1

APPENDIX C 

DEMONSTRATION FOR MEETING THE MODELING REQUIREMENTS OF U.S. 

EPA’S ALTERNATE LOW ENHANCED I/M PERFORMANCE STANDARD 

1.0 Introduction 

This document demonstrates that Wisconsin’s I/M program meets the modeling 

requirements for U.S. EPA’s Alternate Low Enhanced I/M Performance Standard, 

specified in 40 CFR 51.351(g). This section of the CFR specifies a model program 

which is to be compared by emissions modeling with the I/M program under 

consideration. The modeling requirements are specified in 40 CFR 51.351(g)(13) as 

follows: 

40 CFR 51.351(g)(13) Evaluation date. Enhanced I/M program areas subject to 

the provisions of this paragraph (g) shall be shown to obtain the same or lower 

emission levels as the model program described in this paragraph by January 1, 

2002 to within ±0.02 gpm [grams per mile]. Subject programs shall demonstrate 

through modeling the ability to maintain this level of emission reduction (or 

better) through their attainment deadline for the applicable NAAQS standard(s). 

2.0 Description of the Modeling Demonstration 

The demonstration involves a comparison of emission reductions from the U.S. EPA’s 

model program with those from Wisconsin’s actual program. The inputs to 

MOVES2010a for the model program and Wisconsin’s actual program are provided in 

Tables B-1 and B-2 of Appendix B. Separate demonstrations are done for the two areas 

of: (a) the Six-County Milwaukee-Racine Nonattainment Area (Kenosha, Milwaukee, 

Ozaukee, Racine, Washington and Waukesha Counties) and (b) the Sheboygan County 

Nonattainment Area. Since ozone is the pollutant of concern, the pollutants modeled are 

the ozone precursors volatile organic compounds (VOC) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx). 

VOC and NOx reductions from both the U.S. EPA’s model program and Wisconsin’s 

actual program were modeled for January1

 of 2002 and for July of 2009, 2012, 2015, 

2018 and 2022. Wisconsin’s I/M program meets the modeling requirements for a 

particular year if the VOC and NOx reductions from the I/M program for that year are 

greater than or equal to the reductions from the U.S. EPA’s model program on January of 

2002, with a tolerance of 0.02 grams per mile. 

 

1

 To maintain consistent fleet, fuel and meteorological inputs throughout this modeling demonstration, 

January of 2002 was modeled by taking the average of the modeling results for July of 2001 and July of 

2002. (Ozone levels tend to be highest on hot summer days.) 
2

3.0 Modeling Results 

Tables C-1 through C-4 summarize the modeling results. In all cases, Wisconsin’s actual 

I/M program achieves the emission reduction percentages required to meet the U.S. 

EPA’s Alternate Low Enhanced I/M Performance Standard. 

Electronic copies of the MOVES2010a run specifications, input files and databases (input 

and output) for the modeling summarized below are available from Christopher Bovee, 

Bureau of Air Management, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, P.O Box 7921, 

Madison, WI, 53707, phone: 608/266-5542, email: christopher.bovee@wisconsin.gov. 
3

Table C-1 

IM Performance Standard Modeling Results 

Area: Six County Milwaukee-Racine Nonattainment Area (Kenosha, Milwaukee, 

Ozaukee, Racine, Washington and Waukesha Counties) 

Pollutant: VOC 

 Emissions in Tons per Hot I/M Reductions per Hot Summer Day 

Summer Day U.S. EPA’s ALEPS 

Model Program 

Wisconsin’s Actual I/M 

Program 

Time VehicleMiles of 

Travel 

No I/M 

Program 

U.S. 

EPA’s 

ALEPS 

Model 

Program 

Wisc’s 

Actual 

I/M 

Program 

Tons gpm Pct. Tons gpm Pct. 

