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 Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Parts 80, 85, 86, 94, 1027, 1033, 1039, 1042, 1043, 1045, 1048, 1051, 1054, 1060, 1065, and 1068
[EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-0121; FRL-8926-5]
RIN 2060-AO38
 AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
 ACTION: Proposed Rule.
 SUMMARY: EPA is proposing emission standards for new marine diesel engines with per cylinder displacement at or above 30 liters (called Category 3 marine diesel engines) installed on U.S. vessels, under section 213 of the Clean Air Act (CAA or “the Act”). The proposed engine standards are equivalent to the nitrogen oxides (NOX) limits recently adopted in the amendments to Annex VI to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL Annex VI) and are based on the position advanced by the United States Government as part of those international negotiations. The near-term standards for newly-built engines would apply beginning in 2011. Long-term standards would begin in 2016 and are based on the application of high-efficiency aftertreatment technology. We are also proposing a change to our diesel fuel program that would forbid the production and sale of marine fuel oil above 1,000 ppm sulfur for use in the waters within the proposed U.S. ECA and internal U.S. waters and allow for the production and sale of 1,000 ppm sulfur fuel for use in Category 3 marine vessels. This proposal is part of a coordinated strategy to ensure that all ships that affect U.S. air quality meet stringent NOX
                             and fuel sulfur requirements. In addition, on March 27, 2009, the U.S. Government forwarded a proposal to the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to amend MARPOL Annex VI to designate an Emission Control Area (ECA) off U.S. coasts. If this proposed amendment is not timely adopted by IMO, we intend to take supplemental action to control emissions from vessels affecting U.S. air quality. We project that in 2030 this coordinated strategy would reduce annual emissions of NOX
                             and particulate matter (PM) from ocean-going vessels by 1.2 million and 143,000 tons, respectively. These reductions are estimated to annually prevent between 13,000 and 32,000 PM-related premature deaths, between 220 and 980 ozone-related premature deaths, 1,500,000 work days lost, and 10,000,000 minor restricted-activity days. The estimated annual monetized health benefits of this coordinated strategy in 2030 would be between $110 and $280 billion, assuming a 3 percent discount rate (or between $100 and $260 billion assuming a 7 percent discount rate). The annual costs would be significantly less, at approximately $3.1 billion. The proposed regulations also include technical amendments to our motor vehicle and nonroad engine regulations. Many of these changes involve minor adjustments or corrections to our recently finalized rule for new nonroad spark-ignition engines, or adjustment to other regulatory provisions to align with this recent final rule.
 DATES: Comments must be received September 28, 2009. Under the Paperwork Reduction Act, comments on the information collection provisions are best assured of having full effect if the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) receives a copy of your comments on or before September 28, 2009, thirty days after date of publication in the 
                            **Federal Register**
                            .
 ADDRESSES: Submit your comments, identified by Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-0121, by one of the following methods: *http://www.regulations.gov:*
                             Follow the on-line instructions for submitting comments.
                        E-mail:*a-and-r-docket@epa.gov.*
                        *Fax:*
                             (202) 566-9744.
                        *Mail:*
                             Air Docket, Environmental Protection Agency, Mailcode: 6102T, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20460. In addition, please mail a copy of your comments on the information collection provisions to the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget (OMB), Attn: Desk Officer for EPA, 725 17th St., NW., Washington, DC 20503.
                        *Hand Delivery:*
                             EPA Docket Center, (Air Docket), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA West Building, 1301 Constitution Ave., NW., Room: 3334, Mail Code: 2822T, Washington DC. Such deliveries are only accepted during the Docket's normal hours of operation, and special arrangements should be made for deliveries of boxed information. *Instructions:*
                             Direct your comments to Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-0121. EPA's policy is that all comments received will be included in the public docket without change and may be made available online at 
                            *http://www.regulations.gov,*
                             including any personal information provided, unless the comment includes information claimed to be Confidential Business Information (CBI) or other information whose disclosure is restricted by statute. Do not submit information that you consider to be CBI or otherwise protected through 
                            *http://www.regulations.gov*
                             or e-mail. The 
                            *http://www.regulations.gov*
                             Web site is an “anonymous access” system, which means EPA will not know your identity or contact information unless you provide it in the body of your comment. If you send an e-mail comment directly to EPA without going through 
                            *http://www.regulations.gov*
                             your e-mail address will be automatically captured and included as part of the comment that is placed in the public docket and made available on the Internet. If you submit an electronic comment, EPA recommends that you include your name and other contact information in the body of your comment and with any disk or CD-ROM you submit. If EPA cannot read your comment due to technical difficulties and cannot contact you for clarification, EPA may not be able to consider your comment. Electronic files should avoid the use of special characters, any form of encryption, and be free of any defects or viruses. For additional information about EPA's public docket visit the EPA Docket Center homepage at 
                            *http://www.epa.gov/​epahome/​dockets.htm.*
                             For additional instructions on submitting comments, go to Section I.A of the 
                            **SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION**
                             section of this document, and also go to Section X.A of the Public Participation section of this document. *Docket:*
                             All documents in the docket are listed in the 
                            *http://www.regulations.gov*
                             index. Although listed in the index, some information is not publicly available, 
                            *e.g.,*
                             CBI or other information whose disclosure is restricted by statute. Certain other material, such as copyrighted material, will be publicly available only in hard copy. Publicly available docket materials are available either electronically in 
                            *http://www.regulations.gov*
                             or in hard copy at the EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-0121 Docket, EPA/DC, EPA West, Room 3334, 1301 Constitution Ave., NW., Washington, DC. The Public Reading Room is open from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding legal holidays. The telephone number for the Public Reading Room is (202) 566-1744, and the telephone number for the EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-0121 is (202) 566-1742.
 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Amy Kopin, U.S. EPA, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, Assessment and Standards Division (ASD), Environmental Protection Agency, 2000 Traverwood Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105; telephone number: (734) 214-4417; fax number: (734) 214-4050; e-mail address: 
                            *Kopin.Amy@epa.gov,*
                             or Assessment and Standards Division Hotline; telephone number: (734) 214-4636.


SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: I. General Information A. Does This Action Apply to Me? This action will affect companies that manufacture, sell, or import into the United States new marine compression-ignition engines with per cylinder displacement at or above 30 liters for use on vessels flagged or registered in the United States; companies and persons that make vessels that will be flagged or registered in the United States and that use such engines; and the owners or operators of such U.S. vessels. Additionally, this action may affect companies and persons that rebuild or maintain these engines. Finally, this action may also affect those that manufacture, import, distribute, sell, and dispense fuel for use by Category 3 marine vessels. Affected categories and entities include the following: Category
NAICS Code a
Examples of potentially affected entitiesIndustry
333618
Manufacturers of new marine diesel engines.Industry
336611
Manufacturers of marine vessels.Industry
811310
Engine repair and maintenance.Industry
483
Water transportation, freight and passenger.Industry
324110
Petroleum Refineries.Industry
424710, 424720
Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals; Petroleum and Petroleum Products Wholesalers.Note:a
                             North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).
 This table is not intended to be exhaustive, but rather provides a guide for readers regarding entities likely to be regulated by this action. This table lists the types of entities that EPA is now aware could potentially be regulated by this action. Other types of entities not listed in the table could also be regulated. To determine whether your company is regulated by this action, you should carefully examine the applicability criteria in 40 CFR 80.501, 94.1, 1042.1, and 1065.1, and the proposed regulations. If you have questions, consult the person listed in the preceding 
                        **FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT**
                         section. B. What Should I Consider as I Prepare My Comments for EPA? *1. Submitting CBI.*
                         Do not submit this information to EPA through 
                        *http://www.regulations.gov*
                         or e-mail. Clearly mark the part or all of the information that you claim to be CBI. For CBI information in a disk or CD ROM that you mail to EPA, mark the outside of the disk or CD ROM as CBI and then identify electronically within the disk or CD ROM the specific information that is claimed as CBI. In addition to one complete version of the comment that includes information claimed as CBI, a copy of the comment that does not contain the information claimed as CBI must be submitted for inclusion in the public docket. Information so marked will not be disclosed except in accordance with procedures set forth in 40 CFR part 2. 2. 
                        *Tips for Preparing Your Comments.*
                         When submitting comments, remember to: Identify the rulemaking by docket number and other identifying information (subject heading,**Federal Register**
                         date and page number).
                    Follow directions—The agency may ask you to respond to specific questions or organize comments by referencing a Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) part or section number.
                    Explain why you agree or disagree, suggest alternatives, and substitute language for your requested changes.
                    Describe any assumptions and provide any technical information and/or data that you used.
                    If you estimate potential costs or burdens, explain how you arrived at your estimate in sufficient detail to allow for it to be reproduced.
                    Provide specific examples to illustrate your concerns, and suggest alternatives.
                    Explain your views as clearly as possible, avoiding the use of profanity or personal threats.
                    Make sure to submit your comments by the comment period deadline identified. II. Additional Information About This Rulemaking The current emission standards for new compression-ignition marine engines with per cylinder displacement at or above 30 liters per cylinder were adopted in 2003 (see 68 FR 9746, February 28, 2003). This notice of proposed rulemaking relies in part on information that was obtained for that rule, which can be found in Public Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0045. This docket is incorporated into the docket for this action, EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-0121. Table of Contents I. Overview A. What Are the Elements of EPA's Coordinated Strategy for Ocean-Going Vessels? B. Why is EPA Making this Proposal? C. Statutory Basis for Action II. Air Quality, Health and Welfare Impacts A. Public Health Impacts B. Environmental Impacts C. Air Quality Modeling Results D. Emissions From Ships With Category 3 Engines III. Engine Standards A. What Category 3 Marine Engines are Covered? B. What Standards are we Proposing for Freshly Manufactured Engines? C. Are the Standards Feasible? IV. Fuel Standards A. Background B. Current Diesel Fuel Standards C. Applicability D. Fuel Sulfur Standards E. Technical Amendments to the Current Diesel Fuel Sulfur Program Regulations V. Emission Control Areas for U.S. Coasts A. What is an ECA? B. U.S. Emission Control Area Designation C. Technological Approaches to Comply With ECA Standards D. ECA Designation and Foreign-Flagged Vessels VI. Certification and Compliance Program A. Compliance Provisions for Category 3 Engines B. Compliance Provisions To Implement Annex VI NOX
                             Regulation and the NOX
                             Technical Code C. Changes to the Requirements Specific to Engines Below 30 Liters per Cylinder D. Other Proposed Regulatory Issues E. Coast Guard's Marine Vessel Certification Program VII. Costs and Economic Impacts
                            ( print page 44444) A. Estimated Fuel Costs B. Estimated Engine Costs C. Cost Effectiveness D. Economic Impact Analysis VIII. Benefits A. Overview B. Quantified Human Health Impacts C. Monetized Benefits D. What Are the Limitations of the Benefits Analysis? E. Comparison of Costs and Benefits IX. Alternative Program Options A. Mandatory Cold Ironing Requirement B. Earlier Adoption of CAA Tier 3 standards C. Standards for Existing Engines X. Public Participation A. How Do I Submit Comments? B. How Should I Submit CBI to the Agency? C. Will There Be a Public Hearing? D. Comment Period E. What Should I Consider as I Prepare My Comments for EPA? XI. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory Planning and Review B. Paperwork Reduction Act C. Regulatory Flexibility Act D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act E. Executive Order 13132: Federalism F. Executive Order 13175: Consultation and Coordination With Indian Tribal Governments G. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children From Environmental Health and Safety Risks H. Executive Order 13211: Actions That Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use I. National Technology Transfer Advancement Act J. Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions To Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations XII. Statutory Provisions and Legal Authority I. Overview This proposal is part of a coordinated strategy to address emissions from ocean-going vessels and is an important step in EPA's ongoing National Clean Diesel Campaign (NCDC). In recent years, we have adopted major new programs designed to reduce emissions from new diesel engines, including those used in highway (66 FR 5001, January 18, 2001), nonroad (69 FR 38957, June 29, 2004), locomotive, and marine applications (73 FR 25098, May 6, 2008). When fully phased in, these programs will significantly reduce emissions of harmful regulated pollutants from these categories of engines and vehicles. This Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) sets out the next step in this ambitious effort by addressing emissions from the largest marine diesel engines, called Category 3 (C3) marine diesel engines. These are engines with per cylinder displacement at or above 30 liters per cylinder, which are used primarily for propulsion power on ocean-going vessels (OGV). Emissions from OGV remain at high levels. The Category 3 engines on these vessels use emission control technology that is comparable to that used by nonroad engines in the early 1990s, and use fuel that can have a sulfur content of 30,000 ppm or more. As a result, these engines emit high levels of pollutants that contribute to unhealthy air in many areas of the U.S. Nationally, in 2009, emissions from Category 3 engines account for about 10 percent of mobile source nitrogen oxides (NOX) emissions, about 24 percent of mobile source diesel PM2.5
                         emissions (with PM2.5
                         referring to particles with a nominal mean aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 μm), and about 80 percent of mobile source sulfur oxides (SOX) emissions. As we look into the future, however, emissions from ocean-going vessels are expected to become a dominant inventory source. This will be due to both emission reductions from other mobile sources as new emission controls go into effect and to the anticipated activity growth for ocean transportation. Without new controls, we anticipate the contribution of ocean-going vessels to national emission inventories to increase to about 24 percent, 34 percent, and 93 percent of mobile source NOX, PM2.5, and SOX
                         emissions, respectively in 2020, growing to 40 percent, 48 percent, and 95 percent respectively in 2030. The coordinated emission control strategy will lead to significant reductions in these emissions and important benefits to public health. The evolution of EPA's strategy to control mobile source diesel emissions has followed a technology progression, beginning with the application of high-efficiency advanced aftertreatment approaches and low sulfur fuel requirements first to highway vehicles, then to nonroad engines and equipment, followed by locomotives and smaller marine diesel engines. The benefits of this approach include maximizing air quality benefits by focusing on the largest populations of sources with the shortest service lives, allowing engine manufacturers to spread initial research and development costs over a larger population of engines, and allowing manufacturers to address the challenges of applying advanced emission controls on smaller engines. EPA has been working with engine manufacturers and other industry stakeholders for many years to identify and resolve challenges associated with applying advanced diesel engine technology to Category 3 engines to achieve significant NOX
                         emission reductions. This work was fundamental in developing the emission limits for Category 3 engines that we are proposing in this action and informed the position advocated by the United States in the international negotiations for more stringent tiers of international engine emission limits. Our coordinated strategy to control emissions from ocean-going vessels consists of actions at both the national and international levels. It includes: (1) The engine and fuel controls we are proposing in this action under our Clean Air Act authority; (2) the proposal [1]
                        
                         submitted by the United States Government (USG) to the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to amend Annex VI of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL Annex VI) to designate U.S. coasts as an Emission Control Area (ECA) [2]
                        
                         in which all vessels, regardless of flag, would be required to meet the most stringent engine and marine fuel sulfur requirements in Annex VI; and (3) the new engine emission and fuel sulfur limits contained in the amendments to Annex VI that are applicable to all vessels regardless of flag and that are implemented in the U.S. through the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships (APPS). The amendments to APPS to incorporate Annex VI provide the authority to ensure compliance with MARPOL Annex VI by U.S. and foreign vessels that enter U.S. ports or operate in U.S. waters. In light of this, we are deciding not to revisit our existing approach with respect to foreign vessels in this rule. However, the MARPOL Annex VI Tier III NOX
                         and stringent fuel sulfur limits are geographically based and would not become effective absent designation of U.S. coasts as an ECA. As noted above, the United States forwarded a proposal to IMO to amend Annex VI to designate U.S. coasts as an ECA. If this amendment is not adopted in a timely manner by IMO, we intend to take supplemental action to control emissions from vessels that affect U.S. air quality. Our coordinated strategy for ocean-going vessels would significantly reduce emissions from foreign and domestic 
                        ( print page 44445)
                        vessels that affect U.S. air quality, and the impacts on human health and welfare would be substantial. We project that by 2030 this program would reduce annual emissions of NOX
                         and particulate matter (PM) by 1.2 million and 143,000 tons, respectively, and the magnitude of these reductions would continue to grow well beyond 2030.[3]
                        
                         These reductions are estimated to annually prevent between 13,000 and 32,000 PM-related premature deaths, between 220 and 980 ozone-related premature deaths, 1,500,000 work days lost, and 10,000,000 minor restricted-activity days. The estimated annual monetized health benefits of this coordinated strategy in 2030 would be between $110 and $280 billion, assuming a 3 percent discount rate (or between $100 and $260 billion assuming a 7 percent discount rate). The annual cost of the overall program in 2030 would be significantly less, at approximately $3.1 billion. A. What Are the Elements of EPA's Coordinated Strategy for Ocean-Going Vessels? Our coordinated strategy for ocean-going vessels, including the CAA emission standard proposed in this action, continues EPA's program to progressively apply advanced aftertreatment emission control standards to diesel engines and reflects the evolution of this technology from the largest inventory source (highway engines), to land-based nonroad engines, to locomotives and marine diesel engines up to 30 liters per cylinder. The results of these forerunner programs are dramatic reductions in NOX
                         and PM2.5
                         emissions on the order of 80 to 90 percent, which will lead to significant improvements in national air quality. The combination of controls in the coordinated strategy for ocean-going vessels is expected to provide significant reductions in PM2.5, NOX, SOX, and toxic compounds, both in the near term (as early as 2011) and in the long term. These reductions would be achieved in a manner that: (1) Is very cost effective compared to additional controls on portside vehicles and equipment and other land-based mobile sources that are already subject to stringent technology-forcing emission standards; (2) leverages the international program adopted by IMO to ensure that all ships that operate in areas that affect U.S. air quality are required to use stringent emission control technology; and (3) provides the lead time needed to deal with the engineering design workload that is involved in applying advanced high-efficiency aftertreatment technology to these very large engines. Overall, the coordinated strategy constitutes a comprehensive program that addresses the problems caused by ocean-going vessel emissions from both a near-term and long-term perspective. It does this while providing for an orderly and cost-effective implementation schedule for the vessel owners and manufacturers, and in a way that is consistent with the international requirements for these vessels. The human health and welfare impacts of emissions from ocean-going vessels, along with estimates of their contribution to national emission inventories, are described in Section II. The proposed new tiers of Clean Air Act engine emission standards to address these emissions, and our justifications for them, are discussed in Section III. Section IV contains proposed changes to our existing marine diesel fuel program. In Section V, we describe a key component of the coordinated strategy: the recently-submitted proposal to amend MARPOL Annex VI to designate U.S. coasts as an ECA, as well as the IMO approval process. In addition to the new emission limits, we are proposing several revisions to our Clean Air Act testing, certification, and compliance provisions to better ensure emissions control in use. We are also proposing several regulations for the purpose of implementing MARPOL Annex VI pursuant to the Act to Prevent Pollution From Ships (33 USC 1901 
                        *et seq.*). These revisions are described in Section VI. Sections VII and VIII present the estimated costs and benefits of our coordinated program to address OGV emissions, and Section IX presents the analysis of programmatic alternatives and a discussion of a potential Voluntary Marine Verification Program. (1) What CAA Standards Is EPA Proposing? We are proposing new tiers of Category 3 marine diesel engine standards under our Clean Air Act authority, as well as certain revisions to our marine fuel program. *Category 3 Engine Standards.*
                         Our current standards for Category 3 engines were adopted in 2003. These Tier 1 standards are equivalent to the first tier of MARPOL Annex VI NOX
                         limits and require the use of control technology comparable to that used by nonroad engines in the early 1990s. We did not adopt PM standards at that time because the vast majority of PM emissions from Category 3 engines are the result of the sulfur content of the residual fuel they use and because of measurement issues.[4]
                        
                         The combination of the engine and fuel standards we are proposing in this NPRM and the USG proposal for ECA designation will require all vessels that operate in coastal areas that affect U.S. air quality to meet advanced engine standards and fuel controls. We are proposing to revise our CAA engine program to include two additional tiers of NOX
                         standards for new marine diesel engines with per cylinder displacement at or above 30 liters (Category 3 engines) installed on vessels flagged or registered in the United States. The proposed near-term Tier 2 standards would apply beginning in 2011 and would require more efficient use of engine technologies being used today, including engine timing, engine cooling, and advanced computer controls. The proposed long-term Tier 3 standards would apply beginning in 2016 and would require the use of high-efficiency aftertreatment technology such as selective catalytic reduction. Because much of the operation of U.S. vessels occurs in areas that would have little, if any, impact on U.S. air quality, we are proposing that our Clean Air Act program allow the use of alternative emission control devices (AECDs) that would permit a ship to meet less stringent requirements on the open sea. The use of these devices would be subject to certain restrictions, including a requirement that the AECD not disable emission controls while operating in areas where emissions could reasonably be expected to adversely affect U.S. air quality, and that the engine is equipped with a NOX
                         emission monitoring device. In addition, the engine would be required to meet the Tier 2 NOX
                         limits when the AECD is implemented, and an AECD would not be allowed on any Tier 2 or earlier engine. In addition to the NOX
                         emission limits, we are proposing standards for emissions of hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxides (CO) from new Category 3 engines. As explained in 
                        ( print page 44446)
                        Section III.B.1, below, we are not proposing to set a standard for PM emissions for Category 3 engines. However, significant PM emissions benefits will be achieved through the ECA fuel sulfur requirements that will apply to ships that operate in areas that affect U.S. air quality. We are also proposing to require engine manufacturers to measure and report PM emissions pursuant to our authority in section 208 of the Act. *Fuel Sulfur Limits.*
                         EPA is in this notice proposing fuel sulfur limits under section 211(c) of the Clean Air Act that match the limits that apply under Annex VI in ECAs. First, we are proposing to forbid the production and sale of fuel oil with a sulfur content above 1,000 ppm for use in the waters within the proposed ECA (as well as internal U.S. waters). Second, we are proposing a revision to our existing diesel fuel program to allow for the production and sale of 1,000 ppm sulfur fuel for use in Category 3 marine vessels. This would allow production and distribution of fuel consistent with the new sulfur limits that will become applicable, under Annex VI, in ECAs beginning in 2015. Our current diesel fuel program sets a sulfur limit of 15 ppm that will be fully phased-in by December 1, 2014 for nonroad, locomotive, and marine (NRLM) diesel fuel produced for distribution/sale and use in the U.S. Without this proposed change to our existing diesel fuel regulations, fuel with a sulfur content of up to 1,000 ppm could be used in C3 marine vessels, but it could not be legally produced in the U.S. after June 1, 2014. (2) What is the United States Government Proposal for Designation of an Emission Control Area? MARPOL Annex VI contains the international standards for air emissions from ships, including NOX
                         and SOX
                         /PM emissions. The Annex VI NOX
                         and SOX
                         /PM limits are set out in Table I-1. Annex VI was originally adopted by the Parties in 1997 but did not go into force until 2005, after it was ratified by fifteen countries representing at least 50 percent of the world's merchant shipping tonnage. The initial program consisted of engine NOX
                         emission standards and fuel sulfur limits. The NOX
                         standards apply to all engines above 130 kW installed on a ship constructed on or after January 1, 2000 and were intended to reduce NOX
                         emissions by about 30 percent from uncontrolled. There were two fuel sulfur limits: A global limit of 45,000 ppm and a more stringent 15,000 ppm limit that applies in SOX
                         Emission Control Areas (SECAs). This approach ensured that the cleanest fuel was used in areas that demonstrated a need for additional SOX
                         reductions, while retaining the ability of ships to use higher sulfur residual fuel on the open ocean. Annex VI was amended in October 2008, adding two tiers of NOX
                         limits (Tier II and Tier III) and two sets of fuel sulfur standards.[5]
                        
                         These amendments will enter into force on July 1, 2010 unless an objection is raised before January 1, 2010 by at least one-third of the parties to the Annex or by parties that represent at least 50 percent of the world's gross merchant tonnage. The most stringent NOX
                         and fuel sulfur limits are regionally based and will apply only in designated ECAs. Table I—1—Annex VI NOX
                             Emission Standards and Fuel Sulfur Limits
Less than 130 RPM
130-2000 RPM a
Over 2000 RPMNO
                                X
Tier I
b
                                 2004
17.0
45.0 · n(−0.20)
9.8Tier II
2011
14.4
44.0 · n(−0.23)
7.7Tier III
2016
3.4
9.0 · n(−0.20)
2.0
 Global
ECAFuel Sulfur
2004
45,000 ppm c
2005
15,000 ppm c2012
35,000 ppm c
2010
10,000 ppm c2020
5,000 ppm c d
2015
1,000 ppm c**Notes**
                            :a
                             Applicable standards are calculated from n (maximum in-use engine speed in revolutions per minute (rpm)), rounded to one decimal place.b
                             Tier 1 NOX
                             standards apply for engines originally manufactured after 2004, and proposed to also to certain earlier engines.c
                             Annex VI standards are in terms of percent sulfur. Global sulfur limits are 4.5%; 3.5%; 0.5%. ECA sulfur limits are 1.5%; 1.0%; 0.1%.d
                             Subject to a feasibility review in 2018; may be delayed to 2025.
 To realize the benefits from the MARPOL Annex VI Tier III NOX
                         and fuel sulfur controls, areas must be designated as Emission Control Areas. On March 27, 2009, the U.S. and Canadian governments submitted a proposal to amend MARPOL Annex VI to designate North American coastal waters as an ECA (referred to as the “U.S./Canada ECA” or the “North American ECA”).[6]
                        
                         A description of this submittal and the IMO approval process is set out in Section V. ECA designation would ensure that ships that affect U.S. air quality meet stringent NOX
                         and fuel sulfur requirements while operating within 200 nautical miles of U.S. coasts. We expect the U.S./Canadian proposal will be adopted by the Parties to MARPOL Annex VI in March 2010. If, however, the proposed amendment is not adopted in a timely manner, we intend to take supplemental action to control harmful emissions from vessels that affect U.S. air quality. (3) Regulations To Implement Annex VI The United States became a party to MARPOL Annex VI by depositing its instrument of ratification with IMO on October 8, 2008. This was preceded by the President signing into law the Maritime Pollution Prevention Act of 2008 (Pub. L. 110-280) on July 21, 2008, that contains amendments to the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships (33 U.S.C. 1901 
                        *et seq.*). These APPS amendments require compliance with Annex VI by all persons subject to the engine and 
                        ( print page 44447)
                        vessel requirements of Annex VI. The amendments also authorize the United States Coast Guard and EPA to enforce the provisions of Annex VI against domestic and foreign vessels and to develop implementing regulations, as necessary. In addition, APPS gives EPA sole authority to certify engines installed on U.S. vessels to the Annex VI requirements. This NPRM contains proposed regulations to implement several aspects of the Annex VI engine and fuel regulations, which we are proposing under that APPS authority. Our cost and benefit analyses for the coordinated strategy includes the costs for U.S. vessels of implementing those provisions of the MARPOL Annex VI program that are in addition to the ECA requirements. (4) Technical Amendments The proposed regulations also include technical amendments to our motor vehicle and nonroad engine regulations. Many of these changes involve minor adjustments or corrections to our recently finalized rule for new nonroad spark-ignition engines, or adjustment to other regulatory provisions to align with this recent final rule. (5) Summary The coordinated strategy emission control requirements are the MARPOL Annex VI global Tier II NOX
                         standards included in the amendments to Annex VI and the ECA Tier 3 NOX
                         limits and fuel sulfur limits that will apply when the U.S. coasts are designated as an ECA through an additional amendment to Annex VI. The Annex VI requirements, including the future ECA requirements, will be enforceable for U.S. and foreign vessels operating in the United States waters through the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships. We are also adopting the engine controls for Category 3 engines on U.S. vessels under our Clean Air Act program, as required by Section 213 of the Act. Finally, we are proposing additional requirements that are not part of the Annex VI program or the ECA. These are: Limits on hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions for Category 3 engines; PM measurement requirement, to obtain data on PM emissions from engines operating on distillate fuel; and changes to our Clean Air Act diesel fuel program to allow production and sale of ECA-compliant fuel. We are also considering changes to our emission control program for smaller marine diesel engines to harmonize with the Annex VI NOX
                         requirements, for U.S. vessels that operate internationally. B. Why is EPA Making This Proposal? (1) OGV Contribute to Serious Air Quality Problems Ocean-going vessels subject to this proposal generate significant emissions of PM2.5, SOX, and NOX
                         that contribute to nonattainment of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for PM2.5
                         and ground-level ozone (smog). NOX
                         and SOX
                         are both precursors to secondary PM2.5
                         formation. Both PM2.5
                         and NOX
                         adversely affect human health. NOX
                         is a key precursor to ozone as well. NOX, SOX
                         and PM2.5
                         emissions from ocean-going vessels also cause harm to public welfare, including contributing to deposition of nitrogen and sulfur, visibility impairment and other harmful environmental impacts across the U.S. The health and environmental effects associated with these emissions are a classic example of a negative externality (an activity that imposes uncompensated costs on others). With a negative externality, an activity's social cost (the costs borne to society imposed as a result of the activity taking place) is not taken into account in the total cost of producing goods and services. In this case, as described in this section below and in Section II, emissions from ocean-going vessels impose public health and environmental costs on society, and these added costs to society are not reflected in the costs of providing the transportation services. The market system itself cannot correct this externality because firms in the market are rewarded for minimizing their production costs, including the costs of pollution control. In addition, firms that may take steps to use equipment that reduces air pollution may find themselves at a competitive disadvantage compared to firms that do not. To correct this market failure and reduce the negative externality from these emissions, we propose to set a cap on the rate of emission production from these sources. EPA's coordinated strategy for ocean-going vessels will accomplish this since both domestic and foreign ocean-going vessels will be required to reduce their emissions to a technologically feasible limit. Emissions from ocean-going vessels account for substantial portions of the country's ambient PM2.5, SOX
                         and NOX
                         levels. We estimate that in 2009 these engines account for about 80 percent of mobile source sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions, 10 percent of mobile source NOX
                         emissions and about 24 percent of mobile source diesel PM2.5
                         emissions. Emissions from ocean-going vessels are expected to dominate the mobile source inventory in the future, due to both the expected emission reductions from other mobile sources as a result of more stringent emission controls and due to growth in the demand for ocean transportation services. By 2030, the coordinated strategy would reduce annual SO2
                         emissions from these diesel engines by 1.3 million tons, annual NOX
                         emissions by 1.2 million tons, and PM2.5
                         emissions by 143,000 tons, and those reductions would continue to grow beyond 2030 as fleet turnover to the clean engines continues. While a share of these emissions occur at sea, our air quality modeling results described in Section II show they have a significant impact on ambient air quality far inland. Both ozone and PM2.5
                         are associated with serious public health problems, including premature mortality, aggravation of respiratory and cardiovascular disease (as indicated by increased hospital admissions and emergency room visits, school absences, lost work days, and restricted activity days), changes in lung function and increased respiratory symptoms, altered respiratory defense mechanisms, and chronic bronchitis. Diesel exhaust is of special public health concern, and since 2002 EPA has classified it as likely to be carcinogenic to humans by inhalation at environmental exposures. Recent studies are showing that populations living near large diesel emission sources such as major roadways, rail yards, and marine ports are likely to experience greater diesel exhaust exposure levels than the overall U.S. population, putting them at greater health risks.[7 8 9] EPA recently updated its initial screening-level analysis [10]
                        
                         of selected marine port areas to better understand the populations that are exposed to diesel particulate matter emissions from 
                        ( print page 44448)
                        these facilities.[11 12 13 14]
                         This screening-level analysis focused on a representative selection of national marine ports.[15]
                        
                         Of the 45 marine ports selected, the results indicate that at least 18 million people, including a disproportionate number of low-income households, African-Americans, and Hispanics, live in the vicinity of these facilities and are being exposed to ambient diesel PM levels that are 2.0 μ g/m3
                         and 0.2 μ g/m3
                         above levels found in areas further from these facilities. Considering only ocean-going marine engine diesel PM emissions, the results indicate that 6.5 million people are exposed to ambient diesel particulate matter (DPM) levels that are 2.0 μg/m 3
                         and 0.2 μ g/m3
                         above levels found in areas further from these facilities. Because those populations exposed to diesel PM emissions from marine ports are more likely to be low-income and minority residents, these populations would benefit from the controls being proposed in this action. The detailed findings of this study are available in the public docket for this rulemaking. Even outside port areas, millions of Americans continue to live in areas that do not meet existing air quality standards today. With regard to PM2.5
                         nonattainment, in 2005 EPA designated 39 nonattainment areas for the 1997 PM2.5
                         NAAQS (70 FR 943, January 5, 2005). These areas are composed of 208 full or partial counties with a total population exceeding 88 million. The 1997 PM2.5
                         NAAQS was recently revised and the 2006 PM2.5
                         NAAQS became effective on December 18, 2006. As of December 22, 2008, there are 58 2006 PM2.5
                         nonattainment areas composed of 211 full or partial counties. These numbers do not include individuals living in areas that may fail to maintain or achieve the PM2.5
                         NAAQS in the future. Currently, ozone concentrations exceeding the 8-hour ozone NAAQS occur over wide geographic areas, including most of the nation's major population centers. As of December 2008, there are approximately 132 million people living in 57 areas (293 full or partial counties) designated as not in attainment with the 8-hour ozone NAAQS. These numbers do not include people living in areas where there is a potential that the area may fail to maintain or achieve the 8-hour ozone NAAQS. In addition to public health impacts, there are serious public welfare and environmental impacts associated with PM2.5
                         and ozone emissions. Specifically, NOX
                         and SOX
                         emissions from diesel engines contribute to the acidification, nitrification, and eutrophication of water bodies. NOX, SOX
                         and direct emissions of PM2.5
                         can contribute to the substantial impairment of visibility in many parts of the U.S. where people live, work, and recreate, including national parks, wilderness areas, and mandatory class I Federal areas.[16]
                        
                         The deposition of airborne particles can also reduce the aesthetic appeal of buildings and culturally important articles through soiling, and can contribute directly (or in conjunction with other pollutants) to structural damage by means of corrosion or erosion. Finally, ozone causes damage to vegetation which leads to crop and forestry economic losses, as well as harm to national parks, wilderness areas, and other natural systems. While EPA has already adopted many emission control programs that are expected to reduce ambient PM2.5
                         and ozone levels, including the Nonroad Spark Ignition Engine rule (73 FR 59034, Oct. 8, 2008), the Locomotive and Marine Diesel Engine Rule (73 FR 25098, May 6, 2008), the Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) (70 FR 25162, May 12, 2005) and the Clean Air Nonroad Diesel Rule (69 FR 38957, June 29, 2004), the Heavy Duty Engine and Vehicle Standards and Highway Diesel Fuel Sulfur Control Requirements (66 FR 5002, Jan. 18, 2001), and the Tier 2 Vehicle and Gasoline Sulfur Program (65 FR 6698, Feb. 10, 2000), the additional PM2.5, SOX
                         and NOX
                         emission reductions resulting from the coordinated approach described in this action would assist states in attaining and maintaining the PM2.5
                         and ozone NAAQS near term and in the decades to come. Air quality modeling conducted by EPA projects that in 2020 at least 13 counties with about 30 million people may violate the 1997 standards for PM2.5
                         and 50 counties with about 50 million people may violate the 2008 standards for ozone. These numbers likely underestimate the impacted population since they do not include the people who live in areas which do not meet the 2006 PM2.5
                         NAAQS. In addition, these numbers do not include the additional 13 million people in 12 counties who live in areas that have air quality measurements within 10 percent of the 1997 PM2.5
                         NAAQS and the additional 80 million people in 135 counties who live in areas that have air quality measurements within 10% of the 2008 ozone NAAQS. The emission reductions resulting from this coordinated strategy would assist these and other states to both attain and maintain the PM2.5
                         and ozone NAAQS. State and local governments are working to protect the health of their citizens and comply with requirements of the Clean Air Act. As part of this effort, they recognize the need to secure additional major reductions in diesel PM2.5, SOX
                         and NOX
                         emissions by undertaking numerous state level actions, while also seeking Agency action, including the setting of the CAA Category 3 engine standards being proposed in this NPRM and the U.S. proposal to IMO to amend Annex VI to designate U.S. coastal areas as an ECA, and related CAA certification and fuel provisions to complement that ECA proposal. EPA's coordinated strategy to reduce OGV emissions through engine emission controls and fuel sulfur limits would play a critical part in state efforts to attain and maintain the NAAQS through the next two decades. In addition to regulatory programs, the Agency has a number of innovative programs that partner government, industry, and local communities together to help address challenging air quality problems. Under the National Clean Diesel Campaign, EPA promotes a variety of emission reduction strategies such as retrofitting, repairing, replacing and repowering engines, reducing idling and switching to cleaner fuels. In 2008, Congress appropriated funding for the Diesel Emissions 
                        ( print page 44449)
                        Reduction Program (DERA) under the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct 2005) to reduce emissions from heavy-duty diesel engines in the existing fleet. The EPAct 2005 directs EPA to break the funding into two different components: A National competition and a State allocation program. The National Program, with 70 percent of the funding, consists of three separate competitions: (1) The National Clean Diesel Funding Assistance Program; (2) the National Clean Diesel Emerging Technologies Program; and (3) the SmartWay Clean Diesel Finance Program. The State Clean Diesel Grant and Loan Program utilizes the remaining 30 percent of the funding. In the first year of the program, EPA awarded 119 grants totaling $49.2 million for diesel emissions reduction projects and programs across the country for cleaner fuels, verified technologies and certified engine configurations. Through $300 million in funding provided to the DERA program under the American Reinvestment and Recovery Act of 2009, EPA will promote and preserve jobs while improving public health and achieving significant reductions in diesel emissions. Furthermore, EPA's National Clean Diesel Campaign, through its Clean Ports USA program, is working with port authorities, terminal operators, shipping, truck and rail companies to promote cleaner diesel technologies and strategies today through education, incentives, and financial assistance for diesel emissions reductions at ports. Part of these efforts involves clean diesel programs that can further reduce emissions from the existing fleet of diesel engines. Finally, many of the companies operating in states and communities suffering from poor air quality have voluntarily entered into Memoranda of Understanding (MOUs) designed to ensure that the cleanest technologies are used first in regions with the most challenging air quality issues. In addition to the above innovative programs, we are seeking comment on a Voluntary Marine Verification Program to address emissions from existing Category 3 engines. This voluntary program would extend our existing diesel retrofit verification program to these largest marine vessels. The concept is described in Section IX.C.3 below. Taken together, these voluntary approaches can augment the coordinated strategy and help states and communities achieve larger reductions sooner in the areas of our country that need them the most. The Agency remains committed to furthering these programs and others so that all of our citizens can breathe clean healthy air. (2) Advanced Emission Technology Solutions are Available Air pollution from marine diesel exhaust is a challenging problem. However, we believe it can be addressed effectively through the use of existing technology to reduce engine-out emissions combined with high-efficiency catalytic aftertreatment technologies. As discussed in greater detail in Section III.C, the development of these aftertreatment technologies for highway and nonroad diesel applications has advanced rapidly in recent years, so that very large emission reductions in NOX
                         emissions can be achieved. Control of NOX
                         emissions from Category 3 engines can be achieved with high-efficiency exhaust emission control technologies. Such technologies have already been applied to meet our light-duty passenger car standards and are expected to be used to meet the stringent NOX
                         standards included in EPA's heavy-duty highway diesel, nonroad Tier 4, and locomotive and marine diesel engine programs. They have been in production for heavy duty trucks in Europe since 2005, as well as in many stationary source applications throughout the world. These technologies are discussed further in Section III.C. While these technologies can be sensitive to sulfur, their use will be required only in ECAs designated under MARPOL Annex VI, and they are expected to be able to operate on ECA fuel meeting a 1,000 ppm fuel sulfur. With the lead time available and the assurance of 1,000 ppm fuel for ocean-going vessels in 2015, as would be required through ECA designation for U.S. coasts, we are confident the proposed application of advanced NOX
                         technology to Category 3 marine engines will proceed at a reasonable rate of progress and will result in systems capable of achieving the proposed standards on the proposed schedule. Use of this lower sulfur fuel will also result in substantial PM emission reductions, since most of the PM emissions from Category 3 engines is due to the use of high sulfur residual fuel. C. Statutory Basis for Action Authority for the actions proposed in this documents is granted to the Environmental Protection Agency by sections 114, 203, 205, 206, 207, 208, 211, 213, 216, and 301(a) of the Clean Air Act as amended in 1990 (42 U.S.C. 7414, 7522, 7524, 7525, 7541, 7542, 7545, 7547, 7550 and 7601(a)), and by sections 1901-1915 of the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships (33 U.S.C. 1909 
                        *et seq.*). (1) Clean Air Act Basis for Action EPA is proposing the fuel requirements pursuant to its authority in section 211 (c) of the Clean Air Act, which allow EPA to regulate fuels that contribute to air pollution which endangers public health or welfare (42 U.S.C. 7545(c)). As discussed previously in EPA's Clean Air Nonroad Diesel rule (69 FR 38958) and below in Section II of this preamble, the combustion of high sulfur diesel fuel by nonroad, locomotive, and marine diesel engines contributes to air quality problems that endanger public health and welfare. Section II also discusses the significant contribution to these air quality problems by Category 3 marine vessels. Additional support for the procedural and enforcement-related aspects of the fuel controls in the proposed rule, including the record keeping requirements, comes from sections 114(a) and 301(a) of the CAA (42 U.S.C. Sections 7414 (a) and 7601 (a)). EPA is proposing emissions standards for new Category 3 marine diesel engines pursuant to its authority under section 213(a)(3) of the Clean Air Act, which directs the Administrator to set standards regulating emissions of NOX, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), or CO for classes or categories of engines, like marine diesel engines, that contribute to ozone or carbon monoxide concentrations in more than one nonattainment area. These “standards shall achieve the greatest degree of emission reduction achievable through the application of technology which the Administrator determines will be available for the engines or vehicles, giving appropriate consideration to cost, lead time, noise, energy, and safety factors associated with the application of such technology.” EPA is proposing a PM measurement requirement for new Category 3 marine diesel engines pursuant to its authority under section 208, which requires manufacturers and other persons subject to Title II requirements to “provide information the Administrator may reasonably require * * * to otherwise carry out the provisions of this part* * *” EPA is also acting under its authority to implement and enforce the Category 3 marine diesel emission standards. Section 213(d) provides that the standards EPA adopts for marine diesel engines “shall be subject to Sections 206, 207, 208, and 209” of the Clean Air Act, with such modifications that the Administrator deems appropriate to the 
                        ( print page 44450)
                        regulations implementing these sections.” In addition, the marine standards “shall be enforced in the same manner as [motor vehicle] standards prescribed under section 202” of the Act. Section 213(d) also grants EPA authority to promulgate or revise regulations as necessary to determine compliance with and enforce standards adopted under section 213. As required under section 213(a)(3), we believe the evidence provided in Section III.C of this Preamble and in Chapter 4 of draft Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) indicates that the stringent NOX
                         emission standards proposed in this NPRM for newly-built Category 3 marine diesel engines are feasible and reflect the greatest degree of emission reduction achievable through the use of technology that will be available in the model years to which they apply. We have given appropriate consideration to costs in proposing these standards. Our review of the costs and cost-effectiveness of these standards indicate that they will be reasonable and comparable to the cost-effectiveness of other mobile source emission reduction strategies that have been required. We have also reviewed and given appropriate consideration to the energy factors of this rule in terms of fuel efficiency as well as any safety and noise factors associated with these proposed standards. The information in Section II of this preamble and Chapter 2 of the draft RIA regarding air quality and public health impacts provides strong evidence that emissions from Category 3 marine diesel engines significantly and adversely impact public health or welfare. EPA has already found in previous rules that emissions from new marine diesel engines contribute to ozone and CO concentrations in more than one area which has failed to attain the ozone and carbon monoxide NAAQS (64 FR 73300, December 29, 1999). The NOX
                         and PM emission reductions expected to be achieved through the coordinated strategy would be important to states' efforts to attain and maintain the Ozone and the PM2.5
                         NAAQS in the near term and in the decades to come, and would significantly reduce the risk of adverse effects to human health and welfare. (2) APPS Basis for Action EPA is proposing regulations to implement MARPOL Annex VI pursuant to its authority in section 1903 of the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships (APPS). Section 1903 gives the Administrator the authority to prescribe any necessary or desired regulations to carry out the provisions of Regulations 12 through 19 of Annex VI. The Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships implements and makes Annex VI requirements enforceable domestically. However, certain clarifications are necessary with respect to implementing Regulation 13 and the requirements of the NOX
                         Technical Code with respect to issuance of Engine International Air Pollution Prevention (EIAPP) certificates, approval of alternative compliance methods. Clarification is also needed with respect to the application of the Annex VI requirements to certain U.S. and foreign vessels that operate in U.S. waters. II. Air Quality, Health and Welfare Impacts The proposed NOX
                         limits combined with the ECA designation for U.S. coasts and related proposed fuel standards are expected to significantly reduce emissions of NOX, PM, and SOX
                         from ocean-going vessels. Emissions of these compounds contribute to nonattainment of the NAAQS for PM and ozone. In addition to contributing to PM nonattainment, these engines are emitting diesel particulate matter, which is associated with a host of adverse health effects, including cancer. In addition to their health effects, emissions from these engines also contribute to welfare and environmental effects including deposition, visibility impairment and harm to ecosystems from ozone. This section summarizes the general health and welfare effects of these emissions. Interested readers are encouraged to refer to the draft RIA for more in-depth discussions. A. Public Health Impacts (1) Particulate Matter (a) Background Particulate matter is a generic term for a broad class of chemically and physically diverse substances. It can be principally characterized as discrete particles that exist in the condensed (liquid or solid) phase spanning several orders of magnitude in size. Since 1987, EPA has delineated that subset of inhalable particles small enough to penetrate to the thoracic region (including the tracheobronchial and alveolar regions) of the respiratory tract (referred to as thoracic particles). Current NAAQS use PM2.5
                         as the indicator for fine particles (with PM2.5
                         referring to particles with a nominal mean aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 μm), and use PM10
                         as the indicator for purposes of regulating the coarse fraction of PM10
                         (referred to as thoracic coarse particles or coarse-fraction particles; generally including particles with a nominal mean aerodynamic diameter greater than 2.5 μm and less than or equal to 10 μm, or PM10-2.5). Ultrafine particles are a subset of fine particles, generally less than 100 nanometers (0.1 μm) in aerodynamic diameter. Fine particles are produced primarily by combustion processes and by transformations of gaseous emissions (
                        *e.g.,*
                         SOX, NOX
                         and VOC) in the atmosphere. The chemical and physical properties of PM2.5
                         may vary greatly with time, region, meteorology, and source category. Thus, PM2.5
                         may include a complex mixture of different pollutants including sulfates, nitrates, organic compounds, elemental carbon and metal compounds. These particles can remain in the atmosphere for days to weeks and travel hundreds to thousands of kilometers.[17] (b) Health Effects of PM Scientific studies show ambient PM is associated with a series of adverse health effects. These health effects are discussed in detail in EPA's 2004 Particulate Matter Air Quality Criteria Document (PM AQCD) and the 2005 PM Staff Paper.[18]
                        
                         Further discussion[19]
                        
                         of health effects associated[20]
                        
                         with PM can also be found in the draft RIA for this rule. Health effects associated with short-term exposures (hours to days) to ambient PM include premature mortality, aggravation of cardiovascular and lung disease (as indicated by increased hospital admissions and 
                        ( print page 44451)
                        emergency department visits), increased respiratory symptoms including cough and difficulty breathing, decrements in lung function, altered heart rate rhythm, and other more subtle changes in blood markers related to cardiovascular health.[21]
                        
                         Long-term exposure to PM2.5
                         and sulfates has also been associated with mortality from cardiopulmonary disease and lung cancer, and effects on the respiratory system such as reduced lung function growth or development of respiratory disease. A new analysis shows an association between long-term PM2.5
                         exposure and a measure of atherosclerosis development.[22, 23] Studies examining populations exposed over the long term (one or more years) to different levels of air pollution, including the Harvard Six Cities Study and the American Cancer Society Study, show associations between long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5
                         and both total and cardiopulmonary premature mortality.[24]
                        
                         In addition[25]
                        
                        , an extension[26]
                        
                         of the American Cancer Society Study shows an association between PM2.5
                         and sulfate concentrations and lung cancer mortality.[27] (c) Health Effects of Diesel Particulate Matter Marine diesel engines emit diesel exhaust (DE), a complex mixture composed of carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, water vapor, carbon monoxide, nitrogen compounds, sulfur compounds and numerous low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons. A number of these gaseous hydrocarbon components are individually known to be toxic, including aldehydes, benzene and 1,3-butadiene. The diesel particulate matter (DPM) present in DE consists of fine particles (< 2.5 μm), including a subgroup with a large number of ultrafine particles (< 0.1 μm). These particles have a large surface area which makes them an excellent medium for adsorbing organics and their small size makes them highly respirable. Many of the organic compounds present in the gases and on the particles, such as polycyclic organic matter (POM), are individually known to have mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. Diesel exhaust varies significantly in chemical composition and particle sizes between different engine types (heavy-duty, light-duty), engine operating conditions (idle, accelerate, decelerate), and fuel formulations (high/low sulfur fuel). Also, there are emissions differences between on-road and nonroad engines because the nonroad engines are generally of older technology. This is especially true for marine diesel engines.[28] After being emitted in the engine exhaust, diesel exhaust undergoes dilution as well as chemical and physical changes in the atmosphere. The lifetime for some of the compounds present in diesel exhaust ranges from hours to days.[29] (i) Diesel Exhaust: Potential Cancer Effects In EPA's 2002 Diesel Health Assessment Document (Diesel HAD),[30]
                        
                         exposure to diesel exhaust was classified as likely to be carcinogenic to humans by inhalation from environmental exposures, in accordance with the revised draft 1996/1999 EPA cancer guidelines. A number of other agencies (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, the World Health Organization, California EPA, and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services) have made similar classifications. However, EPA also concluded in the Diesel HAD that it is not possible currently to calculate a cancer unit risk for diesel exhaust due to a variety of factors that limit the current studies, such as limited quantitative exposure histories in occupational groups investigated for lung cancer. For the Diesel HAD, EPA reviewed 22 epidemiologic studies on the subject of the carcinogenicity of workers exposed to diesel exhaust in various occupations, finding increased lung cancer risk, although not always statistically significant, in 8 out of 10 cohort studies and 10 out of 12 case-control studies within several industries. Relative risk for lung cancer associated with exposure ranged from 1.2 to 1.5, although a few studies show relative risks as high as 2.6. Additionally, the Diesel HAD also relied on two independent meta-analyses, which examined 23 and 30 occupational studies respectively, which found statistically significant increases in smoking-adjusted relative lung cancer risk associated with exposure to diesel exhaust of 1.33 to 1.47. These meta-analyses demonstrate the effect of pooling many studies and in this case show the positive relationship between diesel exhaust exposure and lung cancer across a variety of diesel exhaust-exposed occupations.[31,32] In the absence of a cancer unit risk, the Diesel HAD sought to provide additional insight into the significance of the diesel exhaust-cancer hazard by 
                        ( print page 44452)
                        estimating possible ranges of risk that might be present in the population. An exploratory analysis was used to characterize a possible risk range by comparing a typical environmental exposure level for highway diesel sources to a selected range of occupational exposure levels. The occupationally observed risks were then proportionally scaled according to the exposure ratios to obtain an estimate of the possible environmental risk. A number of calculations are needed to accomplish this, and these can be seen in the EPA Diesel HAD. The outcome was that environmental risks from diesel exhaust exposure could range from a low of 10−4
                         to 10−5
                         to as high as 10−3, reflecting the range of occupational exposures that could be associated with the relative and absolute risk levels observed in the occupational studies. Because of uncertainties, the analysis acknowledged that the risks could be lower than 10−4
                         or 10−5, and a zero risk from diesel exhaust exposure was not ruled out. (ii) Diesel Exhaust: Other Health Effects Noncancer health effects of acute and chronic exposure to diesel exhaust emissions are also of concern to the EPA. EPA derived a diesel exhaust reference concentration (RfC) from consideration of four well-conducted chronic rat inhalation studies showing adverse pulmonary effects.[33,34,35,36]
                        
                         The RfC is 5 μg/m [3]
                         for diesel exhaust as measured by DPM. This RfC does not consider allergenic effects such as those associated with asthma or immunologic effects. There is growing evidence, discussed in the Diesel HAD, that exposure to diesel exhaust can exacerbate these effects, but the exposure-response data are presently lacking to derive an RfC. The EPA Diesel HAD states, “With DPM [diesel particulate matter] being a ubiquitous component of ambient PM, there is an uncertainty about the adequacy of the existing DE [diesel exhaust] noncancer database to identify all of the pertinent DE-caused noncancer health hazards.” (p. 9-19). The Diesel HAD concludes “that acute exposure to DE [diesel exhaust] has been associated with irritation of the eye, nose, and throat, respiratory symptoms (cough and phlegm), and neurophysiological symptoms such as headache, lightheadedness, nausea, vomiting, and numbness or tingling of the extremities.”[37] (iii) Ambient PM2.5
                         Levels and Exposure to Diesel Exhaust PM The Diesel HAD also briefly summarizes health effects associated with ambient PM and discusses the EPA's annual PM2.5
                         NAAQS of 15 μg/m 3
                        . There is a much more extensive body of human data showing a wide spectrum of adverse health effects associated with exposure to ambient PM, of which diesel exhaust is an important component. The PM2.5
                         NAAQS is designed to provide protection from the noncancer and premature mortality effects of PM2.5
                         as a whole. (iv) Diesel Exhaust PM Exposures Exposure of people to diesel exhaust depends on their various activities, the time spent in those activities, the locations where these activities occur, and the levels of diesel exhaust pollutants in those locations. The major difference between ambient levels of diesel particulate and exposure levels for diesel particulate is that exposure accounts for a person moving from location to location, proximity to the emission source, and whether the exposure occurs in an enclosed environment. Occupational Exposures Occupational exposures to diesel exhaust from mobile sources, including marine diesel engines, can be several orders of magnitude greater than typical exposures in the non-occupationally exposed population. Over the years, diesel particulate exposures have been measured for a number of occupational groups. A wide range of exposures have been reported, from 2 μg/m 3
                         to 1,280 μg/m 3
                        , for a variety of occupations. As discussed in the Diesel HAD, the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has estimated a total of 1,400,000 workers are occupationally exposed to diesel exhaust from on-road and nonroad vehicles including marine diesel engines. Elevated Concentrations and Ambient Exposures in Mobile Source-Impacted Areas Regions immediately downwind of marine ports may experience elevated ambient concentrations of directly-emitted PM2.5
                         from diesel engines. Due to the unique nature of marine ports, emissions from a large number of diesel engines are concentrated in a small area. A 2006 study from the California Air Resources Board (CARB) evaluated air quality impacts of diesel engine emissions within the Ports of Long Beach and Los Angeles in California, one of the largest ports in the U.S.[38]
                        
                         The port study employed the ISCST3 dispersion model. With local meteorological data used in the modeling, annual average concentrations were substantially elevated over an area exceeding 200,000 acres. Because the ports are located near heavily-populated areas, the modeling indicated that over 700,000 people lived in areas with at least 0.3 μg/m 3
                         of port-related diesel PM in ambient air, about 360,000 people lived in areas with at least 0.6 μg/m 3
                         of diesel PM, and about 50,000 people lived in areas with at least 1.5 μg/m 3
                        , of ambient diesel PM directly from the port. This study highlights the substantial contribution ports can make to elevated ambient concentrations in populated areas. EPA recently updated its initial screening-level analysis of a representative selection of national marine port areas to better understand the populations that are exposed to DPM emissions from these facilities.[39, 40, 41, 42]
                         As part of this study, 
                        ( print page 44453)
                        a computer geographic information system (GIS) was used to identify the locations and property boundaries of 45 marine ports.[43]
                        
                         Census information was used to estimate the size and demographic characteristics of the population living in the vicinity of the ports. The results indicate that at least 18 million people, including a disproportionate number of low-income households, African-Americans, and Hispanics, live in the vicinity of these facilities and are being exposed to ambient DPM levels that are 2.0 μg/m 3
                         and 0.2 μg/m 3
                         above levels found in areas further from these facilities. These populations will benefit from the combination of the proposed CAA standards along with ECA designations through MARPOL Annex VI. This study is discussed in greater detail in Chapter 2 of the draft RIA and detailed findings of this study are available in the public docket for this rulemaking. (2) Ozone (a) Background Ground-level ozone pollution is typically formed by the reaction of VOC and NOX
                         in the lower atmosphere in the presence of heat and sunlight. These pollutants, often referred to as ozone precursors, are emitted by many types of pollution sources, such as highway and nonroad motor vehicles and engines, power plants, chemical plants, refineries, makers of consumer and commercial products, industrial facilities, and smaller area sources. The science of ozone formation, transport, and accumulation is complex.[44]
                        
                         Ground-level ozone is produced and destroyed in a cyclical set of chemical reactions, many of which are sensitive to temperature and sunlight. When ambient temperatures and sunlight levels remain high for several days and the air is relatively stagnant, ozone and its precursors can build up and result in more ozone than typically occurs on a single high-temperature day. Ozone can be transported hundreds of miles downwind from precursor emissions, resulting in elevated ozone levels even in areas with low local VOC or NOX
                         emissions. (b) Health Effects of Ozone The health and welfare effects of ozone are well documented and are assessed in EPA's 2006 Air Quality Criteria Document (ozone AQCD) and 2007 Staff Paper.[45,46]
                         Ozone can irritate the respiratory system, causing coughing, throat irritation, and/or uncomfortable sensation in the chest. Ozone can reduce lung function and make it more difficult to breathe deeply; breathing may also become more rapid and shallow than normal, thereby limiting a person's activity. Ozone can also aggravate asthma, leading to more asthma attacks that require medical attention and/or the use of additional medication. In addition, there is suggestive evidence of a contribution of ozone to cardiovascular-related morbidity and highly suggestive evidence that short-term ozone exposure directly or indirectly contributes to non-accidental and cardiopulmonary-related mortality, but additional research is needed to clarify the underlying mechanisms causing these effects. In a recent report on the estimation of ozone-related premature mortality published by the National Research Council (NRC), a panel of experts and reviewers concluded that short-term exposure to ambient ozone is likely to contribute to premature deaths and that ozone-related mortality should be included in estimates of the health benefits of reducing ozone exposure.[47]
                        
                         Animal toxicological evidence indicates that with repeated exposure, ozone can inflame and damage the lining of the lungs, which may lead to permanent changes in lung tissue and irreversible reductions in lung function. People who are more susceptible to effects associated with exposure to ozone can include children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory disease such as asthma. Those with greater exposures to ozone, for instance due to time spent outdoors (
                        *e.g.,*
                         children and outdoor workers), are of particular concern. The 2006 ozone AQCD also examined relevant new scientific information that has emerged in the past decade, including the impact of ozone exposure on such health effects as changes in lung structure and biochemistry, inflammation of the lungs, exacerbation and causation of asthma, respiratory illness-related school absence, hospital admissions and premature mortality. Animal toxicological studies have suggested potential interactions between ozone and PM with increased responses observed to mixtures of the two pollutants compared to either ozone or PM alone. The respiratory morbidity observed in animal studies along with the evidence from epidemiologic studies supports a causal relationship between acute ambient ozone exposures and increased respiratory-related emergency room visits and hospitalizations in the warm season. In addition, there is suggestive evidence of a contribution of ozone to cardiovascular-related morbidity and non-accidental and cardiopulmonary mortality. (3) NOX
                         and SOX (a) Background Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a member of the NOX
                         family of gases. Most NO2
                         is formed in the air through the oxidation of nitric oxide (NO) emitted when fuel is burned at a high temperature. SO2, a member of the sulfur oxide (SOX) family of gases, is formed from burning fuels containing sulfur (
                        *e.g.,*
                         coal or oil derived), extracting gasoline from oil, or extracting metals from ore. SO2
                         and NO2
                         can dissolve in water vapor and further oxidize to form sulfuric and nitric acid which react with ammonia to form sulfates and nitrates, both of which are important components of ambient PM. The health effects of ambient PM are discussed in Section II.A.1 of this preamble. NOX
                         along with non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) are the two major precursors of ozone. The health effects of ozone are covered in Section II.A.2. (b) 
                        *Health Effects of NO*X Information on the health effects of NO2
                         can be found in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Integrated Science Assessment (ISA) for Nitrogen Oxides.[48]
                        
                         The U.S. EPA has 
                        ( print page 44454)
                        concluded that the findings of epidemiologic, controlled human exposure, and animal toxicological studies provide evidence that is sufficient to infer a likely causal relationship between respiratory effects and short-term NO2
                         exposure. The ISA concludes that the strongest evidence for such a relationship comes from epidemiologic studies of respiratory effects including symptoms, emergency department visits, and hospital admissions. The ISA also draws two broad conclusions regarding airway responsiveness following NO2
                         exposure. First, the ISA concludes that NO2
                         exposure may enhance the sensitivity to allergen-induced decrements in lung function and increase the allergen-induced airway inflammatory response at exposures as low as 0.26 ppm NO2
                         for 30 minutes. Second, exposure to NO2
                         has been found to enhance the inherent responsiveness of the airway to subsequent nonspecific challenges in controlled human exposure studies of asthmatic subjects. Enhanced airway responsiveness could have important clinical implications for asthmatics since transient increases in airway responsiveness following NO2
                         exposure have the potential to increase symptoms and worsen asthma control. Together, the epidemiologic and experimental data sets form a plausible, consistent, and coherent description of a relationship between NO2
                         exposures and an array of adverse health effects that range from the onset of respiratory symptoms to hospital admission. Although the weight of evidence supporting a causal relationship is somewhat less certain than that associated with respiratory morbidity, NO2
                         has also been linked to other health endpoints. These include all-cause (nonaccidental) mortality, hospital admissions or emergency department visits for cardiovascular disease, and decrements in lung function growth associated with chronic exposure. (c) Health Effects of SOX Information on the health effects of SO2
                         can be found in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Integrated Science Assessment for Sulfur Oxides.[49]
                        
                         SO2
                         has long been known to cause adverse respiratory health effects, particularly among individuals with asthma. Other potentially sensitive groups include children and the elderly. During periods of elevated ventilation, asthmatics may experience symptomatic bronchoconstriction within minutes of exposure. Following an extensive evaluation of health evidence from epidemiologic and laboratory studies, the EPA has concluded that there is a causal relationship between respiratory health effects and short-term exposure to SO2
                        . Separately, based on an evaluation of the epidemiologic evidence of associations between short-term exposure to SO2
                         and mortality, the EPA has concluded that the overall evidence is suggestive of a causal relationship between short-term exposure to SO2
                         and mortality. B. Environmental Impacts (1) Deposition of Nitrogen and Sulfur Emissions of NOX
                         and SOX
                         from ships contribute to atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and sulfur in the U.S. Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and sulfur contributes to acidification, altering biogeochemistry and affecting animal and plant life in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems across the U.S. The sensitivity of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems to acidification from nitrogen and sulfur deposition is predominantly governed by geology. Prolonged exposure to excess nitrogen and sulfur deposition in sensitive areas acidifies lakes, rivers and soils. Increased acidity in surface waters creates inhospitable conditions for biota and affects the abundance and nutritional value of preferred prey species, threatening biodiversity and ecosystem function. Over time, acidifying deposition also removes essential nutrients from forest soils, depleting the capacity of soils to neutralize future acid loadings and negatively affecting forest sustainability. Major effects include a decline in sensitive forest tree species, such as red spruce (
                        *Picea rubens*) and sugar maple (
                        *Acer saccharum*), and a loss of biodiversity of fishes, zooplankton, and macro invertebrates. In addition to the role nitrogen deposition plays in acidification, nitrogen deposition also causes ecosystem nutrient enrichment leading to eutrophication that alters biogeochemical cycles. Excess nitrogen also leads to the loss of nitrogen sensitive lichen species as they are outcompeted by invasive grasses as well as altering the biodiversity of terrestrial ecosystems, such as grasslands and meadows. Nitrogen deposition contributes to eutrophication of estuaries and the associated effects including toxic algal blooms and fish kills. For a broader explanation of the topics treated here, refer to the description in Section 2.3.1 of the draft RIA. There are a number of important quantified relationships between nitrogen deposition levels and ecological effects. Certain lichen species are the most sensitive terrestrial taxa to nitrogen with species losses occurring at just 3 kg N/ha/yr in the Pacific Northwest, southern California and Alaska. A United States Forest Service study conducted in areas within the Tongass Forest in Southeast Alaska found evidence of sulfur emissions impacting lichen communities.[50]
                        
                         The authors concluded that the main source of nitrogen and sulfur found in lichens from Mt. Roberts (directly north of the City of Juneau in southeastern Alaska) is likely the burning of fossil fuels by cruise ships and other vehicles and equipment in Juneau. Lichen are an important food source for caribou. This is causing concern about the potential role damage to lichens may be having on the Southern Alaska Peninsula Caribou Herd, which is an important food source to local subsistence-based cultures. This herd has been decreasing in size, exhibiting both poor calf survival and low pregnancy rates, which are signs of dietary stress. Currently, there is a complete caribou hunting ban, including a ban on subsistence hunting. Across the U.S., there are many terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems that have been identified as particularly sensitive to nitrogen deposition. The most extreme effects resulting from nitrogen deposition on aquatic ecosystems are due to nitrogen enrichment which contributes to “hypoxic” zones devoid of life. Three hypoxia zones of special concern in the U.S. are the zones located in the Gulf of Mexico, the Chesapeake Bay in the mid-Atlantic region, and Long Island Sound in the northeast U.S.[51] (2) Deposition of Particulate Matter and Air Toxics The combination of the proposed CAA NOX
                         standards along with ECA designation through amendment to MARPOL Annex VI would reduce NOX, SOX, and PM2.5
                         emissions from ships. 
                        ( print page 44455)
                        Ship emissions of PM2.5
                         contain small amounts of metals: nickel, vanadium, cadmium, iron, lead, copper, zinc, aluminum.[52 53 54]
                         Investigations of trace metals near roadways and industrial facilities indicate that a substantial burden of heavy metals can accumulate on vegetative surfaces. Copper, zinc, and nickel are directly toxic to vegetation under field conditions.[55]
                        
                         While metals typically exhibit low solubility, limiting their bioavailability and direct toxicity, chemical transformations of metal compounds occur in the environment, particularly in the presence of acidic or other oxidizing species. These chemical changes influence the mobility and toxicity of metals in the environment. Once taken up into plant tissue, a metal compound can undergo chemical changes, accumulate and be passed along to herbivores, or can re-enter the soil and further cycle in the environment. Although there has been no direct evidence of a physiological association between tree injury and heavy metal exposures, heavy metals have been implicated because of similarities between metal deposition patterns and forest decline.[56 57]
                         This correlation was further explored in high elevation forests in the northeast U.S. and the data strongly imply that metal stress causes tree injury and contributes to forest decline in the Northeast.[58]
                        
                         Contamination of plant leaves by heavy metals can lead to elevated soil levels. Trace metals absorbed into the plant frequently bind to the leaf tissue, and then are lost when the leaf drops. As the fallen leaves decompose, the heavy metals are transferred into the soil.[59 60] Ships also emit air toxics, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a class of polycyclic organic matter (POM) that contains compounds which are known or suspected carcinogens. Since the majority of PAHs are adsorbed onto particles less than 1.0 μm in diameter, long range transport is possible. Particles of this size can remain airborne for days or even months and travel distances up to 10,000 km before being deposited on terrestrial or aquatic surfaces.[61]
                        
                         Atmospheric deposition of particles is believed to be the major source of PAHs to the sediments of Lake Michigan, Chesapeake Bay, Tampa Bay and other coastal areas of the U.S.[62 63 64 65 66]
                         PAHs tend to accumulate in sediments and reach high enough concentrations in some coastal environments to pose an environmental health threat that includes cancer in fish populations, toxicity to organisms living in the sediment, and risks to those (
                        *e.g.,*
                         migratory birds) that consume these organisms.[67 68]
                         PAHs tend to accumulate in sediments and bioaccumulate in fresh water, flora and fauna. The deposition of airborne particles can reduce the aesthetic appeal of buildings and culturally important articles through soiling, and can contribute directly (or in conjunction with other pollutants) to structural damage by means of corrosion or erosion.[69]
                        
                         Particles affect materials principally by promoting and accelerating the corrosion of metals, by degrading paints, and by deteriorating building materials such as concrete and limestone. Particles contribute to these effects because of their electrolytic, hygroscopic, and acidic properties, and their ability to adsorb corrosive gases (principally sulfur dioxide). The rate of metal corrosion depends on a number of factors, including the deposition rate and nature of the pollutant; the influence of the metal protective corrosion film; the amount of moisture present; variability in the electrochemical reactions; the presence and concentration of other surface electrolytes; and the orientation of the metal surface. (3) Impacts on Visibility Emissions from ships contribute to poor visibility in the U.S. through their primary PM2.5
                         emissions, as well as NOX
                         and SOX
                         emissions which contribute to the formation of secondary PM2.5
                        .[70]
                        
                         Visibility can be defined as the degree to which the atmosphere is transparent to visible light. Airborne particles degrade visibility by scattering and absorbing light. Visibility is important because it has direct significance to people's enjoyment of daily activities in all parts of the country. Individuals value good visibility for the well-being it provides them directly where they live and work and in places where they enjoy recreational opportunities. Visibility is also highly valued in significant natural areas such as national parks and wilderness areas, and special emphasis is given to 
                        ( print page 44456)
                        protecting visibility in these areas. For more information on visibility, see the final 2004 PM AQCD as well as the 2005 PM Staff Paper.[71, 72] EPA is pursuing a two-part strategy to address visibility. First, to address the welfare effects of PM on visibility, EPA has set secondary PM2.5
                         standards which act in conjunction with the establishment of a regional haze program. In setting this secondary standard, EPA has concluded that PM2.5
                         causes adverse effects on visibility in various locations, depending on PM concentrations and factors such as chemical composition and average relative humidity. Second, section 169 of the Clean Air Act provides additional authority to address existing visibility impairment and prevent future visibility impairment in the 156 national parks, forests and wilderness areas categorized as mandatory class I Federal areas (62 FR 38680-81, July 18, 1997).[73]
                        
                         In July 1999, the regional haze rule (64 FR 35714) was put in place to protect the visibility in mandatory class I Federal areas. Visibility can be said to be impaired in both PM2.5
                         nonattainment areas and mandatory class I Federal areas. (4) Plant and Ecosystem Effects of Ozone Elevated ozone levels contribute to environmental effects, with impacts to plants and ecosystems being of most concern. Ozone can produce both acute and chronic injury in sensitive species depending on the concentration level and the duration of the exposure. Ozone effects also tend to accumulate over the growing season of the plant, so that even low concentrations experienced for a longer duration have the potential to create chronic stress on vegetation. Ozone damage to plants includes visible injury to leaves and a reduction in food production through impaired photosynthesis, both of which can lead to reduced crop yields, forestry production, and use of sensitive ornamentals in landscaping. In addition, the reduced food production in plants and subsequent reduced root growth and storage below ground, can result in other, more subtle plant and ecosystems impacts. These include increased susceptibility of plants to insect attack, disease, harsh weather, interspecies competition and overall decreased plant vigor. The adverse effects of ozone on forest and other natural vegetation can potentially lead to species shifts and loss from the affected ecosystems, resulting in a loss or reduction in associated ecosystem goods and services. Lastly, visible ozone injury to leaves can result in a loss of aesthetic value in areas of special scenic significance like national parks and wilderness areas. The final 2006 ozone AQCD presents more detailed information on ozone effects on vegetation and ecosystems. C. Air Quality Modeling Results Air quality modeling was performed to assess the impact of the combination of the proposed CAA NOX
                         standards along with ECA designation through Amendment to MARPOL Annex VI. We looked at impacts on future ambient PM2.5
                         and ozone levels, as well as nitrogen and sulfur deposition levels and visibility impairment. In this section, we present information on current levels of pollution as well as model projected levels of pollution for 2020 and 2030.[74] The air quality modeling uses EPA's Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. The CMAQ modeling domain is rectangular in shape and encompasses all of the lower 48 states, portions of Canada and Mexico, and areas extending into the ocean up to 1,000 nautical miles (nm), depending on the coast. The smallest area of ocean coverage is over the northeast U.S. In places like Maine and Cape Cod, the easternmost points of the contiguous U.S., the distance to the edge of the CMAQ modeling domain is approximately 150 nm. The rest of the U.S. shoreline has at least 200 nm between the shoreline and boundary of the air quality modeling. The CMAQ modeling domain is described in more detail in Section 2.4.5.2 of the draft RIA. The performance of the CMAQ modeling was evaluated over a 2002 base case. More detail about the performance evaluation is contained within the Section 2.4.5.4 of the draft RIA. The model was able to reproduce historical concentrations of ozone and PM2.5
                         over the land with low amounts of bias and error. While we are not able to evaluate the model's performance over the ocean, there is no evidence to suggest that model performance is unsatisfactory over the ocean. (1) Particulate Matter The vast majority of PM emissions from Category 3 engines are the result of the sulfur content of the residual fuel they use (67 FR 37569, May 29, 2002).[75]
                        
                         Although this proposed rule would not set PM standards, ECA designation would require the use of fuel meeting the most stringent MARPOL Annex VI fuel sulfur limits, yielding significant PM and SOX
                         reductions. (a) Current Levels PM2.5
                         concentrations exceeding the level of the PM2.5
                         NAAQS occur in many parts of the country. In 2005, EPA designated 39 nonattainment areas for the 1997 PM2.5
                         NAAQS (70 FR 943, January 5, 2005). These areas are composed of 208 full or partial counties with a total population exceeding 88 million. The 1997 PM2.5
                         NAAQS was recently revised and the 2006 24-hour PM2.5
                         NAAQS became effective on December 18, 2006. Area designations for the 2006 24-hour PM2.5
                         NAAQS are expected to be promulgated in 2009 and become effective 90 days after publication in the 
                        **Federal Register**
                        . (b) Projected Levels A number of state governments have told EPA that they need the reductions the coordinated strategy will provide in order to meet and maintain the PM2.5
                         NAAQS.[76]
                        
                         Most areas designated as not attaining the 1997 PM2.5
                         NAAQS will need to attain the 1997 standards in the 2010 to 2015 time frame, and then maintain them thereafter. The 2006 24-hour PM2.5
                         nonattainment areas will be required to attain the 2006 24-hour PM2.5
                         NAAQS in the 2014 to 2019 time frame and then be required to maintain the 2006 24-hour PM2.5
                         NAAQS 
                        ( print page 44457)
                        thereafter. The fuel sulfur emission standards will become effective in 2010 and 2015, and the NOX
                         engine emission standards will become effective in 2016. Therefore, the coordinated strategy emission reductions will be useful to states in attaining or maintaining the PM2.5
                         NAAQS. EPA has already adopted many emission control programs that are expected to reduce ambient PM2.5
                         levels and which will assist in reducing the number of areas that fail to achieve the PM2.5
                         NAAQS. Even so, our air quality modeling for this proposal projects that in 2020, with all current controls but excluding the reductions expected to occur as a result of the coordinated strategy, that at least 13 counties with a population of almost 30 million may not attain the 1997 annual PM2.5
                         standard of 15 μg/m [3]
                        .[77]
                        
                         These numbers do not account for additional areas that have air quality measurements above the 2006 24-hour standard of 35 μg/m3
                        . The numbers also do not account for those areas that are close to (
                        *e.g.,*
                         within 10 percent of) the 1997 or 2006 PM2.5
                         standard. These areas, although not violating the standards, will also benefit from the additional reductions from this rule ensuring long term maintenance of the PM2.5
                         NAAQS. Air quality analysis modeling the expected impacts of the coordinated strategy shows that in 2020 and 2030 all of the modeled counties would experience decreases in their annual PM2.5
                         design values. For areas with current annual PM2.5
                         design values greater than 15 μg/m[3]
                        , the modeled future-year, population-weighted annual PM2.5
                         design values are expected to decrease on average by 0.8 μg/m[3]
                         in 2020 and by 1.7 μg/m[3]
                         in 2030.[78]
                        
                         The maximum decrease for annual PM2.5
                         design values are projected to be in Miami, FL, with a 3.1 μg/m3
                         decrease for 2020 and a 6.0 μg/m3
                         decrease for 2030. The air quality modeling methodology and the projected reductions are discussed in more detail in Chapter 2 of the draft RIA. (2) Ozone (a) Current Levels The U.S. EPA has recently amended the ozone NAAQS (73 FR 16436, March 27, 2008). That final 2008 ozone NAAQS rule set forth revisions to the previous 1997 NAAQS for ozone to provide increased protection of public health and welfare. As of March 4, 2009, there are 57 areas designated as nonattainment for the 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS, comprising 293 full or partial counties with a total population of approximately 132 million people. These numbers do not include the people living in areas where there is a future risk of failing to maintain or attain the 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS. The numbers above likely underestimate the number of counties that are not meeting the ozone NAAQS because the nonattainment areas associated with the more stringent 2008 8-hour ozone NAAQS have not yet been designated. Table II-1 provides an estimate, based on 2005-07 air quality data, of the counties with design values greater than the 2008 8-hour ozone NAAQS of 0.075 ppm. Table II-1—Counties With Design Values Greater Than the 2008 Ozone NAAQS Based on 2005-2007 Air Quality Data
Number of counties
Population a1997 Ozone Standard: counties within the 57 areas currently designated as nonattainment (as of 4/3/09)
293
131,977,8902008 Ozone Standard: additional counties that would not meet the 2008 NAAQS b
227
41,285,262Total
520
173,263,152Notes:a
                             Population numbers are from 2000 census data.b
                             Attainment designations for the 2008 ozone NAAQS have not yet been made. Nonattainment for the 2008 Ozone NAAQS will be based on three years of air quality data from later years. Also, the county numbers in this row include only the counties with monitors violating the 2008 Ozone NAAQS. The numbers in this table may be an underestimate of the number of counties and populations that will eventually be included in areas with multiple counties designated nonattainment.
 (b) Projected Levels (Including Ozone Welfare) States with 8-hour ozone nonattainment areas are required to take action to bring those areas into compliance in the future. Based on the final rule designating and classifying 8-hour ozone nonattainment areas for the 1997 standard (69 FR 23951, April 30, 2004), most 8-hour ozone nonattainment areas will be required to attain the ozone NAAQS in the 2007 to 2013 time frame and then maintain the NAAQS thereafter. Many of these nonattainment areas will need to adopt additional emission reduction programs, and the NOX
                         and VOC reductions that would result from the combination of the proposed CAA NOX
                         standards along with ECA designation through amendment to MARPOL Annex VI would be particularly important for these states. In addition, EPA's revision of the ozone NAAQS was completed with the final rule published on March 27, 2008. The ozone NAAQS revision in 2008 started the process for nonattainment areas to be designated under that standard. While EPA is not relying on the 2008 standard for purposes of justifying this rule, the emission reductions from this rulemaking will also be helpful to states for the more stringent ozone NAAQS. EPA has already adopted many emission control programs that are expected to reduce ambient ozone levels and assist in reducing the number of areas that fail to achieve the ozone NAAQS. Even so, our air quality modeling projects that in 2020, with all current controls but excluding the reductions achieved through the coordinated strategy, up to 50 counties with a population of almost 50 million may not attain the 2008 ozone standard of 0.075 ppm. These numbers do not account for those areas that are close to (
                        *e.g.,*
                         within 10 percent of) the 2008 ozone standard. These areas, although not violating the standards, will also benefit from the additional reductions from this rule ensuring long-term maintenance of the ozone NAAQS.
                        ( print page 44458) These air quality modeling results suggest that the proposed emission reductions would improve both the average and population-weighted average ozone concentrations for the U.S. in 2020 and 2030. In addition, the air quality modeling shows that on average the coordinated program described in this action would help bring counties closer to ozone attainment as well as assist counties whose ozone concentrations are within 10 percent below the standard. For example, in projected nonattainment counties, on a population-weighted basis, the 8-hour ozone design value will on average decrease by 0.5 ppb in 2020 and 1.6 ppb in 2030.[79]
                        
                         The air quality modeling methodology and the projected reductions are discussed in more detail in Chapter 2 of the draft RIA. It should be noted that even though our air quality modeling predicts important reductions in nationwide ozone levels, four counties (of 661 that have monitored data) are expected to experience an increase in their ozone design values in 2030. There are two counties in southern California, Orange County and San Bernardino County, and two counties in Washington, Clallam County and Clark County, which would experience 8-hour ozone design value increases due to the NOX
                         disbenefits which occur in these VOC-limited ozone nonattainment areas. Briefly, NOX
                         reductions at certain times and in some areas can lead to increased ozone levels. The air quality modeling methodology (Section 2.4.5), the projected reductions (Section 2.4), and the limited NOX
                         disbenefits (Section 2.4.2.2.2), are discussed in more detail in Chapter 2 of the draft RIA. (c) Case Study of Shipping Emissions and Ozone Impacts on Forests The section below attempts to estimate the impacts of the coordinated strategy on ecological impacts through a case study. Assessing the impact of ground-level ozone on forests in the eastern United States involves understanding the risk/effect of tree species to ozone ambient concentrations and accounting for the prevalence of those species within the forest. As a way to quantify the risk/effect of particular plants to ground-level ozone, scientists have developed ozone-exposure/tree-response functions by exposing tree seedlings to different ozone levels and measuring reductions in growth as “biomass loss”.[80] With knowledge of the distribution of sensitive species and the level of ozone at particular locations, it is possible to estimate a “biomass loss” for each species across their range. EPA performed an analysis for 2020 in which we examined biomass loss with and without ship emissions to determine the benefit of reducing these emissions on sensitive tree species in the eastern half of the U.S.[81]
                        
                         The biomass loss attributable to shipping appears to range from 0-6.5% depending on the particular species. The most sensitive species in the U.S. to ozone related biomass loss is black cherry (
                        *Prunus serotina*); the area of its range with more than 10% total biomass loss in 2020 decreased by 8.5% in the case in which emissions from ships were removed. Likewise, yellow-poplar (
                        *Liriodendron tulipifera*), eastern white pine (
                        *Pinus strobus*), aspen (
                        *Populus spp.*), and ponderosa pine (
                        *Pinus ponderosa*
                        ) saw areas with more then 2% biomass loss reduced by 2.1% to 3.8% in 2020. This 2% level of biomass loss is important, because a consensus workshop on ozone effects reported that a 2% annual biomass loss causes harm due to the potential for compounding effects over multiple years as short-term negative effects on seedlings affect long-term forest health.[82, 83] (3) Nitrogen and Sulfur Deposition (a) Current Levels Modeling conducted by the EPA for the coordinated strategy shows that in 2020 ships would add significant amounts to sulfur deposition in sensitive ecological areas across the U.S., ranging from 10% to more than 25% of total sulfur deposition along the entire Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Pacific coastal areas of the U.S. This same level of impact would extend inland for hundreds of kilometers, affecting thousands of sensitive ecological areas. This deposition would contribute to the serious problem acidification causes in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Nitrogen deposition contributes to both acidification and nutrient enrichment. In 2020, ships would contribute a significant percentage of the annual U.S. total nitrogen deposition to many terrestrial and aquatic areas within the U.S. that are potentially sensitive to excess nitrogen. The contribution from ships would range from about 9% to more than 25% along the entire U.S. Atlantic, Pacific and Gulf of Mexico coastal regions. See the draft RIA for more information and detailed maps on sulfur and nitrogen deposition. (b) Projected Levels The emissions reductions that would result from the combination of the proposed CAA NOX
                         standards along with ECA designation through amendment to MARPOL Annex VI and related proposed fuel standards would significantly reduce the annual total sulfur and nitrogen deposition occurring in sensitive U.S. ecosystems including forests, wetlands, lakes, streams, and estuaries. For sulfur deposition, adopting the coordinated strategy would result in reductions ranging from 5% to 20% along the entire Atlantic and Gulf coasts with higher levels of reduction, exceeding 25%, occurring in the near-land coastal waters of the U.S. In a few land areas on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, such as the southern parts of the States of Louisiana, Texas, and Florida, 2020 sulfur deposition reductions would be much higher, 
                        *i.e.,*
                         over 30%. Along the Pacific Coast, sulfur deposition reductions would exceed 25% in the entire Southern California area, and the Pacific Northwest. For a map of 2020 sulfur reductions and additional information on these impacts see Section 2.4.3 of the draft RIA. Overall, nitrogen deposition reductions in 2020 resulting from the coordinated strategy described in this action are less than sulfur deposition reductions. Nitrogen deposition reductions would range from 3% to 7% along the entire Atlantic, Pacific and Gulf Coasts. As with sulfur deposition reductions, a few areas such as the southern parts of the States of Louisiana, Texas, and Florida would experience larger reductions of nitrogen up to 9%. The Pacific coastal waters would see higher nitrogen reductions, exceeding 20% in some instances. See Section 2.4.3 of the draft RIA for a map and additional information on nitrogen deposition impacts.
                        ( print page 44459) (4) Visibility (a) Current Levels As of March 12, 2008, over 88 million people live in nonattainment areas for the 1997 PM2.5
                         NAAQS. These populations, as well as large numbers of individuals who travel to these areas, are likely to experience visibility impairment. In addition, while visibility trends have improved in mandatory class I Federal areas, the most recent data show that these areas continue to suffer from visibility impairment. In summary, visibility impairment is experienced throughout the U.S., in multi-state regions, urban areas, and remote mandatory class I Federal areas. (b) Projected Levels The air quality modeling conducted for the coordinated strategy also was used to project visibility conditions in 133 mandatory class I Federal areas across the U.S. in 2020 and 2030. The results indicate that improvements in visibility due to OGV emissions reductions would occur in all 133 class I Federal areas in the future, although all areas would continue to have annual average deciview levels above background in 2020 and 2030.[84]
                        
                         The average visibility on the 20 percent worst days at these scenic locales is projected to improve by 0.21 deciviews, or 1.2 percent. The greatest improvements in visibilities would occur in coastal areas. For instance, the Agua Tibia Wilderness area (near Los Angeles) would see a 9% improvement (2.17 DV) in 2020 as a result of the emission reductions from the coordinated strategy. National parks and national wilderness areas in other parts of the country would also see improvements. For example, the Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge (South Carolina) would have a 5% improvement in visibility (1.16 DV) and Acadia National Park (Maine) would have a 4% improvement (0.76 DV) with a 200 nm ECA. Other areas would experience important benefits as well due to the contribution of OGVs to visibility impairment. For example, in 2002, about 3% of visibility impairment in southern Florida's Everglades National Park was due to international shipping (0.61 DV), and this will double to 6% (1.35 DV) by 2020. Even in inland class I Federal areas, international shipping activity is contributing to visibility degradation. In 2020, about 2.5% (0.28 DV) of visibility degradation in the Grand Canyon National Park located in the state of Arizona will be from international shipping, while almost 6% (0.81 DV) of visibility degradation in the State of Washington's North Cascades National Park would be from international shipping emissions. For the table which contains the full visibility results over the 133 analyzed areas see Section 2.2.4.2 of the draft RIA. D. Emissions From Ships With Category 3 Engines (1) Overview This section describes the contribution of Category 3 vessels to national emission inventories of NOX, PM2.5, and SO2. A Category 3 vessel has a Category 3 propulsion engine. Emissions from a Category 3 vessel include the emissions from both the propulsion and auxiliary engines on that vessel. Propulsion and auxiliary engine emissions were estimated separately to account for differences in emission factors, engine size and load, and activity. We estimate that in 2009, Category 3 vessels will contribute almost 913,000 tons (10 percent) to the national mobile source NOX
                         inventory, about 71,000 tons (24 percent) to the mobile source diesel PM2.5
                         inventory, and nearly 597,000 tons (80 percent) to the mobile source SO2
                         inventory. Expressed as a percentage of all anthropogenic emissions, Category 3 vessels contribute 6 percent to the national NOX
                         inventory, 3 percent to the national PM2.5
                         inventory, and 11 percent to the total SO2
                         inventory in 2009. In 2030, absent the strategy discussed in this proposal, these vessels will contribute about 2.1 million tons (40 percent) to the mobile source NOX
                         inventory, 168,000 tons (75 percent) to the mobile source diesel PM2.5
                         inventory, and about 1.4 million tons (95 percent) to the mobile source SO2
                         inventory. Expressed as a percentage of all anthropogenic emissions, Category 3 vessels will contribute 19 percent to the national NOX
                         inventory, 5 percent to the national PM2.5
                         inventory, and 15 percent to the total SO2
                         inventory in 2030. Under this strategy, by 2030, annual NOX
                         emissions from these vessels would be reduced by 1.2 million tons, PM2.5
                         emissions by 143,000 tons, and SO2
                         emissions by 1.3 million tons.[85] Each sub-section below discusses one of the three affected pollutants, including expected emission reductions that would result from the combination of the proposed CAA NOX
                         standards along with the ECA designation through amendment to MARPOL Annex VI and related proposed fuel standards. Table II-2 summarizes the impacts of these reductions for 2020 and 2030. Table II-3 provides the estimated 2030 NOX
                         emission reductions (and PM reductions) for the coordinated strategy compared to the Locomotive and Marine rule, Clean Air Nonroad Diesel (CAND) program, and the Heavy-Duty Highway rule. Further details on our inventory estimates are available in Chapter 3 of the draft RIA. As described in Chapter 3 of the draft RIA, the ocean-going vessel emission inventories presented in this section are estimated by combining two sets of emissions inventories, one for U.S. port areas and one for operation on the open ocean. With regard to operation on the open ocean, it was necessary to specify an outer boundary of the modeling domain; otherwise, emissions from ships operating as far away as Asia or Europe would be included in the U.S. emission inventory. For simplicity, we set the outer boundary for inventory modeling roughly equivalent to the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). It consists of the area that extends 200 nautical miles (nm) from the official U.S. baseline, which is recognized as the low-water line along the coast as marked on the official U.S. nautical charts in accordance with the articles of the Law of the Sea. The U.S. region was then clipped to the boundaries of the U.S. EEZ. While this area will exclude emissions that occur outside the 200 nm boundary but that are transported to the U.S. landmass, it has the advantage of corresponding to an area in which the United States has a clear environmental interest. This area also corresponds well to the CMAQ modeling domain for most coasts.
                        ( print page 44460) Table II-2—Estimated National (50 State) Reductions in Emissions From Category 3 Commercial Marine Vessels 
                            a
Pollutant [short tons]
2020
2030NOX:NOX
                                 Emissions without Coordinated Strategy
1,361,000
2,059,000NOX
                                 Emissions with Coordinated Strategy
952,000
878,000NOX
                                 Reductions Resulting from Coordinated Strategy
409,000
1,181,000Direct PM2.5:PM2.5
                                 Emissions without Coordinated Strategy
110,000
168,000PM2.5
                                 Emissions with Coordinated Strategy
16,000
25,000PM2.5
                                 Reductions Resulting from Coordinated Strategy
94,000
143,000SO2:SO2
                                 Emissions without Coordinated Strategy
928,000
1,410,000SO2
                                 Emissions with Coordinated Strategy
51,000
78,000SO2
                                 Reductions Resulting from Coordinated Strategy
877,000
1,332,000Notes:a
                             Emissions are included within 200 nautical miles of the U.S. coastline.
 Table II-3—Projected 2030 Emissions Reductions From Recent Mobile Source Rules (Short Tons) 
                            a
Rule
NOX
PM2.5Category 3 Marine Proposal
1,181,000
143,000Locomotive and Marine
795,000
27,000Clean Air Nonroad Diesel
738,000
129,000Heavy-Duty Highway
2,600,000
109,000Notes:a
                             Locomotive and Marine Rule (73 FR 25098, May 6, 2008); Clean Air Nonroad Diesel Rule (69 FR 38957, June 29, 2004); Heavy-Duty Highway Rule (66 FR 5001, January 18, 2001).
 (2) NOX
                         Emission Reductions In 2009, annual emissions from Category 3 commercial [86]
                        
                         marine vessels will total about 913,000 tons. Earlier Tier 1 NOX
                         engine standards became effective in 2000, but the reductions due to the Tier 1 standards are offset by the growth in this sector, resulting in increased NOX
                         emissions of 1.4 million tons and 2.1 million tons in 2020 and 2030, respectively. As shown in Table II-2, the coordinated strategy would reduce annual NOX
                         emissions from the current national inventory baseline by 409,000 tons in 2020 and 1,181,000 tons in 2030. As shown in Table II-3, the 2030 NOX
                         reductions for the coordinated strategy would exceed those for the other two nonroad rules. (3) PM2.5
                         Emissions Reductions In 2009, annual emissions from Category 3 commercial marine vessels will total about 71,000 tons. By 2030, these engines, absent the coordinated strategy, would contribute about 168,000 tons. As shown in Table II-2, the coordinated strategy would reduce annual PM2.5
                         emissions by 94,000 tons in 2020 and 143,000 tons in 2030. As seen in Table II-3, the 2030 PM2.5
                         emission reduction would be larger than any of the reductions achieved with other recent rules. (4) SO2
                         Emissions Reductions In 2009, annual emissions from Category 3 commercial marine vessels will total about 597,000 tons. By 2030, these engines, absent the coordinated strategy, would contribute about 1.4 million tons. As shown in Table II-2 the coordinated strategy would reduce annual SO2
                         emissions by 877,000 tons in 2020 and 1.3 million tons in 2030. III. Engine Standards This section details the emission standards, implementation dates, and other major requirements being proposed under the Clean Air Act. A detailed discussion of the technological feasibility of the proposed NOX
                         standards follows the description of the proposed program. Other elements of our coordinated strategy to control emissions from OGV are discussed in subsequent sections. Provisions related to our Clean Air Act fuel controls are described in Section IV. Section V summarizes the U.S. and Canada's recent proposal to amend MARPOL Annex VI to designate much of the U.S. and Canadian coasts as an Emission Control Area.[87]
                        
