enforcement agencies".

The Deputy Commissioner of

Police, Alhaji A. Malumfashi, told

me on the telephone that they had

set up a high-powered inquiry into

the incident but that no preliminary report on the incident had

been received.

Meanwhile, the injured among

the villagers as well as some of

the injured policemen are on

admission at the Talata Mafara

General Hospital. It is also

believed that the police had made

some arrests.

17
Tax Revolt Threatened in Oyo

Kaduna NEW NIGERIAN in English 12 Sep 78 p 11

[Article by Lekan Yusuf]

[Text] About 700,000 people unwilling to pay their tax and other levies

may have their way in the end...because their councillors are afraid to

use force.

The people are in the Ila Local Government Council area Oyo State.

The council's chairman, Prince Isaac Adebayo, said yesterday that the

people were un-co-operative because of bad roads in Ila-Orangun and Ikirun.

And the councillors fear that a tax raid could incite a revolt.

Prince Adebayo said the council had been unable to raise revenue from tax

and tenement rate because the people were un-co-operative.

He said the council had built some roads in the rural areas. The people

were also benefitting from new maternity centres, dispensaries, water

distribution tankers and standing water containers, he added.

Prince Adebayo said markets had also been built in many areas.

But he said lack of money and personnel held back the other projects.

The state government had not provided all the grants for 1977/78 year and

had given nothing for 1978/79, Prince Adebayo concluded.

CSO: 5000

18
US SS

LEGISLATION AND PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT

Moscow PRAVDA in Russian 22 Aug 78 p 3

[Article by G. Filimonov, chairman, Rostovskaya Oblast Court: "Protecting

Nature"]

[Text] The Ordzhonikevskiy Rayon People's Court in the city of Taganrog

tried A. Vorob'yev, a shift chief in the steam-generating shop at the

Red Boilermaker Plant, on the criminal charge of inflicting damage on nature.

He did not personally chop down trees, set off explosives to stun the fish,

or kill wild game. This is what happened. One night, two mazut heater

pipes burst, discharging oil into the sewer system and ultimately into the

Sea of Azov. Over three tons of mazut were spilled before the accident

was finally discovered. Thus it was the shift chief's failure to monitor

the operation of the mechanism that resulted in substantial pollution of

the sea. He was called to account and sentenced.

The passage of the new Fundamental Law has made nature conservation the

constitutional duty of every citizen. Nature conservation laws have

undergone important modifications in recent years. Basic legislation

regarding land, minerals, water, and forests is in effect. Our own

Rostovskaya Oblast, for example, has built numerous purification plants,

sedimentation tanks, and water recycling systems. The current five-year

plan allocates over 150 million rubles for the construction of water

conservation facilities alone. Channel-clearing operations are slated for

nine small rivers that drain into the Don. There is an ongoing effort to

expand greenbelt protection of farm land and to increase the reproduction of

fish. In a word, there is a purposeful, day-by-day effort to protect the

environment and it is obviously paying off.

But let us ask ourselves if we are making sufficiently effective use of

nature conservation laws. Alas, we will derive slight comfort from the

answer. The enemies of nature against whom criminal proceedings are

instituted are for the most part fish poachers. Sentences are also meted

out for illegal hunting and logging. Enterprise and organization managers

who do not concern themselves with the effective purification of sewage and

who do not deem it necessary to take exhaustive precautionary measures

in the handling of toxic chemicals are very rarely called to account.

19
The judiciary is frequently idle in this regard. This leniency stems from

the notion that the people have done their best in the interests of

production and something has gone awry. This is an incorrect position

that causes a great deal of harm in actual fact.

