o

PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

PRC MANUFACTURES EQUIPMENT FOR LAUNCHING, RECOVERING SATELLITES
Peking NCNA in English 0725 GMT 26 Nov 77 OW

[Text] Peking, 26 November 1977 (HSINHUA)--China's electronics industry makes
equipment for the launching and recovery of man-made earth satellites, includ-
ing tracking, lodging and controlling systems, according to the National
Conference on the Electronics Industry now in session here.

The electronics industry, a new branch developed after the liberation of China,
now designs and turns out telecommunications, radar, broadcasting and tele-
vision equipuent, logging and surveying meters and navigational computers.

All the semiconductor parts, integrated circuits, vacuum parts and electronic
elements necessary for the manufacture of such equipment are made in China.

Telecommunications technology has been developing since China designed and
built its first analog-type satellite communication ground station in 1975.
Recently its first digital satellite communication ground station was put into
operation with satisfactory results. The double-channel colour television
programmes relayed from telecommunication satellites are clear, and the sound
is good.

In the field of broadcasting and television, China designs and makes high-
power, high-frequency transmission equipment and uses such techniques as
mixing of frequency bands. Complete equipment for braodcasting, transmission,
relay and receiving of colour television are produced.

The making of a higher-speed, integrated-circuit computer, following the digital
computer, using large-scale integrated circuits with an average speed of one
million operations per second in 1973 marked a new level in computer technology.
Big progress has also been made in the peripheral device.

Along with the growth of the industry, electronic techniques are being applied
to agriculture and other fields, such as for seed treatment, processing of
farm produce, plant and crop protection, grain storage and soil analysis.
Integrated type potentiometers have been introduced for locating water in hilly
regions and resistivity meters for this work on flat terrain. Use of these
meters, which is now widespread, has raised efficiency.

13



USSR

NEW ORBITA STATION PROVIDES SATELLITE LINK WITH MOSCOW
Yerevan KOMMUNIST in Russian 5 Nov 77 p 4 LD

[Article by Yu Kozlov, deputy of communications of the Armenian SSR:
"In the 'Orbita' System"]

{Excerpt] On the eve of the glorious jubilee--the 60th anniversary of
Great October--it became possible for the inhabitants of Yerevan and
Aratskaya Valley to watch Central Television's fourth program transmitted
on Channel 5 on their television screens.

This became possible after the "Orbita-2" station in Yerevan became opera-
tional. This insures the republic's constant and reliable link via the
Moscow~earth satellite-Yerevan channel.

In addition to the existing surface and underground long distance communica-
tions lines linking Yerevan with Moscow, Armenia, from now on has a stable,
high quality communications channel with our motherland's capital via the
"Molniya" artificial earth satellites.

Today with the help of the Yerevan Space Communications Station two addi-
tional Central Television programs are already being received--the fourth
and the "Orbita" program, which basically repeats Central Television's
first program with a 3-hour time lag, these transmissions are received
in color. Via the "Orbita-2" station the republic received radio broad-
casts from Moscow with the apparatus making it possible to pick up these
programs in stereo. By the end of the year, with the commissioning of
the transmitting part of the entire complex, it will be possible for

the Yerevan television studio to broadcast on Central Television and the
intervision network.

Satellite communications capabilities are increasing yearly. By 1978 the space
communications station will receive direct telephone and telegraph channels
with Moscow.

An extremely important virtue of space communications is the ability to
transmit photocopies of central newspapers from Moscow directly to the

34



In the area of percentage of lines available for every 100 persons, Kuwait
ranks first (128,750 lines) with 12.8 for every 100 people, followed by
Bahrain with an average of 9.86 lines for every 100 persons. Lebanon
occupies third place with 8.39 lines. Also in this area, Northern Yemen
occupies last place with an average of .09, less than one line for every
10,000 persons.

At the level of network type, there are only five Arab countries with com-
plete automatic telephone systems. They are: Kuwait, Qatar, United Arab
Emirates, Oman and Bahrain. Only two countries with more than 90 percent
of their lines are automatic, Iraq (94.7 percent) and Tunis (92.9 percent).
Also another two countries, Algeria and Morocco, have more than 80 percent
of their lines automatic. Statistics for the other countries are not
available.

At the service level, countries with an automatic network do have good or
satisfactory local service, but at the national and international levels
where communications are still weak, service is often less than satisfac-
tory. With the exceptions of Morocco, Tunis and Algeria who were connecced
recently with the network of the majority of the Western European countries,
it is rare to find a direct automatic connection between the Arab countries
and other states. Even Lebanon, whose economy is characterized by foreign
relations, especially with Western Europe, does not have a direct automatic
connection except with France and with only a very limited number of lines.

At the same time, all of France can communicate directly and automatically
with any line in Lebanon, unless the Northern Sea cable which connects

the two countries is out of order, which happens quite often. It is
curious that Libya, which established an automatic network with several
European capitals, stopped using it and instead maintained communications
through the general switchboard, which takes a very long time.

Recently, only a few weeks ago, the Egyptian Prime Minister, Mamdouh Salim,
inaugurated a new network with direct lines between Cairo and several
European capitals. In the meantime, Syria, in communicating with the out-
side world,still has to go through Lebanon's sea cable.

What is most curious of all is that, at the service level supplied by the
network, communications between all the European centers and Lebanon dur-
ing the peak of the war period were easier than the communications between
many of the Arab countries and the same European centers. This probably
is one of the reasons why the Lebanese said of Lebanon: ‘Nothing better

than Lebanon, even during war time!"

Although this is somewhat of an exaggeration, it is justified after com-
paring [Arab countries]. As one Egyptian expert believes, one factor in
solving the transportation problem in Cairo is improving the telephone
services, because such services are in such a poor state that people are
obliged to use cars to do the simplest errands that could be accomplished
by telephone. This situation is being repeated now in Lebanon, whose tele-
phone services were better during the war than in the present peace time.

30


3.) Etching in two cycles. Rollers already partly etched can be completed in
a second run with further etching in perfect register.

4.) Repetition in direction of the axis. By connecting more etching heads in
parallel, it is possible to etch the same subject several times simultaneously
in direction of the axis in the time required for one single etching (it is not
possible to have the image seamless at the point of passing from one head to
the next.

5.) Symmetrical repetition. Starting from the left of the original and advan-
cing toward the right, anormal etching is made with direct reproduction. Then the
advance of the scanning head is reversed from right to left and the subject is
continued to be etched toward the right by means of mirrors. At the end, the
direction of advance of the original is again reversed and etching is accom-
plished upright, and so on.

6.) Repetition in direction of the axis without seam. The subject is etched
normally first. Then the reading head is returned to the start and it starts
off again from the beginning. Etching continues without a seam.

7.) Repetition in direction of the axis with staggering, just as in 6, above,
but at each repetition the image is staggered by a predetermined pitch.

8.) Change of scale in direction of the axis. By modifying the advance step
on the scanning side, it is possible to obtain a compressed or elongated repro-
duction of the image.

8. Etching with "Laser" and With "Electronic Gun"

In order to complete the description of the electronic etching systems, brief
mention should be made of systems that would make it possible -- if they are
achieved-- to obtain "electronic etching" in the more literal sense of the term.

A first system, on which some persons pin great hopes, is based on the use of -
"Laser."

Laser consists of a thin pencil of rays equipped with very great energy suffi-
cient for volatilizing metal particles struck by it.

Thought might be given to etching a cut by modulating a laser beam striking a
metal surface, in order to form a screen.

Experiments in this connection have already been made. The difficulties en-
countered are due, on the one hand, to the impossibility of obtaining with
continuity laser beams of sufficient intensity to bombard the metal and, on
the other hand, to the fact that the craters left in the metal by the vola-
tilized part have an irregular shape quite far from the shape of the screen
needed for an accurate print.

85



cso:

5500

Telex services

Moreover at the end of 1976
Cyprus was connected automa-
tically by telex service with
$4 countries (today with 103)
and seml-automatically with
107 (now 98).

‘During the year the Autho-
rity had to cope not only
with the increased demands
created by disruption caused
by the Turkish invasion, but
also with the additional re-
quirements from foreign bu-
sinessmen and citizens who
came to Cyprus after the Le-
banese events. :

«These visitors expressed
their ‘favourable impzcosions
and: unreservedly paid tribute
to’ the Authority’ for the faci-
lities . provided», ‘he said.

‘Mr Roussos pointed out that
the.telecommunications needs
ofthe State, the National
Guard andthe U.N. Peace
Force were fully met.

Among plans ahead are the
reactivation of the high | fre-
quency international radio link
with Israel, the installation of
new equipment for the impro-
vement of ship-to-shore and}
civil aviation services, and the
increase of the number of te-
lephone lines.

lus

The year 1976 ended with
a surplus of £1.4 million, very
close to that of 1973 but in
very sharp contrast to the
£184,939 deficit of the 1974
invasion year and £157,520 of
the year after. Indications for;
1977 are that the surplus will |
be even higher than that of!
last year. .

The Chairman referred to
the Authority's «prudent fi-
nancial policy» of sound and;
productive development and to
the. cooperation of the — staff
and_said:

«These facts are conducive
to hopeful forecasts that it
will be -possible to carry out
the Authority’s future develop-
ment plans with ample finan- |
cial ease, taking into conside- ‘
ration also ‘credit facilities
given to the Authority by sup-
pliers abroad», among whom
the autkority’s credibility is at
a high level.

39


TESTING OF OPTICAL COMMUNICATION FIBRES

Canberra THE AUSTRALIAN in English 10 Oct 77 p 10

[Text]

THE first Australian.
field trial of opiical
fibre communication has
recently been completed
at the Department of
Defence Guided
Weapons Electronics
Support Facility at St
Marys, NSW.

The Minister for De-
fence, Mr Killen, said
that the successful trial
was- carried out by
Amalgamated — Wireless
(Australasia’ Limited in
conjunction — with
Telecom Australia.

Optical fibres are
glass fibres about the
diameter of a hair and
are capable of carrying
thousands of messages.
In their ultimate
application, they could
replace the traditional
electric cable, at less
cost, and with far
greater message capac-
ity.

CSO: 5500

Mr Killen said that
the recent trial involved
the use of cables jointly
developed by AWA and
Olex Cables Lid. It con-
sisted of the installation
of a 23km optical fibre
communication link,
both underground and
overhead. The un-
derground section was
partly ducted.

Mr Killen said that
the cables, when used
for field operations, had
a military significance.
They had a high
message-carrying capac-
ity, were light and com-
pact to transport, easy
to install and cost little
when fully developed.
The equipment would be
permanently used as a
data transmission link
for the Guided Weapons
Electronic Support Fac-
ility at St Marys.

AUSTRALIA


ul
[243] 4] s] 6] 7y 84 9] 10] mf t2| 13] 14 15 | 16] 17 12
5

SaBR

0% t 200% t

Figure 16. Principle of digital enlargement.
8. Electronic Screening by Means of Laser Beam

In the first scanners, separations could be obtained only with continuous
color. Screening had to be performed subsequently with the conventional photo-
mechanical system.

A first step forward was taken by the possibility of performing screening by
contact during separation in the scanner. That can be achieved easily by
placing screens on the frames together with virgin films in accordance with
the angles required for each color. In this way, in place of continuous color
separations, separations already screened are obtained, particularly ad-
vantageous in the case of offset printing.

67



proposed a MIC configuration (PTT would resign itself to accept a Delta
modulation in the terminal portion of the equipment, but not in the network).
True to its options, SAT proposed a product using modern technology, but
with a concentration of PAM for reasons of economy. And finally, Jeumont-
Schneider proposed an original advanced solution using integrated coders-
decoders. These circuits are available in the United States at 8 kHz but
not at 24 kHz. A French development is foreseen for the latter. While this
solution (PAM concentration and MIC channel mixing) is very interesting as
we have seen, it nevertheless entails some risks.

11,023
cso: 5500

49



FRANCE

PIT SELECTS SATELLITE ELECTRONIC CENTER PROJECTS
Paris ELECTRONIQUE ACTUALITES in French 11 Nov 77 pp 1, 6

{Article by D. Levy: "PTT Selects Four Projects for a Satellite Electronic |
Center"] |

[Text] Four satellite electronic center projects submitted by Telic, Jeumont-
Schneider, SAT, and the joint venture TRI-TIT-Matra, as well as a line
concentrator project proposed by CGCT, were selected at the close of the
double invitation for bids initiated at the beginning of the year by the
Directorate for Industrial and International Affairs (DAIL) of the DGT
(General Directorate of Telecommunications). The industrial groups selected
for the satellite centers will divide among themselves a study contract of

the order of 40 million francs, and will each deliver a prototype within two
to three years. The CGCT will also receive a small study contract and will
deliver a concentrator prototype.

For both bid items, the DAII action appears to have motivated by the same
concept: stimulate the imagination of builders by avoiding excessively
rigid specifications for the equipment, and thereby enable the interested
builders to each provide devices which will satisfy the requirements of many
telephone networks, one of which will be the French network.

By thus breaking with tradition, the DAII will have encouraged the lowest
cost -- the development of the equipment will require a large internal
contribution on the part of builders -- construction of products "suitable"
for exportation, rather than that of systems optimized for the French
network and therefore difficult to export.

A Miniselector Concentrator
The study of a new concentrator for subscriber lines answers the need for
more modern equipment for the national network and for exportation, which

will offer more flexibility than the present system produced by Telic, of
which more than 6000 have been installed in the PTT network since 1970.

47



Figure 1. The DC-300 electronic chromatic scanner

Figure la. Detail of the scanning cylinder.

Representation with the cube lends itself especially to an examination of the
three-color separations and, therefore, to a study of the problems of chromatic
correction. If, in fact, the X-axis is examined, it is seen that magenta,
orange and violet have the density value corresponding to black, while yellow,
green and blue have the same value of white. These are, threfore, the condi-
tions of a separation of magenta (see figure 2 again).

If the Y-axis is examined, yellow, green and orange have the same density value
as black. Magenta, violet and blue, the same value as white (yellow separation).
Finally, according to the Z-axis, violet, blue and green have the value of

black, while yellow, orange and magenta have the value of white (blue separation).

53



The appearance of figure 9 is obtained in this way.

Figure 6. Correction of magenta.
Key: 1. yellow; 2. white; 3. orange;
4. green; 5. black; 6. violet

ee

(2 ‘Magenta

Figure 7. Correction of blue.
Key: 1. yellow; 2. white; 3. orange;
4. green; 5. black; 6. violet

57



At present, there is no international set of rules for the regulation of
satellite activity, It is being worked on in the UN--and an agreement will
not be reached soon. So far apart, for example, are the stands of the
Soviet Union and United States on many central questions,

In this haste it is not a question of Nordic cooperation or even of markets
for the electronic industry,

Some are in a hurry to get ahead of all future decisions which will affect
the international use of satellites, Why?

Is it only so that the white Indian would come into our homes four times
a week?

SKDL Traffic Minister Expresses Doubts
Helsinki KANSAN UUTISET in Finnish 1 Nov 77 p 1, 6

[Text] According to Traffic Minister Veikko Saarto, broad discussions must
be held about freedom of information before final conclusions are made about
a joint Nordic radio and TV satellite,

There is reason to start a discussion about freedom of information as a part
of freedom of opinion for the fundamental improvement of the position of
the opinion press, said Saarto while speaking in Helsinki yesterday,

The Finnish Newspapermens' Union (SSL) regards the clarifications made about
the TV satellite as insufficient for decision making and yesterday demanded
that additional national and Nordic investigations be conducted, The SSL
also regards the proposed schedule as too optimistic.

