Approved Code No. 431 Registry No. 1713-2-15 

NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION 

CODE OF FAIR COMPETITION 

FOR THE 

TOLL BRIDGE INDUSTRY 

AS APPROVED ON MAY 17, 1934 

WE DO OUR PART 

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Approved Code No. 431 

CODE OF FAIR COMPETITION 

FOR THE 

TOLL BRIDGE INDUSTR.Y 

As Approved on May 17, 1934 

ORDER 

CoDE OF FAIR CoMPETI'FION FOR THE ToLL BRIDGE INDUSTRY 

An application having been duly made pursuant to and in full 

compliance with the provisions of Title I of the National Industrial 

Recovery Act, approved June 16, 1933, for approval of a Code of 

Fair Competition for the Toll Bridge Industry, and hearings having 

been duly held thereon and the annexed report on said Code, containing findings with respect thereto, having been made and directed to 

the President : 

NOW, THEREFORE, on behalf of the President of the United 

States, I, Hugh S. Johnson, Administrator for Industrial Recovery, 

pursuant to authority vested in me by Executive Orders of the Presi- ·dent, including Executive Order No. 6543-A, dated December 30, 1933, and otherwise; do hereby incorporate by reference said annexed 

report and do find that said Code complies in all respects with the 

pertinent provisions and will promot:e the policy and purposes of 

said Title of said Act; and do hereby order that said Code of Fair 

Competition be and it is hereby approved, on condition, that: 

The definition of Industry as contained in Article IX of the Constitution of the American Toll · Brid~e Association be interpreted 

and amended to coincide with the dennition of Industry contained 

in Article II, Section (a), of the Code of Fair Competition for the 

Toll Bridge Industry, and that the said Article IX be further 

amended and interpreted to permit the automatic admission to membership in the American Toll Bridge Association of any member of 

the Toll Bridge Industry who applies and agrees to pay dues and 

assessments, and provided further, that 

Members of the Toll Bridge Industry which are publicly owned 

and/or operated may agree individually with the President to oonform to the standards of wages, hours and general labor conditions 

set forth in this Code, and thereupon they shall be granted all the 

benefits of known compliance with the National Industrial Recovery 

Act. 

HUGH s. JOHNSON, 

Administrator for Industrial Recovery. 

Approval recommended: 

K. M. SIMPSON' 

Division Administrator. 

w ASHINGTON, D.C., 

May 17, 1934. 

60078°-544-431-34 (199) 
REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT 

The PRESIDENT, 

The White House. 

Srn: The original Code o:f Fair Competition :for the Toll Bridge 

Industry was submitted on August 10, 1933, by the American Toll 

Bridge Association, an unincorporated membership society organized 

in 1932, whose members represent in excess o:f fifty per cent of the 

total volume of the Industry. Several revisions of the Code were 

made prior to the public hearing, March 14, 1934. · The Code was 

revised during recess of this hearing and was submitted in its present 

:form :for approval. Every person who requested appearance was 

properly heard in accordance with the provisions of the Act. 

HISTORY 

The fir t toll bridge in North ·America was built spanning the 

Newbury River at Rowley, Massachusetts, in 1654, and in 1778, the 

State of Pennsylvania authorized the building of a bridge across 

Conestaga Creek on the road from Philadelphia to Lancaster. 

The Industry began its period of greatest development in the 

year 1922, when extensive construction of highways took place. 

From 1922 to 1930 was a period of extensive expansion which perhaps has contributed largely to the extreme financial difficulties now 

existing in the Industry. 

"\Vith the introduction of motor vehicles during the early part of 

the pre ent c<mtury, there was a radical change in the requirements 

o:f the public for transportation which necessitated the expenditure 

of large sums for the construction of adequate roads and bridges. 

The necessity for a bridge becomes greatest when river navigation 

is clo ed during the winter or when the traffic reaches such volume 

it cannot be adequately handled by ferries. 

