BRAZIL

NATIONAL COMPANY TO BEGIN BUILDING MINICOMPUTERS
Rio de Janeiro JORNAL DO BRASIL in Portuguese 5 Jun 78 p 3

[Text] Sao Paulo--The plan for producing minicomputers by Labo-

Eletronica Ltd,, a company with totally national capital and belonging

to the Ferragens e Laminacao Brasil S,A., a holding company for the Forsa
Group, foresees the delivery of the first piece of equipment to the
Brazilian market around the end of the third quarter of this year, probably
in September, according to the director of the Forsa Group and Labor,
Ernest Muhr: "The market is going to prove to be much greater than it is
imagined today, There is going to be a data explosion,"

Total investments in that project are on the order of 500 million cru-
zeiros, while Labo-Eletronica will begin the first year of operations with
150 million cruzeiros, which is its own capital. Labo will have 75 per-
cent of the stock in the undertaking and the rest will be distributed
between Digibras (15 percent) and Brasilinvest (10 percent) [both ex-
pansions unknown].

Entry Into Data Processing

The Labo project and its selection by CAPRE--Electronic Data Processing
Activities Coordinating Commission----for the creation of the minicomputer
industry in the country together with the state company COBRA [Brazilian
Computers Inc. ], EDISA [expansion unknown], and the Sid Group (Sharp,
Inepar, Dataserv and Digibras), is explained by Ernest Muhr: "Labo

was a supplier of components for telecommunications but with the cutback
in investments in the sector by the government, it had to go out to seek
new things to make, Becoming part of the Forsa Group, it began to be
sought out by foreign firms, which wanted to provide it with their tech- |
nology and even form "joint ventures," This took place in the past

2 years. In that period, the manufacturers of data processing equipment
wanted a national partner but there was a lack of definition of government i
policy for the sector. ‘

13



Aside from the projects designed on a European scale, the preliminary French
studies will permit our industry to attack the Third World market from a
good position. Actions have already been undertaken by CNES and TDF (for’
example, during the Lima Seminar that was just held from 15 through 19 May)
to convince the interested countries of the advantage of going the satel-
lite route in the absence of a ground network. In order to sound out this
market, an economic interest group will be set up between CNES, TDF, and
France Cables and Radio.

9179
cso: 5500

34



The French are not distinguished by their success in the international mar-
kets which have been carried off little by little by LM-Ericsson, ITT [Inter-
national Telephone and Telegraph], ATT [American Telephone and Telephone and
Telegraph], Northern Telecoms, Philips, GTE [General Telephone and Electron-
ics] and the others. Even though Norbert Segard affirms with regard to the
resulting decline in imports "that explanations, even excuses, can be found
for this situation". There is still pessimism about the 1980 horizon for the
30 percent of orders that he states will reach export. But 1978 looks hardly
any better, since the orders recorded in 1977 have diminished to 6 percent for
export. It is basically replacement material that is affected, which is not
surprising because, apart from the temporary EIO [expansion unknown] ex-
changes of CIT [Commercial Investment Trust]-Alcatel, the materials proposed by
French industry are under foreign licensure.

Of course, the PIT technocrats tried to find palliatives for this problem and
are singing the praises of a semi-public corporation to promote exporting-- ©

which worries the manufacturers, who see in it a dangerous interference in the
conduct of their affairs--of course, Norbert Segard is proposing increased co-
operation between manufacturers and Public Authorities, and also special mea-

sures. The results are there to be seen; skepticism reigns.

Thomson's entrance was the ruling idea of the May 1976 industrial restructur-
ing; it is no doubt premature to wonder today if Thomson has passed its en-
trance examination, but we can examine the group's future in commutation.

The motivations of Paul Richard, president of Thomson who died in June 1976,
were very precise: the group needed to rebalance its civil and military acti-
vities. The telephone constituted one of the most promising diversifications
from the financial and industrial point of view, given the recovery plan the
government was going to start. Moreover, Thomson wished to apportion better
its domestic and foreign markéts, taking into account the hazards that export-
ation brings with it. Finally, would the first "French electronician" have
been able to stay away from the telephone at a time when electronic commuta-

tion was about, to explode?

The PTT administration saw Paul Richard's wishes with a very clear eye, for
Thomson's entry allowed it to reduce the importance of traditional suppliers,
ITT and CGE [General Electric Company], to make a part of the telecommunica-
tions industry French and--Thomson having a very good exporting reputation--
to have a champion in that area.

Thomson-CSF [General Radio Company] seems to have reached its objectives: it
had a turnover of 13,000,000,000 in 1977 and its telecommunications activities
accounts for over 5,700,000,000 of that. Its part of the French telephone in-
dustry puts it in the top class of PTT suppliers with 42 percent of the orders
(LM [expansion unknown] 25 percent and SFTE [expansion unknown] 17 percent) ,
as compared with 32 percent for CGE, 10 percent for AOIP [expansion unknown]
and 16 percent for CGCT [expansion unknown]. As for electronics, LMI and
SFTE will take about 40 percent of their 1978 orders in electronic lines.

30



[Hal

w wer ar

(1) Fig. 1A. - Specifiche per il modulo dei filtri passa-basso.
[Bei
1
o
Ey 0" wo" or 7
(2) Fig. 1B. - Specifiche per il modulo del filtro passa-alto.
9

(1) Figure 1A: Specifics for the modulus of the low-pass filters

(2) Figure 1B: Specifics for the modulus of the high-pass filter

The best filter from this point of view is shown in figure 2A, and its
coefficients are reported in table 1; the deviations of the long phase
and the lines of plane W,,W 2 of equation W) = 0,0) =) 2 are reported
in figure 2B, It may be noted that such deviations are rather limited
in the passing band, and this is particularly useful when the cases are
numberous in which the specifics of linearity become important.

Tas. 1. - Coefficienti dei filtri passa-basso. (2)
Filtro Oy, a, = 4, | a, | by = Bp by
(2)
1 0,0455141 | 0,1478449| 0, | —0,507953 | 0,282242
u 0,0135834 | 0,0798028| 0, | —0,614655 _0,375898

(1) Table 1: Coefficients of the low-pass filters

(2) Filter

3S



What must be done?

In the first place, the entire metering system must be made known, in intro-
ducing standard specifications, in reallocating equipment which is unneeded
at one place to where it is needed, to take all unsuitable or obsolete equip-
ment out of use, and to eliminate damaged equipment.

Another rapid measure by which the first steps can be made is to create a
strong metrological service base. Order No 93 of 9 February 1978 marked the
beginning to establishing such a service. But zoned as they are, they can-
not cover all the divisions of the department. Under the Central Laboratory
for Departmental Metrological Inspection an additional repair service must
be set up. If this central laboratory will be enlarged by another four-five
specialists, it will assume repairs on the metering systems from the first

direction for Western Bulgaria with the okrugs of Sofia City, Sofia, Botevgrad,

Pernik, Kyustendil, Vratsa, Mikhaylovgrad and Vidin.

It is not economically advisable to transport a metering instrument from
Vidin and Bratsa okrug to Veliko Turnovo. By analogy Botevgrad and Kyus-
tendil okrugs must be compared with the service facility in Plovdiv where
the devices must travel several hundred kilometers for repair. Whnit is
damaged, no consideration is given to the quality of transport. But special
transport must.be provided for a repaired expensive and complex device. A
vehicle cannot be equipped for each okrug. This would be a waste of money
and time.

It must be realized that the established service facilities without specifi-
cations, spare parts and well trained personnel should not be allowed to

exist.

Since we have started this work, let it be carried out completely.

10272
CSO: 5500



of the small office computers), some of which are joined in a network, and
gome of which can be connected , Approximately 21 billion data items were
stored in them -- about 340 per German citizen,

Since then, these numbers have increased, Today there are even more com-
puters, even more data banks, even more possible combinations, and even more
data items, How many? -- that will be known for the first time next year,
when government authorities and private firms have met the BDSG requirement
of drawing up a list of all their files with personal data, But the question
of how many personal data are electronically exchanged every day, and how
great the flow to and from foreign countries is, will remain unanswered,

Such large quantities are a direct invitation to misuse, especially since the
person concerned finds out only in exceptional cases, what data concerning

him are stored, to whom they are given, and what is done with them, In addition
to the possibility of misuse, the lawmakers were motivated by the danger that
electronic data storage might infringe on the inviolable right of the citizen
to privacy, make him into a "glass man," and thereby injure his human dignity,

In the following examples, these two points of view cannot be completely
separated, and the lawmakers did not succeed in distinguishing them either:

this is clearly shown by the BDSG,
When False Data Are Stored

Case One: A 34-year-old employee had been trying in vain for three years to
obtain a life insurance policy. Only through the intervention of an official
agency did he learn that he had been found to have tuberculosis 12 years
earlier, in the course of an examination by the company doctor, This finding
had been stored in the central data bank of the insurance industry; but there
was no indication of the fact that the TB had been cured in the mean time,

This example shows that the citizen must be given the right te correct and
modify his data (as is done in the BDSG), The original opposition to these
stipulations gave way, because the data-storing agencies can thus keep their
data completely up to date,

When the Citizen Doesn't Know What Is Stored

Case Two: A traveling salesman left his company in a dispute, and could not

a comparable new job, As it later turned out, he had been put on a “black-
list" aS unreliable and dishonest (these charges were completely invalidated
in a subsequent judicial proceeding).But the crucial point was that this list
had been kept secret, and was not available to "unauthorized persons" --

in this case, the employee who had left.

The BDSG has not satisfactorily solved the problem of data transparency and
verification facilities, Tobe sure, in the private sector every citizen is
given the right to find out what is stored concerning him, but there are three
catches in thts provision: first, he must pay for this information; secondly,

49



wide-meshed net of the registration procedure. The story is only to show that
there are no “harmless"data, Whether they remain harmless -- that is, without
detrimental consequences to the persons concerned -- depends exclusively on
the political and social context, on views and tendencies or new convictions
that are neither predictable nor controllable in a working democracy,

This does not always have to come to an actual attack or to physical destruc-
tion, The item "conscientious objector" is interpreted in periods of tolerance
as an obvious use of a basic right; in a period of "cold war neutrality," it
can be associated with "shirking" or even "treason," The item "divorced" was
once considered a blot, and completely prohibited a career in some fields;

but with changing times, its importance changed, A platitude that -- if it ;
were always present -- would represent the first step in "data consciousness,"

A second kind of insight must be added: a single data item gives little in-
formation, The fact that a worker named Albert Mueller worked only 52 hours
last month means nothing: he may have been sick, or on vacation, Or affected
by short-time, "Only the second data item (sickness, vacation, shirking, or
short-time) decides whether he was a lazy wretch or a poor wretch," as a data
specialist put it, It takes two data items, put together, to give a single
piece of information -- which is already valuable under some circumstances,
The address item “Werl penitentiary" for Albert Mueller has no information
value without the second data item "convict" or “gwerd,"

It is not the mass of isolated data concerning Alber Mueller that is threat-
ening, but the abiiity to combine them, The two pieces of information “idler”
and “convict,” each of which was obtained from two data items, already make
a decidedly negative impression on the reader, The fact that Albert Mueller
may have had obvious reasons to be absent from work at the time, and may
have been unjustly convicted, cannot be recognized -- thus an endless amount
of further data would have to be gathered and combined, before the "real"
Albert Mueller appeared,

But even these two insights are scarcely known: that information is derived
from combinations of data, and that in data gathering the tendency is to make
the most extensive collection possible, in order to approach the objective
picture,

Still a fourth point of view must be impressed on the data consciousness

that is not yet present in the FRG, but timidly coming into being, The youth-
ful conscientious objector Albert Mueller may very well later be convinced

of the necessity of serving, and join the army,Should the data item of con-
scientious objection stick to him forever and make him eternally untrustworthy?
Should the "favor of forgetting" -- as Willi Birkelbach, the first Hessian
data protection agent, once called it -- be denied him? Many candidates for
public office are suffering today for the “sins of youth" that are held up

to them. And although it is difficult to set an age limit between foolishness
and responsibility, or to put a legal time limit on sincere changes of opin-
fon, this much is clear: data stored for a lifetime define a person unjus-
tifiably early and p@#@anently; they rob him of the chance to dump the ballast
of previous mistakes, and to change himself; they are "inhuman,"

47



Many specialists wink understandingly when the question of protection against the
misuse of data comes up, This danger is averted only to a very limited extent

in the BDSG, Nevertheless, the lawmakers must be given credit for creating
three foundations for future, more comprehensive regulations:

The phrase "everything is allowed" has been reversed: “Everything is forbidden,
unless it {s expressly allowed," This forces reflection on previous data-
handling practices, sows doubt, and in many cases brings the expression “legiti-
mate concerns" before the eyes of the EDP specialists for the first time,

The hiring of a data protection official, as required by law, in companies
that use electronic data processing and fulfill certain minimum eriteria,

is having positive results, Although this position has remained a hybrid

(the official is supposed to check up on management but is not supposed to
suffer the consequences, even though he is an employee; he is supposed to

be reliable and knowledgeable about data processing, but cannot be the head
of the EDP service), the threat of punishment for the misuse of data expressed
in the law may hasten the self-regulation on the part of private industry
that the lawmakers retracted in the course of their debate,

The right of every citizen to demand information on the data stored concerning
him led to an inventory of the data files on hand, which was at first loudly
lamented but 1s now considered rather amusing, For since EDP is handled by
people, it obeys Parkinson's law, All too often, some worker had indulged his
passion for data collection; data files turned up that had long been consid-
ered forgotten; superfluous data were collected, organized, and carried along
at great expense; tortuous, expensive channels of information were exposed,
Here the law forced a reorganization that a Berlin data protection specialist
judged concisely: "The gain from the reorganization far exceeds the cost of
data protection," This is not necessarily true for small businesses, which
are having a hard time satisfying the law -- not least because of a lack of
preparation and information on the part of the authorities, who approached
this law very cautiously,

All is not joy and harmony in industry either: around 30,000 data protection
officials are needed; they should have been hired by 1 July last year, At the
beginning of 1978, the number of persons trained for this job was about 2500,

