2009 Minerals Yearbook

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

CEMENT [ADVANCE RELEASE]

July 2011
CEMENT—2009 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.1

CEMENT

By Hendrik G. van Oss

Domestic survey tables were prepared by Michelle B. Blackwell, statistical assistant, and the world production table was 

prepared by Glenn J. Wallace, international data coordinator.

 Combined production of portland and masonry cement in the 

United States in 2009 was 63.9 million metric tons (Mt). This 

was a 25.9% decline from production in 2008, a 35.6% decrease 

from the record output in 2005 (table 1), and the lowest level 

of output since 1983. Consumption of portland and masonry 

cement as measured by sales to domestic fi nal customers 

decreased in 2009 by 26.7% to 71.0 Mt (table 9), also the lowest 

level since 1983 and nearly 57 Mt or 44.5% lower than the 2005 

record. In contrast, the decline in sales prices (mill net valuation 

basis) in 2009 was comparatively modest (tables 1, 11–13). 

Overall, the value of cement sales totaled $7.0 billion, down by 

about 30% from that of 2008. Based on typical portland cement 

mixing ratios in concrete, the delivered value of concrete 

(excluding mortar) in the United States was estimated to be at 

least $47 billion in 2009.

Percentage or other changes expressed in this report compare 

activity in 2009 with that of 2008 unless specifi ed otherwise. 

Except where otherwise indicated, activity levels in this report 

exclude those in Puerto Rico. Cements covered in this report 

are mainly limited to those hydraulic varieties broadly classifi ed 

as portland cement (including blended cement and other 

varieties listed in table 15) and/or masonry cement (including 

portland-lime and plastic cements); these are the binding agents 

in concrete and most mortars. A few other types of hydraulic 

cements and/or clinker (notably aluminous cement) are included 

in some of the trade data (tables 16–18 and 21) and within the 

world production data (table 22). Except where incorporated 

as components within fi nished portland (blended) or masonry 

cements, this report’s tables exclude supplementary cementitious 

materials (SCM), such as fl y ash, other pozzolans, and ground 

granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS). Sales data for blended 

(also called composite) cements listed separately from portland 

cement are available in the monthly Mineral Industry Surveys 

reports of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).

The bulk of this report is based on data compiled from USGS 

annual questionnaires sent to cement and clinker manufacturing 

plants and associated distribution facilities and import terminals, 

and some terminals that are independent of U.S. cement 

manufacturers. For 2009, questionnaires were received from 

152 of 156 facilities canvassed, a response rate of 97%, which 

included all of the production sites. For 2008, questionnaires 

were received from 149 of 152 facilities canvassed, a response 

rate of 98%, including all of the production sites. If missing 

data could not be obtained by followup telephone inquiries, they 

were estimated based on monthly data or past annual reporting. 

For both years, the data exclude several importers that have 

yet to participate in the surveys. To the degree that they are 

independent of the participating companies, sales by the missing 

importers for 2008 and 2009 are estimated to be equivalent to 

an additional 1% of the total portland cement sales tonnages 

shown in this report. Background information on cement and its 

manufacture and on the USGS cement canvasses can be found 

in van Oss (2005).

Government Programs and Environmental Issues

A number of ongoing Government programs provide 

funding and direction for public sector construction and were 

thus of importance to cement consumption levels. In 2009, 

stimulus program spending allotments, including those related 

to the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) 

of 2009, were being compared to individual State spending 

of the appropriated monies as a means to predict increases in 

cement demand. By late 2009, it was evident that very little 

of the stimulus spending during the year had been for cement 

(concrete) but it was anticipated that the concrete industry 

would signifi cantly benefi t from ARRA funding in 2010 

(Sullivan, 2010). 

Environmental issues associated with the cement industry 

mostly result from the manufacture of the intermediate 

product called clinker. In clinker manufacture, the burning of 

large amounts of raw materials and fuels leads to signifi cant 

emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2

), and can yield signifi cant 

emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), 

mercury and some other metals, volatile organic carbon 

compounds, and particulates. Increasingly, these emissions are 

regulated or are being considered for regulation or reregulation. 

The largest volume emissions are of CO2; the cement industry 

is one of the leading industrial emitters of this greenhouse 

gas (GHG). Overall, generation of CO2 by the U.S. cement 

industry in 2009 was calculated to be in the range of 0.87 to 

0.92 metric ton (t) of CO2 per ton of clinker produced; the high 

end incorporates fuel combustion emissions calculated using 

“standard” heat values for the fuels consumed (table 7), and 

the low end incorporates heat values actually reported by the 

individual plants. Both ratios include a standard emissions factor 

from calcination of limestone of 0.51 t of CO2 per ton of clinker 

as detailed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 

(Hanle and others, 2006), but exclude any correction for cement 

kiln dust (CKD) not recycled to the kiln (for which data are 

lacking). However, the standard calcination component of CO2

emissions can be reduced in the calculation in proportion to 

the calcium oxide contributed by noncarbonate alternative raw 

materials such as ferrous slags and coal combustion ashes. This 

incorporation would allow a reduction of calcination-related 

emissions of about 2.4% (0.7 Mt of CO2) in 2009 and 2.7% 

(nearly 1.1 Mt of CO2) in 2008; relative reductions can be 

signifi cantly larger for the subset of individual plants that 

actually burn these alternative raw materials. Certain fuels, 

including alternative or waste fuels, can either directly reduce 

plant-level CO2 emissions or may lead to reductions in reported 
16.2 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2009

emissions from combustion because the fuels are considered to 

be carbon-neutral (certain biofuels) or because credits may be 

allowed for their use (certain waste fuels). Plant-level emissions 

can be reduced through upgrading to more fuel-effi cient kiln 

line technology. Unit emissions can also be reduced by use of 

SCM in fi nished cement and in concrete to reduce the clinker 

content of these products and/or by allowing the addition of 

“inert” fi llers to boost cement output without simultaneously 

boosting clinker output.

In past years, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

(EPA) used methods similar to those used above to calculate 

and report overall U.S. levels of GHG emissions by various 

industries; for cement, these methods made use of national-level 

clinker production data published by the USGS. However, 

to more accurately determine U.S. emissions of GHG, in 

October, the EPA released a fi nal rule for mandatory site/plantspecifi c reporting of GHG emissions (to begin in 2010) (U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, 2009b). For the cement 

industry’s CO2

 emissions, relevant calculation procedures for 

fuel combustion are covered under Part 98, subpart C (p. 56397–

56411) and, for calcination and related process emissions, in 

subpart H (p. 56420–56422).

In May, the EPA proposed new, very low, limits on individual 

plant emissions of mercury, total hydrocarbons, particulate 

matter, and hydrochloric acid within a set of national emissions 

standards for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAP) for the U.S. 

cement industry (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

2009a). It was unclear how many U.S. cement plants would 

be able to comply with the new NESHAP limits for all four 

listed pollutants. The new standards for mercury were set so 

stringent (for existing plants, 43 pounds of mercury per million 

short tons of clinker produced; and for new plants, 14 pounds 

of mercury per million short tons of clinker produced) as to 

possibly preclude, absent the installation of mercury scrubbers, 

which could be very expensive, the use at many plants of their 

normal raw materials and of coal as a fuel. The NESHAP could 

end the use of fl y ash as an alternative raw material for clinker 

manufacture; fl y ash commonly has a high mercury content and 

this content was expected to increase as coal-fi red powerplants 

installed their own scrubbers. The mercury-scrubbing 

technology most commonly discussed makes use of activated 

carbon, and this mercury-laden carbon (at a powerplant) would 

report to the fl y ash. A discussion of the cement NESHAP is 

provided by O’Hare (2009).

The EPA was evaluating changing the regulatory classifi cation 

of coal combustion byproducts, particularly fl y ash, under 

conditions of long-term or permanent storage (disposal) 

and for various usage purposes. Concern in the construction 

sector was that if fl y ash were to be reclassifi ed as a hazardous 

waste, even under restricted circumstances, the material would 

be stigmatized and demand for it would decrease or cease 

altogether (Goss, 2010).

Production

Continued declining sales of cement, together with an 

apparent drawdown of cement stockpiles, and despite a major 

decline in cement imports, led to a 25.6% decrease in portland 

cement production in 2009 to just 62.0 Mt (table 3). This was 

the lowest production since 1983 and was nearly 32 Mt less 

than the record output in 2005. Production fell in all districts 

except Indiana. Yearend stocks of portland cement fell by 28%. 

Owing to two plants coming online during the year (Florida 

and Missouri) and of some new mills at existing plants, overall 

grinding capacity increased by about 6%. The capacities and 

plant counts listed in table 3 for 2009 are, however, somewhat 

uncertain because of diffi culties differentiating between plants 

reported as “idle” (or “indefi nitely idle”) and those that were 

permanently “closed.” At least in terms of sales, some such 

plants continued to operate as distribution terminals. Likewise, 

plants that closed their kilns in late 2008 may have continued to 

grind remaining clinker stocks until they were exhausted in early 

2009 after which the fi nish mills were closed as well. The USGS 

policy has been to count as active all plants having production 

for at least 1 day during the year, but this policy may not be 

realistic for plants idle all year and which offered few prospects 

of ever reopening. Thus, in a few locations, a decision was made 

for the 2009 tally to exclude plants that were “idle” throughout 

2009–10 and for which a formal closure announcement was 

made in 2010. In one district, an ultimately closed plant was 

retained in the 2009 count because it made a small quantity 

of masonry cement early in the year, thus still having active 

grinding capacity. Another plant, seemingly closed, retained the 

possibility of restarting its fi nish mill. One plant in Florida that 

had been announced as closed in late 2008 was retained in the 

2009 count despite no production during the year because its 

status was confi rmed as idled, rather than closed.

For masonry cement, a stagnant housing construction sector 

during the year led to a decline in cement production of 35% to 

just 2.0 Mt, the lowest level since at least 1954.

With common parents combined under the larger subsidiary’s 

name and with joint ventures apportioned, the 10 leading 

companies at yearend 2009, in descending order of portland 

cement production, were Holcim (US) Inc., CEMEX, Inc., 

Lafarge North America Inc., Lehigh Cement Co., Buzzi 

Unicem USA Inc. (including Alamo Cement Co.), Ash Grove 

Cement Co., Texas Industries, Inc. (TXI), Essroc Cement Corp., 

CalPortland Co., and St. Marys Cement Inc. The listing was 

unchanged from that of 2008. The U.S. industry continued to 

be heavily consolidated—the leading 5 cement companies, 

combined, contributed 59% of total U.S. portland cement 

production, and the leading 10 companies accounted for 81% 

of total production. Of the above named companies, all except 

Ash Grove and TXI were foreign owned as of yearend, and for 

the industry overall, about 77% of total cement output was by 

foreign-owned companies.

Clinker output in 2009 fell by 28.4% to 56.1 Mt (tables 1, 5). 

This was the lowest level since 1982. Production fell in all 

months, and for the year overall in all districts. Owing to a new 

plant coming online, the commencement of production from 

a plant that was completed at yearend 2008, and upgrades at 

some existing plants, apparent annual capacity increased by 

6.5%; this was despite the removal in the 2009 total of plants 

or kilns closed during 2008. Utilization of clinker production 

capacity was only about 49% in 2009, well down from the 

73% of the previous year and the presumed “full practicable” 

capacity utilization of 85% or more experienced during years 
CEMENT—2009 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.3

of high cement sales volumes. The performance in 2009 

refl ected a combination of permanent kiln or plant closures and 

long-term idling of “extra” kilns at multikiln plants. However, 

the utilization statistic is dependent on the reported downtime 

for routine maintenance. Many plants reported much longer 

than normal downtimes for this purpose in 2009; where this 

was obvious, corrections were made after consultation with the 

plants to remove the extra downtime (a result of slow sales) 

from the statistic. Yearend clinker stockpiles decreased by nearly 

30%, likely refl ecting yet more kiln idlings late in the year. 

Nonfuel raw materials consumed to make clinker and cement 

are listed in table 6. Ratios among clinker raw materials 

consumed in 2009 appear to be broadly similar to those in 

2008. For fl y ash and bottom ash, the data are similar to those 

published by the American Coal Ash Association (ACAA) for 

sales for use in making clinker and cement (combined), namely 

2.210 Mt of fl y ash and 0.654 Mt of bottom ash (American Coal 

Ash Association, 2010; Goss, 2010). The ACAA also noted sales 

of 0.382 Mt of synthetic gypsum to the cement industry; this is 

less than the 0.47 Mt or more of this material included within 

the “Gypsum and anhydrite” data in table 6, but could refl ect 

the fact that the ACAA does not survey the cement plants’ own 

manufacture of this material. 

Data on fuel consumption by the cement industry are listed in 

table 7. Data shifts can refl ect activities at just a few plants. In 

terms of overall mass ratios among fuels in total and relative to 

clinker production, signifi cant changes in 2009 were evident for 

several fuels but in part refl ected closure and full-year idling of 

several wet kilns and some less effi cient long dry kilns during 

the year. A much smaller percentage of clinker was contributed 

by wet kilns in 2009, for example. The signifi cant increase in 

the consumption of natural gas refl ects a combination of the 

incorporation of large amounts of landfi ll gas at two plants, and 

a shift from gas as a warm up fuel to a major use fuel reported at 

two facilities. Some of the other apparent shifts refl ect upgrades, 

including conversions from wet to dry kiln technology at some 

plants. 