The United States Department of Agriculture, through its Bureau 

of Public Roads indicates that there are 312 operating toll bridges 

in the United States or on the international boundaries. Of the 312 

toll bridge , 101 are operated by public agencies and 211 by private 

agencies. Of the 211 priYately owned bridges, 39 are owned and 

operated by railroad and street car companies. 

For a long period of time, the vVar Department has had the authority to prescribe rates for toll bridges over navigable waters. Authorization by a special Act of Congress is required for any bridge between two states where the bridge is constructed over navigable 

waters. In recent years, it has been the policy of Congress to insert 

recapture provisions in enabling Acts for the construction of toll 

bridges. In general, these recapture provisions set up an amortiza- tion plan under which the bridge property may be returned to ome 

public authority and, usually within a twenty-year period from the 

date of the construction of the bridge. 

(200) 
201 

In certain states, toll bridges are subject to regulaii.on of rates 

by both the public service commission of the state and by the War 

Department. As a matter of general practice, the state public service commissions have been exercising their jurisdiction in the matter 

of regulation of rates and, usually, the War Department does not 

exercise this jurisdiction where the state has the authority. 

Recently, this Industry has suffered a great decrease in traffic 

in addition to an increased unwillingness of the public to pay bridge 

tolls, all of which has brought the Industry to a state of comparative 

exhaustion from which its only hope of recovery is by improved 

general economic conditions. Further, it cannot hope to pass on 

any increased expenditure to the public since the trend of toll rates 

has been downward for the last several years and, in many cases, 

applications for rate reductions are now pending before state and 

municipal regulatory bodies. 

Any attempt to increase toll rates would divert traffic from toll 

bridges to free highway routes and to ferries when a lower rate exists 

even though such diversion would necessitate traveling many additional miles. 

EMPLOYMENT 

Employees of this Industry usually live near bridge heads. On 

small bridges where traffic is light the employee and his famil-y often 

reside in the toll house provided by the company either free of charge 

or for a nominal sum. 

Most employees of this Industry are not of the skilled class and 

their employment is regular and the labor turnover is low. 

PROVISIONS OF THE CODE 

This Code provides for a basic forty hour week for employees with 

the exception that the operating group shall be permitted to work 

forty-eight hours per week. For maintenance, clerical, and all other 

employees, there is a limitation of eight hours in any twenty-four 

hour period. The hours provisions do not apply to employees in a 

managerial or executive capacity or superintendents and assistant 

superintendents who earn not less than thirty-five dollars per week. 

Provision is made for employees engaged in emergency work provided that all such hours of work in excess of the maximum shall be 

paid for at the rate of time and one-half. 

Minimum wage rates are set for unskilled labor at thirty-five cents 

per hour in the North and twenty-eight cents per hour in Southern 

territory. For clerical and office employees the rate is fixed at not 

less than fifteen dollars per week, except that it is permitted that 

office boys and office girls, not to exceed five per cent of the office and 

clerical force, ( with a permissible minimum of two such persons) 

shall be paid at not less than eighty per cent of the minimum rate 

prescribed for this class. 

Employees on small bridges which regularly employ not more than 

two persons are exempted from the minimum wage and maximum 

hour provisions of this Code. 

The Code provides for adjustment of wages above the minimum, 

and in furtherance thereof a proposed schedule for wage adjustment 
202 

is to be filed with the Administrator within sixty days of the effective 

date of this Code. There is a further stipulation that in no event 

shall hourly rates of wages be reduced. 

In addition provision has been made for piece-work compensation, fe1nale employees, standard safety and health rules, state laws, 

posting, handicapped persons and non-reclassification of employees. 

Provision is also made that no person under eighteen years of age 

shall be employed in the Industry except as office boys and office 

girls, and no person under sixteen years of age shall be employed 

in the Industry in any capacity. 

ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF THE CODE 

The decline in employment in the Industry has not been severe 

when compared with many other industries. It dropped from ap .. 

proximately 2,600 individuals in 1929 to 2,240 in 1933, representing 

13.6 per cent. This decline is less than the decrease in revenues. 

This Code will materially increase rates of wages and will tend 

to increase employment. Because of the small amount of statistical 

material available for this Industry, it is difficult to give exact 

figures as to the actual amount of employment it will produce 01: 

to what extent the annual payroll will be increased. 

This . Industry employs but few individuals as compared with 

its large capital investment and, also, the opportunity for reemploy• 

ment is definitely limited. 

FINDINGS 

The Deputy Administrator in his final report to me on said Code 

having -found as herein set forth, and on the basis of all the pro .. 

ceedings in this matter; I find that: 

(a) Said Code is well designed to promote the policies and purposes of Title I of the National Industrial Recovery Act, including 

removal of obstructions to the free flow of interstate and foreign 

commerce which tend to diminish the a.mount thereof and will pro• 

vide for the general welfare by promoting the organization of in• 

dustry for the purpose of cooperative action among the trade groups, 

by inducing and maintaining united action of labor and manage• 

ment under adequate governmental sanctions and super.visions, by 

eliminating unfair competitive practices, by pron1oting the fullest 

possible utilization of the present productive capacity of industries, 

by increasing the consumption of industrial and agricultural prod .. 

ucts through increasing purchasing power, by reducing and relieving unemployment, by improving standards of labor, and by otherwise rehabilitating industry. 

(b) Said Industry normally employs not more than 50,000 em• 

ployees; and is not classified by me as a major industry. 

( c) The Code as approved complies in all respects with the perti .. 

nent provisions of said Title I of said Act, including without limita• 

tion Sub-section (a) of Section 3, Sub-section (a) of Section 7, and 

Sub-section (b) of Section 10 thereof; and that the applicant association is an industrial association truly representative of the. aforesaid 

Industry; and that said association imposes no inequitable restrictions on admission to membership therein. 
203 

( d) The Code is not designed to and will not permit monopolies 

or monopolistic practices. 

( e) The Code is not designed to and will not eliminate or oppress 

small enterprises and will not operate to discriminate against them. 

( f) Those engaged in other steps of the economic process have not 

been deprived of the right to be heard prior to approval of said 

Code. 

For these reasons this Code has been approved. 

Respectfully, 

1'fAY 17, 1934. 

HUGH s. JOHNSON, 

Administrato-r_, 
,CODE OF FAIR COMPETITION FOR THE TOLL BRIDGE 

INDUSTRY 

ARTICLE I-PURPOSES 

To effectuate the policies of Title I of the National Industrial 

Recovery Act, this Code is submitted as a Code of Fair Competition 

for the Toll Bridge Industry, and upon approval by the President, 

its provisions shall be the standards of fair competition for such 

industry and shall be binding' upon every member thereof. 

ARTICLE II-DEFINITIONS 

(a) The term "industry" means the Toll Bridge Industry which 

is defined as the operation and maintenance in the United States of 

bridges upon which tolls are collected for the passage of vehicles 

and/ or pedestrians, and of approaches thereto, and of equipment used 

in connection therewith. 

(b) The term "member of the industry" means all who are 

engaged in the industry, either as an employer or on his or its own 

behalf, and includes, without limitation, any person, partnership, 

firm, as~ociation, trust or corporation so engaged in the industry. 

But the term does not include Federal, State, municipal, or other 

publicly operated plants, enterprises, or authorities, engaged in the 

industry, except in so far as any of them may voluntarily obligate 

themselves specifically to put into effect any or all of the provisions 

of this Code.

1 

( c) The term "employee" as used herein includes and means any 

and all persons engaged in the industry, however "ompensated except 

a member of the industry. 

( cl) The term "employer" as used herein means all those engaged 

in the indu try by whom any such employee is compensated or 

emr ~oyed. 

