And in the struggle to secure our rights in international bodies, such as
the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) and the Universal Postal
Union (UPU), the Soviet Union has also always proved to be a true friend.
Our Soviet friends participate a great deal in the constructive and crea-
tive work of the CEMA Standing Committee for Posts and Telecommunications
and other organizations of socialist countries in the communications
field.

From 1976 to 1980, the scientific establishments of both communications
administrations will jointly solve a considerable number of long-term
work tasks in posts and telecommunications research and development and
engineering and technology. They are planned so that results can be
quickly put into operation in the communications networks of both coun-
tries.

[Question] Thus science and technology represent the focal point in this
case as well. Can you tell us what results this has brought for both
sides?

[Answer] The USSR's great scientific-technical achievements in tele-
communications are of vital importance for the further development of
posts and telecommunications in all socialist countries. There is a
large number of integration projects and tasks in the framework of
scientific-technical cooperation. Let me list two examples. On the
basis of a government agreement, joint work is being carried out in the
GDR and USSR on the development, testing and production of a uniform
system of electronic communications technology.

A further task is the standardization of radio interference elimination
regulations. As a result, important conditions are being created for the
constantly increasing import and export of machinery, industrial instal-
lations and industrial consumer goods. The already existing compulsory
standards for both countries for eliminating radio interference from
fluorescent light fixtures or internal combustion engines help consid-
erably to provide television and radio reception that is free of inter-
ference.

[Question] Radio and television form an electronic bridge between our
brother countries; newspapers and periodicals from the Soviet Union are
in demand among our citizens. What achievements is the German Postal
Service making in this connection?

[Answer] With recorded programs and direct broadcasts of political events,
sports matches, cultural events on economic, scientific, technical and
other achievements, there is active communication on the electronic bridge
between our brother countries. Technical studio installations, broadcast-
ing channels and transmitters form part of this bridge over which radio
and television programs reach our country. An increasing percentage of
our technical installations use Soviet instruments and equipment which,

13



by enterprises of the Ministry of the Electronics Industry of the USSR. When
the meter reflector antennas are installed on the roofs of high buildings,
the communications range can reach 25 — 30 km.

Type IKM-12 (with an overall capacity of two line trunks of 264 channels) or
IKM-30 (240 channels) equipment can be used as the multiplex equipment for
the “Elektronika-M". In the first case, the KAMA RSLU [connector relay ins-
tallations] are used for matching to the automatic telephone exchanges, while
used in the second case are IKM-30 electronic matchers.

With the development of new switching equipment for telephone exchanges, the
requirements placed on transmission systems for municipal telephone networks
are also changing. The next generation of switching systems will be a quasi-
electronic. (KE) one. The functional signals can be transmitted between the
KE and the ATS [automatic telephone exchange] in general for a given junction
line trunk group of a signaling channel (OKS). In this case, the utilization
of the junction line in increased, the need for signal channels in the trans—-
mission systems is eliminated, and the matchers for the channels are signifi-
cantly simplified (and in a number of cases, are rendered unnecessary). Since
the signal channels and matching devices in transmission systems comprise a
substantial part of the equipment, it is expedient to create special variants
of the equipment of transmission systems for the KE and ATS. These systems,
in principle, can be both analog and digital. The choice should be made on
the basis of an engineering and economic analysis.

Anticipated in the future is a transition to an integrated communications
system, designed around digital switching and transmission systems. The long
term promise of this trend is due, in particular, to the unity of the compo-
nent base of the transmission, switching and computer equipment systems. With
an increase in series production, prices for semi-finished products will de-
crease, and this will result in a stable decrease in the cost of systems and
an increase in their reliability. For this reason, digital transmission sys-
tems for GTS'ts are already being developed at a fast pace.

In the immediate future, IKM-120 transmission systems, which differ from the

IKM-30 in only the equipment of the line channel, since the terminal station

is formed by combining four IKM-30's having standard matching units, will

be employed for the creation of interexchange GTS junction lines, in addition
to the IKM-30. The line channel is designed for MKS cable (a two cable cir-
cuit) with a repeater section length of 5 km. In this way, a trunk group of

960 channels can be created via two MKS 4 x 4 cables, i.e., twice as many as

can be provided by the KAMA equipment. Drawbacks to the IKM-120 are the im-

possibility of operating it on the same cable with a KAMA system, and the ne-
cessity of using two cables for organizing communications service.

Anticipated for the more distant future is the development of the IKM-480
system for GISts, the individual equipment of which will be similar to that
of the IKM-30. This system is intended for coaxial cables, but will probably
also be capable of operating via MKS cables with the multiplexing of one pair
in a quad (a two cable circuit) including working in conjunction with a KAMA
systen.

34



NIGERIA

RADIO SUB-STATION OPENS MID-DECEMBER, TV STATION IN 6 MONTHS

Kaduna NEW NIGERIAN in English 18 Nov 77 p 21

[Text]

‘THE Nigerian Broadcasting Cor-
poration, [NBC], would by middle
of ‘December this year, open
another radio sub-station in Yela,
Gengela State capital.

Giving details of the exercise
when ‘be met the state's acting

almost over. All being ‘well, you

will be able to tune to Radio

Gongala by middle of Doceanier,”
the commissioner

emphasised.

Mr. Ayo Oguniade further told
the governor that a temporary
transmitter would be provided for
a start, adding that “to make it
faster,” the one at Wukari would
transferred to Yola for a link up
with air satellite, he said. He
explained that whenever that was

cso: 5500

30

broadcast van to enable the

‘television station to record live

programmes.

In his reply, the acting Military
Governor, Colonel, B.A. Idiagbon,
ae the federal government

ive priority to Gongola State in
ee peti television and
radio stat ” bearing in mind
our dlstance” from the federal
capital 2 he reseed communication

Colonel B.Aci
disclosed to

Tdiagbon, then
to the commissioner that
in order to hasten the instalation
of the television, the state
might construct a
penerihiaaer are He explained
that this would facilitate for a
quick take off of the exercise


blocked. Potentiometer R23 allows for setting the requisite response thresh-
old of the circuit.

a

Weoreye abut
Cuzwas B36

;
ESS os

Figure 2, Basic schematic of the BPA [Block for
switching the autotransformer sections].
Key: NN. Circuit designation;
10. Common chassis ground;
9. 6.3 volts, signal;
1, 220 volts AC;
3. Mains input, 220 volts;
7. 220 volts AC to the autotransformer;
6. 220 volts AC to the autotransformer;
5, 180 yolts AC to the autotransformer.

Monitoring for amplifier overloading is realized in the following manner. If
the plate current of the output stage of the amplifier does not exceed the
nominal value, then the voltage fed from the wiper of resistor Rl is lower
than the blocking voltage for reference diode D6, and the overload monitor
circuit for the amplifier plate current is in its initial state: transistor
Tl is turned on with the voltage fed to its base through resistor R4, while
the voltage at its collector is lower than the blocking voltage for reference
diode D8. The R2, Cl network protects the circuit against short term pulse
interference. Transistors T2 and T3 are blocked, and relay 3 which turns on
the overload signal is cut off. Capacitor C2 is charged through resistor R6.
If the plate current exceeds the nominal level (the load on the amplifier out-
put has increased with a short circuit on the line), then the monitor circuit
actuates, as a result of which, contact 33-34 of relay 3 switches on the
"line fault" signal. After 10 to 20 minutes, the circuit returns to the ini-
tial state, and if the plate current has not decreased, again actuates.

If following the reswitching, the plate current nonetheless exceeds the nomi-
nal level by 10 - 30%, then the voltage picked off of the wiper of resistor
R1 will exceed the blocking threshold of reference diode Dl, actuate relay T,
and by means of contacts 31-32 close the actuating circuit for the emergency
relay A. The amplifier is switched off.

The block for switching the autotransformer sections (figure 2) maintains the
nominal electrical power supply voltage. The circuit which monitors the mains

39



MALAYSIA

BRIEFS

SATELLITE-AIDED INSTRUMENTS--Modern demarcation instruments guided by
space satellites will be used to map out the Sabah-Sarawak-Kalimantan
border by 1980. The joint chairman of the Indonesia—Malaysia border
demarcation committee, Datuk Harun Arifin, and Major General Pranoto of
Indonesia said this in Kuala Lumpur. [Text] [Kuala Lumpur International
Service in English 0630 GMT 2 Dec 77 BK]

cso: 5500



makes it possible to collect the images with a number of dots equal to 375,000
(625 X 600) and to display them in blocks that also have 262,144 dots (512 X
512), that is to say, slightly less than the ones picked up.

In order to be able to process these images in reasonable times, it was neces-
sary to resort to the most efficient processing methods available at present
and, at the same time, to structure the programs in such a way as to make
maximum use of the system. This resulted in a set of programs arranged in
modules to limit as much as possible the number of data transfers between main
Memory and mass storage. Some of these data, especially the data implementing
the most critical parts of the computation algorithms were written in
ASSEMBLER language, in order to obtain considerable reductions in execution
times. At present, image processing with our system can be performed by using
linear techniques, like the Z transform or the Fourier transform, or nonlinear,
like equalization, compression or expansion of the gray levels. Since the pos-
sibilities offered by the various methods are already known, we shall restrict
ourselves, in this paper, to making a brief description of the programs devel-
oped by us, indicating the times obtained with various types of processing for
the purpose of making possible an accurate evaluation of the efficiency of the
system worked out. In order to be able also to give an exact idea of its other
characteristics, some examples are given with various numbers of dots (128 X
128, 256 X 256 and 512 X 512), pertaining to specific monoscopes on disk, in
order to be able to judge the quality of reproduction. Other examples pertain
to pickups made with a television camera and make it possible to evaluate the
performance of the entire processing system.

The Image Sampling and Displaying Device

Sine roe Ts contatore Gontatore
Oscillators a 4 ca
Sine.sunte | ‘m4. 600 mod. 625
amparatore
[porate
0d, 600
g Sample F Convertitore

Seana vides ford 6 %

Figure 1. Block diagram of the acqui-
sition and sampling device.

Key: 1. line sync; 2. frame sync;

3. oscillator; 4. counter; 5. compa-
rator; 6. analog-digital converter;

7. video signal

49



INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

BRIEFS

ITALIAN-PORTUGUESE AGREEMENT--Rome, 6 Dec (ANSA)--The Italian news
agency "ANSA," and the Portuguese news agency, "ANOP," have signed a
cooperation agreement here for a wide-ranging exchange of news services
and photographs. The agreement was signed during a visit here of "ANOP"
directors Joao Tito de Morais and Eduardo Corregedor da Fonseca [names
as received]. The two agencies will swap their domestic services,
foreign services and photographs on a regular basis, as well as supply-
ing journalistic or photographic services on request. The agreement is
based on full reciprocity between the two agencies, so there are no
financial implications apart from the pure and simple reimbursement of
the costs of exchanging some services. [Text] [Rome ANSA in English
1550 GMT 6 Dec 77 AU]

cso: 5500

47



in which P equals 2 or 1 depending on whether or not the second filtering is
performed.

Table 1. Processing Times (in seconds)
for Filterings Performed with IIR Filters
on the Three Image Formats

ae 2 8 18 32 50

128 | Pat 7 26 a cx} 1
x
12 | P=2 2» 8 9 121 17
256 | P=1 a 80 142 27 337
x
256 | P=2 81 155 29 49 669
512 162 314 560 902 1338
x
512} P=2 319 623 115 1799 2671

The filters usedmay be infinite impulse response (IIR) or finite impulse re-
sponse (FIR). In this case, relation (1) is applied, disregarding, however,
the second summatory doublet.

With regard to determination of coefficients a and b of the filter, two proce-
dures are available. A first method (9) consists in calculating the bidimen-
sional filter as the product of two monodimensional cells, designed on the basis

of specifications supplied in the field of frequency, in accordance with the
criterium of maximum flatness (Butterworth) or of preset wave pattern (Cheby-
shev). In both cases, it is possible to establish the complexity of the filter
or the gain on band and outside band together with the width of the transi-

tion zone. The structures produced are of the low-pass or high-pass type.

The use of cells obtained by 45° rotation in the frequency planeis also pro-
vided for, in order to improve the circular symmetry of the bidimensional filter. *

On the other hand, a second method makes it possible to optimize the modulo
and phase of the bidimensional filter directly on the basis of predetermined
specifications in the field of frequencies (10). In this case, it is pos-
sible to impose symmetry and also, in simple cases, stability of the filters
themselves by means of suitable links.