July 2001 44,904,463 67.31 63.45 60.69 3.86 0.078 5.7% 6.62 0.134 9.8% 

July 2002 46,144,359 64.53 60.91 58.08 3.61 0.071 5.6% 6.45 0.127 10.0% 

Jan. 2002 45,524,411 65.92 62.18 59.38 3.74 0.074 5.7% 6.54 0.130 9.9% 

Target 2.73 0.054 4.1% 

July 2009 49,249,051 37.48 35.34 34.22 2.14 0.039 5.7% 3.26 0.060 8.7% 

July 2012 52,471,643 29.83 28.38 27.71 1.46 0.025 4.9% 2.12 0.037 7.1% 

July 2015 54,394,979 22.70 21.69 21.08 1.01 0.017 4.5% 1.62 0.027 7.1% 

July 2018 56,318,303 18.95 18.24 17.61 0.71 0.011 3.7% 1.34 0.022 7.1% 

July 2022 58,096,319 17.16 16.57 15.99 0.58 0.009 3.4% 1.17 0.018 6.8% 

ALEPS = Alternate Low Enhanced Performance Standard 

NOTE: Results calculated on the numbers in this table may slightly differ from those shown because of rounding. 

The U.S. EPA model program’s reductions for January of 2002 are 0.074 grams per mile 

(gpm). Therefore, Wisconsin’s actual program needs to show reductions of 0.074 gpm – 

0.020 gpm = 0.054 gpm (4.1%) to meet the modeling requirements. Since all of the 

reductions from Wisconsin’s actual program are greater than or equal to 4.1%, see 

rightmost column, Wisconsin’s program does meet the modeling requirements for the 

ALEPS for VOC in the Six County Milwaukee-Racine Nonattainment Area. 
4

Table C-2 

IM Performance Standard Modeling Results 

Area: Six County Milwaukee-Racine Nonattainment Area (Kenosha, Milwaukee, 

Ozaukee, Racine, Washington and Waukesha Counties) 

Pollutant: NOx 

 Emissions in Tons per Hot I/M Reductions per Hot Summer Day 

Summer Day U.S. EPA’s ALEPS 

Model Program 

Wisconsin’s Actual I/M 

Program 

Time VehicleMiles of 

Travel 

No I/M 

Program 

U.S. 

EPA’s 

ALEPS 

Model 

Program 

Wisc’s 

Actual 

I/M 

Program 

Tons gpm Pct. Tons gpm Pct. 

July 2001 44,904,463 160.26 157.86 149.84 2.40 0.048 1.5% 10.42 0.211 6.5% 

July 2002 46,144,359 156.27 154.24 146.44 2.04 0.040 1.3% 9.83 0.193 6.3% 

Jan. 2002 45,524,411 158.27 156.05 148.14 2.22 0.044 1.4% 10.13 0.202 6.4% 

Target 1.21 0.024 0.8% 

July 2009 49,249,051 92.81 92.33 87.54 0.49 0.009 0.5% 5.27 0.097 5.7% 

July 2012 52,471,643 74.08 73.83 70.41 0.25 0.004 0.3% 3.67 0.063 4.9% 

July 2015 54,394,979 53.80 53.66 51.34 0.13 0.002 0.2% 2.46 0.041 4.6% 

July 2018 56,318,303 41.26 41.20 39.54 0.06 0.001 0.1% 1.72 0.028 4.2% 

July 2022 58,096,319 33.24 33.20 31.99 0.04 0.001 0.1% 1.25 0.020 3.8% 

ALEPS = Alternate Low Enhanced Performance Standard 

NOTE: Results calculated on the numbers in this table may slightly differ from those shown because of rounding. 

The U.S. EPA model program’s reductions for January of 2002 are 0.044 grams per mile 

(gpm). Therefore, Wisconsin’s actual program needs to show reductions of 0.044 gpm – 

0.020 gpm = 0.024 gpm (0.8%) to meet the modeling requirements. Since all of the 

reductions from Wisconsin’s actual program are greater than or equal to 0.8%, see 

rightmost column, Wisconsin’s program does meet the modeling requirements for the 

ALEPS for NOx in the Six County Milwaukee-Racine Nonattainment Area. 
5

Table C-3 

IM Performance Standard Modeling Results 

Area: Sheboygan County Nonattainment Area 

Pollutant: VOC 

 Emissions in Tons per Hot I/M Reductions per Hot Summer Day 

Summer Day U.S. EPA’s ALEPS 

Model Program 

Wisconsin’s Actual I/M 

Program 

Time VehicleMiles of 

Travel 

No I/M 

Program 

U.S. 

