Approved Code No. 217 Registry No. 1617-09 

NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION 

CODE OF FAIR COMPETITION 

FOR T HE 

DENTAL LABORATORY 

INDUSTRY 

ll 

AS APPROVED ON JANUARY 22, 1934 

WE DO OUR PART 

. -·. - 0-= ·- . ----

UNITED STATES 

GOVERNMENT PRINTIN G OFFICE 

WASHINGTON: 1934 

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For aale by I.be Superintendent of Documents, Washin&ton, D.C. - - - - - - • - Price Ii centa 

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Approved Code No. 217 

CODE OF FAIR COMPETITION 

FOR THE 

DENTAL LABORATORY INDUSTRY 

As Approved on January 22, 1934 

ORDER 

APPROVING CODE OF FAIR COMPETITION 

FOR THE 

DENTAL LABORATORY INDUSTRY 

An application having been duly made pursuant to and in full 

compliance with the provisions of Title I of the National Industrial 

Recovery Act, approved June 16, 1933, for approval of a Code of 

Fair Competition for the Dental Laboratory Industry, and hearings 

having been duly held thereon and the annexed report on said Code-1 

containing findings with respect thereto, having been made and 

directed to the President : 

NO,V, THEREFORE, on behalf of the President of the United 

Staws, I, Hugh S. Johnson, Administrator for Industrial Recovery, 

pursuant to authority vested in me by Executive Orders of the President, including Executive Order No. 6543-A, dated December 30, 

1933, and otherwise; do hereby incorporate by reference said annexed 

report and do find that said Code complies in all respects with the 

pertinent provisions and will promote the policy and purposes of said 

Title of said Act; and do hereby order that said Code of Fair Competition be irnd it is hereby approved, but upon the following 

condition: 

That the limitation of hours per week set forth in Section 2 

of Article III for clerical and office employees shall be forty 

instead of forty-four, except that it shall be forty-four in any 

case where there is only one such employee in a dental laboratory. 

HUGH S. JOHNSON, 

Administrator for Industrial Recovery. 

Approval Recommended : 

GEO. L. BERRY, 

Division Administrator. 

WASHINGTON, D. C., January f2, 1934, 

82288°-313-54-34 (283) 
The PRESIDENT, 

The White House. 

Sm: A public hearing on the Code of Fair Competition for the 

Dental Laboratory Industry of the United States, submitted by the 

National Dental Laboratories Association, located at 1010 Vermont 

Avenue, Washington, D.C., was conducted in Washington on the 

20th of October 1933, in accordance with the provisions of the National Industrial Recovery Act. The Association claims to represent 

in excess of eighty percent (80%) of the Industry. 

The maximum hours established by this Code are forty ( 40) per 

week for all employees, with the exception of laboratories employing 

one clerical or office worker in which case such worker is allowed 

forty-four ( 44) hours per week. One-man laboratories are also 

allowed forty-four ( 44) hours per week. vVorkers in the Dental Laboratory Industry were employed in 1929 on an average of fifty-two 

( 52) hours per week and in 1933 approximately forty-seven ( 47) 

hours per week. To return employment to the 1929 level it would be 

necessary to establish a 37.6-hour week. However, from a practical 

angle a 40-hour week seems to be a most advisable basis for the reemployment of workers in this Industry. Through the establishn1ent of a 40-hour week approximately 1,400 workers should benefit 

by reemployment. 

The minimum wages established in this Code are forty cents ( 40¢) 

per hour, or $16.00 per week for all processing workers, and $14.00 

per week for office employees. The minimum wage for apprentices 

1s $14.00 per week for a period of one year, and forty cents (40¢) 

per hour or $16.00 per week thereafter. Messengers not engaged in 

processing shall receive $10.00 per week. Provision is made for time 

and one third for all hours worked by processing employees in excess 

of forty ( 40) per week. 