The second aspect of the law has had a more positive reception: data insur-
ance, or protection against theft, sabotage, and arbitrary or unauthorized
modification of personal data, Technical and organizational preventive mea-
sures must be taken by the beginning of next year; these are also in the
interest of the companies, On the one hand, this has to do with protection
from unfair competition; but on the other hand, it also serves the purpose
of protecting individuals, Thus if a stolen data file in which all the house-
hold insurance policies of a firm were stored, were to be combined with the data
of a travel agency, containing vacation periods, this would be welcome infor-
mation for thieves, for tney would learn when and where as much as possible
could be stolen, with as little danger as possible,

53


In the third place, there is a legal and judicial expression that always has

a great deal to do with the definition of individual degrees of freedom, that
word "privacy" in American law, which is so difficult to translate into German,
The Supreme Court has had to deal with this matter in many cases (the microcen-
sus, divorce acts, medical records, mail censorship, and Lebach decisions),
and in doing so has refused to set up a rigid definition of privacy; rather,

it has made the protection of privacy dependent on the social context and

its comparative importance,

This is not the case in the United States: when at the turn of the century,
the New York scandal sheets began to rake over the way of life of the 10,000
leading citizens, they induced the passage of a law for the protection of
privacy, based on two Anglo-Saxon legal principles: "My home is my castle,"
and "Right or wrong, it is my country (home)," Justice Brandeis summarized
it in 1938, with these words! everyone has the right "to be left alone" --
a formula to which the Supreme Court referred in the Lebach decision,

The American mistrust of the government's demands for information led to the
breakdown in 1965 of a plan proposed by the Bureau of the Budget for a National
Data Center, Since then, the debate in the United States over data protection
has never quieted down, In 1971, the Fair Credit Reporting Act went into ef-
fect for private industry, and in 1975 the Fair Billing Act, In September

1975 came the Privacy Act for the administration, whose dismissal was greatly
accelerated by the Watergate incidents, Since then, the Washington govern-

ment has put three large projects for national data banks on ice, because there
seemed to be no guarantee of protection against misuse, and because the people
took a clear position against the plans of the executive branch,

Moreover, an investigations committee under Senator Sam Ervin has discovered
that the American authorities are still maintaining illegal data banks, in
spite of all the regulations, and even creating new ones, His summary stated
that laws alone do not greatly change the mentality and the habitual behavior
of the executive branch,

The discussion raised at the end of the 1960s in the United States was the
inducement for the Ministry of the Interior to prepare a draft law of data
protection, But to the general amazement of the specialists, the American
debate did not spill over the Ataantic, In spite of the Parliament's decision
of March 1969 to write legal regulations as soon as possible, it was left to
the "valiant trio" of deputies Frank Haenschke, Gerhard Baum, and Burkhard
Hirsch to push the unwanted law over all the hurdles, until it finally left
the two houses of Parliament in November 1976, after innumerable changes,

In those six years, it went through what may be the most changeable history
of any German law, It would be worthwhile to describe it in all its details;
this is a good example of the pressure of lobbies, which is exerted on parties
and deputies, What came out is a law whose teeth have almost all been drawn,
in the sense of effective data protection, The only consolation is that a
beginning has been made, and that there is a chance for future innovations
and improvements, Cynics rejoice in the fact that in spite of its lack of
precision, the text of the law raises so many questions (for example, with

57



9.

10.

l,

12,

13,

Hu, J. V.3 Rabiner, L, R, “Design Techniques for Two-Dimensional Digital
Filters," in IEEE TRANS, ON AUDIO AND ELECTROACOUSTICS, Vol AU-20, No 4,
October 1972, pp 249-257.

Calzini, M,; Cappellini, V; Emiliani, P. L, "Aleuni filtri numerici
bidimensionali con risposta impulsiva finita" [Some Two-Dimensional
Numerical Filters with Finite Impulse Response }, ALTA FREQUENZA, Vol XLIV,
No 12, December 1975, pp 747-753.

Maria, G, A.3; Fahmy, M. M, "An lp Design Technique for Two-Dimensional
Digital Recursive Filters," IEEE TRANS, ON ACOUSTICS, SPEECH
AND SIGNAL PROCESSING, Vol ASSP-22, No 1, February 1974, pp 15-21.

Maria, G, A; Fahmy, M. M. "] Approximation of the Group Delay Response
of One- and Two-Dimensional Filters," TEEE TRANS, ON GIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS,
Vol CAS-21, No 3, May 1974, pp 431-436. .

Dudgeon, D, E, | "Two-Dimensional Recursive Filter Design using Differential
Correction,” IEEE TRANS, ON ACOUSTICS, SPEECH AND SIGNAL PROCESSING, Vol

ASSP-23, No 3, June 1975, pp 264-267,

Bernabo, F.; Emiliani, P. L.; Cappellini, V. "Design of Two-Dimensional
Recursive Digital Filters," ELECTRONICS LETTERS, Vol 12, No 11, 27 May 1976.

8782
CSO: 5500

45



BRAZIL

BRIEFS

MICROWAVE SYSTEM--~Pernambuco State Governor Moura Cavalcanti today attended
a ceremony at which the cities of Ouricuri and Araripina were incorporated
into the microwave communications system. [Brasilia Domestic Service in
Portuguese 2200 GMT 26 Jun 78 PY]

cso: 5500


ITALY

TWO-DIMENSIONAL DIGITAL FILTERS FOR IMAGE PROCESSING
Milan ALTA FREQUENZA in Italian Feb 78 pp 78-82

[Article by L, Delearo, G, Sicuranza, Institute of Electrotechnics and
Electronics, University of Trieste]

[Text] Abstract, The following presents a new method of systematic optimi-
zation that makes it possible to design FIR or IIR [expansions unknown] two-
dimensional filters by using data obtained in the area of frequencies, This
makes it possible to impose linear connections between the coefficients of

the filter transference function, connections that can be used to seek specific
characteristics such as symmetry, etc, Also given are illustrated examples of
the filtering of some images of a biomedical nature that make it possible to
evaluate the advantages in the use of enhancement techniques based om the use
of the z transformation,

Introduction

In this work is presented a new method of designing recursive and mon-recur-
sive two-dimensional digital filters, which, derived from specifics in modulus
and phase in the area of spatial frequencies, make it possible to obtain
directly the coefficients of the transference function, This is an extension
of the method presented in (1) and (2) [of the bibliography] for the two-dimen-
sional case of the complex variables 2], 22 and presents, as its main feature,
the possibility of introducing in a simple way connections among the variables
to be calculated. Such connections turn out to be useful not only for seeking
particular characteristics in the filters (symmetry, resolution in elementary
structures, etc.) but also to set up stable conditions for them. The tests
conducted have demonstrated that the method is particularly effective if
first- and second-order filters are to be designed to deal with the examples
reported; more complex structures can be constructed in more steps, as indi-
cated in (3), On the other hand, the experiment done in the area of image
enhancement allows us to affirm that with very simple filters, too, signifi-
cant results are obtained with calculation times greatly reduced in compari-
son with those that can be obtained with, for example, Fourier's rapid trans-
formation technique, Indeed, it is clear that by increasing the number of
filter coefficients the advantage of enhancement techniques based on the use
of the z transformation is rapidly reduced (4).

35



JPRS 71499

18 July 1978

TRANSLATIONS ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY,
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

No. 46
ConTENTS PAGE

ASIA

INDONESIA

Earth Station Built Without Foreign Assistance
(KOMPAS, 28 Apr 78)...cseceeeeeccccescccsercceeseeeess 1

PEOPLES' REPUBLIC OF CHINA

Briefs
New Kwangtung TV Transmitter 4
EASTERN EUROPE
BULGARIA
Measuring Telecommunications Devices Outdated, Ineffective
(Gavril Aleksiev; IMPULS, 6 Jun 78)........cceeeeceees 5
LATIN AMERICA

BRAZIL

Stored Data Systems To Be Installed
(Various sources, various dateS).........eeeee eee eeee 8

National Control Guaranteed
New System Announced

Government Emphasizes Development of Software Program
(0 GLOBO, 15 Jun 78)...... teen cceee weet eecces se eeeeee 10

CAPRE Postpones Decision on Computer Imports Again
(O ESTADO DE SAO PAULO, 16 Jun 78)......eeeeeeeeeeeee 12

-a- [III - INT - 140]



However, the firm has ambitions other than the French market. This year it
began exporting activities. "We expect to realize 10 percent of our turnover
from it in 1978. To that end we must increase our production range and our
slogan will be from 9 to 9,000 lines". Of course the firm is aware of the gi-
gantic size of its competitors, but that does not prevent it from being en-
couraged. French-speaking countries like Belgium, Tunisia, Morocco are its
preferred terrain, but also Spain, the Arab countries, the Far East. "We have
installed a telephone exchange in Mecca and 38 systems in Saudi Arabia". But
the JS "telephony" department is going still farther and its next step is quite
simply to attack the American market, which represents 200,000,000 users. ‘We
are prospecting in that country with the aim of selling our materials there".

JS assets consist basically of its Jistel range, which goes from a small auto-
commutator cf eight network lines (+ 23 subscribers) to the TLC 10, a subscrib-
ers' exchange capable of going as high as 6,700 lines, or the tape exchange,
the real center of the network. Thus, for the Lyonnais Credit JS installed 52
tape exchanges. Each one has an internal system at its disposal: a console,
remote interrogation. '"Telemaintenance is an idea we expect to exploit for ex-
portation".

We also recall that JS started its telephonic activities with the famous tem-
poral technology, which necessitates very long technical studies. But that
puts it directly among the French private commutation greats.

For the moment, JS employs 200 persons at Puteaux, 250 at Champagne and 400 at
Montceau-les-Mines in its telephonic activity, which can only expand. ''More-
over", Paul Denis adds, "the forecasts for the year were accomplished by the
end of May''. However, the entry of the firm into the telephone industry have
not aroused approval only; after the attacks by competitors in the private tele-
phone industry, who thought JS prices were too low, this company's arrival today
in the public telephone industry seraglio has not happened without provoking
some unrest, at a time when the PTT's market is in danger of shrinking and when.
employment is threatened by changing technology. But does not good fortune
thrive for those who are bold?

8946
CSO: 5500

28

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|
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‘He also recalls that with the opening of bids for the production of mini-
computers "through Brazilinvest I made contact with Nixdorf, a company
which would provide us with technology and is considered to be the most
advanced technically on the world scene. Since we fulfilled the require-
ments demanded by CAPRE, we were selected." Ernest Muhr made it a point
to list the reasons he considered fundamental for the approval of the Labo
Project: a) total national capital; b) the partner which controls the
group (Ferragens e Laminacao Brasil S.A.) has a broad industrial experience
with "35 years of proved success;" ¢) the Labo tradition of quality in
professional electronic equipment; d) the share of the Forsa group, which
allows the exercise of an overall responsibility, and in addition the
participation of Brasilinvest with its financial backing "added to that
which the group already has;" and e) the quality of the project presented,
its technological level, and its processing capability.

A Fourth of the Market

Ernest Muhr reported that a market survey made by Digibras foresees
the growth of the national component industry and the share of Labo
Electronics in the production of minicomputers will be on the order of
one-fourth of the total,

“We shall manufacture the largest minicomputers in Brazil which may be
used in the area of medium-size firms (not the small ones yet) which
still do part of their bureaucratic work through processing in. bureaus,
and in the large companies which have a network of branch offices as in
the case of the banks," explains Ernest Muhr.

Labo General Manager, Rudolf Oehling, adds that the estimated market for
the first 5 years will be satisfied by his company as follows: "We

are scheduling a production of 100 pieces of equipment in 1978, 350 in
1979, 460 in 1980, 560 in 1981, and 640 in 1982, That makes 2,300 to
2,400 minicomputers of a foreseen total of 10,000 units which the industry
will have to produce."

As far as the cost of the Labo minicomputer, which will be broadly modular,
is concerned, it will vary from $90,000 (1,530,000 eruzeiros) for the
small ones, to $400,000 (6.8 million cruzeiros) for the larger ones.

Scheduled Goals
With. respect to the national production of his minicomputer, Ernest Muhr
explained that "during the 5 years of contracts with the Nixdorf Company,

ye received technology for the minicomputers and also for components. It
s possible that not everything will be nationally built in this time period,

14



INTER-ARAB AFFAIRS

TELECOMMUNICATIONS EXPLOSION
Beirut EVENTS in English 30 Jun 78 p 64
[Interview with T. Bjorn Lundvall, Chairman of LM Ericsson]

[Text] The Arab states have shown great last month the world’s largest tele-

interest in telecommunications, and communications contract, estimated
recently two multi-million dollar to be worth $20bn over the next 20
deals have been awarded: in the face years, was awarded by Egypt to AT
of heavy competition Philips, and and T. Bjérn Lundvall, Chairman
Sweden's LM Ericsson were givena of LM Ericsson discussed the “tele-
$4bn contract by Saudi Arabia;and communications explosion.”

Q There have been major develop-‘ Some Arab states, such as Saudi
ments in Middle East tele- Arabia, Kuwait, Iraqand Lebanon have
communications over the past five already introduced subscriber dialling,
years. Do you believe the trend will and Saudi Arabia will have a telephone
‘continue? switching system based entirely on
A It must be remembered that in most computer control within three years.
Arab states the development of sophis-
ticated telecommunications systems is @Q What problems do major tele-
not limited by financial resources, but communications firms face in the
by the difficulties of planning, pur- Middle East?
chasing and installing. In the history of A The first to come to mind is that the
telecommunications, this is excep- telephone administration does not have
tional because of the intensive nature of the capacity, capability or authority to
capital investment in the building and take necessary decisions. Another is
expansion of telephone networks. Asfor that buildings needed to house the
the future, I believe that in some coun- equipment are not ready in time, and
tries the rapid rate of increase willcon- there have been projects that have been
tinue for a considerable time to come. _ held up for a year because of this.
It is easy to imagine the extra cost
Q Will there be any new trends? that creeps in when an entire instal-
A Yes, there is likely to be a move in lation crew, brought in from abroad,
which a part ofthe available financial _ will either have to sit and wait for sev-
resources will be used for introducing eral months or be sent away, and then
t more modern equipment. recruited again when needed. Supplies

20



BRAZIL

FUJITSU TRANSFERS MINICOMPUTER TECHNOLOGY TO EDISA
Rio de Janeiro JORNAL DO BRASIL in Portuguese 8 Jun 78 p 19

[Text] Porto Alegre--The Japanese company, Fujitsu Limited, yesterday
signed a contract transferring technology to the Rio Grande do Sul industry,
Eletronica Digital S.A.--EDISA, for the manufacture of minicomputers for
the domestic market, Africa and the Middle East. The agreement also
includes training of personnel and technical assistance.