In addition, it has been possible for some time now to perform processing with
the Fourier rapid transform technique. Although this method does not make
it possible to obtain calculation times as short as with the use of recursive
digital filters, itis proving, however, to be still useful because of the sim-
plicity with which the filter mask intended to be used can be simulated. Pro-
cessing programs based on the use of the FFT have already been described
fully in previous articles (7,8), in which the calculation times obtained

are also given.

53



Figure 6. Liver cyst: original, image with 16 gray levels, extraction of
outlines of constant density areas.

By using this last image, it was possible to extract only the edge lines of
the constant gray level zones by using a bypass filter.

Results were obtained with the above-described system in the field of ophthal-
mology in estimating the diameter of the retinal vessels. It was especially
possible to measure the variation of a section of those vessels in patients
subjected to the action of vasodilating and vasoconstrictive drugs (12), (13).
At present, similar work is being performed in collaboration with the Radio-
logy Institute of the University of Trieste on the renal arteries for the pur-
pose of being able to diagnose possible hypertensions. In all these cases,
high-pass filters are used, in order to make the outlines more visible and ex-
pansions of the gray dynamics are performed by recording the images on print-
out at the end.

Conclusions

The image processing system with a minicomputer developed in the Institute of
Electrical Engineering and Electronics of the University of Trieste has been
described in this paper. This system has already been used for some time for
research conducted in collaboration with the Radiology Institute and the Oph-
thalmology Clinic of the university. The results obtained so far are posi-
tively encouraging and justify continuing the activity undertaken in the bio-
medical field. Experience already acquired has shown, on the one hand, the
advisability of developing processing techniques worked out on the basis of
specific problems, and, on the other hand, the desirability of extending the
system, in order to have the capability of using color.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Andrews, H. C. "Computer Techniques in Image Processing," New York and
London, Academic Press, 1970.

57



The amount of the total income will, at a minimum, be increased by the sum
indicated here.

The results of the calculations are given in the table. The size of the
FMP is given in the solution variants.

If the standard for allocations to the FMP arising from a 1% growth in labor
productivity is taken as 1.5% (at the level of the increase in income), then
the total for the FMP for the communications enterprises will increase by
34,500 rubles. This will increase the material interest of the communications
workers in the results of their ow labor. Production efficiency will in-
crease, since a significant savings in operational expenditures (393.8 - 34.5
= 359.3 thousand rubles) will be used to expand reproduction.

At the same time, it is apparent from the calculation that it is impossible
to adopt a standard for allocations in the amount of 2% for each percent in-
crease in labor productivity, since in this case, the rate of growth of the
material incentive fund will lead to the rate of growth in income.

The application of the procedure proposed here, in our opinion, will provide
for an increase in the efficiency of the communications sector.

COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo “Syyaz'", “Vestnik svyazi", 1977

8225
Cs0:5500

45



A BUDAPESTI
TELEFORMALOZAT
FESLESZTESE @

Lorex

Konténerkézpont
(1000 kapacités)

, Ras . (oP
ay -(e

e ai ty : 7 .

Ee enc mutt Seeezsomem * zzz mm

TEC «= ror, Es o00

(£) sewvaros 24 000:

FERENC 20 000-= ===) 6 000 zucio 43000
LAGYMANYOS [30 000=====—142 000 _ cau, §=3 000
ouPest E2 oool]|y, 600) KRISZTINA fj 1 000
TEREZ sozser, }1.000

Development of the Bydapest Telephone Network.

Key:
(a) Main central exchange (d) Development in excess of plan
(b) Container center (center expansion)
(1,000 capacity) (e) Development in excess of plan
(c) Planned development (container)

(f) Inner city

At the press conference, in which Istvan Soltesz, Department Head of the
Council of Ministers Office of Information, participated, the Deputy Minister
emphasized that one of the sources of difficulty is that more than 60
percent of total traffic occupies only 56,700 subcentral main lines, while
the 331,000 population stations represent only 8 percent. Many centers

are nearly 100 percent saturated; village installations are almost entirely
of the manual type; thus 70 to 80-year old technology is represented

together with the most modern crossbar equipment in the technical composition
of the Hungarian Postal Service. Of the Bydapest cables 46 percent are

more than 20 years old, and many are of the type installed 40 to 50 years

17



The IKM-120 and IKM-480 systems will be capable of operating via a single
cable circuit on balanced cables with shielded groups of pairs, which are
being developed especially for digital transmission systems.

In step with the increase in the production of IKM [PCM] transmission sys-
tems, a considerable part of GIS equipment will be 30-channel digital chan-
nels -- either independent (IKM-30), or included in a complement of group
channels of the highest orders. For this reason, an important problem is
the efficient design of a network of digital channels: with display of the
network condition, the organization of substitutions, through-working and
combining and isolating the highest orders in the channels, as well as the
organization of a service communications network, etc. All of this equip-
ment should subsequently be incorporated in the integrated network.

Progress in engineering is making it economically advantageous to more widely
employ the transmission systems in a GIS subscriber section. The use of in-
expensive and reliable multichannel equipment for the creation of subscriber
lines will permit a decrease in labor expenses and outlays for scared materi-
als. Foreign digital transmission systems are known for subscriber lines
permanent fixing of the channels following the subscribers, as well as sys—
tems which incorporate switching elements, in which a group of subscribers

(80 — 128) makes use of a common subscriber line group trunk (24 - 32 channels).
The latter are more economical. Of the possible variants of digital systems,
systems with delta modulation are extremely convenient, are less expensive and
less susceptiblé to the influence of interference than PCM systems. The same
digital channels as used for junction lines can be employed as the line chan-
nels.

The high information capacity of digital channels makes it possible to obtain
channels for the remote control of subscriber sets, signaling, rerouting and
substitutions in the case of breakdowns, as well as other automatic devices
which simplify the operation and increase the quality of communications, with
small expenditures.

At the present time, transmission systems for subscriber lines are designed
for working with electromechanical and KE automatic telephone exchange systems.
At the exchange, the subscriber signals are demodulated, converted to audio
signals, and then switched. In this case, any method of coding is permissible
in the transmission system (also including analog transmission).

With the introduction of electronic ATS's, it will possible to realize the
direct input of the subscriber digital flow to the exchange devices, without
modulation. This will reduce the volume of equipment, however, the methods
of coding the signals in electronic ATS's and the subscriber transmission
system should be matched.

COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo “Svyaz'", "Vestnik svyazi", 1977

8225
¢s0:5500

35



CONTENTS (Continued)
MONGOLIAN PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC

Briefs
Radio Relay Line

PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

China Produces Device for Improving Radio Reception
(NCNA, 2 Dec 77) ccceeccceccccecsceceeeeece beeen eee eee ees

SRI LANKA
Briefs
National News Agency Launched
Japanese Loan for Telecommunications
EASTERN EUROPE
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

Briefs
GDR-Hungary Radio Pact

EAST GERMANY
Telecommunications Cooperation Between GDR, USSR Noted
(Rudolph Schulze Interview; PRESSE- INFORMATIONEN ,
3 Nov 77) ....0. bbe e eee eeeeeeeeee eee eeeeee beeen eee eeeee
HUNGARY

Telephone Situation, Higher Fees for New Installations Detailed
(Tamas Moldovan; NEPSZAVA, 26 Nov 77) .....sseeeeeceeeees

YUGOSLAVIA
Briefs
Ljubljana Radio, Television Meeting
Pozarevac Radio Station
LATIN AMERICA
BOLIVIA

Briefs
Telephone Links Via Satellite

Page

10
10

11

12

16

20

21



"To perform periodic inspections of radio facilities;
"To carry out technical checkups of radio transmissions.

"7 - The Postal and Telecommunications Services will give the Radio Monitor-
ing Center of Luanda all the necessary assistance for the performance of its
tasks, particularly with regard to personnel, transportation and facilities,
including the improvement of its equipment, and this will take place in ac-
cordance with a program which will be set up by this Secretariat of State.

"8 - As long as it is not possible to extend the radio monitoring structure
to the whole country, the technicians of the Second Division of the Technical
Postal and Telecommunications Services Directorate will be used within their
capabilities to carry out monitoring activities in the provinces where they
are employed. In this situation, the activity will be requested in each par-
ticular case from the chief of that division or from the provincial delegate.

"9 - Whenever the monitoring center or one of its agents detects contacts
outside the scope and purpose for which the facilities were licensed, the
costs involved in such activity will be borne by the culprits.

"10 - With the granting of permission for the installation, owners are bound
to guarantee free access to the facilities to employees engaged in the moni-
toring activity, as well as to public officials or police officers whose
intervention they request.

"11 - Within the existing conditions, the Radio Monitoring Center of Luanda
will be provided, as it becomes practicable, with the following_personnel:
one chief of center, CST /expansion unknown/ Ist class or CSE /expansion un-
known/ Ist class; three assistant chiefs, radiotelegraph operators Ist class;
three operators, radiotelegraph operators 2d and 3d class; two monitors,
chief or 1st class telecommunications technicians; one assistant, installer
1st or 2d class; and one messenger, office boy 1st or 2d class.

"12 - The chief of the Radiotelecommunications Division together with the
chief of the Radio Monitoring Center must promote the training and improve-
ment programs designed to prepare the personnel for the performance of their
duties and their eventual qualification as radio monitoring technicians.

"13 - All papers which were in the care of the first and second sections of

that Third Department are transferred to this Secretariat of State without
further notice." .

8414
CsO: 5500

28



to a certain extent, were jointly developed by GDR and USSR specialists.
As an example, I would like to cite Soviet color television technology,
which has already stood the practical test in the Rostock Baltic Sea
studio and some studios in Berlin-Adlershof. We are also using Soviet
mobile color television transmission units.

The international "Intersputnik" system and organization is part of our
communications network. With the help of ground radio stations and
telecommunications satellites, evidence of the high efficiency of Soviet
researchers, design engineers and workers, the bridge uniting peoples
stretches from the Mongolian People's Republic to Cuba, transmitting tele-
phone calls and radio and television programs.

Part of the bridge uniting peoples are also naturally printed publications
from the land of friends, which the German Post Office offers to GDR citi-
zens by subscription and in newsstands or other sales outlets of the postal
news distributing service.

In the honors competition of the 60th anniversary of the Great Socialist
October Revolution, our fellow workers have surpassed the objectives for
soliciting subscriptions to Soviet publications by more than 100 percent.
In only 10 months, 210,000 new readers were acquired. This is the high-
est figure ever reached in this area, of which German postal workers are
also justifiably very proud.

The development of circulation recorded in recent years is very clear
evidence of our citizens' interest in Soviet newspapers and periodicals.
We imported 500,000 issues in 1976 and the figure was already 730,000 by
October 1977. Such periodicals as SOVIET UNION, THE SOVIET WOMAN and
SPUTNIK, with 120,000, 225,000 and 78,000 issues, are among USSR publi-
cations most in demand.

The desire of our citizens to keep up with the political, economic,
cultural and military development of the Soviet Union is very broad.

The German Post Office therefore maintains a constant supply of almost
2,000 titles--14 of which are in German. Finally, importing over 1,200
Soviet technical and scientific journals makes it possible to take
advantage of the USSR's rich wealth of experience without delay in the
GDR. It should also be mentioned that the principal daily newspapers of
both countries are shipped by air and sold on the day they are published
or the following day.

[Question] You signed a new government agreement, together with the USSR
minister for posts and telecommunications, N. W. Talysin, doctor of engi-
needing, in the middle of this year. What goals do you thereby hope to
achieve?