In a fresh statement, the Nordic newspapermen's union also criticizes the
conclusions of the committee of state secretaries, In the opinion of the
union, which represents 20,000 newspaper and radio journalists, the satel-
lite procurement has nowhere nearly been thought through and is not a neces-
sary alternative,

The chairman of the Peoples' radio union, Representative Mikko Ekorre (SKDL)
also feels that the satellite procurement is not ripe for carrying out,
Ekorre comments in an article in the new Viestin paper of the Peoples'
radio union on the effects of the satellite procurement on program policy
and recommends a very reserved attitude. In addition, the procurement is
too expensive to carry out, he says.

Speaking on Monday in Helsinki, Traffic Minister Saarto said that through
a discussion on information, we must seek answers to such questions as to
how we protect the exchange of information on deliberations about job seek-
ing, sufficient income, social security and spiritually rich leisure time
activity from a base of national cultural values,

45


BULGARIA

OBSOLETE TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM EXPOSED
Sofia STURSHEL in Bulgarian 7 Oct 77 p 3

[Article by Lyubomir Yanev: "Unofficial Records"]

[Excerpt] As we were talking about telephones, we should mention that we
still use cables and exchanges of the type ATTs-29. The number 29 determines
the year when these stations were introduced. Thus, a uniaue world record
of being years behind has been established! Because, since then many new
systems and cables have been introduced all around the world. Bulgaria

is not lagging behind in this respect either. It discovered many new things,
It purchased many licenses. For 7 years our industry has been studying a
modern license in this field as well, but, for the time being, it is still
in the process of studying it. Perhaps it is waiting for it to get old
enough. But this is not wine.

It is a fact that currently there are cables and ecuipment for over 10 mil-
lion leva lying idle due to numerous organizational reasons, that is, vio-
lating regulations and decrees of the Council of Ministers in Sofia. And
this is taking place just when there are over 100,000 applications in the
capital for new telephones. We built Complex Mladost [Youth]. This complex
gave birth to a second generation ~ Mladost 2. There will be Mladost 3 as
well, They will have flowers and playgrounds for the children. However,
if a child fell and got hurt, there would be no telephone to call emergency.
For the SGNS [Sofia People's City Council] and the construction organiza-
tions do not wish to observe the decrees that state that one must first con-
struct buildings for telecommunications services, cable channels, etc. be-
fore planting flowers.

While writing these lines, one of my colleagues, annoyed with his unsuccess-
ful telephone call, said casually:

"Strange. Our communications system is awful and yet we celebrate Communi-

cations Day. And we honor them with congratulatory concerts. Other coun-
tries do not have such holiday but have excellent communications system...."

17



printers of the Union Republic capitals and remote towns of the Soviet Union.
By means of the high speed "Gazeta-2" installation, a newspaper page from
PRAVDA will be transmitted from Moscow to Yerevan in only 2.5 minutes,

This will make it possible for the inhabitants of Yerevan to get the central
papers at the same time as the Muscovites.

"Orbita-2" in Yerevan has yet another important purpose~-by means of
surface radio relay lines the Central Television programs received via
SPAE will be retransmitted to the fraternal republics of Georgia and
Azerbaijan. In the future the Yerevan-Moscow space channel will transmit
increasingly more information and its capabilities will be expanded and
improved annually.

cso: 5500

35


7 /-\ q
AK mn I oy H
| |
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I] ] me user ||
re LI] ss | |
su [eH |
| |
oe If] es u |!
r 1 —}!
|fa 4/\I| |
| a oTH |
| | |
|_|! |
Hy YS HY SP dyes aw is |
| I
a fe 4
MR RZ

Figure 15. Digital enlargement and electronic screening with
laser beam. Block diagram of the DC-300 scanner.

The ratio variation is modified digitally and, therefore, in discrete steps,
but with such a fineness as to be able to be regarded as almost continuous.
In order to make better use of the available areas even with the vast range
of ratio variation (for example, from 20 percent to 420 percent), interchange-
able rollers with. various diameters are used. Each one is suitable for a

band of the reproduction ratio.

Longitudinally, ratio variation is accomplished much more simply by varying
(still digitally) the control frequency of the small motor for advancing the
carriage carrying the recording optics.

66


CONTENTS (Continued)

Solar-Powered Radio-Telephone System Awaits Approval
(THE AUSTRALIAN, 10 Oct 77).......

New Bank PABX System Cuts Delays on Calls

(THE AUSTRALIAN, 24 Oct 77)..ccccsccceccucvevccsccens

INDIA

Briefs
News Agencies, Press Commission

INDONESIA

Briefs
Illegal Radio Station

PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

PRC Manufactures Equipment for Launching, Recovering
Satellites
(NCNA, 26 NOV 77). .ccececceccccccececeeceteecucevens

Briefs
Ningsia Microwave Project
Progress in Telephone Technology

VIETNAM
Briefs
Radio Programs on Agriculture
Ha Bac Telephone Network
Quang Nam-Danang Telephone Network
EASTERN EUROPE
BULGARIA

Obsolete Telecommunications System Exposed
(Lyubomir Yanev; STURSHEL, 7 Oct 77).......

Estel System for Data Teleprocessing
(C. Serbezov; BULGARIAN FOREIGN TRADE, No 5,

1977)....... Petree eee eee e cece eee beeen eee e eee e ee eeee

Page

11

12

13

15

16

16

17

19


that are not rational among themselves. In the case of electronic screening,
construction of the screen design by means of a recorded program makes repeti-
tiveness of the program after a limited number of steps indispensable.

The following considerations were taken into account, in order to achieve this
result:

fa.] The 0° angle setting, obviously, presents no problem, since there is re-
pétitiveness at each screen step (figure 20).

[b.] A slightly different screen is used for the 45° angle setting, in order
to have eight screen components in the area on which there are nine for the 0°
angle setting (figure 21).

“Te.] Angle settings of +18.4° with a screen that has 10 components in the area
on which there are 9 for the 0° angle setting aré used in place of the +15°
angle settings. As can be seen, this combination makes repetitiveness possible
at every four passes in screening (figure 22).

In conclusion, slightly different screens, in ratios of v8, v9, v10 among them-
selves, are used for the various angle settings. Experience has shown that
there is no formation of moiré.

The fact thac the screen design is constructed by méans of a recorded program

makes it possible to use the most suitable form of screen (round, square, and
so on). For example, a double dot screen can be used (figure 23).

69



The difficulties inherent in contact screening are due to the fact that the
light projected through the screened films by the projection lamp is insuf-
ficient for exposing the film at the normal working speed of the scanner.
Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the speed of rotation of the rollers.

Much progress has been made recently with a new device making it possible to
perform electronic screening with a laser beam, in production now and already
extensively used in the Hell DC-300 scanner (figure 17). The following is the
operation (see block diagram, figure 15, again).

The digital signal available in memory after separation, chromatic correction
(by analog) and conversion of the reproduction ratio (digital), rather than
reconverted into analog for control of the scribing lamp, is used again in
digital form in the electronic screening unit with laser beam.

Depending on the signal level and the angle desired for the screen, six paral-
lel signals (figures 18 and 19), suitably processed by means of a recorded pro-
gram, are obtained at the output of the computer unit. These six signals modu-
late an equal number of laser beams, obtained by splitting from one single
source. They are projected on the film to be exposed and they "construct" half
a screen component. In the next step, the other half screen component is con-
structed by analog. Consequently, longitudinal advance corresponding to a
screen pass is obtained every two revolutions of the drum and the screen de-
sign is constructed by means of twelve lines side by side.

A 45° angle is used in traditional photomechanical methods for the black screen,
0° for the yellow and +15° for the red and the blue. These angles lead to a ra-
tio between screens and advance pass that are in the ratios of

2,1, 28

68


Figure 19. Electronic construction Figure 21. The screen at 45°,
of the screen.

Figure 20. The screen at 0°. Figure 22. The screen at 18.4°.

71


The Federation of Cuban Radio Operators will hold its First Congress this year
on 27, 28, and 29 October. Its main bodies, the Radio Circles and the prepara-
tory committees for the congress are paving the way for a better organization
of the event. This congress, through discussion and deep analysis, will pro-
duce the agreements which will establish the goals of the next few years, the
best methods of leading and organizing the membership, the activities to be
carried out this year, the assistance which the federation will lend to ama-
teur radio operators, technical consultations, the interest groups created in
the Pioneer Palaces and the Military Patriotic Front, technical publications,
the various services which the organization will provide for its membership,
and the ways in which it can become more and more useful to the Revolution and
to the people.

8926
cso: 5300

28



Numerical and programme-control electronic equipment for machine tools is
now prevalent in industry. Equipment for automatic control is being popu-
larized in the petroleum, power, steel and light industries.

For medical use, the electronics industry has trial produced a number of
instruments for diagnosing, treating, monitoring and for chemical analysis.
Included are apparatus for diagnosing heart functions, x-ray television,
gamma-ray equipment for radiography, linear accelerators, laser instruments
for ocular diseases and cardiac pacemakers.

The policy of simultaneous development of national and local industries and
of big, medium-sized and small enterprises has been followed in expanding the
electronics industry. The state has set up a number of big electronics fac-
tories as the backbone, and many small and medium-sized enterprises have been
established in the mass movement in various places. There are neighbourhood
community workshops run by housewives producing electronic elements and parts.

The whole industry now has 2,800 enterprises, big and small, in all parts of
China. Fiftyone research institutes are affiliated directly with the Fourth
Ministry of Machine Building.

CSO: 5500

4


CSO:

5500

than those of ES 8501, as well as
vidcoterminals, can be included, An
ordinary telex apparatus can also be
used as terminal,

Modems ES 8001 and ES suu5

These secure data-transmission and
reception along two-channel lines with
a respective speed of 200 and 600/1200
bits/sec.

Automatic dialling device ES 8061

It secures an automatic connection
of multiplexor and terminals whenever
commutable lines are used.

Linear Stand Alone Unit Apparatus

It houses different modems and adap-
ters as well as a special testing appa-
ratus for checking the condition of
the communication lines. :

It should be stressed that all the
above-listed technical means fully
conform to the requirements of the

_ International Consultative Committee

for Telephony and Telegraphy(MCCTT)
thus ensuring its employment in all
modern communication networks.
The Estel system offers a wide range
of programming, both basic and ap-
plied. It operates under the control
of a modern operational system. The
complex question of checking the pro-
per state of teleprocessing systems
as a whole is solved in the case of
Estel by means of various schemes
or special self-diagnosis programmes.
Thanks to its high properties, the
Estel system has aroused considerable
interest abroad. Its export, includ-
ing mounting and putting into ope-
ration, is handled by the foreign trade
organization Isotimpex, Sofia.

20


VIETNAM

BRIEFS

RADIO PROGRAMS ON AGRICULTURE--The Ministry of Information and Culture is
devoting appropriate attention to agricultural development. At present there
are news relay stations in 30 provinces and cities. In addition to relaying
programs from Radio Vietnam, local relay stations also carry their own pro-
grams to directly support agricultural production. Wired speaker systems to
relay radio broadcasts have been installed in almost every province and
village. [Hanoi International Service in Thai 0500 GMT 17 Nov 77 BK]

HA BAC TELEPHONE NETWORK--The Ha Bac Provincial post office recently put into
operation. a 600-line automatic telephone switchboard. This project was in-
stalled by the provincial postal service cadres and workers to serve the
provincial party organization's leadership. They have also extended the
telephone network down to a number of districts. [Hanoi Domestic Service in
Vietnamese 0530 GMT 21 Nov 77 BK]

QUANG NAM-DANANG TELEPHONE NETWORK--In September and October, cadres and
workers in the Quang Nam-Danang provincial postal sector expanded the informa-
tion and telecommunications network to support agricultural production. With
discarded materials and old equipment they produced nearly 40 km of wire, 3
switchboards and 26 telephone sets, and replaced two switchboards in two
districts with new ones with 40 lines each. [Hanoi Domestic Service in Viet-
namese 0530 GMT 21 Nov 77 BK]

cso: 5500

16



INTER-ARAB ARFAIRS

DEFICIENCIES IN TELEPHONE, TELECOMMUNICATIONS IN ARAB WORLD OUTLINED
Beirut AL-HAWADITH in Arabic 9 Sep 1977, p 47

{Unsigned Article in the Economic Section: ‘The Arab Telephone is Weak
and Inefficient"]

[Text] Economic Events

From the Atlantic Ocean to the Persian Gulf and from the
desert to the coast the Arab telephone is weak and
inefficient. The Joint Arab Satellite Authority earmarked
$200 million to build a telecommunications network between
the countries of the Arab world.

Three months ago Dr Paul Khallat, General Director, the Ilyan Organization
exiled in Athens during the war, came back to study the possibilities of
returning to Beirut. As he tried to use the telephone to set up meetings
to ascertain the general situation in the country to help him reach a
decision on whether to stay in Athens or return to Beirut, there was not
a single telephone line available. Dr Khallat was forced to send a
private messenger to set up the time for what became clearly unnecessary
meetings because his decision was to stay in Athens, since without a
telephone in working condition no work could be accomplished in a steady
manner.

From the abundant statistics on the telecommunications network in the
Arab world, Egypt ranks first as far as the total number of telephone
lines with 503,200 lines, followed by Lebanon with 227,000 lines, then
Algeria with 250,424, and Oman occupying last place (3,700 lines); North-
ern Yemen comes before it with 4,698 lines.

This does not mean that Egypt, with its population of 35 million, is the
first in this field among the Arabs. What is important is knowing how
many wires are available for every 100 persons, and also what is the per-
centage of automatic lines and the kinds of services available.

29



oe

INDIA

BRIEFS

NEWS AGENCIES, PRESS COMMISSION--Union Information and Broadcasting Minister
L. K. Advani said in PATVA 20 November that the question of setting up the

second press commission was under the active consideration of the government.

The union minister told a press conference that the government had also
proposed to revive the press council. A draft bill was under preparation,
he said. Questioned on setting up a corporation for the AIR [All-India
Radio] and television he said the government was committed to grant autonomy
to the AIR and the issue would be decided on receipt of the report of the
Vergese Committee, which was expected by the end of February next. Asked
when the four news agencies would start functioning following the union
government's decision to revive the four agencies after dismantling the
Samachar, Advani said the Samachar management had already been communicated
to dismantle the setup and restore the status quo ante of the four agencies.
He hoped that by the end of the year "the whole thing" would be finalised.
Replying to a question whether the government considered the desirability
of converting the press trust of India and other news agencies into a
corporation as suggested by the first press commission, the union minister
said "let the proposed second press commission or the news agencies say so
and it would be considered," [Text] [Delhi ISI in English 0838 GMT

21 Nov 77 BK]

cso: 5500

1



there no longer is any scanning, the reading head advancesone step. The read-
ing operation is repeated in the next revolution, but storage is performed in

memory M2. This action is repeated, with storage alternating in the odd revo-
lutions in memory M1 and in the even revolutions in M2 (red lines in figure 7).