( e) The term "Southern territory" means the States of Virginia, 

North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Tenne ·see, fississippi, Ar+an as, Louisiana, and Texas. (f) The term "President" nieans the President of the United 

States of America. 

(g) The terms "Act" and "Administrator" as used herein mean 

re pecfively Title I of the National Industrial Recovery Act and 

Administrator for Industrial Recovery. 

ARTICLE III-HOURS 

No employee shall be permitted to work in excess of the following 

number of hours: 

1 Sec paragraph 4 of order approving this Code. 

(204) 
205 

(a) Operating Group (which includes all toll takers or collectors 

and those engaged in policing and directing traffic, and operating 

movable spans) .-No employee in this group shall be permitted to 

work in excess of forty-eight ( 48) hours in any one week, except as 

herein otherwise provided. 

(b) Maintenance Groit,p ( which includes all those engaged in the 

maintenance and repair of toll bridges, approaches and equipment, 

and the care of the grounds) .-No employee in this group shall be 

permitted to work in excess of forty ( 40) hours in any one week or 

eight (8) hours in any twenty-four (24) hour period, except as herein 

otherwise provided. 

(c) Clerical Group.-No clerical or office employee shall be permitted to work in excess of forty ( 40) hours in any one week or eight 

(8) hours in any twenty-four (24) hour period. 

(d) AU other Group.-No other employee shall be permitted to 

work in excess of forty (40) hours in any one week or eight (8) 

hours in any twenty-four (24) hour period. 

( e) Exception as to hours.-The provisions of this Article shall 

not apply to employees in a managerial or executive capacity, superintendents and assistant superintendents, who earn not less than 

Thirty-five ($35.00) Dollars per week; nor to outside solicitors. 

(f) Em,ergency Work.-The provisions of this Article shall not 

apply to employees when engaged in emergency work, provide<l that 

all additional hours in excess of the applicable maximum per day 

and/or week hereinabove provided shall be paid for at the rate of 

time and one-half (11⁄2). 

(g) Small Bridges.-Toll bridges in the industry which regularly 

employ not more than two (2) persons shall be exempt from the 

provisions of this Article. 

(h) Employ1nent by Several Employers.-No employer shall 

knowingly permit any employee to work for any time which, when 

totaled with that already performed with another employer or 

employers in this or any other industry, exceeds the maximum 

permitted herein. 

(i) Liniitation of vVork.-No employee shall be permitted to work 

more than twenty-four (24) days in any twenty-eight (28) day 

period. 

ARTICLE rv-vv AGEs 

No employee shall be paid less than the following rates: 

(a) Operating Group (which includes all toll takers or collectors 

and those engaged in policing and directing traffic and operating 

movable spans) and Maintenance Group ( which includes all those 

engaged in the maintenance and repair of toll bridges approaches 

and equipment and the care of the grounds).-No empioyees in the 

aforementioned groups shall be paid less than thirty-five (35) cents 

per hour, except that minimum wages shall not be less than twentyeight (28) cents per hour in the Southern Territory. 

(b) Clerical Employees.-N o clerical or office e1nployee shall be 

paid at the rate of less than fifteen dollars ($15.00) per week except that office boys and office girls not to exceed five ( 5) per cent 

of the office and clerical force with a permissable minimum of two 
206 

such persons, shall be paid not less than eighty (80) per cent of the 

minimum rate hereinabove prescribed. 

( c) All other G-roup.-All other employees shall be paid not less 

than thirty-five (35) cents per hour except that the minimum wages 

shall not be less than twenty-eight (28) cents per hour in the Southern Territory. 

( d) Part-time Employees.-Par.t-time employees shall be paid not 

less than at the same rates as other employees doing similar work. 

( e) Small Bridges.-Toll bridges in the industry which regularly 

employ not more than two persons shall be exempt from the provisions of this Article. 

(f) Pieceworlc Compensation-Minimum W ages.-This Article 

establishes a minimum rate of pay which shall apply, irrespective of 

whether an employee is actually compensated on a time rate, piecework, or other basis. 