Although not revealed in table 7, overall heat consumption 

(gross heat basis) in 2009 was about 3.9 billion joules (GJ) per 

metric ton of clinker, down by about 9% from that in 2008. The 

reduction refl ected the closure or idling of wet kilns and less 

effi cient dry kilns during the year. Heat energy consumption at 

the remaining operational wet kilns averaged 6.0 GJ per ton of 

clinker, down by nearly 8%. Dry kilns averaged 3.6 GJ per ton 

of clinker, down by 10%. Thus, effi ciency apparently improved 

despite much longer and perhaps more frequent than normal 

total downtimes (for all reasons) on the operational kilns. It 

is possible that further reductions in unit energy consumption 

will be realized if and when the industry resumes more normal 

operating schedules. As in past years, coal supplied the largest 

share of the heat consumed (60%, down by about 7%), followed 

by petroleum coke (about 21%, unchanged), and waste fuels 

(13%, up by 22%). As noted above, natural gas, including 

landfi ll gas, use increased markedly; it contributed about 5% of 

total heat in 2009, up by 74%.

The average unit electricity consumption increased again in 

2009 (table 8); this most likely refl ects operational disruptions 

(idlings and closures, repairs, plant upgrades) at many plants, 

and a greater reliance on dry plants. Dry plants, commonly, have 

higher unit electricity consumption than do wet plants. 

There were no signifi cant ownership changes in the U.S. 

cement industry in 2009. Two new plants were brought into 

production during the year. American Cement Co., LLC began 

operations early in the year at its 1.0-million-metric-ton-peryear (Mt/yr) plant at Sumterville, FL; plant construction had 

been completed at yearend 2008. Initial cement production was 

from purchased clinker, but the plant started its own clinker 

production in May. American Cement was a joint venture 

between Oldcastle Materials, Inc. and New Jersey-based Trap 

Rock Industries, Inc. In July, Holcim fi red the 4.0-Mt/yr 

precalciner kiln at its new plant in St. Genevieve County, MO; 

this kiln was said to have the largest annual capacity of any 

in the world and was expected, at full output levels, to put 

Missouri at or near the forefront of U.S. clinker production.

The litany of plant closures and long-term or indefi nite idlings 

of plants that began in 2008 continued in 2009, although many 

of the facilities continued to operate as storage, packaging, 

and transshipment terminals for cement sourced elsewhere. At 

the end of January, Ash Grove indefi nitely idled the wet kilns 

at its Inkom, ID, plant, but the facility continued to produce 

cement from clinker stockpiles and from clinker brought in from 

another Ash Grove plant. CalPortland idled the long dry kilns at 

its Colton, CA, plant during the course of the year but continued 

to make cement from clinker brought in from the company’s 

Mojave, CA, facility. CEMEX confi rmed that its Brooksville 

“North” plant in Florida was on indefi nite idle status in 2009, 

and had not been closed as had been reported in 2008. Essroc 

closed the wet kilns at its Bessemer, PA, plant at the end of 

April and shut the fi nish mill there at the end of September. At 

the end of April, Holcim shut its wet plants at Dundee, MI, and 

Clarksville, MO; the Clarksville plant’s kiln was the longest in 

the world. At the same time, the company indefi nitely idled its 

wet plant at Artesia, MS, and in September, indefi nitely idled its 

dry plant at Mason City, IA. In addition to these plant closures 

and/or indefi nite idlings, many multikiln plants had one or more 

kilns idle for all or part of the year. 

Major kiln line upgrades were completed at three cement 

plants in 2009. In August, Buzzi Unicem fi red the new 1.2 Mt/yr 

precalciner kiln at its River (also known as the Festus or Selma 

plant), at Festus, MO; the new kiln replaced the existing pair 

of long dry kilns (Buzzi Unicem, 2009). Also in November, 

Keystone Cement Co. fi red its new precalciner kiln line at Bath, 

PA; the new 1.2-Mt/yr line replaced the plant’s pair of wet kilns, 

which were shut down at the same time. In August, Essroc 

closed the three wet kilns at its Martinsburg, WV, plant and in 

November fi red the plant’s new 2.0-Mt/yr precalciner kiln that 

had been under construction. 

Some ongoing upgrade projects were cancelled or postponed 

in light of poor cement sales. An example was the January 

announcement by TXI that it was postponing further work on 

the expansion project at its cement plant at Hunter, TX (Texas 

Industries, 2009); the project was expected to resume once 

market conditions improved.
16.4 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2009

Consumption 

Cement consumption data for the United States were surveyed 

and reported monthly by the USGS in terms of sales to fi nal 

customers and are summarized in table 9. Although the national 

sales totals in table 9 are similar to the shipments totals in tables 

11, 12, and 14, only the table 9 breakout tonnages represent 

State-level consumption. The regional breakouts in tables 11, 12, 

and 14 simply pertain to the locations of the reporting entities 

(chiefl y the production sites), not the locations of consumption. 

It is very common for shipments to cross State lines. 

The U.S. cement market in 2009 continued a decline that 

began in early to mid-2006; this refl ected ongoing stagnation in 

several construction sectors, particularly in housing, a tight loan 

market, and continued declines in State property tax revenues. 

Decreases in sales of cement were experienced in all months 

during the year. Total sales of portland cement to domestic fi nal 

customers fell by 26.5% to 68.9 Mt, the lowest level since 1983. 

Sales declined in all districts; those into the three traditionally 

leading consuming States (California, Florida, and Texas) were 

down by about 32% in 2009. Although sensitive to the accuracy 

of the population data, per capita consumption of portland 

cement was just 220 kg in 2009, the lowest level since 1947; 

the amount in 2008 was 413 kg. Masonry cement consumption 

decreased by 31.0% to 2.1 Mt, the lowest level since 1949.

Sales by some importers that did not participate in the USGS 

monthly and annual surveys were not included in the portland 

cement consumption data in this report. An estimate of these 

missing importers’ sales can be made by comparing offi cial 

(U.S. Census Bureau) trade data (tables 17 and 21) with the 

import origins of sales (table 9). The offi cial cement imports 

were about 0.3 Mt higher than the foreign origin tonnages 

in 2009 and 1.5 Mt higher than those in 2008; however, the 

discrepancy in 2009 appears to be too small based on known 

missing data for cement from the Republic of Korea into the 

Philadelphia, PA, customs district (0.139 Mt), and of much 

of the material from Colombia into the Houston, TX, and 

Wilmington, NC, districts (0.369 Mt). It appears that part of 

the reason for the difference in 2009 is that the table 9 import 

origins of sales data include a large component of drawdown of 

stocks, as suggested by the large yearend stockpile decline for 

importers listed in table 3. Adjusting for both years for cement 

varieties that are in the trade tables but not covered by the 

USGS canvasses (chiefl y aluminous cement) and for apparent 

drawdown of stocks, which cannot fully distinguish between 

imported and domestic cement, it becomes evident that the 

annual tables are missing about 0.5 Mt of cement sales in 2009 

and about 1 Mt in 2008. 

As the binder in concrete, cement consumption levels within 

a given category of construction will broadly refl ect levels 

of construction spending, although signifi cant time lags may 

exist between the onset or cutoff of spending and changes in 

the consumption of cement. In terms of 1996 constant dollars, 

overall construction spending in 2009 fell by 15% to $552 

billion (Portland Cement Association, 2011). Within this 

spending, public sector construction was the largest share, at 

$184 billion, down by 0.8% only. Residential construction, 

which had been the dominant sector in 2008, fell in 2009 by 

25% to $168 billion. Nonresidential construction spending was 

$133 billion, down by 21%.

Portland cement sales broken out by customer type are 

listed in table 14. Sales to ready-mixed concrete producers 

accounted for about 71% of total shipments, but the true tonnage 

for this type of concrete was larger because some of it was 

recorded under other customer categories, such as road paving 

contractors. As listed, the sales to ready-mixed customers 

declined by 27%, in line with the decrease in overall portland 

cement sales. The decline in residential construction spending 

noted above is in line with the 34% decline in sales tonnages 

of cement for brick and block; and the decline in nonresidential 

private and public sector spending noted is in line with reduced 

sales of cement for precast–prestressed concrete products (down 

by 28%), and for road paving (down by 22%). Sales of cement 

for oil well and gas well drilling fell by 45%, in line with 

sharply reduced oil and gas prices and drilling activities in 2009.

Sales of different types of portland cement are broken out in 

table 15. As in past years, sales were dominated by Types I and 

II cements and sulfate-resistant varieties of cement (Type V and 

Type II/V hybrids reported as Type V). Sales of these cements 

fell more or less proportionately to overall portland cement 

sales. Oil well cement sales fell by 42%, a result similar to that 

in table 14 noted above. White cement sales fell by 30%. As 

in past years, the white cement sales tonnage was signifi cantly 

less than the imports of white cement (table 20) and would 

seemingly preclude any need for domestic production of the 

material. The discrepancy is partly explained by the use of some 

imported white cement for masonry cement (sales not included 

in table 15), and by the fact that some imported white cement is 

blended with domestically produced white cement.

Blended cement sales in table 15 fell by about 34% to 1.3 Mt, 

but this tonnage is signifi cantly less than the blended cement 

sales reported for 2009 in the monthly reports of the USGS (1.6 

Mt). It is unclear why this difference exists, except that there 

could be inconsistent reporting between the monthly and annual 

surveys of cement sold under the general performance standard 

ASTM C–1157, which at one time applied only to blended 

cements but which now applies to hydraulic cements in general.

Data on the mill net values for shipments to fi nal customers 

by plants and import terminals (terminal nets) are provided in 

tables 11 to 13. Despite the large drop in sales tonnages, unit 

prices for portland and masonry cement declined relatively 

modestly.

Foreign Trade

Trade data from the U.S. Census Bureau are presented in 

tables 16–21. Although at the highest tonnage level since 1948, 

exports of cement and clinker continued to be small compared 

with imports. Canada remained by far the dominant destination 

of the exports, taking about 76% of the total in 2009. 

Total imports of cement and clinker in 2009 fell by 40.5% 

to 6.8 Mt (table 17), the lowest total since 1992 and a decline 

of 28.8 Mt from the record level of 2006. The dominant share 

of imports was gray portland cement, imports of which fell 

by nearly 44% to 5.4 Mt (table 19). Canada continued to be 

the dominant source of U.S. imports. The tonnage of portland 
CEMENT—2009 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.5

cement imported from Canada in 2009 fell by nearly 20%, but 

this was a small relative decline compared with those of most 

other countries. The relative regional sourcing of imports has 

changed dramatically in recent years. For example, Canada’s 

share of the U.S. cement and clinker import market was 50% 

in 2009, much higher than the 14% share it held in 2006. By 

comparison, Asia, which had accounted for 19.5 Mt or 54% of 

total imports in 2006, supplied just 1.8 Mt or 26% of the imports 

in 2009. China alone supplied nearly 30% of total U.S. imports 

in 2006 but accounted for only 9% of the imports in 2009.

Offi cial imports of clinker fell by 10.5% to 0.56 Mt (table 21). 

The clinker data are incomplete, however, with regard to 

overland imports from Canada; the tonnages listed are 

insuffi cient to have fully supplied the grinding plants in 

Michigan and Washington, all of which imported their clinker 

from Canada. The unreported Canadian clinker appeared mostly 

to be coming in by truck, at a value of less than $2,000 (customs 

value) per truckload; such shipments are classifi ed as “informal 

entries” and data on them are not routinely transmitted by the 

U.S. Customs Service to the U.S. Census Bureau for recordation 

into the offi cial trade data (reproduced in tables 17–21). This 

problem presumably does not exist for imports by rail or by 

ship because these shipments are larger. Clinker imports from 

Canada were estimated to be higher than those reported in tables 

1 and 21 by about 0.7 Mt in 2008 and by about 0.2 Mt in 2009.

With the decline in imports, especially from Asia, several of 

the once-busiest import locations have fallen from prominence, 

and overland import locations have become relatively dominant. 

For cement and clinker combined, the 10 busiest customs 

districts of entry in 2009 were, in descending order of tonnage, 

Detroit, MI; Houston-Galveston, TX; Seattle, WA; Buffalo, NY; 

Cleveland, OH; Columbia-Snake, OR and WA; Honolulu, HI; El 

Paso, TX; Ogdensburg, NY; and Savannah, GA (table 18). These 

leading districts accounted for about 71% of the total imports 

for the year. 

World Review

World hydraulic cement production data are listed in table 22. 

The data are intended to include all forms of hydraulic cement; 

however, the data for the United States are for portland and 

masonry cement only, and data for some other countries also 

may be incomplete. For some countries, the production data 

may include exports of clinker.

World cement output in 2009 was an estimated 3.04 billion 

metric tons (Gt), up by 6.7%. Production was from more than 

150 countries. China was again the world’s leading producer by 

far, with an output of 1.63 Gt or nearly 54% of the world total. 