Such connivance has been observed in the Kamenskiy Rayon. The civil

affairs collegium of the oblast court — held in itinerary session in the

Kamenskiy Rayon — recently examined a damage suit filed by fish conservation agencies against the Dawn of Communism Kolkhoz for the destruction of

fish. The finding was that the kolkhoz's livestock facilities were situated

too close to the river in violation of the sanitation ordinances. They

lacked proper manure pits and drainage purifiers. Earth dams were erected

on the river without the consent of the fish conservation agencies and

without the knowledge of kolkhoz chairman A. Trudnikov. The water ceased

to flow and as a result of this and other factors the fish died. The

oblast court granted the damage claim in full. In its interlocutory

orders, the court also called attention to other violations of nature

conservation laws within the rayon. The results of the proceedings were

publicized in the local press and on television.

Various branches of the national economy are developing at an ever accelerating pace and more and more new industrial and agricultural enterprises

are being put into operation. In a number of cases, we are encountering

undue strain on the ecological environment. We must accordingly reappraise the part played by Soviet criminal law in resolving the nature

conservation problem. There is hardly any justification for the present

state of affairs in which the norms designed for the protection of the

environment are scattered among the various chapters of the criminal code.

Many of them, for example, are listed in the section on economic crimes.

This suggests that the only objects subject to conservation are those that

are used in production. The fact of the matter is, however, that all of

nature's riches — animals, plants, health resort areas — need the

protection of the law.

We believe that there is a need for a new legislative approach to nature

conservation and that the first step in this direction should be to

concentrate environmental protection norms in special chapters of the

criminal codes of the union republics.

The Fundamentals of Legislation on-Land, Water and Minerals and the

Fundamentals of Legislation on Forests state that the violation of specified

legal precepts may entail criminal liability. Such liability is a possibility and is not always invoked because the criminal codes are silent on this

count. It would seem that the criminal codes should spell out in more

specific terms the liability for various serious violations of the rules

governing the operation of purification plants, the shipment, storage and

use of chemical plant protection agents, biological stimulants, mineral

fertilizers, and other preparations and for the malicious nonfulfillment

of the orders issued by agencies that monitor bodies of water for purity.

20
These questions demand the unflagging attention of legal practitioners and

scholars. Every avenue must be used to improve the protection of nature

by legal means and the practical application of the latter must be analyzed

in greater depth. Constitutional provisions for the protection of the

environment must be implemented without fail.

5013

CSO: 5000

21
USSR

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN YAROSLAVSEAYA OBLAST

Moscow KHOZYAYSTVO I PRAVO in Russian No 7, Jul 78 pp 7-1^

[Article by V. Toropov, chairman of the executive committee of the Yaroslavskaya Oblast Council of People's Deputies: "For the Sake of Life and

Health"]

[Text] Our country has always given and in the future will attach major

significance to the problems of environmental protection and the proper utilization of natural wealth. This is attested to by the numerous decrees,

natural conservation orders and instructions signed even as long ago as the

first years of Soviet rule by V. I. Lenin, and also by subsequent laws and

legislative acts from which we cannot but single out the decree of the USSR

Supreme Soviet "On Measures for the Further Improvement of Natural Conservation and the Efficient Utilization of Natural Resources (1972)."

This document advances as one of the most important tasks the complex approach to protecting the human environment; strict adherence to legislation

for the protection of the land, mineral resources, forests and water, the

animal and plant worlds, and the atmosphere. The thought that pervades this

decree is that scientific and technical progress in our country is aimed at

the good of man, that it can and must contribute to the creation of more

favorable life and health conditions, to the work and relaxation of the workers. And this is very important.

Article 18 of the Constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

states! "In the interests of the present and future generations the USSR is

adopting the necessary measures for the protection and scientific substantiation, efficient utilization of the land and its mineral resources, flora

and fauna, for the preservation of clean air and water, and for providing

the regeneration of natural riches and the improvement of the human environment.

I will not delve deeply into the scientific and socio-political aspect of

the given problem, but will attempt to discuss how natural conservation work,

the complex approach to solving this important problem and how the participation of local councils of people's deputies and the broadest sections of

22
society have been organized and how this work is being carried out in our

Order of Lenin Yaroslavskaya Oblast.