                         Finally, provisions revising our Clean Air Act test procedures and related certification requirements, provisions to implement MARPOL Annex VI through APPS, and various changes we are considering to our Categories 1 and 2 (marine diesel engines with per cylinder displacement less than 30 liters per cylinder) marine diesel engine program are described in Section VI. A. What Category 3 Marine Engines are Covered? Consistent with our existing marine diesel emission control program, the proposed engine emission standards would apply to any new marine diesel engine with per cylinder displacement at or above 30 liters installed on a vessel flagged or registered in the United States. With regard to marine diesel engines on foreign vessels that enter U.S. ports, we are proposing to retain our current approach and not apply this Clean Air Act program to those engines. This is appropriate because engines on foreign vessels are subject to the same NOX
                         limits through MARPOL Annex VI, and the United States can enforce compliance pursuant to Annex VI and the recent amendments to the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships (33 USC 
                        ( print page 44461)
                        1901 
                        *et seq.*
                        ). At the same time, however, the effectiveness of this approach is contingent on the designation of U.S. coasts as an ECA pursuant to MARPOL Annex VI, since the Annex VI Tier III NOX
                         limits are geographic in scope and apply only in designated ECAs. We anticipate that MARPOL Annex VI will be amended to include the U.S. and Canadian government proposal. If, however, the proposed amendment is not adopted in a timely manner by IMO, we intend to take supplemental action to control harmful emissions from all vessels affecting U.S. air quality. Section V contains a description of the ECA designation process and further discussion of the application of the Act to engines on foreign vessels if ECA designation is delayed or not approved. The combination of this Clean Air Act program, MARPOL Annex VI, and APPS will apply comparable emission standards to the vast majority of vessels entering U.S. ports or operating in U.S. waters.[88]
                        
                         Most significantly, these vessels will be required to meet the NOX
                         limits described below. As is described later in this Section III and in Section VI, there would be some minor differences between the proposed Clean Air Act program and the requirements that apply under MARPOL Annex VI. Nevertheless, with respect to U.S. air quality, these differences would have a negligible effect on emissions from foreign vessels. Although we are not proposing standards for existing engines on vessels already in the U.S. fleet, we are seeking comment on a programmatic alternative that would help reduce emissions from those engines. This Voluntary Marine Verification Program is described in Section IX. B. What Standards are we Proposing for Freshly Manufactured Engines? This subsection details the emission standards (and implementation dates) we are proposing for freshly manufactured (
                        *i.e.,*
                         new) Category 3 engines on U.S. vessels. As described in Section III.C, we believe the proposed standards will be challenging to manufacturers, yet ultimately feasible and cost-effective within the proposed lead time. These standards, along with other parts of our program, are the outcome of our work with stakeholders to resolve the challenges associated with applying advanced diesel engine technology to Category 3 engines to achieve significant NOX
                         reductions. (1) NOX
                         Standards We are proposing new NOX
                         emission standards for Category 3 marine diesel engines. Our existing Tier 1 NOX
                         standards for Category 3 engines are dependent on the rated speed of the engine for speeds between 130 revolutions per minute (rpm) and 2000 rpm. Fixed standards apply for lower and higher speeds. Thus, the standards are expressed as an equation that applies for speeds between 130 rpm and 2000 rpm, along with fixed values that are calculated from the equation for 130 rpm and 2000 rpm that apply for lower and higher speeds. This was done to account for the fact that brake-specific NOX
                         emissions are inherently higher for lower speed engines (and lower for higher speed engines). Note that this same approach is used by the IMO for the same technical reasons. We are proposing to continue this approach for Tier 2 and Tier 3, as shown in Table III-1. Table III-1—Proposed NOX
                             Emission Standards for Category 3 Engines (g/kW-hr)
Less than 130 RPM
130-2000 RPM a
Over 2000 RPMTier 1
b
                                 2004
17.0
45.0 · n(−0.20)
9.8Tier 2
2011
14.4
44.0 · n(−0.23)
7.7Tier 3
2016
3.4
9.0 · n(−0.20)
2.0Notes:a
                             Applicable standards are calculated from n (maximum in-use engine speed in RPM), rounded to one decimal place.b
                             Tier 1 NOX
                             standards apply for engines originally manufactured after 2004, and proposed to also to certain earlier engines.
 Our analysis, which is described in the draft RIA, shows that these standards will give the greatest degree of emission control achievable considering compliance costs, lead time, and other relevant factors. The technological bases are also discussed briefly below. Note that other important provisions related to compliance with these standards are described in Section VI. This includes provisions to ensure effective control of NOX
                         emissions over a broad range of operating conditions. (a) Tier 2 NOX
                         Limits We are proposing new Tier 2 NOX
                         emission standards for Category 3 marine diesel engines. In-cylinder emission control technology for Category 3 marine engines has progressed substantially in recent years. Significant reductions can be achieved in the near term with little or no impact on overall vessel performance. These technologies include traditional engine-out controls such as electronically-controlled high-pressure common-rail fuel systems, turbocharger optimization, compression-ratio changes, and electronically-controlled exhaust valves. We are setting a near-term NOX
                         emission standard requiring a reduction of approximately 20 percent below the current Tier 1 standard beginning 2011. (b) Tier 3 NOX
                         Limits While the Tier 2 standards will achieve modest reductions quickly, the proposed Tier 3 standards are intended to achieve much greater emission reductions through the use of advanced aftertreatment such as selective catalytic reduction (SCR). These standards would achieve reductions of about 80 percent from the current Tier 1 standards. As explained in Section IX.B below regarding regulatory alternatives, we evaluated the possibility of requiring the Tier 3 limits on an earlier schedule than 2016. However, we found that a schedule requiring Tier 3 limits prior to 2016 had significant feasibility issues, and are therefore proposing the 2016 implementation date for Tier 3 standards. Under the proposed approach, manufacturers of Category 3 engines will have about the same amount of lead time allowed manufacturers for smaller marine engines and locomotives.
                        ( print page 44462) (2) PM and SOX
                         Standards We are not proposing new engine standards for PM or SOX
                         emissions. We intend to rely instead on the use of cleaner fuels as described in Section IV and V. SOX
                         emissions and the majority of the direct PM emissions from Category 3 marine engines operated on residual fuels are a direct result of fuel quality, most notably the sulfur in the fuel, and engine-based PM controls are not currently feasible for engines using these fuels. Other components of residual fuel, such as ash and heavy metals, also contribute directly to PM. Using cleaner distillate fuel is the most effective means to achieve significant PM and SOX
                         reductions for Category 3 engines. We are proposing substantial reductions in the sulfur content of fuel purchased in the U.S. for use in an ECA. This complements Annex VI which requires that fuels used in ECAs around the world have sulfur levels below 1,000 ppm. This sulfur limit is expected to necessitate the use of distillate fuel which will result not only in reductions in sulfate PM emissions, but also reductions in organic PM and metallic ash particles in the exhaust. Even though the sulfur limit is much lower than current levels, it is not clear if this fuel sulfur level would be low enough to allow Category 3 engines to be equipped with the catalytic PM filters similar to those being used by trucks today. If we were to require technology that needs lower sulfur fuel, such as 15 ppm, ship operators would need to have access to this fuel around the world. Operating on higher sulfur fuel, such as for outside of our waters, could otherwise result in damage to the PM control equipment. At this time, it is not clear if 15 ppm sulfur fuel could be made available around the world. In any case, the 1,000 ppm sulfur fuel requirement alone will eliminate 85 percent of PM emissions from ships operating in ECAs. To further our understanding of PM emissions from ships, we are proposing to require engine manufacturers to measure and report PM emissions even though we are not proposing a PM standard. The information gathered will help support our efforts as we continue to evaluate the feasibility of achieving further PM reductions through engine-based controls. It will also help us to better characterize the PM emission rates associated with operating Category 3 engines on distillate fuel. If we determine that further PM reductions are feasible or that a specific PM limit is necessary to ensure anticipated reductions in PM emissions from ships, we may propose PM standards for Category 3 engines in the future. (3) HC and CO Standards We are proposing HC and CO standards of 2.0 g/kW-hr and 5.0 g/kW-hr, respectively. Emission control technologies for C3 marine engines have been concentrated on reducing NOX
                         and PM emissions, but these emission standards will prevent increases in emissions of HC and CO that might otherwise occur as a result of use of certain technologies for controlling NOX, such as those that significantly degrade combustion efficiency. (4) CO2
                         Standards We are not proposing to adopt CO2
                         standards for marine diesel engines at this time. Marine diesel engines are included in other ongoing Agency actions, including our Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPRM) for mobile sources (73 FR 44353, July 30, 2008) and our Greenhouse Gas Reporting Rule (74 FR 16448, April 10, 2009). In addition, EPA is participating in the U.S. Government delegation to IMO, which is currently engaged in negotiations for an international program to address greenhouse emissions from ships. C. Are the Standards Feasible? We have analyzed a variety of technologies available for NOX
                         reduction in the Category 3 marine sector. As described in more detail in our draft RIA, we are projecting that marine diesel engine manufacturers will choose to use in-cylinder, or engine design-based emission control technologies to achieve the 15 to 20 percent NOX
                         reductions required to meet the proposed Tier 2 standard. To achieve the 80 percent NOX
                         reductions required to meet the proposed Tier 3 standard, we believe many manufacturers will choose SCR exhaust aftertreatment technology. In addition, manufacturers may choose a combination of other in-cylinder technologies, such fuel-water emulsification, direct water injection, intake air humidification, or exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) to reduce NOX
                         emissions and meet the proposed standards. These “in-cylinder” approaches could be calibrated and applied in one manner to achieve Tier 3 NOX
                         levels when operating with an ECA, and then adjusted, or re-calibrated, in another manner to achieve Tier 2 NOX
                         levels when operating outside an ECA. The in-cylinder, or engine-out, NOX
                         emissions of a diesel engine can be controlled by utilizing engine design and calibration parameters (
                        *e.g.,*
                         fuel delivery and valve timing) to limit the formation of NOX
                        . NOX
                         formation rate has a strong exponential relationship to combustion temperature. Therefore, high temperatures result in high NOX
                         formation rates.[89 90]
                         Any changes to engine design and calibration which can reduce the peak temperature realized during combustion will also reduce NOX
                         emissions. Many of the approaches and technologies for reducing in-cylinder NOX
                         emissions are discussed in our draft RIA. SCR is a commonly-used technology for meeting stricter NOX
                         emissions standards in diesel applications worldwide. Stationary power plants fueled with coal, diesel and natural gas have used SCR for three decades as a means of controlling NOX
                         emissions, and European heavy-duty truck manufacturers are currently using this technology to meet Euro 5 emissions limits. To a lesser extent, SCR has been introduced on diesel engines in the U.S. market, but the applications have been limited to marine ferryboat and stationary electrical power generation demonstration projects in California and several of the Northeast states. SCR systems are currently being designed and developed for use on ocean-going vessels worldwide, and we project that SCR will continue to be a viable technology for control of Category 3 NOX
                         emissions. A more detailed discussion of SCR technology can be found in our draft RIA. IV. Fuel Standards A. Background EPA is proposing emissions standards for Category 3 (C3) engines that are consistent with those recently adopted as amendments to MARPOL Annex VI. As amended, Annex VI includes revised fuel sulfur standards for use in engines onboard ships, and it also set more stringent fuel sulfur limits for “any fuel oil used onboard ships * * * operating within an Emission Control Area” (Annex VI, Regulation 14). Under the Annex, the process by which an Emission Control Area (ECA) is to be designated is through amendment of the Annex. The U.S. and Canadian governments have submitted a proposal to amend MARPOL Annex VI to designate an ECA to include much of the U.S. and Canadian coastlines. Specifically, the proposed ECA would 
                        ( print page 44463)
                        include the entire coastline for the contiguous 48 states, Southeastern Alaska, and the Main Hawaiian Islands, extending to a distance of 200 nautical miles from the coastline. We anticipate that this amendment will be considered at the next Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC 59) which is scheduled for July 2009. We expect that the amendment will be adopted in March 2010, at MEPC 60. This approval date is roughly three months after the intended date for promulgation of the final rule. EPA is in this notice proposing fuel sulfur limits under section 211(c) of the Clean Air Act that match the limits that apply under Annex VI in ECAs. The adoption of such standards would: (1) Forbid the production and sale of fuel oil above 1,000 ppm sulfur for use in the waters within the proposed ECA (as well as internal U.S. waters); [91]
                        
                         and (2) allow for the production and sale of up to 1,000 ppm sulfur fuel for use in C3 marine vessels.[92] The majority of vessels with a C3 propulsion engine operate on high-sulfur, heavy fuel oil (HFO) (also known as residual, or bunker, fuel). Due to their use of heavy fuel, these marine diesel engines have very high PM and SO2
                         emissions. Sulfur in the fuel is emitted from engines primarily as SO2; however a small fraction is emitted as sulfur trioxide (SO3) which immediately forms sulfate and is emitted as PM by the engine. In addition, much of the SO2
                         emitted from the engine reacts in the atmosphere to form secondary PM. Reductions in residual fuel sulfur levels would lead to significant sulfate PM and SO2
                         emission reductions which would provide dramatic environmental and public health benefits. However, in most cases, fuels that meet the long-term fuel sulfur standards will likely be distillate fuels, rather than HFO. In addition to reductions in sulfate PM, switching from HFO to distillate fuel may reduce black carbon emissions, fine particle counts, organic carbon, and metallic ash particles. HFO sold for use by these vessels is currently not subject to any EPA sulfur limits (as it is not regulated by our current sulfur program) and generally has very high levels of sulfur. The proposed modifications to our existing diesel fuel program will prohibit the production and sale of this fuel for use in an ECA. Instead, fuel sold for use in an ECA would not be allowed to exceed a sulfur content of 1,000 ppm. In a complementary fashion, the amendment to MARPOL Annex VI designating the U.S. ECA will ensure that fuel used in an ECA, including fuel purchased in another country but used within the U.S. ECA, also meets a 1,000 ppm sulfur limit. Under our proposed regulations, fuel sold for use by C3 vessels in the U.S. ECA will be allowed to have a sulfur content as high as this 1,000 ppm sulfur limit, while fuel sold for use in Category 1 (C1; marine diesel engines up to 7 liters per cylinder displacement) and Category 2 (C2; marine diesel engines from 7 to 30 liters per cylinder) vessels would continue to be subject to the nonroad, locomotive, and marine [93]
                        
                         (NRLM) diesel fuel sulfur requirements. In the event that the U.S. ECA is not approved in a timely manner, we will revisit the standards being proposed here in that context. B. Current Diesel Fuel Standards The Nonroad Diesel program (finalized on June 29, 2004 (69 FR 38958)) reduces the sulfur content of NRLM diesel fuel from uncontrolled levels down to a maximum sulfur level of 15 ppm. Refiners and importers are required to produce or import all NRLM diesel fuel at a sulfur level of 15 ppm or less by June 1, 2014. The main compliance mechanism of the diesel sulfur program is the Designate and Track (D&T) provisions, which allows NRLM diesel fuel to be distinguished from similar products (
                        *e.g.*, heating oil) and yet provides a means for diesel fuel to be fungibly transported through the fuel production and distribution system. Under D&T, refiners and importers are required to designate the type and sulfur level of each batch of fuel produced or imported. As this fuel is transferred through the distribution system, product transfer documents (PTDs) must be exchanged each time the batch changes custody. Along with PTDs, other required elements of D&T include quarterly and annual reporting, fuel pump labeling, and recordkeeping. The Nonroad Diesel program also contains certain provisions to ease refiners' transition to the lower sulfur standards and to enable the efficient distribution of all diesel fuels. These provisions, as discussed more below in Section IV.B.2, include special provisions for qualified small refiners, transmix processors, and entities in the fuel distribution system. (1) Scope of the Nonroad Diesel Fuel Program The sulfur standards finalized by the Nonroad Diesel rule apply to all the diesel fuel that is produced and sold for use in NRLM diesel applications (all fuel used in NRLM diesel engines, except for fuels heavier than a No. 2 distillate used in Category 2 and 3 marine engines [94]
                        
                         and any fuel that is exempted for national security or other reasons). While the Nonroad Diesel rule did not set sulfur standards for other distillate fuels (such as jet fuel, heating oil, kerosene, and No. 4 fuel oil), it did implement provisions to prevent the inappropriate use of heating oil and other higher sulfur distillate fuels in NRLM and locomotive and marine (LM) diesel applications. Sale of distillate fuels for use in nonroad, locomotive, or marine diesel engines will generally be prohibited unless the fuel meets the diesel fuel sulfur standards of 40 CFR Part 80.[95]
                        
                         The regulated fuels under our diesel fuel sulfur program include those fuels listed in the regulations at 40 CFR 80.2(qqq). The current sulfur standards do not apply to: (1) No. 1 distillate fuel used to power aircraft; (2) Number 4, 5, and 6 fuels (
                        *e.g.,*
                         residual fuels or residual fuel blends, intermediate fuel oil (IFO) Heavy Fuel Oil Grades 30 and higher), used for stationary source purposes; (3) any distillate fuel with a T-90 distillation point greater than 700 °F, when used in Category 2 or 3 marine diesel engines (this includes Number 4, 5, and 6 fuels (
                        *e.g.,*
                         IFO Heavy Fuel Oil Grades 30 and higher), including fuels meeting the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) specifications DMB, DMC, and RMA-10 and heavier); and (4) any fuel for which a national security or research and development exemption has been approved or fuel that is exported from 
                        ( print page 44464)
                        the U.S. The criterion that any distillate fuel with a T-90 greater than 700 °F will not be subject to the sulfur standards when used in Category 2 or 3 marine engines was intended to exclude fuels heavier than No. 2 distillate, including blends containing residual fuel. In addition, residual fuel is not subject to the sulfur standards. While many marine diesel engines use No. 2 distillate, ASTM specifications for marine fuels identify four kinds of marine distillate fuels: DMX, DMA, DMB, and DMC. DMX is a special light distillate intended mainly for use in emergency engines. DMA (also called marine gas oil, or “MGO”) is a general purpose marine distillate that contains no trace of residual fuel. These fuels can be used in all marine diesel engines but are primarily used by Category 1 engines. DMX and DMA fuels intended for use in any marine diesel engine are subject to EPA's fuel sulfur standards. DMB, also called marine diesel oil, is not typically used with Category 1 engines, but is used for Category 2 and 3 engines. DMB is allowed to have a trace of residual fuel, which can be high in sulfur. This contamination with residual fuel usually occurs due to the distribution process, when distillate is brought on board a vessel via a barge that has previously contained residual fuel, or using the same supply lines as are used for residual fuel. DMB is produced when fuels such as DMA are brought on board the vessel in this manner. EPA's sulfur standards do apply to the distillate that is used to produce the DMB, for example the DMA distillate, up to the point that it becomes DMB. However, DMB itself is not subject to the EPA sulfur standards when it is used in Category 2 or 3 engines. DMC is a grade of marine fuel that may contain some residual fuel and is often a residual fuel blend. This fuel is similar to No. 4 diesel, and can be used in Category 2 and Category 3 marine diesel engines. DMC is produced by blending a distillate fuel with residual fuel, for example at a location downstream in the distribution system. EPA's sulfur standards apply to the distillate that is used to produce the DMC, up to the point that it is blended with the residual fuel to produce DMC. However, DMC itself is not subject to the EPA sulfur standards when it is used in Category 2 or 3 marine engines. Residual fuel is not covered by the sulfur content standards as it is not a distillate fuel. Residual fuel is typically designated by the prefix RM (
                        *e.g.,*
                         RMA, RMB, 
                        *etc.*). These fuels are also identified by their nominal viscosity (
                        *e.g.,*
                         RMA10, RMG35, 
                        *etc.*). Most residual fuels require treatment by an onboard purifier-clarifier centrifuge system, although RMA and RMB do not require this. The distillation criterion adopted by EPA, T-90 greater than 700 °F, was designed to identify those fuels that are not subject to the sulfur standards when used in Category 2 or 3 marine diesel engines. It is intended to exclude DMB, DMC, and other heavy distillates or blends, when used in Category 2 or 3 marine diesel engines. We are not proposing to amend this provision in this action. However, under this proposal, all of these fuels, and any other diesel fuels or fuel oils, would be subject to a 1,000 ppm sulfur limit if they are produced or sold for use in an ECA. (2) Flexibilities Compliance flexibilities were provided in the nonroad diesel sulfur regulations for qualified small refiners (69 FR 39047; Section IV.B.1) and for transmix processors (69 FR 39045; Section IV.A.3.d). Small refiners were provided, among other flexibility options, additional time for compliance with the 15 ppm NRLM standard, until June 1, 2014. Transmix processors, who distill off-specification interface mixtures of petroleum products from pipeline systems into gasoline and distillate fuel, have a simple refinery configuration that does not make it cost-effective for them to install and operate a hydrotreater to reduce distillate fuel sulfur content. As a result, transmix processors were provided with the flexibility to continue to produce all of their NRLM diesel fuel to meet the 500 ppm sulfur standard until June 1, 2014, and all of their LM diesel fuel to meet a 500 ppm sulfur limit indefinitely. The latter flexibility also allows for an outlet for off-spec fuel that may be produced in the distribution system. The D&T provisions, first established to distinguish highway from nonroad 500 ppm fuel, were thus continued beyond 2014 to ensure that 500 ppm NRLM could be distinguished from similar fuel (
                        *e.g.,*
                         heating oil that has a sulfur level of 500 ppm). In 2014 and beyond, D&T is essential to ensure that heating oil is not being inappropriately shifted downstream of the refiner into the NRLM and LM diesel fuel markets, circumventing the NRLM standards (as mentioned above in Section IV.B.1). Provisions in the Nonroad Diesel rule to ensure that heating oil is not used in NRLM applications include the use of a fuel marker to distinguish heating oil from NRLM and LM diesel fuel, dye solvent yellow 124, which is added to heating oil at the terminal level. The D&T provisions also provided parties in the diesel fuel industry with inherent flexibility. D&T maximizes the efficiency of the distribution system by allowing for fungible distribution of physically similar products, and minimizing the need for product segregation. Under D&T, diesel fuel with similar sulfur levels can be fungibly shipped up to the point of distribution from a terminal (where off-highway diesel fuels must be dyed red, pursuant to Internal Revenue Service (IRS) requirements, to indicate its tax exempt status). (3) Northeast/Mid-Atlantic Area In the Northeast, heating oil is distributed in significant quantities. Discussions with terminal operators in the Northeast (and other representatives of heating oil users and distributors) during the development of the Nonroad Diesel rule revealed concerns that the heating oil marker requirement would represent a significant burden on terminal operators and users of heating oil given the large volume of heating oil used in the Northeast. These parties suggested that if EPA prohibited the sale and use of diesel fuel produced by those utilizing the flexibilities described above, this area could be exempted from the marker requirement. Thus, the Northeast/Mid-Atlantic (NE/MA) area was developed (69 FR 39063, Section IV.D.1.b.ii; see also 40 CFR 80.510(g) for the specific states and counties that comprise the NE/MA area). As there would be no way to distinguish heating oil from 500 ppm NRLM and 500 ppm LM diesel fuel in 2014 and beyond without the fuel marker, these fuel types are not allowed to be produced/imported, distributed and/or sold in the NE/MA area during this time period (500 ppm NRLM diesel fuel may not be produced/imported, distributed and/or sold in the NE/MA area after 2012). Similarly, high sulfur NRLM (HSNRLM) produced through the use of credits is not allowed in Alaska. However, EPA-approved small refiners in Alaska may produce HSNRLM diesel fuel. To receive this approval, a small refiner must provide EPA with a compliance plan showing how their HSNRLM diesel fuel will be segregated from all other distillate fuels through its distribution to end-users. (4) Nonroad Diesel Program Transition Schedule The transition to lower sulfur diesel fuel for NRLM equipment is depicted in Figure VI-1 below. The transition for urban (areas served by the Federal Aid 
                        ( print page 44465)
                        Highway System) and rural Alaska are shown below in Figure VI-2. Highway and Nonroad Diesel Fuel Standards
Who
Covered fuel
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014*Highway diesel fuel*
80% 15 ppm/20% 500 ppm
100% 15 ppm (including small refiner fuel)Large Refiners/Importers
*NR*
500
500
500
15
15
15
15
15Large Refiners/Importers
*LM*
500
500
500
500
500
15
15
15*NRLM w/credits (not in NE/MA or AK)*
HS
HS
HS
500
500
500
500
15Small Refiners
*NRLM (not in NE/MA, w/approval in AK)*
HS
HS
HS
500
500
500
500
15Transmix Processor & In-use
*NR (not in NE/MA or AK)*
HS
HS
HS
500
500
500
500
15Transmix Processor & In-use
*LM (not in NE/MA or AK)*
HS
HS
HS
500
500
500
500
500**2006 dates for HW diesel fuel:**
                                  
                                *June 1 for refiners/importers, September 1 for downstream parties, and October 15 for retailers and wholesale purchaser-consumers.***2010 dates for HW diesel fuel:**
                                  
                                *As of the following dates, all HW diesel fuel must meet the 15 ppm standard—June 1 for refiners/importers, October 1 for downstream parties, and December 1 for retailers and wholesale purchaser-consumers (WPCs).***2007 dates for NRLM diesel fuel:**
                                  
                                *June 1 for refiners, downstream requirements for NE/MA area*** only (August 1 for terminals, October 1 for retailers/WPCs, and December 1 for in-use).***2010+ dates for NRLM diesel fuel:**
                                  
                                *June 1 for refiners, August 1 for terminals, October 1 for retailers/WPCs, and December 1 for in-use.***** Anti-downgrading provisions begin October 15, 2006 *******NOTE**
                                —
                                *No small refiner or credit NRLM can be used in the NE/MA area. Thus, the large refiner NRLM standard is also the in-use standard in the NE/MA area.***Figure IV-1 Highway, Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel Sulfur Standards**
 **Urban AK (areas served by the FAHS)**HW—• pre-2006: HS/uncontrolled.• 2006: 6/1/06—refiners to 15; 9/1/06—pipelines & terminals to 15; 10/15/06—retail & WPC to 15.NRLM—• pre-2007: HS/uncontrolled.• 2007: 6/1/07—refiners to 500; 8/1/07—pipelines & terminals to 500; 10/1/07—retail & WPC to 500; 12/1/07—in-use, farm & construction tanks to 500 (
                                *note—urban AK is on same downstream schedule as NE/MA*).• 2010: 6/1/10—refiners to 15 NR; 8/1/10—pipelines & terminals to 15 NR; 10/1/10—retail & WPC to 15 NR; 12/1/10—in-use, farm & construction tanks to 15 NR.• 2012: 6/1/12—refiners to 15 LM; 8/1/12—pipelines & terminals to 15 LM; 10/1/12—retail & WPC to 15 LM; 12/1/12—in-use, farm & construction tanks to 15 LM.**
                                *Urban AK is on the same schedule as the main HW & NR diesel programs (except they're on the same downstream schedule as the NE/MA for NRLM in 2007); permanently exempt from dye & marker requirements* **.**Rural AK**HW—• pre-2010: HS/uncontrolled.• 2010: 6/1/10—refiners to 15 HW; 8/1/10—pipelines & terminals to 15 HW; 10/1/10—retail & WPC to 15 HW; 12/1/10—in-use, farm & construction tanks to 15 HW.NRLM—• pre-2010: HS/uncontrolled.• 2010: 6/1/10—refiners to 15 NRLM; 8/1/10—pipelines & terminals to 15 NRLM; 10/1/10—retail & WPC to 15 NRLM; 12/1/10—in-use, farm & construction tanks to 15 NRLM.** Downstream transition dates are same for HW & NRLM in rural AK; permanent exemption from dye & marker requirements **.**General Note—**
                                credit & transmix fuel cannot be used in any area of AK; small refiner fuel can be used with approval (and only if properly labeled and segregated).**Figure IV-2 Highway, Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel Sulfur Standards for Alaska**
 C. Applicability Assuming adoption of an amendment to MARPOL Annex VI establishing a U.S. ECA, the fuel used in that ECA cannot exceed 1,000 ppm sulfur beginning January 1, 2015.[96]
                        
                         As mentioned above, we are proposing to incorporate a similar 1,000 ppm sulfur limit into our CAA regulations at 40 CFR Part 80 through both a prohibition on the production and sale of fuel oil above 1,000 ppm sulfur for use in any marine vessels (C1, C2, and C3) in the area of the U.S. ECA, and an allowance for the production and use of 1,000 ppm sulfur fuel to be used in any engine on C3 marine vessels. We are proposing that fuel produced and sold for use in any engine on C1 and C2 marine vessels would continue to be subject to the existing diesel sulfur requirements which are more stringent than those being proposed in this action for C3 marine vessels; however, we request comment on whether engines on C2 marine vessels should also be allowed to use 1,000 ppm ECA fuel similar to those on C3 marine vessels. Discussions with stakeholders in the diesel fuel production and distribution industry have indicated that they anticipate that most (if not all) fuel oil that could meet a 1,000 ppm sulfur standard would be considered a distillate or diesel fuel, because at a 
                        ( print page 44466)
                        1,000 ppm sulfur level it is nearly impossible for fuel to have a T-90 distillation point at or above 700 °F (
                        *i.e.,*
                         be considered residual fuel). As discussed in Section IV.B.1, fuel with a T-90 less than 700 °F would be required to meet the standards of our existing diesel sulfur program which, in 2014 and beyond, is 15 ppm. We believe that because of the limits on the sulfur content of fuel used in ECAs, the existing diesel fuel sulfur program should be revised to allow for the production, distribution, purchase, and use of 1,000 ppm sulfur fuel oil for use in engines on C3 marine vessels. Therefore, we are proposing a new 1,000 ppm sulfur category for fuel oil produced and purchased for use in any engine on a C3 marine vessels (called “ECA marine fuel”). This proposed fuel sulfur requirement would largely supplement the existing diesel fuel sulfur requirements and would harmonize EPA's diesel sulfur program with the requirements of Annex VI. Under this proposed action, owners of Category 3 marine vessels would be able to purchase and use 1,000 ppm sulfur fuel, which will allow those vessels to comply with the sulfur limits in the U.S. ECA (and any other ECA worldwide) and in U.S. internal waters. D. Fuel Sulfur Standards As discussed above in Section IV.C, in addition to the prohibition on the sale of fuel greater than 1,000 ppm sulfur for use in any marine vessel operating within the U.S. ECA, we are also proposing the allowance of the production, distribution, and sale of 1,000 ppm sulfur ECA marine fuel, which we discuss more in this section. Prior to this action and, pending the establishment of the North American ECA, the kind of fuel produced and sold for use by C3 marine vessels had uncontrolled sulfur levels as it was not subject to the NRLM sulfur limits. This was reflected in the regulations by exempting these kinds of fuel from the definition of NRLM diesel fuel and the NRLM sulfur limits (40 CFR 80.2(nnn)). The combined effect of Annex VI and these regulations is to require that any fuel sold for use in any engine on a C3 marine vessel operating in an ECA be 1,000 ppm sulfur or lower. Fuel oil used or sold for use in C3 marine vessels in an ECA will therefore go from uncontrolled, high sulfur levels to no higher than 1,000 ppm sulfur. Under Annex VI, fuel with sulfur levels greater than 1,000 ppm cannot be used in a marine vessel operating in an ECA, no matter where the fuel is purchased. Consistent with this, the proposed section 211(c) controls would prohibit the production and sale of any fuel for use in the U.S. ECA that is above 1,000 ppm sulfur. The requirements for 1,000 ppm sulfur fuel oil apply to the North Sea, the Baltic Sea, and any other ECAs established around the world, so this fuel will be produced by refiners in other countries. Under EPA's current NRLM program, this 1,000 ppm sulfur fuel would be subject to the 15 ppm NRLM sulfur limit in 2014 and later. If EPA were to require that fuel produced, distributed, and sold for use for C3 vessels in the U.S. ECA meet the 15 ppm sulfur standard after 2014, we believe that C3 vessel owners would simply purchase 1,000 ppm sulfur fuel elsewhere to be used here in the U.S. ECA. This could be an extremely inefficient process for ship owners. It would also mean a loss of sales for U.S. refiners of fuel that these C3 vessel owners purchase. These impacts would add to the costs and burdens of the program with no corresponding environmental benefit. Therefore, we believe that it is reasonable to allow U.S. refiners and importers to produce 1,000 ppm sulfur fuel for use by C3 vessels. Thus, we are proposing and requesting comment on a new fuel sulfur standard of 1,000 ppm for fuel produced, distributed, and sold for use in C3 marine vessels. While we would expect use of this fuel to be concentrated in the area of the U.S. ECA (and any other ECA) and U.S. internal waters, we are allowing its use by C3 marine vessels in all locations, to encourage its general use. We are proposing that after 2014, no fuel above 15 ppm could be used in C1 or C2 vessels; however, we request comment on whether or not C2 vessels should be treated similarly to C3 vessels. We note that the combination of the Annex VI ECA provisions and the modifications proposed in this action for the diesel sulfur program will achieve very significant benefits compared to the existing program. The production and use of 1,000 ppm ECA marine fuel, as well as 15 ppm NRLM diesel fuel, will replace much higher sulfur fuel usage, and there is no additional benefit to be gained by requiring the sale of 15 ppm sulfur diesel fuel for use by C3 vessels as a practical matter because we believe C3 vessels will simply purchase 1,000 ppm sulfur fuel elsewhere. In order to incorporate these modifications into our existing program under the Clean Air Act, we need to create a new fuel designation for allowable fuel under our program. (1) Proposed Amendments to the Existing Diesel Fuel Sulfur Program We are proposing to prohibit the production, distribution, and sale or offer for sale of any fuel for use in any marine diesel vessels (C1, C2, and C3) operating in the U.S. ECA that is greater than 1,000 ppm sulfur. We are also proposing and requesting comment on allowing a sulfur limitation of 1,000 ppm for fuel produced, distributed, and sold or offered for sale for use in C3 marine vessels. To simplify the existing diesel fuel sulfur program, we are also proposing to eliminate the 500 ppm LM diesel fuel standard once the 1,000 ppm standard becomes effective. Under the existing diesel sulfur program, 500 ppm LM diesel fuel can be produced by transmix processors indefinitely, and can only be used by locomotives and marine vessels that do not require 15 ppm. The original intent of allowing for this fuel was to serve as an outlet for interface and downgraded diesel fuel post-2014 that would otherwise not meet the 15 ppm sulfur standard. However, we believe that the 1,000 ppm sulfur ECA marine fuel could now serve as this outlet. We believe that transmix generated near the coasts would have ready access to marine applications, and transmix generated in the mid-continent could be shipped via rail to markets on the coasts, and we request comment on this. Elimination of the 500 ppm LM diesel fuel standard would simplify the diesel sulfur program such that sulfur could serve as the distinguishing factor for fuels available for use after 2014 (the designated products under the diesel fuel program would thus be: 15 ppm motor vehicle, nonroad, locomotive, and marine (MVNRLM) diesel fuel, heating oil, and 1,000 ppm ECA marine fuel). With this proposed approach, beginning in 2014, only 15 ppm NRLM diesel fuel could be used in locomotive and C1/C2 marine diesel applications (and 1,000 ppm ECA marine fuel could be used in any engine on C3 marine vessels). Further, this would help to streamline the D&T program as there would no longer be a need for a fuel marker to distinguish 500 ppm LM diesel fuel from heating oil. Below, we discuss the aspects of D&T that we are proposing to change, which we believe will greatly simplify the diesel sulfur program. (a) Compliance and Implementation (i) Northeast/Mid-Atlantic Area and the Fuel Marker With the proposed elimination of the 500 ppm LM designation in 2014, parties in the fuel production and distribution industry would still be 
                        ( print page 44467)
                        required to register and designate their products and adhere to PTD, fuel pump labeling, and recordkeeping requirements. But we believe that the tracking portion of D&T can be simplified. Currently, annual reporting is required under § 80.601 for D&T through June 30, 2015 (the final annual report is due August 31, 2015). This final reporting period is to ensure that heating oil is not being inappropriately shifted into the 500 ppm LM diesel fuel pool. However, with the proposed elimination of this fuel designation, we request comment on ending D&T annual reporting in 2014, rather than 2015. Under such a scenario, the final annual reporting period would instead be July 1, 2013 through May 31, 2014, with the report due to EPA on August 31, 2014. We believe that the proposed elimination of the 500 ppm LM diesel fuel designation would also, beginning June 1, 2014, negate the need for the heating oil marker and the NE/MA area. After 2014, the heating oil marker requirement in the existing diesel sulfur program is for the sole purpose of distinguishing heating oil from 500 ppm LM diesel fuel, to prevent heating oil from swelling the 500 ppm LM diesel fuel pool. Also, as there is no marker requirement for heating oil in the NE/MA area, the diesel sulfur program currently does not allow for 500 ppm LM diesel fuel to be produced, distributed, or purchased for use in the NE/MA area after 2012. However, if 500 ppm LM diesel fuel did not exist, there would no longer be a need for the heating oil marker; fuel designations and sulfur level could serve as the distinguishing factor between the available fuels (15 ppm MVNRLM diesel fuel, 1,000 ppm ECA marine fuel, and heating oil). Further, there would not be a need for the NE/MA area if there were no heating oil marker. (ii) PTDs and Labeling We are proposing new PTD language for the 1,000 ppm ECA marine fuel designation at draft regulation § 80.590. As stated in draft regulation § 80.590(a)(7)(vii), we are proposing that the following statement be added to PTDs accompanying 1,000 ppm sulfur ECA marine fuel: “1,000 ppm sulfur (maximum) ECA Marine Fuel. For use in Category 3 marine vessels only. Not for use in engines not installed on C3 marine vessels.” Appendix V of Annex VI also includes language that is required on bunker delivery notes. Compliance requirements of this action, such as PTDs, are not intended to supplant or replace requirements of Annex VI (and we encourage regulated entities to consult Annex VI to ensure that they are fully aware of all requirements that must be met in addition to EPA's requirements). However, if a party's bunker delivery note also contains the information required under our regulations for PTDs, we would consider the bunker delivery note to also suffice as a PTD. We are also proposing new pump labeling language for the 1,000 ppm sulfur ECA marine fuel designation at regulation § 80.574. Diesel fuel pump labels required under the existing diesel sulfur regulations must be prominently displayed in the immediate area of each pump stand from which diesel fuel is offered for sale or dispensing. However, we understand that there may be cases where it is not feasible to affix a label to a fuel pump stand due to space constraints (such as diesel fuel pumps at marinas) or where there is no pump stand, thus the current regulations allow for alternative pump labels with EPA approval. Previously approved alternative fuel pump labels have included the use of permanent placards in the immediate vicinity of the fuel pump; we request comment on other possible alternative labeling schemes for situations where pump labeling may not be feasible. As stated in draft regulation § 80.574, we are proposing to replace the 500 ppm LM diesel fuel pump label language with the following fuel pump label language for 1,000 ppm sulfur ECA marine fuel: “1,000 ppm SULFUR ECA MARINE FUEL (1,000 ppm Sulfur Maximum). For use in Category 3 marine vessels only. WARNING—Federal law prohibits use in any engine that is not installed on a C3 marine vessel; use of fuel oil with a sulfur content greater than 1,000 ppm in the U.S. Emission Control Area and all U.S. internal waters is illegal.” We also request comment on whether or not fuel pumps are (or can be) used to fuel C3 marine vessels; and if they are not used, if PTDs or some other documentation is a more appropriate mechanism to convey the fuel sulfur level to a C3 marine vessel operator. Under this program, we are also proposing to eliminate MVNRLM diesel fuel labeling requirements from EPA's regulations. In 2014 and beyond, EPA will not require “visible evidence” of red dye in off-road fuels; however this requirement still exists in IRS's taxation regulations to denote that off-road fuels are untaxed. EPA's required label for 15 ppm NRLM diesel fuel (instead of one 15 ppm MVNRLM diesel fuel label) is mainly to denote that 15 ppm NRLM will be dyed red, while 15 ppm MV diesel fuel will not. Further, after October 1, 2014, all MVNRLM diesel fuel available for purchase and/or distribution will be 15 ppm. We believe that it is not appropriate for EPA to retain a labeling requirement for MVNRLM diesel fuel given the fact that the red dye provision is no longer EPA's requirement. Please note, however, that if MVNRLM labeling requirements were removed from EPA's regulations, marketers and wholesale purchaser-consumers would still be free to continue to label their pump stands to help with consumer awareness. Labeling will continue to be required for heating oil and, as proposed above, for ECA marine fuel. Additionally, if labeling requirements for MVNRLM diesel fuel were to be removed from EPA's regulations, EPA would consult with IRS regarding handling labels in IRS's regulations at Title 26 of the Code of Federal Regulations. (b) Timing of the Standard Currently, all refiners and importers are required to produce all of their NRLM diesel fuel to meet the 15 ppm standard beginning June 1, 2014. To allow transition time for the distribution system, terminals are allowed until August 1, 2014 to begin dispensing 15 ppm NRLM diesel fuel, retailers and wholesale purchaser-consumers are allowed until October 1, 2014, and end-users are allowed until December 1, 2014. To be consistent with the existing diesel program, we are proposing to allow refiners to begin producing 1,000 ppm sulfur ECA marine fuel beginning June 1, 2014, and downstream parties would follow the current NRLM transition schedule (August, October, and December). We believe that following the same transition schedule as the existing diesel sulfur program would best facilitate the availability of 1,000 ppm ECA marine fuel for purchase and use by the Annex VI January 1, 2015 date. We request comment on the concept of a transition period of June 1-December 1, 2014 for the 1,000 ppm sulfur standard. (2) Alternative Options We have identified two potential alternatives to the proposed changes to the existing diesel fuel sulfur program, above. We request comment on any related aspects of these alternative options, as well as any additional alternative options. (a) Creation of Expanded NE/MA Area While the proposal of a 1,000 ppm sulfur standard is to incorporate the benefits of this more stringent standard for fuel used in engines on C3 marine vessels into our current diesel program 
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                        and harmonize the current program with Annex VI, our intent is to do so with the least amount of impact on the existing diesel sulfur program, so we believe that this rulemaking also presents us with an opportunity to simplify the designate and track requirements. We request comment on an alternative to the proposed general program: to expand the NE/MA area to cover all coastlines that border the proposed U.S. ECA. This alternative would keep the requirements of the diesel sulfur program largely the same as the existing program. Further, this option would allow for 500 ppm LM diesel fuel to continue to be utilized by the locomotive industry (and the marine industry) in the mid-continent (outside the expanded NE/MA area) and to serve as an outlet for off-spec and transmix diesel fuel. As discussed above in Section IV.B.3, under our current diesel fuel sulfur program, 500 ppm LM diesel fuel cannot be used in the NE/MA area (or Alaska) after 2012. Under the “expanded NE/MA” area option, designate and track would be simplified in the expanded NE/MA area as the only distillate fuels available would be 15 ppm MVNRLM diesel fuel, heating oil, and 1,000 ppm ECA marine fuel. The reduction in types of fuel available for use in this area would also allow for sulfur level to serve as the distinguishing factor, and no additional markers or dyes would be necessary to differentiate fuels in this area. The creation of an expanded NE/MA area, however, would mean that an additional mechanism to distinguish 500 ppm LM diesel fuel from 1,000 ppm ECA marine fuel would still be needed in non-NE/MA areas. We request comment on the creation of an expanded NE/MA area. (b) Retention of 500 ppm LM Diesel Fuel Standard Another alternative to the option of replacing the 500 ppm LM diesel fuel standard with the 1,000 ppm sulfur standard would be to retain the 500 ppm LM diesel fuel standard such that both 500 ppm LM diesel fuel and 1,000 ppm ECA marine fuel would be available. Under such an option, sulfur would not be able to serve as the distinguishing factor to maintain segregation of 1,000 ppm fuel from other EPA distillate categories. The fuel marker would still be needed to distinguish 500 ppm LM from heating oil. This option would allow for 500 ppm LM diesel fuel to still be utilized by the locomotive and marine industries (for those engines not requiring 15 ppm sulfur diesel fuel) and also serve as an outlet for off-spec and transmix diesel fuel. However, this option would not serve to streamline D&T, and 500 ppm LM diesel fuel would not necessarily be needed along the coastlines (as 1,000 ppm sulfur fuel would be available for use by C3 marine vessels). We request comment on the option of retaining the 500 ppm LM diesel fuel standard nationwide along with the proposed 1,000 ppm ECA marine fuel sulfur standard. We request comment on the proposed program and alternative options, the proposed prohibition on the sale of fuel above 1,000 ppm sulfur for use in all marine vessels operating in the U.S. ECA and U.S. internal waters, and any related compliance aspects. E. Technical Amendments to the Current Diesel Fuel Sulfur Program Regulations Following publication of the technical amendments to the Highway and Nonroad Diesel Regulations (71 FR 25706, May 1, 2006), we discovered additional errors and clarifications within the diesel regulations at 40 CFR part 80, Subpart I that we are addressing in this action. These items are merely typographical/printing errors and grammar corrections. A list of the changes that we propose making to Subpart I is below in Table IV-1. We welcome comments on any of these proposed amendments to the regulations. Table IV-1—Proposed Technical Amendments to the Diesel Fuel Sulfur Regulations
Section
Description of change80.525(a)-(d)
Removal of the term “motor vehicle” from this section.80.551(f)
Correction of printing error.80.561
Correction of typographical error in title.80.593
Correction of typographical error in introductory text.80.599(e)(4)
Correction of printing error in definition of terms “#1MV15I
                                ” and “NPMV15I
                                ”.80.600(a)(12)
Amended to correct date (“May 31, 2014” instead of “June 1, 2014”).80.600(i)
Amended to remove duplicate sentence.80.601(b)(3)(x)
Amending to correct dates (“August 31” instead of “August 1”).80.612(b)
Amended to fix typographical error in paragraph.
 V. Emission Control Areas for U.S. Coasts The proposed Clean Air Act standards described above are part of a coordinated strategy for ensuring that all ships that affect U.S. air quality will be required to meet stringent NOX
                         and fuel sulfur requirements. Another component of this strategy consists of pursuing ECA designation for U.S. and Canadian coasts in accordance with Annex VI of MARPOL. ECA designation will ensure that all ships, foreign-flagged and domestic, are required to meet stringent NOX
                         and fuel sulfur requirements while operating within 200 nautical miles of most U.S. coasts. This section describes what an ECA is, the process for obtaining ECA designation at the International Maritime Organization, and summarizes the U.S. and Canadian proposal for an amendment to MARPOL Annex VI designating most U.S. and Canadian coasts as an ECA (referred to as the “U.S./Canada ECA” or the “North American ECA”), submitted to IMO on March 27, 2009.[97]
                        
                         We also discuss how emissions from foreign OGV may be covered should approval of the U.S. ECA be delayed. A. What is an ECA? (1) What Emissions Standards Apply in an ECA? MARPOL Annex VI contains international standards to control air emissions from ships. The NOX
                         and SOX
                        /PM programs each contain two sets of standards. The global standards for the sulfur content of fuel and NOX
                         emissions from engines apply to ships at all times. In recognition that some areas may require further control, Annex VI also contains more stringent NOX
                         and SOX
                        /PM geographic-based standards that apply to ships operating in designated Emission Control Areas.
                        ( print page 44469) The current global fuel sulfur (S) limit is 45,000 ppm[98]
                        
                         S and will tighten to 35,000 ppm S in 2012. Depending on a 2018 fuel availability review, the MARPOL Annex VI global fuel sulfur limit will be further reduced to 5,000 ppm S as early as 2020. In contrast, ships operating in designated ECAs are subject to a fuel sulfur limit of 15,000 ppm S. The ECA limit is reduced to 10,000 ppm S in March 2010 and 1,000 ppm S in 2015. In addition, Tier 3 NOX
                         standards will apply to new engines operating in ECAs beginning in 2016. These Tier 3 NOX
                         standards represent an 80% reduction in NOX
                         beyond current Tier 1 standards and are anticipated to require the use of aftertreatment technology such as SCR. We are proposing to adopt similar Tier 3 standards as part of our Clean Air Act program (see Section III). There are currently two ECAs in effect today, exclusively controlling SOX; thus they are called Sulfur Emission Control Areas, or SECAs. The first SECA was designated to control the emissions of SOX
                         in the Baltic Sea area and entered into force in May 2005. The second SECA was designated to control the emissions of SOX
                         in the North Sea area and entered into force in November 2006. (2) What is the Process for Obtaining ECA Designation? A proposal to amend Annex VI to designate an ECA can be submitted by a party to Annex VI. A party is a country that ratified Annex VI. The proposal for amendment must be approved by the Parties to MARPOL Annex VI; this would take place at a meeting of the Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC). The U.S. deposited its Instrument of Ratification with the IMO on October 8, 2008. Annex VI entered into force for the U.S. on January 8, 2009, making the U.S. eligible to apply for an ECA. The criteria and procedures for ECA designation are set out in Appendix III to MARPOL Annex VI. A proposal to designate an ECA must demonstrate a need to prevent, reduce, and control emissions of SOX, PM, and/or NOX
                         from ships operating in that area. The specific criteria are summarized below: A delineation of the proposed area of application;
                    A description of the areas at risk on land and at sea, from the impacts of ship emissions;
                    An assessment of the contribution of ships to ambient concentrations of air pollution or to
                    Adverse environmental impacts;
                    Relevant information pertaining to the meteorological conditions in the proposed area of
                    Application to the human populations and environmental areas at risk;
                    Description of ship traffic in the proposed ECA;
                    Description of the control measures taken by the proposing Party or Parties;
                    Relative costs of reducing emissions from ships compared with land-based controls; and
                    An assessment of the economic impacts on shipping engaged in international trade. An amendment to designate an ECA must be adopted by the Parties to Annex VI, as an amendment to Annex VI. Assuming the USG proposal to amend Annex VI is considered at MEPC 59, the earliest possible adoption date is the following MEPC meeting, MEPC 60, which is anticipated to take place in March 2010. Given the MARPOL amendment acceptance process and the lead time specified in the regulations, an ECA adopted on this timeline could be expected to enter into force as early as August 2012. B. U.S. Emission Control Area Designation EPA worked with the U.S. Coast Guard, State Department, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and other agencies to develop the analysis supporting ECA designation for U.S. coasts contained in the U.S. and Canadian submittal to IMO. In addition, we collaborated with Environment Canada. As a result, the proposal for ECA designation that was submitted to IMO was for a combined U.S./Canada ECA submission. This approach has several advantages. First, the emission reductions within a Canadian ECA will lead to air quality improvements in the U.S. Second, a joint ECA helps minimize any competitive issues between U.S. and Canadian ports, such as in the Puget Sound area, that could arise from ECA standards. Third, IMO encourages a joint submittal where there is a common interest in emission reductions on neighboring waters. (1) What Areas Would Be Covered in a U.S./Canada ECA? The area included in the U.S. and Canadian submittal to IMO for ECA designation generally extends 200 nautical miles from the coastal baseline, except where this distance goes beyond the Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) of the U.S. and Canada, in which case the ECA would be limited by the boundary of the applicable EEZ. This area would include the Pacific Coast, the Atlantic/Gulf Coast and the Southeastern Hawaiian Islands. On the Pacific Coast, the ECA would be bounded in the north such that it includes the approaches into Anchorage, Alaska, but not the Aleutian Islands or points north. It would continue contiguously to the south including the Pacific coasts of Canada and the U.S., with its southernmost boundary at the point where California meets the border with Mexico. In the Atlantic/Gulf Coast, the ECA would be bounded in the west by the border of Texas with Mexico and continue contiguously to the east around the peninsula of Florida and north up the Atlantic coasts of the U.S. and Canada and would be bounded in the north by the 60th North parallel. The Southeastern Hawaiian Islands that were included in the ECA submittal are Hawaii, Maui, Oahu, Molokai, Niihau, Kauai, Lanai, and Kahoolawe. 
 
  Not included in the ECA submittal were the Pacific U.S. territories, smaller Hawaiian Islands, the U.S. territories of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, Western Alaska including the Aleutian Islands, and the U.S. and Canadian Arctic. The U.S. and Canada did not make a determination or imply that these areas suffer no adverse impact from shipping. Further information must be gathered to properly assess these areas. If further information supports the need for expansion of the ECA to other U.S. or Canada areas, we would submit a future, supplemental 
                        ( print page 44471)
                        proposal for ECA designation of these areas. (2) What Analyses Were Performed in Support of a U.S./Canada ECA? We performed a comprehensive analysis to estimate the degree of human health risk and environmental degradation that is posed by air emissions from ships operating in their ports and along our coasts. To evaluate the risk to human populations, state-of-the-art assessment tools were used to apply widely accepted methods with advanced computer modeling techniques. The analyses incorporated detailed ship traffic data, the most recent emissions estimates, detailed observed meteorological data, current scientific understanding of exhaust plume behavior (both physical dispersion and photochemical reaction) and the latest epidemiologic databases of health effects attributable to pollutant exposure levels to estimate the current impacts of shipping on human health and the environment. In addition, sulfate and nitrate deposition modeling was performed to assess the impacts of nitrogen nutrient loading and acidification on U.S. ecosystems. Two contrasting future scenarios were evaluated: one in which ships continue to operate with current emissions performance while operating in the specified area, and one in which ships comply with ECA standards. The analysis demonstrated that ECA designation for U.S. coasts could save thousands of lives each year, relieve millions of acute respiratory symptoms, and benefit many of the most sensitive ecosystems. This analysis is consistent with, and incorporated in, the benefits estimates presented in Section VIII. C. Technological Approaches To Comply With ECA Standards When operating within the ECA, all ships would have to comply with the 0.1% fuel sulfur limit and vessels built after December 31, 2015 would have to comply with the Tier 3 NOX
                         limits described above. This section describes how ships would comply with these requirements. (1) How Will Ships Comply With the ECA NOX
                         Standards? Ships constructed beginning in 2016 will have to comply with the MARPOL Annex VI Tier III NOX
                         limits. These are equivalent to the Tier 3 NOX
                         limits we are proposing in this action under our Clean Air Act authority. These standards are geographic in nature, in that they apply to any vessel built beginning in 2016 while it is operating in an ECA. Once a U.S./Canada ECA is designated through amendment to MARPOL Annex VI, the requirements will be enforceable for most vessels through the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships (see Section VI.B). As explained in Section III, we anticipate that SCR would be the most likely approach to meet these NOX
                         limits. When operating in the ECA, SCR units would be active, meaning that urea would be injected into the exhaust to facilitate catalytic reduction of NOX
                         emissions. When outside of the ECA, the unit would likely be inactive, meaning that urea would not be injected into the exhaust. When the SCR unit is inactive, the exhaust flow could either continue to pass through the SCR unit or be diverted around the catalyst. Under the MARPOL NOX
                         Technical Code, a means for monitoring the use of urea must be provided which must include “sufficient information to allow a ready means of demonstrating that the consumption of such additional substances is consistent with achieving compliance with the applicable NOX
                         limit.” In addition, where an NOX
                         reducing device, such as SCR, is used, one of the options for providing verification of compliance with the NOX
                         standard is through direct measurement and monitoring of NOX
                         emissions. When operating in an ECA, as discussed below, it is anticipated that vessels will operate on lower sulfur fuel than outside the ECA. Therefore, lower sulfur fuel will primarily be used when the SCR unit is active. However, ship operators may use an exhaust gas scrubber as an alternative to lower sulfur fuel to meet the SOX
                        /PM ECA requirement. In this case, the SCR unit would  likely be optimized for operation on higher sulfur fuel, with the SOX
                         scrubber situated downstream of the SCR unit. (2) How Will Ships Comply With the ECA Fuel Sulfur Standards? As discussed above, the MARPOL Annex VI fuel sulfur limit for ships operating in an ECA is 15,000 ppm today and reduces to 10,000 ppm in March 2010 and further to 1,000 ppm in 2015. We anticipate that the 1,000 ppm fuel sulfur limit, beginning in 2015, will likely result in the use of distillate fuel for operation in ECAs. This would require the vessel to switch from a higher sulfur fuel to 1,000 ppm S fuel before entering the ECA. The practical implications of fuel switching are discussed below. As an alternative to operating on lower sulfur fuel, an exhaust gas cleaning device may be used to remove sulfur from the exhaust. These devices, which are colloquially known as SOX
                         scrubbers, are also discussed below. (a) Fuel Switching Currently, the majority of ocean-going vessels use residual fuel (also called HFO or IFO) in their main propulsion engines, as this fuel is relatively inexpensive and has a good energy density. This fuel is relatively dense (`heavy') and is created as a refining by-product from typical petroleum distillation. Residual fuels typically are composed of heavy, residuum hydrocarbons and can contain various contaminants such as heavy metals, water and sulfur compounds. It is these sulfur compounds that cause the SOX
                         emissions when the fuel is combusted. If the vessel does not employ the use of a sulfur scrubber or other technology, it will most likely operate on a marine distillate fuel while in an ECA in order to meet the sulfur emission requirements. The sulfur in marine fuel is primarily emitted as SO2; however, a small fraction (about 2 percent) is converted to SO3
                        . SO3
                         almost immediately forms sulfate and is emitted as direct PM by the engine. Consequently, emissions of SO2
                         and sulfate PM are very high for engines operating on residual fuel. Switching from high sulfur residual fuel to lower sulfur distillate fuel results in large reductions in SO2
                         and sulfate PM emissions. In addition to high sulfur levels, residual fuel contains relatively high concentrations of low volatility, high molecular weight organic compounds and metals. Organic compounds that contribute to PM can be present either as a nucleation aerosol or as a material adsorbed on the surfaces of agglomerated elemental carbon soot particles and metallic ash particles. The sulfuric acid aerosol in the exhaust provides a nucleus for agglomeration of organic compounds. Operation on higher volatility distillate fuel reduces both nucleation and adsorption of organic compounds into particulate matter. Therefore, in addition to direct sulfate PM reductions, switching from residual fuel to distillate fuel reduces organic PM and metallic ash particles in the exhaust. In the majority of vessels which operate on residual fuel, marine distillate fuel is still used for operation during routine maintenance, prior to and immediately after engine shut-down, or in emergencies. Standard procedures today have been established to ensure that this operational fuel switchover is performed safely and efficiently. Mainly, in order for the vessel to completely switch between residual and distillate fuel, the fuel 
                        ( print page 44472)
                        pumps and wetted lines will need to be completely purged by the new fuel to ensure that the ship is burning the correct fuel for the area. This purging will vary from ship to ship due to engine capacity, design, operation, and efficiency. Provided the ship has separate service tanks for distillate and residual fuel (most, if not all, vessels do), fuel switching time should be limited only by maximum allowable rate of fuel temperature change. Additionally, for a longer operation period such as would occur while in an ECA, we investigated several other fuel switching topics to ensure that vessels would not have long-term issues from operating on the marine distillate fuels. Marine distillate fuels are similar in composition and structure to other petroleum-based middle distillate fuels such as diesel and No. 2 heating oil, but they have a much lower allowable sulfur content than residual fuels. This lower sulfur content means that by combusting marine distillate fuel in their propulsion engines, vessels operating within the ECA would meet the stricter SOX
                         requirements. However, sulfur content is not the only difference between the marine residual and distillate fuels; they also have different densities, viscosities, and other specification limits. The maritime industry has analyzed the differences between residual and distillate fuel compositions to address any potential issues that could arise from switching operation of a C3 engine from residual fuel to distillate fuel. The results from this research has evolved into routine operational switching procedures that ensure a safe and efficient way for the C3 engines to switch operation between the residual and distillate fuels. A brief summary of the fuel differences, as well as any potential issues and their usual solutions, is presented below. (i) Fuel Density Due to its chemical composition, residual fuel has a slightly higher density than marine distillates. Using a less dense fuel could affect the ballast of a ship at sea and would have to require compensation. Therefore, when beginning to operate on the distillate fuel, the vessel operator would have to pay attention to the vessel's ballast and may have to compensate for any changes that may occur. We anticipate that these procedures would be similar to operating the vessel with partially-full fuel tanks. Another consideration when switching to a lower density fuel is the change in volumetric energy content. Distillate fuel has a lower energy density content on a per gallon basis when compared to the residual fuel; however, per ton, distillate fuel's energy density is larger than the residual fuel. This means that when switching from residual fuel to distillate fuel, if the vessel's tanks are volumetrically limited (
                        *i.e.,*
                         the tanks can only hold a set quantity of fuel gallons), the distance a vessel can travel on the distillate fuel may be slightly shorter than the distance the vessel could travel on the residual fuel due to the lower volumetric energy content of distillate fuel, which could require compensation. This distance reduction would be approximately 5% and would only be of concern while the vessel was operating on the distillate fuel (
                        *i.e.,*
                         while in the U.S. ECA) as the majority of the time the vessel will be operating on the residual fuel. However, if the vessel is limited by weight, the higher energy content per ton of fuel would provide an operational advantage. (ii) Kinematic Viscosity Residual fuel's kinematic viscosity is much higher than marine distillate fuel's viscosity. Viscosity is the ‘thickness’ of the fuel. If this parameter is lowered from the typical value used within a pump, some issues could arise. If a distillate fuel is used in a system that typically operates on residual fuel, the decrease in viscosity could cause problems with high-pressure fuel injection pumps due to the increased potential for internal leakage of the thinner fuel through the clearances in the pumping elements. Internal leakage is part of the design of a fuel pump and is used in part to lubricate the pumping elements. However, if this leakage rate is too high, the fuel pump could produce less than optimal fuel injection pressures. If the distillate fuel's lower viscosity becomes an issue, it is possible to cool the fuel and increase the viscosity above 2 centistokes, which is how most vessels operate today during routine fuel switchovers. (iii) Flash Point Flash point is the temperature at which the vapors off the fuel ignite with an outside ignition source. This can be a safety concern if the owner/operator uses an onroad diesel fuel rather than a designated ‘marine distillate’ fuel for operation because marine fuels have a specified minimum flash point of 60 °F (15.6 °C) to ensure onboard safety, whereas onroad diesel has a minimum specified flash point of 52 °F (11.1 °C). However, since most distillate fuels are created in the same fashion, typical flash points of onroad diesel are above 60 °F (15.6 °C), and would meet the marine fuel specification for this property. If the flash point of the fuel being used on-board the vessel becomes a concern, the operator/bunker supplier would have to ensure that the vessel is obtaining fuel with a minimum flash point of 60 °F (15.6 °C) via the bunker delivery note or through fuel testing. (iv) Lubricity Lubricity is the ability of the fuel to lubricate the engine/pump during operation. Fuels with higher viscosity and high sulfur content tend to have very good lubricity without the use of specific lubricity-improving additives. Refining processes that lower fuel sulfur levels and their viscosities can also remove some of the naturally-occurring lubricating compounds. Severe hydrotreating of fuel to obtain ultra-low sulfur levels can result in poor fuel lubricity. Therefore, refineries commonly add lubricity improvers to ultra-low sulfur diesel. This will most likely become a concern when very low levels of sulfur are present in the fuel and/or the fuel has been hydrotreated to reduce sulfur, 
                        *e.g.,*
                         if ultra-low sulfur highway diesel (ULSD) is used in the engine. Several groups have conducted studies on this subject, and for some systems where fuel lubricity has become an issue, lubricity additives can be utilized or the owner/operator can install a lubricating system for the fuel pump. (v) Lube Oil Lube oils are used to neutralize acids formed in combustion, most commonly sulfuric acids created from sulfur in the fuel. The quantity of acid-neutralizing additives in lube oil should match the total sulfur content of the fuel. If excessive amounts of these additives are used, they may create deposits on engine components. Marine engine manufacturers have recommended that lube oil only needs to be adjusted if the fuel is switched for more than one week, but the oil feed rate may need to be reduced as well as engine operating power. Additional research has been conducted in this area and several oil companies have been working to create a lubricating oil that would be compatible with several different types of fuel. (vi) Asphaltenes Asphaltenes are heavy, non-volatile, aromatic compounds which are contained naturally in some types of crude oil. Asphaltenes may precipitate out of the fuel solution when a fuel rich in carbon disulfide, such as residual fuel, is mixed with a lighter hydrocarbon fuel, such as 
                        *n*
                        -pentane or 
                        ( print page 44473)
                        *n*
                        -heptane found in some distillate fuels. When these heavy aromatic compounds fall out of the fuel solution, they can clog filters, create deposition along the fuel lines/combustion chamber, seize the fuel injection pump, or cause other system troubles. This risk can be minimized through onboard test kits and by purchasing distillate and residual fuel from the same refiner. However, according to the California Air Resources Board, the formation of asphaltenes is not seen as an issue based on data from previous maritime rules. As can be seen, if vessel operators choose to operate on marine distillate fuel while in the ECA, some prudence is required. However, as described above, any issues that could arise with switching between residual and distillate fuel are minimal and can be addressed through changes to operating procedures. To conduct a successful switchover between the residual and marine distillate fuels, vessel operators will need to keep the above issues in mind and follow the engine manufacturer's standard fuel switching procedure. (b) SOX
                         Scrubber Annex VI allows for alternative compliance strategies in including the use of exhaust gas cleaning systems (EGCS). EGCS systems used today for sulfur control are commonly known as SOX
                         scrubbers. This section describes the technological feasibility of scrubbers and how scrubbers may be used to achieve equivalent emission reductions as fuel switching. SOX
                         scrubbers are capable of removing up to 95 percent of SOX
                         from ship exhaust using the ability of seawater to absorb SOX
                        . SOX
                         scrubbers have been widely used in stationary source applications, where they are a well-established SOX
                         reduction technology. In these applications, lime or caustic soda are typically used to neutralize the sulfuric acid in the washwater. While SOX
                         scrubbers are not widely used on ocean-going vessels, there have been prototype installations to demonstrate their viability in this application such as the Krystallon systems installed on the P&O ferry Pride of Kent and the Holland America Line cruise ship the ms Zaandam. These demonstrations have shown scrubbers can replace and fit into the space occupied by the exhaust silencer units and can work well in marine applications. There are two main scrubber technologies. The first is an open-loop design which uses seawater as exhaust washwater and discharges the treated washwater back to the sea. Such open-loop designs are also referred to as seawater scrubbers. In a seawater scrubber, the exhaust gases are brought into contact with seawater, either through spraying seawater into the exhaust stream or routing the exhaust gases through a water bath. The SO2
                         in the exhaust reacts with oxygen to produce sulfur trioxide which then reacts with water to form sulfuric acid. The sulfuric acid in the water then reacts with carbonate and other salts in the seawater to form sulfates which may be removed from the exhaust. The washwater is then treated to remove solids and raise the pH prior to discharge back to the sea. The solids are collected as sludge and held for proper disposal ashore. A second type of SOX
                         scrubber which uses a closed-loop design is also feasible for use on marine vessels. In a closed loop system, fresh water is used as washwater, and caustic soda is injected into the washwater to neutralize the sulfur in the exhaust. A small portion of the washwater is bled off and treated to remove sludge, which is held and disposed of at port, as with the open-loop design. The treated effluent is held onboard or discharged at open sea. Additional fresh water is added to the system as needed. While this design is not completely closed-loop, it can be operated in zero discharge mode for periods of time. Exhaust gas scrubbers can achieve reductions in particulate matter as well. By removing sulfur from the exhaust, the scrubber removes most of the direct sulfate PM. Sulfates are a large portion of the PM from ships operating on high sulfur fuels. By reducing the SOX
                         emissions, the scrubber will also control much of the secondary PM formed in the atmosphere from SOX
                         emissions. However, simply mixing alkaline water in the exhaust does not necessarily remove much of the carbonaceous PM, ash, or metals in the exhaust. While SO2
                         associates with the washwater, particles can only be washed out of the exhaust through direct contact with the water. In simple scrubber designs, much of the mass of particles can reside in gas bubbles and escape out the exhaust. Manufacturers have been improving their scrubber designs to address carbonaceous soot and other fine particles. Finer water sprays, longer mixing times, and turbulent action would be expected to directionally reduce PM emissions through contact impactions. One scrubber design uses an electric charge on the water to attract particles in the exhaust to the water. In another design, demisters are used that help effectively wash out PM from the exhaust stream. In either of these designs, however, the systems would be effective at removing SO2
                         from the exhaust even if the additional hardware needed for non-sulfate PM reduction were not used. Annex VI does not present specific exhaust gas limits that are deemed to be equivalent to the primary standard of operating on lower sulfur fuel. Prior to the recent amendments to Annex VI, Regulation 13 included a limit of 6 g/kW-hr SO2
                         as an alternative to the 15,000 ppm sulfur limit for sulfur emission control areas. Under the amended requirements, the specific SO2
                         limit was removed and more general language on alternative approaches was included. Specifically, Regulation 4 of MARPOL Annex VI now states “The Administration of a Party may allow any fitting, material, appliance or apparatus to be fitted in a ship or other procedures, alternative fuel oils, or compliance methods used as a alternative to that required by this Annex if such fitting, material, appliance or apparatus or other procedures, alternative fuel oils, or compliance methods are at least as effective in terms of emissions reductions as that required by this Annex, including any of the standards set forth in regulations 13 and 14.” IMO is developing guidelines for the use of exhaust gas cleaning devices such as SOX
                         scrubbers as an alternative to operating on lower sulfur fuel.[99]
                        
                         These draft guidelines include a table of SO2
                         limits intended to correspond with various fuel sulfur levels. Based on the methodology that was used to determine the SO2
                         limit of 6.0 g/kW-hr for existing ECAs, the corresponding limit is 0.4 g/kW-hr SO2
                         for a 1,000 ppm fuel sulfur limit. This limit is based on an assumed fuel consumption rate of 200 g/kW-hr and the assumption that all sulfur in the fuel is converted to SO2
                         in the exhaust. The draft IMO guidelines also allow for an alternative approach of basing the limit on a ratio of SO2
                         to CO2
                        . This has the advantage of being easier to measure during in-use monitoring. In addition, this ratio holds more constant at lower loads than a brake-specific limit, which would approach infinity as power approaches zero. For the existing 15,000 ppm fuel sulfur limit in ECAs, a SO2
                         (ppm)/CO2
                        (%) limit of 65 was developed. The equivalent limit for a 
                        ( print page 44474)
                        1,000 ppm fuel sulfur level is 4.0 SO2
                         (ppm)/CO2
                        (%). Scrubbers are effective at reducing SO2
                         emissions and sulfate PM emissions from the exhaust. However, as discussed above, the effectiveness of the scrubber at removing PM emissions other than sulfates is dependent on the scrubber design. In addition to sulfate PM reductions, switching from residual fuel to distillate fuel results in reductions in organic PM and metallic ash particles in the exhaust. As such, consideration should be given to non-sulfate PM when making the determination that using a given ECGS design is “at least as effective” as operating on lower sulfur fuel to control PM emissions. We would not consider an exhaust gas scrubber to be an acceptable control strategy for reducing NOX
                         emissions. In a typical diesel exhaust gas mixture, NOX
                         is composed of roughly 5-10% NO2, with the majority of the remainder in the form of NO. NO2
                         is soluble in water, and therefore may be removed by the water in the scrubber. It is possible to treat the exhaust upstream of the scrubber to convert more of the NOX
                         to NO2, thereby facilitating the use of a scrubber to remove NO2
                        . However, we are concerned that this would add to nitrogen loading of the water in which the ship is operating. As discussed in Section II.B.1, nitrogen loading can lead to serious water quality impacts. The issue of NOX
                         scrubbing is addressed in the draft IMO EGCS guidelines by limiting the amount of NOX
                         that may be removed by the scrubber. Water-soluble components of the exhaust gas such as SO2, SO3, and NO2
                         form sulfates and nitrates that are dissolved into the discharge water. Scrubber washwater also includes suspended solids, heavy metals, hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Before the scrubber water is discharged, there are several approaches that may be used to process the scrubber water to remove solid particles. Heavier particles may be trapped in a settling or sludge tank for disposal. The removal process may include cyclone technology similar to that used to separate water from residual fuel prior to delivery to the engine. However, depending on particle size distribution and particle density, settling tanks and hydrodynamic separation may not effectively remove all suspended solids. Other approaches include filtration and flocculation techniques. Flocculation, which is used in many waste water treatment plants, refers to adding a chemical agent to the water that will cause the fine particles to aggregate so that they may be filtered out. Sludge separated from the scrubber water would be stored on board until it is disposed of at proper facilities. The draft IMO guidelines for the use of exhaust gas cleaning devices such as SOX
                         scrubbers include recommended monitoring and water discharge practices. The washwater should be continuously monitored for pH, PAHs and turbidity. Further, the IMO guidance include specifications for these same items, as well as nitrate content when washwater is discharged in ports, harbors or estuaries. Finally, the IMO guidance recommends that washwater residue (sludge) be delivered ashore to adequate reception facilities and not discharged to the sea or burned on board. Also note that any discharges directly into waters of the United States may be subject to the Clean Water Act or other U.S. regulation. D. ECA Designation and Foreign-Flagged Vessels In our previous marine diesel engine rulemakings, EPA did not extend our Clean Air Act standards to engines on vessels flagged by other countries. In our 2003 rule, many states and localities expressed concern about the high levels of emissions from ocean-going vessels. We examined our position and concluded that no change was necessary at that time because the Tier 1 standards we adopted for Category 3 engines on U.S. vessels were the same as those contained in MARPOL Annex VI. We indicated we would re-examine this issue in our current rulemaking and would also review the progress made by the international community toward the adoption of new more stringent international standards that reflect the application of advanced emission control technologies. We received comments from a broad range of interested parties on the Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPRM) for this rulemaking. Generally, these commenters remain concerned about the contribution of ocean-going vessels to their air quality. Many took the position that EPA should cover engines on foreign-flagged OGV under Clean Air Act section 213 since they account for the vast majority of OGV emissions in the United States and because of their perception, at the time these comments were submitted, that the international process to set stringent standards was stalled. In this section, we provide background on EPA's past statements with regard to the application of our Clean Air Act section 213 standards to engines on foreign-flagged vessels, and summarize comments we received on this issue in response to our ANPRM. Because the NOX
                         standards adopted in the amendments to Annex VI are comparable in stringency and timing to our proposed CAA NOX
                         standards, we do not believe it is necessary to extend our Clean Air Act Tier 2 and 3 standards to engines on foreign-flagged vessels at this time. Therefore, this proposal does not seek to resolve the issue of whether section 213 of the Act allows us to set standards for engines on foreign-flagged vessels. However, as further explained below, our decision rests on the timely adoption of an amendment to Annex VI designating the U.S. coastal waters as an ECA, since the most stringent of the NOX
                         standards will be applicable in such areas. If the amendment designating a U.S. ECA is not timely adopted by the Parties to IMO, we will revisit this issue. We request comments on all aspects of this discussion. (1) What Is EPA's Current Approach for Engines on Foreign-Flagged Vessels? Section 213 of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7547) authorizes regulation of “new nonroad engine[s]” and “new nonroad vehicle[s].” Because Title II of the Clean Air Act does not define either “new nonroad engine” or “new nonroad vehicle,” our early interpretations of these terms with regard to our other nonroad programs were reasonably modeled after the statutory definitions of “new motor vehicle engine” and “new motor vehicle” found in section 216(3) of the CAA.[100]
                        
                         Those early interpretations focused on engines and vehicles freshly built or imported. Similarly, in our first phase of marine diesel emission standards (our 1999 rule), we modeled our definitions of “new” marine engine and vessel after the existing “new nonroad engine” and “new nonroad vehicle” regulatory definitions.[101]
                        
                         We also referred to Department of the Treasury rulings on the meaning of “import” for customs purposes.[102]
                        
                         Specifically, Treasury rulings for marine engines and vessels include as imports only those marine engines and vessels intended to remain in the United States permanently. Because engines on foreign-flagged 
                        ( print page 44475)
                        vessels were only entering U.S. ports temporarily, with no intention to remain permanently, we declined to treat those engines and vessels as imported and, thus, we determined that these engines are not “new” marine engines or vessels for purposes of section 213 of the CAA. Therefore, in that first rulemaking for diesel marine engines, we did not apply the CAA program to engines on foreign-flagged vessels. In our subsequent rulemaking to establish Clean Air Act emission standards for Category 3 engines,[103]
                        
                         we re-examined this background to re-consider the issue of whether engines on foreign-flagged vessels should be included within the scope of our Clean Air Act standards. Because the NOX
                         standards we adopted in that rule were near-term standards that were equivalent to the then-MARPOL Annex I NOX
                         standards, and because we adopted a regulatory deadline to consider an additional tier of NOX
                         standards (which are the subject of the current rulemaking), we deferred making a decision on whether we have the discretion to set standards for such engines until the present rulemaking. We decided that even if we have the discretion to interpret “new marine engine” to include engines on foreign-flagged vessels, it would be appropriate not to exercise such discretion at that time since the near-term standards that we would be adopting in that rule already applied to foreign-flagged vessels through Annex VI. We explained that foreign-flagged vessels were expected to comply with the current MARPOL standards whether or not they were also subject to the equivalent Clean Air Act standards and, consequently, no significant emission reductions would be achieved by treating foreign-flagged vessels as “new” for purposes of the near-term standards in that final rule. However, we also indicated that we would consider, in the subsequent rulemaking, whether we need to resolve under what circumstances we may or should define new nonroad engine and vessel to include foreign-flagged engines and vessels. As part of that determination, we indicated we would also assess the progress made by the international community toward adopting new more stringent international consensus standards that reflect advanced emission-control technologies. Accordingly, we raised this issue in our 2007 ANPRM,[104]
                        
                         indicating that we would evaluate whether we should re-define new nonroad engines and vessels to include foreign-flagged engines and vessels. Likewise, we indicated that as part of that evaluation, we would also assess the progress made by the international community toward the adoption of new more stringent international standards that reflect advanced emission-control technologies. (2) Is EPA Proposing To Change the Current Approach to Engines on Foreign-Flagged Vessels? Since the ANPRM was published, the International Maritime Organization adopted amendments to MARPOL Annex VI. These amendments, adopted in October 2008, contain stringent new tiers of NOX
                         emission limits for marine diesel engines as well as new fuel sulfur limits.[105]
                        
                         These requirements are applicable in the United States to both domestic and foreign-flagged vessels through operation of the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships (APPS), as amended in 2008.[106]
                        
                         Amendments to the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships were adopted in 2008 specifically to provide the statutory mechanism to enforce the Annex VI requirements on domestic and foreign-flagged vessels and to enforce the ECA requirements once a U.S. ECA is designated under Annex VI. The most stringent of the new Annex VI standards requires engines to meet Tier III NOX
                         standards. Under the Annex, these requirements would apply in designated ECAs. At the time the amendments were adopted, countries were invited to propose areas for ECA designation so that the full benefit of these technology-forcing standards could be realized by areas that demonstrate a need for them. As explained above, the United States and Canada recently submitted a proposal to amend MARPOL Annex VI to designate U.S. and Canadian coastal areas as an ECA. Due to the human health and welfare needs for these controls as documented in the ECA application, we expect that the Parties to Annex VI will adopt this amendment at the 60th Session of the Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC), to be held in March 2010. Once the ECA is adopted by the Parties and enters into force, U.S.- and foreign-flagged ships will be subject to the stringent provisions of MARPOL Annex VI within the ECA. Since the ECA was developed to protect air quality in port and inland areas, these requirements will also apply in U.S. internal waters. The U.S. will enforce these requirements pursuant to APPS. More specifically, under the recently-adopted NOX
                         amendments to Annex VI, in 2016, the engines on new ships operating in ECAs must meet Tier III NOX
                         standards requiring advanced-technology engines designed to cut emissions of ozone-forming NOX
                         by roughly 80%. These MARPOL Annex VI Tier III NOX
                         standards are comparable to the CAA Tier III NOX
                         standards we are proposing in this 
                        **Federal Register**
                         notice and are more fully described in Section III. When operating outside a designated ECA, the engines must meet the global Tier II NOX
                         standard, which otherwise applies to engines on ships beginning in 2011 and will require a 20% reduction from the current Tier I levels. Thus, assuming the U.S. ECA is adopted, NOX
                         standards comparable to those we are proposing in this NPRM under section 213(a)(3) of the CAA will be applicable to engines on foreign-flagged vessels operating in all U.S. waters and will be enforced under the authority of APPS. Because we expect the proposed amendment to Annex VI designating a North American ECA will be adopted in a timely manner, the result of the combined CAA program and the ECA designation will be the application of comparable NOX
                         standards to domestic- and foreign-flagged vessels which will be enforceable under a combination of the Act and APPS. As a result, it would not be necessary to resolve the issue of whether we have the authority to impose section 213 CAA standards on foreign-flagged vessels. For this reason, we are not proposing to change our current approach with regard to the application of the Clean Air Act marine diesel engine standards to engines on foreign-flagged vessels. The conditions that led us to this conclusion in 2003 are the same today, assuming approval of the North American ECA. Because this decision not to address our authority to regulate foreign-flagged vessels at this time is predicated upon timely approval of the U.S.-Canada proposal to amend Annex VI to designate the North American ECA, we will revisit this approach if the ECA is not adopted as expected.
                        ( print page 44476) (3) What Comments Did EPA Receive on This Issue? EPA received a number of comments in response to the ANPRM on the issue of whether EPA should or could address emissions from engines on foreign-flagged vessels. Most commenters express a need to include engines on foreign-flagged vessels given the significant contribution of such vessels' emissions to the air pollution problem we are addressing.[107]
                        
                         Most of these same commenters also express the position that EPA has the authority to include engines on foreign-flagged vessels as part of its section 213 emission reduction program.[108]
                        
                         Other comments take the position that EPA not only has the authority to cover such engines and their emissions, but EPA has an obligation to do so.[109]
                        
                         In contrast, EPA also received comments opposing the view that EPA has such authority and encouraging EPA to work with international bodies to resolve concerns about such emissions.[110]
                        
                         A brief summary of these positions follows. Generally, environmental non-governmental organizations and state air quality control authorities commenting on the ANPRM support the view that EPA should include engines on foreign-flagged vessels in its Clean Air Act emission reduction program. They state that “there is no legal impediment to regulating the emissions of foreign-flagged ships operating in U.S. waters. U.S. courts have long held that U.S. laws apply only within the territorial jurisdiction of the U.S., at least in the absence of evidence of contrary Congressional intent.” [111] South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) takes the position that a U.S. statute is presumed to apply to a foreign-flagged vessel in United States waters unless the statute sought to regulate “matters that involve only the internal order and discipline of the vessel” or “only the internal operations of the ship.” [112]
                        
                         Because the United States has a vital interest in reducing pollutants from all visiting ships and because “the ‘physical structure’ of a ship is not a matter that `concerns only the internal operations of the ship,' ” SCAQMD believes that section 213 of the CAA should be presumed to apply to engines on foreign-flagged vessels. Moreover, SCAQMD comments that, even if a clear statement of intent to cover engines on foreign-flagged vessels were required, sections 213(a)(3) and (4) unequivocally apply “to 
                        *all*
                         such nonroad engines, without qualifications.” [113] Similarly, the Environmental Law & Policy Clinic at Harvard Law School (HLS) identifies examples of agencies applying statutory requirements to foreign-flagged vessels, even if significant modifications to the vessel may be required and “when the governing statute does not explicitly direct or otherwise authorize the agency to exempt [such vessels].” [114] On interpretation of the term “new nonroad engine,” commenters supporting regulation of emissions from foreign-flagged vessels believe that section 213 provides broad authority to regulate any emissions from new nonroad engines and vehicles, and although the statute does not define what a “new nonroad engine” is, neither does the statute distinguish “between U.S.-flagged and foreign-flagged ships for purposes of emission standards.” [115]
                        
                         Thus, the ambiguity, if any, should be resolved in favor of regulating such engines. In that vein, SCAQMD would identify any engine or vessel constructed after the effective date of an EPA rule as “new” and subject to the applicable standard “regardless of whether those vessels are foreign-flagged” and regardless of whether the engine or vessel is imported. Further, SCAQMD stated that: “While it might not be known with certainty for some ships at the time they are built whether they are going to travel to U.S. ports, in most cases it is likely that this would be known, and the shipbuilder could always preserve the ship's ability to do so by meeting EPA's standards.” [116] SCAQMD also addresses an EPA position in an earlier rulemaking regarding EPA's interpretation of “new” to include “import” as that term is interpreted under U.S. customs laws, and whether engines on foreign-flagged vessels visiting the U.S. are therefore imported. In that context, SCAQMD states: “the fact that a vessel is not imported does not mean it is not ‘new’ within the ordinary meaning of the term. * * * The inclusion of the term ‘imported’ was to cover vessels that otherwise would not be considered ‘new,’ in order to prevent circumvention. Thus, the definition of ‘imported’ does not limit EPA's ability to apply its rules to vessels that are in fact ‘new,’ even though foreign-flagged. We believe the ordinary meaning of ‘new’ is sufficient to cover this concept.” [117]
                        
                         HLS similarly comments that: “Section 213 can reasonably be interpreted to exclude cars and trucks that have neither been manufactured in nor imported into the United States because those excluded cars and trucks do not pollute air in the U.S. Neither Section 213 nor Section 216, however, authorizes EPA to exclude marine vessels that 
                        *do*
                         use and pollute U.S. ports, whether those vessels can somehow be deemed ‘imported’ or ‘not imported.’ ” [118] In contrast, Clean Air Task Force (CATF) believes it would be “reasonable for the Agency to continue to interpret ‘new nonroad engine’ as including ‘imported’ nonroad engines,” but that EPA is not obligated to “defer to interpretations of that term under U.S. customs laws, in view of the dramatically different purposes of such laws.” [119]
                        
                         CATF explains that “[w]hile the purpose of application of the customs laws to ‘imports’ is to impose a duty on merchandise that is brought into the country on a permanent basis, the purpose of the application of the Clean Air Act to ‘imports’ is far different: that is, to reduce pollution 
                        ( print page 44477)
                        from sources operating within the United States, including its territorial waters and ports. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that under the Act, whether a vessel is operating in U.S. waters permanently, or whether it is flying a U.S. flag of registry, should not be conditions for regulating its emissions.” [120] Some commenters, however, take the opposite position. API comments that “EPA's authority to regulate non-U.S. vessels/engines that are temporarily in U.S waters turns on whether such vessels/engines are ‘imported’ under the CAA,” that EPA appropriately relied in the past on the customs law's interpretation of “import,” and that “Congress did not intend to grant authority to EPA to regulate non-U.S. flagged vessels that are only in U.S. waters temporarily.” [121] EPA appreciates all of the comments we received on this. Although we continue to believe it is reasonable not to amend our current definition of new engine, we intend to revisit that issue without delay if the U.S. ECA is not timely considered and adopted. VI. Certification and Compliance Program This section describes the regulatory changes proposed for the CAA Category 3 engine compliance program. In general, these changes are being proposed to ensure that the benefits of the standards are realized in-use and throughout the useful life of these engines, and to incorporate lessons learned over the last few years from the existing test and compliance program. The most obvious change is that we are proposing to apply the plain language regulations of 40 CFR 1042 to Category 3 engines. These part 1042 regulations were adopted in 2008 for Category 1 and Category 2 engines (73 FR 25098, May 6, 2008). They were structured to contain the provisions that are specific to marine engines and vessels in part 1042, and apply the parts 1065 and 1068 for other provisions not specific to marine engines. This approach is not intended to significantly change the compliance program from the program currently applicable to Category 3 engines under 40 CFR part 94, except as specifically noted in this notice (and we are not reopening for comment the substance of any part of the program that remains unchanged substantively). As proposed, these plain language regulations would supersede the regulations in part 94 for Category 3 engines beginning with the 2011 model year. The changes from the existing programs are described below along with other notable aspects of the compliance program. These changes are necessary to implement the new standards as well as to implement the Annex VI program as required under the amendments to the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships. Finally, we are also including several proposed changes and clarifications to the compliance program that are not specific to Category 3 engines. Some of these would apply only for marine diesel engines below 30 liters per cylinder displacement. A. Compliance Provisions for Category 3 Engines In general, we are proposing to retain the certification and compliance provisions finalized with the Tier 1 standards for Category 3 engines. These include testing, durability, labeling, maintenance, prohibited acts, 
                        *etc.*
                         However, we believe additional testing and compliance provisions will be necessary for new standards requiring more advanced technology and more sophisticated emission control systems. These changes, as well as other modifications to our certification and compliance provisions for Category 3 engines, are discussed below. Our certification process is similar to the process specified in the Annex VI NOX
                         Technical Code (NTC) for pre-certification. However, the Clean Air Act specifies certain requirements for our certification program that are different from the NTC requirements. The EPA approach differs most significantly from the NTC in three areas. First, the NTC allows but does not require certification of engines before installation (known as pre-certification under the NTC), while EPA does require it. Second, we include various provisions to hold the engine manufacturer responsible for the durability of emission controls, while the NTC holds the engine manufacturer liable only before the engine is placed into service. Finally, we specify broader temperature ranges and allow manufacturers less discretion in setting engine parameters for testing, with the goal of adopting test procedures that represent a wide range of normal in-use operation. We believe the regulations in this final rule are sufficiently consistent with NTC that manufacturers can continue to use a single harmonized compliance strategy to certify under both systems. (1) Testing We are proposing to largely continue the testing requirements that currently apply for Category 3 engines with a few exceptions. (a) General Test Procedures We are proposing to apply the general engine testing procedures of 40 CFR part 1065 to Category 3 engines. This is part of our ongoing initiative to update the content, organization and writing style of our regulations. For each engine sector for which we have recently promulgated standards (such as smaller marine diesel engines), we refer to one common set of test procedures in part 1065. This is because we recognized that a single set of test procedures would allow for improvements to occur simultaneously across engine sectors. A single set of test procedures is easier to understand than trying to understand many different sets of procedures, and it is easier to move toward international test procedure harmonization if we only have one set of test procedures. These procedures replace those currently published in parts 92 and 94 and are fundamentally similar to those procedures. The primary differences are related to tighter tolerances to reduce test-to-test variability. In most cases, a manufacturer should be able to comply with 1065 using its current test equipment. Nevertheless, full compliance with part 1065 would take some effort on the part of manufacturers. As such, we are proposing some flexibility to make a gradual transition from the part 92 and 94 procedures. For several years, manufacturers would be able to optionally use the part 1065 procedures. Part 1065 procedures would generally be required for any new testing by 2016 (except as noted below). This is very similar to the allowance already provided with respect to Category 1 and Category 2 engines. We are also proposing to allow Category 3 manufacturers to submit data collected using the test equipment and procedures specified in the NOX
                         Technical Code, even after 2016. The procedures in 1065 would still be the official test procedures, however, and manufacturers would be liable with respect to any test results from 1065 testing. Thus, we do not believe this allowance would have any effect on the stringency of the standards, or how manufacturers design and produce their engines. (b) Test Fuel Appropriate test procedures need to represent in-use operating conditions as 
                        ( print page 44478)
                        much as possible, including specification of test fuels consistent with the fuels that compliant engines will use over their lifetimes. Our current regulations allow Category 3 engine testing using distillate fuel, even though many vessels with these engines currently use less expensive residual fuel. This provision is consistent with the specifications of the NOX
                         Technical Code. We are proposing to continue this approach for Tier 2 and Tier 3. Our primary reason for continuing this approach is that we expect these Category 3 engines will generally be required to use distillate fuels in areas that will affect U.S. air quality for most of their operational lives. (We expect this because we expect IMO to approve our proposal to amend Annex VI to designate the U.S. coastal waters as an ECA.) However, since these engines will not be required to use low-sulfur or ultra low-sulfur fuel, we are also proposing to add an explicit requirement that a high-sulfur distillate test fuel be used for both Tier 2 and Tier 3 testing. Our testing regulations (40 CFR 1065.703) are being revised to specify that high-sulfur diesel test fuels contain 800 to 2500 ppm sulfur. This would be lower than the current specification of 2000 to 4000 ppm. This will allow manufacturers to test with fuels near the ultimate in-use limit of 1000 ppm. We request comment on applying this approach to Category 1 and/or Category 2 engines on Category 3 vessels. Commenters supporting this approach should address how such engines could meet the applicable PM requirements. For example, should EPA allow these engines to show compliance using emission credits? Would this require us to set a higher Family Emission Limit cap for engines using this allowance? See also Section VI.C.1 for further discussion of these engines. (c) Testing Catalyst-Equipped Engines In our existing programs that require compliance with catalyst-based engines (such as the Category 1 & 2 engine program), we require manufacturers to test prototype engines equipped with prototype catalyst systems. However, it is not clear that this approach would be practical for Category 3 engines. These are problematic because of their size and because they tend to be a least partially custom built. Requiring a manufacturer to construct a full-scale catalyst system for each certification test would be extremely expensive. We are proposing an optional special certification procedure to address this concern. The provisions are in § 1042.655 of the proposed regulations. The emission-data engine must be tested in the specified manner to verify that the engine-out emissions comply with the Tier 2 standards. The catalyst material must be tested under conditions that accurately represent actual engine conditions for the test points. This catalyst testing may be performed on a benchscale. Manufacturers must include a detailed engineering analysis describing how the test data collected for the engine and catalyst material demonstrate that all engines in the family will meet all applicable emission standards. Manufacturers must verify their design by testing a complete production engine and catalysts in its final assembled configuration. (d) Testing Production Engines Under the current regulations, manufacturers must test a sample of their Category 1 and Category 2 engines during production. We are now proposing similar provisions for Category 3 engines. While in the past we did not believe that such testing was necessary, circumstances have changed in two important ways. First, relatively inexpensive portable test systems have recently become available. This greatly reduces the cost of testing an engine in a ship. Second, the need to verify that production engines actually comply with the emission standards increases as standards become more stringent and emission control technologies become more complicated. Specifically, we are proposing that every new Tier 2 or later Category 3 engine be tested during the vessel's sea trial to show compliance with the applicable NOX
                         standard. Any engine that fails to comply with the standard would need to be repaired and retested. Since we are not proposing PM standards for Category 3 engines, and because PM measurement is more difficult than measuring only gaseous emission, we would not require PM measurement during testing after installation, provided PM emissions were measured during certification. One concern that manufacturers have raised in the past is that it can be difficult to achieve the exact test points in use. Therefore, we are proposing to allow manufacturers flexibility with respect to test points when testing production engines, consistent with the equivalent allowance under the NOX
                         Technical Code. Where manufacturers are unable to duplicate the certification test points during production testing, we are proposing to allow them to comply with an alternate “at-sea standard” that is 10 percent higher than the otherwise applicable standard. This is specified in § 1042.104(g). Since we are proposing to require testing of every production engine, we are also proposing to exclude Category 3 engines from selective enforcement audits under 40 CFR part 1068. (e) PM Measurement We are proposing to require manufacturers to measure PM emissions along with NOX
                        , HC, and CO during certification testing to report these results along with the other test data. This is similar to our recently proposed requirement for manufacturers to measure and report certain greenhouse gas emissions for a variety of nonroad engine sectors.[122]
                        