The remaining top 20 producers were, in descending order of 

tonnage, India, the United States, Japan, Turkey, Brazil, the 

Republic of Korea, Iran, Vietnam, Egypt, Russia, Indonesia and 

Saudi Arabia (tied), Italy, Mexico, Pakistan, Thailand, Germany, 

Spain, and Malaysia. Cumulatively, the top 5 countries had 

about 66% of total world output, the top 10 countries, about 

74%, and the top 20 countries, about 85%.

Regionally, Asia and the Pacifi c contributed about 71% 

of world production, included 9 of the 20 leading producing 

countries, and continued to experience the greatest growth rate 

of all regions. The Middle East (including Turkey), had 6.8% 

of world output; Western Europe, 6.1%; Africa, 4.3%; Central 

America and South America, combined, 3.8%; North America 

(including Mexico), 3.7%; the Commonwealth of Independent 

States, 2.5%; and Eastern Europe, 1.5%.

Outlook

A modest increase in concrete construction in 2010 was 

expected, based on projected benefi cial downstream effects 

of stimulus funding on the general economy and the housing 

construction sector in particular, and on expected access to 

ARRA funding. Relatively little ARRA funding had gone 

to public sector construction projects involving concrete in 

2009 and many States still had signifi cant fractions of their 

respective ARRA allotments as yet unspent at yearend 2009. 

However, low revenues to the States from property taxes 

were expected to continue to hamper State contributions to 

construction projects funded jointly by State governments 

and the Federal Government. It was recognized that a return 

to cement consumption levels approaching those of the peak 

2005–06 period was many years away. Of great concern to the 

cement industry was the proposed portland cement NESHAP, 

which would impose very low, stringent, limits on mercury and 

certain other emissions by cement plants. The NESHAP would 

be diffi cult to comply with owing to high cost of emissions 

control equipment and potential problems of suffi cient control 

equipment availability within the 3-year NESHAP compliance 

window. According to some industry analysts, a large number 

of plants—representing perhaps 25% of U.S. production 

capacity—might have to close as a result of the NESHAP, 

forcing the concrete industry to increasingly rely on imported 

cement. Further, should fl y ash become stigmatized as a result 

of an EPA reclassifi cation of it as a hazardous material, the 

construction sector might lose this material as an alternative raw 

material or SCM, and thus hamper efforts to reduce the GHG 

“footprint” associated with concrete construction.

References Cited

American Coal Ash Association, 2010, 2009 coal combustion product 

(CCP) production and use survey report: Aurora, CO, American Coal Ash 

Association fact sheet, 1 p.

Buzzi Unicem, 2009, The largest line of the group: Casale Monferrato, Italy, 

Buzzi Unicem press release, September 24, 1 p.

Goss, D.C., 2010, Usage declines may signal beginning of troubling trend: Ash 

at work, issue 2, p. 14–17.

Hanle, Lisa, Maldonado, Pedro, Onuma, Eiichi, Tichy, Milos, and van Oss, 

H.G., 2006, Mineral industry emissions, chap. 2 of Eggleston, Simon, 

Buenda, Leandro, Miwa, Kyoko, Ngara, Todd, and Tanabe, Kiyoto, eds., 

Industrial processes and product use: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate 

Change, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, 

 v. 3, CD-ROM.

O’Hare, A.T., 2009, Proposed portland cement NESHAP—A cure worse than 

the disease?: World Cement, v. 41, no. 3, March, p. 27–32. 

Portland Cement Association, 2011, Construction put in place: Monitor, v. 21, 

no. 2, February, p. 10.

Sullivan, Ed, 2010, There is light at the end of the tunnel—It’s just a really long 

tunnel: World Cement, v. 41, no. 3, March, p. 22–26.

Texas Industries, 2009, TXI reports second quarter results and announces delay 

of central Texas cement plant expansion: Dallas, TX, Texas Industries, Inc. 

press release, January 8, 6 p.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009a, 40 CFR Parts 60 and 63—

National emissions standards for hazardous air pollutants from the portland 

cement industry (Proposed rule): Federal Register, May 6, v. 74, no. 86, 

 p. 21136–21192.
16.6 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2009

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009b, 40 CFR Part 98—Mandatory 

greenhouse gas reporting (Final rule): Federal Register, October 30, v. 74, 

 no. 209, p. 56374–56519. 

van Oss, H.G., 2005, Background facts and issues concerning cement and 

cement data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005–1152, 88 p. 

(Accessed January 2, 2010, at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1152/).

GENERAL SOURCES OF INFORMATION

U.S. Geological Survey Publications

Cement. Ch. in Mineral Commodity Summaries, annual.

Cement. Mineral Industry Surveys, monthly.

Other

American Coal Ash Association, annual survey.

Cement. Ch. in Mineral Facts and Problems, U.S. Bureau of 

Mines Bulletin 675, 1985.

Cement Americas, bimonthly.

Concrete Products, monthly. 

European Cement Association, The.

Global Cement Magazine, monthly.

International Cement Review, monthly.

North American Cement Directory, Cement Americas, annual.

Portland Cement Association:

Monitor, The, monthly.

North American Cement Industry Annual Yearbook.

U.S. and Canadian Portland Cement Industry, Plant 

Information Summary, annual.

Rock Products, monthly.

Slag Cement Association, annual survey.

World Cement, monthly.

TABLE 1

SALIENT CEMENT STATISTICS FOR THE UNITED STATES1, 2 

(Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Production:

Cement3 99,319 98,167 95,464 86,310 63,929

Clinker 87,405 88,555 86,130 78,382 56,116

Shipments from mills and terminals:3, 4, 5

Quantity 128,000 127,000 114,000 96,700 71,100

Value6 (thousands dollars) 11,700,000 12,900,000 11,900,000 9,990,000 7,020,000

Average value6 (dollars per metric ton) 91.00 101.50 104.00 103.50 99.00

Stocks, yearend:

Cement 7,450 9,380 8,890 8,360 6,080

Clinker 3,520 5,370 6,550 7,070 5,130

Exports 766 723 7 886 7 823 884

Imports:8

Cement 30,403 32,141 21,496 10,744 6,211

Clinker 2,858 3,425 972 621 556

Total9 33,261 35,566 22,468 11,365 6,767

Consumption, apparent10 128,250 127,660 116,550 96,760 71,530

World productione, 11 2,350,000 2,610,000 2,810,000 2,850,000 r 3,040,000

e

Estimated. rRevised.

1

Unless otherwise indicated, data are for portland (including blended) and masonry cements only. Even where presented unrounded, data are thought to

be accurate to no more than three significant digits.

2

Excludes Puerto Rico.

3

Includes cement made from imported clinker.

4

Includes imported cement.

5

Shipments to final domestic customers. Data are from an annual survey of plants and terminals and may differ from the totals in table 9, which are based 

on consolidated monthly surveys from companies.

6

Value free on board mill or independently reporting terminal.

7

Official export data have been corrected to remove an apparent excess of aluminous cement from Laredo, TX, of 943,939 metric tons in 2006 

and 653,255 metric tons in 2007.

8

All forms of hydraulic cement or clinker.

9

Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

10Production (including that from imported clinker) of cement plus imports of hydraulic cement minus exports of hydraulic cement minus the change in 

yearend cement stocks. 

11Total hydraulic cement. May include clinker exports for some countries.
CEMENT—2009 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.7

TABLE 2

COUNTY BASIS OF SUBDIVISION OF STATES IN CEMENT TABLES

State subdivision Defining counties

California, northern Alpine, Fresno, Kings, Madera, Mariposa, Monterey, Tulare, Tuolumne, and all counties

farther north.

California, southern Inyo, Kern, Mono, San Luis Obispo, and all counties farther south.

Illinois, metropolitan Chicago Cook, DuPage, Kane, Kendall, Lake, McHenry, and Will Counties in Illinois.

Illinois, excluding Chicago All counties other than those in metropolitan Chicago.

New York, eastern Delaware, Franklin, Hamilton, Herkimer, Otsego, and all counties farther east and south,

except those within Metropolitan New York.

New York, western Broome, Chenango, Lewis, Madison, Oneida, St. Lawrence, and all counties farther west.

New York, metropolitan New York City (Bronx, Kings, New York, Queens, and Richmond), Nassau, Rockland,

Suffolk, and Westchester.

Pennsylvania, eastern Adams, Cumberland, Juniata, Lycoming, Mifflin, Perry, Tioga, Union, and all counties

farther east.

Pennsylvania, western Centre, Clinton, Franklin, Huntingdon, Potter, and all counties farther west.

Texas, northern Angelina, Bell, Concho, Crane, Culberson, El Paso, Falls, Houston, Hudspeth, Irion,

Lampasas, Leon, Limestone, McCulloch, Reagan, Reeves, Sabine, San Augustine, 

San Saba, Tom Green, Trinity, Upton, Ward, and all counties farther north.

Texas, southern Brazos, Burnet, Crockett, Jasper, Jeff Davis, Llano, Madison, Mason, Menard, Milam,

Newton, Pecos, Polk, Robertson, San Jacinto, Schleicher, Tyler, Walker, Williamson,

and all counties farther south.
16.8 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2009 TABLE 3 PORTLAND AND BLENDED CEMENT PRODUCTION, CAPACITY, AND STOCKS IN THE UNITED STATES, BY DISTRICT1 (Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified) 2008 2009 Number Grinding Percentage Yearend Number Grinding Percentage Yearend District2 of plants Production capacity3 utilized4 stocks5 of plants Production capacity3 utilized4 stocks5 Maine and New York 5 3,061 4,204 72.8 234 6 5 2,118 4,341 48.8 219 6 Pennsylvania, eastern 7 3,826 5,140 6 74.5 285 7 3,064 5,420 6 56.5 247 Pennsylvania, western 3 1,327 1,805 73.5 140 3 678 1,805 37.6 103 Illinois 4 2,655 3,390 78.3 268 3 1,487 3,390 43.9 237 Indiana 4 2,587 3,653 70.8 237 4 2,685 3,740 6 71.7 188 Michigan 5 4,928 7,332 67.2 287 5 3,548 6,983 50.8 163 Ohio 2 762 1,166 65.4 64 2 550 1,166 47.2 25 Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota 5 3,987 5,840 6 68.3 458 5 2,991 5,840 6 51.2 266 Kansas 4 2,396 3,230 6 74.2 247 3 1,669 2,940 6 56.8 166 Missouri 5 4,651 7,230 64.3 532 6 4,418 13,035 33.9 622 Florida7 7 4,979 7,301 68.2 389 6 7 3,145 7,610 6 41.3 260 Georgia, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia 7 5,057 6,780 6 74.6 595 6 6 3,859 7,180 6 53.7 334 South Carolina 3 2,925 5,085 57.5 137 6 3 1,868 5,085 36.7 77 Alabama 5 4,635 7,074 65.5 242 5 3,416 7,292 46.8 231 6 Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee 4 3,045 3,702 82.3 282 4 1,958 3,702 52.9 147 Arkansas and Oklahoma 4 2,623 3,130 6 83.9 198 4 2,067 3,127 66.1 182 Texas, northern 6 6,303 7,618 82.7 1,324 6 3,833 7,580 6 50.5 609 Texas, southern 6 4,778 6,330 6 75.5 260 6 6 4,519 6,505 69.5 226 6 Arizona and New Mexico 3 2,097 3,116 67.3 102 3 1,464 3,116 47.0 91 Colorado and Wyoming 4 2,610 4,449 58.7 173 4 2,165 4,517 47.9 149 Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Utah 6 2,727 3,728 73.1 221 6 6 2,050 3,728 55.0 156 Alaska and Hawaii -- -- -- -- 82 -- -- -- -- 55 California, northern 3 1,678 2,853 58.8 188 W 8 W 8 W 8 W 8 W 8 California, southern 8 8,201 10,855 75.6 310 6 11 8 7,153 8 13,600 6, 8 52.7 8 417 6, 8 Oregon and Washington 4 1,443 2,435 59.3 248 6 4 1,254 2,435 51.4 275 6 Importers9 -- -- -- -- 310 6 -- -- -- -- 182 6 Total10 114 83,283 117,000 6 70.9 7,810 6 112 61,961 124,000 6 49.9 5,620 6 Puerto Rico 2 1,301 1,898 68.5 44 2 936 1,780 52.6 47 6 Grand total10 116 84,584 119,000 6 70.9 7,860 6 114 62,897 126,000 6 50.0 5,670 6 See footnotes at end of table.
CEMENT—2009 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.9 TABLE 3—Continued PORTLAND AND BLENDED CEMENT PRODUCTION, CAPACITY, AND STOCKS IN THE UNITED STATES, BY DISTRICT1 W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data; included in “Total.” -- Zero. 1Even where presented unrounded, data are thought to be accurate to no more than three significant digits. Includes data for white cement. Includes cement made from imported clinker. 2District assignation is the location of the reporting facilities. Specific districts include importers for which district assignations were possible. 3Grinding capacity is based on fineness needed to produce a plant’s normal output mix, including masonry cement, and allowing for downtime for routine maintenance. 4Calculated relative to portland cement output; utilization would be higher if calculated to include output of masonry cement. 5Includes imported cement. Includes stocks at mills, terminals, and in transit. 6Data contain estimates for nonrespondent or incompletely reporting facilities and have been rounded to no more than three significant digits. 7Production and capacity data exclude a plant that produced only masonry cement. 8Data for Northern California for 2009 are included with those for Southern California. 9Data include only those importers or terminals for which district assignations were not possible. 10Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.
16.10 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2009

TABLE 4

MASONRY CEMENT PRODUCTION AND STOCKS IN THE UNITED STATES, BY DISTRICT1

(Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)

2008 2009

Number Number

of active Yearend of active Yearend

District2 plants Production3 stocks4 plants Production3 stocks4

Maine and New York 4 69 17 4 41 12

Pennsylvania 9 254 56 9 176 46

Indiana and Ohio 6 332 73 6 244 52

Michigan 4 99 34 4 80 28

Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota 2 W W 2 W W

Kansas 2 W W 2 W W

Missouri 1 W W 1 W W

Florida 5 310 65 6 123 38

Georgia, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia 6 367 53 6 250 42

South Carolina 3 323 31 3 174 16

Alabama 4 303 63 4 208 61

Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee 3 W W 3 W W

Arkansas and Oklahoma 4 125 18 3 97 21

Texas 7 274 20 8 202 22

Arizona and New Mexico 3 W W 3 W W

Colorado and Wyoming 2 W W 2 W W

Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Utah 1 W W -- W W

California, northern 3 59 19 W 5 W 5 W 5

California, southern 5 278 23 7 236 45 6

Importers7 -- -- 3 6 -- -- 3 6

Total8 74 3,027 549 6 73 1,968 456 6

W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data; included in “Total.” -- Zero.