Owing to the fact that so many conflicting figures were presented 

at the public hearing, hearing on the Dental Laboratory Industry, 

and because of the fact that no information regarding this Industry 

is available through governmental sources, it is impossible to give 

a very accurate or clear statistical picture of the Industry. 

The Deputy Administrator in his final report to m.e on said Code 

having found as herein set forth and on the basis of all the proceedings in this matter ; 

I find t.hat-

( a) Said Code is well designed to promote the policies and purposes of Title I of the National Industrial Recovery Act, including 

removal of obstructions to the free flow of interstate and foreign 

commerce which tend to diminish the amount thereof and will provide for the general welf:1re by promoting the organization of industry for the purpose of cooperative action among the trade groups, 

by inducing and maintaining united action of labor and management 

under adequate governmental sanctions and supervision, by eliminat-

(284) 
285 

ing unfair competitive practices, by promoting the fullest possible 

utilization of the present productive capacity of industries, by avoid .. ing undue restriction of production ( except as may be temporarily 

required), by increasing the consumption of industrial and agricultural products through increasing purchasing power, by reducing 

and relieving unemployment, by improving standards of labor, and 

by otherwise rehabilitating industry. 

(b) Said Industry normally employs not more than 50,000 employees; and is not classified by me as a major industry. 

( c) The Code as approved complies in all respects with the pertinent provisions of said Title of said Act, including without limitation 

Subsection (a) of Section 3, Subsection (a) of Section 7, and Subsection (b) of Section 10 thereof; and that the applicant association 

is an industrial association truly representative of the aforesaid 

Industry; and that said association imposes no inequitable restrictions on admission to membership therein. 

( d) The Code is not designed to and will not permit monopolies 

or monopolistic practices. 

( e) The Code is not designed to and will not eliminate or oppress 

small enterprises and will not operate to discriminate against them. 

( f) Those engaged in other steps of the economic process have not 

been deprived of the right to be heard prior to approval of said 

Code. 

This Industry has cooperated in a most satisfactory manner with 

the Administrator in the preparation of this Code. From the evidence adduced during this hearing and from recommendations and 

reports of the various Advisory Boards, it is believed that this Code 

in its present form as approved represents an effective, practical, 

equitable solution for this Industry; and for these reasons this Code 

has been approved. 

Respectfully, 

JANUARY 22, 1934. 

HUGH s. JOHNSON, 

Administrator. 
CODE OF FAIR COMPETITION 

FOR THE 

DENTAL LABORATORY INDUSTRY 

ARTICLE I-PURPOSES 

To effectuate the policies 0£ Title I of the National Industrial 

Recovery Act, the following provisions are established as a Code 

of Fair Competition for the Dental Laboratory Industry, and shall 

be the standard of fair competition for such industry and binding 

upon every member thereof. 

ARTICLE II-DEFINITIONS 

1. The term "Dental Laboratory Industry" as used herein shall 

mean the construction, repair, or adjustment, outside the oral cavity, 

in a dental laboratory, of dental prosthetic appliances, consisting 

of restorative dentures and corrective appliances made from impres~ 

sions and/or casts, and such related branches or subdivisions as 

may from time to time be included under the provisions of this Code 

by the President of the United States, after such notice and hearing 

as he may prescribe. 

2. The term "Dental Laboratory" as used herein shall mean a 

workroom or rooms wherein dental prosthetic appliances are constructed, repaired, or adjusted on order, instruction or prescription, 

for a dentist or another dental laboratory; excluding, however, the 

workroom or rooms operated as a part of the office or offices of a 

practicing dentist or dentists, and their bona fide employees engaged 

and employed therein in the construction, repair, or adjustment of 

dental prosthetic appliances solely for the personal patients of such 

dentist or dentists and not for the patients of any .other dentist or 

dentists. 3. The term" home work" as used herein shall mean the performance of the work of this industry in the home or elsewhere outside of 

the work room or rooms of a dentist or dentists, a dental laboratory, 

or a one-man dental laboratory as herein defined. 

