reorganization into brigades is being carried out slowly and that the con-
verting to two- and three-shift work was unsatisfactory.

For this reason the campaign for defect-free work in communications arose
spontaneously against these weaknesses of ours, against the inertia, the
formalism and poor organization of labor. We have repeatedly said that the
appeal for defect-free work has a great future and is of importance for com-
munications in the nation. A majority of the working collectives has under-
stood its profound essence and its advantages. But this initiative borne
out of life has particular importance at present when we are introducing
the brigade form of work, and when we are raising across-the-borad the role
of the socialist organization and the socialist competition.

Unfortunately, however, this has still not been fully understood in its true
sense, as a strategic motto and as a necessary style of work in our communi-
cations. And here there must be no vacillating. The professional qualities
of the division leaders will be judged from how this initiative is assumed
py the collectives and how it is organized and led.

2. Improving Planned Leadership of Communications

The second basic question of the National Party Conference was the question
of improving the planned leadership of the economy.

We are working seriously and thoroughly in this very crucial and creative
area of planning at the Ministry of Communications. Practice shows that
with each passing day we are mastering better this important mechanism.

Particularly useful for us have been the instructions of the Council of
Ministers for elaborating engineering plans and counterplans for 1979 and
1980 and on the basis of which we have already worked out instructions for
the communications divisions.

For the first time a broad range of specialists and production leaders par-
ticipated in working out the engineering plans and counterplans for 1978.
The planning has been improved and the proof of this is the good results in
the economic growth and the improvement in the quality and efficiency of
economic activities as attained during the first 4 months of the present
year.

Thus, during the 4 months, the income plan was overfulfilled by 103.5 per-
cent, or by 3,113,000 leva. And the profit plan was fulfilled by 106.4
percent and the plan for social labor productivity by 104,3 percent.

Now I would like to take up certain weak aspects in our planning activities
in the desire of not repeating them in the future,

We still are not sufficiently using the achievements of science in forming
the plans.

16



coworkers, participating in informative work, more consciously than before.
A frequent error by the author, program director, program editors is a
false interpretation of public demand.

TV must be aware of the acute political tensions arising in our society,
for instance, the problems of existence faced by youth planning a family
and the retired. One must consider these and one must pay more attention
to the problems on TV than before.

Karoly Grosz praised the foreign political work/of TV. The specialists in
the field were warned, however, to create and maintain a healthy ratio
between foreign and domestic political programs. One must take care, he
said, that the viewer should always be conscious where the Hungarian
People's Republic stands in the world reflected by the varied TV news,
reports and comments, who our friends are and which are the roads of de-

velopment designated for us and by us.

The competition of films ends tonight. The work of the Miskole Festival
will be ended tonight. On Wednesday, a festive presentation of the results
will announce which TV films, documentaries, reports were given awards by
the festival jury, the press jury and the public of the town.

2473
CSO: 5500



their work it became evident that perfect acceptance results require a
certain specialization of the individual workers by the types of equipment.
This leads to the following division:

Line equipment, the servicing of the relay sets and of their cooperation
with external equipment;

Register equipment, the servicing of the KS and KM registers, and of the
RS and KS register connectors;

Computation equipment, the servicing of the VM (translator), trunk~link
frames, line-link frames, etc.;

Common and office equipment, the servicing of recording, automatic message
accounting, etc. equipment.

The above division, of course, is formulated in general terms, but already
during training it should be advanced so that these specializations arise.
In this manner it will be possible to gain very detailed knowledge, and
fewer technicians will be needed.

From this point of view it is necessary to train also technicians for the
manipulation and testing of the circuits, so that the acceptance techni-
cians will not be burdened with this work and can devote themselves fully
to the appropriate tests and measurements.

Practical Incorporation of the Tandem Exchange Into the Telephone System

This part of the work associated with the construction of the Liberec
tandem exchange was of a specific nature. Seemingly all the preparations
and practical measures did not concern the technology of the tandem ex-
change. Most of the work was within the competence of offices under the
Administration of Long-Distance Cables, because it was necessary to ensure
circuits for the operation of the tandem exchange. It goes without saying
that one of the basic conditions in setting up and connecting new circuits
or reconnecting already existing circuits to the new technology was not to
limit the existing service. This condition was an obvious one, but at the
same time it caused complications in that it affected a significant pro-
portion of the long-distance offices and investment projects. The estab-
lishment of new circuits within time limits that corresponded to the start-
up of the tandem exchange, either for testing purposes or for permanent
operation, caused in many instances bottlenecks in the work schedules of
the individual investment projects under the Administration of Long-Distance
Cables. For smooth cooperation and coordination, a team was formed con-
sisting of workers from the following organizations: the MTTU, Prague;

the Administration of Long-Distance Cables, Prague; the Regional Adminis-
tration of Long-Distance Cables, Usti nad Labem; the North Bohemian Direc-
torate of Communications; the Kraj Communications Installation Plant,

Usti nad Labem; and the Okres Communications Administration, Liberec. The

32



BRAZIL

ERICSSON TO PROVIDE TECHNOLOGY FOR CPA INSTALLATION
Sao Paulo O ESTADO DE SAO PAULO in Portuguese 1 Jun 78 p 32

[Text] Brasilia--IM-Ericsson, firm associated with Atlantica Companhia
Nacional de Seguros, was chosen by the minister of communications to furnish
technology for the production of Controlled Telephone Exchanges for Storage
Program (CAP's) in Brazil. Notwithstanding its having won out over its
competition, this firm will also have to fulfill certain requirements,
handled by TELEBRAS (Brazilian Telecommunications Corporation], for the ©
signing of the contract, through which 50,000 terminals will be ordered

for the city of Sao Paulo.

Instead of just indicating the winner, eliminating the other two competitors--
ITT, American and NEC, Japanese--Minister of Communications Quandt de Oliveira
chose to classify the competing firms in first, second and third places.
According to an official note published yesterday by the Ministry of Communica-
tions, this criterion was adopted, inasmuch as LM-Ericsson will have to
include provisions in its bylaws, shareholder agreements and basic company
documents that will assure the attainment of objectives contained in the
industrial policy of the telecommunications sector, established by the
ministry in 1975, which determined the procedures for introducing equipment

of a new technology into the country's telephone exchanges, the CPA's.

Choices

Another justification presented by the experts for classifying the competitors
is that, in this way, if the competitor in first place does not accept the
requirements indicated by TELEBRAS in closing the contract, the firm in second
Place will be called upon to handle the contract; and, if the impasse persists,
the firm in third place will also have an opportunity to accept, without the
necessity of inviting new bids.

Despite all those explanations, most of the experts believe that LM-Ericsson
will be the firm to introduce technology for the manufacture of the CPA s
into the country, inasmuch as "its proposal is more compatible with the
interests of the Brazilian Government." According to those same experts in
general, LM-Ericsson's proposal needs only to be more specific in reference
to having control of the capital and decision-making power in the hands of

hi


1. The Socialist Organization of Labor

At the present stage of building a developed socialist society in our
nation, the improving of the socialist organization of labor is the main
element in activating the reserves of the economy, for improving efficiency
and quality, and for most fully utilizing the achievements of scientific
and technical progress in the various spheres of social life.

For this reason at present we are raising this major question with such
concern and awareness because it is of decisive practical, political and
scientific-technical significance in our basic areas of work.

In the spirit of the National Party Conference a critical analysis of our
activities must be made from the standpoint of the socialist organization
of labor and from the positions of the great idea of Comrade Todor Zhivkov
concerning the dialectical unity of the basic elements in the production
process, that is, live labor, the subjects of labor and the means of labor.

What does it mean to make a socialist organization of live labor for us?
This means to create those working conditions whereby the subjective factor
--man, our worker in the communications system--will develop all his cre-
ative possibilities and give all that he is capable of.

Very disconcerting, comrades, is the wasting of precious time and highly
paid live human labor. This neglectful attitude toward one of the most
important economic categories of our existence--time and labor--is danger-
ous and harmful.

In practice this means that we can do more but are giving less, and that
we must work a certain time but are working less time.

The work of executives is rather intense. But this intenseness is often
increased by ourselves. There are very few instances when a certain task
is posed and it is carried out without verbose stipulations and explana-
tions. Ordinarily a specialist gives lengthy and extensive explanations
which often have no direct bearing on the task itself. And there are
oddities when the time for carrying out an assignment is much shorter than
the time wasted on listening to the explanations which precede it. Some
specialists use other methods. They accept the task assigned to them with-
out argument, and sometime later it comes back as a boomerang for the
leader, but now in the form of a solid and bulky report or explanatory
note with specific posed problems which the leader who has given the assign-
ment must carry out himself.

What can be done, can we not tame this flood, build a dam or prevent the
flood of paperwork?

This question has been repeatedly posed for solution by the leadership of
the ministry, but the flood of paperwork continues to flow, to expand and
drown us.



delivery. But time is passing and does not wait. The longer we delay,
the more the questions become complex. In adding to this the missed time
for the designing and construction of a building, we will understand the
criticalness of the date for solving this complex question.

If we want to bein step with the National Party Conference and understand
its ideas, then we must have boldness and ambition to declare the con-
struction and starting up of the international telephone and telegraph
exchange as a crucial project in honor of the 12th BCP Congress. This
must be one of the responses of the Ministry of Communications to fulfill-
ing the decisions of the National Party Conference.

5. The Improving of Management

In order to carry out the program outlined by the National Party Confer-
ence, there must be a further improvement in the structure and functions
of management in all the economic units of the communications systems.

Communications services are created in our numerous enterprises which rep-
resent the basic units of the communications system. They employ thousands
of people, specialists and leaders.

These people must be entrusted with the solving of the economic problems

of the units which they manage. In their hands already is the solving of
the problem of the quality and efficiency of activities by the labor col-
lective and the payment for its work. Hence at this time the leaders must
show ability and knowledge, and they must think independently and creatively.
However, some continue to live calmly far from the problems of the collec-
tives, and rely on issuing instructions from above on all minor and major
problems.

Others, few in number, do not keep up on innovations. Some feel that they
are omniscent and modern leaders. This is nothing more than great compla~
cency that they can do everything, that they know everything and do not
need to learn. We do not show confidence in the junior personnel and do
not promote them. We are afraid of giving them positions. We are not
training junior personnel for the new complicated equipment which will
saturate the communications system in the future.

The contacts of the leaders with the collectives and individual employees
are not sufficient. They do not visit the places where the services are
performed. An idea of the dynamics of communications activities and its
social significance is lost. Some leaders do not want to leave their of-
fices, and the people do not know them. They give orders by telephone,
in letters or instructions, without realizing that a vital tie with the
collectives is a manifestation of true leadership activity.

Comrade Todor Zhivkov is right a thousandth time when he has said that
each ministry is a large staff for implementing the policy of the party

19



BRAZIL

ECONOMIST: CRISIS IMPENDS IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR
Sao Paulo FOLHA DE SAO PAULO in Portuguese 13 May 78 pp 22
[Article by Odon Pereira]

[Text] Atibaia--It is possible that there will be a serious crisis in the
telecommunications sector in Brazil in the near future, particularly in the
telephone branch. That crisis will occur within the next 2 or 3 years and
will be a direct result of the sharp decline in investments by the Federal
Government in the telecommunications sector.

