EGYPT

BRIEFS

SATELLITE COMMUNICATION CENTER--Prime Minister Mamduh Salem, and the minister
of transport, communications and maritime transport Dr Naim Abu Taleb, will
open the first artificial satellite-linked telephone exchange centre next
Sunday at Maadi. The centre will make available 120 contact circuits with
five countries: United States, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, France and Britain.

Each country will have 24 circuits for the service of businessmen, as well

as Arab and foreign investors. The centre will improve contacts with other
countries, especially as the renewal of Cairo telephone network has almost
come to an end, said an official at the Ministry of Transport. The centre
will also make available another 120 telegraph circuits to run the telegraphic
service between Egypt and these countries, he pointed out. The centre which
was set up at Maadi cost L.E. 10 million, he said, adding that contact through
this centre will be available later with Canada, Argentine, Belgium, Holland,
Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland, Romania, Nigeria, The Ivory Coast and the
Sudan. . A TV contact will also be made between Egypt and the rest of the
world through this centre so that any important event could be carried live,
he pointed out. The Telecommunications Authority yesterday made a decision
to set aside four circuits for contact with the Sudan, he said.--GsS. [Text]
[Cairo THE EGYPTIAN GAZETTE in English 11 Sep 78 p 3]

“<€S0: 5500

15



above-mentioned cables into a single path, and this possibility was
therefore immediately studied from the point of view of cost. This
study showed that there was parity between the cost of a land circuit
of 1200 km between Rome and Palermo, by way of a cable contain-
ing eight 2.6/9.5 mm (0.104/0.375”) coaxial pairs, equipped. with
12 MHz systems, and that of a circuit by way of a-3600-channel sub-
marine cable abaut of 500 km lenght, the distance by sea between Rome
and Palermo.

On the basis of these considerations and these results, it was
decided to install such a system, having also taken into account
that it would be possible to route to the centre and north of Italy
some of the domestic traffic originating in Sicily, thereby improving
also the continuity of the circuits used for this type of traffic.

2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION.
2.1. Capacity.

The system is of the classic N +N type with a single coaxial
tube which carries both direction of transmission separated in fre
quency. The total frequency bands is about 45 MHz and the bands
available for traffic in the two directions are 1900-19004 kHz and
27196-44300 kHz respectively. The unused frequency gap between
the two directions is necessary to achieve an economic design of the
directional filters. The A-B direction transmits the low band, and
the B-A the high band.

The system can ‘be provided with different multiplex options
which give a capacity of 60,65 or 69 supergroups (secondary groups)
each comprising either 60 4kHz channels or 80 3 kHz channels,

2.2. Frequency Translation Plans.

The 60 supergroup capacity is achieved by the transmission of
4 supermastergroups (quaternary groups). The first three super-
mastergroups, in the basic frequency band of 8516-12388 kHz are
translated to the positions 7,8 and 9 agreed by the CCITT for 60
MHz systems (Recommendation G 333/Plan 1), while the fourth
has a different modulation from that agreed by the CCITT for super-
mastergroups 10 with the object of obtaining a gap of 528 kHz instead
of 2728 kHz (fig. 1.A). In this case the line frequencies are 1916-
18988 kHz and 27212-44282 kHz for the two directions respectively
(fig. 2). .

36


Availability of CII to Neighboring Countries

Availability of improved international telex service is not limited to
solely Senegalese subscribers. CTI's facilities can also be used by neigh-
boring countries not having comparable equipment. In this case, by con-
necting that country's international service subscribers to the CTI as
remote subscribers, the CTI can effect the billing of those customers and
the international accounting with other countries for that country's net-
work.

improved Quality of Service

‘Yhe inauguration of the CTI provides users an international service of
excellent. quality from the technical viewpoint (greater accessibility for
preventive and corrective maintenance) as well as the operational (almost
total automation of international telex service with excellent volume
traffic handling capability).

Technical Achievement

Only a very advanced technology based on information could offer all these
capabilities.

Actually, the CTI, manufactured by Eltex, is an all-electronic automatic
telex switcher, controlled by a central computer.

This automatic switcher consists of two distinct equipment subsystems:

--common equipment (computer, magnetic tape unit, fast printer), and
--terminal equipment (to which the national and international trunks,and
the customer lines, are connected),

it is equipped to handle all types of international originating, termi-
nating and transit traffic.

Incoming semiautomatic and manual traffic is processed by operating posi-
tions equipped with keyboards that directly control the central unit
(computer).

‘the overall processing function of the common equipment is organized like
a modern multi-processor informatics system. It is designed to accomodate,
by progressive adaptation, future growth in traffic volume and increased
terminal equipment requirements, without interruption of service. It
embodies the very latest generation of switching equipment.

The basic system has a capacity of 300 international trunks and 1300 sub-
scriber lines. ‘The telex billing and international telex accounting func-
tions are performed by the central billing equipment associated with the
CTI. This equipment establishes the correct charges for all originating
calls from subscribers to the Senegalese domestic network, and for calls

32



24.. Remote Supervision of the Submerged Repeaters.

The supervisory system adopted is similar to that used for land
systems: each repeater has two oscillators which send continuously
one frequency in each direction of transmission. The supervisory
frequencies are outside the transmission bands, so that measurements
of the state of the system can be made while it is in service.

A simplified version is now available with a single oscillator in
every repeater. The odd-numbered repeaters are checked from one
terminal and the even-numbered from the other. It is planned to
use this version only in the deep-water sections of a route.

The Frequency bands allocated to supervision are 1516-1716
kHz and 44484-45984 kHz.

2.5. Remote Power Feeding.

The submerged repeaters are supplied with power from the
terminals by a constant direct current of 500 mA via the centre con-
ductor of the coaxial pair, with the return via the sea. The fall
in potential across each repeater at 500 mA is about 16V, and that
of each inter-repeater cable section about 3V. This means that with
the 95 repeaters of the Rome-Palermo cable the total voltage drop
is about 1800V.

The principal constituent part of the power feeding equipment
are:

a) Two constant current power units, one working and one
standby, which generate the required line voltage from the station
supply of 48V d.c. Each unit includes a 400 Hz inverter, h.t. trans-
former and rectifier, and regulation circuits which control the out-
put of the inverter by a pulsewidth modulation technique.

In normal operation one power unit is feeding the line, the other
an equivalent dummy load. In the event of failure of the unit
feeding the line, changeover to the other unit is made automatically.
Manual changeover may be made to enable the working unit to be
connected to the dummy load for testing purposes.

The units at either end of the system are of opposite polarity,
and share the system voltage between them so that each one is
supplying approximately half, that is 900V in the case of Rome-
Palermo. In the avent of complete failure of the repeater power supply
at either terminal the system will automatically become single end
fed from: the other terminal. .

41



BRAZIL

COBRA OFFICIAL DESCRIBES POLICY ON MULTINATIONAL GROUPS
Sao Paulo 0 ESTADO DE SAO PAULO in Portuguese 23 Aug 78 p 28

[Text] "It has been easy and even convenient for the leading groups in the
domestic electro-electronics sector--the majority of them committed to
multi-national groups--to maintain the level of technological and economic
dependence on the part of Brazilian businesses. The Brazilian electro-
electronics sector, although of recent origin, is governed almost totally
by old and convenient styles of thinking," Carlos Augusto Rodrigues

de Carvalho, superintendent and director of COBRA [Brazilian Computers and
Systems] said yesterday during an interview he granted in Sao Paulo.

The Brazilian electronic computers industry, and COBRA in particular, "has
the advantage of not being committed to these multi-national groups. It is
for this reason that with the support of the government, we have been
pioneers in demanding and requiring dealings on an equal-to-equal basis with
foreign bidders," Carlos Augusto Carvalho said. In his view, "the positions
defended by COBRA, in demanding that Brazilian industrial groups struggle
harder for technological autonomy, do not represent excessive nationalism
and are not radical positions."

“After all, demanding that the center of management decisions for domestic
enterprises be in Brazil, that stock control be domestic, and that Brazilian
technicians enjoy prestige is not being radical--it is being Brazilian and
defending the real interests of the country," he said in conclusion.

“The gaining of awareness that it is necessary to be free of this dependence
which almost always has predatory effects on our national interests is not
found exclusively in COBRA, or in the Brazilian electronic computers sector,
still in the embryonic stage. Happily, the same thing is happening today
in the capital goods sector, where some industrialists, although on some
occasions unfair to the government, have defended greater autonomy," the
president of COBRA stressed.

In speaking of the competition of domestic enterprises with the multi-
national groups, Carlos Augusto de Carvalho said that "in the electronic
computer sector, multi-national groups have carried out real brainwashing



: IL. ae
°
oro
149
°
erry
148
°
nen
18
°
nae
- v ar)
“ freq. (Hm)

Fig. 12 - Level-frequency characteristic of the 15-supergroup assemblies (band
312-4028 kHz) in the Palermo-Rome direction.

The multi-channel load was calculated assuming for each channel
a value of — 13 dBm0, giving, in the case of 4 kHz channels.

—13 + 10 log 3600 = + 22.56 dBm.

The correction factor k, which converts the NPR value to that
of noise referred to a point of zero relative level with psophometric
weighting, is calculated using the equivalent bandwidth for a weighted
4 kHz channel, which, as is well-known, is 1.74 kHz, giving

51



Figs 9 e 10 show the level-frequency characteristic in the system
baseband after equalisation. .

The spread has been reduced from the initial values to 1.3 dB
and 1.6 dB at Pomezia and Palermo respectively.

