COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA Present: Judges Elder, Humphreys and Kelsey Argued by teleconference
DENNIS WAYNE ROWLEY OPINION BY v. Record No. 1037-05-2 JUDGE D. ARTHUR KELSEY MAY 2, 2006 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

FROM THE CIRCUIT COUR T OF SPOTSYLVANIA COUNTY William H. Ledbetter, Jr., Judge Mark S. Gardner (Muriel-Theresa Pitney; Gardner, Maupin, Sutton & Haney, P.C.; Law Office of Muriel Pitney, PLC, on brief), for appellant. Alice T. Armstrong, Assistant Atto rney General (Judith Williams Jagdmann, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Dennis Wayne Rowley appeals a conviction under Code § 18.2-268.3 for unlawfully refusing to provide a breath sample after bei ng arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol. This statute, Rowley argues, violates the Fourth and Fifth Amendments to the United States Constitution. The tria l court disagreed, as do we.
I. A police officer stopped Rowley’s pickup truc k after observing it “w eaving badly” across the road. Rowley had a “strong odor” of alcohol on his breath, bloodshot eyes, and a staggering gait. The officer administered several field sobrie ty tests to Rowley, all of which he failed. The officer arrested Rowley for driv ing under the influence of alcohol and advised him of his rights under the Implied Consent Law, Code § 18.2-268.2. Th e officer then directed Rowley to provide a breath sample, as the statute re quires. Rowley refused to do so. Rowley was charged with driving under th e influence in violation of Code § 18.2-266 and refusing to provide a breath sample in vi olation of Code § 18.2-268.3. The general district- 2 - court dismissed the DUI charge, but found Rowley guilty of refusing the breath test. Rowley appealed the refusal conviction to the circuit cour t. He stipulated his factual guilt, but claimed the refusal statute violated the Fourth and Fi fth Amendments. The circuit court rejected Rowley’s reasoning and entered the final conv iction order, from which he now appeals.
II.
A. B REATH T ESTS & T HE P RIVILEGE A GAINST S ELF -I NCRIMINATION Under the Fifth Amendment, the government ca nnot compel a defendant to “be a witness against himself.” U.S. Const. amend. V. “The word ‘witness’ in the constitutional text limits the relevant category of compelled incriminating co mmunications to those th at are ‘testimonial’ in character.” United States v. Hubbell , 530 U.S. 27, 34 (2000); see also Baltimore Dep’t of Soc. Servs. v. Bouknight , 493 U.S. 549, 554 (1990); Farmer v. Commonwealth , 12 Va. App. 337, 340-41, 404 S.E.2d 371, 372-73 (1991) ( en banc ). In short, the privilege against selfincrimination is simply “not concerned with nontestimonial evidence.” Oregon v. Elstad , 470 U.S. 298, 304 (1985); see also United States v. Patane , 542 U.S. 630, 637-38 (2004). As Justice Holmes observed, the privilege against self-incrimination recognizes “a significant difference between the use of compulsion to extort communications from a defendant and compelling a person to engage in conduct that may be incriminating.” Hubbell , 530 U.S. at 34-35 (emphasis added). For this reason, “ev en though the act may provide incriminating evidence, a criminal suspect may be compelled to put on a shirt, to pr ovide a blood sample or handwriting exemplar, or to make a recording of his voice.” Id. at 35 (footnotes omitted). A suspect may also be compelled “to submit to fi ngerprinting, photographin g, or measurements, to write or speak for identification, to appear in court, to stand, to assume a stance, to walk, or to make a particular gesture.” Farmer , 12 Va. App. at 341, 404 S.E.2d at 373 (quoting Schmerber v. California , 384 U.S. 757, 764 (1966)). The mere “act of exhibiting such physical- 3 - characteristics” cannot be characterized as testimonial. Hubbell , 530 U.S. at 35 (citing Pennsylvania v. Muniz , 496 U.S. 582, 594-98 (1990)). T hough the Fifth Amendment bars “compelling ‘communications’ or ‘testimony’” from a suspect, compulsion that merely makes him “the source of ‘real or physical evidence ’ does not violate it.” California v. Byers , 402 U.S. 424, 432 (1971) (citation omitted). Code §§ 18.2-268.2 and 18.2-268.3 require a DUI su spect to provide a breath sample. 1 A person’s breath, however, is no mo re testimonial than his blood

⎯ which likewise can be extracted from a suspect against his will, Schmerber , 384 U.S. at 765, even though blood tests may provide incriminating evidence in a later DUI prosecution. Schmerber explained the point this way: It could not be denied that in requiring peti tioner to submit to the withdrawal and chemical analysis of his blood the State compelled him to submit to an attempt to discov er evidence that might be used to prosecute him . . . . The critical question, then, is whether petitioner was thus compelled “to be a witness against himself.”
* * * * * * * [B]oth federal and state courts ha ve usually held that [the Fifth Amendment] offers no protection against compulsion to submit to fingerprinting, photographing, or measur ements, to write or speak for identification, to appear in court, to stand, to assume a stance, to walk, or to make a particular gesture. The distinction which has emerged, often expressed in different ways, is that the privilege is a bar against compelling “communications” or “t estimony,” but that compulsion which makes a suspect or accused the source of “real or physical evidence” does not violate it.
* * * * * * * Not even a shadow of testimoni al compulsion upon or enforced communication by the accused was i nvolved either in the extraction or in the chemical analysis. . . . Since the blood test evidence, although an incriminating product of compulsion, was neither