This information emerged yesterday in an address that economist Martin lu
(Institute of Economic Research Foundation, University of Sao Paulo) presented
at the Seventh Telebrasil Panel Discussion on "Nationalization of Capital and
Technology in the Telecommunications Sector," which has been going on in this
city since Monday and is ending today with the appearance of Minister of
Communications Quandt de Oliveira.

Lu's discourse was based on a text summarizing a study made by his group
commissioned by Telebrasil itself and aimed, as an initial step, at evaluating
the impact that investments in the telecommunications sector are making on
the Brazilian industrial sector.

Some information given by the economist is truly alarming; in recent years
TELEBRAS [Brazilian Telecommunications Corporation] and its regional branches
handled an average of 700,000 new telephone terminals per year, maintaining
the objective of the Second PND [National Development Plan]. But, at the
present time, the annual contract for installation of new terminals does not
exceed 300,000, and only with the greatest optimism can we believe this
volume will remain stable; it has a tendency to decrease.

That situation is the result of a drastic "deceleration" or "cooling-off"
suffered by the telecommunications sector, but Martin Lu called attention to
something more serious; even before the cooling-off measures, this sector
suffered an extremely serious blow, when the resources of the National
Telecommunications Fund, which were intended to be used entirely for this

37



CONTENTS (Continued) Page
LATIN AMERICA
BRAZIL

Economist: Crisis Impends in Telecommunications Sector
(Odon Pereira; FOLHA DE SAO PAULO, 13 May 78) ...... 37

RADIOBRAS Inaugurates System Combining Three Stations
(JORNAL DO BRASIL, 13 May 78) secccesseccceseeeceees ho

Ericsson To Provide Technology for CPA Installation
(0 ESTADO DE SAO PAULO, 1 Jun 78) ..sesecceeeeeeeees Ad

GUYANA

‘GTC! Negotiates Computerized Maintenance System
(Courtney Gibson; GUYANA CHRONICLE, 22 Jun 7B) seeee 43

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
ETHIOPIA

New Radio Regional Transmitters
(THE ETHIOPIAN HERALD, 7 Jun 78) ..seesseseeceeceees dy

ZAMBIA

Telecommunications Program To Be Completed One Year Late
(TIMES OF ZAMBIA, 5 May 78) .secccecceecceeseeeccane 4s



To the call in the incoming register from the individual types of relay
sets, FIR-ZL-H, FIR-ZTV-Y, and FIR-TV-Y;

To the control of receivers MFC-KM-MFC during thé reception of two signal
frequencies of the prescribed level (basic technical specifications) with-
in the allowed tolerances;

To the control of the offering-signal receiver SPN according to the speci-
fications (basic technical specifications);

To the 2700-Hz offering-signal generators, from the viewpoint of the de-
sired level and also of the departure from the nominal frequency;

‘To the timing of the pulse repeaters;

To the timing of the automatic meassage accounting pulses, from the view-
point of their prescribed length and also of their proper assignment to the
appropriate relay sets;

To the control of the relay sets with permanent signaling, from the view-
point of the change of the signal channel's state, and of the pulse dura-
tion necessary to clear the relay sets;

To the control of the privilege time of the registers, dial senders, MFC
senders and repeaters.

In addition to these measurements, also the transmission characteristics
of the exchange were determined, namely:

The net loss of the overall connection and of the exchange's connection;
The attenuation distortion;

The crosstalk attenuation inside and outside the exchange;

The dissymmetry;

The return loss;

The noise level, measured both linearly and psophometrically;

The intermodulation distortion;

The group delay distortion.

All these measurements were performed according to the basic technical spe-
cifications, in both directions of the built connection, and the results

satisfy all the requirements formulated in the basic technical specifica-
tions.

30



We have not fully settled the basic problem of the composition of the plan
from the bottom to the top. .

The group of specialists who work out the plan is still insufficient.

Modernization, reconstruction and expansion of the physical plant and
other technical decisions are not completely provided with labor, material
and financial resources.

The system of criteria and indicators for assessing economic operations of
our divisions is still not complete.

As you can see there is still much to be desired in the planning techniques.

We must have a complete unity between the technical policy and planning.
In recent years there has scarcely been any talk of a nationwide technical
policy in the communications system, but rather a narrow departmental one.
At present we know much better than anyone what we want and where we must
go in technical terms. But, comrades, even the clearest technical policy
will only be an empty declaration or meaningless chatter if it is not or-
ganically intertwined in our long-range plans.

As is known, we do not sufficiently use science in determining the rate and
proportions in the development of communications. Instead of planning sci-
entifically, we intuitively guess, and for this reason in some places our
own forces are overestimated and in others underestimated. And here we have
a scientific potential and our own computer center.

Another weakness of ours is the fact that we give much greater significance
to the numerical indicators of the plan and neglect certain other essential
functions of it. Our plan, aside from all else, must be an active stimulator
or new ideas, original thoughts and modern production methods. And we have
neglected precisely this very important active and creative function of the
plan as the stimulator of progress in communications, to put it mildly.

What gives us the right to feel that how we have served the citizens 30
years ago is the best for them and that they are very content and that in
the same manner we must work and serve them in the next 30 years?

Our directors and chief specialists have still not assumed as their basic
official obligation the continuous disclosing of new requirements and the
continuous search for new methods to satisfy them.

All the leaders of the communications system must remember to bear in mind
that we judge their activities not only from their qualities as good exe-
cutors but also from their creative capabilities, their original ideas,

their bold and new creative decisions, and from the reasonable risk which

they assume in their daily work.

16



communications system. These personnel have been the heralds of the

party's party in the past, and they are doing so now. To what degree the

word of the party reaches each Bulgarian home depends upon the work and

upon the ability of our large collective. ;

I am profoundly convinced that the sons and daughters of those who in the
past dedicated their lives to the idea of communism will find in themselves
the strength to carry out the decisions of the National Party Conference.

The ranks of communications are strong and will not flinch. We are all
inspired by the spirit of April 1956 which finds its strongest affirmation
of its just vitality in April 1978.

These are the fruits of that enormous labor of the first leader of our
party and state, Comrade Todor Zhivkov.

Great tasks confront you. We have faced them and I urge you to steady
labor for the brilliant future of our beloved motherland, Bulgaria.

10272
cso: 5500



No one is stopping scientific daring, no one is restricting scientific
search, but we must not be so amateur. We need outside help for major
fundamental problems, but for the vitally important applied scientific
tasks we must find the solution ourselves.

The observations which the leadership of the ministry has indicate that
the NIIS possesses excellent personnel, true creators who burn with the
desire for active scientific practical work. However, there are no forces
which impede these noble motives. The leadership of the institute must
give serious thought and first disclose the reasons which are to be found
inside the very scientific administration of the institute, it must analyze
them self-critically and decisively eliminate them.

A green light must be given to creative thought, to the labor feats in the
scientific sphere and to the burning desire of the specialists to make
their practical contribution.

4, The Problems of Sofia

Up to now in repeated statements before the board and at meetings we have
outlined to you the policy of the leadership of the ministry on the organ-
ization and operation of the Bulgarian communications system. But in order
that the entire system can function most completely and correctly, the de-
velopment and operation of the communications system in the city of Sofia
hold a central place. On our policy we have the clear understanding and
support of the Council of Ministers, the department of the Central Com-
mittee and the party and administrative leadership of the capital. Again
I would like to state that our policy for the city of Sofia remains un-
changed for the future.

In the shortest period of time, the conditions of commuincations in the
capital must be changed, and this immediately will provide a favorable
effect for the entire communications system of the country.

An investment program is being drawn up for the development of communications
in Sofia up to the year 1980. But this is not enough. The fulfillment of
all the tasks which are found in this program requires a systematic, daily
and stubborn effort.

There is a lag in the research and design work of the projects under the
168th Directive of the Council of Ministers. But if the folk saying comes
true that the morning makes the day, this means that from now on the program
is doomed to failure.

For the Telekomplekt ISO, continued Comrade Vanchev, the construction of
the project in Sofia will be the touchstone for showing its viability and
effectiveness.

For 2 years now, our specialists have been working slowly and with many
hesitations and cannot choose an international telephone exchange for

18



After all these tests and measurements, the statistical tests were begun.
The Multicalltester equipment, automatic subscribers, subscriber sets, and
automatic switchboards ARM 201/4 were used for this purpose. An evaluation
of the results showed that the proportion of wrong-number calls was about
1.0 percent in the case of calls made through the ARM and the operating
equipment (P 51, PK, etc.), but only less than 0.5 percent in the case of
calls made solely through the ARM 201/4. These results satisfy not only
the specifications of the Czechoslovak telecommunications system but also
the recommendations of the CCITT.

Mechanical Control

According to the experience gained in Liberec, no less attention should
be devoted to this part of the acceptance test as to the electrical and
functional properties of the supplied equipment. The need for this is un-
derscored by the fact that the exchange uses, in addition to the various
types of relays, approximately 800 crossbar switches (depending on the size
of the capital construction project), and multirelays that previously have
not been used in the Czechoslovak telephone system. The state of adjust-
ment established at the commencement of the acceptance control does not al-
low us to disregard these mechanical parameters. This is again a question
of time, which is at a premium during the 30 days planned for acceptance.
Therefore it is recommended to conduct this control with a lead time of
two or three months, before the commencement of actual acceptance. This
allows the supplier to make the necessary corrections, without creating a
general bottleneck. Of course, the necessary personnel for this task must
be trained in due time. At the Liberec tandem exchange it became evident
that it is desirable to let at least one maintenance worker specialize in
the mechanical control and necessary adjustment of the new equipment.

In addition to the mentioned tests, controls and measurements, the voltage
losses on the saturation lines, the contact resistances and the quality of
the grounding were checked randomly. Furthermore, the temperature and rela-
tive humidity were monitored throughout the entire acceptance period in the
premises where the mechanical equipment was housed. Thé results of these
measurements satisfied the requirements of the basic technical specifica-
tions, and of the general Czechoslovak state norm.

Organizational Experience

Three organizations participated in the acceptance of the tandem exchange:
the Telecommunications Research Institute, the Service Laboratory of the
MTTU, Prague, and the Okres Communications Administration, Liberec. The
division of labor among these organizations was essentially such that it
was the duty of the Telecommunications Research Institute to guarantee the -
properties of the system, and therefore its workers performed primarily the
control of the basic technical specifications, including all the measure-
ments. ‘The functional, mechanical and other control and auxiliary work was
performed jointly by the workers of the Service Laboratory of the MTTU,
Prague, and of the Okres Communications Administration, Liberec. During

31



When we speak of materials and valuable materials, we cannot overlook
material supply as an important question for the communications system.

In order not to belabor this problem, I will use an example and you can
judge for yourselves.

During the period from 1974 to 1976, material and technical supply of com-
munications has purchased 4 million leva worth of unfinished and incom-
plete products from the enterprises of the Ministry of Electronics and
Electrical Engineering. This included switching, radio relay and multi-
plex equipment and for this thousands of dollars were required in order
to put it into service.

The Ministry of Electronics, continued Comrade Vanchev, is no longer in-
volved with this equipment and does not allocate foreign exchange for its
completion. We must allocate the foreign exchange, from our own reserves
which we do not have, and the question remains pending.

He stressed that the materials and raw products are not managed well, and
that in the warehouses there are numerous unused spare parts, nonferrous
metals and copper needed for cables.