As is well known, on 13 March 1972 the Central Committee of the CPSU and the

USSR Council of Ministers approved a joint decree "On Measures to'Prevent

Pollution of the River Basins of the Volga and Ural by Impure Sewage." This

decree, among others, designated our oblast and our enterprises, and set up

concrete tasks for further maintaining the intrinsic natural balance whose

destruction is possible by the expansion of already operational and the establishment of new production in the chemical, petroleum refining, machine

building, food and textile industries and by many other branches of the national economy.

The Yaroslavskaya Oblast is relatively small in area, encompassing only 36,400

square km. It has 1.5 million inhabitants. Of them 1.1 million live in 10

cities.

The oblast produces automobile and tractor engines, powerful cranes, lacquers, rubber articles, petrochemical products and many others. The list of

enterprises and products produced attests to the need to pay great attention

to environmental protection.

Continuous attention to this problem from the government instils in us assurances for tomorrow. The land and the beautiful Volga will remain for our

descendants, and as beautiful and outstanding as they appear today, they will

be even better in the future.

In recent years under the leadership of our oblast's party and soviet organs

much work has been conducted on improving environmental protection and on

the efficient utilization of natural resources.

For just water conservation projects, in 1971-1976 90 million rubles were spent

and the planning goals for capital investments were completely realized on

time. And so, the industrial enterprises listed in the decree of the CC CPSU

and the USSR Council of Ministers, "On Measures to Prevent Pollution of the

River Basins of the Volga and Ural by Impure Sewage," put their sewage treatment plants in operation in the established time. In all for this period,

121 water conservation projects with an overall mechanical purification capacity of 2311000 cubic meters daily and a biological purification capacity of

102,000 cubic meters daily were built.

The oblast now has 368 sewage treatment complexes providing 86 percent purification of all effluents. The capacity of the water conservation complexes

rose by 1.7 times during the Ninth Five-Year Plan. . And with the starting up

of municipal sewage treatment plants in 1978 in Rybinsk, Lyubim, and a second

phase in Yaroslavl' 98 percent of all sewage will be subjected to purification. By 1980 this problem will be fully resolved. The number of major enterprises using circulating water supply and recycling systems reached 70

percent. The oblast has facilities to receive sewage water from river ships.

23
Over the last five years 60 water supply lines were built and the capacities

of existing water lines were expanded in Yaroslavl', Rybinsk, Tutayev and

other cities. The overall extent of water supply line networks increased by

20 percent. As a result of this water provided by a centralized water supply system in cities rose from 80 to 91 percent and from 20 to 78 percent in

advanced inhabited rural areas. Even the quality of water being consumed

improved due to the installed purification systems.

As a result of the work done in the Yaroslavskaya Oblast the condition of

water resources improved. Thus, the content of petroleum products in Volga

water decreased five times, and the level of toxic substances is now significantly lower than the maximum permissible concentrations (PDK).

It is evident that all this did not take place by waving a magic wand. Success in this matter was provided by the purposeful and systematic work of

local party and soviet organs enlisting the efforts and means of the enterprises, organizations and institutions situated on the oblast's territory

and with the active participation of the public.

At various times based on thorough study and examination, the executive committee of the Yaroslavskaya Oblast council adopted a resolution on the protection of underground water, nature and the improved utilization of natural

resources; on acknowledging various unique water resources situated in the

oblast as being natural monuments; and on protecting atmospheric air and the

external environment from pollution by toxic chemicals.

These resolutions laid the foundation for a complex approach to solving environmental protection problems. The joint decree of the Yaroslavskaya Oblast Committee of the GPSU and the oblast executive committee "On Protection

of Water Resources" is the initial document.

Right off local municipal and rural councils of people's deputies were actively included in the work to carry out the programs noted. In their sessions they confirmed concrete plans and enlisted for their realization the

enterprises, scientific institutions, standing deputies' commissions, people's control committees, public organizations—in a word, all those who in

some measure were tied to the use and protection of natural riches.