Finally, Figs. 11 e 12 show the level-frequency characteristics
of the 15-supergroup assemblies in the band 312-4028 kHz. The maxi-
mum spread values are 0.81 dB and 0.56 dB at Pomezia and Palermo
respectively, which are well within the requirement of the speci-
fication (+ 1 dB).

7.2. Overall Noise.

The overall noise (thermal and intermodulation) of the entire
link was measured using the NPR method. 1

49



cso:

5500

Figs. 15 ¢ 16 show the noise level variations, for a constant
channel loading, with variations of the nominal level, for the two
directions of transmission. From these it can be seen that the worst
value of noise is again in the Palermo to Rome direction, at 0.6
pWOp/km, with an average value of 0.41 pWOp/km. Again these
values are well within the limits specified.

700 |-—-
i
t
/
500 HO psn
~ LN bea bon |
Lif
300
asm z. \ /- VA
i
M p~
10
ane

7H 18 +20 4220428426 428430 BO

Fig. 16 - Overall noise as a function of nominal level in the Rome-Palermo
direction for 3 kHz channels.

Nevertheless, to improve the margin against overload if the
system is used with 3 kHz channels, it is considered advisable to
reduce the nominal transmit level, especially in the Palermo to Rome
direction, in which, with the present nominal level there is already
a discernible contribution of intermodulation noise in the highest
frequency test band (43,762 kHz).

END

55



3

0 aN

0

~ \La

3

Fea”

Fig. 8 - Frequency response of cable and repeaters measured between 6 dB
(cable head) Test Points B-»>A Direction.

of the 1.47 inch lightweight cable at a temperature of 13°C, and for
a nominal repeater section of 2.74 nautical miles.

For this purpose the mean gain of the repeater at 13°C was
calculated by linear interpolation between typical values supplied by
the manufacturer at 22°C and at 2°C.

The greatest deviations are in the high frequency band with a
maximum at 44.3 MHz and all are positive (excess gain).

7. RESULTS OF THE OVERALL SYSTEM TESTS ROME-PALERMO.

On completion of the system installation a series of tests were
carried out to ascertain the compliance of the system with the con-
tractual specifications.

The results of the most significant tests, which give the best
idea of the performance of the link are considered below.

7.1. Level Frequency response of the system.

Figs 7 e 8 show the characteristic, as a function of frequency, of
the level at the input to the receive terminal for the two frequency -
bands 2726444180 kHz at Pomezia (Rome) and 2020-18936 kHz at
Palermo.

47



- SYRIA

PROGRAM FOR SOLVING ALEPPO TELEPHONE PROBLEMS OUTLINED
Damascus AL-THAWRAH in Arabic 30 Jun 78 p 10

{Article by Abdul Ghafour Sabouni and Omar Nayrabi: “Aleppo's Telephone
Crisis Will Soon Be Solved"]

{Text] In relation to the telephone crisis in their city, Aleppo residents
like to tell the following story. A man whose wife gave birth to a baby boy
immediately submitted an application to the telephone service requesting a
telephone in the name of his infant. When the employee expressed surprise
at such an early application the man replied, "By the time we receive the
telephone my son will be a young man."

Another story that circulated in Aleppo is that a man on his death bed asked
his family to follow up his application for a telephone, which was submitted
15 years before.

These biting jokes are obviously no more than letting off steam by those
disappointed people for the delay in answering their requests. What are
the reasons for such delay? .

Officials at the telephone agency say that the reason is the abundance of
applications and the scarcity of telephones. However, we have learned that
the problems will be solved in the current year due to the expansion con-
templated in accordance with new.plans to create new telephone networks,

In an interview with engineer Tawfic Tabbakh, director of the telecommuni-
cation system, we asked him about his projects for the current year.

He said that Aleppo projects are of three types, the distributors, networks
and installations. As to the automatic distributors, the Qam-al-Wazir's .
distributor has been enlarged by 2,000 numbers to 10,000, which is’ the max-~
imum. The work has now been completed and the new numbers have been in
operation since the second quarter of this year.

Enlargement of al-Sulaymanieh distributor is being done in two stages. The.
‘first is to add 2,000 numbers, raising its capacity to 10,000.. This stage |

19



11096

ALL FREQUENCIES IN KHZ

4400048400 $2600

SUBMARINE!
SYSTEM
TRAFFIC
BASEBAND

2722
a1612
84
36012
39884
40412
49204

a a

Fig. 1A - Frequency Translation Plan for 60-supergroup Capacity with Super-
mastergroup Interface.

The same capacity of 60 supergroups can also be obtained adopt-
ing Plan 2 (G333/Plan 2), simply by adding a pre-modulation stage
to translate from the 15-supermastergroup assembly in the position
312-4028 kHz to the position 8620-12336 kHz. The corresponding line
frequencies are 2020-18936 and 27264-44180 kHz (figs 1.B e 2).

158;
Fe
&

ALL FREQUENGIS IN KHZ

38 supeRcRUP
ASSEMBLY NO 1

HYPERGROUP)
(wera) Ss soos
age]
A
a
35. SuPERGRUP
assematt W's
12336 39600 44000 448400 $2800
8620
“
suomanine
SYSTEM 7 ao
TRAFFIC oS
BASEBAND
3 3 3 3 eo:
ro 3 s 3 8 3 8
5 a8 8 8 B §

Fig. 1.B - Frequency Tranlation Plan for 60-supergroup Capacity with 15-super-
group Assembly No. 1 Interface.

The capacity of 65 supergroups is, however, based on the use
of mastergroups (tertiary groups). The 60 supergroups are formed
as in the first case, but with the positions of supermastergroups 8
and 9 modified, thereby permitting a further mastergroup to be

37



CONTENTS (Continued) Page
ETHIOPIA

Income From Telecommunication Service Reported

(THE ETHIOPIAN HERALD, 27 Aug 78) .. . 26

New Telephone Exchange System in Akaki

(THE ETHIOPIAN HERALD, 16 Jul 78) ... oe 28
LIBERIA
Corporation Launches Communications Development Program
(THE LIBERIAN AGE, 29 Aug 78) ....... te eeeeee oe teeeee 29
SENEGAL
Installation of CTI at TELESENEGAL Reported
(LE SOLEIL, 29-30 Jul 78) ............. ped eeeeee seeee 30
SOUTH AFRICA
Briefs
Computer Firm Takeover 34

WESTERN EUROPE
ITALY
Romepalermo Cable: A .3600-Channel Submarine System

(A. Bennet, et al.; NOTE, RECENSIONI, NOTIZIE,
May-Aug 77) .......66. bbe eeeneee sence oben eeee sence 35



SENEGAL

{INSTALLATION OF CTI AT TELESENEGAL REPORTED
Dakar LE SOLEIL in French 29-30 Jul 78 p 4

[1ext]. At 1600 hours on 28 July 1978, Dr Daouda Sow, minister of Informa-
tion and Telecommunications with responsibility for Relations with Inter-
national Organizations, inaugurated the CTI (International Telex Exchange),
located in the TELESENEGAL headquarters building.

This new installation, costing 225 million CFA francs, was conceived and
planned by the Senegalese International Telecommunications Company (TELE-
SENEGAL).

The activation of automatic international telex service in Senegal on

1 July 1975 necessitated the installation of equipment that was relatively
simple from the technical viewpoint, but expensive from the viewpoint of
operations (manual handling of charges, double and triple numberings).

It was not suited for modification to meet the growing complexity of inter-
national. procedures.

he installation of the "International Telex Exchange" (commonly known as
the CIT), interfacing the national and international networks, removes
these constraints.

The inmediate service advantages made available by the CTI (entirely elec-
tronic) to subscribers of the Senegalese network as well as to foreign
networks that may utilize Senegal's international telecommunications facili-
ties are the following:

CTL Capabilities

--1t provides Senegalese subscribers with automatic access to the interna-
tional telex network through a standardized procedure conforming to the
recommendations of the CCIIT (International Telephone and Telegraph Consulta-
tive Committee), a specialized section of the ITU (International Telecommuni-
cations Union). A single code (00) accesses the international network, and
format of the address is always the same to any country of destination.

30



SYRIA

REASONS GIVEN FOR TELECOMMUNICATION PROBLEMS
Damascus AL-THAWRAH in Arabic 23 Jun 78 p 10
[Article: "What Is Behind the Problems of the Telecommunications System?"]

[Text] Conditions and services are deteriorating in the telecommunications
system. New projects are not carried out. and telephone stoppages are on
the increase.

What are the reasons for such deterioration? Could it not be stopped through
common efforts? What are the difficulties? Could not the level of telephone,
telegraph and telex services be raised in a way that would achieve the objec-
tives for which the system was established, carry out the plan, provide good

maintenance and better service for citizens?

Such questions are being asked by the people, and it has become necessary to
discover what is behind these conditions and to consider the problems that,
hamper the system.

Our newspapers and writers have observed in recent years the apparent deter-
iorating conditions in the system. What is needed now is to consider back-
ground events and conditions. We shall highlight such events in order to
remind the various parties of their responsibilities. The system is not
responsible for a great many of the telephone line faults. This is evidenced
by 14 telegrams in 3 months of 1978, sent to the ministries and organizations
in both the public and private sectors.

Another point is that the telephone network in a number of areas has exhausted
its usefulness due to mere obsolescence and the frequent opening of cable
joints, which decreases cable resistance and deprives it of many of its tech-
nical characteristics.