A third element in the dialectical unity of the socialist organization is
the implements of labor which we use for providing communications services
and for communications construction. Everywhere that the physical plant of
communications is in operation, there must be a categorical obligation for
rapid introduction, complete assimilation and effective use of communica-
tions equipment for the sake of the main goal: effective and high quality
communications services.

The fixed capital of the Ministry of Communications is already approaching

1 billion leva. We cannot say that we have reached the limit in using our
physical plant and that we cannot achieve more from this. But there are
also concealed possibilities. One significant reserve for more fully utiliz-
ing telephone equipment is the connecting of the internal okrug telephone
systems to the national network during the nighttime hours.

The citizens would be satisfied, income would be received, but our spe-
cialists up to now cannot decide whether this proposal is promising.

Even in 1977, the task was posed for the specialists at the ministry whether
the central automatic telephone exchanges could be interconnected by radio
relay lines. The task was accepted, but a month later I was informed that
this could not be done and that it was expensive for Bulgaria, However,
none of the specialists made an analysis and did not competently prove

that this idea could not be realized and was economically disadvantageous.

Or the question of utilizing concentrators and which also was raised 2
years ago. In the advanced nations over this period a revolution has been

13



Then Minister Pando Vanchev spoke of certain oversights in communications
construction, the development of the rural telephone system, and of failures
in providing the citizens with telephone and parcel post services.

Will we allow ourselves, the workers, white collar personnel, specialists
and leaders of communications, with the great technical opportunities of
our system, to lag behind the other enterprises and sectors? This is the
great task which presently confronts us. The administrative leadership,

the okrug leadership, all the trade union organizations and all the local
trade union committees must involve the entire collectives in carrying out
the tasks posed by the National Party Conference, by the theses and spe-
cifically for our system, by the Enlarged Board Meeting of the Ministry of
Communications and affirmed at this plenum. For you are the people who will
carry out these tasks.

I wish you success in your work!

10272
CS0: 5500



maintenance, but we cannot claim that this knowledge has been gained
through instruction. What we know today is largely the fruit of individu-
al diligence, prompted by necessity and interest. This of course cannot
be regarded as a satisfactory way of ensuring the operation of such a large
investment as a tandem telephone exchange.

From the preceding paragraphs one might gain the impression that problems,
if any, occurred only among the operating personnel. This is not so, and
the above paragraphs are generally valid. By way of explanation we should
emphasize another important fact: the language barrier in cooperation be-
tween the supplier and the telecommunications workers. This problem proved
to have a very strong influence, even though there was an obvious effort on
both sides to make themselves understood. The official language was Ger-
man, but not all workers of either partner had a nearly perfect knowledge
of that language. The difficulties and frequent lengthy arguments, in co-
operation as well as in work on the documentation, were sometimes hard to
resolve. Therefore, knowledge of foreign languages must be taken into con-
sideration when selecting workers for acceptance, and particularly for
operation. At least a reading knowledge of German or English is essential.

Tests and Measurements

A group of five technicians from the Service Laboratory of the investor
(MTTU, Prague) was assigned to technical acceptance. The group was backed
up by six workers from the Okres Communications Administration in Liberec,
and by three workers from the Telecommunications Research Institute. This
was the key personnel for acceptance of the equipment. They performed the
technical measurements and functional tests, and also other control activ-
ity such as mechanical control, of the tandem exchange's technology (ARM
201/4) as well as of its power supply.

The technical acceptance team also established and tested all the appro-
priate circuits for the tests, including the link-up equipment such as the
DVk, DVn and TV 66 relay sets, the incoming and outgoing group selectors
for the P 51, the manual switchboards MZ 36 and MK 611 in Chrudim, and the
PK 202 simulator in Liberec. All this work was performed in its entire
scope during acceptance, as the need arose. To this fragmentary list of
activities, however, we must add a comment on the cooperation and willing-
ness demonstrated by the workers of the Administration of Long-Distance
Cables and repeater stations, particularly in Liberec, in establishing test
circuits, without which it would have been very difficult to test the func-
tioning of the tandem exchange.

All these generally listed activities that had to be ensured during the ac-
ceptance process are largely peculiar to the specific position of the’
Liberec tandem exchange. The fact that the Liberec tandem exchange is a
demonstration exchange resulted in an entirely peculiar method of testing.
For this purpose the Liberec tandem exchange was ideally divided into two
equal transit exchanges, with all the necessary equipment. One was the L
or Liberec part, and the other was the U or Usti nad Labem part. In this

28



of the so-called tie-in projects, i.e., the design and execution of the ne-
cessary technical modifications on the equipment (exchanges) working joint-
ly with the new tandem exchange. For this task, similarly as for the tan-
dem exchange itself, it was necessary. to prepare a feasibility study and
drafting problem. But unlike for the tandem exchange's technology, here
it was necessary to become acquainted practically with the complete state
of the entire telephone system, not only the Liberec tandem office but all
other switching centers with which the new tandem exchange was expected to
work in the future (the other tandem offices). It was not always easy to
prepare and ensure these conditions for cooperation. Despite the willing-
ness of the coworkers at the offices involved, it was often difficult to
determine the actual state of the local technology from the viewpoint of
the telephone system. Very often the planning and design documentation was
not up to date, and thus to a large extent it became necessary to verify
the state of the technology locally. This situation considerably compli-
cated the work of the MITU as the investor and elaborator of the drafting
problem, and also of the State Planning and Design Institute for Communica-
tions, Prague, that subsequently prepared the plans.

Construction of the tandem exchange with its new switching system, and its
incorporation into the telephone network obviously necessitated a new solu-
tion for the technical servicing and maintenance of the technology and cir-
cuits. Therefore a monitoring center was designed which takes into ac-
count, already in the tandem exchange's capital construction, central moni-
toring of the technology and circuits, including their record-keeping,
testing and measurement. The technical provisions for this were ensured
at the Liberec tandem exchange. At present, however, the monitoring cen-
ter's technology is incomplete, because items of equipment are still lack-
ing.

In addition to these purely technological chores, comprehensive preplanning
preparations were made for all the structural modifications that the con-
struction of the tandem exchange required. Similarly as in the preceding
stage of the preparations for the tandem exchange's capital construction,
many difficulties had to be overcome that stemmed from a lack of experi-
ence. The problems concerned particularly the securing of subcontractors
for the individual activities. A proportion of the problems in this re-
spect were resolved through the voluntary initiative and team help by of-
ficials of the investor and of the user (Okres Communications Administra-
tion). The lesson to be drawn from this fact is that such help should be
excluded as far as possible, by providing professional subcontractors.

Realization--Capital Construction of the Tandem Exchange

In this chapter belongs primarily the installation of the tandem exchange's
equipment. The Beloiannisz Telecommunications Factory, Budapest, performed
all the installation work with its own personnel. The supplier's staff of
about 45 workers alternated on the project. Their trades ranged from lock-
smith to test engineer. During roughly 19 months, they assembled and test-
ed the tandem exchange and its power supply equipment.

25



PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

BRIEFS

KIANCSI PHOTOTELEGRAPH SYSTEM--Starting from 1 May, single circuit photele-
graph installations have successively come into operation in Nanchang,
Kanchou prefecture, Chiuchiang prefecture, Fuchou prefecture, Ichun prefec-
ture, Chingkangshan prefecture, Shangjao prefecture, Chingtechen municipality
and Pinghsiang municipality. The Chiangfeng material plant and the Pinghsiang
municipal post and telecommunication bureau respectively successfully trial
produced the single circuit phototelegraph equipment last year. They are
currently producing the equipment in an attempt to provide the phototelegraph
equipment for all areas at or above county level in the province before the
end of this year. [Nanchang Kiangsi Provincial Service in Mandarin 1100

GMT 23 Jun 78 HK]

cso: 5500


INTER-ASIAN AFFAIRS

SALE OF TV PLANT TO CHINA HINGES ON DELETION OF IC FACILITIES
Tokyo KYODO in English 0459 GMT 23 Jun 78 OW

[Text] Tokyo June 23 KYODO--The government has reportedly advised three
electronics manufacturers vying to sell China facilities to produce color
television sets to modify or give up their plans because of Western military
concern.

According to government sources, the Ministry of International trade and in-
dustry (MITI), whose permission is necessary for the deal, advised the com-
panies that the Coordinating Committee for Export to Communist area (COCOM)
would probably block the sale of the TV plant to China because of its elec-
tronic circuitry production potential.

The plant export by either Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co. (TOSHIBA), Hitachi,
Ltd. or Matushita Electric Industrial Co., had been expected to be one of
the biggest single items under the eight-year private level Japan-China
trade agreement signed in Peking February 16.

COCOM, a 15-nation panel of NATO members and Japan that monitors technology
transfers to communist nations, approved a yen 2 billion sale by Hitachi
earlier this year of two weather forecasting computers to China after the
capacity of their memory devices was sharply reduced.

According to the sources, the color TV plant sought by Peking could produce
integrated circuitry useful in missile trajectory control systems. After
studying COCOM's present position and the Western international climate.
MITI concluded that the current plans of none of the three companies would be
approved, the sources added.

The ministry advised the firms to offer TV plants without integrated circuitry
production facilities, they said, but Peking insists that such facilities
be included in the deal.

The situation looks so unpromising that Toshiba and Hitachi have already re-
called their salesman from China, the sources said.

cso: 5500



made in introducing new equipment, but in Bulgaria during this time no
one has been able to work out this problem to a degree of a technical solu-
tion which is to be introduced.

The fixed productive capital is also ineffectively used in the radio and
television subsector, continued Minister P. Vanchev. Expensive transmitters
are operated only 4 hours a day as an average, and cannot cover even the
expenses for their maintenance. The leadership of the enterprise must show
greater tenacity over the leadership of Bulgarian radio and Bulgarian tele-
vision, and must seek out all hidden reserves. He described a case of how
over the period of several months the leaders had found a way to reduce

the control figures in the plan by 1.3 million leva, and immediately after
this, increased them by 1.3 million leva.

Such an approach to the work is not in accord with the requirements of the
party and government documents, continued Comrade Vanchev. This shows a
narrow departmental attitude by the leaders of this enterprise.

Other characteristic indicators of the ineffective use of the means of labor
are stoppages caused by damage done to communications equipment. The gen-
eralized data indicate that in 1977, the total down time of long-distance
communications caused by various failures amounted to 370,000 channel-hours.
In addition during the same year 86,000 state and private telephones were
disconnected.

Particularly dangerous are the emergencies and stoppages during peak moments
of the communications system.

When there is a peak, intense moment for our equipment and for the person-
nel operating it, their leaders are absent precisely then.

Of particular importance is the organization of the implements of labor
at the Telekomplekt ISO [?Engineering Organization for Complete Telecommuni-
cations Systems].

Due to objective and subjective factors, at the moment incomplete communica-
tions construction amounts on a planned basis to around 26 million leva.
This figure shows the great problem which confronts the leadership of our
construction organization.

Equally important is the problem of the stoppage of construction equipment.
During the 4 months of this year, the construction equipment of the Tele-
komplekt ISO for various reasons have been idled for more than 39,100
machine-hours. It is true that there are also objective reasons for the
stoppage of the equipment, but in spite of all of this the figure is high,
excessively high.

