A Physico-Chemical Comparison off KiOR “Residua l Oils (Lignocellulosic) , Hydrotreated, C20-40- Branched, Cyclic and Linear” with Fossil Fuel Vacuum Gas Oil (VGO)

KiOR “Residual Oils (Lignocellulosic), Hydrotr eated, C20-40-Branched, Cyclic and Linear”:

Conventional fast pyrolysis is the thermal decompositi on of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose by heating in the absence of oxygen at more than 500 °C. Un der appropriate pyrolysis operation conditions, biomass can be converted to relatively high yields (~70 wt %) of liquids—a mixture of organic compounds (pyrolysis oil) and water. The pyrolysis oils are oxygenated hydrocarbon compounds that result from the thermal breakdown of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulos e. Collectively, pyrolysis oil comprises a complex mixture of acids, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ke tones, sugars, phenols, furans, and multifunctional compounds such as hydroxyacetaldehyde. The re lative amounts of each compound class can vary depending on the biomass feedstock used and the operati ng conditions employed during pyrolysis.

The proprietary KiOR process is unique. It combin es the pyrolysis described above with a proprietary catalyst and conventional fluid catalytic cracking tec hnology. This process catalytically converts lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose. Hydrotreating further c onverts the products of co nventional pyrolysis to a hydrotreated renewable crude analog, “paraffin waxes (lignocellulosic), hydrotreated, C5-40-branched, cyclic and linear”, that is a high- quality oil substitute less corrosive and with lower oxygen content compared to other bio-based oils. It may be refined using conventional distillation technology. Once refined, the distillation cuts are comparable to their fossil fuel based counterparts and can easily be blended with the existing fuel supply.

KiOR residual oil is a hydrocarbon cut of the Ki OR crude analog, “paraffin waxes (lignocellulosic), hydrotreated, C5-40-branc hed, cyclic and linear”.

KiOR “residual oils (lignocellulosic), hydrotre ated, C20-40-branched, cyclic and linear” is indistinguishable in performance from its fossil fuel counterparts.

See the infrared comparison of KiOR “residual oils (lignocellulosic), hydrot reated, C20-40-branched, cyclic and linear” with fossil-fuel vacuum gas oil (VGO) (Figure 1).

Comparison of KiOR “Residual Oils (Lignocellulo sic), Hydrotreated, C20-40-Branched, Cyclic and Linear” with its Fossil Fuel Analog:

KiOR “residual oils (lignocellulosic), hydrot reated, C20-40-branched, cyclic and linear”

1. CAS Number: 1267611-71-1 2. CAS Description: “The distillation residue obtained from the thermocatalytic conversion of a lignocellulosic feedstock followe d by hydrotreatment and atmosp heric distillation. It consists predominantly of branched, cyclic and linear a liphatic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons having carbon numbers in the range of C20 to C40 and boiling at approximately greater than 343°C (650°F).”Fossil Fuel Vacuum Gas Oil (VGO)

1. CAS Number: 68478-17-1 (Represented in the attached High Production Volume (HPV) Chemical Challenge Program, Test Plan: Heavy Fuel Oils Category) 2. CAS Description: “A complex combination of hydrocarbons produced as the residual fraction from the distillation of heavy coker gas oil and vac uum gas oil. It predominantly consists of hydrocarbons having carbon numbers predomin antly greater than C13 and boiling above approximately 230°C (446°F).”

Figure 1. Infrared comparison of KiOR “residual oils (lignocellulosic), hydrot reated, C20-40-branched, cyclic and linear” (top) with fossil fuel vacuum gas oil (VGO) (bottom).