1

Includes masonry, portland-lime, plastic, and stucco cements. Even where presented unrounded, data are thought to be accurate to no more than 

three significant digits.

2

District assignation is the location of the reporting facilities. Specific districts include importers for which district assignations were possible.

3

Includes cement produced from imported clinker.

4

Includes imported cement.

5

Data for 2009 for Northern California is included with those for Southern California.

6

Data contain estimates for nonrespondent or incompletely reporting facilities.

7

Data include only those importers or terminals for which district assignations were not possible.

8

Data may not add totals shown because of independent rounding.
CEMENT—2009 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.11 TABLE 5 CLINKER CAPACITY AND PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES IN 2009, BY DISTRICT1 Daily Average Apparent annual Yearend Number of active plants2 capacity4, 5 days of capacity4, 7 Production Percentage stocks Process used Number (thousand routine (thousand (thousand of capacity (thousand District Wet Dry Both3 Total of kilns4 metric tons) maintenance6 metric tons) metric tons) utilized metric tons) Maine and New York 2 2 -- 4 5 11.3 26.8 3,817 1,856 48.6 100 Pennsylvania 3 5 1 9 18 22.8 13.9 8 8,000 8 3,523 44.2 271 Illinois -- 3 -- 3 6 7.7 7.5 2,728 1,311 48.1 134 8 Indiana 1 3 9 -- 4 8 10.2 25.8 3,430 2,578 75.2 198 Michigan 1 2 -- 3 8 14.1 18.6 4,796 2,587 53.9 132 Ohio 1 1 -- 2 3 3.3 25.8 1,159 467 40.3 23 Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota -- 4 1 5 9 14.1 17.9 8 4,850 8 2,614 53.9 230 Kansas 1 2 -- 3 5 8.2 18.5 2,746 1,682 61.3 63 Missouri 1 5 -- 6 8 36.3 25.6 8 12,400 8 4,123 33.3 434 Florida -- 7 -- 7 8 23.8 18.1 8 8,350 8 2,984 35.7 338 Georgia, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia -- 4 1 5 8 22.1 19.3 8 7,570 8 3,611 47.7 261 South Carolina -- 3 -- 3 3 12.3 26.6 4,185 1,770 42.3 325 Alabama -- 5 -- 5 5 16.9 31.0 5,670 8 3,240 57.1 196 Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee 1 3 -- 4 4 10.5 17.5 3,635 1,773 48.8 47 Arkansas and Oklahoma 2 2 -- 4 10 8.1 20.5 2,796 1,775 63.5 66 Texas, northern 2 4 10 -- 10 6 12 19.0 18.6 6,586 3,480 52.8 649 Texas, southern -- 5 -- 5 6 16.2 15.7 5,648 4,128 73.1 366 Arizona and New Mexico -- 3 -- 3 7 8.6 11.6 3,022 1,125 37.2 136 Colorado and Wyoming -- 4 -- 4 5 11.5 26.8 3,907 1,992 51.0 228 Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Utah 3 3 -- 6 8 8.5 20.3 2,876 1,671 58.1 154 8 California -- 9 -- 9 11 40.4 26.0 13,667 6,612 48.4 717 Oregon and Washington 1 2 -- 3 3 6.0 34.4 2,019 1,213 60.1 64 Total11 19 81 3 103 160 332.1 20.1 8 114,000 8 56,116 49.3 5,130 8 Puerto Rico -- 2 -- 2 2 5.3 42.5 1,731 802 46.3 75 Grand total11 19 83 3 105 162 337.4 20.4 8 116,000 8 56,918 49.3 5,210 8 See footnotes at end of table.
16.12 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2009 TABLE 5

—Continued

CLINKER CAPACITY AND PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES IN 2009, BY DISTRICT1

-- Zero.

1Even where presented unrounded, data are thought to be accurate to no more than three significant digits.2Includes white cement plants. Includes all plants that produced clinker for at least one day during the year.3Plants that can operate both wet and dry kilns, whether or not both types were active during the year.4Includes kilns active for at least one day during the year. For kilns idle all year, excludes those that cannot be restarted, fully permitted, in less than 6 months.5Sum of reported kiln capacities for each plant in a district.6Total days of routine maintenance (summed for all kilns) divided by the number of kilns.7Sum of apparent annual capacities for each kiln. For each kiln, the statistic is calculated as 366 days (leap year) minus days reported for routine maintenance and then multiplied by the unrounded daily capacity.8Data contain estimates for nonrespondents and incompletely reporting facilities and have been rounded to no more than three significant digits.9Includes one semiwet kiln.10Includes as a dry operation one plant, formerly operating both wet and dry kilns, whose wet kilns were idle all year (2009) and which, in 2010, were declared permanently closed.11Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.
CEMENT—2009 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.13

TABLE 6

RAW MATERIALS USED TO PRODUCE CLINKER AND CEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES1, 2

(Thousand metric tons)

2008 2009

 Materials Clinker Cement3 Clinker Cement3

Calcareous:

Limestone (aragonite, chalk, coral, marble) 101,000 1,920 73,600 1,510

Cement rock (includes marl) 10,900 50 6,560 --

Cement kiln dust (CKD)4 425 304 288 156

Lime4 248 15 17 5

Other 41 -- 62 --

Aluminous:

Clay 3,780 -- 2,500 3

Shale and schist 3,290 20 2,540 --

Other5 849 -- 438 --

Ferrous:

Iron ore 609 -- 481 --

Mill scale 702 -- 536 --

Other6 65 -- 40 --

Siliceous:

Sand, calcium silicates 3,970 -- 2,550 --

Sandstone, quartzite, soils, nonpozzolanic rocks 693 -- 464 --

Fly ash 2,710 r 95 r 2,290 74

Other ash, including bottom ash 948 -- 706 --

Granulated blast furnace slag7 81 328 44 192

Other blast furnace slag 262 -- 99 --

Steel slag 428 -- 169 --

Other slag 67 30 38 --

Natural rock pozzolans8 -- 9 -- 11

Other pozzolans9 79 3 45 3

Other:

Gypsum and anhydrite -- 4,620 r -- 3,367

Other10 115 90 79 57

Total11 131,000 7,480 r 93,600 5,380

Clinker, imported, raw materials equivalent12 -- 1,810 -- 1,250

Grand total11 131,000 9,290 r 93,600 6,630

r

Revised. -- Zero.

1

Excludes Puerto Rico.

2

Data have been rounded to three significant digits to reflect inherent reporting accuracy and the incorporation of estimates for some facilities.

3

Includes portland, blended, and masonry cements.

4

Data are probably underreported.

5

Includes alumina, aluminum dross, bauxite, spent catalysts, and other aluminous materials.

6

Includes iron sludges, pyrite, and other ferrous materials.

7

Includes both ground (GGBFS) and unground material.

8

Includes pozzolana and burned clays or shales (except where directly reported as clay or shale).

9

Includes diatomite, silica fume, other microcrystalline silica, and other pozzolans, even if not used as such.

10Includes fluorspar and all other materials not listed earlier.

11Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

12Converted as the weight of foreign clinker consumed times 1.7.
16.14 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2009 TABLE 7 CLINKER PRODUCED AND FUEL CONSUMED BY THE U.S. CEMENT INDUSTRY, BY KILN PROCESS1 Clinker production2 Conventional fuels3 Waste fuels3 Quantity Coal4 Petcoke Oil5 Natural gas6 Tires Solid Liquid Number (thousand Percentage (thousand (thousand (thousand (thousand (thousand (thousand (thousand Kiln process of plants metric tons) of total metric tons) metric tons) liters) cubic meters) metric tons) metric tons) liters) 2008: Wet 22 9,930 12.7 1,230 518 24,300 23,200 91 10 370,000 Dry 81 64,664 82.5 6,440 1,610 28,000 218,000 341 335 354,000 Both7 3 3,788 4.8 561 -- -- 38,900 6 9 67,200 Total8 106 78,382 100.0 8,240 2,130 52,300 280,000 438 354 791,000 2009: Wet 19 4,866 8.7 569 157 7,310 96,200 50 16 256,000 Dry9 81 50,112 89.3 4,690 1,300 26,500 247,000 263 307 493,000 Both7 3 1,138 2.0 186 33 1,810 1,190 -- -- 34,600 Total8 103 56,116 100.0 5,450 1,490 35,600 344,000 313 324 784,000 -- Zero.

1Excludes Puerto Rico.2Clinker production data are all reported. Although unrounded, data are thought to be accurate to no more than three significant digits.3All fuel data have been rounded to no more than three significant digits.4Essentially all reported to be bituminous.5Distilliate and residual fuel oils. Excludes used oils that were reported under liquid wastes.6Includes landfill gas and propane.7Plants that can operate both wet and dry kilns, whether or not both types were active during the year. Includes plants that converted from wet to dry technology during the year.

For 2009, excludes one plant as noted in footnote 9.

8Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.9Includes one plant that operated a dry kiln in 2009 that had wet kilns which, although technically idle all year, were deemed as closed.
CEMENT—2009 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.15 TABLE 8 ELECTRICITY CONSUMED BY U.S. CEMENT PLANTS, BY KILN PROCESS1 Electricity consumed2 Average Generated Purchased Total3 Cement consumption Quantity Quantity Quantity produced4 (kilowatthours Number (million Number (million Number (million Percentage (thousand per ton of Plant process of plants kilowatthours) of plants kilowatthours) of plants kilowatthours) of total metric tons) cement produced) 2008: Integrated plants: Wet -- -- 22 1,530 22 1,530 12.4 10,598 145 Dry 3 236 83 5 9,960 83 5 10,200 82.9 70,279 145 Both6 -- -- 3 563 3 563 4.6 3,736 151 Total or average3 3 236 108 5 12,100 108 5 12,300 100.0 84,612 145 Grinding plants7 -- -- 5 130 5 130 -- 1,481 88 Exclusions8 -- -- 3 XX 3 XX -- 216 XX 2009: Integrated plants: Wet -- -- 19 815 19 815 8.8 5,804 140 Dry9 2 223 83 5 8,000 83 5 8,210 88.6 55,739 148 Both6 -- -- 3 222 3 222 2.4 1,334 166 Total or average3 2 223 105 5 9,030 105 5 9,260 100.0 62,877 147 Grinding plants7 -- -- 5 91 6 91 -- 908 99 Exclusions8 -- -- 3 XX 3 XX -- 143 XX XX Not applicable. -- Zero. 1Excludes Puerto Rico. 2Electricity data are rounded to no more than three significant digits because they contain estimates. 3Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding. 4Portland and masonry cement. Data are all reported and are unrounded. 5Includes two grinding plants whose data were included with the integrated plants. 6Plants that can operate both wet and dry kilns, whether or not both types were active during the year. Includes plants that converted from wet to dry technology during the year. For 2009, excludes one plant as noted in footnote 9. 7Plants that did not produce clinker but ground clinker from outside sources. Excludes plants that only made masonry cement or just reground one type of portland cement into another, or which also reported a significant component of grinding of excess granulated blast furnace slag. 8Plants whose production of portland cement was by simply regrinding of one type into another, or which reported production only of masonry cement. 9Includes one plant that operated a dry kiln in 2009 that had wet kilns which, although technically idle all year, were deemed as closed.
16.16 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2009

TABLE 9

CEMENT SHIPMENTS TO FINAL CUSTOMER, BY DESTINATION AND ORIGIN1, 2

(Thousand metric tons)

Portland cement Masonry cement

Destination and origin 2008 2009 2008 2009

Destination:

Alabama 1,559 1,140 122 85

Alaska3 148 146 -- --

Arizona 2,778 1,727 44 26

Arkansas 902 732 49 40

California, northern 3,179 2,133 73 45

California, southern 6,189 4,395 238 170

Colorado 2,156 1,403 14 7

Connecticut3 640 478 12 11

Delaware3 217 159 7 5

District of Columbia3 168 129 (4) (4)

Florida 5,875 3,946 351 231

Georgia 3,112 1,887 235 131

Hawaii3 397 306 4 2

Idaho 507 367 1 (4)

Illinois, excluding Chicago 1,656 1,397 13 10

Illinois, metropolitan Chicago3 1,636 1,181 31 19

Indiana 1,719 1,454 56 39

Iowa 1,658 1,448 2 1

Kansas 1,430 1,133 10 7

Kentucky 1,085 870 68 49

Louisiana3 2,477 2,135 62 49

Maine 239 185 3 2

Maryland 1,223 902 59 42

Massachusetts3 919 702 15 11

Michigan 1,858 1,384 59 42

Minnesota3 1,374 1,135 13 12

Mississippi 1,063 805 59 40

Missouri 2,079 1,728 26 19

Montana 349 256 1 1

Nebraska 1,134 1,018 3 2

Nevada 1,651 1,008 15 12

New Hampshire3 269 198 4 7

New Jersey3 1,594 1,152 59 43

New Mexico 709 534 9 7

New York, eastern 573 476 13 10

New York, western3 748 652 23 16

New York, metropolitan3 1,637 1,304 73 59

North Carolina3 2,343 1,612 229 135

North Dakota3 391 375 1 1

Ohio 2,817 2,232 99 78

Oklahoma 1,570 1,338 54 39

Oregon 923 663 1 (4)

Pennsylvania, eastern 1,722 1,270 48 37

Pennsylvania, western 1,082 913 42 33

Rhode Island3 139 106 2 1

South Carolina 1,242 822 103 70

South Dakota 453 450 1 1

Tennessee 1,692 1,223 164 108

Texas, northern 6,580 4,255 123 79

Texas, southern 7,668 5,344 198 157

Utah 1,313 1,058 (4) (4)

See footnotes at end of table.
CEMENT—2009 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.17

TABLE 9—Continued

CEMENT SHIPMENTS TO FINAL CUSTOMER, BY DESTINATION AND ORIGIN1, 2

(Thousand metric tons)

Portland cement Masonry cement

Destination and origin 2008 2009 2008 2009

Destination—Continued:

Vermont3 116 95 3 2

Virginia 2,019 1,526 118 80

Washington 2,044 1,437 1 1

West Virginia 504 402 21 14

Wisconsin3 1,729 1,410 13 10

Wyoming 497 348 (4) (4)

Total5 93,751 68,885 3,047 2,102

Foreign countries6 564 502 (4) (4)

Puerto Rico 1,397 979 -- (4)

Grand total5 95,710 70,366 3,047 2,102

Origin:

United States 83,178 63,486 2,995 2,070

Foreign countries7 11,197 5,948 52 32

Puerto Rico 1,335 932 -- --

Total shipments5 95,710 70,366 3,047 2,102

 -- Zero.

1

Includes cement produced from imported clinker and imported cement shipped by domestic producers and importers.

2

Data are developed from consolidated monthly surveys of shipments by companies and may differ from data in tables 1, 10–12, 

and 14–15, which are from annual surveys of individual plants and importers. Although presented unrounded, data are thought

to be accurate to no more than three significant digits.

3

Has no cement plants.

4

Less than 1⁄2 unit.

5

Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

6

Includes shipments to U.S. possessions and territories.

7

Imported cement sold to final customers in the United States as reported by domestic producers and other importers. Data do not

 match the imports in tables 17–20.

TABLE 10

SHIPMENTS OF PORTLAND CEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES, BY TYPE OF CARRIER1, 2

(Thousand metric tons)

Plant to terminal Plant to customer Terminal to customer Total to

In bulk In bags3 In bulk In bags3 In bulk In bags3 customers4

2008:

Railroad 10,700 108 1,870 3 438 2 2,310

Truck 5,350 308 49,000 1,310 39,900 644 90,900

Barge and boat 7,230 3 323 43 37 -- 403

Total4 23,300 419 51,200 1,360 40,400 647 93,600 5

2009:

Railroad 9,580 8 1,460 2 528 4 2,000

Truck 4,000 116 36,000 1,040 29,400 400 66,900

Barge and boat 7,120 -- 55 -- -- -- 55

Total4 20,700 125 37,500 1,040 30,000 404 69,000 5

-- Zero.

1

Includes imported cement and cement made from imported clinker. Excludes Puerto Rico. 

2

Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits because they contain estimates. 

3

Includes packages, bags, and supersacks.

4

Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

5

Shipments are based on an annual survey of plants and importers; may differ from totals in table 9, which are based

on consolidated monthly data.
16.18 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2009

TABLE 11

PORTLAND CEMENT SHIPPED IN THE UNITED STATES, BY DISTRICT1

2008 2009

Value2 Value2

Quantity3 Average Quantity3 Average

(thousand Total (per (thousand Total (per 

District4 metric tons) (thousands) metric ton) metric tons) (thousands) metric ton)

Maine and New York 3,820 5 $403,000 5 $105.50 5 2,580 5 $250,000 5 $97.00 5

Pennsylvania, eastern 3,838 382,000 5 99.50 5 2,995 285,000 5 95.00 5

Pennsylvania, western 1,248 121,000 5 97.00 5 949 90,800 5 95.50 5

Illinois 2,810 279,000 5 99.00 5 2,014 191,586 95.11

Indiana 2,346 205,153 87.46 1,951 169,069 86.66

Michigan 4,986 508,000 5 102.00 5 4,114 406,143 98.72

Ohio 733 71,200 97.20 582 55,691 95.69

Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota 4,366 453,124 103.79 3,382 365,298 108.01

Kansas 2,115 217,519 102.85 1,627 166,000 5 102.00 5

Missouri 5,058 490,008 96.89 4,219 414,000 5 98.00 5

Florida 5,763 599,000 5 104.00 5 3,790 5 371,000 5 98.00 5

Georgia, Virginia, West Virginia 2,299 243,026 105.71 4,141 6 367,335 6 88.70 6

Maryland 2,957 240,275 81.25 W 6 W 6 W 6

South Carolina 2,756 267,411 97.02 1,826 165,160 90.46

Alabama 4,444 432,000 5 97.00 5 3,515 315,408 89.72

Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee 2,673 268,412 100.43 1,885 187,660 99.53

Arkansas and Oklahoma 2,643 262,806 99.44 2,300 231,363 100.60

Texas, northern 7,316 733,000 5 100.00 5 4,557 453,000 5 99.50 5

Texas, southern 6,417 645,641 100.61 4,730 452,380 95.65

Arizona and New Mexico 3,106 391,316 125.97 2,173 255,708 117.68

Colorado and Wyoming 2,554 273,303 107.02 1,932 190,508 98.63

Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Utah 2,589 260,250 100.53 2,063 199,834 96.87

Alaska and Hawaii 497 86,882 174.79 406 66,690 164.27

California, northern 2,481 256,000 5 103.00 5 W 7 W 7 W 7

California, southern 7,540 784,938 104.10 6,835 7 618,000 5, 7 90.50 5, 7

Oregon and Washington 2,196 212,013 96.53 1,651 150,011 90.85

Importers8 4,060 5 478,000 5 117.50 5 2,747 315,000 5 115.00 5

Total or average9 93,600 5, 10 9,560,000 5 102.00 5 69,000 5, 10 6,730,000 5 97.50 5

Puerto Rico 1,381 W W 978 5 W W

Grand total9 95,000 5, 10 W W 69,900 5, 10 W W

W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data.

1

Includes gray and white portland cement. Includes cement made from imported clinker. Even where presented unrounded, data are thought 

to be accurate to no more than three significant digits.

2

Values are mill net or ex-plant (free on board) valuations of total sales to final customers, including sales from plants’ external distribution

terminals. The data are ex-terminal for independently reporting terminals. Data include all varieties of portland cement and both bulk and

bag shipments. Unless otherwise specified, data are presented unrounded. Unrounded or not, unit value data should be viewed as value 

indicators, good to no better than the nearest $0.50 or $1.00 per metric ton.

3

Tonnages are those by reporting entities in the district but may include shipments into other districts. They differ from the data in table 9, which are

the actual reported sales into the specific States. 

4

District is the location of the reporting entities, not necessarily the location of sales (see table 9 for sales data, by State). Specific districts include

shipments by importers where district assignations were possible.

5

Data are rounded (unit values to the nearest $0.50) because they include estimates.

6

For 2009, data for Maryland are included with Georgia, Virginia, West Virginia district.

7

For 2009, data for Northern California are included with those for Southern California.

8

Importers for which district assignations were not possible.

9

Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

10Shipments are based on an annual survey of plants and importers; may differ from totals in table 9, which are based on consolidated monthly data.
CEMENT—2009 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.19

TABLE 12

MASONRY CEMENT SHIPPED IN THE UNITED STATES, BY DISTRICT1, 2

2008 2009

Value3 Value3

Quantity4 Average Quantity4 Average

(thousand Total (per (thousand Total (per

District5 metric tons) (thousands) metric ton) metric tons) (thousands) metric ton)

Maine and New York 82 $10,100 6 $124.50 6 56 $6,265 $112.54

Pennsylvania 241 32,300 6 134.00 6 187 25,300 6 135.00 6

Illinois, Indiana, Ohio 335 47,725 142.55 230 33,900 6 147.50 6

Michigan 136 16,400 6 121.00 6 95 11,538 121.87

Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota 19 2,161 114.53 15 1,921 128.09

Kansas and Missouri 84 13,427 159.64 51 6,353 124.50

Florida 282 42,800 6 151.50 6 192 6 29,100 6 151.50 6

Georgia, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia 320 57,900 6 180.50 6 214 36,547 170.78

South Carolina 305 39,409 129.07 169 21,376 126.43

Alabama 353 44,247 125.38 242 29,735 122.90

Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee 80 11,784 146.57 57 8,360 146.39

Arkansas and Oklahoma 125 15,070 120.65 93 11,100 6 119.00 6

Texas, northern 155 26,100 6 168.00 6 W 7 W 7 W 7

Texas, southern 146 18,300 6 125.50 6 221 7 31,000 7 140.40 7

Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, 

New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming 67 9,259 137.47 42 5,387 129.76

Alaska and Hawaii 3 946 279.55 2 620 289.54

California, northern; Oregon; Washington 51 6,511 128.31 W 8 W 8 W 8

California, southern 279 36,213 129.87 232 6, 8 27,700 6, 8 119.50 6, 8

Importers9 10 6 1,950 6 196.00 6 6 6 1,220 6 191.50 6

Total or average10 3,070 6, 11 433,000 6 140.50 6 2,100 6, 11 287,000 6 136.50 6

W Witheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data; included in “Total.”

1

Shipments are those by cement companies to final customers and include imported cement and cement made from imported clinker. 

Sales are those by cement plants and exclude masonry cement made by portland cement customers from purchased portland cement and which was then

resold and/or consumed. Data exclude Puerto Rico, which did not record any masonry cement sales. Even where presented unrounded, data are

thought to be accurate to no more than three significant digits.

2

Data include true masonry, plastic, portland-lime, and stucco cements. 

3

Values are mill net or ex-plant (free on board) valuations of total sales to final customers, including sales from plants external distribution terminals. 

The data are ex-terminal for independently reporting terminals. Data include both bulk and bag shipments. Unless otherwise specified, data are

presented unrounded. Unrounded or not, unit value data should be viewed as value indicators, good to no better than the nearest $0.50 or even $1.00 per metric ton.

4

Tonnages are those by reporting entities in the district but may include shipments into other districts. They differ from the data in table 9, which are

the actual reported sales into the specific States. 

5

District is the location of the reporting entities, not necessarily the location of sales (see table 9 for sales data, by State). Specific districts include 

importers for which district assignations were possible. 

6

Data are rounded (unit values to the nearest $0.50) because they include estimates.

7

For 2009, data for Northern Texas are included with those for Southern Texas.

8

For 2009, data for Northern California, Oregon, and Washington are included with those for Southern California.

9

Importers for which district assignations were not possible.

10Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

11Shipments are based on an annual survey of plants and importers; may differ from totals in table 9, which are based on consolidated monthly data.
16.20 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2009

TABLE 13

AVERAGE MILL NET VALUE OF CEMENT SOLD IN THE UNITED STATES1, 2

(Dollars per metric ton)

Portland cement Masonry All

Year Gray White3 Total cement cement

2008 101.00 221.50 102.00 141.00 103.50

2009 96.50 211.00 97.50 136.50 99.00

1

Values are average of sales to final customers, free on board the plant or independently reporting

terminal. Values include any bagging charges, but exclude delivery charges to customers or to 

exterminal terminals. Data exclude Puerto Rico.

2

Data are rounded to the nearest $0.50 per metric ton because they contain estimates.

3

Data for white cement include a component of resales showing significant price markups.