Paulo Renato Ketzer de Sousa, t he director-president of EDISA, said

that the company will be installed by the end of March 1979 and will be
manufacturing the first lot of 82 units a year later, At the same time
that the installation of the factory is being done in the Gravatai Indus-
trial District (30 km from the capital), EDISA will import complete systems
for sale on the domestic market from Japan, with delivery foreseen for
November of this year.

Production

With the objective of familiarizing the market with the product, complete
units will be imported during the first phase. In the second phase,
however, -EDISA will assemble the metal cabinets here to hold the imported
components. In the next phase, the printed circuits, power supplies, and
internal wiring, whose components will be acquired in the domestic market,
will be manufactured.

The minicomputers will only be 100-percent nationally built as of the
third year of the EDISA operation, when production will increase from
82 units per year to 150.

|
8908

cso: 5500

1é



FRANCE |

HOPE: STILL SEEN FOR NATION'S TELECOM EXPORT POSITION
Paris L'USINE NOUVELLE in French 15 Jun 78 pp 40-41
[Article by Helene Pichenot: "Telecommunications: All is Not Lost"]

[Text] Different wavelengths, uneasiness, tensions and an obvious lack of re-
sults--such are the characteristics of the present relations between the PTT
[Postal, Telegraph and Telephone] Administration and the telecommunications
industry. However, the restructuring of the sector that occurred in May 1976
had been announced euphorically by the Public Authorities: financial manna,
“super-technologies", exports, everything for that industry that is so lucky--
in the midst of a general down cycle. Today it is time to draw up a first bal-
ance sheet of the planned economy policy conducted by the government in the
telecommunications area.

Of course, the telephone is improving and a drastic remedy (130,000,000,000 fr
in five years) has been administered to the French system. The 10,000,000-
subscriber point was passed at the end of 1977 and there should be 20,000,000
in 1982. However, the Sitt manufacturers represent in the aggregate a turnover
of 10,000,000,000 in 1977, 70 percent of that amount obtained through PTT or-
ders. But public investments are reaching their ceiling and are going to de-
cline after next year. If the manufacturers do not provide for their future,
it may be a disturbing one, all the more so since employment estimates are very
pessimistic. Indeed, taking into account the fact that technology has moved
from electromechanical to electronic, one job in two is in danger of disappear-
ing in the next five years. The explosion of new telecommunications services
should mitigate these employment decreases, but it is still necessary for the
traditional telecommunications companies (there are 62,000 jobs at Sitt) to
manufacture "telematic' products instead of more dynamic newcomers who would
create jobs while causing "telematic" workers to be laid off.

Lxperts should constitute another compensation for decreased employment. But,
two years after the euphoria (it was anticipated that each telecommunications
firm would realize 30 percent of its turnover from exports in 1980), tomorrow
looks difficult.

29



The position of the software manufacturers was supported by the represen-
tative of the FINEP [Corporation for Financing Studies and Projects],
Manoel Louzada, Participating at the side of CAPRE in the final panel

of the meeting, Louzada proposed a number of measures on financing for the
area of software. In addition to the line of financing already mentioned,
for which the FINEP should be the agency assigned to distribute resources,
Louzada believed viable the creation of a specific Nucleus for the Artic-
ulation of the Industry (NAL) for the software sector, Through that
measure, the state companies would give priority to the purchase of national
programs. Louzada also said that because software began to be considered
an industrial product, the manufacturers can benefit from the more advan-
tageous conditions in obtaining capital, since the technological inde-
pendence of the sector is a priority matter and without the effort under-
taken up to now, it could be endangered. The FINEP representative empha-
sized the change noted in the position of the agency, since up to now
financing was granted only to consulting companies under less favorable
conditions with respect to interests and terms of need,

8908
cso: 5500

11



monitoring, If this does not happen, it can be traced to a growing awareness
of the problems involved, but even more to a lack of money, “Financial need
as a protector of humanity" -- why not?

In this connection there !s another consideration that is raised more and
more often by the authorities, Every man plays parts -~ father, husband,
taxpayer, defendant, debtor -- and behaves in specific ways for each part;

in these parts, he gives to his environment only certain data that appear to
him to make a favorable impression in that connection, The law has respected
this fact for a long time, But the computer can now easily connect these
pieces of information that are proper to a particular part, They are separated
from their purpose, and by taking his role-playing away from the individual,
they also take part of his self-realization,

When the Physicist Sleeps at a Friend's House

Case Eight: A married physicist,who is employed in a sensitive defense opera-
tion, wants to fly from Munich to Hamburg, Since Lufthansa 1s all booked

up, he flies by way of West Berlin, There he has a two-hour layover, and
uses it to visit an old friend, Three days later, he is asked by the security
officers in his company what he did in Berlin, and whether he was “over" in
the GDR,

This example shows how deeply the official data stream can penetrate into the
area of privacy, The physicist either had to confess to adultery or expose
himself to a suspicion that would be harmful to his career, The data stream
had cut off a bit of his "privacy."

But this case also demonstrates a second danger, The computer simply com-
bines data according to predetermined models; but these models, which were
created by human beings, never completely correspond to reality, At best,

they describe the normal situation, Thus the normal case is a direct flight
from Munich to Hamburg, and the detour by way of West Berlin is abnormal, It
is normal for a man to be married to the woman with whom he lives (or even
for them to be unmarried), But the fact that they are divorced and still live
together -- perhaps unwillingly, because of a lack of housing or money -~ al-
ready constitutes a deviation from the normal situation; the case is rectified
only for a household in which two married couples have exchanged partners
through divorce and remarriage, :

A man completely reduced to data runs the danger of being measured by EDP
against a limited standard model, Anything that does not fit this outline

(who cheeks on who has constructed the outline, and according to what point

of view?) is exceptional, abnormal, and suspicious; it subjects the person

to disapproving curiosity and, under some circumstances, forces him to conform,

Under some circumstances, it even puts him under pressure, The former SPD
deputy Frank Haenschke, whose persistency first pushed the BDSG through an
otherwise indifferent Parliament, cited an example from the United States in
one of his speeches: "In 1958, in the United States, 280 data items concerning

55



6942
cso:

5500

Ranca Bungur Earth

Station


LEBANON

TELECOMMUNICATIONS AGREEMENT CONCLUDED WITH FRANCE
Beirut L'ORIENT-LE JOUR in French 9 Jun 78 p 11

[Text] More than two-thirds of the financial aid covered by the protocol
signed between France and Lebanon in Beirut on 2 June will be devoted to
telecomnunications.

It will be recalled that the agreement is for the sum of 240 million francs
(or 150 million Lebanese pounds), all of which is to be used to purchase
sophisticated French equipment: 110 million Lebanese pounds for urban
international electronic telecommunications centrals at the end of the
Beirut-Marseilles cable; 10 million Lebanese pounds for electrical equip-
ment, substations and transformers; 14 million Lebanese pounds for two
high-power computers to be used by management and eventually private cus-—
tomers; and 15 million Lebanese pounds for two household garbage incinerator
plants. These two plants must be able to be taken down and moved when two
other composting plants, damaged during events, go back into service.

The Lebanese Government will have international calls for bids for all of
these projects. If the French companies do not take them, other projects
will be substituted for them. In this way, Lebanese television could re-
ceive the equipment, especially a transmitter, which it needs.

Credits will be distributed as follows: 60 million francs in credits from
the Treasury, repayable over 20 years with a grace period of 2 years and
with interest of 3.5 percent; and 180 million in commercial credits backed
by COFACE [expansion unknown], spread over 10 years and with an interest
rate on the order of 7.5 percent.

It is to be emphasized, both with respect to France and Lebanon, that

this is the first financial agreement of this importance signed by Lebanon
for its reconstruction.

11,464
cso: 4800

26



With respect to the automation of daira administrative centers, it is
appropriate to point out again that telephone centrals have been estab=
lished at Tindouf and Beni-Abbes. The latter are being installed. As
for the one at Abadla, work is estimated to be 80 percent complete.

TV Broadcast. Reception

Another major achievement is the installation of the 300-channel coaxial
cable linking Saida to Bechar. Work in connection with the radio bands
which will link the Bechar, Adrar, and Laghouat wilayas is in progress.

In order to allow the introduction of television into the region, three
satellite communication stations have been fixed at Bechar, Beni-Abbes,
and Tindouf, respectively.

Given the extreme isolation of the wilayats southern area, the establish-
ment of these technical installations is more than significant. Endowed
with very modern equipment, these stations are linked to the main station
at Lakhdaria by satellite, thanks to a computer named Dama. This computer
receives inter-station frequencies by means of a signal sent by each
center, in order to determine whether the circuits are free or busy.

A small computer located at the different stations automatically selects
broadcast and reception frequencies. The need for high quality telephone
connections at these stations arises from signal reception at the
Lakhdaria station and retransmission on TV antennas.

Along with land stations, it should be ‘said that there are radio link
centers at Bechar, Beni-Abbes, and Tindouf. These centers are inter-
connected and provide telephone services.

With this glimpse of the scope being acquired by postal and telecommuni-
cation services in the Bechar wilaya, it should be stated that while the
First and second four-year plans have made possible the initial steps in
modernizing the telecommunications network, work is not yet completed on
the automation of administrative centers in the wilaya and dairas.

The effort proposed by PTT (Mail, Telegraphs, and Telecommunications) for
postal service within the special program for southern wilayas aims to
assure service to the area's least favored zones. Taking into account

the increased number of dwellings and activity which will arise from local
economy develop ent, it has been proposed that 15 postal agencies be estab-
lished and that three distribution offices be renovated.

In matters of telecommunication, it has been proposed that four telephone
centrals be built at Kenadza, Bentounis, Abadla, and Tindouf, respectively.
And finally, isolated localities will be connected to the national network.

11,023
cso: 5500 23



CONTENTS (Continued)

CNES, TDF Plan Television Broadcast Satellite
(D. Levy; ELECTRONIQUE ACTUALITES, 19 May 78)........

ITALY
Two-Dimensional Digital Filters for Image Processing
(L. Delearo, G. Sicuranza; ALTA FREQUENZA, Feb 78)...
WEST GERMANY
Modern Data Processing Systems Threaten Privacy, Freedom
(Horst Bieber; DIE ZEIT, 5 May 78)........ see eeeeee
-c-

Page

32

35

46



CONTENTS (Continued)
National Company To Begin Building Minicomputers
(JORNAL DO BRASIL, 5 Jun 78).....ccececcceececcceeeeee

Fujitsu Transfers Minicomputer Technology to EDISA
(JORNAL DO BRASIL, 8 Jun 78)...cececeecececceccececees

Briefs
Microwave System

CUBA

Telecommunications Day Marked in Havana: Quality Sought
(Roberto Gili; GRANMA, 18 Mar 78)........

NEAR EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
INTER-ARAB AFFAIRS

Telecommunications Explosion
(TI. Bjorn Lundvall Interview; EVENTS, 30 Jun 78).....

ALGERIA

Telecommunications, TV Relay Being Extended to Rural Areas
(Rabah Berrabah; EL MOUDJAHID, 1 Jun 78).....

Beninese To Be Trained at Oran Telecommunications

Institute
(EL MOUDJAHID, 30 Apr 78)....ececceccecececeeceececee

LEBANON

Telecommunications Agreement Concluded With France
(L'ORIENT-LE JOUR, 9 Jun 78).

WESTERN EUROPE

FRANCE

U.S. Market Goal of Fast-Growing Jeumont-Schneider
(Helene Pichenot; L'USINE NOUVELLE, 22 Jun 78).......

Hope Still Seen for Nation's Telecom Export Position
(Helene Pichenot; L'USINE NOUVELLE, 15 Jun 78).......

Page

13

16

17

18

20

22

24

26

27

29



BRAZIL

CAPRE POSTPONES DECISION ON COMPUTER IMPORTS AGAIN
Sao Paulo 0 ESTADO DE SAO PAULO in Portuguese 16 Jun 78 p 27

[Text] Although it has completed all studies on the technical level,

the Electronic Data Processing Activities Coordinating Commission [CAPRE]
yesterday postponed anew the decision on a request from IBM to import 400
computers of the 32 type, whose manufacture in the country was authorized
for only four companies, among them COBRA [Brazilian Computers Inc. } a
state company.

Technical studies counsel that the IBM request be analyzed carefully

so as not to harm the principles of merit established for such imports.
This means that the relative merit, interms of the ceiling established
for foreign purchases of electronic devices in the amount of $130 million,
be taken. into consideration in addition to the intrinsic factor of the
validity of the project.

Thus, it is not very probable that the IBM request will be approved even if
only the technical analysis is taken into consideration. This is because
of the total imports allowed in dollars, only $30 million are normally
destined for an increase in the volume of equipment or for the purchase

of new electronic devices. Of the remaining $100 million, $85 million are
applied to projects of manufacturing in the country (purchase of technology
for the sector, for example) and $15 million to the purchase of spare parts
for equipment already operating.

A CAPRE member explained at the end of the meeting yesterday that it is
not a matter of any restrictive measure against attempts to import the
M-32 computers by IBM, since the company itself is responsible for large
purchases of apparatus abroad within the established limits, "It is
merely compliance with the merit system which is used for all purchases."

In yesterday's meeting, CAPRE approved a plan named "Dirigide," which is
intended for installing a data distribution process in the financial area
and the banking system for servicing small banks which do not need a
national system which is so technically advanced.

8908
cso: 5500 12



Both the hardware and software of the station are very important to us,
according to Engineer Bambang Tjahjono, a member of the station's staff.
Furthermore, he said, developed countries such as the United States and
Japan are now providing only limited scholarships for the advanced training
of our specialists. Available scholarships are mostly for short courses,
congresses and seminars. They have begun to close the door to scholarships
for more extensive training.