[Answer] We concluded this agreement in order to further extend relations
in the area of posts and telecommunications on the basis of the National

14



YUGOSLAVIA

BRIEFS

LJUBLJANA RADIO, TELEVISION MEETING--The third session of the Assembly of
the Ljubljana Radio-Television on 21 November in Ljubljana examined a
draft of the main guidelines on the development of the technical founda—
tions of the institution until 1980 and the basic guidelines for the
preparation of radio and television program schedules for 1978. No great
changes are expected in the radio programs, but it was said that informa-
tion programs "will all have to become more up-to-date more quickly, which
means that they will have to shed the present journalistic attributes and
to draw primarily on the specific opportunities presented by the radio
medium." A new transmitter at Domzale will begin transmitting next fall.
The first television program will not expand in 1978. [Ljubljana DELO in
Slovene 22 Nov 77 p 2 AU]

POZAREVAC RADIO STATION--A new radio broadcasting station broadcasting
on 240 meters mediumwave and on 92.1 MHZ began operating in Pozarevac
recently. It is part of the REC NARODA newspaper and broadcasting
organization. The purchase and installation of the radio equipment cost
4 million dinars. The radio station operates on the strength of 1 kilo-
watt. [Belgrade BORBA in Serbo-Croatian 14 Nov 77 p 9 AU]

cso: 5500

20



HUNGARY

TELEPHONE SITUATION, HIGHER FEES FOR NEW INSTALLATIONS DETAILED

Budapest NEPSZAVA in Hungarian 26 Nov 77 pp 1, 3
[Article by Tamas Moldovan]

[Text] The telephone is a means of mass communication and information, and
one of the most important tools of ever increasing international contact,
economics, and private life, which now has become indispensable. By the
same token, however, it has also become a source of care and nervous
anxiety. We must wait long for interurban connections, it is difficult to
get a line, we often get the wrong number, and the waiting list for new
subscribers is increasing.

Arpad Toth already had written: "My head aches, my mother is smarting,

my telephone difficulties are torturing." We are not consoled, however,
by the fact that the ills of the telephone system are not of recent origin.
If we were to make up the patient's chart, the diagnoses would include:
overloaded switching centers, Hungary is lagging far behind development of
the European average, the cable network is outmoded and oversaturated, and
breakdowns are frequent, and last, but not least, we have not learned to
use the telephone properly. It must be added, however, that this area is
characterized by undeniable achievements more than by faults. In fact,
Hungary now has 1 million 81 thousand telephone subscribers, assistance
requesting stations have day and night contact with almost all communities,
and by 1980 jong distance calls may be initiated from 180 villages and
cities. Automation of international connections is progressing well,
having been established with subscribers of 27 countries at present.

Hungary is not bad off, compared to the world average: we have 9.91 phones
per 100 population, compared to the world figure of 9.6. We do not approx-
imate the level of many socialist and capitalist countries, however, This
figure for Czechoslovakia is 17.62, is 28.13 in neighboring Austria, and is
highest in Sweden, with 66. What is the reason for the lag? During World
War II the Hungarian telephone network was almost completely destroyed. Most
European countries devote at least two percent of their investment resources
to development of the telephone network. In Hungary this ratio has ranged
between 0.6 and 1.5 percent during the past 20 years, Following Liberation
all resources had to be devoted to reconstruction and creation of a basic
network. In the Fifth Five-Year Plan approximately 50 percent more will be
expended for development of this field, increasing the capacity of telephone
centers by 280,000 stations, more than 80,000 of which. must be used to replace
outmoded equipment. During past months, as Deputy Minister Dezso Horn,
Director in Chief of the Post Office told journalists on Friday, the Government
has repeatedly dealt with possible solutions and their related measures.

16



NIGERIA

GOVERNMENT TO TAKE CONTROL OF RADIO STATIONS
Lagos International Service in English 1530 GMT 9 Dec 77 LD

[Text] The Federal Military Government is to assume responsibility for
all state radio stations broadcasting on short wave and those with powerful
medium-wave transmitters capable of reaching audiences outside the areas of
their jurisdiction. The effective date is 1 April 1978.

A cabinet office explanation in Lagos said that as from this date control of
the stations will be vested in the Federal Military Government, which will
be responsible for their funding, staffing and development. The stations
will continue to enjoy operational autonomy similar to that enjoyed by these
television stations taken over by the federal government.

In view of the reputation of some of the stations--and the reputations were
built over a long period--the nature of the programs they offer, as well as
the need to retain their large listenership of programs tailored for
listeners in local languages, it was decided that everything possible
should be done to maintain the distinctive character of these radio stations.
The Federal Military Government has, therefore, appointed a panel to deter-
mine ways of implementing its decisions. The team comprises the chief
executives of all radio stations affected, the Nigerian Broadcasting
Corporation and representatives of the federal cabinet office, federal
ministries of Information, Establishments and Justice, The permanent
secretary, Federal Ministry of Information, will head the panel.

cso: 5500

29



INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

BRIEFS

GDR-HUNGARY RADIO PACT—~The GDR and the Hungarian People's Republic
today concluded a new radio broadcasting agreement. The [word indis—
tinct] agreement, signed by the chairman of the State Broadcasting Com-
mittee, Rudi Singer, and the chairman of Hungarian Radio, Dr Istvan
Hars, deepens cooperation between editors and develops exchanges of
experiences in all spheres of broadcasting work. The work protocol

for 1978-1979 was signed at the same time. [Text] [East Berlin Voice
of the GDR Domestic Service in German 1300 GMT 7 Dec 77 LD]

cso: 5500

11



interval. In fact, since it is possible to transfer a maximum of 6,144 data
at a time (one trace) from the disk into storage and since the dots for the
formats selected are not a multiple of that number, it is necessary to iden-
tify the last dot of the image within the sphere of these 6,144 data. This
identification cannot be done by means of simple analyses, in view of the ex-
cessive time that they require, but, rather, with expedients of the type adop-
ted by us, unless it is acceptable to reduce the image regeneration frequency.

By structuring the programs in this way, image scanning times of 0.6 second
for the 128 X 128 formal, 2.5 seconds for the 256 X 256 format and 10 seconds
for the 512 X 512 format were obtained.

Examples

Some photographs picked up and processed with our system are commented on in
this section. These photographs were obtained directly from the display with
slow scanning, using an operation provided by the image~forming program. The
pickup conditions, photographic material and processing used are the same for
all the images presented here.

Figure 3. Monoscopes with 128 X 128, 256 X 256 and 512 X 512 dots.

Figure 3 shows three monoscopes (generated withan appropriate program) that
make it possible to evaluate the performance of the single visualization sys-
tem, constructed respectively with 128 X 128, 256 X 256 and 512 X 512 dots.
The image consists of a circle with a cross in the center, a series of black
and white lines spaced increasingly and a scale of eight grays. It was de-
signed for the purpose of making it possible to calibrate the output circuits
easily and to evaluate the performance of the system immediately both with re-
gard to definition and to the dynamics of the levels.. In addition, each
monoscope can be used successfully in studying the behavior of the filters.
Comparison of the three images gives an immediate idea of the improvement
achieved by increasing the number of dots. It can be observed that the image
constructed with 256 X 256 dots is already judged by the eye of sufficient
quality for most practical cases, while the one with the smaller number of
dots (the first one) shows the accuracy of positioning of the electronic beam.

55



INTER-ASIAN AFFAIRS

TELECOMMUNICATIONS DELEGATION DEPARTS PHNOM PENH
Peking NCNA in English 1558 GMT 12 Nov 77 OW

[Excerpts] Peking, 12 Nov, 1977 (HSINHUA)--The telecommunications dele~
gation of the People's Republic of China led by Chi Tui-chao, deputy director
general of the telecommunications of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommuni-
cations, left Phnom Penh for home today after a friendly visit to Democratic
Cambodia, according to a report from that city.

The delegation arrived in Cambodia on 29 October. It had discussions with
the department concerned of the Democratic Cambodian Government about
setting up a telecommunication line between the two countries. The two
sides signed on 10 November a "protocol on setting up a telecommunication
line between the People's Republic of China and the Democratic Cambodia."

cso: 5500



ANGOLA

RADIO LICENSING REGULATIONS
Luanda JORNAL DE ANGOLA in Portuguese 5 Nov 77 pp 2, 6

[Text7 By directive #56/77, Maj Bento Riveiro, secretary of state for communi-
Cations, has ordered the cancellation of all authorizations for the installa-
tion of radio facilities issued to the group of enterprises designated as
"Highway," and has established a time limit for inventorying all equipment

in the possession of those concerns. The mentioned directive reads as

follows:

“Whereas Directive #59/77 of 8 September of the Ministry of Construction and
Housing, published in the Journal of the Republic issue #213, Ist series, of
8 September, orders an intervention in the various enterprises of the con-
struction sector which comprise the group designated as "Highway," under the
direct control of that ministry.

"Whereas the group includes the firms of SOCROL (Sociedade de Construcoes
Rodrigues, Lda /Rodrigues Construction Co, Ltd/), Jomasil (contractors), SARL
/not further identified/, SECOL (Sociedade de Construcoes e Engenharia Lda
Construction and Engineering Co, Ltd/), and TECNIL (Sociedade Tecnica e
ndustrial de Construcoes Lda /Technical and Industrial Construction Co,
Ltd/), which have authorization to install radio facilities, I decide:

"a) Under the terms of Article 48 of the Radio Services Regulations in force,
all authorizations for the installation of radio facilities granted to those
enterprises are revoked;

"b) The managements of the "Highway" group of enterprises must submit to
this Secretariat of State within a period of 30 days, to start from the date
of this directive, an inventory of all radio equipment in the possession of
the mentioned enterprises for the purpose of ascertaining eventual respons i-
bility and determining their use."

This directive is dated 19 October 1977, and is published in the Journal of
the Republic issue #256, 1st series.

26



IRAQ

BRIEFS

MICROWAVE STATION NET--Fifty new microwave stations are currently being
built, in addition to the stations already in existence throughout the
country, during the second stage of the microwave station expansion project.
A source in the State Establishment for Post, Telegraph and Telephone
announced the above to an AL-THAWRAH correspondent and said that six of
these stations have just been completed and the rest are under construction
within the context of a great plan to bring telephonic communications to
[even] the smallest administrative units in the country. He added that the
project was begun 3 years ago. Fifty stations were completed during the
first stage at a total cost of 8 million dinars. [The source] mentioned
that the microwave project relies on automatic equipment, which facilitates
direct telephonic communication among the governorates without the inter-
mediary of an exchange and which lessens the pressure of handling telephone
calls through the exchanges. On another level, the State Establishment

for Post, Telegraph and Telephone has undertaken the expansion of ten PIT
offices, with new equipment and materiel. Work is now being done to
establish 12 other offices at a cost of 1.5 million dinars within the
establishment's plan to provide better services to the citizens and facilitate
telephonic and postal communications operations. [Text] [Baghdad AL-THAWRAH
in Arabic 25 Nov 77 p 4]

cso: 4802

23



CONTENTS (Continued)

Stimulating a Growth in Labor Productivity
(N.S. Berinashvili; VESTNIK SVYAZI, Sep 77) .....-+-+ee0e

Briefs
Tashkent-Andizhan Radio Relay
Television Broadcasts in Tadzhikistan
Vladimirskaya TV Retransmitter
Raychikhinsk, Amurskaya TV Station

WESTERN EUROPE
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

Briefs
Italian-Portuguese Agreement

ITALY

Digital Image Processing System Described
(A. D'Amore, et al.; ALTA FREQUENZA, Jan 77) ......eeee0e

Page

42

47

48



CONTENTS (Continued)
NEAR EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
EGYPT

Briefs
Earth Satellite Communications Station

TRAQ

Briefs
Microwave Station Net

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS

Briefs
UNA-JANA Agreement

ANGOLA
Microwave System To Be in Use Soon
(JORNAL DE ANGOLA, 16 Oct 77) ...seceeeececeeeeeee deseeee
Radio Licensing Regulations
(JORNAL DE ANGOLA, 5 Nov 77) ..... cece eee ee eneneeneeeees
NIGERIA

Government To Take Control of Radio Stations
(Lagos International Service, 9 Dec 77) .........05 wees

Radio Sub-Station Opens Mid-December, TV Station in 6 Months
(NEW NIGERIAN, 18 Nov 77) ..

Briefs
Transmitter-Receiver Sale

USSR
Basic Trends in the Development of Transmission Systems for

Municipal Telephone Networks
(L. T. Kim; VESTNIK SVYAZI, Sep 77) ....sesceeeeeee

The KLA-600 Automated Control Unit for TU-600 Amplifiers
(V. I. Neveykin; VESTNIK SVYAZI, Sep 77) ..

Page

22

23

24

25

26

29

30

31

32

36



EAST GERMANY

TELECOMMUNICATIONS COOPERATION BETWEEN GDR, USSR NOTED
East Berlin PRESSE-INFORMATIONEN in German No 130, 3 Nov 77 pp 2-3

{Interview with Rudolph Schulze, deputy chairman, GDR Council of Ministers
and minister for posts and telecommunications: "Intensive Cooperation
Between GDR and USSR Posts and Telecommunications"]

[Text] [Question] There has been long-term cooperation between the GDR
and USSR in the area of posts and telecommunications. How did it develop
and what does it include?