1 If a breath test is unavaila ble or the suspect is physica lly unable to perform the breath test, the suspect must submit to a blood test. Code § 18.2-268.2(B).- 4 - petitioner’s testimony nor eviden ce relating to some communicative act or writing by the petiti oner, it was not inadmissible on [ Fifth Amendment ] privilege grounds. Id. at 761, 764-65 (emphasis added and footnote omitted). Cf. South Dakota v. Neville , 459 U.S. 553 (1983) (holding no compulsion imp licit in a blood test even though a refusal to submit to the test could be used to prosecute a DUI charge and could also lead to license suspension). We found this reasoning persuasi ve when rejecting a Fifth Amendment challenge to DUI field sobriety tests. Farmer , 12 Va. App. at 341, 404 S.E.2d at 373. And we find it no less convincing as a rejoinder to Rowley’s challenge to DUI breath tests. As do most courts, we view breath tests as “non-testimonial, ra ther than communicative, in natu re, and thus exempt from the constitutional guarantee agains t self-incrimination.” 1 Rich ard E. Erwin, Defense of Drunk Driving Cases: Criminal-Civil (MB) § 6.03, at 6-27 (Feb. 2004) (collecting cases). Cf. United States v. Dionisio , 410 U.S. 1, 7 (1973) (holding voice samples nontestimonial because they “were to be used solely to measure the phys ical properties of the witnesses’ voices”). It adds nothing to the analysis to consider , as Rowley insists we must, the criminal penalty associated with the refusal. An inherently nontestimonial act does not become testimonial simply because the legislature chooses to compel it upon pain of imprisonment. On this subject, we agree with the Ninth Circuit that just as the imposition of crimin al contempt penalties does not transform the refusal to obey a c ourt order regarding nontestimonial evidence into a testimonial communication with respect to the contempt charge . . . neither does the imposition [by th e state] of a criminal penalty for refusal to provide the state with the physical evidence of a breathalyzer . . . quali tatively transform the refusal into testimony. Deering v. Brown , 839 F.2d 539, 542 (9th Cir. 1988) (holding DUI refusal statute did not compel “testimonial” evidence); see also Belgarde v. Montana , 123 F.3d 1210, 1214 (9th Cir. 1997) (dismissing habeas claim on this basis); Hill v. State , 366 So. 2d 318, 325 (Ala. 1979) (holding- 5 - evidence of DUI breath and blood te st refusal to be nontestimonial ). Even with the criminal sanction of Code § 18.2-268.3, we remain of the view that the “fact of th e refusal to perform tests that do not themselves constitute comm unicative or testimonial evidence is equally non-communicative and non-testim onial in nature.” Farmer , 12 Va. App. at 341, 404 S.E.2d at 373 (citation omitted). Code § 18.2-268.3 compels no testimonial evidence, and thus, violates no right protected by the Fifth Amendment. The trial court, theref ore, did not err in denying Rowley’s motion to dismiss the refusal charge on this ground.
B. B REATH T ESTS AND U NREASONABLE S EARCHES & S EIZURES We also find no Fourth Amendment violation in punishing a DUI suspect for refusing to provide a breath sample under Code § 18.2-268.3. “A s a general rule, ‘a search authorized by consent is wholly valid.’” Kyer v. Commonwealth , 45 Va. App. 473, 483, 612 S.E.2d 213, 218 (2005) ( en banc ) (quoting Schneckloth v. Bustamonte , 412 U.S. 218, 222 (1973)). The general rule applies here because Rowl ey, like all drivers, consented to submit breath samples by exercising the legal privile ge of driving on the Comm onwealth’s roads. See Code § 18.2-268.2(A). This consent is not “qualifie d” or “conditional.” Cash v. Commonwealth , 251 Va. 46, 49, 466 S.E.2d 736, 738 (1996) (citation omitte d). To allow it to be unilaterally withdrawn would “virtually nullify the Imp lied Consent Law.” Deaner v. Commonwealth , 210 Va. 285, 293, 170 S.E.2d 199, 204 (1969). Rowley’s Fourth Amendment challenge to Code § 18.2-268.3 thus fails for the very reason Code § 18.2-268.2(A) succeeds. The act of driving constitutes an irrevocable, albeit implied, consent to the officer’s demand for a breath sample. See Burnett v. Anchorage , 806 F.2d 1447, 1450 (9th Cir. 1986) (holding that there “is no Fourth Amendment right to refuse a- 6 - breathalyzer examination”). The trial court, th erefore, correctly rejected Rowley’s Fourth Amendment claim.
III. In sum, Code § 18.2-268.3 does not compel te stimonial evidence in breach of the Fifth Amendment or authorize an unlawful search or seizure in violation of the Fourth Amendment. 2 There being no constitutional basis for Rowley ’s challenge to his conviction, we affirm.

Affirmed.

2 Rowley also relies on the parallel protections of the Virginia Constitution. We have “consistently held that the protections afforded under the Virginia Constitution are co-extensive with those in the United States Constitution.” Slayton v. Commonwealth , 41 Va. App. 101, 109-10 n.2, 582 S.E.2d 448, 452 n.2 (2003); Craddock v. Commonwealth , 40 Va. App. 539, 552 n.2, 580 S.E.2d 454, 461 n.2 (2003). This constituti onal symmetry governs claims under the Fifth Amendment, Sabo v. Commonwealth , 38 Va. App. 63, 77, 561 S.E.2d 761, 768 (2002), as well as the Fourth Amendment, El-Amin v. Commonwealth , 269 Va. 15, 19 n.3, 607 S.E.2d 115, 116 n.3 (2005).