Beginning in May, test communications are to be made with the experimental
European satellite, "Symphony." Approval has been given by West Germany,
which owns the satellite, with the provision that there will be no commer-
cial use of it. The elevation of the Ranca Bungur antenna will be lowered
from 60 degrees (aimed at the Palapa satellite) to the 25 degrees required
for communications with the Symphony satellite, which will be positioned at
an altitude of 36,000 kilometers geosynchronously (i.e., the satellite ap-
pears motionless because its orbital speed is the same as the rotation of
the earth at the equator).

Engineer Bambang Tjahjono pointed out personnel, problems to three members
of the DPR [parliament} Commission X who visited the station on 27 April.
Most specialists, especially the electrical engineers needed for research
on the station project, prefer to work for private companied because of the
higher salaries offered. Government incentive allowances for research per-
sonnel have not yet been put into effect, and no housing has been provided
for engineers working at the Ranca Bungur station.

The LAPAN telediffusion project, which includes the earth station, was begun
in 1974, The first 2 years were used in establishing direction through at-
tending seminars and congresses. Construction of the Ranca Bungur station
was begun in early 1977 and was completed in only 2 months. The telediffusion
project now has a staff of 15 engineers, 25 technicians/operators, and 10 ad-
ministrative workers.



CUBA

TELECOMMUNICATIONS DAY MARKED IN HAVANA: QUALITY SOUGHT

Havana GRANMA in Spanish 18 Mar 78 p 3

[Article by Roberto Gili: "Raising the Quality of the Service We Provide
the Public Is the Center of Attention in Our Daily Work"]

[Text] On 17 May 1865, 20 countries meeting in France celebrated the first
conference of what would later become the International Telecommunications
Union, the oldest of all international organizations. Its second meeting,
in 1868, was held in Switzerland, in spite of Emperor Napoleon III's ef-
forts to have France be the seat of that institution. At the end of the
last century, the union had 38 members and now it is made up of over 150
countries. As a fitting reminder of the date of its establishment, every
17 May, World Telecommunications Day is celebrated.

What is the atmosphere in which this anniversary is celebrated in Cuba?

“Our ministry is celebrating this new World Telecommunications Day involved
in multiple tasks," replied engineer Salvador Gutierrez, MINCOM's [Ministry
of Communications'] director of telecommunications in our country. “First
of all," he added, "I should mention the watchword we have adopted to guide
our work: Quality."

The following are some salient parts from the Ministry of Communications’
message to its workers on the conclusion of the past year: "The installa-
tion of equipment and the construction of media for the microwave system,

’ the National Long Distance Center, radio and television broadcasting,
radio connections, telephone stations, telephone and telegraph channels
with new links to international communications and thousands of kilometers
of route for communications in general, for MINAZ [Ministry of the Sugar
Industry] and the railroads in particular, are accomplishments which,
together with our industry's production, have come up to the level of the
year of the 60th anniversary of the October Revolution.

"All this," said the director of telecommunications, "is a significant
increase in the infrastructure currently in use by telecommunications
workers to satisfy the needs of the country's economy as well as those of

18



JPRS 71499

18 July 1978

TRANSLATIONS ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY,
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

No. 46
ON STATEMENT A.
DISTR or Public Release
Distribution Unlimited
oduced From
eet Available Copy |

20000503 048

U. S. JOINT PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH SERVICE
NATIONAL TECHNICAL
INFORMATION SERVICE

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
‘SPRINGFIELD, VA. 22161



(1)

(2)

(1) Figure 3A: Original image
(2) Figure 3B: Image filtered with low-pass I

As for the second example, it concerns a high-pass type filter with 17
coefficients (2nd order) obtained from the specifics reported in figure 1B
for the modulus and linear phase

H, (ki, kg) = - 2 x, + k))

For this filter, too, only symmetry functions have been applied, as stated

in table 2, which lists the coefficients obtained, Figure 5A shows a diagram
of the filter with a section, relatively, in the first quadrant, which better
shows the shape of plane Ww, 2 close to the origin, Figure 5B shows the
deviations in phase, which turn out to be very slight in the interior field
of the frequency, The projection required only two iterations and a time of

41



BULGARTA

MEASURING TELECOMMUNICATIONS DEVICES OUTDATED, INEFFECTIVE
Sofia IMPULS in Bulgarian 6 Jun 78 p 3
{Article by Gavril Aleksiev: "Good Managers Are Needed"}

[Text] By Order No 671 of 26 August 1971 of the first deputy minister of
communications, a commission was appointed which was to make a check on
metering equipment, their management, use and technical state. Four central
okrug communications administrations were inspected in Varna, Ruse, Plovdiv
and Veliko Turnovo. Checks were also made at the Radio and Television Enter-
prise with its affiliates and at the divisions of the entire nation, and at
the Communications Industrial and Repair Enterprise in Ruse. In Sofia, a
check was made at the Communications Scientific Research Institute, the
Telekomplekt ISO [?fngineering Organization for Complete Telecommunications
Equipment] and the Sofia telephone and telegraph offices.

The checks in the okrug communications administrations did not produce com-
forting results. The poor management was due mainly to poor conditions.
The absence of repair specialists has led to the presence: of many damaged
metering devices.

A larger portion of the metering equipment for years running has not under-
gone a state or departmental inspection. It is interesting that the sectorial
directorates of the State Standardization Committee have not demanded a dec—
laration or inspection of the equipment. Some 90 percent of the metering
equipment has had the seals broken for various reasons. And some even were
not factory sealed. A larger portion had been repaired or an attempt had
been made to repair them. But for this it is essential to have original
spare parts and elements, servicing specivications, but these usually are
lacking. If we add the poor skills, the picture will become clear. Thus,
the metering devices, instead of being in working order, are further damaged
and, become completely unfit for use. There is only a small percentage of
successful attempts.

Unfortunately there is a great deal of obsolete and technically old metering
equipment in use. This has been used for decades without knowing its tech-
nical state. Even the new equipment is not always well understood, Due to
careless handling it frequently breaks down and stands unused for years.

5



PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

BRIEFS

NEW KWANGTUNG TV TRANSMITTER--The east Kwangtung television relay trans-
mission station situated in the (Hungtu) mountains in (Hsiapahsiang) com-
mune in Fengshun county has been successfully completed and has begun
test transmissions. The Kwangtung broadcasting management bureau decided
to build the east Kwangtung television relay transmission station in order
to cope with the needs of the developing situation. The Meihsien prefec-
tural CCP Committee and the Fengshun county CCP Committee attached great
importance to the project and vigorously supported it with manpower and.
materials. The project was begun in the winter 1975. Despite severe cold
and heat, all the staff members of the project's headquarters and of the
television relay transmission station and about 1,000 laborers from 9 com-
munes in Fengshun county struggled in the (Hungtu) mountains 1,200 meters
above sea-level. The project was completed after 2 years of efforts.
Various localities in east Kwangtung will now have better reception of
television relay transmissions. [Canton Kwangtung Provincial Service in
Mandarin 0430 GMT 3 Jul 78 HK]

CSO: 5500



Then, a comprehensive “access chack" guarantees that no unauthorized person

can arbitrarily modify, extend, or tap the data. Thus in the first place,
computer crime can be prevented: from the theft of customers’ data (as hap-
pened to a large German mail-order house) up to the trick of adding the

tenths of a cent to one's own account in interest computations (which almost made
a German bank employee rich),

Of course, it would be wrong to brand private industry as the only data-con-
nected offender; the government -- federal, Land, and local authorities --
holds its own, and its data consciousness is just as low, Three main charges
can be made against the government:

Firstly,it was, at least up to the beginning of this year, the greatest sup-
plier of data for private industry (the postal service or one of its subsid-
jaries actually made a profit from this business): from the registry office
to the public works offices to the motor vehicle office, there flowed a steady
stream of data to the interested parties, In the smaller communities, where
the dignitaries dominated the council, the feeling that the administration
was a tool of private industry was firmly established, In order to avoid mis-
understanding, let us point out that this was perfectly legal; no one thought
of asking whether it was also legitimate,

Secondly, the lawmakers are still the greatest data producers; their laws and
regulations produce around two thirds of all personal data,

Thirdly, under the catch-word of "simplifying the organization," most of the
requisites have been created for a combination of all the individual data files,
in a way that still conjures up Orwell's "1984," For unquestionably, the
government has access to the most sensitive personal data, with the greatest
possible potential damage.

When the Citizen Doesn't Drive

Case Seven: In a large city, the public transportation system is organized

as a stock company; all the shares are held by the city, One day, the internal
revenue service comes to the city with the request to look in the EDP files

of the public transportation system for the names of all those who hold monthly
or yearly commuter tickets, These are to be compared with the electronically
processed applications for a reduction in income tax, in order to determine
who has claimed a lump sum for mileage for driving to work in his own car,

but actually used the public transportation system,

This request for official help was refused, But it is a harmless example of
what can be expected when computerization has set in, and the complete data
stream within the government -- in this case, justified by the undeniable

crime of "income tax fraud" -- is not controlled, In principle, this is not
easy to regulate: each law must have a claim to complete obedience, but on
the other hand, the chance to put one over on the law is part of the human
quality of a society, Technically, there will soon be no difficulty in en-

forcing laws and ordinances to a much greater extent, and in increasing the

54



Deriving the sum of the moduli of the deviations (3, abcve) calculated at
every point on the grid with respect to the coefficients a and b of (1,
above), there is obtained e linear system whose solution allows the same
coefficients to be calculated,

The process can be improved if it is made iterative by introducing at the
i-th iteration an opportune weighting function:

1

(5) W, (ky, &) = ————_—_
hel) = Ee

Indeed, by treating thus the total deviation

K-l K>-1
= E, Ly | An (ky ky) B (ky k) —
(6) £ oh Es, | im (Ky, Ry) B (ky, key

— ACky ke) PW (ky ke)

we have a practical way of obtaining the same values of a and b as would be
calculated by minimizing the actual deviation:

K-t yt A(ky ky) |?
= H,, (ky ky) — ——
(1) E Ea, Ze ‘m (Ky, Ka) Bik, &)

The system that makes it possible to calculate the coefficients of the filter
is obtained by deriving equation 6 with respect to the variables 8ng and by,
(with p=0,1...,TM.-1;9=0,1...,N2-1;7r=0,1,. 2, mE
ands = 0,1, ..., Mo. -1). .

The derivatives take the expression

ove si @ posto (where it is given that:)
K-1 x1 :
Foamy, = Em, Es, (ky fy) €05 8 gon (Ek)

Kj-1 K,-1 :
i 8pann, = — Fa, Fe, Wilke keV ER (ky he) €08 © porn, Chis Re) — ln (iy ke) $e © pom, (ky Ke)
Kl K,-1
Ream, = Ex, EW (ky ha) | He (Ray hz) COS © yarn, Cy Ke)
(with) oe
con Suis ky ho) =O, (Ud + %, =)

37



“Furthermore, both ministers agreed to take adequate measures
to improve postal and financial exchanges between Algeria and
Benin. They also decided to cooperate in the matter of
developing posts and telecommunications. The methods of
implementing this decision will be discussed at the next
meeting of the Joint Algerian-Beninese Committee, which will
take place in May 1978 in Cotonou.

"Both ministers were pleased with the atmosphere of fraternity
and complete understanding that prevailed during their conver-
sations. This bodes well for relations between the two
countries which are to be strengthened according to directives
from the two chiefs of state.

"Richard Rodriguez thanked his counterpart, Mohamed Zerguini,
for the warm and brotherly welcome given to him and to the
delegation that accompanied him.

"The Beninese minister of equipment has invited the Algerian
minister of posts and telecommunications to visit him in Benin.
Mohamed Zerguini has agreed in principle to such a visit,"

the communique concluded.

11500
cso: 4400

25



3 minutes 37 seconds on an HP 21 MX M computer,

nti del filtro passa-alto.

Tas. 2. - Cueffict

(Coefficients of the high-pass filter)

dg, = — 0,0265696 by = 1

a, = a, = —0,0371489 yy ~~ By = 0.137886
0, = Gy = —0,0212679 Jog = by = 0,0827882
a, = — 0.090423 by, = 0,0972650
ay, = ay, = — 0,0830975 hy = by = 0,0500840
ay, = 0873098 yy = 0,0335857

Fig. 5A. - Vista prospettica del ‘modulo del filtro passa-alto.

ay

Fig. 4A: Image filtered with low-pass II

Fig. 4B: Image obtained by double filtering with low-pass I
Fig. 5A: Projected view of the modulus of the high-pass filter
Fig. 5B: Deviations for the phase of the high-pass filter

42



ALGERIA

BENINESE TO BE TRAINED AT ORAN TELECOMMUNICATIONS INSTITUTE
Algiers EL MOUDJAHID in French 30 Apr 78 p 4

[Article: "Beninese Agents Will Take Training at the Oran
Telecommunications Institute"]

[Text] Beninese telecommunications employees will receive
university and vocational training in Algeria at the Oran
Telecommunications Institute, stated a joint communique signed
yesterday morning by Mohamed Zerguini, minister of posts and
telecommunications, and Richard Rodriguez, minister of equip-
ment of the Popular Republic of Benin, shortly before the
Beninese minister's departure.

During his visit, from 24 to 29 April, Richard Rodriguez
visited the telecommunications complex at Algiers-Mustapha, the
SONELEC [Algerian National Company for the Manufacture and
Installation of Electrical and Electronic Equipment] cable manu-
facturing plant at Oued-Smar, the post office check center,

the accounting center of the posts and telecommunications
administration, the aerospace telecommunications center at
Lakhdaria, the telecommunications institute at Oran, the main
receiver's office in Oran, and the postal sorting center in
Algiers.

"During their conversations," specifies the text, "the two
ministers stated that their views were completely identical
regarding cooperation between the two countries in the matter
of posts and telecommunications, dynamic factors, and
strengthening the economic ties between both countries and the
bonds of friendship between both peoples.

"The Algerian minister, Mohamed Zerguini, responded favorably
to his counterpart's request to see Beninese telecommunications
employees acquire university and vocational training in
Algeria, at the Oran Telecommunications Institute.