(g) Wages above Minimwm.-There shall be an equitable adjustment of all wages above minimum, and to that end, within sixty 

(60) days from the approval of this Code, the Code Authority shall 

submit for the approval of the Administrator a proposal for adjustment in wages above the minimum. Upon approval by the Administrator, after such hearing as he may prescribe, such proposal shall 

become binding as a part of this Code, provided, however, that in no 

event shall hourly rates of pay be reduced. 

(h) Fe111,ale Employees.-Female employees performing substantially the same work as male employees shall receive the same rate 

of pay as male employees. 

(i) Handicapped Persons.-A person whose earning capacity is 

limited because of age, physical or mental handicap, or other infirmity, may be employed on light work at a wage below the minimum established by this Code, if the employer obtains :from the 

State Authority, designated by the United States Department of 

Labor, a certificate authorizing such person's employment at such 

wages and for such hours as shall be stated in the certificate. Each 

employer shall file monthly with the Code Authority a list of all 

such persons employed by him, showing the wages paid to, and the 

maximum hours of work for such employee. 

ARTICLE V-GENERAL LABOR PROVISIONS 

(a) Child Labor.-No person under eighteen (18) years of age 

shall be employed in ths industry except as office boys and office girls. 

No person under sixteen (16) years of age shall be employed in the 

industry in any capacity. In any State any employer shall be 

deemed to have complied with this provision as to age if he slrnll 

have on file a certificate or permit, duly signed by the Authority in 

such State empowered to issue employment or age certificates or permit showing that the employee is of the required age. 

(b) Provisions from the Act.-1. Employees shall have the right 

to organize and bargain collectively through representatives of their 

own choosing, and shall be free from the interference, restraint, or 

coercion of employers of labor, or their agents, in the designation of 

such representatives or in self-organization or in other concerted 
207 

activities for the purpose of collective bargaining or other mutual 

aid or protection. · 

2. No employee and no one seeking employment shall be required 

as a condition of employment to join any company union or to refrain from joining, organizing, or assisting a labor organization of 

his own choosing, and 

3. Employers shall comply with the maximum hours of labor, minimum rates of pay, and other conditions of employment approved or 

prescribed by the President. 

( c) Reclassification of Employees.-N o employ~r shall reclassify 

employees or duties of occupations performed or engage in any other 

subterfuge for the purpose of defeating the purposes or provisions 

of the Act or of this Code. 

( d) Standard-s for Safety and H ealth.-Every employer shall 

provide for the safety and health of employees during the hours and 

at the places of their employment. Standards for safety and health 

shall be submitted by the Code Authority to the Administrator within 

six months after the effective date of the Code. 

( e) State Laws.-N o provision in this Code shall supersede any 

State or Federal law which imposes on employers more stringent 

requirements as to age of employees, wages, hours of work, or as to 

safety, health, sanitary or general working conditions, or insurance, 

or fire protection than are imposed by this Code. 

(f) Posting.-All employers shall post and keep posted copies of 

this Code in conspicuous places accessible to all employees. Every 

member of the industry shall co•mply with all rules and regulations 

relative to the posting of provisions. of Codes of Fair Competition 

which may from time to time be prescribed by the Administrator. 

ARTICLE VI-CODE AUTHORITY 2 

(1) There shall forthwith be constituted a Code Authority consisting of six voting members? each to serve for a term of one year, 

for the purpose of administering the provisions of this Code. 

(2) The Code Authority shall be selected as follows: 

(a) Three members representative of the membership of the 

American Toll Bridge As.sociation to be selected by that association 

in such manner as may be equitable, subject to the approval of the 

Administrator. 

(b) Three members representative of the non-members of the 

American Toll Bridge Association to be. selected from and elected 

by such non-members who have assented to the Code by a •majority 

vote of said non-members of the Industry, but if not selected within 

thirty (30) days from the effective date of this Code, they may be 

apJ?ointed by the Administrator. 