Etching of the first line begins shortly after the start of storage in memory,
beginning with the memory 1 cell and performing etching along the entire peri-
phery of the roller. On completing of etching of the first circumference, the
etching head also must advance one step, but during this phase of advance there
must be no etching. Therefore, etching has to be eliminated for a certain
amount of time, while the roller continues to rotate, however. When the ope-
ration of advance of the etching head has ended and etching can be resumed,

it is at a more advanced point on the printing roller with regard to the first
revolution. In order to obtain correct reproduction of the image, recall from
memory M2 must, therefore, not begin from the memory 1 cell, but rather from

a subsequent cell corresponding to the most advanced point reached on the cir-
cumference, for example cell 251. On completion of recall of memory up to the
last cell stored, reading of cells from 1 to 250 must continue, in order to
complete etching of the second line on the circumference of the printing rol-
ler (blue lines in figure 7). At this point, etching must again be interrupted
for a certain period of time, in order to allow further advance of the etching
head. Etching of the third line begins from cell 501 of memory M1 to the end
and, therefore, from 1 to 500. Similarly, the fourth line will be etched
starting from cell 751 of memory M2 and so on.

In this way, at each line, etching accumulates a delay with regard to scanning.
At a certain point (seventh passage, small black circle in figure 7), etching
is more than one revolution behind scanning and this would cancel data not yet
used for etching in memory. In order to prevent this disadvantage, scanning,
recording in memory and advance of the scanning head must be eliminated for
one revolution (the seventh in figure 7). This permits the etching system to
make up lost ground. At the next revolution (eighth in figure 7), scanning
and storing of the seventh line in memory M1 are performed and the process can
resume and continue.

7. Various Ways of Operating

The operating principle of the K-200 Helio-Klischograph is especially designed
to handle various problems that come up in printing wrapping paper, wallpaper,
fabrics with the transfer system, and so on.

They are (figure 8):

1.) Repetition in direction of the circumference. The data of each line
stored in memory are recalled several times during the revolution, in order

to etch the same image several times.

2.) Continuous etching without seam in direction of the circumference.

83



taser

(2)

(1)

HIHIHI

UUUL

(3)

()

(4)

OC000

(6)

70

(6)

Figure 18. Electron-
ic construction of
the screen. Block
diagram.

Key: 1. screen com-
puter; 2. mirrors and
modulators; 3. opti-
cal fibers; 4. zoom
objective; 5. screen
dot; 6. revolution


For example, what should be a pure yellow and, therefore, be on the Y-axis
contains a certain amount of blue and magenta, and, therefore, is inside the
theoretical cube (fig. 4). The same applies to the other colors.

Figure 4. The actual chromatic hexahedron.
Key: 1. yellow; 2. white; 3. green; 4. orange;
5. black; 6. violet

In conclusion, the chromatic space is represented by an irregular hexahedron,
rather than by a cube, that we shall call a distorted cube because of its ori-
gin. As we have said, the objective of chromatic correction is to bring the dis-
torted cube back to the shape of a regular cube. In order to have an idea of
how this is achieved in the scanner, let us take, for example, yellow scan-
ning and follow the various operations needed to attain the objective.

If the distorted cube in figure 4 is projected, for example, on the vertical
plane bisecting the X, Z axes, the diagram in figure 5 is obtained. As is seen,
yellow, green and orange, which should have the same intensity as black, are
somewhat lighter. Magenta, blue and violet, which should have the same in-
tensity as white, are considerably darker.

As a first step for chromatic correction, the magenta mask is used to achieve
magenta correction and to bring it to the same density level as white. For
this purpose, we realize that a point on the original with a pure magenta
color should have no yellow content at all, while actually we have, for ex-
ample, a yellow equal to 15 percent. By taking:the magenta separation and applying
to it 15 percent in subtraction for the value of the yellow, the yellow con-
tent of the magenta is brought down to the desired zero value.

55



“o

a

WORLDWIDE AFFAIRS

EARTH STATION VISITED BY SOVIET COMMUNICATIONS OFFICIAL
Havana GRANMA in Spanish 7 Nov 77 p 3
[Article by Jesus Mena_J

Lf Text_7 Yesterday the delegation led by the first deputy minister of
communications of the USSR, Vasiliy A. Shamshin, visited the Caribe
Earth Station in the municipality of Jaruco, toured its facilities and
held a lively meeting with workers there.

The Soviet official was favorably impressed by the efficiency with which
the Cuban technicians and specialists run the complex facility.

During their tour the visitors were accompanied by Emilio Gonzalez, the
head of the earth station; Guillermo Cabrera, the head of station
maintenance and operations, and representatives of political and mass
organizations at the center.

Shamshin took advantage of his visit to make a call to Moscow, and this
enabled him to verify the excellent operational condition of the station's
technology. He also had the opportunity in a television room to
appreciate the transmission quality of a program received direct from

the USSR.

In his talk with Cuban technicians, Vasiliy A. Shamshin proposed that

an initial meeting be held in Moscow next year among all of the countries
in the socialist camp that are utilizing this system of communications.
At such a meeting they would take up problems basically involving
organization and service.

At present six countries in the socialist camp are using this communications

system, Poland, Bulgaria, the GDR, Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union and
Cuba.

8743
CSO: = 5500



AMATEUR RADIO OPERATIONS IN CUBA SURVEYED
Havana VERDE OLIVO in Spanish 23 Oct 77 pp 42-43
[article by Aurelio Rodriguez Valdes]

[Text] There have been amateur radio operators in Cuba for as long as there
has been radio communication. At the beginning of the 1920's, there were al-
ready people in Cuba who conducted experiments with this new and fascinating
form of communication by means of electrical devices which required no wires
or telegraph lines. .

Those first radio buffs did not have many resources: they used dry cell batteries
and acid accumulators to supply the electricity they needed for their primitive
equipment. This equipment consisted of one or two tubes, coils, condensers

and other parts which the operators built themselves. This equipment enabled
them to communicate with other operators in the area. When two, operators in
different places managed to make contact, it was really an event. And if they
succeeded in going beyond Cuba's coastal borders and communicating with other
radio buffs abroad, that was truly an extraordinary happening.

In 1922 the first commercial radio station opened in Cuba, with the call letters
PWX. It belonged to the Cuban Telephone Company. At that time there were al-
ready many small radio stations in Cuba which had been tuilt by amateur radio
operators in order to learn more about the secrets of radioelectric science.
Some of them abandoned this hobby to devote their time to commercial efforts
with their stations, and their small plants soon became commercial transmitters.

Among those who could be called the pioneers of Cuban radio, who were amateurs
first, was the musician and composer luis Casas Romero, who converted his sta-
tion 2-LC to COCO. But many of these pioneers contimed to be involved in this
scientific entertainment, and eventually formed a great family of transmitters
throughout the country.

The radio stations during those first years did not have assigned frequencies
or bands of frequencies (at that time the concept of "wave-length" was prevai-

ent). There was ‘a great deal of confusion in the radioelectric aspect of com-
munications, made worse by the lack of selectivity of the receivers.

26



‘Today, however, printinc generally done in four colors by adding black to the
three colors. In this case also, the. principles of three-color chromatic cor-
rection are still entirely valid, since this kind of correction is performed
also primarily in four-color printing. The density of the black, or rather of
the gray, which results from the lowest of the three color values, is calcu-
lated from the correct value of the three primary colors.

The simplest system for black separation is to make direct use of the black
values thus obtained, reproducing in that way all the tones of gray. This
leads, however, to a somewhat dirty printing, removing gloss from colors.
Therefore, the tendency is to obtain a "thinner" black plate, that is to say
on which the gray tones are lightened possibly to the limit of a "thin" plate
on which the grays are almost completely suppressed and the black is printed
only where it is necessary to give the maximun black strength (figure 12).

a) (5)
@
(3)
») (6)
(4)

Figure 12. Gradation curves for four-
color printing.

Key: 1. density of the reproduction;
2. density of the original; 3. pure
color; 4. color on black; 5. "thin"
black curve; 6. removal of the under-~
color

The use of the so-called "under-color removal," that is to say removal of colors
on black for the purpose of preventing a useless, detrimental printing of full
colors where full black has already been printed, is also considerably wide-
spread, togethér with the usé of the more or leés thin black plate. Pwo color
response curves for poor tones of black (pure colors) and for rich tones of
black are reproduced in the figure.

62


Next come the three stages of correction in three colors, in which alinement
of the "whites" and of the "blacks" is performed as we described at the be-
ginning. In these stages, in addition to making adjustments for the purpose
of obtaining printing as faithful as possible to the original, it is possible
to perform individual calibrations both for eliminating possible invasions of
color existing in the original and for obtaining special results.

After obtaining the correct values for the three colors -- yellow, magenta and
blue -- the black value of the three colors is obtained in the "black calcula-
tion" stage, and subsequently each color (including black) is corrected in
terms of the the other three in the “four-color correction" stage. Removal
of the under-color and formation of the thin black plate are also possibly
performed.

In a final stage, the "final gradation," that is to say the response curve
taking into account the individual sensitivity characteristics of the film and
of the developer used and also of all the subsequent steps in the printing
process, is adjusted by each color. Finally, the output signal for the color
that it is desired to separate is sent to the projection lamp, which exposes
the virgin film, obtaining (at will) the correct selection positive or negative
in continuous color.

6. Contrast Increase in Details

Because the scanned area is not in the form of a point at a given instant, but,
rather, has a finite dimension, the electric reading signal presents a rather
definite gradual variation in the abrupt tone transitions. This would lead to
a loss of detail in reproduction.

In order to avoid this disadvantage, a device is used that makes it possible to
increase the contrast in details.

For the purpose of understanding the operation of this device, let us assume
that there is, in an original, a definite transition point from a white to a
black (figure 14, a).

At the same time as the scanning of the area in question instant by instant takes
place (b), a second scanning on a larger area is performed, obtaining a flatter
signal (c).

A difference is performed in the electronic unit between the two signals, ob-
taining a double pulse (d), which, when superimposed on the main signal, fin-
ally gives a signal (e), which presents, in the transition from white to black,
a more white value alongside a more black value. This device -- whose effect
can be adjusted at will -- makes it possible to enhance all the details of the
image, giving them a vividness definitely superior to the original itself.

64


o

Figure 14. The principle of an increase
of contrast in details.

7. Digital Enlargement

For several years, all scanners made could produce separation only in a 1:1

ratio with regard to the original. This made it necessary to make a dupli-
cate of the original colorphoto, in order to bring it to the proper size or

to enlarge the correct separations obtained by the scanner. These processes
presented problems, certainly solvable but making the processing cycle more

complicated.

The introduction of an electronic variation of the ratio, obtained with two
different systems longitudinally on the roller and. along the circumference,
made it possible to overcome this disadvantage.

The following isthe operation along the circumference (figure 15): the image
scanned on the original, separated and corrected by the analog method as we
have already described (and, therefore, pertaining to a given color), is di-
vided in a number of components, for each of which the light density value is
memorized in an intermediate memory. Two memories, each with the capacity of
one line on the circumference of the roller, are stored alternately (one for
odd lines and the other for even lines).

During the next rotation (even, for example), the memory for the preceding
line (odd) is read with a different velocity and, therefore, the scribing
roller is exposed correspondingly. If, for example, the scribing velocity
is double the reading velocity, the line will be inscribed on a half space and,
therefore, the size of the reproduced image will be half the original. If,
instead, the scribing velocity is half the reading velocity, the line will be
inscribed on a double space and, therefore, the size of the reproduced image
will be double the original (figure 16).

65



BRAZIL

EMBRATEL PRESIDENT SAYS NATION DEFICIENT IN TELEPHONES
Sao Paulo FOLHA DE SAO PAULO in Portuguese 25 Oct 77 p 14

[Text] "Brazil is still included among the countries deficient in
telecommunications, even compared with other Latin American countries.
We have 3.6 telephones for every 100 inhabitants, while Argentina and
Mexico have about 7. We should have between 7 and 10 telephones for
every 100 inhabitants."

The one making that statement is EMBRATEL President Haroldo Correa Mattos,
who is today dedicating a new inter-urban telephone switching station,
together with Communications Minister Euclides Quandt de Oliveira.

This new switching point, the third one to be installed in Sao Paulo, has
7,800 circuits, that is, a capacity for handling 7,800 calls. In
addition, 1,170 new telex terminals will be delivered to 33 cities in the
state of Sao Paulo, a new EMBRATEL headquarters will be opened, as will a
microwave trunk between Sao Paulo and Belo Horizonte, with a capacity of
7,200 telephone circuits and two channels exclusively for TV. Costing
approximately Cr$ 21 million, it will be the fifth alternative route for
linking the National Telecommuncations System and will basically handle
traffic with Brasilia and the entire Northeast, which up until now has
been done through Rio and Uberaba.

According to Haroldo Correa de Mattos, since 1964 (when EMBRATEL was
established) the number of telephones in Brazil has increased from

1 million to 4.5 million. By the end of this year a new 4,200-circuit
inter-urban exchange estimated to cost Cr$ 180 million is to be opened
in Sao Paulo.

He also revealed that EMBRATEL's 1978 budget is Cr$ 3.5 billion.
However, it shows an increase over this year's budget (2.7 billion) that
only amounts, practically speaking, to an adjustment for the inflation
factor.

7428
cso: 5500

23



Four rollers have to be etched and inserted on the rotary press for color print-

ing in four colors, one for each of the separated colors, red, yellow, blue,
black.

Since both sides of the paper are printed, the number of printing rollers has
to be double (two for black-and-white printing, eight for color printing).

Screening is used, in order to obtain the various tones of gray in illustra~
tions, in rotogravure printing as well as in the other kinds of printing. A

different type of screening is used depending on the method of preparing the
rollers (figure 2).

According to the conventional method, etching of these rollers is performed
by means of a complex photographic and chemical process. The various tones of
gray are obtained by means of a screen (usually with 60 or 70 lines per centi-
meter) having parallelepipedal cells equal in area and differing in depth.

A second type of screen (called autotypic) also has parallelepipedal cells
equal in depth and differing in area.

Finally, with electronic etching, a screen is obtained with pyramidal cells
with variable area and depth.

The photogruphic and chemical process of the conventional method is critical
and complicated and requires especially expert personnel, with very strict at-
tention to heat andhumidity environmental conditions. A small error is suf-
ficient to made a roller, whose cost is not insignificant, unusable.

Hell Company has, therefore, developed an electronic etcher, the Helio-
Klischograph, which ensures roller etching free from the risks inherent in
the conventional system and, therefore, it ensures a high, consistent and
exactly repetitive quality.

4. Electronic Etching

It must be stated first of all that the term "electronic etching," used cur-
rently for brevity, is not quite accurate, since etching takes place by means
of a mechanical tool.

In view, however, of the fact that the basic component of this equipment con-
sists of the electronic unit, the abbreviated term of "electronic etching,"
now in use, can, however, be accepted.

The following is the principle of operation, in outline form:

{a.] Photoelectric scanning of the original.

{b.] Electronic processing.

[c.] Mechanical etching.

