Pursuant to 5 T H C IR . R. 47.5, the court has determined that thi s opinion should not * be publishe d and is not precedent except under the limited circu mstance s set forth in 5 T H C IR . R. 47.5 .4. 

### INTHE UNI TED S TATESCOU RT OFAPPEALS

FORTHEFIFTH CIRCU IT

N o. 08- 60159 EL I D I O RO BL ES P et i t i on er v. E R IC H . H O L D E R , JR . , A t t orney G en eralof t h e U n i t ed S t ates R esp on d en t

Pet i t i o n f

o rRev i e w o f

a n Ord e ro f

t he B oard of

I m m i grati on A pp eal s A 90 168 296 B ef ore K IN G , G A R W O O D , an d D AV IS, C i rcui tJu dg es . P E R C U R IA M: * E l i di o R obl es (“ R obl es” ) petit i on s f or r evi ew of

an order of

th e B o a rd of I m m i gr at i on A ppeal s ( “ B IA” ) af f i r m i ng t he dec i si on o f t he i m m i gr at i on j udge (“I J ”) o r d e r in gh im re m o v e dfr o m th e U n ite dS ta te s . R o b le s a r g u e s th a t h is convic t i on un der C AL I F ORNIA P ENAL C ODE§ 2 8 9 ( d) d o e s n o tc o n s t i t u t e a“ c r i me of vi ol enc e” u nder18 U . S. C . § 16(b) , and t her ef or e i s notan aggr avat ed f el ony. W e d is a g r e e , a n dfin dth a t a v io la tio n o f § 2 8 9 (d ) is ac r i m e o f v io le n c e . W e t he r e f o r e l ac k j ur i s di c t i o n t o c o ns i de rt hi s a ppe ala nd d i s m i s s Rob l e s ’ s pe t i t i o n. United States Court of App eals

Fifth Circuit 

### F I L E D June 4, 20 09 Cha rl es R. F ulb ru g e II I ClerkN o. 08- 60159

2 I . B AC KGR OUND Robl e s i s anat ive and c i t i z e n of M e xi c o , and b e c am e al awf ulpe r m ane nt r e s i de nti n 1 98 9. I n 2 00 0, Rob l e s pl e ad e d n olo cont end ere i n a C al i f orni a court and w as l at eradj udged gui l t y of vi ol at i ng C AL I F ORNIA P ENAL C ODE§ 2 8 9 (d). T h at provi si on st ates: (d ) A n yp e r s o n w h o c o m m its a n a c t of s e x u a l p e n e tr a tio n , a n dth e v ic tim i s a tt he t i m e unc o ns c i o us o f t he nat ur e o f t he ac ta nd thi s i s kno w n t o t he per so n co m m i t t i ng t he ac torc ausi ngth e ac tt o b e c om m i t t ed, s hal lbe pu n i shed by i m pri sonm en ti n t h e st ate pri son f or t h ree, si x, or ei gh tyears. As u s e d i n t hi s s ubd ivi s i o n, " unc o ns c i o us o f t he na t ur e o f

t he a c t " m e ans i nc ap ab l e o f

r e s i s t i ng be c aus e t h e v i c t i m m e e t s o ne o f t he f o l l o w i ng cond i t i on s: ( 1) W as unc o ns c i o us o ra s l e e p. ( 2) W as no t a w a re , kn ow i n g, perceivi n g, or cognizant t h at th e act o c c ur r e d. ( 3) W as notaw ar e, know i ng, per c eivi ng, orc ogni zanto f thees se nt i al ch a ra cterist i cs of t h e a ct du e to th e p erp etra tor' s f ra u di n fa ct. C AL . P ENAL C ODE§ 2 8 9 (d ) (2 0 0 0 ). I n 2007, R obl es w as c harge d w i t h re m ovab i l i t y f orc onvi c t i on o f

an a g g ra v a te d felo n y , th a t is, ra p e , u n d e r 8 U .S .C .A § 1 2 2 7 (a )(2)(A)(iii) ( 2 0 0 6 ). R ob l es fil ed a m oti on to t erm i n a te the rem ov a lpr oce ed i n gs , an darg u ed tha t a vi ol atio n o f

t h e C al i f

orni a st atute di d n otconst i t u t e rape. Th e D epa rt m en tof H om el and Secur i t y o ppos ed t he m ot i on, an d f i l ed a new c harget hatR obl es w as r e m o va bl e a s hi s c o nvi c t i o n und e r§ 2 89 ( d) c o ns t i t ut e d acr i m e of v i o l e nc e . The IJ fou n d th i s ch a rg e to b e tru e a n dord ere dR ob l es re m ov ed . R ob l es a sk ed to bri ef t h e qu est i on of

w h et h er hi s c on vi ct i on w as f or a c ri m e of

vi ol e n ce, w h i ch r e q u e s t w a s d e n ie db yth e IJ . R obl es app eal ed to t h e B IA . Th e B IAi ssuedan order af f i rm i n g t h e order of the IJ and di sm i ssi n g R obl es’ s app eal . Th e B IAconcl u ded t h at R obl es’ s pri or of fen se w as an aggrav ated fel on y becau se itconst i t u t ed a cri m e o f vi ol en ce. R o b le s n o w s e e k s ap e tit io n fo rr e v ie w fr o m th is co u r t. H e a r g u e s th a t h isN o. 08- 60159