4. The term "member of the industry" includes, but without limitation, any individual, partnership, association, corporation, or other 

form of enterprise engaged in the industry, ·either as an employer 

or on his or its own behalf. 

5. The term. "employee" as used herein shall include any and all 

persons engaged in the industry as herein defined however compen- sated, including any person when engaged in processing and except~ 

ing executives and employers when not engaged in processing. 

(286) 
287 

6. The terms " price or prices " as used herein shall mean the 

charges for the products and/ or services of the industry. 

7. The term " one-man laboratory " as used herein shall mean a 

d~ntal laboratory in which only one person is engaged in processing, 

whether or not any messengers, office, or other nonprocessing employees are employed. 

8. The term H apprentice " as used herein shall mean any person 

having less than one year's experience in the industry as defined 

above, who is employed as a learner or beginner. · 

9. The term "processing" as used herein shall mean performing 

any step in the construction, adjustment, or repair of any product 

of this industry. 

10. The terms "Act" and "Administrator" as used herein mean 

respectively Title I of the National Industrial Recovery Act, and 

the Administrator for Industrial Recovery. 

ARTICLE III-HoURs 

MAXIMUM HOURS 

SECTION 1. No employee, engaged in whole or in part in processing, shall be permitted to work in excess of forty ( 40) hours in any 

one week except as herein otherwise provided. A normal workday 

shall not exceed eight ( 8) hours. 

SEc. 2. No person employed in clerical, office, or other non processing work shall be permitwd to work in excess of forty-four (44) 

hours in any one week. A normal workday shall not exceed nine 

(9) hours. 1 

EXCEPTIONS TO HOURS 

SEc. 3. A one-man laboratory shall not engage 1n processing to 

exceed forty-£ our ( 44) hours per week. 

SEc. 4. The provisions of this Article shall not apply to outside 

salesmen, or to persons employed in a managerial or executive 

capacity who do not engage in processing and who earn thirty-five 

dollars ($35.00) or more per week. 

SEc. 5. Processing employees, including the operator of a one-man 

laboratory, shall be allowed to work twenty-five (25) hours in excess 

of the maximum hours established in Sections 1 and 3 of this Article 

during each half of the calendar year, provided, however, that no 

such employee shall work more than forty-eight ( 48) hours in any 

one week and provided further that a record of all hours of overtime shall be posted in the laboratory and reported as required by 

the Code Authority. 

EMPLOYMENT BY SEVERAL EMPLOYERS 

SEc. 6. No employee shall be permitted to work, for a total number of hours in excess of the number of hours herein prescribed, 

whether he be employed by one or more employers. 

1 1\Iodified by paragraph 2 of orcler approving this Code. 
288 

OPERATING HOURS OF A LABORATORY 

SEc. 7. No dental laboratory shall be operated or remain open in 

ex~ss of fifty-two ( 52) hours in any one week; nor shall any such 

laboratory be operated or open for the purpose of performing any 

business function on Sunday or before 7 : 00 A.M. on any week day, 

or later than 7: 00 P.M. on Monday to Friday, inclusive, or later 

than 1: 30 P.M. on Saturday. 

(a) Uniform holiday closing, and uniform opening and closing 

hours between the hours herein prescribed, may be established in any 

metropolitan area, city, or town by a majority vote of all laboratories 

located within such areas and when approved by the Code Authority 

shall be binding upon all laboratories in such area. 

(b) Each Dental laboratory shall post in an accessible place in its 

laboratory a schedule of its operating hours and a schedule of the 

working hours of its employees, and file copies and/or reports of 

same as the Code Authority shall designate. 

ARTICLE IV-WAGES 

MINIMUM WAGES 

SECTION 1. No employee shall be paid in any pay period less than 

at the rate of forty cents (40¢) per hour or sixteen dollars ($16.00) 

per week except as otherwise herein provided. 