TABLE 14

PORTLAND CEMENT SHIPMENTS IN 2009, BY DISTRICT AND TYPE OF CUSTOMER1

(Thousand metric tons)

Oil well,

Ready- Concrete Building mining, Government

mixed product material waste and

District2 concrete manufacturers Contractors dealers stabilization other3 Total4, 5

Maine and New York 1,930 288 77 220 -- 60 2,580

Pennsylvania, eastern 1,750 739 182 206 -- 115 2,995

Pennsylvania, western 625 159 113 12 7 32 949

Illinois 1,390 182 164 25 164 91 2,014

Indiana 1,480 254 157 42 6 11 1,951

Michigan 3,300 387 309 80 14 29 4,114

Ohio 442 71 58 10 1 -- 582

Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota 2,520 301 418 32 51 62 3,382

Kansas 1,250 173 96 49 38 19 1,627

Missouri 3,080 390 579 56 64 47 4,219

Florida 2,640 783 261 98 -- 6 3,790

Georgia, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia 2,970 702 231 124 5 106 4,141

South Carolina 1,250 297 116 37 3 123 1,826

Alabama 2,460 458 370 111 15 99 3,515

Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee 1,480 220 90 61 23 14 1,885

Arkansas and Oklahoma 1,490 90 530 103 75 16 2,300

Texas, northern 2,870 367 662 114 456 84 4,557

Texas, southern 3,150 441 598 220 315 6 4,730

Arizona and New Mexico 1,680 310 125 38 18 2 2,173

Colorado and Wyoming 1,410 132 170 52 142 28 1,932

Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Utah 1,440 157 137 70 217 43 2,063

Alaska and Hawaii 317 61 9 18 -- -- 406

California 4,930 1,150 346 306 89 20 6,835

Oregon and Washington 1,280 186 83 73 24 4 1,651

Importers6 2,020 272 258 54 49 99 2,747

Total5 49,100 8,570 6,140 2,210 1,780 1,120 69,000

Puerto Rico 504 91 5 377 -- -- 978

Grand total5 49,700 8,660 7 6,150 8 2,590 1,780 9 1,120 69,900

-- Zero.

1

Includes imported cement and cement made from imported clinker. Except for district totals, data have been rounded to three significant digits, but are likely

accurate to only two significant digits. District totals are likely accurate to no more than three significant digits.

2

District is the location of the reporting entity, not the location of sales (see table 9 for sales data, by State). Specific districts include shipments by importers

for which district assignations were possible.

3

Includes shipments to miscellaneous customer types and for which customer types were not specified.

4

District totals are unrounded except in accord with table 11.

5

Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

6

Shipments by importers for which district assignations were not possible.

7

Grand total shipments to concrete product manufacturers include brick and block—3,090; precast and prestressed—2,330; pipe—929; and other or unspecified—2,300.

8

Grand total shipments to contractors include airport—156; road paving—2,910; soil cement—1,575; and other or unspecified—1,500.

9

Grand total shipments include oil well drilling—1,380; mining—228; and waste stabilization—173. 
CEMENT—2009 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.21

TABLE 15

PORTLAND CEMENT SHIPMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES, 

BY TYPE OF CEMENT1, 2, 3

(Thousand metric tons)

Type4 2008 2009

General use and moderate heat (Types I and II)5, 6 73,600 55,000

High early strength (Type III) 3,450 2,460

Sulfate resisting (Type V)5 11,800 8,610

Block 509 167

Oil well 1,470 846

White7 823 577

Blended:8

Portland, natural pozzolans 38 34

Portland, ground granulated blast furnace slag 981 580

Portland, fly ash 381 357

Portland, other pozzolans9 563 325

Total blended10 1,960 1,300

Expansive and regulated fast setting 36 13

Miscellaneous11 (12) 27

Grand total10 93,600 69,000

1

Includes sales of imported cement. Excludes Puerto Rico.

2

Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits.

3

Gray portland-type cements unless otherwise specified.

4

Sold mostly under specifications ASTM C–150, ASTM C–595, and ASTM C–1157.

5

Type II/V and similar sulfate-resisting cement hybrids are included within Type V.

6

Includes ASTM C–1157 general use cements that contain no pozzolans.

7

White or colored portland-type cements. Most are Types I or II but may include Types III and V and block cements.

8

Cements sold under ASTM C–590 and those under ASTM C–1157 that contain pozzolans.

9

Includes blends with cement kiln dust, silica fume, or other pozzolans, and blends containing multiple pozzolans.

10Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

11Includes low heat (Type IV), waterproof, and other portland-type cements.

12Less than 1⁄2 unit.
16.22 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2009

TABLE 16

U.S. EXPORTS OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT AND CLINKER, BY COUNTRY1

(Thousand metric tons and thousand dollars)

2008 2009

Country Quantity Value2 Quantity Value2

United States:

Angola 1 183 2 323

Anguilla 1 42 4 255

Aruba 1 352 2 336

Bahamas 28 3,853 48 5,628

Barbados 1 153 (3) 61

Belize 1 224 36 1,513

Bermuda 16 1,430 (3) 224

Brazil 1 136 (3) 39

Canada 711 82,814 674 79,836

Cayman Islands 3 293 (3) 95

China 1 354 (3) 133

Colombia 1 675 1 680

Costa Rica 1 89 (3) 19

Dominica -- -- 1 12

Dominican Republic 3 322 2 219

Greece 7 352 15 729

Haiti 10 726 1 62

Hong Kong (3) 98 1 326

Ireland (3) 101 4 225

Jamaica (3) 25 26 2,737

Japan (3) 26 1 225

Mexico 23 4,540 23 5,915

Netherlands Antilles 1 187 1 196

Nicaragua 1 414 (3) 3

Niger 2 114 -- --

Pakistan (3) 3 1 43

Panama 3 413 28 3,794

Peru 1 255 1 198

Russia (3) 8 1 47

Saudi Arabia 1 259 1 844

St. Christopher and Nevis (3) 133 2 102

Sweden 1 90 1 77

Taiwan 1 366 (3) 149

Turks and Caicos Islands 1 267 (3) 55

Other 5 r 3,169 r 5 2,230

Total4 823 102,466 884 107,330

Puerto Rico:

Anguilla 12 846 -- --

British Virgin Islands 13 1,778 15 1,807

Netherlands Antilles 1 332 (3) 5

Turks and Caicos Islands 8 545 1 152

Other 1 r 131 r (3) 30

Total4 34 3,631 16 1,994

Grand total4 858 106,097 900 109,323

r

Revised. -- Zero.

1

Includes portland and masonry cements.

2

Free alongside ship value. The value of exports at the U.S. seaport or border point of export is based on the 

transaction price, including inland freight, insurance, and other charges incurred in placing the merchandise 

 alongside the carrier. The value excludes the cost of loading.

3

Less than 1⁄2 unit.

4

Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau.
CEMENT—2009 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.23

TABLE 17

U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT AND CLINKER,

BY COUNTRY1

(Thousand metric tons and thousand dollars)

2008 2009

Value Value

Country Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3 Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3

United States:

Algeria 4 316 520 14 1,576 2,123

Brazil 36 2,780 3,225 -- -- --

Canada 4,104 338,225 356,325 3,426 272,829 291,298

China 2,020 103,055 164,401 608 35,251 50,161

Colombia 964 67,117 90,608 654 39,799 56,216

Croatia 34 10,048 13,061 15 5,687 6,890

Denmark 99 9,768 14,898 69 9,924 12,302

Dominican Republic 11 786 1,082 4 307 381

Egypt 57 4,873 7,331 55 6,345 7,965

France 108 22,266 24,999 65 20,373 21,607

Germany 1 464 564 (4) 265 340

Greece 213 11,717 18,514 186 10,705 12,429

India 1 98 153 1 151 209

Japan 6 773 1,038 1 523 654

Korea, Republic of 1,229 50,550 85,899 855 34,694 56,700

Mexico 1,071 84,714 99,673 366 35,342 39,132

Netherlands 4 3,894 4,800 2 1,925 2,539

Norway 20 897 897 -- -- --

Peru 92 4,727 7,509 -- -- --

Sweden 261 13,192 24,583 74 3,821 7,074

Taiwan 855 36,424 55,867 254 11,332 16,677

Thailand 77 5,165 7,909 21 2,594 3,801

Turkey 96 5,257 12,201 95 7,858 12,220

United Kingdom 4 1,712 2,076 1 153 281

Other (4) r 69 r 74 r (4) 138 148

Total5 11,365 778,888 998,208 6,767 501,592 601,148

Puerto Rico:

China 78 3,270 5,701 (4) 5 7

Colombia 4 529 665 5 674 862

Korea, Republic of 54 3,861 5,812 27 1,350 2,322

Mexico 17 1,981 2,808 14 1,641 2,216

Spain (4) 25 33 81 5,694 7,064

Other (4) 14 r 18 r (4) 169 174

Total5 153 9,681 15,037 127 9,532 12,645

Grand total5 11,519 788,569 1,013,244 6,894 511,125 613,793

r

Revised. -- Zero.

1

Includes portland, masonry, and other hydraulic cements.

2

Customs value. The price actually paid or payable for merchandise when sold for exportation to the United States, excluding 

 U.S. import duties, freight, insurance, and other charges incurred in bringing the merchandise to the United States.

3

Cost, insurance, and freight. The import value represents the customs value plus insurance, freight, and other delivery 

charges to the first port of entry.

4

Less than 1⁄2 unit.

5

Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau.
16.24 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2009

TABLE 18

U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT

 AND CLINKER, BY CUSTOMS DISTRICT AND COUNTRY1

(Thousand metric tons and thousand dollars)

2008 2009

Value Value

Customs district and country Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3 Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3

United States:

Anchorage, AK:

Canada 7 419 1,479 9 745 2,267

China 1 98 106 15 1,036 1,561

Japan 5 187 282 -- -- --

Korea, Republic of 102 4,471 8,689 72 3,165 5,658

Taiwan -- -- -- 16 1,047 1,066

Total4 114 5,175 10,556 112 5,994 10,552

Baltimore, MD:

Germany (5) 13 15 -- -- --

Netherlands (5) 229 259 (5) 42 48

United Kingdom -- -- -- (5) 20 21

Total4 (5) 242 274 (5) 62 70

Boston, MA, Canada 45 2,537 4,584 77 4,196 6,824

Buffalo, NY:

Canada 707 57,564 60,681 574 48,103 52,028

France (5) 60 61 -- -- --

Germany (5) 3 3 -- -- --

Japan -- -- -- (5) 13 13

Total4 708 57,627 60,744 574 48,116 52,041

Charleston, SC:

China -- -- -- (5) 5 9

Germany -- -- -- (5) 12 13

Netherlands -- -- -- (5) 41 47

Total4 -- -- -- (5) 59 70

Chicago, IL:

Croatia (5) 38 53 -- -- --

Denmark (5) 15 16 -- -- --

France (5) 3 25 -- -- --

Germany (5) 2 3 -- -- --

Japan (5) 220 259 (5) 107 117

Netherlands (5) 231 296 (5) 92 141

Poland (5) 41 44 (5) 19 22

Total4 1 551 696 (5) 218 280

Cleveland, OH:

Canada 485 40,608 41,506 493 34,399 36,894

China (5) 13 17 -- -- --

Croatia 1 261 354 -- -- --

Netherlands (5) 37 57 (5) 137 158

Poland -- -- -- (5) 21 24

Total4 485 40,919 41,935 494 34,558 37,077

Columbia-Snake, OR-WA

Canada 135 8,012 8,756 55 4,256 4,503

China 653 26,857 44,713 237 13,016 19,757

Thailand (5) 2 4 -- -- --

Total4 788 34,872 53,473 292 17,272 24,259

See footnotes at end of table.
CEMENT—2009 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.25

TABLE 18—Continued

U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT

 AND CLINKER, BY CUSTOMS DISTRICT AND COUNTRY1

(Thousand metric tons and thousand dollars)

2008 2009

Value Value

Customs district and country Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3 Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3

United States—Continued:

Dallas, Fort Worth, TX: 

Italy (5) 3 4 -- -- --

Netherlands -- -- -- (5) 34 95

Total4 (5) 3 4 (5) 34 95

Detroit, MI:

Canada 837 76,193 77,285 841 66,897 68,458

China -- -- -- (5) 41 42

Germany (5) 5 5 -- -- --

Netherlands (5) 260 356 (5) 60 100

Total4 838 76,457 77,645 841 66,998 68,600

El Paso, TX, Mexico 384 31,680 35,277 275 23,449 25,875

Great Falls, MT:

Canada 9 468 r 503 (5) 20 21

China (5) 24 r 32 (5) 143 171

Germany (5) 13 21 -- -- --

Japan -- -- -- (5) 2 2

United Kingdom -- -- -- (5) 23 33

Total4 9 505 r 556 (5) 189 227

Honolulu, HI:

China 10 705 1,597 (5) 14 47

Korea, Republic of -- -- -- 84 3,569 7,329

Taiwan 373 16,848 25,388 188 8,281 12,233

Thailand (5) 3 6 3 188 552

Total4 383 17,556 26,991 276 12,052 20,160

Houston-Galveston, TX:

Algeria 1 94 122 6 728 1,022

China 93 4,219 6,940 2 186 274

Colombia 403 30,692 39,484 235 14,822 20,624

Croatia (5) 11 12 -- -- --

Denmark -- -- -- (5) 3 3

Egypt 22 1,892 2,774 28 3,230 3,988

France (5) 69 79 (5) 44 50

Germany (5) 109 133 (5) 78 93

Korea, Republic of 799 31,413 51,352 472 19,219 30,821

Sweden 108 6,076 8,957 -- -- --

Taiwan 449 16,972 27,229 49 1,968 3,198

Turkey 1 58 89 -- -- --

Total4 1,876 91,605 137,171 793 40,278 60,074

Laredo, TX, Mexico 133 15,994 16,939 85 11,467 12,646

Los Angeles, CA:

Algeria 2 179 328 -- -- --

China 505 23,241 42,027 21 2,408 2,876

Colombia (5) 28 43 -- -- --

See footnotes at end of table.
16.26 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2009

TABLE 18—Continued

U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT

 AND CLINKER, BY CUSTOMS DISTRICT AND COUNTRY1

(Thousand metric tons and thousand dollars)

2008 2009

Value Value

Customs district and country Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3 Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3

United States—Continued:

Los Angeles, CA—Continued:

Croatia (5) 109 180 (5) 220 273

Egypt 11 964 1,667 1 68 72

Germany (5) 188 206 (5) 53 72

India -- -- -- (5) 24 25

Japan (5) 36 51 -- -- --

Lithuania (5) 13 13 (5) 26 28

Thailand 19 2,285 3,521 12 1,629 2,202

United Kingdom (5) 12 12 (5) 80 194

Total4 538 27,055 48,048 35 4,508 5,741

Miami, FL:

Algeria 1 43 70 7 848 1,101

China (5) 23 36 (5) 41 73

Colombia 11 1,464 1,837 6 790 997

Denmark 3 414 529 -- -- --

Egypt 23 1,971 2,811 19 2,197 2,807

Italy (5) 2 2 -- -- --

Mexico 98 9,869 12,580 5 410 590

Sweden 239 10,596 20,770 73 3,270 6,455

Turkey -- -- -- 74 6,618 9,585

Total4 375 24,382 38,636 185 14,174 21,609

Minneapolis, MN:

Canada 154 17,524 17,541 113 12,105 12,117

China -- -- -- (5) 15 15

Denmark (5) 6 6 -- -- --

United Kingdom (5) 11 11 (5) 15 15

Total4 154 17,541 17,558 113 12,136 12,148

Mobile, AL, Mexico -- -- -- (5) 7 12

New Orleans, LA:

China 26 5,076 6,461 5 1,062 1,269

Croatia 27 7,929 9,887 15 5,410 6,542

Korea, Republic of 45 1,506 2,412 34 1,273 1,961

Peru 62 3,205 4,652 -- -- --

Taiwan -- -- -- 1 36 180

Turkey 95 5,199 12,112 21 1,240 2,634

Total4 256 22,915 35,525 75 9,021 12,586

New York, NY:

Colombia 16 777 1,650 (5) 68 116

Croatia (5) 9 11 (5) 57 75

Denmark 38 4,440 6,564 24 2,804 3,655

France -- -- -- 3 107 110

Germany (5) 14 19 (5) 22 23

See footnotes at end of table.
CEMENT—2009 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.27

TABLE 18—Continued

U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT

 AND CLINKER, BY CUSTOMS DISTRICT AND COUNTRY1

(Thousand metric tons and thousand dollars)

2008 2009

Value Value

Customs district and country Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3 Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3

United States—Continued:

New York, NY—Continued:

Greece 213 11,717 18,514 186 10,705 12,429

Netherlands (5) 336 398 (5) 79 105

Norway 20 897 897 -- -- --

Portugal -- -- -- (5) 34 35

Sweden 3 1,670 1,856 -- -- --

United Kingdom (5) 41 72 -- -- --

Total4 291 19,902 29,982 214 13,876 16,550

Nogales, AZ, Mexico 348 21,095 25,919 (5) 9 10

Norfolk, VA:

Canada 113 8,044 8,940 53 5,003 5,373

China (5) 9 11 -- -- --

Egypt -- -- -- 3 389 482

France 108 22,121 24,818 63 20,222 21,447

Germany (5) 14 17 -- -- --

Netherlands (5) 353 464 (5) 34 39

Sweden (5) 79 89 1 551 619

United Kingdom 4 1,647 1,980 -- -- --

Total4 225 32,267 36,319 120 26,198 27,961

Ogdensburg, NY:

Canada 399 41,749 42,237 248 23,489 23,989

Germany -- -- -- (5) 3 3

South Africa -- -- -- (5) 2 2

Total4 399 41,749 42,237 248 23,494 23,994

Pembina, ND

Canada 173 10,174 10,293 162 12,370 12,455

France (5) 5 5 -- -- --

Total4 173 10,179 10,298 162 12,370 12,455

Philadelphia, PA:

Belgium (5) 6 7 (5) 5 5

China (5) 33 33 -- -- --

Germany (5) 104 143 (5) 92 131

Korea, Republic of 137 5,032 11,590 139 4,988 7,063

Netherlands 1 1,275 1,463 1 814 937

Thailand 48 1,629 2,379 -- -- --

United Kingdom -- -- -- (5) 14 17

Total4 187 8,079 15,616 140 5,913 8,153

Portland, ME, Canada 75 9,765 10,410 37 4,469 4,954

Providence, RI:

Canada 80 4,572 8,488 62 4,069 6,273

See footnotes at end of table.
16.28 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2009

TABLE 18—Continued

U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT

 AND CLINKER, BY CUSTOMS DISTRICT AND COUNTRY1

(Thousand metric tons and thousand dollars)

2008 2009

Value Value

Customs district and country Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3 Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3

United States—Continued:

Providence, RI—Continued:

Colombia 48 2,502 3,909 -- -- --

Peru 29 1,522 2,857 -- -- --

Total4 158 8,596 15,253 62 4,069 6,273

San Diego, CA, Taiwan 13 515 517 -- -- --

San Francisco, CA:

China 370 16,786 27,248 211 10,114 13,216

Egypt 1 46 79 1 108 173

France (5) 9 12 -- -- --

India 1 98 153 1 127 184

Netherlands (5) 18 37 -- -- --

Taiwan 20 1,036 1,679 -- -- --

Thailand 9 1,150 1,806 6 777 1,047

Total4 400 19,143 31,013 219 11,126 14,620

Savannah, GA:

China (5) 10 12 -- -- --

Colombia 258 17,005 23,652 221 12,861 18,609

Egypt -- -- -- 3 354 443

Japan -- -- -- (5) 2 2

Netherlands 1 537 713 (5) 223 364

Portugal -- -- -- (5) 31 31

Thailand 1 96 194 -- -- --

Total4 259 17,649 24,570 224 13,471 19,450

Seattle, WA:

Canada 757 45,848 48,079 611 42,802 44,572

China 362 25,961 35,167 117 7,158 10,833

Japan 1 331 447 1 398 519

Korea, Republic of 123 6,170 9,308 54 2,480 3,869

Netherlands (5) 188 257 (5) 40 61

Taiwan (5) 1,053 1,055 -- -- --

Total4 1,243 79,551 94,312 783 52,879 59,853

St. Albans, VT:

Canada 126 14,748 15,543 89 9,904 10,571

Germany -- -- -- (5) 4 4

Total4 126 14,748 15,543 89 9,907 10,575

St. Louis, MO:

China -- -- -- (5) 11 18

Croatia 6 1,690 2,564 -- -- --

Netherlands (5) 430 500 (5) 329 442

Total4 6 2,120 3,064 (5) 340 459

See footnotes at end of table.
CEMENT—2009 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.29

TABLE 18—Continued

U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT

 AND CLINKER, BY CUSTOMS DISTRICT AND COUNTRY1

(Thousand metric tons and thousand dollars)

2008 2009

Value Value

Customs district and country Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3 Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3

United States—Continued:

Tampa, FL:

Brazil 36 2,780 3,225 -- -- --

Colombia 39 2,103 2,865 58 3,225 4,557

Denmark 58 4,893 7,782 45 7,117 8,644

Korea, Republic of 24 1,958 2,548 -- -- --

Spain (5) 4 4 -- -- --

Sweden 19 847 1,868 -- -- --

Total4 175 12,584 18,292 103 10,342 13,201

U.S. Virgin Islands:

Colombia 2 213 219 -- -- --

Dominican Republic 11 786 1,082 4 307 381

Total4 13 998 1,300 4 307 381

Wilmington, NC, Colombia 186 12,333 16,952 134 8,033 11,313

 U.S. total4 11,365 778,888 998,208 6,767 501,592 601,148

Puerto Rico (San Juan):

China 78 3,270 5,701 (5) 5 7

Colombia 4 529 665 5 674 862

Dominican Republic -- -- -- (5) 169 174

Korea, Republic of 54 3,861 5,812 27 1,350 2,322

Mexico 17 1,981 2,808 14 1,641 2,216

Peru (5) 14 18 -- -- --

Spain (5) 25 33 81 5,694 7,064

Total4 153 9,681 15,037 127 9,532 12,645

Grand total4 11,519 788,569 1,013,244 6,894 511,125 613,793

r

Revised. -- Zero.

1

Includes all varieties of hydraulic cement and clicker.

2

Customs value. The price actually paid or payable for merchandise when sold for exportation to the United States, excluding U.S. import duties,

freight, insurance, and other charges incurred in bringing the merchandise to the United States. 

3

Cost, insurance, and freight. The import value represents the customs value plus insurance, freight, and other delivery charges to the 

first port of entry.

4

Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

5

Less than 1⁄2 unit.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau.
16.30 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2009

TABLE 19

U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF GRAY PORTLAND CEMENT, BY COUNTRY

(Thousand metric tons and thousand dollars)

2008 2009

Value Value

Country Quantity Customs1 C.i.f.2 Quantity Customs1 C.i.f.2

United States:

Brazil 36 2,780 3,225 -- -- --

Canada 3,294 259,073 275,818 2,642 205,197 222,340

China 1,906 81,907 137,987 573 30,463 44,369

Colombia 891 60,180 81,614 636 37,333 52,800

Dominican 11 786 1,082 4 307 381

France (3) 27 34 3 107 110

Greece 213 11,717 18,514 186 10,705 12,429

Japan 5 187 282 (3) 5 5

Korea, Republic of 1,227 50,410 85,539 854 34,641 56,563

Mexico 744 45,002 55,076 185 11,770 13,305

Norway 20 897 897 -- -- --

Peru 92 4,727 7,509 -- -- --

Sweden 257 11,443 22,638 73 3,270 6,455

Taiwan 855 35,371 54,813 254 11,332 16,677

Thailand 48 1,629 2,379 3 188 552

United Kingdom 1 65 96 (3) 46 50

Other (3) r 106 r 126 r (3) 164 269

Total4, 5 9,599 566,307 747,629 5,414 345,529 426,307

Puerto Rico:

China 78 3,270 5,701 -- -- --

Korea, Republic of 54 3,861 5,812 27 1,350 2,322

Spain (3) 6 8 81 5,694 7,064

Total4, 5 132 7,137 11,521 108 7,044 9,386

Grand total4, 5 9,731 573,443 759,150 5,521 352,572 435,693

r

Revised. -- Zero.

1

The price actually paid or payable for merchandise when sold for exportation to the United States, excluding U.S. 

import duties, freight, insurance, and other charges incurred in bringing the merchandise to the United States.

2

Cost, insurance, and freight. The import value represents the customs value plus insurance, freight, and other delivery 

charges to the first port of entry.

3

Less than 1⁄2 unit.

4

Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

5

Total imports do not include gray portland cement that was misregistered by importers under the white cement tariff 

code and which has been included in table 20. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau.
CEMENT—2009 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.31

TABLE 20

U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF WHITE CEMENT, BY COUNTRY

(Thousand metric tons and thousand dollars)

2008 2009

Value Value

Country Quantity Customs1 C.i.f.2, 3 Quantity Customs1 C.i.f.2, 3

United States:

Algeria 4 316 520 14 1,576 2,123

Canada 296 40,213 41,086 251 33,932 34,681

China 88 15,869 19,697 29 3,396 4,125

Colombia 58 6,491 8,276 18 2,466 3,415

Denmark 99 9,747 14,875 69 9,921 12,300

Egypt 55 4,724 7,087 53 6,028 7,628

India 1 98 153 1 130 178

Korea, Republic of 2 140 360 2 53 137

Mexico 237 29,222 32,871 113 15,822 17,357

Thailand 29 3,536 5,530 18 2,406 3,249

Turkey 96 5,257 12,201 95 7,858 12,220

United Kingdom -- -- -- 1 99 219

Other (4) r 1,056 r 1,058 r (4) 7 7

Total5 964 6 116,669 143,715 664 6 83,693 97,638

Puerto Rico:

Colombia 4 529 665 5 674 862

Mexico 17 1,981 2,808 14 1,641 2,216

Other (4) r 14 r 18 r -- -- --

Total5 21 2,525 3,491 19 2,315 3,078

Grand total5 985 6 119,194 147,206 683 6 86,008 100,715

r

Revised. -- Zero.