3 conv i c t i o n und e r§ 2 89 ( d) i s no tf o rac r i m e o f

v i o l e nc e a nd a l s o t hathi s due p roce ss righ ts w ere viol a tedbythe IJ’ s d en i a lof h i s br i efi n g re q u est. I I . DI S CUS S I ON A . S t an d ardof

R evi ew T h e j u ri sdi ct i on of

t h i s c ou rtin h eari n g peti t i on s f or revi ew is deter m i n ed de no vo . Ne hm ev . I . N. S. , 252 F. 3d 415, 420 ( 5t h C i r . 2001) . “ C ongr es s has speci f i cal l y com m an ded i n 8 U . S . C . § 125 2( a) ( 2) ( C ) t h at n o court h as j u ri sdi ct i on t o revi ew dep ort ati on orders f or al i en s w h o are r em ovab l e b e ca u se th ey w ere con victedof a gg ra va tedfelon i es.” I d. ; S ee Za id i v. A sh cr oft , 374 F . 3d 357, 358 ( 5t h C i r . 2 0 0 4 ) . Ho we v e r , “t h i s c o u r ta l wa y s h a s j u r i s d i c t i o n t o d e t e r m i ne w h et h er t h e petit i on er i s an ali en w h o i s deportabl e f or c om m i t t i n ga n of

fen se th a t ba rs th i s cou rt’ s rev i ew . ” Zai di , 374 F. 3d at359. Thu s, t he j uri sdi c t i onal ques t i on o f

w het hert hi s c our tm ay hearR obl es ’ s pet i t i on m ustbe answ er ed by t h i s c ou rt . “ [T ] h e qu est i on of w h et h er an of

fe n se c on st i t u t es an ag grava t ed fe l o n yi s a pu r e l yl e g a lo n e , ” a n d“ we r e v i e w d e novo w h et h er an of fen se con sti tu tes a n ag gr a va tedfelon y.” Pate lv. Mu ka sey , 5 26 F . 3d8 00, 8 02 (5t h C i r. 2008) B . D et erm i n i ng W

h at Con st i t u t es a “C ri m e of V i olence” A n y al i en w h o i s c on vi ct ed of an aggrav ated fel on y i s deportabl e. 8 U . S. C. A § 12 27 ( a) ( 2) (A) (i i i) . An a gg r av at e d fe l o ny i nc l ude s any “ c r i m e of vi ol enc e ( as def

i ned i n se c t i on 16 of

T i t l e 18, bu tn oti ncl udi ng a pur ely po l i t i c al o f fe n s e ) f o rwh i c h t h e t e r m o f i m p r i s o n m e n t [i s ] a t l e a s to n e y e a r . ” 8 U. S . C. A. § 1 101( 43) ( F) . Cri m e o f vi ol enc e i s def

i ned i n 18 U . S. C . A . §1 6: T h e ter m “cr im e of v iole n ce ” m e a n s-- ( a) an of

fen se t h at has as an el em en tt h e use, att em pted u se, or t h reat en ed u se of

ph ysi calf

orce aga i n stt h e p erson or propert y of an ot h er, orN o. 08- 60159

4 (b) an y ot h er of

fen se t h at i s a fel on y an d t h at, b y i t s n ature, i n volves asu b stan ti a lri sk th a t p h ys i ca lf orce ag a i n st t h e p erso n or p rop erty o f a n o th e rm a yb e u s e din th e co u r s e o f c o m m itt in gth e o ffe n s e . H ere, t he pa r t i e s ag r e e t hat t he que s t i o n i s l i m i t e d t o w he t he r a vi o l at i o n of § 2 89 ( d) i s a c r i m e o f