In emphasizing the great role which the brigade organization of labor must
play in communications construction, Minister Vanchev pointed out that the

14



We have said all of this before. We have spoken of defect-free work, of
order at the work areas, of the competition, of the saving of materials,

of discipline and the setting up of boards on which the names are written
of those who serve the citizens, and on public control.... What have we
not said. But what if we only talk of these things and do not obtain re-
sults? We cannot justify ourselves by the system as it is more special.
The system is a system. The citizens must be served and there must be high
quality services. How this will be done the directors of the okrug enter-
prises and the Sofia enterprises will say the best. Even if there is no
scientific institute, they are obliged to provide high quality services for
the population and not await a scientific organization, and each day they
see many more things than a scientific worker. What science is required
in order to maintain the A-29 selectors as they should be? Static occurs
in the cables where there are connections if they have not been well done,
or if the cable has been corroded or gotten wet, particularly when there is
plastic insulating. The sore points of our system are where there are con-
tacts: where the link is permanent there is no static and where it is
broken irregularities and static appear. These are elementary matters to
which we do not pay attention. If we clean one A-29 selector of dust care-
fully, everything will be in proper order, but if we do it roughly, we will
not have any connection. But when these jobs are performed, there is not
a leader at the work areas. The same is true, for example, at the central
offices. It is said that they have a pernicious influence on the proper
working order of the equipment in the communications system. But no one
would dare to say to the directors that they prevent savings! Because he
does not want to take a risk or disturb the calmness. But Comrade Todor
Zhivkov has spoken of reasonable risk. I feel that I am speaking to a
competent audience and can say that we are still developing our system.
For this undoubtedly millions of leva are needed, but we need most live
people who can gain from this system all that it is capable of. Let us not
forget that in 1979, all the information of our economy will pass through
the communications system. Then what will happen? And who will tolerate
thousands of disconnections? And with reason we will be held responsible.
In electrification penalties are paid, and the same will be imposed on us
for interrupted communications.

The glorious postmen. We are used to hearing this, and it is accurate for
the past. But they must also be glorious today. Let all become pacesetters
and advanced workers in our production and this will immediately be per-
ceived by the citizens. And this depends upon how we maintain our produc—
tion. For this reason operations are a very important process and for this
reason operations are the most important subsector in the Ministry of Com-
munications. Ideally you can plan and have an ideal organization, but if
you do not create an ideal organization for the maintaining of the equipment,
you will not do anything. Equipment does not tolerate weaknesses. And if
a person has weaknesses, then there are also weaknesses in the equipment .
Equipment is a very good servant, but a very bad master, when you neglect it
or do not want to work.



Central Committee and that the ministry is the servant of the individual
enterprise. If an enterprise raises.a question today, the ministry must
settle it tomorrow. The staff of the ministry cannot impede the enter-
prise in delaying or deferring the settling of its questions.

These valid words of Comrade Todor Zhivkov apply fully to our ministry
as well.

From the standpoint of the new requirements of the National Party Confer-
ence, it is essential to find optimum ties and relationships between the
ministry and its divisions, in improving the coordination and reciprocal
ties between the units of the ministry.

Then in his report, Minister Vanchev took up in detail the activities of
the development unit under the ministry as well as the executive and con-
trol systems. With particular sharpness he stressed the need of a deci-
sive improvement in the style and method of work, of abandoning formalism
in carrying out various checks, in changing over to profound analyses and
to conclusions and recommendations, and determining the dates for eliminat-
ing weaknesses. Only in this manner will there be a positive result from
the work of the control system.

Comrades, the decisions of the National Party Conference are confronting us.
But in order for us to feel their profoundness and significance, it is not
enough to merely study and analyze the published materials. Concrete deeds
are required, and a real contribution by each of us.

At present all the leaders of the communications system are confronted by
the great and responsible task of mobilizing the labor collectives to
carry out the tasks posed by the National Party Conference.

For example, in order for the ministry to achieve a rise of 5 percent in
social labor productivity over the control figures in 1979, a productivity
of 4,156 leva per person must be achieved, or a rise of 198 leva.

In 1980, however, social labor productivity must rise to 4,666 leva, or
we must obtain an increase of 406 leva per person.

After achieving all the qualitative and quantitative indicators under the
additionally posed quotas, in 1979, an average increase in the wage fund
per person will be attained of 87.30 leva for the ministry. But in 1980,
this figure almost doubles and is 168.83 leva per person.

As you can see, these are respectable figures which can be attained only
by very constant labor, enthusiasm and the complete use of the hidden re-
serves.

But where are these hidden reserves and how must we seek them?

20



TRANSLATIONS. ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY,
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
No, 44

JPRS 71423
7 duly 1978
|
|

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENTA
Approved ior Public Release
Distribution Uniimited

Reproduced From |
Best Available Copy

U. S. JOINT PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH SERVICE

REPRODUCED BY

NATIONAL TECHNICAL
INFORMATION SERVICE

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
SPRINGFIELD, VA. 22161

of



"GTC' NEGOTIATES COMPUTERIZED MAINTENANCE SYSTEM

Georgetown GUYANA CHRONICLE in English 22 Jun 78 p 9

{Article by Courtney Gibson]

[Text ]
THE Guyana
Telecommunication

Corporation is now
moving towards the
setting up of a
qualitative/ control
mace = system
encompass
both the preventative
and corrective ap-
proaches to maintenance

’ and which will make the

fullest use of computer
technology to ensure
that a high quality
service is provided
telephone subscribers.

This was told to the
Merriman Commission by
senior personnel of
the corporation at yester-
day’s sitting of the com-
mission in the Boardroom of
the Trade and Consumer
Protection Ministry.
According to the Corporation
officials the Maintenance
Control Centre is regarded as
the nerve centre of the
corporation’s operations.
And, it is with this in mind
that the maintenance control
centre was being oriented
around a computerised
system.

CSO: 5500

It was also explained to the
commission that the data
processing cards to ve used
in the new arrangements
have already been designed
and printed. In addition,
senior personnel attached to
the corporation are now
studying overseas with a
view to equipping them-
selves with expert knowledge
which will be demanded by
the computerised system.

The new arrangement, the
corporation officials ex-
plained, will at the same time
provide more work for the
corporation’s computer so
that it could justify its
existence.

At yesterday's sitting the

commissioners spent much
time examining the
organisational structure of
the Operations Division of
the GTC, and listening to
suggestions for im-
Provements in the structure
and for improved efficiency.

The commissioners ex-
Pressed some concern that
the Operations’ Manager
who is in charge of the crucial
aspects of the corporation’s
day-to-day functioning, was
not a member of the Board of
Directors and does not attend
board meetings. They
Promised to examine this
matter in greater detail at a
later date.

43

Ihe workers present felt
that there was need for more
trained personnel to cope
with the volume of work and
technology involved, better
communication between
management and _ non-
management workers, a curb
of absenteeism and un-
punctuality and a more

clearly defined approach to
the disciplining of em-
ployees.

A representative of the
Residential Sector of the
corporation’s operations
urged that technicians who
also drive corporation’s
vehicles should be paid a
commuted allowance instead
of an allowance according to
the number of miles they
drive.

A representative from the
commercial sector suggested
that there was need for
greater standardisation of
equipment purchased by the
GTC since the differences in
technology coupled with the
scarcity . of sufficiently
trained personnel poses
serious problems.

He suggested further that
technicians who are involved
in ‘the maintenance of
equipment should be con-
sulted) by management
before decisions to purchase
new equipment are made.

GUYANA

The commission was
scheduled to hear a report
from the corporation on its
findings based on complaints
made by University of
Guyana Lecturer, M.Z.
Kurtyka about his personal
experiences with the GTC
since his arrival in the
country last January.

However, the presentation
of that report was postponed
until today’s sitting of the
commission.


After this which was listened to with unflagging attention, the floor was
given to Comrade Krustyu Trichkov who took up the tasks which the party
and government are entrusting to communications in order that they meet the
new requirements and the needs of the national economy.

With this the board meeting concluded its work. The chairman of the TsKPS
who led the session thanked Comrade Trichkov for participating in the work
of the board meeting and for the valuable recommendations, and assured him
on behalf of everyone that the communications workers will devote their
strength, knowledge and ability in order to carry out the decisions of the
National Party Conference.

1oeT2
cso: 5500



BULGARIA

REPORT ON CONFERENCE OF MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATIONS
Sofia IMPULS in Bulgarian 23 May 78 p 1

{Unattributed report on the Enlarged Board Meeting of the Ministry of
Communications ]

[Text] The remarkable documents from the National Party Conference are
presently being reviewed throughout the nation. In light of the new re-
quirements, the worker collectives of all levels are making a sober re-
evaluation of all their previous work, they are reviewing its content, and
are searching for ways to enter new, brighter expanses for the developing
of creativity and initiative by each individual worker and the collective
as a whole.

The sense and content of the new party documents have been understood by
everyone, to move only forward at a pace worthy of our scale and corres-
ponding to the tasks of the moment. And this can be done only if we wel-
come the new and eliminate all that is an obstruction in daily work.

This was the spirit predominating at the Enlarged Board Meeting held on

19 May 1978 in the main hall of the STTS [?Sofia Telephone and Telegraph
Office]. Participating in its work were: The leadership of the ministry,
the bureau of the Central Committee of the Trade Union [TsKPS] of Communi-
cations Workers, the directors, party secretaries and chairmen of the uni-
fied trade union committees, and others. The honored guest of the session
was Comrade Krustyu Trichkov, candidate member of the Politburo of the BCP
Central Committee, the deputy chairman of the Council of Ministers and the
chairman of the Committee for State and People's Control.

The chairman of the TsKPS, Engr Yonko Chengelov opened the board meeting
with a brief introductory speech. He gave the floor to the Minister of
Communications, Engr Pando Vanchev who gave a truly remarkable report in
its profound analysis of the facts. The report provided a thorough evalua-
tion of the activities of the various divisions, of the characteristic weak-
nesses, and indicated the decisive role of the subjective factor.



Referring to the recent report of the BNDE [National Economic Development Bank],
Staub, quoting that report, made it clear that the electronics sector "is
composed of a great number of bidders, the majority of whom have foreign
control."

To demonstrate this contention (still according to the BNDE report), Staub
recalled that a sampling made with 30 companies producing electronic equipment
and components revealed that the billings of domestic companies amounted to
only 6.2 percent of the total in 1976. At the same time, net profit from
billings was 5.7 percent for domestic firms and allegedly 6.6 percent for
foreign companies.

Paulo Martinez Neto of Elebras S.A., who spoke during the morning, also giving
a view of the domestic businessman, said more ironically that domestic industry
holds only 4 percent of the market, corresponding, in truth, to an "estimating
error in the budget of the multinationals."

According to Staub, the foremost and greatest difficulty for the viability of
domestic industry lies in the distance between the government says and what
it does.

He recalled that, while the majority of developing countries throughout the
world insist that foreign companies meet a countless number of requirements
in order to do business within their territory, Brazil still continues to

require "only a simple registering of foreign capital in the Central Bank."

Proposals

As for foreign participation in Brazilian development, the businessman repeated
more than once that such participation is not only necessary but also welcome.
He believes, however, that there are at least three conditions for foreign
operations to be accepted in Brazil.

The first is strict selection of investments--and he cited the case of the
minicomputer transaction, led by Geicom, as a good example of that requirements.

The second is to obligate multinationals, when feasible, to operate in conjunction
with domestic capital. And, lastly, the multinational must agree to transfer
its technology to an unlimited extent.