[Answer] Since the Soviet people's victory over fascism, a sincere
friendship has united us with the comrades and friends of the communica—
tions administration in the country of the Red October. It was Soviet
postal, telecommunications and radio specialists who gave us irreplace-
able assistance in building our new socialist communications administra-
tion.

As early as July 1950, we signed three interdepartmental agreements con-
cerning postal, parcel and telecommunications service. Communication
links between our two countries then developed from this foundation.
Scientific-technical cooperation also grew considerably and turned out to
be increasingly advantageous for strengthening the industrial-technological
basis of our brother countries’ posts and telecommunications.

As a result of steadily increasing communications service between the GDR
and USSR, scientific-technical cooperation and many personal contacts and
consultations, these interdepartmental agreements were superseded on

19 October 1966 by a government agreement on communications. It formed
the cornerstone for a new standard of quality in GDR and USSR posts and
telecommunications relations, which were growing closer and closer. I
would like to list a few select examples. On the 20th anniversary of our
republic, we were able to have automatic telephone service between the
capital of the GDR, Berlin, and the capital of the USSR, Moscow. Two
years later, we signed the agreement for creating the international
"Intersputnik" system in Moscow for cosmic communication connections and
the agreement for young postmen to work together on the Drushba line
followed in the spring of 1975.

12



1900 GMT 7 Dec 77 LD]

WORLDWIDE AFFAIRS

BRIEFS

GDR TV AGREEMENT--Lisbon--ADN Correspondent--An agreement was signed in
Lisbon on Friday between the State Committee for TV of the GDR Council of
Ministers and Portuguese Radio-Television. Its purpose is to promote
cooperation between the two countries in the field of television. [Text]
[East Berlin ADN International Service in German 2010 GMT 9 Dec 77 LD]

PARS-MAP AGREEMENT--PARS and the Moroccan News Agency MAP will cooperate
in exchanging news under the terms of an agreement signed this morning by
Mahmud Ja'farian, supervisor of PARS, and the MAP director general. The
two news agencies will exchange news reports on a reciprocal and regular
basis, and they also agreed in principle to put their practical experience
at each other's disposal through the exchange of visits by experts and
officials. [Teheran Domestic Service in Persian 0710 GMI/

USSR-ITALY TV AGREEMENT--A protocol on the prolongation for 2 years of
the agreement between the USSR and Italy on cooperation in the field of
television was signed today in Rome. It was signed for the Soviet side
by Lapin, chairman of the State Committee of the USSR Council of Minis-
ters for Television and Radio Broadcasting, and for the Italian side by
Grassi, president of the State Radio and Television Company. The proto-
col envisages an exchange of broadcasts. An article on the direct
transmission to Italy of competitions at the forthcoming Moscow Olympics
has a special place in it. [Text] [Moscow Domestic Service in Russian

VIETNAM-POLAND RADIO-TV AGREEMENT--At the invitation of the Vietnam Radio
and Television Broadcasting Commission, a delegation of the Polish Radio

and Television Broadcasting Commission led by (Hussak Brenzenev), its
general secretary, paid a friendly visit to Vietnam and signed a coopera-
tion agreement with the Vietnam Radio and Television Broadcasting Commission.
On 10 December, Ly Van Sau, vice chairman of the Vietnam Radio and Television
Broadcasting Commission and (Hussak Brenzenev) representing the Polish Radio
and Television Broadcasting Commission, signed the agreement. Attending the
signing ceremony, on the Vietnamese side, were Tran Lam, alternate member

of the Party Central Committee and chairman of the Vietnam Radio and Tele-
vision Broadcasting Commission and Vu Quoc Uy, acting chairman of the
Commission for Cultural Relations With Foreign Countries and representing
the Foreign Ministry, on the Polish side was Josef Puta, ambassador
extraordinary and plenipotentiary of the Polish People's Republic to our
country. [Text] [Hanoi Domestic Service in Vietnamese 2300 GMT 10 Dec 77 BK]

cs0: 5500 2 |
_



ago. Gas infiltration, the exceptionally high traffic, and the action of
electricity have had increasingly telling effect on the cable jackets, At
the shops, the condition of the subcenters is considered of seconiary im-
portance, and little attention is devoted to training of maintenance per-
sonnel and to more frequent replacement of equipment. According to a study
of the OMFB [National Technical Development Committee] time lost due to
telephone malfunction is increasing, causing an estimated 2 billion forints
loss each year.

What is the solution? First of all a proper industrial and technical
background had to be created: at present Beloiannisz Communications Tech-
nology Factory is able to fulfill all orders of the Post Office, and the
Hungarian Cable Works are geared up for production of new types of cables
that resist rain and other adverse factors. Renovation of the old centers
and construction of new centers mst be resolved at the same time, They
are simultaneously providing for modern modification of cable and for the
use of synthetic protective materials to insure rapid elimination of mass
disorders that are still commonplace. In the future, it is intended to
prevent overloading of centers through effectuation of a qualitative change.
It should not be overlooked, however, that despite considerable progress,
there is a present list of more than 257,000 subscriber applicants awaiting
installation, compared to 138,000 in 1970. According to estimates, this
figure will continue to increase because the demand for telephones is a
justified need accompanying the increase in standard of living. In the
meantime there is great tension in this regard, and nationally standard
rules of priority must be applied, taking into consideration public in-
stitutions and subscribers to be accorded priority. on the basis of

public interest or need of a telephone connected with occupations.

The cost of installation of one new station, taking into consideration
network and center construction, and other costs, is 36,000 forints. ‘The
capacities of the national economy also must be taken into account. We
discussed this problem in the NEPSZAVA Dosszie column a few weeks ago,
suggesting that the state and the applicant make increased contributions
to the installation cost, at least equivalent to the cost of one new
television set, amd that plans be implemented more rapidly. On the basis
of an earlier provision, industrial plants and institutions are paying
30,000 forints for a main line, and 20,000 forints for a twin party line.
Deputy Minister Dezso Horn reported that a final decision has been made,
requiring of individual subscribers to contribute 6,000 forints toward
the investment costs of a main line, and 4,000 forints for twin party
lines beginning with 1 January 1978. This measure will represent an
increase in revenue of 300 million forints by 1980, and a further increase
of one billion forints will be attained by a 100 percent increase in
telephone center fees of enterprises and institutions based on govern-
mental decree, beginning with 1 January. The detailed implementation
order is now in preparation, and detailed instructions relative to the
installations and station transfers will be issued before 1 January.

We suggest, however, that it would be justified for the OTP {National
Savings Bank | to extend credit for pensioners and persons with low income
for the purpose of telephone installation, just as they receive aid for
purchase of goods,

The public contribution toward installation costs and the increase in
enterprise fees will enable installation of 45,000 more telephone stations

18



JPRS 70389

28 December 1977

TRANSLATIONS ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY,
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

No, 25

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A
Approved for Public Release
Distribution Unlimited

- 20000528 159

U. S. JOINT PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH SERVICE

Reproduced From
Best Available Copy

REPRODUCED BY

NATIONAL TECHNICAL
INFORMATION SERVICE

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
SPRINGFIELD, VA. 22163



If the voltage exceeds 56 volts (relays Kl - K3 do not actuate, and their con-
tacts are open), then zener diode D3 or D4 conducts. (depending on the incoming
polarity at the given moment), and then D2 or D5 respectively, and the voltage
supply circuit is completed through the thyristor to 200 volt section of the
autotransformer. Diodes D1 and D5 protect the legs of the circuit against
the opposite polarity. In this case, one half-period is completed through
diode D1 and thyristor D2, while the second is completed through diode D6 and
thyristor D5.

The line switching block (figure 3) provides for automatic connection of the
load to the amplifier output when the “turn on" cycle is completed, and groun-
ding of the load when the amplifier is switched off.

When the "turn on" cycle is completed for the first amplifier, relay Rl of the
BLK block actuates, connecting the repeater lines to the output of the first
amplifier. If the second amplifier is switched in, relay R2 actuates. The
circuit provides for the connection of repeater lines only to that amplifier
which was turned on first, When relays R1 and R2 drop out, the repeater lines
are grounded.

The KLA-600 blocks are not structurally tied together. The BA and BPA are in-
stalled inside the amplifier cabinet, while the BLK, which is common to both
amplifiers, is installed inside the output panel. Hookup cables for the con-
nection of the BA and BPA blocks to the amplifiers,

The following are employed as the components in the KLA-600: P-307 silicon
transistors; D223, D226G and D245 diodes; thyristors; D184A, D814D, D815E,
D816A and D817A zener diodes; MBM and K50 capacitors; and RPN, MKU-48 and
RKS-3 relays. Experience with the operation of the KLA-600 has shown that
the equipment operates reliably and performs the specified functions.

COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo “Syyaz'", "Vestnik svyazi", 1977

8225
CS0;5500

41



INDIA

BRIEFS

SATELLITE LINKS--The communications minister told the Rajya Sabha that India
has direct satellite links with 20 countries through the Indian Ocean
satellite. Mr Brijlal Verma said all together, 39 countries will have
satellite communications with India within the next 2 years. Some of the
prominent countries which have direct links with India at present through
the system are Australia, the United Kingdom, France, Pakistan and the
United Arab Emirates. [Text] [Delhi Domestic Service in English 0830 GMT

9 Dec 77 BK]

cso: 5500



INTER-ASIAN AFFAIRS

BRIEFS

NEWS AGENCY MEETING--The meeting of experts on the development of news
agencies in Asia being held in Colombo on 7 December proposed that a
feasibility study be made up on the establishment of an Asian Network
based on the exchange of news between national agencies. The meeting,
which began on 5 December, entered its fourth day today and will be con-
cluded on 9 December. [Colombo International Service in English 1045 GMT
8 Dec 77 BK]

PRC/MPR METEOROLOGICAL COMMUNICATIONS--Ulaanbaatar, 11 Dec, 1977 (Hsinhua)--
A protocol on talks between the two groups of specialists in meteorological
communications was signed between China and Mongolia here yesterday. The
protocol was signed by the two group leaders on behalf of their respective
governments. The Chinese and Mongolian specialists held talks in Peking
from 24 October to 15 November this year on matters such as promotion of
exchange of meteorological information, improvement of the quality of
communication lines and on the spot joint test of the lines. [Text]

[Peking NCNA in English 1301 GMT 11 Dec 77 OW]

cso: 5500



Concerning the techniques for nonlinear processing, at :present we have some
programs available that make it possible to equalize the histograms of the gray
levels of the image and to expand (or compress) the dynamics around a predeter-
mined level, possibly reducing quantization on the basis of the 256 values pro-
vided for in the input. These programs proved to be useful in many applica-
tions and can be used very easily also in conjunction with programs perform-
ing linear filtering.

Programs for Controlling Input/Output Operations

Operations for image acquisition and for representation on display are con-
trolled by two programs in ASSEMBLER, which control the outside circuits of
the two devices by using the microcircuit interface recognized by the compu-
ter as input-output channel. These programs use the interruption system and
a fast-access channel to the main memory for writing and reading from disk,

in order to be able to perform data transfers at the required speed and to
synchronize the computer with the external clocks (input and output video sig-
nal). Therefore, by their nature, they are incompatible with the system ope-
rating with disks (DOS III), which does not allow the programer to use input-
output instructions. Nevertheless, in order not to abandon the convenience of
using the programs within the sphere of an operational system, several expe-
dients were adopted that paralyze the operational system itself at the begin-
ning of the acquisition and display operations, restoring it at their conclu-
sion. This is achieved by adding a routine at the head of the program that
neutralizes the system's protections, retains their core resident part and al-
ters the memory zone reserved for control of interrupts by introducing the in-
structions needed for developing the program. At the end of the operations,
another routine restores the initial state of the memory and of the interrup-
tion system, enabling the DOS to resume control.