                         Manufacturers should be able to collect these data using stand-alone partial flow PM measurement systems. In recent years, several vendors have developed such systems to be compliant with the requirements of 1065. It is worth noting that in the past, there has been some concern regarding the use of older PM measurement procedures with high sulfur fuels. The primary issue of concern was variability of the PM measurement, which was strongly influenced by the amount of water bound to sulfur. However, we believe improvements in PM measurement procedures, such as those specified in 40 CFR 1065, have addressed these issues of measurement variability. The U.S. Government recently submitted proposed procedures for PM measurement to IMO.[123] (2) Low Power Operation and Mode Caps Emission control performance can vary with the power at which the engine operates. This is potentially important because Category 3 engines can operate at relatively low power levels when they are operating in port areas. Ship pilots generally operate engines at reduced power for several miles to approach a port, with even lower power levels very close to shore. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) E3 and E2 test cycles, which are used for emission testing of propulsion marine engines, are heavily weighted towards high power. In the absence of other requirements, it would be possible for manufacturers to meet the cycle-weighted average emission standards without significantly reducing emissions at low-power modes. This could be especially problematic for Tier 
                        ( print page 44479)
                        3 engines relying on urea-SCR for NOX
                         control, since the effectiveness of the control is directly affected by the amount of urea that is injected and there would be an obvious economic incentive for manufacturers and operators to minimize the amount of urea injected. We are addressing these concerns in two ways. First, we are applying mode caps for NOX
                         emissions that will ensure that manufacturers design their emission controls to be fully effective at 25 percent power. This would require that manufacturers meet the applicable NOX
                         standard at each individual test point, and not merely as a weighted average of the test points. The caps would only apply for NOX
                         emissions, and manufacturers would not be required to meet the HC and CO standards at each test point. For HC and CO, manufacturers would only be required to meet the applicable standards as a weighted average of the test points The other concern is related to power levels other than the test points. To address this, we will continue to rely on our prohibition of defeat devices to ensure effective control for lower powers. Most significantly, this would prohibit manufacturers from turning off the urea supply to SCR systems at these points, unless the exhaust gas temperature was too cool for the SCR catalyst to function properly. (Urea at these low temperatures does not react with NOX
                         molecules and can lead to high emissions of ammonia.) (3) On-Off Technologies One of the features of the SCR technologies that are projected to be used to meet the Tier 3 NOX
                         standards is that they are not integral to the engine and the engine can be operated without them. They will also require the operator to supply the proper reductant. Thus, these technologies are potentially “on-off” technologies. Switching to distillate fuel instead of residual fuel to reduce SOX
                         and PM emissions can be thought of in the same way. The increased operating costs of such controls associated with urea (or other reductants) or with distillate usage suggest that it may be reasonable to allow these systems to be turned off while a ship is operated on the open ocean, far away from sensitive areas that are affected by ship emissions. This is the basis of the MARPOL Annex VI ECA approach, with one set of limits that would apply when ships are operated in sensitive areas and another that would apply when ships are operated outside those limits. We are proposing a new regulatory provision in § 1042.115(g) to address the use of on-off technologies on Category 3 engines subject to the Tier 3 standards. This provision would require the manufacturer to obtain EPA approval to design the engines to have on-off features. It would also require the engine's onboard computer to record the on-off operation (including geographic position and time) and require that the engine comply fully with the Tier 2 standards when the Tier 3 controls are turned off. We request comment on applying this approach to Category 1 and/or Category 2 engines on Category 3 vessels. At this time, our goal is to require manufacturers to comply with the Tier 3 standards in all areas that will ultimately be included in any Emission Control Area, which should include all areas for which EPA has determined that Category 3 engines significantly affect U.S. air quality. As discussed in Section V.A, we have not yet determined the extent to which Category 3 engines affect air quality in the U.S. territories, areas of Alaska west of Kodiak, or the smallest Hawaiian islands. Therefore, we are proposing to include an interim provision to exclude those areas with respect to the Tier 3 standards at this time. We will revisit this should our review of available modeling results or other information indicate that compliance with the Tier 3 standards should be required for some or all of these areas. (4) NOX
                         Monitoring We are proposing that Category 3 engines equipped with on-off controls must be equipped to continuously monitor NOX
                         concentrations in the exhaust. Engine manufacturers would be required to include systems to automatically alert operators of any operation with the emission controls on where NOX
                         concentrations indicate malfunctioning emission controls. We would also require the engine to record in nonvolatile computer memory any such operation. However, we would not require monitoring NOX
                         concentrations during operation for which the emission controls are allowed to be turned off, provided the record indicated that the controls were turned off. Where the NOX
                         monitor system indicates a malfunction, operators would be required to investigate the cause and make any necessary adjustments or repairs. We are proposing to define as a malfunction of the emission controls any condition that would cause an engine to fail to comply with the applicable NOX
                         standard (See Section VI.A.1.d for a discussion of standards that would apply for installed engines at sea). Such malfunctions could include maladjustment of the engine or controls, inadequate reductant, or emission controls turned off completely. We recognize that it is not possible to perfectly correlate a measured NOX
                         concentration with an equivalent cycle-weighted emission result. Therefore, the proposed requirement would allow engine manufacturers to exercise good engineering judgment in using measured NOX
                         concentrations to monitor the emission performance of the engine. We request comment on the need for less subjective approaches. For example, should we establish caps for concentrations based on the concentrations measured during certification? (5) Parameter Adjustment Given the broad range of ignition properties for in-use residual fuels, we expect that our current in-use adjustment allowance for Category 3 engines would result in a broad range of adjustment. We are therefore considering a requirement for operators to perform a simple field measurement test to confirm emissions after parameter adjustments or maintenance operations, using onboard emission measurement systems with electronic-logging equipment. We expect this issue will be equally important for more advanced engines that rely on water injection or aftertreatment for emission reductions. Onboard verification systems could add significant assurance that engines have properly operating emission controls. We envision a simpler measurement system than the type specified in Chapter 6 of the NOX
                         Technical Code. As we described in the 2003 final rule, we believe that onboard emission equipment that is relatively inexpensive and easy-to-use could verify that an engine is properly adjusted and is operating within the engine manufacturer's specifications. Note that Annex VI includes specifications allowing operators to choose to verify emissions through onboard testing, which suggests that Annex VI also envisioned that onboard measurement systems could be of value to operators. We request comment on requiring onboard verification systems on ships with Category 3 marine engines and on a description of such a system. In particular, we request comment on whether the continuous NOX
                         monitoring system described in the previous subsection would be sufficient to address these concerns.
                        ( print page 44480) (6) In-Use Liability Under the existing Tier 1 program for Category 3 engines, owners and operators are required to maintain, adjust, and operate the engines in such a way as to ensure proper function of the emission controls. These requirements, which are described in 40 CFR 94.1004, are being continued in the regulations in part 1042 (See § 1042.660 of the proposed regulations for these requirements). Specifically, these provisions require that all maintenance, repair, adjustment, and alteration of the engine be performed using good engineering judgment so that the engine continues to meet the emission standards. Each two-hour period of operation of an engine in a condition not complying with this requirement would be considered a separate violation. Owners will also continue to be required to keep certain records onboard the vessel and report annually to EPA whether or not the vessel has complied with these and other requirements. (7) Replacement Engines The existing provisions of § 1042.615 provide an exemption that allows manufacturers to produce new uncertified engines when they are needed to replace equivalent existing engines that fail prematurely. For many engine sectors, this practice is common, but represents a very small faction of a manufacturer's total engine production. However, since we do not believe this practice is either common or necessary for Category 3 engines, we are proposing to not allow this exemption for Category 3 engines. B. Compliance Provisions To Implement Annex VI NOX
                         Regulation and the NOX
                         Technical Code In addition to the Clean Air Act provisions being proposed in this action, we are also proposing new regulations to implement certain provisions of the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships. These regulations are proposed as a new part 1043 of title 40. The Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships establishes a general requirement for vessels operating in the exclusive economic zone and navigable waters of the United States to comply with MARPOL Annex VI. It also gives EPA and the Administrator the authority to further implement MARPOL Annex VI. Many of the requirements relating to NOX
                         emissions and fuel sulfur limits can be implemented without the need for further elaboration in that the Annex, along with the NOX
                         Technical Code, provides instructions on how to demonstrate compliance with those requirements. However, APPS authorizes the Administrator to prescribe any necessary or desired additional regulations to assist in carrying out the provisions of Regulations 12 through 19 of Annex VI (see 33 USC 1903(c)(2)). Specifically, the regulations being proposed in this NPRM in part 1043 of title 40 are intended to assist in the implementation of the engine and fuel requirements contained in Regulation 13, 14, and 18 of MARPOL Annex VI.. They address such issues as how to obtain an Engine International Air Pollution Prevention (EIAPP) certificate (which is equivalent in many ways to a Clean Air Act certificate of conformity), exemptions for vessels used exclusively in domestic service, and requirements for vessels not registered by a country that is a Party to Annex VI. In contrast to the compliance program for Category 3 engines described in Section VI.A, the 1043 regulations described in this section would apply to all marine diesel engines above 130 kW. Similarly, the MARPOL Annex VI fuel requirements apply to all fuel oil used onboard a vessel, defined as any fuel delivered to and intended for combustion purpose for propulsion or operation on board a ship, including distillate and residual fuels. (1) EIAPP Certificates In general, an engine can be dual-certified under EPA's Clean Air Act marine diesel engine program and the MARPOL Annex VI/APPS program. However, we propose to require that engine manufacturers submit separate applications for the 1042 and EIAPP certificates. The proposed regulations in part 1043 specify the process that would apply. The process for obtaining the EIAPP is very similar to the process for obtaining a certificate of conformity under part 1042, and although there are differences between the programs, manufacturers should be able to comply with both programs with very little additional work. The primary differences are that, to certify to the MARPOL Annex VI standards, the manufacturer must include a copy of the Technical File and onboard NOX
                         verification procedures (as specified in Section 2.4 of the NOX
                         Technical Code) and is not required to provide information about useful life, emission labels, deterioration factors, or PM emissions.[124]
                        
                         Currently engine manufacturers will be able to apply for both certifications using the certification templates and test data. Consistent with our 1042 program, our proposed 1043 program would require that each engine installed or intended to be installed on a U.S.-flagged vessel have an EIAPP before it is introduced into U.S. commerce. The proposed regulations would create a presumption that all marine engines manufactured, sold, or distributed in U.S. commerce would be considered to be intended to be installed on a U.S.-flagged vessel, although this presumption could be rebutted by clear and convincing evidence to the contrary (evidence that the engine is intended for export, for example). (2) Approved Methods The 2008 amendments to MARPOL Annex VI added a new provision to the engine standards in Regulation 13 that extends the Tier I NOX
                         limits to certain engines installed on ships constructed on or after January 1, 1990 through December 31, 1999. Specifically, engines with power output greater than 5,000 kW and with per cylinder displacement at or above 90 liters installed on such ships would be required to meet the Tier I NOX
                         limits if a certified Approved Method is available. An Approved Method may be certified by the Administration of any flag state, but once one is registered with the IMO the owner of such an engine must either install the Approved Method or demonstrate compliance with the Annex VI Tier I limits through some other method. We are proposing to include a regulatory section codifying this requirement. These regulations are contained in § 1043.50. (3) Other Annex VI Compliance Requirements Engine manufacturers, vessel manufacturers, vessel owners, and fuel providers, fuel distributors, and other directly regulated stakeholders are required to comply with all aspects of Regulations 13, 14, and 18 of Annex VI as well as the NOX
                         Technical Code. These include requirements for engine operation, fuel use, fuel oil quality, and various recordkeeping requirements (
                        *e.g.,*
                         record book of engine parameters, engine technical file, fuel switching procedures, bunker delivery notes and associated fuel samples, and fuel sampling procedures). While certification, compliance, and verification procedures are set out in the Annex and related documents, we nonetheless seek comment on whether additional regulatory provision under APPS would be necessary or helpful. 
                        ( print page 44481)
                        For example, the contents of a bunker delivery note are set out in Appendix V to MARPOL Annex VI and § 1043.80. Are there aspects of these criteria that should be further clarified, or are there parameters required in Regulation 18 that should also be included on the bunker delivery note? Similarly, the process for verifying the sulfur content of fuel oil samples is set out in Appendix VI to the amended Annex VI. Is there any aspect of this procedure that requires further clarification? Commenters supporting the inclusion of additional language related to these or other requirements are encouraged to include specific recommendations. (4) Non-Party Vessels The proposed regulations specify that vessels flagged by a country that is not a party to MARPOL (known as non-Party vessels) must comply with Regulations 13, 14, and 18 of Annex VI when operating in U.S. waters. This requirement would fulfill the requirement of 33 U.S.C. 1902(e), which requires the adoption of regulations for non-Party vessels such that they are not treated more favorably than vessels of countries that are party to the MARPOL Protocol. However, since such vessels cannot get EIAPP certificates, this proposed provision requires non-party vessels to obtain equivalent documentation of compliance with the NOX
                         standards of Annex VI. We request comment on this provision. (5) Internal Waters APPS applies Annex VI requirements, including amendments to Annex VI (such as ECA designations) that are binding on the United States, to all persons in navigable waters of the U.S., including internal waters. However, our recent proposal for ECA designation that was submitted to IMO, although intended to protect air quality in U.S. ports and internal areas, does not explicitly state that it applies to internal waters. Therefore, we are proposing regulatory text under the authority of APPS, in order to avoid confusion on whether vessels must meet ECA requirements in internal waters. The text clarifies that the ECA requirements generally apply to internal waters, such as the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes, that can be accessed by ocean-going vessels. Vessel emissions in these waters affect U.S. air quality to an equal, if not greater extent that emissions taking place in coastal waters. Specifically, the proposed rule would require compliance with the fuel sulfur requirements and the NOX
                         emission standards of Regulations 13, 14, and 18 in internal waters. However, the ECA requirements do not apply in internal waters, such as those in northwestern Alaska, that are not shoreward of an ECA designated under Annex VI; rather the non-ECA requirements of Annex VI apply for these waters. (6) Exemptions and Exclusions Under MARPOL Annex VI and APPS, certain vessels are excluded from some or all of the requirements. Consistent with Annex VI and APPS, the regulations in 1043 would exclude public vessels and engines intended to be used solely for emergencies. For the purpose of this provision, the term “public vessels” includes all warships and naval auxiliary vessels, as well as any other vessels owned or operated by a sovereign country engaged in noncommercial service. Consistent with the provisions in APPS, we are not proposing to apply the Annex VI requirements to U.S.-flagged public vessels. It should be noted, however, that not all public vessels are exempt from our Clean Air Act engine and fuel requirements. Only public vessels covered by a national security exemption under § 94.908 or § 1042.635 are exempt from the Clean Air Act program. The category of emergency engines includes engines that power equipment such as pumps that are intended to be used solely for emergencies and engines installed in lifeboats intended to be used solely in emergencies. It should be noted that the emergency engine provisions in the Annex and part 1043 are similar but not identical to the emergency engine provisions in our Clean Air Act program or the process of obtaining our CAA exemptions. In particular, the emergency engine exemption from the CAA requirements applies only with respect to the catalyst-based Tier 4 standards. We are exempting from the MARPOL Annex VI NOX
                         standards engines installed on vessels registered or flagged in the United States provided the vessel remains within the EEZ of the United States. These engines would still be required to meet stringent emission standards since they are covered by our Clean Air Act program. In addition, the fuels used by these vessels are also covered by our Clean Air Act program, which has more stringent fuel requirements than Annex VI. Therefore, we are also proposing that as long as the operators of these domestic vessels comply with these more stringent Clean Air Act fuel requirements, they will be deemed to be in compliance with the Annex VI requirements. The combination of these proposed provisions would mean that a fishing vessel that operates out of a U.S. port and that never leaves U.S. waters would not be required to have an EIAPP for all engines above 130 kW, a record book of engine parameters and a technical file for each engines, and vessels over 400 gross tons would not be required to maintain bunker delivery notes (vessels under 400 gross tons are not required by Regulation 18 of MARPOL Annex VI to have bunker delivery notes). Instead, the engines on that vessel would be required to be in compliance with our marine diesel engine standards and be required to comply with manufacture requirements with regard to the fueling of those engines. We are also proposing to explicitly preclude these engines from being certified to use residual fuel if they are exempt from the part 1043 requirements. Thus, these engines would be required to always use cleaner fuels than are required by Annex VI. U.S. vessels that operate or may operate in waters that are under the jurisdiction of another country are not exempt from these provisions, and the owner of any such vessel may be required by that country to show compliance with Annex VI. Therefore, the owner should be sure to maintain the appropriate paperwork for that engine and have the appropriate engine certification. It should be noted that engines that must show compliance with the Annex VI standards are not exempt from EPA's standards for Category 1 or Category 2 engines. We are requesting comment on this overall approach for domestic vessels. In particular, we are requesting comment on whether we should extend this exemption to U.S. vessels that sometimes leave the EEZ of the United States, but that never enter waters under the jurisdiction of another country. Finally, spark-ignition, non-reciprocating engines, and engines that do not use liquid fuel are not included in Regulation 13 of the Annex VI program and therefore we are not proposing that they be covered by the proposed APPS regulations with respect to NOX
                         emissions. However, the MARPOL Annex VI fuel requirements do apply for these vessels. These engines are generally subject to separate Clean Air Act requirements and therefore will generally be in compliance with the fuel sulfur limits. C. Changes to the Requirements Specific to Engines Below 30 Liters per Cylinder The amendments to MARPOL Annex VI were adopted in October of 2008, after we finalized our Clean Air Act Tier 3 and Tier 4 standards for Category 1 and Category 2 engines (May 6, 2008, 73 FR 25097). While these two programs are very similar, there are a few 
                        ( print page 44482)
                        differences between them with regard to their engine requirements. We continue to believe that our Tier 3 and Tier 4 standards will yield the greatest degree of emission reduction that is technologically feasible, taking into account costs, safety, and other factors for those engines. However, we are considering changes to our CAA program to facilitate compliance with both programs. We seek comment on these potential changes, described below. In addition, some of the provisions described in Section VI.D may also apply to Category 1 and Category 2 marine diesel engines, regarding non-diesel engines and technical amendments to our current program. (1) MARPOL Annex VI and EPA's Standards for Category 1 and Category 2 Engines As discussed throughout this notice, we are proposing to adopt the new Annex VI NOX
                         limits under our CAA program for Category 3 engines. Specifically, we are proposing to adopt the Tier II and Tier III standards as our Tier 2 and Tier 3 standards for engines above 30 liters per cylinder. The new Annex VI NOX
                         limits are shown in Table III-1 in Section III.B.1 above. With regard to Category 1 and Category 2 marine diesel engines, the Annex VI standards are different from our Clean Air Act program in several ways. First, with regard to the NOX
                         limits, EPA's Tier 2 NOX
                         limits, which are similar in stringency to the Annex VI Tier II limits, have been in effect since 2004-2007, depending on engine size. EPA has intermediary Tier 3 NOX
                         limits, which begin in 2012-2014, depending on engine size, and are more stringent than the Annex VI Tier II standards that apply beginning in 2011. Also, while EPA's Tier 4 NOX
                         limits for Category 1 and Category 2 engines are similar in stringency to the Annex VI Tier III NOX
                         limit, they apply only to engines above 600 kW.[125] Second, in addition to NOX, EPA's marine diesel engine program includes limits for PM, HC, and CO emissions. Annex VI, in contrast, addresses marine diesel PM emissions through fuel standards (see Section III.B.2 above for an explanation for why this is appropriate for Category 3 engines). EPA's Tier 4 PM standards for Category 1 and Category 2 engines are expected to be met through PM aftertreatment technology, which will require the use of ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel. Owners of vessels that operate internationally, including ocean-going vessels, were concerned with the availability of this ultra-low sulfur fuel, 
                        *i.e.,*
                         15 ppm sulfur fuel, outside of the United States. In response to concerns with fuel availability, we created a provision that would exempt Category 1 and Category 2 engines installed on certain OGV from the Tier 4 standards. This permanent exemption from the Tier 4 standards is available to owners that can demonstrate their vessel will operate primarily outside the United States, as evidenced by obtaining and maintaining certification for the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) for the vessel. The exempted engines are required to meet EPA's Tier 3 standards, which consist of interim NOX
                         and PM standards. Note that we indicated we do not expect to issue any permanent exemptions until 2021; prior to that time, it is our expectation that fleets would use their existing pre-Tier 4 vessels for operations where ULSD may not be available. Third, and finally, EPA's marine diesel engine compliance requirements are slightly different from the MARPOL Annex VI program, regarding engine durability, test fuels (in EPA's program, an engine must be certified on the fuel type it will use in operation; see 40 CFR 1042.104 and 501), and some testing parameters. However, the programs are sufficiently consistent that engine manufacturers can use a single harmonized compliance strategy to certify under both systems. (2) Tier 4 Compliance Option for Category 1 and 2 Engines on U.S. Vessels That Operate Internationally Engines on U.S. vessels that comply with EPA's Tier 2 or Tier 3 standards will be in compliance with the Annex VI Tier I and Tier II NOX
                         limits, since EPA's limits are similar in stringency or are slightly more stringent. Beginning in 2016, however, some engines in U.S. vessels that operate internationally could be out of compliance with the MARPOL NOX
                         limits, even though they comply with EPA's CAA program. This would occur in two situations. If an owner obtained a permanent exemption from the EPA's Tier 4 standards for engines above 600 kW, as described above, those engines would not meet the Annex VI Tier III NOX
                         limits. If the vessel has engines below 600 kW, which are only subject to EPA's Tier 3 standards for NOX
                         and PM, then those engines would also not meet the Annex VI Tier III NOX
                         limits. If a vessel is found to be in non-compliance with Annex VI, it can be detained in a foreign port until the deficiency is corrected. Therefore, as a result of the new situation brought about by the Annex VI amendments, we are considering revising our program for Category 1 and 2 engines. To avoid U.S. vessels being found in non-compliance with the Annex VI NOX
                         limits in foreign ports, we are considering rescinding the permanent exemption for EPA's Tier 4 standards for Category 1 and 2 engines and, instead, adopting a compliance flexibility that would give owners the choice between complying with EPA's Tier 4 NOX
                         and PM standards or the MARPOL Annex VI Tier III NOX
                         standards for all engines installed on a vessel. This flexibility would ensure that owners of OGV that will operate in any ECA are in compliance with MARPOL Annex VI, while allowing owners of vessels that never operate in waters under the jurisdiction of another country to comply with the U.S. program instead. This compliance option would be available beginning in 2016. The flexibility would be limited to vessels that are operated primarily outside of the United States, as evidenced by the vessel obtaining and maintaining SOLAS certification and appropriate EIAPP certification demonstrating compliance with Annex VI. U.S. vessels that are Jones Act vessels and/or that are used primarily between U.S. ports would not be eligible for this compliance flexibility given they do not have the concerns causing the need for an exemption from our CAA Tier 4 standards (
                        *i.e.,*
                         availability of 15 ppm sulfur fuel). The exercise of the compliance flexibility would take the form of a formal election to comply with the Annex VI Tier III NOX
                         limits in lieu of EPA's Tier 4 marine diesel engine emission limits. This formal election would be deposited with EPA and would be necessary so the engine manufacturer can provide an Annex VI-compliant engine to the vessel builder in lieu of a CAA Tier 4 engine. This compliance option could yield additional NOX
                         emission benefits to U.S. air quality over the current permanent exemption approach. Under the current program, exempted engines would meet only the Tier 3 standards. For engines up to 3,300 kW, this is about a 20 percent reduction from Tier 1 (for larger engines, the Tier 3 NOX
                         limit is the same as the Tier 2 limit because the Tier 4 standards begin earlier, in 2014). Under the revised 
                        ( print page 44483)
                        approach, all vessels would need to meet aftertreatment-forcing NOX
                         limits when operating in ECAs. The choice of either the EPA Tier 4 limits or the Annex VI Tier III limits is expected to yield similar NOX
                         benefits. While the Annex VI Tier III NOX
                         limits are slightly less stringent (an 80 percent reduction from Tier 1 compared to an 85 percent reduction from EPA's Tier 4 standard), the Annex VI program covers more engines (those 130-600 kW). Applying either of these programs could represent a significant NOX
                         reduction over the Tier 3 limits that would otherwise apply. The main difference between the two programs is that the Annex VI program does not include PM standards. This means that instead of meeting EPA's Tier 3 PM standards (which are about a 45 percent reduction from the Tier 2 PM limit), the engines that exercise the Annex VI Tier III option would be unconstrained for PM. However, this will be offset by the greater reductions in NOX
                         (and associated indirect PM) emissions that would be achieved through the application of SCR-forcing standards to all engines above 130 kW installed on the vessel. Owners of qualified vessels that operate in ECAs would be expected to choose the Annex VI Tier III option to ensure that their engines below 600 kW are in compliance in those areas. Owners of vessels that never operate in any ECA, including the North American ECA, may also choose that option if they are concerned with availability of ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel that would be required for EPA's Tier 4 PM controls. Annex VI Tier III engines that are used in this program would be required to be certified by EPA, although we would accept test data obtained for compliance with the IMO program for this program. We are also seeking comment on whether we should consider such a compliance option to replace our temporary exemption program for Category 1 and 2 engines. The temporary exemption was designed to address the case in which a U.S. vessel is contracted to operate overseas for an extended period of time in an area in which 15 ppm fuel is not available. Owners of vessels that obtain this exemption can disable the Tier 4 controls on Category 1 and Category 2 engines. The exemption is temporary in that the controls must be re-enabled before the vessel is returned to service in the United States. It should be noted that while the compliance flexibility described above would ensure that the vessel achieves the Annex VI Tier III standards while operating in another country, it also means that the vessel would not achieve EPA's Tier 4 PM requirements when it is returned to service in the United States. (3) On/Off Technology for Category 1 and 2 Engines As described in Section VI.A.3 above, we are proposing to allow the use of auxiliary emission control devices (AECDs) that would allow modulation of emission control equipment on Category 3 engines outside of specific geographic areas. These AECDs would be subject to certain restrictions: (1) The AECD would be available for the Tier 3 standards only; (2) the AECD would modulate emission controls only while operating in areas where emissions could reasonably be expected to not adversely affect U.S. air quality; and (3) and an engine equipped with an AECD must also be equipped with a NOX
                         emission monitoring device. Ocean-going vessels with Category 3 propulsion engines have several smaller Category 1 and Category 2 engines to provide auxiliary power. In addition, while most U.S. vessels with Category 1 or Category 2 propulsion engines operate primarily or exclusively on our inland waterways, in our commercial ports, or in areas close to our coastlines, there are Category 1 and 2 vessels that operate more like ocean-going vessels. Our current program for Category 1 and Category 2 engines does not allow the use of AECDs on these engines. Instead, it requires the NOX
                         and PM aftertreatment devices on these engines to be functional at all times unless the owner of the vessel has obtained from EPA either a temporary or permanent exemption from the Tier 4 standards. Most U.S. vessels with Category 1 or Category 2 propulsion engines do not operate outside of our inland and coastal water systems, and therefore would not benefit from a provision that would allow AECDs. Additionally, we are concerned that use of this technology/strategy could have detrimental air quality impacts if operated inappropriately in or around U.S. waters. However, we are seeking comment as to whether we should consider allowing such an AECD provision to apply to other categories of marine diesel engines. First, we seek comment on whether the application of this provision should be limited to Category 1 and Category 2 engines used as auxiliary engines on ocean-going vessels with Category 3 propulsion engines, to Category 1 and Category 2 engines installed on vessels that operate primarily outside the United States, or to some other group of vessels. Second, if we allowed AECDs on engine categories with a PM emission standard, we seek comment on whether they should be limited to NOX
                         emissions only. Third, we request comment on the NOX
                         (and potentially PM) levels that would need to be achieved while then AECD is in operation: the Annex VI Tier II NOX
                         limits or EPA's Tier 3 NOX
                         and PM limits. Finally, we seek comment on whether an AECD provision should be used instead of the temporary exemption program for Category 1 and 2 engines. In this case, instead of extending the compliance flexibility to these vessels as described in Section VI.C.1, owners of a vessel that is contracted to operate outside the United States for an extended period of time could purchase and use engines equipped with on/off features, provided the emission control devices were operational when the vessel is operating in areas that affect U.S. air quality. We seek comment on whether the AECD approach is more useful for these vessels or the compliance flexibility described above. D. Other Proposed Regulatory Issues In addition to the changes described in Sections VI.A and VI.C, we are also proposing changes that would apply to Category 1 marine engines in general, and/or to other types of engines. (1) Non-Diesel Engines Most of the preceding discussions have focused on conventional diesel engines using either diesel fuel or residual fuels. It is important to highlight two other types of engines being affected by this proposal: engines using other fuels and gas turbine engines. (a) Engines Not Using Diesel Fuel For all categories of marine engines, our existing standards apply to all engines meeting the definition of compression-ignition, regardless of the fuel type. For example, compression-ignition Category 3 engines that burn natural gas are currently subject to our Tier 1 standards and would be subject to our proposed Tier 2 and Tier 3 standards. We are proposing to continue to apply this approach for all marine engines subject to our standards. The testing regulations in part 1065 include test fuel specifications for diesel fuel, residual fuel, and natural gas (as well as for gasoline and liquefied petroleum gas, which would not typically be used in a compression-ignition engine). To certify an engine for a different fuel type, a manufacturer would need to obtain EPA approval to 
                        ( print page 44484)
                        use an alternate fuel which it recommends for testing. All other aspects of certification would be the same. (b) Gas Turbine Engines Gas turbine engines are internal combustion engines that can operate using a variety of fuels (such as diesel fuel or natural gas) but do not operate on a compression-ignition or other reciprocating engine cycle. Power is extracted from the combustion gas using a rotating turbine rather than reciprocating pistons. The primary type of U.S.-flagged vessels that use gas turbine engines are naval combat ships. While a small number have been used in commercial ships, we are not aware of any current sales for commercial applications. They can range in size from those equivalent in power to mid-size Category 1 engines to those that produce the same power as Category 3 engines. None of these engines are currently subject to our standards because they do not meet the definition of compression-ignition engines in our existing regulations. To date, this omission has not been a concern because only a small number of turbine-powered vessels have been produced and nearly all of them would have been eligible for a national security exemption. However, we are concerned that this exclusion may become a loophole in the future for operators hoping to avoid using engines with advanced catalytic emission controls. To a lesser degree, we also have concerns about the possibility of other non-reciprocating engines being excluded. We are proposing to close this potential loophole by revising the regulations to treat new gas turbine engines (as well as other non-reciprocating engines) as compression-ignition engines and applying our standards for new Category 1 and Category 2 engines (including NOX, HC, CO, and PM standards) to gas turbine engines. To incorporate this approach in our marine emission control program, we are proposing a change to our definitions of Category 1 and Category 2 to include gas turbine engines. Since turbine engines have no cylinders, we need to address how to apply any regulatory provisions that depend on a specified value for per-cylinder displacement. A reasonable approach would be to apply the standards based on equivalent power ratings, to the extent possible. Specifically, we are proposing to redefine “Category 1” to include gas turbines with rated power up to 2250 kW and to redefine “Category 2” to include all gas turbines with higher power ratings. This would mean we would not consider any gas turbines as “Category 3” engines. The largest gas turbine engines would be considered to be Category 2 engines, even those that had rated power more typical of Category 3 diesel engines. We are aware that some companies are manufacturing new high-performance recreational vessels using gas turbine engines. In at least some cases, the engines are modified from surplus military aircraft engines. We have not yet determined whether such recreational engines should be held to the same standards as conventional diesel engines. It is also important to note that under our current regulations, diesel engines meeting the definition of “recreational marine engine” in § 1042.901 are not subject to catalyst forcing standards. This approach was applied because of factors such as the usage patterns for recreational diesel engines. We would expect these same factors to apply for recreational gas turbine engines. Thus, we are not as concerned about a potential gas turbine loophole for recreational engines as for commercial engines. We also do not have enough information at this time to know how feasible it would be for gas turbine engine manufacturers to comply with the standards for recreational diesel engines, or to accurately assess the environmental impact of these vessels. Nevertheless, it is clear that the environmental impact of such small numbers of these engines cannot be large. Thus, at this time, we are not proposing to apply this regulatory change to recreational gas turbine engines (
                        *i.e.,*
                         that is gas turbine engines installed on recreational vessels). Nevertheless, we will continue to investigate these engines and may subject them to standards in the near future. Our diesel engine program contains a national security exemption that automatically exempt vessels “used or owned by an agency of the Federal government responsible for national defense, where the vessel has armor, permanently attached weaponry, specialized electronic warfare systems, unique stealth performance requirements, and/or unique combat maneuverability requirements.” Since it is not our intent to prohibit naval vessels from using turbine engines, we are proposing to revise this provision to automatically exempt military vessels owned by an agency of the Federal government responsible for national defense powered by gas turbine engines. We are confident that gas turbine engines could use the same type of aftertreatment as is projected for diesel engines. The basic reactions through which SCR reduces NOX
                         emissions can occur under a wide range of conditions, and exhaust from gas turbine engines is fundamentally similar to exhaust from diesel engines. Moreover, since gas turbines operate at lower air/fuel ratios and have lower exhaust volumes, they can actually use smaller less expensive catalysts than diesel engines of the same rated power. Viewed another way, however, this requirement can be considered to be feasible based on the fact that the only circumstance in which a vessel would actually need a gas turbine engine would be for military purposes where our national security exemption provisions would apply. For all other vessels, it is entirely feasible for the vessel to be powered by a diesel engine. In fact, that is what is being done today. This program for gas turbine engines would apply to freshly manufactured engines only. We are not proposing to apply our marine remanufacture program to gas turbine engines. Because there are so few engines in the fleet, it is not possible to know what common rebuilding process are or whether and how those practices would return an existing engine to as-new condition. We may review this approach in the future if there is an increase in the number of gas turbines in the fleet. (2) Technical Amendments The proposed regulations include technical amendments to our motor vehicle and nonroad engine regulations. These changes are generally corrections and clarifications. A large number of these changes are the removal of obsolete highway engine text that applied only for past model years. Many others are changes to the text of part 1042 to make it more consistent with the language of our other recently corrected nonroad parts. The last large category of changes includes those related to the test procedures in part 1065. See the memorandum in the docket entitled “Technical Amendments to EPA Regulations” for a full description of these changes.[126] (3) Locomotives Operating Outside of the United States Locomotive manufacturers have raised an issue similar to the issue of on-off technologies discussed in Section VI.A.3. They have objected in the past to EPA's refusal to certify engine designs that increase NOX
                         emissions when the locomotive is operating in 
                        ( print page 44485)
                        Mexico, even though the engine design would reverse the adjustment to allow the locomotive to conform to NOX
                         emissions standards when it returns to the United States. Engine manufacturers have wanted to use such engine designs to improve fuel consumption by readjusting injection timing while the locomotive is operating in Mexico. In our recent locomotive rulemaking, we responded to these manufacturer concerns by noting that we have “prohibited such AECDs because of concerns over their potential adverse impacts on U.S. air quality,” recognizing that “emissions that occur outside the territorial boundaries of the U.S. can impact air quality within the U.S.” Since we also committed to reconsider the issue more broadly in this current rulemaking, we are requesting comment on whether we should allow manufacturers to certify such engine designs. In particular, we are requesting comment on what conditions we should set if we allow such designs. For example, should we approve the design only if it was calibrated to remain in the low-NOX
                         mode until it was at least 200 miles away from the U.S. border? Should we allow such designs if they would conflict with Mexican law? Should we also consider operation in Canada or Central American countries? Commenters should also address the degree to which such designs would be tamper-proof and whether special recordkeeping or reporting requirements should be included. Finally, commenters should also address how EPA should respond if such a locomotive was found to be operating in the U.S. in the high-NOX
                         configuration and such high-NOX
                         operation was not caused by tampering. Should it be treated merely as a defect that must be reported, or should it be treated as different violation, 
                        *e.g.,*
                         introduction into commerce of an engine not in substantial conformance to its certificate? (4) Stockpiling of Model Year 2009 Highway Engines EPA is also proposing to add language in part 85, applicable to heavy-duty motor vehicles and heavy-duty engines used in motor vehicles, which codifies that the “stockpiling” of engines to avoid compliance with later, more stringent emission standards is considered a circumvention of the Clean Air Act and is prohibited. The proposed provisions are consistent with existing stockpiling provisions for nonroad engines and equipment in part 1068 and are intended to codify the prohibition for heavy-duty motor vehicles and heavy-duty engines. Stockpiling of engines is the practice of keeping in inventory more engines than a manufacturer normally keeps in inventory, in particular when those engines do not meet the more stringent standards. EPA believes this prohibition is necessary to ensure that engine and vehicle manufacturers comply with the same compliance “clock” while allowing for minimum but necessary flexibility during the transition of model years. We recognize there will be the need for some market transition when standards change but believe this regulatory clarification will help provide guidance to the vehicle and engine manufacturers. EPA is proposing to add this language to clarify EPA's longstanding policy that considers stockpiling to be a circumvention of the Act, including the terms of section 203(a)(1). During and after the transition to the 2007 heavy-duty diesel emission standards EPA met with several manufacturers to understand their production plans and their concerns regarding all manufacturers' timely compliance with the new emission standards. EPA has begun to have similar discussions with and inquiries from manufacturers for the transition to the 2010 model year.[127]
                        
                         The Agency has also been conducting some analysis of market practices. Given this experience EPA believes it appropriate to clearly set forth the stockpiling prohibition. Therefore, for example, an engine manufacturer who sells engines to a vehicle manufacturer cannot sell engines in a current model year for the purpose of having them installed in a future model year's vehicles when the engine sale is beyond that required to meet normal production lead time requirements. Likewise, a vehicle manufacturer cannot order or install engines from a prior model year when the number of such engines exceeds that needed to meet normal inventory requirements. This will prevent vehicle manufacturers from avoiding compliance with emission requirements which would otherwise apply during the model year of the vehicle. Other indicators that illegal stockpiling may have occurred include build up of excessive inventory or volume of engines prior to a future model year that is inconsistent with historic production volumes, actions to create a market for the sale of engines meeting earlier standards in a future year, and the sale of previous model year engines representing a disproportionate amount of total sales in the subsequent model year. If emissions standards for the engine do not change in a given model year, a manufacturer may continue to install engines from a previous model year without restriction. EPA will also consider many factors in assessing whether an engine manufacturer has caused or aided in the prohibited act of stockpiling. For example, contractual (or otherwise established) business relationships of those persons involved in producing and/or selling new engines and vehicles could be evidence of the ability of the person to cause a violation. In addition, we would consider the particular efforts or influence of the alleged violator contributing to, leading to, or resulting in the prohibited act. On the other hand, we would also consider a person's efforts to prevent such a violation as evidence that they did not cause the violation. E. Coast Guard's Marine Vessel Certification Program The U.S. Department of Transportation Maritime Administration (MARAD) oversees the Maritime Security Program (MSP) established by the Maritime Security Act of 1996 and reauthorized by the Maritime Security Act of 2003 (MSA). The MSA requires that the Secretary of Transportation, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, establish a fleet of active, commercially viable and militarily useful vessels to meet national defense and other security requirements and maintain a U.S. presence in international commercial shipping. The fleet consists of privately-owned, U.S.-flagged vessels known as the Maritime Security Fleet (MSF). 46 U.S.C. 53102 outlines that vessels complying with applicable international agreements and associated guidelines are eligible for a certificate of inspection from Coast Guard, and thus inclusion in the MSF. The requirements of the MSP may have created confusion for owners of non-U.S.-flagged vessels regarding their obligation to also comply with EPA's domestic marine diesel engine emission standards at the time they re-flag for inclusion in the MSF. We want to remind vessel owners that the MSA does not preempt the Clean Air Act or alleviate their obligation to comply with EPA's marine diesel engine program, or any other EPA requirements that apply to marine vessels. Each U.S.-flagged vessel must comply with all of EPA's domestic standards, regardless of whether the vessel was flagged in the 
                        ( print page 44486)
                        U.S. upon original delivery into service. Specifically, model year 2004 and later marine diesel engines installed on these vessels must be covered by a certificate of conformity issued under 40 CFR Part 94 or 40 CFR Part 1042, unless covered by a specific exemption or exclusion in those regulations. Owners that wish to re-flag a vessel for U.S. service in the MSF should contact EPA to determine the specific compliance requirements that must be met. VII. Costs and Economic Impacts In this section, we present the projected cost impacts and cost effectiveness of the coordinated emission control strategy for ocean-going vessels. We also present our analysis of the economic impacts of the coordinated strategy, which consists of the estimated social costs of the program and how those costs will likely be shared across stakeholders. The projected benefits and benefit-cost analysis of the coordinated strategy are presented in Section VIII. We estimate the costs of the coordinated strategy to be about $1.85 billion in 2020, increasing to $3.11 billion in 2030.[128]
                        
                         Of the 2020 costs, nearly 89 percent or $1.64 billion are attributable to the ECA fuel sulfur provisions. The total operational costs are estimated to be $1.82 billion in 2020. The costs to apply engine controls to U.S.-flagged vessels are expected to be $31.9 million in 2020, increasing to $47.4 million in 2030 as more ships are built to comply with Clean Air Act (CAA) Tier 3 NOX
                         limits. All costs are presented in 2006 U.S. dollars. When attributed by pollutant, at a net present value of 3 percent from 2010 through 2040, the NOX
                         controls are expected to cost about $510 per ton of NOX
                         reduced, SOX
                         controls are expected to cost about $930 per ton of SOX
                         reduced, and the PM controls are expected to cost about $7,950 per ton of PM reduced ($500, $920, and $7,850 per ton of NOX, SOX, and PM respectively, at a net present value of 7 percent over the same period.) These costs are comparable to our other recently-adopted mobile source programs, and are one of the most cost-effective programs in terms of NOX
                         and PM when compared to recent mobile and stationary programs. The coordinated strategy also provides very cost-effective SOX
                         reductions comparable to the Heavy-Duty Nonroad diesel rulemaking. The social costs of the proposed program are estimated to be approximately $3.1 billion in 2030. The impact of these costs on society is estimated to be minimal. For example, we estimate the cost of shipping a 20-foot container on the Pacific route, with 1,700 nm of operation in the ECA, would increase by about $18, or less than 3 percent. Similarly, the price of a seven-day Alaska cruise that operates mainly in the ECA is expected to increase by about $7 per day. The estimated costs presented in this section are for the entire coordinated strategy, including those requirements that are the subject of this proposal and those that are associated with the proposed ECA designation. Table VII-1 sets out the different components of the coordinated strategy and our ECA designation package, for 2020. The costs of the coordinated strategy consists of the costs associated with the MARPOL Annex VI global standards that we are implementing through APPS, some of which we are also adding to our CAA emission control program for U.S. vessels (Tier 2 and Tier 3 NOX
                         emission control hardware for U.S. vessels; operating costs for the Tier 2 NOX
                         requirements; controls for existing vessels; certain compliance requirements). Also included are the costs associated with the U.S. portion of the ECA package (Tier 3 hardware and operating costs; fuel sulfur hardware and operating costs). The costs associated with the Canadian portion of the ECA package are not included in the costs of the coordinated strategy. Note that, with regard to hardware costs, the coordinated strategy includes the entire cost for new U.S. vessels to comply with the Tier 3 NOX
                         standards and ECA fuel limits, even though some of the benefits from using these emission control systems will occur outside the United States. Conversely, we do not include any new vessel Tier 3 or fuel hardware costs for foreign vessels that operate in U.S. waters even though a significant share of the benefits of the coordinated strategy will arise from foreign vessels that comply with the ECA engine and fuel sulfur limits while operating within the U.S. ECA. An alternative approach would be to allocate a portion of hardware costs of complying with the Tier 3 NOX
                         standards and the fuel sulfur limits to the coordinated strategy. For example, analysis of MARAD port entrance data shows that about 30 percent of the vessels that enter U.S. ports account for about 75 percent of the vessel entrances. This suggests it may be reasonable to allocate the hardware costs for 30 percent of the new foreign vessels to the coordinated strategy. Similarly, it may be reasonable to discount the share of estimated hardware costs included in the coordinated strategy costs for those U.S. vessels that do not operate primarily between two U.S. ports. We request comment on the allocation of hardware costs and on whether the U.S. should adopt the alternative approach described above or some other method to allocate these costs. The regulatory changes proposed for Category 1 and 2 engines are not included in this cost analysis as they are intended to be compliance flexibilities and not result in increased compliance costs. Similarly, the technical amendments proposed for other engines, would not have significant economic impacts and are therefore not addressed here. Finally, compliance costs for gas turbine engines are not addressed separately because they would be similar to those for diesel marine engines. 
 
  
 
 This cost analysis relies on a number of assumptions about the prices of various engine and fuel hardware components, as well as fuel consumption, the number of affected vessels, and their operation. We seek comment on all aspects of this analysis, including all of these assumptions and the methodology we used to estimate the costs of the program. A. Estimated Fuel Costs Although the ECA fuel sulfur limits are not part of this proposal, they are part of the coordinated strategy and we are including them in this cost analysis. However, we consider the costs and benefits of ECA designation in this proposal, as they are part of our coordinated strategy for ocean-going vessels. Current regulations impose a sulfur limitation of 15 ppm for distillate fuels produced at refineries in the U.S. The coordinated strategy would impose no additional costs for refiners in the U.S. and would actually allow additional flexibility. Specifically, we are proposing to allow distillate fuel to have up to 1,000 ppm sulfur for use in OGVs. The ECA fuel requirements will impose a cost to the ship owners. This section presents estimates of the cost of compliance with the 1,000 ppm sulfur limit in the U.S. ECA. Distillate fuel will likely be used to meet the 1,000 ppm fuel sulfur limit, beginning in 2015. As such, the primary cost of the fuel sulfur limit for ship owners will be that associated with switching from heavy fuel oil to higher-cost distillate fuel. Some engines already operate on distillate fuel and would not be affected by fuel switching costs. However, distillate fuel costs may be affected by the need to further refine the distillate fuel to meet the 1,000 ppm sulfur limit. To investigate these effects, studies were performed on the impact of a North American ECA on global fuel production and costs, to inform the application for such ECA.[129]
                        
                         These studies were performed prior to the ECA being defined; thus, we picked a maximum distance boundary to ensure a conservative cost analysis. Specifically, we used the total fuel consumption in the U.S. and Canada exclusive economic zones.[130]
                        
                         As a result, the modeled fuel volumes are higher than would be affected by the proposed ECA. The studies are relevant to this regulation as well, since they estimate the cost of 1,000 ppm sulfur fuel for ships operating in such ECA zones. To assess the effect on the refining industry of the imposition of a 1,000 ppm sulfur limit on fuels operating in the ECA, we needed to first understand and characterize the fuels market. Research Triangle Institute (RTI) was contracted to conduct a fuels study using an activity-based economic approach. The study established baseline bunker fuel demand, projected a growth rate for bunker fuel demand, and established future bunker fuel demand volumes.[131]
                        
                         These volumes then became the input to the World Oil Refining Logistics and Demand (WORLD) model to evaluate the effect of an ECA on fuel cost. The WORLD model was run by Ensys Energy & Systems, the owner and developer of the refinery model. The WORLD model is the only such model currently developed for this purpose and was developed by a team of international petroleum consultants. It has been widely used by industries, government agencies, and Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) over the past 13 years, including the Cross Government/Industry Scientific Group of Experts, established to evaluate the effects of the different fuel options proposed under the revision of MARPOL Annex VI. The model incorporates crude sources, global regions, refinery operations, and world economics. The results of the WORLD model have been comparable to other independent predictions of global fuel, air pollutant emissions and economic predictions. The WORLD model was run for 2020, in which the control case included a fuel sulfur level of 1,000 ppm in the U.S. The baseline case was modeled as “business as usual” in which ships continue to use the same fuel as today. Because of the recent increases and fluctuations in oil prices, we had additional WORLD model runs conducted. For these runs, we used new reference case and high oil price estimates that were recently released by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). In addition to increased oil price estimates, the updated model accounts for increases in natural gas costs, capital costs for refinery upgrades, and product distribution costs. Because only a small portion of global marine fuel is consumed in the ECA, the overall impact on global fuel production is small. Global fuel use in 2020 by ships is projected to be 500 million metric tonnes/yr. Of this amount, 90 million metric tonnes of fuel is used for U.S./Canadian trade, or about 18 percent of total global fuel use. In the proposed ECA, less than 20 million metric tonnes of fuel will be consumed in 2020, which is less than 4 percent of total global marine fuel use. Of the amount of fuel to be consumed in the proposed ECA in 2020, about 4 million metric tonnes of distillate will be consumed in the Business as Usual (BAU) case, which is about 20 percent of the amount of total fuel to be consumed in the proposed ECA. There are two main components to projected increased marine fuel cost associated with the ECA. The first component results from shifting from operation on residual fuel to operation on higher cost distillate fuel. This is the dominant cost component. However, there is also a small cost associated with desulfurizing the distillate to meet the 1,000 ppm sulfur standard in the ECA. Based on the WORLD modeling, the average increase in costs associated with switching from marine residual to distillate will be $145 per metric tonne.[132]
                        
                         This is the cost increase that will be borne by the shipping companies purchasing the fuel. Of this amount, $6 per metric tonne is the increase in costs associated with distillate desulfurization. Table IV- summarizes the fuel cost estimates with and without an ECA. In the baseline case, fuel volumes for operation are 18% marine gas oil (MGO), 7% marine diesel oil (MDO), and 75% IFO. Weighted average baseline distillate fuel cost is $462/tonne. In the ECA, all fuel volumes are modeled as MGO, at $468/tonne.
                        ( print page 44489) Table VII-2—Estimate Marine Fuel Costs
Fuel
Units
Baseline
ECAMGO
$/bbl
$61.75
$62.23$/tonne
464
468MDO
$/bbl
61.89
62.95$/tonne
458
466IFO
$/bbl
49.87
49.63$/tonne
322
321
 The increased cost of distillate desulfurization is due both to additional coking and hydrotreating capacities at refineries. Cokers crack residual blends in IFO bunker fuel into distillates, using heat and residence time to make the conversion. The process also produces useful byproducts such as petroleum coke and off gas. The WORLD model did not use hydrocracking technology to convert residual fuels into distillates for either the reference or high price crude cases. Because of the higher capital and operating costs of hydrocrackers, the WORLD model favored the use of coking units. As such, the WORLD model assumed that cokers would convert the residual blendstocks in Intermediate Fuel Oil grades to distillates. The model added coking processes to refineries located in the U.S. and, to a lesser extent, to refiner regions outside of the U.S. Specifically, the model added one additional coking unit with a capacity of 30 thousand barrels per stream day (KBPSD), and one to two hydrocracking units representing 50 and 80 KBPSD additional capacity. The WORLD model also added new conventional distillate hydrotreating capacity to lower the sulfur levels for the marine distillate fuel, in addition to the existing slack distillate hydrotreating capacity that existed in refiner regions for these fuels. In addition, the model used lighter crudes and adjusted operating parameters in refineries. This had the effect of increasing the projected production of lower sulfur distillate fuels in lieu of adding distillate hydrotreating capacity. The model elected to use lower sulfur crudes and used operational adjustments. Higher capital and operating costs of new units under the high-priced crude scenario favored use of existing refinery capacity made available from lower global refiner utilizations. B. Estimated Engine Costs To quantify the cost impacts associated with the coordinated strategy, we estimated the hardware and operational costs to U.S.-flagged ships, as well as affected foreign-flagged ships. The hardware costs are only applied to U.S.-flagged vessels, and include those associated with the CAA Tier 2 and Tier 3 NOX
                         standards, the Annex VI existing engine program, and the use of lower sulfur fuel. Tier 2 hardware costs consist of changes to the engine block and the migration from mechanical fuel injection to common rail fuel injection systems. Tier 3 hardware costs include engine modifications, the migration from mechanical fuel injection to common rail fuel injection systems, and the installation of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR). Hardware costs associated with the use of lower sulfur fuel are from applying additional tanks and equipment to enable a vessel to switch from residual fuel to lower sulfur fuel. These equipment costs were applied to those new vessels that may need additional hardware, and also include the estimated cost of retrofitting the portion of the fleet that may require additional hardware to accommodate the use of lower sulfur fuel in 2015. The hardware costs also include a per engine cost of $10,000 associated with the proposed requirement to test each production engine (§ 1042.302). These are the sole engine hardware costs specifically attributable to our Clean Air Act rule. The programmatic changes under consideration for Category 1 and 2 engines (see Section VI.C, above), would not impose compliance costs but instead are intended to facilitate compliance with both Annex VI and our Clean Air Act requirements for those engines. Although we have developed hardware cost estimates for all ships that may enter U.S. ports, we do not believe that it is appropriate to attribute all of these costs to emissions reductions in the U.S. Clearly, this technology will be used globally and will result in emissions reductions in many other countries. At the same time, some amount of the hardware costs should be attributed to the emissions reductions achieved in the U.S. To address these considerations, we include the hardware costs for only U.S.-flagged vessels in our cost estimates, and present the hardware costs for foreign-flagged vessels as a separate analysis. The operational costs, which represent the majority of the costs to ships, are included in our cost totals for both U.S.- and foreign-flagged vessels. The operational costs were applied to both U.S.- and foreign-flagged vessels and include additional operational costs associated with the applicable NOX
                         limits and the use of lower sulfur fuel. The operational costs for NOX
                         controls consist of the additional fuel required due to an estimated two percent fuel penalty associated with the use of technologies to meet CAA Tier 2 and global Tier II NOX
                         standards, and the use of urea for ships equipped with an SCR unit to meet CAA Tier 3 and global Tier III NOX
                         standards. The operational costs associated with the use of lower sulfur fuel include both the differential cost of using lower sulfur fuel that meets ECA standards instead of using marine distillate fuel, and the differential cost of using lower sulfur fuel that meets ECA standards instead of using residual fuel. To assess the potential cost impacts, we must understand (1) the makeup of the fleet of ships expected to visit the U.S. when these requirements go into effect, (2) the emission reduction technologies expected to be used, and (3) the cost of these technologies. Chapter 5 of the draft RIA presents this analysis in greater detail. The total engine and vessel costs associated with the coordinated strategy are based on a cost per unit value applied to the number of affected vessels. Operational costs are based on fuel consumption values determined in the inventory analysis (Section 5.2). This section discusses a brief overview of the methodology used to develop the hardware and operational costs, and the methodology used to develop a fleet of future vessels to which these hardware and engineering costs were applied. (1) Methodology To estimate the hardware costs to ships that may be affected by the coordinated strategy, we used an approach similar to that used to estimate the emissions inventory. Specifically, the same inputs were used to develop a fleet of ships by ship type 
                        ( print page 44490)
                        and engine type that may be expected to visit U.S. ports through the year 2040. In order to determine the cost of applying emission reduction technology on a per vessel basis, ICF International was contracted by the U.S. EPA to conduct a cost study of the various compliance strategies expected to be used to meet the new NOX
                         standards and fuel sulfur requirements.[133]
                        
                         ICF was instructed to develop cost estimates covering a range of vessel types and sizes, which could be scaled according to engine speed and power to arrive at an estimated cost per vessel. A series of both slow-speed and medium-speed engine configurations were selected and used to provide an understanding of the costs of applying emission control technologies associated with the coordinated strategy. The engine configurations were selected based on a review of 2005 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers `Entrances and Clearances' data which was used to determine the characteristics of engines on those vessels that call on U.S. ports most frequently. This data represents a broad range of propulsion power for each engine type (slow and medium speed engines). The costs developed for these engine configurations were used to develop a $/kW value that could be applied to any slow or medium speed engine. Using the average propulsion power by ship type presented in the inventory analysis, the per-vessel hardware costs were then applied to the estimated number of applicable vessels built after the standards take effect. (a) Hardware Costs The hardware cost estimates include variable costs (components, assembly, and the associated markup) and fixed costs (tooling, research and development, redesign efforts, and certification). Hardware costs associated with the Annex VI existing engine standards were applied to the portion of existing U.S.-flagged vessels built between 1990 and 1999 expected to be subject to these standards (engines with a per-cylinder displacement of at least 90 liters and a power output of over 5,000 kW) in 2011 when the standards go into effect. These costs were applied over a five year period beginning in 2011 where 20 percent of the total subject fleet was estimated to undergo service each year. The existing engine program fixed costs were phased in over a five year period beginning in 2010 and applied on a per-vessel basis. Hardware costs associated with the CAA Tier 2 program were applied to all new U.S.-flagged vessels beginning in the year 2011 when the standards take effect. The fixed costs associated with Tier 2 standards are expected to be incurred over a five year period; however, as the Tier 2 standards take effect in 2011, it was assumed that manufacturers are nearing the end of their research and development. In order to capture all of these costs, all fixed costs that would have been incurred during that five year phase-in period were applied in the year 2010. Hardware costs associated with Tier 3 were estimated for U.S. vessels and were applied as of 2016. Because of the global scope of the Tier III standards, and the fact that other ECAs exist today and more may exist in the future, we do not include hardware costs for Tier III emission controls on foreign-flagged vessels. However, for completeness, Section 5.2 of the draft RIA presents these hardware cost estimates separately. The fixed costs associated with Tier 3 were phased in over a five year period beginning in 2011. Hardware costs associated with the use of lower sulfur fuel are estimated separately for both new and existing vessels that may require additional hardware to accommodate the use of lower sulfur fuel. The costs expected to be incurred by U.S.-flagged vessels are included in the total cost of the coordinated strategy, while the cost to foreign-flagged vessels is presented as a separate analysis. The fuel sulfur control related hardware costs for new vessels begin to apply in 2015, while all retrofit costs are expected to be incurred by 2015 and as such are applied in this year. The fixed costs for both new and existing vessels that may require additional hardware to accommodate the use of lower sulfur fuel are applied on a per-vessel basis and are phased in over a five year period beginning as of 2010. (b) Operational Costs The operational costs estimated here are composed of three parts: (1) The estimated increase in fuel consumption expected to occur with the use of Tier II technologies on U.S.- and foreign-flagged vessels, (2) the differential cost of using lower sulfur fuel applicable for both U.S.- and foreign-flagged vessels, and (3) the use of urea with SCR as a Tier III NOX
                         emission reduction technology on both U.S.- and foreign-flagged vessels. The fuel consumption values associated with Tier II and Tier III standards were determined in the inventory analysis (see Chapter 3 of the draft RIA), with an estimated Tier II fuel consumption penalty of 2 percent (see Chapter 4 of the draft RIA) The two percent fuel penalty estimate is based on the use of modifications to the fuel delivery system to achieve Tier II NOX
                         reductions, and does not reflect the possibility that there may be other technologies available to manufacturers that could offset this fuel penalty. Additionally, Tier III will provide the opportunity to re-optimize engines for fuel economy when using aftertreatment, such as SCR, to provide NOX
                         reductions similar to the compliance strategy for some heavy-duty truck manufacturers using urea SCR to meet our 2010 truck standard. The differential cost of using lower sulfur fuel is discussed above in Section VII.A of this Preamble. The estimated urea cost associated with the use of Tier III SCR is derived from a urea dosage rate that is 7.5 percent of the fuel consumption rate. Operating costs per vessel vary depending on what year the vessel was built, 
                        *e.g.,*
                         vessels built as of 2016 will incur operating costs associated with the use of urea necessary when using SCR as a Tier III NOX
                         emission control technology, while vessels built prior to 2016 do not use urea but will incur operating costs associated with the differential cost of using lower sulfur fuel. Further, we have assumed vessels built as of 2011 that meet Tier II standards will incur a 2 percent fuel consumption penalty; see Table 5-31 of the draft RIA for further details on fuel costs and fuel volumes. In addition, vessels built as of 2016 that meet Tier III NOX
                         standards while traveling in an ECA are still required to at least meet Tier II NOX
                         standards outside of an ECA and will continue to incur the associated fuel penalty. Therefore, an estimated fleet had to be developed over a range of years, and provide a breakout of ships by age in each year. (2) Fleet Development There are currently no available estimates of the number of ships that may visit U.S. ports in the future or comprehensive engine sales predictions. Therefore, to develop the costs associated with the coordinated strategy, an approximation of the number of ships by age and engine type that may visit U.S. ports in the future was constructed. To characterize the fleet of ships visiting U.S. ports, we used U.S. port call data collected in 2002 for the inventory port analysis (see Chapter 3 of the draft RIA) which included only vessels with C3 engines where the engine size and type was 
                        ( print page 44491)
                        identified.[134]
                        
                         We used this data with the growth rates developed in the inventory analysis to estimate how many ships, by ship type and engine type, would visit U.S. ports in future years. Due to the long life of these vessels, and the fact that there has been no significant event that would have changed the composition of the world fleet since this baseline data was taken, it is reasonable to use 2002 data as the basis for modeling the future fleet upon which to base hardware cost estimates. An analysis is presented in Section 5.1.2.2 of Chapter 5 of the draft RIA which confirms the reasonableness of this assumption using 2007 MARAD data. The research performed for this cost analysis was based on differentiating between slow-speed diesel (SSD) and medium-speed diesel (MSD) engines, and separate $/kW values were developed for each of these engine types. The separation by engine type was also necessary to allow for the use of the age distribution formula determined by the inventory analysis (see Chapter 3 of the draft RIA) to determine how many vessels the hardware and/or operational costs are applicable to in each year. The ship type information gathered from this baseline data, for the purposes of both this analysis and the inventory, was categorized into one of the following ship types: Auto Carrier, Bulk Carrier, Container, General Cargo, Miscellaneous, Passenger, Refrigerated Cargo (Reefer), Roll-On Roll-Off (RoRo), and Tankers. Average engine and vessel characteristics were developed from the baseline data, and these values were used to represent the characteristics of new vessels used in this cost analysis (see Chapter 3 of the draft RIA). Estimated future fleets were developed by ship type and engine type through the year 2040 for both new and existing vessels and both U.S.- and foreign-flagged vessels. Hardware costs were applied on a per-vessel basis. Although most ships primarily operate on residual fuel, they typically carry some amount of distillate fuel as well. Switching to the use of lower sulfur distillate fuel is the compliance strategy assumed here to be used by both new and existing ships in 2015 when the new lower sulfur fuel standards go into effect. To estimate the potential cost of this compliance strategy, we evaluated the distillate storage capacity of the current existing fleet to estimate how many ships may require additional hardware to accommodate the use of lower sulfur fuel. We performed this analysis on the entire global fleet listed in Lloyd's database as of 2008.[135]
                        
                         Of the nearly 43,000 vessels listed, approximately 20,000 vessels had provided Lloyds with fuel tankage information, cruise speed, and propulsion engine power data. Using this information, we were able to estimate how far each vessel could travel on its existing distillate carrying capacity. In order to determine if the current distillate capacity of a particular ship was sufficient to call on a U.S. ECA without requiring additional hardware, we evaluated whether or not each ship could travel 1,140 nm, or the distance between the Port of Los Angeles and the Port of Tacoma. This distance was selected because it represents one of the longer trips a ship could travel without stopping at another port, and should overestimate the number of vessels that would require such a modification. The resulting percentages of ships estimated to require a retrofit were then applied to the number of existing ships in the 2015 fleet to estimate the total cost of this compliance strategy for existing ships built prior to 2015. The same percentages were also applied to all new ships built as of 2015 to determine the number of ships that may require additional hardware and estimate the cost of this compliance strategy for new vessels. (3) NOX
                         Reduction Technologies (a) Tier 2 Most engine manufacturers are expected to be able to meet Tier 2 NOX
                         standards using engine modifications. This cost estimate includes the hardware costs associated with the use of retarded fuel injection timing, higher compression ratios, and better fuel distribution. There are no variable costs associated with the engine modifications as the changes are not expected to require any additional hardware. Some engines may also be equipped with common-rail fuel systems instead of mechanical fuel injection to meet Tier 2 NOX
                         standards. It is expected that approximately 75 percent of SSD and 30 percent of MSD engines will get this modification for Tier 2. The Tier 2 hardware costs developed here include the costs of the migration of some engines to common-rail fuel systems. It was also estimated that these technologies may increase fuel consumption by up to 2 percent; this fuel penalty is included in the Tier 2 operational costs. Tier 2 hardware costs included in the total estimated cost of the coordinated strategy are only associated with U.S.-flagged vessels; operational costs are applied to both U.S.-and foreign-flagged vessels. (b) Tier 3 Tier 3 NOX
                         standards are approximately 80 percent below Tier 1 NOX
                         standards, and are likely to require exhaust aftertreatment such as SCR. ICF performed a detailed cost analysis for the U.S. EPA that included surveying engine and emission control technology manufacturers regarding these advanced technology strategies and their potential costs. Tier 3 NOX
                         standards are projected to be met through the use of SCR systems. While other technologies such as EGR or those that include introduction of water into the combustion chamber either through fumigation, fuel emulsions, or direct water injection may also enable Tier 3 compliance, we assume they will only be selected if they are less costly than SCR. Therefore, we have based this analysis on the exclusive use of SCR. (c) Engine Modifications In addition to SCR, it is expected that manufacturers will also use compound or two-stage turbocharging as well as electronic valving to enhance performance and emission reductions to meet Tier 3 NOX
                         standards. Engine modifications to meet Tier 3 emission levels will include a higher percentage of common-rail fuel injection coupled with two-stage turbocharging and electronic valving. Engine manufacturers estimate that nearly all SSD and 80 percent of MSD engines will use common-rail fuel injection. Two stage turbocharging will most likely be used on least 70 percent of all engines required to meet Tier 3 emission levels. Electronically- (hydraulically) actuated intake and exhaust valves for MSD and electronically-actuated exhaust valves for SSD are necessary to accommodate two-stage turbocharging. Additionally, the remaining SSD engines still using mechanical injection (approximately 25 percent mechanically-controlled, and 75 percent electronically-controlled) are expected to migrate to common rail for Tier 3, while an additional 40 percent of MSD engines are expected to receive common rail totaling approximately 80 percent of all MSD engines. The engine modification variable costs were applied to all new U.S.-flagged vessels equipped with either SSD or MSD engines. Costs to foreign-flagged vessel expected to visit U.S. ports are presented as a separate analysis in Chapter 5 of the draft RIA, and are not included in the 
                        ( print page 44492)
                        total estimated cost of the coordinated strategy. (4) SOX
                        /PM Emission Reduction Technology In addition to Tier 3 NOX
                         standards, the IMO ECA requirements also include lower fuel sulfur limits that will result in reductions in SOX
                         and PM. Category 3 marine engines typically operate on heavy fuel oil with a sulfur content of 2.7 percent, therefore significant SOX
                         and PM reductions will be achieved using distillate fuels with a sulfur content of 0.1 percent. This cost analysis is based on the assumption that vessel operators will operate their engines using lower sulfur fuel in the proposed ECA. We believe fuel switching will be the primary compliance approach; fuel scrubbers would be used in the event that the operator expected to realize a cost savings and are not considered in this analysis. In some cases, additional capacity and equipment to accommodate the use of lower sulfur fuel may need to be installed on a vessel. The potential costs due to these additional modifications applied to new ships as well as retrofits to any existing ships are discussed here, and these hardware costs are included as part of the total cost of this coordinated program. Although most ships operate on heavy fuel oil, they typically carry small amounts of distillate fuel. Some vessel modifications and new operating practices may be necessary to use lower sulfur distillate fuels on vessels designed to operate primarily on residual fuel. Installation and use of a fuel cooler, associated piping, and viscosity meters to the fuel treatment system may be required to ensure viscosity matches between the fuel and injection system design. While there are many existing ships that already have the capacity to operate on both heavy fuel oil and distillate fuel and have a separate fuel tank systems to support each type of fuel, some ships may not have sufficient onboard storage capacity. If a new or segregated tank is desired, additional equipment for fuel delivery and control of these systems may be required. (5) NOX
                         and SOX
                         Emission Reduction Technology Costs (a) NOX
                         Emission Reduction Technology The costs associated with SCR include variable and fixed costs. SCR hardware costs include the reactor, dosage pump, urea injectors, piping, bypass valve, an acoustic horn or a cleaning probe, the control unit and wiring, and the urea tank (the size of the tank is based on 250 hours of normal operation when the ship is operating in the ECA and the SCR system is activated.) The size of the tank is dependent on the frequency with which the individual ship owner prefers to fill the urea tank. The methodology used here to estimate the capacity of the SCR systems is based on the power rating of the propulsion engines only. Auxiliary engine power represents about 20 percent of total installed power on a vessel; however, it would be unusual to operate both propulsion and auxiliary engines at 100 percent load. Typically, ships operate under full propulsion power only while at sea when the SCR is not operating; when nearing ports, the auxiliary engine is operating at high loads while the propulsion engine is operating at very low loads. In this analysis, we determined the average number of hours a ship would spend calling on a U.S. port: If the call was straight in and straight out at 200 nm, the average time spent was slightly over 35 hours. If the distance travelled was substantial, such as from the Port of Los Angeles to the Port of Tacoma, or 1140 nm, the average time spent travelling was approximately 75 hours. Therefore, the size of the tanks and corresponding $/kW values estimated here to carry enough urea for 250 hours of continuous operation may be an overestimate. Based on 250 hours of operation, a range of urea tank sizes from 20 m3
                         to approximately 256 m3
                         was determined for the six different engine configurations used in this analysis. To understand what impacts this may have on the cargo hauling capacity of the ship, we looked at the ISO standard containers used today. Currently, over two-thirds of the containers in use today are 40 feet long, total slightly over 77 m[3]
                         and are the equivalent of two TEU.[136]
                        
                         The urea tank sizes estimated here reflect a cargo equivalence of 0.5-2 TEUs, based on a capacity sufficient for 250 hours of operation. The TEU capacity of container ships, for example, continues to increase and can be as high as 13,000 TEUs;[137]
                        
                         while not all ports are equipped to handle ships of this size, feeder ships (ships that carry containers to ocean-going vessels in smaller ports) have also increased in size to carry as much as 2,000 TEUs. Based on a rate of approximately $1,300 per TEU to ship a container from Asia to the U.S., a net profit margin of 10%, and an average of 16 trips per year, the estimated cost due to displaced cargo to call on a U.S./Canada ECA may be $2,100.[138]
                        
                         The cost[139]
                        
                         analysis[140]
                        
                         presented here does not include displaced cargo due to the variability of tank sizes owners choose to install. To estimate the SCR hardware costs associated with newly built ships, we needed to generate an equation in terms of $/kW that could be applied to other engine sizes. Therefore, the $/kW values representing the hardware costs estimated for the six different engine types and sizes used in this analysis was developed using a curve fit for both SSD and MSD engines. The resulting $/kW values range from $40-$80 per kW for MSD, and $40-70 for SSD. These costs were then applied based on the characteristics of the average ship types described in the inventory section of the draft RIA (see Chapter 3) to the representative portion of the future fleet in order to estimate the total costs associated with this program. Table VII-4 presents the estimated costs of this technology as applied to different ship and engine types representing the average ship characteristics discussed in Section VII.A.2. (b) Lower Sulfur Fuel Hardware Costs This cost analysis is based on the use of switching to lower sulfur fuel to meet the ECA fuel sulfur standards. The costs presented here may be incurred by some existing and some newly-built ships if additional fuel tank equipment is required to facilitate the use of lower sulfur fuel. Based on existing vessel fleet data, we estimate that approximately one-third of existing vessels may need additional equipment installed to accommodate additional lower sulfur fuel storage capacity beyond that installed on comparable new ships. In order to include any costs that may be incurred on new vessels that choose to add additional lower sulfur fuel capacity, we also estimated that one-third of new vessels may require additional hardware. Separate $/kW values were developed for new and existing vessels as the existing vessel 
                        ( print page 44493)
                        retrofit would likely require more labor to complete installation. The size of the tank is dependent on the frequency with which the individual ship owner prefers to fill the lower sulfur fuel tank. The size of the tanks and corresponding $/kW value estimated here will carry capacity sufficient for 250 hours of propulsion and auxiliary engine operation. This is most likely an overestimate of the amount of lower sulfur fuel a ship owner would need to carry, resulting in an overestimate of the total cost to existing and new vessels. The tank sizes based on 250 hours of operation and based on the six different engine configuration used in this analysis range from 240 m[3]
                         to nearly 2,000 m[3]
                        . This would be the equivalent of 6-50 TEUs. This cost analysis does not reflect other design options such as partitioning of a residual fuel tank to allow for lower sulfur fuel capacity which would reduce the amount of additional space required, nor does this analysis reflect the possibility that some ships may have already been designed to carry smaller amounts of distillate fuel in separate tanks for purposes other than continuous propulsion. The $/kW value hardware cost values for the six data points corresponding to the six different engine types and sizes used in this analysis are $2-7 for SSD and $3-8 for MSD. A curve fit was determined for the slow-speed engine as well as for the medium speed engines to determine a $/kW value for each engine type. Table VII-3 presents the estimated costs of the technologies used to meet the different standards as applied to different ship and engine types representing the average ship characteristics discussed in Section VII.A.2. The estimated hardware costs of retrofitting existing U.S.-flagged vessels that may require additional hardware to accommodate the use of lower sulfur fuel is estimated to be $10.4 million in 2015. Table VII-3—Estimated Variable Costs of Emission Control Technology on a Per-Ship Basis—by Ship Type and Engine Type 141
Ship type
Engine speed
Average
                                 propulsion 
                                 power (kW)
MFI to
                                 common rail
EFI to
                                 common rail
Tier 3 (SCR and
                                 engine 
                                 modifications)
Lower
                                 sulfur fuel 
                                 hardware— 
                                 new vessels
Lower Sulfur fuel
                                 hardware—existing vesselsAuto Carrier
MSD
9640
$80,500
30,400
$566,000
42,300
$56,400Bulk Carrier
MSD
6360
67,200
24,600
479,000
36,900
48,500Container
MSD
13878
92,300
35,400
678,000
49,200
66,600General Cargo
MSD
5159
60,400
21,700
448,000
34,900
45,600Passenger
MSD
23762
109,600
42,800
939,000
65,400
90,400Reefer
MSD
7360
71,900
26,600
506,000
38,500
50,900RoRo
MSD
8561
76,700
28,700
538,000
40,500
53,800Tanker
MSD
6697
68,800
25,300
488,000
37,400
49,300Misc.
MSD
9405
79,800
30,000
560,000
41,900
55,800Auto Carrier
SSD
11298
152,400
55,500
819,000
48,000
64,800Bulk Carrier
SSD
8434
132,900
48,400
669,000
42,700
57,700Container
SSD
27454
211,600
77,200
1,521,000
63,900
86,700General Cargo
SSD
7718
127,000
46,200
630,000
41,100
55,500Passenger
SSD
23595
201,500
73,500
1,374,000
61,200
83,000Reefer
SSD
10449
147,200
53,600
776,000
46,500
62,900RoRo
SSD
15702
174,300
63,500
1,034,000
53,900
72,900Tanker
SSD
9755
142,600
51,900
739,000
45,300
61,200Misc.
SSD
4659
93,300
33,900
50,000
32,000
43,100
 (6) Total Costs Associated With the Coordinated Strategy The total hardware costs associated with the coordinated strategy were estimated using the number of new ships by ship type and engine type entering the fleet each year. Table VII-4 presents the total hardware costs to U.S.-flagged vessels associated with the coordinated strategy. These costs consist of the variable and fixed hardware costs associated with the Annex VI existing engine program, Tier 2 and Tier 3 standards, and additional components that may be required to accommodate the use of lower sulfur fuel on both new and existing vessels. This table also presents the total estimated operational costs associated with the coordinated strategy. These costs consist of the 2 percent fuel consumption penalty associated with Tier 2 (Annex VI Tier II), the use of urea on vessels equipped with SCR systems, and the differential cost of using lower sulfur fuel; these costs are incurred by both U.S.- and foreign-flagged vessels. The total estimated cost of the coordinated strategy is $3.41 billion in 2030. The total costs from 2010 through 2040 are estimated to be $42.9 billion at a 3 percent discount rate or $22.1 at a 7 percent discount rate. Table VII-4—Total Hardware and Operational Costs Associated With the Coordinated Strategy
[Thousands of $]
Year
Total hardware costs for existing engines
Total new engine hardware costs
Total vessel hardware costs
Total operating costs
Total costs associated with the coordinated strategyU.S. flag
Foreign flag2010
$9,400
$319
$166
$0
$0
$4852011
161,000
3,580
173
173
1,130
5,060( print page 44494)2012
153,000
3,700
179
841
5,590
10,3002013
145,000
3,830
186
32,400
213,000
249,0002014
137,000
3,960
192
34,400
226,000
265,0002015
131,000
4,100
11,100
180,000
1,190,000
1,390,0002016
0
27,300
691
189,000
1,250,000
1,470,0002017
0
28,500
717
199,000
1,330,000
1,560,0002018
0
29,600
745
210,000
1,410,000
1,650,0002019
0
30,700
773
221,000
1,500,000
1,750,0002020
0
31,900
803
233,000
1,590,000
1,860,0002021
0
33,200
834
246,000
1,680,000
1,960,0002022
0
34,600
866
258,000
1,770,000
2,060,0002023
0
35,900
899
272,000
1,880,000
2,190,0002024
0
37,400
934
286,000
1,980,000
2,300,0002025
0
38,800
970
300,000
2,090,000
2,430,0002026
0
40,400
1,010
315,000
2,200,000
2,560,0002027
0
42,100
1,050
330,000
2,310,000
2,680,0002028
0
43,700
1,090
345,000
2,430,000
2,820,0002029
0
45,500
1,130
362,000
2,550,000
2,960,0002030
0
47,400
1,180
378,000
2,680,000
3,110,0002031
0
49,300
1,220
395,000
2,810,000
3,260,0002032
0
51,300
1,270
413,000
2,950,000
3,420,0002033
0
53,400
1,320
431,000
3,080,000
3,570,0002034
0
55,500
1,370
451,000
3,240,000
3,750,0002035
0
57,900
1,430
471,000
3,390,000
3,920,0002036
0
60,200
1,490
494,000
3,560,000
4,120,0002037
0
62,800
1,540
517,000
3,740,000
4,320,0002038
0
65,300
1,610
541,000
3,930,000
4,540,0002039
0
68,000
1,670
566,000
4,110,000
4,750,0002040
0
70,800
1,740
591,000
4,310,000
4,970,000NPV @ 3%
677,000
663,000
26,500
5,260,000
36,900,000
42,900,000NPV @ 7%
610,000
346,000
16,900
2,730,000
19,000,000
22,100,000
 C. Cost Effectiveness One tool that can be used to assess the value of the coordinated strategy is the engineering costs incurred per ton of emissions reduced. This analysis involves a comparison of our proposed program to other measures that have been or could be implemented. As summarized in this section, the coordinated strategy represents a highly cost effective mobile source control program for reducing NOX, PM and SOX
                         emissions. We have estimated the cost per ton based on the net present value of 3 percent and 7 percent of all hardware costs incurred by U.S.-flagged vessels, all operational costs incurred by both U.S. and foreign-flagged vessels, and all emission reductions generated from the year 2010 through the year 2040. The baseline case for these estimated reductions is the existing set of engine standards for C3 marine diesel engines and fuel sulfur limits. Table VII-5 shows the annual emissions reductions associated with the coordinated strategy; these annual tons are undiscounted. A description of the methodology used to estimate these annual reductions can be found in Section II of this preamble and Chapter 3 of the draft RIA. Table VII-5—Estimated Emissions Reductions Associated With the Coordinated Strategy (Short Tons)
Calendar year
Reductions (tons)NOX
SOX
PM2010
47,000
0
02011
54,000
0
02012
70,000
0
02013
88,000
390,000
48,4002014
105,000
406,000
50,4002015
123,000
641,000
68,0002016
150,000
668,000
70,8002017
209,000
695,000
73,7002018
279,000
724,000
76,8002019
349,000
755,000
80,0002020
409,000
877,000
94,1002021
488,000
916,000
98,200( print page 44495)2022
547,000
954,000
102,0002023
634,000
995,000
107,0002024
714,000
1,040,000
111,0002025
790,000
1,080,000
116,0002026
866,000
1,130,000
121,0002027
938,000
1,170,000
126,0002028
1,020,000
1,220,000
131,0002029
1,100,000
1,280,000
137,0002030
1,180,000
1,330,000
143,0002031
1,260,000
1,390,000
149,0002032
1,330,000
1,450,000
155,0002033
1,410,000
1,510,000
162,0002034
1,500,000
1,580,000
169,0002035
1,590,000
1,650,000
177,0002036
1,690,000
1,720,000
184,0002037
1,810,000
1,800,000
193,0002038
1,920,000
1,880,000
201,0002039
2,020,000
1,970,000
210,0002040
2,130,000
2,050,000
220,000NPV at 3%
14,400,000
19,100,000
2,100,000NPV at 7%
6,920,000
10,100,000
1,090,000
 The net estimated reductions by pollutant, using a net present value of 3 percent from 2010 through 2040 are 14.4 million tons of NOX, 19.1 million tons of SOX, and 2.1 million tons of PM (6.9 million, 10.1 million, and 1.1 million tons of NOX, SOX, and PM, respectively, at a net present value of 7 percent over the same period.) Using the above cost and emission reduction estimates, we estimated the lifetime (2010 through 2040) cost per ton of pollutant reduced. For this analysis, all of the hardware costs associated with the Annex VI existing engine program and Tier 2 and Tier 3 NOX
                         standards as well as the operational costs associated with the global Tier II and Tier III standards were attributed to NOX
                         reductions. The costs associated with lower sulfur fuel operational costs as applied to all vessels visiting U.S. ports and the hardware costs associated with accommodating the use of lower sulfur fuel on U.S.-flagged vessels were associated with SOX
                         and PM reductions. In this analysis, half of the costs associated with the use of lower sulfur fuel were allocated to PM reductions and half to SOX
                         reductions, because the costs incurred to reduce SOX
                         emissions directly reduce emissions of PM as well. Using this allocation of costs and the emission reductions shown in Table VII-5, we can estimate the lifetime cost per ton reduced associated with each pollutant. These results are shown in Table VII-6. Using a net present value of 3 percent, the discounted lifetime cost per ton of pollutant reduced is $510 for NOX, $930 for SOX, and $7,950 for PM ($500, $920, and $7,850 per ton of NOX, SOX, and PM, respectively, at a net present value of 7 percent.) As shown in Table VII-6, these estimated discounted lifetime costs are similar to the annual long-term (2030) cost per ton of
                        
                         pollutant reduced. Table VII-6 Coordinated Strategy Estimated Aggregate Discounted Lifetime Cost per Ton (2010-2040) and Long-Term Annual Cost per Ton (2030) 142
Pollutant
2010 thru 2040 discounted lifetime cost per ton at 3%
2010 thru 2040 discounted lifetime cost per ton at 7%
Long-term cost per ton (for 2030)NO
                                x
$510
$500
$520SO
                                x
930
920
940PM
7,950
7,850
8,760**Note:**
                             These costs are in 2006 U.S. dollars.
 These results for the coordinated strategy compare favorably to other air emissions control programs. Table VII-7 compares the coordinated strategy to other air programs. This comparison shows that the coordinated strategy will provide a cost-effective strategy for generating substantial NOX, SOX, and PM reductions from ocean-going vessels. The results presented in Table VII-7 are lifetime costs per ton discounted at a net present value of 3 percent, with the exception of the stationary source program and locomotive/marine retrofits, for which annualized costs are presented. While results at a net present value of 7 percent are not presented, the results 
                        ( print page 44496)
                        would be similar. Specifically, the coordinated strategy falls within the range of values for other recent programs. Table VII-7—Estimated $/Ton for the Coordinated Strategy Compared to Previous Mobile Source Programs for NOX, SOX, and PM10
Source category A
Implementation date
NOX
                                 cost/ton
SOX
                                 cost/ton
PM10
                                 cost/tonCoordinated Strategy NPRM, 2009
2011
510
930
7,950Nonroad Small Spark-Ignition Engines
2010
B,C
                                 330-1,20073 FR 59034, October 8, 2008Stationary Diesel (CI) Engines
2006
580-20,000

3,500-42,00071 FR 39154, July 11, 2006Locomotives and C1/C2 Marine (Both New and Retrofits)
2015
B
                                 730

D
                                 8,400 (New)
                                 E
                                     45,000 (Retrofit)73 FR 25097, May 6, 2008Heavy Duty Nonroad Diesel Engines
2015
B
                                 1,100
780
13,00069 FR 38957, June 29, 2004Heavy Duty Onroad Diesel Engines
2010
B
                                 2,200
5,800
14,00066 FR 5001, January 18, 2001**Notes:**A
                             Table presents aggregate program-wide cost/ton over 30 years, discounted at a 3 percent NPV, except for Stationary CI Engines and Locomotive/Marine retrofits, for which annualized costs of control for individual sources are presented. All figures are in 2006 U.S. dollars per short ton.B
                             Includes NO
                            X
                             plus non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC). NMHC are also ozone precursors, thus some rules set combined NO
                            X
                             + NMHC emissions standards. NMHC are a small fraction of NO
                            X
                             so aggregate cost/ton comparisons are still reasonable.C
                             Low end of range represents costs for marine engines with credit for fuel savings, high end of range represents costs for other nonroad SI engines without credit for fuel savings.
 D. Economic Impact Analysis This section contains our analysis of the expected economic impacts of our coordinated strategy on the markets for Category 3 marine diesel engines, ocean-going vessels, and the U.S. marine transportation service sector. We briefly describe our methodology and present our estimated expected economic impacts. As described below and in more detail in the draft RIA, our economic impact analysis uses a competitive model approach for all affected markets. We request comment on this approach, or whether an alternative modeling approach should be used for these markets. The total estimated social costs of the coordinated strategy in 2030 are equivalent to the estimated compliance costs of the coordinated strategy, at approximately $3.1 billion.[143]
                        
                         These costs are expected to accrue initially to the owners and operators of affected vessels. These owners and operators are expected to pass their increased costs on to the entities that purchase international marine transportation services, in the form of higher freight rates. Ultimately, these costs will be borne by the final consumers of goods transported by ocean-going vessels in the form of slightly higher prices for those goods. We estimate that compliance with the coordinated strategy would increase the price of a new vessel by 0.5 to 2 percent. The impact of the coordinated strategy, including the ECA controls, on the price of ocean marine transportation services would vary, depending on the route and the amount of time spent in the proposed U.S. ECA. For example, we estimate that the cost of operating a ship in liner service between Singapore, Seattle, and Los Angeles/Long Beach, which includes about 1,700 nm of operation in the proposed ECA, would increase by about 3 percent. For a container ship, this represents a price increase of about $18 per container, assuming the total increase in operating costs is passed on to the purchaser of the marine transportation services. This would be about a 3 percent price increase. The per passenger price of a seven-day Alaska cruise operating entirely within the ECA is expected to increase by about $7 per day. For ships that spend less time in the ECA, the expected increase in total operating costs, and therefore the impacts on freight prices, would be smaller. It should be noted that this economic analysis holds all other aspects of the market constant except for the elements of the coordinated strategy. It does not attempt to predict future market equilibrium conditions, particularly with respect to how excess capacity in today's market due to the current economic downturn will be absorbed. This approach is appropriate because the goal of an economic impact analysis is to explore the impacts of a specific program; allowing changes in other market conditions would confuse the impacts due to the proposed regulatory program. The remainder of this section provides detailed information on the methodology we used to estimate these economic impacts and the results of our analysis. (1) What Is the Purpose of an Economic Impact Analysis? In general, the purpose of an Economic Impact Analysis (EIA) is to provide information about the potential economic consequences of a regulatory action, such as the proposed coordinated strategy to reduce emissions from ocean-going vessels. Such an analysis consists of estimating the social costs of a regulatory program and the distribution of these costs across stakeholders. In an economic impact analysis, social costs are the value of the goods and services lost by society resulting from (a) the use of resources to comply with and implement a regulation and (b) reductions in output. There are two parts to the analysis. In the market analysis, we estimate how prices and quantities of goods directly affected by the emission control program can be expected to change once 
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                        the program goes into effect. In the economic welfare analysis, we look at the total social costs associated with the program and their distribution across key stakeholders. (2) How Did We Estimate the Economic Impacts of the Coordinated Strategy? Our analysis of the economic impacts of the coordinated strategy is based on the application of basic microeconomic theory. We use a competitive market model approach in which the interaction between supply and demand determines equilibrium market prices and quantities. For markets in which there are many producers, such as the vessel building and transportation services markets, this approach is reasonable.[144]
                        
                         For the Category 3 engine market, the market structure and therefore the choice of model is more complicated. This market consists of a small number of manufacturers (2 companies comprising about 60 percent of the market, with two others having a notable share), which suggests that an oligopolistic modeling approach may be more appropriate. In markets with a small number of producers, it is not uncommon for manufacturers to exercise market power to obtain prices above the competitive market clearing price, thereby securing greater profits. In such markets, market prices would increase more than the compliance costs of the regulatory program. However, an oligopoly market structure does not necessarily mean that the firms behave non-competitively. According to the Bertrand competition model, price competition among even a few manufacturers achieves socially optimal results similar to a competitive market.[145]
                        
                         The Bertrand competition model relies on price competition between the firms; price competition among the firms may be reduced when the manufacturers face sharply rising marginal costs, when they compete repeatedly, or when their products are differentiated. We request comment on whether Category 3 engine manufacturers behave competitively, competing on price, or whether some other modeling approach should be used for this market. In a competitive structure model, we use the relationships between supply and demand to simulate how markets can be expected to respond to increases in production costs that occur as a result of the new emission control program. We use the laws of supply and demand to construct a model to estimate the social costs of the program and identify how those costs will be shared across the markets and, thus, across stakeholders. The relevant concepts are summarized below and are presented in greater detail in Chapter 7 of the draft RIA. Before the implementation of a control program, a market is assumed to be in equilibrium, with producers producing the amount of a good that consumers desire to purchase at the market price. The implementation of a control program results in an increase in production costs by the amount of the compliance costs. This generates a “shock” to the initial equilibrium market conditions (a change in supply). Producers of affected products will try to pass some or all of the increased production costs on to the consumers of these goods through price increases, without changing the quantity produced. In response to the price increases, consumers will decrease the quantity they buy of the affected good (a change in the quantity demanded). This creates surplus production at the new price. Producers will react to the decrease in quantity demanded by reducing the quantity they produce, and they will be willing to sell the remaining production at a lower price that does not cover the full amount of the compliance costs. Consumers will then react to this new price. These interactions continue until the surplus is removed and a new market equilibrium price and quantity combination is achieved. The amount of the compliance costs that will be borne by stakeholders is ultimately limited by the price sensitivity of consumers and producers in the relevant markets, represented by the price elasticities of demand and supply for each market. An “inelastic” price elasticity (less than one) means that supply or demand is not very responsive to price changes (a one percent change in price leads to less than one percent change in quantity). An “elastic” price elasticity (more than one) means that supply or demand is sensitive to price changes (a one percent change in price leads to more than one percent change in quantity). A price elasticity of one is unit elastic, meaning there is a one-to-one correspondence between a percent change in price and percent change in quantity. On the production side, price elasticity of supply depends on the time available to adjust production in response to a change in price, how easy it is to store goods, and the cost of increasing (or decreasing) output. In this analysis, we assume the supply for engines, vessels, and marine transportation services is elastic: an increase in the market price of an engine, vessel or freight rates will lead producers to want to produce more, while a decrease will lead them to produce less (this is the classic upward-sloping supply curve). It would be difficult to estimate the slope of the supply curve for each of these markets given the global nature of the sector. However, it is reasonable to assume that the supply elasticity for the ocean marine transportation services market is likely to be greater than one. This is because output can more easily be adjusted due to a change in price. For the same reason, the supply elasticity for the new Category 3 engine market is also likely to be greater than one, especially since these engines are often used in other land-based industries, notably in power plants. The supply elasticity for the vessel construction market, on the other hand, may be less than or equal to one depending on the vessel type, since it may be harder to adjust production and/or store output if the price drops, or rapidly increase production if the price increases. Because of the nature of this industry, it would not be possible to easily switch production to other goods, or to stop or start production of new vessels. On the consumption side, we assume that the demand for engines is a function of the demand for vessels, which is a function of the demand for international shipping (demand for engines and vessels is derived from the demand for marine transportation services). This makes intuitive sense: Category 3 engine and ocean-going vessel manufacturers would not be expected to build an engine or vessel unless there is a purchaser, and purchasers will want a new vessel/engine only if there is a need for one to supply marine transportation services. Deriving the price elasticity of demand for the vessel and engine markets from the international shipping market is an important feature of this analysis because it provides a link between the product markets. In this analysis, the price elasticity of demand for marine transportation services, and therefore for vessels and Category 3 engines, is nearly perfectly inelastic. This stems from the fact that for most goods, there are no reasonable alternative shipping modes. In most cases, transportation by rail or truck is not feasible, and transportation by aircraft is too expensive. Approximately 90 percent of world trade by tonnage is moved by ship, and ships provide the most efficient method to transport these 
                        ( print page 44498)
                        goods on a tonne-mile basis.[146]
                        
                         Stopford notes that “shippers need the cargo and, until they have time to make alternative arrangements, must ship it regardless of cost * * * The fact that freight generally accounts for only a small portion of material costs reinforces this argument.” [147]
                        
                         A nearly perfectly inelastic price elasticity of demand for marine transportation services means that virtually all of the compliance costs can be expected to be passed on to the consumers of marine transportation services, with no change in output for engine producers, ship builders, or owners and operators of ships engaged in international trade. The economic impacts of the coordinated strategy presented in this section rely on the estimated engineering compliance costs described in Sections VII.A (fuels) and VII.B (engines) above. These costs include hardware costs for new U.S. vessels to comply with the Tier 2 and Tier 3 engine standards, and for existing U.S. vessels to comply with the MARPOL Annex VI requirements for existing engines. There are also hardware costs for fuel switching equipment on new and existing U.S. vessels to comply with the 1,000 ppm fuel sulfur limit; the cost analysis assumes that 32 percent of all vessels require fuel switching equipment to be added (new vessels) or retrofit (existing vessels). Also included are expected increases in operating costs for U.S. and foreign vessels operating in the inventory modeling domain, including the proposed ECA. These increased operating costs include changes in fuel consumption rates, increases in fuel costs, and the use of urea for engines equipped with SCR.[148] (3) What Are the Estimated Market Impacts of the Coordinated Strategy? (a) What Are the Estimated Engine and Vessel Market Impacts of the Coordinated Strategy? The estimated market impacts for engines and vessels are based on the variable costs associated with the engine and vessel compliance programs; fixed costs are not included in the market analysis. This is appropriate because in a competitive market the industry supply curve is generally based on the market's marginal cost curve; fixed costs do not influence production decisions at the margin. Therefore, the market analysis for a competitive market is based on variable costs only. The assumption of nearly perfectly inelastic demand for marine transportation services means that the quantity of these services purchased is not expected to change as a result of costs of complying with the ECA requirements. As a result, the demand for vessels and engines would also not change compared to the no-control scenario, and the quantities produced would remain the same. The assumption of nearly perfectly inelastic demand for marine transportation services also means the price impacts of the coordinated strategy on new engines and vessels would be equivalent to the variable engineering compliance costs. Estimated price impacts for a sample of engine-vessel combinations are set out in Table VII-8 for medium speed engines, and Table VII-9 for slow speed engines. These are the estimated price impacts associated with the Tier 3 engine standards on a vessel that will switch fuels to comply with the fuel sulfur requirements in the ECA. Because the standards do not phase in, the estimated price impacts are the same for all years, beginning in 2016. Table VII—8 Summary of Estimated Market Impacts—Medium Speed Tier 3 Engines and Vessels
[$2006] a
Ship type
Average propulsion power
New vessel 
                                 engine price  
                                 
                                    impact (new tier 3 engine price impact) b
New vessel fuel switching equipment price 
                                 
                                    impact c
New vessel total price impactAuto Carrier
9,600
$573,200
$42,300
$615,500Bulk Carrier
6,400
483,500
36,900
520,400Container
13,900
687,800
49,200
736,000General Cargo
5,200
450,300
34,900
475,200Passenger
23,800
952,500
65,400
1,107,900Reefer
7,400
511,000
38,500
549,500RoRo
8,600
543,800
40,500
584,300Tanker
6,700
492,800
37,400
530,200Misc.
9,400
566,800
41,900
608,700**Notes:**a
                             The new vessel engine price impacts listed here do not include a per engine cost of $10,000 for engines installed on U.S. vessels to comply with the proposed production testing requirement (§ 1042.302)b
                             Medium speed engine price impacts are estimated from the cost information presented in Chapter 5 using the following formula: (10%*($/SHIP_MECH→CR))+(30%*($/SHIP_ELEC→CR))+(T3 ENGINE MODS)+(T3SCR))c
                             Assumes 32 percent of new vessels would require the fuel switching equipment.
 