The increase in cable defects during the last 2 years could be attributed in
particular to the excavations in Sossia and also to digging by the traffic
department and other groups in the public and private sectors. Add to this
the lack of proper drainage to take care of rain water, which increases

16



SYRIA

BRIEFS

EXPANSION OF TELEPHONE SERVICE--The Central Department of the Telecommunica-
tions System has taken the necessary steps to speed up construction of build-
ings needed to house the light electronic telephone junctions in the districts
of Babbileh, Mulayhah, Jaramana, Malula, Qarah, Deyr-Atiyeh, Yabrud and
Quteyfah. This is done in an effort to provide automatic telephone service
for citizens. On the other hand, the department of telecommunication system
in the province of al-Suwayda' is establishing new telephone lines in the
capital, al-Suwayda'. Following the establishment of these lines numbers
will quintuple. It has also been decided to add the number 2 to every tele-
phone number. [Text] [Damascus AL-THAWRAH in Arabic 28 Jun 78 p 8] 9298

NEW LONG DISTANCE RADIO/TV TRANSMITTER--Mr Ahmed Iskander, minister of
information, yesterday inaugurated the new transmitting station in Sabbourah.
After the ribbon cutting, he and ceremony attendees inspected the 600-kilowatt
station replacing the one of 100-kilowatt capacity. The minister stressed
that the record time of 5 months from signing of the contract to completion of
the station will be a great incentive to the broadcasting and television agency
to continue to carry out its projects with equal enthusiasm and vigor. The
new station will cover southern Syria, Palestine, Jordan and the northern

part of Egyptian Arab Republic. [Excerpts] [Damascus AL-THAWRAH in Arabic

16 Jun 78 p 8] 9298

CSO: 5500

22



quite a delay in answering calls, and a great number of them are cancelled.
The number of telegraph lines should be increased in the various cities to
insure the jointex service, and to relieve the Damascus telegraph service
of a great deal of pressure. The international telephone lines should be
increased also, until the international distributor is installed. Such an
increase in lines should diminish the provinces' complaints and the pressure
on Damascus international lines.

The administration in the province of Damascus should be divided into sepa-
rate, independent offices, each handling its contracts, having its own tech-
nical bureau, installation, network section, etc. Each office should have
its own head, reporting to a general director. Such a division is bound to
create a spirit of competition among workers in the various offices, and
consequently insure better production and better service.

Needed also is a reserve generator for the newly established sections,
pivotal cable, telex, international positions and jointex. Frequent power
failure is causing stoppage and hindering operations in the various parts
of the system.

The formation of a technical group is needed to restudy the city of Damascus'
network, in an effort to make it conform with the city's layout and its
buildings. Thus, the old network should be replaced and expanded, since the
present volume of operation far exceeds the capabilities of those working in
research, administration and maintenance, due to the continuous expansion of
the city itself.

9298
cso: 5500

18



~-It provides automatic answerback from the addressee's machine (time and
identifying code) to the caller. The caller thus knows, with certainty
at all times, just when to begin his transmission. If the connection can-
not be completed, the CTI reports the reason to the caller, thus avoiding
uscless repetition of unproductive calls.

-cIt is compatible with all types of signalling, hence permits interconnec-
tion with new countries. This makes diversified routing available to
improve traffic flow.

--It offers alternative routes for diverting traffic and for handling over-
flow traffic. Thus when the circuits with a foreign country are interrupted
or saturated, calls can take a second or third alternate route. This
improves traffic flow during peak periods.

~-By dialing a special code at the end of a call, the subscriber can
instantly obtain the exact billable duration of his call and thus maintain
his own accounting of charges,

~-In case of certain causes of non-completion of the connection (OCC
{called number busy], NC [international trunks busy]), the CTI can auto-
matically reinitiate the call without the subscriber having to re-dial.

Billing

Information treatment of billing information registered on a magnetic tape
for each call makes available:

--caller's telex number;

--called telex number;

--national and international circuit numbers ;

--duration of call in seconds;

--time at which call ended;

~-day, month and year of call;

~-transaction number assigned to the call;

--the disconnect serial number assigned at the end of the call.

The "end of call" code enables the CTI to offer subscribers authenticated
centralized subscriber billing.

The transaction number, the day, month and year, and the called number are

available to the subscriber during his call, and enable him to formulate
service calls or complaints in cases of problems or faulty service.

31



This station covers parts of Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Ecuador,
Colombia and Venezuela, and all of Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru,
Surinam and Guyana.

Argentina, in turn, is preparing to install its own station, which
will enable it to develop programs throughout its territory and
will make it possible for areas in Bolivia, Chile and Uruguay to
penefit from the system's operation.

08
802 5500

13


expected in the immediate future because of great difficulties and
costs.

But this does not mean that nothing is being done in this regard. For
example, Opole voivodship can now receive TV Program Two. Thanks to
the aforementioned strong TV station. The same program can also be
received by Bardo, Elblag, Gorlice, Klodzko, Konin and Lebork, where low
power relay stations have been put in operation. On completion of the
Sierpc TV station Program Two will be received by Plock voivodship and
large areas of Ciechanow, Ldmza and Wloclawek voivodships. A medium
power TV station will shortly be completed near Lobez in Szczecin
voivodship. This will enable parts of Koszalin and Szczecin voivodships
to receive Program Two.

On 23 November of this year a new world plan of the radio wave frequency
distribution comes into force. This plan was adopted in 1975 and has been
ratified by the individual states. The former plan has been in force
since 1948.

In Poland the new plan will reduce interference in medium wavelength
reception and will make slight changes in the wave frequencies of Polish
radio programs. These differences will amount to 1 khz, which is very
little and which will not make it necessary to search for the Polish sta-
tions on the present radio sets, except for slight tuning adjustments.

cso: 5500


ETHIOPIA

NEW TELEPHONE EXCHANGE SYSTEM IN AKAKT

Addis Ababa THE ETHIOPIAN HERALD in English 16 Jul 78 p 1

[Excerpts] he newly introduced automatic telephone exchange system was
formally opened yesterday in Akaki linking the town with other major cities
and towns in the country by microwave,

The industrial town of Akaki, which had a manual telephone exchange unit
was one of the towns planned to get rural microwave exchange system in
line with the development project of the Ethiopian Telecommunications Service.

In the inaugural ceremony held at the site, Ato Girma Engdayehu, general
manager of the Ethiopian Telecommunications Service stressed the significant
role being played by communication and transportation services in the eco-
nomic and social development of the country, and added that communication
facilities are vital components of any developmental scheme.

Rural Exchange Systems
He said that the government of Revolutionary Ethiopia has long realized the
important role being played by telecommunications in the national endeavour

to improve the socio-economic standards of the masses, "This is why," he
explained, "rural exchange systems have been given due considerations,"

cso: 5500

28



the installation of a second earth station at N'Djamena to serve Moundou,
Sarh and Abeche. Thus, when these cities are equipped with the automatic
exchanges being planned for them, they will be able to communicate directly
with subscribers in N'Djamena and among themselves.

However, communications beyond the country's borders must transit N'Djamena.
The "International Telex Transmit Exchange" will be installed there, The
first provincial automatic exchanges are scheduled to be placed in service
in 1981. In that year also, Bongor, Bol and Mao will be linked to N'Djamena
by means of microwave systems.

The plan envisions equipping the isolated towns of Faya, Am-Timan and Ati
with automatic exchanges around 1985. Microwave systems will be installed
at the same time to link Moundou and Doba, Moundou, Kelo and Lai, Abeche
and Biltine, and Ati and Mongo. In the final phase of the plan (1987)
these systems may also be used to extend communications between N'Djamena
and Massenya, Sarh and Koumra, Bongor and Fianga, and Fianga, Pala and
Lere. Certain small population centers will continue to be served by high
frequency radio; however, these systems will be improved, It will be a
long time before Chadians will live in the telephone world of today, but
meanwhile the future is rich with promise,

9238
cso: 5500

25



JAPAN

BRIEFS

M-200H COMPUTER--Tokyo, 6 Sep--Hitachi and Fujitsu have announced develop-
ment of what is claimed to be the world's largest and fastest computer
system. The most: sophisticated multipurpose equipment of their computer
family called M series is claimed to be capable of processing data 1.6-1.7
times faster than IBM's ultramammoth computer system 3033. The product of
the companies' cooperative effort to improve their competitive prospects
on world markets also is claimed to have a competitive edge over IBM products
in both capacity and prices. The first deliveries of the new system,
M-200H, will begin in the second half of 1979, the announcement said. The
lease price for the system will be 36 million yen monthly. [Text] [Tokyo
KYODO in English 0838 GMT 6 Sep 78 OW]

cso: 5500



WORLDWIDE AFFAIRS

BRIEFS

PORTUGAL-CAPE VERDE COOPERATION--The Portuguese delegation from

the Postal Service and Telecommunications which arrived in Cape Verde on

21 June 1978 and was scheduled to leave 24 June 1978, was to study with
appropriate officials the ways to develop cooperation in this area, The
Portuguese delegation, headed by the Inspector General of the Postal Service
Joao Cunha e Serra, discussed scholarships for training and retraining, the
exchange of scientific and technical documentation and the study of methods
of technical assistance to the telecommunications complex. Recently, in
the framework of the technical cooperation agreement signed between Portugal
and Cape Verde, our country was given a telephone exchange to service 40
people, It will be installed shortly by Marconi technicians. [Text]
[Praia VOZ DI POVO in Portuguese 24 Jun 78 p 2]

cso: 4401



URUGUAY

ANTEL TO SET UP TELECOMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE
Montevideo EL PAIS in Spanish 15 Aug 78 p 7

Ltext7 The Executive Board of ANTEL /National Communications
Administration7 has decided to install a ground station for direct
international communications by satellite.

This project, which is included in the 1978-1982 Five-Year Plan
approved in principle by the government, will constitute an in-
portant step toward the improvement of the present level of
international and domestic service.