24



Wilhelm Steinmueller, Regensburg law professor and harsh eritic of the data
protection practiced in the FRG, says? “The data dictatorship will be a
mild dictatorship, under which everyone has @ clear conscience,"

In any case, we still have a long way to go in order to realize the hope that
has already been expressed, that data protection will be the "Magna Carta of
the modern citizen," and proclaim the “renaissance of rights of freedom,"

So what is to be done? Even today, our society is no longer viable without
the computer, It is necessary to check its demands (that is, the demands of
those who make use of the computer), Hans-Peter Bull has proposed a basic
right to data protection that may strengthen the legal demand for "protection
from the data," Moreover, still more can be done in five areas?

1, The right of the individual to information from private industry, and of
the worker to information from management, must be increased, In overseeing
this, care must be taken that the costs incurred and charged to the inquirer
do not have a prohibitive effect,

2. The government must decentralize its data files, so that their contents
cannot be combined without supervision, The central data collection must be
included in the law and drastically limited,

3, In the future supplementary law on government liability, the executive
branch must make compensation if it has collected false data or transmitted
unauthorized data to the detriment of a citizen,

4, The flow of data within an agency, between agencies ("official cooperation"),
and from the agencies to the outside must be regulated by law or legal decree,

5, The citizen must learn to give away his data as carefully and parsimoniously
as his hard-earned pennies, Mistrust of all kinds of collections and inter-
rogations is recommended,

According to past experience, it is foolish to trust to the awakening of a
data consciousness,

8429
cso: 5500 END

61



INDONESIA

EARTH STATION BUILT WITHOUT FOREIGN ASSISTANCE
Jakarta KOMPAS in Indonesian 28 Apr 78 pp l, 12
[Article: "Domestic Construction of Earth Station"]

[Text] An earth station as large as the Palapa SKSD [Domestic Satellite
Communication System] Station at Cibinong has been built by LAPAN [National
Flight and Space Foundation] at Ranca Bungur, Bogor. The antenna is 8
meters high and has a diameter of 10.3 meters. While the Cibinong station
was bought from abroad, the Ranca Bungur station was constructed entirely
by Indonesian technicians. LAPAN experts under the direction of Engineer
E. Yamin performed all planning and construction.

The Ranca Bungur earth station is aimed at the Palapa satellite positioned
at 80 degrees east longitude, approximately over Sri Lanka. The Ranca
Bungur station has been able to communicate with the Palapa satellite during
testing. .

The antenna was constructed according to international specifications,
while part of the electronics is a prototype of SKSD equipment.

Testing has included determination of the sensitivity of the entire receiv-
ing system and measurement of the antenna's radiation pattern. Studies also
have been made of the effect of rain on microwave transmissions originating
from the Palapa satellite.

The Ranca Bungur station, which weights 8 tons, is the first large earth
Station to be built in its entirety by Indonesians. Engineer Mahdi, a staff
member of the LAPAN Space Telediffusion and Communications Project, said
that experience in building the earth station shows that many components are
obtainable domestically and are the same as SKSD components.

Research connected with the earth station will benefit educational television.
Determination of the number of people needed and of accurate antenna angles
will be useful in the development of educational television facilities plan-
ned by the government. This equipment will also enable studies of communi-
cations via satellite between points on earth.



I remember that the automobile industry, now 23-years-old, still has items
which are not nationally produced. We should never expect, 100-percent
national production in the sector. However, we have a progressive plan in
that respect in addition to the technical adaptations which shall be made
to suit Brazilian needs,"

"There will be successive increases in nationally built content: first
through manpower and later by the inclusion of nationally built components,
The simple fact of final installation and the testing of the equipment in
Brazil is already a 50-percent national share in the cost of the final
product, That means that there will be a saving in foreign credits of 50
percent, which we consider very important in only the first year of produc-
tion. In the second year, we shall reach 70 percent, and 85 percent in the
third. Our practical limit is 90 percent but to achieve those goals the
collaboration of the component industry will be necessary," he commented,
Ernest Muhr believes that "if the market really develops we shall see
growth rates in the computer sector which will far exceed those seen
traditionally. That is why there were so many bidders in the CAPRE auction
for bids." In his opinion "the Brazilian economy has grown much faster
than its population. And there was no technological training for the ad-
ministration of the economy. Moreover, the size of Brazil by itself is
such that commercial and industrial operations can no longer be administered
with a pencil and an eraser, Or with beans as they say. The computer has
become an instrument without which work cannot be done." On the export of
minicomputers, Ernest Muhr said that in the first year of production some
12 to 15 units will be destined for the foreign market, there being pros-
pects of supplying the Latin American market primarily. The Nixdorf
company has a branch office in Venezuela to facilitate sales,

Technical Data

The general manager of Labo, Rudolf Oehlin, said that the main technical
characteristics of the minicomputer are: main memory bank is of 64 to

128 kbytes, auxiliary memory of removable disks is of 10 to 40 mbytes,
needle printer of 150 characters per second, line printer of 300 lines per
minute, and magnetic tape of 800 to 1600 BPI, .

8908
cso: 5500

15



ignores the right of way almost immediately in front of the garage, and bangs
into the rear of the car that has just been repaired, The mason hi the car
repaired again, but a little later he trades it in on a bigger car, His old
insurance company informs him that it will not give him any Liability in-
surance on the new car.

Case Six: An employee orders a big stereo set, which he wants to pay for on

the installment plan, He returns it because it does not meet the specifica-
tions in the catalogue, and does not pay the first installment, A little

later, when he wants to obtain a small loan from his bank (to pay cashfor another
stereo set), the bank refuses him the loan,

Banks and insurance companies, in particular, have made extensive use of the
capabilities of electronic data processing, in order to minimize their risks,
In the case of the young woman, the bank acted precipitately when it learned
of the attachment judgment in a legal way, The mason had the misfortune to
appear as a swindler in the central data bank of the auto insurance companies:
fake accidents are a favorite method of insurance fraud, The fact that he was
innocent in both cases (as was proven in two legal suits) did not help him
much, When he requested the new insurance policy, neither of the suits had
been settled, and on account of his two auto accidents within 10 days, he was
under an electronically stored suspicion, Because the employee had refused

to pay the first installment on his stereo set, he also appeared in the

data files of the "general credit insurance protection society" as a slow
payer, and thus a credit risk, In thiscase also, the decision of the manufac-
turer to take back the faulty set came too late for him,

The banks and insurance companies fought most tenaciously against the notifica-
tion and information requirement in the preparation phase of the law, and

they actually obtained some improvements for themselves, In business matters,
the law distinguishes between two types of personal data processing, Anyone
who processes such data for his own commercial purposes must inform the per-
gon concerned when the data are first stored (although the "rubber" clause "un-
less he has become aware of the storage in another way" largely vitiates

this requirement),

The protection companies and central data files of the banking and insurance
industry now fall in another area, commercial data processing for other pur-
poses, In this case, the person concerned must be informed only when his data
are first transmitted (again vitiated by the rubber clause "unless he has be-
come aware of the storage in another way"), He can find out where the data
are going only when there is a "regular" data flow -- which is not the case
with a person who takes out a small loan, He is normally not successful in
rolling the data chain backwards,

On the whole, the BDSG has not affected the flow of data in the private sec-
tor, with a few exceptions, Two general clauses permit data accumulation and
reproduction as before (although sometimes it must take place in another form
and on another basis: there must be no suspicion that "protected interests"
of the person concerned will be damaged, and the person interested in the data
must be able to demonstrate a "valid interest," His business interests are
also included in this,

52



be impossible, At the same time, according to Article 75 of the statute,
"preservation of the uniformity of living conditions beyond the borders of
a state" was to be achieved, A third aspect was not emphasized quite so
loudly: to check the uncontrolled frenzy of data collection on the part of
the individual agencies by means of a uniform list of the data to be stored,

To be sure, the Ministry of the Interior did not act with complete candor on

this point, The maximum extent of the data that are allowed to be stored could

be increased by a simple legal decree, "This interpretation is dead, " Andreas

von Schoeler, the Parliamentary secretary of state in the Bonn Ministry of

the Interior, now explains, "There is now unanimity on this point, The list A
can be changed only be law," he said in the open debate in Parliament,

Nevertheless, the registration law deserves further attention -- precisely
because it was not an insidious attack on the freedom of the citizen, but
just a regulation and summary of facts that had existed for a long time, :
Thanks to EDP, the "resident registration system" has long since become a
“resident system,” a central data pool for the various individual agencies
-- the voting, welfare, tax, health, and police agencies, etc, -~ that need
these data for the performance of their legally prescribed duties,

What is new is the fact that all the data are stored tn one place, or in one
EDP-connected system, which of course permits effective data protection for
the first time through central monitoring, This contradiction cannot be
resolved, No doubt the danger of misuse is also increased, but the lawmakers
have great difficulty with this realization -- in their deliberations, they
can hardly start from the principle that the executive branch has misuse in
mind, but they must assume that it will dutifully fulfill its legal orders,
Max Weber's ironic, skeptical suggestion that in order to protect freedom,
"democracy" and "bureaucracy" should be organized in opposition to each other,
may have been an accurate perception, but it is not a principle that can be
put into action,

Fortunately or not, the registration law came into the general debate on
terrorism, For in the basic draft law, it was stated quite clearly that it
"takes into account the efforts of the federal government to improve the
legal handling of the fight against terrorism through regulations concerning
a strengthened registration requirement in lodging places, the establishment
of state address registers, and a proposed unification of the individual rules
of the state registration laws," The idea that every hotel keeper and land~-
lord would become a deputy sheriff released a storm of indignation,

The protests could easily have been even louder, For the logical consequence
of such pseudo-policemen is that new, forgery-proof passports and personal
papers must be issued (as is planned); their numbers could let the personal
identification number in through the back door (and will do so, according

to the experts), And, in order to close the net really tight, a central data
bank would have to be set up for the electronic comparison of all signatures
with a sample signature that had been deposited, When, in addition, all

airline tickets are checked (as they already are), all car rentals are reported,
and it is possible to report over a nation-wide search system for stolen cars,
where and when every car (with a forgery-proof identification) is located, then
nothing more stands in the way of complete monitoring of the movements of

every citizen, 59



FRANCE

CNES, TDF PLAN TELEVISION BROADCAST SATELLITE
Paris ELECTRONIQUE ACTUALITES in French 19 May 78 pp 1, 15

[Article by D. Levy]

[Text] France has every intention of moving ahead in the field of televi-
sion broadcasting by satellite. In accordance with the wish expressed by
the High Council on audio-visual media in favor of a direct radio broad—
casting system by satellite, CNES [National Center for Space Studies] under-
took, jointly with Telediffusion de France (TDF), a preliminary study on a
national or bilateral design for a direct broadcasting television satel-
lite. No specific operational project has been announced but “we are act-
ing as though we had to meet a specific need 8 to 10 years fren uuow.""
However, the most plausible hypothesis seems to be the development of an
experimental European satellite ("H-SAT") from which a direct broadcasting
operational television program would be derived ("TVBS"). Indeed, now
that the initial reserve is past, the Europeans' interest in such a system
seems nearly unanimous.

The goal assigned to CNES and TDF with regard to television broadcasting is
to develop new technology existing in the national industrial domain to
render them more competitive on the space market. In other words, our in-
dustrialists must demonstrate their ability to launch a direct broadcasting
television satellite for domestic or foreign use.

There is no question of a national program as of now, particularly since the
complexity of the television organization's structures does not lend it-
self to quick decisions: indeed, it is up to the television stations to
determine their needs. At any rate, no urgency is seen in this area.

However, TDF is acting "as though specific needs would definitely materialize
8 to 10 years from now," and has prepared a plan utilizing the frequencies
assigned during the Geneva Conference on direct television broadcasting that
was held last year. On this basis, CNES undertook a study to design a 12

GHz television satellite capable of broadcasting four TV programs with na~
tional coverage.

32



Developing Power Tubes

The resolution on the part of France to move ahead in this field in ac-
cordance with the wishes of the High Council on audio-visual media -- which
declared itself in favor of setting up a direct radio broadcasting system
by satellite -- is perhaps akin to the aboutface of other European coun-
tries that ultimately joined the ESEA's "H-SAT" project. Eleven European
states are participating so far in a 6-month study of this experimental di-
rect broadcasting television satellite to be condluded by mid-October of
this year.

By now it looks as though there is a good chance that the participants of
the program will decide at this time to go into the developmental stage.
The cost of this program is about 400 million francs, including the expen~
ses of launching with the aid of an "Ariane" rocket. The "H-SAT" satel-
lite, which weighs 900 kg in geostationary orbit and would be developed by
the Eurosatellite Consortium sponsored by the Aerospatiale, MBB and ETCA,
could be launched by the end of 1981. Thereafter, an operational "TVBS"
European direct television satellite could be derived from "H-SAT."

It is more these programs, designed in the European context, that will
benefit so, it is believed, from the preliminary studies conducted on the
national level by CNES and TDF. Hence, the interest in quickly placing our
industry in a competitive position on the market. At this point, all the
elements of the satellite seem easy to manufacture, with the exception of
the power tube (a model with power in excess of 200W would be necessary

for a country comparable to France). Currently, only Hughes, an American
company, is capable of submitting a bid for a 200W tube, while the German
company AEG-Telefunken is studying a coupled-cavity model capable of achiev-
ing an output of 500W. Thomson-CSF also intends to be in the running, and
believes it can produce the necessary tubes.

Aside from the materials on board (receiver, frequency converter, etc.)
TDF and CNES have undertaken a study to develop ground stations. Studies
to develop critical elements of these stations (with an antenna diameter
of 0.90m) such as the 12 GHz amplifiers, the mixers and the demodulators,
have been assigned to manufacturers such as SNEC (Societe Nouvelle d'Elec-
tronique du Calvados) or the RTC. Note also that Thomson-CSF is develop-
ing, under a Thomson-Brandt contract, a complete station equipped with an
antenna 0.90m in diameter.

All this equipment was utilized during the demonstration of TV reception

by satellite (simulated) conducted at the recent MIP-TV in Cannes. A 12 GHz
broadcasting station was installed at Puy-de-Dome and is obtaining three
channels to permit reception tests (in May and June). This will then be
followed by propagation measurements taken by TDF. The latter will also
utilize the narrow beam of the experimental satellite of the ESA, "OTS,"
whose broadcasting power is similar to that of a direct TV satellite, to
take other full-scale measurements.