75



CONTENTS (Continued)

CYPRUS
Report on Cyprus Telecommunications Authority
(CYPRUS MAIL, 17 Nov 77)...ceceseesececcecceeceseecene
CYTA Chairman Cites Telecommunications Plans
(Nicosia Domestic Service, 16 Nov 77)....ssseeeeeooves
Briefs
Telecommunications Plans
FINLAND
Finns Weigh Joining NORDSAT
(Various sources, various dates)..
Communist Paper: NORDSAT Is Capitalist Network
SKDL Traffic Minister Expresses Doubts
Conservative Party Urges Finland Participate
FRANCE
PTT Selects Satellite Electronic Center Projects
(D. Levy; ELECTRONIQUE ACTUALITES, 11 Nov 77)........- .
Briefs
Intelsat Contract for Matra
ITALY

Electronic Chromatic Scanning, Rotogravure Roller Etching
Described
(Gian Paolo Pansieri; TELECOMUNICAZIONI, various

AAtOS) cece cece ccc cece eee e cence eee ee ree ressereneeenes

Principles of Chromatic Scanners Described
Equipment Used in Rotogravure Roller Etching
Described

Page

38

40

41

42

50

51


«

CONTENTS (Continued)

LATIN AMERICA
BRAZIL

ABINEE May Halt Operations by Year's End
(JORNAL DE BRAZIL, 26 Oct 77).....

EMBRATEL President Says Nation Deficient in Telephones
(FOLHO DE SAO PAULO, 25 Oct 77).ccceeccceevecccecceees

EMBRATEL To Participate in Projects in Colombia
(CORREIO BRASILIENSE, 29 Oct 77)..ccececccceeceececees

CUBA

Amateur Radio Operations in Cuba Surveyed
(Aurelio Rodriguez Valdes; VERDE OLIVO, 23 Oct 77)....

NEAR EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
INTER-ARAB AFFAIRS
Deficiencies in Telephone, Telecommunications in Arab
World Outlined
(AL-HAWADITH, 9 Sep 77).ecceeccessccecsccseccccenenees
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS

Briefs
Cooperation Among African States

USSR

New Orbita Station Provides Satellite Link With Moscow
(Yu Kozlov; KOMMUNIST, 5 Nov 77)....... rrr rrr

Briefs
Komsomolsk TV Development

WESTERN EUROPE
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

Briefs
Spanish-Portuguese News Cooperation

Page

21

23

24

26

29

33

34

36

37



o

INDONESIA

BRIEFS

ILLEGAL RADIO STATION--Jakarta, Suara Karya--The electronics control team
of the Jakarta Metropolitan Police Command, in a raid conducted in the
Jakarta area on 22 October, has uncovered an illegal radio station called
the YDC Radio Studio at the Perdatam [Basic Industry and Mining Department]
complex, rt 0011/02. The station has been ordered to cease its activities,
since it does not possess the necessary licence. It is reported that the
station has been active for some time. All equipment at the station has
been confiscated as evidence, The man responsible for the station,

BW [not further identified], has been summoned to the Jakarta Metropolitan
Police Commwnd for interrogation. The case will be brought to court soon.
[Text] [Jakarta SUARA KARYA in Indonesian 27 Oct 77 p 8 BK]

cso: 5500

12



Italian Communications Agreement
Havana International Service in Spanish 1600 GMT 16 Nov 77 PA

[Text] A service contract which calls for the direct establishment of
telephone, telegraph and TELEX communications between Cuba and Italy was
signed here in Havana between (ITALCABE), a concession of the Italian
Postal and Telecommunicat ions Ministry, and INTELCUBA of the Cuban
Communications Ministry.

The establishment of these services which will be via satellite through
the intersputnik system will allow Cuba to have communications with Italy
and other countries.

The contract was signed by Venturino Giacomelli, leader of the Italian firm,
and Feliz Santiago, director of the Cuban telecommunications firm. It was
said that this contract is the beginning of a series of agreements which
will permit the improvement of Cuba's international communications with
other countries for the 11th world youth and students festival to be

held in Cuba next summer.

Bulgarian Cooperation
Sofia Domestic Service in Bulgarian 1830 GMT 16 Nov 77 AU

[Text] A working protocol on radio and television cooperation for 1978-1979
between the Bulgarian Radio and Television and the Cuban Radio and Television
Institute has been signed in Sofia. On the Bulgarian side this protocol was
signed by Ivan Slavkov, director general of the Bulgarian Television, and
Ilcho Buchvarorv, deputy director general of the Bulgarian Radio. On the
Cuban side it was signed by Antonio Molto, deputy chairman of the Cuban
Radio and Television Institute.

cso: 5500


eK IKKE
ood
> (Tana
0
Pam IKKKKY
o
> ren
Oo
» (rs
i) Figure 8. Diagram-
pay ti tati
© (kg) Fese-.
QO

84


hour is actually 0.3 square meter for each head. By using six etching heads,
for example, an area of about 1 square metér can be etched in half an hour.

The electronic devices are contained in a separate cabinet.

Figure 3. View of the K-200 Helio-Klischograph, with the cabinet containing
the electronic part on the left.

A. The Original

The original is analyzed by reflection and may be positive or negative, face or
back up. It is formed by photographic reproduction of entire magazine pages to
be reproduced complete with text and photographs. These pages must have ex-
treme black and white values and contrast between them, since there is one single
adjustment. The originals must not be screened, but rather are in continuous
color, because the Helio-Klischograph itself takes care of screening.

The material to be scanned has to be opaque, because scanning is performed by
reflection. Therefore, all the products coming from the photographic depart-
ments and composition are copied together on opaque material by means of a stan-
dard bromograph. .

The fact that the extent of the photographic gamma of printing on paper is in-

ferior to the gamma of a film presents no problem, because. the Helio-Klischograph
can obtain the extent of the gamma up to the suitable value electronically.

77



Figure 5. K-200 Helio-Klischograph. Detail of etching head.

Ul

IW
_y W

Figure 6. Action of the etching stylus.

80


It may be true that we do not have an excellent communications system but

we have excellent communication workers. And these concerts are for them, for
tee good workers. And we, although late, want to congratulate them on their
holiday. And we hope, that by next year our communications system will im-
prove so much, that for their holiday we will be congratulating them not

with articles but with a telephone call or a fancy telegram ~ as long as
there is someone to deliver it the same day.

1010
cso: 5500

18 -


JPRS 70347

19 December 1977

TRANSLATIONS ON TELECOMMUNI CATIONS POLICY,
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

No. 24

Reproduced From
Best Available Copy

oe

U. S. JOINT PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH SERVICE

20000315 078

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A
Approved for Public Release
Distribution Unlimited



a

As long as the etching rollers are used for printing magazines, weeklies, cata-
logs, and so on, this is no great limitation, because every printing industry,
even the large-sized ones, uses a limited assortment of kinds of rollers and
works in accordance with a weekly schedule that is repeated. for years. There-
fore, expenditure for rollers carrying the original can be amortized over a
long period of time.

The new K-200 model, however, is designed for other kinds of printers, in ad-
dition to the printing industry, for example for wallpaper or for rolls of
paper for printing fabrics by means of the transfer system (transfer of color
from the paper to the fabric by means of heat sublimation). For these pur-
poses, the printing roller sizes can be very variable. Therefore, it was ne-
cessary to move in the direction of a different solution.

The positive experience already acquired with the DC-300 color scanners with
digital memory made it possible to carry over to the K-200 the system for di-
gital variation of the reproduction ratio.

This system has already been described in the article mentioned at the begin-
ning. The principle is reviewed here briefly (see figure 4 again):

[a.] Analog scanning of the original.

{b.] Analog processing of the values read, in order to make the necessary
corrections for a correct etching.

[c.] Analog-digital conversion of the scanned, corrected values.
{d.] Storage of the digitized values in memory.

fe.] Recall of the digital values stored in memory, with a different velocity
corresponding to the etching velocity.

[£.]  Digital-analog conversion of the above values.

[g.] Addition of the sawtooth signal for the screen and etching of the cop-
per roller in accordance with the scanned, corrected values.

The need for etching the roller over its entire circumference, without seams,
indispensable for printing wallpaper or paper used for fabric print transfer,
has made it necessary to adopt a special process for storage in memory and for
feeding the rollers, illustrated on the basis of figure 7.

The scanning roller has a size slightly larger than the diameter of the etching
rollers used,

Differently from the DC-300, on which scanning and exposing the film take place
along a spiral (with continuous feed of the reading and scribing heads with re-
gard to the rollers), in the K-200 Helio-Klischograph scanning and etching are
performed for each line along the circumference and advance of the reading and
etching heads is performed step by step. ,

81
*



CYPRUS

BRIEFS

TELECOMMUNICATIONS PLANS--The chairman of the Cyprus Telecommunications
Authority [CYTA], Mr Roussos, has said the island is expected to have an
earth satellite station in 2 years' time. Speaking at a press conference
today, he said the station would provide alternative channels and help in
the improvement and development of communications and television. He sid
that CYTA was in close contact with the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation in
connection with the construction of the station. Mr Roussos said the
project was estimated to cost between 2.5 and 3 million pounds. He announced
that the authority has decided to name the satellite station after the late
president of Cyprus, Archbishop Makarios. Mr Roussos said that, despite
its small size, Cyprus is among the most advanced countries of the world
in the field of telecommunications. It is connected with 54 countries by
international subscribers dialing and it is also connected automatically

by TELEX with 103 countries.[Text] [Nicosia Domestic Service in English
1830 GMT 16 Nov 77 NC]

cso: 5500

41


a

INTER-ASIAN AFFAIRS

BRIEFS

JAPANESE CONTRACT WITH ANTARA-~ANTARA NEWS AGENCY and the Iwatani Company of
Osaka concluded a contract in Jakarta on 19 November for the installation of
telecommunications equipment for ANTARA headquarters and regional offices in
the country. The project is financed under a 240 million yen Japanese aid
program. The JAKARTA representative of the National Electric Company will
supply telecommunications equipment for the expansion of ANTARA's domestic
telecommunications network linking ANTARA headquarters in Jakarta with its
offices in Palembang, Padang, Medan, Pontianak, Ujungpandang, Manado, Ambon,
Ampenan, Yogyakarta, Semarang and Surabaya. [Jakarta Domestic Service in
Indonesian 1200 GMT 19 Nov 77 BK]

JAPANESE SALES TO BURMA--Tokyo, Nov 22--Nippon Electric Company has received
a 900 million yen order for communications facilities from Burma through
Sumitomo Shoji Kaisha, Ltd, according to industry sources. The facilities
consist of ground station electronic exchangers for satellite relay of Inter-
national Telephone and Telex. Burma has improved its domestic telephone net-
work. It will use the Intelsat satellite over the Indian Ocean to improve
international telecommunication. [Text] [Tokyo KYODO in English 0840 GMT
22 Nov 77 OW]

cso: 5500



WORLDWIDE AFFAIRS

BRIEFS

ANTARA-EFE COOPERATION--The Hague, 23 Nov (ANTARA)--Indonesia's ANTARA NATIONAL
NEWS AGENCY and its Spanish counterpart, EFE, have agreed to promote bilateral
cooperation on exchanges of news. The principles of the cooperation scheme
were discussed by ANTARA's executive director, M. Nahar, and EFE secretarv
general, Alberto Proveda, in their meeting in Madrid recently. The Madria
meeting between the delegates of ANTARA and EFE was a follow-up of an earlier
talk in Jakarta between ANTARA's general manager, Ismail Saleh, and Spanish
ambassador to Indonesia, Pascual Villar, to discuss possible cooperation of
the two countries’ news agencies. The Spanish Foreign Office, which expected
closer relations between the country and Indonesia, fully supported the coop-
eration agreement. In his meeting with ANTARA's representative, M. Nehar,
Alberto Proveda expressed readiness of his news agency to help spread ANTARA's
news in Latin America where EFE had its vast markets. The Spanish EFE NEWS
AGENCY, which is relatively younger than ANTARA, is already equipped with com-
puted and communication satellite system. It is now making preparations for
the construction of its telecommunication centre in Manila to serve its Asian
markets. In this conection, M. Nehar proposed a possible tripartite coopera-
tion between ANTARA, EFE and the PHILIPPINNES NEWS AGENCY (PNA) which was
warmly hailed by his Spanish counterpart. [Text] [Jakarta ANTARA in English
0736 GMT 24 Nov 77 BK]

CSSR-NETHERLANDS AGREEMENT--Prague, 18 Nov, CETEKA--General director of the
Czechoslovak News Agency (CETEKA), Dr Otakar Svercina and general director
of the Netherlands Press Agency (ANP) Dr Jolle Jolles signed here today an
agreement on bilateral cooperation. The new agreement provides for ex-
changes of information between the agencies, and should contribute to
better mutual understanding between Czechoslovakia and Holland. [Text]
[Prague CTK in English 1731 GMT 18 Nov 77 LD] Minister Jaromir Obzina

left for Moscow today at the invitation of Soviet Interior Minister

Army General Nikolay Shchelokov. [Text] [Prague CTK in English 1702 GMT

18 Nov 77 LD]

POLISH-CZECH TV RELAY CONSTRUCTION--On Czarna Gora near Trutnowo, Polish
specialists from BUDIMEX in conjunction with Czechoslovakian colleagues

are building a television relay. It will be outfitted with, among other ‘
things, equipment produced by UNITRA. In honor of the 60th Anniversary 0
the October Revolution, a commitment has been made to complete construction
earlier, by 15 December 1977. [Photo shows the 78 meter relay.] [Warsaw
ZOLNIERZ WOLNOSCI in Polish 14 Nov 77 p 3]

ren. 5500 4



{Chart not reproducible]

Figure 2. The principle of chromatic
separation.

eo)

G) Magenta ?

Figure 3. The theoretical chromatic cube.
Key: 1. green; 2. yellow; 3. white; 4. gray;
5. black; 6. orange; 7. violet

Unfortunately, this cubic shape of the chromatic space represents only an ideal
abstraction at which chromatic correction aims. In fact, as we have seen, ap
plication of the three-color process without correction leads to impure colors.


INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

BRIEFS

SPANISH-PORTUGUESE NEWS COOPERATION--Spanish Radio and Television are to
open offices in Lisbon for the news coverage of the country. The teams
will be led by Spanish reporters and it is expected that Portuguese citizens
will also be employed and count on the cooperation of Portuguese Radio and
Television. [as heard] According to news given by the Portuguese news
agency ANOP, based on statements by the Spanish reporter to lead the first
team, Spain also intends to provide direct news coverage on African affairs
from Lisbon which, he said, was a good observation point for Africa. [Text]
{Lisbon Radio in English to Europe 2030 GMT 15 Nov 77 LD]

cso: 5500

37



In the case of color printing, all the operations of separation and chromatic
correction must be performed for nothing. The original inserted in the Helio-
Klischograph is a black-and-white print of the correct separation of each color.
The Helio-Klischograph, in fact, is not sensitive to colors and it etches tones
on the roller with maximum fidelity.

b. Group for Scanning the Original

Since electronic processing may take place at any time for one single compo-
nent of the image, the image has to be examined subsequently dot by dot. In
other words, the image is subdivided in lines that are scanned, one after the
other, by a light beam. The light values reflected or passed through the ori-
ginal, more or less light depending on the component of the image scanned,
strike a multiplier that converts them into e’ectric signals (figure 4).

The light source and the multiplier are contained in a scanning head, with an
optical assembly and the pertinent electronic part.

Figure 4. Block diagram of the K-200
Helio-Klischograph.