According to a recent announcement, the plan embraces, among
other projects, new microwave systems covering 1,500 km which will
link not only all the country's capitals but also its most impor-
tant cities. The national telephone network will be linked with
the Brazilian network through the Santa Ana-Rio de Janeiro sys=
tem; and there will be a new telex exchange and an increase in
domestic and international circuits.

Acquisition of Equipment

As a first step toward installation of the ground station, inter-
national bidding has been called for. Those with whom ANTEL

contracts will be responsible for supplying, installing and ini-
tially maintaining the telecommunications equipment for 4 years.

The ground station will also include microwave facilities, a
telephone complex with associated switching equipment, related
apparatus and spare parts.

This equipment should meet Intelsat specifications_as well as

the recommendations of the CCIR féxpansion unknown/ and the
ccitT féxpansion unknown7.

9085
CSO: 5500

14



POLAND

IMPROVEMENT NOTED IN TV, RADIO RECEPTION
Warsaw TRYBUNA LUDU in Polish 8 Sep 78 pp 1, 4 AU

[Report by C. Rudzinski: "Greater Range and Better Reception of Radio
and TV Programs"]

[Text] At the beginning of this year there were in Poland over 7.9
million radio license holders and almost 7.2 million TV license holders.
But how far can the inhabitants of the various regions of our country
receive all the available programs and what is being done to improve

reception? The Ministry of Communications has given us the necessary data.

The present TV transmitting network beams Program One mainly on meter
wavelengths (Channels 1 to 12) and Program Two on meter and decimeter
wavelengths (channels 21 to 41). The latter wavelengths will also be used
in the final expansion of the Program Two network.

At least good reception of TV Program One is possible on some 95 percent
of Poland's total area and of Program Two on just over 50 percent. This
year good reception of TV Program One has been provided for Opole
voivodship by the new high power TV station near Opole and for Konin and
Przemysl by low power TV stations erected in these towns. Within the next
few months a high power TV station near Sierpc will begin to operate and
will provide good reception of TV Program One in Plock voivodship and in
large areas of Ciechanow, Torun and Wloclawek voivodships.

Many localities in the hilly and mountainous areas, especially in the
Bieszczady range and the Carpathian and Sudeten peaks, are still unable to
receive TV Program One. The complete elimination of reception difficul-
ties calls for the construction of almost 500 low power relay stations.
This requires time and funds, because a single station providing reception
within a relatively small area costs about 1.5 million.

The reception potential of TV Program Two is much more modest because
it covers at present just over 50 percent of the country's area. For
example, the inhabitants of several voivodship cities are unable to
receive this program. No significant improvements in this situation are



has been completed and in operation since last month. The second stage is
to add a new distributor with 2,600 numbers. This work has been started
and is expected to be completed by the end of this year.

[Question] What is the program for the new network?

{Answer] We have a program for 1978. It aims at expanding the city's
ground networks and covers its various quarters. This has been carried
out in al-Ashrafiah quarter, where three groups have been installed, each
containing 150 principal lines. Consequently, all applications submitted
through 1972 have been filled. We are also in the process of expanding |
Qahwat al-Sha'ar section.

In the quarters of al-Bab al-Qadim and al-Halwaniah, we are installing two
distributors, each with 150 line capacity. The work is expected to be
completed during July. We are also expanding the ground network in the
quarters of Bustan al-Pacha and al-[?Halk], adding 150 lines to each.

{Question] How are the applications for telephone service met?

[Answer]. This is done in accordance with the plan which envisages install- i
ing 750 lines in the first quarter of the year, a goal that has already been
reached. We also expect to install 950 lines in the second quarter.
[Question] Are there any other projects?

{Answer] Yes, we have what we call the rural plan, an example of which was
the project of installing a network between Akhtarin and Azaz in 1977. This,
however, could not be accomplished due to some technical deficiencies.
[Question] Could you tell.us the projects which are in progress at this time?

[Answer] We are working on the following projects:

1. Renovation of the Aleppo-al-Bab-Mambij-Jarablus network so that we can
install conduits in order to increase connections between these centers.

2. Renovation of the network Aleppo-Azaz-'Afrin-Janrires.

3... Carrying out the project Kafr-Naya-Tal-Rif'at.

4, Installing a network bétween al-Thawrah city and Mafrak al-Thawrah, where
two telephone circuits are being installed to insure supplying the. network
with conduits, due to increased exchanges between Aleppo-al-Tharah and al-

Thawrah-al-Raqgah.

5. The renovation of the external network between [?] Dayr-al-Zawr-al-Hasakah.

20



JPRS 71915

22 September 1978

TRANSLATIONS ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY,
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
No, 54

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A
Approved for Public Release
Distribution Untimited

20000612 168

_/)

U. S. JOINT PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH SERVICE

Reproduced From
Best Available Copy

oe |||



loss would have to be less than about 0.05 dB. Since that is not
economically achievable, the insertion of submerged equaliscrs is
adopted, Both the submerged repeaters and equalisers are contained
in the classic Housing. with a length of 2,407 metres and a diameter
of 0,262 metres, which are already well proven for system of lawer
capacity.

4. CABLES.

For a 45 MHz system it is possible to use in deep water either
the 1.47 inch cable already used in systems of lower capacity or the
1.7 inch cable which has been conceived specifically for high capacity
systems. The choice between these two lightweight types is more an
economic one than a technical one.

In fact, from the technical viewpoint the smaller number of
repeaters used with the 1.7 inch cable (about 20%) will not sub-
stantially alter the performance and reliability of the link.

From the economic viewpoint, the present high cost of polyethy-
lene, a petroleum derivative, means that in general the advantage is
in favour of the 1.47 inch cable. The Rome-Palermo system uses
the 1.47 inch cable, which has already been widely used for the
ASST network of 1380 channel systems. The armoured cable is
also a traditional type of 1.47 inch diameter, but for the shore ends,
where additional scrcening is required, the diameter is 0.935 inches.

5. THe RoME-PALERMO PROJECT.

The submarine cable has terminal stations at Palermo and Po-
mezio, resulting in a length abaut of 500 km. At Palermo the terminal
is the existing ASST repeater station, and at Pomezia in the station
built a few ycars ago specifically for the termination of submarine
systems. From Fomezia the circuits are routed as far as Rome on
a cable of 8 2.6/9.5 mm coaxial pairs suitable for use with 60 MHz
systems, but at present equipped with 12 MHz systems.

The cable from Pomezia to Rome is laid entirely in ducts or
in tunnels, and therefore has a reliability comparable with that of
the submarine cable. The landing point in Sicily is 12.05 km distant
from Palermo, and at the other end 7.25 km from Pomezia. In these
land sections 0.935 inch coaxial cable is used.

The submarine cable route selected after a survey is shown in
fig. 3.



BRAZIL

FIRM DISQUALIFIED AS BIDDER ON TELEPHONE SWITCHBOARDS
Sao Paulo 0 ESTADO DE SAO PAULO in Portuguese 23 Aug 78 p 23

[Text] Brasilia--L. M. Ericsson, an associate of Atlantica Boa Vista

de Seguros, was disqualified yesterday for the bidding solicited by
TELEBRAS [Brazilian Telecommunications Corporation] for the production in
Brazil of CPA [stored program controlled] telephone exchanges, because its
offer "did not fully serve the goals of the industrial policy of the
Ministry of Communications or meet the additional requirements established."
With this decision, TELEBRAS will take up negotiations with the second-
ranking bidder, Standard Electric.

The Ministry of Communications explained, in announcing the disqualification
of L. M. Ericsson, that the decision made by minister Euclides Quandt

de Oliveira "was based exclusively on the recommendation of the TELEBRAS
board of directors, since to date, that group has not received an official
response to the inquiries made of the Central Bank, the SUSEP [Superintendency
of Private Insurance] and the Equity Shares Commission on the business
aspects of the connection between L. M. Ericsson and Atlantica Boa Vista.

In stating that Ericsson did not serve the goals of the telecommunications
industrial policy, the ministry refused to say what additional requirements
the enterprise failed to meet, claiming that TELEBRAS had not yet officially
informed L. M. Ericsson about the matter, Another reason cited by the
office of minister Quandt de Oliveira for the secrecy was the fact that

"it would not be ethical to publicize details about the association of two
enterprises which are continuing to participate in market bidding."

With the conclusion of the negotiations with L. M. Ericsson, TELEBRAS will
enter into negotiations with the second-ranking bidder, International
Standard Electric Corporation, which is affiliated with Brasilinvest, S.A.,
the Pereira Lopes/Ibesa group, the Union of Petrochemical Industries, and
the Central Brazil Telephone Company. According to the Ministry of
Communications, the negotiations with Standard will have to meet the same
requirements, deadlines and demands established earlier for all of the
qualified bidders, As happened with L. M. Ericsson, Standard Electric and
its domestic partners will have a period of 30 days, which can be extended



ARGENTINA

BRIEFS

ENTEL CALLS BIDS--The National Telecommunications Company [ENTEL] opened
national and international biddings this morning for the construction,
installation and operation of a so-called global radio hookup system, a
project which will require an estimated expense of 19 billion pesos. This
hookup will allow larger towns in the interior to link to the national
and international telephone network, the national and international

telex service, and the national and international television distribution
network. [Buenos Aires Domestic Service in Spanish 1600 GMT 15 Aug 78 PY]

SUBMARINE TELECOMMUNICATIONS CABLE--Buenos Aires, 2 Sep [TELAM]--Gen
Eduardo Oscar Corrado, administrator of the National Telecommunications
Company [ENTEL], goes to Rome today to sign a letter of intent on the
installation of a telecommunications system by submarine cable which will
link South America, Africa and Europe via the cities of Recife, Dakar,
Senegal and Lagos, Portugal. The agreement will be signed by the presi-
dents of the Portuguese Radio Marconi Company, the Brazilian Telecommuni-
cations Company [EMBRATEL], the French Post and Telecommunications
Company, Italcable, Telesenegal and Intelcit of the Ivory Coast. [Buenos
Aires TELAM in Spanish 0407 GMT2 Sep 78 PY]

NEW RADIO STATION--Buenos Aires, 29 Aug [TELAM]--A new branch of Buenos
Aires Domestic Service, LRA 25 Radio Nacional Tartagal, will be dedicated
tomorrow. This station will be the 23rd of the official radio networks
controlled by the Communications Secretariat. The new radio station will
broadcast on 540 kHz. [Buenos Aires TELAM in Spanish 1030 GMT 29 Aug 78 PY]

CSO: 5500



2.3. Line Terminal (Duplication, Regulation, Equalisation).

The frequency band corresponding to the system capacity, hav-
ing been formed in the multiplex equipment, reaches the submarine

9 SUPERGROUP
BLOCK 106 nese 13916
ee —e .

ALL FREQUENCIES IN KHZ

18 SUPERGROUP a
puock 7 (serra (soeedlezraie)
35e8 oad eaek 52048
8668 a

ee

hy .