Staub harshly criticized the current procedure for financing a domestic company.
Chiming in with his colleague Martinez (who spoke in the morning), he stated
that nowadays development banks require a guarantee of as much as 150 percent
for a loan. "That is, a loan is made to someone who already has resources,

and the wife's act of cosigning or personal possesions are worth more than
excellent ideas for the development of new technologies," he said.

He again spoke of Prof Gouveia de Bulhoes' recent proposal on changes in the
country's financial market and stated that the former minister's proposals
contain many solutions that could aid in making domestic industry viable.

8568
cso: 5500 39



installation work. A final condition was to test the functioning of the
tandem exchange as a whole, and its ability to work with the telephone sys-
tem's existing equipment.

The situation in Liberec was exceptional in this respect because it is the
first tandem exchange of this type in Czechoslovakia, and thus a demonstra-
tion tandem exchange. This meant that exhaustive tests and measurement had
to be made. Besides the Service Laboratory of the MTTU, Prague, as the in-
vestor, therefore, officials of the Telecommunications Research Institute,
Prague, also participated in the acceptance of the exchange. The latter
concentrated on the fulfillment of the basic technical specifications by the
supplier. Later they reviewed also all modifications of the ARM 201/4 sys-
tem's line equipment that were the subject of additional development at the
Beloiannisz Telecommunications Factory, the supplier. Jointly with the in-
vestor's technicians, they finally tested in detail both the internal func-
tioning of this system and its compatibility with the rest of the telephone
network.

Acceptance is one of the most demanding activities on capital construction
projects of this kind. It is demanding both technically and organizational-
ly. In view of the fact that only 30 days were planned for technical ac-
ceptance, this activity had to be planned in detail. Preparations in the
case of the Liberec tandem exchange were made well in advance, and yet much
was left to be desired for perfect acceptance. Experience showed that first
of all it is necessary to utilize all the possibilities provided by the con-
tract to ensure the participation of the customer's workers in the installa-
tion tests. Scant use was made of these possibilities in Liberec. The re-
sult was a shortage of time that could be solved only by working extended
shifts. From this experience we must derive for the subsequent tandem ex-
changes measures that will not completely eliminate the time shortage, in
view of the size of the equipment, but will significantly influence the ac-
ceptance itself as well as maintenance later on. The entire planned main-
tenance personnel and at least some technicians of the acceptance team
should participate in the supplier's installation tests. In this way they
will not only become acquainted with the procedures of the tests, which can-
not be performed exhaustively in the 30 days allowed for acceptance, but
will ensure in this manner also control of the supplier. We need not em-
phasize that this experience is especially important for maintenance. In
order to utilize this experience in practice, however, it is essential that
these workers be trained thoroughly before their assignment. By this we
mean theoretical as well as practical instruction in the system and its
functioning. We probably need not explain in detail why it is unconditional-
ly necessary to gain thorough knowledge of the documentation, namely of the
system's documentation and the planning and design documentation, and also
of the equipment itself, to permit necessary application in both directions:
the application of the documentation to the equipment, and identification
of the equipment inthe documentation. Such knowledge presupposes timely
training of the carefully selected personnel. So far as the maintenance
personnel at the Liberec tandem exchange is concerned, for example, we may
say that this personnel has the elementary knowledge necessary for

eT



NEW RADIO REGIONAL TRANSMITTERS

ETHIOPIA

Addis Ababa THE ETHIOPIAN HERALD in English 7 Jun 78 pl

Gfext]

Nine more radio regional transmitters are to be opened by

about early next year, Ato Yihunbelay Mengistu, Head of the
Educational Mass Media Service told the Herald here yester-

day.

The new radio regional transmitters
will be centred in Dessie, Mekelle, Bahr
Dar, Debre Markos, Gimbi, Robi, Ale-
maya and Asmara.

\According to the head of the media
service, so far educational radio pro-
grammes are being transmitted through
the Addis Ababa transmitter located at
Jimma Ber and Wolayita transmission
centre. The regions covered in the pro-
gramme are Shoa, Arsci, Sidamo, Gamo
Goffa, partially Bale and Kaffa. The
programme is being conducted in Am-
haris and English from Monday through
Friday to regular students below sixth
grade, Ato Yihunbelay noted.

Pilot Project

The Educational Mass Media Service
is also launching a non-formal adult
education programme in cooperation with
the Wolayita Agricultural Development
Unit (WADU) and tho Agri-service
Ethiopia. The programme will be con-
ducted in three Ianguages including
Wolayitn, Oromo and Amharic. The sub-
ject matters to be covered in this pro-
gramme are, according to the head of the
Mass Media Service, agricultural, health
and political education in cooperation

4420 hy

with the Ministries of Agriculture, and
Health and the Provisional Office for
Mass Organizational Affairs (POMOA).

“This is our pilot project,” he sald.
‘The afore-mentioned languages are select:
ed for the very reason that the languages
are widely spoken in the places where
the two transmitters are located.

He said that as far as formal education
goes, television programmes are also
beamed for students in and around Addis
Ababa, The programmes, which are be-
ing conducted on Monday and Wednes-
day evenings mostly tal with social
affairs, he stressed. However, the service
docs not give much attention for the
television programme for it treats a very
limited coverage.

Speaking about future plans, he said,
preliminary studies have already been
completed to open up seven regional
maintenance centres in the near future.
The establishment of these centres will
further strengthen the radio services the
media is rendering in the various regions.

The Educational Mass Media Service
is giving baste training in radio and TV
programme production and on-job tech-
nical training, it was learnt.



Progress of the installation work provided much information that can serve
as valuable experience for other projects of this kind. One of the most
important lessons is flexible cooperation between the technical inspectors
and the chief of installation. Here many of the problems can be pinpoint-
ed as they arise, and thus they can be resolved quickly, without formal
procedures based on entries in the construction log. This is one method of
practical friendly cooperation between partners.

Another example of interpreting this form of cooperation was that the Czecho-
slovak partner (customer) lent the supplier tools (saws, drills, etc.), which
created the conditions for a certain lead in the fulfillment of the planned
tasks. Progress of the installation work unquestionably was enhanced also
by the exemplary accomodations provided for all employees of the supplier,
and also by moving all deliveries to the construction site without delay.
Such transportation was provided primarily by the workers of the Okres Com-
munications Administration, Liberec. °

On the other hand we must appreciate the efforts of some of the supplier's
employees who learned various Czech words and expressions, whereby mutual
dialog between the Czech and the Hungarian personnel became easier.

Although the form of turnkey construction employed in Liberec produced sav-
ings in terms of Czechoslovak installation capacity, it also created certain
difficulties. The problems of providing accomodations and related services
were fairly considerable. But the greatest difficulty was in that the erm
ployed form of construction makes the customer dependent on the supplier.

If more-serious situations arise that cannot be resolved informally, the
customer has practically no way of having the arisen problem resolved on
the spot, because the supplier has final responsibility for the delivery
as a whole, by the specified time limit. For this reason there is no room
for possible comments, e.g., on the technical execution of the work, on the
quality of partial deliveries, on changes in the final plans, etc.

This form of construction unquestionably was necessary on the first tandem
exchange, but the gained experience shows that it is not the best form of
construction. On balance, however, it can be established that construction
of the Liberec tandem exchange was good. We should express our appreciation
to our friends and hope that the experience we gained in Liberec will be ap-
plied to the construction of other tandem exchanges in the future.

Technical Acceptance of the Exchange From the Supplier

A no less demanding activity in conjunction with the construction of the
tandem telephone exchange was technical acceptance of the equipment from
the supplier. The purpose of this activity was to exercise practical con-
trol over the performance of the tandem exchange, i.e., over the fulfill-
ment of the basic technical specifications agreed upon between the supplier
and the customer, over fulfillment of the project's specifications and, last
but not least, over the quality of the equipment supplied as well as of the

26



BULGARIA

MINISTER VANCHEV SPEAKS AT PLENUM OF COMMUNICATIONS WORKERS
Sofia IMPULS in Bulgarian 30 May 78 pp l, 2

[Speech by Engr Pando Vanchev, minister of communications at the Third
Plenum of the Central Committee of the Trade Union of Communications
Workers held on 26 May 1978; the speech is given in an abridged version]

[Text] A week ago we held an Enlarged Board Meeting, as we called it. In
essence, it was a national conference which thoroughly examined all ques-
tions. At present in using the words of Comrade Todor Zhivkov that there
must be a prompt direct intervention, we must begin sharply to act in order
to alter the situation. And immediately another question arises: should
we not begin theorizing on planning, the socialist organization and the
brigade organization of labor. But in essence we in practical terms do
nothing. The socialist organization of labor and planning must be mentioned,
but rather we should do something and stop talking. Let us examine, for
example, the actual setting of standards. What standards are required at
the rayon communications station at Trun in order to clean the corridors
and to eliminate broken locks? And what standards are required at the rayon
station in Khisarya to make the telephone operators polite to the citizens?
A standard is one thing, that is to work with a living person and he must
become what he must be. Again let me quote the words of Comrade Todor
Zhivkov: There is no doubt that we will build all the plants which we have
planned, that we will build all the projects which we have planned, that

we will build all the housing which we have planned, and again we will in-
crease the fixed capital of Bulgaria. This will be done. But I am inter-
ested in what man will become. In the same manner he is created and born
both in the capitalist and the socialist world. After he is born, he be-
comes one thing in one system, and another in the other. How, according

to each system, man will be created and adapted to carry out those things
which must be done depends solely upon the leaders, that is, upon what
situation is created, what order will be created and what measures will be
taken. But in order to speak of these questions, one must be among the
people. We must have daily and hourly contact with the production collec-
tives where our questions concerning communications are determined. Lament-
ably in certain instances we hear this, we understand it at the moment we
are in this room, and after leaving it we continue to work as we did before.



The leadership of the ministry gives particular attention to our foreign
exahange earnings.

By 30 April, the ministry had fulfilled its foreign exchange plan for the
socialist countries by 140 percent, and by 127 percent for the nonsocial-
ist countries.

The National Party Conference posed as a task a 15 percent increase in

the foreign exchange earnings. We will fulfill and overfulfill this goal,
but all the reserves have still not been disclosed. These reserves are

to be found in international telephone and telegraph communications, postal
communications, the sale of philatelist articles and so forth.

3. Science in Practice!

It is impossible to speak about the socialist organization of labor and
planned leadership of the economy without emphasizing the decisive role
of science. Our institute has a long history and a good physical plant.

At the enlarged board meeting at the NIIS [Scientific Research Institute
for Communications], I stressed that 40 years ago communications had cre-
ated the institute, but now the institute must create the communications
of the nation. This means that it must be concerned with practical com-
munications problems.

We cannot speak seriously of new methods and approaches in planning if we
do not have a sound scientific support from the institute. What will our
engineering plans be if out scientific workers disregard them?

Can we speak of scientifically based standards, conditions or norms without
the involvement of science in their elaboration? What is the share of the
institute in solving practical problems? Without being impolite and saying
none, we must say insignificant. I do not recall our board or operations
department being concerned with demanding that the scientific workers intro-
duce the applied assignments worked out by them.

Up to now there has been no such instance.