 
 Table VII—9 Summary of Estimated Market Impacts—Slow Speed Tier 3 Engines and Vessels
[$2006] a
Ship type
Average 
                                 Propulsion  
                                 Power
New vessel 
                                 engine price  
                                 
                                    impact (new tier 3 engine price impact) b
New vessel fuel switching equipment price 
                                 
                                    impact c
New vessel total price impactAuto Carrier
11,300
$825,000
$48,000
$873,000Bulk Carrier
8,400
672,600
42,700
715,300Container
27,500
1,533,100
63,900
1,597,000General Cargo
7,700
632,900
41,000
673,900Passenger
23,600
1,385,300
61,200
1,446,500Reefer
10,400
781,000
46,500
827,500RoRo
15,700
1,042,100
53,900
1,096,000Tanker
9,800
744,200
45,300
789,500Misc.
4,700
453,600
32,000
485,600**Notes:**a
                             The new vessel engine price impacts listed here do not include a per engine cost of $10,000 for engines installed on U.S. vessels to comply with the proposed production testing requirement (§ 1042.302)b
                             Slow speed engine price impacts are estimated from the cost information presented in Chapter 5 using the following formula: (5%*($/SHIP_MECH→CR))+(15%*($/SHIP_ELEC→CR))+(T3 ENGINE MODS)+(T3 SCR))c
                             Assumes 32 percent of new vessels would require the fuel switching equipment.
 The estimated price impacts for Tier 2 vessels would be substantially lower, given the technology that will be used to meet the Tier 2 standards is much less expensive. The cost of complying with the Tier 2 standards ranges from about $56,000 to $100,000 for a medium speed engine, and from about $130,000 to $250,000 for a slow speed engine. Again, because the standards do not phase in, the estimated price impacts are the same for all years the Tier 2 standards are required, 2011 through 2015. These estimated price impacts for Tier 2 and Tier 3 vessels are small when compared to the price of a new vessel. A selection of new vessel prices is provided in Table VII-10; these range from about $40 million to $480 million. The program price increases range from about $600,000 to $1.5 million. A price increase of $600,000 to comply with the Tier 3 standards and fuel switching requirements would be an increase of approximately 2 percent for a $40 million vessel. The largest vessel price increase noted above for a Tier 3 passenger vessel is about $1.5 million; this is a price increase of less than 1 percent for a $478 million passenger vessel. Independent of the nearly-perfect inelasticity of demand, price increases of this magnitude would be expected to have little, if any, effect on the sales of new vessels, all other economic conditions held constant. Table VII-10—Newbuild Vessel Price by Ship Type and Size, Selected Vessels
[Millions, $2008]
Vessel type
Vessel size category
Size range (mean) (DWT)
NewbuildBulk carrier
Handy
10,095-39,990 (27,593)
$56.00Handymax
40,009-54,881 (47,616)
79.00Panamax
55,000-78,932 (69,691)
97.00Capesize
80,000-364,767 (157,804)
175.00Container
Feeder
1,000-13,966 (9,053)
38.00Intermediate
14,003-36,937 (24,775)
70.00Panamax
37,042-54,700 (45,104)
130.00Post Panamax
55,238-84,900 (67,216)
165.00Gas carrier
Midsize
1,001-34,800 (7,048)
79.70LGC
35,760-59,421 (50,796)
37.50VLGC
62,510-122,079 (77,898)
207.70General cargo
Coastal Small
1,000-9,999 (3,789)
33.00Coastal Large
10,000-24,912 (15,673)
43.00Handy
25,082-37,865 (29,869)
52.00Panamax
41,600-49,370 (44,511)
58.00Passenger
All
1,000-19,189 (6,010)
478.40Reefer
All
1,000-19,126 (6,561)
17.30Ro-Ro
All
1,000-19,126 (7,819)
41.20Tanker
Coastal
1,000-23,853 (7,118)
20.80Handymax
25,000-39,999 (34,422)
59.00Panamax
40,000-75,992 (52,300)
63.00AFRAmax
76,000-117,153 (103,112)
77.00Suezmax
121,109-167,294 (153,445)
95.00VLCC
180,377-319,994 (294,475)
154.00Sources: Lloyd's Shipping Economist (2008), Informa (2008), Lloyd's Sea-Web (2008).
 
 
 (b) What Are the Estimated Fuel Market Impacts of the Coordinated Strategy? The market impacts for the fuel markets were estimated through the modeling performed to estimate the fuel compliance costs for the coordinated strategy. In the WORLD model, the total quantity of fuel used is held constant, which is consistent with the assumption that the demand for international shipping transportation would not be expected to change due to the lack of transportation alternatives. The expected price impacts of the coordinated strategy are set out in Table VII-11. Note that on a mass basis, less distillate than residual fuel is needed to go the same distance (5 percent less). The prices in Table VII-11 are adjusted for this impact. Table VII-11 shows that the coordinated strategy is expected to result in a small increase in the price of marine distillate fuel, about 1.3 percent. The price of residual fuel is expected to decrease slightly, by less than one percent, due to a reduction in demand for that fuel. Table VII-11—Summary of Estimated Market Impacts—Fuel Markets
Fuel
Units
Baseline price
Control price
Adjusted for energy density
% changeDistillate
$/tonne
462
468
N/A
+1.3Residual
$/tonne
322
321
N/A
−0.3Fuel Switching
$/tonne
322
468
444
+38.9
 Because of the need to shift from residual fuel to distillate fuel in the ECA, ship owners are expected to see an increase in their total cost of fuel. This increase is because distillate fuel is more expensive than residual fuel. Factoring in the higher energy content of distillate fuel relative to residual fuel, the fuel cost increase would be about 39 percent. (c) What Are the Estimated Marine Transportation Market Impacts of the Coordinated Strategy? We used the above information to estimate the impacts on the prices of marine transportation services. This analysis, which is presented in Chapter 7 of the draft RIA, is limited to the impacts of increases in operating costs due to the fuel and emission requirements of the coordinated strategy. Operating costs would increase due to the increase in the price of fuel, the need to switch to fuel with a sulfur content not to exceed 1,000 ppm while operating in the ECA, and due to the need to dose the aftertreatment system with urea to meet the Tier 3 standards. Table VII-12 summarizes these price impacts for selected transportation markets. Table VII-12 also lists the vessel and engine parameters that were used in the calculations. Table VII-12—Summary of Impacts of Operational Fuel/Urea Cost Increases
Vessel type
Vessel and engine parameters
Operational price increasesContainer—North Pacific Circle Route
36,540 kW, 50,814 DWT
$17.53/TEU.Bulk Carrier—North Pacific Circle Route
3,825 kW, 16,600 DWT
$0.56/tonne.Cruise Liner—(Alaska)
31,500 kW, 226,000 DWT, 1,886 passengers.
$6.60/per passenger per day
 This information suggests that the increase in marine transportation service prices would be small, both absolutely and when compared to the price charged by the ship owner per unit transported. For example, Stopford notes that the price of transporting a 20 foot container between the UK and Canada is estimated to be about $1,500; of that, $700 is the cost of the ocean freight; the rest is for port, terminal, and other charges.[149]
                        
                         An increase of about $18 represents an increase of less than 3 percent of ocean freight cost, and about one percent of transportation cost. Similarly, the price of a 7-day Alaska cruise varies from $100 to $400 per night or more. In that case, this price increase would range from 1.5 percent to about 6 percent. (4) What Are the Estimated Social Costs of the Coordinated Strategy and How Are They Expected To Be Distributed Across Stakeholders? The total social costs of the coordinated strategy are based on both fixed and variable costs. This is because fixed costs are a cost to society: they displace other product development activities that may improve the quality or performance of engines and vessels. In this economic impact analysis, fixed costs are accounted for in the year in which they occur, with the fixed costs associated with the Tier 2 engine standards accounted for in 2010 and the fixed costs associated with the Tier 3 engine standards and the ECA controls accounted for in the five-year period beginning prior to their effective dates. The social costs of the coordinated strategy are estimated to be the same as the total engineering compliance costs. These costs for all years are presented in Table VII-4. For 2030, the social costs are estimated to be about $3.1 billion.[150]
                        
                         For the reasons described above and explained more fully in the draft RIA, these costs are expected to be borne fully by consumers of marine transportation services. These social costs are small when compared to the total value of U.S. waterborne foreign trade. In 2007, waterborne trade for government and non-government shipments by vessel into and out of U.S. foreign trade zones, the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico was about $1.4 trillion. Of that, about $1 trillion was for imports.[151] 
 
 If only U.S. vessels are considered, the social costs of the coordinated strategy in 2030 would be about $427.5 million. Again, these social costs are small when compared to the annual revenue for this sector. In 2002, the annual revenue for this sector was about $19.8 billion.[152] (5) Alternative Analysis The above analysis is based on the assumption of near-perfectly inelastic demand for ocean marine transportation services. In this section, we discuss the implications of relaxing this assumption to consider the impacts of the coordinated strategy if consumers of marine transportation services were able to react to an increase in prices by reducing their demand for these services. The marine transportation services market is a global market, which makes it complicated to estimate the price sensitivity of demand. In addition, that sensitivity would likely vary depending on the types of goods transported and the type of vessel used. For example, the demand elasticity for bulk cargo transportation services would likely vary depending on the type of bulk (
                        *e.g.,*
                         food, oil, electronic goods) and the type of vessel (bulk/tramp or liner). Instead of estimating these price elasticities, this alternative analysis relies on the price elasticities we developed for our 2008 rulemaking that set technology-forcing standards for Category 1 and Category 2 engines (73 FR 25098, May 6, 2008). Although these price elasticities of demand and supply were developed using data for United States markets only, they reflect behavioral reactions to price changes if alternative modes of transportation were available. The values used for the behavioral parameters for the Category 1 and 2 markets are provided in Table VII-13. Table VII-13—Behavioral Parameters Used in Locomotive/Marine Economic Impact Model
Sector
Market
Demand
                                 elasticity
Source
Supply
                                 elasticity
SourceMarine
Marine Transportation Services
−0.5 (inelastic)
Literature Estimate
0.6 (inelastic)
Literature
                                 Estimate.Commercial Vessels a
Derived
N/A
2.3 (elastic)
Econometric
                                 Estimate.Engines
Derived
N/A
3.8 (elastic)
Econometric
                                 Estimate.**Notes:**a
                             Commercial vessels include tug/tow/pushboats, ferries, cargo vessels, crew/supply boats, and other commercial vessels.
 The alternative price elasticity of demand for marine transportation services is inelastic, at −0.5. This means a one percent increase in price will result in a 0.5 percent decrease in demand. This inelastic demand elasticity will yield inelastic demand elasticities for both engines and vessels. The estimates of the price elasticity of supply are elastic, consistent with the primary analysis described above. Rather than create a computer model to estimate the economic impacts of the coordinated strategy using this revised set of assumptions, we examine their impact qualitatively. In general, relaxing the condition of nearly perfectly inelastic demand elasticity would result in the compliance costs of the coordinated strategy being shared by consumers and suppliers. In the engine and vessel markets, the share borne by producers would nevertheless be expected to be small, given the elastic supply elasticity compared to the inelastic demand elasticity. Because suppliers would bear part of the compliance costs, the price increase for engines and vessels would be smaller than the per-unit engineering compliance costs. In the marine transportation market, the price impacts would be shared more equally between producers (vessel owners) and consumers (firms that purchase marine transportation services), due to the nearly identical price elasticity of supply (0.6) and demand (−0.5). However, given the relatively small per unit engineering costs, the total impacts on prices and quantities in these markets would still be expected to be modest. In addition, there would be a small change in demand since consumers would react to an increase in price by reducing their consumption of marine transportation services. Again, because the relative price impact is small, the impact on quantity would also be small. The distribution of compliance costs from our earlier rule are presented in Table VII-14. While the emission control requirements and the compliance cost structure of the coordinated strategy are somewhat different, these results give an idea of how costs would be shared if the assumption of nearly perfectly inelastic price elasticity of demand for the transportation services market in the ocean-going marine sector were relaxed. Table VII-14—Distribution of Social Costs Among Stakeholder Groups—Category 1 and Category 2 Engine Program
Stakeholder Group
2020
                                 (percent)
2030
                                 (percent)Marine engine producers
0.8
0.5Marine vessel producers
10.7
3.8Recreational and fishing vessel consumers
8.4
4.1Marine transportation service providers
36.4
41.5Marine transportation service consumers
43.8
50.0( print page 44502)Total
100.0
100.0
 VIII. Benefits This section presents our analysis of the health and environmental benefits that are estimated to occur as a result of EPA's coordinated strategy to address emissions from Category 3 engines and ocean-going vessels throughout the period from initial implementation through 2030. We provide estimated benefits for the entire coordinated strategy, including the Annex VI Tier 2 NOX
                         requirements and the ECA controls that will be mandatory for U.S. and foreign vessels through the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships. However, unlike the cost analysis, this benefits analysis does not allocate benefits between the components of the program (the requirements in this rule and the requirements that would apply through MARPOL Annex VI and ECA implementation). This is because the benefits of the coordinated strategy will be fully realized only when the U.S. ECA is in place and both U.S. and foreign vessel are required to use lower sulfur fuel and operate their Tier 3 NOX
                         controls while in the designated area, and therefore it makes more sense to consider the benefits of the coordinated strategy as a whole. The components of the coordinated strategy would apply stringent NOX
                         and SOX
                         standards to virtually all vessels that affect U.S. air quality, and impacts on human health and welfare would be substantial. As presented in Section II, the coordinated is expected to provide very large reductions in direct PM, NOX, SOX, and toxic compounds, both in the near term and in the long term. Emissions of NOX
                         (a precursor to ozone formation and secondarily-formed PM2.5), SOX
                         (a precursor to secondarily-formed PM2.5) and directly-emitted PM2.5
                         contribute to ambient concentrations of PM2.5
                         and ozone. Exposure to ozone and PM2.5
                         is linked to adverse human health impacts such as premature deaths as well as other important public health and environmental effects. Using the most conservative premature mortality estimates (Pope 
                        *et al.,*
                         2002 for PM2.5 and Bell 
                        *et al.,*
                         2004 for ozone),[153][,]
                         [154]
                        
                         we estimate that implementation of the coordinated strategy would reduce approximately 13,000 premature mortalities in 2030 and yield approximately $110 billion in total benefits. The upper end of the premature mortality estimates (Laden 
                        *et al.,*
                         2006 for PM2.5 and Levy 
                        *et al.,*
                         2005 for ozone) [155][,]
                         [156]
                        
                         increases avoided premature mortalities to approximately 32,000 in 2030 and yields approximately $280 billion in total benefits. Thus, even taking the most conservative premature mortality assumptions, the health impacts of the coordinated strategy presented in this proposal are clearly substantial. A. Overview We base our analysis on peer-reviewed studies of air quality and human health effects (see U.S. EPA, 2006 and U.S. EPA, 2008).[157][,][158]
                        
                         These methods are described in more detail in the draft RIA that accompanies this proposal. To model the ozone and PM air quality impacts of the proposed CAA standards and requirements and the ECA designation, we used the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model (see Section II). The modeled ambient air quality data serves as an input to the Environmental Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program (BenMAP).[159]
                        
                         BenMAP is a computer program developed by the U.S. EPA that integrates a number of the modeling elements used in previous analyses (
                        *e.g.,*
                         interpolation functions, population projections, health impact functions, valuation functions, analysis and pooling methods) to translate modeled air concentration estimates into health effects incidence estimates and monetized benefits estimates. The range of total ozone- and PM-related benefits associated with the coordinated strategy to control ship emissions is presented in Table VIII-1. We present total benefits based on the PM- and ozone-related premature mortality function used. The benefits ranges therefore reflect the addition of each estimate of ozone-related premature mortality (each with its own row in Table VIII-1) to estimates of PM-related premature mortality. These estimates represent EPA's preferred approach to characterizing the best estimate of benefits associated with the coordinated strategy. As is the nature of Regulatory Impact Analyses (RIAs), the assumptions and methods used to estimate air quality benefits evolve to reflect the Agency's most current interpretation of the scientific and economic literature. This analysis, therefore, incorporates four important changes from recent RIAs released by the Office of Transportation and Air Quality (OTAQ): As is the nature of Regulatory Impact Analyses (RIAs), the assumptions and methods used to estimate air quality benefits evolve over time to reflect the Agency's most current interpretation of the scientific and economic literature. For a period of time (2004-2008), the Office of Air and Radiation (OAR) valued mortality risk reductions using a value of statistical life (VSL) estimate derived from a limited analysis of some of the available studies. OAR arrived at a VSL using a( print page 44503)
                        range of $1 million to $10 million (2000$) consistent with two meta-analyses of the wage-risk literature. The $1 million value represented the lower end of the interquartile range from the Mrozek and Taylor (2002) [160]
                        
                         meta-analysis of 33 studies and $10 million represented the upper end of the interquartile range from the Viscusi and Aldy (2003) [161]
                        
                         meta-analysis of 46 studies. The mean estimate of $5.5 million (2000$) [162]
                        
                         was also consistent with the mean VSL of $5.4 million estimated in the Kochi 
                        *et al.*
                         (2006) [163]
                        
                         meta-analysis. However, the Agency neither changed its official guidance on the use of VSL in rule-makings nor subjected the interim estimate to a scientific peer-review process through the Science Advisory Board (SAB) or other peer-review group. During this time, the Agency continued work to update its guidance on valuing mortality risk reductions, including commissioning a report from meta-analytic experts to evaluate methodological questions raised by EPA and the SAB on combining estimates from the various data sources. In addition, the Agency consulted several times with the Science Advisory Board Environmental Economics Advisory Committee (SAB-EEAC) on the issue. With input from the meta-analytic experts, the SAB-EEAC advised the Agency to update its guidance using specific, appropriate meta-analytic techniques to combine estimates from unique data sources and different studies, including those using different methodologies (
                        *i.e.,*
                         wage-risk and stated preference) (U.S. EPA-SAB, 2007).[164] Until updated guidance is available, the Agency determined that a single, peer-reviewed estimate applied consistently best reflects the SAB-EEAC advice it has received. Therefore, the Agency has decided to apply the VSL that was vetted and endorsed by the SAB in the Guidelines for Preparing Economic Analyses (U.S. EPA, 2000) while the Agency continues its efforts to update its guidance on this issue.[165]
                        
                         This approach calculates a mean value across VSL estimates derived from 26 labor market and contingent valuation studies published between 1974 and 1991. The mean VSL across these studies is $6.3 million (2000$).[166] The Agency is committed to using scientifically sound, appropriately reviewed evidence in valuing mortality risk reductions and has made significant progress in responding to the SAB-EEAC's specific recommendations. The Agency anticipates presenting results from this effort to the SAB-EEAC in the Fall 2009 and that draft guidance will be available shortly thereafter. In recent analyses, OTAQ has estimated PM2.5
                        -related benefits assuming that a threshold exists in the PM-related concentration-response functions (at 10 μg/m[3]
                        ) below which there are no associations between exposure to PM2.5
                         and health impacts. EPA strives to use the best available science to support our benefits analyses, and we recognize that interpretation of the science regarding air pollution and health is dynamic and evolving. Based on our review of the body of scientific literature, EPA applied the no-threshold model in this analysis. Removing the threshold assumption is consistent with the approach taken in the recently published Portland Cement MACT RIA.[167]
                        
                         EPA's draft Integrated Science Assessment (2008g), which was recently reviewed by EPA's Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee (CASAC),[168, 169]
                         concluded that the scientific literature consistently finds that a no-threshold log-linear model most adequately portrays the PM-mortality concentration-response relationship while recognizing potential uncertainty about the exact shape of the concentration-response function. Although this document does not represent final agency policy that has undergone the full agency scientific review process, it provides a basis for reconsidering the application of thresholds in PM2.5
                         concentration-response functions used in EPA's RIAs. It is important to note that while CASAC provides advice regarding the science associated with setting the National Ambient Air Quality Standards, typically other scientific advisory bodies provide specific advice regarding benefits analysis. Because the Portland Cement RIA was completed while CASAC was reviewing the PM ISA, we solicited comment on the use of the no-threshold model for benefits analysis within the preamble of that proposed rule. The comment period for the Portland Cement proposed NESHAP has been extended until September 4, 2009.[170]
                        
                         Please see Section 6.4.1.3 of the RIA that accompanies this preamble for more discussion of the treatment of thresholds in this analysis. For the coordinated strategy, we rely on two empirical (epidemiological) studies of the relationship between ambient PM2.5
                         and premature mortality (the extended analyses of the Harvard Six Cities study by Laden 
                        *et al*
                         (2006) and the American Cancer Society (ACS) cohort by Pope 
                        *et al*
                         (2002)) to anchor our benefits analysis, though we also present the PM2.5
                        -related premature mortality benefits associated with the estimates supplied by the expert elicitation as a sensitivity analysis. This approach was recently adopted in the Portland Cement MACT RIA. Since 2006, EPA has calculated benefits based on these two empirical studies and derived the range of benefits, including the minimum and maximum results, from an expert elicitation of the 
                        ( print page 44504)
                        relationship between exposure to PM2.5
                         and premature mortality (Roman 
                        *et al.,*
                         2008).[171]
                        
                         Using alternate relationships between PM2.5
                         and premature mortality supplied by experts, higher and lower benefits estimates are plausible, but most of the expert-based estimates have fallen between the two epidemiology-based estimates (Roman 
                        *et al.,*
                         2008). Assuming no threshold in the empirically-derived premature mortality concentration response functions used in the analysis of the coordinated strategy, only one expert falls below the empirically-derived range while two of the experts are above this range (see Tables 6-5 and 6-6 in the draft RIA that accompanies this preamble). Please refer to the Portland Cement MACT RIA for more information about the preferred approach and the evolution of the treatment of threshold assumptions within EPA's regulatory analyses. The range of ozone benefits associated with the coordinated strategy is estimated based on risk reductions derived from several sources of ozone-related mortality effect estimates. This analysis presents six alternative estimates for the association based upon different functions reported in the scientific literature. We use three multi-city studies,[172, 173, 174]
                         including the Bell, 2004 National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study (NMMAPS) that was used as the primary basis for the risk analysis in the ozone Staff Paper[175]
                        
                         and reviewed by the Clean Air Science Advisory Committee (CASAC).[176]
                        
                         We also use three studies that synthesize ozone mortality data across a large number of individual studies.[177, 178, 179]
                         This approach is consistent with recommendations provided by the NRC in their ozone mortality report (NRC, 2008),[180]
                        
                         “The committee recommends that the greatest emphasis be placed on estimates from new systematic multicity analyses that use national databases of air pollution and mortality, such as in the NMMAPS, without excluding consideration of meta-analyses of previously published studies.” The NRC goes on to note that there are uncertainties within each study that are not fully captured by this range of estimates. Table VIII-1—Estimated 2030 Monetized PM-and Ozone-Related Health Benefits of a Coordinated U.S. Strategy To Control Ship Emissionsa
2030 Total Ozone and PM Benefits—PM Mortality Derived from American Cancer Society Analysis and Six-Cities AnalysisaPremature Ozone Mortality Function
Reference
Total Benefits
                                 
                                    (Billions, 2006$, 3% Discount Rate)c,d
Total Benefits
                                 
                                    (Billions, 2006$, 7% Discount Rate)c,dMulti-city analyses
Bell 
                                *et al.,*
                                 2004
$110—$280
$100—$250Huang 
                                *et al.,*
                                 2005
120—280
110—250Schwartz, 2005
120—280
110—250Meta-analyses
Bell 
                                *et al.,*
                                 2005
120—280
110—250Ito 
                                *et al.,*
                                 2005
120—280
110—260Levy 
                                *et al.,*
                                 2005
120—280
110—260**Notes:**a
                             Total includes premature mortality-related and morbidity-related ozone and PM
                            2.5
                             benefits. Range was developed by adding the estimate from the ozone premature mortality function to the estimate of PM
                            2.5
                            -related premature mortality derived from either the ACS study (Pope 
                            *et al.,*
                             2002) or the Six-Cities study (Laden 
                            *et al.,*
                             2006).b
                             Note that total benefits presented here do not include a number of unquantified benefits categories. A detailed listing of unquantified health and welfare effects is provided in Table VIII-2.c
                             Results reflect the use of both a 3 and 7 percent discount rate, as recommended by EPA's Guidelines for Preparing Economic Analyses and OMB Circular A-4. Results are rounded to two significant digits for ease of presentation and computation.
 The benefits in Table VIII-1 include all of the human health impacts we are able to quantify and monetize at this time. However, the full complement of human health and welfare effects associated with PM and ozone remain unquantified because of current limitations in methods or available data. We have not quantified a number of known or suspected health effects linked with ozone and PM for which appropriate health impact functions are not available or which do not provide easily interpretable outcomes (
                        *i.e.,*
                         changes in heart rate variability). Additionally, we are unable to quantify a number of known welfare effects, including reduced acid and particulate deposition damage to cultural monuments and other materials, and environmental benefits due to reductions of impacts of eutrophication in coastal areas. These are listed in Table VIII-2. As a result, the health benefits quantified in this section are likely underestimates of the total benefits attributable to the 
                        ( print page 44505)
                        implementation of the coordinated strategy to control ship emissions. Table VIII-2—Unquantified and Non-Monetized Potential Effects of a Coordinated U.S. Strategy to Control Ship Emissions
Pollutant/Effects
Effects not included in analysis—changes in:Ozone Healtha
Chronic respiratory damage.bPremature aging of the lungs.bNon-asthma respiratory emergency room visits.Exposure to UVb (+/-).eOzone Welfare
Yields for:—commercial forests,—some fruits and vegetables,—non-commercial crops.Damage to urban ornamental plants.Impacts on recreational demand from damaged forest aesthetics.Ecosystem functions.Exposure to UVb (+/-).ePM Healthc
Premature mortality—short term exposures.dLow birth weight.Pulmonary function.Chronic respiratory diseases other than chronic bronchitis.Non-asthma respiratory emergency room visits.Exposure to UVb (+/-).ePM Welfare
Residential and recreational visibility in non-Class I areas.Soiling and materials damage.Damage to ecosystem functions.Exposure to UVb (+/-).eNitrogen and Sulfate Deposition Welfare
Commercial forests due to acidic sulfate and nitrate deposition.Commercial freshwater fishing due to acidic deposition.Recreation in terrestrial ecosystems due to acidic deposition.Existence values for currently healthy ecosystems.Commercial fishing, agriculture, and forests due to nitrogen deposition.Recreation in estuarine ecosystems due to nitrogen deposition.Ecosystem functions
                                 Passive fertilizationCO Health
Behavioral effectsHC/Toxics Healthf
Cancer (benzene, 1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde).Anemia (benzene).Disruption of production of blood components (benzene).Reduction in the number of blood platelets (benzene).Excessive bone marrow formation (benzene).Depression of lymphocyte counts (benzene).Reproductive and developmental effects (1,3-butadiene).Irritation of eyes and mucus membranes (formaldehyde).Respiratory irritation (formaldehyde).Asthma attacks in asthmatics (formaldehyde).Asthma-like symptoms in non-asthmatics (formaldehyde).Irritation of the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract (acetaldehyde).Upper respiratory tract irritation and congestion (acrolein)HC/Toxics Welfare
Direct toxic effects to animals.Bioaccumulation in the food chain.Damage to ecosystem function.Odor.**Notes:**a
                             The public health impact of biological responses such as increased airway responsiveness to stimuli, inflammation in the lung, acute inflammation and respiratory cell damage, and increased susceptibility to respiratory infection are likely partially represented by our quantified endpoints.b
                             The public health impact of effects such as chronic respiratory damage and premature aging of the lungs may be partially represented by quantified endpoints such as hospital admissions or premature mortality, but a number of other related health impacts, such as doctor visits and decreased athletic performance, remain unquantified.c
                             In addition to primary economic endpoints, there are a number of biological responses that have been associated with PM health effects including morphological changes and altered host defense mechanisms. The public health impact of these biological responses may be partly represented by our quantified endpoints.d
                             While some of the effects of short-term exposures are likely to be captured in the estimates, there may be premature mortality due to short-term exposure to PM not captured in the cohort studies used in this analysis. However, the PM mortality results derived from the expert elicitation do take into account premature mortality effects of short term exposures.e
                             May result in benefits or disbenefits.f
                             Many of the key hydrocarbons related to this rule are also hazardous air pollutants listed in the CAA.
 
 
 B. Quantified Human Health Impacts Tables VIII-3 and VIII-4 present the annual PM2.5
                         and ozone health impacts in the 48 contiguous U.S. states associated with the coordinated strategy for both 2020 and 2030. For each endpoint presented in Tables VIII-3 and VIII-4, we provide both the mean estimate and the 90% confidence interval. Using EPA's preferred estimates, based on the ACS and Six-Cities studies and no threshold assumption in the model of mortality, we estimate that the coordinated strategy would result in between 5,300 and 14,000 cases of avoided PM2.5
                        -related premature deaths annually in 2020 and between 13,000 and 32,000 avoided premature deaths annually in 2030. As a sensitivity analysis, when the range of expert opinion is used, we estimate between 1,900 and 18,000 fewer premature mortalities in 2020 and between 4,500 and 42,000 fewer premature mortalities in 2030 (see Tables 6-5 and 6-6 in the draft RIA that accompanies this proposal). For ozone-related premature mortality, we estimate a range of between 61 to 280 fewer premature mortalities as a result of the coordinated strategy in 2020 and between 220 to 980 in 2030. The increase in annual benefits from 2020 to 2030 reflects additional emission reductions from coordinated strategy, as well as increases in total population and the average age (and thus baseline mortality risk) of the population. Table VIII-3—Estimated PM2.5
                            -Related Health Impacts Associated With a Coordinated U.S. Strategy To Control Ship Emissions 
                            a
Health effect
2020 Annual reduction in ship-related incidence
                                 (5th%-95th%ile)
2030 Annual reduction in ship-related incidence
                                 (5th%-95th%ile)Premature Mortality—Derived from epidemiology literature: bAdult, age 30+, ACS Cohort Study (Pope 
                                *et al.,*
                                 2002)
5,300
                                 (2,100-8,500)
13,000
                                 (5,000-20,000)Adult, age 25+, Six-Cities Study (Laden 
                                *et al.,*
                                 2006)
14,000
                                 (7,400-20,000)
32,000
                                 (18,000-47,000)Infant, age <1 year (Woodruff 
                                *et al.,*
                                 1997)
20
                                 (0-55)
37
                                 (0-100)Chronic bronchitis (adult, age 26 and over)
3,800
                                 (700-6,900)
8,500
                                 (1,600-15,000)Non-fatal myocardial infarction (adult, age 18 and over)
8,800
                                 (3,200-14,000)
22,000
                                 (8,100-35,000)Hospital admissions-respiratory (all ages) c
1,200
                                 (590-1,800)
2,900
                                 1,400-4,200)Hospital admissions-cardiovascular (adults, age >18) d
2,700
                                 (2,000-3,200)
7,100
                                 (5,000-8,300)Emergency room visits for asthma (age 18 years and younger)
3,500
                                 (2,000-4,900)
8,100
                                 (4,800-11,000)Acute bronchitis, (children, age 8-12)
8,500
                                 (0-17,000)
19,000
                                 (0-37,000)Lower respiratory symptoms (children, age 7-14)
100,000
                                 (49,000-150,000)
220,000
                                 (110,000-330,000)Upper respiratory symptoms (asthmatic children, age 9-18)
77,000
                                 (24,000-130,000)
170,000
                                 (54,000-290,000)Asthma exacerbation (asthmatic children, age 6-18)
95,000
                                 (10,000-260,000)
210,000
                                 (23,000-580,000)Work loss days
720,000
                                 (630,000-810,000)
1,500,000
                                 (1,300,000-1,700,000)Minor restricted activity days (adults age 18-65)
4,300,000
                                 (3,600,000-4,900,000)
9,000,000
                                 (7,600,000-10,000,000)**Notes:**a
                             Incidence is rounded to two significant digits. Estimates represent incidence within the 48 contiguous United States.b
                             PM-related adult mortality based upon the American Cancer Society (ACS) Cohort Study (Pope 
                            *et al.,*
                             2002) and the Six-Cities Study (Laden 
                            *et al.,*
                             2006). Note that these are two alternative estimates of adult mortality and should not be summed. PM-related infant mortality based upon a study by Woodruff, Grillo, and Schoendorf, (1997).181c
                             Respiratory hospital admissions for PM include admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia and asthma.d
                             Cardiovascular hospital admissions for PM include total cardiovascular and subcategories for ischemic heart disease, dysrhythmias, and heart failure.
  Table VIII-4—Estimated Ozone-Related Health Impacts Associated With a Coordinated U.S. Strategy To Control Ship Emissions
                            a
Health effect
2020 Annual reduction in ship-related incidence
                                 (5th%-95th%ile)
2030 Annual reduction in ship-related incidence
                                 (5th%-95th%ile)Premature Mortality, All ages b( print page 44507)Multi-City Analyses:Bell 
                                *et al.*
                                 (2004)—Non-accidental
61
                                 (23-98)
220
                                 (71-370)Huang 
                                *et al.*
                                 (2005)-Cardiopulmonary
100
                                 (43-160)
370
                                 (140-610)Schwartz (2005)—Non-accidental
93
                                 (34-150)
340
                                 (100-570)Meta-analyses:Bell 
                                *et al.*
                                 (2005)—All cause
200
                                 (100-290)
690
                                 (330-1,100)Ito 
                                *et al.*
                                 (2005)—Non-accidental
270
                                 (170-370)
980
                                 (580-1,400)Levy 
                                *et al.*
                                 (2005)—All cause
280
                                 (200-360)
980
                                 (670-1,300)Hospital admissions—respiratory causes (adult, 65 and older) c
470
                                 (46-830)
2,000
                                 (97-3,600)Hospital admissions—respiratory causes (children, under 2)
380
                                 (180-590)
1,200
                                 (500-2,000)Emergency room visit for asthma (all ages)
210
                                 (0-550)
740
                                 (0-1,900)Minor restricted activity days (adults, age 18-65)
360,000
                                 (160,000-570,000)
1,200,000
                                 (440,000-1,900,000)School absence days
130,000
                                 (51,000-190,000)
450,000
                                 (150,000-680,000)**Notes:**a
                             Incidence is rounded to two significant digits. Estimates represent incidence within the 48 contiguous U.S.b
                             Estimates of ozone-related premature mortality are based upon incidence estimates derived from several alternative studies: Bell 
                            *et al.*
                             (2004); Huang 
                            *et al.*
                             (2005); Schwartz (2005) ; Bell 
                            *et al.*
                             (2005); Ito 
                            *et al.*
                             (2005); Levy 
                            *et al.*
                             (2005). The estimates of ozone-related premature mortality should therefore not be summed.c
                             Respiratory hospital admissions for ozone include admissions for all respiratory causes and subcategories for COPD and pneumonia.
 C. Monetized Benefits Table VIII-5 presents the estimated monetary value of reductions in the incidence of ozone and PM2.5
                        -related health effects. All monetized estimates are stated in 2006$. These estimates account for growth in real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita between the present and the years 2020 and 2030. As the tables indicate, total benefits are driven primarily by the reduction in premature fatalities each year. Our estimate of total monetized benefits in 2020 for the coordinated strategy, using the ACS and Six-Cities PM mortality studies and the range of ozone mortality assumptions, is between $47 billion and $110 billion, assuming a 3 percent discount rate, or between $42 billion and $100 billion, assuming a 7 percent discount rate. In 2030, we estimate the monetized benefits to be between $110 billion and $280 billion, assuming a 3 percent discount rate, or between $100 billion and $260 billion, assuming a 7 percent discount rate. The monetized benefit associated with reductions in the risk of both ozone- and PM2.5
                        -related premature mortality ranges between 90 to 98 percent of total monetized health benefits, in part because we are unable to quantify a number of benefits categories (see Table VIII-2). These unquantified benefits may be substantial, although their magnitude is highly uncertain. 
 
  
 
  D. What Are the Limitations of the Benefits Analysis? Every benefit-cost analysis examining the potential effects of a change in environmental protection requirements is limited to some extent by data gaps, limitations in model capabilities (such as geographic coverage), and uncertainties in the underlying scientific and economic studies used to configure the benefit and cost models. Limitations of the scientific literature often result in the inability to estimate quantitative changes in health and environmental effects, such as potential increases in premature mortality associated with increased exposure to carbon monoxide. Deficiencies in the economics literature often result in the inability to assign economic values even to those health and environmental outcomes which can be quantified. These general uncertainties in the underlying scientific and economics literature, which can lead to valuations that are higher or lower, are discussed in detail in the draft RIA and its supporting references. Key uncertainties that have a bearing on the results of the benefit-cost analysis of the coordinated strategy include the following: The exclusion of potentially significant and unquantified benefit categories (such as health, odor, and ecological benefits of reduction in air toxics, ozone, and PM);
                    Errors in measurement and projection for variables such as population growth;
                    Uncertainties in the estimation of future year emissions inventories and air quality;
                    Uncertainty in the estimated relationships of health and welfare effects to changes in pollutant concentrations including the shape of the C-R function, the size of the effect estimates, and the relative toxicity of the many components of the PM mixture;
                    Uncertainties in exposure estimation; and
                    Uncertainties associated with the effect of potential future actions to limit emissions. As Table VIII-5 indicates, total benefits are driven primarily by the reduction in premature mortalities each year. Some key assumptions underlying the premature mortality estimates include the following, which may also contribute to uncertainty: Inhalation of fine particles is causally associated with premature death at concentrations near those experienced by most Americans on a daily basis. Although biological mechanisms for this effect have not yet been completely established, the weight of the available epidemiological, toxicological, and experimental evidence supports an assumption of causality. The impacts of including a probabilistic representation of causality were explored in the expert elicitation-based results of the PM NAAQS RIA.
                    All fine particles, regardless of their chemical composition, are equally potent in causing premature mortality. This is an important assumption, because PM produced via transported precursors emitted from marine engines may differ significantly from PM precursors released from electric generating units and other industrial sources. However, no clear scientific grounds exist for supporting differential effects estimates by particle type.
                    The C-R function for fine particles is approximately linear within the range of ambient concentrations under consideration. Thus, the estimates include health benefits from reducing fine particles in areas with varied concentrations of PM, including both regions that may be in attainment with PM2.5
                         standards and those that are at risk of not meeting the standards.
                    There is uncertainty in the magnitude of the association between ozone and premature mortality. The range of ozone benefits associated with the proposed strategy is estimated based on the risk of several sources of ozone-related mortality effect estimates. In a recent report on the estimation of ozone-related premature mortality published by the National Research Council, a panel of experts and reviewers concluded that short-term exposure to ambient ozone is likely to contribute to premature deaths and that ozone-related mortality should be included in estimates of the health benefits of reducing ozone exposure.[182]
                        
                         EPA has 
                        ( print page 44510)
                        requested advice from the National Academy of Sciences on how best to quantify uncertainty in the relationship between ozone exposure and premature mortality in the context of quantifying benefits. Emissions and air quality modeling decisions are made early in the analytical process. For this reason, the emission control scenarios used in the air quality and benefits modeling are slightly different than the coordinated strategy. The discrepancies impact the benefits analysis in three ways: The air quality modeling used for the 2020 scenarios is based on inventory estimates that were modeled using incorrect boundary information. We believe the impact of this difference, while modest, likely leads to a small underestimate of the benefits that are presented in this section. Please refer to the Chapter 3 of the draft RIA for more information on the emissions excluded from the health impacts analysis.
                    The 2020 air quality modeling scenarios do not include emission reductions associated with the implementation of global controls (set through IMO) beyond the assumed ECA boundary of 200 nautical miles (nm). Again, while we expect the impact of this difference is modest, the omission of these additional emission reductions likely leads to a small underestimate of the 2020 benefits presented in this section.
                    As described in Section II, the air quality modeling for the 2030 scenario reflects air quality impacts associated with an assumed ECA distance of 100 nm with global controls (set through IMO) beyond the ECA boundary. To estimate the 2030 benefits associated with a 200 nm ECA boundary, we transferred the relationship between modeled impacts between 100 nm and 200 nm ECA boundaries observed in 2020. For each health endpoint and associated valuation, we calculated a ratio based on the national-level estimate for the 200 nm and 100 nm scenario and applied that to the related 2030 100 nm estimate. For the final rulemaking, we plan to model the 2030 coordinated strategy to control ship emissions with a 200 nm boundary and global controls beyond. Despite the uncertainties described above, we believe this analysis provides a conservative estimate of the estimated economic benefits of the standards in future years because of the exclusion of potentially significant benefit categories that are not quantifiable at this time. Acknowledging benefits omissions and uncertainties, we present a best estimate of the total benefits based on our interpretation of the best available scientific literature and methods supported by EPA's technical peer review panel, the Science Advisory Board's Health Effects Subcommittee (SAB-HES). The National Academies of Science (NRC, 2002) has also reviewed EPA's methodology for analyzing the health benefits of measures taken to reduce air pollution. EPA addressed many of these comments in the analysis of the final PM NAAQS.[183]
                         [184]
                        
                         This analysis incorporates this most recent work to the extent possible. E. Comparison of Costs and Benefits This section presents the cost-benefit comparison related to the expected impacts of our coordinated strategy for ocean-going vessels. In estimating the net benefits of the coordinated strategy, the appropriate cost measure is `social costs.' Social costs represent the welfare costs of a rule to society and do not consider transfer payments (such as taxes) that are simply redistributions of wealth. For this analysis, we estimate that the social costs of the coordinated program are equivalent to the estimated compliance costs of the program. While vessel owners and operators will see their costs increase by the amount of those compliance costs, they are expected to pass them on in their entirety to consumers of marine transportation services in the form of increased freight rates. Ultimately, these costs will be borne by the final consumers of goods transported by ocean-going vessels in the form of higher prices for those goods. The social benefits of the coordinated strategy are represented by the monetized value of health and welfare improvements experienced by the U.S. population. Table VIII-6 contains the estimated social costs and the estimated monetized benefits of the coordinated strategy. The results in Table VIII-6 suggest that the 2020 monetized benefits of the coordinated strategy are greater than the expected costs. Specifically, the annual benefits of the total program will range between $47 to $110 billion annually in 2020 using a three percent discount rate, or between $42 to $100 billion assuming a 7 percent discount rate, compared to estimated social costs of approximately $1.9 billion in that same year. These benefits are expected to increase to between $110 and $280 billion annually in 2030 using a three percent discount rate, or between $100 and $260 billion assuming a 7 percent discount rate, while the social costs are estimated to be approximately $3.1 billion. Though there are a number of health and environmental effects associated with the coordinated strategy that we are unable to quantify or monetize (see Table VIII-2), the benefits of the coordinated strategy far outweigh the projected costs. Using a conservative benefits estimate, the 2020 benefits outweigh the costs by a factor of 22. Using the upper end of the benefits range, the benefits could outweigh the costs by a factor of 58. Likewise, in 2030 benefits outweigh the costs by at least a factor of 32 and could be as much as a factor of 90. Thus, even taking the most conservative benefits assumptions, benefits of the coordinated strategy clearly outweigh the costs. Table VIII-6—Summary of Annual Benefits and Costs Associated with a Coordinated U.S. Strategy To Control Ship Emissions a
[Millions of 2006 dollars]
Description
2020
2030Total Estimated Costs b
$1,900
$3,100.Total Estimated Health Benefits c, d, e, f3 percent discount rate
$47,000 to $110,000
$110,000 to $280,000.7 percent discount rate
$42,000 to $100,000
$100,000 to $260,000.Annual Net Benefits (Total Benefits—Total Costs)3 percent discount rate
$45,000 to $110,000
$110,000 to $280,000.( print page 44511)7 percent discount rate
$40,000 to $98,000
$97,000 to $260,000.**Notes:**a
                             All estimates represent annual benefits and costs anticipated for the years 2020 and 2030. Totals are rounded to two significant digits and may not sum due to rounding.b
                             The calculation of annual costs does not require amortization of costs over time. Therefore, the estimates of annual cost do not include a discount rate or rate of return assumption (see Chapter 7 of the draft RIA). In Chapter 7, however, we use both a 3 percent and 7 percent social discount rate to calculate the net present value of total social costs consistent with EPA and OMB guidelines for preparing economic analyses.c
                             Total includes ozone and PM2.5
                             benefits. Range was developed by adding the estimate from the Bell 
                            *et al.,*
                             2005 ozone premature mortality function to PM2.5
                            -related premature mortality derived from the ACS (Pope 
                            *et al.,*
                             2002) and Six-Cities (Laden 
                            *et al.*, 2006) studies.d
                             Annual benefits analysis results reflect the use of a 3 percent and 7 percent discount rate in the valuation of premature mortality and nonfatal myocardial infarctions, consistent with EPA and OMB guidelines for preparing economic analyses.e
                             Valuation of premature mortality based on long-term PM exposure assumes discounting over the SAB recommended 20-year segmented lag structure described in the Regulatory Impact Analysis for the Final Clean Air  Interstate Rule (March, 2005).f
                             Not all possible benefits or disbenefits are quantified and monetized in this analysis. Potential benefit categories that have not been quantified and monetized are listed in Table VIII-2.
 IX. Alternative Program Options EPA's coordinated strategy to control emissions from ocean-going vessels consists of a number of components including Clean Air Act standards for Category 3 engines and designation of an ECA for U.S. coasts through amendment to MARPOL Annex VI. The coordinated strategy will ensure that all ships operating within 200 nautical miles of U.S. coasts meet the most stringent NOX
                         standards and fuel sulfur limits by 2015 (fuel sulfur) and 2016 (engine NOX). The air quality and benefits analysis we performed for the coordinated strategy suggests that substantial human health and environmental benefits can be obtained from additional reductions in emissions from ocean-going vessels, and many stakeholders have expressed a desire for additional NOX
                         reductions from OGV in earlier years, prior to the effective dates for the Tier 2 and Tier 3 NOX
                         limits. As described in Section I, above, EPA has a number of port initiatives under our National Clean Diesel Campaign to reduce emissions from this sector. These include recognition for efforts by port authorities and their customers to reduce emissions from OGV through a variety of efforts, grants under the Energy Policy Act of 2005 Diesel Emissions Reduction Program to electrify piers and repower C1 and C2 marine vessels, and grants under the Clean Air Act to demonstrate sea water scrubbers and to provide incentives to ship operators to use lower sulfur fuels.[185]
                        
                         EPA has also sponsored a number of workshops and conferences focused on exchanging technical information about emissions reduction techniques for ships (Clean Ships Conference in San Diego in 2007, Faster Freight meetings on East and West coasts, and up-coming workshop with MARAD). EPA welcomes comment on ways in which the NCDC can be improved through ideas such as incentives (including financing schemes) to facilitate faster introduction of cleaner fuels and engine technologies, eco-speed programs, and adoption of other emission reduction methods that can be used on a vessel-specific or port-specific basis. In addition, we evaluated several programmatic alternatives including mandating the use of shoreside power in our CAA program, pulling the effective date of the CAA Tier 3 standards ahead, and various options for addressing emissions from existing engines. We also considered action under the Clean Air Act to apply the Tier 3 standards to foreign vessels that operate in the United States. However, as explained in more detail in Section V.D, foreign vessels will be required to comply with the Annex VI NOX
                         and fuel sulfur limits through U.S. ECA designation and therefore it is unnecessary to take action under the Act at this time. The remainder of this section presents a summary of our analysis of these alternative control scenarios. We are interested in comments on each of these programmatic alternatives. A. Mandatory Cold Ironing Requirement To provide earlier air quality benefits, some commenters suggested adopting earlier Tier 3 NOX
                         standards and fuel sulfur limits, requiring standards for existing engines, and/or requiring the use of shoreside power while ships are at dock (called “cold-ironing”). Shoreside power is an effective way to reduce emissions from ships while they are at berth. The U.S. Navy is a pioneer and has used cold-ironing successfully for many years. However, to be successful, this strategy requires changes to both the ship and the port. First, the ship must be equipped to use shore power through changes to its equipment and electrical systems. The IMO, working with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), is currently developing harmonized requirements for these systems, and we believe it would be more effective for EPA to consider requiring such systems once the technology is better defined.[186]
                        
                         Second, the port terminal must ensure that the electricity is available at the berths. This is a significant barrier to the adoption of shoreside power on a national basis. However, some port authorities already require cold-ironing for frequent-calling vessels and are pursuing additional reductions from shoreside port equipment. The Ports of Los Angeles, Long Beach, Seattle, and Tacoma are among those with cold-ironing programs. EPA is working with East Coast ports to develop plans for shoreside power as part of port development plans. B. Earlier Adoption of CAA Tier 3 Standards We considered a programmatic alternative that would pull ahead the CAA Tier 3 NOX
                         standard from 2016 to 2014. This would require engine manufacturers to apply SCR two years earlier than they would be required to under the MARPOL Annex VI program. This option presents serious technical feasibility challenges. Beginning in 2011, manufacturers will be introducing 
                        ( print page 44512)
                        new engine-based technologies to meet the Tier 2 standards. We believe that these new NOX
                        -reducing technologies and emission control approaches will also be the basis for Tier 3 engine designs. It will be necessary for manufacturers to design, develop, and validate these engine-based technologies before they can be used in conjunction with exhaust aftertreatment or additional engine-based technologies required to meet Tier 3 standards. Once these Tier 2 technologies are mature and well-understood, they can be further refined and developed for use with the additional NOX
                         control technologies. The original five-year period between Tier 2 and Tier 3 was deemed challenging but feasible for engine manufacturers to design the Tier 3 engines and incorporate those engines into new vessel designs. For this reason, we do not believe it is technically feasible to advance the Tier 3 standards for new engines earlier. Nevertheless, if such an alternative were feasible, we can estimate the inventory benefits associated with those earlier NOX
                         reductions. Cumulative NOX
                         emission reductions for the period 2014 to 2023 as a result of the coordinated strategy presented in this 
                        **Federal Register**
                         notice are estimated to be 3 million short tons NOX
                         reduction beyond the Tier 1 standards (Table IX-1). Introducing the CAA Tier 3 standards two years earlier than proposed would affect only U.S. vessels and would reduce an additional 0.07 million short tons of reduction of NOX
                         beyond our coordinated strategy through 2023. The method we used to estimate these inventory impacts are presented in the draft RIA, Appendix 3B. Table IX-1—Comparison of NOX
                             Reductions Through 2023 With Adoption of CAA Tier 3 in 2016 Versus 2014
Scenario
NOX
                                 Emissions through 2023
                                 (short tons)Base Case
                                 
                                    (Tier 1 only NO
                                    X
                                     standards)
10,494,636Primary Case
                                 
                                    (2016 NO
                                    X
                                     standards)
7,515,389Alternative 1
                                 
                                    (2014 NO
                                    X
                                     standards for U.S. Vessels)
7,444,866
 Due to the technical concerns described above, our review of this alternative leads us to conclude that advancing the introduction of the Tier 3 NOX
                         standards is not a feasible way to improve 2023 NOX
                         reductions and could create significant problems for implementation of the overall coordinated strategy. Nevertheless, we request comment on this alternative and whether it could be modified to improve its feasibility. C. Standards for Existing Engines We examined a third programmatic alternative, including improvements in NOX
                         emissions from pre-2016 engines. A control program for existing engines would help many areas, notably the South Coast of California, to achieve their ozone and PM NAAQS goals through Category 3 engine NOX
                         reductions sooner than fleet turnover would allow. In this section we describe several methods to control emissions from existing engines. We request comment on all aspects of these alternatives. (1) Clean Air Act Remanufacturing Program Our recently-finalized emission control program for marine diesel engines up to 30 liters per cylinder displacement includes standards that will apply to existing engines at the time they are remanufactured (73 FR 25098, May 6, 2008, at 25130). In that program, we define “new marine engine” to include an engine that has been remanufactured, which is defined as replacement of all cylinder liners, either in one event or over a five-year period. Vessel owners/operators and engine rebuilders who remanufacture those engines would be required to use a certified remanufacture system when an engine is remanufactured if such a certified system is available; if there is no certified kit, there is no requirement until the time of the next remanufacture event. The program applies to engines with maximum engine power greater than 600 kW and manufactured in 1973 or later, through Tier 2 (2012-14, depending on engine size). A certified marine remanufacture system must achieve a 25 percent reduction in PM emissions compared to the engine's measured baseline emissions level without increasing NOX
                         emissions. The program, which is similar to locomotive remanufacture program, was possible to adopt under the Clean Air Act because many commercial Category 1 and 2 engines undergo periodic full like-new rebuilds to ensure their dependability by returning the engine to as-new condition. Many manufacturers provide guidance for a full rebuild to as-new condition, which might include replacing piston rings, heads, bearings, and gear train/camshaft as well as piston liners. Based on discussions with engine manufacturers, we determined that replacing all cylinder liners is a simple and clear indicator that the servicing being done is extensive enough for the engine to be considered functionally equivalent to a freshly manufactured engine, both mechanically and in terms of how it is used. Therefore, we defined remanufacture as the removal and replacement of all cylinder liners, either during a single maintenance event or over a five-year period. Marine diesel engines are not considered to be remanufactured if the rebuilding process falls short of this definition (
                        *i.e.,*
                         the cylinder liners are removed and replaced over more than a five-year period). We do not think it is possible to adopt a similar program for Category 3 engines at this time. Even though Category 3 engines may remain in the fleet for several decades, they are not maintained in the same way as Category 1 or Category 2 engines. Category 3 engines are very large, with cylinder sizes of 90 liters not uncommon. Maintenance for these engines is very different than that for Category 1 or Category 2 engines. Specifically, piston liners, as well as other engine components, are not replaced unless there is a catastrophic failure. Our analysis of available information suggests that cylinder liners for engines this large are inspected based on hours of operation, with the standard interval being about 6,000 to 12,000 hours for engines operating on residual fuel and up to 25,000 hours for engines operating on distillate fuel. 
                        ( print page 44513)
                        Engine manufacturers specify how this inspection is to be performed. Typically, the liner is inspected, measured, dressed, honed or replaced if beyond specifications. As each cylinder has individual wear characteristics, the complete engine liner replacement is not normally done on all cylinders at one time, since this would be much more expensive than the maintenance according to the manufacturer specifications. If there is an extended drydock, it is possible that a ship owner may take advantage of this time to inspect and work on several or all cylinders, but it is doubtful that a complete cylinder liner replacement would be done due to the expense. These engines are an integral part of the vessel design, and it would be difficult to replace the cylinder liners if it is not absolutely necessary. Other maintenance occurs on a cylinder-specific basis and is not comprehensive enough to return the engine to as-new condition. Finally, engine manufacturers have informed us that these engines are built to last, with most vessels being scrapped before the engine is worn out. Operating at lower speeds (130 rpm) also reduces wear on the cylinders. Based on the above information and because there is no specific maintenance action common to all Category 3 engines that (1) would return an engine to as-new condition and (2) could be used to identify engines as being remanufactured and therefore “new,” we conclude it is not possible to extend the marine remanufacture program to Category 3 engines at this time. (2) MARPOL Annex VI Existing Engine Program MARPOL Annex VI has two sets of NOX
                         provisions that apply to existing engines. These requirements will apply to engines on U.S. vessels through the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships and are briefly described in this section. In addition to these NOX
                         requirements, MARPOL Annex VI will provide significant PM reductions from existing vessels through its fuel sulfur requirements, particularly in a U.S. ECA. These PM benefits are described elsewhere in this 
                        **Federal Register**
                         notice. First, Annex VI requires any engine above 130 kW that undergoes a major conversion to comply with the standards that are in effect at the time that major conversion takes place. Major conversion means the engine is replaced by a non-identical engine, an engine is added to the vessel, the engine's maximum continuous rating is increased by more than 10 percent, or the engine undergoes any modification that would increase its emissions. Second, the recent amendments to Annex VI add a provision that requires all engines at or above 90 liters per cylinder displacement and above 5,000 kW that were built between 1990 through 1999 to comply with the Tier I NOX
                         limits if there is a certified Approved Method (remanufacture system) for that engine. This kit-based approach is similar to our domestic program except it is triggered solely by the existence of a certified remanufacture system and does not also require a specific remanufacture event (
                        *i.e.,*
                         replacing all cylinder liners either all at once or within a period of five years). The Tier 1 NOX
                         limits are appropriate for this group of engines because they often are based on the same or a similar engine platform as the Tier 1 engines and the emission control techniques that apply to Tier 1 engines should also be applicable to many of the pre-Tier 1 engines. Pre-1990 engines were excluded from this program because their base engine platforms can be very different from Tier 1 engines; because many of the original engine manufacturers of these engines are no longer in business; and because the population of these engines is expected to be too small in 2010 to warrant emission controls. Engine manufacturers are expected to begin certifying Approved Methods when the Annex amendments go into force in July 2010; owners will be required to install the kits at the time of the first renewal survey that occurs 12 months after the kit is certified. The combination of the Annex VI existing engine program to reduce NOX
                         emissions from very large Category 3 engines and the Annex VI fuel sulfur program will significantly reduce NOX
                         and PM emissions from existing vessels. Because these requirements will apply to Category 3 engines on U.S. and foreign vessels through APPS, it is not necessary to adopt these same requirements under our Clean Air Act authority to protect U.S. air quality or to implement Annex VI. (3) Voluntary Marine Verification Program We are considering a programmatic alternative to encourage additional NOX
                         reductions from Category 3 engines on ocean-going vessels. In combination with state or local incentives, this program would provide incentives for owners to achieve, on a voluntary basis, greater emission reductions earlier than required for new Category 3 engines, and to retrofit existing Category 3 engines with more advanced NOX
                         emission control technologies. In this approach, States, localities, and ports would encourage vessel owners to participate in this program through specially-designed incentive plans. This would allow States, localities, and ports the flexibility to tailor use of the program to their specific needs. To facilitate such state or local programs, EPA would set up a voluntary Marine Verification Program as an extension of our current diesel retrofit program. Under this program, we would provide a verification, based on simplified emission testing, for any vessel owner who provides data to show that the Category 3 propulsion engines on the relevant vessel achieve a more stringent tier of NOX
                         limits, Tier 2 or Tier 3, than otherwise applies to those engines. While verification would not be equivalent to EPA certification (the base engine certification would remain the same), it would provide assurance to the states and localities that adopt such programs that the emission reductions are occurring. The test methods used to make this demonstration would be the same as those that would be used to comply with the production testing requirements for new engines (see Section VI.A.1.d, above). The verification could be periodically reviewed to ensure the engine continues to meet the verified emission levels. This could occur at the time of the vessel certification surveys required by MARPOL Annex VI, either the intermediate survey (every two and a half years) or the renewal survey (every five years). The voluntary Marine Verification Program would be available to Category 3 propulsion engines on new or existing vessels, and would be based on achieving the Tier 2 or Tier 3 NOX
                         limits and not on a percent reduction from a baseline. Owners could achieve these NOX
                         limits by adjusting the engine, retrofitting engine components, or retrofitting with an aftertreatment device. However, we would not consider an exhaust gas scrubber to be an acceptable control strategy for reducing NOX
                         emissions (see Section V.C.2.b, above). Unlike a remanufacture program, which relies on the certification of remanufacture systems that would apply to all specified engines, the Marine Verification Program would apply to Category 3 propulsion engines on a vessel-specific basis. It would be up to the individual vessel owner to determine how to reduce the NOX
                         emissions from the engines on a vessel, and to demonstrate, per the testing 
                        ( print page 44514)
                        protocols outlined above, that the relevant engines achieve the more stringent NOX
                         limit. Note that an engine verification would not create the presumption that a verified retrofit constitutes a remanufacture system or Certified Approved Method that must be applied to all engines of the same model. However, we seek comment on whether there are ways to approve groups of engine in a verification to reduce the cost of the program by spreading design costs over more engines. Participation in the Marine Verification Program would be completely voluntary: no state, locality, or port authority would be required to adopt this program, and no vessel owner would be required to retrofit a NOX
                         emission control technology. We request comment on whether such a voluntary program would be beneficial to states and localities that seek earlier NOX
                         reductions, and whether port authorities would take advantage of it in the context of various incentive programs. We also seek comment on how such a program could be applied in the context of the MARPOL Annex VI requirements for major conversions. Specifically, Regulation 13 of Annex VI requires that an engine that undergoes a major conversion be certified to the NOX
                         limits in effect at the time of the major conversion. A major conversion is defined as replacing an existing engine or adding an engine to a vessel, increasing the maximum continuous power of a vessel by more than ten percent, or by substantially modifying an engine. The NOX
                         Technical Code defines substantial modification as any modification that “could potentially cause the engine to exceed” the Regulation 13 NOX
                         limits. The NOX
                         Technical Code further specifies that, in the case of engines installed on vessels constructed before January 1, 2000, the impact on emissions must be shown by an emissions test. We do not think that participation in a Voluntary Marine Verification Program would trigger these requirements since ships would not be making adjustments that would increase emissions. However, we seek comment on whether they imply that a Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS)-based emission measurement should not be used and the simplified measurement methods contained in the NOX
                         Technical Code should be used instead in order to be in compliance with Annex VI and the NOX
                         Technical Code. If the latter is the case, we also seek comment on the cost of such emission measurement. We seek comment on how the MARPOL Annex VI documentation for an engine, including its technical file, would need to be adjusted for a verified engine. We also seek comment on how this program would apply to foreign-flagged vessels. Specifically, if the Substantial Modification provisions of the NOX
                         Technical Code are triggered by the Voluntary Marine Verification Program, it could also be necessary that vessels built before 2000 obtain an Engine International Air Pollution Prevention certificate from its flag state Administration. The ship could also be required to obtain and maintain the documentation that goes with it (Engine Technical File, Record Book of Engine Parameters). EPA would not be able to re-issue an EIAPP for vessels not flagged in the United States. It would be up to participating vessel owners to obtain a new EIAPP or a revised EIAPP from their flag Administration. We seek comment on whether this would prevent owners from participating in the program. X. Public Participation We request comment on all aspects of the emission control program that we are proposing under the CAA. This section describes how you can participate in this process. A. How Do I Submit Comments? We are opening a formal comment period by publishing this document. We will accept comments during the period indicated in the 
                        **DATES**
                         section at the beginning of this document. If you have an interest in the proposed emission control program described in this document, we encourage you to comment on any aspect of this rulemaking. We also request comment on specific topics with respect to our CAA proposal identified throughout this document. Your comments will be most useful if you include appropriate and detailed supporting rationale, data, and analysis. Commenters are especially encouraged to provide specific suggestions for any changes to any aspect of the regulations that they believe need to be modified or improved. You should send all comments, except those containing proprietary information, to our Air Docket (see 
                        **ADDRESSES**
                         located at the beginning of this document) before the end of the comment period. You may submit comments electronically, by mail, or through hand delivery/courier. To ensure proper receipt by EPA, identify the appropriate docket identification number in the subject line on the first page of your comment. Please ensure that your comments are submitted within the specified comment period. Comments received after the close of the comment period will be marked “late.” EPA is not required to consider these late comments. If you wish to submit Confidential Business Information (CBI) or information that is otherwise protected by statute, please follow the instructions in Section X.B. B. How Should I Submit CBI to the Agency? Do not submit information that you consider to be CBI electronically through the electronic public docket, 
                        *http://www.regulations.gov,*
                         or by e-mail. Send or deliver information identified as CBI only to the following address: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Assessment and Standards Division, 2000 Traverwood Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, Attention Docket ID EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-0121. You may claim information that you submit to EPA as CBI by marking any part or all of that information as CBI (if you submit CBI on disk or CD ROM, mark the outside of the disk or CD ROM as CBI and then identify electronically within the disk or CD ROM the specific information that is CBI). Information so marked will not be disclosed except in accordance with procedures set forth in 40 CFR part 2. In addition to one complete version of the comment that includes any information claimed as CBI, a copy of the comment that does not contain the information claimed as CBI must be submitted for inclusion in the public docket. If you submit the copy that does not contain CBI on disk or CD ROM, mark the outside of the disk or CD ROM clearly that it does not contain CBI. Information not marked as CBI will be included in the public docket without prior notice. If you have any questions about CBI or the procedures for claiming CBI, please consult the person identified in the 
                        **FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT**
                         section at the beginning of this document. C. Will There Be a Public Hearing? We intend to hold two public hearings, one in the New York area and one in the Los Angeles area. We will publish information about the hearings on our Website, 
                        *http://www.epa.gov/​otaq/​oceanvessels.htm.* If you would like to present testimony at the public hearings, we ask that you notify the contact person listed under 
                        **FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT**
                         at least ten days before the hearing. You should estimate the time you will need for your presentation and identify any needed audio/visual equipment. We 
                        ( print page 44515)
                        suggest that you bring copies of your statement or other material for the EPA panel and the audience. It would also be helpful if you send us a copy of your statement or other materials before the hearing. We will make a tentative schedule for the order of testimony based on the notifications we receive. This schedule will be available on the morning of the hearing. In addition, we will reserve a block of time for anyone else in the audience who wants to give testimony. We will conduct the hearing informally, and technical rules of evidence will not apply. We will arrange for a written transcript of the hearing and keep the official record of the hearing open for 30 days to allow you to submit supplementary information. You may make arrangements for copies of the transcript directly with the court reporter. D. Comment Period The comment period for this rule will end on September 28, 2009. E. What Should I Consider as I Prepare My Comments for EPA? You may find the following suggestions helpful for preparing your comments: Explain your views as clearly as possible.
                    Describe any assumptions that you used.
                    Provide any technical information and/or data you used that support your views.
                    If you estimate potential burden or costs, explain how you arrived at your estimate.
                    Provide specific examples to illustrate your concerns.
                    Offer alternatives.
                    Make sure to submit your comments by the comment period deadline identified.
                    To ensure proper receipt by EPA, identify the appropriate docket identification number in the subject line on the first page of your response. It would also be helpful if you provided the name, date, and**Federal Register**
                         citation related to your comments. XI. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews As explained in Section I.A, the program we are proposing is part of a coordinated strategy to address emissions from ocean-going vessels. That coordinated strategy includes, among other actions, the combination the global Tier 2 NOX
                         standards included in the amendments to Annex VI and the ECA Tier 3 NOX
                         limits and fuel sulfur limits that will apply when the U.S. coasts are designated as an ECA through an additional amendment to Annex VI. These engine and fuel standards will be enforceable for all vessels, U.S. and foreign, operating in the United States through the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships. Because the coordinated strategy in its entirety is economically significant (see cost analysis in Section V), the components we are adopting in this rule (engine controls for Category 3 engines on U.S. vessels under our Clean Air Act program, as required by section 213 of the Act that are identical to the MARPOL Annex VI NOX
                         limits; limits on hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions for Category 3 engines; PM measurement requirement; changes to our Clean Air Act diesel fuel program to allow production and sale of ECA-compliant fuel; changes to our emission control program for smaller marine diesel engines to harmonize with the Annex VI NOX
                         requirements, for U.S. vessels that operate internationally) may also be considered to be economically significant. A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory Planning and Review Under Executive Order (EO) 12866 (58 FR 51735, October 4, 1993), this action is a “significant regulatory action” because it raises novel legal or policy issues due to the international nature of the use of Category 3 marine diesel engines. Accordingly, EPA submitted this action to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for review under EO 12866 and any changes made in response to OMB recommendations have been documented in the docket for this action. In addition, EPA prepared an analysis of the potential costs and benefits associated with our coordinated strategy for controlling emissions from ocean-going vessels. While the costs of the coordinated strategy are “significant,” the costs of the CAA program described in this proposal are minimal, as explained above in the introduction to this section. This analysis is contained in the draft Regulatory Impact Analysis that was prepared, and is available in the docket for this rulemaking and at the docket Internet address listed under 
                        **ADDRESSES**
                         above. B. Paperwork Reduction Act The information collection requirements in this proposed rule have been submitted for approval to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) under the Paperwork Reduction Act, 44 U.S.C. 3501 
                        *et seq.*
                         The Information Collection Request (ICR) document prepared by EPA has been assigned EPA ICR Number 2345.01. Section 208(a) of the Clean Air Act requires that manufacturers provide information the Administrator may reasonably require to determine compliance with the regulations; submission of the information is therefore mandatory. We will consider confidential all information meeting the requirements of section 208(c) of the Clean Air Act. Recordkeeping and reporting requirements for manufacturers would be pursuant to the authority of section 208 of the Clean Air Act. The data we require in this ICR is necessary to comply with Title II of the Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990. The Act directs us to adopt regulations for nonroad engines if we determine those engines contribute significantly to air pollution in the U.S. Now that we have made this determination, the Act directs us to set emission standards for any category of nonroad engines that contribute to air quality nonattainment in two or more areas in the U.S. We can only meet the requirements of the Act by collecting data from the regulated industry. Also, we will only have an effective program if we know that these engines maintain their certified emission level throughout their operating lives. The burden for certification testing is generally based on conducting two engine tests for each engine family, then using that test data for several years. The manufacturer's application for certification involves an extensive effort the first year, followed by relatively little effort in subsequent years. We estimate that manufacturers will conduct new certification testing every five years; the costs have been estimated on an annual average basis. In addition to testing, manufacturers must prepare the application for certification and maintain appropriate records. We have estimated the cost of these combined activities, which include engineering and clerical effort, to be about $20,000 for each Category 3 marine diesel engine per certification cycle. As with the testing costs, we are presenting annual average costs. The burden for production-line testing is based on an industry-wide calculation. Rebuilders, including operators of marine vessels with Category 3 engines, must keep records as needed to show that rebuilt engines continue to meet emission standards, consistent with the manufacturer's original design. In addition, owners and operators of marine vessels with Category 3 engines must record information about their location when rebuilding engines or 
                        ( print page 44516)
                        making other adjustments and send minimal annual notification to EPA to show that engine maintenance and adjustments have not caused engines to be noncompliant. Burden is defined at 5 CFR 1320.3(b). An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. The OMB control numbers for EPA's regulations in 40 CFR are listed in 40 CFR part 9. To comment on the Agency's need for this information, the accuracy of the provided burden estimates, and any suggested methods for minimizing respondent burden, EPA has established a public docket for this rule, which includes this ICR, under Docket ID number EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-0121. Submit any comments related to the ICR to EPA and OMB. See the 
                        **ADDRESSES**
                         section at the beginning of this notice for where to submit comments to EPA. Send comments to OMB at the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget, 725 17th Street, NW., Washington, DC 20503, Attention: Desk Office for EPA. Since OMB is required to make a decision concerning the ICR between 30 and 60 days after August 28, 2009, a comment to OMB is best assured of having its full effect if OMB receives it by September 28, 2009. The final rule will respond to any OMB or public comments on the information collection requirements contained in this proposal. C. Regulatory Flexibility Act The Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) generally requires an agency to prepare a regulatory flexibility analysis of any rule subject to notice and comment rulemaking requirements under the Administrative Procedure Act or any other statute unless the agency certifies that the rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. Small entities include small businesses, small organizations, and small governmental jurisdictions. For purposes of assessing the impacts of this rule on small entities, small entity is defined as: (1) A small business that is primarily engaged in manufacture of large diesel marine engines as defined by NAICS code 333618 with 1,000 or fewer employees (based on Small Business Administration size standards) or a small business primarily engaged in the shipbuilding and repairing as defined by NAICS code 336611 with 1,000 or fewer employees (based on Small Business Administration size standards); (2) a small governmental jurisdiction that is a government of a city, county, town, school district or special district with a population of less than 50,000; and (3) a small organization that is any not-for-profit enterprise which is independently owned and operated and is not dominant in its field. After considering the economic impacts of today's proposed rule on small entities, I certify that this action will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. This proposed rule will not impose any requirements on small entities. There are no small entities in this regulated industry. We continue to be interested in the potential impacts of the proposed rule on small entities and welcome comments on issues related to such impacts. D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act This rule does not contain a Federal mandate that may result in expenditures of $100 million or more for State, local, and tribal governments, in the aggregate, or the private sector in any one year. While the costs of the coordinated strategy exceed the $100 million per year threshold for the private sector, the costs of the components of that strategy that are the subject of this rule are less than $100 million per year, as explained in the introduction to this section and in Section VII. Therefore, this action is not subject to the requirements of Sections 202 or 205 of the UMRA. This action is also not subject to the requirements of Section 203 of UMRA because it contains no regulatory requirements that might significantly or uniquely affect small governments. E. Executive Order 13132: Federalism Executive Order 13132, entitled “Federalism” (64 FR 43255, August 10, 1999), requires EPA to develop an accountable process to ensure “meaningful and timely input by State and local officials in the development of regulatory policies that have federalism implications.” “Policies that have federalism implications” is defined in the Executive Order to include regulations that have “substantial direct effects on the States, on the relationship between the national government and the States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government.” This proposed rule does not have federalism implications. It will not have substantial direct effects on the States, on the relationship between the national government and the States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government, as specified in Executive Order 13132. The proposed rule will be implemented at the Federal level and impose compliance obligations only on private industry. Thus, Executive Order 13132 does not apply to this rule. Although Section 6 of Executive Order 13132 does not apply to this rule, EPA did consult with representatives of various State and local governments in developing this rule. EPA consulted with representatives from the National Association of Clean Air Agencies (NACAA, formerly STAPPA/ALAPCO), the Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM), and the California Air Resources Board (CARB). In the spirit of Executive Order 13132, and consistent with EPA policy to promote communications between EPA and State and local governments, EPA specifically solicits comment on this proposed rule from State and local officials. F. Executive Order 13175: Consultation and Coordination With Indian Tribal Governments This proposed rule does not have tribal implications, as specified in Executive Order 13175 (65 FR 67249, November 9, 2000). The rule will be implemented at the Federal level and impose compliance costs only on manufacturers of marine engines and marine vessels. Tribal governments will be affected only to the extent they purchase and use the regulated engines and vehicles. Thus, Executive Order 13175 does not apply to this action. G. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children From Environmental Health and Safety Risks This action is not subject to EO 13045 (62 FR 19885, April 23, 1997) because it is not economically significant as defined in EO 12866. While the costs of the coordinated strategy are “significant,” the costs of the CAA program described in this proposal are minimal, as explained above in the introduction to this section. The health and risk assessments associated with the coordinated strategy for controlling emissions from ocean-going vessels are contained in Section II.A of the preamble and Chapter 2 of the draft RIA, which has been placed in the public docket under Docket ID number EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-0121. The public is invited to submit or identify peer-reviewed studies and data, of which EPA may not be aware, that assessed results of early life exposure to the pollutants addressed by this proposed rule.
                        ( print page 44517) H. Executive Order 13211: Actions That Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use Executive Order 13211, “Actions Concerning Regulations That Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use” (66 FR 28355 (May 22, 2001)), requires EPA to prepare and submit a Statement of Energy Effects to the Administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget, for certain actions identified as “significant energy actions.” Section 4(b) of Executive Order 13211 defines “significant energy actions” as “any action by an agency (normally published in the 
                        **Federal Register**
                        ) that promulgates or is expected to lead to the promulgation of a final rule or regulation, including notices of inquiry, advance notices of proposed rulemaking, and notices of proposed rulemaking: (1)(i) That is a significant regulatory action under Executive Order 12866 or any successor order, and (ii) is likely to have a significant adverse effect on the supply, distribution, or use of energy; or (2) that is designated by the Administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs as a significant energy action.” We have prepared a Statement of Energy Effects for this action as follows. This rule's potential effects on energy supply, distribution, or use have been analyzed and are discussed in detail in Section 4.6 of the RIA. In summary, while we project that this rule would result in an energy effect that exceeds the 10,000 barrel per day change in crude oil production threshold noted in E.O. 13211, this rule does not significantly affect the energy use, production, or distribution beyond what is required by Annex VI of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships. I. National Technology Transfer Advancement Act Section 12(d) of the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 (“NTTAA”), Public Law 104-113, 12(d) (15 U.S.C. 272 note) directs EPA to use voluntary consensus standards in its regulatory activities unless to do so would be inconsistent with applicable law or otherwise impractical. Voluntary consensus standards are technical standards (
                        *e.g.*, materials specifications, test methods, sampling procedures, and business practices) that are developed or adopted by voluntary consensus standards bodies. The NTTAA directs EPA to provide Congress, through OMB, explanations when the Agency decides not to use available and applicable voluntary consensus standards. The proposed rulemaking involves technical standards. Therefore, the Agency conducted a search to identify potentially applicable voluntary consensus standards. The International Organization for Standardization has a voluntary consensus standard that can be used to test engines. However, the test procedures in this proposal reflect a level of development that goes substantially beyond the ISO or other published procedures. The proposed procedures incorporate new specifications for steady-state emission measurements and measuring emissions using field-testing procedures. The procedures we adopt in this rule will form the working template for ISO and national and state governments to define test procedures for measuring engine emissions. As such, we have worked extensively with the representatives of other governments, testing organizations, and the affected industries. EPA welcomes comments on this aspect of the proposed rulemaking and, specifically, invites the public to identify potentially-applicable voluntary consensus standards and to explain why such standards should be used in this regulation. J. Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions To Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations Executive Order (EO) 12898 (59 FR 7629 (Feb. 16, 1994)) establishes Federal executive policy on environmental justice. Its main provision directs Federal agencies, to the greatest extent practicable and permitted by law, to make environmental justice part of their mission by identifying and addressing, as appropriate, disproportionately high and adverse human health or environmental effects of their programs, policies, and activities on minority populations and low-income populations in the United States. EPA has determined that this proposed rule will not have disproportionately high and adverse human health or environmental effects on minority or low-income populations because it increases the level of environmental protection for all affected populations without having any disproportionately high and adverse human health or environmental effects on any population, including any minority or low-income population. Together, this proposed rule which addresses emissions from domestic-flagged vessels and the joint U.S./Canada ECA application to the IMO which addresses emissions from foreign-flagged vessels (referred to as the “coordinated strategy”) will achieve significant reductions of various emissions from Category 3 marine diesel engines, including NOX, SOX, and direct PM. Exposure to these pollutants raises concerns regarding environmental health for the U.S. population in general including the minority populations and low-income populations that are the focus of the environmental justice executive order. The emission reductions from the new standards in the coordinated strategy will have large beneficial effects on communities in proximity to port, harbor, and waterway locations, including low-income and minority communities. In addition to exhaust emission standards for freshly manufactured and remanufactured engines, the coordinated strategy, if finalized, would further reduce emissions from regulated engines that directly impact low-income and minority communities. EPA recently updated its initial screening-level analysis of selected marine port areas to better understand the populations, including minority and low-income populations, that are exposed to diesel PM emission sources from these facilities.[187, 188]
                         This screening-level analysis is an inexact tool and should only be considered for illustrative purposes to help understand potential impacts. The analysis included all emission sources as well as ocean-going marine diesel engines, and focused on a representative selection of national marine ports (45 ports total).[189, 190]
                         Considering only ocean-going marine engine diesel PM emissions, the results indicate that 6.5 million people are exposed to ambient diesel PM levels that are 2.0 μg/m3
                         and 0.2 μg/m3
                         above levels found in areas further from these facilities. This population includes a disproportionate 
                        ( print page 44518)
                        number of low-income households, African-Americans, and Hispanics. The results from all emission sources show that nearly 18 million people are exposed to higher levels of diesel PM from all sources at the marine port areas than urban background levels. Because those living in the vicinity of marine ports are more likely to be low-income households and minority residents, these populations would receive a significant benefit from the combined coordinated strategy. See Section VIII of this preamble and Chapter 6 of the draft RIA for a discussion on the benefits of this rule, including the benefits to minority and low-income communities. XII. Statutory Provisions and Legal Authority Statutory authority for the controls in this final rule can be found in sections 203-209, 211, 213 (which specifically authorizes controls on emissions from nonroad engines and vehicles), 216, and 301 of the Clean Air Act (CAA), 42 U.S.C. 7414, 7522, 7523, 7424, 7525, 7541, 7542, 7543, 7545, 7547, 7550, and 7601. List of Subjects 40 CFR Part 80 Environmental protection
Administrative practice and procedure
Air pollution control
Confidential business information
Diesel Fuel
Fuel Additives
Imports
Labeling
Penalties
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements 40 CFR Part 85 Confidential business information
Imports
Labeling
Motor vehicle pollution
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements
Research
Warranties 40 CFR Part 86 Environmental protection
Administrative practice and procedure
Air pollution control
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements
Motor vehicle 40 CFR Part 94 Environmental protection
Administrative practice and procedure
Air pollution control
Confidential business information
Imports
Incorporation by reference
Labeling
Penalties
Vessels
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements
Warranties 40 CFR Part 1027 Environmental protection
Administrative practice and procedure
Air pollution control
Imports
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements 40 CFR Part 1033 Environmental protection
Administrative practice and procedure
Confidential business information
Incorporation by reference
Labeling
Penalties
Railroads
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements 40 CFR Part 1039 Environmental protection
Administrative practice and procedure
Air pollution control
Confidential business information
Imports
Incorporation by reference
Labeling
Penalties
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements
Warranties 40 CFR Part 1042 Environmental protection
Administrative practice and procedure
Air pollution control
Confidential business information
Imports
Incorporation by reference
Labeling
Penalties
Vessels
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements
Warranties 40 CFR Part 1043 Environmental protection
Administrative practice and procedure
Air pollution control
Imports
Vessels
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements 40 CFR Parts 1045, 1048, 1051, 1054, and 1060 Environmental protection
Administrative practice and procedure
Air pollution control
Confidential business information
Imports
Incorporation by reference
Labeling
Penalties
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements
Warranties 40 CFR Part 1065 Environmental protection
Administrative practice and procedure
Incorporation by reference
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements
Research 40 CFR Part 1068 Environmental protection
Administrative practice and procedure
Confidential business information
Imports
Incorporation by reference
Motor vehicle pollution
Penalties
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements
Warranties
 Dated: June 26, 2009. Lisa P. Jackson, Administrator.
 For the reasons set out in the preamble, title 40, chapter I of the Code of Federal Regulations is proposed to be amended as set forth below. PART 80—REGULATION OF FUEL AND FUEL ADDITIVES 1. The authority citation for part 80 continues to read as follows: Authority:
                            42 U.S.C. 7414, 7542, 7545, and 7601. 2. Section 80.2 is amended as follows: a. By revising paragraph (ccc). b. By revising paragraph (nnn). c. By adding paragraph (ttt). § 80.2
  
 (ccc) 
                                *Heating Oil*
                                 means any #1, #2, or non-petroleum diesel blend that is sold for use in furnaces, boilers, and similar applications and which is commonly or commercially known or sold as heating oil, fuel oil, and similar trade names, and that is not jet fuel, kerosene, or MVNRLM diesel fuel. 
 (nnn) 
                                *Nonroad, locomotive, or marine (NRLM) diesel fuel*
                                 means any diesel fuel or other distillate fuel that is used, intended for use, or made available for use, as a fuel in any nonroad diesel engines, including locomotive and marine diesel engines, except the following: Distillate fuel with a T90 at or above 700 °F that is used only in Category 2 and 3 marine engines is not NRLM diesel fuel, and ECA marine fuel is not NRLM diesel fuel. Use the distillation test method specified in 40 CFR 1065.1010 to determine the T90 of the fuel. NR diesel fuel and LM diesel fuel are subcategories of NRLM diesel fuel. (1) Any diesel fuel that is sold for use in stationary engines that are required to meet the requirements of § 80.510(a) and/or (b), when such provisions are applicable to nonroad engines, shall be considered NRLM diesel fuel. (2) [Reserved] 
 (ttt) 
                                *ECA marine fuel*
                                 is distillate or residual fuel that is used, intended for use, or made available for use in Category 3 marine vessels operating within an Emission Control Area (ECA). 3. Revise the heading to Subpart I of part 80 to read as follows:
 Subpart I—Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel; Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel; and ECA Marine Fuel
 4. Section 80.501 is amended as follows: a. By revising paragraph (a)(5). b. By revising paragraph (a)(6). c. By adding paragraph (a)(7). § 80.501
  (a) * * *
                                ( print page 44519) (5) ECA marine fuel. (6) Other distillate fuels. (7) Motor oil that is used as or intended for use as fuel in diesel motor vehicles or nonroad diesel engines or is blended with diesel fuel for use in diesel motor vehicles or nonroad diesel engines, including locomotive and marine diesel engines, at any downstream location. 
 5. Section 80.502 is amended as follows: a. By revising paragraph (a). b. By revising paragraph (b) introductory text and paragraph (b)(1) introductory text. c. By revising paragraph (c). d. By revising paragraph (d) introductory text. e. By adding paragraph (g). f. By adding paragraph (h).
 § 80.502
  
 (a) 
                                *Entity*
                                 means any refiner, importer, distributor, retailer or wholesale-purchaser consumer of any distillate fuel (or other product subject to the requirements of this subpart I). (b) 
                                *Facility*
                                 means any place, or series of places, where an entity produces, imports, or maintains custody of any distillate fuel (or other product subject to the requirements of this subpart I) from the time it is received to the time custody is transferred to another entity, except as described in paragraphs (b)(1) through (4) of this section: (1) Where an entity maintains custody of a batch of diesel fuel (or other product subject to the requirements of this subpart I) from one place in the distribution system to another place (
                                *e.g.*, from a pipeline to a terminal), all owned by the same entity, both places combined are considered to be one single aggregated facility, except where an entity chooses to treat components of such an aggregated facility as separate facilities. The choice made to treat these places as separate facilities may not be changed by the entity during any applicable compliance period. Except as specified in paragraph (b)(2) of this section, where compliance requirements depend upon facility-type, the entire facility must comply with the requirements that apply to its components as follows: 
 (c) 
                                *Truck loading terminal*
                                 means any facility that dyes NRLM diesel fuel or ECA marine fuel, pays taxes on motor vehicle diesel fuel per IRS code (26 CFR part 48), or adds a fuel marker pursuant to § 80.510 to heating oil and delivers diesel fuel or heating oil into trucks for delivery to retail or ultimate consumer locations. (d) 
                                *Batch*
                                 means a quantity of diesel fuel (or other product subject to the requirements of this subpart I) which is homogeneous with regard to those properties that are specified for MVNRLM diesel fuel or ECA marine fuel under this subpart I of this part, has the same designation under this subpart I (if applicable), and whose custody is transferred from one facility to another facility. 
 (g) 
                                *Emission Control Area.*
                                 An Emission Control Area (ECA), for the purposes of this Part, is defined as the area delineated in section 2 of the document “CONSIDERATION AND ADOPTION OF AMENDMENTS TO MANDATORY INSTRUMENTS” submitted by the governments of the United States and Canada to the International Maritime Organization on March 27, 2009, and all internal waters of the United States. (h) 
                                *Marine diesel engine.*
                                 For the purposes of this subpart I only, marine diesel engine means a diesel engine installed on a Category 1 (C1) or Category 2 (C2) marine vessel. 6. Section 80.510 is amended as follows: a. By revising the section heading. b. By revising paragraph (f) introductory text and adding paragraph (f)(6). c. By revising paragraph (g)(1). d. By adding paragraph (k).
 § 80.510
  