(a) Apprentices shall be paid not less than fourteen dollars 

($14.00) ~r week for a period of one (1) year, and thereafter at not 

less than the rate of forty cents (40¢) per hour . 

. (b) Messengers not engaged in processing shall be paid not less 

than ten dollars ($10.00) per week. 

( c) Office and clerical help shall be paid not less than the rate of 

fourteen dollars ($14.00) per week. 

( d) Part-time employees shall be compensated for the work performed by them at not less than the minimum rates herein established. 

PIECEWORK COMPENSATION-MINIMUM WAGES 

SEc. 2. This article establishes a minimum rate of pay which shall 

apply, irrespective of whether an employee is actually compensated 

on A time rate, piecework performance or other basis. 

WAGES .ABOVE MINIMUM 

SEc. 3. It is the policy of the members of this industry to refrain 

from reducing the compensation for employment, which compensation was, prior to June 16, 1933, in excess of the minimum wages 

herein set forth, notwithstanding that the hours of work in such 

employment may be reduced; and all members of this industry shall 

endeavor to increase the pay of all employees, in excess of the minimum wage as herein set forth, by an equitable adjustment of all pay 

schedules. 
289 

SEC. 4. Female employees performing substantially· the same work 

as male employees shall receive the ame r ates of pay a male employees. 

SEc. 5. Time and one third shall be paid processing employees for 

all hours in excess of forty ( 40) hours per week. 

SEC. 6. The provisions of this Article shall not apply to outside 

salesmen, or to persons e~ployed in a managerial or executive capacity who do not engage in processing. 

ARTICLE V-GENERAL LABOR PROVISIONS 

CHILD LABOR 

SECTION 1. No person under sixteen (16) years 0£ age shall be employed in the industry. No person under eighteen (18) years of 

age shall be employed at operations or occupations which are hazardous in nature or dangerous to health. The Code Authority shall 

submit to the Administrator within sixty (60) days after the approval of this Code a list of such operations or occupations. In any 

State an employer shall be deemed to have complied with this provision as to age if he shall have on file a certificate or permit duly 

signed by the authority in such State empowered to issue employment or age certificates or permits showing that the employee is of 

the required age. 

PROVISIONS FROM THE Aar 

SEc. 2. In compliance with Section 7 (a) of the Act it is provided: 

(a) That employees shall have the right to organize and bargain 

collectively through representatives of their own choosing, and shall 

be free from the interference, restraint, or coercion of employers of 

labor, or their agents, in the designation of such representatives or 

in self-organization or in other concerted activities for the purpose 

of collective bargaining or other mutual aid or protection. 

(b) That no employee and no one seeking employment shall be 

required as a condition of employment to join any company union or 

to refrain from joining, organizing, or assisting a labor organization 

of his own choosing, and 

( c) That employers shall comply with the maximum hours of 

labor, minimum rates of pay, and other conditions of employment 

approved or prescribed by the President. 

REGLASSIFICA TION OF EMPLOYEES 

SEc. 3. Employers shall not reclassify employees or duties of occupations performed by employees so as to defeat the purposes of the 

Act. 

STANDARDS FOR SAFETY AND HEALTH 

SEc. 4. Every employer shall make reasonable provision for the 

safety and health of his employees at the place and during the hours 

of their employment. 
290 

STATE LAWS 

SEc. 5. No prov1s1on in this Code shall supersede any State or 

Federal law which imposes more stringent requirements as to age 

of employees, wages, hours of work, or as to safety, health, sanitary 

or general working conditions, than are imposed by this Code. 

POSTING 

SEc. 6. All employers shall post and keep posted complete copies 

of the wage and hour and general labor provisions of this Code in 

conspicuous places accessible to employees. 

APPRENTICES 

SEc. 7. No laboratory shall employ apprentices in a ratio greater 

than one to every four processing employees or major fraction 

thereof, provided, however, that any laboratory employing four or 

less processing employees may employ one apprentice. Apprentices 

shall not be counted as processing employees in the determination 

of this ratio. 