The reverse is correct, that we request, we demand and remind. How long
will we speak in different languages? The data indicate that from 1967

up to the present the NIIS has worked out many subjects, some 356, but less
than one-half of them has been introduced in practice. At the same time
the costs of running the institute have increased and at present they
amount annually to around 1.4 million leva. Unfortunately the 12 scientific
subjects reported on each year as an average do not produce an economic ef-
fect which would cover the costs of the institute, and if we abandoned it
to support itself, it would fail.

17



HUNGARY

TELEVISION'S INFORMATION, MASS POLITICAL ROLE INCREASES
Budapest MAGYAR NEMZET in Hungarian 16 May 78 p 4

fi Report on the festival in Miskolc, by Gabriella Locsei: "The Informa~

tion Role of Hungarian Television Increases"; passages in slantlines in
italics in original]

Ll! Text_/ During the second half of the TV festival in Miskole, the same
topic was discussed by everyone, the role TV plays in information and
mass politics, Did it become perhaps an ingrained habit to search and
examine the mass communicational character of TV during these late
Winter days in Miskolc? Hardly. It was not maniacal compulsion but
ideological responsibility and professional honesty which induced the
participants of the festival - audience, newspaper reporters, TV co-
workers, politicians ~ to examine and clearly define how TV can correctly
inform its nationwide audience/about international news, events of na~
tions/, This was the theme of a professional debate on TV news service
and TV reporting which was opened Sunday afternoon, with a speech by
Gyorgy Marvanyi, TV news service coworker. This was discussed, in a
report containing statistical data, by Dr Tamas Szecsko, director of
the Mass Communication Research Institute.

Discussing the mass political significance of TV, Tamas Szecsko termed
it a definitive historical accident that the beginning of TV use, in
Hungary, coincided with the consolidation after 1956. He considers it
the consequence of this fact that the Hungarian audience evaluates poli-~
tics by the television and, inversely, evaluates television by the poli-
tics. According to the most recent surveys by the Mass Communication
Research Institute, the audience, in general, is satisfied with the in-
formation service of TV. In contrast, statistics on audience response
indicate a/drop in the rating of entertainment programs/, In evaluating
these data, one must not forget that there is a close relationship be-
tween mass politics and entertainment. Those who state that the quality
of TV entertainment programs decreased are inclined to also state that
the level of all TV programs decreased. The mass political effect of TV
cannot be narrowed down merely to the effect of informative and poli-
tical programs.

3h



The surveys of the Research Conter also inform on the place and ranking
of TV among the information media, press, radio. In terms of speed, radio
still outranks TV. With respect to color, interest, reliability of data,
informational detail, however, TV is gradually outranking radio and the
press.

The political role of TV, however, is influenced not only by these ad-
vantages -- its speed, sightliness, etc. -~ but also by the degree to
which its programs become dialogues with the audience. The sometimes
indirect, sometimes very real dialogue established between TV and its
audience is effective only if TV is intimately acquainted with its
audience. Every producer of the programs must fit himself into the state
of mind, level of knowledge, view of life which characterizes his view-
ers at the given moment. In conclusion, Tamas Szecsko indicated that TV
ean effectively fulfill its mass political role only if, quoting Lenin's
words, it propagandizes, agitates and organizes.

During the discussion following the lecture, Karoly Grosz » departmental
head, Central Committee of the MSZMP, also spoke. He stated that, as a
whole, he is satisfied with the work of TV; Hungarian TV prepares high
level and good programs. Among the excellent programs, however, there
can be found, at times, programs which entertain in accordance with con-
servative tastes. With respect to the informative work of TV, he stressed
that the programmers must take into account that Ahere is an increase in
the people's sense of reality/throughout society. There is a continually
increasing interest in economic and foreign policy matters. In contrast,
it must also be recognized that there is no decrease in the dimensions
of a layer totally indifferent to social matters.

It is an irrealistic assumption, however, that there will be a TV which
pleases the entire nation. Neither the societal nor the political pre-
requisites are present for this. The critical comments aimed at TV are
/gaiding pointers/ both for politics and TV.

A development in the right direction can be noted in the information
service of TV. The political fortitude of the creators increased and TV
realized the institutional democracy in its programs. The ratio of the
programs is also satisfactory, in general, retaining the current open-
ness of the program structure. The one thing TV should pay attention to
is to fit fewer comercial films in its program. On the other hand, it
is the task of TV to gradually eliminate the societal differences exist-
ing in informed awareness, through its program policy.

As president of the Miskolc Festival jury, Karoly Grosz also mentioned in
his comments that, in viewing the festival films, he regretfully noted
that, while there was an increase in the political consciousness of the
TV workers, their professional development is not nearly satisfactory.
Politically well-conceived topics are ruined because of professional
errors. Another great task of TV is to develop the professional culture

35



CZECHOSLOVAKIA

FIRST TANDEM TELEPHONE EXCHANGE SYSTEM DESCRIBED
Prague TELEKOMUNIKACE in Czech No 3, Mar 78 pp 33-36

[Article by Josef Kriz, Service Laboratory of the International and Inter-
urban Telephone and Telegraph Exchange, Prague: "Fraternal Cooperation by
the Builders of the Tandem System"]

[Text] In Czechoslovakia the first tandem telephone exchange equipped with
an [Ericson] ARM 201/4 system was commissioned in Liberec at the end of
1977, in ceremonies attended by Engr Vlastimil Chalupa, CSc, federal minis-
ter of communications. He dialed the first call from Liberec to Prague.
But the ceremonies were preceded by years of intensified effort in which
technicians of practically all trades, economists, investment administra-
tors, designers, blue-collar workers and test engineers took part. Some
idea of the scope of this work can be gained if we consider that the total
cost was about 70 million korunas and that work on the Liberec tandem ex-
change as a whole began in early 1973. These were years of intensive work
by the participating organizations: the Foreign-Trade Enterprise for Pre-
cision Engineering Products; the Technical Center for Communications,
Prague; the North Bohemian Communications Directorate, Usti nad Labem;

the Okres Communications Administration, Liberec; the Directorate of Com-
munications Construction, Prague; the State Planning and Design Institute
for Communications, Prague; the Administration of Long-Distance Cables,
Prague; the Telecommunications Research Institute; the organizations of
the foreign suppliers, the Budavox Telecommunications Foreign-Trade Company
and the Beloiannisz Telecommunications Factory, both of Budapest; and
other domestic and foreign subcontractors. This entire complex of build-
ers was directed by the responsible investment organization of the branch,
the MTTU (International and Interurban Telephone and Telegraph Exchange),
Prague.

The significance of this investment project's successful completion lies
not only in that it marks a milestone in telephone switching in Czechoslo-
vakia, but also in that this was the first time in the history of commun i-
cations that cooperation by individual organizations developed on such a
scale. The investment project gradually required the participation of
ever-newer specialists, ranging from construction experts to translators

23



/

é

JPRS.-71423

TRANSLATIONS ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY,
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT y

y+ 7 duly 1978

No. 44.
ConTENTS Pace
ASIA
INTER-ASIAN AFFAIRS
Sale of TV Plant to China Hinges on Deletion of IC
Facilities
(KYODO, 23 Jun 78) cscccescsccccccsecccuccccvccecesece 1
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
Briefs
Kiangsi Phototelegraph System 2
EASTERN EUROPE
BULGARIA
Minister Vanchev Speaks at Plenum of Communications Workers
(IMPULS, 30 May 78) .ecceccescccccccccuvctsvcesseuecs 3
Report on Conference of Ministry of Communications
(IMPULS, 23 May 78) cccsccccecceccccececceceececeesecs 6
Minister Exposes Weaknesses in Communications
(IMPULS, 23 May 78) .ccccceccccecceccuceseececevsecees 8
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
First Tandem Telephone Exchange System Described
(Josef Kriz; TELEKOMUNIKACE, Mar 78) ....csecseeseeece 23
HUNGARY
Television's Information, Mass Political Role Increases
(Gabriella Locsei; MAGYAR NEMZET, 16 May 78) ......... 3h
-a- [III -. INT - 140]



Brazilians, as well as the most effective manner for transferring the
technology.

Advantages

According to the experts, the operational facilities of a CPA, telephone
exchange that does not require telephone operators for its operation, are
observed from the time of their installation, as they occupy less space and
have a noncompact structure. The CPA is assembled in a “modular” manner,

that is, using separate pieces, which makes it possible to replace a defective
component immediately. "It is more expensive to build a CPA than a conventional
exchange, but its maintenance is much cheaper," the experts explain.

In addition to its technical advantages, the CPA installation provides
conveniences for the users. The exchanges will be equipped to offer services,
such as intercepting and transferring calls, upon request by subscribers.
This means that, upon leaving and not having anyone to answer the telephone,
the interested party can call the telephone exchange and ask for his number
to be intercepted, indicating the number at which he can receive calls. This
will be an automatic procedure without intervention by the operator, since
the storage unit is electronic and receives the subscriber's instructions
directly, registering the request in its memory bank.

Sao Paulo

The first controlled telephone exchange for storage program will be installed
in Sao Paulo in December. "There will be two units for controlling the tele-
phone exchange,” the experts explained. "One is the brain that stores
information and directs the rest of the system through computers; the second
unit, computer-programmed, transmits the requests of the computers through
electro-electronic components. "

8568
cso: 5500

he



BRAZIL

RADIOBRAS INAUGURATES SYSTEM COMBINING THREE STATIONS
Rio de Janeiro JORNAL' DO BRASIL in Portuguese 13 May 78 p 15

[Text] Minister of Communications Euclides Quandt de Oliveira inaugurated
yesterday in Itaoca, Sao Goncalo, a new broadcasting system combining, with
a single antenna, the Radio Nacional, Ipanema and MEC [Ministry of Education
and Culture] stations, belonging to RADIOBRAS [Brazilian Radio-telegraphic
Company]. That is the only arrangement in the world that combines three
100 kw broadcasting stations; there is a similar one in the United States,
with less power.

According to the minister, in using this system it is not the RADIOBRAS
intention to compete with other broadcasting stations. It wishes only to
serve as an example, a "guinea pig," through which the Ministry of Transporta-
tion can derive norms to be followed by private stations. As an example, he
cited the requirement that 50 percent of the programming must include
Brazilians, which have good results in the case of Radio Nacional.

Amazon River Region

Minister Quandt de Oliveira unveiled the commemorative plaque and cut the
symbolic ribbon. Following that, Rio de Janeiro Cardinal Dom Eugenio Sales
blessed the facilities. Indalecio Nogueira Diogenes, director of RADIOBRAS,
made the first speech, emphasizing the priority his firm is giving to the
Amazon River Region.

He advised that the Macapa station will be inaugurated at the end of June and
that, by the end of the administration, those of Tabatinga, Cruzeiro do Sul,
Sao Gabriel and, possibly, Tefe will be handed over. In addition, this year,
RADIOBRAS will incorporate Radio Rural, which belongs to the Ministry of
Agriculture.

The minister of communications said that the broadcasting stations belonging
to the government are serving as a "guinea pig” and that the inclusion, in
the new telecommunications law, of the requirement that 50 percent of the
programming must be Brazilian music was tested at Radio Nacional in view of
comments that such a requirement would reduce the number of listeners. He
added that, in the case of Radio Nacional FM, the programming is 100 percent

Brazilian and even that did not lessen its popularity.

8568 ho

cso: 5500



We have not fully solved the problems concerning the most rational use of
live labor.

Here is a case of the telephone payment office at the STTS [?Sofia Telephone
and Telegraph Office].