v i o l e nc e und e rt he t e r m s o f § 1 6(b) . “ [ S] e c t i o n 1 6(b) ‘ s w e e ps m or e b r oadly’[t han § 16( a) ] t o e nco m pass t hos e c r i m es t hatc an per haps be c o m m itt e dw ith o u t t h e u s e o f p h y s ic a l fo r c e , b u t th a t n e v e r th e le s s a lw a y s e n ta il asu b stan ti a lri sk tha t ph ys i ca l force m a y b e u sed . ” L ari n - Ul loa v. G on zales , 462 F. 3d 456, 4 65 ( 5t h C i r . 2006) (c i t i ng L eo ca l v. A sh cr oft , 5 4 3 U .S . 1 , 1 0 (20 0 6 )). S ect i on 1 6(b) “covers off en ses that n atural l y i n volve a person act i n g i n di sregard of t he ri sk t hatphysi c alf or c e m i ghtbe use d agai nstanot heri n co m m i t t i ng an offen se.” Le o c al , 5 4 3 U .S . a t 1 0 . To det er m i ne w het heran al i en h as com m i t t ed an aggr avat ed f el ony t hat r e nders h i m r e m o va bl e , c o ur t s a pply a c at e go r i c ala ppr o ac h, r e fe r r i ng t o t he st atutor y defi n i t i on of the cri m e rather t h an exam i n i n g t h e un derl yi n g fact s of th e o ffe n s e . L ari n - Ul loa , 46 2 F . 3 da t 4 6 3 . T h i s p rev en ts cou rts f rom h a vin g to “reliti ga te a d efen d a n t’ s p ri or co n victi on . ” I d. C our t s “ l oo k pr i m ar i l y t o the t ext of t h e st atute vi ol ated” t o deter m i n e w h et h er t h e convi ct i on w as f or a c ri m e of v io le n c e . Zai di , 3 7 4 F .3 da t 3 6 0 . C . Con vi ct i on un d er C AL . PENA L C ODE § 289 ( d )as C ri m e of

V i olence R obl es argues t h at h i s con vi ct i on u n der § 2 89(d) , w h i l e a fel on y, does not constit u t e a cri m e of vi ol en ce u n der § 16(b) becau se t o obtai n a convi ct i on un der § 2 8 9 (d ), th e v ic tim m u s t b e “u n c o n s c io u s o f th e n a tu r e o f th e a c t” a n din c a p a b le of r es i st i ng, t her ef

or e pr es ent i ng no “ subs t ant i al r i sk t hat physi c al f or c e w i l lbe u sed. ” W e d i sagree. T h at argu m en td oes n otm ean tha ta tt h e t i m e t h e of fen se def i ned under § 2 89( d) i s c om m i t t ed, ther e i s no s ubst a n ti alr i sk t hatphysi c al f o r c e w i l lb e u sed. If

thev i c t i m r e ga i ns c o ns c i o us ne s s w hi l e t he c r i m e i s b e i ng com m i t t ed, t h ere i s a sub st an t i alri sk t h at she w i l lresi stan d that ph ysi calf orce w i l lbe usedagainsther.N o. 08- 60159

5 R obl es al soar gues t hatvi ol at i ons of § 289( d) c oul d r es ul tf r om c ons ens ual pe ne t r at i o n. I f

t he pene t r at i o n i s co ns e ns ual , t he r e i s l i t t l e l i ke l i ho o d t hatt he vi c t i m w i l lr e s i s t upo n w ak i ng o rr e ga i ni ng c o ns c i o us ne s s , t he r e byc r e at i ng no s ubs t ant i alri s k t hatphys i c alfo r c e w i l lbe use d. I n Zai di , t h i s court determ i n ed th a t a c o n v ic tio n u n d e rO k la h o m a ’ s s e x u a l b a tt e r ys ta tu te co n s tit u te dacr im e of vi ol enc e under§ 16(b) . Th ats t at ut e pr ohibi t ed t he “i nt enti on alt ouc hi ng, m au l i n g or f

eel i n g of

the bod y or p rivate p art s of an y person si xteen ( 16) years or ol der, i n a l ew d an d l ascivi ou s m an n er an d w i t h ou t t h e consen tof t h at oth er p erso n . ” O KLA . S TAT . A NN . T IT . 21, §1123 ( B ) (W es t 2002) . Th e c our tf ound t hat t h e “ri sk that ph ysi cal f orce w i l lbe usedt o com pl et e t h e of fen se of sexua lbatt ery i s subs t ant i al , ” and t hatt he o f fens e w as a c r i m e of