SANITARY REQUIREMENTS 

SEc. 8. No room or apartment in a tenement or dwelling house 

used for living, eating or sleeping purposes, shall be used for the 

purpose of conducting a dental laboratory, unless such laboratory 

complies with sanitary requirements as established by the Code 

Authority, and approved by the Administrator. Any action of the 

Code Authority with respect to this provision shall be subject to 

the review and disapproval of the Administrator. 

(a) Every part of the dental laboratory shall be kept clean and 

shall be kept free from accumulation of dirt, filth, rubbish in and 

about the same. The entire premises shall be well drained and the 

plumbing thereof at all times kept in proper repair and in a clean 

and sanitary condition. 

STUDENT-LEARNER WORK 

SEc. 9. Work done by students and learners shall not be sold 

unless such students or learners are paid for this work in compliance with the provisions of the Code, provided, however, that this 

provision shall not apply to work done by students of any bona 

nde dental school or college or to work done by students and learners 

under existing contracts executed in compliance with the law of the 

State in which such contract was made. 

HOME WORK 

SEc. 10. All home work in this industry is herAby prohibited. 

ARTICLE VI-ADMINISTRATION 

Organization, Powers, and Duties of the Code Authority. 
291 

ORGANIZATION AND CONSTITUTION 

SECTION 1. A Code Authority is hereby established to cooperate 

with the Administrator in the administration of this code and shall 

consist of fifteen (15) members to be chosen by the industry through 

a fair method of selection and approved by the Ad1ninistrator. The 

Administrator in his discretion m.ay- appoint not more than three 

additional members without vote and without compensation from 

the industry, to serve for such period of time and to represent the 

Adininistrator or such group or groups as he may designate. 

(a) The Code Authority shall be selected as follows: One member 

to be selected from the members of the industry in each of the twe!Ye 

(12) Regions covering the entire United States, and three (3) members at large, to be selected from the entire industry. 

(b) In order to as ist the Code Authority in the Administration 

of this code, the National Dental Laboratories Association is hereby 

designated as the administrative agency of the Code Authority and 

as the agency to collect such statistics and infonnation, subject to 

the disapproval of the Administrator, as may be pertinent and 

required for the purposes of this code. 

( c) Regional Sub-Code Authorities are hereby established to further assist the Code Authority, and shall consist of five ( 5) members 

nominated by and from mem.bers of the industry by a fair method 

of selection in e-ach region and appointed by the Adininistrator. For 

the purposes of this Code, the Regional divisions of the industry 

shall be as follows : 

Region 1. Maine, New Han1pshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island. 

Region 2. New York. 

Region 3. Pennsylvania, New Jersey. 

Region 4. West Virginia, Virginia, Delaware, Maryland, District 

of Columbia. 

Region 5. Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, 

Florida, Alabama, and J\fississippi. 

Region 6. Kentucky, Indiana, Ohio, and the Southern peninsula 

of Michigan. 

Region 7. Wisconsin, Illinois, and the Northern peninsula of 

Michigan. 

Region 8. Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana. 

Region 9. Iowa, J\,-1innesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, South 

Dakota. 

Region 10. Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, Colorado. 

Region 11. California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona. 

Region 12. Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming. 

SEC. 2. Vacancies in the personnel of the Code Authority selected 

by the industry shall be filled pending a selection as provided for 

the appointment of the original members, through appointment by 

the Administrator upon nomination of the Code Authority. 

(a) In the event of the failure of any region to select its Regional 

Sub-Code Authority or any member or members thereof within the 

time specified by the Code Authority, or in the event of any vacancy occurring therein, the Code Authority may make appoint-
292 

ments to fill such vacancies pending the selection of qualified successors as provided herein. 

SEc. ·3. Each trade or industrial association directly or indirectly 

participating in the selection or activities of the Code Authority 

shall impose no inequitable restrictions on membership, and shall 

submit to the Administrator and to the Code Authority true copies 

of its articles of association, by-laws, re.,gulations, and any amendments when made thereto, together with such other information as 

to membership, organization, and activities as the Administrator 

may deem necessary to effectuate the purposes of the Act. 