33



The data problem is not new, However, it has taken on a new dimension in the
last 35 years, with the headlong triumph of the electronic computer, Only a
machine is capable of collecting widely scattered data in a fraction of a
second, organizing them, comparing them with predetermined criteria, com-
bining millions of individual data items, and storing them close at hand for
decades, In a logical fashion, the debate over the data problem developed
parallel to the use of "electronic data processing" (EDP).

But just as many citizens did not "understand" the computer and made it
into a demon or caricatured it, or uneasily pushed it out of their conscious-
ness, so the discussion went to opposite extremes, Either "Big Brother Com-
puter" was painted on the wall, or ED? was explained as a harmless tool for
organization, To be sure, this exchange of arguments pro and con took place
in a small circle of initiates, Most of the people took no part in this dis-
cussion, and did not even recognize the problem of the misuse of data, When
there were protests like last year, when a national identity card was
being considered -- they fed on emotion, muffled fears, and a general un-
easiness with respect to technical progress! they were not very helpful .

All the "initiates" agree that only a general "data consciousness" can help
to get a grip on the matter, "Data protection" (to use that adopted but mis-
leading term) is really the problem of the century, the fulfillment of that
central area inthe Basic Law that establishes human dignity and the right
to freedom, although it may not look that way at first glance,

With the "federal data protection law" (BDSG) -- or, more accurately, the
“law for the protection of personal data against misuse in data processing"
*- which went into effect on 1 January 1978, the lawmakers made a first at-
tempt at regulating the subject, New legal ground was broken, Naturally,
there were already regulations governing the handling of data -- for example,
in the laws on epidemics and social welfare, The exact number of pertinent
regulations is actually disputed among specialists -- the number is somewhere
between 340 and 420 -- but except for these restrictions, the axiom is,
"Everything that is not expressly forbidden, is allowed,"

Under this motto, data collection by both private and public agencies began,

In 1976, the Hamburg information specialist Klaus Brunnstein wrote: “According
to a conservative estimate, data concerning the average German citizen are

kept in more than 200 different data banks belonging to the communities, Laender,
and federal government, and in another 50 to 500 commercial data banks, depen-
ding on the buying power and position of the person in question,"

One cannot even guess at the number of individual data items, In addition to
around 170 official data items concerning the "normal" citizen, another 150

to 300 long-lived data items can occur, depending on behavior (criminals, for
example, require additional data), incidents (accident victims, sicknesses),
and professional position (official in a sensitive position, for example),
Private agencies, mainly in ‘the business world, also collect between 10 and
220 data items, depending on the buying power of the individual and his par-
ticipation in economic life, On 1 January 1976, there were around 25,000 data
processing units in the FRG (not including the so-called middle data technology

48



cso:

can also be hit by bottlenecks at har-
bours and airports, although this is a
problem that is being over come.

Q Many Arab states are proud of
their rapid development. While this
is impressive, surely there is still a
lack of local technicians to carry out
maintenance?

A In my opinion, we will shortly find
that too much money is being allocated
to building and installation, and we will
find ourselves in the position of having
nobody to take care of the equipment.
This is not only true of tele-
communications, but also of harbours,
airports, hospitals and roads. Normally
the supply contracts include certain
provisions for the supplier to maintain or
even operate the system or plant during
its initial stages.

The day will come, however, when the
proper organisation of the country must
take over and purchasers must be
aware of the long time it takes to train
staff to operate sophisticated equip-
ment. Sol fear that we will face the next
bottleneck in the field of operation and
maintenance, which could result in bad
service and deterioration.

Q Arab officials have complained
of the get-in-and-out-quick attitude
of some western firms,. Will such
companies have to show a more
long-term responsibility?

5500

A Yes. It is only too easy, and tempting,
with over capacity in industry, to sell as

much as possible. This is alright in the

short term, but in the long term it is
important that a domestic or public
organisation take full control. Sup-
pliers must be prepared to take on gre-
ater responsibility, not only to train
staff, but also to advise on the necessity
of training at an early stage. The need
for this is increasing withthe com-
plexity of equipment and the price of
training is not always visible in pur-
chase contracts. If the buyer requests
training at a later stage the cost can
either tempt them into reducing or
eliminating it altogether.

Q Will the time come when the Arab
states develop their own tele-
communications?

A Sooner or later in developing coun-
tries the telecommunications industry
is examined. But in the Arab countries,
where there is a shortage of manpower
and an abundance of investment money
we will probably find that they will
invest mainly in industries using large
amounts of capital investment and less
manpower, a factor that rules out tele-
communications. a

21



subscribes to a journal called MY PATTERN SHEET, she may be grateful for
offers of flatirons and sewing machines; but under some circumstances, Mr X,
who ordered a book called "The Nude Photo," may not be enthusiastic about
invitations to buy erotic articles or to become a paying member of an off-color
club, Here a protected area of privacy is encroached upon,

Above all, these increasingly detailed addresses approach a forbidden per-
sonality profile, The preferences, tastes, hobbies, and habits of a citizen
can, in the course of data accumulation, be assembled to the point where the
individual can be recognized, The advocates of this data collect bn counter
with the argument that their findings are only conclusions from the known
behavior of the individual: he is the one who ordered the diabetic candy, the
rheumatism cover, or the nude photo book, and thus put these data into

circulation himself,

There are two objections to this: first, central data collection breaches the
separation between personal life and environment, which the person concerned
dssires in any case, And then there is always the danger that the second
largest private data collector, the publicity and detective agencies, will
combine its data with those of the address dealers, A company that wants to
fill a confidential position has an understandable interest in checking the
reliability of the applicants, The information services charged with such
inquiries normally do not have access to the nucleus of personal information
and the home of the subject, A possible alternative is to call up
the detailed address, from which conclusions can be drawn concerning

personal behavior,

Here the lawmakers had to weightwo claims: the protection of private life,
and the economic interests of the address dealers and the information services,
Here also it behaved as Ulrich Dammann of the Hessian data protection
authority once remarked: "The text of the law itself does not resolve con~
flicts of interest for the most part, but takes refuge from the unpleasant reality
of conflicting interests in the safe world of general clauses,"

Moreover, a young computer specialist has found a very simple way of tracing
the data chain in commercial use, In the United States, he became accustomed
to abbreviating his middle name with a W, He kept this habit when he returned
to the FRG, but from time to time he changed the initial in answering an
advertisement or an inquiry, Now he knows from his return mail, who has the
address of Hans A, or Hans B, or Hans C,, and is giving it to others,

When the Banks Make "Statistics" of their Clients

Case Four: A young woman was the guilty party in a divorce suit, and her
ex-husband obtained an order to attach her property, which the bank of course
learned from the transactions in her account, The bank refused to grant
the woman revolving credit, although she had previously made all her payments

on time,

Case Five: At a red light, a careless driver hits a stationary car belonging
to a mason, The mason has his car repaired, When he picks it up, a driver

51


That already sounds like "1984," like an exaggeration, But the fact that it
4s feasible must make one suspicious: up to now, there are few examples of
a voluntary renunciation of technical achievements, Naturally, the police
would be helped in their work if they had centrally stored almost all the
fingerprints of adult citizens, through their search systems NADIS or INPOL,
PIOS and the planned uniform data and information system, According to the
description of the central state address registers, they are already of
obvious help in searches,

From the constitutional point of view, there appears to be another attitude
toward the registration law, Paragraph 13 of Section 1 of the bill gives the
federal government the right to determine the data, their receiver, and the
method of transmission, Section 2 empowers the Minister of the Interior to
regulate the exchange of data between states, If you add to this the fact
that in the registration law, the central office is also allowed to store
such data, which previously only passed through it, then the "federal data
bank" is complete -- not centrally installed, but nevertheless uniform, It
is not created by the federal government, but by the states for the federal
government, It does not bother the computer that the office storing the data
{s not located in Bonn alone, but is divided up between Kiel, Hamburg, Mainz,
and Stuttgart,

Such a "divided federal data bank" would run counter to any reasonable data
protection system, This is to be considered in the debate that will begin
again in autumn, according to Schoeler's estimate, Then, it is also a good
idea to examine critically the argument that in the preparation of data, the
government is rendering the citizen a "service" -- helping, for example, a
divorced woman to track down her vanished husband, and to get support pay-
ments for their dependent child, Indeed, the ever-growing welfare society is
making greater and greater demands for service; its need for information with
respect to the individual is also growing -- but is the government required
to ratify this development?

Nevertheless, the baby should not be thrown out with the bath water, Data

banks do have definite advantages, for example in the field of medicine,

Sweden has made very good experiments with a central disease data file, Ac-
cident victims could be treated better and more quickly, because all the relevant
data -- from blood type to allergies to previous treatments -- were on hand

in minutes, No one will deny that it would be advantageous to have a central
data file of all organ donors and those who are waiting for an organ transplant,
But no one should close his eyes to the fact that every advantage comes with
the disadvantage of possible misuse,

Everything points to the likelihood that the “computerization” of society will
go still further, The belief in the necessity of EDV does not yet tolerate

the concomitant realization that "there is careful, calculated ignorance of
the constitutional provision for privacy" (according to Spiros Simitis, the
Hessian data protection officer), And where belief is shaken, the determining
viewpoint maybe that now more than ever, knowledge is power. So long as the
politicians shrink from their duty of adopting a socially responsible distribu-
tion of information, we are heading for the "data dictatorship," of which

€0



APHIC DATA |1- Report No.
seer JPRS _71499

3. Recipient's Accession No.

4. Title and Subtitle

AND DEVELOPMENT, No. 46

TRANSLATIONS ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY, RESEARCH

3. Report Date

18 July 1978

6.

17. Author(s)

8. Performing Organization Rept.
0.

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Fig. 2A. - Vista prospettica del modulo del filtre passa-basso 1.

(1)

Fig. 2B. - Scarti per la fase del filtro passa-basso I.

(2)

(1) Figure 2A: Projected view of the modulus of low-pass filter I
(2) Figure 2B: Phase deviations of low-pass filter I

Filters of this type are normally used by us in the enhancement of x-ray
photographs [7, bibliog. ] because it is essential in these cases to reduce
the noise present. in the image before undertaking any other type of elabora-
tion. Numerous and repeated tests with low-pass filters much more complex,
that is, with a higher number of coefficients, have not made significant
improvements, In figure 3 is shown a radiographic image of a thorax (3A)
treated with the filter examined, but figure 4A shows the same image
obtained with the use of a minor passing band filter (see the curve drawn
in figure 1A) whose coefficients are listed in table 1, It may be noted
that with a band width thus limited there is obtained a reduction in noise
combined, however, with a rather noticeable unfocusing. Similar effects
have been obtained with the preceding filter by applying it twice to the
image from beginning to end to obtain exactly the null-phase condition
(figure 4B) [8, bibliog.]. Considering that in this case the enhancement
times double, the advantage is clearly one of having available a method

of projection that makes it possible to introduce additionally the speci-
fics of phase,

40



By letting the derivatives equal zero and making bog = 1, there is obtained
i system of N)No + MjMp - 1, independent linear equations in as many unknowns

and b,, 3) The coefficients and the noted limits of the system depend,
(Spa only on” the choice of the grid and the value of the specifics at each
point of the same grid, but also on the weight function W. (ey Ls ko)» which
is assumed equal to 1 at the first iteration and calculated successively by
formula 5, above,

The method developed lends itself effectively to the introduction of ‘Linear
groupings of the type

CO)
Nyt N,-1 Mj-1 M,-1 9
Ea Ea Say dan, + Fm, Em Ban Om =

oO” ot i

which involve a reduction in the number of independent equations and thereby
a diminution in the orders of the system to be resolved; in practice, this
means an opportune redefinition of the elements y, d and} present in 8, above,
The calculation times obtained on minicomputers, for filters with few coef-
ficients, or with high-performance computers are very short and certainly
competitive with times required by other procedures; this characteristic
depends either on the numerous symmetries present in the system to be resolved
or, in the iterative version, on the rapidity of convergence, Only in a limi-
ted number of cases have we noted uncertainties in the determination of the
minimum in 6, above, and in particular when there occurred a large number of
groups for recursive filters with a large number of coefficients,

Designing and Using Two-Dimensional Digital Filters .

The first example refers to a first-order recursive low-pass filter

Bq + Ay Zz! + AZ! + ay zt Zz"
Lt byzr) tbozr! + by zy! zt

with circular symmetry calculated on the specifics reported concerning the
modulus in figure 14 (continuous line); however, for the phase a linear
procedure of the following type was necessary:

Hy (ky ky) = — (4, + 4y,)

The enhancement procedure has made it possible in this case, by using only
the symmetry groups a) to obtain a stable filter with 3
iterations and a calectatione time of only 73 seconds on a minicomputer

HP 21 MX M, By imposing another group on the coefficient b,1 of the type
by = cost (-1< pis +1) [5, in the bibliography], there are obtained
in the plane bo pairs of values that stand on an interior line of
the triangle of oP seabta tty {6, bibliog,] relating to filters that present
at first approximation a similar procedure either for the modulus or for
the phase and differentiate according to the gradations of symmetry,

38



| BRAZIL

STORED DATA SYSTEMS TO BE INSTALLED
National Control Guaranteed
Rio de Janeiro JORNAL DO BRASIL in Portuguese 15 Jun 78 p 16

[Text] Brasilia--Minister of Communications Euclides Quandt de Oliveira
guaranteed yesterday that the manufacture of components for the in-
stallation of Stored Data Telephone Centers (CPA) will remain under
national control through Transit, a factory installed in Montes Claros,
Minas Gerais, which holds the technology in the sector.

The intention of the Ministry of Communications, with the support of the
Ministry of Industry and Commerce, the Ministry of Planning and the
National Development Bank, is that of consolidating this company in the
national market. Thus, if a foreign company becomes active in the nation,
it must also absorb national technology, even if it is among those bidding
for the installation of centrals.