vi ol enc e under§ 16(b) . 374 F . 3 dat 36 1 . U n l i k e th e O k l a h om astatu te, § 28 9 (d) doe s n ot req u i re th e sta te t o pr ove t hatthe v i c t i m di d notc ons ent , how eve r , i ti s hard t o i m agi ne a r eal c as e w he r e a n unc o ns c i o us v i c t i m i s c o ns i de r e d t o hav e c o ns e nt e d. A vi c t i m w ho has no tg ive n c o ns e nt and r e ga i ns c o ns c i o us ne s s dur i ng t he c o m m i s s i o n o f t he c r i m e i s hi ghl y l i kely t o st r uggl e, and pr es ent s a s ubst ant i alr i sk t hatphysi c al fo r c e w ill b e u s e d . W e n e e d n o t d e t e r m i n e t h a t e v e r y p o s s ib l e fa c t p a t t e r n r e s u l t i ng i n a v io la tio n o f § 2 8 9 (d ) p r e s e n ts a s u b s ta n tia l r is ko f p h y s ic a l fo r c e . SeeJam e s v. Un i t ed S t ate s , 5 5 0 U . S . 1 9 2 , 2 0 8 ( 2 0 0 7 ) (i n ap p l yin g th e ca teg orical ap p roa ch to de t e r m i ne if

ac r i m e w as ac r i m e o f vi o l e nc e unde rt he U ni t e d St at e s Se nt e nc i ng G ui del i ne s , t he Cour tno t e d t hat“ [w ] e do no tv i e w t hata ppr o ac h a s r e quir i ng th a t e v e r yco n c e iv a b le fa c tu a l o ffe n s e co v e r e db yas ta tu te m u s t n e c e s s a r ily pr e s e n tas e r i o us po t e nt i alr i s k o f i nj ur y be f

o r e t he o f

fe ns e c an be de e m e d a violen t f

elon y.” ). W e on l y n ee d to l oo k a t th e “ ord i n a ry” violati on of § 2 8 9 (d) t o d e te r m in e if i ti s acr im e o f v io le n c e . Se eI d. B a s e do n o u ra n a l y s i s a b o v e , we f i nd t hata c onvi c t i on under§ 289( d) i s a co n victi on f ora c r i m e o f

vi ol enc e a s d e fin e din § 1 6 (b ).N o. 08- 60159

6 D . R obles’

s D u e Proces s C laim s D e s p ite lim ita tio n s o n this co u r t’s ju r is d ic tio n o v e rfin a l o r d e r s o f r e m o v a l, w e ret ai n t h e ri gh tt o revi ew const i t u t i on alcl ai m s brough tbef ore us. § 1 25 2( a) ( 2) ( C) . Robl e s ar gue s t hat hi s due pr o c e s s r i ght s w e r e v i o l at e d b y t he IJ’ s r ef u salt o al l ow hi m t o bri ef t h e i ssue of

w h et h er hi s c o n v iction w as f or a c r i m e o f vi ol enc e. “ Th e F i f

t h A m endm entrequi r es thatal i ens subj ec tto r em oval pro c ee di ngs be pro vi ded du e pro c es s: ‘ ( 1) n ot i c e of the c harge s agai nsthi m , ( 2) ah e a r i n gb e fo r e a n e x e c u tiv e o ra d m in is tr a tiv e tr ib u n a l, a n d(3 ) afa ir op p ortu n i ty to be h ea rd . ’” Man zan o- G arci a v. G on zales , 41 3 F . 3 d46 2 , 47 0 ( 5 th C ir . 2 0 0 5 ). A n a lie n ’ s rig h t t o p r o c e d u r a l d u e p r o c e s s is v i o la te do n lyif h e is s u b s ta n tia llyp r eju d ic e db ya n im m ig r a tio n co u r t’s a c tio n s . Calderon- O n t i veros v . I . N. S. , 809 F . 2d105 0, 105 2 ( 5t h C i r . 198 6) . R o bl e s w as pr o vi de d no t i c e o f t he c r i m e o f v i o l e nc e c har ge pr i o rt o hi s re m o va lhea r i ng. W hi l e he di d no tha vet he oppor t uni ty t o b r i ef

t hi s ar gum entbe f

or e the I J, he had t he o ppor t uni t y t o b e he ar d a tt he r e m o va lhe ar i ng be f o r e the B IA . H e ha s fail e d t o s ho w a ny s u b s ta n tia l p r eju d ic e cr e a te db yth e IJ ’ s d e n ia l o f h is re q u e s t , a n dw e fin dh is d u e p roce ss clai m l a ck s m erit. I I I . C ONC L US I ON B ecau se C AL . P ENAL C ODE § 2 8 9 (d ) d e s c r ib e s a c r im e o f v io le n c e , R o b le s ’s c o n v i c t i o n q u a l i f

i e s a s a n agg r av at e dfe l o n yu n d e rt h e t e r m s o f 8 U. S . C. §1101 ( a) ( 43) ( F) . Thi s c our t l ac ks j uri sdi c t i on t o r evi ew t he f i nalor derof

r em oval aga i n stR obl es because h e i s r em ovab l e f or hav i n g co m m i t t ed an aggrav ated fel on y. § 125 2( a) ( 2) ( C ) . Th e petit i on i s t h eref ore D ISM ISS E D f

or l ack of ju r is d ic tio n .