And so, for example, the Rybinskiy and Tutayevskiy rayon councils of people's

deputies exhibited meritorious initiative in the protection and utilization

of rivers (in the Yaroslavskaya Oblast there are 2,200 rivers). By a decision of the Rybinskiy Rayon executive committee all small rivers were placed

under the protection of the enterprises. Construction of stock breeding

farms and complexes, petroleum bases, fertilizer and toxic chemical warehouses were forbidden. Besides this, plans call for building 14 dams with sluices and nine transit dams and for planting vegetation along the shores.

With due regard for the proposals of the organs of the state sanitary supervisory office, the fish conservation inspectorate, the oblast council of the

24
of the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Nature, various sections of

the Kotorosl1, Sot', Solonitsa, Yukhot' and PaKhma rivers were specified as

points for mass worker recreational facilities, and listed as protected fish

hatcheries for t)reeding and raising valuable varieties of fish.

With the aim of establishing optimal sanitary and hygienic conditions in

recreational areas and for the regeneration of fish supplies in these areas

the traffic of small limited-horsepower boats was curtailed.

To maintain the water level of the river 2k dams were built on them and construction of others continues.

The Ninth Five-Year Plan marked the occasion of a large movement for natural

conservation and for a clean environment for Yaroslavl' inhabitants. And

what is gratifying is that the problems of natural protection began to be

resolved in a broad complex by all interested departments, organizations and

institutions employing mass public relations material.

The oblast's local councils organized control over the construction and modernization of industrial enterprises and their planning. The primary requirement of the local councils is to provide a project with sewage treatment

plants that conform to today's standards in the field of environmental protection. For failure to comply with these conditions postponements in activating start-up operations were noted at complexes of the Danilovskiy leading

butter and cheese plant (funds had not been allocated for sewage treatment

plants)j the Rybinskiy engine-building plant (construction of sewage treatment plants on the industrial shower sewage drain system had not begun); the

Rybinskiy copying machine plant (its share of funds for construction of a

water supply and sewage system in the city had not been allocated); and

others.

During 1971-76 based on the adopted decrees the activation and construction

of a number of industrial enterprises were halted in conjunction with delays

in funding for natural conservation measures. Temporarily shut down were

the Tutayevskiy flax combine, the Burmakinskiy metal articles plant, and tanneries in Yaroslavl'. Construction was suspended at the Uglichskiy industrial experimental meat combine and at the Danilovskiy wood-working machine

plant.

As a result of the measures taken municipal sewage treatment plants in Tutayev and Pereslavl' began operations two years ahead of time.

Of course managers of several enterprises did not agree with all of our decisions. Their complaints were sent even to the RSFSR Council of Ministers

(in particular they were from the Porechskiy cannery, the Tannery imeni Roza

Lyuksemburg, the Tul'ma flax combine, and the Volzhskaya wool-spinning factory). But in all instances the decisions of the local organs were supported

and remained in force.

25
We did not do without severe measures in regards to various economic managers. The ohlast committee of people's control rendered financial deficits

to the chief of construction administration no. 3> "the chief of administration for mechanized work, and the chief engineer of trust no. 16 for an unsatisfactory rate of progress on work on sewage treatment plants in Rybinsk.

Administrative fines were levied against the director of the polymer machine

building plant for failure to adopt measures to guarantee technical documentation for building the enterprise's sewage treatment plants and against

the director of the Plant imeni Mendeleyev for shortcomings in financing

and equipment for construction of sewage treatment plants.

Much useful work is being conducted by the standing commission of the oblast

council for the protection of nature. At their sessions the commission examines questions having important organization significance in the matter

of protecting the air, soil and water from contamination and this helps the

oblast's sanitary service realize their demands on departmental enterprises

and organizations.