 (f) 
                                *Marking provisions.*
                                 From June 1, 2012 through May 31, 2014: 
 (6) Marker solvent yellow 124 shall not be used in any MVNRLM or heating oil after May 31, 2014. (g) * * * (1) Northeast/Mid-Atlantic Area, which includes the following states and counties, through May 31, 2014: North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, Washington D.C., New York (except for the counties of Chautauqua, Cattaraugus, and Allegany), Pennsylvania (except for the counties of Erie, Warren, McKean, Potter, Cameron, Elk, Jefferson, Clarion, Forest, Venango, Mercer, Crawford, Lawrence, Beaver, Washington, and Greene), and the eight eastern-most counties of West Virginia (Jefferson, Berkeley, Morgan, Hampshire, Mineral, Hardy, Grant, and Pendleton). 
 (k) 
                                *Beginning June 1, 2014.*
                                 Except as otherwise specifically provided in this subpart, all ECA marine fuel is subject to a maximum per-gallon sulfur content of 1,000 ppm. 7. Section 80.511 is amended as follows: a. By revising the section heading. b. By revising paragraph (a). c. By revising paragraphs (b)(4) and (b)(9). d. By adding paragraph (b)(10).
 § 80.511
  (a) 
                                *Applicable dates for marker requirements.*
                                 Beginning June 1, 2006, all NRLM diesel fuel and ECA marine fuel shall contain less than 0.10 milligrams per liter of the marker solvent yellow 124, except for LM diesel fuel subject to the marking requirements of § 80.510(e). (b) * * * (4) Except as provided in paragraphs (b)(5) through (b)(8) of this section, the per-gallon sulfur standard of § 80.510(c) shall apply to all NRLM diesel fuel beginning August 1, 2014 for all downstream locations other than retail outlets or wholesale purchaser-consumer facilities, shall apply to all NRLM diesel fuel beginning October 1, 2014 for retail outlets and wholesale purchaser-consumer facilities, and shall apply to all NRLM diesel fuel beginning December 1, 2014 for all locations. 
 (9) The per-gallon sulfur standard of § 80.510(k) shall apply to all ECA marine fuel beginning August 1, 2014 for all downstream locations other than retail outlets or wholesale purchaser-consumer facilities, shall apply to all ECA marine fuel beginning October 1, 2014 for retail outlets and wholesale purchaser-consumer facilities, and shall apply to all ECA marine fuel beginning December 1, 2014 for all locations. (10) For the purposes of this section, distributors that have their own fuel storage tanks and deliver only to ultimate consumers shall be treated the same as retailers and their facilities treated the same as retail outlets. 8. Section 80.513 is amended by revising paragraph (e) to read as follows:
 § 80.513
  
 (e) From June 1, 2014 and beyond, NRLM diesel fuel produced by a transmix processor is subject to the standards of § 80.510(c).
                                ( print page 44520) 9. Section 80.525 is amended by revising paragraphs (b) and (d) to read as follows:
 § 80.525
  
 (b) Kerosene blenders are not subject to the requirements of this subpart applicable to refiners of diesel fuel, but are subject to the requirements and prohibitions applicable to downstream parties. 
 (d) Kerosene that a kerosene blender adds or intends to add to diesel fuel subject to the 15 ppm sulfur content standard must meet the 15 ppm sulfur content standard, and either of the following requirements: (1) The product transfer document received by the kerosene blender indicates that the kerosene is diesel fuel that complies with the 15 ppm sulfur content standard. (2) The kerosene blender has test results indicating the kerosene complies with the 15 ppm sulfur standard. 10. Section 80.551 is amended by revising paragraph (f) to read as follows:
 § 80.551
  
 (f) Approval of small refiner status for refiners who apply under § 80.550(d) will be based on all information submitted under paragraph (c) of this section, except as provided in § 80.550(e). 
 11. Section 80.561 is amended by revising the section heading to read as follows:
 § 80.561
  
 12. Section 80.570 is amended by revising paragraph (a) to read as follows:
 § 80.570
  (a) From June 1, 2006 through September 30, 2010, any retailer or wholesale purchaser-consumer who sells, dispenses, or offers for sale or dispensing, motor vehicle diesel fuel subject to the 15 ppm sulfur standard of § 80.520(a)(1), must affix the following conspicuous and legible label, in block letters of no less than 24-point bold type, and printed in a color contrasting with the background, to each pump stand: ULTRA-LOW SULFUR HIGHWAY DIESEL FUEL (15 ppm Sulfur Maximum) *Required*
                                 for use in all model year 2007 and later highway diesel vehicles and engines.  Recommended for use in all diesel vehicles and engines. 
 13. Section 80.571 is amended by revising paragraphs (b) and (d) to read as follows:
 § 80.571
  
 (b) From June 1, 2007 through September 30, 2010, for pumps dispensing NRLM diesel fuel meeting the 500 ppm sulfur standard of § 80.510(a): LOW SULFUR NON-HIGHWAY DIESEL FUEL (500 ppm Sulfur Maximum) WARNING Federal Law 
                                *prohibits*
                                 use in highway vehicles or engines. 
 (d) From June 1, 2007 and beyond, for pumps dispensing non-motor vehicle diesel fuel for use other than in nonroad, locomotive, or marine engines, such as for use as heating oil: HEATING OIL (May Exceed 500 ppm Sulfur) WARNING Federal law 
                                *prohibits*
                                 use in highway vehicles or engines, or in nonroad, locomotive, or marine diesel engines. Its use may damage these diesel engines. 
 14. Section 80.572 is amended by revising paragraphs (a) and (b) to read as follows:
 § 80.572
  
 (a) From June 1, 2010 through September 31, 2014, any retailer or wholesale purchaser-consumer who sells, dispenses, or offers for sale or dispensing, motor vehicle diesel fuel subject to the 15 ppm sulfur standard of § 80.520(a)(1), must affix the following conspicuous and legible label, in block letters of no less than 24-point bold type, and printed in a color contrasting with the background, to each pump stand: ULTRA-LOW SULFUR HIGHWAY DIESEL FUEL (15 ppm Sulfur Maximum) *Required*
                                 for use in all highway diesel vehicles and engines. Recommended for use in all diesel vehicles and engines. (b) From June 1, 2010 through September 30, 2012, for pumps dispensing NR diesel fuel subject to the 15 ppm sulfur standard of § 80.510(b): ULTRA-LOW SULFUR NON-HIGHWAY DIESEL FUEL (15 ppm Sulfur Maximum) *Required*
                                 for use in all model year 2011 and later nonroad diesel engines. Recommended for use in all other non-highway diesel engines. WARNING Federal law 
                                *prohibits*
                                 use in highway vehicles or engines. 
 15. Section 80.573 is amended by revising paragraph (a) to read as follows:
 § 80.573
  
 (a) From June 1, 2012 through September 30, 2014, for pumps dispensing NRLM diesel fuel subject to the 15 ppm sulfur standard of § 80.510(c): ULTRA-LOW SULFUR NON-HIGHWAY DIESEL FUEL (15 ppm Sulfur Maximum) *Required*
                                 for use in all model year 2011 and later nonroad diesel engines. Recommended for use in all other non-highway diesel engines. WARNING Federal law 
                                *prohibits*
                                 use in highway vehicles or engines. 
 16. Section 80.574 is revised to read as follows:
 § 80.574
  (a) Any retailer or wholesale purchaser-consumer who sells, dispenses, or offers for sale or dispensing ECA marine fuel must prominently and conspicuously display in the immediate area of each pump stand from which ECA marine fuel is offered for sale or dispensing, one of the following legible labels, as applicable, in block letters of no less than 24-point bold type, printed in a color contrasting with the background:
                                ( print page 44521) (1) From June 1, 2014 and beyond, for pumps dispensing ECA marine fuel subject to the 1,000 ppm sulfur standard of § 80.510(k): 1,000 ppm SULFUR ECA MARINE FUEL (1,000 ppm Sulfur Maximum). For use in Category 3 (C3) marine vessels only. WARNING Federal law 
                                *prohibits*
                                 use in any engine that is not installed on a C3 marine vessel; use of fuel oil with a sulfur content greater than 1,000 ppm in the U.S. Emission Control Area and all U.S. internal waters is illegal. (2) The labels required by paragraph (a)(1) of this section must be placed on the vertical surface of each pump housing and on each side that has gallon and price meters. The labels shall be on the upper two-thirds of the pump, in a location where they are clearly visible. (b) Alternative labels to those specified in paragraph (a) of this section may be used as approved by EPA. (1) 
                                *For US Mail:*
                                 U.S. EPA, Attn: Diesel Sulfur Alternative Label Request, 6406J, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW., Washington, DC 20460. (2) 
                                *For overnight or courier services:*
                                 U.S. EPA, Attn: Diesel Sulfur Alternative Label Request, 6406J, 1310 L Street, NW., 6th floor, Washington, DC 20005. (202) 343-9038. 17. Section 80.580 is amended by adding paragraphs (b)(1) and (c)(1) to read as follows:
 § 80.580
  
 (b) * * * (1) For ECA marine fuel subject to the 1,000 ppm sulfur standard of § 80.510(k)(1), sulfur content may be determined using ASTM D2622 (incorporated by reference, see paragraph (e) of this section). 
 (c) * * * (1) 
                                *Options for testing sulfur content of 1,000 ppm diesel fuel.*
                                 (i) For ECA marine fuel subject to the 1,000 ppm sulfur standard of § 80.510(k), sulfur content may be determined using ASTM D4294, ASTM D5453, or ASTM D6920 (all incorporated by reference, see paragraph (e) of this section), provided that the refiner or importer test result is correlated with the appropriate method specified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section; or (ii) For ECA marine fuel subject to the 1,000 ppm sulfur standard of § 80.510(k), sulfur content may be determined using any test method approved under § 80.585. 
 18. Section 80.581 is amended by revising the section heading and paragraphs (a) and (c)(1) to read as follows:
 § 80.581
  (a) Beginning on June 1, 2006 or earlier pursuant to § 80.531 for motor vehicle diesel fuel, beginning June 1, 2010 or earlier pursuant to § 80.535 for NRLM diesel fuel, and beginning June 1, 2014 for ECA marine fuel, each refiner and importer shall collect a representative sample from each batch of motor vehicle or NRLM diesel fuel produced or imported and subject to the 15 ppm sulfur content standard, or ECA marine fuel subject to the 1,000 ppm sulfur content standard. Batch, for the purposes of this section, means batch as defined under § 80.2 but without the reference to transfer of custody from one facility to another facility. 
 (c)(1) Any refiner who produces motor vehicle, NRLM diesel fuel, or ECA marine fuel using computer-controlled in-line blending equipment, including the use of an on-line analyzer test method that is approved under the provisions of § 80.580, and who, subsequent to the production of the diesel fuel batch tests a composited sample of the batch under the provisions of § 80.580 for purposes of designation and reporting, is exempt from the requirement of paragraph (b) of this section to obtain the test result required under this section prior to the diesel fuel leaving the refinery, provided that the refiner obtains approval from EPA. The requirement of this paragraph (c)(1) that the in-line blending equipment must include an on-line analyzer test method that is approved under the provisions of § 80.580 is effective beginning June 1, 2006. 
 19. Section 80.583 is amended by revising the section heading to read as follows:
 § 80.583
  
 20. Section 80.584 is amended by revising the section heading and adding paragraphs (a)(3) and (b)(3) to read as follows:
 § 80.584
  (a) * * * (3) For ECA marine fuel subject to the 1,000 ppm sulfur standard of § 80.510(k), of a standard deviation less than 18.07 ppm, computed from the results of a minimum of 20 repeat tests made over 20 days on samples taken from a single homogeneous commercially available diesel fuel with a sulfur content in the range of 700-1,000 ppm. The 20 results must be a series of tests with a sequential record of the analyses and no omissions. A laboratory facility may exclude a given sample or test result only if the exclusion is for a valid reason under good laboratory practices and it maintains records regarding the sample and test results and the reason for excluding them. (b) * * * (3) For ECA marine fuel subject to the 1,000 ppm sulfur standard of § 80.510(k): (i) The arithmetic average of a continuous series of at least 10 tests performed on a commercially available gravimetric sulfur standard in the range of 300-400 ppm sulfur shall not differ from the ARV of that standard by more than 13.55 ppm sulfur; (ii) The arithmetic average of a continuous series of at least 10 tests performed on a commercially available gravimetric sulfur standard in the range of 900-1,000 ppm sulfur shall not differ from the ARV of that standard by more than 13.55 ppm sulfur; and (iii) In applying the tests of paragraphs (b)(3)(i) and (ii) of this section, individual test results shall be compensated for any known chemical interferences. 21. Section 80.585 is amended by revising the section heading and paragraphs (e)(2) and (e)(4) to read as follows:
 § 80.585
  
 (e) * * * (2) Follow paragraph 7.3.1 of ASTM D 6299-02 to check standards using a reference material at least monthly or following any major change to the laboratory equipment or test procedure. Any deviation from the accepted reference value of a check standard greater than 1.44 ppm (for diesel fuel subject to the 15 ppm sulfur standard), 19.36 ppm (for diesel fuel subject to the 500 ppm sulfur standard), or 36.14 ppm 
                                ( print page 44522)
                                (for ECA marine fuel subject to the 1,000 ppm sulfur standard must be investigated. 
 (4) Upon discovery of any quality control testing violation of paragraph A 1.5.1.3 or A 1.5.2.1 of ASTM D 6299-02, or any check standard deviation greater than 1.44 ppm (for diesel fuel subject to the 15 ppm sulfur standard), 19.36 ppm (for diesel fuel subject to the 500 ppm sulfur standard), or 36.14 ppm (for ECA marine fuel subject to the 1,000 ppm sulfur standard), conduct an investigation into the cause of such violation or deviation and, after restoring method performance to statistical control, retest retained samples from batches originally tested since the last satisfactory quality control material or check standard testing occasion. 22. Section 80.590 is amended as follows: a. By revising the section heading. b. By revising paragraphs (a) introductory text, (a)(5), (a)(6) introductory text, and (a)(6)(ii). c. By adding paragraph (a)(7)(vii). d. By redesignating paragraphs (e) through (i) as paragraphs (f) through (j), respectively. e. By adding a new paragraph (e).
 § 80.590
  (a) This paragraph (a) applies on each occasion that any person transfers custody or title to MVNRLM diesel fuel, heating oil, or ECA marine fuel (including distillates used or intended to be used as MVNRLM diesel fuel, heating oil, or ECA marine fuel) except when such fuel is dispensed into motor vehicles or nonroad, locomotive, or marine equipment or C3 vessels. Note that 40 CFR part 1043 specifies requirements for documenting fuel transfers to certain marine vessels. For all fuel transfers subject to this paragraph (a), the transferor must provide to the transferee documents which include the following information: 
 (5) For transfers of MVNRLM diesel fuel or ECA marine fuel (beginning June 1, 2014), the sulfur content standard the transferor represents the fuel to meet. (6) Beginning June 1, 2006, when an entity, from a facility at any point in the distribution system, transfers custody of a distillate or residual fuel designated under § 80.598, the following information must also be included: 
 (ii) An accurate and clear statement of the applicable designation and/or classification under § 80.598(a) and (b), for example, “500 ppm sulfur NRLM diesel fuel”, or “jet fuel”; and whether the fuel is dyed or undyed, and for heating oil, whether marked or unmarked where applicable. (7) * * * (vii) 
                                *ECA marine fuel.*
                                 For ECA marine fuel produced or imported beginning June 1, 2014, “1,000 ppm sulfur (maximum) ECA marine fuel. For use in Category 3 marine vessels only. Not for use in engines not installed on C3 marine vessels.” 
 (e) Beginning June 1, 2014. For ECA marine fuel only (except for transfers to truck carriers, retailers or wholesale purchaser-consumers), product codes may be used to convey the information required under this section if such codes are clearly understood by each transferee. “1000” must appear clearly on the product transfer document, and may be contained in the product code. If the designation is included in the code, codes used to convey the statement in paragraph (a)(7)(vii) of this section must contain the number “1000”. If another letter, number, or symbol is being used to convey the statement in paragraph (a)(7)(vii) of this section, it must be clearly defined and denoted on the product transfer document. 
 23. Section 80.593 is amended by revising the introductory text to read as follows:
 § 80.593
  Beginning with 2006, or the first compliance period during which credits are generated under § 80.531(b) or (c), whichever is earlier, any refiner or importer who produces or imports motor vehicle diesel fuel subject to the 500 ppm sulfur standard under § 80.520(c), or any refiner or importer who generates, uses, obtains, or transfers credits under §§ 80.530 through 80.532, and continuing for each year thereafter, must submit to EPA annual reports that contain the information required in this section, and such other information as EPA may require: 
 24. Section 80.597 is amended by revising paragraphs (c), (d), (e), and (f) and adding paragraph (g) to read as follows:
 § 80.597
  
 (c) 
                                *Registration for ECA marine fuel.*
                                 Refiners and importers that intend to produce or supply ECA marine fuel beginning June 1, 2014, must provide EPA the information under § 80.76 no later than December 31, 2012, if such information has not been previously provided under the provisions of this part. In addition, for each import facility, the same identifying information as required for each refinery under § 80.76(c) must be provided. (d) 
                                *Entity registration.*
                                 (1) Except as prescribed in paragraph (d)(6) of this section, each entity as defined in § 80.502 that intends to deliver or receive custody of any of the following fuels from June 1, 2006 through May 31, 2010 must register with EPA by December 31, 2005 or six months prior to commencement of producing, importing, or distributing any distillate listed in paragraphs (d)(1)(i) through (d)(1)(iii) of this section: (i) Fuel designated as 500 ppm sulfur MVNRLM diesel fuel under § 80.598 on which taxes have not been assessed pursuant to IRS code (26 CFR part 48). (ii) Fuel designated as 15 ppm sulfur MVNRLM diesel fuel under § 80.598 on which taxes have not been assessed pursuant to IRS code (26 CFR part 48). (iii) Fuel designated as NRLM diesel fuel under § 80.598 that is undyed pursuant to § 80.520. (iv) Fuel designated as California Diesel fuel under § 80.598 on which taxes have not been assessed and red dye has not been added (if required) pursuant to IRS code (26 CFR part 48) and that is delivered by pipeline to a terminal outside of the State of California pursuant to the provisions of § 80.617(b). (2) Except as prescribed in paragraph (d)(6) of this section, each entity as defined in § 80.502 that intends to deliver or receive custody of any of the following fuels from June 1, 2007 through May 31, 2014 must register with EPA by December 31, 2005 or six months prior to commencement of producing, importing, or distributing any distillate listed in paragraph (d)(1) of this section: (i) Fuel designated as 500 ppm sulfur MVNRLM diesel fuel under § 80.598 on which taxes have not been assessed pursuant to IRS code (26 CFR part 48). (ii) Fuel designated as NRLM diesel fuel under § 80.598 that is undyed pursuant to § 80.520. (iii) Fuel designated as heating oil under § 80.598 that is unmarked pursuant to § 80.510(d) through (f).
                                ( print page 44523) (iv) Fuel designated as LM diesel fuel under § 80.598(a)(2)(iii) that is unmarked pursuant to § 80.510(e). (3) Except as prescribed in paragraph (d)(6) of this section, each entity as defined in § 80.502 that intends to deliver or receive custody of any of the following fuels beginning June 1, 2014 must register with EPA by December 31, 2012 or prior to commencement of producing, importing, or distributing any distillate or residual fuel listed in this paragraph (d): (i) Fuel designated as 1,000 ppm sulfur ECA marine fuel under § 80.598. (ii) [Reserved] (4) Registration shall be on forms prescribed by the Administrator, and shall include the name, business address, contact name, telephone number, e-mail address, and type of production, importation, or distribution activity or activities engaged in by the entity. (5) Registration shall include the information required under paragraph (e) of this section for each facility owned or operated by the entity that delivers or receives custody of a fuel described in paragraphs (d)(1), (d)(2), and (d)(3) of this section. (6) 
                                *Exceptions for Excluded Liquids.*
                                 An entity that would otherwise be required to register pursuant to the requirements of paragraphs (d)(1) through (3) of this section is exempted from the registration requirements under this section provided that: (i) The only diesel fuel or heating oil that the entity delivers or receives on which taxes have not been assessed or which is not received dyed pursuant to Internal Revenue Service (IRS) code 26 CFR part 48 is an excluded liquid as defined pursuant to IRS code 26 CFR 4081-1(b). (ii) The entity does not transfer the excluded liquid to a facility which delivers or receives diesel fuel other than an excluded liquid on which taxes have not been assessed pursuant to IRS code (26 CFR part 48). (e) 
                                *Facility registration.*
                                 (1) List for each separate facility of an entity required to register under paragraph (d) of this section, the facility name, physical location, contact name, telephone number, e-mail address and type of facility. For facilities that are aggregated under § 80.502, provide information regarding the nature and location of each of the components. If aggregation is changed for any subsequent compliance period, the entity must provide notice to EPA prior to the beginning of such compliance period. (2) If facility records are kept off-site, list the off-site storage facility name, physical location, contact name, and telephone number. (3) 
                                *Mobile facilities:*
                                 (i) A description shall be provided in the registration detailing the types of mobile vessels that will likely be included and the nature of the operations. (ii) Entities may combine all mobile operations into one facility; or may split the operations by vessel, region, route, waterway, 
                                *etc.*
                                 and register separate mobile facilities for each. (iii) The specific vessels need not be identified in the registration, however information regarding specific vessel contracts shall be maintained by each registered entity for its mobile facilities, pursuant to § 80.602(d). (f) 
                                *Changes to registration information.*
                                 Any company or entity shall submit updated registration information to the Administrator within 30 days of any occasion when the registration information previously supplied for an entity, or any of its registered facilities, becomes incomplete or inaccurate. (g) 
                                *Issuance of registration numbers.*
                                 EPA will supply a registration number to each entity and a facility registration number to each of an entity's facilities that is identified, which shall be used in all reports to the Administrator. 25. Section 80.598 is amended as follows: a. By revising paragraphs (a)(2)(i)(A), (a)(2)(i)(B), (a)(2)(i)(C), (a)(2)(i)(D), (a)(2)(i)(E), and (a)(2)(i)(F). b. By adding paragraph (a)(2)(i)(H). c. By revising paragraph (a)(2)(v). d. By adding paragraph (a)(3)(xv). e. By revising paragraphs (b)(4)(i), (b)(4)(ii), (b)(7)(i), (b)(7)(ii), (b)(8) introductory text, (b)(8)(i), (b)(8)(ii), (b)(9)(ii), (b)(9)(vii), and (b)(9)(x). f. By removing and reserving paragraph (e).
 § 80.598
  (a) * * * (2) * * * (i) * * * (A) Motor vehicle, nonroad, locomotive or marine (MVNRLM) diesel fuel. (B) Heating oil. (C) Jet fuel. (D) Kerosene. (E) No. 4 fuel. (F) Distillate fuel for export only. 
 (H) ECA marine fuel. This designation may be used beginning June 1, 2014, and fuel designated as such is subject to the restriction in paragraph (a)(3)(xv) of this section. 
 (v) From June 1, 2006 through May 31, 2010, any batch designated as motor vehicle diesel fuel must also be designated according to one of the following distillation classifications that most accurately represents the fuel: 
 (3) * * * (xv) Beginning June 1, 2014, any fuel designated as ECA marine fuel will be subject to all the following restrictions: (A) Such fuel may not exceed a sulfur level of 1,000 ppm. (B) Such fuel may only be produced, distributed, sold, and purchased for use in C3 marine vessels. (b) * * * (4) * * * (i) #1D 500 ppm sulfur motor vehicle diesel fuel. (ii) #2D 500 ppm sulfur motor vehicle diesel fuel. 
 (7) * * * (i) 500 ppm sulfur NRLM diesel fuel. (ii) Heating oil. 
 (8) Beginning June 1, 2014, whenever custody of a batch of distillate or residual fuel (other than jet fuel, kerosene, No. 4 fuel, fuel for export, or fuel intended for use outside an ECA) having a sulfur content greater than 15 ppm is transferred to another facility, the entity transferring custody must accurately and clearly designate the batch as one of the following and specify its volume: (i) ECA marine fuel. (ii) Heating oil. 
 (9) * * * (ii) Until June 1, 2014, any distillate fuel containing greater than or equal to 0.10 milligrams per liter of marker solvent yellow 124 required under § 80.510(d), (e), or (f) must be designated as heating oil except that from June 1, 2010 through October 1, 2012 it may also be designated as LM diesel fuel as specified under § 80.510(e). 
 (viii) For facilities in areas other than those specified in § 80.510(g)(1) and (2), batches or portions of batches of unmarked distillate received designated as heating oil may be re-designated as NRLM or LM diesel fuel only if all the following restrictions are met: (A) From June 1, 2007 through May 31, 2010, for any compliance period, the volume of high sulfur NRLM diesel fuel delivered from a facility cannot be greater than the volume received, unless the volume of heating oil delivered from the facility is also greater than the volume it received by an equal or greater proportion, as calculated in § 80.599(c)(2).
                                ( print page 44524) (B) From June 1, 2010 through May 31, 2014, for any compliance period, the volume of fuel designated as heating oil delivered from a facility cannot be less than the volume of fuel designated as heating oil received, as calculated in § 80.599(c)(4). 
 (x) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraphs (b)(5) and (8) of this section, beginning October 1, 2007: 
 (e) [Reserved] 
 26. Section 80.599 is amended as follows: a. By revising paragraph (a)(1). b. By removing and reserving paragraph (a)(2). c. By revising paragraph (e)(4).
 § 80.599
  (a) * * * (1) The annual compliance periods before the period beginning July 1, 2016 are shown in the following table: Beginning date of
                                         annual compliance 
                                         period
Ending date of annual compliance periodJune 1, 2006
May 31, 2007.June 1, 2007
June 30, 2008.July 1, 2008
June 30, 2009.July 1, 2009
May 31, 2010.June 1, 2010
June 30, 2011.July 1, 2011
May 31, 2012.June 1, 2012
June 30, 2013.July 1, 2013
May 31, 2014.
 (2) [Reserved] 
 (e) * * * (4) The following calculation may be used to account for wintertime blending of kerosene and the blending of non-petroleum diesel: #2MV500O
                                < = #2MV500I
                                 + #2MV500P
                                 − #2MV500INVCHG
                                 + 0.2 * (#1MV15I
                                 + #2MV15I
                                 + NPMV15I) Where: #1MV15I
                                     = the total volume of fuel received during the compliance period that is designated as #1D 15 ppm sulfur motor vehicle diesel fuel. Any motor vehicle diesel fuel produced by or imported into the facility shall not be included in this volume. NPMV15I
                                     = the total volume of fuel received during the compliance period that is designated as NP15 ppm sulfur motor vehicle diesel fuel. Any motor vehicle diesel fuel produced by or imported into the facility shall not be included in this volume. #1MV15P
                                     = the total volume of fuel produced by or imported into the facility during the compliance period that was designated as #1D 15 ppm sulfur motor vehicle diesel fuel when it was delivered. 
 27. Section 80.600 is amended as follows: a. By revising paragraphs (a)(5) and (a)(12). b. By revising paragraphs (b)(1)(v) and (b)(3). c. By revising paragraph (i). d. By revising paragraphs (o)(1) and (o)(2).
 § 80.600
  (a) * * * (5) Any refiner or importer shall maintain the records specified in paragraphs (a)(6) through (10) of this section for each batch of distillate or residual fuel that it transfers custody of and designates from June 1, 2014 and later as any of the following categories: (i) Heating oil. (ii) ECA marine fuel. 
 (12) Records must be maintained that demonstrate compliance with a refiner's compliance plan required under § 80.554, for distillate fuel designated as high sulfur NRLM diesel fuel and delivered from June 1, 2007 through May 31, 2010, for distillate fuel designated as 500 ppm sulfur NR diesel fuel and delivered from June 1, 2010 through May 31, 2012, and for distillate fuel designated as 500 ppm sulfur NRLM diesel fuel and delivered from June 1, 2012 through May 31, 2014 in the areas specified in § 80.510(g)(2). 
 (b) * * * (1) * * * (v) For each facility that receives fuel designated as heating oil, records for each batch of distillate or residual fuel with any of the following designations for which custody is received or delivered as well as any batches produced from June 1, 2014 and beyond: (A) 1,000 ppm sulfur ECA marine fuel. (B) Heating oil. 
 (3) Records that clearly and accurately identify the total volume in gallons of each designated fuel identified under paragraph (b)(1) of this section transferred over each of the compliance periods, and over the periods from June 1, 2006 to the end of each compliance period. The records shall be maintained separately for each fuel designated under paragraph (b)(1) of this section, and for each EPA entity and facility registration number from whom the fuel was received or to whom it was delivered. For batches of fuel received from facilities without an EPA facility registration number: (i) Any batches of fuel received marked pursuant to § 80.510(d) or (f) shall be deemed designated as heating oil. (ii) Any batches of fuel received marked pursuant to § 80.510(e) shall be deemed designated as heating oil or LM diesel fuel. (iii) Any batches of fuel received on which taxes have been paid pursuant to Section 4082 of the Internal Revenue Code (26 U.S.C. 4082) shall be deemed designated as motor vehicle diesel fuel. (iv) Any 500 ppm sulfur diesel fuel dyed pursuant to § 80.520(b) and not marked pursuant to § 80.510(d) or (f) shall be deemed designated as NRLM diesel fuel. (v) Any diesel fuel with less than or equal to 500 ppm sulfur which is dyed pursuant to § 80.520(b) and not marked pursuant to § 80.510(e) shall be deemed to be NR diesel fuel. (vi) Beginning June 1, 2014, any batches of fuel with greater than 15 ppm sulfur, but less than or equal to 1,000 ppm sulfur, and not designated as heating oil shall be deemed to be 1,000 ppm ECA marine fuel. 
 (i) Additional records that must be kept by mobile facilities. Any registered mobile facility must keep records of all contracts from any contracted components (
                                *e.g.,*
                                 tank truck, barge, marine tanker, rail car, 
                                *etc.*) in each of its registered mobile facilities. 
 (o) * * * (1) Any aggregated facility consisting of a refinery and truck loading terminal shall maintain records of all the following information for each batch of distillate fuel (and/or residual fuel with a sulfur level of 1,000 ppm or less that is intended for use in an ECA) produced by the refinery and sent over the aggregated facility's truck loading terminal rack: (i) The batch volume. (ii) The batch number, assigned under the batch numbering procedures under §§ 80.65(d)(3) and 80.502(d)(1). (iii) The date of production. (iv) A record designating the batch as distillate or residual fuel meeting the 500 ppm, 15 ppm, or 1,000 ppm ECA marine sulfur standard. (v) A record indicating the volumes that were either taxed, dyed, or dyed and marked. (2) Volume reports for all distillate fuel (and/or residual fuel with a sulfur level of 1,000 ppm or less that is 
                                ( print page 44525)
                                intended for use in an ECA) from external sources (
                                *i.e.,*
                                 from another refiner or importer), as described in § 80.601(f)(2), sent over the aggregated facility's truck rack. 28. Section 80.601 is amended by revising paragraph (b)(3)(x) to read as follows:
 § 80.601
  
 (b) * * * (3) * * * (x) Beginning with the report due August 31, 2011 and ending with the report due August 31, 2012, the volume balance under §§ 80.598(b)(9)(ix) and 80.599(d)(2). 
 29. Section 80.602 is amended as follows: a. By revising the section heading. b. By revising paragraphs (a) introductory text, (a)(2) introductory text, and (a)(3). c. By revising paragraphs (b) introductory text, (b)(4)(i), (b)(4)(ii). d. By revising paragraphs (g)(1) and (g)(2).
 § 80.602
  (a) 
                                *Records that must be kept by parties in the NRLM diesel fuel, ECA marine fuel and diesel fuel additive production, importation, and distribution systems.*
                                 Beginning June 1, 2007, or June 1, 2006, if that is the first period credits are generated under § 80.535, any person who produces, imports, sells, offers for sale, dispenses, distributes, supplies, offers for supply, stores, or transports nonroad, locomotive or marine diesel fuel, or ECA marine fuel (beginning June 1, 2014) subject to the provisions of this subpart, must keep all the following records: 
 (2) For any sampling and testing for sulfur content for a batch of NRLM diesel fuel produced or imported and subject to the 15 ppm sulfur standard or any sampling and testing for sulfur content as part of a quality assurance testing program, and any sampling and testing for cetane index, aromatics content, marker solvent yellow 124 content or dye solvent red 164 content of NRLM diesel fuel, ECA marine fuel, NRLM diesel fuel additives or heating oil: 
 (3) The actions the party has taken, if any, to stop the sale or distribution of any NRLM diesel fuel or ECA marine fuel found not to be in compliance with the sulfur standards specified in this subpart, and the actions the party has taken, if any, to identify the cause of any noncompliance and prevent future instances of noncompliance. (b) 
                                *Additional records to be kept by refiners and importers of NRLM diesel fuel and ECA marine fuel.*
                                 Beginning June 1, 2007, or June 1, 2006, pursuant to the provisions of § 80.535 or § 80.554(d) (or June 1, 2014, pursuant to the provisions of § 80.510(k)), any refiner producing distillate or residual fuel subject to a sulfur standard under § 80.510, § 80.513, § 80.536, § 80.554, § 80.560, or § 80.561, for each of its refineries, and any importer importing such fuel separately for each facility, shall keep records that include the following information for each batch of NRLM diesel fuel, ECA marine fuel, or heating oil produced or imported: 
 (4) * * * (i) NRLM diesel fuel, NR diesel fuel, LM diesel fuel, ECA marine fuel, or heating oil, as applicable. (ii) Meeting the 500 ppm sulfur standard of § 80.510(a), the 15 ppm sulfur standard of § 80.510(b) and (c), the 1,000 ppm sulfur standard of § 80.510(k), or other applicable standard. 
 (g) * * * (1) All the following information for each batch of distillate fuel (or residual fuel with a sulfur level of 1,000 ppm or less if such fuel is intended for use in an ECA) produced by the refinery and sent over the aggregated facility's truck rack: (i) The batch volume. (ii) The batch number, assigned under the batch numbering procedures under §§ 80.65(d)(3) and 80.502(d)(1). (iii) The date of production. (iv) A record designating the batch as one of the following: (A) NRLM diesel fuel, NR diesel fuel, LM diesel fuel, ECA marine fuel, or heating oil, as applicable. (B) Meeting the 500 ppm sulfur standard of § 80.510(a), the 15 ppm sulfur standard of § 80.510(b) and (c), the 1,000 ppm sulfur standard of § 80.510(k), or other applicable standard. (C) Dyed or undyed with visible evidence of solvent red 164. (D) Marked or unmarked with solvent yellow 124. (2) Hand-off reports for all distillate fuel (or residual fuel with a sulfur level of 1,000 ppm or less if such fuel is intended for use in an ECA) from external sources (
                                *i.e.,*
                                 from another refiner or importer), as described in § 80.601(f)(2). 30. Section 80.606 is amended as follows: a. By revising the section heading. b. By revising paragraph (a) introductory text and paragraph (a)(1). c. By revising paragraph (b). d. By adding paragraph (c).
 § 80.606
  (a) The standards of all the fuels listed in paragraph (b) of this section do not apply to fuel that is produced, imported, sold, offered for sale, supplied, offered for supply, stored, dispensed, or transported for use in any of the following: (1) Tactical military motor vehicles or tactical military nonroad engines, vehicles or equipment, including locomotive and marine, having an EPA national security exemption from the motor vehicle emissions standards under 40 CFR 85.1708, or from the nonroad engine emission standards under 40 CFR part 89, 92, 94, or 1068. 
 (b)(1) The motor vehicle diesel fuel standards of § 80.520(a)(1), (a)(2), and (c). (2) The nonroad, locomotive, and marine diesel fuel standards of § 80.510(a), (b), and (c). (3) The 1,000 ppm ECA marine fuel standards of § 80.510(k). (c) The exempt fuel must meet all the following conditions: (1) It must be accompanied by product transfer documents as required under § 80.590. (2) It must be segregated from non-exempt MVNRLM diesel fuel and ECA marine fuel at all points in the distribution system. (3) It must be dispensed from a fuel pump stand, fueling truck or tank that is labeled with the appropriate designation of the fuel, such as “JP-5” or “JP-8”. (4) It may not be used in any motor vehicles or nonroad engines, equipment or vehicles, including locomotive and marine, other than the vehicles, engines, and equipment referred to in paragraph (a) of this section. 31. Section 80.607 is amended as follows: a. By revising the section heading. b. By revising paragraph (a). c. By revising paragraphs (c)(3)(iv) and (c)(4). d. By revising paragraphs (d)(2), (d)(3), and (d)(4). e. By revising paragraph (e)(1). f. By revising paragraph (f).
 § 80.607
  (a) 
                                *Written request for a research and development exemption.*
                                 Any person may receive an exemption from the provisions of this subpart for diesel fuel or ECA marine fuel used for research, development, or testing purposes by submitting the information listed in paragraph (c) of this section to: Director, Transportation and Regional Programs Division (6406J), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW., Washington, DC 20460 (postal mail); or Director, Transportation and Regional Programs Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1310 L Street, NW., 6th floor, Washington, DC 20005 (express mail/courier); and Director, Air Enforcement Division (2242A), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ariel Rios Building, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW., Washington, DC 20460. 
 (c) * * * (3) * * * (iv) The quantity of fuel which does not comply with the requirements of §§ 80.520 and 80.521 for motor vehicle diesel fuel, or § 80.510 for NRLM diesel fuel or ECA marine fuel. (4) With regard to control, a demonstration that the program affords EPA a monitoring capability, including all the following: (i) The site(s) of the program (including facility name, street address, city, county, state, and zip code). (ii) The manner in which information on vehicles and engines used in the program will be recorded and made available to the Administrator upon request. (iii) The manner in which information on the fuel used in the program (including quantity, fuel properties, name, address, telephone number and contact person of the supplier, and the date received from the supplier), will be recorded and made available to the Administrator upon request. (iv) The manner in which the party will ensure that the research and development fuel will be segregated from motor vehicle diesel fuel, NRLM diesel fuel, or ECA marine fuel, as applicable, and how fuel pumps will be labeled to ensure proper use of the research and development fuel. (v) The name, address, telephone number and title of the person(s) in the organization requesting an exemption from whom further information on the application may be obtained. (vi) The name, address, telephone number and title of the person(s) in the organization requesting an exemption who is responsible for recording and making available the information specified in this paragraph (c), and the location where such information will be maintained. (d) * * * (2) The research and development fuel must be designated by the refiner or supplier, as applicable, as research and development fuel. (3) The research and development fuel must be kept segregated from non-exempt MVNRLM diesel fuel and ECA marine fuel at all points in the distribution system. (4) The research and development fuel must not be sold, distributed, offered for sale or distribution, dispensed, supplied, offered for supply, transported to or from, or stored by a fuel retail outlet, or by a wholesale purchaser-consumer facility, unless the wholesale purchaser-consumer facility is associated with the research and development program that uses the fuel. 
 (e) * * * (1) The volume of fuel subject to the approval shall not exceed the estimated amount under paragraph (c)(3)(iv) of this section, unless EPA grants a greater amount in writing. 
 (f) 
                                *Effects of exemption.*
                                 Motor vehicle diesel fuel, NRLM diesel fuel, or ECA marine fuel that is subject to a research and development exemption under this section is exempt from other provisions of this subpart provided that the fuel is used in a manner that complies with the purpose of the program under paragraph (c) of this section and the requirements of this section. 
 32. Section 80.608 is revised to read as follows:
 § 80.608
  The sulfur standards of § 80.520(a)(1) and (c) related to motor vehicle diesel fuel, of § 80.510(a), (b), and (c) related to NRLM diesel fuel, and of § 80.510(k) related to ECA marine fuel, do not apply to fuel that is produced, imported, sold, offered for sale, supplied, offered for supply, stored, dispensed, or transported for use in the Territories of Guam, American Samoa or the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, provided that such diesel fuel is all of the following: (a) Designated by the refiner or importer as high sulfur diesel fuel only for use in Guam, American Samoa, or the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. (b) Used only in Guam, American Samoa, or the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. (c) Accompanied by documentation that complies with the product transfer document requirements of § 80.590(b)(1). (d) Segregated from non-exempt MVNRLM diesel fuel and/or non-exempt ECA marine fuel at all points in the distribution system from the point the fuel is designated as exempt fuel only for use in Guam, American Samoa, or the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, while the exempt fuel is in the United States (or the United States Emission Control Area) but outside these Territories. 33. Section 80.610 is amended as follows: a. By revising paragraph (a)(1) and adding paragraph (a)(4). b. By revising paragraph (b). c. By revising paragraph (c). d. By revising paragraphs (e)(3)(iii) and (e)(4)(iii) and adding paragraph (e)(6). e. By revising paragraph (g).
 § 80.610
  
 (a) * * * (1) Produce, import, sell, offer for sale, dispense, supply, offer for supply, store or transport motor vehicle diesel fuel, NRLM diesel fuel, ECA marine fuel or heating oil that does not comply with the applicable standards, dye, marking or any other product requirements under this subpart I and 40 CFR part 69. 
 (4) Beginning June 1, 2014, produce, import, sell, offer for sale, dispense, supply, offer for supply, store or transport any fuel with a sulfur content above 1,000 ppm for use in an ECA or U.S. internal waters. (b) 
                                *Designation and volume balance violation.*
                                 Produce, import, sell, offer for sale, dispense, supply, offer for supply, store or transport motor vehicle diesel fuel, NRLM diesel fuel, ECA marine fuel, heating oil or other fuel that does not comply with the applicable designation or volume balance requirements under §§ 80.598 and 80.599. (c) 
                                *Additive violation.*
                                 (1) Produce, import, sell, offer for sale, dispense, supply, offer for supply, store or transport any fuel additive for use at a downstream location that does not comply with the applicable requirements of § 80.521. (2) Blend or permit the blending into motor vehicle diesel fuel, NRLM diesel fuel, or ECA marine fuel at a downstream location, or use, or permit 
                                ( print page 44527)
                                the use, in motor vehicle diesel fuel, NRLM diesel fuel, or ECA marine fuel, of any additive that does not comply with the applicable requirements of § 80.521. 
 (e) * * * (3) * * * (iii) This prohibition begins December 1, 2014 in all other areas. (4) * * * (iii) This prohibition begins December 1, 2014 in all other areas. 
 (6) Beginning January 1, 2015 introduce (or permit the introduction of) any fuel with a sulfur content greater than 1,000 ppm for use in a Category 3 marine vessel within an ECA or U.S. internal waters. 
 (g) 
                                *Cause violating fuel or additive to be in the distribution system.*
                                 Cause motor vehicle diesel fuel, NRLM diesel fuel, or ECA marine fuel to be in the diesel fuel distribution system which does not comply with the applicable standard, dye or marker requirements or the product segregation requirements of this Subpart I, or cause any fuel additive to be in the fuel additive distribution system which does not comply with the applicable sulfur standards under § 80.521. 34. Section 80.612 is amended by revising paragraph (b) introductory text to read as follows:
 § 80.612
  
 (b) 
                                *Persons liable for failure to comply with other provisions of this subpart.*
                                 Any person who: 
 35. Section 80.613 is amended by revising paragraph (a)(1)(iv) introductory text to read as follows:
 § 80.613
  (a) * * * (1) * * * (iv) For refiners and importers of diesel fuel subject to the 15 ppm sulfur standard under § 80.510(b) or (c) or § 80.520(a)(1), the 500 ppm sulfur standard under § 80.510(a) or § 80.520(c), and/or the 1,000 ppm sulfur standard under § 80.510(k), test results that— 
 36. Section 80.615 is amended by revising paragraphs (b)(2) and (b)(4) to read as follows:
 § 80.615
  
 (b) * * * (2) Any person liable under § 80.612(a)(2) for causing motor vehicle diesel fuel, NRLM diesel fuel, ECA marine fuel, heating oil, or other distillate fuel to be in the distribution system which does not comply with an applicable standard or requirement of this Subpart I is subject to a separate day of violation for each and every day that the non-complying fuel remains any place in the diesel fuel distribution system. 
 (4) For purposes of this paragraph (b): (i) The length of time the motor vehicle diesel fuel, NRLM diesel fuel, ECA marine fuel, heating oil, or other distillate fuel in question remained in the diesel fuel distribution system is deemed to be 25 days, except as further specified in paragraph (b)(4)(ii) of this section. (ii) The length of time is deemed not to be 25 days if a person subject to liability demonstrates by reasonably specific showings, by direct or circumstantial evidence, that the non-complying motor vehicle, NR diesel fuel, NRLM diesel fuel, ECA marine fuel, heating oil, or distillate fuel remained in the distribution system for fewer than or more than 25 days.
 PART 85— CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION FROM MOBILE SOURCES 37. The authority citation for part 85 continues to read as follows: Authority:
                            42 U.S.C. 7401-7671q. Subpart R—[Amended]
 38. Section 85.1703 is amended by revising the section heading and paragraph (a) introductory text to read as follows: § 85.1703
  (a) For the purpose of determining the applicability of section 216(2), a vehicle which is self-propelled and capable of transporting a person or persons or any material or any permanently or temporarily affixed apparatus shall be deemed a motor vehicle, unless any one or more of the criteria set forth below are met, in which case the vehicle shall be deemed not a motor vehicle and excluded from the operation of the Act: 
 39. A new § 85.1715 is added to subpart R to read as follows:
 § 85.1715
  This section applies for aircraft meeting the definition of motor vehicle in § 85.1703. (a) For the purpose of this section, aircraft means any vehicle capable of sustained air travel above treetop heights. (b) The standards, requirements, and prohibitions of 40 CFR part 86 do not apply for aircraft or aircraft engines. Standards apply separately to certain aircraft engines, as described in 40 CFR part 87.
 Subpart X—[Amended]
 40. A new § 85.2306 is added to subpart X to read as follows: § 85.2306
  (a) Notwithstanding any other provision of this subpart, a vehicle manufacturer may not sell, offer for sale, or introduce or deliver into commerce in the United States or import into the United States any new heavy-duty engine or vehicle equipped with a new heavy-duty engine after emission standards take effect for that engine or vehicle, unless the engine has an appropriate certificate of conformity or exemption. An appropriate certificate of conformity is one that applies for the same model year as the model year of the vehicle or that shows conformity with the same standards as engines manufactured in the model year of the vehicle (except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section). (b) If new emission standards apply in a given model year, a new vehicle in that model year must be powered by an engine that is certified to the new standards, except that a manufacturer may continue to use up its normal inventory of earlier engines that were built before the date of the new or changed standards. For example, if a manufacturer's normal inventory practice is to keep on hand a one-month supply of engines based on its upcoming production schedule, a manufacturer may order engines in anticipation of the 2010 emission standards based on its normal inventory requirements late in the engine manufacturer's 2009 model year and install those engines in the manufacturer's vehicle, regardless of the date of installation. Also, if an equipment manufacturer's model year starts before the end of the calendar year preceding new standards, the equipment manufacturer may use engines from the previous model year for equipment produced before January 
                                ( print page 44528)
                                1 of the year that new standards apply. If emission standards for the engine do not change in a given model year, an equipment manufacturer may continue to install engines from the previous model year without restriction. Vehicle and engine manufacturers may not circumvent the provisions in paragraph (a) of this section by stockpiling engines (
                                *i.e.,*
                                 acquiring more engines than normal for inventory) that were built before new or changed standards take effect or stockpiling engines that otherwise fail to have an appropriate certificate of conformity as provided in paragraph (a) of this section. Note that this allowance does not apply for vehicles subject to vehicle-based standards. (c) A heavy-duty engine manufacturer, who otherwise produces engines covered by an appropriate certificate of conformity, may not cause or otherwise aid a vehicle manufacturer to fail to comply with paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section. (d) Exemptions from certification requirements are described in subpart R of this part and apply as appropriate to this section.
 PART 86—CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND ENGINES 41. The authority citation for part 86 continues to read as follows: Authority:
                            42 U.S.C. 7401-7671q. Subpart A—[Amended]
 42. Subpart A is amended by removing the following sections: 86.000-15, 86.000-21, 86.000-23, 86.000-25, 86.001-1, 86.087-38, 86.090-8, 86.091-10, 86.094-1, 86.094-15, 86.094-17, 86.094-23, 86.094-9, 86.096-9, 86.096-10, 86.096-11, 86.096-14, 86.096-23, 86.098-7, 86.098-8, 86.098-11, 86.098-15, 86.098-17, 86.098-21, 86.098-22, 86.099-1, 86.099-30. § 86.000-28—[Amended]
  43. Section 86.000-28 is amended as follows: a. By removing the introductory text. b. By removing and reserving paragraph (a)(3). c. By removing paragraph (a)(4) introductory text. d. By removing and reserving paragraphs (a)(4)(i)(A) through (a)(4)(i)(B)(
                                *2*)(
                                *i*). e. By removing paragraphs (a)(4)(i)(B)(
                                *2*)(
                                *iii*) through (a)(4)(i)(D)(
                                *2*). f. By removing and reserving paragraph (a)(4)(ii)(B). g. By removing paragraphs (a)(4)(ii)(C) and (a)(4)(iv) through (v). h. By removing and reserving paragraphs (a)(5) through (6). i. By removing paragraph (a)(7) introductory text. j. By removing and reserving paragraphs (a)(7)(ii) through (b)(4)(i). k. By removing paragraphs (b)(7) through (h). 44. Section 86.008-10 is amended by revising paragraph (a)(2) to read as follows:
 § 86.008-10
  
 (a) * * * (2) The standards set forth in paragraph (a)(1) of this section refer to the exhaust emitted over the operating schedule set forth in paragraph (f)(1) of appendix I to this part, and measured and calculated in accordance with the procedures set forth in subpart N or P of this part: (i) Perform the test interval set forth in paragraph (f)(1) of Appendix I of this part with a cold-start according to 40 CFR part 1065, subpart F. This is the cold-start test interval. (ii) Shut down the engine after completing the test interval and allow 20 minutes to elapse. This is the hot soak. (iii) Repeat the test interval. This is the hot-start test interval. (iv) Calculate the total emission mass of each constituent, m, and the total work, W, over each test interval according to 40 CFR 1065.650. (v) Determine your engine's brake-specific emissions using the following calculation, which weights the emissions from the cold-start and hot-start test intervals:  
 45. Section 86.010-38 is amended by revising paragraphs (j) introductory text and (j)(15)(i) introductory text to read as follows:
 § 86.010-38
  
 (j) The following provisions describe requirements related to emission control diagnostic service information for heavy-duty engines used in vehicles over 14,000 pounds gross vehicle weight (GVW): 
 (15) * * * (i) By July 1, 2013, manufacturers shall make available for sale to the persons specified in paragraph (j)(3)(i) of this section their own manufacturer-specific diagnostic tools at a fair and reasonable cost. These tools shall also be made available in a timely fashion either through the manufacturer Web site or through a manufacturer-designated intermediary. Upon Administrator approval, manufacturers will not be required to make available manufacturer-specific tools with reconfiguration capabilities if they can demonstrate to the satisfaction of the Administrator that these tools are not essential to the completion of an emissions-related repair, such as recalibration. As a condition of purchase, manufacturers may request that the purchaser take all necessary training offered by the engine manufacturer. Any required training materials and classes must comply with the following:
 § 86.091-7—[Amended]
  46. Section 86.091-7 is amended by removing paragraph (a)(3) and removing and reserving paragraphs (c)(3) and (d)(2)
 § 86.094-7—[Amended]
  47. Section 86.094-7 is amended as follows: a. By removing the introductory text. b. By removing paragraph (a) introductory text. c. By removing and reserving paragraphs (a)(1) through (2), (b) through (c)(2), (c)(4) through (d)(1)(v), (d)(3) through (g), and (h)(1). d. By removing paragraphs (h)(6) and (i).
 § 86.094-14—[Amended]
  48. Section 86.094-14 is amended as follows: a. By removing paragraph (c)(7)(i)(C)(
                                *4*). b. By removing and reserving paragraph (c)(11)(ii)(B)(
                                *1*).
                                ( print page 44529) c. By removing paragraphs (c)(11)(ii)(B)(
                                *16*) through (
                                *18*). d. By removing and reserving paragraphs (c)(11)(ii)(C) and (c)(11)(ii)(D)(
                                *1*) through (
                                *6*)
 § 86.094-21—[Amended]
  49. Section 86.094-21 is amended by removing and reserving paragraph (b)(6).
 § 86.094-22—[Amended]
  50. Section 86.094-22 is amended by removing and reserving paragraph (d)(1).
 § 86.094-26—[Amended]
  51. Section 86.094-26 is amended as follows: a. By removing and reserving paragraph (a)(2). b. By removing the text of paragraphs (a)(3) introductory text and (a)(3)(i) introductory  text. c. By removing and reserving paragraphs (a)(3)(i)(A), (a)(3)(i)(C), (a)(3)(ii)(C), and (a)(4)(i)(C). d. By removing paragraph (a)(6)(iii). e. By removing and reserving paragraphs (a)(9)(ii) and (b)(2)(i) through (ii). f. By removing paragraphs (b)(2)(iv) and (b)(4)(i)(C) through (D). g. By removing and reserving paragraphs (b)(4)(ii), (c), and (d)(2)(ii).
 § 86.094-28—[Amended]
  52. Section 86.094-28 is amended as follows: a. By removing and reserving paragraphs (a)(1) through (2). b. By removing the text of paragraphs (a)(4) introductory text and (a)(4)(i) introductory text. c. By removing and reserving paragraph (a)(4)(i)(B)(
                                *2*)(
                                *ii*). d. By removing paragraph (a)(4)(i)(C). e. By removing and reserving paragraph (a)(4)(ii) and(iii). f. By removing paragraph (a)(4)(v). g. By removing the text of paragraph (a)(7) introductory text. h. By removing and reserving paragraphs (a)(7)(i), (b)(1) through (2), and (b)(4)(ii). i. By removing paragraphs (b)(4)(iii) through (iv), (b)(5) through (8), and (c) through (d).
 § 86.094-30—[Amended]
  53. Section 86.094-30 is amended as follows: a. By removing and reserving paragraphs (a)(3) and (a)(4)(i) through (ii). b. By removing the text of paragraph (a)(4)(iv) introductory text. c. By removing and reserving paragraphs (a)(10) through (11), (a)(13), (b)(1)(ii)(B), (b)(1)(ii)(D), and (b)(2). d. By removing the text of paragraph (b)(4)(ii) introductory text. e. By removing and reserving paragraph (b)(4)(ii)(B). f. By removing paragraphs (b)(4)(iii) through (iv) and (f).
 § 86.095-14—[Amended]
  54. Section 86.095-14 is amended by removing the introductory text and removing and reserving paragraphs (a) through (c)(11)(ii)(B)(
                                *15*) and (c)(11)(ii)(D)(
                                *7*) through (c)(15).
 § 86.095-23—[Amended]
  55. Section 86.095-23 is amended to read as follows: a. By removing and reserving paragraphs (a) and (b). b. By removing and reserving paragraph (c)(2). c. By removing and reserving paragraphs (d) and (e). d. By removing and reserving paragraphs (h) through (k).
 § 86.095-26—[Amended]
  56. Section 86.095-26 is amended as follows: a. By removing the introductory text. b. By removing and reserving paragraphs (a) through (b)(4)(i)(C) and (b)(4)(ii)(C). c. By removing paragraphs (b)(4)(iii) through (d).
 § 86.095-30—[Amended]
  57. Section 86.095-30 is amended as follows: a. By removing the introductory text. b. By removing and reserving paragraphs (a)(1) through (a)(3) and (a)(4)(i) through (iii). c. By removing paragraphs (a)(4)(iv)(A) through (C). d. By removing and reserving paragraphs (a)(5) through (12). e. By removing paragraph (a)(14). f. By removing and reserving paragraph (b). g. By removing paragraphs (c) through (f).
 § 86.095-35—[Amended]
  58. Section 86.095-35 is amended as follows: a. By removing the introductory text. b. By removing the text of paragraph (a)(2) introductory text. c. By removing and reserving paragraphs (a)(2)(i) through (ii). d. By removing the text of paragraph (a)(2)(iii) introductory text. e. By removing and reserving paragraphs (a)(2)(iii)(A) through (C) and (c).
 § 86.096-7—[Amended]
  59. Section 86.096-7 is amended as follows: a. By removing the introductory text. b. By removing and reserving paragraphs (a) through (h) (5). c. By removing the text of paragraph (h)(6) introductory text. d. By removing and reserving paragraph (h)(6)(i). e. By removing paragraph (h)(7)(vii).
 § 86.096-8—[Amended]
  60. Section 86.096-8 is amended as follows: a. By removing paragraph (a)(1)(iii). b. By removing and reserving paragraph (a)(2). c. By removing paragraph (a)(3). d. By removing the text of paragraph (b) introductory text. e. By removing and reserving paragraphs (b)(1) through (b)(4).
 § 86.096-21—[Amended]
  61. Section 86.096-21 is amended by removing the introductory text and removing and reserving paragraphs (a) through (j).
 § 86.096-24—[Amended]
  62. Section 86.096-24 is amended as follows: a. By removing and reserving paragraphs (a)(5) through (7), (b)(1)(i) through (ii), and (b)(1)(vii). b. By removing the text of paragraph (b)(1)(viii) introductory text. c. By removing and reserving paragraphs (b)(1)(viii)(A) and (f). d. By removing paragraph (g)(3).
 § 86.096-26—[Amended]
  63. Section 86.096-26 is amended as follows: a. By removing the introductory text. b. By removing and reserving paragraphs (a) and (b). c. By removing and reserving paragraphs (c)(1) through (c)(3). d. By removing paragraph (d).
 § 86.096-30—[Amended]
  64. Section 86.096-30 is amended as follows: a. By removing the introductory text. b. By removing and reserving paragraphs (a)(1) through (14). c. By removing paragraphs (a)(19) through (24). d. By removing and reserving paragraph (b). e. By removing paragraphs (c) through (f).
 § 86.097-9—[Amended]
  65. Section 86.097-9 is amended as follows: a. By removing paragraph (a)(1)(iv). b. By removing and reserving paragraph (a)(2). c. By removing paragraph (a)(3). d. By removing and reserving paragraphs (b) and (d) through (f).
 § 86.098-10
  66. Section 86.098-10 is amended by removing and reserving paragraph (b).
 § 86.098-23
  67. Section 86.098-23 is amended as follows: a. By removing the introductory text. b. By removing and reserving paragraphs (b)(2), (c), and (d)(2). c. By removing paragraph (d)(3). d. By removing and reserving paragraphs (f) through (g) and (l).
 § 86.098-24
  68. Section 86.098-24 is amended as follows: a. By removing the introductory text. b. By removing paragraph (a) introductory text. c. By removing and reserving paragraphs (a)(1) through (4). d. By removing paragraph (a)(8) through (15). e. By removing paragraphs (b) introductory text and (b)(1) introductory text. f. By removing and reserving paragraphs (b)(1)(i) through (vi) and (b)(1)(viii)(B). g. By removing paragraphs (b)(1)(ix) through (xii). h. By removing and reserving paragraph (b)(2). i. By removing paragraphs (b)(3) and (c) through (h).
 § 86.098-25
  69. Section 86.098-25 is amended as follows: a. By removing the introductory text. b. By removing and reserving paragraph (a). c. By removing paragraph (b) introductory text. d. By removing and reserving paragraphs (b)(1) through (2). e. By removing paragraph (b)(3) introductory text. f. By removing and reserving paragraphs (b)(3)(i) through (v). g. By removing paragraph (b)(3)(vi) introductory text. h. By removing and reserving paragraphs (b)(3)(vi)(A) through (D). i. By removing paragraphs (b)(3)(vii), (b)(4) through (7), and (c) through (h).
 § 86.098-26
  70. Section 86.098-26 is amended as follows: a. By removing the introductory text. b. By removing and reserving paragraphs (a)(1) through (2). c. By removing the text of paragraphs (a)(3) introductory text and (a)(3)(i) introductory text. d. By removing and reserving paragraphs (a)(3)(i)(A) through (B). e. By removing paragraph (a)(3)(i)(D). f. By removing paragraph (a)(3)(ii) introductory text. g. By removing and reserving paragraphs (a)(3)(ii)(A) through (B). h. By removing paragraphs (a)(3)(ii)(D) and (a)(4) through (11). i. By removing and reserving paragraph (b). j. By removing paragraphs (c) through (d).
 § 86.098-28
  71. Section 86.098-28 is amended as follows: a. By removing the introductory text. b. By removing and reserving paragraphs (a)(1) through (a)(3). c. By removing the text of paragraph (a)(4)(i) introductory text. d. By removing and reserving paragraphs (a)(4)(i)(A) through (B) and (a)(4)(ii)(A). e. By removing paragraphs (a)(4)(iii) through (iv). f. By removing and reserving paragraphs (a)(5) through (6), (a)(7)(i) through (ii), and (b). g. By removing paragraphs (c) through (h).
 § 86.098-30
  72. Section 86.098-30 is amended as follows: a. By removing the introductory text. b. By removing and reserving paragraphs (a)(1) through (18), (b)(1), and (b)(3). c. By removing paragraph (b)(4) introductory text. d. By removing and reserving paragraphs (b)(4)(i) and (b)(4)(ii)(A). e. By removing paragraphs (b)(5) through (f).
 § 86.099-8
  73. Section 86.099-8 is amended as follows: a. By removing the introductory text. b. By removing paragraph (a)(1) introductory text. c. By removing and reserving paragraphs (a)(1)(i) through (ii), (b)(5), and (c). d. By removing paragraphs (e) through (k).
 § 86.099-9
  74. Section 86.099-9 is amended as follows: a. By removing the introductory text. b. By removing paragraph (a)(1) introductory text. c. By removing and reserving paragraphs (a)(1)(i) through (iii). d. By removing paragraph (c) through (k).
 Subpart B—[Amended]
 75. Section 86.138-96 is amended by revising paragraph (k) to read as follows: § 86.138-96
  
 (k) For the supplemental two-diurnal test sequence (see § 86.130-96), perform a hot soak test as described in this section, except that the test shall be conducted within seven minutes after completion of the hot start exhaust test and temperatures throughout the hot soak measurement period must be between 68° and 86 °F. This hot soak test is followed by two consecutive diurnal heat builds, described in § 86.133-96(p). 
 76. Section 86.144-94 is amended by revising paragraph (c)(7)(ii) to read as follows:
 § 86.144-94
  
 (c) * * * (7) * * * (ii) For methanol-fueled vehicles, where fuel composition is Cx
                                Hy
                                Oz
                                 as measured, or calculated, for the fuel used:
 Subpart E—[Amended]
 77. Section 86.415-78 is amended by revising paragraph (b) to read as follows: § 86.415-78
  
 (b) Any manufacturer obtaining certification shall notify the Administrator of the number of vehicles of each engine family-engine displacement-emission control system-fuel system-transmission type-inertial mass category combination produced for sale in the United States during the preceding year. This report must be submitted every year within 45 days after the end of the model year.
 Subpart G—Selective Enforcement Auditing of New Light-Duty Vehicles, Light-Duty Trucks, and Heavy-Duty Vehicles
 78. The heading for subpart G is revised as set forth above. 79. Section 86.601-84 is amended by revising the introductory text to read as follows: § 86.601-84
  The provisions of this subpart apply to light-duty vehicles, light-duty trucks, and heavy-duty vehicles. References to “light-duty vehicle” or “LDT” in this subpart G shall be deemed to include light-duty trucks and heavy-duty vehicles as appropriate. 
 80. Subpart K is revised to read as follows:
 Subpart K—Selective Enforcement Auditing of New Heavy-Duty Engines § 86.1001
  The selective enforcement auditing program described in 40 CFR part 1068, subpart E, applies for all heavy-duty engines. In addition, the provisions of 40 CFR 1068.10 and 1068.20 apply for any selective enforcement audits of these engines.
 Subpart N—[Amended]
 81. Section 86.1305-2010 is amended by revising paragraph (h)(2) to read as follows: § 86.1305-2010
  
 (h) * * * (2) Follow the provisions of 40 CFR 1065.342 to verify the performance of any sample dryers in your system. Correct your measurements according to 40 CFR 1065.659, except use the value of Kw
                                 in § 86.1342-90(i) as the value of (1—xH2Oexh) in Equation 1065.659-1.
 Subpart T—[Amended]
 82. Section 86.1910 is amended by revising paragraph (d) to read as follows: § 86.1910
  
 (d) You must test the selected engines while they remain installed in the vehicle. Use portable emission sampling equipment and field-testing procedures referenced in § 86.1375. Measure emissions of THC, NMHC (by any method specified in 40 CFR part 1065, subpart J), CO, NOx, PM (as appropriate), and CO2
                                . Measure or determine O2
                                 emissions using good engineering judgment.
 PART 1027— FEES FOR ENGINE, VEHICLE, AND EQUIPMENT COMPLIANCE PROGRAMS 83. The authority citation for part 1027 continues to read as follows: Authority:
                            42 U.S.C. 7401-7671q. 84. Section 1027.101 is amended by revising paragraphs (a)(2)(iii) and (d) and adding paragraph (a)(4) to read as follows: § 1027.101
  (a) * * * (2) * * * (iii) Marine compression-ignition engines we regulate under 40 CFR part 94, or 1042, or 1043. 
 (4) Portable fuel containers we certify under 40 CFR part 59, subpart F. 
 (d) Paragraph (a) of this section identifies the parts of the CFR that define emission standards and other requirements for particular types of engines, vehicles, and fuel-system components. This part 1027 refers to each of these other parts generically as the “standard-setting part.” For example, 40 CFR part 1051 is always the standard-setting part for recreational vehicles. For some nonroad engines, we allow for certification related to evaporative emissions separate from exhaust emissions. In this case, 40 CFR part 1060 is the standard-setting part for the equipment or fuel system components you produce. 
 85. Section 1027.105 is amended by revising paragraph (b)(3) to read as follows:
 § 1027.105
  
 (b) * * * (3) The following fees apply for nonroad and stationary engines, vehicles, equipment, and components: Category
Certificate type
Fee(i) Locomotives and locomotive engines
All
$826(ii) Marine compression-ignition engines and stationary compression-ignition engines with per-cylinder displacement at or above 10 liters
All, including Annex VI
826(iii) Other nonroad compression-ignition engines and stationary compression-ignition engines with per-cylinder displacement below 10 liters
All
1,822(iv) Large SI engines
All
826(v) Stationary spark-ignition engines above 19 kW
All
826(vi) Marine SI engines and small SI engines
Exhaust only
826(vii) Stationary spark-ignition engines at or below 19 kW
Exhaust only
826(viii) Recreational vehicles
Exhaust (or combined exhaust and evap)
826(ix) Equipment and fuel-system components associated with nonroad and stationary spark-ignition engines, including portable fuel containers
Evap (where separate certification is required)
241
 
 
 
 86. Section 1027.150 is amended by revising the definition of “Annex VI” to read as follows:
 § 1027.150
  
 *Annex VI*
                                 means MARPOL Annex VI, which is an annex to the International Convention on the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the protocol of 1978 relating thereto. Note that 40 CFR part 1043 contains regulations implementing portions of Annex VI, including certain certification provisions.
 PART 1033—CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM LOCOMOTIVES 87. The authority citation for part 1033 continues to read as follows: Authority:
                            42 U.S.C. 7401-7671q. Subpart A—[Amended]
 88. Section 1033.15 is amended by revising paragraph (a) to read as follows: § 1033.15
  (a) Part 1065 of this chapter describes procedures and equipment specifications for testing engines to measure exhaust emissions. Subpart F of this part 1033 describes how to apply the provisions of part 1065 of this chapter to test locomotives to determine whether they meet the exhaust emission standards in this part. 
 89. A new § 1033.30 is added to subpart A to read as follows:
 § 1033.30
  (a) This part includes various requirements to record data or other information. Refer to § 1033.925 and 40 CFR 1068.25 regarding recordkeeping requirements. If recordkeeping requirements are not specified, store these records in any format and on any media and keep them readily available for one year after you send an associated application for certification, or one year after you generate the data if they do not support an application for certification. You must promptly send us organized, written records in English if we ask for them. We may review them at any time. (b) The regulations in § 1033.255 and 40 CFR 1068.101 describe your obligation to report truthful and complete information and the consequences of failing to meet this obligation. This includes information not related to certification. (c) Send all reports and requests for approval to the Designated Compliance Officer (see § 1033.901). (d) Any written information we require you to send to or receive from another company is deemed to be a required record under this section. Such records are also deemed to be submissions to EPA. We may require you to send us these records whether or not you are a certificate holder.
 Subpart B—[Amended]
 90. Section 1033.101 is amended by revising paragraph (d) to read as follows: § 1033.101
  
 (d) 
                                *Averaging, banking, and trading.*
                                 You may generate or use emission credits under the averaging, banking, and trading (ABT) program as described in subpart H of this part to comply with the NOX
                                 and/or PM standards of this part. You may also use ABT to comply with the Tier 4 HC standards of this part as described in paragraph (j) of this section. Generating or using emission credits requires that you specify a family emission limit (FEL) for each pollutant you include in the ABT program for each engine family. These FELs serve as the emission standards for the engine family with respect to all required testing instead of the standards specified in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section. FELs may not be higher than the following limits: (1) FELs for Tier 0 and Tier 1 locomotives originally manufactured before 2002 may have any value. (2) FELs for Tier 1 locomotives originally manufactured 2002 through 2004 may not exceed 9.5 g/bhp-hr for NOX
                                 emissions or 0.60 g/bhp-hr for PM emissions measured over the line-haul duty cycle. FELs for these locomotives may not exceed 14.4 g/bhp-hr for NOX
                                 emissions or 0.72 g/bhp-hr for PM emissions measured over the switch duty cycle. (3) FELs for Tier 2 and Tier 3 locomotives may not exceed the Tier 1 standards of this section. (4) FELs for Tier 4 locomotives may not exceed the Tier 3 standards of this section. 
 91. Section 1033.120 is amended by revising paragraph (c) to read as follows:
 § 1033.120
  
 (c) 
                                *Components covered.*
                                 The emission-related warranty covers all components whose failure would increase a locomotive's emissions of any regulated pollutant. This includes components listed in 40 CFR part 1068, Appendix I, and components from any other system you develop to control emissions. The emission-related warranty covers the components you sell even if another company produces the component. Your emission-related warranty does not cover components whose failure would not increase a locomotive's emissions of any regulated pollutant. For remanufactured locomotives, your emission-related warranty is required to cover only those parts that you supply or those parts for which you specify allowable part manufacturers. It does not need to cover used parts that are not replaced during the remanufacture. 
 92. Section 1033.150 is amended by revising paragraph (a)(4) to read as follows:
 § 1033.150
  
 (a) * * * (4) Estimate costs as described in this paragraph (a)(4). (i) The cost limits described in paragraph (a)(1) of this section are specified in terms of 2007 dollars. Adjust these values for future years according to the following equation: Actual Limit = (2007 Limit) × [(0.6000) × (Commodity Index) + (0.4000) × (Earnings Index) Where: 2007 Limit = The value specified in paragraph (a)(1) of this section ($250,000 or $125,000). Commodity Index = The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Producer Price Index for Industrial Commodities Less Fuel (Series WPU03T15M05) for the month prior to the date you submit your application divided by 173.1. Earnings Index = The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Estimated Average Hourly Earnings of Production Workers for Durable Manufacturing (Series CES3100000008) for the month prior to the date you submit your application divided by 18.26. (ii) Calculate all costs in current dollars (for the month prior to the date you submit your application). Calculate fuel costs based on a fuel price adjusted by the Association of American Railroads' monthly railroad fuel price index (P), which is available at 
                                *https: //www.aar.org/​~/​media/​AAR/​RailCostIndexes/​Index_​MonthlyFuelPrices.ashx.*
                                 (Use the value for the column in which P equals 539.8 for November 2007.) Calculate a new fuel price using the following equation: 
 
 Fuel Price = ($2.76 per gallon) × (P/539.8)
 Subpart C—[Amended]
 93. Section 1033.220 is amended by revising the introductory text and paragraph (a) to read as follows: § 1033.220
  You may amend your emission-related maintenance instructions after you submit your application for certification, as long as the amended instructions remain consistent with the provisions of § 1033.125. You must send the Designated Compliance Officer a request to amend your application for certification for an engine family if you want to change the emission-related maintenance instructions in a way that could affect emissions. In your request, describe the proposed changes to the maintenance instructions. If owners/operators follow the original maintenance instructions rather than the newly specified maintenance, this does not allow you to disqualify those locomotives from in-use testing or deny a warranty claim. (a) If you are decreasing or eliminating any of the specified maintenance, you may distribute the new maintenance instructions to your customers 30 days after we receive your request, unless we disapprove your request. This would generally include replacing one maintenance step with another. We may approve a shorter time or waive this requirement. 
 94. Section 1033.225 is amended by revising paragraphs (b)(2), (e), and (f) to read as follows:
 § 1033.225
  
 (b)  * * * (2) Include engineering evaluations or data showing that the amended engine family complies with all applicable requirements. You may do this by showing that the original emission-data locomotive is still appropriate for showing that the amended family complies with all applicable requirements. 
 (e) For engine families already covered by a certificate of conformity, you may start producing the new or modified locomotive anytime after you send us your amended application, before we make a decision under paragraph (d) of this section. However, if we determine that the affected locomotives do not meet applicable requirements, we will notify you to cease production of the locomotives and may require you to recall the locomotives at no expense to the owner. Choosing to produce locomotives under this paragraph (e) is deemed to be consent to recall all locomotives that we determine do not meet applicable emission standards or other requirements and to remedy the nonconformity at no expense to the owner. If you do not provide information required under paragraph (c) of this section within 30 days after we request it, you must stop producing the new or modified locomotives. (f) You may ask us to approve a change to your FEL in certain cases after the start of production. The changed FEL may not apply to locomotives you have already introduced into U.S. commerce, except as described in this paragraph (f). If we approve a changed FEL after the start of production, you must include the new FEL on the emission control information label for all locomotives produced after the change. You may ask us to approve a change to your FEL in the following cases: (1) You may ask to raise your FEL for your engine family at any time. In your request, you must show that you will still be able to meet the emission standards as specified in subparts B and H of this part. If you amend your application by submitting new test data to include a newly added or modified locomotive, as described in paragraph (b)(3) of this section, use the appropriate FELs with corresponding production volumes to calculate emission credits for the model year, as described in subpart H of this part. In all other circumstances, you must use the higher FEL for the entire family to calculate emission credits under subpart H of this part. (2) You may ask to lower the FEL for your emission family only if you have test data from production locomotives showing that emissions are below the proposed lower FEL. The lower FEL applies only to engines or fuel-system components you produce after we approve the new FEL. Use the appropriate FELs with corresponding production volumes to calculate emission credits for the model year, as described in subpart H of this part. 95. Section 1033.235 is amended by revising paragraphs (c) and (d) introductory text to read as follows:
 § 1033.235
  
 (c) We may measure emissions from any of your emission-data locomotives or other locomotives from the engine family. (1) We may decide to do the testing at your plant or any other facility. If we do this, you must deliver the locomotive to a test facility we designate. If we do the testing at your plant, you must schedule it as soon as possible and make available the instruments, personnel, and equipment we need. (2) If we measure emissions from one of your locomotives, the results of that testing become the official emission results for the locomotive. Unless we later invalidate these data, we may decide not to consider your data in determining if your engine family meets applicable requirements. (3) Before we test one of your locomotives, we may set its adjustable parameters to any point within the adjustable ranges (see § 1033.115(b)). (4) Before we test one of your locomotives, we may calibrate it within normal production tolerances for anything we do not consider an adjustable parameter. For example, this would apply where we determine that an engine parameter is not an adjustable parameter (as defined in § 1042.901) but that it is subject to production variability. (d) You may ask to use carryover emission data from a previous model year instead of doing new tests if all the following are true: 
 96. Section 1033.240 is amended by revising paragraph (b) introductory text to read as follows:
 § 1033.240
  
 (b) Your engine family is deemed not to comply if any emission-data locomotive representing that family has test results showing a deteriorated emission level for any pollutant that is above an applicable emission standard . Use the following steps to determine the deteriorated emission level for the test locomotive: 
 97. Section 1033.255 is amended by revising paragraph (b) to read as follows:
 § 1033.255
  
 (b) We may deny your application for certification if we determine that your engine family fails to comply with emission standards or other requirements of this part or the Clean Air Act. We will base our decision on all available information. If we deny 
                                ( print page 44534)
                                your application, we will explain why in writing.
 Subpart D—[Amended]
 98. Section 1033.325 is amended by revising paragraph (d) to read as follows: § 1033.325
  
 (d) Nothing in this section limits our authority to require you to establish, maintain, keep or submit to us information not specified by this section. We may also ask you to send less information.
 Subpart F—[Amended]
 99. Section 1033.501 is amended by revising paragraph (i) to read as follows: § 1033.501
  
 (i) For passenger locomotives that can generate hotel power from the main propulsion engine, the locomotive must comply with the emission standards when in non-hotel setting. For hotel mode, the locomotive is subject to the notch cap provisions of § 1033.101 and the defeat device prohibition of § 1033.115. 
 100. Section 1033.530 is amended by revising paragraph (h) to read as follows:
 § 1033.530
  
 (h) 
                                *Calculation adjustments for energy-saving design features.*
                                 The provisions of this paragraph (h) apply for locomotives equipped with new energy-saving locomotive design features. They do not apply for features that only improve the engine's brake-specific fuel consumption. They also do not apply for features that were commonly incorporated in locomotives before 2008. (1) Manufacturers/remanufacturers choosing to adjust emissions under this paragraph (h) must do all of the following for certification: (i) Describe the energy-saving features in your application for certification. (ii) Describe in your installation instruction and/or maintenance instructions all steps necessary to utilize the energy-saving features. (2) If your design feature will also affect the locomotives' duty cycle, you must comply with the requirements of paragraph (g) of this section. (3) Calculate the energy savings as described in this paragraph (h)(3). (i) Estimate the expected mean in-use fuel consumption rate (on a BTU per ton-mile basis) with and without the energy saving design feature, consistent with the specifications of paragraph (h)(4) of this section. The energy savings is the ratio of fuel consumed from a locomotive operating with the new feature to fuel consumed from a locomotive operating without the feature under identical conditions. Include an estimate of the 80 percent confidence interval for your estimate of the mean, and other statistical parameters we specify. (ii) Your estimate must be based on in-use operating data, consistent with good engineering judgment. Where we have previously certified your design feature under this paragraph (h), we may require you to update your analysis based on all new data that are available. You must obtain preliminary approval before you begin collecting operational data for this purpose. (iii) We may allow you to consider the effects of your design feature separately for different route types, regions, or railroads. We may require that you certify these different locomotives in different engine families and may restrict their use to the specified applications. (iv) Design your test plan so that the operation of the locomotives with and without is as similar as possible in all material aspects (other than the design feature being evaluated). Correct all data for any relevant differences, consistent with good engineering judgment. (v) Do not include any brake-specific energy savings in your calculated values. If it is not possible to exclude such effects from your data gathering, you must correct for these effects, consistent with good engineering judgment. (4) Calculate adjustment factors as described in this paragraph (h)(4). If the energy savings will apply broadly, calculate and apply the adjustment on a cycle-weighted basis. Otherwise, calculate and apply the adjustment separately for each notch. To apply the adjustment, multiply the emissions (either cycle-weighted or notch-specific, as applicable) by the adjustment. Use the lower bound of the 80 percent confidence interval of the estimate of the mean as your estimated energy savings rate. We may cap your energy savings rate for this paragraph (h)(4) at 80 percent of the estimate of the mean. Calculate the emission adjustment factors as: AF = 1.000 − (energy savings rate) (5) We may require you to collect and report data from locomotives we allow you to certify under this paragraph (h) and to recalculate the adjustment factor for future model years based on such data.
 Subpart G—[Amended]
 101. Section 1033.601 is amended by revising paragraph (a) to read as follows: § 1033.601
  
 (a) 
                                *Meaning of terms.*
                                 When used in 40 CFR part 1068, apply meanings for specific terms as follows: (1) “Manufacturer” means manufacturer and/or remanufacturer. (2) “Date of manufacture” means date of original manufacture for freshly manufactured locomotives and the date on which a remanufacture is completed for remanufactured engines. 
 102. Section 1033.625 is amended by revising paragraphs (a)(1), (b), and (c) to read as follows:
 § 1033.625
  
 (a)  * * * (1) Before being installed in the locomotive, the engines were covered by a certificate of conformity issued under 40 CFR Part 1039 (or part 89) that is effective for the calendar year in which the manufacture or remanufacture occurs. You may use engines certified during the previous years if they were subject to the same standards. You may not make any modifications to the engines unless we approve them. 
 (b) To certify your locomotives by design under this section, submit your application as specified in § 1033.205, with the following exceptions: (1) Include the following instead of the locomotive test data otherwise required by § 1033.205: (i) A description of the engines to be used, including the name of the engine manufacturer and engine family identifier for the engines. (ii) A brief engineering analysis describing how the engine's emission controls will function when installed in the locomotive throughout the locomotive's useful life. (iii) The emission data submitted under 40 CFR part 1039 (or part 89). (2) You may separately submit some of the information required by § 1033.205, consistent with the provisions of § 1033.1(d). For example, this may be an appropriate way to submit detailed information about proprietary engine software. Note that this allowance to separately submit some of the information required by 
                                ( print page 44535)
                                § 1033.205 is also available for applications not submitted under this section. (c) Locomotives certified under this section are subject to all the requirements of this part except as specified in paragraph (b) of this section. The engines used in such locomotives are not considered to be included in the otherwise applicable engines family of 40 CFR part 1039 (or part 89). 
 103. A new § 1033.652 is added to read as follows:
 § 1033.652
  (a) Uncertified locomotives. Locomotives covered by an export exemption under 40 CFR 1068.230 may be introduced into U.S. commerce prior to being exported, but may not be used in any revenue generating service in the U.S. Locomotives covered by this paragraph (a) may not include any EPA emission control information label. Such locomotives may include emission control information labels for the country to which they are being exported. (b) Locomotives covered by export-only certificates. Locomotives may be certified for export under 40 CFR 1068.230. Such locomotives may be introduced into U.S. commerce prior to being exported, but may not be used in any revenue generating service in the U.S. (c) Locomotives included in a certified engine family. Except as specified in paragraph (d) of this section, locomotives included in a certified engine family may be exported without restriction. Note that § 1033.705 requires that exported locomotives be excluded from emission credit calculations in certain circumstances. (d) Locomotives certified to FELs above the standards. The provisions of this paragraph (d) apply for locomotive configurations included in engine families certified to one or more FELs above any otherwise applicable standard. Individual locomotives that will be exported may be excluded from an engine family if they are unlabeled. For locomotives that were labeled during production, you may remove the emission control information labels prior to export. All unlabeled locomotives that will be exported are subject to the provisions of paragraph (a) of this section. Locomotives that are of a configuration included in an engine family certified to one of more FELs above any otherwise applicable standard that includes an EPA emission control information label when exported are considered to be part of the engine family and must be included in credit calculations under § 1033.705. Note that this requirement does not apply for locomotives that do not have EPA emission control information labels, but that do have other labels (such as an export-only label).
 Subpart H—[Amended]
 104. Section 1033.705 is amended by revising paragraph (b) introductory text to read as follows: § 1033.705
  
 (b) For each participating engine family, calculate positive or negative emission credits relative to the otherwise applicable emission standard. For the end of year report, round the sum of emission credits to the nearest one hundredth of a megagram (0.01 Mg). Round your end of year emission credit balance to the nearest megagram (Mg). Use consistent units throughout the calculation. When useful life is expressed in terms of megawatt-hrs, calculate credits for each engine family from the following equation: 
 105. Section 1033.715 is revised to read as follows:
 § 1033.715
  (a) Banking is the retention of emission credits by the manufacturer/remanufacturer generating the emission credits (or owner/operator, in the case of transferred credits) for use in future model years for averaging, trading, or transferring. You may use banked emission credits only as allowed by § 1033.740. (b) You may designate any emission credits you plan to bank in the reports you submit under § 1042.730. During the model year and before the due date for the final report, you may designate your reserved emission credits for averaging, trading, or transferring. (c) Reserved credits become actual emission credits when you submit your final report. However, we may revoke these emission credits if we are unable to verify them after reviewing your reports or auditing your records. 106. Section 1033.725 is amended by revising paragraph (b)(2) to read as follows:
 § 1033.725
  
 (b) * * * (2) Detailed calculations of projected emission credits (positive or negative) based on projected production volumes. We may require you to include similar calculations from your other engine families to demonstrate that you will be able to avoid a negative credit balance for the model year. If you project negative emission credits for a family, state the source of positive emission credits you expect to use to offset the negative emission credits. 107. Section 1033.730 is amended by revising paragraphs (b)(3) and (b)(5) to read as follows:
 § 1033.730
  
 (b) * * * (3) The FEL for each pollutant. If you change the FEL after the start of production, identify the date that you started using the new FEL and/or give the engine identification number for the first engine covered by the new FEL. In this case, identify each applicable FEL and calculate the positive or negative emission credits under each FEL. 
 (5) Rated power for each locomotive configuration, and the average locomotive power weighted by U.S.-directed production volumes for the engine family. 
 108. Section 1033.735 is amended by revising paragraphs (b), (d), and (e) to read as follows:
 § 1033.735
  
 (b) Keep the records required by this section for at least eight years after the due date for the end-of-year report. You may not use emission credits for any engines if you do not keep all the records required under this section. You must therefore keep these records to continue to bank valid credits. Store these records in any format and on any media, as long as you can promptly send us organized, written records in English if we ask for them. You must keep these records readily available. We may review them at any time. 
 (d) Keep records of the engine identification number for each locomotive you produce that generates or uses emission credits under the ABT program. If you change the FEL after the start of production, identify the date you started using each FEL and the range of engine identification numbers associated with each FEL. You must also be able to identify the purchaser and destination for each engine you produce. (e) We may require you to keep additional records or to send us relevant information not required by this section in accordance with the Clean Air Act.
 Subpart J—[Amended]
 109. Section 1033.901 is amended by revising the definitions for “Carryover”, “Total hydrocarbon”, “Total hydrocarbon equivalent”, and “Useful life” and adding a new definition for “Alcohol-fueled locomotive” in alphabetical order to read as follows: § 1033.901
  
 *Alcohol-fueled locomotive*
                                 means a locomotive with an engine that is designed to run using an alcohol fuel. For purposes of this definition, alcohol fuels do not include fuels with a nominal alcohol content below 25 percent by volume. 
 *Carryover*
                                 means relating to certification based on emission data generated from an earlier model year as described in § 1033.235(d). This generally requires that the locomotives in the engine family do not differ in any aspect related to emissions. 
 *Total hydrocarbon*
                                 has the meaning given in 40 CFR 1065.1001. This generally means the combined mass of organic compounds measured by the specified procedure for measuring total hydrocarbon, expressed as a hydrocarbon with a hydrogen-to-carbon mass ratio of 1.85:1. *Total hydrocarbon equivalent*
                                 has the meaning given in 40 CFR 1065.1001. This generally means the sum of the carbon mass contributions of non-oxygenated hydrocarbons, alcohols and aldehydes, or other organic compounds that are measured separately as contained in a gas sample, expressed as exhaust hydrocarbon from petroleum-fueled locomotives. The hydrogen-to-carbon mass ratio of the equivalent hydrocarbon is 1.85:1. 
 *Useful life*
                                 means the period during which the locomotive engine is designed to properly function in terms of reliability and fuel consumption, without being remanufactured, specified as work output or miles. It is the period during which a locomotive is required to comply with all applicable emission standards. See § 1033.101(g). 
 110. A new § 1033.925 is added to subpart J to read as follows:
 § 1033.925
  Under the Paperwork Reduction Act (44 U.S.C. 3501 
                                *et seq*), the Office of Management and Budget approves the reporting and recordkeeping specified in the applicable regulations. The following items illustrate the kind of reporting and recordkeeping we require for engines regulated under this part: (a) We specify the following requirements related to engine certification in this part 1033: (1) In § 1033.150 we state the requirements for interim provisions. (2) In subpart C of this part we identify a wide range of information required to certify engines. (3) In § 1033.325 we specify certain records related to production-line testing. (4) In subpart G of this part we identify several reporting and recordkeeping items for making demonstrations and getting approval related to various special compliance provisions. (5) In §§ 1033.725, 1033.730, and 1033.735 we specify certain records related to averaging, banking, and trading. (6) In subpart I of this part we specify certain records related to meeting requirements for remanufactured engines. (b) We specify the following requirements related to testing in 40 CFR part 1065: (1) In 40 CFR 1065.2 we give an overview of principles for reporting information. (2) In 40 CFR 1065.10 and 1065.12 we specify information needs for establishing various changes to published test procedures. (3) In 40 CFR 1065.25 we establish basic guidelines for storing test information. (4) In 40 CFR 1065.695 we identify data that may be appropriate for collecting during testing of in-use engines using portable analyzers. (c) We specify the following requirements related to the general compliance provisions in 40 CFR part 1068: (1) In 40 CFR 1068.5 we establish a process for evaluating good engineering judgment related to testing and certification. (2) In 40 CFR 1068.25 we describe general provisions related to sending and keeping information. (3) In 40 CFR 1068.27 we require manufacturers to make engines available for our testing or inspection if we make such a request. (4) In 40 CFR 1068.105 we require vessel manufacturers to keep certain records related to duplicate labels from engine manufacturers. (5) In 40 CFR 1068.120 we specify recordkeeping related to rebuilding engines. (6) In 40 CFR part 1068, subpart C, we identify several reporting and recordkeeping items for making demonstrations and getting approval related to various exemptions. (7) In 40 CFR part 1068, subpart D, we identify several reporting and recordkeeping items for making demonstrations and getting approval related to importing engines. (8) In 40 CFR 1068.450 and 1068.455 we specify certain records related to testing production-line engines in a selective enforcement audit. (9) In 40 CFR 1068.501 we specify certain records related to investigating and reporting emission-related defects. (10) In 40 CFR 1068.525 and 1068.530 we specify certain records related to recalling nonconforming engines.
 PART 1039—CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE NONROAD COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES 111. The authority citation for part 1039 continues to read as follows: Authority:
                            42 U.S.C. 7401-7671q. Subpart A—[Amended]
 112. Section 1039.5 is amended by revising paragraph (a) to read as follows: § 1039.5
  
 (a) 
                                *Locomotive engines.*
                                 (1) The following locomotive engines are not subject to the provisions of this part 1039: (i) Engines in locomotives subject to the standards of 40 CFR part 92 or 1033. (ii) Engines in locomotives that are exempt from the standards of 40 CFR part 1033 pursuant to the provisions of 40 CFR part 1033 or 1068 (except for the provisions of 40 CFR 1033.150(e)). (iii) Engines in locomotives that are exempt from the standards of 40 CFR part 92 pursuant to the provisions of 40 CFR part 92 (except for the provisions of 40 CFR 92.907). For example, an engine that is exempt under 40 CFR 92.906 because it is in a manufacturer-owned locomotive is not subject to the provisions of this part 1039. (2) The following locomotive engines are subject to the provisions of this part 1039: (i) Engines in locomotives exempt from 40 CFR part 92 or 1033 pursuant to the provisions of 40 CFR 92.907 or 1033.150(e). (ii) Locomotive engines excluded from the definition of locomotive in 40 CFR 1033.901. 
 113. Section 1039.15 is amended by revising paragraph (a) to read as follows:
 § 1039.15
  (a) Part 1065 of this chapter describes procedures and equipment specifications for testing engines to measure exhaust emissions. Subpart F of this part 1039 describes how to apply the provisions of part 1065 of this chapter to determine whether engines meet the exhaust emission standards in this part. 
 114. A new § 1039.30 is added to subpart A to read as follows:
 § 1039.30
  (a) This part includes various requirements to record data or other information. Refer to § 1039.825 and 40 CFR 1068.25 regarding recordkeeping requirements. If recordkeeping requirements are not specified, store these records in any format and on any media and keep them readily available for one year after you send an associated application for certification, or one year after you generate the data if they do not support an application for certification. You must promptly send us organized, written records in English if we ask for them. We may review them at any time. (b) The regulations in § 1039.255 and 40 CFR 1068.101 describe your obligation to report truthful and complete information and the consequences of failing to meet this obligation. This includes information not related to certification. (c) Send all reports and requests for approval to the Designated Compliance Officer (see § 1039.801). (d) Any written information we require you to send to or receive from another company is deemed to be a required record under this section. Such records are also deemed to be submissions to EPA. We may require you to send us these records whether or not you are a certificate holder.
 Subpart B—[Amended]
 115. Section 1039.120 is amended by revising paragraph (c) to read as follows: § 1039.120
  