! 7 woes
A > “7 SYSTEM
i — TRAFFIC
u- l ~ BASEBAND

= 8 es

ee ge ga gs 8

ua ge #e ae 3

‘
8

Fig. 1.D - Frequency Trartation Plan for 69-supergroup Capacity with Super-
group Interface.

cable by way of the line terminal, which also performs the usual

functions of remote power-feeding, system supervision and equal-

isation. :

The terminal transmission equipment can be either duplicated

or non-duplicated. The duplication extends from the hybrid coil

Soy A ww LINE BAND Cds Bu PP ALINC BAND Dea

ae Sae Sug g
Be B88 ERs 248
on RORY RIK

Fig. 2 - Line Frequency Translation.

39



cso:

ted and strategic srens, Radin commu

nication ia being

mote accas,

There were plans to estabiish fifteen
new stations until July 1°74 in yerious
arcas and upgrade others. But only two
stations were set up. Because of the pro-
Diems created hy the resvtionnry war of

aggresson of Siad Barre, the secessionists

and the prevailing shoringy of building
materials, the pian eculd not he filly
accomplished, the spokestunn noted.

Tt was elso learned that to increase

the exgacity of telecommunications ser

5500

27

vies, fonr new exchange buildings ave
under. construction near the New Abct-
toir, Addis Ketema, icle and the Old
Airport areas, Ihe buildings are expect-
ed to be completed in fifteen months’
timo and wil Lave an initial 16,000
lines, which in the long run are believ-
ed to have 10.000 lines each,

One fcurth of a millicn Birr has been
allocated fer the estubliskment of new
stations in rural areas and upgrade oth

ers uccording to priorities, the spokesman

‘concluded.


4 te, 1

"3s

\ soma SEA SS

Wares,

Df

Oo:
Sw,

ONIAN SEA

Fig. 3 - Route Map of Roma-Palermo Systent,

Ninety-five submerged repeaters, all of fixed gain, and 4 sub-
merged equalisers have been inserted in the cable.

At Pomezia the inter-connection is made at the level of 15-super-
group assembly No 1, and all the circuits are extended to Rome where
demodulation to lower multiplexing Ievels takes place.

At both terminals the system is energised from 48V d.c., and
uses primary carricr frequencies of 124 kHz and 2200 kHz generated
from a master oscillator of a type used with 60 MHz terrestrial sy-
stems, and having a frequency stability better than 1 x 10-®,

Regarding the electrical performance of the overall system, the
main requirement is that defining the permissible line noise, agreed
as 2 pWOp/km in the worst channel and | plVOp/knt as a mean of
all channels, when applying a load of —13 dBm0 for every 3 kHz
channel. This objective has to be met allowing margins for atte-
nuation variations of the cable due to temperature changes, and for
the repair cable which may be inserted during the life of the system.

44



|
| ETHIOPIA
|

INCOME FROM TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICE REPORTED

Addis Ababa THE ETHIOPIAN HERALD in English 27 Aug 78 p 5

[text] The Ethiopian Telecommunications Service expects an income of a
total of 39.6 million Birr both from local and international telephone,
telegram, telex and other miscellaneous services, a spokesman told the

ETHIOPIAN HERALD.

The spokesman said that ever since
the upsurge of the popular revolution
in February 1974, efforts have been
made to alleviste problems of commu-
nications throughout the country. Ac
cordingly, thirty-nine new stations haye
been set up bringing the total number
to 371, Thirty-seven already existing
stations were upgraded and the number
of simployees hes also been raised to
4,238, it was stated.

The spokesman further noted that
there are about 60.000 telecommunica:
tiou Jines throughout the country. The
AddisAbaba, Dessie, Mekele, Asmara.
Massawa line, Debre Zeit Nezareth, Dive
Dawa, Merar, Jifiga lines and that of
Jimma are moking use with e micro
wave system, Direct dialing system has
been introduced to the above mentioned
towns except Mckele. The institution
has planned to install in Gondar. Shasha.
mane and Assab, the spokesman, re
ed.

However, the spokesman added com-
munication lines in the Hasteru, South-
ern and Northern regis bave been
damaged by the reactionary’ war of ag.
gression unleashed by Mogadisho regime
in the East and the traitorous separa’
in the North. Feasibility study te recon-
struct the devastated lines are underway.

As a matter of fact, the spokesman
continued, only « few days after the re-
capture of Jijiga, a provisional commu-
nication system was established to link
the area with other towns in the coun-
try. Simiarly, efforts are being put up to
make operational the Addis Abnha-As
mara microwave system, it was learnt.

The spokesman further noted - that
communication lines are introduced on
the basis of priority. Thus stations are
set up in places where cconoinie sctivi-

ties are predominant ond also in popula.

26



VIETNAM

NEW LOGARITHMIC ANTENNA INSTALLED FOR HANOI - SAIGON COMMUNICATIONS

Hanoi HANOI MOI in Vietnamese 24 May 78 p 3

[Article from Postal, Communications and Tran portation Sector Column by D. N.
"New Antella Installed] :

[Text] The cadres and workers of Telecommunications Center 1, Hanoi,
manifesting a spirit of "daring to think and do," developed and installed
a new horizontal logarithmic antenna at the radio station.

The logarithmic antenna is a type infinitely superior to other antennas and
has only in recent years come into use in world broadcasting. It has an
individualized structure, operates on a principle similar to mechanized
electro-motion, and has excellent directional capabilities which will allow
us a multi-thousand fold increace in our receiving and transmission
capacities. The use of this kind of antenna for communications with remote
places means the conservation of a great deal of energy expended on equipment.

Although the cadres and workers of the radio station had never installed such
an antenna, they manifested their spirit of collective ownership to research
that installation on their own. During the construction phase, they over-
came many problems with materials and produced appropriate substitute spare
parts themselves. The installation was completed and put into service for
communications between Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City effectively and with
technical specifications being ensured.

6794
cso: 5500



defects. Following rain, Damascus streets practically turn into swamps
and pools, which find their way to inspection stations and telephone cables.

When one takes into consideration the time needed to determine and locate
the problem, make repairs, in addition to the unavailability of needed
materials in warehouses in required quantities, the lack of labor and con-
tractors for necessary digging, crowded streets and long waiting periods
until required digging is approved, one would realize the extent of diffi-
culties which the system encounters in dealing with both officials and
citizens. This is especially true since approval of the material and human
resources required to do the job is the province of people in the central
administration. In addition to this, there is the lack of hand tools, wooden
poles and replacement parts for manual and half automatic transformers bought
from the Arab Company for Electric Industries, which have not yet been
delivered.

The means of transportation are practically nil in the province of Damascus
due to the expanded city area and the increase in the number of lines and
centers, to an extent that even minimum service is hard to insure due to
the obsolescence and deterioration of lines. Crews in charge of repairing
lines travel from one place to another on foot due to lack of means of
transport.

There is inequality as to overtime between maintenance workers and others.
The former are deprived of overtime compensation.

The inability to carry out the various planned projects is attributed to
lack of needed materials and skilled labor. Another important remark, it
is time for the system to replace metal cables with ground plastic cables,
since most countries have ceased to use the former type. Also, the new
areas to be developed, in accordance with the new plan of the Housing
Ministry, should be studied carefully and in detail in order to be able to
insure the areas' telephone service, in cooperation with all ministeries.

Construction of the electronic automatic distributor has been completed,
however, the organization has not begun installing the needed network due
to the unavailability of materials and labor.

The responsible authorities should also start carrying out the fourth,
reserve, 5-year plan as soon as possible. Any delay in this threatens to
stop telephone service for 7 years, which is the minimum time needed for
installing a new service, what with construction requirements, public in-
vitation to bidders, securing the needed funds, establishing letters of
credit and approval of the project by the State Planning Agency.

Expanding the Telephone Network

The number of lines should be increased in the provinces, and the automatic
telephone should be put into operation. Under present conditions there is

17


pWOps

|

700

SS
|
i

{349 4 lw
500 GEN iN yi aA

300 IN ] }__}
N in
“x an
100 MOS
none. Ce

Lb

+ +
16 18 +20 422 +24 «+26 +28 +30 dBmo

Fig. 15 - Overall noise as a function of nominal level in the Palermo-Rome
direction for 3 kHz channels.

With a correction factor, for coverting from NPR to the value of
overall noise expressed in dBmOp, given by

18936 — 2020
k = + 23.8—10 logs
bearing in mind that the equivalent bandwidth of the psophometric
weighting curve for a channel with a nett bandwidth of 2.85 kHz is
1.67 kHz.