The commission regularly conducts external meetings directly at the enterprises and is briefed by managerial reports on the status of environmental

protection. The decisions approved at these external meetings of the commission, as a rule, are distinguished by being business-like and specific.

With the aim of training future national economic specialists proficient in

natural protection work the commission discussed this problem at the Yaroslavskiy university, the pedagogical and polytechnical institutes, the medical institution, and at chemico-mechanical and construction technikums. As

a result of this business-like approach in fulfilling the commission's recommendations at higher and intermediary institutes of learning in Yaroslavl'

the cycle of lectures has been expanded and training students in environmental protection problems has improved.

At joint sessions of the standing commissions of the oblast council for the

protection of nature and for housing, public utilities and public services

questions were heard on adherence to the RSFSR water code in Uglich and Rybinsk, as well as on the condition of protecting atmospheric air in Yaroslavl '. One of the sessions was devoted to checking on progress in carrying out the decree of the 4th session of the USSR Supreme Soviet "On Measures for Further Improvements in the Protection of Nature and the Efficient

Utilization of Natural Resources" by the Yaroslavskiy petroleum refinery.

The managers from the Verkhne-Volzhskiy Basin (territorial) Administration

Inspectorate, from a number of industrial enterprises, organizations, and

the society for the protection of nature participated at the session. Important measures were noted on enlisting wide masses of the public and labor

collectives in the struggle for conserving nature. After the session concluded the oblast's enterprises formed 150 social and technical committees

for the protection of nature which are now operational.

26
Sanitary and hygienic plant laboratories function at major industrial enterprises realizing everyday control over exhausts of harmful gases into the

atmosphere and over the degree of water purification. The results of their

analysis are reported to management.

Departments for the protection of nature have been set up at several enterprises. For example, at the Yaroslavnefteorgsintez Production Association

there are five engineers in such a department. It is headed by the association's deputy chief engineer for the protection of nature. Subordinate to

the department is a sanitary laboratory which keeps track of the condition

of sewage water according to stages of purification and monitors the make-up

of water in the circulating water supply systems (for engineering purposes).

It systematically studies the air over the inhabited zone. The department

for the protection of nature coordinates the activities of the social-technical councils headed by enterprise shop managers.

Such coordination and interaction raises the responsibility of all managers

at all components for strict adherence to technology, economy of resources,

good working order of equipment, etc. It is not by chance that among the

workers and engineers here that an entire detachment of "natural protection"

efficiency experts has been put together. Their proposals on collection of

petroleum products from the drainage of reservoirs in order to retrieve several types of finished products and return them for reprocessing were introduced at the association; magnetic treatment of water at hydrounits was also

employed.

Carrying out the proposals of the efficiency experts has allowed for a decrease of three times of water consumed and almost by two times reduced the

amount of irreversible losses of petroleum products. The association's collective is examining what has been achieved as a beginning of major work in

the field of improved technical and economic indicators for enterprises and

of intensified environmental protection. Incidentally, the work practices

of this association were shown in the protection of nature exhibits at the

Exhibition of Achievements of the National Economy of the USSR.

The university of technical and economic knowledge is part of the association

and a major part of its programs is devoted to environmental protection

themes.

The organs of the state sanitary inspectorate have raised their demands on

the enterprises and officials. Violations for failure to comply with requirements to protect water resources resulted in Zk fines in 1971» but in

1975 were k6\ for failure to protect the soil the number of fines rose during

that period from 95 to 126, and for failure to protect the water supply from

25 to kO.

Architectural technical councils attached to executive committees have been

formed and are staffed by the chief state sanitary physicians form the oblast, cities and rayons.

27
These councils resolve problems of allocation of land, parcels and examine

plans from construction of industrial projects, buildings and structures.

And all this is done taking into strict account the guarantee of drinking

water to the people, the condition of the air, water resources and other indicators which characterize normal living conditions. The ohlast executive

committee approves decisions on matters associated with land allocation only

with positive findings from the sanitary organs.