Deadlines

Minister Quandt de Oliveira reported that the selection of the companies
responsible for the installation in the country of the first centrals have
a period limited to 30 days, the time period given to Ericsson and the
Atlantica de Seguros Group, to discuss the additional requirements for the
bidding imposed by the Ministry for making its final decision as to the
winners,

He denied that the deadline had the objective of causing alternative
solutions for the installation of the CPA in the country, such as obliging
the bidding companies--Ericsson, ITT and NEC--to become partners. "It is
not very likely that a partnership of that type will take place because the
technology of the companies is different as are their proposals," said the
minister,



he does not find out where his data are stored and where they are being trans-
mitted (as false data, under some circumstances), or where they come from;
thirdly, 1£ he doubts the completeness of the information, he can under cer-
tain conditions have the data bank searched down to the last line by agents

of the regulating authorities, but that immediately entails costsof tens of
thousands of marks,

Data inspection in the public domain is controlled in an even less satisfac-

tory manner, There, the BDSG in principle blocks all information in the area
of security: the police, (ffice for Protection of the Constitution, Military Counter:
intelligence, and Federal Intelligence Service are exempt fromthe reporting obliga-

tion, Thus there is a further danger that false data, containing rumors, slan-
der, or simple mistakes, will be transmitted along with the correct data,

This is not affected by the stipulation that the federal authority for data
protection (located at the Ministry of the Interior, 198 Graurheindorfer
Street, 5300 Bonn 1) can intervene upon request and protest in a federal

case, as the Land authority for data protection (established in Hesse and
Rhineland-Palatinate) can in a Land case, The data files remain closed to

the complainant,

A certain amount of secrecy must be allowed to the security agencies, in or-
der 'to do their job, But the present limits are not satisfactory.In this area,
the federal and Land lawmakers still have hard work to do,

When the Teacher Isn't Pregnant

Case Three: An unmarried, strictly Catholic teacher orders a book called
"My First Child" from a mail-order book dealer -- as a present for her mar-
ried sister, who is expecting her first child, Shortly afterward, sales
letters and samples arrive in large numbers; manufacturers of baby food,
paper diapers and children's furniture advertise, as well as a company
offering education insurance, This is no secret to the villagers; they
begin to whisper and to make pointed remarks,

This "case" settled itself with "no birth." But two aspects are noteworthy?
the teacher did not succeed in finding out who, where and how, had put her
address into circulation with the false notation "pregnant." And it sheds
some light on the address business,

Every commercial manufacturer has an understandable interest in addressing
an audience of potential customers that is chosen as carefully as possible,
His chances are greater if more data are connected with an address, The
item "male" is useful to the pipe manufacturer only to a certain extent;
the additional item “nonsmoker" helps him to save money, A candy company
values the item "diabetic"; a company specializing in rheumatism treatments
would like to know something about the state of health of its addressees,-

These various interests lead the address dealer to attach as much data as
possible to a name, in order to satisfy his clients to the greatest possible
extent, This can remain harmless, and only cause the mailbox, stuffed with
advertising material, to be overloaded, But it can go further, If Mrs X

50



239 newborn babies -- mostly group characteristics like the origin of the
parents and family conditions -- were used to predict which of the 239 babies
would later get into trouble with the law, Searcely two decades later, the
prediction has been fulfilled with a deviation of only 3,5 percent," Who
protects us from the possibility that an over-zealous official agency, following
the precept(which is valid in itself) that "an ounce of prevention is worth

a pound of cure," may draw the conclusion that it should adopt this testing
procedure and pursue the elimination of mistakes in a familiar way?

When Two Old Friends Meet Secretly

Case Nine: During the 1966-77 recession, the personnel] manager of a large
company and the head of the local draft board, two old acquaintances from

an army division staff, meet over a beer, The factory has to lay off workers,
and the officer has the glorious idea of picking out, from his data and that
of the company, all the men who have been declared fit for service but de-
ferred, and drafting them preferentially, This is done, and helps somewhat
to mitigate the effect of paying benefits to those who were laid off,

Only one thing Is to be retained from this clearly illegal procedure, and that
is the reaction of all too many persons who hear of this incident: "We should
have thought of that idea ourselves," It ts unfortunately true that sensitivity
to the problem of protection of the individual, and data protection conscious-
ness, are lacking today as they were ten years ago,

There are many reasons for this, First of all, there is the principle of
government supremacy, which largely exempts the administration from public
monitoring (far differently from the case in the Scandinavian countries, for
example), and leaves it the choice of meansand types of organization, within
a directed goal, and of course in compliance with the law, This has given

the German executive branch freedom of action, which it has used extensively,
Power centers have long since been created among the "servants" of Parliament;
they owe their influence to a mastery of technical knowledge and information,
There is no longer any way around them,

In the second place, there is the lack of planning in the period since the
war, As this was painfully felt in the middle of the 1960s, there proved to
be a lack of data relevant to planning, At the same time, EDP began to take
over the city halls, attended and established by relatively young men who
believed in the feasibility of planning, had the necessary tool for planning
in the computer and knew how to use it, and generally thought technically and
technologically, rather than politically, Thus they found themselves in a
broad stream of opinion, which advocated planning in the political sphere,
Today, ten years later, they are still deciding; no wonder that they are the
last to be seized by doubt concerning the feasibility of planning, and by
concern for the complete "computerization" of the citizen,

Moreover, one prediction has not been fulfilled: EDP did not help to reduce
the staff; on the contrary, it led to a large increase, Mainly, it accelerated
the extension of data; thus it created a hunger for data that made the demand
curve rise exponentially rather than linearly -- in the private sector also,

56



BRAZIL

GOVERNMENT EMPHASIZES DEVELOPMENT OF SOFTWARE PROGRAM
Rio de Janeiro 0 GLOBO in Portuguese 15 Jun 78 p 21

‘ [Text] The government will create a special line for financing research
and development of national "software" (computer programing and analysis).
This information was provided by the executive secretary of the Electronic
Data Processing Activities Coordinating Commission [CAPRE], Ricardo Saur at
the First Meeting on Software for National Minicomputers which closed
yesterday in Rio.

The extension of financing to the software companies should be part of the
arsenal of measures for the implementation of the national data processing
plan prepared by CAPRE, !

"The definition of the rules of the game for the software market should be
made quickly, perhaps even before the end of the Geisel administration."
That is the opinion of Saur, who emphasized the need to guarantee the
market to national companies during the meeting, which for the first time
gathered together the four manufacturers of national minicomputers (Labo,
Ediso, SID and Cobra), and more than 50 software manufacturers and minor
services, According to the CAPRE secretary, the action of the agency should
be in keeping with the position assumed for the production of minicomputers
through the reservation of the market for machinery (hardware) manufacturers
with a real transfer of technology. "If we made such a great effort for
hardware, it is obvious that we are going to do the same thing for software,"
said Saur. "We are trying to prevent the entry of multinational companies
into the market even through the back door of minor services,"

Expensive Development

The financing of software production was one of the most repeated demands
by the manufacturers during the meeting. They argue that its development
is expensive and takes a long time, therefore, it is difficult for the
companies of the sector which generally are of small size with respect to
capital. They say: "Our greatest possession is of an intellectual nature
it is the know-how already achieved, That is why we cannot provide the
guarantees normally requested by the financing agencies, We need mecha-
nisms of a new type."

1¢e



REMINDER

Information on worldwide political, economic and technical
developments in telecommunications, computers, and satellite
communications appears in TRANSLATIONS ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS
POLICY, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT.

Information on environmental pollution and pollution control
technology, organizations and programs appears in TRANSLATIONS
ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY.

Information on Law of the Sea conferences and negotiations,
territorial seas and straits, coastal and international seabed
economic areas, marine pollution, scientific research and
fisheries appears in TRANSLATIONS ON LAW OF THE SEA.

Information on incidence, outbreak and other aspects of human,
animal, and plant diseases, insect pests and control, sanita-
tion conditions, immunization and public health programs
appears in WORLD EPIDEMIOLOGY REVIEW.



For the moment, the French group has not succeeded in penetrating the foreign
market. Also, the impatience of the telecommunications civil servants may
seem a little unusual, the more so because Thomson, after the restructuring,
found itself in control of two commutation systems under foreign licenses. Of
course, the Swedish AXE [expansion unknown] exchange is experiencing a suc-
cess unequaled anywhere in the world, for since France selected LMT-Ericsson as
a supplier ten countries have followed suit. But Thomson needs a personal and
French label.

Two or three months ago a GIE [Economic Interest Group] was sét up to coordinate
between LMT and SFTE, responsible for the two firms' commercial strategy, for
exports and for defining the policy to be brought out. We might wonder why it
took almost two years to develop that entity. How Thomson can pull itself out
if it does not further rationalize its activities in that area; two companies,
almost 20,000 persons, and a long list of competing products.

It is vital for the group to generate a single range of telephone exchanges.
Moreover, it is the GIE's long-term objective: a temporal stored program range.
The tape exchange, MI 20, developed by LMI is one of the pillars of this range.--
the first one will be installed in Aubervilliers in 1979. The next year the

MI 25 will be announced, which is a subscribers! exchange of high and middle
range, the MI 30, which is smaller, and finally the MT 35, intended for rural
areas. Studies and development are being directed by the same person in both
companies. LMT will specialize more in tape exchanges and SFTE in subscribers'
exchanges.

Furthermore, the agreements tying Thomson to Swedish Ericsson should result in
rapid temporalization of the AXE system, but competition between that exchange
and Thomson's future range will be felt, will it not?

So exporting can only explode if Thomson is technologically armed. But the
telephone problem enters a much more general framework; it can only be solved
if the firm recovers the dynamism, audacity and enterprising spirit it had in
Paul Richard's time and if the present managers of the group succeed in avoid-
ing the administrative inertia in which Thomson threatens to become bogged down.

8946
cso: 5500

31



our people and they demand a continued effort to make the quality of the
services we supply through them correspond with what our party and govern—
ment expect.

"This effort expended in 1977 is continuing in the current year by means
of the development plans which the organization has before it, outstanding
among which is the beginning of the installation of the coaxial cable which
will run the length of the island with a capacity for 1,920 telephone cir-
cuits and a television station in both directions. This project, the exe-
cution of which will take several years, is the most important one our
ministry has undertaken since the triumph of the revolution." .

Other tasks being carried out in this important field are those related
to the support for the 11th Festival and the Sixth Summit Meeting of Non-
alined Countries which will be held in our country next year, designed--
according to Gutierrez--"to guarantee the satisfaction of the national and
international telecommunications needs which will arise during these cele-
brations." Moreover, it should be pointed out that, within the framework
of the international solidarity our country subscribes to, the Ministry of
Communications maintains a large number of engineers and technicians in
Angola and Mozambique collaborating in the maintenance of the communica-
tions networks and systems.

"The collaboration from the socialist camp and especially the Soviet Union
in the area of communications," Gutierrez concluded, "has been manifested
in many ways. The list of material contributions we have received from
the USSR goes from the manufacturing of an electroriic valve to keep our
national network in operation in the first years of the revolution, to
this latest project for the coaxial cable we mentioned, passing through
the 'Caribe' land station, receiver and television factories and complete
communications stations, just to mention the most important ones."

11937
cso: 5500

19



NOTE

JPRS publications contain information primarily from foreign
newspapers, periodicals and books, but also from news agency
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sources are translated; those from English-language sources
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Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets
[] are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicators such as [Text]
or [Excerpt] in the first line of each item, or following the
last line of a brief, indicate how the original information was
processed. Where no processing indicator is given, the infor-
mation was summarized or extracted.

Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the
original but have been supplied as appropriate in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an
item originate with the source. Times within items are as
given by source.

The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli-
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JPRS publications may be ordered from the National Technical
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Correspondence pertaining to matters other than procurement
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1000 North Glebe Road, Arlington, Virginia 22201.



Filters of this type are very useful in enhancing images in cases where

very small figure or structure contours heve to be brought out and these

are connected with higher frequency components. Figure 6 shows this fact
clearly, in particular figure 6C, which was obtained by applying the indi-
cated filter twice; indeed, very small retinal veins show up in such pictures
when it would not be possible for them to appear in the original (6A, below),

Figure 6: A) Original image
B) Image filtered with low-pass filter
C) Image obtained by double filtering with the high-pass filter

To complete what has been said end to evaluate. better the flexibility of
the method of projection, it is worthwhile to emphasize that filters of
either the derivative or equalizing type can be easily designed, For
the derivative type, the condition H, (0, 0) = 0 is assured by application
of the function

M-1 Not

E, Iq, @nn = 0

ot 07

but to get results with the equalizing type, it is necessary to use

Gan, = ON -n-1N,-nat
con
QuitK) n, = 0,1,...,Nj;—1

m = 0,1,...,N,—1
In this last case, however, it must be remembered that given the great number

of functions there may arise problems with the method's convergence, particu-
larly if equalization is required on a rether wide band,

43



FRANCE

U.S. MARKET GOAL OF FAST-GROWING JEUMONT-SCHNEIDER
Paris L'USINE NOUVELLE in French 22 Jun 78 pp 34-35

[Article by Helene Pichenot: "Telecommunications: Successful Diversification
with Jeumont-Schneider"]

[Text] There are still some lucky telecommunications manufacturers.
Jeumont-Schneider is one of them. The firm launched its "telephony" activity
a short while ago under the skeptical.and slightly mocking regard of the trad-
itional members of the profession. Today JS [Jeumont-Schneider] activity in
the telephone industry constitutes a successful diversification, since in 1978,
with a turnover of 150,000,000 fr, the "telephony" department will represent

8 percent of JS activities (1,798,000 in 1977); in 1979 the department should
account for 10 percent of company sales.

"However, we have no preconceived idea other than that of entering into pri-
vate commutation, given our military experience in that field", explains

Paul Denis, in charge of the "telephony" department. At the end of three months
of commercial activity JS can boast of possessing a profitable department and
one that is growing 15 to 20 percent per year. "We have succeeded with private
commutation and our electronic systems have pleased the PTT". So that 18 months
ago JS found itself among the lucky prize-winners in a competitive examination
launched by the Administration, an examination on URA [Units for Linking Sub-
scribers] research and development. Thanks to the study contract assumed by
the DAII (Management of Industrial Affairs in Telecommunications), a prototype
is in the process of being installed.

Then, thrce months ago the firm achieved a new success by finding itself among
the winners of a consultation for the DAI] on satellite exchanges. Relatively
modest telephonic exchanges of 300 to 8,000 lines are involved. The PTT's ob-
jective is to find an electronic replacement for "Socotel SI", with which French
rural areas are equipped. Moreover, this medium-sized exchange must be export-
able and easily adaptable abroad. It would be ready in two years. Thus
Jeumont-Schneider has made the leap and become a potential PTT supplier, with
all that implies, but also with the constraints and difficulties that go along
with it.