Key: 1. etching roller; 2. roller car-
rying original; 3. etching system; 4. op-
tical scanning head; 5. signal precondi-
tioning; 6. image line memory; 7. control;
8. control panel; 9. zero pulse generator;
10. main motor; 11. optical motor; 12. etch-
ing system motor; > amplifier; a. scanning
pulses; b. etching pulses

78


industry, which is now making something for the ground stations, but
nothing for the space part."

Training courses for Colombian telephone operators in Brazil were also
offered by EMBRATEL to TELECOM, which is to send the first personnel
selected to Rio in 78. The agreement aims at preparing human resources
for operating the new international telephone exchange acquired by that
country from Standard Electric, similar to the one used by Brazil since
1971. Yesterday the Colombian delegation returned to Bogota.

EMBRATEL /ENTEL

For a second meeting in less than 30 days with directors of the Empresa
Nacional de Telecomunicaciones (ENTEL), the president of EMBRATEL embarks
today for Buenos Aires, where he will work out more details of the program
developed by the two state enterprises for connecting the microwave systems
of Brazil and Argentina, with a view to facilitating transmissions
televised from the Copa do Mundo and expanding the permanent capacity of
the communications services of the two countries exclusively by the
Intelsat satellite.

Correa de Mattos admitted that "there have been some changes in the work

schedules, but all the work will be completed in March 1978’ without fail."
Explaining that his trip to Argentina is not connected with deadlines; he
emphasized that "the Brazilian part, the repeaters necessary to extend the
EMBRATEL systems to Foz do Iguacu, is now practically completed and in the
technical acceptance phase, while the Argentine part, where the area to be
covered is larger, three or four stations are lacking."

Agreement.

The agreement signed between EMBRATEL and ENTEL in August 1975 provides
that their microwave ground networks will be interconnected by a border
link, by means of repeating stations in the cities of Foz do Iguacu and
Puerto Yguazu, about 10 kilometers apart. That system will add to the
current resources 1,800 telephone circuits and two channels exclusively
for television, which will act as an option to the international
satellite in the contacts between the two countries."

7428
cso: 5500

25



FINLAND

FINNS WEIGH JOINING NORDSAT
Communist Paper: NORDSAT Is Capitalist Network
Helsinki KANSAN UUTISET in Finnish 29 Oct 77 p7

{Text] Always when public radio needs money, the conservative press raises
a united outcry: not a penny more, cut-backs, more commercial programs,
rationalization}!

In recent months, the conservative press seems almost to have forgotten
public radio, Even more has been written about NORDSAT, a joint Nordic
public radio satellite venture. And poverty and pain has been far away
from that prose,

Is it for American films that the conservative papers are trying to get
that satellite into the heavens? Of coufse not, it is a question of some-
thing much more noble: Nordic cultural cooperation.

Somewhere a dog is buried,
What We Could Get From the Satellite...

The satellite could bring to every Nordic country ten television programs
and 12 to 16 radio programs simultaneously, The TV program watcher could
select his desired language for sub-titles., In other words: offerings
would increase. But would we then watch more Swedish, Norwegian, or Danish
programs, or would we listen to more music of these countries?

Doubtfully.

In all Nordic countries, about half of the TV programming is compiled from
foreign programs, of which the greatest share is from the United States and
England, The portion of this Anglo-Américan entertainment is even relatively
greater in other Nordic countries than it is in Finland. For example, the
number of film programs originating in the Soviet Union and other socialist
countries in those nations is very small compared to Finland.

42



BRAZIL

EMBRATEL TO PARTICIPATE IN PROJECTS IN COLOMBIA
Brasilia CORREIO BRASILIENSE in Portuguese 29 Oct 77 p 6

[Text] The possible participation of Brazilian technicians in the project
involving a Colombian satellite to be launched in 1979 and the training of
international telephone operators from that country in Brazil were the two
subjects discussed yesterday by EMBRATEL President Haroldo Correa de Mattos
and TELECOM President Victor Beltran Martinez, who came to Rio as head of a
delegation of four directors of that state enterprise.

With characteristics similar to the one that would be used by Brazil,
where preparations were suspended by President Geisel last June, the
Colombian satellite will be acquired through international competitive
bidding, together with the ground tracking stations, at an approximate
cost of $200 million. The experience gained by EMBRATEL in drafting
technical specifications for the project and in evaluating the proposals
submitted will be made available to Colombia for the carrying out of her
program.

Cooperation

According to the president of EMBRATEL, "all the experience gained in the
2 years we worked on the Brazilian satellite continues to be developed,
since the government is not ruling out the possibility of resuming the
project at another time." He made it clear that "because of that
possibility, the group of technicians who participated in the program

is being kept up to date on the entire technology of the system, which
introduces something new every day."

Correa de Mattos feels that "the Colombian interest is really very great,
in view of the extreme similarity between her system and ours, which are
comparable from the orbital position selected for the satellites to the
characteristics of the regions that they seek to cover, composed of
communities in the Amazon basis." As for possibly furnishing equipment
to Colombia in that area, the EMBRATEL president believes that "it would
be necessary for there to be an evaluation of the capabilities of our

24


3. The Gradation Curves

The possibilities of electronic chromatic correction are not limited to a modi-
fication of the chromatic space by means of shifting the vertices of the dis-
torted cube. Electronic correction.also makes it possible to modify at will
the gradation curve, that is to say the tone response curve, making it possible
to obtain, for every color, a lighter or darker, softer or more contrasted re-
sponse, as well as combinations of them (figure 10).

It is also possible to obtain curves of a special type, useful in solving spe-
cific problems of printing, like the following, for example (figure 11):

[a.] Limitation of Whites

Below a specific intensity in the original, the reproduction has a constant
white tone. This correction is used advantageously (in the case of type print-
ing or rotogravure), when the original to be reproduced has, in the areas with
a very intense white, maximum whites with a certain extent that it is desired
to reproduce with the minimum printing tone,* without, however, having the
areas with still more intense white underengraved.

{b.] Limitation of Blacks

Above a specific intensity inthe original, the reproduction has a constant
black tone. Just as in the preceding example, the same applies to large black
areas.

[e.] Declining Curve

Above a certain density of the original, a less intense tone is obtained. This
concerns the case of four-color printing, about which we talk below.

[d.] Increase of High Lights

Below a specific intensity in the original, the reproduction has an absolute
white. This concerns offset printing, in order to obtain clean blockouts,
even if the relative white in the original is not perfectly uniform, provided
it is always more intense than the maximum white of the subject to be repro-
duced.

4. Chromatic Correction in Four-Color Printing

The remarks made on the distorted cube of the chromatic space are based on the
premise that black will be printed as the overlay of three printing colors --
yellow, blue and magenta -- saturated 100 percent, as occurs in three-color
printing.

* For example, in typographic printing, the screen dot must always remain,
however, for mechanical reasons, although reduced to the minimum.

61



WORLDWIDE AFFAIRS

RADIO, TV COOPERATION AGREEMENTS WITH HUNGARY, BULGARIA, ITALY
Hungarian Cooperation Agreement
Budapest MII in English 1028 GMT 18 Nov 77 LD

[Text] Budapest, 18 Nov, MTI--An agreement to cover cooperation between
the Hungarian and the Cuban radios up to 1980 was signed Thursday in Havana
by Istvan Hars, president of the Hungarian Radio, and by Nivaldo Herrera,
president of the Cuban Radio and Television (ICRT), MII's correspondent
Peter Fort reports from Havana.

The contract calls for the exchange of specialists and programmes between
the two mass communication media, and stipulates specific tasks the Hungarian
Party will assume also in the future in order to modernize the technical
equipment of the Cuban Radio.

After the signing ceremony Istvan Hars delivered an address in which he
emphasized: The Hungarian Radio has always been promoting with every
possible means, including technical aid, the socialist propaganda activity
of the Cuban Radio, serving common goals and interests. The president

of the Cuban Radio and Television underlined that the technical aid rendered
by the Hungarian Radio was of vital importance to the Young Socialist

Cuban Radio, and expressed his hope that the exchange of programmes and
cooperation on other fields will help the two peoples learn each other

more closely.

During his stay in Cuba Istvan Hars was received by Belarmino Castilla,
vice premier, and he also met Orlando Fundora, head of the AGITPROP and
Revolutionary Information Center of the Central Committee of the Cuban
Communist Party.

The delegation led by the president of the Hungarian Radio has left Havana.



o

PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

BRIEFS

NINGSIA MICROWAVE PROJECT--Ningsia Hui Autonomous Region has completed a
project of extending the Peking-Lanchow microwave circuit to Yinchuan.
This circuit can be used to relay Peking TV programs as well for telephone,

telegraphic and radio facsimile services. [Peking Radio in Mandarin to
Taiwan 1500 GMT 5 Nov 77 OW]

PROGRESS IN TELEPHONE TECHNOLOGY--Heilungkiang Electronic Technology Re-
search Institute has succeeded in building an electronic computer which
can be used for computing long-distance telephone charges automatically.
Thanks to this computer, such charges can now be calculated not only more
quickly and accurately, but also at an efficiency 32 times higher than con-
ventional methods, [Text] [Harbin Heilungkiang Provincial Service in
Mandarin 2130 GMT 28 Oct 77 SK]

cso: 5500

15



a

c. Electronic Assembly

The electronic assembly processes the signals coming from the scanning unit,
making them suitable for controlling the etching assembly.

During processing, in addition to amplification of the signal, corrections re~
quired by printing take place. They can be summarized as gamma adjustment with
maximum and minimum correction, gradations capable of being introduced at will,
increase of detail contrast, and so on.

In the case of the Helio-Klischograph, the originals inserted (photoreproduc-
tions of complete pages) are standarized, and thus also the subsequent print-
ing process. Therefore, calibration of the electronic assembly is performed
very carefully and with repeated tests only when the machine is installed and
it is kept unchanged until some component of the printing process (for example,
the kind of ink) is varied. .

Digitizing and intermediate memory storage are also performed in the electronic
assembly by varying the reproduction ratio, described in section 6, below.

In addition to within the computer, there also are electronic groups that per-
form a number of special tasks (multiplication, or some other), described be-
low.

dad. Etching

Etching of the copper roller is performed by means of the etching head (figure 5)
simultaneously with the scanning of the original.

In order to obtain the screened image, the etching stylus is subject to two dif-
ferent controls added to each other. The first control is provided by the sig-
nal coming from the scanning part and raises or lowers the stylus depending on
whether a whiter or a blacker dot on the original is being scanned. With this
control, which operates almost continuously, a more or less deep groove would
be made in the surface of the roller. A second control is superimposed on this
signal. It is a sawtooth signal with constant amplitude. The sum of the two
controls, together with the motion of rotation of the roller, makes the stylus
generate, on the surface of the roller, pyramid-shaped small cells, more or
less wide and deep depending on whether the dot scanned on the original is more
black or more white (figure 6).

6. Digital Variation of the Reproduction Ratio

In earlier models of the Helio-Klischograph, the two rollers -- scanning and
etching -- were integral with each other and reproduction had to take place
in a 1:1 ratio. Therefore, the original to be scanned had to be in the final
printing format and the roller carrying the original to be scanned had to have
the same diameter as the etching roller.

79



{a.] The color original is examined through three filters: violet, orange
and green.

[b.] The black-and-white negatives obtained represent separations of the three can-
plementary colors, that is to say, specifically, yellow, blue and magenta.

[c.] The bases for the various printing procedures (cuts for typographic
printing, plates for offset, rollers for rotogravure).

{a.] Printing by overlaying the three bases, inked, respectively, with the
yellow, blue and magenta colors and by printing the three superimposed colors,
reproduction of the color original is obtained in three colors.

The procedure thus outlined is, however, puivly theoretical, since:

[a.] Filters are not perfect and, therefore, allow part of the colors that
should be filtered out to pass through.

[b.] Printing colors are not sufficiently pure, but, rather, contain a ce :-
tain percentage of other colors.

In conclusion, each printing color does not make its own contribution exclu-
sively, but, rather, it also invades the part belonging to the other two colors.
Therefore, this results in a reproduction in which all the colors are more or
less altered toward brown. In order to avoid this disadvantage, since it is
practically impossible to produce perfect filters, a "chromatic correction"
phase that will eliminate the bad effects of the imperfection of filters and
of printing colors must be incorporated in the process outlined above.

Up to a few years ago, the only means for performing chromatic correction was
manual retouching. Photographic masking processes represented, in this field,
the first definite step toward automation of the process. In the last few
years, a new system has been developed and is experiencing a constantly wider
dissemination: electronic chromatic correction.

A three-dimensional representation of the compostion of the various colors pre~
sent in nature should be resorted to, in order to realize how that works (fig.
3). Starting from the origin, the densities of the three primary colors --
magenta, yellow and blue -- each of which increases from 0 up to a maximum
corresponding to the saturated color are plotted on the three cartesian axes

X, Y, Z. All the colors obtainable by overlaying the three primary colors are
contained within a cube. The vertex, which is at the origin of the coordinates
at which we have zero for all three colors, corresponds to white. Three other
vertices correspond, obviously, to the three saturated primary colors. Three
more vertices also represent the saturated secondary colors obtained by com-
bining the primary colors, namely orange, violet and green, in pairs.

Finally, the last vertex, at which there is overlaying of the three saturated

primary colors, corresponds to black. The diagonal joining the white vertex
to the black vertex is the line of grays.

52


A more detailed description is given in paragraph 5.

A first advantage is provided by the fact that the ink is removed more easily
from cells with a pyramidal shape than from cells with a parallelepipedal shape.
A saving in the amount of ink required is achieved (however it has to be more
concentrated).

A second and still more important advantage lies in the longer life of the rol-
lers. In fact, with the conventional system we have screen components, in the
white areas, with very thin support sides and with a rather shallow etching
depth. Consequently, these sides are worn down by the wear and tear caused

by the doctor blade and the paper and an intolerable variation of tone oc-
curs in a relatively short time in the maximum whites.

On the other hand, with the electronic system we have large support areas and
deeper cells in the whites. Consequently, wear and tear is less and also the
effect of depth variation is minor.

Electronic etching requires, moreover, the use of copper with a greater h>rd-
ness in comparison with conventional etching.

For these reasons, with the use of electronically etched rollers, it is pos-
sible to obtain larger printing runs without chromium plating the surface of
the rollers, an operation that can be performed, at any rate, if desired.

These advantages, together with the geometric shapes of the dot, are undoubtedly
considerable, but the definite advantage of these machines in comparison with
the conventional system is provided by the reliability of the results, since
the machine replaces the entire last part of the process of preparing roto-
gravure rollers, which is still performed today, in the age of automation,

by means of a handicraft, empirical system, subject to a number of factors

of uncertainty (handling pigment paper, affected rather critically by tem-
perature and humidity conditions and the final acid-bath process still en-
trusted solely to the experience and intuition of the operator).

Still today, very frequently (and regarded almost as normal) it is necessary

to remake some rollers because of some errors in the process. With the elec-
tronic system, on the other hand, it is guaranteed that two etchings prepared
with the same calibration values will always give exactly identical results.

5. The K-200 Helio-Klischograph.

The K-200 Helio-Klischograph represents the most recent model of a family of
equipment developed in recent years.

It consists (figure 3) of a sturdy base, about 4 meters long, on which the
scanning roller and the etching roller are arranged.