In rural areas as part of the executive committees of settlement and rural

councils of people's deputies 144 public sanitary inspectorates have been

set up and are in operation. About 10,000 people are occupied in this work

and have been specially trained at sanitary epidemiologal stations and at

organizations of the Red Cross society.

With the aim of making the air healthier, for the period 1971-76 309 dust

and gas trapping facilities were built, 265 boiler plants and technological

units were converted to gas and 104 smaller boiler plants were eliminated.

Around 187 industrial enterprises sanitary protective zones were established.

Recently in 1976 the oblast council and the oblast council of trade unions

made known their two-year study of the status of protection of atmospheric

air. Their findings are being correlated. But already it is now possible

to say that while the examination was under way construction began on new

and modernization took place on existing dust and gas trapping devices at 34

of the oblast's major enterprises.

The conducting of sanitary and healthful measures tied to environmental protection led to a sharp decline in infections and occupational diseases among

the oblast's workers.

The RSFSR Ministry of Health studied the joint work experiences of the deputies, the sanitary epidemiologal service and plant administration, the factories of the Yaroslavskaya Oblast and gave them high marks.

The struggle for environmental protection and consequently, human health

continues in our oblast. It is important that Article 147 of the USSR Constitution provided our local councils of people's deputies the authority to

control the natural protection activities of enterprises, institutions and

organizations of higher subordination which are situated in our territory.

This simplifies our work.

Before us are crucial tasks. The people of Yaroslavl' are fully resolved to

carry them out with honor. We live on the beautiful planet Earth and our

duty, the duty of the Soviet people, is to make it more and more beautiful

year after year.

COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Ekonomika", "Khozyaystvo i pravo", 1978

8504

CS0: 5000

28
USSR

KRASNODARSKIY KRAY EXPERIENCES SLIGHT EARTHQUAKE 3 SEPTEMBER

Moscow IZVESTIYA in Russian 5 Sep 78 morning edition p 3 LD

[Article by S. Afonin: "Earthquake in the Kuban"]

[Text] An earthquake was recorded in Krasnodarskiy Kray on 3 September at

0321 hours 16 seconds Moscow time. Its epicenter was on the Black Sea

coast, 30 km below ground, near the resort settlements of Dzhubga and

Arkhipo-osipovka.

On the morning of 4 September an IZVESTIYA correspondent called Dzhugba by

telephone.

"There is no destruction in the settlement or its environs," A. Krivosheyev,

chairman of the Dzhubga settlement Soviet Ispolkom, said, "True, crockery

rattled in some houses. The majority of inhabitants of the settlement and

vacationers did not feel the underground tremors at all."

We asked Doctor of Physico-mathematical Sciences N. V. Shebolin, chief of the

USSR Academy of Sciences Geophysics Institue strong earthquakes laboratory,

to comment on the causes of the earthquake in Krasnodarskiy Kray.

"The depths of the earth in the West Caucasus," the scientist said, "frequently cause us surprises. Tectonically this is a very complex zone.

History knows of several somewhat unusual earthquakes in the lower reaches

of the Kuban, the Kerch-Taman region, and the west of the Caucasian Black Sea

coast. There have been such earthquakes in 1830, 1905, 1926, and finally in

1966. The epicenters of earthquakes in this zone are characterized by the

fact that they occur at a deep level. Their depth is usually over 30 km.

Here the earthquakes are felt over a considerable territory. As a rule weaker

tremors are observed after the first strong vibrations.

"The 3 September earthquake was felt over a large territory in the lower

reaches of the Kuban and on the Black Sea coast and, as is well known, did

not cause any serious damage.

29
"Several seismological stations are operating in the West Caucasus and are

recording secondary tremors and observing the further development of the

seismic process. At present there are no grounds for supposing that strong

tremors will occur in this region."