(c) Not more than three (3) additional members, without vote, 

shall be appointed by the Administrator to serve without expense 

to the industry and for such period of time as the Administrator 

may determine. Such •members shall be given reasonable notice of 

all meetings of the Code Authority. 

1 See paragraph 3 of order approving this Code. 
208 

(3) In order that the Code Authority shall at all times be truly 

representative of the industry and in other respects comply with 

the provisions of the Act, the Administrator may prescribe such 

hearings as he may deem proper; and thereafter if he shall find that 

the Code Authority is not truly representative or does not in other 

respects comply with the I?rovisions of the Act, he may require an 

appropriate modification rn the method of selection of the Code 

Authority. 

(4) The Code Authority shall have and exercise all powers and 

duties conferred upon it by this Code, and, generally, all such other 

powers and duties as shall be necessary or proper to enable it fully 

to administer this Code and effectuate its purposes, in cooperation 

with the Administrator, and to enable it, the said Code Authority, 

to carry on and perform its functions, as herein prescribed and 

contemplated. 

( 5) The Code Authority may from time to time present to the 

Administrator recommendations based on conditions in this industry 

as they may develop which will tend to effectuate the operation of 

the provisions of this Code. 

( 6) The Code Authority shall cooperate with the Administrator 

in making investigations as to the functioning and observance of 

any provisions of this Code, at its own instance or upon complaint 

by any person, and report same to the Administrator. 

(7) Th€ Code Authority shall adopt a proper form of organization and procedure, by-laws, and rules and regulations, and may 

delegate any of its powers· and duties to such agents, representatives 

and committees as it may constitute and appoint from time to time. 

Nothing herein contained shall be construed in any way to relieve 

the Code Authority of any or ·all of its obligations hereunder. 

( 8) Members of the industry shall sustain their reasonable share 

of the exp·enses of the Code Authority and its activities. Such reasonable share of the expenses of adm1ni::itration shall be determined 

by the Code Authority, subject to review by the Adn1inistrator, on 

the basis of volume of business and/ or such other factors as may 

be deemed equitable. 

(9) Nothin~ contained in this Code shall constitute the members 

of the Code Authority partners for any purpose. Nor shall any 

member of the Code Authority be liable 1n any manner to anyone 

for any act of any other member, officer, agent, or employee of the 

Code Authority. Nor shall any member of the Code Authority, 

exercising reasonable diligence in the conduct of his duties hereunder, be liable to anyone for any action or omission to act under 

this Code, except for his own wilful misfeasance or nonfeasance. 

(10) All members of the industry shall furnish to the Code 

Authority, through an impartial agency, such information and reports as are required for the administration of the Code. In addition 

to information r equired to be submitted to the Code Authority, 

members of the industry subject to this Code shall furnish such 

statistical information as the Administrator may deem ne"Cessary for 

the purposes recited in Section 3 (a) of the Act to such Federal and 

State agencies as he may designate; provided that nothing in this 

Code shall relieve any member of the industry of any existing obligations to furnish reports to any Government agency. No individual report shall be disclosed to any other member of the industry or 
209 

any other party except to such other Governmental agencies as may 

be directed by the Administrator. 

(11) If the Administrator shall determine that any action of a 

Code Authority or any agency thereof may be unfair or unjust or 

contrary to the public interest, the Administrator may require that 

such action be suspended to afford an opportunity £or investigation 

of the merits of such action and further consideration by such Code 

Authority or agency pending final action which shall not be effective 

unless the Administrator approves or unless he shall fail to disapprove after thirty (30) days' notice to him of intention to proceed 

with such action in its original or modified form. 

(12) The Code Authority shall cooperate with the Administrator 

in regulating the use of any N. R. A. insignia solely by those members of the industry who have assented to and are complying with 

this Code. 