= 16.25 dB

54


SOUTH AFRICA

BRIEFS

COMPUTER FIRM TAKEOVER-~International Computers has taken over Integrand
Scientific Computing, one of the biggest IBM~equipped bureaux in the
country, in a move which--according to ICL--makes it the biggest bureau
operation in South Africa. ICL director Brian Morley, who takes over

the running of Integrand, says ICL Data Services, with a network of nine
bureaux (including the new one), now has a turnover of about R10-million
a year from 120 clients. No details of what ICL paid for Integrand have
been released, but, says Mr. Morley, "it has a tremendous reputation and
has been making substantial profits." Integrand, which has branches in
Cape Town and Durban, both of which use the Johannesburg bureau facilities
to process their work, will continue to operate under its own name, Total
bureau turnover in South Africa is estimated at R60-million. Other leading
bureau companies include Computer Sciences (owned by Anglo American) and
Leo Computer Bureau (part of Sage Holdings). [Text] [Johannesburg SUNDAY
TIMES in English 27 Aug 78 p 30]

CSO: 5500

34



ITALY

ROMEPALERMO CABLE: A 3600-CHANNEL SUBMARINE SYSTEM
Rome NOTE, RECENSIONI, NOTIZIE in English Nos 3-4, May-Aug 77, pp 115-135

{Article by A. Bennet, G. Bonaventura, A. Vincenti(*)]

{Text} 1. INTRODUCTION.

For some years ASST has been becoming increasingly conscious
of a need to guarantee to users of the telecommunications services
not only satisfactory electrical quality (noise, crosstalk, and equi-
valent), but also an improved continuity of service. This continuity
is mainly dependent on the availability of main transmission lines,
and is particularly necessary on international links where re-routing
is more difficult in the event of a fault.

A problem of particular importance which faced ASST for some
time was the availability of main transmission lines for the extension
as far as Rome of submarine cable circuits terminating in Calabria
and Sicily, which originate in Turkey, Egypt, Libya, Malta, Tunisia
and Greece. During the planning of these cables their extension as
far as Rome was, in fact, excluded for clear economic reasons. This
therefore left the alternatives of allocating a dedicated duplicated
terrestrial transmission path to all the circuits from the submarine
cable terminal stations to Rome, or of establishing a further sub-
marine cable link as a means of extending all these circuits to
Rome.

Until now the first of these alternatives has been adopted as
the submarine systems available were of limited capacity, and their
cost per circuit mile decidedly greater than that of terrestrial systems.
Recently this situation has changed with the appearance on the
market of a system with a capacity of at least’ 3600 4 kHz channels
which makes it possible to concentrate all the circuits from the

(*) A. Bennett, Standard Telephone and Cables Ltd.
G. Bonaventura, Azienda di Stato per i Servizi Telefonici.
A. Vincenti, Istituto Superiore delle Poste e delle Telecomunicazioni.

35



148

+168

148

+108

-1d8

+168

-1d8

+108

1 2 3 4

# (ana)

Fig. 11 - Level-frequency characteristic of the I5-supergroup asemblies (band

312-4028 kHz) in the Rome-Palermo

50

direction.


CHAD

TEN-YEAR PLAN FOR TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORK DEVELOPMENT
Ndjamena INFO TCHAD in French 27 Jul 78 pp 2-4, 5

[Article by CHADIAN PRESS AGENCY; "Telecommunications in Chad: A Ten-Year
Plan for Living in the Telephone World of Today"]

[text] We have frequently emphasized, and justly so, the need to develop
means of communication to release Chad from its shackles. This unshackling
cannot be achieved, however, without giving telecommunications its due
measure of consideration. This sector has not kept up with the demands of
growth, The most patent example is telephone communications. In N'Djamena,
where the 2000 line network is more than saturated, service requests pile
up beyond the PTT's ability to satisfy them. ‘The most it can do is to take ;
lines away from certain subscribers in order to satisfy others, which poses
problems. Furthermore, the shortage of lines creates disparities. In

certain areas considered to be outside the urban perimeter (Moursal, for

example), subscribers must pay exhorbitant charges for installation of

service: between 200,000 and 400,000 francs. The installation charge

within the urban perimeter is 12,000 francs. Telephone communications with

the very few scattered rural towns being served--Sarh, Moundou, Abeche--

become a real exercise. The sight of subscribers shouting at the top of

their lungs to make themselves heard to the party at the end of the line

recalls the first years of telephone history.

At a time when the country appears to be getting underway economically

with the inauguration of various projects, telecommunications development
is an imperative need. It is in this perspective that the Ministry of Posts
and Telecommunications has activated an ambitious 10-year plan (1978-1987)
for developing the national network, This plan is designed to respond to
the need to unfetter the country--the Goudji satellite earth station is an
initial step--and the need to upgrade the domestic network. In order to
upgrade the domestic network, however, it must be provided with a base by
improving the N'Djamena sector.

Improvement of the N'Djamena telecommunications network constitutes "Phase

Zero" of the 10-year plan. The cost of this project, totalling 1.32 bil-
lion CFA francs, is being financed by the FAC (Aid and Cooperation Fund).

23



2WOps

TI LUT
700 L| | i
peep ttt |
rail | I
im | [
ri me |
500 it Jana et _| |
LE cieentencccaecntecnne| | ff | |
[rii iil ETP
aa PEL tit
NGai | i
soo #2 ua! iti tay
; if ALY
‘ | tA
ENE A
StS
100 2.6
! i
Coo

+16 +18 «+20 #220 «+24 «4+260©« «64280 +30 4Bmo

Fig. 14 - Overall noise as a function of nominal level in the Rome-Palermo
direction for 4 kHz channels.

The margin against overload of the system is 6 dB. The per-
formance of the system, therefore, from the point of view of noise,
is far better that called for in the technical specification.

If the system were used for telephone channels having a band-
width of 3 kHz, the capacity would increase from 3600 to 4800
channels. In this case, still assuming a mean load per channel of
—13 dBmO, the multichannel load would become

—13 +10 log 4800 = + 23.8 dBm0.

53



CONTENTS (Continued)
BRAZIL

Firm Disqualified as Bidder on Telephone Switchboards
(O ESTADO DE SAO PAULO, 23 Aug 78) .....e.seeeeeee eee

COBRA Official Describes Policy on Multinational Groups
(O ESTADO DE SAO PAULO, 23 Aug 78) ........ weer eens

Briefs
Radio Broadcasting Congress
New Radio Station

URUGUAY

Interest Expressed for Using 'Landsat' Remote Sensors
(EL DIA, 13 Aug 78) .......05 dee c eee eeeeeneeeeeeees .

ANTEL To Set Up Telecommunications Satellite
(EL PAIS, 15 Aug 78) ...ceceececeececeeeecuceeeee sees

NEAR EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
EGYPT

Briefs
Satellite Communication Center

SYRIA

Reasons Given for Telecommunication Problems
(AL-THAWRAH, 23 Jun 78) ....... tere ere cree eererereeee

Program for Solving Aleppo Telephone Problems Outlined
(Abdul Ghafour Sabouni, Omar Nayrabi; AL-THAWRAH,
30 Jun 78) .......eee Pe eee cence teen e er eeeeeecece seeee
Briefs
Expansion of Telephone Service
New Long Distance Radio/TV Transmitter
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
CHAD

Ten-Year Plan for Telecommunications Network Development

(INFO TCHAD, 27 Jul 78) .........0 seeeeeeeeeee se eeee,

Page

11

12

14

15

16

19

22
22

23


b) Circuits which continuously monitor the line current and
voltage, giving an alarm in the event of deviations in excess of pre-
determined liraits, and shutting down the power units, if necessary
for the protection of the repeaters, for excessive deviations which
could be caused, for example, by a cable fault.

c) Cable terminating box; this contains, in addition to the
physical termination of the submarine cable, the filter which separates
the power feeding current from the transmission signals.

d) Dummy load; this comprises a number of variable resistors
which are used to set up the voltage of the standby power unit to
that of the unit feeding the line, to obtain the correct conditions for
changeover, and to provide a range of test conditions for checking
the unit not in service.

For systems greater than about 600 km in length a larger type
of power unit is used which is capable of providing an output voltage
up to 5000 volts. This is similar in principle to the equipment de-
scribed above but has the following differences.

a) The inverters are separate units with a constant output
voltage of 115 volts at 400 Hz.

b) Regulation of the output current is achieved by means of
transductors within the power units.

c) The two power units at a terminal operate in parallel in a
current-sharing mode, so that if one fails the other takes over the
full load.

3. SUBMERGED REPEATERS.

The submerged repeaters contain two separate amplifiers for the
two directions of transmission; one with a gain of 25 dB at 19 MHz, and
the other with a gain of 36 dB at 45 MHz. The overload point is
+23 dBm for the low band amplifier and +24 dBm for the high
band.

With a 1.7 inch cable the resulting repeater spacing is about
3.3. nautical miles; with 1.47 inch cable it is reduced to 2.75 nautical
miles.

After every 20 repeaters a submerged equaliser is inserted. Their
necessity arises from the consideration that, for example, on a link
of 500 km the total attenuation at 45 MHz is about 3400 dB, and allow-
ing a maximum mis-equalisation at the terminals of +5 dB, the
maximum discrepancy between a repeater gain and a cable section

42


where the wideband signal is formed, to the directional filters (these
are always duplicated, but with manual changeover), and similarly
on the receive side.