SEc. 4. In order that the Code Authority shall at all times be 

truly representative of the industry and in other respects comply 

with the provisions of the Act, the Administrator may prescribe such 

hearings as he may deem proper; and if he shall find that the Code 

Authority is not truly representative or does not in other respects 

comply with the provisions of the Act, he may take such action as 

he. may deem necessary under the circumstances. 

SEc. 5. Members of the industry shall be entitled to participate 

in and share the benefits of the activities of the Code Authority and 

Regional Suh-Code Authorities and participate in the selection of 

the members thereof and in any revisions or amendments to this 

code by assenting to and complying with the requirements of this 

code a.nd sustaining their reasonable share of the expenses of administration or by becoming members of the National Dental Laboratories Association and paying to the Code Authority such proportionate part of the cost of administration as the Code Authority, 

subject to the Administrator's approval, shall prescribe as fair and 

equitable. 

(a) Any member of the industry shall be eligible for membership in the National Dental Laboratories Association and in any 

regional, state, or local association directly or indirectly participating in the selection or activities of the Code Authority and/or Regional Sub-Code Authority, upon compliance with the provisions 

of the by-laws relating to membership, -provided that any person 

applying for such membership shall, in addition to the payment of 

such dues as are applicable in his case in accordance with the established rate or schedule of dues, accept a reasonable and equitable 

share of the cost of administration. 

SEc. 6. Nothing contained in this code shall constitute the members of the Code Authority or Regional Sub-Code Authorities partners for any purpose. Nor shall any member of the Code Authority 

or Regional Sub-Code Authorities be liable in any manner to anyone for any act of any other member, officer, agent, or employee 

of the Code Authority. Nor shall any member of the Code Authority or Regional Sub-Code Authorities, exercising reasonable diligence in the conduct of his duties hereunder, be liable to anyone for 

any action or any omission to act under this Code, except for his own 

willful misfeasance or nonfeasance. 

POWERS AND DUTIES 

SEc. 7. The Code Authority shall have the following powers and 

duties to the extentlermitted by the Act, subject to the review and 

disapproval of the dministrator. 
293 

(a) To administer the provisions of this Code and provide for 

the compliance of .the industry with the proYi ion of the \.ct, and 

to propose and submit to the Administrator, for his approval, 

amendments and/or modification of this code. 

(b) To adopt bylaws and rules and regulations for it · procedure 

and for the administration and enforcement of the Code. 

( c) To obtain from members of the industry such information, 

statistics, and reports as are required for the administration of the 

Code and to provide for submission by members of such information, 

statistics and reports as the Administrator may deem necessary 

for the purposes recited in Section 3 (a) of the Act, which information, statistics, and reports shall be submitted to such administrative and/or government agencies as the Administrator may designate; provided that nothing in this code shall relieve any member 

of the industry of any existing obligations to furnish reports to any 

government agency. No individual reports shall be disclosed to any 

other member of the industry or to any other person or agency 

except as may be directed by the Administrator, or except as it may 

be deemed necessary to divulge such information to enforce the observance of the provisions of this code. Any person conducting a 

dental laboratory shall furnish promptly to the Code Authority the 

information required by it, in such form as may be specified. 

( d) vVithin a reasonable time after the effective date of this code 

to provide for the establishment and promulgation of: 

(1) A uniform system of billing which shall be complied with 

and adhered to by all members of this industry. · 

(2) A uniform method of cost accounting and/or cost formulae, 

which, when a pp roved by the Administrator shall be used in the 

determination of cost by all members of this industry. 

( e) To use the National Dental Laboratories Association and 

such regional, state, and local associations and other agencies as it 

deems proper for the carrying out of any of its activities provided 

for herein, provided that nothing herein shall relieve the Code 

Authority of its duties or responsibilities under this code and that 

such trade associations and agencies shall at all times be subject 

to and comply with the provisions hereo:f. 