In particular, the acquisition program uses two buffers that are filled alter-
nately with the data acquired on request of an interrupt coming every 64 micro-
seconds from the sampling circuit. Immediately after the first buffer is filled,
the data are transferred on the disk by means of the DMA, while the second buf-
fer begins to be filled. A similar method is also used in the program making
it possible to send the data to display. In this case, however, some special
expedients required by the presence of an external clock controlling the vi-
sualization operations had to be implemented, in order to attain the maximum
repetition speed of the image. The clock frequency was selected by taking into
account the transmission capabilities of the system, in order to represent the
three formats provided for satisfactorily on the display. This affects the
structure of the program andsends data outside, since, in any state, the com-
puter has to respond to the request for new data by the clock in time shorter
than a semiperiod. This linkage turns out to be especially burdensome, since
account must also be taken of the decreased efficiency of the CPU [Central
Processor Unit] in the presence of reading and writing operations performed
with the aid of the DMA. It should be pointed out, among the peculiarities of
this program, that it is structured in such a way as to modify itself when the
data of an image are exhausted, in order to be able to recommence operations
of data transmission, regardless of the format, in the above-indicated time

54



[ane | Waswavense wena
[Zn ronmaemena axtéa)

y 8

Wasneie
ers

ra

Tesravenve wend a
[Ynpadnenie Buodn rornye
[enotoi cuevan ,Atowun*| G2

Mopnge ebiaud

Tazvan nunein nobpent
Cuewan . BeavovenaTM

Cuzwon . AbepunTM

‘anodnK
Syn 006.

SSS e5O88

Figure 1. Basic schematic

Circuit Designation;
Plate contactor circuit;
Plate contactor circuit;
220 volts AC;

220 volts AC;

Circuit switched on;
Circuit switched on;
220 volts AC;

220 volts AC;

Circuit designation;

of the automation block.

G3: NN.
1.
3.
5.
7.
10.

Control of the output switcher;

“Emergency light signal;
Common chassis ground;
Line fault signal;
“Turned on" signal;
"Emergency" signal;
Plate current monitoring;
0.0 dB audio.

37

Circuit designation;
Start of winding 1;
Start of winding 2;
End of winding 1;
End of winding 2;
-200 volts, bias;



ANGOLA

MICROWAVE SYSTEM TO BE IN USE SOON
Luanda JORNAL DE ANGOLA in Portuguese 16 Oct 77 p 2

LText/ The meeting of provincial communications delegates with the officials
in charge of that field of activity came to a close Friday in Luanda. At the
end of the proceedings, comrade Maj Bento Ribeiro (Kabulo), secretary of
state for communications, summed up the conclusions which will guide that
field of activity in the next few months, whose most important aspects are
worth noting.

With regard to the relationship between the provincial delegations and the
central services, an extensive administrative and financial decentralization
was decided for the prerogatives of the delegates, who should, in the mean-
time, submit all matters lacking authorization on the part of the central
services to the prior approval of their respective provincial commissars.

As to the performance of the immediate tasks, emphasis was placed on the
importance of rural communications, which should be vitalized by the opening
of post offices and the activation of mail services on the regular rail and
road transports. Attention was also called to the importance of permanent
reconstruction and protection of the interurban communications system, and to
the implementation of the plans for technical improvement, occupational train-
ing and literacy.

In the plans in effect, special emphasis was given to the microwave project
which should shortly replace the current interurban network and permit nation-
wide television broadcasting, and tasks have been defined within each province.

Concerning the incorporation of the provinces of eastern Angola into the
national communications network, consideration was given to the projects of
using radio operators in the landlines of the Benguela and Mocamedes rail-
roads, which will permit the extension of the telex public service to the
provinces of Moxico and Cuando-Cubango.

Regarding the undertakings in the area of the training of cadres, an analysis
was made of the needs up to 1980 in the light of the projects of occupational
training in effect, which are sponsored by the Universal Postal Union and the
International Telecommunications Union, and financed by the UN development
program.

8414
cs0: 5500

25


USSR

UDC 383/384
STIMULATING A GROWIH IN LABOR PRODUCTIVITY
Moscow VESTNIK SVYAZI in Russian No 9, Sep 77 pp 26-27

[Article by N.S. Berinashvili, post-graduate student at the All-Union
Correspondence Electrical Engineering Institute for Communications]

[Text] It was underscored in the "Main Developmental Trends

of the USSR National Economy During 1976 — 1980" that it is
necessary in the 10th Five-Year Plan to “concentrate particular
attention on stepping up the growth in labor productivity, which
is a crucial condition for the further development of production
and an increase in the welfare of the populace. Some 85 - 90%
of the increase in the production of the national income is to
come from an increase in labor productivity." Analyzed in this
article are data on the increase in labor productivity during
the past five-year plan in the management of the nation's com-
munications, and a method of stimulating an increase in this
indicator, as well as a procedure for computing the accepted
standards for allocations to the material incentive fund arising
from the increase in labor productivity.

An important factor in increasing the effectiveness of public production is
the complete utilization of the advantages of the new system of management.
There is no doubt that the enterprise where material and moral incentives
are the most completely and skilfully combined, a progressive labor payment
system is employed, and where bonus systems are developed taking the stimu-
lation of a growth in labor productivity into account, can achieve great
successes in production activity.

An analysis of data on the growth of labor productivity over the Ninth Five-
Year Plan (1971 - 1975) as a whole for the management of the nation's communi-
cations attests to the fact that 71.9% of the increase in communications pro-
duction was due to an increase in this indicator. A high percentage of the
increase in production volume was achieved by virtue of an increase in labor
productivity at the communications enterprises of Estonia (82.8%) and Latvia
(82.5%). However, it is impossible to mention this without citing the
communications enterprises of a number of other union republics, where the

42



INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS

BRIEFS

UNA-JANA AGREEMENT--Uganda and Libya signed a news exchange agreement in
Tripoli yesterday. The nine-article agreement gives the Uganda News
Agency, UNA, the right to receive free of charge from the Libyan News
Agency, JANA, telecast news reports beamed to the African continent.
UNA, in turn, will provide JANA with important news items. A training
program is being arranged for UNA technicians in Tripoli. The agreement
is automatically renewable every year. Sources close to President Amin
quote him as saying that his is yet another important step towards the
realization of the Pan-African News Agency, PANA, [Kampala Domestic
Service in English 1700 GMT 9 Dec 77 LD/EA]

cso; 5500

24



WORLDWIDE AFFAIRS

NORWAY PROTESTS SOVIET TELECOMMUNICATIONS INTERFERENCE
Peking NCNA in English 1756 GMT 10 Dec 77 OW

[Text] Stockholm, 10 Dec (HSINHUA)--The Norwegian Foreign Ministry once
again lodged a protest with the Soviet authorities against the serious
interference in Norway's civil telecommunications by the Soviet Union's
Kiev Launching Centre, according to a Norwegian newspaper report.

The report says that the protest was made by Tore Boegh, director of the
Political and Commerce Department of the Norwegian Foreign Ministry, on

8 December when he summoned a counsellor of the Soviet Embassy in Oslo.
Boegh reminded the Soviet side that the Norwegian Foreign Ministry had made
representations with the Soviet authorities on the matter a year ago, but
such interference has continued up to now. The interference has made grave
impact on the work of Norway's Rogaland Radio Station.

The Norwegian side demanded that the Soviet authorities put an end to the
interference from the Kiev Launching Centre. He warned the Soviet
counsellor that Norway's Rogaland Radio Station is considering boycotts
against Soviet vessels.

It was reported that to date, the Norwegian authorities concerned have

lodged eight protests with the Soviet authorities concerned. The latest
was lodged by the Norwegian Telegraph Bureau just a few days ago.

cso: 5500



Treaty on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance. As a result of
joint measures, the quantity and quality of telecommunications trans—
missions and channels for broadcasting television and radio programs are
being increased in accordance with the latest scientific-technical
knowledge. We are endeavoring to exchange and generalize practical
knowledge in organizing and operating posts and telecommunications even
more quickly and to join the bonds of friendship even more closely
between collectives.

Both communications administrations have pledged to improve the quality
of postal services, to increase the efficiency of existing or future
postal connections and to simplify current mailing regulations.

With the conclusion of the government agreement, the contracting parties

have proved that long-standing close and friendly cooperation is being
unrestrictedly continued, broadened and deepened.

11915
cso: 5500

15



With regard to processing with the Z transform, the following algorithm was
implemented:

N, Ny
(1) y(mn) = Uz Lyazjx(m-it1,n-j+1)-
1 1

M, M,
® by sy (m-i+1,n-5+1)
a 1 43

itj # 2
in which x and y indicate the values of the matrices of the input and output
data (gray levels of the original image and the processed image), a and b are
the coefficients of the filter used whose order is determined by Ny» Ny, My, M,-
The program worked out on this basis may require filtering on matrices 128 xX 128,
256 X 256, 512 X 512 with floating-decimal arithmetic when N,, Ny, My, My are
< 10 for the first two formats and < for the 512 format. Calculation of the
output begins from the upper left corner of the input matrix when null initial
conditions are chosen both for the output matrix and the input matrix. Sub-
sequent filtering starting fromthe lower right corner of the image makes it
possible also to obtain, with IIR filters, null phase transfer functions. This
second processing is performed on the image obtained after the first filtering
cut off on the dimensions of the standard format. A number of tests made with
delay filters justify this approximation, since the error owing to theoutbing off
turned out to be small, in most of the cases examined, a few lines from the
edge.

The impossibility of storing the input and output matrices entirely in memory
makes it necessary to require processing in successive steps, operating on
blocks that turn out, with the present sizing, to consist of eight lines for
the 128 X 128 and 256 X 256 formats and four lines for the larger format. At
every step, the data forming the initial conditions for the next block are
stored in memory automatically. ‘The program also provides for storing the
blocks of data already processed on a magnetic disk and for requiring 180°
rotation of the image, in order to be able to perform the second filtering re-
quired for having null phase with the same algorithm (1). In a first version,
the program was worked out in FORTRAN IV and organized in such a way as to
reduce the times required for identification of the components of the matrices
to be handled at each step. Subsequently, in order to reduce the processing
times further, three routines in ASSEMBLER were introduced with the tasks of
transferring data between magnetic disk and storage, of processing the indi-
vidual block of data and of restoring the initial conditions for the next
block. An approximately fourfold reduction in calculation times was obtained
with this last version in comparison with the initial version. In order to
demonstrate the efficiency of the program, the processing times (in seconds)
for filtering performed on the three formats are given in table 1. As can be
seen from the table, these times depend linearly on the number of dots in

the image (D) and on the number of filter coefficients (N) in accordance with a
formula like the following:

T=P*D-s* (0.246 +N * 0.0472)

52



USSR

UDC 621.395.4

BASIC TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS FOR MUNICIPAL
TELEPHONE NETWORKS

Moscow VESTNIK SVYAZI in Russian No 9, Sep 77 pp 19-20

[Article by L.T. Kim, candidate of the engineering sciences, with the Central
Scientific Research Institute for Communications]

[Text] In the current five-year plan, KAMA and IKM-30, as well
as single channel AVU [HF subscriber installations] type trans—
mission systems are being widely introduced on municipal tele-
phone networks (GTS). The efficient use of this multiplex
equipment on interexchange lines will promote the implementation
of the resolutions of the CPSU Central Committee "On measures to
accelerate the development of the nation's telephone communica-
tions."

The KAMA equipment is being employed primarily to create interexchange junction
line (SL) trunks. It operates via a two-wire, two-way circuit, primarily on
MKS cables, in which all pairs can be multiplexed. Used for matching to the
switching equipment are RSLU relay matching complexes of various types — in
accordance with the function of the given line. KAMA equipment has demonstra-
ted good operational reliability and is comparatively inexpensive: in a 30
channel complex, the equipment cost of the terminals figured on a per channel
basis amounts to about 300 rubles, while in a 120 channel complex, 200 rubles.

Cables of the VTSP and KSPP types can also be multiplexed with the KAMA sys-
tem (organizing up to 60 channels over a distance of up to 50 km), type TZ
cables (no less than one pair in a lay: for the same communications range),

as well as type T cable (using a two cable circuit with a communications range
up to 20 km and multiplexing up to five percent of the pairs). In the latter
case, one is to be governed by the “Temporary recommendations for using KRR
[cable-radio repeater] equipment to multiplex twisted pair cables with air-
-paper insulation (Type T)" of 1964.

By using the appropriate relay complexes, the KAMA system can be effectively

used to create a trunk of subscriber lines (AL). In this way, for example,
it is possible to solve the problem of output to a GTS [municipal telephone

32



network] for many large scale enterprises and institutions, without engaging
in cable work. However, these additional capabilities of the KAMA system are
as yet being little utilized.