On the basis of experience gained up to the present time on
submarine system terminals, and taking into account the calculated
MTBF of 6.5 years for the wideband terminal without duplication,
the latter was chosen for the Rome-Palermo cable, but at the same
time the system was provided with spare plug-in units for all units
containing active elements. The terminals comprise several fixed
gain flat amplifiers, as well as the following equaliser networks:

a) Transmit path equalisers which are used to provide pre-
emphasis to optimise the signal-to-noise ratio.

b) Receive path equalisers which equalise the nominal cable
end-section, and remove the pre-emphasis.

c) Cable simulator networks to compensate for the difference
between the actual end-section and the nominal, and also for va-
riations in length due to repairs in shallow water.

d) Terminal equipment equalisers which compensate possible
small discrepancies between the two transmission paths (duplicated
terminals only).

e) Variable equalisers to compensate for the attenuation va-
riations due to seasonal cable temperature changes.

The A terminal transmit path and the B terminal receive path
contain in addition a wideband modulator for translating the base
band (high band) to the low band.

Normally in submarine systems there is no automatic level re
gulation since the range of temperature variations on the sea bottom
is very limited. The pilot frequencies basically carry out the
functions of:

a) Checking the continuity of the link.

6) Providing information on level variations due to tempe-
rature changes.
c) Initiating changeover in the case of duplicated terminals.
The three system pilot frequencies in each direction are trans-
mitted at — 10 dBm0 and their generators are non-duplicated.
For systems laid in water where the temperature variation is
appreciable, it is planned to insert repeaters regulated by thermo-
sensitive elements, but this will be limited to shallow water areas.

40


in Brazil in the past 20 years." Thus, he continued, with massive
publicity and other tools, they have established the concept that foreign
equipment is the best, and that Brazilian technicians are not capable of
developing technology, which is inconsistent with the truth,

"COBRA, because it will not accept these concepts imposed years ago through
publicity by the multi-national groups, is seeking to demonstrate the
contrary, even if it is necessary to undertake a new brainwashing of those
who make the decisions," Carlos Augusto said in the course of a discussion
of a bid being solicited in Sao Paulo by the prefecture for the purchase of’
computer equipment for the highway system. "COBRA has not lost this bid
yet. But the price offered by the foreign competitor is better. In terms
of quality and technology, I can say that the domestic product is in no way
inferior," he said.

COBRA dispatched invoices totaling 800 million eruzeiros from May of 1977
to May of 1978. The profit figure for last year, which was totally re-
invested in the enterprise, which does not distribute dividends, was

115 million. COBRA's total invoices this year should come to about

$100 million U.S., the equivalent of 1.8 billion cruzeiros, "And all of
this has been done in less than 12 months of industrial activity," Carlos
Augusto said, '

"These figures suffice to demonstrate to Brazilian business groups that it

is possible to develop technology in Brazil and to achieve relative economic
independence," he concluded.

5157
cso: 5500

10


oWOps

is

700}-

ra

TTT

300

100

nomjeat load

116 418 420042204240 426428459 “3m

Fig. 13 - Overall noise as a function of nominal level in the Palermo-Rome
direction for 4 kHz channels.

k= +226—10 1og 8236 — 2000 _ 17.3 dB.

Figs. 13 e 14 show the noise level for the three measurement
slots in both directions of transmission.

It is seen that the worst value is 0.44 pWOp/km for the 43762
kHz slot in the Palermo-Rome direction, compared with the maximum
of 2 pWOp/km allowed by the specification. The mean value is
0.36 pWOp/km compared with the specified value of 1 pWOp/km.

52


URUGUAY

INTEREST EXPRESSED FOR USING 'LANDSAT' REMOTE SENSORS
Montevideo EL DIA in Spanish 13 Aug 78 p 20

ZLtext7 The Uruguayan Government, through the Secretariat of
Planning, Coordination and Information, has expressed interest in
utilizing remote sensors to make use of information which can be
obtained by satellites regarding natural resources and agricul-
tural programs.

Because of this, Pierre-Marie Adrien, an expert from the Inter-

American Development Bank, is now in Montevideo, and he has al-
- ready given some talks and provided information about the possi-
bilities offered by the satellite system.

Several Latin American countries are using, or developing the
capacity to use, the remote sensors.

These devices are "Landsat" satellites, which make possible the
development of sophisticated research programs.

The remote sensors make it possible to inventory crops and timber
resources; to learn about both surface and subsoil hydraulic
resources; to map soils as an aid to setting development priori-
ties; and to identify geomorphological characteristics associated
with probable mineral deposits. .

An unusual characteristic of the sensors is that they acquire
information about the earth's surface and its atmosphere by means
of systems which measure spacial, spectral and temporal variations
in. the electromagnetic energy emanating from the terrain being
seanned. In this way, a large amount of data is generated, which
ean be processed by a computer to obtain a great deal of informa-
tion.

‘ Brazil was one of the first Latin American countries to utilize

the system, having installed a ground station in Mato Grosso
State to receive and process information.

12



JPRS 71915

22 September 1978

TRANSLATIONS ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY,
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

No. 54

ConTENTS PAGE

WORLDWIDE AFFAIRS
WORLDWIDE AFFAIRS

Briefs
Portugal-Cape Verde Cooperation 1
ASIA
JAPAN
Briefs
M-200H Computer 2
VIETNAM
New Logarithmic Antenna Installed for Hanoi-Saigon
Communications
(HANOI MOI, 24 May 78) ..... seeeeee cee eeeeeeeeeee sees 3
EASTERN EUROPE
POLAND
Improvement Noted in TV, Radio Reception
(C. Rudzinski; TRYBUNA LUDU, 8 Sep 78) .........00- . 4
LATIN AMERICA
ARGENTINA

Briefs
ENTEL Calls Bids
Submayine Telecommunications Cable
New “Radio Station

AAD

-a- {III - INT - 140]



from those subscribers to foreign networks who are directly connected to
the CTI, for which calls, handled by the CTI in Dakar, the foreign network
cannot establish charges at the origin.

The advanced technology of the CTI will enable it to provide entirely new
services in the near future:

--abbreviated dialing;

~-broadcast or multiple addresses service;

--deferred delivery service;

--high speed service at the 200 baud rate (present telex service is at 50

bauds).

With the inauguration of the International Telex Exchange, TELESENEGAL has
enhanced our country's telecommunications network with another priceless
link.

TELESENEGAL's many achievements--the Gandoul satellite earth station, the
submarine cables linking Senegal to Morocco and the Ivory Coast, the Inter-
national Telephone Switching exchange (which has enabled the automation of
international telephone trunks)--have placed Senegal in a privileged posi-
tion in the domain of world telecommunications.

The development and efficacy of Senegal's international telecommunications

network will, beyond question, further enhance our cultural and economic
interchanges with the rest of the world.

9238
cso: 5500

33


6. Building public telephone centers in the province of al-Raqgah.

Engineer Tawfic Tabbakh concluded by saying, "From what I have said, it is
obvious that Aleppo's responsibility is not restricted to its province alone,
instead it extends to comprise the provinces of Idlib, al-Raqqah and Dayr

al-Zawr.

"We work under the guidance and patronage of our commander, the struggling
president, Hafez al-Assad, who cares for all sectors of public service."

9298
CSO: 5500

21



NOTE

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newspapers, periodicals and books, but also from news agency
transmissions and broadcasts. Materials from foreign-language
sources are translated; those from English-language sources
are transcribed or reprinted, with the original phrasing and
other characteristics retained.

Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets
{] are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicators such as [Text]
or [Excerpt] in the first line of each item, or following the
last line of a brief, indicate how the original information was
processed. Where no processing indicator is given, the infor-
mation was summarized or extracted.

Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the
original but have been supplied as appropriate in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an
item originate with the source. Times within items are as
given by source.

The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli-
cies, views or attitudes of the U.S. Government.

PROCUREMENT OF PUBLICATIONS

JPRS publications may be ordered from the National Technical
Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151. In order-
ing, it is recommended that the JPRS number, title, date and
author, if applicable, of publication be cited.

Current JPRS: publications are announced in Government Reports
Announcements issued semi-monthly by the National Technical
Information Service, and are listed in the Monthly Catalog of
U.S. Government Publications issued by the Superintendent of
Documents, U.S. Government Printing Offic: Washington, D.C.
20402.

Indexes to this report (by keyword, author, personal names,
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Mansfield Road, Wooster, Ohio, 44691.

Correspondence pertaining to matters other than procurement
.may be addressed to Joint Publications Research Service,
1000 North Glebe Road, Arlington, Virginia 22201.


ae

403

+02

the

6.

AS

° & Gnd

Fig. 4 - Deviation from the mean value of the maximum and minimum values

of repeater gain.
These conditions must be saitsfied for a temperature range over
land and shallow water sections (up to 800 metres depth) of

+17°C and in deep water of + 3°C, assuming the insertion of 0.5
nautical miles of repair cable in each shallow water section of the
route.

MEASUREMENTS MADE DURING MANUFACTURE

OF THE CABLE AND REPEATERS.

Before the system was laid certain measurements were carried
out in the factory on the repeaters. In particular, for the 95 re-
peaters constituting the entire link an average gain characteristic as
a function of frequency, and the envelope enclosing the maximum
and minimum values, were derived.

9030)

im al
4 L
L i ri {J

oz seer 20 30 ry

010

i
l

I
t
|

then

Fig. 5 - Mean Value of repeater gain with respect to the nominal value.

Fig. 4, show the spread of repeater gain values about the mean
value of gain. The diagram gives an indication of the dispersion of
the repeater gain values and shows a range of about +0.2 dB for
the high band direction. In Fig. 5 the mean gain of the repeaters is .
compared with the typical value supplied by the manufacturer for
both bands. It is evident that the difference increases with frequency,
reaching a maximum value of 0.25 dB.