CSO: 5000

30
NORWAY

PROVINCE FORESTRY OFFICE URGES FELLING OF TREES HIT BY BEETLE

Oslo AFTENPOSTEN in Norwegian 6 Sep 78 Evening Ed p 1, 12

[Text] Skien, 6 Sep--All spruce trees on Telemark Island must be felled

as quickly as possible. That is the sad conclusion to which the provincial

head forester on Telemark and other forestry experts came after an

inspection. It is the dry summers of previous years and the spruce bark

beetle which have destroyed all the spruce forests on that pretty summer

island. Not a single spruce tree has escaped the attack, says township

head forester Harald Vibeto of Sannidal at Varden.

During the inspection, they found that the spruce trees are doomed to die.

A communication regarding this matter has been sent to the Telemark welfare

league. The township head forester asked the welfare society to check

with the property owners as to whether it is possible to get a stop put

to the grazing of young deer in the fields where plants grow. The

township's head forester says the evergreen plants cannot continue to grow

unless that is done. Logging is already going on, and the healthiest

spruces are being felled first. Then the property owners can hope to get

some of them sold which still seem to be of full value, at any rate.

By the time Midsummer Day arrived, all dry spruces on Telemark had been

felled. Today, a couple of three months later, damaged trees are standing

all over the island. Even forestry experts traced the rapid results of

the spruce bark beetle's activities with consternation. The spruce forest

on Telemark is approximately 100 years old, and people must wait a couple

of generations for the forest to become fully grown again.

During the last 2 or 3 years, between 1,500 and 2,000 cubic meters of timber

have been felled on Telemark and a corresponding amount remains. It is

easy to employ hindsight, the township's head forester says, but at present

it can be confirmed that great amounts of the spruce forest in Jomfruland

could be sold as finished lumber at full price since cutting of the most

healthy trees was begun earlier. Now those that can be saved must be

saved. Hopefully much of the work will be done before late fall, when the

strong winds begin.

31
The deciduous forests have survived relatively well, just as have the

firs. The experts believe that it will be advantageous to depend on mixed

forests when the planting continues in Jomfruland. First deciduous trees

must be planted to protect the evergreens, which will be planted afterward.

And it is during this work that the newly planted fields must be protected

from animals.

9266

CSO: 5000

32
SWEDEN

SPRUCE BARK BEETLE DESTROYING FORESTS

Stockholm DAGENS NYHETER in Swedish 5 Sep 78 p 3

[Article by Anders Ohman: "Typographic Threatens Forests—Catastrophe for

Varmland"]

[Text] The spruce bark bettle (Ips Typographic) is a beetle threatening to

destroy the spruce forest in northern Varmland. Since 1969 almost a million

cubic meters of spruce forest—between three and four million trees—have

been destroyed by the spruce bark beetle.

"We should declare the area a disaster area, so that we immediately can harvest 700,000 cubic meters, before we lose millions in value," says one of the

forest owners, forester Lajos Mitzer.

"We have a catastrophe on our hands up here. The spruce bark beetle destroys

the spruce forest and it is not only the private forest owners who suffer

gigantic losses. Our society loses billions of crowns in good spruce lumber

which actually should be exported right away, but now is being damaged and

classified as pulpwood," says Mitzer.

The spruce bark beetle attacked the forests in Varmland following the great

storm in 1969 when a great number of trees were blown down. The beetle increased rapidly in the bark of the blown down trees and since 1969 has destroyed about 100,000 cubic meters of spruce forest each year. According to

the Forestry Board, a cubic meter equals 3-4 trees.

In 1977 an inventory of the forests in northern Varmland was made from the

air and the foresters found the damage had increased to 140,000 cubic meters

of spruce forest.

The beetle, which is 4-5 mm long, is also devastating spruce forests in the

counties of West Norrland, Kopparberg, Orebro and Alvsborg. Two hundred

thousand cubic meters of spruce forest is presently being damaged in Sweden

each year.