The better to justify what has been said, it is necessary to show some images
of a biomedical nature that have been treated with simple digital filters

designed by us and obtained by the enhancement system perfected by the Institute

of Electrotachnics and Electronics of the University of Trieste (4).

Projection Method

The method of projection developed by us makes it possible to calculate the
coefficients of the transference function

(1) yd Nyt

x, x, Zo
A (2,2) em oe Onn “a4
Blt) Mt Mot

by
2m, Em Dm, zm zm

H(%,%) =

oer on the specifies assigned in the plane of the frequencies 1/27;
w2/2it

(2) Hy, Ky Ka) = Ry Cys Ka) + 5 Dn ae Be)

for a grid Kj x Kp points, with k, =0,1,...%)-laendka2=0,1,...
K-11.

This is based on an optimization procedure that minimizes the deviations
among the values that the function

T.
H (el4at, 3x2 2h
assumes in the points of the aforementioned grid and the specifics assigned,

More precisely, in simplifying the calculation of the coefficients in (2)
above, it is necessary to minimize the sum of the noduli of the deviations

@) = Hy (ky Ky) B ky ky) — A (hy ba)

which is obtained from the actual deviation

A (ky ky)

Qe = Hy (ky ky —
Jf im (ky, Kp) B tk; kp)

by multiplying at every point (4) above by B (ky, kg).

Tn the following, it will be assumed that the sampling intervals Ty and Tz
are unitary, and for all the functions of the type H (eJ#k: , evk2 ) the
simplified notation H (kj, k2) will be used.

36



ALGERIA

TELECOMMUNICATIONS, TV RELAY BEING EXTENDED TO RURAL AREAS
Algiers EL MOUDJAHID in French 1 Jun 78 p 3

[Article by Rabah Berrabah: "Telephone Central Being Installed at Tindouf"]

{Excerpts] Oran (from our office). Mr Mohamed Zerguini, minister of
Postal Services and Telecommunications, arrived yesterday morning at
Bechar, from Tindouf where he had conducted an important inspection tour.

In this daira, the minister inspected the telephone central which is being
installed, and which will be equipped with several lines.

With a population of 140,000 and covering an area of 305,242 square
kilometers, the Bechar wilaya is composed of four dairas and 13 districts
scattered throughout the vastness of the South. The problem of communica-
tions was acutely felt prior to 1965. Populations were isolated and lived
on the fringes of a society in full transformation.

To put an end to this situation, the government has instituted an overall
strategy aiming to eliminate regional disparities.

In the case of telecommunications, it should be pointed out that an auto-
matic central was built and placed in operation in December 1975. This
establishment can be expanded to 10,000 lines and its facilities presently
allow for connection to 5,000 subscribers. In addition it includes a
telegraphic central which will go into operation shortly.

It must also be noted that Kenadza, a town 30 kilometers away from Bechar,
has been connected to the national automatic network, and work on the
Bechar-Djdid automation is nearing completion. A radio single-channel
link has also been established in the wilaya in addition to the three
call-box lines serving the socialist villages of Abadla.

22



Transportation also has a strong influence. Ordinary motor vehicles are used
to transport the equipment, and the vehicles lack elementary accessories.

No one has given any thought even to creating special packaging. An excep-
tion is the radio relay station in Plovdiv and here they have made special
eases for transporting articles.

At none of the inspected places was there an assigned specialist who was re-
sponsible only for the metering system, with this being his basic task, and
other obligations would be secondary. There are also paradoxes. At the
Plovdiv OUS [okrug communications administration], the manager of the admin-
istration (a person who did not know.a single instrument and did not have an
elementary technical education) was responsible for the metering equipment.
Here they have the most metering equipment. In the cable system, it has
been damaged exclusively by poor transport. It is transported in trucks
which are used to carry cables and connectors, without any elementary pro-
tective facilities. The leaders of the system feel that they must import

a special vehicle or they must make cases. They do not wish to study the
experience of their comrades from the radio relay station in their city.

Only at the NIIS [Scientific Research Institute for Communications] is there
an established departmental metrological service established by the bodies
of the State Standardization Committee, with permits for repairs and in-
spection. The laboratory has the right to certify newly produced and newly
developed metering systems for the needs of the department.

However, the situation is not the same at the Telekomplekt ISO. At the

Central Installation Administration, an annual inventory had not been made.

The technical state was unknown. Some of the equipment was at installations,

without being shown anywhere. No person had been assigned who would be re-

sponsible for the metering system, and there was no ecard file or specifica-

tions. The picture was not much different in the entineering-construction ‘

and installation administration. There was a purchased metering vehicle i
for low-current measurements, but this was not being used for its proper '
purpose. (And it cost the department around 35,000 leva.) The vehicle

was merely being used as a conveyance. As a bad example one. might also

point to the case of the metering vehicle purchaced for 36,500 leva. After- :
wards it was established that the equipment was not required, it was removed

from the vehicle, abandoned in a barracks, and the vehicle became and ordin-

ary conveyance.

In the installation and operating of the nations radio relay system, a spe-
cial Reflectomat meter was purchased at a cost of 45,000 leva. After it
had been damaged, it was sent back to West Germany for repairs, it was re-
paired, it was agains damaged and abandoned. The new 455000 leva have been
frozen for a long period of time.

At the Sofia Telehpone and Telegraph Station the picture also does not in-
spire optimism. Here the metrological service exists formally, diaries
are not kept, repair work is not shown in any document and there are no
exemplary metering systems.

And we know how much money the ministry spend on metering systems and how
much the quality of Bulgarian communications depends on them.



data transmission for research Purposes, especially in medicine), that clar-
ifications and additions are unavoidable, The first progress report of federal
data protection officer Hans-Peter Bull in Spring 1979 will point the way for
improvements,

The public disinterest in the fate of the data protection law and the limita-
tion of the discussion to experts were equally responsible for the false rumor
that the bill would create a federal registration law, It was already intro-
duced in the sixth legislative session but was not fully debated, because
there was a premature vote; in the seventh session, it also remained dormant
7> partly as a victim of the already enhanced consciousness of data protection,
which had been raised upon the introduction of a uniform personal identifica-
tion number (PK),

The interior committee had let the PK pass, However, the jadicial committee
came to the conclusion "that the development, introduction and use of num-
bering systems that allow a uniform numbering of the population (PK) in the area
where this law is in force are inadmissible," Behind the scenes, it was

widely rumored that the killing of the PK was the work of Herbert Wehner,

to whom it had been made clear how well the identification number fitted the
opposition slogan, "freedom or socialism,” However that may be, the standing
conference of the state interior ministers rejected the personal identifica-
tion number in March 1977,

The public indignation over the PK was eompletely out of place, In the first
Place, such "local" personal identification numbers already exist for over

43 million German citizens, In the second place, the PK would have facilitated
electronic identification, but the computer can do the same thing with the
name, place of birth, and date of birth; the unavoidable margin of error is
tolerably low, In the third Place, a data bank for social information has been
maintained at the Ministry for Labor and Social Welfare since 1974, containing
over 90 percent of all the citizens; it provides an almost equivalent substitute
for the rejectad PK,

Figuratively speaking, the PK is only the noisily erected crown on the rafters
of a building whose completion was unnoticed, It was criticized, but the
building was not,

There was an equally distorted debate over the roughly 200 data items named

in the registration law, which were to be gathered and processed in a uniform
fashion, The outcry over the "glass man" overlooks the fact that these data
have been gathered for a long time, without the knowledge of the person cone
cerned (who knows of or even suspects the existence of only half of all the
data files referring to him, according to a study made by the Soctety for
Mathematics and Data Processing for the Ministry of the Interior), and combined
within the government agencies, A legal point: there are legal prescriptions
for all the data, from the voting law to the tax laws,

In their own words, the lawmakers only wanted to prevent the situation in the
states from developing separately in such a way that unification would later

58



Conclusions

Herein has been presented a new method of designing recursive and non-recursive
two-dimensional digital filters that makesit possible to calculate the coef-
ficients of the z transfer function with greatly reduced computing times and
that allows the use of linear functions among the same coefficients, The
examples given with biomedical type images allow us to conclude that in

many cases it is sufficient to use very simple filters that can be designed
very rapidly and have quite short enhancement times,

Manuscript received 21 July 1977.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1, Levy, E. C, "Complex Curve Fitting," in "IRE TRANS, ON AUTOMATIC CONTROL,"
Vol AC-4, May 1959, pp 37-44.

2, Sanathanan, C, K,, Koerner, J, "Transfer Function Synthesis as a Ratio
of. Two Complex Polynomials,” in "IEEE TRANS, ON AUTOMATIC CONTROL," Vol.
AC-8, No 1, January 1963, pp 56-58,

3. Delcaro, L,, Sicuranza, G, "Design of Two-Dimensional Recursive Digital
Filters," in IEEE TRANS, ON ACOUSTICS, SPEECH AND SIGNAL PROCESSING,
Vol ASSP-25, No 6, December 1977, pp 577-579.

4. D'Amore, A. Delcaro, L.3 Mottola, R,; Sicuranza, G, "Un sistema di
elaborazione delle immagini con minicalcolatore" [A System of Image
Enhancement with Minicomputers], ALTA FREQUENZA, Vol XLVI, No 1, January
1977, pp 6-11,

5. Huang, T, S. "Stability of Two-Dimensional Recursive Filters," in
IEEE TRANS, ON AUDIO AND ELECTROACOUSTICS, Vol AU-20, No 2, June 1972,
pp 158-163,

6, Delcaro, L, Sicuranza, G, "Progetto e impiego di filtri digitali
bidimensionali" [Design and Use of Two-Dimensional Digital Filters],
in AEI Symposium on “L'elaboratore elettronico nella Strumentazione
Biomedica" [The Electronic Elaborator in Biomedical Instrumentation],
Trieste, 29 June-2 July 1977.

7, Cortivo, P,; Dalla: Palma, L,; Delcaro, L; Nicolao, P,; Mottola, R;_
Sicuranza, G, "Possibilita dell'elaborazione delle immagini con
minicalcolatore in campo radiografico" [Possibility of Enhancing Images
with Minicomputers in Radiography], in AEI Symposium on "L'elaboratore
elettronico nella Strumentazione Biomedica,” Trieste, 29 June-1 July 1977,

8, Shanks, J, L.; Treitel, S.; Justice, J, H, “Stability and Synthesis of

Two-Dimensional Recursive Filters," IEEE TRANS, ON AUDIO AND ELECTRO-
ACOUSTICS, Vol AU-20, No 2, June 1972, pp 115-128,

44



WEST GERMANY

MODERN DATA PROCESSING SYSTEMS THREATEN PRIVACY, FREEDOM
Hamburg DIE ZEIT in German 5 May 78 pp 9-13
[Article by Horst Bieber: "The Dictatorship of the Data")

[Text] At the end of October 1938, hectic activity reigns in the Ministry of
the Interior in Berlin. It has been decided "higher up" to instigate a pro-
gram against the Jewish citizens; the minister of the interior is to prepare
the required lists. The legal foundations for this action have been laid
shortly before: the law of 11 May 1937 on passport and immigration officers,
registration of residents and identity cards; and based on it, the national
registration decree of 6 January 1938, supplemented by the second notice of
the Reich and Prussian minister of the interior dated 10 April 1938 (accord-
ing, to which the registration officials are obliged to provide information
concerning the inhabitants to other civil servants, for use in their official
duties).

The central computer in Berlin interrogates the state address registers, which
contain 10 basic data items concerning every citizen. If the abbreviation
"Jew." appears in the "Religious affiliation” column, the case is clear. If
the entry is "none," the computer examines the family name and first name,

and compares them with a list of typical Jewish names prepared by the SS
genealogical office. If only one criterion is met, it checks the birth date
and birth place; it is well known and proven in scientific works that at
certain times, there have been waves of immigration from the eastern regions
of the former Austro-Hungarian empire into Gérmany, and that many Jews were
included.

The clarification of the remaining undecided cases--scarcely 3 percent-~is
abandoned. Tapes with the data collected in this way are transferred to the
SA central office, which now determines by computer which SA unit is to take
over which "cases"; the corresponding lists are printed out on the terminals
of the SA battalions, and distributed at once. The systematic destruction of
Newish property in November 1938 later receives the elegant’ name of "Crystal
Night."

This description is historical fiction. The above-mentioned laws and ordinances
did actually exist, but the Nazis did not have computers available. The state
address registers, which are now being considered, did not exist either--
fortunately for some Jewish citizens) who were able to slip through the still



New System Announced
Sao. Paulo O ESTADO DE SAO PAULO in Portuguese 5 Jun 78 p 11

[Text] By 1981 the first 50 telephone lines for the CPA (Stored Data
Centrals) will be installed in Sao Paulo, The information was provided by
Minister of Communications Euclides Quandt de Oliveira, who also said that
he has decided that within 30 days the Brazilian Telecommunications Corp-
oration [TELEBRAS] will have finished drafting the adaptation requirements
for the installation of the system by the firms winning the bids at public
auction held by the ministry.

According to thé minister, practically all the proposals presented have many
identical points, selection having been made primarily on the basis of

the share of national capital in the company to be created, decision making
control’ to remain in Brazilian hands, and on the proposed bases for the
transfer of technology. In the bid auction, no levels required for the
three items were established, it being up to the bidders to present their
suggestions, including on the share of national capital. The six bidders
having presented "rates of national participation of over 51 percent," the
minister decided to retain this limit as mandatory for the creation of the
companies which intend to operate in the sector. In this first phase of
the installation of the GPA system, the Ericsson Company in partnership
with Atlantica Companhia Nacional de Seguros, will have priority in

forming the new company. In case it does not meet the requirements of
TELEBRAS, the winner will be the company which placed second in the bidding,
the International Standard Electric Corporation--ISEC--which will partner
up with one of the national groups for that purpose.

In principle the requirements of adaptation should depend on the requirement
for an effective participation of Brazilian capital; the certainty that the
process of transfer of technology is going to happen within an ideal period,
3 years in principle, and on the effective decision making participation

by the Brazilian part.

8908
cso: 5500