In 1976, here the personnel numbered 104 persons, of which 80 were cashiers,
19 inspectors and 5 in the leadership. At that time they carried out all
the work related to the collecting, accounting and controlling of the tele-
phone fees in the capital.

In order to make it easier for the citizens, I ordered that the payment of
the fees be carried out at the post offices.

The instructions were to also reduce the personnel at the telephone payment
office proportionally to the reduced work, because according to the labor
standards for these activities 18 persons of listed production personnel
were required.

However, what happened?

The telephone payment office was released completely of its obligations to
collect the regular telephone fees. But this year, as unbelievable as it
may sound, the personnel of the telephone payment office, in spite of the
fact that a large portion of its work had been taken away, grew to 106
persons. In addition, cashiers at 108 Sofia post offices were added, and
they do not receive additional remuneration for this work.

A year ago the leadership of the STTS was instructed to eliminate this
anomaly. But is the leadership of the enterprise to blame? Why did not
the corresponding services at the ministry give orders to reduce the staff
according to the labor standards?

Comrade Vanchev took up in detail the case of an express telegram which
Comrade Slaveyko Velkov sent from the village of Dolna Kovachitsa in
Mikhaylovgrad Okrug to his spouse in Sofia and which announced the death
and burial of his mother. The telegram was delivered on the following day
at 1000 hours.

A check established, continued Minister Vanchev, that the telegraph messen-
ger was not to blame. It was completely a question of technology which
did not stop the messenger from taking the telegram home, keeping it over-
night and returning it to the post office on the following day, regardless
of its content.

Immediately the question arises of what is being done by the director of
operations and support of the postal system Stoyadin Petkoy and the spe-
cialists around him? What is being done by the director, the administra-
tive, party and trade union leadership of the Sofia Post Office in order
that similar errors do not happen in their work?

10



The brigade form for the organization of labor can be introduced in all
the communications subsectors including telegraph and telephone, post,
radio and television, motor transport, and so forth.

In applying the brigade form for the organization of labor, specific fea-
tures will appear. For example, at one ATTs it is possible to consider as
a brigade all the personnel serving the exchange, including also the per-
sonnel maintaining the cable system. In this manner the wages of everyone
will be linked to the end results of the work of the entire ATTs. This
will create opportunities to unite the collective, to seek out reserves,
to improve the quality of telephone services and to achieve a maximum
effect from the operation of the equipment. The telehphone brigades also
must include the technical maintenance personnel so that there is a collec-
tive incentive to achieve the results.

The leadership of the ministry feels that the brigade organization in the
communications sector must be introduced by a thorough study of all the
specific problems. During the beginning of the second 6 months of this
year, we must begin experimenting with it at certain enterprises such as
the STTs, the Sofia post office, and the okrug communications administra-
tions in Plovdiv, Veliko Turnovo, Varna and elsewhere, and on the basis of
the obtained results introduce it in the entire communications system.

It is very important even at the outset, in organizing the brigades, to
ensure the most suitable structure and to make a careful selection of their
personnel. This is essential because the prigade organization of work has
a qualitatively new content. It completely encompasses and links the work
methods and the end results with labor renumeration.

It is pleasing to note that many people are already thinking about this
question, including specialists and leaders. The rayon communications
office in the town of Lom is making the first step, in converting to the
brigade form of work. Their example must be followed by all our divisions

and groups.

Another question which the party conference examined was the question of
the saving of materials, raw products, fuel and energy in our national
economy. The subjects of labor and the valuable materials of communications
are the wealth of the people, and we are obliged as good managers to safe-
guard them, to save them and consume them thriftily.

But what do the data show?

In 1977 alone, in the divisions of the Ministry of Communications, material
losses occurring because of the most different factors amounted to more than
1.15 million leva.

This unpleasant fact shows that in our system there still are isolated
phenomena which run counter to the spirit and ideas of the July Plenum of
the BCP Central Committee.

12



BIBLIOGRAPHI: A 1. Report No. 2. 3. Recipient's Accession No.
SHEET jc DAT JPRS 71423
4. Tile and Subticle > 5. Report Date
TRANSLATIONS ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY, RESEARCH 7 July 1978
AND DEVELOPMENT, No. 44 6.
7. Author(s) 8. Rerforming Organization Rept.
‘ lO.
19. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Project/Task/Work Unit No.
Joint Publications Research Service
1000 North Glebe Road 11. Contract /Grant No.
Arlington, Virginia 22201
12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address ~ 13. Type of Report & Period
Covered
As above
14,

15. Supplementary Notes

16. Abstracts

People's Republic of China, Sweden, and the Netherlands.

This serial report contains translations from the world press and radio relating
to worldwide political, economic and technical developments in telecommunications,
computers, and satellite communications. Coverage will be worldwide with focus
on France, Federal Republic of Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, the USSR,

17. Key Words and Document Analysis. 17a. Descriptors

Worldwide

Computers

Satellite Communications

Electronics and Electrical Engineering
Telecommunications

Telemetry

W7b. Identifiers /Open-Ended Terms

Me. COSATI Field/Group Q9B, C, F, 17B, 22B

18. Availability Statement 19.. Security Class (This 21. No. of Pages
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principal task of this team was to study the network, elaborate optimal
solutions, and direct the work in the individual offices so that the re-
quirements of the tandem exchange would be met on time, without service
interruptions. Coordination and management of the individual projects
proved expedient.

The bulk of the work in providing new circuits rested on the Okres Admi-
nistration of Long-Distance Cables, Usti nad Labem, together with the Ad-
ministration of Long-Distance Cables, Prague. They ensured the construc-
tion of new groups. In a number of instances it became necessary to re-
allocate the primary groups. This was done by the cooperating repeater
stations, practically without any interruption of service. Most of this
work was done by the employees of the repeater station in Liberec.

Conclusion

This article presented, in condensed form, general information about the
course of the entire capital construction project of the first tandem ex-
change in Czechoslovakia, built within the framework of the program to pro-
vide dial telephone service throughout the entire republic. In the commu-
nications branch this was the first large investment realized through mu-
tual cooperation between Czechoslovakia and Hungary. As the first tandem
exchange in the new ARM 201/4 system within the Czechoslovak telephone net-
work, the Liberec tandem exchange is an important milestone in the history
of telecommunications. It was built and placed in operation after years
of intensified work by the collective of Czechoslovak and Hungarian tech-
nicians who were imbued with enthusiasm for the successful completion of
their joint effort. The time has now come when this new tandem exchange
will start paying interest, not only in terms of operation but also of the
gained experience that can be applied to improve and facilitate similar
projects for the construction of other exchanges in the telecommunications
network.

1014
cso: 5500

33



In the first place, the discrepancies must be eliminated in the dates for
putting new exchanges and networks into operation. They must be completed
simultaneously.

Secondly, the connecting circuits between the automatic telephone exchanges
must be built and brought up to the standard.

Thirdly, the directions for the development of rural telephone communica-
tions must conform to the directions of economic development in the indi-
vidual settlements and rayons.

Fourthly, to put the capacity of the long-distance automatic telephone ex-
changes into full operation.

Fifthly, to sharply improve the quality of the long-distance telephone calls
handled.

Sixthly, to multiplex all the existing cable lines and radio relay lines.

Seventhly, to accelerate technical progress and new technology in the
operation of telephone communications. To overcome the disproportion be-
tween the channels and lines of the long-distance automatic telephone ex-
change, during the present year the necessary switching equipment must be
installed and the system normalized.

Eighthly, all measures are to be taken for constructing the automatic inter-
national telephone exchange in order to ensure the development of inter-
national telephone communications and their automation.

The reorganization of the Ruse Relay and Broadcasting Equipment Enterprise
(PRPS) must also be set as.a goal.

Then Minister Vanchev outlined the immediate tasks which must be solved by
the Board: The network for data transmission, the construction and modern-
ization of communications facilities in Sofia, supplying the necessary
cables, building a long-wave transmitter, and so forth. The deputy min-
isters and directors must work up the appropriate proposals and submit them
for review.

Here we cannot take up all the specific tasks, he continued, which arise
from the decisions of the Party Conference. The board of the ministry is
to approve measures for fulfilling the conference decisions. At present
all the leaders of the communications system are confronted with the great
and responsible task of mobilizing the labor collectives to carry out the
aims posed by the National Party Conference.

Comrades, glorious are the deeds of the postal workers and our employees

who work in communications. Excellent Bulgarians have readily dedicated
their life and their youth for better working conditions and for a better

al



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enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
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original but have been supplied as appropriate in context.
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TELECOMMUNICATIONS PROGRAM TO BE COMPLETED ONE YEAR LATE

Lusaka TIMES OF ZAMBIA in English 5 May 78 p 7

[Text]

CAPITAL budget
cuts by the Govern-
ment and lack of
local finances have
affected the K75
million telecommu-
nications develop-
ment programme
geared to decong-
est various ex-
changes and set up
microwave links to
every province in
the country.

This was disclosed in
Kitwe yesterday during
the visit by Mr Dinshaw
Joshi, a telecommuni-
cations expert from the
World Bank, when he
visited the new Kitwe

exchange.
The programme, which is
now expected to be com-

pleted in 1980. a year later
than planned, involves che
introduction of new 9,000
lines to Kitwe local ex-
change, group ‘switching
centres in Kitwe aNd Lusaka
and microwave links be-
tween Luanshya/Lusaka,
Chipata, Lusaka/Mongu and
Mumbwa/Mongu.

45

The World Bank has given
a loan of K25.6 million for
the project -while K17
million, was expected from
the ‘Zambian Government to
cover local costs and K26
million from the Posts and
Telecommunications Cor-
poration,

Mr Joshi, who was ac-
companieg by PTC director
of telecommuniactions, Mr
Swatulani  Mubthali said

as far as the World Bank
was concerned, the pro-
gramme was going on
smoothly, although " pro-
blems of local finances to
cover local costs would
delay its completion,

As a result other projects
within the programme
would be shelved tempora-
Tily because of material
shortages or delays in re-
ceiving equipment . from
overseas suppliers due to
foreign exchange problems.

The World Bank is speci-
fically involved in. the
construction of 35 exchanges
and group switcning centres
Which would cost K10.4
million, while long distance
microwave links would cost
K12 million and the remain-

der of the money would be
used for other equipment.
“I am satisfied with the
way the programme ‘is being
carried out from the World
Bank point of view but it
is the local curfency prob-
lem which is contributing to
the delay in completing the
Programme,” said Mr Joshi.

ZAMBIA


way it was possible to mutually test two tandem exchanges of: the ARM 201/4
system, directly or with the intervening equipment of the original Czecho-
slovak technology. This method of testing was exceptionally demanding on
the cooperating central offices and their equipment. Furthermore, such
connection permitted tandem operation and testing in so-called large loops
when, for example, the outgoing relay sets of the U part were linked
through the appropriate Czechoslovak trunk relays and possible repeater sta-
tions, to the relay sets of the incoming ARM at the L part. And then in
the normal manner through the LP (line-link frame) of the ARM to the de-
signated central office (SMTO, OUTO, OMTO, etc.) in Liberec or Usti nad
Labem. In the loop tests the supplier's test equipment, the so-called
Multicalltester, was used with good results. This is essentially an auto-
matic active subscriber that generates ten calls simultaneously. At the
terminal to the target central office it calls a passive equipment in which
all ten called numbers are set. By simple comparison, when the called and
the set numbers agree, the passive equipment signals back that the call
has been answered. With such equipment, designated the STPR, it is then
possible to evaluate the total number of calls, and the number of correct
and wrong-number calls.