45



LIBERIA

CORPORATION LAUNCHES COMMUNICATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM

Monrovia THE LIBERIAN AGE in English 29 Aug 78

{Text]

THE Liberia Tele-
communications Cor-
poration is currently
launching a $24 mil-

fion dollar Commnni-
cations Develonment

program which is
geared towards ex-
panding and improv-
ing the country’s
present Communica-
tions System.

The Corporation’s
Managing Director,
Samuel Butler, in an
interview on this
week said that part

of this development
implementation of
the Corporation will
include telephont ex-
tensions to new areas

cso: 5500

such as Ganta Voin-
jama, Zorzor and
Tappita and added
that this phase of
his Corporation de-
velopment program

is already in process.
The Director said

that this program is
also to upgrade the
country’s Microwave
Telephone Network
and to introduce a
direct international
dialing system.

Meanwhlie, as part
of its development
program the Liberia
Telecommunications

29

Corporation is cur-
rently installing Te-
lex Machines in
Gbarnga, Greenville
and other major ru-
ral areas to curb the
delays caused by tele-
grams, Mr. Butler
disclosed.

He said that by
the end of this year
his Corporation ho-
pes to have all of
the major areas of
Liberia connected
by telex, a develop-
ment which, he said, is
bound to ensure
speedy delivery of
messages.



inserted between them. The line frequency bands are 1916-18988
kHz and 27212-44824 kHz, as in the first case, but with improved
bandwidth utilisation by reduction of the inter-supermastergroup gaps
(figs 1.C e 2).

1552

Hl Mast RcROUP
ya > 2044

“S3q. __10$60-1880.13200
ht
Spa >
ee
—

BASIC
SUPERMASTERGROUP
e516

Fig. 1.C - Frequency Tranlation Plan for 65-supergroup Capacity with Master-
group Interface.

The 69-supergroup capacity is obtained from seven assemblies
of nine supergroups each (in the band 812-3036 kHz) and from one
assembly of six supergroups (1556-3036 kHz). These assemblies are
under-equipped 15-supergroup assemblies, which are separated by
only 8 kHz. When using the system from 69-supergroups it is
necessary to demodulate as far as basic supergroups in both terminal
stations of the submarine cable system, since it is not possible to
achieve economically a design of through-connection filter which could
separate each nine-supergroup assembly from the adjacent one, with
only 8kHz separation between them. This plan uses the total
available bandwidth stated in 2.1 above (figs 1.D e 2).

At the time of the selection of this system for the Rome-Palermo
link, only the 60-supergroup version of the multiplex was available.
For this capacity the input and output points of the system are taken
from the 15-supergroup assembly distribution frame since, as stated
above, the multiplex equipment for the 15-supergroup assemblies is
not in accordance with CCITT recommendation G 333.

38


The project is already being implemented by way of the new telephone ex-
change being built by the Societe des Cables of Lyons. The first objec-
tive of this exchange will be to expand the network with the addition of
2400 new lines, which together with the 2000 lines of the old exchange will
bring the total number of lines to 4400, and will permit the absorption of
the long waiting list of subscribers. The old exchange will utilize the
"brain" of the new one, and work has already begun to link the two exchanges
by an underground cable. The total capacity of the new exchange will be
8000 new lines. Besides expanding the network, the plan calls for instal-
ling the latest type equipment (according to the technicians), and totally
rebuilding the underground cable system of the capital so as to provide
telephone subscribers a better grade of service. The new exchange will
also permit a reduction of the disparities in charges to subscribers.

In the opinion of the director general of the Ministry of PTT, Mr Ballet,
existing legislation must be revised so that rates can be adjusted and a
single, more reasonable rate structure applied to all subscribers, The
development of international communications will be progressive, The

first phase of satellite communications will include France alone. By
April, certain N'Djamena subscribers will be able to dial French subscrib-
ers automatically (without operators), The old exchange will be provided
with 1000 new units of equipment for this purpose. The satellite telecommu-
nications network may be extended later to other African and Western coun-
tries.

It is true that the plan favors N'Djamena initially. But this proves
necessary, since, as Mr Ballet points out, N'Djamena's economic weight is
an important factor. The extent of its demand for telecommunications and
its large number of potential subscribers make this city the most important
economically. The N'Djamena network presently has 2000 lines, while Sarh
and Moundou each have 200, and Abeche 100. The ability of telecommunica-
tions to pay its way in Chad therefore depends on N'Djamena. If the
N'Djamena project were operational, PIT revenues would be able to absorb
the current provincial deficits. While emphasizing the public service
character of PTT rather than its profitability, Mr Ballet nevertheless
stated that in order to better satisfy the public's needs, the service
must produce more revenue. The Ministry of PIT plans to install public
telephone booths in the near future. Means for assuring the safety of
these booths must be worked out with the mayoralty.

Phase 1 of the 10-year plan will upgrade the principal developmental axes
(N'Djamena, Sarh, Moundou, Abeche). Communications between these exchanges
are presently handled by high frequency radio systems. These systems are
old (average age is 20 years) and are moreover very sensitive to atmos-
pheric conditions, which makes communications highly variable. The develop-
ment of telecommunications in the provinces faces a major problem: geogra-
phic distances. The Ministry of PTT has concluded that satellite communi-
cations is the most appropriate and economical. This phase will include

24


for 15 more, to submit its documents. This period will begin as soon as
the second-ranking bidder is notified by the TELEBRAS group.

The new classification will guarantee NEC [Nippon Electric Company] which,

in association with the Docas de Santos company, ranked third in the bidding,
a market for the stored program controlled switchboards. With the dis-
qualification of Ericsson, the NEC moves up to second place, and if Standard
Electric meets all the requirements in this second stage of bidding, it

will produce the 50,000 terminals for the installation of the CPA system in
the city of Sao Paulo, while the NEC will fill any orders exceeding 100,000
terminals per year, in accordance with the terms of the bidding specifications,
which should come about beginning in 1981.

Basically, the additional requirements for this second bidding stage have
to do with the stock control of the enterprise by Brazilians and a high
level of domestically-produced equipment making up the CPAs.

The Ministry of Communications distributed a statement to explain the dis-
qualification of L. M. Ericsson. The statement, which the press adviser
and head of the office of minister Quandt de Oliveira said was not an
official one, read as follows:

"Minister Quandt de Oliveira today, 22 August, approved the recommendation
of the board of directors of TELEBRAS pertaining to the negotiations in
progress with a view to a decision on international bid 001/76 solicited
by TELEBRAS, for the establishment in the country of facilities for the
production of CPA telephone exchanges.

The negotiations were being conducted with L. M. Ericsson, the first-ranking
bidder to discuss the meeting of various requirements, which would be
indispensable for the firm declared the winner of the bidding.

In the statement, TELEBRAS set forth the various reasons why the L. M.
Ericsson offer did not fully suit the goals of the industrial policy of
the Ministry of Communications or meet the requirements established.

As a result, on the basis of the decision adopted when the enterprises

were ranked in order of preference, the negotiations with L. M. Ericsson
were ended and TELEBRAS decided to begin negotiations with the second-ranking
bidder, International Standard Electric Corporation.

These negotiations will be governed by the same requirements, deadlines
and demands previously established for all of the qualified bidders."

5157
Cso: 5500



—2

ee ew ® ° °o tend)

Fig. 6 - Mean value of repeater gain with respect to the mean attenuation

frequency curve.

Finally, Fig. 6 shows the difference between the mean value of
the repeater gain, and the mean attenuation frequency characteristic

400

ry a0 ae a" ry » Pry a hing

Fig. 7 - Frequency response of cable and repeaters measured between 6 dB

(cable head) Test Points A-»B Direction.

46


The mis-equalisation of 3 dB found at the Pomezia terminal, and
about 5 dB at the Palermo terminal are due to the cumulative residual
errors in the preceding equalisation blocks, and also to the une-
qualised block next to the terminal.

(mr 0» ” « a oe a

1

coo

|
|
I
N NO 7 -_
oA

Fig. 9 - Wideband frequency response after equalisation B—» A Direction.

The system, in fact, includes 1 submerged equaliser for each
block of 20 repeaters, resulting in a total of 4 equalisers.

To meet the specified spread limits for each 15-supergroup as-
sembly No 1 (in the band 312-4028 kHz), the terminal equalisation is
carried out partly in the receive wideband path, and partly in each

15-supergroup path, both in the band 8620-12336 kHz, and the band
312-4028 kHz.

ey

os

ane

|

a 20 aR u oy Pry 40 az

Fig. 10 - Wideband frequency response after equalisation A-> B Direction.

48

> ae



BRAZIL

BRIEFS

RADIO BROADCASTING .CONGRESS-~A network of radios headed by Radio Guaiba,
Gaucha and Farroupilha will broadcast the opening session of the llth
Brazilian Congress on Radio Broadcasting, to be held in Caixias do Sul on
19-22 September. This congress is sponsored by the Brazilian Association of
Radio and Television stations and will draw approximately 500 representatives
of radio broadcasting stations throughout the country. Communications Minis-
ter Euclides Quandt de Oliveira and the state governor will speak at the
opening session, which will begin at 1930. [Porto Alegre Radio Guaiba in
Portuguese 0200 -GMT 6 Sep 78 PY]

NEW RADIO STATION--Campinas--The telecommunications minister inaugurated a new
radio station here yesterday. Radio Educadora FM belongs to the Radio

Bandeirantes network. [Sao Paulo Cadeia Verde Amarela in Portuguese 1000 GMT
5 Sep 78 PY]

cso: 5500

11