(f) To make recommendations to the Administrator for the coordination of the administration of this code with such other codes, if 

any, as may be related to the industry. 

(g) To cooperate with the Administrator in regulating the use 

of any N.R.A. insignia solely by those members of the industry 

who have assented to, and are complying with, this code. 

(h) To recommend to the Administrato_r further. fair ~rade p~actice provisions to govern members of the mdustry 1n their relat10ns 

with each other or with other industries and to recommend to the 

Administrator measures for industrial planning, including stabilization of employment. 

ARTICLE VII-UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES 

The following practices are unfair methods of competition and 

are prohibited: 

1. Guarantees.-N o member of this industry shall guarantee any 

product of this industry, except in accordance with the rules and 
294 

regulations concerning guarantees, established by the Code Authority and approved by the Administrator. . 2. False Markinq or B1·and-ing.-No member of this industry 

shall mark or brand any product of the industry in any manner 

having a tendency to mislead or deceive customers, or prospective 

customers, whether as to the grade, quality, quantity, substance, construction, nature, origin, size, finish, or preparation of such product. 

3. C 0111/Jnercial Bribery.-N o member of the industry shall give, 

permit to be given, or directly offer to give, anything of value for 

the purpose of influencing or rewarding the action of any employee, agent, or representative of another in relation to the business of the employer of such employee, the principal of such agent, 

or the represented party, without the knowledge of such employer, 

principal, or party. Commercial bribery provisions shall not be 

construed to prohibit free and general distribution of articles commonly used for advertising, except so far as such articles are actually used for commercial bribery as hereinabove defined. 

4. Espionage of Oompetitors.-N o member of this industry shall 

attempt to secure confidential information concerning the business 

of a competitor by a false or misleading statement or representation, 

by a false impersonation of one in authority, by bribery, or by any 

other unfair method. 

5. Interf e1·ence with Oontrac·t'IJ)ai R elations.-No member of this 

jndustry shall attempt to induce the breach of an existing contract 

between a cm~1petitor and his employee or customer or sourc~ of supply; nor shall any such member interfere with or obstruct the 

performance of such contractual duties or services. 

6. Substitution of M aterials.-N o member of this industry shall 

use, submit, or bill any material, superior or inferior in quality to 

that specified by the purchaser of any dental laboratory product, 

thereby effecting a price discrimination. 

7. R ebates.-No member of the industry shall offer or make any 

payment or allowance of a rebate, refund, commission, credit, discount, or excess allowance, whether in the form of money or otherwise, nor shall a member of the industry offer or extend to any 

customer any special service or privilege not extended to all customers 

of the same class. 

8. Defamation.-N o member of this industry shall attempt to 

defame competitors by falsely imputing to them dishonorable conduct, inability t0i perform contracts, questionable credit standing, or 

by other f alse representations, or by the false disparagement of the 

grade or quality of their goods. 

9. Oonspiracy.-No member of this industry shall aid or abet any 

person in the dental laboratory industry in any unfair competitive 

practice. 

10. Misrepresentation.-N o member of the industry shall bill or 

invoice or offer to sell any dental laboratory product, under any 

description which does not fully describe such dental laboratory 

product in terms customarily used in the dental laboratory industry, 

?r in violation of the uniform system of billing when adopted for the 

industry. 

11. Tli1·eats of Law Suits.-No member of the industry shall pub• 

lish or circulate unjustfied or unwarranted threats of legal pro-
295 

ceedings which tend to or have the effect of harassing competitors or 

intimidating their customers. Failure to prosecute in due course 

shall be evidence that any such threat is unwarranted or unjustified. 

12. Samples.-N o member of this industry shall bill or sell samples 

of dental laboratory products for less than the cost of production; 

nor employ free goods or free samples or free deab in connection 

with a sales transaction. Nothing in this provision shall be so 

construed as to prohibit the bona fide loan of samples. 