 (c) 
                                *Components covered.*
                                 The emission-related warranty covers all components whose failure would increase an engine's emissions of any regulated pollutant, including components listed in 40 CFR part 1068, Appendix I, and components from any other system you develop to control emissions. The emission-related warranty covers these components even if another company produces the component. Your emission-related warranty does not cover components whose failure would not increase an engine's emissions of any regulated pollutant. 
 116. Section 1039.125 is amended by revising paragraphs (a)(1)(iii), (c), and (d) and adding paragraph (a)(5) to read as follows:
 § 1039.125
  
 (a) * * * (1) * * * (iii) You provide the maintenance free of charge and clearly say so in your maintenance instructions. 
 (5) You may ask us to approve a maintenance interval shorter than that specified in paragraphs (a)(2) and (a)(3) of this section under § 1039.210, including emission-related components that were not in widespread use with nonroad compression-ignition engines before 2011. In your request you must describe the proposed maintenance step, recommend the maximum feasible interval for this maintenance, include your rationale with supporting evidence to support the need for the maintenance at the recommended interval, and demonstrate that the maintenance will be done at the recommended interval on in-use engines. In considering your request, we will evaluate the information you provide and any other available information to establish alternate specifications for maintenance intervals, if appropriate. 
 (c) 
                                *Special maintenance.*
                                 You may specify more frequent maintenance to address problems related to special situations, such as atypical engine operation. You must clearly state that this additional maintenance is associated with the special situation you are addressing. We may disapprove your maintenance instructions if we determine that you have specified special maintenance steps to address engine operation that is not atypical, or that the maintenance is unlikely to occur in use. If we determine that certain maintenance items do not qualify as special maintenance under this paragraph (c), you may identify this as recommended additional maintenance under paragraph (b) of this section. (d) 
                                *Noncritical emission-related maintenance.*
                                 Subject to the provisions of this paragraph (d), you may schedule any amount of emission-related inspection or maintenance that is not covered by paragraph (a) of this section (that is, maintenance that is neither explicitly identified as critical emission-related maintenance, nor that we approve as critical emission-related maintenance). Noncritical emission-related maintenance generally includes maintenance on the components we specify in 40 CFR part 1068, Appendix I, that is not covered in paragraph (a) of this section. You must state in the owners manual that these steps are not necessary to keep the emission-related warranty valid. If operators fail to do this maintenance, this does not allow you to disqualify those engines from in-use testing or deny a warranty claim. Do not take these inspection or maintenance steps during service accumulation on your emission-data engines. 
 117. Section 1039.135 is amended by revising paragraphs (c)(6) and (c)(8) to read as follows:
 § 1039.135
  
 (c) * * * (6) State the date of manufacture [DAY (optional), MONTH, and YEAR]; however, you may omit this from the label if you stamp, engrave, or otherwise permanently identify it elsewhere on the engine, in which case you must also describe in your application for certification where you will identify the date on the engine. 
 (8) Identify the emission-control system. Use terms and abbreviations as described in 40 CFR 1068.45. You may omit this information from the label if there is not enough room for it and you put it in the owners manual instead.
 Subpart C—[Amended]
 118. Section 1039.201 is amended by adding paragraph (h) to read as follows: § 1039.201
  
 (h) For engines that become new after being placed into service, such as engines converted to nonroad use after being used in motor vehicles, we may specify alternate certification provisions consistent with the intent of this part. See the definition of “new nonroad engine” in § 1039.801. 119. Section 1039.220 is revised to read as follows:
 § 1039.220
  You may amend your emission-related maintenance instructions after you submit your application for certification as long as the amended instructions remain consistent with the provisions of § 1039.125. You must send the Designated Compliance Officer a written request to amend your application for certification for an engine family if you want to change the emission-related maintenance instructions in a way that could affect emissions. In your request, describe the proposed changes to the maintenance instructions. If operators follow the original maintenance instructions rather than the newly specified maintenance, this does not allow you to disqualify those engines from in-use testing or deny a warranty claim. (a) If you are decreasing or eliminating any specified maintenance, you may distribute the new maintenance instructions to your customers 30 days after we receive your request, unless we disapprove your request. This would generally include replacing one maintenance step with another. We may approve a shorter time or waive this requirement. (b) If your requested change would not decrease the specified maintenance, you may distribute the new maintenance instructions anytime after you send your request. For example, this paragraph (b) would cover adding instructions to increase the frequency of filter changes for engines in severe-duty applications. (c) You need not request approval if you are making only minor corrections (such as correcting typographical mistakes), clarifying your maintenance instructions, or changing instructions for maintenance unrelated to emission control. We may ask you to send us copies of maintenance instructions revised under this paragraph (c). 120. Section 1039.225 is amended by revising paragraphs (b)(2), (e), and (f) to read as follows:
 § 1039.225
  
 (b) * * * (2) Include engineering evaluations or data showing that the amended engine family complies with all applicable requirements. You may do this by showing that the original emission-data engine is still appropriate for showing that the amended family complies with all applicable requirements. 
 (e) For engine families already covered by a certificate of conformity, you may start producing the new or modified engine configuration anytime after you send us your amended application and before we make a decision under paragraph (d) of this section. However, if we determine that the affected engines do not meet applicable requirements, we will notify you to cease production of the engines and may require you to recall the engines at no expense to the owner. Choosing to produce engines under this paragraph (e) is deemed to be consent to recall all engines that we determine do not meet applicable emission standards or other requirements and to remedy the nonconformity at no expense to the owner. If you do not provide information required under paragraph (c) of this section within 30 days after we request it, you must stop producing the new or modified engines. (f) You may ask us to approve a change to your FEL in certain cases after the start of production. The changed FEL may not apply to engines you have already introduced into U.S. commerce, except as described in this paragraph (f). If we approve a changed FEL after the start of production, you must include the new FEL on the emission control information label for all engines produced after the change. You may ask us to approve a change to your FEL in the following cases: (1) You may ask to raise your FEL for your engine family at any time. In your request, you must show that you will still be able to meet the emission standards as specified in subparts B and H of this part. If you amend your application by submitting new test data to include a newly added or modified engine, as described in paragraph (b)(3) of this section, use the appropriate FELs with corresponding production volumes to calculate emission credits for the model year, as described in subpart H of this part. In all other circumstances, you must use the higher FEL for the entire engine family to calculate emission credits under subpart H of this part. (2) You may ask to lower the FEL for your engine family only if you have test data from production engines showing that emissions are below the proposed lower FEL. The lower FEL applies only to engines you produce after we approve the new FEL. Use the appropriate FELs with corresponding production volumes to calculate emission credits for the model year, as described in subpart H of this part. 121. Section 1039.230 is amended by revising paragraphs (b) and (d) to read as follows:
 § 1039.230
  
 (b) Group engines in the same engine family if they are the same in all the following aspects: (1) The combustion cycle and fuel. (2) The cooling system (water-cooled vs. air-cooled). (3) Method of air aspiration. (4) Method of exhaust aftertreatment (for example, catalytic converter or particulate trap). (5) Combustion chamber design. (6) Bore and stroke. (7) Cylinder arrangement (for engines with aftertreatment devices only). (8) Method of control for engine operation other than governing (
                                *i.e.,*
                                 mechanical or electronic). (9) Power category. (10) Numerical level of the emission standards that apply to the engine. 
 (d) In unusual circumstances, you may group engines that are not identical with respect to the things listed in paragraph (b) of this section in the same engine family if you show that their emission characteristics during the useful life will be similar. 
 122. Section 1039.235 is amended by revising paragraphs (c) and (d) introductory text to read as follows:
 § 1039.235
  
 (c) We may measure emissions from any of your emission-data engines or other engines from the engine family, as follows: (1) We may decide to do the testing at your plant or any other facility. If we do this, you must deliver the engine to a test facility we designate. The engine you provide must include appropriate manifolds, aftertreatment devices, electronic control units, and other emission-related components not normally attached directly to the engine block. If we do the testing at your plant, you must schedule it as soon as possible and make available the instruments, personnel, and equipment we need. (2) If we measure emissions on one of your engines, the results of that testing become the official emission results for the engine. Unless we later invalidate these data, we may decide not to consider your data in determining if your engine family meets applicable requirements. (3) Before we test one of your engines, we may set its adjustable parameters to any point within the physically adjustable ranges (see § 1039.115(e)).
                                ( print page 44539) (4) Before we test one of your engines, we may calibrate it within normal production tolerances for anything we do not consider an adjustable parameter. For example, this would apply where we determine that an engine parameter is not an adjustable parameter (as defined in § 1039.801) but that it is subject to production variability. (d) You may ask to use carryover emission data from a previous model year instead of doing new tests, but only if all the following are true: 
 123. Section 1039.240 is amended by revising paragraphs (a), (b), and (c)(1) to read as follows:
 § 1039.240
  (a) For purposes of certification, your engine family is considered in compliance with the emission standards in § 1039.101(a) and (b), § 1039.102(a) and (b), § 1039.104, and § 1039.105 if all emission-data engines representing that family have test results showing deteriorated emission levels at or below these standards. This includes all test points over the course of the durability demonstration. Note that your FELs are considered to be the applicable emission standards with which you must comply if you participate in the ABT program in subpart H of this part. (b) Your engine family is deemed not to comply if any emission-data engine representing that family has test results showing a deteriorated emission level for any pollutant that is above an applicable emission standard. Similarly, your engine family is deemed not to comply if any emission-data engine representing that family has test results showing any emission level above the applicable not-to-exceed emission standard for any pollutant. This includes all test points over the course of the durability demonstration. (c) * * * (1) 
                                *Additive deterioration factor for exhaust emissions.*
                                 Except as specified in paragraph (c)(2) of this section, use an additive deterioration factor for exhaust emissions. An additive deterioration factor is the difference between exhaust emissions at the end of the useful life and exhaust emissions at the low-hour test point. In these cases, adjust the official emission results for each tested engine at the selected test point by adding the factor to the measured emissions. If the factor is less than zero, use zero. Additive deterioration factors must be specified to one more decimal place than the applicable standard. 
 124. Section 1039.245 is amended by revising the introductory text to read as follows:
 § 1039.245
  This section describes how to determine deterioration factors, either with an engineering analysis, with pre-existing test data, or with new emission measurements. Apply these deterioration factors to determine whether your engines will meet the duty-cycle emission standards throughout the useful life as described in § 1039.240. 
 125. Section 1039.250 is amended by revising paragraphs (a) introductory text and (c) and removing paragraph (e) to read as follows:
 § 1039.250
  (a) Within 45 days after the end of the model year, send the Designated Compliance Officer a report describing the following information about engines you produced during the model year: 
 (c) Keep data from routine emission tests (such as test cell temperatures and relative humidity readings) for one year after we issue the associated certificate of conformity. Keep all other information specified in this section for eight years after we issue your certificate. 
 126. Section 1039.255 is amended by revising paragraph (b) to read as follows:
 § 1039.255
  
 (b) We may deny your application for certification if we determine that your engine family fails to comply with emission standards or other requirements of this part or the Clean Air Act. We will base our decision on all available information. If we deny your application, we will explain why in writing.
 Subpart G—[Amended]
 127. Section 1039.605 is amended by revising paragraph (d)(3) introductory text to read as follows: § 1039.605
  
 (d) * * * (3) You must show that fewer than 50 percent of the engine family's total sales in the United States are used in nonroad applications. This includes engines used in any application without regard to which company manufactures the vehicle or equipment. Show this as follows: 
 128. Section 1039.610 is amended by revising paragraph (d)(3) introductory text to read as follows:
 § 1039.610
  
 (d) * * * (3) You must show that fewer than 50 percent of the engine family's total sales in the United States are used in nonroad applications. This includes any type of vehicle, without regard to which company completes the manufacturing of the nonroad equipment. Show this as follows:
 Subpart H—[Amended]
 129. Section 1039.705 is amended by revising paragraph (b) before the equation to read as follows: § 1039.705
  
 (b) For each participating family, calculate positive or negative emission credits relative to the otherwise applicable emission standard. Calculate positive emission credits for a family that has an FEL below the standard. Calculate negative emission credits for a family that has an FEL above the standard. Sum your positive and negative credits for the model year before rounding. Round the sum of emission credits to the nearest kilogram (kg), using consistent units throughout the following equation: 
 130. Section 1039.715 is revised to read as follows:
 § 1039.715
  (a) Banking is the retention of emission credits by the manufacturer generating the emission credits for use in future model years for averaging or trading. (b) You may designate any emission credits you plan to bank in the reports you submit under § 1039.730. During the model year and before the due date for the final report, you may designate your reserved emission credits for averaging or trading. (c) Reserved credits become actual emission credits when you submit your final report. However, we may revoke 
                                ( print page 44540)
                                these emission credits if we are unable to verify them after reviewing your reports or auditing your records. 131. Section 1039.720 is amended by revising paragraph (b) to read as follows:
 § 1039.720
  
 (b) You may trade actual emission credits as described in this subpart. You may also trade reserved emission credits, but we may revoke these emission credits based on our review of your records or reports or those of the company with which you traded emission credits. You may trade banked credits within an averaging set to any certifying manufacturer. 
 132. Section 1039.725 is amended by revising paragraph (b)(2) to read as follows:
 § 1039.725
  
 (b) * * * (2) Detailed calculations of projected emission credits (positive or negative) based on projected production volumes. We may require you to include similar calculations from your other engine families to demonstrate that you will be able to avoid a negative credit balance for the model year. If you project negative emission credits for a family, state the source of positive emission credits you expect to use to offset the negative emission credits. 133. Section 1039.730 is amended by revising paragraphs (b)(3), (b)(5), and (f) to read as follows:
 § 1039.730
  
 (b) * * * (3) The FEL for each pollutant. If you change the FEL after the start of production, identify the date that you started using the new FEL and/or give the engine identification number for the first engine covered by the new FEL. In this case, identify each applicable FEL and calculate the positive or negative emission credits under each FEL. 
 (5) Maximum engine power for each engine configuration, and the average engine power weighted by U.S.-directed production volumes for the engine family. 
 (f) Correct errors in your end-of-year report or final report as follows: (1) You may correct any errors in your end-of-year report when you prepare the final report, as long as you send us the final report by the time it is due. (2) If you or we determine within 270 days after the end of the model year that errors mistakenly decreased your balance of emission credits, you may correct the errors and recalculate the balance of emission credits. You may not make these corrections for errors that are determined more than 270 days after the end of the model year. If you report a negative balance of emission credits, we may disallow corrections under this paragraph (f)(2). (3) If you or we determine anytime that errors mistakenly increased your balance of emission credits, you must correct the errors and recalculate the balance of emission credits. 134. Section 1039.735 is amended by revising paragraphs (b), (d), and (e) to read as follows:
 § 1039.735
  
 (b) Keep the records required by this section for at least eight years after the due date for the end-of-year report. You may not use emission credits for any engines if you do not keep all the records required under this section. You must therefore keep these records to continue to bank valid credits. Store these records in any format and on any media, as long as you can promptly send us organized, written records in English if we ask for them. You must keep these records readily available. We may review them at any time. 
 (d) Keep records of the engine identification number for each engine you produce that generates or uses emission credits under the ABT program. You may identify these numbers as a range. If you change the FEL after the start of production, identify the date you started using each FEL and the range of engine identification numbers associated with each FEL. You must also be able to identify the purchaser and destination for each engine you produce. (e) We may require you to keep additional records or to send us relevant information not required by this section in accordance with the Clean Air Act.
 Subpart I—[Amended]
 135. Section 1039.801 is amended by revising the definitions for “Model year”, “New nonroad engine”, “Total hydrocarbon”, “Total hydrocarbon equivalent”, and “Useful life and adding definitions for “Alcohol-fueled engine”, “Carryover”, and “Date of manufacture” in alphabetical order to read as follows: § 1039.801
  
 *Alcohol-fueled engine*
                                 means an engine that is designed to run using an alcohol fuel. For purposes of this definition, alcohol fuels do not include fuels with a nominal alcohol content below 25 percent by volume. 
 *Carryover*
                                 means relating to certification based on emission data generated from an earlier model year as described in § 1042.235(d). This generally requires that the engines in the engine family do not differ in any aspect related to emissions. 
 *Date of manufacture*
                                 has the meaning given in 40 CFR 1068.30. 
 *Model year*
                                 means one of the following things: (1) For freshly manufactured equipment and engines (see definition of “new nonroad engine,” paragraph (1)), model year means one of the following: (i) Calendar year. (ii) Your annual new model production period if it is different than the calendar year. This must include January 1 of the calendar year for which the model year is named. It may not begin before January 2 of the previous calendar year and it must end by December 31 of the named calendar year. (2) For an engine that is converted to a nonroad engine after being placed into service as a stationary engine, or being certified and placed into service as a motor vehicle engine, model year means the calendar year in which the engine was originally produced. For a motor vehicle engine that is converted to be a nonroad engine without having been certified, model year means the calendar year in which the engine becomes a new nonroad engine. (See definition of “new nonroad engine,” paragraph (2).) (3) For a nonroad engine excluded under § 1039.5 that is later converted to operate in an application that is not excluded, model year means the calendar year in which the engine was originally produced (see definition of “new nonroad engine,” paragraph (3)). (4) For engines that are not freshly manufactured but are installed in new nonroad equipment, model year means the calendar year in which the engine is installed in the new nonroad equipment (see definition of “new nonroad engine,” paragraph (4)). (5) For imported engines: (i) For imported engines described in paragraph (5)(i) of the definition of 
                                ( print page 44541)
                                “new nonroad engine,” 
                                *model year*
                                 has the meaning given in paragraphs (1) through (4) of this definition. (ii) For imported engines described in paragraph (5)(ii) of the definition of “new nonroad engine,” 
                                *model year*
                                 has the meaning given in 40 CFR 89.602 for independent commercial importers. (iii) For imported engines described in paragraph (5)(iii) of the definition of “new nonroad engine,” 
                                *model year*
                                 means the calendar year in which the engine is assembled in its imported configuration, unless specified otherwise in this part or in 40 CFR part 1068. 
 *New nonroad engine*
                                 means any of the following things: (1) A freshly manufactured nonroad engine for which the ultimate purchaser has never received the equitable or legal title. This kind of engine might commonly be thought of as “brand new.” In the case of this paragraph (1), the engine is new from the time it is produced until the ultimate purchaser receives the title or the product is placed into service, whichever comes first. (2) An engine originally manufactured as a motor vehicle engine or a stationary engine that is later used or intended to be used in a piece of nonroad equipment. In this case, the engine is no longer a motor vehicle or stationary engine and becomes a “new nonroad engine.” The engine is no longer new when it is placed into nonroad service. This paragraph (2) applies if a motor vehicle engine or a stationary engine is installed in nonroad equipment, or if a motor vehicle or a piece of stationary equipment is modified (or moved) to become nonroad equipment. (3) A nonroad engine that has been previously placed into service in an application we exclude under § 1039.5, when that engine is installed in a piece of equipment that is covered by this part 1039. The engine is no longer new when it is placed into nonroad service covered by this part 1039. For example, this would apply to marine diesel engine that is no longer used in a marine vessel but is instead installed in a piece of nonroad equipment subject to the provisions of this part. (4) An engine not covered by paragraphs (1) through (3) of this definition that is intended to be installed in new nonroad equipment. This generally includes installation of used engines in new equipment. The engine is no longer new when the ultimate purchaser receives a title for the equipment or the product is placed into service, whichever comes first. (5) An imported nonroad engine, subject to the following provisions: (i) An imported nonroad engine covered by a certificate of conformity issued under this part that meets the criteria of one or more of paragraphs (1) through (4) of this definition, where the original engine manufacturer holds the certificate, is new as defined by those applicable paragraphs. (ii) An imported engine covered by a certificate of conformity issued under this part, where someone other than the original engine manufacturer holds the certificate (such as when the engine is modified after its initial assembly), is a new nonroad engine when it is imported. It is no longer new when the ultimate purchaser receives a title for the engine or it is placed into service, whichever comes first. (iii) An imported nonroad engine that is not covered by a certificate of conformity issued under this part at the time of importation is new, but only if it was produced on or after the dates shown in the following table. This addresses uncertified engines and equipment initially placed into service that someone seeks to import into the United States. Importation of this kind of engine (or equipment containing such an engine) is generally prohibited by 40 CFR part 1068. However, the importation of such an engine is not prohibited if the engine has a model year before 2004, since it is not subject to standards. Applicability of Emission Standards for Nonroad Diesel Engines
Maximum engine power
Initial date of emission standardskW < 19
January 1, 2000.19 ≤ kW < 37
January 1, 1999.37 ≤ kW < 75
January 1, 1998.75 ≤ kW < 130
January 1, 1997.130 ≤ kW ≤ 560
January 1, 1996.kW > 560
January 1, 2000.
 
 *Total hydrocarbon*
                                 has the meaning given in 40 CFR 1065.1001. This generally means the combined mass of organic compounds measured by the specified procedure for measuring total hydrocarbon, expressed as a hydrocarbon with a hydrogen-to-carbon mass ratio of 1.85:1. *Total hydrocarbon equivalent*
                                 has the meaning given in 40 CFR 1065.1001. This generally means the sum of the carbon mass contributions of non-oxygenated hydrocarbons, alcohols and aldehydes, or other organic compounds that are measured separately as contained in a gas sample, expressed as exhaust hydrocarbon from petroleum-fueled engines. The hydrogen-to-carbon mass ratio of the equivalent hydrocarbon is 1.85:1. 
 *Useful life*
                                 means the period during which the engine is designed to properly function in terms of reliability and fuel consumption, without being remanufactured, specified as a number of hours of operation or calendar years, whichever comes first. It is the period during which a nonroad engine is required to comply with all applicable emission standards. See § 1039.101(g).
 § 1039.810—[Removed]
  136. Section 1039.810 is removed.
 PART 1042—CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE MARINE COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES AND VESSELS 137. The authority citation for part 1042 continues to read as follows: Authority:
                            42 U.S.C. 7401-7671q. Subpart A—[Amended]
 138. Section 1042.1 is revised to read as follows: § 1042.1
  Except as provided in § 1042.5, the regulations in this part 1042 apply for all new compression-ignition marine engines (including new engines deemed to be compression-ignition engines under this section) and vessels containing such engines. See § 1042.901 for the definitions of engines and vessels considered to be new. This part 1042 applies as follows: (a) This part 1042 applies for freshly manufactured marine engines starting with the model years noted in the following tables: Table 1 to § 1042.1—Part 1042 Applicability by Model Year
Engine category
Maximum engine power a
Displacement (L/cyl) or application
Model yearCategory 1
kW <75
disp.< 0.9
b
                                         2009( print page 44542)75 ≤kW ≤3700
disp.< 0.9
20120.9 ≤disp. < 1.2
20131.2 ≤disp. < 2.5
20142.5 ≤disp. < 3.5
20133.5 ≤disp.< 7.0
2012kW > 3700
disp.< 7.0
2014Category 2
kW ≤3700
7.0 ≤disp. < 15.0
2013kW > 3700
7.0 ≤disp. < 15.0
2014All
15 ≤disp. < 30
2014Category 3
All
disp. > 30
2011a
                                     See § 1042.140, which describes how to determine maximum engine power.b
                                     See Table 1 of § 1042.101 for the first model year in which this part 1042 applies for engines with maximum engine power below 75 kW and displacement at or above 0.9 L/cyl.
 (b) The requirements of subpart I of this part apply to remanufactured Category 1 and Category 2 engines beginning July 7, 2008. (c) See 40 CFR part 94 for requirements that apply to engines with maximum engine power at or above 37 kW not yet subject to the requirements of this part 1042. See 40 CFR part 89 for requirements that apply to engines with maximum engine power below 37 kW not yet subject to the requirements of this part 1042. (d) The provisions of §§ 1042.620 and 1042.901 apply for new engines used solely for competition beginning January 1, 2009. (e) The marine engines listed in this paragraph (e) are subject to all the requirements of this part even if they do not meet the definition of “compression-ignition” in § 1042.901. The following engines are deemed to be compression-ignition engines for the purposes of this subchapter: (1) Marine engines powered by natural gas or other gaseous fuels with maximum engine power at or above 250 kW. Note that gaseous-fueled engines with maximum engine power below 250 kW may or may not meet the definition of “compression-ignition” in § 1042.901. (2) Marine gas turbine engines. (3) Other marine internal combustion engines that do not meet the definition of “spark-ignition” in § 1042.901. (f) Some of the provisions of this part may apply for other engines as specified in 40 CFR part 1043. 139. Section 1042.5 is amended by adding paragraph (c) to read as follows:
 § 1042.5
  
 (c) 
                                *Recreational gas turbine engines.*
                                 The requirements and prohibitions of this part do not apply to gas turbine engines installed on recreational vessels, as defined in § 1042.901. 140. Section 1042.15 is revised to read as follows:
 § 1042.15
  (a) Part 1043 of this chapter describes requirements related to international pollution prevention that apply for some of the engines subject to this part. (b) The evaporative emission requirements of part 1060 of this chapter apply to vessels that include installed engines fueled with a volatile liquid fuel as specified in § 1042.107. (Note: Conventional diesel fuel is not considered to be a volatile liquid fuel.) (c) Part 1065 of this chapter describes procedures and equipment specifications for testing engines to measure exhaust emissions. Subpart F of this part 1042 describes how to apply the provisions of part 1065 of this chapter to determine whether engines meet the exhaust emission standards in this part. (d) The requirements and prohibitions of part 1068 of this chapter apply to everyone, including anyone who manufactures, imports, installs, owns, operates, or rebuilds any of the engines subject to this part 1042, or vessels containing these engines. Part 1068 of this chapter describes general provisions, including these seven areas: (1) Prohibited acts and penalties for engine manufacturers, vessel manufacturers, and others. (2) Rebuilding and other aftermarket changes. (3) Exclusions and exemptions for certain engines. (4) Importing engines. (5) Selective enforcement audits of your production. (6) Defect reporting and recall. (7) Procedures for hearings. (e) Other parts of this chapter apply if referenced in this part. 141. A new § 1042.30 is added to subpart A to read as follows:
 § 1042.30
  (a) This part includes various requirements to record data or other information. Refer to § 1042.925 and 40 CFR 1068.25 regarding recordkeeping requirements. If recordkeeping requirements are not specified, store these records in any format and on any media and keep them readily available for one year after you send an associated application for certification, or one year after you generate the data if they do not support an application for certification. You must promptly send us organized, written records in English if we ask for them. We may review them at any time. (b) The regulations in § 1042.255 and 40 CFR 1068.101 describe your obligation to report truthful and complete information and the consequences of failing to meet this obligation. This includes information not related to certification. (c) Send all reports and requests for approval to the Designated Compliance Officer (see § 1042.901). (d) Any written information we require you to send to or receive from another company is deemed to be a required record under this section. Such records are also deemed to be submissions to EPA. We may require you to send us these records whether or not you are a certificate holder.
 Subpart B—[Amended]
 142. Section 1042.101 is amended by revising the section heading, Table 1 in paragraph (a)(3), and paragraph (d)(1)(iii) to read as follows: § 1042.101
  (a) * * * (3) * * * 
 
  
 (d) * * * (1) * * * (iii) Diesel-fueled and all other engines not described in paragraph (d)(1)(i) or (ii) of this section must comply with Tier 3 HC standards based on THC emissions and with Tier 4 standards based on NMHC emissions. 
 143. A new § 1042.104 is added to subpart B to read as follows:
 § 1042.104
  (a) 
                                *Duty-cycle standards.*
                                 Exhaust emissions from your engines may not exceed emission standards, as follows: (1) Measure emissions using the test procedures described in subpart F of this part. Note that while no PM standards apply for Category 3 engines, PM emissions must be measured and reported. (2) NOX
                                 standards apply based on the engine's model year and maximum in-use engine speed as shown in the following table:
                                ( print page 44544) Table 1 to § 1042.104 NOX
                                     Emission Standards for Category 3 Engines (g/kW-hr)
Emission standards
Model year
Maximum in-use engine speedLess than 130 RPM
130-2000 RPM a
Over 2000 RPMTier 1
2004-2010 b
17.0
45.0 · n (−0.20)
9.8Tier 2
2011-2015
14.4
44.0 · n (−0.23)
7.7Tier 3
2016 and later
3.4
9.0 · n (−0.20)
2.0a
                                     Applicable standards are calculated from n (maximum in-use engine speed, in RPM, as specified in § 1042.140), rounded to one decimal place.b
                                     Tier 1 NO
                                    x
                                     standards apply as specified in 40 CFR part 94 for engines originally manufactured in model years 2004 through 2010. They are shown here only for reference.
 (3) The HC standard for Tier 2 and later engines is 2.0 g/kW-hr. This standard applies as follows: (i) Alcohol-fueled engines must comply with HC standards based on THCE emissions. (ii) Natural gas-fueled engines must comply with HC standards based on NMHC emissions. (iii) Diesel-fueled and all other engines not described in paragraph (a)(3)(i) or (ii) of this section must comply with HC standards based on THC emissions. (4) The CO standard for Tier 2 and later engines is 5.0 g/kW-hr. (b) 
                                *Averaging, banking, and trading.*
                                 Category 3 engines are not eligible for participation in the averaging, banking, and trading (ABT) program as described in subpart H of this part. (c) 
                                *Mode caps.*
                                 Measured NOX
                                 emissions may not exceed the cap specified in this paragraph (c) for any applicable duty-cycle test modes with power greater than 10 percent maximum engine power. Calculate the mode cap by multiplying the applicable NOX
                                 standard by 1.5 and rounding to the nearest 0.1 g/kW-hr. Note that mode caps do not apply for pollutants other than NOX
                                 and do not apply for any modes of operation outside of the applicable duty-cycles in § 1042.505. Category 3 engines are not subject to not-to-exceed standards. (d) 
                                *Useful life.*
                                 Your engines must meet the exhaust emission standards of this section over their full useful life, expressed as a period in years or hours of engine operation, whichever comes first. (1) The minimum useful life value is 3 years or 10,000 hours of operation. (2) Specify a longer useful life in hours for an engine family under either of two conditions: (i) If you design, advertise, or market your engine to operate longer than the minimum useful life (your recommended hours until rebuild indicates a longer design life). (ii) If your basic mechanical warranty is longer than the minimum useful life. (e) 
                                *Applicability for testing.*
                                 The duty-cycle emission standards in this section apply to all testing performed according to the procedures in § 1042.505, including certification, production-line, and in-use testing. See paragraph (g) of this section for standards that apply for certain other test procedures, such as some production-line testing. (f) 
                                *Domestic engines.*
                                 Engines installed on vessels excluded from 40 CFR part 1043 because they operate only domestically may not be certified for use with residual fuels. (g) 
                                *Alternate installed-engine standards.*
                                 NOX
                                 emissions may not exceed the standard specified in this paragraph (g) for test of engines installed on vessels when you are unable to operate the engine at the test points for the specified duty cycle, and you approximate these points consistent with the specifications of section 6 of Appendix 8 to the NOX
                                 Technical Code. Calculate the alternate installed-engine standard by multiplying the applicable NOX
                                 standard by 1.1 and rounding to the nearest 0.1 g/kW-hr. 144. Section 1042.110 is amended by revising paragraph (a)(2) and adding paragraphs (a)(3) and (d) to read as follows:
 § 1042.110
  (a) * * * (2) The onboard computer log must record in nonvolatile computer memory all incidents of engine operation with inadequate reductant injection or reductant quality. Use good engineering judgment to ensure that the operator can readily access the information to submit the report required by § 1042.660. For example, you may meet this requirement by documenting the incident in a text file that can be downloaded or printed by the operator. (3) SCR systems on Category 3 engines must also conform to the provisions of paragraph (d) of this section if they are equipped with on-off controls as allowed under § 1042.115(g). 
 (d) For Category 3 engines equipped with on-off controls (as allowed by § 1042.115(g)), you must also equip your engine to continuously monitor NOX
                                 concentrations in the exhaust. Use good engineering judgment to alert operators if measured NOX
                                 concentrations indicate malfunctioning emission controls. Record any such operation in nonvolatile computer memory. You are not required to monitor NOX
                                 concentrations during operation for which the emission controls may be disabled under § 1042.115(g). For the purpose of this paragraph (d), “malfunctioning emission controls” means any condition in which the measured NOX
                                 concentration exceeds the value expected when the engine is in compliance with the at-sea standard of § 1042.104(g). Determine these expected values during production-line testing of the engine, using linear interpolation between test points. You may also use additional intermediate test points measured during the production-line test. Note that the provisions of paragraph (a) of this section also apply for SCR systems covered by this paragraph (d). For engines subject to both the provisions of paragraph (a) of this section and this paragraph (d), use good engineering judgment to integrate diagnostic features to comply with both paragraphs. 145. Section 1042.115 is amended by revising paragraphs (d)(2) introductory text, (f) introductory text, and adding paragraphs (f)(4) and (g) to read as follows:
 § 1042.115
  
 (d) * * * (2) Category 2 and Category 3 engines that have adjustable parameters must meet all the requirements of this part for any adjustment in the specified adjustable range. You must specify in your application for certification the adjustable range of each adjustable parameter on a new engine to- 
 
 
 (f) 
                                *Defeat devices.*
                                 You may not equip your engines with a defeat device. A defeat device is an auxiliary emission control device that reduces the effectiveness of emission controls under conditions that the engine may reasonably be expected to encounter during normal operation and use. (Note that this means emissions control for operation outside of and between the official test modes is generally expected to be similar to the emissions control demonstrated at the test modes for engines.) This does not apply to auxiliary emission control devices you identify in your certification application if any of the following is true: 
 (4) The engine is a Category 3 engine and the AECD conforms to the requirements of paragraph (g) of this section. (g) 
                                *On-off controls for Category 3 engines.*
                                 Manufacturers may equip Category 3 engines with features that disable Tier 3 emission controls subject to the following provisions: (1) Features that disable Tier 3 emission controls are considered to be AECDs whether or not they meet the definition of an AECD. For example, manually operated on-off features are AECDs under this paragraph (g). The features must be identified in your application for certification as AECDs. (2) If IMO has not established an ECA for U.S. waters, you must demonstrate that the AECD will not disable emission controls while operating in areas where emissions could reasonably be expected to adversely affect U.S. air quality. If ECAs have been established for U.S. waters, then you must demonstrate that the AECD will not disable emission control while operating in waters within the outer boundaries of the ECAs. (Note: See the regulations in 40 CFR part 1043 for requirements related to operation in other ECAs.) Compliance with this paragraph will generally require that the AECD operation be based on Global Positioning System (GPS) inputs. We may consider any relevant information to determine whether your AECD conforms to this paragraph (g). (3) The onboard computer log must record in nonvolatile computer memory all incidents of engine operation with the Tier 3 emission controls disabled. (4) The engine must comply fully with the Tier 2 standards when the Tier 3 emission controls are disabled. 146. Section 1042.120 is amended by adding paragraph (b)(2) and revising paragraph (c) to read as follows:
 § 1042.120
  (b) * * * (2) For Category 3 engines, your emission-related warranty must be valid throughout the engine's full useful life as specified in § 1042.104(d). 
 (c) 
                                *Components covered.*
                                 The emission-related warranty covers all components whose failure would increase an engine's emissions of any regulated pollutant, including components listed in 40 CFR part 1068, Appendix I, and components from any other system you develop to control emissions. The emission-related warranty for freshly manufactured marine engines covers these components even if another company produces the component. Your emission-related warranty does not cover components whose failure would not increase an engine's emissions of any regulated pollutant. For remanufactured engines, your emission-related warranty is required to cover only those parts that you supply or those parts for which you specify allowable part manufacturers. It does not need to cover used parts that are not replaced during the remanufacture. 
 147. Section 1042.125 is amended by revising the heading, introductory text, and paragraphs (a)(1)(iii) and (d) to read as follows:
 § 1042.125
  Give the ultimate purchaser of each new engine written instructions for properly maintaining and using the engine, including the emission control system, as described in this section. The maintenance instructions also apply to service accumulation on your emission-data engines as described in § 1042.245 and in 40 CFR part 1065. The restrictions specified in paragraphs (a) through (e) of this section related to allowable maintenance apply only to Category 1 and Category 2 engines. Manufacturers may specify any maintenance for Category 3 engines. (a) * * * (1) * * * (iii) You provide the maintenance free of charge and clearly say so in your maintenance instructions. 
 (d) 
                                *Noncritical emission-related maintenance.*
                                 Subject to the provisions of this paragraph (d), you may schedule any amount of emission-related inspection or maintenance that is not covered by paragraph (a) of this section (that is, maintenance that is neither explicitly identified as critical emission-related maintenance, nor that we approve as critical emission-related maintenance). Noncritical emission-related maintenance generally includes maintenance on the components we specify in 40 CFR part 1068, Appendix I that is not covered in paragraph (a) of this section. You must state in the owners manual that these steps are not necessary to keep the emission-related warranty valid. If operators fail to do this maintenance, this does not allow you to disqualify those engines from in-use testing or deny a warranty claim. Do not take these inspection or maintenance steps during service accumulation on your emission-data engines. 
 148. Section 1042.135 is amended by revising paragraphs (c)(5), (c)(8), (c)(9), and (c)(11) and adding paragraph (c)(12) to read as follows:
 § 1042.135
  
 (c) * * * (5) State the date of manufacture [DAY (optional), MONTH, and YEAR]; however, you may omit this from the label if you stamp, engrave, or otherwise permanently identify it elsewhere on the engine, in which case you must also describe in your application for certification where you will identify the date on the engine. 
 (8) State the useful life for your engine family if the applicable useful life is based on the provisions of § 1042.101(e)(2) or (3), or § 1042.104(d)(2). (9) Identify the emission control system. Use terms and abbreviations as described in 40 CFR 1068.45. You may omit this information from the label if there is not enough room for it and you put it in the owners manual instead. 
 (11) For a Category 1 or Category 2 engine that can be modified to operate on residual fuel, but has not been certified to meet the standards on such a fuel, include the statement: “THIS ENGINE IS CERTIFIED FOR OPERATION ONLY WITH DIESEL FUEL. MODIFYING THE ENGINE TO OPERATE ON RESIDUAL OR INTERMEDIATE FUEL MAY BE A VIOLATION OF FEDERAL LAW SUBJECT TO CIVIL PENALTIES.” (12) For an engine equipped with on-off emissions controls as allowed by § 1042.115, include the statement: “THIS ENGINE IS CERTIFIED WITH ON-OFF EMISSION CONTROLS. OPERATION OF THE ENGINE CONTRARY TO 40 CFR 1042.115(g) IS A VIOLATION OF FEDERAL LAW SUBJECT TO CIVIL PENALTIES.” 
 
 
 149. Section 1042.140 is amended by revising the heading and introductory text and adding paragraph (g) to read as follows:
 § 1042.140
  This section describes how to determine the maximum engine power, displacement, and power density of an engine for the purposes of this part. Note that maximum engine power may differ from the definition of “maximum test power” in § 1042.901. This section also specifies how to determine maximum in-use engine speed for Category 3 engines. 
 (g) Calculate a maximum test speed for the nominal power curve as specified in 40 CFR 1065.610. This is the maximum in-use engine speed used for calculating the NOX
                                 standard in § 1042.104 for Category 3 engines. Alternatively, you may use a lower value if engine speed will be limited in actual use to that lower value. 150. Section 1042.145 is amended by revising paragraph (a) and the heading of paragraph (c) introductory text and adding paragraph (h) to read as follows:
 § 1042.145
  (a) 
                                *General.*
                                 The provisions in this section apply instead of other provisions in this part. This section describes when these interim provisions expire. Only the provisions of paragraph (h) of this section apply for Category 3 engines. 
 (c) 
                                *Part 1065 test procedures for Category 1 and Category 2 engines.*
                                 * * * 
 (h) The following interim provisions apply for Category 3 engines: (1) 
                                *Applicability of Tier 3 standards to Category 3 engines operating in Alaska, Hawaii, and U.S. Pacific territories.*
                                 (i) Category 3 engines are not required to comply with the Tier 3 NOX
                                 standard when operating in areas of Guam, American Samoa, or the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Category 3 engines are also not required to comply with the Tier 3 NOX
                                 standards when operating in the waters of the smallest Hawaiian islands or in the waters of Alaska west of Kodiak. For the purpose of this paragraph (h)(1), “the smallest Hawaiian islands” includes all Hawaiian islands other than Hawaii, Kahoolawe, Kauai, Lanai, Maui, Molokai, Niihau, and Oahu. Engines must comply fully with the appropriate Tier 2 NOX
                                 standard and all other applicable requirements when operating in the areas identified in this paragraph (h)(1). (ii) The provisions of paragraph (h)(1)(i) of this section do not apply for areas included in an ECA. The Tier 3 standards apply in full for any area included in an ECA. (2) 
                                *Part 1065 test procedures.*
                                 You must generally use the test procedures specified in subpart F of this part for Category 3 engines, including the applicable test procedures in 40 CFR part 1065. You may use a combination of the test procedures specified in this part and the test procedures specified in 40 CFR part 94 before January 1, 2016 without request. After this date, you must use test procedures only as specified in subpart F of this part.
 Subpart C—[Amended]
 151. Section 1042.201 is amended by revising paragraph (h) to read as follows: § 1042.201
  
 (h) For engines that become new after being placed into service, such as engines installed on imported vessels, we may specify alternate certification provisions consistent with the intent of this part. See the definition of “new marine engine” in § 1042.901. 152. Section 1042.205 is amended by adding paragraph (b)(12) and revising paragraphs (i), (o), and (s)(5) to read as follows:
 § 1042.205
  
 (b) * * * (12) Include any other information required by this part with respect to AECDs. For example, see § 1042.115 for requirements related to on-off technologies. 
 (i) Include the maintenance and warranty instructions you will give to the ultimate purchaser of each new engine (see §§ 1042.120 and 1042.125). Describe your plan for meeting warranty obligations under § 1042.120. 
 (o) Present emission data for HC, NOX, PM, and CO on an emission-data engine to show your engines meet emission standards as specified in §§ 1042.101 or 1042.104. Note that you must submit PM data for all engines, whether or not a PM standard applies. Show emission figures before and after applying adjustment factors for regeneration and deterioration factors for each pollutant and for each engine. If we specify more than one grade of any fuel type (for example, high-sulfur and low-sulfur diesel fuel), you need to submit test data only for one grade, unless the regulations of this part specify otherwise for your engine. Include emission results for each mode for Category 3 engines or for other engines if you do discrete-mode testing under § 1042.505. Note that §§ 1042.235 and 1042.245 allows you to submit an application in certain cases without new emission data. 
 (s) * * * (5) For Category 2 and Category 3 engines, propose a range of adjustment for each adjustable parameter, as described in § 1042.115(d). Include information showing why the limits, stops, or other means of inhibiting adjustment are effective in preventing adjustment of parameters on in-use engines to settings outside your proposed adjustable ranges. 
 153. Section 1042.220 is revised to read as follows:
 § 1042.220
  You may amend your emission-related maintenance instructions after you submit your application for certification as long as the amended instructions remain consistent with the provisions of § 1042.125. You must send the Designated Compliance Officer a written request to amend your application for certification for an engine family if you want to change the emission-related maintenance instructions in a way that could affect emissions. In your request, describe the proposed changes to the maintenance instructions. If operators follow the original maintenance instructions rather than the newly specified maintenance, this does not allow you to disqualify those engines from in-use testing or deny a warranty claim. (a) If you are decreasing or eliminating any specified maintenance, you may distribute the new maintenance instructions to your customers 30 days after we receive your request, unless we disapprove your request. This would generally include replacing one maintenance step with another. We may approve a shorter time or waive this requirement. (b) If your requested change would not decrease the specified maintenance, you may distribute the new maintenance instructions anytime after you send your request. For example, this paragraph (b) would cover adding instructions to increase the frequency of filter changes for engines in severe-duty applications.
                                ( print page 44547) (c) You need not request approval if you are making only minor corrections (such as correcting typographical mistakes), clarifying your maintenance instructions, or changing instructions for maintenance unrelated to emission control. We may ask you to send us copies of maintenance instructions revised under this paragraph (c). 154. Section 1042.225 is amended by revising paragraphs (b)(2), (e), and (f) to read as follows:
 § 1042.225
  
 (b) * * * (2) Include engineering evaluations or data showing that the amended engine family complies with all applicable requirements. You may do this by showing that the original emission-data engine is still appropriate for showing that the amended family complies with all applicable requirements. 
 (e) For engine families already covered by a certificate of conformity, you may start producing the new or modified engine configuration anytime after you send us your amended application and before we make a decision under paragraph (d) of this section. However, if we determine that the affected engines do not meet applicable requirements, we will notify you to cease production of the engines and may require you to recall the engines at no expense to the owner. Choosing to produce engines under this paragraph (e) is deemed to be consent to recall all engines that we determine do not meet applicable emission standards or other requirements and to remedy the nonconformity at no expense to the owner. If you do not provide information required under paragraph (c) of this section within 30 days after we request it, you must stop producing the new or modified engines. (f) You may ask us to approve a change to your FEL in certain cases after the start of production. The changed FEL may not apply to engines you have already introduced into U.S. commerce, except as described in this paragraph (f). If we approve a changed FEL after the start of production, you must include the new FEL on the emission control information label for all engines produced after the change. You may ask us to approve a change to your FEL in the following cases: (1) You may ask to raise your FEL for your engine family at any time. In your request, you must show that you will still be able to meet the emission standards as specified in subparts B and H of this part. If you amend your application by submitting new test data to include a newly added or modified engine, as described in paragraph (b)(3) of this section, use the appropriate FELs with corresponding production volumes to calculate emission credits for the model year, as described in subpart H of this part. In all other circumstances, you must use the higher FEL for the entire family to calculate emission credits under subpart H of this part. (2) You may ask to lower the FEL for your engine family only if you have test data from production engines showing that emissions are below the proposed lower FEL. The lower FEL applies only to engines you produce after we approve the new FEL. Use the appropriate FELs with corresponding production volumes to calculate emission credits for the model year, as described in subpart H of this part. 155. Section 1042.230 is amended by revising paragraphs (a), (b), (f) introductory text, and (g) and adding paragraph (d) to read as follows:
 § 1042.230
  (a) For purposes of certification, divide your product line into families of engines that are expected to have similar emission characteristics throughout the useful life as described in this section. You may not group engines in different engine categories in the same family. Your engine family is limited to a single model year. (b) For Category 1 engines, group engines in the same engine family if they are the same in all the following aspects: (1) The combustion cycle and the fuel with which the engine is intended or designed to be operated. (2) The cooling system (for example, raw-water vs. separate-circuit cooling). (3) Method of air aspiration. (4) Method of exhaust aftertreatment (for example, catalytic converter or particulate trap). (5) Combustion chamber design. (6) Nominal bore and stroke. (7) Cylinder arrangement (for engines with aftertreatment devices only). (8) Method of control for engine operation other than governing (
                                *i.e.,*
                                 mechanical or electronic). (9) Application (commercial or recreational). (10) Numerical level of the emission standards that apply to the engine, except as allowed under paragraphs (f) and (g) of this section. 
 (d) For Category 3 engines, group engines into engine families based on the criteria specified in Section 4.3 of the Annex VI Technical Code (incorporated by reference in § 1042.910), except as allowed in paragraphs (e) and (f) of this section. 
 (f) You may group engines that are not identical with respect to the things listed in paragraph (b), (c), or (d) of this section in the same engine family, as follows: 
 (g) If you combine engines that are subject to different emission standards into a single engine family under paragraph (f) of this section, you must certify the engine family to the more stringent set of standards for that model year. For Category 3 engine families that include a range of maximum in-use engine speeds, use the highest value of maximum in-use engine speed to establish the applicable NOX
                                 emission standard. 156. Section 1042.235 is amended by revising the introductory text and paragraphs (a), (c), and (d) introductory text to read as follows:
 § 1042.235
  This section describes the emission testing you must perform to show compliance with the emission standards in § 1042.101(a) or § 1042.104. See § 1042.205(p) regarding emission testing related to the NTE standards. See §§ 1042.240 and 1042.245 and 40 CFR part 1065, subpart E, regarding service accumulation before emission testing. See § 1042.655 for special testing provisions available for Category 3 engines subject to Tier 3 standards. (a) Select an emission-data engine from each engine family for testing. For engines at or above 560 kW, you may use a development engine that is equivalent in design to the engine being certified. For Category 3 engines, you may use a single-cylinder version of the engine. Using good engineering judgment, select the engine configuration most likely to exceed an applicable emission standard over the useful life, considering all exhaust emission constituents and the range of installation options available to vessel manufacturers. 
 (c) We may measure emissions from any of your emission-data engines or other engines from the engine family, as follows: (1) We may decide to do the testing at your plant or any other facility. If we do this, you must deliver the engine to a test facility we designate. The engine you provide must include appropriate manifolds, aftertreatment devices, electronic control units, and other emission-related components not 
                                ( print page 44548)
                                normally attached directly to the engine block. If we do the testing at your plant, you must schedule it as soon as possible and make available the instruments, personnel, and equipment we need. (2) If we measure emissions from one of your engines, the results of that testing become the official emission results for the engine. Unless we later invalidate these data, we may decide not to consider your data in determining if your engine family meets applicable requirements. (3) Before we test one of your engines, we may set its adjustable parameters to any point within the specified adjustable ranges (see § 1042.115(d)). (4) Before we test one of your engines, we may calibrate it within normal production tolerances for anything we do not consider an adjustable parameter. For example, this would apply where we determine that an engine parameter is not an adjustable parameter (as defined in § 1042.901) but that it is subject to production variability. (d) You may ask to use carryover emission data from a previous model year instead of doing new tests, but only if all the following are true: 
 157. Section 1042.240 is amended by revising paragraphs (a), (b), and (c) introductory text and adding paragraphs (e) and (f) to read as follows:
 § 1042.240
  (a) For purposes of certification, your engine family is considered in compliance with the emission standards in § 1042.101(a) or § 1042.104 if all emission-data engines representing that family have test results showing deteriorated emission levels at or below these standards. This includes all test points over the course of the durability demonstration. See paragraph (f) of this section for provisions related to demonstrating compliance with non-duty-cycle standards, such as NTE standards.. Note that your FELs are considered to be the applicable emission standards with which you must comply if you participate in the ABT program in subpart H of this part. (b) Your engine family is deemed not to comply if any emission-data engine representing that family has test results showing a deteriorated emission level for any pollutant that is above an applicable emission standard. Similarly, your engine family is deemed not to comply if any emission-data engine representing that family has test results showing any emission level above the applicable not-to-exceed emission standard for any pollutant. This includes all test points over the course of the durability demonstration. (c) To compare emission levels from the emission-data engine with the applicable emission standards, apply deterioration factors to the measured emission levels for each pollutant. Section 1042.245 specifies how to test your Category 1 or Category 2 engine to develop deterioration factors that represent the deterioration expected in emissions over your engines' full useful life. See paragraph (e) of this section for determining deterioration factors for Category 3 engines. Your deterioration factors must take into account any available data from in-use testing with similar engines. Small-volume engine manufacturers and post-manufacture marinizers may use assigned deterioration factors that we establish. Apply deterioration factors as follows: 
 (e) For Category 3 engines, determine a deterioration factor based on an engineering analysis. The engineering analysis must describe how the measured emission levels from the emission-data engine show that engines comply with applicable emission standards throughout the useful life. Include this analysis in your application for certification and add a statement that all data, analyses, evaluations, and other information you used are available for our review upon request. (f) For NTE standards and mode caps, use good engineering judgment to demonstrate compliance based on testing of low-hour engines. You may, but are not required to, apply the same deterioration factors used to show compliance with the applicable duty-cycle standards. We will deny your application for certification if we determine that your low-hour test data show that your engines would exceed one or more NTE standard or mode cap during their useful lives. 158. Section 1042.245 is amended by revising the introductory text and paragraph (a) to read as follows:
 § 1042.245
  This section describes how to determine deterioration factors for Category 1 and Category 2 engines, either with an engineering analysis, with pre-existing test data, or with new emission measurements. Apply these deterioration factors to determine whether your engines will meet the duty-cycle emission standards throughout the useful life as described in § 1042.240. This section does not apply for Category 3 engines. (a) You may ask us to approve deterioration factors for an engine family with established technology based on engineering analysis instead of testing. Engines certified to a NOx
                                +HC standard or FEL greater than the Tier 3 NOx
                                +HC standard are considered to rely on established technology for control of gaseous emissions, except that this does not include any engines that use exhaust-gas recirculation or aftertreatment. In most cases, technologies used to meet the Tier 1 and Tier 2 emission standards would qualify as established technology. We must approve your plan to establish a deterioration factor under this paragraph (a) before you submit your application for certification. 
 159. Section 1042.250 is amended by revising paragraphs (a) and (c) and removing paragraph (e) to read as follows:
 § 1042.250
  (a) Send the Designated Compliance Officer information related to your U.S.-directed production volumes as described in § 1042.345. In addition, within 45 days after the end of the model year, you must send us a report describing information about engines you produced during the model year as follows: (1) State the total production volume for each engine family that is not subject to reporting under § 1042.345. (2) State the total production volume for any engine family for which you produce engines after completing the reports required in § 1042.345. 
 (c) Keep data from routine emission tests (such as test cell temperatures and relative humidity readings) for one year after we issue the associated certificate of conformity. Keep all other information specified in this section for eight years after we issue your certificate. 
 160. Section 1042.255 is amended by revising paragraph (b) to read as follows:
 § 1042.255
  
 (b) We may deny your application for certification if we determine that your engine family fails to comply with emission standards or other requirements of this part or the Clean Air Act. We will base our decision on all available information. If we deny your application, we will explain why in writing.
 Subpart D—[Amended]
 161. Section 1042.301 is amended by revising paragraphs (a)(2), (c), (e), and (f) to read as follows: § 1042.301
  (a) * * * (2) We may exempt Category 1 engine families with a projected U.S.-directed production volume below 100 engines from routine testing under this subpart. Request this exemption in your application for certification and include your basis for projecting a production volume below 100 units. We will approve your request if we agree that you have made good-faith estimates of your production volumes. Your exemption is approved when we grant your certificate. You must promptly notify us if your actual production exceeds 100 units during the model year. If you exceed the production limit or if there is evidence of a nonconformity, we may require you to test production-line engines under this subpart, or under 40 CFR part 1068, subpart E, even if we have approved an exemption under this paragraph (a)(2). 
 (c) Other regulatory provisions authorize us to suspend, revoke, or void your certificate of conformity, or order recalls for engine families, without regard to whether they have passed these production-line testing requirements. The requirements of this subpart do not affect our ability to do selective enforcement audits, as described in 40 CFR part 1068. Individual engines in families that pass these production-line testing requirements must also conform to all applicable regulations of this part and 40 CFR part 1068. 
 (e) If you certify a Category 1 or Category 2 engine family with carryover emission data, as described in § 1042.235(d), and these equivalent engine families consistently pass the production-line testing requirements over the preceding two-year period, you may ask for a reduced testing rate for further production-line testing for that family. The minimum testing rate is one engine per engine family. If we reduce your testing rate, we may limit our approval to any number of model years. In determining whether to approve your request, we may consider the number of engines that have failed the emission tests. (f) We may ask you to make a reasonable number of production-line engines available for a reasonable time so we can test or inspect them for compliance with the requirements of this part. For Category 3 engines, you are not required to deliver engines to us, but we may inspect and test your engines at any facility at which they are assembled or installed in vessels. 162. A new § 1042.302 is added to subpart D to read as follows:
 § 1042.302
  If you produce Category 3 engines that are subject to the requirements of this part, you must test them as described in this subpart, except as specified in this section. (a) You must test each engine at the sea trial of the vessel in which it is installed or within the first 300 hours of operation, whichever occurs first. Since you must test each engine, the provisions of §§ 1042.310 and 1042.315(b) do not apply for Category 3 engines. If we determine that an engine failure under this subpart is caused by defective components or design deficiencies, we may revoke or suspend your certificate for the engine family as described in § 1042.340. If we determine that an engine failure under this subpart is caused only by incorrect assembly, we may suspend your certificate for the engine family as described in § 1042.325. (b) You are only required to measure NOX
                                 emissions. You do not need to measure HC, CO or PM emissions under this subpart. (c) If you are unable to operate the engine at the test points for the specified duty cycle, you may approximate these points consistent with the specifications of section 6 of Appendix 8 to the NOX
                                 Technical Code and show compliance with the alternate installed-engine standard of § 1042.104(g). You must obtain EPA approval of your test procedure prior to testing the engine. Include in your request a description of your basis for concluding that the engine cannot be tested at the actual test points of the specified duty-cycle. (d) You may measure NOX
                                 emissions at additional test points for the purposes of the continuous NOX
                                 monitoring requirements of § 1042.110(d). If you do, you must report these values along with your other test results. Describe in your application for certification how you plan to use these values for continuous NOX
                                 monitoring. (e) You may ask to measure emissions according to the Direct Measurement and Monitoring method specified in section 6.4 of the NOX
                                 Technical Code. 163. Section 1042.305 is amended by revising paragraphs (a), (d) introductory text, (d)(2), (e)(2), and (g) to read as follows:
 § 1042.305
  
 (a) 
                                *Test procedures.*
                                 Test your production-line engines using the applicable testing procedures in subpart F of this part to show you meet the duty-cycle emission standards in subpart B of this part. For Category 1 and Category 2 engines, the not-to-exceed standards apply for this testing of Category 1 and Category 2 engines, but you need not do additional testing to show that production-line engines meet the not-to-exceed standards. The mode cap standards apply for the testing of Category 3 engines. 
 (d) 
                                *Setting adjustable parameters.*
                                 Before any test, we may require you to adjust any adjustable parameter on a Category 1 engine to any setting within its physically adjustable range. We may adjust or require you to adjust any adjustable parameter on a Category 2 or Category 3 engine to any setting within its specified adjustable range. 
 (2) We may specify adjustments within the physically adjustable range or the specified adjustable range by considering their effect on emission levels. We may also consider how likely it is that someone will make such an adjustment with in-use engines. (e) * * * (2) For Category 2 or Category 3 engines, you may ask us to approve a Green Engine Factor for each regulated pollutant for each engine family. Use the Green Engine Factor to adjust measured emission levels to establish a stabilized low-hour emission level. 
 (g) 
                                *Retesting after invalid tests.*
                                 You may retest an engine if you determine an emission test is invalid under subpart F of this part. Explain in your written report reasons for invalidating any test and the emission results from all tests. If we determine that you improperly invalidated a test, we may require you to ask for our approval for future testing before substituting results of the new tests for invalid ones. 164. Section 1042.310 is amended by revising the section heading to read as follows:
 § 1042.310
  
 165. Section 1042.315 is amended by revising paragraphs (a) and (b) to read as follows:
 § 1042.315
  
 
 
 (a) Calculate your test results as follows: (1) 
                                *Initial and final test results.*
                                 Calculate and round the test results for each engine. If you do several tests on an engine, calculate the initial results for each test, then add all the test results together and divide by the number of tests. Round this final calculated value for the final test results on that engine. Include the Green Engine Factor to determine low-hour emission results, if applicable. (2) 
                                *Final deteriorated test results.*
                                 Apply the deterioration factor for the engine family to the final test results (see § 1042.240(c)). (3) 
                                *Round deteriorated test results.*
                                 Round the results to the number of decimal places in the emission standard expressed to one more decimal place. (b) For Category 1 and Category 2 engines, if a production-line engine fails to meet emission standards and you test two additional engines as described in § 1042.310, calculate the average emission level for each pollutant for the three engines. If the calculated average emission level for any pollutant exceeds the applicable emission standard, the engine family fails the production-line testing requirements of this subpart. Tell us within ten working days if this happens. You may request to amend the application for certification to raise the FEL of the engine family as described in § 1042.225(f). 166. Section 1042.320 is amended by revising paragraph (a)(2) to read as follows:
 § 1042.320
  (a) * * * (2) Include the test results and describe the remedy for each engine in the written report required under § 1042.345. 
 167. Section 1042.325 is amended by revising paragraph (e) to read as follows:
 § 1042.325
  
 (e) You may request to amend the application for certification to raise the FEL of the entire engine family before or after we suspend your certificate as described in § 1042.225(f). We will approve your request if the failure is not caused by a defect and it is clear that you used good engineering judgment in establishing the original FEL. 168. Section 1042.345 is amended by revising paragraphs (a)(6) and (b) to read as follows:
 § 1042.345
  (a) * * * (6) Provide the test number; the date, time and duration of testing; test procedure; all initial test results; final test results; and final deteriorated test results for all tests. Provide the emission results for all measured pollutants. Include information for both valid and invalid tests and the reason for any invalidation. 
 (b) We may ask you to add information to your written report so we can determine whether your new engines conform with the requirements of this subpart. We may also ask you to send less information. 
 169. Section 1042.350 is amended by revising paragraphs (b), (e), and (f) to read as follows:
 § 1042.350
  
 (b) Keep paper or electronic records of your production-line testing for eight years after you complete all the testing required for an engine family in a model year. 
 (e) If we ask, you must give us a more detailed description of projected or actual production figures for an engine family. We may ask you to divide your production figures by maximum engine power, displacement, fuel type, or assembly plant (if you produce engines at more than one plant). (f) Keep records of the engine identification number for each engine you produce under each certificate of conformity. You may identify these numbers as a range. Give us these records within 30 days if we ask for them.
 Subpart F—[Amended]
 170. Section 1042.501 is amended by revising paragraphs (a) and (c) and adding paragraph (g) to read as follows: § 1042.501
  (a) Use the equipment and procedures for compression-ignition engines in 40 CFR part 1065 to determine whether engines meet the duty-cycle emission standards in § 1042.101 or 1042.104. Measure the emissions of all regulated pollutants as specified in 40 CFR part 1065. Use the applicable duty cycles specified in § 1042.505. 
 (c) Use the fuels and lubricants specified in 40 CFR part 1065, subpart H, for all the testing we require in this part, except as specified in this section and § 1042.515. (1) For service accumulation, use the test fuel or any commercially available fuel that is representative of the fuel that in-use engines will use. (2) For diesel-fueled engines, use the appropriate diesel fuel specified in 40 CFR part 1065, subpart H, for emission testing. Unless we specify otherwise, the appropriate diesel test fuel for Category 1 and Category 2 engines is the ultra low-sulfur diesel fuel. If we allow you to use a test fuel with higher sulfur levels, identify the test fuel in your application for certification. Unless we specify otherwise, the appropriate diesel test fuel for Category 3 engines is the high-sulfur diesel fuel. For Category 2 and Category 3 engines, you may ask to use commercially available diesel fuel similar but not necessarily identical to the applicable fuel specified in 40 CFR part 1065, subpart H; we will approve your request if you show us that it does not affect your ability to demonstrate compliance with the applicable emission standards. (3) For Category 1 and Category 2 engines that are expected to use a type of fuel (or mixed fuel) other than diesel fuel (such as natural gas, methanol, or residual fuel), use a commercially available fuel of that type for emission testing. If a given engine is designed to operate on different fuels, we may (at our discretion) require testing on each fuel. Propose test fuel specifications that take into account the engine design and the properties of commercially available fuels. Describe these test fuel specifications in the application for certification. 
 (g) For Category 3 engines, you may submit test data for NOX, HC, and CO emissions that were collected as specified in the Annex VI Technical Code instead of test data collected as specified in 40 CFR part 1065. We may require you to include a brief engineering analysis showing how these data demonstrate that your engines would meet the applicable emission standards if you had used the test procedures specified in 40 CFR part 1065. 171. Section 1042.505 is amended by revising paragraph (b) introductory text to read as follows:
 § 1042.505
  
 (b) Measure emissions by testing the engine on a dynamometer with one of the following duty cycles (as specified) to determine whether it meets the 
                                ( print page 44551)
                                emission standards in § 1042.101 or 1042.104: 
 172. Section 1042.525 is amended by revising paragraph (b) and adding paragraph (g) to read as follows:
 § 1042.525
  
 (b) Calculating average adjustment factors. Calculate the average adjustment factor (EFA) based on the following equation: EFA = (F)(EFH) + (1 − F)(EFL) Where: F = the frequency of the regeneration event during normal in-use operation, expressed in terms of the fraction of equivalent tests during which the regeneration occurs. You may determine F from in-use operating data or running replicate tests. For example, if you observe that the regeneration occurs 125 times during 1000 MW-hrs of operation, and your engine typically accumulates 1 MW-hr per test, F would be (125) ÷ (1000) ÷ (1) = 0.125. No further adjustments, including weighting factors, may be applied to F. EFH = Measured emissions from a test segment in which the regeneration occurs. EFL = Measured emissions from a test segment in which the regeneration does not occur. 
 (g) 
                                *Category 3 engines.*
                                 We may specify an alternate methodology to account for regeneration events from Category 3 engines. If we do not, the provisions of this section apply as specified.
 Subpart G—[Amended]
 173. Section 1042.601 is amended by revising paragraph (b) and adding paragraphs (g) and (h) to read as follows: § 1042.601
  
 (b) Subpart I of this part describes how the prohibitions of 40 CFR 1068.101(a)(1) apply for certain remanufactured engines. The provisions of 40 CFR 1068.105 do not allow the installation of a new remanufactured engine in a vessel that is defined as a new vessel unless the remanufactured engine is subject to the same standards as the standards applicable to freshly manufactured engines of the required model year. 
 (g) The selective enforcement audit provisions of 40 CFR part 1068 do not apply for Category 3 engines. (h) The defect reporting requirements of 40 CFR 1068.501 apply for Category 3 engines, except the threshold for filing a defect report is two. 174. Section 1042.605 is amended by revising paragraph (a) to read as follows:
 § 1042.605
  (a) 
                                *General provisions.*
                                 If you are an engine manufacturer (including someone who marinizes a land-based engine), this section allows you to introduce new marine engines into U.S. commerce if they are already certified to the requirements that apply to compression-ignition engines under 40 CFR parts 85 and 86 or 40 CFR part 89, 92, 1033, or 1039 for the appropriate model year. If you comply with all the provisions of this section, we consider the certificate issued under 40 CFR part 86, 89, 92, 1033, or 1039 for each engine to also be a valid certificate of conformity under this part 1042 for its model year, without a separate application for certification under the requirements of this part 1042. This section does not apply for Category 3 engines. 
 175. Section 1042.610 is amended by revising the introductory text to read as follows:
 § 1042.610
  This section applies to auxiliary marine engines that are identical to certified land-based engines. See § 1042.605 for provisions that apply to propulsion marine engines or auxiliary marine engines that are modified for marine applications. This section does not apply for Category 3 engines. 
 176. Section 1042.615 is amended by revising the introductory text to read as follows:
 § 1042.615
  For Category 1 and Category 2 replacement engines, apply the provisions of 40 CFR 1068.240 as described in this section. New Category 3 engines are not eligible for the replacement-engine exemption. 
 177. Section 1042.620 is revised to read as follows:
 § 1042.620
  The provisions of this section apply for new engines and vessels built on or after January 1, 2009. (a) We may grant you an exemption from the standards and requirements of this part for a new engine on the grounds that it is to be used solely for competition. The requirements of this part, other than those in this section, do not apply to engines that we exempt for use solely for competition. (b) We will exempt engines that we determine will be used solely for competition. The basis of our determination is described in paragraphs (c) and (d) of this section. Exemptions granted under this section are good for only one model year and you must request renewal for each subsequent model year. We will not approve your renewal request if we determine the engine will not be used solely for competition. (c) Engines meeting all the following criteria are considered to be used solely for competition: (1) Neither the engine nor any vessels containing the engine may be displayed for sale in any public dealership or otherwise offered for sale to the general public. Note that this does not preclude display of these engines as long as they are not available for sale to the general public. (2) Sale of the vessel in which the engine is installed must be limited to professional racing teams, professional racers, or other qualified racers. For replacement engines, the sale of the engine itself must be limited to professional racing teams, professional racers, other qualified racers, or to the original vessel manufacturer. (3) The engine and the vessel in which it is installed must have performance characteristics that are substantially superior to noncompetitive models. (4) The engines are intended for use only as specified in paragraph (e) of this section. (d) You may ask us to approve an exemption for engines not meeting the criteria listed in paragraph (c) of this section as long as you have clear and convincing evidence that the engines will be used solely for competition. (e) Engines are considered to be used solely for competition only if their use is limited to competition events sanctioned by the U.S. Coast Guard or another public organization with authorizing permits for participating competitors. Operation of such engines may include only racing events, trials to qualify for racing events, and practice associated with racing events. Authorized attempts to set speed records are also considered racing events. Engines will not be considered to be used solely for competition if they are ever used for any recreational or other noncompetitive purpose. Use of exempt engines in any recreational events, such as poker runs and 
                                ( print page 44552)
                                lobsterboat races, is a violation of 40 CFR 1068.101(b)(4). (f) You must permanently label engines exempted under this section to clearly indicate that they are to be used only for competition. Failure to properly label an engine will void the exemption for that engine. (g) If we request it, you must provide us any information we need to determine whether the engines are used solely for competition. This would include documentation regarding the number of engines and the ultimate purchaser of each engine as well as any documentation showing a vessel manufacturer's request for an exempted engine. Keep these records for five years. 178. Section 1042.625 is amended by adding introductory text to read as follows:
 § 1042.625
  This section describes an exemption that is available for certain Category 1 and Category 2 engines. This exemption is not available for Category 3 engines. 
 179. Section 1042.630 is amended by revising the introductory text to read as follows:
 § 1042.630
  This section applies to individuals who manufacture vessels for personal use with used engines. If you and your vessel meet all the conditions of this section, the vessel and its engine are considered to be exempt from the standards and requirements of this part that apply to new engines and new vessels. The prohibitions in § 1068.101(a)(1) do not apply to engines exempted under this section. For example, you may install an engine that was not certified as a marine engine. 
 180. Section 1042.635 is amended by revising paragraph (a) to read as follows:
 § 1042.635
  
 (a) An engine is exempt without a request if it will be used or owned by an agency of the Federal government responsible for national defense, where the vessel in which it is installed has armor, permanently attached weaponry, specialized electronic warfare systems, unique stealth performance requirements, and/or unique combat maneuverability requirements. This applies to both remanufactured and freshly manufactured marine engines. Gas turbine engines are also exempt without a request if they will be owned by an agency of the Federal government responsible for national defense. 
 181. Section 1042.650 is amended by revising the introductory text to read as follows:
 § 1042.650
  The provisions of this section address concerns for vessel owners related to extended use of vessels with Tier 4 engines outside the United States where ultra low-sulfur diesel fuel is not available. The provisions of this section apply for Category 1 and Category 2 engines, including auxiliary engines installed on vessels with Category 3 propulsion engines. These provisions do not apply for any Category 3 engines. 
 182. A new § 1042.655 is added to subpart G to read as follows:
 § 1042.655
  This section describes an optional approach for demonstrating for certification that catalyst-equipped engines comply with applicable emission standards. (a) 
                                *Eligibility.*
                                 You may use the provisions of this section without our prior approval to demonstrate that catalyst-equipped Category 3 engines meet the Tier 3 standards. In unusual circumstances, we may also allow you to use this approach to demonstrate that catalyst-equipped Category 2 engines meet the Tier 4 standards. We will generally approve this for Category 2 engines only if the engines are too large to be practically tested in a laboratory with a fully assembled catalyst system. If we approve this approach for a Category 2 engine, interpret references to Tier 3 in this section to mean Tier 4, and interpret references to Tier 2 in this section to mean Tier 3. (b) 
                                *Required testing.*
                                 The emission-data engine must be tested as specified in Subpart F to verify that the engine-out emissions comply with the Tier 2 standards. The catalyst material must be tested under conditions that accurately represent actual engine conditions for the test points. This catalyst testing may be performed on a benchscale. (c) 
                                *Engineering analysis.*
                                 Include with your application a detailed engineering analysis describing how the test data collected for the engine and catalyst material demonstrate that all engines in the family will meet all applicable emission standards. We may require that you submit this analysis separately from your application, or that you obtain preliminary approval under § 1042.210. (d) 
                                *Verification.*
                                 You must verify your design by testing a complete production engine with installed catalysts in the final assembled configuration. Unless we specify otherwise, do this by complying with production-line testing requirements of subpart D of this part. (e) 
                                *Other requirements.*
                                 All other requirements of this part, including the non-testing requirements for certification, apply for these engines. 183. Section 1042.660 is revised to read as follows:
 § 1042.660
  (a) For vessels equipped with emission controls requiring the use of specific fuels, lubricants, or other fluids, owners and operators must comply with the manufacturer/remanufacturer's specifications for such fluids when operating the vessels. Failure to comply with the requirements of this paragraph is a violation of 40 CFR 1068.101(b)(1). For marine vessels containing Category 3 engines that are excluded from the requirements of 40 CFR part 1043 because they operate only domestically, it is also a violation of 40 CFR 1068.101(b)(1) to operate the vessel using residual fuel. Note that 40 CFR part 80 also includes provisions that restrict the use of certain fuels by certain marine engines. (b) For vessels equipped with SCR systems requiring the use of urea or other reductants, owners and operators must report to us within 30 days any operation of such vessels without the appropriate reductant. Failure to comply with the requirements of this paragraph is a violation of 40 CFR 1068.101(a)(2). Note that such operation is a violation of 40 CFR 1068.101(b)(1). (c) The provisions of this paragraph (c) apply for marine vessels containing Category 3 engines. (1) All maintenance, repair, adjustment, and alteration of Category 3 engines subject to the provisions of this part performed by any owner, operator or other maintenance provider must be performed using good engineering judgment, in such a manner that the engine continues (after the maintenance, repair, adjustment or alteration) to meet the emission standards it was certified as meeting prior to the need for service. This includes but is not limited to complying with the maintenance instructions described in § 1042.125. Adjustments are limited to the range specified by the engine manufacturer in the approved application for certification. (2) It is a violation of 40 CFR 1068.101(b)(1) to operate the vessel with the engine adjusted outside of the 
                                ( print page 44553)
                                specified adjustable range. Each two hour period of such operation constitutes a separate offense. A violation lasting less than two hours constitutes a single offense. (3) The owner and operator of the engine must maintain on board the vessel records of all maintenance, repair, and adjustment that could reasonably affect the emission performance of any engine subject to the provision of this part. Owners and operators must also maintain, on board the vessel, records regarding certification, parameter adjustment, and fuels used. For engines that are automatically adjusted electronically, all adjustments must be logged automatically. Owners and operators must make these records available to EPA upon request. These records must include the following: (i) The Technical File, Record Book of Engine Parameters, and bunker delivery notes that are required by the Annex VI Technical Code (incorporated by reference in § 1042.910). This file must be transferred to subsequent purchasers in the event of a sale of the engine or vessel. (ii) Specific descriptions of engine maintenance, repair, adjustment, and alteration (including rebuilding). The descriptions must include at least the date, time, and nature of the maintenance, repair, adjustment, or alteration and the position of the vessel when the maintenance, repair, adjustment, or alteration was made. (iii) Emission-related maintenance instructions provided by the manufacturer. These instructions must be transferred to subsequent purchasers in the event of a sale of the engine or vessel. (4) Owners and operators of engines equipped with on-off emission controls must comply with the requirements of this paragraph (c)(4) whenever a malfunction of the emission controls is indicated as specified in § 1042.110(d). You must determine the cause of the malfunction and remedy it consistent with paragraph (c)(1) of this section. See paragraph (b) of this section if the malfunction is due to either a lack of reductant or inadequate reductant quality. If the malfunction occurs during the useful life, report the malfunction to the certificate holder for investigation and compliance with defect reporting requirements of 40 CFR 1068.501 (unless the malfunction is due to operation without adequate urea or other malmaintenance). (d) For each marine vessel containing a Category 3 engine, the owner must annually review the vessel's records and submit to EPA a signed statement certifying compliance during the preceding year with the requirements of this part that are applicable to owners and operators of such vessels. Alternately, if review of the vessel's records indicates that there has been one or more violations of the requirements of this part, the owner must submit to EPA a signed statement specifying the noncompliance, including the nature of the noncompliance, the time of the noncompliance, and any efforts made to remedy the noncompliance. The statement of compliance (or noncompliance) required by this paragraph must be signed by the executive with responsibility for marine activities of the owner. If the vessel is operated by a different business entity than the vessel owner, the reporting requirements of this paragraph (e) apply to both the owner and the operator. Compliance with these review and certification requirements by either the vessel owner or the vessel operator with respect to a compliance statement will be considered compliance with these requirements by both of these parties for that compliance statement. The executive(s) may authorize a captain or other primary operator to conduct this review and submit the certification, provided that the certification statement is accompanied by written authorization for that individual to submit such statements. The Administrator may waive the requirements of this paragraph when equivalent assurance of compliance is otherwise available. (e) Manufacturers, owners and operators must allow emission tests and inspections required by this part to be conducted and must provide reasonable assistance to perform such tests or inspections. 184. A new § 1042.670 is added to subpart G to read as follows:
 § 1042.670
  The provisions of this section apply for gas turbine engines. (a) 
                                *Special test procedures.*
                                 Manufacturers seeking certification of gas turbine engines must obtain preliminary approval of the test procedures to be used, consistent with § 1042.210 and 40 CFR 1065.10. (b) 
                                *Remanufacturing.*
                                 The requirements of subpart I of this part do not apply for gas turbine engines. (c) 
                                *Equivalent displacement.*
                                 Apply displacement-based provisions of this part by calculating an equivalent displacement from the maximum engine power. The equivalent per-cylinder displacement (in liters) equals the maximum engine power in kW multiplied by 0.00311, except that all gas turbines with maximum engine power above 9,300 kW are considered to have an equivalent per-cylinder displacement of 29.0 liters. (d) 
                                *Emission-related components.*
                                 All components meeting the criteria of 40 CFR 1068.501(a)(1) are considered to be emission-related components with respect to maintenance, warranty, and defect reporting for gas turbine engines. (e) 
                                *Engines used for national defense.*
                                 See § 1042.635 for provisions related to exempting gas turbine engines used for national defense.
 Subpart H—[Amended]
 185. Section 1042.701 is amended by adding introductory text to read as follows: § 1042.701
  This subpart describes how you may use emission credits to demonstrate that Category 1 and Category 2 engines comply with emission standards under this part. The provisions of this subpart do not apply for Category 3 engines. 
 186. Section 1042.705 is amended by revising paragraph (a) before the equation to read as follows:
 § 1042.705
  
 (a) For each participating family, calculate positive or negative emission credits relative to the otherwise applicable emission standard. Calculate positive emission credits for a family that has an FEL below the standard. Calculate negative emission credits for a family that has an FEL above the standard. Sum your positive and negative credits for the model year before rounding. Round the sum of emission credits to the nearest kilogram (kg) using consistent units throughout the following equation: 
 187. Section 1042.715 is revised to read as follows:
 § 1042.715
  (a) Banking is the retention of emission credits by the manufacturer generating the emission credits for use in future model years for averaging or trading. (b) You may designate any emission credits you plan to bank in the reports you submit under § 1042.730. During the model year and before the due date for the final report, you may designate your reserved emission credits for averaging or trading. (c) Reserved credits become actual emission credits when you submit your 
                                ( print page 44554)
                                final report. However, we may revoke these emission credits if we are unable to verify them after reviewing your reports or auditing your records. 188. Section 1042.720 is amended by revising paragraph (b) to read as follows:
 § 1042.720
  
 (b) You may trade actual emission credits as described in this subpart. You may also trade reserved emission credits, but we may revoke these emission credits based on our review of your records or reports or those of the company with which you traded emission credits. You may trade banked credits within an averaging set to any certifying manufacturer. 
 189. Section 1042.725 is amended by revising paragraph (b)(2) to read as follows:
 § 1042.725
  
 (b) * * * (2) Detailed calculations of projected emission credits (positive or negative) based on projected production volumes. We may require you to include similar calculations from your other engine families to demonstrate that you will be able to avoid a negative credit balance for the model year. If you project negative emission credits for a family, state the source of positive emission credits you expect to use to offset the negative emission credits. 190. Section 1042.730 is amended by revising paragraphs (b)(3) and (b)(5) to read as follows:
 § 1042.730
  
 (b) * * * (3) The FEL for each pollutant. If you change the FEL after the start of production, identify the date that you started using the new FEL and/or give the engine identification number for the first engine covered by the new FEL. In this case, identify each applicable FEL and calculate the positive or negative emission credits under each FEL. 
 (5) Maximum engine power for each engine configuration, and the average engine power weighted by U.S.-directed production volumes for the engine family. 
 191. Section 1042.735 is amended by revising paragraphs (b), (d), and (e) to read as follows:
 § 1042.735
  
 (b) Keep the records required by this section for at least eight years after the due date for the end-of-year report. You may not use emission credits for any engines if you do not keep all the records required under this section. You must therefore keep these records to continue to bank valid credits. Store these records in any format and on any media as long as you can promptly send us organized, written records in English if we ask for them. You must keep these records readily available. We may review them at any time. 
 (d) Keep records of the engine identification number for each engine you produce that generates or uses emission credits under the ABT program. You may identify these numbers as a range. If you change the FEL after the start of production, identify the date you started using each FEL and the range of engine identification numbers associated with each FEL. You must also be able to identify the purchaser and destination for each engine you produce. (e) We may require you to keep additional records or to send us relevant information not required by this section in accordance with the Clean Air Act.
 Subpart I—[Amended]
 192. Section 1042.801 is amended by revising the introductory text and paragraph (a) to read as follows: § 1042.801
  This subpart describes how the provisions of this part 1042 apply for certain remanufactured marine engines. (a) The requirements of this subpart apply for remanufactured Tier 2 and earlier commercial Category 1 and Category 2 marine engines at or above 600 kW, excluding those engines originally manufactured before 1973. Note that the requirements of this subpart do not apply for engines below 600 kW, Category 3 engines, engines installed on recreational vessels, or Tier 3 and later engines. 
 193. Section 1042.836 is amended by revising the introductory text and paragraphs (a) introductory text, and (c) to read as follows:
 § 1042.836
  If you certify a Tier 0, Tier 1, or Tier 2 remanufacturing system for locomotives under 40 CFR part 1033, you may also certify the system under this part 1042, according to the provisions of this section. Note that in certain cases before 2013, locomotives may be certified under 40 CFR part 1033 to the standards of 40 CFR part 92. (a) Include the following with your application for certification under 40 CFR part 1033 (or as an amendment to your application): 
 (c) Systems certified to the standards of 40 CFR part 92 are subject to the following restrictions: (1) Tier 0 locomotives systems may not be used for any Category 1 engines or Tier 1 or later Category 2 engines. (2) Where systems certified to the standards of 40 CFR part 1033 are also available for an engine, you may not use a system certified to the standards of 40 CFR part 92. 194. Section 1042.850 is amended by revising paragraph (c) to read as follows:
 § 1042.850
  
 (c) If you believe that a remanufacturing system that we identified as being available cannot be installed without significant modification of your vessel, you may ask us to determine that a remanufacturing system is not considered available for your vessel because the cost would exceed the total marginal cost threshold in § 1042.815(a)(2).
 Subpart J—[Amended]
 195. Section 1042.901 is amended by revising the definitions for “Annex VI Technical Code”, “Carryover”, “Category 1”, “Category 2”, “Category 3”, “Compression-ignition”, “Deterioration factor”, “Hydrocarbon (HC)”, “Model year”, “New marine engine”, “Residual fuel”, “Small-volume boat builder”, “Small-volume engine manufacturer”, “Tier 2”, “Tier 3”, “Total hydrocarbon”, “Total hydrocarbon equivalent”, and “Useful life” and adding new definitions for “Alcohol-fueled engine”, “Annex VI”, “Date of manufacture”, “Emission control area (ECA)”, “Gas turbine engine”, and “Maximum in-use engine speed” in alphabetical order to read as follows: § 1042.901
  
 *Alcohol-fueled engine*
                                 means an engine that is designed to run using an alcohol fuel. For purposes of this definition, alcohol fuels do not include fuels with a nominal alcohol content below 25 percent by volume. 
 *Annex VI*
                                 means MARPOL Annex VI, which is an annex to the International 
                                ( print page 44555)
                                Convention on the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the protocol of 1978 relating thereto. *Annex VI Technical Code*
                                 or NOX
                                 Technical Code means the “Technical Code on Control of Emission of Nitrogen Oxides from Marine Diesel Engines, 2008” adopted by the International Maritime Organization (incorporated by reference in § 1042.910). 
 *Carryover*
                                 means relating to certification based on emission data generated from an earlier model year as described in § 1042.235(d). This generally requires that the engines in the engine family do not differ in any aspect related to emissions. *Category 1*
                                 means relating to a marine engine with specific engine displacement below 7.0 liters per cylinder. See § 1042.670 to determine equivalent per-cylinder displacement for nonreciprocating marine engines (such as gas turbine engines). *Category 2*
                                 means relating to a marine engine with a specific engine displacement at or above 7.0 liters per cylinder but less than 30.0 liters per cylinder. See § 1042.670 to determine equivalent per-cylinder displacement for nonreciprocating marine engines (such as gas turbine engines). *Category 3*
                                 means relating to a reciprocating marine engine with a specific engine displacement at or above 30.0 liters per cylinder. 
 *Compression-ignition*
                                 means relating to a type of reciprocating, internal-combustion engine that is not a spark-ignition engine. Note that certain other marine engines (such as those powered by natural gas with maximum engine power at or above 250 kW) are deemed to be compression-ignition engines in § 1042.1. 
 *Date of manufacture*
                                 has the meaning given in 40 CFR 1068.30. 
 *Deterioration factor*
                                 means the relationship between emissions at the end of useful life and emissions at the low-hour test point (see §§ 1042.240 and 1042.245), expressed in one of the following ways: (1) For multiplicative deterioration factors, the ratio of emissions at the end of useful life to emissions at the low-hour test point. (2) For additive deterioration factors, the difference between emissions at the end of useful life and emissions at the low-hour test point. 
 *Emission control area (ECA)*
                                 means an area designated by IMO as an Emission Control Area. Note that this designation is made by amendment to MARPOL Annex VI. 
 *Gas turbine engine*
                                 has the meaning given in 40 CFR 1068.30. In general, this means anything commercially known as a gas turbine engine. It does not include external combustion steam engines. 
 *Hydrocarbon (HC)*
                                 means the hydrocarbon group on which the emission standards are based for each fuel type, as described in § 1042.101(d) and § 1042.104(a). 
 *Maximum in-use engine speed*
                                 has the meaning given in § 1042.140. 
 *Model year*
                                 means one of the following things: (1) For freshly manufactured marine engines (see definition of “new marine engine,” paragraph (1)), model year means one of the following: (i) Calendar year. (ii) Your annual new model production period if it is different than the calendar year. This must include January 1 of the calendar year for which the model year is named. It may not begin before January 2 of the previous calendar year and it must end by December 31 of the named calendar year. For seasonal production periods not including January 1, model year means the calendar year in which the production occurs, unless you choose to certify the applicable engine family with the following model year. For example, if your production period is June 1, 2010 through November 30, 2010, your model year would be 2010 unless you choose to certify the engine family for model year 2011. (2) For an engine that is converted to a marine engine after being certified and placed into service as a motor vehicle engine, a nonroad engine that is not a marine engine, or a stationary engine, model year means the calendar year in which the engine was originally produced. For an engine that is converted to a marine engine after being placed into service as a motor vehicle engine, a nonroad engine that is not a marine engine, or a stationary engine without having been certified, model year means the calendar year in which the engine becomes a new marine engine. (see definition of “new marine engine,” paragraph (2)). (3) [Reserved] (4) For engines that are not freshly manufactured but are installed in new vessels, model year means the calendar year in which the engine is installed in the new vessel (see definition of “new marine engine,” paragraph (4)). (5) For imported engines: (i) For imported engines described in paragraph (5)(i) of the definition of “new marine engine,” 
                                *model year*
                                 has the meaning given in paragraphs (1) through (4) of this definition. (ii) For imported engines described in paragraph (5)(ii) of the definition of “new marine engine,” 
                                *model year*
                                 means the calendar year in which the engine is modified. (iii) For imported engines described in paragraph (5)(iii) of the definition of “new marine engine,” 
                                *model year*
                                 means the calendar year in which the engine is assembled in its imported configuration, unless specified otherwise in this part or in 40 CFR part 1068. (6) For freshly manufactured vessels, model year means the calendar year in which the keel is laid or the vessel is at a similar stage of construction. For vessels that become new under paragraph (2) of the definition of “new vessel” (as a result of modifications), model year means the calendar year in which the modifications physically begin. (7) For remanufactured engines, model year means the calendar year in which the remanufacture takes place. 
 *New marine engine*
                                 means any of the following things: (1) A freshly manufactured marine engine for which the ultimate purchaser has never received the equitable or legal title. This kind of engine might commonly be thought of as “brand new.” In the case of this paragraph (1), the engine is new from the time it is produced until the ultimate purchaser receives the title or the product is placed into service, whichever comes first. (2) An engine originally manufactured as a motor vehicle engine, a nonroad engine that is not a marine engine, or a stationary engine that is later used or intended to be used as a marine engine. In this case, the engine is no longer a motor vehicle, nonmarine, or stationary engine and becomes a “new marine engine.” The engine is no longer new when it is placed into marine service as a marine engine. This paragraph (2) applies for engines we exclude under § 1042.5, where that engine is later installed as a marine engine in a vessel that is covered by this part 1042. For example, this would apply to an engine that is no longer used in a foreign vessel. (3) [Reserved] (4) An engine not covered by paragraphs (1) through (3) of this 
                                ( print page 44556)
                                definition that is intended to be installed in a new vessel. This generally includes installation of used engines in new vessels. The engine is no longer new when the ultimate purchaser receives a title for the vessel or it is placed into service, whichever comes first. (5) A remanufactured marine engine. An engine becomes new when it is remanufactured (as defined in this section) and ceases to be new when placed back into service. (6) An imported marine engine, subject to the following provisions: (i) An imported marine engine covered by a certificate of conformity issued under this part that meets the criteria of one or more of paragraphs (1) through (4) of this definition, where the original engine manufacturer holds the certificate, is new as defined by those applicable paragraphs. (ii) An imported remanufactured engine that would have been required to be certified if it had been remanufactured in the United States. (iii) An imported engine that will be covered by a certificate of conformity issued under this part, where someone other than the original engine manufacturer holds the certificate (such as when the engine is modified after its initial assembly), is a new marine engine when it is imported. It is no longer new when the ultimate purchaser receives a title for the engine or it is placed into service, whichever comes first. (iv) An imported marine engine that is not covered by a certificate of conformity issued under this part at the time of importation is new, but only if it was produced on or after the dates shown in the following table. This addresses uncertified engines and vessels initially placed into service that someone seeks to import into the United States. Importation of this kind of engine (or vessel containing such an engine) is generally prohibited by 40 CFR part 1068. Applicability of Emission Standards for Compression-Ignition Marine Engines
Engine category and type
Power 
                                         (kW)
Per-cylinder displacement 
                                         (L/cyl)
Initial model year of emission standardsCategory 1
P < 19
All
2000Category 1
19 ≤ P < 37
All
1999Category 1, Recreational
P ≥ 37
disp. < 0.9
2007Category 1, Recreational
All
0.9 ≤ disp. < 2.5
2006Category 1, Recreational
All
disp. ≥ 2.5
2004Category 1, Commercial
P ≥ 37
disp. < 0.9
2005Category 1, Commercial
All
disp. ≥ 0.9
2004Category 2 and Category 3
All
disp. ≥ 5.0
2004
 
 *Residual fuel*
                                 means any fuel with a T90
                                 greater than 700 °F as measured with the distillation test method specified in 40 CFR 1065.1010. This generally includes all RM grades of marine fuel without regard to whether they are known commercially as residual fuel. For example, fuel marketed as intermediate fuel may be residual fuel. 
 *Small-volume boat builder*
                                 means a boat manufacturer with fewer than 500 employees and with annual worldwide production of fewer than 100 boats. For manufacturers owned by a parent company, these limits apply to the combined production and number of employees of the parent company and all its subsidiaries. Manufacturers that produce vessels with Category 3 engines are not small-volume boat builders. *Small-volume engine manufacturer*
                                 means a manufacturer of Category 1 and/or Category 2 engines with annual worldwide production of fewer than 1,000 internal combustion engines (marine and nonmarine). For manufacturers owned by a parent company, the limit applies to the production of the parent company and all its subsidiaries. Manufacturers that certify or produce any Category 3 engines are not small-volume engine manufacturers. 
 *Tier 2*
                                 means relating to the Tier 2 emission standards, as shown in § 1042.104 and Appendix I. *Tier 3*
                                 means relating to the Tier 3 emission standards, as shown in § 1042.101 and § 1042.104. 
 *Total hydrocarbon*
                                 has the meaning given in 40 CFR 1065.1001. This generally means the combined mass of organic compounds measured by the specified procedure for measuring total hydrocarbon, expressed as a hydrocarbon with a hydrogen-to-carbon mass ratio of 1.85:1. *Total hydrocarbon equivalent*
                                 has the meaning given in 40 CFR 1065.1001. This generally means the sum of the carbon mass contributions of non-oxygenated hydrocarbons, alcohols and aldehydes, or other organic compounds that are measured separately as contained in a gas sample, expressed as exhaust hydrocarbon from petroleum-fueled engines. The hydrogen-to-carbon mass ratio of the equivalent hydrocarbon is 1.85:1. 
 *Useful life*
                                 means the period during which the engine is designed to properly function in terms of reliability and fuel consumption, without being remanufactured, specified as a number of hours of operation or calendar years, whichever comes first. It is the period during which an engine is required to comply with all applicable emission standards. See §§ 1042.101(e) and 1042.104(d). 196. Section 1042.905 is amended by adding the acronym “IMO” in alphabetical order to read as follows:
 § 1042.905
  