1

Customs value. The price actually paid or payable for merchandise when sold for exportation to the United States, excluding U.S. 

 import duties, freight, insurance, and other charges incurred in bringing the merchandise to the United States.

2

Cost, insurance, and freight. The import value represents the customs value plus insurance, freight, and other delivery charges to 

 the first port of entry.

3

Values of less than $90.00 (c.i.f.) per metric ton likely indicate the mistaken total or partial inclusion of data for gray portland or 

similar cement or clinker. This error happens when the importer records the wrong tariff number with the U.S. Customs Service. 

Values that exceed $200 per ton likely indicate misidentified specialty cement, not white cement.

4

Less than 1⁄2 unit.

5

Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

6

Total imports of white cement include substantial quantities of gray cement that were misregistered by importers under the white

cement tariff code.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau.
16.32 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2009

TABLE 21

U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF CLINKER, BY COUNTRY1

(Thousand metric tons and thousand dollars)

2008 2009

Value Value

Country Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3 Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3

United States:

Canada 477 35,048 35,310 489 30,192 30,459

China 19 3,414 4,285 3 709 855

Colombia 16 446 718 -- -- --

Egypt 2 149 244 3 318 337

France 107 20,976 23,550 62 19,571 20,732

Other (4) 21 33 -- -- --

Total5 621 60,054 64,141 556 50,789 52,383

 -- Zero.

1

For all types of hydraulic cement.

2

Customs value. The price actually paid or payable for merchandise when sold for exportation to the United States, excluding

U.S. import duties, freight, insurance, and other charges incurred in bringing in the merchandise to the United States.

3

Cost, insurance, and freight. The import value represents the customs value plus insurance, freight, and other delivery charges

to the first port of entry.

4

Less than 1⁄2 unit.

5

Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau.
CEMENT—2009 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.33

Country 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009e

Afghanistane 60 50 50 50 50

Albania 489 525 889 737 r 740

Algeria 12,800 14,702 15,886 17,398 r 18,000

Angola 1,315 1,373 1,400 e 1,780 r 1,800

Argentina 7,595 8,929 9,602 9,703 10,000

Armenia 605 625 722 770 750

Australiae 8,475 r, 3 9,000 9,500 r 9,000 r 8,500

Austria 4,560 4,852 5,203 5,309 4,600

Azerbaijan 1,538 1,622 1,691 r 1,595 r 1,283 3

Bahrain 400 400 400 438 r 800

Bangladeshe 5,100 5,100 5,100 5,000 5,000

Barbados 341 338 294 300 e 300

Belarus 3,131 3,495 3,820 e 4,219 4,350 3

Belgium 7,594 8,192 8,200 e 8,200 e 8,200

Benine 250 1,489 3 1,550 3 1,500 r 1,500

Bhutane 170 180 180 180 r 180

Bolivia 1,440 1,636 1,739 1,985 r 2,292 3

Bosnia and Herzegovina 1,026 1,226 1,283 1,406 1,074 3

Brazil 38,705 r 41,895 r 46,551 r 51,970 r 51,748 p, 3

Bruneie 266 3 240 200 240 r 220

Bulgaria 3,618 4,093 4,413 4,903 r 2,662 3

Burkina Fasoe 30 30 30 30 30

Burma4 543 570 608 676 670 3

Cambodia -- -- 87 772 r 774 3

Cameroone 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000

Canada 14,179 14,336 15,078 13,672 10,985 3

Chile 3,999 4,112 4,440 4,622 3,876 3

China 1,068,850 1,236,770 1,361,170 1,400,000 r 1,629,000 p, 3

Colombia 9,959 10,038 5 11,068 5 10,456 5 10,000

Congo (Brazzaville)e 100 3 100 100 100 r 100

Congo (Kinshasa) 521 r 519 r 530 r 411 r 444 3

Costa Rica 2,000 r, e 1,900 r 2,300 r 2,500 r 2,500

Côte d’Ivoiree 650 650 650 650 650

Croatia 3,481 3,598 3,587 r 3,637 r 2,800

Cuba 1,567 1,705 1,805 1,707 r 1,700

Cyprus 1,805 1,786 1,873 1,870 e 1,800

Czech Republic 3,978 4,239 4,899 4,710 r 3,637 3

Denmark 2,120 2,115 2,100 e 2,100 e 2,000

Dominican Republic 2,779 3,777 4,100 e 4,000 e 3,000

Ecuador 3,690 4,110 4,420 5,493 r 5,000

Egypt 32,458 36,200 38,400 40,000 e 46,500

El Salvador 1,131 1,311 1,300 e 1,300 e 1,300

Eritreae 45 45 45 45 45

Estonia 726 849 937 808 326 3

Ethiopia 1,569 1,731 r 1,626 r 1,834 r 2,300

Fijie 143 3 143 145 143 110

Finland 1,357 1,685 1,743 1,745 1,750

France 21,277 22,540 22,300 e 21,700 18,300

French Guianae 60 60 60 62 62

Gabone 260 260 229 3 230 230

Georgiae 450 450 450 450 450

TABLE 22

HYDRAULIC CEMENT: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY1, 2

(Thousand metric tons)

See footnotes at end of table.
16.34 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2009

Country 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009e

Germany 31,009 33,630 33,382 33,581 30,441 3

Ghanae 1,800 r 1,800 r 1,800 r 1,800 r 1,800

Greece 15,166 15,674 16,667 16,500 e 16,000

Guadeloupee 240 230 230 230 230

Guatemalae 2,400 2,500 2,500 2,500 1,500

Guineae -- r -- r -- r -- r --

Haitie 300 300 300 300 300

Hondurase 1,384 3 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800

Hong Konge 1,005 3 1,010 1,000 1,000 1,000

Hungary 3,371 3,724 3,552 3,544 3,200

Iceland 132 141 90 e 100 e 100

Indiae 145,000 160,000 170,000 185,000 r 205,000

Indonesiae 33,917 3 35,000 36,000 36,000 r 40,000

Irane 32,650 3 35,300 41,000 r 44,400 3 50,000

Iraqe 3,000 3,500 4,500 6,453 r, 3 8,000

Ireland 5,083 4,981 5,000 5,000 e 5,000

Israel 5,093 5,089 5,000 e 4,819 r 4,759 3

Italy 40,284 47,814 47,542 43,030 36,317 3

Jamaica 845 761 592 725 r 700

Japan 69,629 69,942 67,685 62,810 54,800 3

Jordan 4,046 3,967 4,051 4,375 r 5,000

Kazakhstan 3,975 4,880 5,699 5,223 5,000

Kenya 2,123 2,174 2,546 2,829 r 3,320 3

Korea, Northe 5,700 6,160 6,130 6,415 r, 3 6,400

Korea, Republic of 51,391 53,971 52,182 r 51,653 r 50,127 3

Kosovo6 450 450 e 470 590 600

Kuwaite 2,145 3 2,200 2,200 2,200 2,000

Kyrgyzstan 973 r 1,060 r 1,230 r 1,218 r 1,100

Laose 250 400 400 400 400

Latviae 280 280 300 310 300

Lebanon 4,600 4,400 4,900 e 5,000 e 5,000

Liberia 144 155 157 94 r 95

Libya 3,621 5,300 e 5,206 5,509 r 6,000

Lithuania 832 1,065 1,105 1,100 e 1,100

Luxembourge 760 3 800 780 780 780

Macedonia 887 r 924 r 945 r 916 r 909 3

Madagascare 150 150 270 3 270 240

Malawi 166 188 185 240 e 240

Malaysia 17,860 18,400 e 19,480 19,000 r, e 18,500

Martiniquee 220 220 220 220 220

Mauritania 300 e 374 410 446 r 500

Mexico 37,452 40,362 40,670 47,609 35,160 3

Moldova 641 837 800 e 750 e 700

Mongolia 112 141 180 r 269 r 140

Moroccoe 11,000 11,000 11,000 11,000 12,000

Mozambiquee 490 600 800 730 830

Nepale, 4 290 295 300 295 r 300

Netherlands 2,496 2,790 2,700 e 2,700 e 2,700

New Caledonia 119 133 134 e 134 e 130

New Zealande 1,100 1,120 3 1,100 1,100 1,100

Nicaraguae 530 3 530 530 530 530

See footnotes at end of table.

TABLE 22—Continued

HYDRAULIC CEMENT: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY1, 2

(Thousand metric tons)
CEMENT—2009 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.35

Country 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009e

Nigere 59 r 83 r 62 r 42 r 40

Nigeriae 2,700 3,300 4,700 5,000 4,500

Norway 1,613 1,695 1,700 e 1,700 e 1,650

Oman 2,686 3,611 3,880 3,991 r 4,000

Pakistane 17,000 20,652 3 27,000 r 31,000 r 32,000

Panamae 1,050 3 1,050 1,050 1,050 1,050

Paraguaye 550 600 600 600 600

Peru 5,107 5,782 6,231 6,922 6,862 3

Philippines 15,494 12,033 13,048 13,369 r 14,865 3

Poland 12,646 14,688 17,120 17,207 15,537 3

Portugal 8,438 8,340 12,631 12,650 r 12,700

Qatar 1,500 1,568 2,500 e 3,500 e 4,150

Réunione 380 400 400 400 375

Romania 7,032 8,253 10,000 r, e 11,000 r, e 7,800

Russia 48,500 54,700 59,900 53,600 44,300 3

Rwanda 101 103 103 103 r 100

Saudi Arabia 26,064 27,056 30,369 31,823 40,000

Senegal 2,623 2,884 3,152 3,084 r 3,000

Serbia7 2,276 8 2,565 2,677 2,843 2,232 3

Sierra Leone 172 234 236 254 r 250

Slovakia 3,499 3,593 3,718 4,157 3,011 3

Slovenia 1,114 1,269 1,300 e 1,300 e 1,000

South Africa, sales9 11,464 12,658 13,651 13,341 11,500

Spain, including Canary Islands 50,347 54,033 54,720 42,088 29,505 3

Sri Lankae 1,500 1,600 1,700 1,800 1,900

Sudan 331 202 326 370 r, e 1,000

Surinamee 65 65 65 65 65

Sweden 2,709 2,952 2,950 2,900 e 2,950

Switzerland 4,022 4,040 4,000 e 4,000 e 4,000

Syria 4,700 e 4,804 5,104 5,336 5,605 3

Taiwan 19,891 19,294 18,957 17,330 15,918 3

Tajikistan 253 282 313 190 r 190

Tanzania 1,366 1,370 r 1,630 r 1,756 r 1,700

Thailand 37,872 39,408 35,668 31,651 r 31,181 3

Togoe 800 800 800 800 800

Trinidad and Tobago 686 883 1,992 r 958 r 950

Tunisia 6,691 6,932 7,052 7,559 8,000

Turkey 42,787 47,499 49,553 54,027 r 53,973 3

Turkmenistane 650 800 900 900 900

Ugandae 630 630 650 650 650

Ukraine 12,183 13,732 15,000 14,918 9,496 3

United Arab Emiratese 10,000 r 11,000 r 12,000 r 13,200 r 16,000

United Kingdom 11,216 11,471 r 11,887 r 10,071 r 7,622 3

United States, including Puerto Rico10 100,903 99,712 96,850 87,610 64,864 3

Uruguaye 620 620 620 620 620

Uzbekistan 5,068 5,700 e 6,500 6,600 e 6,600

Venezuelae 5,800 7,200 9,000 9,000 9,000

Vietnam 30,808 32,690 37,102 r 40,009 r 47,900

Yemen 1,550 1,470 1,728 3,000 e 4,000

Zambiae 435 650 650 700 600

See footnotes at end of table.

TABLE 22—Continued

HYDRAULIC CEMENT: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY1, 2

(Thousand metric tons)
16.36 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2009

Country 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009e

Zimbabwee 600 700 400 400 300

Total 2,350,000 2,610,000 2,810,000 2,850,000 r 3,040,000

TABLE 22—Continued

HYDRAULIC CEMENT: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY1, 2

(Thousand metric tons)

10Portland and masonry cements only.

4

Data are for fiscal year ending March 31 of the following year.

5

Data for 2006–08 are for gray cement only; white cement output was likely to have been an additional 50,000 to 100,000 tons per year.

6

Not included in Serbia data.

7

Excludes Kosovo data.

1

World totals and estimated data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. Even where presented unrounded, 

reported data are thought to be accurate to no more than three significant digits. Data are from a variety of sources, including the European Cement

Association.

e

Estimated. pPreliminary. rRevised. -- Zero.

3

Reported figure.

8

Montenegro and Serbia formally declared independence in June 2006 from each other and dissolved their union. Montenegro has no cement plants.

9

Data have been adjusted to remove sales of cementitious materials other than finished cement. Material sales removed (mostly fly ash and ground 

granulated blast furnace slag) amounted, in metric tons, to: 2005—1,511,716; 2006—1,599,505; 2007—1,664,304; 2008—1,395,124; and 2009—

1,200,000 (estimated).

2

Table includes data available through July 23, 2010. Data may include clinker exports for some countries.