EPA’s 

ALEPS 

Model 

Program 

Wisc’s 

Actual 

I/M 

Program 

Tons gpm Pct. Tons gpm Pct. 

July 2001 3,100,569 4.86 4.56 4.45 0.30 0.087 6.1% 0.41 0.120 8.4% 

July 2002 3,146,207 4.59 4.31 4.20 0.28 0.080 6.0% 0.39 0.113 8.6% 

Jan. 2002 3,123,388 4.72 4.44 4.32 0.29 0.084 6.1% 0.40 0.117 8.5% 

Target 0.22 0.064 4.6% 

July 2009 3,025,045 2.60 2.45 2.38 0.15 0.044 5.6% 0.22 0.065 8.3% 

July 2012 3,949,496 2.83 2.70 2.64 0.13 0.030 4.6% 0.19 0.044 6.8% 

July 2015 4,060,788 2.17 2.08 2.02 0.09 0.020 4.1% 0.14 0.032 6.7% 

July 2018 4,172,095 1.84 1.78 1.72 0.06 0.013 3.3% 0.12 0.025 6.3% 

July 2022 4,320,678 1.71 1.67 1.62 0.05 0.010 2.8% 0.10 0.021 5.8% 

ALEPS = Alternate Low Enhanced Performance Standard 

NOTE: Results calculated on the numbers in this table may slightly differ from those shown because of rounding. 

The U.S. EPA model program’s reductions for January of 2002 are 0.084 grams per mile 

(gpm). Therefore, Wisconsin’s actual program needs to show reductions of 0.084 gpm – 

0.020 gpm = 0.064 gpm (4.6%) to meet the modeling requirements. Since all of the 

reductions from Wisconsin’s actual program are greater than or equal to 4.6%, see 

rightmost column, Wisconsin’s program does meet the modeling requirements for the 

ALEPS for VOC in the Sheboygan County Nonattainment Area. 
6

Table C-4 

IM Performance Standard Modeling Results 

Area: Sheboygan County Nonattainment Area 

Pollutant: NOx 

 Emissions in Tons per Hot I/M Reductions per Hot Summer Day 

Summer Day U.S. EPA’s ALEPS 

Model Program 

Wisconsin’s Actual I/M 

Program 

Time VehicleMiles of 

Travel 

No I/M 

Program 

U.S. 

EPA’s 

ALEPS 

Model 

Program 

Wisc’s 

Actual 

I/M 

Program 

Tons gpm Pct. Tons gpm Pct. 

July 2001 3,100,569 12.36 12.17 11.73 0.18 0.054 1.5% 0.62 0.182 5.0% 

July 2002 3,146,207 11.82 11.66 11.24 0.15 0.044 1.3% 0.57 0.165 4.8% 

Jan. 2002 3,123,388 12.09 11.92 11.49 0.17 0.049 1.4% 0.60 0.174 4.9% 

Target 0.10 0.029 0.8% 

July 2009 3,025,045 5.94 5.91 5.63 0.03 0.009 0.5% 0.32 0.095 5.3% 

July 2012 3,949,496 6.29 6.27 5.99 0.02 0.005 0.3% 0.30 0.069 4.8% 

July 2015 4,060,788 4.52 4.51 4.32 0.01 0.002 0.2% 0.20 0.045 4.4% 

July 2018 4,172,095 3.49 3.49 3.36 0.00 0.001 0.1% 0.14 0.030 4.0% 

July 2022 4,320,678 2.88 2.88 2.78 0.00 0.001 0.1% 0.10 0.021 3.5% 

ALEPS = Alternate Low Enhanced Performance Standard 

NOTE: Results calculated on the numbers in this table may slightly differ from those shown because of rounding. 

The U.S. EPA model program’s reductions for January of 2002 are 0.049 grams per mile 

(gpm). Therefore, Wisconsin’s actual program needs to show reductions of 0.049 gpm – 

0.020 gpm = 0.029 gpm (0.8%) to meet the modeling requirements. Since all of the 

reductions from Wisconsin’s actual program are greater than or equal to 0.8%, see 

rightmost column, Wisconsin’s program does meet the modeling requirements for the 

ALEPS for NOx in the Sheboygan County Nonattainment Area.