 *    *    *    *    *IMO
International Maritime Organization.*    *    *    *    *
 197. Section 1042.910 is revised to read as follows:
 § 1042.910
  Documents listed in this section have been incorporated by reference into this part. The Director of the Federal Register approved the incorporation by reference as prescribed in 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Anyone may inspect copies at the U.S. EPA, Air and Radiation Docket and Information 
                                ( print page 44557)
                                Center, 1301 Constitution Ave., NW., Room B102, EPA West Building, Washington, DC 20460 or at the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). For information on the availability of this material at NARA, call 202-741-6030, or go to: 
                                *http://www.archives.gov/​federal_​register/​code_​of_​federal_​regulations/​ibr_​locations.html.* (a) 
                                *IMO material.*
                                 Table 1 to this section lists material from the International Maritime Organization that we have incorporated by reference. The first column lists the number and name of the material. The second column lists the section of this part where we reference it. Anyone may purchase copies of these materials from the International Maritime Organization, 4 Albert Embankment, London SE1 7SR, United Kingdom or 
                                *http://www.imo.org.*
                                 Table 1 follows: Table 1 to § 1042.910—IMO Materials
Document number and name
Part 1042 referenceResolutions of the 1997 MARPOL Conference: Resolution 2—Technical Code on Control of Emission of Nitrogen Oxides from Marine Diesel Engines, 2008.
1042.901
 (b) [Reserved] 198. Appendix I to part 1042 is amended by revising paragraphs (b)(2) introductory text and (b)(3) to read as follows: Appendix I to Part 1042—Summary of Previous Emission Standards 
 (b) * * * (2) 
                                    *Tier 2 primary standards.*
                                     Exhaust emissions from Category 1 engines at or above 37 kW and all Category 2 engines may not exceed the values shown in the following table: 
 (3) 
                                    *Tier 2 supplemental standards.*
                                     The not-to-exceed emission standards specified in 40 CFR 94.8(e) apply for all engines subject to the Tier 2 standards described in paragraph (b)(2) of this appendix. 199. A new part 1043 is added to subchapter U to read as follows:
 PART 1043—CONTROL OF NO
                            X
                            , SO
                            X
                            , and PM EMISSIONS FROM MARINE ENGINES AND VESSELS SUBJECT TO THE MARPOL PROTOCOL 1043.1
                            Overview.
                            1043.5
                            Effective dates.
                            1043.10
                            Applicability.
                            1043.20
                            Definitions.
                            1043.30
                            General requirements.
                            1043.40
                            EIAPP certificates.
                            1043.41
                            EIAPP certification process.
                            1043.50
                            Approval of methods to meet Tier 1 retrofit NOX
                                 standards.
                            1043.60
                            Operating requirements for engines and vessels subject to this part.
                            1043.70
                            General recordkeeping and reporting requirements.
                            1043.80
                            Recordkeeping and reporting requirements for fuel suppliers.
                            1043.90
                            Emission Control Areas. [Reserved]
 Authority:
                            33 U.S.C. 1901-1915. § 1043.1
  The Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships (APPS) requires engine manufacturers, owners and operators of vessels, and other persons to comply with Annex VI of the MARPOL Protocol. This part implements portions of APPS as it relates to Regulations 13, 14 and 18 of Annex VI. These regulations clarify the application of some Annex VI provisions; provide procedures and criteria for the issuance of EIAPP certificates; and specify requirements applicable to ships that are not registered by Parties to Annex VI. Additional regulations may also apply with respect to the MARPOL Protocol, such as those issued by the U.S. Coast Guard in 33 CFR part 151. (a) The general requirements for non-public U.S.-flagged and other Party vessels are specified in Annex VI, as implemented by 33 U.S.C. 1901-1915. These requirements apply to engine manufacturers, owners and operators of vessels, and other persons. (b) The provisions of this part specify how Regulations 13, 14 and 18 of Annex VI, as implemented by 33 U.S.C. 1901-1915 will be applied to public vessels and U.S.-flagged vessels that operate only domestically. This Part also describes where the requirements of Regulation 13.5.1 of Annex VI and Regulation 14.4 of Annex VI will apply. (c) The provisions of this part implements section 1902(e) of APPS by specifying that non-public vessels flagged by a country that is not a party to Annex VI are subject to the substantive requirements of Regulations 13, 14 and 18 of Annex VI as implemented by APPS. (d) This part 1043 does not limit the requirements specified in Annex VI, as implemented by 33 U.S.C. 1901-1915, except as specified in § 1043.10(a)(2). (e) The provisions of this part specify how to obtain EIAPP certificates and certificates for Approved Methods.
 § 1043.5
  (a) The requirement of APPS for marine vessels to comply with Annex VI of the MARPOL Protocol is in effect. (b) Annex VI was amended on October 8, 2008 and enters into force July 1, 2010. The requirement of APPS for marine vessels to comply with the amended Annex VI is effective July 1, 2010. (c) Compliance with the regulations of this part is required for all persons on or after July 1, 2010. In addition, compliance with §§ 1043.40 and 1043.41 is required before July 1, 2010 for manufacturers (and other persons) seeking EIAPP certificates prior to July 1, 2010. (d) The requirements related to operation in ECAs for any portion of U.S. navigable waters or the U.S. exclusive economic zone are effective the date on which an ECA is designated by IMO.
 § 1043.10
  (a) 
                                *U.S.-flagged vessels.*
                                 The provisions of this part apply for all U.S.-flagged vessels (including engines installed or intended to be installed on such vessels), except as specified in this paragraph (a). (1) Public vessels are excluded from this part. (2) Vessels that operate only domestically and conform to the requirements of this paragraph (a)(2) are excluded from Regulation 13 of Annex VI. For the purpose of this exclusion, the phrase “operate only domestically” means the vessels do not enter waters subject to the jurisdiction or control of any foreign country. (See §§ 1043.60 and 1043.70 for provision related to fuel use by such vessels). To be excluded, the vessel must conform to each of the following provisions: (i) All compression ignition engines on the vessel must conform fully to all applicable provisions of 40 CFR parts 94 and 1042. (ii) The vessel may not contain any engines with a specific engine displacement at or above 30.0 liters per cylinder. (b) 
                                *Foreign-flagged vessels.*
                                 The provisions of this part apply for all non-public foreign-flagged vessels (including engines installed or intended to be installed on such vessels) as specified in this paragraph (b). (1) The requirements of this part apply for foreign-flagged vessels operating in U.S. navigable waters or the U.S. EEZ. (2) For non-public vessels flagged by a country that is not a party to Annex VI, the requirements of this part apply in the same manner as apply for Party vessels, except that engines on non-Party vessels are not required to have EIAPP certificates.
                                ( print page 44558) (c) 
                                *Fuel suppliers.*
                                 The provisions of § 1043.80 apply for all persons supplying fuel to any vessel subject to this part.
 § 1043.20
  The following definitions apply to this part: *Administrator*
                                 means the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency. *Annex VI*
                                 means Annex VI of the MARPOL Protocol. *Designated Certification Officer*
                                 means the EPA official to whom the Administrator has delegated authority to issue EIAPP certificates. *EIAPP certificate*
                                 means a certificate issued to certify initial compliance with Regulation 13 of Annex VI. (Note that EIAPP stands for Engine International Air Pollution Prevention under Annex VI.) *Emission control area (ECA)*
                                 means an area designated by IMO as an Emission Control Area plus all U.S. navigable waters shoreward of the ECA. For example, where an ECA has been designated by IMO to include the Gulf of St. Lawrence (or the Atlantic Ocean surrounding the Gulf of St. Lawrence), the ECA would be deemed to include the U.S. portions of the St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes for the purposes of this part. *Engine*
                                 has the meaning given in 40 CFR 1068.30. *EPA*
                                 means the United States Environmental Protection Agency. *Foreign-flagged vessel*
                                 means a vessel of foreign registry or a vessel operated under the authority of a country other than the United States. *IMO*
                                 means the International Maritime Organization. *Major conversion*
                                 has the meaning given in Annex VI. *MARPOL Protocol*
                                 has the meaning given in 33 U.S.C. 1901. *Navigable waters*
                                 has the meaning given in 33 U.S.C. 1901. *Non-Party vessel*
                                 means a vessel flagged by a country that is not a party to Annex VI. *NO*X*Technical Code*
                                 means the NOX
                                 Technical Code of Annex VI. *Operator*
                                 has the meaning given in 33 U.S.C. 1901. *Owner*
                                 has the meaning given in 33 U.S.C. 1901. *Party vessel*
                                 means a vessel flagged by a country that is a party to Annex VI. *Person*
                                 has the meaning given in 33 U.S.C. 1901. *Public vessels*
                                 means warships, naval auxiliary vessels and other vessels owned or operated by a sovereign country when engaged in noncommercial service. *Secretary*
                                 has the meaning given in 33 U.S.C. 1901. *U.S.-flagged vessel*
                                 means a vessel of U.S. registry or a vessel operated under the authority of the United States. *We*
                                 means EPA.
 § 1043.30
  (a) Manufacturers, owners and operators of vessels subject to this part must comply with Regulations 13, 14, and 18 of Annex VI and related provisions of this part. It is the responsibility of such manufacturers, owners and operators to ensure that all employees and other agents operating on their behalf comply with these requirements. Manufacturers of engines subject to this part must comply with all applicable requirements of Regulation 13 of Annex VI and related provisions of this part prior to the engine being installed in the vessel. Note that 33 U.S.C. 1907 also prohibits anyone from violating any provisions of the MARPOL Protocol, whether or not they are a manufacturer, owner or operator. (b) Engines with power output of more than 130 kW that are listed in this paragraph (b) must be covered by a valid EIAPP certificate unless the engine is excluded under paragraph (c) of this section. An EIAPP certificate is valid for a given engine only if it certifies compliance with the Tier of standards applicable to that engine and the vessel into which it is being installed. Note that none of the requirements of this paragraph (b) are limited to new engines. (1) Engines meeting any of the following criteria must be covered by a valid EIAPP certificate: (i) Engines installed (or intended to be installed) on vessels that were constructed on or after January 1, 2000. This includes engines that met the definition of “new marine engine” in 40 CFR 1042.901 at any time on or after January 1, 2000, unless such engines are installed on vessels that were constructed before January 1, 2000. (ii) Engines that undergo a major conversion on or after January 1, 2000, unless the engine have been exempt from this requirement under paragraph (e) of this section. See section 2.1 of Annex VI for a definition of major conversion. (2) For such engines intended to be installed on U.S.-flagged vessels, the engine may not be introduced into U.S. commerce before it is covered by a valid EIAPP certificate, unless it has been exempted by EPA under 40 CFR part 1042 or part 1068. Uninstalled engines covered by a valid exemption under 40 CFR part 1042 or part 1068 may be introduced into U.S. commerce without a valid EIAPP certificate; however, this allowance does affect whether the engine must ultimately be covered by an EIAPP certificate. For example, engines allowed to be temporarily distributed in an uncertified configuration under 40 CFR 1068.260 would not be required to be covered by an EIAPP certificate while it is covered by the temporary exemption under 40 CFR 1068.260; however, it would be required to be covered by an EIAPP certificate before being placed into service. All uninstalled marine engines within the United States are presumed to be intended to be installed on a U.S.-flagged vessel, unless there is clear and convincing evidence to the contrary. (3) For engines installed on Party vessels, the engine may not operate in the U.S. navigable waters or the U.S. exclusive economic zone, or other waters designated by the Administrator under 1902(a)(5) before it is covered by a valid EIAPP certificate. Engines installed on non-Party vessels are not required to have EIAPP certificates, provided the operator can demonstrate that the engines conform to the requirements of Regulation 13 of Annex VI. Evidence of conformity may be issued by either the government of a country that is party to Annex VI or a recognized classification society. For the purposes of this paragraph, “recognized classification society” means a classification society that is a participating member of the International Association of Classification Societies (IACS). (c) The following engines are excluded from the requirement to have an EIAPP certificate (or equivalent demonstration of compliance in the case of non-Party vessels) or otherwise meet the requirements of Regulation 13 of Annex VI. (1) Spark-ignition engines. (2) Non-reciprocating engines. (3) Engines that do not use liquid fuel. (4) Engines intended to be used solely for emergencies. This includes engines that power equipment such as pumps that are intended to be used solely for emergencies and engines installed in lifeboats intended to be used solely for emergencies. It does not include engines to be used for both emergency and non-emergency purposes. (d) The requirements specified in Annex VI apply for vessels subject to this part for operation in U.S. navigable waters or the U.S. EEZ. Vessels operating in waters deemed to be included in an ECA under this part (see § 1043.20) must comply with the requirements of Annex VI for operation in an ECA. This means that the requirements of Regulations 13.5 and 
                                ( print page 44559)
                                14.4 of Annex VI apply both in waters designated by IMO as an ECA and in all shoreward U.S. waters. (e) A replacement engine may be exempted from Regulation 13 of annex VI by EPA if it is identical to the engine being replaced and that engine was not subject to Regulation 13 of Annex VI. Send requests for such exemptions to the Designated Certification Officer. (f) Compliance with the provisions of this part 1043 does not affect your responsibilities under 40 CFR part 1042 for engines subject to that part 1042.
 § 1043.40
  (a) Engine manufacturers seeking EIAPP certificates for new engines to be used in U.S.-flagged vessels must apply to EPA for an EIAPP certificate in compliance with the requirements of this section (which references 40 CFR part 1042) and the applicable requirements of Regulation 13 of Annex VI. Note that only the Administrator or the EPA official designated by the Administrator may issue EIAPP certificates on behalf of the United States Government. (b) Persons other than engine manufacturers may apply for and obtain EIAPP certificates for new engines to be used in U.S.-flagged vessels by complying with the requirements of this section (which references 40 CFR part 1042) and the applicable requirements of Regulation 13 of Annex VI. (c) In appropriate circumstances, EPA may issue an EIAPP certificate under this section for non-new engines or engines for vessels that will not initially be flagged in the U.S. (d) The process for obtaining an EIAPP certificate is described in § 1043.41. That section references regulations in 40 CFR part 1042, which apply under the Clean Air Act. References in that part to certificates of conformity are deemed to mean EIAPP certificates. References in that part to the Clean Air Act as the applicable statute are deemed to mean 33 U.S.C. 1901-1915. (e) For engines that undergo a major conversion or for engines installed on imported vessels that become subject to the requirements of this part, we may specify alternate certification provisions consistent with the intent of this part.
 § 1043.41
  This section describes the process for obtaining the EIAPP certificate required by § 1043.40. (a) You must send the Designated Certification Officer (see definition in § 1043.20) a separate application for an Engine International Air Pollution Prevention (EIAPP) certificate for each engine family. An EIAPP certificate is valid starting with the indicated effective date and is valid for any production until such time as the design of the engine family changes or more stringent emission standards become applicable, whichever comes first. You may obtain preliminary approval of portions of the application consistent with the provisions of 40 CFR 1042.210. (b) The application must contain all the information required by this part. It must not include false or incomplete statements or information (see 40 CFR 1042.255). Include the information specified in 40 CFR 1042.205 except as follows: (1) You must include the dates on which the test engines were built and the locations where the test engines were built. (2) Include a copy of documentation required by Annex VI related to maintenance and in-use compliance (such as the Technical File and onboard NOX
                                 verification procedures as specified by the NOX
                                 Technical Code). (3) You are not required to provide information required by 40 CFR 1042.205 about useful life, emission labels, deterioration factors, PM emissions, not-to-exceed standards. (4) You must include a copy of your warranty instructions, but are not required to describe how you will meet warranty obligations. (c) We may ask you to include less information than we specify in this section as long as you maintain all the information required by paragraph (b) of this section. (d) You must use good engineering judgment for all decisions related to your application (see 40 CFR 1068.5). (e) An authorized representative of your company must approve and sign the application. (f) See 40 CFR 1042.255 for provisions describing how we will process your application. (g) Your application, including the Technical File and onboard NOX
                                 verification procedures, is subject to amendment as described in 40 CFR 1042.225. (h) This paragraph (h) describes the emission testing you must perform. (1) Select an emission-data engine from each engine family for testing. For engines at or above 560 kW, you may use a development engine that is equivalent in design to the engine being certified. For Category 3 engines, you may use a single-cylinder version of the engine. Using good engineering judgment, select the engine configuration most likely to exceed an applicable emission standard, considering all exhaust emission constituents and the range of installation options available to vessel manufacturers. (2) Test your emission-data engines using the procedures and equipment specified in the NOX
                                 Technical Code or subpart F of part 1042. We may require that your test be witnessed by an EPA official. (3) We may measure emissions from any of your test engines or other engines from the engine family, as follows: (i) We may decide to do the testing at your plant or any other facility. You must deliver the test engine to any test facility we designate. The test engine you provide must include appropriate manifolds, aftertreatment devices, electronic control units, and other emission-related components not normally attached directly to the engine block. If we do the testing at your plant, you must schedule it as soon as possible and make available the instruments, personnel, and equipment we need. (ii) If we measure emissions from one of your test engines, the results of that testing become the official emission results for the engine. Unless we later invalidate these data, we may decide not to consider your data in determining if your engine family meets applicable requirements. (iii) Before we test one of your engines, we may set its adjustable parameters to any point within the specified adjustable ranges (see 40 CFR 1042.115(d)). (iv) Before we test one of your engines, we may calibrate it within normal production tolerances for anything we do not consider an adjustable parameter. (4) We may require you to test a second engine of the same or different configuration in addition to the engine tested under paragraph (b) of this section. (5) If you use an alternate test procedure under 40 CFR 1065.10 and later testing shows that such testing does not produce results that are equivalent to the procedures otherwise required by this part, we may reject data you generated using the alternate procedure. (i) Collect emission data using measurements to one more decimal place than the applicable standard, then round the value to the same number of decimal places as the emission standard. Compare the rounded emission levels to the emission standard for each emission-data engine. (j) Your engine family is considered in compliance with the emission standards in Regulation 13 of Annex VI if all emission-data engines representing that family have test results showing 
                                ( print page 44560)
                                emission levels at or below these standards. Your engine family is deemed not to comply if any emission-data engine representing that family has test results showing an emission level above an applicable emission standard for any pollutant. (k) If we determine your application is complete and shows that the engines meet all the requirements of this part, we will issue an EIAPP certificate for your engines. We may make the approval subject to additional conditions.
 § 1043.50
 X
 Regulation 13 of Annex VI provides for certification of Approved Methods, which are retrofit procedures that enable Pre-Tier 1 engines to meet the Tier 1 NOX
                                 standard of regulation 13 of Annex VI. Any person may request approval of such a method by submitting an application for certification of an Approve Method to the Designated Certification Officer. If we determine that your application conforms to the requirements of Regulation 13 of Annex VI, we will issue a certificate and notify IMO that your Approved Method has been certified.
 § 1043.60
  (a) All of the operating requirements and restrictions of Regulations 13, 14, and 18 of Annex VI apply for vessels subject to this part. (b) Nothing in this part limits the operating requirements and restrictions applicable for engines and vessels subject to 40 CFR part 1042 or the requirements and restrictions applicable for fuels subject to 40 CFR part 80. (c) Operators of non-Party vessels must comply with the same operating requirements and restrictions as apply to other vessels under this part. This means they must comply with operating requirements and restrictions equivalent to those of Annex VI related to Regulations 13, 14, and 18. (d) This paragraph (d) applies for vessels that are excluded from Regulation 13 of Annex VI under § 1043.10(a) because they operate only domestically. Where the operators of such vessels comply fully with the fuel requirements of 40 CFR part 80, they are deemed to be in full compliance with the fuel use requirements and prohibitions of Regulations 14 and 18 of Annex VI.
 § 1043.70
  (a) Owners and operators of vessels subject to this part must keep all records required by Regulations 13, 14, and 18 of Annex VI. We may inspect these records as allowed by those Regulations and 33 U.S.C. 1901-1915. As part of our inspection, we may require that the owner submit copies of these records to us. (b) Nothing in this part limits recordkeeping and reporting the Secretary may require, nor does it preclude the Secretary from providing copies of any records to EPA. (c) Nothing in this part limits the recordkeeping and reporting requirements applicable with respect to engines and vessels subject to 40 CFR part 1042 or with respect to fuels subject to 40 CFR part 80. (d) This paragraph (d) applies for vessels that are excluded from Regulation 13 of Annex VI under § 1043.10(a) because they operate only domestically. Where the operators of such vessels comply fully with the fuel requirements of 40 CFR part 80, they are deemed to be in full compliance with the fuel recordkeeping requirements and prohibitions of Annex VI.
 § 1043.80
  If you supply any fuel for an engine on any vessel identified in paragraph (a) of this section, you must comply with the requirements of Regulation 18 of Annex VI to provide bunker delivery notes to the vessel operators and to keep copies for your records. (a) The requirements of this section apply for fuel delivered to any of the following vessels: (1) Vessels of 400 gross tonnage and above. (2) Platforms and drilling rigs. (b) Except as allowed by paragraph (c) of this section, the bunker delivery note must contain the following: (1) The name and IMO number of receiving vessel. (2) Port (or other description of the location, if the delivery does not take place at a port). (3) Date the fuel is delivered to the vessel (or date on which the delivery begins where the delivery begins on one day and ends on a later day). (4) Name, address, and telephone number of fuel supplier. (5) Fuel type and designation under 40 CFR part 80. (6) Quantity in metric tons. (7) Density at 15 °C, in kg/m 3
                                . (8) Sulfur content in weight percent. (9) A signed statement by an authorized representative of the fuel supplier certifying that the fuel supplied conforms to Regulations 14 and 18 of Annex VI consistent with its designation, intended use, and the date on which it is to be used. For example, with respect to conformity to Regulation 14 of Annex VI, a fuel designated and intended for use in an ECA any time between July 1, 2010 and January 1 2015 may not have a sulfur content above 1.00 weight percent. (c) Measure density and sulfur content according to the specifications of Annex VI, or other methods we approve as equivalent. Where the density and/or sulfur content of the delivered fuel cannot be measured, we may allow the use of alternate methods to specify the density and/or sulfur content of the fuel. For example, where fuel is supplied from multiple tanks on a supply vessel, we may allow the density and sulfur content of the fuel to be calculated as a weighted average of the measured densities and sulfur contents of the fuel that is supplied from each tank.
 § 1043.90
 PART 1045—CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM SPARK-IGNITION PROPULSION MARINE ENGINES AND VESSELS 200. The authority citation for part 1045 continues to read as follows: Authority:
                            42 U.S.C. 7401-7671q. Subpart B—[Amended]
 201. Section 1045.103 is amended by revising paragraph (b) introductory text to read as follows: § 1045.103
  
 (b) 
                                *Averaging, banking, and trading.*
                                 You may generate or use emission credits under the averaging, banking, and trading (ABT) program described in subpart H of this part for demonstrating compliance with HC+NOX
                                 emission standards. For CO emissions, you may generate or use emission credits for averaging as described in subpart H of this part, but such credits may not be banked or traded. To generate or use emission credits, you must specify a family emission limit for each pollutant you include in the ABT program for each engine family. These family emission limits serve as the emission standards for the engine family with respect to all required testing instead of the standards specified in this section. An engine family meets emission standards even if its family emission limit is higher than the standard, as long as you show that the whole averaging set of applicable engine families meets the emission standards using emission 
                                ( print page 44561)
                                credits and the engines within the family meet the family emission limit. The following FEL caps apply: 
 202. Section 1045.125 is amended by adding paragraph (a)(3) and revising paragraphs (a)(2) and (c) to read as follows:
 § 1045.125
  
 (a) * * * (2) You may not schedule critical emission-related maintenance within the useful life period for aftertreatment devices, pulse-air valves, fuel injectors, oxygen sensors, electronic control units, superchargers, or turbochargers, except as specified in paragraph (a)(3), (b), or (c) of this section. (3) You may ask us to approve a maintenance interval shorter than that specified in paragraph (a)(2) of this section. In your request you must describe the proposed maintenance step, recommend the maximum feasible interval for this maintenance, include your rationale with supporting evidence to support the need for the maintenance at the recommended interval, and demonstrate that the maintenance will be done at the recommended interval on in-use engines. In considering your request, we will evaluate the information you provide and any other available information to establish alternate specifications for maintenance intervals, if appropriate. 
 (c) 
                                *Special maintenance.*
                                 You may specify more frequent maintenance to address problems related to special situations, such as atypical engine operation. You must clearly state that this additional maintenance is associated with the special situation you are addressing. We may disapprove your maintenance instructions if we determine that you have specified special maintenance steps to address engine operation that is not atypical, or that the maintenance is unlikely to occur in use. If we determine that certain maintenance items do not qualify as special maintenance under this paragraph (c), you may identify this as recommended additional maintenance under paragraph (b) of this section. 
 203. Section 1045.140 is amended by revising paragraph (a) to read as follows:
 § 1045.140
  (a) An engine configuration's maximum engine power is the maximum brake power point on the nominal power curve for the engine configuration, as defined in this section. Round the power value to the nearest whole kilowatt for engines above 30 kW and to the nearest 0.1 kilowatt for engines at or below 30 kW. 
 204. Section 1045.145 is amended by adding paragraph (o) to read as follows:
 § 1045.145
  
 (o) 
                                *Banking early credits for jet boat engines.*
                                 Banked emission credits that were originally generated from outboard and personal watercraft engines under 40 CFR part 91 may be used to certify jet boat engines under the provisions § 1045.660.
 Subpart C—[Amended]
 205. Section 1045.201 is amended by adding paragraph (h) to read as follows: § 1045.201
  
 (h) For engines that become new after being placed into service, such as engines installed on imported vessels or engines converted to run on a different fuel, we may specify alternate certification provisions consistent with the intent of this part. See § 1045.645 and the definition of “new propulsion marine engine” in § 1045.801. 206. Section 1045.220 is amended by revising paragraph (a) to read as follows:
 § 1045.220
  
 (a) If you are decreasing or eliminating any specified maintenance, you may distribute the new maintenance instructions to your customers 30 days after we receive your request, unless we disapprove your request. This would generally include replacing one maintenance step with another. We may approve a shorter time or waive this requirement. 
 207. Section 1045.240 is amended by revising paragraphs (a) and (b) and adding paragraph (e) to read as follows:
 § 1045.240
  (a) For purposes of certification, your engine family is considered in compliance with the duty-cycle emission standards in § 1045.103 or § 1045.105 if all emission-data engines representing that family have test results showing deteriorated emission levels at or below these standards. This includes all test points over the course of the durability demonstration. Note that your FELs are considered to be the applicable emission standards with which you must comply if you participate in the ABT program in subpart H of this part. See paragraph (e) of this section for provisions related to demonstrating compliance with NTE standards. (b) Your engine family is deemed not to comply with the duty-cycle emission standards in § 1045.103 or § 1045.105 if any emission-data engine representing that family has test results showing a deteriorated emission level for any pollutant that is above an applicable emission standard. Similarly, your engine family is deemed not to comply if any emission-data engine representing that family has test results showing any emission level above the applicable not-to-exceed emission standard for any pollutant. The provisions of this paragraph (b) apply for all test points over the course of the durability demonstration. 
 (e) Use good engineering judgment to demonstrate compliance with NTE standards based on testing with low-hour engines. You may, but are not required to, apply the same deterioration factors used to show compliance with the applicable duty-cycle standards.
 Subpart E—[Amended]
 208. Section 1045.405 is amended by revising paragraph (c) introductory text to read as follows: § 1045.405
  
 (c) Send us an in-use testing plan for engine families selected for testing. Complete the testing within 24 calendar months after we receive your plan. Send us the in-use testing plan according to the following deadlines:
 Subpart F—[Amended]
 209. Section 1045.515 is amended by revising paragraph (c)(5) introductory text to read as follows: § 1045.515
  
 (c) * * * (5) For two-stroke engines not equipped with a catalyst, the NTE zone described in paragraph (c)(3) of this section is divided into subzones for testing to determine compliance with the applicable NTE standards. Measure 
                                ( print page 44562)
                                emissions to get an NTE result by collecting emissions at five points as described in this paragraph (c)(5). Calculate a weighted test result for these emission measurements using the weighting factors from Appendix II of this part for the corresponding modal result (similar to discrete-mode testing for certification). Test engines over the following modes corresponding to the certification duty cycle:
 Subpart H—[Amended]
 210. Section 1045.701 is amended by revising paragraphs (d), (g), (j)(4) and (j)(5) to read as follows: § 1045.701
  
 (d) Sterndrive/inboard engines certified under § 1045.660 for jet boats may use HC+NOx and CO exhaust credits generated from outboard and personal watercraft engines, as long as the credit-using engine is the same model as an engine model from an outboard or personal watercraft family. Such emission credits that you generate under this part 1045 may be used for averaging, but not for banking or trading. The FEL caps for such jet boat families are the HC+NOx and CO standard for outboard and personal watercraft engines. U.S.-directed sales from jet boat engines using the provisions of this paragraph (d) may not be greater than the U.S.-directed sales of the same engine model for outboard or personal watercraft engines. 
 (g) Emission credits may be used for averaging in the model year they are generated or banked for averaging in future model years, except that CO emission credits for outboard and personal watercraft engines may not be banked or traded. 
 (j) * * * (4) Engines or vessels not subject to the requirements of this part, such as those excluded under § 1045.5. (5) Any other engines or vessels where we indicate elsewhere in this part 1045 that they are not to be included in the calculations of this subpart. 211. Section 1045.705 is amended by revising paragraph (a) to read as follows:
 § 1045.705
  
 (a) For each participating family, calculate positive or negative emission credits relative to the otherwise applicable emission standard. Calculate positive emission credits for a family that has an FEL below the standard. Calculate negative emission credits for a family that has an FEL above the standard. Sum your positive and negative credits for the model year before rounding. Round the sum of emission credits to the nearest kilogram (kg) using consistent units throughout the following equation: Emission credits (kg) = (STD−FEL) × (Volume) × (Power) × (UL) × (LF) ×(10−3) Where: STD = the emission standard, in g/kW-hr. FEL = the family emission limit for the family, in g/kW-hr. Volume = the number of engines eligible to participate in the averaging, banking, and trading program within the given family during the model year, as described in § 1045.701(j). Power = maximum engine power for the family, in kilowatts (see § 1045.140). UL = The useful life for the given family. LF = load factor. Use 0.207. We may specify a different load factor if we approve the use of special test procedures for an engine family under 40 CFR 1065.10(c)(2), consistent with good engineering judgment.
 Subpart I—[Amended]
 212. Section 1045.801 is amended by revising the definition of “Fuel system” and paragraphs (2) and (5)(iii) of the definition of “Model year” to read as follows: § 1045.801
  
 *Fuel system*
                                 means all components involved in transporting, metering, and mixing the fuel from the fuel tank to the combustion chamber(s), including the fuel tank, fuel tank cap, fuel pump, fuel filters, fuel lines, carburetor or fuel-injection components, and all fuel-system vents. In the case where the fuel tank cap or other components (excluding fuel lines) are directly mounted on the fuel tank, they are considered to be a part of the fuel tank. 
 *Model year*
                                 * * * (2) For an engine that is converted to a propulsion marine engine after being certified and placed into service as a motor vehicle engine, a nonroad engine that is not a propulsion marine engine, or a stationary engine, model year means the calendar year in which the engine was originally produced. For an engine that is converted to a propulsion marine engine after being placed into service as a motor vehicle engine, a nonroad engine that is not a propulsion marine engine, or a stationary engine without having been certified, model year means the calendar year in which the engine becomes a new propulsion marine engine. (See definition of “new propulsion marine engine,” paragraph (2).) 
 (5) * * * (iii) For imported engines described in paragraph (5)(iii) of the definition of “new propulsion marine nonroad engine,” 
                                *model year*
                                 means the calendar year in which the engine is assembled in its imported configuration, unless specified otherwise in this part or in 40 CFR part 1068.
 PART 1048—CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW, LARGE NONROAD SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES 213. The authority citation for part 1048 continues to read as follows: Authority:
                            42 U.S.C. 7401-7671q. Subpart A—[Amended]
 214. Section 1048.15 is amended by revising paragraph (b) to read as follows: § 1048.15
  
 (b) Part 1065 of this chapter describes procedures and equipment specifications for testing engines to measure exhaust emissions. Subpart F of this part 1048 describes how to apply the provisions of part 1065 of this chapter to determine whether engines meet the exhaust emission standards in this part. 
 215. A new § 1048.30 is added to subpart A to read as follows:
 § 1048.30
  (a) This part includes various requirements to record data or other information. Refer to § 1048.825 and 40 CFR 1068.25 regarding recordkeeping requirements. If recordkeeping requirements are not specified, store these records in any format and on any media and keep them readily available for one year after you send an associated application for certification, or one year after you generate the data if they do not support an application for certification. You must promptly send us organized, written records in English if we ask for them. We may review them at any time. (b) The regulations in § 1048.255 and 40 CFR 1068.101 describe your obligation to report truthful and complete information and the consequences of failing to meet this obligation. This includes information not related to certification.
                                ( print page 44563) (c) Send all reports and requests for approval to the Designated Compliance Officer (see § 1048.801). (d) Any written information we require you to send to or receive from another company is deemed to be a required record under this section. Such records are also deemed to be submissions to EPA. We may require you to send us these records whether or not you are a certificate holder.
 Subpart B—[Amended]
 216. Section 1048.120 is amended by revising paragraph (b) to read as follows: § 1048.120
  
 (b) 
                                *Warranty period.*
                                 Your emission-related warranty for evaporative emission controls must be valid for at least two years. Your emission-related warranty for exhaust emission controls must be valid for at least 50 percent of the engine's useful life in hours of operation or at least three years, whichever comes first. In the case of a high-cost warranted part, the warranty must be valid for at least 70 percent of the engine's useful life in hours of operation or at least five years, whichever comes first. You may offer an emission-related warranty more generous than we require. The emission-related warranty for the engine may not be shorter than any published warranty you offer without charge for the engine. Similarly, the emission-related warranty for any component may not be shorter than any published warranty you offer without charge for that component. If an engine has no hour meter, we base the warranty periods in this paragraph (b) only on the engine's age (in years). The warranty period begins when the engine is placed into service. 
 217. Section 1048.125 is amended by adding paragraph (a)(4) and revising paragraph (c) to read as follows:
 § 1048.125
  
 (a) * * * (4) You may ask us to approve a maintenance interval shorter than that specified in paragraphs (a)(2) of this section. In your request you must describe the proposed maintenance step, recommend the maximum feasible interval for this maintenance, include your rationale with supporting evidence to support the need for the maintenance at the recommended interval, and demonstrate that the maintenance will be done at the recommended interval on in-use engines. In considering your request, we will evaluate the information you provide and any other available information to establish alternate specifications for maintenance intervals, if appropriate. 
 (c) 
                                *Special maintenance.*
                                 You may specify more frequent maintenance to address problems related to special situations, such as substandard fuel or atypical engine operation. For example, you may specify more frequent cleaning of fuel system components for engines you have reason to believe will be using fuel that causes substantially more engine performance problems than commercial fuels of the same type that are generally available across the United States. You must clearly state that this additional maintenance is associated with the special situation you are addressing. We may disapprove your maintenance instructions if we determine that you have specified special maintenance steps to address engine operation that is not atypical, or that the maintenance is unlikely to occur in use. If we determine that certain maintenance items do not qualify as special maintenance under this paragraph (c), you may identify this as recommended additional maintenance under paragraph (b) of this section.
 Subpart C—[Amended]
 218. Section 1048.201 is amended by adding paragraph (h) to read as follows: § 1048.201
  
 (h) For engines that become new after being placed into service, such as engines converted to nonroad use after being used in motor vehicles, we may specify alternate certification provisions consistent with the intent of this part. See the definition of “new nonroad engine” in § 1048.801. 219. Section 1048.220 is amended by revising paragraphs (a) and (c) to read as follows:
 § 1048.220
  
 (a) If you are decreasing or eliminating any specified maintenance, you may distribute the new maintenance instructions to your customers 30 days after we receive your request, unless we disapprove your request. This would generally include replacing one maintenance step with another. We may approve a shorter time or waive this requirement. 
 (c) You need not request approval if you are making only minor corrections (such as correcting typographical mistakes), clarifying your maintenance instructions, or changing instructions for maintenance unrelated to emission control. We may ask you to send us copies of maintenance instructions revised under this paragraph (c). 220. Section 1048.240 is amended by revising paragraphs (a) and (b) and adding paragraph (e) to read as follows:
 § 1048.240
  (a) For purposes of certification, your engine family is considered in compliance with the applicable numerical emission standards in § 1048.101(a) and (b) if all emission-data engines representing that family have test results showing deteriorated emission levels at or below these standards. This includes all test points over the course of the durability demonstration. See paragraph (e) of this section for provisions related to demonstrating compliance with field-testing standards. (b) Your engine family is deemed not to comply if any emission-data engine representing that family has test results showing a deteriorated emission level for any pollutant that is above an applicable emission standard from § 1048.101(a) and (b). Similarly, your engine family is deemed not to comply if any emission-data engine representing that family has test results showing any emission level above the applicable field-testing standard for any pollutant. This includes all test points over the course of the durability demonstration. 
 (e) Use good engineering judgment to demonstrate compliance with field-testing standards based on testing with low-hour engines. You may, but are not required to, apply the same deterioration factors used to show compliance with the applicable duty-cycle standards. 221. Section 1048.245 is amended by revising paragraph (e) to read as follows:
 § 1048.245
  
 (e) You may demonstrate that your engine family complies with the evaporative emission standards by demonstrating that you use the following control technologies:
                                ( print page 44564) (1) For certification to the standards specified in § 1048.105(c), with the following technologies: (i) Use a tethered or self-closing gas cap on a fuel tank that stays sealed up to a positive pressure of 24.5 kPa (3.5 psig); however, they may contain air inlets that open when there is a vacuum pressure inside the tank. Nonmetal fuel tanks must also use one of the qualifying designs for controlling permeation emissions specified in 40 CFR 1060.240. (ii) [Reserved] (2) For certification to the standards specified in § 1048.105(d), demonstrating that you use design features to prevent fuel boiling under all normal operation. If you install engines in equipment, you may do this using fuel temperature data measured during normal operation. Otherwise, you may do this by including appropriate information in your emission-related installation instructions. (3) We may establish additional options for design-based certification where we find that new test data demonstrate that a technology will ensure compliance with the emission standards in this section. 222. Section 1048.255 is amended by revising paragraph (b) to read as follows:
 § 1048.255
  
 (b) We may deny your application for certification if we determine that your engine family fails to comply with emission standards or other requirements of this part or the Clean Air Act. We will base our decision on all available information. If we deny your application, we will explain why in writing.
 Subpart E—[Amended]
 223. Section 1048.405 is amended by revising paragraph (b) to read as follows: § 1048.405
  
 (b) Send us an in-use testing plan within 12 calendar months after we direct you to test a particular engine family. Complete the testing within 24 calendar months after we receive your plan.
 Subpart F—[Amended]
 224. Section 1048.505 is amended by revising the section heading and paragraph (b)(5)(i) to read as follows: § 1048.505
  
 (b) * * * (5) * * * (i) The following duty cycle applies for discrete-mode testing: Table 3 of § 1048.505
Mode number
Engine speed
Torque
                                         
                                            (percent)1
Minimum time in mode
                                         (minutes)
Weighting factors1
Maximum test
100
3.0
0.502
Maximum test
75
3.0
0.501
                                     The percent torque is relative to the maximum torque at maximum test speed.
 Subpart I—[Amended]
 225. Section 1048.801 is amended by adding definitions for “Carryover” and “Date of manufacture” in alphabetical order to read as follows: § 1048.801
  
 *Carryover*
                                 means relating to certification based on emission data generated from an earlier model year as described in § 1042.235(d). This generally requires that the engines in the engine family do not differ in any aspect related to emissions. 
 *Date of manufacture*
                                 has the meaning given in 40 CFR 1068.30.
 PART 1051— CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM RECREATIONAL ENGINES AND VEHICLES 226. The authority citation for part 1051 continues to read as follows: Authority:
                            42 U.S.C. 7401-7671q. Subpart A—[Amended]
 227. Section 1051.15 is amended by revising paragraph (a) to read as follows: § 1051.15
  (a) Parts 86 and 1065 of this chapter describe procedures and equipment specifications for testing vehicles and engines to measure exhaust emissions. Subpart F of this part 1051 describes how to apply the provisions of parts 86 and 1065 of this chapter to determine whether vehicles meet the exhaust emission standards in this part. 
 228. Section 1051.20 is amended by adding paragraph (g) to read as follows:
 § 1051.20
  
 (g) Apply the provisions of 40 CFR part 1068 for engines certified under this section as if they were subject to engine-based standards. For example, you may rely on the provisions of 40 CFR 1068.261 to have vehicle manufacturers install catalysts that you describe in your application for certification. 229. A new § 1051.30 is added to subpart A to read as follows:
 § 1051.30
  (a) This part includes various requirements to record data or other information. Refer to § 1051.825 and 40 CFR 1068.25 regarding recordkeeping requirements. If recordkeeping requirements are not specified, store these records in any format and on any media and keep them readily available for one year after you send an associated application for certification, or one year after you generate the data if they do not support an application for certification. You must promptly send us organized, written records in English if we ask for them. We may review them at any time. (b) The regulations in § 1051.255 and 40 CFR 1068.101 describe your obligation to report truthful and complete information and the consequences of failing to meet this obligation. This includes information not related to certification. (c) Send all reports and requests for approval to the Designated Compliance Officer (see § 1051.801). (d) Any written information we require you to send to or receive from 
                                ( print page 44565)
                                another company is deemed to be a required record under this section. Such records are also deemed to be submissions to EPA. We may require you to send us these records whether or not you are a certificate holder.
 Subpart B—[Amended]
 230. Section 1051.125 is amended by adding paragraph (a)(3) and revising paragraph (c) to read as follows: § 1051.125
  
 (a) * * * (3) You may ask us to approve a maintenance interval shorter than that specified in paragraph (a)(2) of this section. In your request you must describe the proposed maintenance step, recommend the maximum feasible interval for this maintenance, include your rationale with supporting evidence to support the need for the maintenance at the recommended interval, and demonstrate that the maintenance will be done at the recommended interval on in-use engines. In considering your request, we will evaluate the information you provide and any other available information to establish alternate specifications for maintenance intervals, if appropriate. 
 (c) 
                                *Special maintenance.*
                                 You may specify more frequent maintenance to address problems related to special situations, such as atypical engine operation. You must clearly state that this additional maintenance is associated with the special situation you are addressing. We may disapprove your maintenance instructions if we determine that you have specified special maintenance steps to address engine operation that is not atypical, or that the maintenance is unlikely to occur in use. If we determine that certain maintenance items do not qualify as special maintenance under this paragraph (c), you may identify this as recommended additional maintenance under paragraph (b) of this section. 
 231. Section 1051.135 is amended by revising paragraph (c)(12) to read as follows:
 § 1051.135
  
 (c) * * * (12) State: “THIS VEHICLE MEETS U.S. EPA REGULATIONS FOR [MODEL YEAR] [SNOWMOBILES or OFF-ROAD MOTORCYCLES or ATVs or OFF-ROAD UTILITY VEHICLES].”.
 Subpart C—[Amended]
 232. Section 1051.201 is amended by adding paragraph (h) to read as follows: § 1051.201
  
 (h) For vehicles that become new after being placed into service, such as vehicles converted to run on a different fuel, we may specify alternate certification provisions consistent with the intent of this part. See § 1051.650 and the definition of “new” in § 1051.801. 233. Section 1051.220 is amended by revising paragraphs (a) and (c) to read as follows:
 § 1051.220
  
 (a) If you are decreasing or eliminating any specified maintenance, you may distribute the new maintenance instructions to your customers 30 days after we receive your request, unless we disapprove your request. This would generally include replacing one maintenance step with another. We may approve a shorter time or waive this requirement. 
 (c) You need not request approval if you are making only minor corrections (such as correcting typographical mistakes), clarifying your maintenance instructions, or changing instructions for maintenance unrelated to emission control. We may ask you to send us copies of maintenance instructions revised under this paragraph (c). 234. Section 1051.255 is amended by revising paragraph (b) to read as follows:
 § 1051.255
  
 (b) We may deny your application for certification if we determine that your engine family fails to comply with emission standards or other requirements of this part or the Clean Air Act. We will base our decision on all available information. If we deny your application, we will explain why in writing.
 Subpart I—[Amended]
 235. Section 1051.801 is amended by revising paragraph (2) of the definition for “All-terrain vehicle” and the definition for “Offroad utility vehicle” to read as follows: § 1051.801
  
 *All-terrain vehicle*
                                 means * * * (2) Other all-terrain vehicles have three or more wheels and one or more seats, are designed for operation over rough terrain, are intended primarily for transportation, and have a maximum vehicle speed higher than 25 miles per hour . Golf carts generally do not meet these criteria since they are generally not designed for operation over rough terrain. 
 *Offroad utility vehicle*
                                 means a nonroad vehicle that has four or more wheels, seating for two or more persons, is designed for operation over rough terrain, and has either a rear payload capacity of 350 pounds or more or seating for six or more passengers. Vehicles intended primarily for recreational purposes that are not capable of transporting six passengers (such as dune buggies) are not offroad utility vehicles. (
                                **Note:**
                                 § 1051.1(a) specifies that some offroad utility vehicles are required to meet the requirements that apply for all-terrain vehicles.) Unless there is significant information to the contrary, we consider vehicles to be intended primarily for recreational purposes if they are marketed for recreational use, have a rear payload capacity no greater than 1,000 pounds, and meet at least five of the following criteria: (1) Front and rear suspension travel is greater than 18 cm. (2) The vehicle has no tilt bed. (3) The vehicle has no mechanical power take-off (PTO) and no permanently installed hydraulic system for operating utility-oriented accessory devices. (4) The engine has in-use operating speeds at or above 4,000 rpm. (5) Maximum vehicle speed is greater than 35 miles per hour. (6) The speed at which the engine produces peak power is above 4,5000 rpm and the engine is equivalent to engines in ATVs that you have certified. For the purpose of this paragraph (6), the engine is considered equivalent if it could be included in the same emission family based on the characteristics specified in § 1051.230(b). (7) Gross Vehicle Weight Rating is no greater than 3,750 pounds. This is the maximum design loaded weight of the vehicle as defined in 40 CFR 86.1803-01, including passengers and cargo.
 PART 1054—CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW, SMALL NONROAD SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES AND EQUIPMENT 236. The authority citation for part 1054 continues to read as follows: Authority:
                            42 U.S.C. 7401-7671q. Subpart A—[Amended]
 237. Section 1054.1 is amended by revising paragraph (a)(4) to read as follows: § 1054.1
  (a) * * * (4) This part 1054 applies for other spark-ignition engines as follows: (i) The provisions of §§ 1054.620 and 1054.801 apply for new engines used solely for competition beginning January 1, 2010. (ii) The provisions of §§ 1054.660 and 1054.801 apply for new engines used in emergency rescue equipment beginning January 1, 2010.
 Subpart B—[Amended]
 238. Section 1054.125 is amended by adding paragraph (a)(4) and revising paragraph (c) to read as follows: § 1054.125
  
 (a) * * * (4) You may ask us to approve a maintenance interval shorter than that specified in paragraph (a)(3) of this section. In your request you must describe the proposed maintenance step, recommend the maximum feasible interval for this maintenance, include your rationale with supporting evidence to support the need for the maintenance at the recommended interval, and demonstrate that the maintenance will be done at the recommended interval on in-use engines. In considering your request, we will evaluate the information you provide and any other available information to establish alternate specifications for maintenance intervals, if appropriate. 
 (c) 
                                *Special maintenance.*
                                 You may specify more frequent maintenance to address problems related to special situations, such as atypical engine operation. You must clearly state that this additional maintenance is associated with the special situation you are addressing. We may disapprove your maintenance instructions if we determine that you have specified special maintenance steps to address engine operation that is not atypical, or that the maintenance is unlikely to occur in use. If we determine that certain maintenance items do not qualify as special maintenance under this paragraph (c), you may identify this as recommended additional maintenance under paragraph (b) of this section.
 Subpart C—[Amended]
 239. Section 1054.201 is amended by adding paragraph (h) to read as follows: § 1054.201
  
 (h) For engines that become new after being placed into service, such as engines converted to run on a different fuel, we may specify alternate certification provisions consistent with the intent of this part. See § 1054.645 and the definition of “new nonroad engine” in § 1054.801. 240. Section 1054.205 is amended by revising paragraph (b) to read as follows:
 § 1054.205
  
 (b) Explain how the emission control systems operate. Describe the evaporative emission controls and show how your design will prevent running loss emissions, if applicable. Also describe in detail all system components for controlling exhaust emissions, including all auxiliary emission control devices (AECDs) and all fuel-system components you will install on any production or test engine. Identify the part number of each component you describe. For this paragraph (b), treat as separate AECDs any devices that modulate or activate differently from each other. Include sufficient detail to allow us to evaluate whether the AECDs are consistent with the defeat device prohibition of § 1054.115. For example, if your engines will routinely experience in-use operation that differs from the specified duty cycle for certification, describe how the fuel-metering system responds to varying speeds and loads not represented by the duty cycle. If you test an emission-data engine by disabling the governor for full-load operation such that the engine operates at an air-fuel ratio significantly different than under full-load operation with an installed governor, explain why these differences are necessary or appropriate. For conventional carbureted engines without electronic fuel controls, it is sufficient to state that there is no significant difference in air-fuel ratios. 
 241. Section 1054.220 is amended by revising paragraph (a) to read as follows:
 § 1054.220
  
 (a) If you are decreasing or eliminating any specified maintenance, you may distribute the new maintenance instructions to your customers 30 days after we receive your request, unless we disapprove your request. This would generally include replacing one maintenance step with another. We may approve a shorter time or waive this requirement.
 Subpart G—[Amended]
 242. Section 1054.601 is amended by adding paragraph (c) to read as follows: § 1054.601
  
 (c) The provisions of 40 CFR 1068.215 apply for cases in which the manufacturer takes possession of engines for purposes of recovering components as described in this paragraph (c). Note that this paragraph (c) does not apply for certified engines that still have the emission control information label since such engines do not need an exemption. (1) You must label the engine as specified in 40 CFR 1068.215(c)(3), except that the label may be removable as specified in 40 CFR 1068.45(b). (2) You may not resell the engine. For components other than the engine block, you may generate revenue from the sale of the components that you recover, or from the sale of new engines containing these components. You may also use components other than the engine block for engine rebuilds as otherwise allowed under the regulations. You may use the engine block from an engine that is exempted under this paragraph (c) only to make a new engine, and then only where such an engine has a separate identity from the original engine. (3) Once the engine has reached its final destination, you may stop collecting records describing the engine's final disposition and how you use the engine. This does not affect the requirement to maintain the records you have already collected under 40 CFR 1068.215. This also does not affect the requirement to maintain records for new engines.
                                ( print page 44567) 243. Section 1054.690 is amended by revising paragraphs (d), (f), and (j) to read as follows:
 § 1054.690
  
 (d) The minimum value of the bond is $500,000. A higher bond value may apply based on the per-engine bond values shown in Table 1 to this section and on the U.S.-directed production volume from each displacement grouping for the calendar model year. For example, if you have projected U.S.-directed production volumes of 10,000 engines with 180 cc displacement and 10,000 engines with 400 cc displacement in 2013, the appropriate bond amount is $750,000. Adjust the value of the bond as follows: (1) If your estimated or actual U.S.-directed production volume in any later year increases beyond the level appropriate for your current bond payment, you must post additional bond to reflect the increased volume within 90 days after you change your estimate or determine the actual production volume. You may not decrease your bond. (2) If you sell engines without aftertreatment components under the provisions of § 1054.610, you must increase the per-engine bond values for the current year by 20 percent. Table 1 to § 1054.690—Per-Engine Bond Values
For engines with displacement falling in the following ranges . . .
The per-engine bond value is . . .Disp. < 225 cc
$25225 ≤ Disp. < 740 cc
50740  ≤ Disp.  ≤ 1,000 cc
100Disp. > 1,000 cc
200
 
 (f) You may meet the bond requirements of this section by obtaining a bond from a third-party surety that is cited in the U.S. Department of Treasury Circular 570, “Companies Holding Certificates of Authority as Acceptable Sureties on Federal Bonds and as Acceptable Reinsuring Companies” (
                                *http://www.fms.treas.gov/​c570/​c570.html#certified*). You must maintain this bond for every year in which you sell certified engines. The surety agent remains responsible for obligations under the bond for two years after the bond is cancelled or expires without being replaced. 
 (j) The following provisions apply if you import engines for resale when those engines have been certified by someone else (or equipment containing such engines): (1) You and the certificate holder are each responsible for compliance with the requirements of this part and the Clean Air Act. For example, we may require you to comply with the warranty requirements in § 1054.120. (2) You do not need to post bond if you or the certificate holder complies with the bond requirements of this section. You also do not need to post bond if the certificate holder complies with the asset requirements of this section and the repair-network provisions of § 1054.120(f)(4).
 Subpart H—[Amended]
 244. Section 1054.730 is amended by revising paragraph (b)(4) to read as follows: § 1054.730
  
 (b) * * * (4) The projected and actual production volumes for the model year with a point of first retail sale in the United States, as described in § 1054.701(i). For fuel tanks, state the production volume in terms of surface area and production volume for each fuel tank configuration and state the total surface area for the emission family. If you changed an FEL during the model year, identify the actual production volume associated with each FEL.
 Subpart I—[Amended]
 245. Section 1054.801 is amended by revising the definitions for “Oxides of nitrogen” and “Total hydrocarbon equivalent” and adding a definition for “Point of first retail sale” in alphabetical order to read as follows: 
 *Oxides of nitrogen*
                             has the meaning given in 40 CFR 1065.1001 
 *Point of first retail sale*
                             means the location at which the initial retail sale occurs. This generally means an equipment dealership, but may also include an engine seller or distributor in cases where loose engines are sold to the general public for uses such as replacement engines. 
 *Total hydrocarbon equivalent*
                             has the meaning given in 40 CFR 1065.1001. This generally means the sum of the carbon mass contributions of non-oxygenated hydrocarbons, alcohols and aldehydes, or other organic compounds that are measured separately as contained in a gas sample, expressed as exhaust hydrocarbon from petroleum-fueled engines. The hydrogen-to-carbon mass ratio of the equivalent hydrocarbon is 1.85:1.
 PART 1060—CONTROL OF EVAPORATIVE EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE NONROAD AND STATIONARY EQUIPMENT 246. The authority citation for part 1060 continues to read as follows: Authority:
                            42 U.S.C. 7401-7671q. Subpart B—[Amended]
 247. Section 1060.103 is amended by revising paragraph (e) to read as follows: § 1060.103
  
 (e) Fuel caps may be certified separately relative to the permeation emission standard in paragraph (b) of this section using the test procedures specified in § 1060.521. Fuel caps certified alone do not need to meet the emission standard. Rather, fuel caps would be certified with a Family Emission Limit, which is used for demonstrating that fuel tanks meet the emission standard as described in § 1060.520(b)(5). For the purposes of this paragraph (e), gaskets or O-rings that are produced as part of an assembly with the fuel cap are considered part of the fuel cap. 
 248. Section 1060.135 is amended by revising paragraph (a)(5) to read as follows:
 § 1060.135
  
 (a) * * * (5) Readily visible in the final installation. It may be under a hinged door or other readily opened cover. It may not be hidden by any cover attached with screws or any similar designs. Labels on marine vessels (except personal watercraft) must be visible from the helm. 
 249. Section 1060.137 is amended by revising paragraphs (a)(4) and (a)(5) to read as follows:
 § 1060.137
  
 (a) * * * (4) Fuel caps, as described in this paragraph (a)(4). Fuel caps must be labeled if they are separately certified 
                                ( print page 44568)
                                under § 1060.103 or if the diurnal control system requires that the fuel tank hold pressure. Fuel caps must also be labeled if they are mounted directly on the fuel tank, unless the fuel tank is certified based on a worst-case fuel cap. (5) Replaceable pressure-relief assemblies. This does not apply if the component is integral to the fuel tank or fuel cap. If the assembly is too small to be properly labeled, you may omit the label, provided that you identify the part numbers in your maintenance and installation instructions.
 Subpart F—[Amended]
 250. Section 1060.515 is amended by revising paragraph (c) to read as follows: § 1060.515
  
 (c) Measure fuel line permeation emissions using the equipment and procedures for weight-loss testing specified in SAE J30 or SAE J1527 (incorporated by reference in § 1060.810). Start the measurement procedure within 8 hours after draining and refilling the fuel line. Perform the emission test over a sampling period of 14 days. Determine your final emission result based on the highest measured valued over the 14-day period. 
 251. Section 1060.520 is amended as follows: a. By adding paragraph (a)(4). b. By removing and reserving paragraph (b)(3). c. By revising paragraphs (b)(5)(ii)(B), (d)(8), and (d)(10).
 § 1060.520
  
 (a) * * * (4) Perform durability cycles on fuel caps intended for use with handheld equipment by putting the fuel cap on and taking it off 300 times. Tighten the fuel cap each time in a way that represents the typical in-use experience. (b) * * * (3) [Reserved] 
 (5) * * * (ii) * * * (B) You may seal the fuel inlet with a nonpermeable covering if you separately account for permeation emissions from the fuel cap. This may involve a separate measurement of permeation emissions from a worst-case fuel cap as described in § 1060.521. This may also involve specifying a worst-case Family Emission Limit based on separately certified fuel caps as described in § 1060.103(e). 
 (d) * * * (8) Measure weight loss daily by retaring the balance using the reference tank and weighing the sealed test tank. Calculate the cumulative weight loss in grams for each measurement. Calculate the coefficient of determination, r2
                                , based on a linear plot of cumulative weight loss vs. test days. Use the equation in 40 CFR 1065.602(k), with cumulative weight loss represented by yi
                                 and cumulative time represented by yref. The daily measurements must be at approximately the same time each day. You may omit up to two daily measurements in any seven-day period. Test for ten full days, then determine when to stop testing as follows: (i) You may stop testing after the measurement on the tenth day if r2
                                 is at or above 0.95 or if the measured value is less than 50 percent of the applicable standard. (Note that if a Family Emission Limit applies for the family, it is considered to be the applicable standard for that family.) This means that if you stop testing with an r2
                                 below 0.95, you may not use the data to show compliance with a Family Emission Limit less than twice the measured value. (ii) If after ten days of testing your r2
                                 value is below 0.95 and your measured value is more than 50 percent of the applicable standard, continue testing for a total of 20 days or until r2
                                 is at or above 0.95. If r2
                                 is not at or above 0.95 within 20 days of testing, discontinue the test and precondition the fuel tank further until it has stabilized emission levels, then repeat the testing. 
 (10) Determine your final emission result based on the cumulative weight loss measured on the final day of testing. Round this result to the same number of decimal places as the emission standard.
 Subpart G—[Amended]
 252. Section 1060.601 is amended by adding paragraph (h) to read as follows: § 1060.601
 40 CFR 1068.101
 
 (h) If equipment manufacturers hold certificates of conformity for their equipment but they use only fuel-system components that have been certified by other companies, they may satisfy their defect-reporting obligations by tracking the information described in 40 CFR 1068.501(b)(1) related to possible defects, reporting this information to the appropriate component manufacturers, and keeping these records for eight years. Such equipment manufacturers will not be considered in violation of 40 CFR 1068.101(b)(6) for failing to perform investigations, make calculations, or submit reports to EPA as specified in 40 CFR 1068.501. See § 1060.5(a).
 Subpart I—[Amended]
 253. Section 1060.801 is amended by revising the definitions for “Detachable fuel line” and “Sealed” and adding definitions for “Installed marine fuel line” and “Portable marine fuel line” to read as follows: § 1060.801
  
 *Detachable fuel line*
                                 means a fuel line or fuel line assembly intended to be used with a portable nonroad fuel tank and which is connected by special fittings to the fuel tank and/or engine for easy disassembly. Fuel lines that require a wrench or other tools to disconnect are not considered detachable fuel lines. Fuel lines that are labeled or marketed as USCG Type B1 fuel line as specified in 33 CFR 183.540 are not considered detachable fuel lines if they are sold to the ultimate purchaser without quick-connect fittings or similar hardware. 
 *Installed marine fuel line*
                                 means a fuel line designed for delivering fuel to a Marine SI engine, excluding portable marine fuel line. 
 *Portable marine fuel line*
                                 means a detachable fuel line that is used or intended to be used to supply fuel to a marine engine during operation. This also includes any fuel line labeled or marketed at USCG Type B1 fuel line as specified in 33 CFR 183.540, whether or not it includes detachable connecting hardware; this is often called universal fuel line. 
 *Sealed*
                                 means lacking openings to the atmosphere that would allow a measurable amount of liquid or vapor to leak out under normal operating pressures or other pressures specified in this part. For example, you may generally establish a maximum value for operating pressures based on the highest pressure you would observe from an installed fuel tank during continuous equipment operation on a sunny day with ambient temperatures of 35°C. A fuel system may be considered to have 
                                ( print page 44569)
                                no measurable leak if it does not release bubbles when held underwater at the identified pressure for 60 seconds. This determination presumes the use of good engineering judgment; for example, it would not be appropriate to test the fuel tank such that small leaks would avoid detection by collecting in a cavity created by holding the tank with a certain orientation. Sealed fuel systems may have openings for emission controls or for fuel lines needed to route fuel to the engine.
 PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES 254. The authority citation for part 1065 continues to read as follows: Authority:
                            42 U.S.C. 7401-7671q. Subpart A— [Revised]
 255. Section 1065.1 is amended by revising paragraph (d) to read as follows: § 1065.1
  
 (d) Paragraph (a) of this section identifies the parts of the CFR that define emission standards and other requirements for particular types of engines. In this part, we refer to each of these other parts generically as the “standard-setting part.” For example, 40 CFR part 1051 is always the standard-setting part for snowmobiles. Note that while 40 CFR part 86 is the standard-setting part for heavy-duty highway engines, this refers specifically to 40 CFR part 86, subpart A, and to certain portions of 40 CFR part 86, subpart N, as described in 40 CFR 86.1301. 
 256. Section 1065.2 is amended by revising paragraphs (a) and (b) to read as follows:
 § 1065.2
  (a) You are responsible for statements and information in your applications for certification, requests for approved procedures, selective enforcement audits, laboratory audits, production-line test reports, field test reports, or any other statements you make to us related to this part 1065. If you provide statements or information to someone for submission to EPA, you are responsible for these statements and information as if you had submitted them to EPA yourself. (b) In the standard-setting part and in 40 CFR 1068.101, we describe your obligation to report truthful and complete information and the consequences of failing to meet this obligation. See also 18 U.S.C. 1001 and 42 U.S.C. 7413(c)(2). This obligation applies whether you submit this information directly to EPA or through someone else. 
 257. Section 1065.10 is amended by revising paragraphs (c)(2) and (c)(7) to read as follows:
 § 1065.10
  
 (c) * * * (2) You may request to use special procedures if your engine cannot be tested using the specified procedures. For example, this may apply if your engine cannot operate on the specified duty cycle. In this case, tell us in writing why you cannot satisfactorily test your engine using this part's procedures and ask to use a different approach. We will approve your request if we determine that it would produce emission measurements that represent in-use operation and we determine that it can be used to show compliance with the requirements of the standard-setting part. Where we approve special procedures that differ substantially from the specified procedures, we may preclude you from participating in averaging, banking, and trading with the affected engine families. 
 (7) You may request to use alternate procedures that are equivalent to the allowed procedures, or procedures that are more accurate or more precise than the allowed procedures. The following provisions apply to requests for alternate procedures: (i) Applications. Follow the instructions in § 1065.12. (ii) Submission. Submit requests in writing to the Designated Compliance Officer. (iii) Notification. We may approve your request by telling you directly, or we may issue guidance announcing our approval of a specific alternate procedure, which would make additional requests for approval unnecessary. 
 258. Section 1065.15 is amended by revising paragraph (c) to read as follows:
 § 1065.15
  
 (c) We generally set brake-specific emission standards over test intervals and/or duty cycles, as follows: (1) 
                                *Engine operation.*
                                 Testing may involve measuring emissions and work in a laboratory-type environment or in the field, as described in paragraph (f) of this section. For most laboratory testing, the engine is operated over one or more duty cycles specified in the standard-setting part. However, laboratory testing may also include non-duty cycle testing (such as simulation of field testing in a laboratory). For field testing, the engine is operated under normal in-use operation. The standard-setting part specifies how test intervals are defined for field testing. Refer to the definitions of “duty cycle” and “test interval” in § 1065.1001. Note that a single duty cycle may have multiple test intervals and require weighting of results from multiple test intervals to calculate a composite brake-specific emissions value to compare to the standard. (2) 
                                *Constituent determination.*
                                 Determine the total mass of each constituent over a test interval by selecting from the following methods: (i) 
                                *Continuous sampling.*
                                 In continuous sampling, measure the constituent's concentration continuously from raw or dilute exhaust. Multiply this concentration by the continuous (raw or dilute) flow rate at the emission sampling location to determine the constituent's flow rate. Sum the constituent's flow rate continuously over the test interval. This sum is the total mass of the emitted constituent. (ii) 
                                *Batch sampling.*
                                 In batch sampling, continuously extract and store a sample of raw or dilute exhaust for later measurement. Extract a sample proportional to the raw or dilute exhaust flow rate. You may extract and store a proportional sample of exhaust in an appropriate container, such as a bag, and then measure HC, CO, and NOX
                                 concentrations in the container after the test interval. You may deposit PM from proportionally extracted exhaust onto an appropriate substrate, such as a filter. In this case, divide the PM by the amount of filtered exhaust to calculate the PM concentration. Multiply batch sampled concentrations by the total (raw or dilute) flow from which it was extracted during the test interval. This product is the total mass of the emitted constituent. (iii) 
                                *Combined sampling.*
                                 You may use continuous and batch sampling simultaneously during a test interval, as follows: (A) You may use continuous sampling for some constituents and batch sampling for others. (B) You may use continuous and batch sampling for a single constituent, with one being a redundant measurement. See § 1065.201 for more information on redundant measurements.
                                ( print page 44570) (3) 
                                *Work determination.*
                                 Determine work over a test interval by one of the following methods: (i) 
                                *Speed and torque.*
                                 Synchronously multiply speed and brake torque to calculate instantaneous values for engine brake power. Sum engine brake power over a test interval to determine total work. (ii) 
                                *Fuel consumed and brake-specific fuel consumption.*
                                 Directly measure fuel consumed or calculate it with chemical balances of the fuel, intake air, and exhaust. To calculate fuel consumed by a chemical balance, you must also measure either intake-air flow rate or exhaust flow rate. Divide the fuel consumed during a test interval by the brake-specific fuel consumption to determine work over the test interval. For laboratory testing, calculate the brake-specific fuel consumption using fuel consumed and speed and torque over a test interval. For field testing, refer to the standard-setting part and § 1065.915 for selecting an appropriate value for brake-specific fuel consumption.
 Subpart B— [Revised]
 259. Section 1065.125 is amended by revising paragraphs (c) and (e) to read as follows: § 1065.125
  
 (c) Maintain the temperature of intake air upstream of all engine components within the range of allowable ambient temperatures (or other range specified by the standard-setting part), consistent with the provisions of § 1065.10(c)(1). 
 (e) This paragraph (e) includes provisions for simulating charge-air cooling in the laboratory. This approach is described in paragraph (e)(1) of this section. Limits on using this approach are described in paragraphs (e)(2) and (3) of this section. (1) Use a charge-air cooling system with a total intake-air capacity that represents production engines' in-use installation. Design any laboratory charge-air cooling system to minimize accumulation of condensate. Drain any accumulated condensate and completely close all drains before starting a duty cycle. Keep the drains closed during the emission test. Maintain coolant conditions as follows: (i) Maintain a coolant temperature of at least 20 °C at the inlet to the charge-air cooler throughout testing. We recommend maintaining a coolant temperature of 25 ± 5 °C at the inlet of the charge-air cooler. (ii) At the engine conditions specified by the manufacturer, set the coolant flow rate to achieve an air temperature within ±5 °C of the value specified by the manufacturer after the charge-air cooler's outlet. Measure the air-outlet temperature at the location specified by the manufacturer. Use this coolant flow rate set point throughout testing. If the engine manufacturer does not specify engine conditions or the corresponding charge-air cooler air outlet temperature, set the coolant flow rate at maximum engine power to achieve a charge-air cooler air outlet temperature that represents in-use operation. (iii) If the engine manufacturer specifies pressure-drop limits across the charge-air cooling system, ensure that the pressure drop across the charge-air cooling system at engine conditions specified by the manufacturer is within the manufacturer's specified limit(s). Measure the pressure drop at the manufacturer's specified locations. (2) Using a constant flow rate as described in paragraph (e)(1) of this section may result in unrepresentative overcooling of the intake air. The provisions of this paragraph (e)(2) apply instead of the provisions of § 1065.10(c)(1) for this simulation. Our allowance to cool intake air as specified in this paragraph (e) does not affect your liability for field testing or for laboratory testing that is done in a way that better represents in-use operation. Where we determine that this allowance adversely affects your ability to demonstrate that your engines would comply with emission standards under in-use conditions, we may require you to use more sophisticated setpoints and controls of charge-air pressure drop, coolant temperature, and flow rate to achieve more representative results. (3) This approach does not apply for field testing. You may not correct measured emission levels from field testing to account for any differences caused by the simulated cooling in the laboratory. 260. Section 1065.140 is amended by revising paragraphs (c)(6), (e) introductory text, and (e)(4) to read as follows:
 § 1065.140
  
 (c) * * * (6) 
                                *Aqueous condensation.*
                                 To ensure that you measure a flow that corresponds to a measured concentration, you may either prevent aqueous condensation throughout the dilution tunnel or you may allow aqueous condensation to occur and then measure humidity at the flow meter inlet. You may heat or insulate the dilution tunnel walls, as well as the bulk stream tubing downstream of the tunnel to prevent aqueous condensation. Calculations in § 1065.645 and § 1065.650 account for either method of addressing humidity in the diluted exhaust. Note that preventing aqueous condensation involves more than keeping pure water in a vapor phase (see § 1065.1001). 
 (e) 
                                *Dilution air temperature, dilution ratio, residence time, and temperature control of PM samples.*
                                 Dilute PM samples at least once upstream of transfer lines. You may dilute PM samples upstream of a transfer line using full-flow dilution, or partial-flow dilution immediately downstream of a PM probe. In the case of partial-flow dilution, you may have up to 26 cm of insulated length between the end of the probe and the dilution stage, but we recommend that the length be as short as practical. The intent of these specifications is to minimize heat transfer to or from the emission sample before the final stage of dilution, other than the heat you may need to add to prevent aqueous condensation. This is accomplished by initially cooling the sample through dilution. Configure dilution systems as follows: 
 (4) Control sample temperature to a (47 ±5) °C tolerance, as measured anywhere within 20 cm upstream or downstream of the PM storage media (such as a filter). Measure this temperature with a bare-wire junction thermocouple with wires that are (0.500 ±0.025) mm diameter, or with another suitable instrument that has equivalent performance. 261. Section 1065.145 is revised to read as follows:
 § 1065.145
  (a) 
                                *Continuous and batch sampling.*
                                 Determine the total mass of each constituent with continuous or batch sampling, as described in § 1065.15(c)(2). Both types of sampling systems have probes, transfer lines, and other sampling system components that are described in this section. *(b) Options for engines with multiple exhaust stacks.*
                                 Measure emissions from a test engine as described in this paragraph (b) if it has multiple exhaust stacks. You may choose to use different measurement procedures for different pollutants under this paragraph (b) for a given test. For purposes of this part 1065, the test engine includes all the devices related to converting the 
                                ( print page 44571)
                                chemical energy in the fuel to the engine's mechanical output energy. This may or may not involve vehicle- or equipment-based devices. For example, all of an engine's cylinders are considered to be part of the test engine even if the exhaust is divided into separate exhaust stacks. As another example, all the cylinders of a diesel-electric locomotive are considered to be part of the test engine even if they transmit power through separate output shafts, such as might occur with multiple engine-generator sets working in tandem. Use one of the following procedures to measure emissions with multiple exhaust stacks: (1) Route the exhaust flow from the multiple stacks into a single flow as described in § 1065.130(c)(6). Sample and measure emissions after the exhaust streams are mixed. Calculate the emissions as a single sample from the entire engine. We recommend this as the preferred option, since it requires only a single measurement and calculation of the exhaust molar flow for the entire engine. (2) Sample and measure emissions from each stack and calculate emissions separately for each stack. Add the mass (or mass rate) emissions from each stack to calculate the emissions from the entire engine. Testing under this paragraph (b)(2) requires measuring or calculating the exhaust molar flow for each stack separately. If the exhaust molar flow in each stack cannot be calculated from combustion air flow(s), fuel flow(s), and measured gaseous emissions, and it is impractical to measure the exhaust molar flows directly, you may alternatively proportion the engine's calculated total exhaust molar flow rate (where the flow is calculated using combustion air mass flow(s), fuel mass flow(s), and emissions concentrations) based on exhaust molar flow measurements in each stack using a less accurate, non-traceable method. For example, you may use a total pressure probe and static pressure measurement in each stack. (3) Sample and measure emissions from one stack and repeat the duty cycle as needed to collect emissions from each stack separately. Calculate the emissions from each stack and add the separate measurements to calculate the mass (or mass rate) emissions from the entire engine. Testing under this paragraph (b)(3) requires measuring or calculating the exhaust molar flow for each stack separately. You may alternatively proportion the engine's calculated total exhaust molar flow rate based on calculation and measurement limitations as described in paragraph (b)(2) of this section. Use the average of the engine's total power or work values from the multiple test runs to calculate brake-specific emissions. Divide the total mass (or mass rate) of each emission by the average power (or work). You may alternatively use the engine power or work associated with the corresponding stack during each test run if these values can be determined for each stack separately. (4) Sample and measure emissions from each stack separately and calculate emissions for the entire engine based on the stack with the highest concentration. Testing under this paragraph (b)(4) requires only a single exhaust flow measurement or calculation for the entire engine. You may determine which stack has the highest concentration by performing multiple test runs, reviewing the results of earlier tests, or using good engineering judgment. Note that the highest concentration of different pollutants may occur in different stacks. Note also that the stack with the highest concentration of a pollutant during a test interval for field testing may be a different stack than the one you identified based on average concentrations over a duty cycle. (5) Sample emissions from each stack separately and combine the wet sample streams from each stack proportionally to the exhaust molar flows in each stack. Measure the emission concentrations and calculate the emissions for the entire engine based on these weighted concentrations. Testing under this paragraph (b)(5) requires measuring or calculating the exhaust molar flow for each stack separately during the test run to proportion the sample streams from each stack. If it is impractical to measure the exhaust molar flows directly, you may alternatively proportion the wet sample streams based on less accurate, non-traceable flow methods. For example, you may use a total pressure probe and static pressure measurement in each stack. The following restrictions apply for testing under this paragraph (b)(5): (i) You must use an accurate, traceable measurement or calculation of the engine's total exhaust molar flow rate for calculating the mass of emissions from the entire engine. (ii) You may dry the single, combined, proportional sample stream; you may not dry the sample streams from each stack separately. (iii) You must measure and proportion the sample flows from each stack with active flow controls. For PM sampling, you must measure and proportion the diluted sample flows from each stack with active flow controls that use only smooth walls with no sudden change in cross-sectional area. For example, you may control the dilute exhaust PM sample flows using electrically conductive vinyl tubing and a control device that pinches the tube over a long enough transition length so no flow separation occurs. (iv) For PM sampling, the transfer lines from each stack must be joined so the angle of the joining flows is 12.5° or less. Note that the exhaust manifold must meet the same specifications as the transfer line according to paragraph (d) of this section. (6) Sample emissions from each stack separately and combine the wet sample streams from each stack equally. Measure the emission concentrations and calculate the emissions for the entire engine based on these measured concentrations. Testing under this paragraph (b)(6) assumes that the raw-exhaust and sample flows are the same for each stack. The following restrictions apply for testing under this paragraph (b)(6): (i) You must measure and demonstrate that the sample flow from each stack is within 5% of the value from the stack with the highest sample flow. You may alternatively ensure that the stacks have equal flow rates without measuring sample flows by designing a passive sampling system that meets the following requirements: (A) The probes and transfer line branches must be symmetrical, have equal lengths and diameters, have the same number of bends, and have no filters. (B) If probes are designed such that they are sensitive to stack velocity, the stack velocity must be similar at each probe. For example, a static pressure probe used for gaseous sampling is not sensitive to stack velocity. (C) The stack static pressure must be the same at each probe. You can meet this requirement by placing probes at the end of stacks that are vented to atmosphere. (D) For PM sampling, the transfer lines from each stack must be joined so the angle of the joining flows is 12.5° or less. Note that the exhaust manifold must meet the same specifications as the transfer line according to paragraph (d) of this section. (ii) You may use the procedure in this paragraph (b)(6) only if you perform an analysis showing that the resulting error due to imbalanced stack flows and concentrations is either at or below 2%. You may alternatively show that the resulting error does not impact your ability to demonstrate compliance with applicable standards. For example, you may use less accurate, non-traceable 
                                ( print page 44572)
                                measurements of emission concentrations and molar flow in each stack and demonstrate that the imbalances in flows and concentrations cause 2% or less error. (iii) For a two-stack engine, you may use the procedure in this paragraph (b)(6) only if you can show that the stack with the higher flow has the lower average concentration for each pollutant over the duty cycle. (iv) You must use an accurate, traceable measurement or calculation of the engine's total exhaust molar flow rate for calculating the mass of emissions from the entire engine. (v) You may dry the single, equally combined, sample stream; you may not dry the sample streams from each stack separately. (vi) You may determine your exhaust flow rates with a chemical balance of exhaust gas concentrations and either intake air flow or fuel flow. (c) 
                                *Gaseous and PM sample probes.*
                                 A probe is the first fitting in a sampling system. It protrudes into a raw or diluted exhaust stream to extract a sample, such that its inside and outside surfaces are in contact with the exhaust. A sample is transported out of a probe into a transfer line, as described in paragraph (d) of this section. The following provisions apply to sample probes: (1) 
                                *Probe design and construction.*
                                 Use sample probes with inside surfaces of 300 series stainless steel or, for raw exhaust sampling, use any nonreactive material capable of withstanding raw exhaust temperatures. Locate sample probes where constituents are mixed to their mean sample concentration. Take into account the mixing of any crankcase emissions that may be routed into the raw exhaust. Locate each probe to minimize interference with the flow to other probes. We recommend that all probes remain free from influences of boundary layers, wakes, and eddies—especially near the outlet of a raw-exhaust tailpipe where unintended dilution might occur. Make sure that purging or back-flushing of a probe does not influence another probe during testing. You may use a single probe to extract a sample of more than one constituent as long as the probe meets all the specifications for each constituent. (2) 
                                *Gaseous sample probes.*
                                 Use either single-port or multi-port probes for sampling gaseous emissions. You may orient these probes in any direction relative to the raw or diluted exhaust flow. For some probes, you must control sample temperatures, as follows: (i) For probes that extract NOx
                                 from diluted exhaust, control the probe's wall temperature to prevent aqueous condensation. (ii) For probes that extract hydrocarbons for THC or NMHC analysis from the diluted exhaust of compression-ignition engines, 2-stroke spark-ignition engines, or 4-stroke spark-ignition engines below 19 kW, we recommend heating the probe to minimize hydrocarbon contamination consistent with good engineering judgment. If you routinely fail the contamination check in the 1065.520 pretest check, we recommend heating the probe section to approximately 190 °C to minimize contamination. (3) 
                                *PM sample probes.*
                                 Use PM probes with a single opening at the end. Orient PM probes to face directly upstream. If you shield a PM probe's opening with a PM pre-classifier such as a hat, you may not use the preclassifier we specify in paragraph (f)(1) of this section. We recommend sizing the inside diameter of PM probes to approximate isokinetic sampling at the expected mean flow rate. (d) 
                                *Transfer lines.*
                                 You may use transfer lines to transport an extracted sample from a probe to an analyzer, storage medium, or dilution system, noting certain restrictions for PM sampling in § 1065.140(e). Minimize the length of all transfer lines by locating analyzers, storage media, and dilution systems as close to probes as practical. We recommend that you minimize the number of bends in transfer lines and that you maximize the radius of any unavoidable bend. Avoid using 90 °elbows, tees, and cross-fittings in transfer lines. Where such connections and fittings are necessary, take steps, using good engineering judgment, to ensure that you meet the temperature tolerances in this paragraph (d). This may involve measuring temperature at various locations within transfer lines and fittings. You may use a single transfer line to transport a sample of more than one constituent, as long as the transfer line meets all the specifications for each constituent. The following construction and temperature tolerances apply to transfer lines: (1) 
                                *Gaseous samples.*
                                 Use transfer lines with inside surfaces of 300 series stainless steel, PTFE, VitonTM
                                , or any other material that you demonstrate has better properties for emission sampling. For raw exhaust sampling, use a non-reactive material capable of withstanding raw exhaust temperatures. You may use in-line filters if they do not react with exhaust constituents and if the filter and its housing meet the same temperature requirements as the transfer lines, as follows: (i) For NOX
                                 transfer lines upstream of either an NO2
                                -to-NO converter that meets the specifications of § 1065.378 or a chiller that meets the specifications of § 1065.376, maintain a sample temperature that prevents aqueous condensation. (ii) For THC transfer lines for testing compression-ignition engines, 2-stroke spark-ignition engines, or 4-stroke spark-ignition engines below 19 kW, maintain a wall temperature tolerance throughout the entire line of (191 ± 11) °C. If you sample from raw exhaust, you may connect an unheated, insulated transfer line directly to a probe. Design the length and insulation of the transfer line to cool the highest expected raw exhaust temperature to no lower than 191 °C, as measured at the transfer line's outlet. For dilute sampling, you may use a transition zone between the probe and transfer line of up to 92 cm to allow your wall temperature to transition to (191 ± 11) °C. (2) 
                                *PM samples.*
                                 We recommend heated transfer lines or a heated enclosure to minimize temperature differences between transfer lines and exhaust constituents. Use transfer lines that are inert with respect to PM and are electrically conductive on the inside surfaces. We recommend using PM transfer lines made of 300 series stainless steel. Electrically ground the inside surface of PM transfer lines. (e) 
                                *Optional sample-conditioning components for gaseous sampling.*
                                 You may use the following sample-conditioning components to prepare gaseous samples for analysis, as long as you do not install or use them in a way that adversely affects your ability to show that your engines comply with all applicable gaseous emission standards. (1) 
                                *NO**2**-to-NO converter.*
                                 You may use an NO2
                                -to-NO converter that meets the efficiency-performance check specified in § 1065.378 at any point upstream of a NOx
                                 analyzer, sample bag, or other storage medium. (2) 
                                *Sample dryer.*
                                 You may use either type of sample dryer described in this paragraph (e)(2) to decrease the effects of water on gaseous emission measurements. You may not use a chemical dryer, or use dryers upstream of PM sample filters. (i) 
                                *Osmotic-membrane.*
                                 You may use an osmotic-membrane dryer upstream of any gaseous analyzer or storage medium, as long as it meets the temperature specifications in paragraph (d)(1) of this section. Because osmotic-membrane dryers may deteriorate after prolonged exposure to certain exhaust constituents, consult with the membrane manufacturer regarding your application before incorporating an 
                                ( print page 44573)
                                osmotic-membrane dryer. Monitor the dewpoint, 
                                *T*dew,
                                 and absolute pressure, 
                                *p*total,
                                 downstream of an osmotic-membrane dryer. You may use continuously recorded values of 
                                *T*dew
                                 and 
                                *p*total
                                 in the amount of water calculations specified in § 1065.645. If you do not continuously record these values, you may use their peak values observed during a test or their alarm setpoints as constant values in the calculations specified in § 1065.645. You may also use a nominal 
                                *p*total,
                                 which you may estimate as the dryer's lowest absolute pressure expected during testing. (ii) 
                                *Thermal chiller.*
                                 You may use a thermal chiller upstream of some gas analyzers and storage media. You may not use a thermal chiller upstream of a THC measurement system for compression-ignition engines, 2-stroke spark-ignition engines, or 4-stroke spark-ignition engines below 19 kW. If you use a thermal chiller upstream of an NO2
                                -to-NO converter or in a sampling system without an NO2
                                -to-NO converter, the chiller must meet the NO2
                                 loss-performance check specified in § 1065.376. Monitor the dewpoint, 
                                *T*dew,
                                 and absolute pressure, 
                                *p*total,
                                 downstream of a thermal chiller. You may use continuously recorded values of 
                                *T*dew
                                 and 
                                *p*total
                                 in the emission calculations specified in § 1065.650. If you do not continuously record these values, you may use the maximum temperature and minimum pressure values observed during a test or the high alarm temperature setpoint and the low alarm pressure setpoint as constant values in the amount of water calculations specified in § 1065.645. You may also use a nominal 
                                *p*total,
                                 which you may estimate as the dryer's lowest absolute pressure expected during testing. If it is valid to assume the degree of saturation in the thermal chiller, you may calculate 
                                *T*dew
                                 based on the known chiller performance and continuous monitoring of chiller temperature, 
                                *T*chiller.
                                 If you do not continuously record values of 
                                *T*chiller,
                                 you may use its peak value observed during a test, or its alarm setpoint, as a constant value to determine a constant amount of water according to § 1065.645. If it is valid to assume that 
                                *T*chiller
                                 is equal to 
                                *T*dew,
                                 you may use 
                                *T*chiller
                                 in lieu of 
                                *T*dew
                                 according to § 1065.645. If it is valid to assume a constant temperature offset between 
                                *T*chiller
                                 and 
                                *T*dew,
                                 due to a known and fixed amount of sample reheat between the chiller outlet and the temperature measurement location, you may factor in this assumed temperature offset value into emission calculations. If we ask for it, you must show by engineering analysis or by data the validity of any assumptions allowed by this paragraph (e)(2)(ii). (3) 
                                *Sample pumps.*
                                 You may use sample pumps upstream of an analyzer or storage medium for any gas. Use sample pumps with inside surfaces of 300 series stainless steel, PTFE, or any other material that you demonstrate has better properties for emission sampling. For some sample pumps, you must control temperatures, as follows: (i) If you use a NOx
                                 sample pump upstream of either an NO2
                                -to-NO converter that meets § 1065.378 or a chiller that meets § 1065.376, it must be heated to prevent aqueous condensation. (ii) For testing compression-ignition engines, 2-stroke spark-ignition engines, or 4-stroke spark-ignition engines below 19 kW, if you use a THC sample pump upstream of a THC analyzer or storage medium, its inner surfaces must be heated to a tolerance of (191 ±11) °C. (4) 
                                *Ammonia Scrubber.*
                                 You may use ammonia scrubbers for any or all gaseous sampling systems to prevent interference with NH3, poisoning of the NO2
                                -to-NO converter, and deposits in the sampling system or analyzers. Follow the ammonia scrubber manufacturer's recommendations or use good engineering judgment in applying ammonia scrubbers. (f) 
                                *Optional sample-conditioning components for PM sampling.*
                                 You may use the following sample-conditioning components to prepare PM samples for analysis, as long as you do not install or use them in a way that adversely affects your ability to show that your engines comply with the applicable PM emission standards. You may condition PM samples to minimize positive and negative biases to PM results, as follows: (1) 
                                *PM preclassifier.*
                                 You may use a PM preclassifier to remove large-diameter particles. The PM preclassifier may be either an inertial impactor or a cyclonic separator. It must be constructed of 300 series stainless steel. The preclassifier must be rated to remove at least 50% of PM at an aerodynamic diameter of 10 μm and no more than 1% of PM at an aerodynamic diameter of 1 μm over the range of flow rates for which you use it. Follow the preclassifier manufacturer's instructions for any periodic servicing that may be necessary to prevent a buildup of PM. Install the preclassifier in the dilution system downstream of the last dilution stage. Configure the preclassifier outlet with a means of bypassing any PM sample media so the preclassifier flow may be stabilized before starting a test. Locate PM sample media within 75 cm downstream of the preclassifier's exit. You may not use this preclassifier if you use a PM probe that already has a preclassifier. For example, if you use a hat-shaped preclassifier that is located immediately upstream of the probe in such a way that it forces the sample flow to change direction before entering the probe, you may not use any other preclassifier in your PM sampling system. (2) 
                                *Other components.*
                                 You may request to use other PM conditioning components upstream of a PM preclassifier, such as components that condition humidity or remove gaseous-phase hydrocarbons from the diluted exhaust stream. You may use such components only if we approve them under § 1065.10.
 Subpart C— [Revised]
 262. Section 1065.240 is amended by revising paragraph (d) introductory text to read as follows: § 1065.240
  
 (d) 
                                *Exhaust cooling.*
                                 You may cool diluted exhaust upstream of a dilute-exhaust flow meter, as long as you observe all the following provisions:
 Subpart D—[Revised]
 263. Section 1065.303 is revised to read as follows: § 1065.303
  The following table summarizes the required and recommended calibrations and verifications described in this subpart and indicates when these have to be performed: Table 1 of § 1065.303-Summary of Required Calibration and Verifications
Type of calibration or verification
Minimum frequency a§ 1065.305: Accuracy, repeatability and noise
Accuracy: Not required, but recommended for initial installation.Repeatability: Not required, but recommended for initial installation.Noise: Not required, but recommended for initial installation.( print page 44574)§ 1065.307: Linearity verification
Speed: Upon initial installation, within 370 days before testing and after major maintenance.Torque: Upon initial installation, within 370 days before testing and after major maintenance.Electrical power: Upon initial installation, within 370 days before testing and after major maintenance.Fuel flow: Upon initial installation, within 370 days before testing, and after major maintenance.Clean gas and diluted exhaust flows: Upon initial installation, within 370 days before testing and after major maintenance, unless flow is verified by propane check or by carbon or oxygen balance.Raw exhaust flow: Upon initial installation, within 185 days before testing and after major maintenance, unless flow is verified by propane check or by carbon or oxygen balance.Gas dividers: Upon initial installation, within 370 days before testing, and after major maintenance.Gas analyzers: Upon initial installation, within 35 days before testing and after major maintenance.PM balance: Upon initial installation, within 370 days before testing and after major maintenance.Stand-alone pressure, temperature, and dewpoint: Upon initial installation, within 370 days before testing and after major maintenance.§ 1065.308: Continuous gas analyzer system response and updating-recording verification—for gas analyzers not continuously compensated for other gas species
Upon initial installation or after system modification that would affect response.§ 1065.309: Continuous gas analyzer system-response and updating-recording verification—for gas analyzers continuously compensated for other gas species
Upon initial installation or after system modification that would affect response.§ 1065.310: Torque
Upon initial installation and after major maintenance.§ 1065.315: Pressure, temperature, dewpoint
Upon initial installation and after major maintenance.§ 1065.320: Fuel flow
Upon initial installation and after major maintenance.§ 1065.325: Intake flow
Upon initial installation and after major maintenance.§ 1065.330: Exhaust flow
Upon initial installation and after major maintenance.§ 1065.340: Diluted exhaust flow (CVS)
Upon initial installation and after major maintenance.§ 1065.341: CVS and batch sampler verification.b
Upon initial installation, within 35 days before testing, and after major maintenance.§ 1065.342 Sample dryer verification
For thermal chillers; upon installation and after major maintenance.For osmotic membranes; upon installation, after major maintenance, and within 35 days of testing.§ 1065.345: Vacuum leak
Before each laboratory test according to subpart F of this part and before each field test according to subpart J of this part.§ 1065.350: CO2
                                         NDIR H2
                                        O interference
Upon initial installation and after major maintenance.§ 1065.355: CO NDIR CO2
                                         and H2
                                        O interference
Upon initial installation and after major maintenance.§ 1065.360: FID calibration THC FID optimization, and THC FID verification
Calibrate all FID analyzers: upon initial installation and after major maintenance.Optimize and determine CH4
                                         response for THC FID analyzers: upon initial installation and after major maintenance.Verify CH4
                                         response for THC FID analyzers: upon initial installation, within 185 days before testing, and after major maintenance.§ 1065.362: Raw exhaust FID O2
                                         interference
For all FID analyzers: upon initial installation and after major maintenance.For THC FID analyzers: upon initial installation after major maintenance, and after FID optimization according to § 1065.360.§ 1065.365: Nonmethane cutter penetration
Upon initial installation, within 185 days before testing, and after major maintenance.§ 1065.370: CLD CO2
                                         and H2
                                        O quench
Upon initial installation and after major maintenance.§ 1065.372: NDUV HC and H2
                                        O interference
Upon initial installation and after major maintenance.§ 1065.376: Chiller NO2
                                         penetration
Upon initial installation and after major maintenance.§ 1065.378: NO2
                                        -to-NO converter conversion
Upon initial installation, within 35 days before testing, and after major maintenance.§ 1065.390: PM balance and weighing
Independent verification: upon initial installation, within 370 days before testing, and after major maintenance.Zero, span, and reference sample verifications: within 12 hours of weighing and after major maintenance.§ 1065.395: Inertial PM balance and weighing
Independent verification: upon initial installation, within 370 days before testing, and after major maintenance.Other verifications: upon initial installation and after major maintenance.a
                                     Perform calibrations and verifications more frequently, according to measurement system manufacturer instructions and good engineering judgment.b
                                     The CVS verification described in § 1065.341 is not required for systems that agree within ± 2% based on a chemical balance of carbon or oxygen of the intake air, fuel, and diluted exhaust.
 