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Bait Lumber

The Forestry Board has fought the spruce bark beetle since 1971. Spraying has

no effect on the beetles. Instead a number of trees—called bait lumber—are

cut down which are intended to attract the beetles. When the spruce bark

beetles have eaten into the bark this bait lumber is removed and destroyed.

This year the foresters also used pheromones—a scented substance—which is

affixed to the trees to attract the beetles.

The government has given the Forestry Board 5.8 million crowns for the control of the spruce bark beetle. But owners of the forests in Varmland are

impatient and when the Joint Council for Forest Owners and the Forestry Board

meet on 15 September, rough going is expected.

"We do not believe that these measures are sufficiently effective. We feel

that it is imperative to immediately cut down about 700,000 cubic meters of

fine spruce forest before it is destroyed. We need an efficient organization,

new ways of solving this problem, and we therefore feel that the government

should declare the forests disaster areas," says forester Mitzer.

The Forestry Board in Karlskrona is not equally convinced that a largescale logging operation of the spruce forest will stop the spruce bark

beetle.

"A logging operation during the winter is meaningless, because the spruce

bark beetle hibernates in the ground. Therefore, we would not solve the

problem that way," says forester Anders Arnell from the Forestry Board in

Karlstad.

The forest owners in northern Varmland have also petitioned the government

for tax relief in connection with a massive logging operation of the damaged

spruce forest. The Forestry Board supports their request, but so far the

government has not granted them any tax relief.

9349

CSO: 5000

34
SWEDEN

STOCKHOLM AUTHORITIES WARN OF EXHAUST LEAD IN FOODS

Stockholm DAGENS NYHETBE in Swedish 25 Aug 78 p 3

[Article by Kerstin Fried: "Owners of Leased Garden Plots Alarmed—Lead in

Vegetables"]

[Text] Vegetables, fruits and berries ought not to be grown closer than

25-50 meters from heavily trafficked roads. Nor should any broadleaved

plants be grown along heavily travelled roads. The National Swedish Environment Protection Agency will issue one of these two recommendations this fall.

Up to now there have been no regulations on this subject. Analyses made by

the municipal authorities in Stockholm show that the level of led found along

heavily travelled routes border on the dangerous level.

The present limit set for this level is 3 mg/kg, but this level will be cut

down by more than half.

Owners of small gardens, and those who lease garden plots, have sounded the

alarm. They have made their voices heard to the Environmental Agency and the

Public Health Service, and also contacted the Conservation Department.

Last spring the authorities in Stockholm launched a project for analyzing the

level of lead in plants and soil along heavily travelled roads. The levels

found showed them to border on the safety limit.

For example, the lead level in plants near Eriksdalslunden was 1.8 mg/kg.

The safety limit for lead in the soil is 100 mg/kg. Samples taken in the area

of Eriksdalslunden far exceed this level, and cultivated land near Lilla

Frescati is also near the dangerous level.

The lead emitted in vehicular exhaust since the 1950's has become firmly bound

into the soil and is accumulating.

The automobiles also emit polyaromatic hydrocarbons which are carcinogenic.

East German studies show high levels of these in vegetables grown along travelled areas.

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The authorities in Stockholm have contacted the Department of Planning, which

in turn has called on the Environment Protection Agency. This agency is now

going to take action, realizing that it is high time to issue regulations.

This will happen in the fall.

Carl-Ellis Bostrom states that it will have to be a balanced decision. "Either

we will have to advise the growers against planting broadleaved plants along

the road—such as lettuce, cabbage and spinach, which have large surfaces

which absorb lead—or, we will have to rule that nothing edible can be grown

closer than 25-50 meters to heavily travelled roads. These regulations will

take on even greater importance when the norms for lead are lowered by more

than half.

What will happen to the old farm plots and agricultural fields along the roadsides? No one knows. It is going to be a difficult question.

However, if the vegetables are well rinsed and dried, the level of lead can

be reduced between 10-50 percent.

9349

CSO: 5000 END

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