Both rollers can be equipped with more scanning or etching heads, in order to
shorten the operating times of the Helio-Klischograph. The area etched in an

76


Figure 7.

Time diagram of the scanning and etching operations.

cO = roller carrying original t = time

OR = original M = memory capacity

R = row of recording posts NEI = number of image components on a

Z = zero pulse circumference line of the roller

tRE = scanning start delay angle to be etched

ILE = start of scanned line gD = zero address

FLE = end of scanned line 1G = one revolution of the roller

CI = roller to be etched te = no-load advance time of scanning

trI = etching start delay angle head

ILI = start of etching line tI = no-load advance time of etching

M1 = field of memory 1 head

M2 = field of memory 2 LEM = scanning line, stored in memory

I = address LIM = etching line, read from memory
LNE = unscanned line on original

The original attached to the reading roller does not cover its entire surface,
but leaves an unused section.

During the first revolution of the roller, the information read, corrected and
digitized is stored in memory M1. In the last part of the revolution, where

82


te

Thus, it is possible to bring all the "white colors" to about the same level
and all the “black colors" likewise to about the same level and the chromatic
correction is completed. It will suffice, as fifth and final operation, to ad-
just overall the levels of the "white colors" and the "black colors," in order
to attain the levels required for subsequent processing.

The same operations are repeated for the red and blue separations.

Naturally, these calibrations are performed once by the operator before start-
ing scanning and chromatic correction, which take place automatically, since
the electronic computer incorporated in the scanner takes care by itself of
making the corrections to be applied, point by point.

qa)
4) a (6)
(2)
(4) @ (7)
(5)

Figure 10. The gradation curves.

Key: 1. Density of the reproduction; 2. density of the original; 3. "linear"
gradation; 4. "light" gradation; 5. "dark" gradation; 6. "contrasted" grada-
tion; 7. "soft" gradation

59



Libya 41,490

Bahrain 26,228
Qatar 20,908
S. Yemen 9,876
N. Yemen 4,698
Oman 3,701

Telephone Systems in the Non-Arab Middle East (1)

1.99
9.86
1.39
0.63
0.09
0.25

Total Lines

Number of Lines per 100 People

Insufficient
100.00
100.00

Insufficient

Insufficient
100.00

Percentage of
Automatic Lines

Turkey 1,011,790
Iran 688,396
Cyprus . 71,394
Ethiopia 68, 894
Afghanistan 20,960

2.02
2.00
11.17
0.25
0.11

79.0
92.0
100.00
88.0
Insufficient

(1) All the numbers in both schedules are not precise estimates collected
at the end of 1975, except for Jordan and Libya (1971), Lebanon (1972),

Southern Yemen (1973), Saudi Arabia, Sudan and Syria (1974).

9125
cso: 5500

32


e-

Figure 23. Double dot screen.

Equipment Used in Rotogravure Roller Etching Described
Milan TELECOMUNICAZIONI in Italian No 62 Mar 77 pp 23~32
{Article by Gian Paolo Pansieri: "Electronic Etching of Rotogravure Rollers"]

[Text] Continuing with a description of the applications of elec-
tronics in the field of printing, a sophisticated item of
equipment for etching rotogravure rollers without using chem-
ical processes is described.

1. Introduction

In a previous article,* equipment for electronic color separation was described.
In order to complete the picture, a description is given of another type of
equipment developed by the Hell Company, of the Siemens Group, for the graphic
arts sector, that is to say electronic etching by Helio-Klischograph roto-
gravure rollers.

2. Printing Systems

There are a number of systems that can be used for printing, but there are three
most commonly used (figure 1):

{a.] Typographic Printing. The printing matrix carries the type in relief.
The inking roller inks the parts in relief. When the matrix and the paper are
brought in contact, the ink passes from the parts in relief on the matrix to
the paper.

* See TELECOMUNICAZIONI, No 59, pp 31-42.


INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS

BRIEFS

COOPERATION AMONG AFRICAN STATES--Broadcasting executives from east, central
and southern Africa--members of the Commonwealth Broadcasting Association--
agreed in Nairobi today to a major plan for their cooperation of radio pro-
grams in each of the countries in the region next year. Mixed production
teams will be sent to all the countries to produce programs highlighting
development and cultures of various peoples of Africa. The project is in-
tended to help the countries know each other better through the broadcasting
of the programs. The agreement was reached after a 7-day meeting in Nairobi
which ended today. The meeting also discussed training, bilingual and multi-
lingual broadcasting, television development, radio and television coverage
of the 1978 commonwealth games in Canada, and audience research. [Text]
{Nairobi Domestic Service in English 1600 GMT 25 Nov 77]

CSO: 5500

33



Specifically, the new system will provide more capacity (up to 300 lines as
compared to 60 for the older model), service capabilities for subscriber
lines, and more ruggedness under difficult operating conditions.

The CGCT was awarded the study contract for this new concentrator, which did
not elicit great interest among builders (few proposals were submitted). The
CGCT project is based on the adaptation of the Swiss Gfeller equipment, which
will be provided with a miniselector.

After this choice was made, Telic did not conceal that it was developing out
of its own funds a line concentrator "whose technology it will own." But
does this action not answer the most secret wishes of DAII? Indeed, when one
is aware of DAII's haunting fear of monopolics, is it possible to seriously
envisage that it would eliminate the monopoly of Telic to give it to CGCT?

Interesting Equipment Prices

The bid invitation for the satellite center, small self-commutator for 40.9
lines (8000 line option), was also part of the modernization of the national
telephone network (replacement of present Socotel S-1 electromechanical
systems with electronic centers) and of exportation needs. It was even
suggested that the invitation was an attempt to compete, at least partially,
against the E-10 system...

The builders did not fail to see the magnitude of this business (about ten
of them submitted their proposals last 15 May). Four of them were selected:
Telic, the joint venture TRT-TIT-Matra, SAT, and Jeumont-Schneider, all of
which offered the two configurations (4000 and 8000 lines).

As a whole, the cost claims and the performances presented appear very
interesting. Still to be seen are the general specifications for the
operation of the satellite centers (adaptation to network specifications)
which have not yet been presented by the contractors. As we have said, this
"omission" results from the priority given to exportation.

Credits of the order of 40 million francs will be divided among the four
contractors, each of which will deliver a prototype within two to three years
after the contracts are signed. However, it is not impossible for one of

the eliminated contractors to also receive credits for their own equipment
development. After receiving the prototypes, PTT reserves the right to order
one or the other of the products for mass production. But they can all be
offered for exportation...

Of the selected proposals, the one from Telic is based on its private

centrals (Y models), on space technology, and a thyristor connection point.
After examining a "Delta" technique, the TRT-TIT-Matra group (named MATRIT)

48


BRAZIL

ABINEE MAY HALT OPERATIONS BY YEAR'S END
Rio de Janeiro JORNAL DO BRASIL in Portuguese 26 Oct 77 p 19

[Text] President of the Asociacao Brasileira da Industria Electrica e
Eletronica (ABINEE) Manuel da Costa Santos yesterday told President
Geisel, by whom he was granted an audience, and the finance minister,
who accompanied him, that the telecommunications equipment industry has
already released 5,000 of its 40,000 employees and is in danger of
shutting down by the end of the year, when it has completed delivery of
orders received in 1976, because this year it has not received a single
order from the state enterprises associated with the Ministry of
Communications.

Communications Minister Quandt de Oliveira stated yesterday in Sao Paulo
that in 1978 the 26 subsidiary companies of TELEBRAS will increase their
orders to the industry by 50 percent above the 1977 volume. Yesterday
in the capital city of Sao Paulo the minister dedicated the building that
will serve as EMBRATEL headquarters in the southern district--a telephone
switching point, 800 new telex terminals in greater Sao Paulo, and a
television microwave system between Sao Paulo and Belo Horizonte.

Priority

The heavy electrical equipment plants are suffering the effects of foreign
competition, especially transformers and switches. They have systematically
lost out in international bidding by virtue of Finance Ministry directive
No. 1 of 1976, which does not automatically give full tax benefits,
including draw back, for national producers in competition with foreign
offers," said Mr Costa Santos.

"We are recommending to President Geisel that, under Resolution No. 9 of
the Economic Development Council, priority be given to national industry,
that is, that national industry first be asked whether it can supply the
item, with financing from FINAME, and only then resort to international
bidding and seek outside financing. We want national industry to be
given a share of the market," he added.

21



ITALY

ELECTRONIC CHROMATIC SCANNING, ROTOGRAVURE ROLLER ETCHING DESCRIBED
Principles of Chromatic Scanners Described
Milan TELECOMUNICAZIONI in Italian No 59 Jun 76 pp 31-42

[Article by Gian Paolo Pansieri, of the Italian Siemens Telecommunications Com-
pany: "Electronic Chromatic Correction"]

[Text] In the last few years, electronics has found a constantly
greater number of applications, including printing processes,
with highly sophisticated equipment. The theoretical prin-
ciples used for producing electronic scanners and some of
the main devices used are described in the present article.

1. Introduction

The use of electronic scanners is now quite extensive also in Italy. The Ru-
dolph Hell Company, in Kiel, a member of the Siemens Group, has been in the
vanguard of this sector for years and its DC-300 electronic scanner (fig. 1)
is one of the most improved types.

The development of this kind of equipment requires, in addition to thorough
experience in the most advanced electronic technologies together with high-
precision mechanics, also a thorough, extensive knowledge of the problems of
printing and of color. This article does not propose to exhaust the great num-
ber of matters associated with this method, but rather to give the reader, on
the basis of less usual specific topics, an idea of the complexity and vast-
ness of the problems tackled and solved.

2. Color printing is based on the principle that (at least within certain
limits) every color is obtained from the overlaying, with suitable densities,
of the three primary colors: yellow, cyan (blue) and magenta (red) (fig. 2).

The process of three-color printing is based on this property and can be out-
lined as follows:

51



@(3)

o (4)

(5)

a (6)

Figure 11. Special gradation curves.
Key: 1. Density of the reproduction;
density of the original; 3. limitation
of whites; 4. limitation of blacks;

5. declining curve; 6. increase of high
lights

60


JPRS 70347

19 December 1977

TRANSLATIONS ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY,
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
No. 24
ConTENTS

WORLDWIDE AFFAIRS

Radio, TV Cooperation Agreements With Hungary, Bulgaria,
Italy
(Various sources, various dates)..... bee cece eee eeeces

Hungarian Cooperation Agreenebt
Italian Communications Agreement
Bulgarian Cooperation

Earth Station Visited by Soviet Communications Official
(Jesus Mena; GRANMA, 7 Nov 77)...ceceeeeececeeeeeeeee ees

Briefs
ANTARA-EFE Cooperation
CSSR-Netherlands Agreement
Polish-Czech TV Relay Construction

ASIA
INTER-ASIAN AFFAIRS

Briefs
Japanese Contract With ANTARA
Japanese Sales to Burma

AUSTRALIA

Broadcasting Service To Provide Multilingual Programming
(THE AGE, 14 Oct 77). .ceccececcccsccceccccnceseeeeseeee

Testing of Optical Communication Fibres
(THE AUSTRALIAN, 10 Oct 77).........- bee eee cece ences

PAGE

PaaS

~a- [III - INT - 140]



CYPRUS

CYTA CHAIRMAN CITES TELECOMMUNICATIONS PLANS
Nicosia Domestic Service in English 1830 GMT 16 Nov 77 NC

[Text] The chairman of the Cyprus Telecommunications Authority [CYTA],

Mr Roussos, has said the island is expected to have an earth satellite sta-
tion in 2 years' time. Speaking at a press conference today, he said the
station would provide alternative channels and help in the improvement and
development of communications and television. He said that CYTA was in close
contact with the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation in connection with the con-
struction of the station. Mr Roussos said the project was estimated to cost
between 2.5 and 3 million pounds. He announced that the authority has decided
to name the satellite station after the late president of Cyprus, Archbishop
Makarios.

Mr Roussos said that, despite its small size, Cyprus is among the most advanced
countries of the world in the field of telecommunications. It is connected
with 54 countries by international subscribers dialing and it is also connected
automatically by telex with 103 countries.

cso: 5500

40



REPORT ON CYPRUS TELECOMMUNICATIONS AUTHORITY

Nicosia CYPRUS MAIL in English 17 Nov 77 p 1

flex]

N US: WILL HAVE ITS.OWN SATELLITE
; EARTH STATION IN. TWO YEARS ‘TIME,
E CHAIRMAN OF THE CYPRUS TELECOM.
CATIONS AUTHORITY MR NICOLAOS S.
ROUSSOS ANNOUNCED AT A PRESS CONFE-
RENCE YESTERDAY WHEN HE PRESENTED
CYTA ACTIVITIES AND PLANS FOR THE FU-
TURE,
"The station will provide direct communication
with countries provided with the same facilities, will
ensure alternative channels of communication, and
will contribute towards the development and impro-
vement of telecommunications and television.

He estimated the cost to be in the region of
£25 m. to £3 million.

. This is a large project and ' the Authority’s
technical department is working out the specifica-
tions on the basis of which international tenders will
bé invited for consultants who will prepare the final

> study for the construction of the project.

Mr Roussos mentioned | rus is now connected

that tenders from consul- | with 54 countries by — «inter- |

t “pre ‘in hand and national. subscribers dialling»
were being evaluated, He (ISD) and holds fourth place

hoped: ‘that by yesterday
the Board . would select
the consultants who will be
assigned the task of preparing
the fis fina) ‘study.

The CYTA Chairman an-
nounced that the Board had
decided to name the new sta-
tion «Makarios The Third» in
memory of the late President
who had associated himself
with the progress of the coun-
ty in. general,

pat Roussos said that Cy-

see its small size,

g the ‘most advanced

thts of the*wotld in “the
field ‘of telecommunications.

after Australia (with 62 coun-;

tries), U.K. (with 60 countries) |
and

Switzerland (with 56
countries).

When in September 1976 it
was connected with 38 coun-
tries, it occupied first place
compared with other countries
at the time, and at the end of
1976 when it was connected
with 39 it held second place
among the: sD privileged

countries.

‘In ‘addition, by the end of
1976, ‘the island was  con-
nected by semi-automatic te-

service with another
13-eountries (today with ten
only) and manually with 78.
cquatries..(noty. with 76),

38

i

CYPRUS



5. Operation of the Scanner

After explaining the theoretical coricepts of separation and chromatic correc-
tion, let us see how they are used in the scanner.

For simplicity of treatment, let us examine a scanner that performs reproduc-
tion in a 1:1 ratio, that is to say in the same format as the original, making
one color separation at a time. This kind of device is the one that was widely
used up to a couple of years ago.

The original (colorphoto) is placed on a transparent roller. The film is
which the correct separation is to be exposed is placed on another roller
of the same size in integral rotation with the roller carrying the original.

During rotation of the rollers, the scanning andscribing heads advance along
a spiral.

flo

7 yellow

I | Magenta Magenta Magenta Magenta |,

(4 om Gan Gyan yan

—I

(2)

black
(3) (4) (5) (6)
gamma three-color black calcu- final .
adjustment correction lation, four- gradation

color correction

Figure 13, Block diagram of the scanner.

The light ray, produced by a small lamp (figure 13), passes through a point

on the colorphoto. Then it is split into three rays that pass through the three
optical filters, from which the uncorrected values of yellow, magenta and blue
are obtained. Three photoelectric cells convert the light signals into electric
signals that reach three "gamma regulators," which determine the correct light-
dark ratio of the separation obtained for each color.