This equipment was used for actual testing, but mostly for the statistical
tests. In addition, ten sets of the Czechoslovak-made Automatic Subcriber
TE-KA also were used in the tests. This equipment functions in such a way
that from a subscriber's extension phone it calls itself, or it reacts to
the standard tone (800 Hz) transmitted by a remote passive automatic sub-
scriber, which is then evaluate as an aswered call. It should be emphasized
that this equipment requires modification to work with a remote automatic
passive subscriber. The use of the mentioned Multicalltester or of the ten
domestic automatic subscribers creates favorable possibilities for detecting
possible undesirable dual connections.

As mentioned earlier, this equipment was used primarily for functional
tests. For the other partial functional tests we used also the STPR-MFC
equipment, or the supplier's dial or single-purpose equipment, with sub-
scriber telephone sets.

The electrical parameters were checked almost exclusively with the measur-
ing instruments of the Telecommunications Research Institute, because the
instruments that the investor had ordered were not yet available at that
time. Here it will be necessary to adopt measures to ensure that measur-
ing equipment will be available for future acceptance tests, in which the
Telecommunications Research Institute will not participate on the same
scale as now.

Attention in the measurements was devoted primarily to the following:

To the KSD dial senders where the pulse duration, pulse spacing and pulse
separation were controlled;

To the control of the nominal levels of the MFC senders KS-MFC, specifical-
ly to the level at the crosspoint;

29



sector, were incorporated in the National Development Fund and used to
subsidize other sectors, thus diminishing the return of the total received.
This occurred precisely on 20 May 1974 by resolution of the CDE [Economic
Development Council] and, therefore, before the cooling-off measures.

The University of Sao Paulo economist admits, however, that the critical
situation in which this sector finds itself will enable it to re-evaluate
its growth rate, which was very high up to that time--about 24 percent per

year.
Impact

In reality, the study that economist Martin Lu summarized for all the
participants of this panel discussion had another objective: to measure
the impact investments in the telecommunications domain are having on the
industrial sector, and on this alone (excluding the primary and tertiary
sectors) and considering the impact only in relation to its internal effect,
that is, without considering the role of the new terminal in the development

of new business.

The result is significant; every cruzeiro invested in construction of
telephone terminals generates 1.48 cruzeiros. That ratio was obtained on
the basis of a study that evaluated the 58 Brazilian industrial sectors
according to the definition of the IBGE [Brazilian Institute of Geography
and Statistics] and rated the level of their influence through their invest-
ment in the telecommunications sector.

The figure is high. To give an idea, the highest of all generates 1.9 centavos
per cruzeiro, and the lowest yields 1.03 centavos per cruzeiro.

The same figure places the communications sector among a group of 23 sectors,
out of the total of 58, which have the greatest impact on the intersectoral
relationship, when stimulated.

The conclusion is the same: a drastic and sharp decline in telecommunications
investments will have a double effect, It can lead to semicollapse in the
communications of large cities and, certainly, cause a crisis in at least 18
industrial sectors--those that are more stimulated to produce, provided that
a new telephone is manufactured in Brazil.

Discontent of Business People

The coordinated action of countless number of federal organizations that
intervene in the telecommunications policy, the selection of foreign invest-
ments, and market reserve for the domestic businessman were just three of
the nine proposals that businessman Eugenio Staub of EGB-Control presented
yesterday at the Seventh Telebrasil Panel Discussion, emphasizing that he
was speaking as a domestic private businessman and would confine his remarks
to the "Development of the Electronics Industry Using National Capital and
Technology."

38



and interpreters. During the performace of their tasks, of course, the
briefly listed participants in the construction of the first automatic
telephone exchange in Czechoslovakia encountered an entire series of diffi-
culties that had to be resolved on a day-to-day basis. The problems that
arose for organizational, technical, language or other reasons often seem-
ed insoluble, but in the end all of them were resolved. The lack of ex-
perience naturally meant that interplay among the investment, technical
and service organs of the branch was not alway optimal, but this was due
to specifics of the professional activities and of the mentioned organs'
competence. Nevertheless this extensive cooperation proved realistic and
produced an abundance of experience that should be utilized on the construc—
tion of similar installations.

Technical and Investment Preparations

The start of this activity dates back to the early 1970's when Government
Resolution No 150/1971 provided the decisive impetus for the commencement.
of a program to automate telephone service throughout Czechoslovakia. In
the course of the investment task's elaboration it was decided to use as
the supplier of the technology the Beloiannisz Telecommunications Factory
of Budapest that produces the Swedish ARM 201/4 system under license. The
use of this new system in the Czechoslovak telephone network had to be
tested. The Telecommunications Research Institute in Prague, the investor
organ of the branch--then the Communications Construction Directorate,
Prague, and subsequently the MTTU, Prague--and the State Planning and De-
sign Institute for Communications, Prague, were assigned the task of select-
ing, on the basis of a suitable network situation and the general invest-
ment program, a suitable location for the construction of the first, de-
monstration tandem exchange in Czechoslovakia. The Liberec tandem office
became the selected site.

In conjunction with this decision the preplanning and concrete investment

preparations were begun that included, among other things, a series of do-

mestic and international negotiations. The difficulty was in that the

ARM 201/4 system was entirely new to practically all participating offi-

cials, and the negotiations required a good knowledge of English and Ger-

man, without which it was practically impossible to prepare the inquiries

and offers, the basic technical specifications, and the entire correspond- i
ence. For at that time no background information was available. The sys-
tem's documentation, if at all available, was in foreign languages. Later,
in 1974, the MTTU, Prague, which became the investor for the construction
of the Liberec tandem exchange, the Technical Center for Communications,
Prague, ensured translations of the documentation. Thanks to these efforts,
and to the effective help of officials of the Central Communications Direc-
torate, Prague, a wider circle of the interested officials did gain more-
thorough knowledge of the new system, although with some delay. :

Simultaneously with the preparation of the tandem exchange's technology
there necessarily arose a no less difficult task, that of incorporating
the tandem exchange into the telephone system, together with the solution

2h i



BULGARIA

MINISTER EXPOSES WEAKNESSES IN COMMUNICATIONS

Sofia IMPULS in Bulgarian 23 May 78 pp 1, 3

[Speech by Engr Pando Vanchev, minister of communications, at the Enlarged
Board Meeting of the Ministry of Communications held on 19 May 1978 in
Sofia; the speech is given in an abridged form]

[Text] Some 30 days have passed since the National Party Conference,
since that grandiose forum which disclosed the moral and political unity
of our people, and its solidarity around the party line.

The great results of the conference will remain permanently in the con-
science of our people. They are a new sign of the creative April approach
of the party to the questions of our economic development. In all the
discussions and creative conversations concerning the work and materials
of the National Party Conference, the basic place was given over to that
great and creative contribution which had been made to its preparations
by the first leader of the party and the state, Comrade Todor Zhivkov.

The report and concluding speech of Comrade Zhivkov to the conference and
the theses approved by it are a practical program for the complete realiza-
tion of the decisions of the 11th Congress and the July Central Committee
Plenum. From these remarkable materials stem very serious tasks both for
our entire economy as well as for the labor collectives of employees from
the Ministry of Communications.

The National Conference outlined the strategy for the development of the
nation during the following years. By improving the socialist organization
of labor and by planned leadership of the economy with the counterplans,
material expenditures must be reduced by an additional 5 percent on an
average annual basis, social labor productivity must rise by 4-5 percent,
and the utilization of social capital up to 10 percent. The amount of in-
complete construction must be reduced so that by 1980 it will reach not
more than 80 percent of the annual volume of capital investments.

These are the directives of the National Party Conference. They oblige
us, as a component part of the national economy, to make every effort to
carry them out. And from the results which we will achieve an evaluation
will be made of our quality and of the effectiveness of our work as leaders
of this important sector.

8


cso:

5500

Mr Joshi’s visit to Zambia
is a result of cuts in the
Government’s capital bud-
get announced this year. He
has come to ascertain the
effect of these cuts on the
programme.

While in the country, he
will review the financial
Problems of the corporation
and discuss with the Govern-
ment ways of solving them.

Mr Munthali said PTC had
Tequested for K10.06 mil-
lion from the Government
this year, but they were
only allocated K3.05 million
making it difficult for the
corporation to work at a
faster pace.

Despite the problems, he
said, the new Kitwe ex-
change, would be operation-
al next month at the same
time as the group switching
centres in Lusaka and
microwave links between
Luanshya and Lusaka.

Improvement

“The first phase will be
to get rid of the present
congestion now prevaient on
our phones and later make
an overall improvement in
our communications system
throughout the country,

“Further, the long await-
ed microwave link between
Luanshya aNd Kitwe, which
is funded by the World
Bank, will be commissioned
at the same time. ‘this will
greatly relieve the problems
of communications betweeD
the rest of the country,” he
said.

ft was also announced
that tenders for the micro-
wave link for the Mumbwa/
Mongu sector had been re-
ceived and were now being
considered by the corpora-
tion,

The Lusaka/Mumbwa sec-
tor of the link is already
being installed’ and would
be commissioneg by the end
or July.

END

46



Repeatedly we have spoken of a fundamental change in the attitude toward
the served citizens, but obviously the leaders of various levels have still
not taken note.

All these lamentable things rest fully on the socialist organization of
live labor and bear directly on improving the technology of communications
services and the indoctrination and training of the personnel. A year
ago we sharply posed the question of a second profession for our workers.
This was essential namely to be able by them to overcome the bottlenecks,
the peak moments and the tension in our work. A decision was taken on
this question, but it has still not been carried out.

The training of our personnel must not be solely of a theoretical sort.
They must in practice assimilate the complexity of the communications pro-
fession, they must be prepared for new communications equipment which will
be put into operation in the future. The workers must become true experts
in their job and make their presence felt.

Recently I spoke with a young engineer from the Crosspoint Station and
who strongly insisted that he be transferred to the ministry for work. I
asked him: "Why do you want to change, were you not instructed for this,
this is creative work and your future is here?"

I did not obtain a clear answer from him, but I understood his motives.
He was looking for an easier and more highly paid job.

This is only a portion of the examples of the incorrect use of live labor.
In all our subsectors such examples can be found. They are found in tele-
phone and telegraph communications, in radio and television where we have
not sufficiently introduced remote and automatic control of the equipment.

You remember that enlarged board meeting to the presidium of which we in-
vited our technician from the Kotel ATTs [automatic telephone exchange].

He had made a rudimentary but very effective technical device for testing
the switching equipment of the 1,000-number A-29 ATTs. By using it live
labor could be saved. But why did it not gain broad use? The specialists
were disdainful of this device and viewed it as a scientific subject which
had not been finally completed and was expensive. In this manner we ne-
glected a good opportunity which could have helped us in solving this basic
question of the efficient use of live labor.

The Party Conference and Comrade Todor Zhivkov personally have indicated
to us one of the secure and tested ways for solving this problem, namely
the brigade form of labor and internal economic accountability.

Regardless of the fact that the production and sale of the services are

not carried out at the same enterprise, all the conditions are present
for introducing the brigade organization of labor and wages.

1