It should be underscored that the production volume of KAMA equipment far from
satisfies the present day needs of GTS*s, In the future though, it can become
obsolete, thus without having had time to achieve that economic effect which
it could produce at the present stage of development of GTS's.

A significant increase in the production volume of other equipment intended
for GTS's is also required: for the IKM-30 transmission system. This equip-
ment operates via a four wire, one or two cable circuit on type T cables

with a repeater section length of 1.8 - 2.5 km (T-0.7 cable), but can also

be used on other cables. Housed in the analog-digital equipment bay (SATsO)
are four groups of 30 channels each with electronic matchers (SU), which
provide for the capability of utilizing the channels as interexchange junction
lines. The equipment of the line channel is housed in a second bay (the SOLT).
The system can also be packaged in one bay (for small exchanges).

The price of the IKM-30 is as yet approximately
twice as high as that of the KAMA system, but
is exhibiting a tendency to decrease.

It is necessary to develop electronic matchers
to use the IKM-30 channels as subscriber lines.

Being introduced at the present time on sub-—
scriber lines are high frequency subscriber
installations, AVU, which provide for the capa-
bility of connecting a second subscriber to an
inruse subscriber line, where both are comple-
| tely independent. A line to a pay phone, a

switchboard, etc., can also serve as the multi-

plexed line. The new subscriber should have a

standard telephone set. It is also convenient
| to employ an AVU to meet temporary communica-

- tions needs: in organizing conferences, summer
camps, rest areas, etc. The equipment is con-
venient and reliable in operation. Now being
planned is an improvement in part of it to increase the range and improve
individual parameters. The production volume of AVU's is increasing.

The KAMA multiplex equipment

Besides those cited here, other communications systems can also be employed
on GTS's. For example, small trunks of junction or subscriber lines (to
individual enterprises, switchboard installations) can be created by means of
the V-2 equipment, multiplexing a type T cable with it and providing for an
operational range of up to 10 - 15 km.

For communications across rivers and bays, it is convenient to employ the
"Elektronika-M" single span, digital SHF radio link, which is being produced

33



ITALY

DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING SYSTEM DESCRIBED
Milan ALTA FREQUENZA Vol 46 No 1 Jan 77 pp 6-11

[Article by A. D'Amore, L. Delcaro, R. Mottola, G. Sicuranza, of the Institute
of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Trieste: "A System
for Image Processing with a Minicomputer"; manuscript received 15 Nov 76]

[Text] The system for image processing with a minicomputer, devised
in the Institute of Electrical Engineering and Electronics of
the University of Trieste, is described in this paper. The
block diagrams of the image acquisition and visualization cir-
cuits constructed by us and the principal processing programs
available at present are described in particular. The examples
given make it possible to evaluate the performance of the sys-
tem from the point of view both of image quality and of com-
puting time.

Introduction

An image processing system using a 32-kiloword storage with a 16-bit mass mag-
netic disk memory is described in this paper. In this system, the images,
which may be on opaque or transparent backing, are picked up by means of a
television camera and are digitized by a sampling device to’ be described
below. After processing, the images can be sent to a display or to a print-
out unit. The features of our system are mostly associated with the choice
of a minicomputer as a means of processing. This choice is justified by the
need for not using excessively expensive instruments, but, rather, an instru-
ment capable also of handling large amounts of data, as happens in the field
of images. Present minicomputers, in fact, make it possible to achieve this
objective, if they are combined with efficient mass memories, like, precisely,
the modern magnetic disk units. It must be pointed out, however, that there
are still some limitations with this kind of computer systems, including pri-
marily, certainly, the low speed of transfer of data between the main unit and
the peripheral units. In our case, with regard to input, this involved the
need for acquiring the complete image in several televised frames and for the
output, choice of a long-persistence phosphor cathode ray tube, in order not
to have to regenerate the image too many times a second. The system worked out

, 48



BOLIVIA

BRIEFS

TELEPHONE LINKS VIA SATELLITE--The National Telecommnications Company [ENTEL] has
reported that Bolivia and Argentina linked up their telephone systems via satellite
yesterday. ENTEL also reported that telephone channels will be opened in the near
future with Brazil and Spain via Lima, [La Paz Radio Panamericana in Spanish 1130 GMT
30 Nov 77 PY]

csO; 5500

21



possible speed, provision has been made for uniting in one single (16-bit)
word the gray level values of two adjacent dots for which, as has been said,
only 8 bits (256 levels) are sufficient. The need for furnishing the digital-
analog converter of the Z axis, subsequently, the information contained in the
first 8 bits (0-7) and in the eight remaining bits (8-15) stems from this.

It should be pointed out that special connections are not used for the reset
and for proper preparing of the counters for counting the three formats pro-
vided for, but, rather, three of the 16 data-output lines of the microcircuit
interface buffer are utilized. In fact, because these signals are not simul-
taneous with data transmission, it is possible, when the clock is stopped, to
activate, by means of the bistable multivibrator FFI, three gates that enable
the control pulses to pass through.

Finally, it should be noted that the output signal of the Z-axis digital-analog
converter is amplified before sending it to the cathode ray tube and a constant
voltage is added to it, in order to make maximum use of the dynamics of the
display. This voltage is set at zero when the beam is stopped, in order not

to damage the phosphors.

7
wel se OMPLE [3% =z

ar] ‘Lock ck 3 x

Figure 2. Block diagram of the visual-
ization circuit.

Key: 1. standard interface; 2. demulti-
plexer; 3. digital-analog converter;

4. bistable multivibrator; 5. counter;
6. monostable device

Processing Programs
Numerous processing programs written for a 32-kiloword 16-bit storage minicompu-
ter were developed. Some of them make linear processing (Z transform and Four-

ier transform) possible andothers, nonlinear processing (equalization of the
histograms, expansion of the dynamics of the grays, and so on) [1 + 6].

sl



JPRS 70389

28 December 1977

TRANSLATIONS ON. TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY,
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

No. 25
ConTENTS PAGE

WORLDWIDE AFFAIRS

Norway Protests Soviet Telecommunications Interference

(NCNA, 10 Dec 77) ......... Pee cece ee ceecceceeercoeees see 1
Briefs
GDR TV Agreement 2
PARS-MAP Agreement 2
USSR-Italy TV Agreement 2
Vietnam-Poland Radio-TV Agreement 2
ASIA
INTER-ASIAN AFFAIRS
Telecommunications Delegation Departs Phnom Penh
(NCNA, 12 NOV 77) .cesceeececcseccteeeneeeeereeees seeeeee 3
Briefs
News Agency Meeting 4
PRC/MPR Meteorological Communications 4
INDIA
Briefs
Satellite Links 5
JAPAN
White Paper Notes Planned Communication Projects
(KYODO, 6 Dec 77) ..ceeccccce ccc ceece cette eeeeeee ee eeeee 6
MALAYSIA
Briefs
Satellite-Aided Instruments 7

-a- [III - INT - 140]



voltage is designed around transistors Tl and T2, zener diodes D13 and D14,
resistors R5 — R8, and R11 - R14 which form the base voltage dividers. In-
serted in the collector circuits of transistors Tl and T2 are relays Tl and
12. The base circuits of the transistors are powered from the nonregulated
rectifier output, something which permits monitoring the mains voltage.
Diode Dll and capacitor C2 provide for additional filtering of the voltage
feeding the base circuits of the transistors.

Haswavenwe i 2% D2 Figure 3. Basic schematic of the BLK
Tag Baa | 5 12 at tt [Line switching block].

itu O00 7 7 Key: NN. Circuit designation;

a ft M22) 3, Common audio output;

Baixad P put;
t-2o younum. |4 lr 4, Common audio output;
120 fob. 2 2 422 1, Output of the first amplifier;
220 Bod 7 Bi 2, Output of the first amplifier;

Boxed — t a 5, Output of the second amplifier;
220 ycunum. 73 “PI 6. Output of the second amplifier;

AI. 3

en a padnenue 7 nen 8 al 7, Control from the first amplifier;
230 Une 8 [ee fat 8, Control from the second amplifier;
IKopnyc obuud |10 ~ 10. Common chassis ground.

When 220 volts is present in the mains, the voltage fed from the dividers to
the bases of the transistors exceeds the blocking voltage of the zener diodes,
inserted in the emitter circuits of the transistors, something which produces
saturating base currents for transistors Tl and T2. Relays Pl and P2, inserted
in the collector circuits, are in the turned-on state. In this case, the con-
tacts of relay K3 close the circuit for the 220 volt section of the autotrans—
for the 220 volt section of the autotransformer.

The circuit components are designed so that if the voltage in the mains drops
down to 220 volts [sic], then transistor T2 cuts off, relays P2 and K3 drop
out, and relay K2 actuates and closes the circuit for the 200 volt section of
the autotransformer. The opposite response of relay P2 is possible only when
the mains voltage increases by 8 - 10 volts (up to 208 - 210 volts), which re-
liably protects the circuit against unnecessary switching with small fluctua-
tions in the mains voltage.

When the mains voltage drops to 180 yolts, transistor Tl cuts off, relays Pl
and K2 drop out, while relay Kl actuates and closes the circuit for the 180
volt section of the autotransformer. Transistor Tl again turns on, and relay
Pl actuates only at a mains voltage of 188 - 190 volts.

Nondisruptive switching of the autotransformers sections is provided by a
circuit designed around thyristors D2 and D5, diodes D1 and D6, zener diodes
D3 and D4, and resistors R1 - R4. If the voltage fed to the circuit is less
than 56 volts (one of the relays Kl - K3 is actuated), then the thyristors
are in the turned-off state and current does not flow through the circuit.

40



The KLA-600 feeds out information on the switching-on of the amplifier, on
line damage and disruptions. Information on the state of the TU-600 is fed
out by the KLA-600 local automation by shorting the corresponding wire to the
chassis (ground).

The KLA-600 unit consists of an automation block (BA), a block for switching
the autotransformer sections (BPA) and a line switching block (BLK).

The automation block (figure 1) performs the function of controlling and moni-
toring the operation of the amplifier and consists of a rectifier, time delay
and plate current monitor circuits, and comparison circuit and relay group
which provides for the requisite commutation.

The turn-on cycle of the amplifier begins at the moment the circuit is made
and the power mains voltage of 220 volts is applied to the primary winding

of transformer Trl, The rectified voltage from diode bridge D2 - D5 is fed
to the windings of relays K and D. Then the relays V, as well as B and G,

actuate sequentially,

After relay G is turned on (with a delay of 80 - 120 msec), the circuit for
feeding the power to the comparison circuit is closed, the “amplifier on”
signal is fed out, and the power voltage is fed to the BLK block to switch

in the load (the repeater lines) to the amplifier output. In this case, tran-
sistor T5 is triggered, while T7 is cut off. Relay V drops out and opens the
input circuit to the amplifier with contact 11-12. As a result, an audio sig-
nal is fed to its input. When the amplifier is turned on, the block automa-
tically monitors its operation.

The bias voltage is monitored in the following manner. If during the turn-on
cycle, the -200 volts bias voltage does not come from the amplifier, then the
actuating circuit of relay A is closed and the circuit for holding in contac-
tor relay K is broken with contact 33-34. After this, the power supply vol-
tage is removed from the amplifier and the “emergency" signal is switched on
in the display panel. If the bias voltage drops out during the time when the
amplifier is operating, then the amplifier is cut off in a similar fashion.

The gain of the amplifier is controlled by a comparison circuit which is in-
serted in parallel with the input and output circuits of the amplifier. The
amplifier stage of the gain monitor circuit is designed around transistor T4
with transformer Tr2 in the collector circuit. The input impedance of the
stage is 15,000 ohms and the gain is 10 dB.