63



on

o

SOLAR-POWERED RADIO-TELEPHONE SYSTEM AWAITS APPROVAL

Canberra THE AUSTRALIAN in English 10 Oct 77 p 12

[Text]

A RADIO-telephone
link system which
can be powered by
solar panels is await-
ing Telecom  ap-
proval.

The Philips — FM880
can be powered. by -Phil-
ips solar panels, inde-
pendent of any other.
power-supply.

With Australia's vast
outback areas the exten-
sion of a national tele-
phone network imposes
a high cost burden on
the subscriber or com-
munity. Over distances
of about 16 kilometres
the Philips system em-
ploys a total capital cost
much cheaper than with
traditional landlines.

The system is also @
more economic alterna-
tive over difficult ter-
rain where wire-laying
costs would be excessive.

‘Typical applications of
the FM880 include: re-
mote rural properties,
where individual
subscribers may be
linked to the nearest
exchange in the nation-
al network; remote
villages or small isolated
communities; and min-
ing sites or off-shore_oil
rigs and islands-requir-
ing connection into the
mainland telephone net-
work.

cso: 5500

‘The system is a single-
channel link and is eco-
nomical in operation.
The FM880 has an econ-
omiser circuil for the
saving of battery con-
sumption, unlike the
normal telephone which
is operative all. the
time.

The radio link
operates in the very
high frequency (VHF)
band, and’ uses fre-
quency modulation
(FM), being therefore
inherently insensitive to

noise generated by
electromagnetic —_radia-
ion. It is, however, nor-
mally limited to’ rela~
tively — short-line-of-
sight hops of between 50
and 80 kilometres.

In operation, the
subscriber uses the tele-
phone in the same man-
ner as a normal tele-
phone service and is un-
aware of the fact that a
radio link is providing a
normal telephone ser-
vice.

‘The system is assigned
two radio channels with
about 5MHz separation,
one for each direction of
transmission. Each ter-
minal is equipped with a
transmitter and receiver
unit, together with ap-
propriate control logic.

For normal subscriber-
exchange links, the only
external connections to

AUSTRALIA

the terminals are the
two-wire telephone lines
to the telephone instru-
ment and the exchange
and cables to the power
source and antenna.

Each terminal receiver
continuously monitors
the ¢Hannel frequency
of the other terminal
transmitter, which is ac-
tivated automatically
whenever the initiation
of a telephone call is
detected.

‘A special’ “out of
band” audio control is
transmitted in each di-
rection through . the
radio link to transfer
the. normal control
functions, such as tele-
phone “on hook — off
hook” and dialling im-
pulses to the exchange
and ringing signals from
the exchange to the
telephone.

Philips anticipate an
important export market
to underdeveloped
countries. The dependa-
bility of the unit is a
great advantage for re-
mote areas in other
countries where terrain
is often difficult and
whee trained
technicians may not be
available.

‘The unit can provide
consistency of communi-
cation in disaster situa-
tions, where physical
and traditional “poles
and wiring have been
damaged.



FRANCE

BRIEFS

INTELSAT CONTRACT FOR MATRA--The international organization for tele-
communication satellites, Intelsat, has decided to award a study contract

of 155,000 dollars to the Matra corporation. Within the terms of this
16-month contract, the French firm will study stabilization and orientatio
systems to be used by future satellites. More specifically, the Matra
corporation is charged with the study and development of an altitude sensor
which will undergo a series of evaluations before its eventual use in the
future generation of geostationary satellites Intelsat VI, planned for the
1990 decade. For Matra this constitutes an international recognition of one
of its specialties (stabilization systems) in space technology. It falls
within the framework of technical study contracts awarded by Intelsat to
manufacturers specializing in particular sectors of satellite construction.
In France, such contracts have already been awarded to Thomson-CSF, SAT,

and Aerospatiale. [Text] [Paris ELECTRONIQUE ACTUALITES in French 11 Nov 77
p 6] 11023

CSO: 5500

50


Figure 5. Projection of the actual
chromatic hexahedron on the yellow-
magenta plane.

Key: 1. yellow; 2. white; 3. orange;
4. green; 5. black; 6. violet

The other colors containing magenta -- violet (as desired) and also orange and
black -- are also reduced together with the magenta by means of correction. A
smaller reduction of the other colors -- blue, green and yellow -- is also

achieved by the secondary action of electronic correction (because filters
are not perfect). Finally, the levels of the "black colors" and of the “white
colors" take on the appearance shown in figure 6.

In the second phase, the blue mask is used, with which blue is lowered to the
level of white and with it also the colors containing blue, that is to say vio-
let (as desired) but also green and black, in addition to magenta, orange and
yellow (as a secondary effect). The levels of the "black colors" and of the
“white colors" take on the appearance shown in figure 7. As can be seen, cor-
rection of the "white colors" was obtained, but the "black colors" have appre~
ciably different levels among themselves.

As a third phase, the level of black is increased, raising the slope of the
grapy line until it reaches the level of yellow.

Thus, we have reached the appearance of figure 8.
The green and the orange, however, still have appreciably different levels.
The fourth step in chromatic correction consists in "balancing" between green

and orange. This is achieved by using again the value furnished us by the
Magenta and blue masks.

56


o

In the same building
the NSW Department of
Consumer Affairs al-
ready has its own AWA-
Hitachi PABX. This 800-
extension exchange, with
68 indial lines and 58
outgoing lines equipped
with five switchboards.
will help the bureatt
meet the increasing de-
mand by the public for
its services.

cso: 5500

10



BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA [T+ Report No. 2. 3. Recipient's Accession No.
SHEET JPRS 70347

fa Tile and Subr tele 3. Report Dare
TRANSLATIONS ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY, RESEARCH 19 December 1977
AND DEVELOPMENT, No. 24 6.

7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Repr.
: lo.

9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Project/Task/Work Unit No.
Joint Publications Research Service
1000 North Glebe Road 1. Contract/Grant No.
Arlington, Virginia 22201

12, Sponsoring Organization Name and Address 13. Type of Report & Period

Covered
As above
14,

15. Supplementary Notes

16. Abstracts

This serial report contains translations from the world press and radio relating
to worldwide political, economic and technical developments in telecommunications,|
computers, and satellite communications. Coverage will be worldwide with focus
on France, Federal Republic of Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, the USSR,
People's Repubiic of China, Sweden, and the Netherlands.

17. Key Words and Document Analysis. 17a. Descriptors

Worldwide
Computers
Satellite Communications

Electronics and Electrical Engineering
Telecommunications
Telemetry

7b. Identifiers /Open-Ended Terms

We. COSATI Field/Group Q9B, C, F, 17B, 22B

18. Availability Statement 19. Security Class (This 21. No. of Pages
Unlimited Availability cpr ASSIFIED 90
Sold by NTIS 3B. Security Class (This 2. Price
Springfield, Virginia 22151 *ASNCLASSIFIED

FORW NTISG (REV. 3-727

THIS FORM MAY BE REPRODUCED 'USCOMM-DC 14952-P72



This fluctuation in the level of telephone services between average and
poor, besides the lack of enough lines, shows the weak condition of the
Arab telephone system. It is very limited in size, so that the good parts
in the system are a numerically very few cases in a vast desert--a situa-
tion that needs immediate quantitative and qualitative development. Other-
wise the telephone system and the telecommunications services between the
countries in the region and between them and other parts of the world
become obsolete and unable to keep up with the increasing needs of the
business sectors, the individual and society.

In fact, few steps in the needed development have taken place though the
Joint Arab Satellite Organization in Riyadh commissioned a consultant
group of Arab, European and American companies to draw up plans to estab-
lish a satellite communications network between the Arab countries. It
would have included three satellites and estimated to cost $200 million.

This is not the first time that the Arab countries have tried to deal with
this kind of project. Previously some countries implemented several pro-
jects either individually or jointly; also previously, most of the Arab
countries planned to use land communication stations before reaching an
agreement on the development of a satellite network between them known as
“Arabat."" The Latter station was estimated to cost $86 million.

Some of these stations cover the Atlantic Ocean region. They were estab-
lished in Algeria, Morocco, Egypt, Sudan, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain,
Iraq and Jordan. The other stations cover the Indian Ocean region. They
were established in Lebanon, Jordan, Kuwait, Bahrain, Iraq, Saudi Arabia,
Oman, Qatar, Dubai and. Ras al-Khaymah.

Until the planned new project and other related projects are carried out,
telephone and telecommunications services in the Arab countries will remain
weak. This is reflected in the following statistics:

Telephone Systems in the Arab World (1)

Percentage of
Total Lines Number of lines per 100 people Automatic Lines

Egypt 503,200 1.34 Insufficient
Lebanon 277,000 8.39 Insufficient
Algeria 250,424 1.46 81.6
‘Morocco 198,500 1.15 83.6
Iraq 184,924 1.69 94.7
Syria 143,320 1.95 Insufficient
Kuwait 128,751 12.80 100.00
Tunis 126,750 2.26 92.9
Saudi Arabia 84,650 1.00 Insufficient
Jordan 61,000 2.56 Insufficient
Sudan 50,944 0.29 Insufficient
U.A.E. 44,278 7.29 100.00

31



[b.] Lithographic Printing. The printing matrix carries the type on a plane on
a sensitized plate. The inking roller leaves the ink only on the sensitized
parts, while the remaining parts reject the ink and remain clean. When the
matrix is placed in contact with the paper, the paper receives the ink only from
the sensitized parts that held it.

[c.] Copperplate Printing. The printing matrix carries the type sunk in the
plate. The inking roller inks the whole matrix. A doctor blade removes the ex-
cess ink, leaving only the ink that has entered the depressions. When the ma-

trix and the paper are placed in contact, the ink passes from the sunken parts
of the matrix to the paper.

4
(2) @ (3)
matcice (1) —
\ (5)
Matrice a G
(6)
D> a an > <
Matrice meme 4

Figure 1. Printing systems.

Key: 1. matrix; 2. inking roller;
3. paper; 4. typographic printing;
5. lithographic printing; 6. copper-
plate printing; 7. doctor blade

This may be performed for all kinds of printing, sheet by sheet, or on a rotary
press on a continuous roll of paper.

Without going into the other topics of comparison between the various systems,
which go beyond the scope of the present article, let it suffice to mention
briefly that, in going from typographic printing to lithography and to roto-
gravure, the cost of preparing the matrix increases and the cost of printing,
strictly speaking, decreases. Therefore, generally speaking, typographic
printing is suitable for a small printing run, lithography for a medium-sized
run and rotogravure for printing a large number of copies.

73



ESTEL SYSTEM FOR DATA TELEPROCESSING

BULGARIA

Sofia BULGARIAN FOREIGN TRADE in English No 5, 1977 p 19

[Article by Engineer C. Serbezov]

[Text]

Bulgaria is one of the few countries
in the world which produce systems
for teleprocessing of data.In the sphere
oi computer technique it has amass-
ed sufficient designing and produc-
tion know how to start manufactur-
ing asystem for teleprocessing known
as Estel. This system was developed
at the Institute of Computer Techni-
que in Sofia and its production’ was
launched at the plants of Isot. Estel
operates with calculators of the uni-
fied computer system established in
the socialist states. Its technical pro-
gramming is in conformity with the
models ES 1020, ES 1030, ES 1040
and ES 1050. Hence its name, which
is a Bulgarian abbreviation of the
words’ unified system for teleprocess-
ing. Estel also conforms to IBM com-
puters of the series 360 and 370.
Its functioning calls for computers
with a minimum memory of 128 K.

The Estel system consists of the
following major technical means:

Multiplexor ES 8401

This is the key device of the whole
system. It controls up to 63 lines at

19

adata-transmission speed of 600
bits/sec, of which 31 lines are ES
8501 terminals or telexes and up to
32 are videoterminals. ES 8401 can
secure exchange at the following
speeds: 50, 75, 100,200,600, 1200 and
2400 bits/sec. Its transmission codes
correspond to international standards.
Its regime of work is start-stop. ES
8401 can function on telephone and
telex lines,both commutable and leas-
ed. If necessary, it can also operate
on physical lines. There are special
adapters for the realization of these
communication possiblities.

Terminal ES 8501

It operates on telephone and tele-
graph lines at a data-exchange speed
of 50 to 1,200 bits/sec. Its regime of
work is start-stop. It has a buffer me-
mory with a capacity of 160 charac-
ters. Itincludes atypewriter,a punch-
ed-tape reader, a tape perforator,
a punched card reader and, depending
on the line to which it is connected,
a certain type of modem or signal
transducer. It should be noted that,
besides terminal ES 8501, the Estel
system permits the inclusion of ter-
minals from other producers. Termi-
nals with more limited possibilities



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Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets
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or [Excerpt] in the first line of each item, or following the
last line of a brief, indicate how the original information was
processed. Where no processing indicator is given, the infor-
mation was summarized or extracted.

Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the
original but have been supplied as appropriate in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an
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given by source.

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In practice, the satellite would mean first of all, that in Finland as well
as in other Nordic countries, watching programs produced in Western enter-
tainment factories would increase sharply--it is easy to change the channel
in accordance with where a white Indian is having an adventure, Studies,
which have been made here as well as elsewhere, of the behavior of the TV
audience, show that when the selection of programs is increased, they are
used to good advantage--in that there is an attempt to select entertainment
continually from wherever it is available.

Or: very few of us would watch plays by Strindberg or Ibsen any more than
we do now. More of us would leave unwatched even those Nordic plays which
we watch now when there is something less interesting on the other channel,

What about radio then? If there was always some interference-free popular
music being offered, many would neglect to listen to those information pro-
grams which currently sometimes catch the ear between music programs.

And What Would We Pay for It?

According to cautious--according to many experts, too cautious--estimates,
the consumer himself would have to add gadgets costing about 2,500 markkas

to his television set in order to watch satellite programs. A color re-
ceiver making possible satellite reception is estimated--according to current
price levels--at about 5,500 markkas,

And the satellite is not very cheap either, According to a cost estimate
by the Swedish Rymdbolaget AB (OY Avaruusyhtio) made for the Nordic Council,
the launching of two satellites plus necessary ground stations would cost
over 500 million markkas. Finland's share of this would be one-fifth.
Operating costs of this activity have been estimated at about six million
markkas per year, Rymdbolaget estimates the useful life of the satellites
at seven years, after which a half billion would be needed again,

Rymdbolaget maintains good relations with Swedish electronic industries as
well as space officials of the United States, Other experts--for example
Swedish radio technical specialists--regard Rymdbolaget's cost estimates as
low.

Also it has been observed that the useful life of the satellites is apparently
closer to four years than seven years, In other words: a half billion would
have to be shot into the heavens much more often than claimed by Rymdbolaget.

Rymdbolaget has also forgotten one essential detail which affects the cost
estimate: according to statistics, every fourth satellite launching attempt
is unsuccessful, The failure rate is thus quite great and there is cause
to add for the risk--twenty five percent.