13. Underselling OlaimJS.-N o member of the industry shall use or 

participate in the publishing or broadcasting of any statement or representation which lays claim to a policy or continuing practice of 

generally underselling competitors. 

14. False lnvoiC'ing.-No member of the industry shall knowingly 

withhold from or insert in any quotation or invoice any statement 

that makes it inaccurat-e in any material particular. 

15. Acceptance of W ork.-N o member of this industry shall accept 

any dental restoration for adjustment1 repair, or processing, except 

from a d_entist or from another dental aboratory. 

ARTICLE VIII-REGULATIONS .As TO CosTs, PRICE LrsTs, TERMs, ETo. 

1. 0 osts.-N o member of the industry shall sell, or offer to sell, the 

services or products of his laboratory below cost, based on normal 

operations, computed in accordance with a uniform method of cost 

accounting and/or cost formulae adopted by the Code Authority and 

approved by the Administrator. 

2. Price Lists.-Each member of the industry shall within fifteen 

(15) days after the effective date of this code file with the Code 

Authority and otherwise as it shall direct, and with his Regional SubCode Authority, his net current price lists to become effective on the 

date filed. 

(a) No member of the industry shall thereafter sell, or offer to sell, 

at prices other than the prices contained in his price list so "i.led. 

(b) Revised price lists may, ten (10) days prior to the effective 

date thereof, be filed, from time to time, in the same manner as 

provided for the filing of original price lists. 

( c) Upon complaint or on its own initiative, the Code Authority 

may require the listing laboratory to file its cost data forthwith and 

if the price of any item in any such p['ice list is determined by the 

Code Authority to be improper, in that it does not comply with the 

provisions of the Code, new prices, based upon the uniform method 

of cost accounting and/or cost formulae which do comply with the 

provisions of this code may be required by the Code Authority to 

be filed within ten ( 10) days after notice thereof to the listing 

laboratory. 

3. Terms and Disoournts.-(a) All quotations and bills or invoices 

for products and services of dental laboratories shall be made only 

upon the basis of net settlements due on or before the first of the 

following month and payable on or before the fifteenth day thereof. 

(b) No member of the industry shall offer or allow any cash or 

trade discount; provided that no provision of this code shall be 

interpreted to prevent the extension between laboratories of courtesy 

discounts applying to the products of the industry; and provided 
UNIVERSITY OF FLOR IDA 

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296 3 1262 08728 6190 

further, that the purchasing laboratory shall not sell such products 

at less than the producing laboratory's prices thereof as filed with 

the Code Authority. 

ARTICLE IX-MODIFICATION 

SECTION 1. This Code and all the provisions thereof are expressly 

made subject to the right of the President, in accordance with the 

provisions of subsection (b) of Section 10 of the Act, from time to 

time to cancel or modify any order, approval, license, rule, or 

regulation issued under said Act. 

SEc. 2. This Code, except as to provisions required by the Act, 

may be modified or amended on the basis of experience or changes 

in circumstances, such modifications or amendments to be based 

upon application by the Code Authority to the Administrator and 

such notice and hearing as he shall specify to become effective on 

approval of the Administrator, unless otherwise provided. 

ARTICLE X-MONOPOLIES 

1. No prov1s10n of the Code shall be so applied as to permit 

monopolies or monopolistic practices, or to eliminate, oppress, or 

discriminate against small enterprises. 

ARTICLE XI 

1. Whereas the policy of the Act to increase real purchasing power 

will be made more difficult of consummation if prices of goods and 

services increase as rapidly as wages, it is recognized that price 

increases except such as may be required to meet individual cost 

should be delayed but when made such increases should, so far as 

possible, be limited to actual additional increases in the seller's costs. 

ARTICLE XII 

1. This Code shall become effective on the tenth day after its 

approval by the Administrator. 

Approved Code No. 217 

Registry No. 1617-09 

0