The comparison circuit is designed so that with the optimum gain of the ampli-
fier, the voltage at capacitor C8 is greater than at capacitor C7. As a re-
sult, the cGrrent flows from capacitor C8 through diode D18 and resistor R19,
producing a negative potential at the base of transistor T6 with respect to
its emitter, something which reliably cuts it off. When the gain drops by
more than 6 dB, transistor T6 cuts on, and relay Y in its collector circuit
actuates, and after it, the emergency relay A. The amplifier is cut off and

38



MONGOLIAN PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC

BRIEFS

RADIO RELAY LINE--Ulaanbaatar, 23 Nov--Construction of a new radio relay
line from Ulaanbaatar to the country's far western regions is underway.
Residents of this remote area will soon be able to view central tele-
vision programs. During the current five-year plan period, nearly five
times more funds are being directed in the MPR into the development of
communications than during the previous 5-year period. [Ulaanbaatar
MONTSAME in Russian 1824 GMT 23 Nov 77 OW]

cso: 5500



As was already stated in the introducton, the televised image is subdivided
into 625 X 600 dots, in other words, in 625 lines and 600 columns. In view
of the limited speed of transfer of data between the minicomputer and the
peripheral units, it was not possible to sample the televised signal, in or-
der to acquire the whole image in one frame. Then, provision was made for
performing the operation in 600 frames by acquiring one column of the image
for each frame, since, in that way, it proved to be possible to record the
data directly on the disk. In order to have an idea of the operation of the
device, reference should be made to the block diagram in figure 1 in which the
basic parts forming the acquisition circuit are shown. Once the system has
been started, the operations begin when, at coincidence between the line pulse
rising leading edge and the frame pulse leading edge, the oscillator whose
frequency is determined in order to obtain a 600-dot per line sampling is
gated. Dot counting is performed by counter C,, which makes line counter Cy”
advance, which in turn controls frame counter C3;- The comparator placed be-
tween C, and C, furnishes sampling control when there is equality between the
states of the dot counter and of the frame counter, thus ensuring acquisition
of one column for each frame. Actual sampling of the televised signal is per-
formed by the sample and hold circuit, which controls the 8-bit analog-digital
converter (256 gray levels). ‘The oscillator is locked by a stop clock pulse’
whenever counter C, has counted 600 pulses and it is started up by the next
line pulse. Acquisition ends when counter C, has counted 600 frames by means
of an appropriate total stop pulse that locks the input circuit and makes the
whole system ready for the next acquisition. Acquisition operations can be
supervised by the monitor, because a special circuit intensifies the bright-
ness of the dots as they are being sampled (11).

The image picked up or processed is visualized on a cathode ray tube with long
persistence phosphors in view of the impossiibility of regenerating with a fre-
quency sufficient for television-type phosphor tubes. The data pertaining to
the image under examination are sent from the computer to the display by means
of a standard MCI interface (HP 12.566 B, microcircuit interface) and a cir-
cuit constructed by us. This circuit was designed to use the maximum speed
of data transmission and it handles automatic visualization of the three for-
mats provided (128 X 128, 256 X 256 and 512 X 512 dots). More especially, as
can be seen from the block diagram in figure 2, the clock that provides the
coordinates of the dot to be visualizedby means of the line dividers CR and
the frame dividers CQ and the pertinent digital-analog converters is started
by means of a start signal sent by the microcircuit interface. Counters CR
and CQ are readied for counting with with modulo 2’, 2°, 2° by means of a
logic network controlled by the program that handles the output operations.

On completion of line counting, the clock is stopped for 200 microseconds by
monogtable device M1 making it possible for the beam to return. At the end
of each monostable frame, M2 acts on bistable FFI furnishing the stop signal.

At the same time, a signal CM with a frequency half that of clock CT is used to
transfer data from the computer to the output buffer of the microcircuit inter-
face and it acts, together with signal CT, on the demultiplexer for data selec-
tion. In fact, it must be borne in mind that, in order to attain the maximum

50



Figure 4. Blurred
image and restored
image.

Figure 5. Original
image and processed
image.

The second example (figure 4) gives a rather obvious idea of the possibility
of restoring the information content of a blurred image with an appropriate
IIR digital filter. In fact, it can be observed that all the letters in the
second image are legible, differently from what is true of the first image.
In this case, the original image was picked up with a television camera and
it makes it possible to evaluate the resolution of the complete system: for the
256 X 256 format.

The most significant example is, without question, the one in figure 5, both
because it is for the maximum possible format (512 X 512) and because the se-
cond image was obtained with the combined use of several techniques, especially
with high-pass filtering and equalization. It can be noted that, in this way,
on the one hand a more balanced image was obtained with regard to the various
gray levels, and, on the other hand, some details are visible that could barely
be made out in the original image (profile of the face, ear, hair, and so on).

In figure 6, an application of the techniques described to the field of medi-
cine is shown. In particular, in this case, a better definition was achieved
of the outline of a liver cyst with low-pass preliminary filtering to reduce
the high-frequency noise, equalization of the histogram and reduction to 16
levels.

56



SRI LANKA

BRIEFS

NATIONAL NEWS AGENCY LAUNCHED--LANKA (?report), the National News Agency,
got off the ground last week. This agency, which will provide national
news to the news media in this country, is being worked by the Ministry

of Information and Broadcasting and the press trust of Ceylon. Eventually,
the agency will receive its news through SLBC [Sri Lanka Broadcasting
Corporation] transmitting facilities. The national newspapers and the

Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation will contribute toward financing the
operation. [Text] [Colombo International Service in English 1045 GMT

4 Dec 77 BK]

JAPANESE LOAN FOR TELECOMMUNICATIONS--An exchange of letters took place in the Ministry
of Finance and Planning on 2 December under which the Government of Japan will provide

a loan of approximately $8 million for the economic development of Sri Lanka, This

loan will be used for the installation of telecommunications facilities in six major
cities and the expansion of the local (telephone) exchange of the Colombo central office
planned by the Government of Sri Lanka, The loan is repayable in 30 years including a
grace period of 10. years and the pate of interest is-3.5 percent per annum, [Colombo
International Service in English 1045 GMT 2 Dec 77 BK]

cso: 5500

10



BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA 1. Report No. 2. 3, Recipient's Accession No,
SHEET JPRS 70389

fa. Title and Subtle 5. Report Date
TRANSLATIONS ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY, RESEARCH 28 December 1977
AND DEVELOPMENT, No. 25 6.

7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Rept.

‘ lo.

9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Project/Task/Work Unit No.
Joint Publications Research Service
1000 North Glebe Road 1. Contract /Grant No.
Arlington, Virginia 22201

12, Sponsoring Organization Name and Address 13. Type of Report & Period

Covered
As above
14,

15. Supplementary Notes

16. Abstracts

This serial report contains translations from the world press and radio relating
to worldwide political, economic and technical developments in telecommunications,
computers, and satellite communications. Coverage will be worldwide with focus
on France, Federal Republic of Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, the USSR,
People's Republic of China, Sweden, and the Netherlands.

17. Key Words and Document Analysis. Wa. Descriptors

Worldwide
Computers
Satellite Communications

Electronics and Electrical Engineering
Telecommunications
Telemetry

7b. Identifiers /Open-Ended Terms

'e COSATI Field/Group Q9B, C, F, 17B, 228

18. Availability Statement 19.. Security Class (This 21. No. of Pages
Unlimited Availability Report)
Sold by NTIS [ao Securiey Chass Chis —P Pris
Springfield, Virginia 22151 +e NCLASSIFIED ck

FORM NTIS-35 (REV. 3-72) THIS FORM MAY BE REPRODUCED USCOMM-D 14982-P72

i]



NIGERIA

BRIEFS

TRANSMITTER-RECEIVER SALE--Marconi Communications Systems [a British company]
will supply the Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation (NBC) with three 10 kw FM
transmitter-receivers with the associated antennas at a total cost of 160,000
pounds sterling. The equipment will become operational by the end of November.
[Text] [Paris ELECTRONIQUE ACTUALITES in French 25 Nov 77 p 9]

cso: 5500

31



than originally planned for installation by 1980, primarily in the Inner City,
Ujpest, Bekasmegyer, Csepel, Kobanya, Pestlorinc, Bartok Bela Community,
Budafok, Pesthidegkut, Rakoskeresztur, Pesterzsebet, Gyor, Szekszard, Baja,
Kiskunhalas and Ajka. The new container centers are being used for the
first time; they are being installed primarily at new housing develop-
ments and in outlying areas, and when the main center will be completed

they may be extended further. This will also enable reduction in instal-
lation costs.

It was stated at the press conference that the Post Office is a service
enterprise, and thus it strives toward acceleration of traffic and improve-
ment of existing conditions in all areas. The most important role in
realization of this goal falls on the shoulders of the ten of thousands

of postal employees,

5200
CSO: 5500

19



NOTE

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Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed. in brackets
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last line of a brief, indicate how the original information was
processed. Where no processing indicator is given, the infor~
mation was summarized or extracted.

Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the
original but have been supplied as appropriate in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an
item originate with the source. Times within items are as
given by source.

The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli-
cies, views or attitudes of the U.S. Government.

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magnitude of this percentage fluctuated from 55.3 to 68.5% (55.3% for Lithu-
ania, 55.8% for the Turkmen Republic, 59% for the Georgian Republic, 59.2%
for the Kirghiz Republic, 60.9% for the Tadzhik Republic, 62.3% for Armenia
and 62.5% for Azerbaydzhan). Such a situation is explained by the fact that
in these republics during the Ninth Five-Year Plan, the rate of growth in the
number of workers significantly exceeded the average rate of growth of their
numbers as a whole in the communications industry, as well as by somewhat of
a reduced level of attention to the labor productivity indicator.

Indicators cording | 1s 2, OtKnonenne
lo pea
Tloxasatemn naagy | aaraewon | no a6co- im
weToance | suoTHO! 2
o Pl BeanaHie 6
3
4, Osman eymaa ¢ [in Z0f%
© myosin, man.
pyc. 25,9 26.3 +04 +145
OGnem nponyxunn
59 cans, man. pys. 77,2 17,2 - -
* Skenayatannon-
ube Pacxoms,
man, pyG. 58,69 58,29 —0.4 | —0,7
Tipcnsionnrenb-
7. nocte tpyaa, py6. 2847 2876 +29 +1,0
UncneniocTh pas
8. orumxos — caaan,
yea. 27 116 26 842 —274 -1t
Cynma gonna ma-
g,, fepuansnoro no-
yee | a9 ) 2326 23 1 8
py6. 2 +0
6) 2337,5 34,5 tr
B) 2349 +46 +2,0¢)

Key: 1. In accordance with the procedure proposed here;
2, Deviation;
3, In terms of the absolute magnitude;
4, Overall income total, millions of rubles;
5. Production volume in communications, millions of rubles;
6. Operational expenditures, millions of rubles;
7. Labor productivity, rubles;
8, Number of communications workers, persons;
9, Total of the material incentive fund, thousands of rubles.

Taking into. account the crucial significance of a growth in labor productivity
for increasing the effectiveness of public production, the directive organs in
Ninth Five-Year Plan adopted the resolution that at the enterprises of the in-
dustry, this indicator should be approved from above and be a fund determinant.
In the basic regulations for the generation and expenditure of incentive funds
in 1976 - 1980, approved in the first days of December, 1976, it was stated,
“Assignments as regards the growth in labor productivity should be incorpora-
ted in the fund determining indicators . . ." (EKONOMICHESKAYA GAZETA, 1976,
No. 50).

Not so. long ago the Interdepartmental Commission of the USSR Gosplan on ques-

tions of the application of new methods for planning and economic stimulation
adopted a special resolution (of 31 March, 1977), in which it was proposed

43



Licensing of Radio Facilities

Another directive of the secretary of state for communications bearing refer-
ence #54/77 establishes measures to normalize the situation with respect to
the licensing of radio facilities and the control of the radio spectrum. le
transcribe the directive in question:

"Whereas Decree #3-A/76 of 5 February provides that the licensing of radio
facilities and the control of the radio spectrum are under the purview of this
Secretariat of State as exercised by the Telecommunications Coordination Com-
mission and General Directorate;

"Whereas those functions were formerly assigned to the Postal and Telecommuni-
cations Services Directorate, as stipulated by Decree #492/73 of 4 October;

"There being a need to normalize the situation, I decide:

"1 - To discontinue all activities of the Postal and Telecommunications Ser-
vices Directorate relative to the licensing of radio facilities and the con-
trol of the radio spectrum, which become the responsibility of the Radiotele-
communications Division of the General Directorate of this Secretariat of
State.

"2 —~ The Postal and Telecommunications Services Directorate will transfer to
this Secretariat of State all pending or incoming cases, as well as any papers
concerning those activities.

"3.1 - The radio monitoring activity is assigned to the Postal and Telecommuni-
cations Services Directorate under the terms of the present directive.

"3,2 - The collection of duties and fines in connection with the licensing of
radio facilities will be done at the telegraph offices of the Postal and Tele-
communications Services, and the corresponding receipts will be issued by the
Radiotelecommunications Division.