And who pays for this? We taxpayers, of course, Without reason, the Finnish
Ministry of Finance has urged postponement of satellite procurement at least

43


Measures were taken in official circles to organize this service; on the one
hand, there were commercial radio transmissions, and on the other hand there
were private transmissions on the part of radio buffs. Regulations were made,
standards were set, and licences were issued for the operation of the stations.
Later it was necessary to regulate radio transmission and private radio experi-
mentation services, and to create departments to handle the documentation and
red tape involved in the proficiency exams, licencing, and observation posts
to ensure that the assigned bands were used in accordance with international
agreements.

The hobby of radio operation was growing in popularity. By 1928 radio enthu-
siasts, who had access to books and technical magazines which provided them with
extensive information and experience, had formed their first organization, the
Radio Club of Cuba,

_ When Cuba officially entered the Second World War, the government partially sus-
pended the activities of radio buffs and tried to form an emergency corps among
them. However, this plan never materialized, and thus the suspension of this
type of activity was total, including the occupation of transmitting stations.
During the war years, the amateur radio bands were inactive as far as the ana-
teurs were concerned, and were used by the armies involved in the war for their
communications. In 1946 the stations were reopened and the first proficiency
exams of the post-war period were held. Hundreds of people took these exams.

Thanks to the personal efforts of radio buffs in Cuba, the hobby developed fur-
ther; the state never provided any aid or cooperation before the triumph of the
Revolution. In the most remote corner of the island there was an antenna which
broadcast a message of human solidarity; there was an amateur radio operator
there who was ready to lend a hand whenever he was asked or whenever circum-
stances required it. Thus, during times of natural disasters as well, the ra-
dio buffs of Cuba have organized and continue to organize their "emergency
chains," facilitating communication with the affected areas.

The history of radio operation is full of beautiful stories of radio buffs who
have participated in sea rescues, floods, earthquakes, cyclones and other dis-
asters in which many lives have been saved thanks to their timely intervention,
their calls for aid, and hundreds of alert ears tuned in to broadcasts.

The people of Cuba have on many occasions heard of this hobby; they are vaguely
aware of its existence. They know that radio operators are willing to help out
in any civil defense situation, as well as cooperate among scientific and tech-
nical circles in the field of communications. They are willing to serve the
basic rural high school programs, as well as the cane cutters’ camps during the
sugar harvest, etc.

Today, in keeping with its tradition and the fundamental principles which form
its basis, the hobby continues to play an important role in society. Today
more than ever, radio equipment is made available to serve the people and to
strengthen more and more the ties of sincere friendship among the radio opera-
tors of the world. Radio antennas are carrying the message of international
solidarity to the people of Cuba.

27 .


USSR

BRIEFS

KOMSOMOLSK TV DEVELOPMENT--This year the Kosomolsk-Na-Amure radio and tele-
vision center has completely renovated its equipment and studio complex by
installing new modern equipment. Construction of a new television trans-—
mitting station with a 250-meter tower has begun. It will permit an improve-
ment in the quality of black and white, and particularly color television
transmissions, while the zone of stable reception will nearly double. The
station will be commissioned in 1978. [Khabarovsk Domestic Service in
Russian 0900 GMT 22 Nov 77 OW]

cso: 5500

36



Because of its advantage, the system is being studied seriously by the most
progressive companies in the field of electronics applied to printing, but a
solution of the serious problems raised seems to be still remote at present,
and, therefore, this system does not go, for now, beyond the field of mere
curiosity.

Another system that might solve the problem of complete electronic etching is
the so-called "electronic gun," consisting of a pencil of electrons capable
of vaporizing locally the material to be etched.

Here, too, the problems to be solved are difficult and complicated, especially
the need for operating in a vacuum, but the features of the system make it
possible to hope for an industrial production in a reasonably short time.

9. Conclusions

In rotogravure printing, a restraint on the introduction of scanners was due
to the fact that, according to the opinion of some, it would not have made
much sense to try to improve and make more consistent the quality of colo.
separations, when the last phase of the process, that is to say feeding pig-
ment paper and especially acid bath, was still in the status of empirical,
primitive processes, entrusted solely and entirely to the hand and eye of the
operator.

The new devices for etching rotogravure rollershave made it possible to fill
this gap by finally achieving automation of the whole printing cycle.

For that reason, these machines have now attained considerable wide use in roto-

gravue companies for periodical printing and recently they began to find wide-
spread acceptance for printing wallpaper and fabrics with the transfer system.

10,042
cso: 5500 END

86


After being received by Finance Minister Mario Henrique Simonsen, the
president of ABINEE said yesterday that the Cr$ 27.2 billion earmarked
for TELEBRAS investments in 1978 are insufficient to meet the needs of
the enterprises of that sector. Although he recognizes that the level
is better than that for this year and he considers the fact that it was
set almost 3 months prior to the end of the year as a positive factor,
Mr Costa Santos feels that the programs for expanding the productive
capacity of electro-electronics firms require greater resources than
those granted. Anyway, the companies of that sector can now plan the
tempo of their activities in 1978.

7428
cso: 5500

22


“a

«

BROADCASTING SERVICE TO PROVIDE MULTILINGUAL PROGRAMMING

Melbourne THE AGE in English

[Text]

The Government yesterday anrioj

Special Broadcasting Service 6

multilingual radio broadcasts.

The Minister for Post and Telecom-
munications, Mr. Robinson, ‘said in in-
troducing ‘the Broadcasting and Tele-
vision Amend.:ent Bill, 1977, that the
special service may also be empowered
tg, brovide multilingual television ‘ser-

. The ‘SBS would assume the respon-
.sibility’ of ethnic broadcasts :and be
‘responsible for radio ‘stations 2EA,
Sydney, ‘and 3EA Melbourne, he told
«Parliament, : ent :
a he one ept bbenina the ¢ SHS was shat
erally provide only those

ervices whieh would not: ot erwise be be
svatlebie’ through the’ national, “.com-
mercial or -public broadcasting ° sector,
Mr, Robinson id * 1

Tt would fund its operations by the
broadcast of sponsoted programmes,
by charging": for’ thé. provision of ser-

ices and’ facilities and by the sale-of'
programmes. and. rights or interests - ‘in:
prograrrimes,.

“It will not ‘derive pevemue by nor:
mail commercial-advertising,”” Mr. Rob-
ingon said.

Mr. Robinson. ‘said another change
implemented'in the Bill was ‘the trans-
fer of the present’ Ministerial powers
relating to the licensing of stations to
the Broadcasting Tribunal.

cso: 5500

atory. authorities,” he said.”
“The principle ‘of a broadcasting gys-,

-.0f the .tribunar, “

Ment,” -he said, ©

14 Oct 77 p 13

“Responsibility for the ‘ensing’ and

regutet functions in the’ broadcasting
tory ie‘ broadcasting

Fest .with autonomous: ‘st

tem “ot-subject’to political interference
was ‘one of the. ‘Bas, basic’ alms,
Robinson, added... wy

<The® activities of the Brovdicastiag

‘Tribunal ‘would: be :conducted .in -publi¢,

and: the public wouldhave Substantial.
‘access to an ingtir and the activities

“The principle of secounta

Broadasters within the systenz-bas 190°

heen considered as an. iniporta: ‘ele-

“Mt Robinson said brdadcaste
de made ' tO account, at rere

The Bill’ 0» -allows. the, tribunal ‘to

“hold ‘public inquiries ;into licence. re-

newals..

The tribunal .will. be empowered to
grant, renew, suspend and revoke licen-
ces, authorise transactions in the trans-
fer ‘of licences, approve changes to the
ownership and conteol of licences and
set and vary conditions of licences,

the establishment. of a:
) which will incorporate

Me

AUSTRALIA



(4)

(3)

Figure 8. Yellow-black leveling.
Key: 1. yellow; 2. white; 3. green;
4. orange; 5. black; 6. violet

Magenta

Figure 9. Green-orange balancing. Yel-~
low scan corrected.

Key: 1. yellow; 2. white; 3. green;

4. orange; 5. black; 6. violet

58


Figure 2. Rotogravure etching systems.

Key: 1. conventional rotogravure screen; 2. "autotypic" rotogravure screen;
3. rotogravure screen etched electronically; 4. light tones; 5. medium tones;
6. dark tones

3. Rotogravure Printing

In rotogravure printing, large rollers covered with a layer of copper, up to
ameter in diameter and 2 to 3 meters long, are used as matrices. These rollers
are etched chemically in an acid-bath department or by means of other systems
(like the one illustrated) and then are fitted on the rotary press by means

of which the paper, on rolls, is printed.

74


until the latter half of the next decade, There will be more important
uses for tax revenue in this country in the near future.

Because television watchers would enjoy four times as many programs as
compared to today's programming, share holders in the electronic industry
would haul in profits ten-fold,

Why Do News Magnates Want NORDSAT?

The Nordic Council has asked numerous organizations and establishments for
their opinion on satellite procurement, Public radio has just revealed its
reserved stand, in which they refer to a need for a thorough clarification
before there can be any talk of a decision, Similar stands probably can be
expected from other Nordic radio companies,

Stands taken publicly by Nordic newspapermens' organizations thus far have
been negative on the procurement, The central organization of Swedish trade
unions has announced that it opposes the procurement and has noted that the
funds could better be used to support the press.

Supporters of the satellite plan on the other hand have been owners of Fin-
nish newspapers and magazines, For love of Nordic cultural cooperation?
Very doubtfully. Now cable television steps into the picture--through use
of cable networks, distribution costs of satellite reception can be de-
creased,

Satellite broadcasts can be thought to increase willingness to broaden exist-
ing cable networks and the building of new ones in such localities where
cable companies now exist only on the books of company registers, And who
are the main shareholders of cable television companies? The news magnates
of course.

Who Benefits From the Haste?

At the beginning of the year, an international meeting of public radio satel-
lites was held in Geneva where different countries were allocated their own
satellite areas, The main principle was that every country would have the
possibility for the use of her own satellite. In Europe, only the Nordic
countries plan a joint satellite, The Nordic decision can be defended on
reasons of cost but at the same time it chips off a goodly share of our
national right of self-determination. Whose needs are served by surrender-
ing a part of our right to determine our radio and television programs to
Norway and Denmark which belong to NATO?

The haste with which the NORDSAT procurement has been carried forward,

brings up additional questions. In no country of Europe are plans for the
use of satellites as far along as in the Nordic countries.

44



On the opinion press, Saarto said that as long as more financial support is
not found from society for this first-class important protector of freedom
of opinion, it is difficult to imagine a situation where "state funds would
be earmarked for shooting into the heavens,"

Conservative Party Urges Finland Participate
Helsinki HELSINGIN SANOMAT in Finnish 30 Oct 77 p 10

[Text] It would be beneficial for Finland to take part in the construction
and use of the joint Nordic radio and TV satellite (NORDSAT).

Thus said the coalition party administrative board in a statement on the
joint Nordic satellite procurement,

The leading opposition party, the coalition, regards the principle of free-
dom of information presupposing thet technical advancements be used in the
service of multi-valued information distribution, "With the aid of the
joint Nordic satellite, Finland would be offered the chance to take advan-
tage of many more television and radio programs than currently.

In taking a stand to support the satellite, the coalition stresses the im-
portance of preserving and advancing national culture, According to the
coalition, this objective is supported by the possibilities for use of the
existing broadcast network in the future as well.

The national coalition is of the opinion that the costs of auxiliary equip-
ment needed for satellite reception, particularly in Finland, can be kept
reasonable since in our country we have a broad, good quality and continually
developing network of joint antenna systems."

The costs of the joint Nordic satellite procurement have been estimated and
preliminary calculations indicate that placing the satellite in its orbit
at present cost levels would require about 500 million markkas, The useful
life of the satellite is calculated as seven years.

New antennas required for receivers would cost, at present cost levels, a
couple of thousand markkas,

7640
csoO: 5500

46



NEW BANK PABX SYSTEM CUTS DELAYS ON CALLS

Canberra THE AUSTRALIAN in English 24 Oct 77 p 12

[Text]

ONE of the largest
commercial PABX
telephone exchanges
ever installed in
Australia has re-
cently come into
operation at the
head-office build-
ing of the Com-
monwealth Banking
Corporation in Mar-
tin Place, Sydney.

Supplied and installed
by Amalgamated Wire-
less (Australasia) Limi-
ted, the PABX has 2000
extensions, 209 indialling
exchange lines and 122
oulgoing exchange lines.

It is the largest of a
number of AWA-Hitachi

AX3S-type systems
recently installed for
commercial — enterprises

and government depart-
ments.

Manufactured at
AWA's plant at North
Ryde, NSW, the equip-
ment has a high degree
of Australian content. It
combines the expertise
of AWA, the only Aus~
tralian-owned company
manufacturing PABX
equipment, and Hitachi,
a world-renowned com-
pany.

An interesting feature
of the system is the
large number of exter-
nal extensions which are
Jocated in various bank

premises remote from
the head-office building.
There are 413 of these
external extensions in 68
different locations.

All external extensions
nave the full range of
facilities provided for
extensions within the
head-office building.

This type of system is

ideal for large organisa-
tions, since the internal
telephone network be-
comes very economical
and convenient to use.
In any organisation
the telephonist’ plays an
important role in estab-
lishing good ctient rela-
tions. Since the incom-
ing traffic to an ex-
change varies greatly
from hour to hour, the
number of _ operators
must be varied if high-
quality service is to be
maintained to all callers.
In the Commonwealth
Bank PABX, up to 12
operators are required in
busy periods but less are
needed at _—_ off-peak
times. The number of
operators required at
any time is determined
by a supervisor who is
provided with a control
console which gives full
information on the sta-
tus of all incoming calls.
‘The supervisor can see
at a glance how many
calls have been delayed
by more than 15
seconds. She ean, there-
fore, take appropriate

action to keep delays
within acceptable limits.
She is able to communi-
cate directly with any
operator by a private
intercom system.

This is of great ad-
vantage in the training
of mew operators. Any
“problem” calls can be
transferred directly by
the operators to the
supervisor for detailed
attention.

Statistical information
is available to the
supervisor, such as the
total number of calls
handled by each
operator per shift, total
number of calls per day,
etc.

An important feature

for improving service is
the indialling facility,
which enables an out-
side caller to dial direct-
ly through to an exten-
sion without requiring
the assistance of an
operator.

The caller dials the
first three digits of the
bank's listed number
followed by the exten-
sion number. This con-
nects the caller through
to the extension, thereby
reducing the number of
calls handled by
operators by an estima-
ted 40 per cent.

Time is saved by the
caller, since connections
are set up more quickly
and the operators have

AUSTRALIA

much more time to de-
vote to those callers why
do require assistance:
Other banking institu-
tions are showing
preference for AWA-Hi-
tachi PABX systems in
increasing numbers. In
Melbourne a 600-exten-
sion AWA-Hitachi
PABX is being installed
at the Bank of New

South Wales’ head-
quarters.
Another system has.

just been completed for
the Rural Bank of New
South Wales, — which
recently moved into its
new administration
building at No 1 Oxford
Street, Sydney.

The 500-line system is
controlled by four
switchboards and has
both incoming ‘and in-
dialling exchange lines.
The public uses the in-
coming lines, which are
extended to the exten-
sions by the operator,
and the bank staff use
the indialling lines to
call directly to the
wanted extension.

The Rural Bank will
share this exchange
with the Rural Assis-

tance Board. Special
equipment has been pro-
vided which — enables

each organisation to
have its own groups of
outgoing and “incoming
exchange lines and to
receive separate
accounts from Telecom.