( 13) Each trade or industrial association directly or indirectly 

participating in the selection or activities of the Code Authority 

shall (1) impose no inequitable restrictions on. membership, and (2) 

submit to the Administrator true copies of its articles of association, by-laws, regulations, and any amendments when made thereto, 

together with such other information as to membership, organization, and activities as the Administrator may deem necessary to 

effectuate the purposes of the Act. 

ARTICLE VII-TRADE PRACTIGID RULES 

(a) It shall constitute an unfair trade practice and shall be a 

violation of this Code for any member of the industry to issue free 

passage to any person except to bona fide officials, contractors, and 

employees of such members, to police and fire departments, and to 

such other persons as may be entitled to the same by law or the 

franchise under which such toll bridge is operated. 

(b) Fair trade and policy of the Act require that all persons and 

corporations engaged in the toll bridge industry a · defined, in competition with others engaged therein, should be subject to the same, 

or to substantially the same, terms and conditions as to maximum 

hours of labor, minimum wages, conditions of employment, and 

general labor provisions. "\Vhere a member of the industry is subjected to competition by a plant or enterprise which is not required 

to conform to such requirements 0£ this Code, such member of the 

industry may, on application to the Administrator, be equitably 

exempted by him from the operation of this Code within the groups 

or areas affected by such competition. 

( c) The Code Authority shall have the power to confer and act 

jointly with any other Code Authority when and as authorized by 

the Administrator; to coordinate the administration of this Code 

with such other Codes, if any, as may be related to or affect the 

industry or any part thereof; to confer and cooperate, upon their 

request, with other agencies, authorities and departments 0£ Federal 

and State Governments to effectuate the policy of the Act and the 

provisions of this Code; to transmit pertinent inforn1ation to that 

end; and to delegate to any other administrative authority, upon the 

approval of the Administrator first obtained, such powers hereunder 
210 

as will promote cooperative action and fair trade and competitive 

practices as to matters of common interest in relation to the industry; provided that any such delegation shall not be deemed to release 

or relieve the Code Authority from any of its duties and responsibilities under this Code. 

( d) In the event that any provision or provisions o:f this Code 

shall impose an unusual or undue hardship upon any member of 

the industry then such member through the Code Authority may 

petition the Administrator for relief and upon making proof of 

such hardship the Administrator may exempt such member :from so 

much o:£ the Code provisions and requirements as may be necessary 

to alleviate such hardship . 

.P....RTICLE VIII-MomFICA TION 

(a) This Code and all the provisions thereo:£ are expressly made 

su'bject to the right of the President, in accordance with the provisions of subsection (b) o:£ Section 10 o:£ the National Industrial Recovery Act, from time to time to cancel or modify any order, approval, license, rule, or regulation issued under Title I o:£ said Act 

and specifically, but without limitation, to the right of the President 

to cancel or modify his approval of this Code or any conditions imposed by him upon his approval thereof. 

(b) This Code, except as to provisions required by the Act, may be 

modified and/or amended on the basis of experience or changes in 

circumstances, such modifications and/or amendments to be based 

upon application to the Administrator by the Code Authority or 

other representative groups within the industry but without limitation, and such notice and hearing as he shall specify, and to become 

effective as a part of this Code on approval of the President. 

ARTICLE IX-MONOPOLIES, ETC. 

No provisions of this Code shall be so applied as to permit monopolies or monopolistic practices contrary to law, or to eliminate, oppress, or discriminate against small enterprises. 

ARTICLE X-APPLICATION 

Nothing in this Code shall be so construed or applied as to conflict with, or SUJ?ersede the jurisdiction, or powers of any Federal, 

State, or municipal board, body, or official, exercising regulatory 

authority over any member of this industry. 

ARTICLE XI-EFFECTIVE DATE 

This Code shall become effective on the second Monday after its 

approval by the President, and terminate whenever Title I o:£ the 

National Industrial Recovery Act ceases to be in effect but not later 

than June 15, 1935. 

Approved Code No. 431. 

Registry No. 1 TI3-2-15. 

0 

UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 

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