"4 - The Third Department of the Second Division of the Central Technical
Services Directorate of the Postal and Telecommunications Services is
abolished.

"5 = The Radio Monitoring Center of Luanda is created in place of the Third
Section of that department, and it is placed in charge of the Second Division
of the Central Technical Services Directorate of the Postal and Telecommuni-
cations.

"6 ~ The Radio Monitoring Center of Luanda will be operationally dependent on
the Radiotelecommunications Division of this Secretariat of State, and its
duties will be:

"To conduct surveys in accordance with existing regulations;

27



USSR

UDC 621.396.67
THE KLA-600 AUTOMATED CONTROL UNIT FOR TU-600 AMPLIFIERS
Moscow VESTNIK SVYAZI in Russian No 9, Sep 77 pp 21-22

[Article by V.I. Neveykin, chief engineer of the production laboratory of
the Leningrad Communications Production Engineering Administration: "What
Does Local Automation of Amplifiers Provide?"]

[Text] A transition from the manual servicing to remote control
of the numerous rural radio repeater units (RTU's) will permit
an increase in their profitability. One of the conditions for
the automation of an RTU is the existence of local automation
for the amplifiers, which would meet modern technical require-
ments. The production laboratory of the Leningrad PTUS [Com-
munications Production Engineering Administration] has developed
the KLA-600 local automation complex for the TU-600 amplifiers.
The application of the KLA-600 will provide for the organization
of remote control of an RTU. Beginning in 1976, the equipment
has been series produced in the pilot electromechanical shops

of the Leningrad Oblast' PTUS.

The local automation complex makes it possible to: turn on the amplifier when
the "control" circuit is closed (in this case, the switching on takes place
in the sequence set for the TU-600 amplifiers, where this sequence prevents
the occurrence of an emergency situation), as well as turn it off when the
"control" circuit is opened; automatically connect the load to the amplifier
output after completing the “turn on" cycle and ground the load when the am-
plifier is cut off; protect the amplifier against overloads by switching the
windings of the output transformer of the amplifier from 240 volts to 120 volts
(when the plate current of the tubes of the output stage increases above the
nominal level); cutoff and block the amplifier if the plate current of the
output stage tubes exceeds the nominal value by 10 - 30%, the bias voltage

is lost of the gain of the amplifier decreases by more than 6 dB; carry out
the automatic, uninterrupted switching of sections of the autotransformer of
the amplifer so as to maintain the voltage fed to the amplifier circuit within
limits of 220 + 10% volts for the case of fluctuations in the supply voltage
of the power mains from 160 to 240 volts. The option of manually switching
the sections of the amplifier autotransformer is not precluded.

36



EGYPT

BRIEFS

EARTH SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS STATION--The Communications Ministry First
Under Secretary Eng 'Abd al-Mun'im al-Muhandis has said that the tele-
communications authority will begin operating the earth satellite com—
munications station in March. He added that operating the new station
will boost television transmissions, transmit external programs and world
events when they are broadcast and boost external telephone communications.
[Text] [Cairo Domestic Service in Arabic 0600 GMT 29 Nov 77 NC]

cso: 5500

22



WHITE PAPER NOTES PLANNED COMMUNICATION PROJECTS
QW060535¥ Tokyo KYODO in English 0515 GMT 6 Dec 77 OW

[Excerpt] Tokyo, Dec 6 KYODO--A white paper on communications announced Tuesday by
the Posts and Telecommmnications Ministry took note of the importance of satellites
as a means of communications, This year's white paper, the fifth in the annual series
to be published so far, was reported to the cabinet meeting Tuesday by Posts and
Telecommunications Minister Yasushi Hattori.

It said mech is being anticipated from space comminication through use of artificial
satellites which enable the establishment of communication networks over long dis-
tances and on a wide-scale basis. It also said use of satellites can enable communi-
cation to be conducted simitaneously among various points and make possible the use
of the still-uncultivated extremely high frequency radio waves.

The paper said the government established the National Space Development Agency

(NASDA) in 1969 and thatcthe University of Tokyo succeeded in launching the Ohsumi,
Japan's first satellite, in 1970. It also noted that various space comminication
projects were being undertaken at present. The white paper said Japan's first medium
capacity commnication satellite (CS) will be launched into stationary orbit December 15
through the help of the U.S, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).

There also are plans to launch an experimental stationary communication satellite (ECS)
and an experimental medium capacity broadcasting satellite (BS). The paper said the
ECS project is being undertaken to conduct tests on use of extremely high frequency
vadio waves of 30 gigahertz or more for communication purposes. The ECS satellite is
expected to be placed into orbit by use of a N-rocket of NASA in February 1979.

As future problems facing Japan in undertaking space communiations projects, the white
paper said there was need to draw up a long-range vision based on national concensus
and establish a structure in which the country will not need to reby on foreign tech-
nology. It also said there was need to make international adjustments on radio air
wave bands and orbital paths of satellites.

cso; 5500



10.

11.

12.

13.

PIEEE, Special issue on digital picture processing, Vol 60, No 7, July
1972.

TRANS. ON COMPUTERS, Special issue on digital image processing, Vol C 23,
No 5, May 1974.

TRANS. ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, Special issue on digital filtering and
image processing, Vol CAS-22, No 3, March 1975.

PIEEE, Special issue on digital signal processing, Vol 63, No 4, April
1975.

Gold, B., and Rader, C. M. "Digital Processing of Signals," New York,
McGraw-Hill, 1969.

Delcaro, L., and Sicuranza, G. "A Program for Processing Images with a
Minicomputer," ALTA FREQUENZA, Vol 43, No 8, August 1974.

Delcaro, L., and Sicuranza, G. "A Method for Transposing Externally
Stored Matrices," IEEE TRANS. ON COMPUTER, Vol C-23, No 9, September 1974.

Mottola, R. "System for Processing Images Developed on the Basis of the
Z Transform," doctoral dissertation, Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Electronics, University of Trieste, 1975-1976 academic year.

Delcaro, L., and Sicuranza, G. "Limited Optimization of Bidimensional
Recurrent Digital Filters," TECNICA ITALIANA, in process of publication.

D'Amore, A., Delcaro, L., and Sicuranza, G. "A Digital Image Acquisition
and Processing System," Internal Report No 61 of the Institute of Elec-
trical Engineering and Electronics of the University of Trieste, April
1974,

Brancato, R., D'Amore, A., Delcaro, L., Ravalico, G., and Sicuranze, G.
"an Attempt Towards a New Technique for the Computer Analysis of
Fluorescein Angiography," BULLETIN OF THE HELLENIC OPHTHALMOLOGICAL
SOCIETY, Vol 43, 1975.

Brancato, R., Delcaro, L., Ravalico, G., and Sicuranza, G. “The Com-
puterized Elaboration of Fluoroangiographic Data on Retinal Vasculari-
zation," European Congress on Fluoroangiography, Ghent, 24 March-1 April
1976.

10,042

CSO:

5500 - END -

58



that the USSR Communications Ministry conduct an experiment during 1978 - 1980
in a number of communications production engineering administrations and enter-
prises, the purpose of which is to study whether it is possible in communica-
tions management to establish in the fund determining indicators an indicator
for “the growth in labor productivity", computed with a consideration of the
specific operational features of the enterprises.

The experiment will consist in employing, along with two established fund
determining indicators ("tariff proceeds (income)" and "the level of profit-
ability"), a "growth in labor productivity" indicator. Moreover, assignments
for the growth in labor productivity according the years of the five-year
plan should be established in the plan.

To carry out the experiment indicated here, it is necessary to develop a pro-
cedure for stimulating the growth in labor productivity, as well as perform
the calculation of the accepted standard for allocations to the material in-
centive fund, In working out the standard for the allocations due to the
growth in labor productivity, to be taken into account is the fact that the
growth rates of the FMP [material incentive fund] should not run ahead of the
income growth rate, t.e., one must primarily proceed on the basis of national
economic interests. Only when this condition is met will a further increase
in the efficiency of the communications sector be achieved.

Consequently, it is required that the standard for allocations to the FMP be
computed for each percent of growth in labor productivity in comparison with
level provided for in the five-year plan, ‘and it is also necessary to deter-
mine to what extent this standard influences an increase in income, a reduc—
tion in operational expenditures, and finally, a growth in the total for the
material incentive fund.

To calculate the standard for allocations to the FMP, adopted as the initial
data are those of the Communications Ministry of the Georgian SSR, and speci-
fically, the indicators provided for in the 1978 plan: The overall income
total -- 25.9 rubles; the communications production volume (Q) -- 77.2 million
rubles; operational expenditures -~ 58.69 million rubles; the total for the
material incentive fund — 2:303 million rubles; labor productivity (Py) —
2,847 rubles; the communications work force (R) -- 27,116 persons; and the
average annual wage of one worker -— 1,365 rubles.

An increase in labor productivity by 1% provides for bringing the product
output of one communications worker in 1978 up to 2,876 rubles. Working from
this output level, we compute the number of workers necessary for an increase
in labor productivity of 1%:

Rog = Q:P_ = 77,200,000:2,876 = 26,842 people

Then the savings in the work force (Re) which can be achieved by virture of
the increase in labor productivity, and correspondingly, the savings in op-
erational expenditures (Eek): .

Pexlsic] = 27,116 - 26,842 = 274 people
Eek = (274 x 1,365):5.3/100 = 393.8 thousand rubles

44



USSR

BRIEFS

TASHKENT-ANDIZHAN RADIO RELAY--The new radio relay transmission line from
Tashkent to Andizhan has secured the reception of two color TV programs
for the Fergana Valley. In the future, it will also be used for the
international telephone and telegraph network. [Moscow Domestic Service
in Russian 1430 GMT 7 Dec 77 LD]

TELEVISION BROADCASTS IN TADZHIKISTAN--Television has reached the mountain
regions of Ayni and Leninskiy rayons, Tadzhikistan. The construction of
transmitters and television towers has been completed, and they now relay
programs from central television and Dushanbe and Tashkent television
studios. [Moscow Domestic Service in Russian 0900 GMT 4 Dec 77 LD]

VLADIMIRSKAYA TV RETRANSMITTER--Vladimir--The antennas of all sets in the
oblast are being realined on a new television center constructed near the
city of Budogda. Here the tower of a retransmitter has risen to 331.7
meters. [Text] [Moscow IZVESTIYA in Russian 25 Nov 77 Morning Edition

p 4 LD)

RAYCHIKHINSK, AMURSKAYA TV STATION--Blagoveshchensk--The antenna of a
powerful television station which has just been constructed in the city

of Raychikhinsk has soared to a height of almost 200 meters. It has

begun relaying transmissions from central television and the Blagoveshchensk
studio. [Text] [Moscow SEL'SKAYA ZHIZN' in Russian 25 Nov 77 p 4 LD]

cso: 5500

46



PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

CHINA PRODUCES DEVICE FOR IMPROVING RADIO RECEPTION
Peking NCNA Domestic Service in Chinese 0309 GMI 2 Dec 77 OW

(Newsletter: "Feng Ping-chuan, an Old Professor Who Has Regained His
Youthfulness"]

[Excerpts] Canton, 2 Dec--Upon the smashing of the "gang of four" by the
party Central Committee headed by the wise leader Chairman Hua, the trial
production of a radio frequency wave clipping language processor [She Pin
Hsiao Po Yu Yen Chia Kung Chi 1410 7340 0465 3134 6133 6056 0502 1562 0892]
was immediately resumed. It was designed by Professor Feng Ping-chuan of
the South China College of Engineering.

According to departments concerned, radio reception in China's border areas
and outlying regions of broadcasting stations in the interior is not good
due to the serious interference of enemy stations. In the light of this
situation, Feng Ping-chuan conducted research on the problem, presented
for the first time in China the theory on radio frequency wave attenuation
language processing, and designed the radio frequency wave clipping lan-
guage processing device based on this theory. This device improves recep-
tion, expands the reception area and raises the anti-interference capa-
bility of a station without having to increase the power of the station.

After he learned of several new types of radio transmitters in the world
some years ago, he made a detailed analysis and study of those transmit-
ters and theoretically confirmed their advantages and shortcomings. By
considering China's specific situation and learning the strong points of
those transmitters, he was able to design a transmitter of his ow. In
cooperation with relevant factories, he finally built China's first 10-kw
wide-band pulse modulation AM radio transmitter.

cso: 5500