 
 264. Section 1065.307 is amended by revising paragraphs (c)(6), (d), and (e)(3)(ii) and Table 1 to read as follows:
 § 1065.307
  
 (c) * * * (6) For all measured quantities, use instrument manufacturer recommendations and good engineering judgment to select reference values, 
                                *y*refi,
                                 that cover a range of values that you expect would prevent extrapolation beyond these values during emission testing. We recommend selecting a zero reference signal as one of the reference values of the linearity verification. For stand-alone pressure, temperature, and dewpoint linearity verifications, we recommend at least three reference values. For all other linearity verifications select at least ten reference values. 
 (d) 
                                *Reference signals*. This paragraph (d) describes recommended methods for generating reference values for the linearity-verification protocol in paragraph (c) of this section. Use reference values that simulate actual values, or introduce an actual value and measure it with a reference-measurement system. In the latter case, the reference value is the value reported by the reference-measurement system. Reference values and reference-measurement systems must be NIST-traceable. We recommend using calibration reference quantities that are NIST-traceable within 0.5% uncertainty, if not specified otherwise in other sections of this part 1065. Use the following recommended methods to generate reference values or use good engineering judgment to select a different reference: (1) 
                                *Speed*. Run the engine or dynamometer at a series of steady-state speeds and use a strobe, a photo tachometer, or a laser tachometer to record reference speeds. (2) 
                                *Torque*. Use a series of calibration weights and a calibration lever arm to simulate engine torque. You may instead use the engine or dynamometer itself to generate a nominal torque that is measured by a reference load cell or proving ring in series with the torque-measurement system. In this case use the reference load cell measurement as the reference value. Refer to § 1065.310 for a torque-calibration procedure similar to the linearity verification in this section. (3) 
                                *Electrical power*. Use a controlled source of current and a watt-hour standard reference meter. Complete calibration systems that contain a current source and a reference watt-hour meter are commonly used in the electrical power distribution industry and are therefore commercially available. 
 (e) * * * (3) * * * (ii) For linearity verification of torque on the engine's primary output shaft, 
                                *T*max
                                 refers to the manufacturer's specified engine torque peak value of the lowest torque engine to be tested. 
 
 
  265. Section 1065.309 is amended by revising paragraph (d)(2) to read as follows:
 § 1065.309
  
 (d) * * * (2) 
                                *Equipment setup.*
                                 We recommend using minimal lengths of gas transfer lines between all connections and fast-acting three-way valves (2 inlets, 1 outlet) to control the flow of zero and blended span gases to the sample system's probe inlet or a tee near the outlet of the probe. Normally the gas flow rate is higher than the probe sample flow rate and the excess is overflowed out the inlet of the probe. If the gas flow rate is lower than the probe flow rate, the gas concentrations must be adjusted to account for the dilution from ambient air drawn into the probe. Select span gases for the species being continuously combined, other than H2
                                O. Select concentrations of compensating species that will yield concentrations of these species at the analyzer inlet that covers the range of concentrations expected during testing. You may use binary or multi-gas span gases. You may use a gas blending or mixing device to blend span gases. A gas blending or mixing device is recommended when blending span gases diluted in N2
                                 with span gases diluted in air. You may use a multi-gas span gas, such as NO-CO-CO2
                                -C3
                                H8
                                -CH4, to verify multiple 
                                ( print page 44577)
                                analyzers at the same time. In designing your experimental setup, avoid pressure pulsations due to stopping the flow through the gas blending device. If H2
                                O correction is applicable, then span gases must be humidified before entering the analyzer; however, you may not humidify NO2
                                 span gas by passing it through a sealed humidification vessel that contains water. You must humidify NO2
                                 span gas with another moist gas stream. We recommend humidifying your NO-CO-CO2
                                -C3
                                H8
                                -CH4, balance N2
                                 blended gas by flowing the gas mixture through a sealed vessel that humidifies the gas by bubbling it through distilled water and then mixing the gas with dry NO2
                                 gas, balance purified synthetic air. If your system does not use a sample dryer to remove water from the sample gas, you must humidify your span gas to the highest sample H2
                                O content that you estimate during emission sampling. If your system uses a sample dryer during testing, it must pass the sample dryer verification check in § 1065.342, and you must humidify your span gas to an H2
                                O content greater than or equal to the level determined in § 1065.145(e)(2). If you are humidifying span gases without NO2, use good engineering judgment to ensure that the wall temperatures in the transfer lines, fittings, and valves from the humidifying system to the probe are above the dewpoint required for the target H2
                                O content. If you are humidifying span gases with NO2, use good engineering judgment to ensure that there is no condensation in the transfer lines, fittings, or valves from the point where humidified gas is mixed with NO2
                                 span gas to the probe. We recommend that you design your setup so that the wall temperatures in the transfer lines, fittings, and valves from the humidifying system to the probe are at least 5 °C above the local sample gas dewpoint. Operate the measurement and sample handling system as you do for emission testing. Make no modifications to the sample handling system to reduce the risk of condensation. Flow humidified gas through the sampling system before this check to allow stabilization of the measurement system's sampling handling system to occur, as it would for an emission test. 
 266. Section 1065.342 is amended by revising paragraph (a), (c), (d)(4), and (d)(7) to read as follows:
 § 1065.342
  (a) 
                                *Scope and frequency.*
                                 If you use a sample dryer as allowed in § 1065.145(e)(2) to remove water from the sample gas, verify the performance upon installation, after major maintenance, for thermal chiller. For osmotic membrane dryers, verify the performance upon installation, after major maintenance, and within 35 days of testing. 
 (c) 
                                *System requirements.*
                                 The sample dryer must meet the specifications as determined in § 1065.145(e)(2) for dewpoint, 
                                *T*dew,
                                 and absolute pressure, 
                                *p*total,
                                 downstream of the osmotic-membrane dryer or thermal chiller. (d) * * * (4) Maintain the sample lines, fittings, and valves from the location where the humidified gas water content is measured to the inlet of the sampling system at a temperature at least 5 °C above the local humidified gas dewpoint. For dryers used in NOX
                                 sample systems, verify the sample system components used in this verification to prevent aqueous condensation as required in § 1065.145(d)(1)(i). We recommend that the sample system components be maintained at least 5 °C above the local humidified gas dewpoint to prevent aqueous condensation. 
 (7) The sample dryer meets the verification if the dewpoint at the sample dryer pressure as measured in paragraph (d)(6) of this section is less than the dewpoint corresponding to the sample dryer specifications as determined in § 1065.145(e)(2) plus 2 °C or if the mole fraction of water as measured in (d)(6) is less than the corresponding sample dryer specifications plus 0.002 mol/mol. 
 267. Section 1065.345 is amended by revising paragraph (e)(1)(iii) to read as follows:
 § 1065.345
  
 (e) * * * (1) * * * (iii) Close a leak-tight valve located in the sample transfer line within 92 cm of the probe. 
 268. Section 1065.350 is amended by revising paragraph (d) to read as follows:
 § 1065.350
 2 2
 
 (d) 
                                *Procedure.*
                                 Perform the interference verification as follows: (1) Start, operate, zero, and span the CO2
                                 NDIR analyzer as you would before an emission test. If the sample is passed through a dryer during emission testing, you may run this verification test with the dryer if it meets the requirements of § 1065.342. Operate the dryer at the same conditions as you will for an emission test. You may also run this verification test without the sample dryer. (2) Create a humidified test gas by bubbling zero gas that meets the specifications in § 1065.750 through distilled water in a sealed vessel. If the sample is not passed through a dryer during emission testing, control the vessel temperature to generate an H2
                                O level at least as high as the maximum expected during emission testing. If the sample is passed through a dryer during emission testing, control the vessel temperature to generate an H2
                                O level at least as high as the level determined in § 1065.145(e)(2) for that dryer. (3) Introduce the humidified test gas into the sample system. You may introduce it downstream of any sample dryer, if one is used during testing. (4) If the sample is not passed through a dryer during this verification test, measure the water mole fraction, 
                                *x*H2O,
                                 of the humidified test gas, as close as possible to the inlet of the analyzer. For example, measure dewpoint, 
                                *T*dew,
                                 and absolute pressure, 
                                *p*total,
                                 to calculate 
                                *x*H2O.
                                 Verify that the water content meets the requirement in paragraph (d)(2) of this section. If the sample is passed through a dryer during this verification test, you must verify that the water content of the humidified test gas downstream of the vessel meets the requirement in paragraph (d)(2) of this section based on either direct measurement of the water content (
                                *e.g.,*
                                 dewpoint and pressure) or an estimate based on the vessel pressure and temperature. Use good engineering judgment to estimate the water content. For example, you may use previous direct measurements of water content to verify the vessel's level of saturation. (5) If a sample dryer is not used in this verification test, use good engineering judgment to prevent condensation in the transfer lines, fittings, or valves from the point where 
                                *x*H2O
                                 is measured to the analyzer. We recommend that you design your system so the wall temperatures in the transfer lines, fittings, and valves from the point where 
                                *x*H2O
                                 is measured to the analyzer are at least 5 °C above the local sample gas dewpoint. 
 269. Section 1065.355 is amended by revising paragraph (d) to read as follows:
 § 1065.355
 2 2
 
 
 
 (d) 
                                *Procedure.*
                                 Perform the interference verification as follows: (1) Start, operate, zero, and span the CO NDIR analyzer as you would before an emission test. If the sample is passed through a dryer during emission testing, you may run this verification test with the dryer if it meets the requirements of § 1065.342. Operate the dryer at the same conditions as you will for an emission test. You may also run this verification test without the sample dryer. (2) Create a humidified CO2
                                 test gas by bubbling a CO2
                                 span gas that meets the specifications in § 1065.750 through distilled water in a sealed vessel. If the sample is not passed through a dryer during emission testing, control the vessel temperature to generate an H2
                                O level at least as high as the maximum expected during emission testing. If the sample is passed through a dryer during emission testing, control the vessel temperature to generate an H2
                                O level at least as high as the level determined in § 1065.145(e)(2) for that dryer. Use a CO2
                                 span gas concentration at least as high as the maximum expected during testing. (3) Introduce the humidified CO2
                                 test gas into the sample system. You may introduce it downstream of any sample dryer, if one is used during testing. (4) If the sample is not passed through a dryer during this verification test, measure the water mole fraction, 
                                *x*H2O,
                                 of the humidified CO2
                                 test gas as close as possible to the inlet of the analyzer. For example, measure dewpoint, 
                                *T*dew,
                                 and absolute pressure, 
                                *p*total,
                                 to calculate 
                                *x*H2O.
                                 Verify that the water content meets the requirement in paragraph (d)(2) of this section. If the sample is passed through a dryer during this verification test, you must verify that the water content of the humidified test gas downstream of the vessel meets the requirement in paragraph (d)(2) of this section based on either direct measurement of the water content (
                                *e.g.,*
                                 dewpoint and pressure) or an estimate based on the vessel pressure and temperature. Use good engineering judgment to estimate the water content. For example, you may use previous direct measurements of water content to verify the vessel's level of saturation. (5) If a sample dryer is not used in this verification test, use good engineering judgment to prevent condensation in the transfer lines, fittings, or valves from the point where 
                                *x*H2O
                                 is measured to the analyzer. We recommend that you design your system so that the wall temperatures in the transfer lines, fittings, and valves from the point where 
                                *x*H2O
                                 is measured to the analyzer are at least 5 °C above the local sample gas dewpoint. 
 270. Section 1065.370 is amended by revising paragraph (e)(5) to read as follows:
 § 1065.370
 2 2
 
 (e) * * * (5) Humidify the NO span gas by bubbling it through distilled water in a sealed vessel. If the humidified NO span gas sample does not pass through a sample dryer for this verification test, control the vessel temperature to generate an H2
                                O level approximately equal to the maximum mole fraction of H2
                                O expected during emission testing. If the humidified NO span gas sample does not pass through a sample dryer, the quench verification calculations in § 1065.675 scale the measured H2
                                O quench to the highest mole fraction of H2
                                O expected during emission testing. If the humidified NO span gas sample passes through a dryer for this verification test, control the vessel temperature to generate an H2
                                O level at least as high as the level determined in § 1065.145(e)(2). For this case, the quench verification calculations in § 1065.675 do not scale the measured H2
                                O quench.
 Subpart F— [Revised]
 271. Section 1065.501 is amended by revising paragraphs (b)(2)(i) and (b)(2)(ii) to read as follows: § 1065.501
  
 (b) * * * (2) * * * (i) 
                                *Discrete-mode cycles.*
                                 Before emission sampling, stabilize an engine at the first discrete mode. Sample emissions and other parameters for that mode in the same manner as a transient cycle, with the exception that reference speed and torque values are constant. Record mean values for that mode, and then stabilize the engine at the next mode. Continue to sample each mode discretely as separate test intervals and calculate weighted emission results according to the standard-setting part. (ii) 
                                *Ramped-modal cycles.*
                                 Perform ramped-modal cycles similar to the way you would perform transient cycles, except that ramped-modal cycles involve mostly steady-state engine operation. Generate a ramped-modal duty cycle as a sequence of second-by-second (1 Hz) reference speed and torque points. Run the ramped-modal duty cycle in the same manner as a transient cycle and use the 1 Hz reference speed and torque values to validate the cycle, even for cycles with % power. Proportionally sample emissions and other parameters during the cycle and use the calculations in subpart G of this part to calculate emissions. 
 272. Section 1065.510 is amended by revising paragraph (b)(5) to read as follows:
 § 1065.510
  
 (b) * * * (5) Perform one of the following: (i) For any engine subject only to steady-state duty cycles (
                                *i.e.,*
                                 discrete-mode or ramped-modal), you may perform an engine map by using discrete speeds. Select at least 20 evenly spaced setpoints between warm idle speed and the endpoint. At each setpoint, stabilize speed and allow torque to stabilize. Record the mean speed and torque at each setpoint. We recommend that you stabilize an engine for at least 15 seconds at each setpoint and record the mean feedback speed and torque of the last (4 to 6) seconds. Use linear interpolation to determine intermediate speeds and torques. Use this series of speeds and torques to generate the power map as described in paragraph (e) of this section. (ii) For any variable-speed engine, you may perform an engine map by using a continuous sweep of speed by continuing to record the mean feedback speed and torque at 1 Hz or more frequently and increasing speed at a constant rate such that it takes (4 to 6) min to sweep from 95% of warm idle speed to the endpoint. Stop recording after you complete the sweep. From the series of mean speed and maximum torque values, use linear interpolation to determine intermediate values. Use this series of speeds and torques to generate the power map as described in paragraph (e) of this section. (iii) Determine the endpoint of the map using one of the following methods: (A) You may use as your endpoint the highest speed above maximum power at which (50±5) % of maximum power occurs. (B) You may use as your endpoint any speed higher than that specified in paragraph (b)(5)(iii)(A) of this section. If you determine your endpoint for a continuous sweep according to this paragraph (b)(5)(iii)(B), you may base your compliance with the (4 to 6) min specification in paragraph (b)(5)(ii) of this section on the time it takes you to 
                                ( print page 44579)
                                reach the speed specified in paragraph (b)(5)(iii)(A) of this section. (C) If the speed specified in paragraph (b)(5)(iii)(A) of this section is unsafe (e.g, for ungoverned engines), use good engineering judgment to map up to the maximum safe speed. If the engine is equipped with a governor that prevents the engine from operating at the speeds specified in paragraph (b)(5)(iii)(A) of this section, you may use the highest achievable speed as the endpoint. Note that under § 1065.10(c)(1) we may allow you to disregard portions of the map when selecting maximum test speed if the specified procedure would result in a duty cycle that does not represent in-use operation. 
 273. Section 1065.520 is amended by revising paragraph (b)(1) to read as follows:
 § 1065.520
  
 (b) * * * (1) Ambient temperature of (20 to 30) °C. However, testing may occur at higher ambient temperatures without EPA approval if it is not practical to achieve an ambient temperature at or below 30 °C. See § 1065.125 for requirements related to intake air temperature. 
 274. Section 1065.530 is amended by revising paragraph (g)(3)(iv) to read as follows:
 § 1065.530
  
 (g) * * * (3) * * * (iv) Analyze non-conventional gaseous batch samples, such as ethanol (NMHCE) as soon as practical using good engineering judgment. 
 275. Section 1065.545 is amended by revising the section heading and removing paragraph (d) to read as follows:
 § 1065.545
  
 276. A new § 1065.546 is added to subpart F to read as follows:
 § 1065.546
  Use continuous flows and/or tracer gas concentrations for transient and ramped modal cycles to validate the minimum dilution ratios for PM batch sampling as specified in § 1065.140(e)(2) over the test interval. You may use mode-average values instead of continuous measurements for discrete mode steady-state duty cycles. Determine the minimum primary and minimum overall dilution ratios using one of the following methods (you may use a different method for each stage of dilution): (a) Determine minimum dilution ratio based on molar flow data. This involves determination of at least two of the following three quantities: raw exhaust flow (or previously diluted flow), dilution air flow, and dilute exhaust flow. You may determine the raw exhaust flow rate based on the measured intake air molar flow rate and the chemical balance terms in § 1065.655. You may alternatively estimate the molar raw exhaust flow rate based on intake air, fuel rate measurements, and fuel properties, consistent with good engineering judgment. (b) Determine minimum dilution ratio based on tracer gas (
                                *e.g.,*
                                 CO2) concentrations in the raw (or previously diluted) and dilute exhaust corrected for any removed water. (c) Use good engineering judgment to develop your own method of determining dilution ratios. 277. Section 1065.550 is amended by revising paragraph (b) to read as follows:
 § 1065.550
  
 (b) 
                                *Drift validation and drift correction.*
                                 Calculate two sets of brake-specific emission results for each test interval. Calculate one set using the data before drift correction and calculate the other set after correcting all the data for drift according to § 1065.672. Use the two sets of brake-specific emission results to validate the duty cycle for drift as follows: (1) The duty cycle is validated for drift if you satisfy one of the following criteria: (i) For each test interval of the duty cycle and for each regulated pollutant, the difference between the uncorrected and the corrected brake-specific emission values over the test interval is within ±4% of the uncorrected value or applicable emission standard, whichever is greater. (ii) For the entire duty cycle and for each regulated pollutant, the difference between the uncorrected and corrected composite brake-specific emission values over the entire duty cycle is within ±4% of the uncorrected value or the applicable emission standard, whichever is greater. Note that for purposes of drift validation using composite brake-specific emission values over the entire duty cycle, leave unaltered any negative emission results over a given test interval (
                                *i.e.,*
                                 do not set them to zero). A third calculation of composite brake-specific emission values is required for final reporting. This calculation uses drift-corrected mass (or mass rate) values from each test interval and sets any negative mass (or mass rate) values to zero before calculating the composite brake-specific emission values over the entire duty cycle. (2) For standards consisting of multiple emission mass measurements (such as NMHC+NOX
                                 or separate NO and NO2
                                 measurements to comply with a NOX
                                 standard), the duty cycle shall be validated for drift if you satisfy one of the following: (i) For each test interval of the duty cycle and for each individual mass, the difference between the uncorrected and the corrected brake-specific emission values over the test interval is within ±4% of the uncorrected value; or (ii) For the entire duty cycle the difference between the combined (
                                *e.g.*
                                 NMHC + NOX) uncorrected and combined (
                                *e.g.*
                                 NMHC + NOX) corrected composite brake-specific emissions values over the entire duty cycle is within ±4% of the uncorrected value or the applicable emissions standard, whichever is greater. (3) If the test is not validated for drift, you may consider the test results for the duty cycle to be valid only if, using good engineering judgment, the observed drift does not affect your ability to demonstrate compliance with the applicable emission standards. For example, if the drift-corrected value is less than the standard by at least two times the absolute difference between the uncorrected and corrected values, you may consider the data to be valid for demonstrating compliance with the applicable standard.
 Subpart G—[Revised]
 278. Section 1065.602 is amended by revising paragraphs (e) and (l)(1)(iii) to read as follows: § 1065.602
  
 (e) 
                                *Accuracy.*
                                 Determine accuracy as described in this paragraph (e). Make multiple measurements of a standard quantity to create a set of observed values, 
                                *y*i, and compare each observed value to the known value of the standard quantity. The standard quantity may have a single known value, such as a gas standard, or a set of known values of negligible range, such as a known applied pressure produced by a calibration device during repeated applications. The known value 
                                ( print page 44580)
                                of the standard quantity is represented by 
                                *y*refi
                                . If you use a standard quantity with a single value 
                                *y*refi
                                 would be constant. Calculate an accuracy value as follows:  *Example:* *y*ref
                                     = 1800.0 *N*
                                     = 3 *y*1
                                     = 1806.4 *y*2
                                     = 1803.1 *y*3
                                     = 1798.9  *accuracy*
                                     = 2.8 
 (l) * * * (1) * * * (iii) Use your estimated values as described in the following example calculation:   *Example:* *e*NOX
                                     = 2.5 g/(kW hr) *W*ref
                                     = 11.883 kW hr *M*NOX
                                     = 46.0055 g/mol = 46.0055 10−6
                                     g/μmol Δ
                                    *t*dutycycle
                                     = 20 min = 1200 s = 35.65 kW = 15% *P*max
                                     = 125 kW *p*max
                                     = 300 kPa = 300000 Pa *V*disp
                                     = 3.0 L = 0.0030 m3 *f*nmax
                                     = 2800 rev/min = 46.67 rev/s *N*stroke
                                     = 4 1/rev *η*V
                                     = 0.9 *R*
                                     = 8.314472 J/(mol·K) *T*max
                                     = 348.15 K  = 6.53 mol/s  = 189.4 μmol/mol 
 279. Section 1065.610 is amended by revising paragraph (c)(3) introductory text to read as follows:
 § 1065.610
  
 (c) * * * (3) 
                                *Intermediate speed.*
                                 If your normalized duty cycle specifies a speed as “intermediate speed,” use your torque-versus-speed curve to determine the speed at which maximum torque occurs. This is peak torque speed. If maximum torque occurs in a flat region of the torque-versus-speed curve, your peak torque speed is the midpoint between the lowest and highest speeds at which the trace reaches the flat region. For purposes of this paragraph (c)(3), a flat region is one in which measured torque values are within 2.0% of the maximum recorded value. Identify your reference intermediate speed as one of the following values: 
 280. Section 1065.640 is amended by revising paragraph (b)(1) and adding paragraph (c)(3)(iii) to read as follows:
 § 1065.640
  
 (b) * * * (1) PDP volume pumped per revolution, 
                                *V*rev
                                 (m3
                                /rev): 
 
  Example: *n*ref
                                     = 25.096 mol/s *R*
                                     = 8.314472 J/(mol·K) Tin
                                     = 299.5 K Pin
                                     = 98290 Pa fnPDP
                                     = 1205.1 rev/min = 20.085 rev/s  *V*rev
                                     = 0.03166 m3
                                    /rev 
 (c) * * * (3) * * * (iii) For CFV systems measuring dilute flow only, you may calculate 
                                *r*CFV
                                 using Equation 1065.640-13 instead of Equation 1065.640-8. 
 281. Section 1065.642 is amended by revising paragraph (a) to read as follows:
 § 1065.642
  
 (a) 
                                *PDP molar flow rate.*
                                 Based upon the speed at which you operate the PDP for a test interval, select the corresponding slope, 
                                *a*1, and intercept, 
                                *a*0, as calculated in § 1065.640, to calculate molar flow rate, 
                                *n*, as follows:  Where:  Example: *a*1
                                     = 50.43 __ = 755.0 rev/min = 12.58 rev/s *p*out
                                     = 99950 Pa *p*in
                                     = 98575 Pa *a*0
                                     = 0.056 *R*
                                     = 8.314472 J/(mol.
                                    K) *T*in
                                     = 323.5 K *C*p
                                     = 1000 (J/m3
                                    )/kPa *C*t
                                     = 60 s/min  *V*rev
                                     = 0.52618 m3
                                    /rev  = 242.592 mol/s 
 282. Section 1065.645 is amended by revising paragraphs (a)(2) and (c) to read as follows:
 § 1065.645
  
 (a) * * * (2) For humidity measurements over ice at ambient temperatures from (−100 to 0) °C, use the following equation:  Example: *T*ice
                                     = -15.4 °C *T*ice
                                     = -15.4+ 273.15 = 257.75 K  log10
                                    (
                                    *p*H20) =- 0.798207 *p*H20
                                     = 100.79821
                                     = 0.159145 kPa 
 (c) 
                                *Relative humidity.*
                                 If you measure humidity as a relative humidity, 
                                *RH*
                                 %, determine the amount of water in an ideal gas, 
                                *x*H2O,
                                 as follows:  Where: *x*H20
                                     = amount of water in an ideal gas. *RH*
                                     % = relative humidity. *p*H20
                                     = water vapor pressure at 100% relative humidity at the location of your relative humidity measurement,, 
                                    *T*sat
                                     = 
                                    *T*amb. *p*abs
                                     = wet static absolute pressure at the location of your relative humidity measurement. Example: *RH*
                                     % = 50.77% *p*abs
                                     = 99.980 kPa *T*sat = Tamb
                                     = 20 °C Using Eq. 1065.645-1, *p*H20
                                     = 2.3371 kPa *x*H2O
                                     = (50.77%⋅ 2.3371)/99.980 *x*H2O
                                     = 0.011868 mol/mol 283. Section 1065.650 is amended by revising paragraphs (a), (b), (c) introductory text, (d) introductory text, (d)(7), (e)(2), (f)(4), (g) and (h) to read as follows:
 § 1065.650
  (a) 
                                *General.*
                                 Calculate brake-specific emissions over each applicable duty cycle or test interval. For test intervals with zero work (or power), calculate the emission mass (or mass rate), but not brake-specific emissions. For duty cycles with multiple test intervals, refer to the standard-setting part for calculations you need to determine a composite result, such as a calculation that weights and sums the results of individual test intervals in a duty cycle. If the standard-setting part does not include those calculations, use the equations in paragraph (g) of this section. This section is written based on rectangular integration, where each indexed value (
                                *i.e.*
                                , “i
                                ”) represents (or approximates) the mean value of the parameter for its respective time interval, delta-t. You may also integrate continuous signals using trapezoidal integration consistent with good engineering judgment. (b) 
                                *Brake-specific emissions over a test interval.*
                                 We specify three alternative ways to calculate brake-
                                ( print page 44582)
                                specific emissions over a test interval, as follows: (1) For any testing, you may calculate the total mass of emissions, as described in paragraph (c) of this section, and divide it by the total work generated over the test interval, as described in paragraph (d) of this section, using the following equation:  Example: *m*NOx
                                     = 64.975 g *W*
                                     = 25.783 kW.
                                    hr *e*NOx
                                     = 64.975/25.783 *e*NOx
                                     = 2.520 g/(kW.
                                    hr) (2) For discrete-mode steady-state testing, you may calculate the brake-specific emissions over a test interval using the ratio of emission mass rate to power, as described in paragraph (e) of this section, using the following equation:  (3) For field testing, you may calculate the ratio of total mass to total work, where these individual values are determined as described in paragraph (f) of this section. You may also use this approach for laboratory testing, consistent with good engineering judgment. Good engineering judgment dictates that this method not be used if there are any work flow paths described in § 1065.210 that cross the system boundary, other than the primary output shaft (crankshaft). This is a special case in which you use a signal linearly proportional to raw exhaust molar flow rate to determine a value proportional to total emissions. You then use the same linearly proportional signal to determine total work using a chemical balance of fuel, intake air, and exhaust as described in § 1065.655, plus information about your engine's brake-specific fuel consumption. Under this method, flow meters need not meet accuracy specifications, but they must meet the applicable linearity and repeatability specifications in subpart D or subpart J of this part. The result is a brake-specific emission value calculated as follows:  Example: = 805.5 g = 52.102 kW.
                                    hr *e*CO
                                     = 805.5/52.102 *e*CO
                                     = 2.520 g/(kW.
                                    hr) (c) 
                                *Total mass of emissions over a test interval.*
                                 To calculate the total mass of an emission, multiply a concentration by its respective flow. For all systems, make preliminary calculations as described in paragraph (c)(1) of this section, then use the method in paragraphs (c)(2) through (4) of this section that is appropriate for your system. Calculate the total mass of emissions as follows: 
 (d) 
                                *Total work over a test interval.*
                                 To calculate the total work from the engine over a test interval, add the total work from all the work paths described in § 1065.210 that cross the system boundary including electrical energy/work, mechanical shaft work, and fluid pumping work. For all work paths, except the engine's primary output shaft (crankshaft), the total work for the path over the test interval is the integration of the net work flow rate (power) out of the system boundary. When energy/work flows into the system boundary, this work flow rate signal becomes negative; in this case, include these negative work rate values in the integration to calculate total work from that work path. Some work paths may result in a negative total work. Include negative total work values from any work path in the calculated total work from the engine rather than setting the values to zero. The rest of this paragraph (d) describes how to calculate total work from the engine's primary output shaft over a test interval. Before integrating power on the engine's primary output shaft, adjust the speed and torque data for the time alignment used in § 1065.514(c). Any advance or delay used on the feedback signals for cycle validation must also be used for calculating work. Account for work of accessories according to § 1065.110. Exclude any work during cranking and starting. Exclude work during actual motoring operation (negative feedback torques), unless the engine was connected to one or more energy storage devices. Examples of such energy storage devices include hybrid powertrain batteries and hydraulic accumulators, like the ones illustrated in Figure 1 of § 1065.210. Exclude any work during reference zero-load idle periods (0% speed or idle speed with 0 N.
                                m reference torque). Note, that there must be two consecutive reference zero load idle points to establish a period where this applies. Include work during idle points with simulated minimum torque such as Curb Idle Transmissions Torque (CITT) for automatic transmissions in “drive”. The work calculation method described in paragraphs (b)(1) though (7) of this section meets these requirements using rectangular integration. You may use other logic that gives equivalent results. For example, you may use a trapezoidal integration method as described in paragraph (b)(8) of this section. 
 (7) Integrate the resulting values for power over the test interval. Calculate total work as follows:  Where: *W*
                                     = total work from the primary output shaft *P*i
                                     = instantaneous power from the primary output shaft over an interval 
                                    *i.* *P*i
                                     = 
                                    *f*ni
                                     · 
                                    *T*i Eq. 1065.650-11 Example: *N*
                                     = 9000 *f*n1
                                     = 1800.2 rev/min *f*n2
                                     = 1805.8 rev/min *T*1
                                     = 177.23 N·m *T*2
                                     = 175.00 N·m *C*rev
                                     = 2 · π rad/rev *C*t1
                                     = 60 s/min *C*p
                                     = 1000 (N·m·rad/s)/kW *f*record
                                     = 5 Hz *C*t2
                                     = 3600 s/hr  *P*1
                                     = 33.41 kW *P*2
                                     = 33.09 kW Using Eq. 1065.650-5, Δ
                                    *t*
                                     = 
                                    1/5
                                     = 0.2 s  *W*
                                     = 16.875 kW·hr 
 (e) * * * (2) To calculate an engine's mean steady-state total power, 
                                P
                                , add the mean steady-state power from all the work paths described in § 1065.210 that cross the system boundary including electrical power, mechanical shaft power, and fluid pumping power. For all work paths, except the engine's primary output shaft (crankshaft), the mean steady-state power over the test interval is the integration of the net work flow rate (power) out of the system boundary divided by the period of the test interval. When power flows into the system boundary, the power/work flow rate signal becomes negative; in this case, include these negative power/work rate values in the integration to calculate the mean power from that work path. Some work paths may result in a negative mean power. Include negative mean power values from any work path in the mean total power from 
                                ( print page 44583)
                                the engine rather than setting these values to zero. The rest of this paragraph (e)(2) describes how to calculate the mean power from the engine's primary output shaft. Calculate   using Equation 1065.650-13, noting that 
                                P
                                , 
                                f*n*
                                 and 
                                T
                                 refer to mean power, mean rotational shaft frequency, and mean torque from the primary output shaft. Account for the power of simulated accessories according to § 1065.110 (reducing the mean primary output shaft power or torque by the accessory power or torque). Set the power to zero during actual motoring operation (negative feedback torques), unless the engine was connected to one or more energy storage devices. Examples of such energy storage devices include hybrid powertrain batteries and hydraulic accumulators, like the ones illustrated in Figure 1 of § 1065.210. Set the power to zero for modes with a zero reference load (0 N·m reference torque or 0 kW reference power). Include power during idle modes with simulated minimum torque or power.  
 (f) * * * (4) Example. The following example shows how to calculate mass of emissions using proportional values: *N*
                                     = 3000 *f*record
                                     = 5 Hz *e*fuel
                                     = 285 g/(kW·hr) *w*fuel
                                     = 0.869 g/g *M*c
                                     = 12.0107 g/mol = 3.922 ~mol/s = 14119.2 mol/hr *x*Ccombdry1
                                     = 91.634 mmol/mol = 0.091634 mol/mol *x*H2Oexh1
                                     = 27.21 mmol/mol = 0.02721 mol/mol Using Eq. 1065.650-5, Δ
                                    *t*
                                     = 0.2 s  = 5.09 (kW·hr) (g) 
                                *Brake-specific emissions over a duty cycle with multiple test intervals.*
                                 The standard-setting part may specify a duty cycle with multiple test intervals, such as with discrete-mode steady-state testing. Unless we specify otherwise, calculate composite brake-specific emissions over the duty cycle as described in this paragraph (g). If a measured mass (or mass rate) is negative, set it to zero for calculating composite brake-specific emissions, but leave it unchanged for drift validation. In the case of calculating composite brake-specific emissions relative to a combined emission standard (such as a NOX
                                 + NMHC standard), change any negative mass (or mass rate) values to zero for a particular pollutant before combining the values for the different pollutants. (1) Use the following equation to calculate composite brake-specific emissions for duty cycles with multiple test intervals all with prescribed durations, such as cold-start and hot-start transient cycles:  Where: *i*
                                     = test interval number. *N*
                                     = number of test intervals. *WF*
                                     = weighting factor for the test interval as defined in the standard-setting part. *m*
                                     = mass of emissions over the test interval as determined in paragraph (c) of this section. *W*
                                     = total work from the engine over the test interval as determined in paragraph (d) of this section. Example: *N*
                                     = 2 *WF*1
                                     = 0.1428 *WF*2
                                     = 0.8572 *m*1
                                     = 70.125 g *m*2
                                     = 64.975 g *W*1
                                     = 25.783 kW·hr *W*2
                                     = 25.783 kW·hr  *e*NOxcomposite
                                     = 2.548 g/kW·hr (2) Calculate composite brake-specific emissions for duty cycles with multiple test intervals that allow use of varying duration, such as discrete-mode steady-state duty cycles, as follows: (i) Use the following equation if you calculate brake-specific emissions over test intervals based on total mass and total work as described in paragraph (b)(1) of this section:  Where *i*
                                     = test interval number. *N*
                                     = number of test intervals. *WF*
                                     = weighting factor for the test interval as defined in the standard-setting part. *m*
                                     = mass of emissions over the test interval as determined in paragraph (c) of this section. *W*
                                     = total work from the engine over the test interval as determined in paragraph (d) of this section. *t*
                                     = duration of the test interval. *Example:* 
 
 *N*
                                     = 2 *WF**1*
                                     = 0.85 *WF**2*
                                     = 0.15 *m**1*
                                     = 1.3753 g *m**2*
                                     =-
                                    0.4135 g *t**1*
                                     =-
                                    120 s *t**2*
                                     =-
                                    200 s *W**1*
                                     = 2.8375 kW.
                                    hr *W**2*
                                     = 0.0 kW.
                                    hr  *e*NOxcomposite
                                     = 0.5001 g/kW.
                                    hr (ii) Use the following equation if you calculate brake-specific emissions over test intervals based on the ratio of mass rate to power as described in paragraph (b)(2) of this section:  Where *i*
                                     = test interval number. *N*
                                     = number of test intervals. *WF*
                                     = weighting factor for the test interval as defined in the standard-setting part. *m*
                                     = mean steady-state mass rate of emissions over the test interval as determined in paragraph (e) of this section. *P
                                        ̄*
                                     is the mean steady-state power over the test interval as described in paragraph (e) of this section. *Example:* *N*
                                     = 2 *WF*1
                                     = 0.85 *WF*2
                                     = 0.15 *m*1
                                     = 2.25842 g/hr *m*2
                                     =  0.063443 g/hr *P
                                        ̄*1
                                     = 4.5383 kW *P
                                        ̄*2
                                     = 0.0 kW  *e*NOxcomposite
                                     = 0.5001 g/kW.
                                    hr (h) 
                                *Rounding.*
                                 Round the final brake-specific emission values to be compared to the applicable standard only after all calculations are complete (including any drift correction, applicable deterioration factors, adjustment factors, and allowances) and the result is in g/(kW⋅hr) or units equivalent to the units of the standard, such as g/(hp.
                                hr). See the definition of “Round” in § 1065.1001. 284. Section 1065.655 is amended by revising paragraphs (c) introductory text, (c)(3), (c)(4), (c)(5), and (d) to read as follows:
 § 1065.655
  
 (c) 
                                *Chemical balance procedure.*
                                 The calculations for a chemical balance involve a system of equations that require iteration. We recommend using a computer to solve this system of equations. You must guess the initial values of up to three quantities: the amount of water in the measured flow, 
                                *x*H2Oexh,
                                 fraction of dilution air in diluted exhaust, 
                                *x*dil/exh,
                                 and the amount of products on a C1
                                 basis per dry mole of dry measured flow, 
                                *x*Ccombdry.
                                 You may use time-weighted mean values of combustion air humidity and dilution air humidity in the chemical balance; as long as your combustion air and dilution air humidities remain within tolerances of ±0.0025 mol/mol of their respective mean values over the test interval. For each emission concentration, 
                                *x,*
                                 and amount of water, 
                                *x*H2Oexh,
                                 you must determine their completely dry concentrations, 
                                *x*dry
                                 and 
                                *x*H2Oexhdry.
                                 You must also use your fuel's atomic hydrogen-to-carbon ratio, 
                                *α,*
                                 oxygen-to-carbon ratio, 
                                *β,*
                                 sulfur-to-carbon ratio, 
                                *γ,*
                                 and nitrogen-to-carbon ratio, 
                                *δ.*
                                 You may measure 
                                *α, β, γ,*
                                 and 
                                *δ*
                                 or you may use default values for a given fuel as described in § 1065.655(d). Use the following steps to complete a chemical balance: 
 (3) Use the following symbols and subscripts in the equations for this paragraph (c): *x*dil/exh
                                     = amount of dilution gas or excess air per mole of exhaust. *x*H2Oexh
                                     = amount of water in exhaust per mole of exhaust. *x*Ccombdry
                                     = amount of carbon from fuel in the exhaust per mole of dry exhaust. *x*H2dry
                                     = amount of H2
                                     in exhaust per amount of dry exhaust. *K*H2Ogas
                                     = water-gas reaction equilibrium coefficient. You may use 3.5 or calculate your own value using good engineering judgment. *x*H2Oexhdry
                                     = amount of water in exhaust per dry mole of dry exhaust. *x*prod/intdry
                                     = amount of dry stoichiometric products per dry mole of intake air. *x*dil/exhdry
                                     = amount of dilution gas and/or excess air per mole of dry exhaust. *x*int/exhdry
                                     = amount of intake air required to produce actual combustion products per mole of dry (raw or diluted) exhaust. *x*raw/exhdry
                                     = amount of undiluted exhaust, without excess air, per mole of dry (raw or diluted) exhaust. *x*O2int
                                     = amount of intake air O2
                                     per mole of intake air. *x*CO2intdry
                                     = amount of intake air CO2
                                     per mole of dry intake air. You may use xCO2intdry
                                     = 375 μmol/mol, but we recommend measuring the actual concentration in the intake air. *x*H2Ointdry
                                     = amount of intake air H2
                                    O per mole of dry intake air. *x*CO2int
                                     = amount of intake air CO2
                                     per mole of intake air. *x*CO2dil
                                     = amount of dilution gas CO2
                                     per mole of dilution gas. *x*CO2dildry
                                     = amount of dilution gas CO2
                                     per mole of dry dilution gas. If you use air as diluent, you may use xCO2dildry
                                     = 375 
                                    ( print page 44585)
                                    μmol/mol, but we recommend measuring the actual concentration in the intake air. *x*H2Odildry
                                     = amount of dilution gas H2
                                    O per mole of dry dilution gas. *x*H2Odil
                                     = amount of dilution gas H2
                                    O per mole of dilution gas. *x*[emission]meas
                                     = amount of measured emission in the sample at the respective gas analyzer. *x*[emission]dry
                                     = amount of emission per dry mole of dry sample. *x*H2O[emission]meas
                                     = amount of water in sample at emission-detection location. Measure or estimate these values according to § 1065.145(e)(2). *x*H2Oint
                                     = amount of water in the intake air, based on a humidity measurement of intake air. *α*
                                     = atomic hydrogen-to-carbon ratio of the mixture of fuel(s) being combusted, weighted by molar consumption. *β*
                                     = atomic oxygen-to-carbon ratio of the mixture of fuel(s) being combusted, weighted by molar consumption. *γ*
                                     = atomic sulfur-to-carbon ratio of the mixture of fuel(s) being combusted, weighted by molar consumption. *δ*
                                     = atomic nitrogen-to-carbon ratio of the mixture of fuel(s) being combusted, weighted by molar consumption. (4) Use the following equations to iteratively solve for 
                                *x*dil/exh, xH2Oexh,
                                 and 
                                *x*Ccombdry:            
 
        (5) The following example is a solution for 
                                *x*dil/exh, 
                                *x*H2Oexh,
                                 and 
                                *x*Ccombdry
                                 using the equations in paragraph (c)(4) of this section:    
 
             *α*
                                     = 1.8 *β*
                                     = 0.05 *γ*
                                     =
                                    **
                                     0.0003 *δ*
                                     = 0.0001 (d) 
                                *Carbon mass fraction.*
                                 Determine carbon mass fraction of fuel, 
                                *w*c,
                                 using one of the following methods: (1) You may calculate 
                                *w*c
                                 as described in this paragraph (d)(1) based on measured fuel properties. To do so, you must determine values for 
                                *α*
                                 and 
                                *β*
                                 in all cases, but you may set γ and δ to zero if the default value listed in Table 1 of this section is zero. Calculate 
                                *w*c
                                 using the following equation:  Where: *W*C
                                     = carbon mass fraction of fuel. *M*C
                                     = molar mass of carbon. *α*
                                     = atomic hydrogen-to-carbon ratio of the mixture of fuel(s) being combusted, weighted by molar consumption. *M*H
                                     = molar mass of hydrogen. *β*
                                     = atomic oxygen-to-carbon ratio of the mixture of fuel(s) being combusted, weighted by molar consumption. *M*O
                                     = molar mass of oxygen. *γ*
                                     = atomic sulfur-to-carbon ratio of the mixture of fuel(s) being combusted, weighted by molar consumption. *M*S
                                     = molar mass of sulfur. *δ*
                                     = atomic nitrogen-to-carbon ratio of the mixture of fuel(s) being combusted, weighted by molar consumption. *M*N
                                     = molar mass of nitrogen. *α*
                                 = 1.8 *β*
                                 = 0.05 *γ*
                                 = 0.0003 *δ*
                                 = 0.0001 C
                                 = 12.0107 *M*H
                                 = 1.01 *M*O
                                 = 15.9994 *M*S
                                 = 32.0655 *M*N
                                 = 14.0067 
 
  *W*C
                                 = 0.8205 (2) You may use the default values in the following table to determine 
                                *w*c
                                 for a given fuel: Table 1 of § 1065.655-Default values of 
                                    *α, β,**γ, δ,*
                                     and 
                                    *w*C, for Various Fuels
Fuel
Atomic hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen-to-carbon 
                                         
                                            ratios CH
                                            α
                                            O
                                            β
                                            S
                                            γ
                                            N
                                            δ
Carbon mass fraction, 
                                        *w*C
                                         g/gGasoline
CH1.
                                        85O0S0N0
0.866#2 Diesel
CH1.
                                        80O0S0N0
0.869#1 Diesel
CH1.
                                        93O0S0N0
0.861Liquefied Petroleum Gas
CH2.
                                        64O0S0N0
0.819Natural gas
CH3.
                                        78O0.
                                        016S0
                                        N0
0.747Ethanol
CH3O0.
                                        5S0
                                        N0
0.521Methanol
CH4O1S0N0
0.375Residual fuel blends
Must be determined by measured fuel properties as described in paragraph (d)(1) of this section.
 285. Section 1065.670 is amended by revising paragraphs (a) and (b) and adding paragraph (c) to read as follows:
 § 1065.670
 X
 
 (a) For compression-ignition engines, correct for intake-air humidity using the following equation: *x*NOxcor
                                     = 
                                    *x*NOxuncor.
                                     (9.953.*x*H2O
                                     + 0.832) Eq. 1065.670-1 *Example:* *x*NOxuncor
                                     = 700.5 μmol/mol *x*H2O
                                     = 0.022 mol/mol *x*NOxcor
                                     = 700.5.
                                     (9.953.
                                     0.022 + 0.832) *x*NOxcor
                                     = 736.2 μmol/mol (b) For spark-ignition engines, correct for intake-air humidity using the following equation:  *x*NOxuncor
                                     = 154.7 μmol/mol *x*H2O
                                     = 0.022 mol/mol *x*NOxcor
                                     = 154.7.
                                     (18.840.
                                     0.022 + 0.68094) *x*NOxcor
                                     = 169.5 μmol/mol (c) Develop your own correction, based on good engineering judgment. 286. Section 1065.690 is amended by revising paragraphs (c) and (e) to read as follows:
 § 1065.690
  
 (c) 
                                *Air density.*
                                 Because a PM balance environment must be tightly controlled to an ambient temperature of (22 
                                *±*
                                1) °C and humidity has an insignificant effect on buoyancy correction, air density is primarily a function of atmospheric pressure. We therefore specify a buoyancy correction that is only a function of atmospheric pressure. Using good engineering judgment, you may develop and use your own buoyancy correction that includes the effects of temperature and dewpoint on density in addition to the effect of atmospheric pressure. 
 (e) 
                                *Correction calculation.*
                                 Correct the PM sample media for buoyancy using the following equations:  Where: *m*cor
                                     = PM mass corrected for buoyancy. *m*uncor
                                     = PM mass uncorrected for buoyancy. *p*air
                                     = density of air in balance environment. *p*weight
                                     = density of calibration weight used to span balance. *p*media
                                     = density of PM sample media, such as a filter.  Where: *p*abs
                                     = absolute pressure in balance environment. *M*mix
                                     = molar mass of air in balance environment. *R*
                                     = molar gas constant. *T*amb
                                     = absolute ambient temperature of balance environment. Example: *p*abs
                                     = 99.980 kPa *T*sat
                                     = 
                                    *T*dew
                                     = 9.5 °C Using Eq. 1065.645-1, *p*H20
                                     = 1.1866 kPa Using Eq. 1065.645-3, *x*H2O
                                     = 0.011868 mol/mol Using Eq. 1065.640-9, *M*mix
                                     = 28.83563 g/mol *R*
                                     = 8.314472 J/(mol.
                                    K) *T*amb
                                     = 20 °C 
 
  *p*air
                                     = 1.18282 kg/m3 *m*uncorr
                                     = 100.0000 mg *p*weight
                                     = 8000 kg/m3 *p*media
                                     = 920 kg/m3  *m*cor
                                     = 100.1139 mg
 Subpart H—[Revised]
 287. Section 1065.701 is amended by revising paragraph (f) to read as follows: § 1065.701
  
 (f) 
                                *Service accumulation and field testing fuels.*
                                 If we do not specify a service-accumulation or field-testing fuel in the standard-setting part, use an appropriate commercially available fuel such as those meeting minimum specifications from the following table: Table 1 of § 1065.701—Examples of Service-Accumulation and Field-Testing Fuels
Fuel category
Subcategory
Reference 
                                         
                                            procedure1Diesel
Light distillate and light blends with residual
ASTM D975-07bMiddle distillate
ASTM D6985-04aBiodiesel (B100)
ASTM D6751-07bIntermediate and residual fuel
All
See § 1065.705Gasoline
Motor vehicle gasoline
ASTM D4814-07aMinor oxygenated gasoline blends
ASTM D4814-07aAlcohol
Ethanol (Ed75-85)
ASTM D5798-07Methanol (M70-M85)
ASTM D5797-07Aviation fuel
Aviation gasoline
ASTM D910-07Gas turbine
ASTM D1655-07e01Jet B wide cut
ASTM D6615-06Gas turbine fuel
General
ASTM D2880-031
                                     ASTM specifications are incorporated by reference in § 1065.1010.
 288. Section 1065.703 is amended by revising Table 1 to read as follows:
 § 1065.703
  
 Table 1 of § 1065.703—Test Fuel Specifications for Distillate Diesel Fuel
Item
Units
Ultra low sulfur
Low sulfur
High sulfur
Reference procedure 1Cetane Number

40-50
40-50
40-50
ASTM D613-05.Distillation range:
°CInitial boiling point

171-204
171-204
171-204
ASTM D86-07a.10 pct. point

204-238
204-238
204-23850 pct. point

243-282
243-282
243-28290 pct. point

293-332
293-332
293-332Endpoint

321-366
321-366
321-366Gravity
°API
32-37
32-37
32-37
ASTM D4052-96e01.Total sulfur, ultra low sulfur
mg/kg
7-15


See 40 CFR 80.580.Total sulfur, low and high sulfur
mg/kg

300-500
800-2500
ASTM D2622-07 or alternates as allowed under 40 CFR 80.580.Aromatics, min. (Remainder shall be paraffins, naphthalenes, and olefins)
g/kg
100
100
100
ASTM D5186-03.Flashpoint, min.
°C
54
54
54
ASTM D93-07.Kinematic Viscosity
cSt
2.0-3.2
2.0-3.2
2.0-3.2
ASTM D445-06.1
                                     ASTM procedures are incorporated by reference in § 1065.1010. See § 1065.701(d) for other allowed procedures.
 Subpart K—[Revised]
 289. Section 1065.1001 is amended by revising the definitions for “Duty cycle” and “Percent” to read as follows: § 1065.1001
  
 *Duty cycle*
                                 means one of the following: (1) A series of speed and torque values (or power values) that an engine must follow during a laboratory test. Duty cycles are specified in the standard-setting part. A single duty cycle may consist of one or more test intervals. A series of speed and torque values meeting the definition of this paragraph (1) may also be considered a test cycle. For example, a duty cycle may be a ramped-modal cycle, which has one test interval; a cold-start plus hot-start transient cycle, which has two test intervals; or a discrete-mode cycle, which has one test interval for each mode. (2) A set of weighting factors and the corresponding speed and torque values, where the weighting factors are used to combine the results of multiple test intervals into a composite result. 
 *Percent*
                                 (%) means a representation of exactly 0.01 (with infinite precision). Significant digits for the product of % and another value, or the expression of any other value as a percentage, are defined as follows: (1) Where we specify some percentage of a total value (such as tolerances), the calculated value has the same number of 
                                ( print page 44590)
                                significant digits as the total value. The specified percentage by which the total value is multiplied has infinite precision. Note that not all displayed or recorded digits are significant. For example, 2% of a span value where the span value is 101.3302 is 2.026604. However, where the span value has limited precision such that only one digit to the right of the decimal is significant (
                                *i.e.,*
                                 the actual value is 101.3), 2% of the span value is 2.026. (2) In other cases (such as some expressions of CO2
                                 concentrations), determine the number of significant digits using the same method as you would use for determining the number of significant digits of any calculated value. For example, a calculated value of 0.0321, where the last three digits are significant, is equivalent to 3.21%. 
 290. Section 1065.1005 is amended by revising paragraph (f)(2) to read as follows:
 § 1065.1005
  
 (f) * * * (2) This part uses the following molar masses or effective molar masses of chemical species: Symbol
Quantity
g/mol
                                         
                                            (10−3
                                            kg·mol−1)*M*air
molar mass of dry air 1
28.96559*M*Ar
molar mass of argon
39.948*M*C
molar mass of carbon
12.0107*M*CO
molar mass of carbon monoxide
28.0101*M*CO2
molar mass of carbon dioxide
44.0095*M*H
molar mass of atomic hydrogen
1.00794*M*H2
molar mass of molecular hydrogen
2.01588*M*H2O
molar mass of water
18.01528*M*He
molar mass of helium
4.002602*M*N
molar mass of atomic nitrogen
14.0067*M*N2
molar mass of molecular nitrogen
28.0134*M*NMHC
effective molar mass of nonmethane hydrocarbon 2
13.875389*M*NMHCE
effective molar mass of nonmethane equivalent hydrocarbon 2
13.875389*M*NOx
effective molar mass of oxides of nitrogen 3
46.0055*M*O
molar mass of atomic oxygen
15.9994*M*O2
molar mass of molecular oxygen
31.9988*M*C3H8
molar mass of propane
44.09562*M*S
molar mass of sulfur
32.0655*M*THC
effective molar mass of total hydrocarbon 2
13.875389*M*THCE
effective molar mass of total hydrocarbon equivalent 2
13.8753891
                                     See paragraph (f)(1) of this section for the composition of dry air.2
                                     The effective molar masses of THC, THCE, NMHC, and NMHCE are defined by an atomic hydrogen-to-carbon ratio, α, of 1.85.3
                                     The effective molar mass of NOX
                                     is defined by the molar mass of nitrogen dioxide, NO2.
 PART 1068—GENERAL COMPLIANCE PROVISIONS FOR ENGINE PROGRAMS 292. The heading for part 1068 is revised as set forth above. 293. The authority citation for part 1068 continues to read as follows: Authority:
                            42 U.S.C. 7401-7671q. Subpart A—[Amended]
 294. Section 1068.25 is amended by adding paragraph (c) to read as follows: § 1068.25
  
 (c) You are responsible for statements and information in your applications for certification or any other requests or reports. If you provide statements or information to someone for submission to EPA, you are responsible for these statements and information as if you had submitted them to EPA yourself. For example, knowingly submitting false information to someone else for inclusion in an application for certification would be deemed to be a submission of false information to the U.S. Government in violation of 18 U.S.C. 1001. 295. Section 1068.30 is amended as follows: a. By revising the introductory text of the definition for “Engine”. b. By revising the definition for “Ultimate purchaser”. c. By adding a definition for “Gas turbine engine” in alphabetical order.
 § 1068.30
  
 *Engine*
                                 means an engine block with an installed crankshaft, or a gas turbine engine. The term engine does not include engine blocks without an installed crankshaft, nor does it include any assembly of reciprocating engine components that does not include the engine block. (Note: For purposes of this definition, any component that is the primary means of converting an engine's energy into usable work is considered a crankshaft, whether or not it is known commercially as a crankshaft.) This includes complete and partially complete engines as follows: 
 *Gas turbine engine*
                                 means anything commercially known as a gas turbine engine or any collection of assembled engine components that is substantially similar to engines commercially known as gas turbine engines. For example, a jet engine is a gas turbine engine. Gas turbine engines may be complete or partially complete. Turbines that rely on external combustion such as steam engines are not gas turbine engines. 
 *Ultimate purchaser*
                                 means the first person who in good faith purchases a new engine or new piece of equipment for purposes other than resale. 
 296. Section 1068.31 is amended by revising paragraph (d) to read as follows:
 § 1068.31
  
 (d) Changing the status of a nonroad engine to be a new stationary engine as 
                                ( print page 44591)
                                described in paragraph (e) of this section is a violation of § 1068.101(a)(1) unless the engine complies with all the requirements of this chapter for new stationary engines of the same type (for example, a compression-ignition engine rated at 40 kW) and model year. For a new stationary engine that is required to be certified under 40 CFR part 60, the engine must have been certified to be compliant with all the requirements that apply to new stationary engines of the same type and model year, and must be in its certified configuration. Note that the definitions of “model year” in the standard-setting part generally identifies the engine's original date of manufacture as the basis for determining which standards apply if it becomes a stationary engine after it is no longer new. For example, see 40 CFR 60.4219 and 60.4248. 
 297. Section 1068.45 is amended by revising paragraph (c) introductory text to read as follows:
 § 1068.45
  
 (c) 
                                *Labels on packaging.*
                                 Unless we specify otherwise, where we require engine/equipment labels that may be removable, you may instead label the packaging if the engines/equipment are packaged together as described in this paragraph (c). For example, this may involve packaging engines together by attaching them to a rack, binding them together on a pallet, or enclosing them in a box. The provisions of this paragraph (c) also apply for engines/equipment boxed individually where you do not apply labels directly to the engines/equipment. The following provisions apply if you label the packaging instead of labeling engines/equipment individually: 
 298. Section 1068.101 is revised to read as follows:
 § 1068.101
  This section specifies actions that are prohibited and the maximum civil penalties that we can assess for each violation in accordance with 42 U.S.C. 7522 and 7524. The maximum penalty values listed in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section apply as of January 12, 2009. As described in paragraph (h) of this section, these maximum penalty limits are different for earlier violations and they may be adjusted as set forth in 40 CFR part 19. (a) The following prohibitions and requirements apply to manufacturers of new engines, manufacturers of equipment containing these engines, and manufacturers of new equipment, except as described in subparts C and D of this part: (1) 
                                *Introduction into commerce.*
                                 You may not sell, offer for sale, or introduce or deliver into commerce in the United States or import into the United States any new engine/equipment after emission standards take effect for the engine/equipment, unless it is covered by a valid certificate of conformity for its model year and has the required label or tag. You also may not take any of the actions listed in the previous sentence with respect to any equipment containing an engine subject to this part's provisions unless the engine is covered by a valid certificate of conformity for its model year and has the required engine label or tag. We may assess a civil penalty up to $37,500 for each engine or piece of equipment in violation. (i) For purposes of this paragraph (a)(1), a valid certificate of conformity is one that applies for the same model year as the model year of the equipment (except as allowed by § 1068.105(a)), covers the appropriate category of engines/equipment (such as locomotive or Marine SI), and conforms to all requirements specified for equipment in the standard-setting part. Engines/equipment are considered not covered by a certificate unless they are in a configuration described in the application for certification. (ii) The requirements of this paragraph (a)(1) also cover new engines you produce to replace an older engine in a piece of equipment, unless the engine qualifies for the replacement-engine exemption in § 1068.240. (iii) For engines used in equipment subject to equipment-based standards, you may not sell, offer for sale, or introduce or deliver into commerce in the United States or import into the United States any new engine unless it is covered by a valid certificate of conformity for its model year and has the required label or tag. See the standard-setting part for more information about how this prohibition applies. (2) 
                                *Reporting and recordkeeping.*
                                 This chapter requires you to record certain types of information to show that you meet our standards. You must comply with these requirements to make and maintain required records (including those described in § 1068.501). You may not deny us access to your records or the ability to copy your records if we have the authority to see or copy them. Also, you must give us complete and accurate reports and information without delay as required under this chapter. Failure to comply with the requirements of this paragraph is prohibited. We may assess a civil penalty up to $37,500 for each day you are in violation. In addition, knowingly submitting false information is a violation of 18 U.S.C. 1001, which may involve criminal penalties and up to five years imprisonment. (3) 
                                *Testing and access to facilities.*
                                 You may not keep us from entering your facility to test engines/equipment or inspect if we are authorized to do so. Also, you must perform the tests we require (or have the tests done for you). Failure to perform this testing is prohibited. We may assess a civil penalty up to $37,500 for each day you are in violation. (b) The following prohibitions apply to everyone with respect to the engines and equipment to which this part applies: (1) 
                                *Tampering.*
                                 You may not remove or render inoperative any device or element of design installed on or in engines/equipment in compliance with the regulations prior to its sale and delivery to the ultimate purchaser. You also may not knowingly remove or render inoperative any such device or element of design after such sale and delivery to the ultimate purchaser. This includes, for example, operating an engine without a supply of appropriate quality urea if the emissions control system relies on urea to reduce NOx emissions or the use of incorrect fuel or engine oil that renders the emissions control system inoperative. Section 1068.120 describes how this applies to rebuilding engines. See the standard-setting part, which may include additional provisions regarding actions prohibited by this requirement. For a manufacturer or dealer, we may assess a civil penalty up to $37,500 for each engine or piece of equipment in violation. For anyone else, we may assess a civil penalty up to $3,750 for each day an engine or piece of equipment is operated in violation. This prohibition does not apply in any of the following situations: (i) You need to repair the engine/equipment and you restore it to proper functioning when the repair is complete. (ii) You need to modify the engine/equipment to respond to a temporary emergency and you restore it to proper functioning as soon as possible. (iii) You modify new engines/equipment that another manufacturer has already certified to meet emission standards and recertify them under your own family. In this case you must tell the original manufacturer not to include the modified engines/equipment in the original family.
                                ( print page 44592) (2) 
                                *Defeat devices.*
                                 You may not knowingly manufacture, sell, offer to sell, or install, any part that bypasses, impairs, defeats, or disables the control of emissions of any regulated pollutant, except as explicitly allowed by the standard-setting part. We may assess a civil penalty up to $3,750 for each part in violation. (3) 
                                *Stationary engines.*
                                 For an engine that is excluded from any requirements of this chapter because it is a stationary engine, you may not move it or install it in any mobile equipment except as allowed by the provisions of this chapter. You may not circumvent or attempt to circumvent the residence-time requirements of paragraph (2)(iii) of the nonroad engine definition in § 1068.30. Anyone violating this paragraph (b)(3) is deemed to be a manufacturer in violation of paragraph (a)(1) of this section. We may assess a civil penalty up to $37,500 for each day you are in violation. (4) 
                                *Competition engines/equipment.*
                                 For uncertified engines/equipment that are excluded or exempted from any requirements of this chapter because they are to be used solely for competition, you may not use any of them in a manner that is inconsistent with use solely for competition. Anyone violating this paragraph (b)(4) is deemed to be a manufacturer in violation of paragraph (a)(1) of this section. We may assess a civil penalty up to $37,500 for each day you are in violation. (5) 
                                *Importation.*
                                 You may not import an uncertified engine or piece of equipment if it is defined to be new in the standard-setting part with a model year for which emission standards applied. Anyone violating this paragraph (b)(5) is deemed to be a manufacturer in violation of paragraph (a)(1) of this section. We may assess a civil penalty up to $37,500 for each day you are in violation. Note the following: (i) The definition of new is broad for imported engines/equipment; uncertified engines and equipment (including used engines and equipment) are generally considered to be new when imported. (ii) Used engines/equipment that were originally manufactured before applicable EPA standards were in effect are generally not subject to emission standards. (6) 
                                *Warranty, recall, and maintenance instructions.*
                                 You must meet your obligation to honor your emission-related warranty under § 1068.115, including any commitments you identify in your application for certification. You must also fulfill all applicable requirements under subpart F of this part related to emission-related defects and recalls. You must also provide emission-related installation and maintenance instructions as described in the standard-setting part. Failure to meet these obligations is prohibited. Also, except as specifically provided by regulation, you are prohibited from directly or indirectly communicating to the ultimate purchaser or a later purchaser that the emission-related warranty is valid only if the owner has service performed at authorized facilities or only if the owner uses authorized parts, components, or systems. We may assess a civil penalty up to $37,500 for each engine or piece of equipment in violation. (7) 
                                *Labeling.*
                                 (i) You may not remove or alter an emission control information label or other required permanent label except as specified in this paragraph (b)(7) or otherwise allowed by this chapter. Removing or altering an emission control information label is a violation of paragraph (b)(1) of this section. However, it is not a violation to remove a label in the following circumstances: (A) The engine is destroyed, is permanently disassembled, or otherwise loses its identity such that the original title to the engine is no longer valid. (B) The regulations specifically direct you to remove the label. For example, see § 1068.235. (C) The part on which the label is mounted needs to be replaced. In this case, you must have a replacement part with a duplicate of the original label installed by the certifying manufacturer or an authorized agent, except that the replacement label may omit the date of manufacture if applicable. We generally require labels to be permanently attached to parts that will not normally be replaced, but this provision allows for replacements in unusual circumstances, such as damage in a collision or other accident. (D) The original label is incorrect, provided that it is replaced with the correct label from the certifying manufacturer or an authorized agent. This allowance to replace incorrect labels does not affect whether the application of an incorrect original label is a violation. (ii) Removing or altering a temporary or removable label contrary to the provisions of this paragraph (b)(7)(ii) is a violation of paragraph (b)(1) of this section. (A) For labels identifying temporary exemptions, you may not remove or alter the label while the engine/equipment is in an exempt status. The exemption is automatically revoked for each engine/equipment for which the label has been removed. (B) For temporary or removable consumer information labels, only the ultimate purchaser may remove the label. (iii) You may not apply a false emission control information label. You also may not manufacture, sell, or offer to sell false labels. The application, manufacture, sale, or offer for sale of false labels is a violation of this section (such as paragraph (a)(1) or (b)(2) of this section). Note that applying an otherwise valid emission control information label to the wrong engine is considered to be applying a false label. (c) If you cause someone to commit a prohibited act in paragraph (a) or (b) of this section, you are in violation of that prohibition. (d) Exemptions from these prohibitions are described in subparts C and D of this part and in the standard-setting part. (e) The standard-setting parts describe more requirements and prohibitions that apply to manufacturers (including importers) and others under this chapter. (f) The specification of prohibitions and penalties in this part does not limit the prohibitions and penalties described in the Clean Air Act. Additionally, a single act may trigger multiple violations under this section and the Act. We may pursue all available administrative, civil, or criminal remedies for those violations even if the regulation references only a single prohibited act in this section. (g) [Reserved] (h) The maximum penalty values listed in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section apply as of January 12, 2009. Maximum penalty values for earlier violations are published in 40 CFR part 19. Maximum penalty limits may be adjusted after January 12, 2009 based on the Consumer Price Index. The specific regulatory provisions for changing the maximum penalties, published in 40 CFR part 19, reference the applicable U.S. Code citation on which the prohibited action is based. The following table is shown here for informational purposes:
                                ( print page 44593) Table 1 of § 1068.101—Legal Citation for Specific Prohibitions for Determining Maximum Penalty Amounts
Part 1068 regulatory citation of prohibited action
General description of prohibition
U.S. Code citation for Clean Air Act authority 
                                         (42 U.S.C. 7524)§ 1068.101(a)(1)
Introduction into U.S. commerce of an uncertified source
42 U.S.C. 7522(a)(1) and (a)(4).§ 1068.101(a)(2)
Failure to provide information
42 U.S.C. 7522(a)(2).§ 1068.101(a)(3)
Denying access to facilities
42 U.S.C. 7522(a)(2).§ 1068.101(b)(1)
Tampering with emission controls by a manufacturer or dealer
42 U.S.C. 7522(a)(3).Tampering with emission controls by someone other than a manufacturer or dealer§ 1068.101(b)(2)
Sale or use of a defeat device
42 U.S.C. 7522(a)(3).§ 1068.101(b)(3)
Mobile use of a stationary engine
42 U.S.C. 7522(a)(1) and (a)(4).§ 1068.101(b)(4)
Noncompetitive use of uncertified engines/equipment that is exempted for competition
42 U.S.C. 7522(a)(1) and (a)(4).§ 1068.101(b)(5)
Importation of an uncertified source
42 U.S.C. 7522(a)(1) and (a)(4).§ 1068.101(b)(6)
Recall and warranty
42 U.S.C. 7522(a)(4).§ 1068.101(b)(7)
Removing labels
42 U.S.C. 7522(a)(3).
 299. Section 1068.103 is amended by revising paragraph (a) to read as follows:
 § 1068.103
  (a) Engines/equipment covered by a certificate of conformity are limited to those that are produced during the period specified in the certificate and conform to the specifications described in the certificate and the associated application for certification. For the purposes of this paragraph (a), specifications includes any conditions or limitations identified by the manufacturer or EPA, but does not include any information provided in the application that is not relevant to a demonstration of compliance with applicable regulations. For example, if the application for certification specifies certain engine configurations, the certificate does not cover any configurations that are not specified. However, your certificate would not be conditioned upon your actual U.S.-directed production volumes matching the volumes you projected in your application. 
 300. Section 1068.105 is amended by revising paragraph (a) to read as follows:
 § 1068.105
  
 (a) 
                                *Transitioning to new engine-based standards.*
                                 If new engine-based emission standards apply in a given model year, your equipment in that calendar year must have engines that are certified to the new standards, except that you may continue to use up your normal inventory of earlier engines that were built before the date of the new or changed standards. (Note: This paragraph (a) does not apply in the case of new remanufacturing standards.) For example, if your normal inventory practice is to keep on hand a one-month supply of engines based on your upcoming production schedules, and a new tier of standards starts to apply for the 2015 model year, you may order engines consistent with your normal inventory requirements late in the engine manufacturer's 2014 model year and install those engines in your equipment, regardless of the date of installation. Also, if your model year starts before the end of the calendar year preceding new standards, you may use engines from the previous model year for those units you produce before January 1 of the year that new standards apply. If emission standards for the engine do not change in a given model year, you may continue to install engines from the previous model year without restriction (or any earlier model year for which the same standards apply). You may not circumvent the provisions of § 1068.101(a)(1) by stockpiling engines that were built before new or changed standards take effect. Note that this allowance does not apply for equipment subject to equipment-based standards. See 40 CFR 1060.601 for similar provisions that apply for equipment subject to evaporative emission standards. 
 301. Section 1068.120 is amended by revising paragraph (e) to read as follows:
 § 1068.120
  
 (e) If the rebuilt engine remains installed or is reinstalled in the same piece of equipment, you must rebuild it to the original configuration, except as allowed by this paragraph (e). You may rebuild it to a different certified configuration of the same or later model year. You may also rebuild it to a certified configuration from an earlier model year as long as the earlier configuration is as clean or cleaner than the original configuration. For purposes of this paragraph (e), “as clean or cleaner” means one of the following: (1) For engines not certified with a Family Emission Limit for calculating credits for a particular pollutant, this means that the same emission standard applied for both model years. This includes supplemental standards such as Not-to-Exceed standards. (2) For engines certified with a Family Emission Limit for a particular pollutant, this means that the configuration to which the engine is being rebuilt has a Family Emission Limit for that pollutant that is at or below the standard that applied to the engine originally, and is at or below the original Family Emission Limit. 
 302. Section 1068.125 is amended by revising paragraph (b) introductory text to read as follows:
 § 1068.125
  
 (b) 
                                *Administrative penalties.*
                                 Instead of bringing a civil action, we may assess administrative penalties if the total is less than 
                                *$295,000*
                                 against you individually. This maximum penalty may be greater if the Administrator and the Attorney General jointly determine that a greater administrative penalty assessment is appropriate, or if the limit is adjusted under 40 CFR part 19. No court may review this determination. Before we assess an administrative penalty, you may ask for a hearing (subject to 40 CFR part 22). The Administrator may compromise or remit, with or without conditions, any administrative penalty that may be imposed under this section.
 Subpart C—[Amended]
 303. Section 1068.215 is amended by revising paragraphs (a) and (b) to read as follows: § 1068.215
  (a) You are eligible for the exemption for manufacturer-owned engines/equipment only if you are a certificate holder. Any engine for which you meet all applicable requirements under this section is exempt without request. (b) Engines/equipment may be exempt without a request if they are nonconforming engines/equipment under your ownership, possession, and control and you do not operate them for purposes other than to develop products, assess production methods, or promote your engines/equipment in the marketplace, or other purposes we approve. You may not loan, lease, sell, or use the engine/equipment to generate revenue, either by itself or for an engine installed in a piece of equipment, except as allowed by § 1068.201(i). Note that this paragraph (b) does not prevent the sale or shipment of a partially complete engine to a secondary engine manufacturer that will meet the requirements of this paragraph (b). See § 1068.262 for provisions related to shipping partially complete engines to secondary engine manufacturers. 
 304. Section 1068.240 is amended by revising paragraphs (b)(6), (c) introductory text, (d), (e), and (g)(2) to read as follows:
 § 1068.240
  
 (b) * * * (6) You add a permanent label, consistent with § 1068.45, with your corporate name and trademark and the following additional information: (i) Add the following statement if the engine being replaced was not subject to any emission standards under this chapter: THIS ENGINE DOES NOT COMPLY WITH U.S. EPA EMISSION REQUIREMENTS. SELLING OR INSTALLING THIS ENGINE FOR ANY PURPOSE OTHER THAN TO REPLACE AN ENGINE BUILT BEFORE JANUARY 1, [Insert appropriate year reflecting when the earliest tier of standards began to apply to engines of that size and type] MAY BE A VIOLATION OF FEDERAL LAW SUBJECT TO CIVIL PENALTY. (ii) Add the following statement if the engine being replaced was subject to emission standards: THIS ENGINE COMPLIES WITH U.S. EPA EMISSION REQUIREMENTS FOR [Identify the appropriate emission standards (by model year, tier, or emission levels) for the replaced engine] ENGINES UNDER 40 CFR 1068.240. SELLING OR INSTALLING THIS ENGINE FOR ANY PURPOSE OTHER THAN TO REPLACE A [Identify the appropriate emission standards for the replaced engine, by model year(s), tier(s), or emission levels)] ENGINE MAY BE A VIOLATION OF FEDERAL LAW SUBJECT TO CIVIL PENALTY. (c) 
                                *Previous-tier replacement engines without tracking.*
                                 You may produce a limited number of new replacement engines that are not from a currently certified engine family under the provisions of this paragraph (c). If you produce new engines under this paragraph (c) to replace engines subject to emission standards, the new replacement engine must be in a configuration identical in all material respects to the old engine and meet the requirements of § 1068.265. This would apply, for example, for engine configurations that were certified in an earlier model year but are no longer covered by a certificate of conformity. You must comply with the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section for any number of replacement engines you produce in excess of what we allow under this paragraph (c). The following provisions apply to engines exempted under this paragraph (c): 
 (d) 
                                *Partially complete engines.*
                                 The following requirements apply if you ship a partially complete replacement engine under paragraph (b) or (c) of this section: (1) Include installation instructions specifying how to complete the engine assembly such that the resulting engine conforms to the applicable certificate of conformity or the specifications of § 1068.265. Where a partially complete engine can be built into multiple different configurations, you must be able to identify all the engine models and model years for which the partially complete engine may properly be used for replacement purposes. Your installation instructions must make clear how the final assembler can determine which configurations are appropriate for the engine they receive. (2) You must label the engine as follows: (i) If you have a reasonable basis to believe that the fully assembled engine will include the original emission control information label, you may add a removable label to the engine with your corporate name and trademark and the statement: “This replacement engine is exempt under 40 CFR 1068.240(b) [or 40 CFR 1068.240(c) if appropriate].” This would generally apply if all the engine models that are compatible with the replacement engine were covered by a certificate of conformity and they were labeled in a position on the engine or equipment that is not included as part of the partially complete engine being shipped for replacement purposes. Removable labels must meet the requirements specified in § 1068.45. (ii) If you do not qualify for using a removable label in paragraph (d)(1) of this section, you must add a permanent label in a readily visible location, though it may be obscured after installation in a piece of equipment. Include on the permanent label your corporate name and trademark, the engine's part number (or other identifying information), and the statement: “This replacement engine is exempt under 40 CFR 1068.240(b) [or 40 CFR 1068.240(c) if appropriate].” If there is not enough space for this statement, you may alternatively add: “REPLACEMENT” or “SERVICE ENGINE”. For purposes of this paragraph (d)(2), engine part numbers permanently stamped or engraved on the engine are considered to be included on the label. (e) 
                                *Partially complete current-tier replacement engines.*
                                 The provisions of paragraph (d) of this section apply for partially complete engines you produce from a current line of certified engines or vehicles, except that the appropriate regulatory cite on the label is 40 CFR 1068.240(e). This applies for engine-based and equipment-based standards as follows: (1) Where engine-based standards apply, you may introduce into U.S. commerce short blocks or other partially complete engines from a currently certified engine family as replacement components for in-use equipment powered by engines you originally produced. You must be able to identify all the engine models and model years for which the partially complete engine may properly be used for replacement purposes. (2) Where equipment-based standards apply, you may introduce into U.S. commerce engines that are identical to engines covered by a current certificate of conformity by demonstrating compliance with currently applicable standards where the engines will be installed as replacement engines. These engines might be fully assembled, but we would consider them to be partially 
                                ( print page 44595)
                                complete engines because they are not yet installed in the equipment. 
 (g) * * * (2) Anyone installing or completing assembly of an exempted new replacement engine is deemed to be a manufacturer of a new engine with respect to the prohibitions of § 1068.101(a)(1). This applies to all engines exempted under this section.
 § 1068.261—[Amended]
  305. Section 1068.261 is amended by removing and reserving paragraph (c)(5).
 Subpart D—[Amended]
 306. Section 1068.325 is amended by revising paragraph (g) to read as follows: § 1068.325
  
 (g) You may import an engine if another company already has a certificate of conformity and will be modifying the engine to be in its final certified configuration or a final exempt configuration under the provisions of § 1068.262. You may also import a partially complete engine by shipping it from one of your facilities to another under the provisions of § 1068.260(c). If you are importing a used engine that becomes new as a result of importation, you must meet all the requirements that apply to original engine manufacturers under § 1068.262.
 Subpart E—[Amended]
 307. Section 1068.415 is amended by revising paragraph (c) to read as follows: § 1068.415
  
 (c) Test at least two engines/equipment in each 24-hour period (including void tests). However, if your projected U.S.-directed production volume is less than 7,500 engines/equipment for the year, you may test a minimum of one per 24-hour period. If you request and justify it, we may approve a lower testing rate.
 Subpart F—[Amended]
 308. Section 1068.501 is amended by revising paragraphs (a)(5), (e), and (f) to read as follows: § 1068.501
  
 (a) * * * (5) You must track the information specified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section. You must assess this data at least every three months to evaluate whether you exceed the thresholds specified in paragraphs (e) and (f) of this section. Where thresholds are based on a percentage of engines/equipment in the family, use actual U.S.-directed production volumes for the whole model year when they become available. Use projected production figures until the actual production figures become available. You are not required to collect additional information other than that specified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section before reaching a threshold for an investigation specified in paragraph (e) of this section. 
 (e) 
                                *Thresholds for conducting a defect investigation.*
                                 You must begin a defect investigation based on the following number of engines/equipment that may have the defect: (1) For engines/equipment with maximum engine power at or below 560 kW: (i) For families with annual production below 500 units: 50 or more engines/equipment. (ii) For families with annual production from 500 to 50,000 units: more than 10.0 percent of the total number of engines/equipment in the family. (iii) For families with annual production from 50,000 to 550,000 units: more than the total number of engines/equipment represented by the following equation: Investigation threshold = 5,000 + (Production units −50,000) × 0.04 (iv) For families with annual production above 550,000 units: 25,000 or more engines/equipment. (2) For engines/equipment with maximum engine power greater than 560 kW: (i) For families with annual production below 250 units: 25 or more engines/equipment. (ii) For families with annual production at or above 250 units: more than 10.0 percent of the total number of engines/equipment in the family. (f) 
                                *Thresholds for filing a defect report.*
                                 You must send a defect report based on the following number of engines/equipment that have the defect: (1) For engines/equipment with maximum engine power at or below 560 kW: (i) For families with annual production below 1,000 units: 20 or more engines/equipment. (ii) For families with annual production from 1,000 to 50,000 units: more than 2.0 percent of the total number of engines/equipment in the family. (iii) For families with annual production from 50,000 to 550,000 units: more than the total number of engines/equipment represented by the following equation: Reporting threshold = 1,000 + (Production units −50,000) × 0.01 (iv) For families with annual production above 550,000 units: 6,000 or more engines/equipment. (2) For engines/equipment with maximum engine power greater than 560 kW: (i) For families with annual production below 150 units: 10 or more engines/equipment. (ii) For families with annual production from 150 to 750 units: 15 or more engines/equipment. (iii) For families with annual production above 750 units: more than 2.0 percent of the total number of engines/equipment in the family.


# Footnotes

1.
    
                             
                            *Proposal to Designate an Emission Control Area for Nitrogen Oxides, Sulphur Oxides and Particulate Matter,*
                             Submitted by the United States and Canada. IMO Document MEPC59/6/5, 27 March, 2009. A copy of this document can be found at 
                            *http://www.epa.gov/​otaq/​regs/​nonroad/​marine/​ci/​mepc-59-eca-proposal.pdf*. Back to Citation
 2.
    
                             For the purpose of this proposal, the term “ECA” refers to both the ECA and internal U.S. waters. Refer to Section VI.B. for a discussion of the application of the fuel sulfur and engine emission limits to U.S. internal waters through APPS. Back to Citation
 3.
    
                             These emission inventory reductions include reductions from ships operating within the 24 nautical mile regulatory zone off the California Coastline, beginning with the effective date of the Coordinated Strategy program elements. The California regulation contains a provision that would sunset the requirements of the rule if the Federal program achieves equivalent emission reductions. See 
                            *http://www.arb.ca.gov/​regact/​2008/​fuelogv08/​fro13.pdf*
                             at 13 CCR 2299.2(j)(1). Back to Citation
 4.
    
                             As explained in the NPRM, there were no acceptable procedures for measuring PM from Category 3 marine engines. Specifically, established PM test methods showed unacceptable variability when sulfur levels exceed 0.8 weight percent, which was common at that time for both residual and distillate marine fuels for Category 3 engines, and no PM test method or calculation methodology had been developed to correct that variability for these engines. See 67 FR 37569, May 29, 2002. Back to Citation
 5.
    
                             Note that the MARPOL Annex VI standards are referred to as Tiers I, II, and III; EPA's Category 3 emission standards are referred to as Tiers 1, 2, and 3. Back to Citation
 6.
    
                             
                            *Proposal to Designate an Emission Control Area for Nitrogen Oxides, Sulphur Oxides and Particulate Matter, Submitted by the United States and Canada.*
                             IMO Document MEPC59/6/5, 27 March, 2009. A copy of this document can be found at 
                            *http://www.epa.gov/​otaq/​regs/​nonroad/​marine/​ci/​mepc-59-eca-proposal.pdf.* Back to Citation
 7
                             U.S. EPA. (2004). 
                            *Final Regulatory Impact Analysis: Control of Emissions from Nonroad Diesel Engines, Chapter 3*. Report No. EPA420-R-04-007. 
                            *http://www.epa.gov/​nonroad-diesel/​2004fr.htm#ria.* 8.
    
                             State of California Air Resources Board. 
                            *Roseville Rail Yard Study.*
                             Sacramento, CA: California EPA, California Air Resources Board (CARB). Stationary Source Division. This document is available electronically at: 
                            *http://www.arb.ca.gov/​diesel/​documents/​rrstudy.htm.* 9.
    
                             Di, P., Servin, A., Rosenkranz, K., Schwehr, B., Tran, H., (2006). 
                            *Diesel Particulate Matter Exposure Assessment Study for the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach.*
                             Sacramento, CA: California EPA, California Air Resources Board (CARB). Retrieved March 19, 2009 from 
                            *http://www.arb.ca.gov/​regact/​marine2005/​portstudy0406.pdf.* Back to Citation
 10.
    
                             This type of screening-level analysis is an inexact tool and not appropriate for regulatory decision-making; it is useful in beginning to understand potential impacts and for illustrative purposes. Additionally, the emissions inventories used as inputs for the analyses are not official estimates and likely underestimate overall emissions because they are not inclusive of all emission sources at the individual ports in the sample. Back to Citation
 11.
    
                             ICF International. September 28, 2007. Estimation of diesel particulate matter concentration isopleths for marine harbor areas and rail yards. Memorandum to EPA under Work Assignment Number 0-3, Contract Number EP-C-06-094. This memo is available in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-0121. 12.
    
                             ICF International. September 28, 2007. Estimation of diesel particulate matter population exposure near selected harbor areas and rail yards. Memorandum to EPA under Work Assignment Number 0-3, Contract Number EP-C-06-094. This memo is available in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-0121. 13.
    
                             ICF International, December 10, 2008. Estimation of diesel particulate matter population exposure near selected harbor areas with revised harbor emissions. Memorandum to EPA under Work Assignment Number 2-9. Contract Number EP-C-06-094. This memo is available in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-0121. 14.
    
                             ICF International. December 1, 2008. Estimation of diesel particulate matter concentration isopleths near selected harbor areas with revised emissions. Memorandum to EPA under Work Assignment Number 1-9. Contract Number EP-C-06-094. This memo is available in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-0121. Back to Citation
 15.
    
                             The Agency selected a representative sample from the top 150 U.S. ports including coastal and Great Lake ports. Back to Citation
 16.
    
                             These areas are defined in section 162 of the Act as those national parks exceeding 6,000 acres, wilderness areas and memorial parks exceeding 5,000 acres, and all international parks which were in existence on August 7, 1977.  Section 169 of the Clean Air Act provides additional authority to address existing visibility impairment and prevent future visibility impairment in the 156 national parks, forests and wilderness areas categorized as mandatory class I Federal areas. Back to Citation
 17.
    
                             U.S. EPA. (2005). 
                            *Review of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for Particulate Matter: Policy Assessment of Scientific and Technical Information, OAQPS Staff Paper.*
                             EPA-452/R-05-005a. Retrieved March 19, 2009 from 
                            *http://www.epa.gov/​ttn/​naaqs/​standards/​pm/​data/​pmstaffpaper_​20051221.pdf.* Back to Citation
 18.
    
                             U.S. EPA (2004). 
                            *Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter.*
                             Volume I EPA600/P-99/002aF and Volume II EPA600/P-99/002bF. Retrieved on March 19, 2009 from Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0190 at 
                            *http://www.regulations.gov/​.* Back to Citation
 19.
    
                             U.S. EPA. (2005). 
                            *Review of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for Particulate Matter: Policy Assessment of Scientific and Technical Information, OAQPS Staff Paper.*
                             EPA-452/R-05-005a. Retrieved March 19, 2009 from 
                            *http://www.epa.gov/​ttn/​naaqs/​standards/​pm/​data/​pmstaffpaper_​20051221.pdf.* Back to Citation
 20.
    
                             The PM NAAQS is currently under review and the EPA is considering all available science on PM health effects, including information which has been published since 2004, in the development of the upcoming PM Integrated Science Assessment Document (ISA). A first draft of the PM ISA was completed in December 2008 and was submitted for review by the Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee (CASAC) of EPA's Science Advisory Board. Comments from the general public have also been requested. For more information, see 
                            *http://cfpub.epa.gov/​ncea/​cfm/​recordisplay.cfm?​deid=​201805.* Back to Citation
 21.
    
                             U.S. EPA. (2006). 
                            *National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter; Proposed Rule.*71 FR 2620, January 17, 2006. Back to Citation
 22.
    
                             Künzli, N., Jerrett, M., Mack, W.J., 
                            *et al.*
                             (2004). Ambient air pollution and atherosclerosis in Los Angeles. 
                            *Environ Health Perspect.,113,*
                             201-206 23.
    
                             This study is included in the 2006 Provisional Assessment of Recent Studies on Health Effects of Particulate Matter Exposure. The provisional assessment did not and could not (given a very short timeframe) undergo the extensive critical review by CASAC and the public, as did the PM AQCD. The provisional assessment found that the “new” studies expand the scientific information and provide important insights on the relationship between PM exposure and health effects of PM. The provisional assessment also found that “new” studies generally strengthen the evidence that acute and chronic exposure to fine particles and acute exposure to thoracic coarse particles are associated with health effects. Further, the provisional science assessment found that the results reported in the studies did not dramatically diverge from previous findings, and taken in context with the findings of the AQCD, the new information and findings did not materially change any of the broad scientific conclusions regarding the health effects of PM exposure made in the AQCD. However, it is important to note that this assessment was limited to screening, surveying, and preparing a provisional assessment of these studies. For reasons outlined in Section I.C of the preamble for the final PM NAAQS rulemaking in 2006 (see 71 FR 61148-49, October 17, 2006), EPA based its NAAQS decision on the science presented in the 2004 AQCD. Back to Citation
 24.
    
                             Dockery, D.W., Pope, C.A. III, Xu, X, 
                            *et al.*
                             (1993). An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities. 
                            *N Engl J Med, 329,*
                             1753-1759. Retrieved on March 19, 2009 from 
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                             Pope, C.A., III, Thun, M.J., Namboodiri, M.M., Dockery, D.W., Evans, J.S., Speizer, F.E., and Heath, C.W., Jr. (1995). Particulate air pollution as a predictor of mortality in a prospective study of U.S. adults. 
                            *Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med, 151,*
                             669-674. Back to Citation
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                             Krewski, D., Burnett, R.T., Goldberg, M.S., 
                            *et al.*
                             (2000). 
                            *Reanalysis of the Harvard Six Cities study and the American Cancer Society study of particulate air pollution and mortality.*
                             A special report of the Institute's Particle Epidemiology Reanalysis Project. Cambridge, MA: Health Effects Institute. Retrieved on March 19, 2009 from 
                            *http://es.epa.gov/​ncer/​science/​pm/​hei/​Rean-ExecSumm.pdf.* Back to Citation
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                             Pope, C. A., III, Burnett, R.T., Thun, M. J., Calle, E.E., Krewski, D., Ito, K., Thurston, G.D., (2002). Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. 
                            *J. Am. Med. Assoc., 287,*
                             1132-1141. Back to Citation
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                             U.S. EPA (2002). 
                            *Health Assessment Document for Diesel Engine Exhaust.*
                             EPA/600/8-90/057F Office of Research and Development, Washington DC. Retrieved on March 17, 2009 from 
                            *http://cfpub.epa.gov/​ncea/​cfm/​recordisplay.cfm?​deid=​29060.*
                             pp. 1-1 1-2. Back to Citation
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                             U.S. EPA (2002). 
                            *Health Assessment Document for Diesel Engine Exhaust.*
                             EPA/600/8-90/057F Office of Research and Development, Washington DC. Retrieved on March 17, 2009 from 
                            *http://cfpub.epa.gov/​ncea/​cfm/​recordisplay.cfm?​deid=​29060.* Back to Citation
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                             U.S. EPA (2002). 
                            *Health Assessment Document for Diesel Engine Exhaust.*
                             EPA/600/8-90/057F Office of Research and Development, Washington DC. Retrieved on March 17, 2009 from 
                            *http://cfpub.epa.gov/​ncea/​cfm/​recordisplay.cfm?​deid=​29060.*
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                             Bhatia, R., Lopipero, P., Smith, A. (1998). Diesel exposure and lung cancer. 
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                             84-91. 32.
    
                             Lipsett, M., Campleman, S. (1999). Occupational exposure to diesel exhaust and lung cancer: a meta-analysis
                            *. Am J Public Health, 80(7),*
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                             Ishinishi, N. Kuwabara, N. Takaki, Y., 
                            *et al.*
                             (1988) Long-term inhalation experiments on diesel exhaust. In: 
                            *Diesel exhaust and health risks.*
                             Results of the HERP studies. Ibaraki, Japan: Research Committee for HERP Studies; pp. 11-84. 34.
    
                             Henrich, U., Fuhst, R., Rittinghausen, S., 
                            *et al.*
                             (1995). Chronic inhalation exposure of Wistar rats and two different strains of mice to diesel engine exhaust, carbon black, and titanium dioxide. 
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                             553-556. 35.
    
                             Mauderly, J.L., Jones, R.K., Griffith, W.C., 
                            *et al.*
                             (1987). Diesel exhaust is a pulmonary carcinogen in rats exposted chronically by inhalation. 
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                             208-221. 36.
    
                             Nikula, K.J., Snipes, M.B., Barr, E.B., 
                            *et al.*
                             (1995). Comparative pulmonary toxicities and carcinogenicities of chronically inhaled diesel exhaust and carbon black in F344 rats. 
                            *Fundam. Appl. Toxicol, 25,*
                             80-94. Back to Citation
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                             U.S. EPA (2002). 
                            *Health Assessment Document for Diesel Engine Exhaust.*
                             EPA/600/8-90/057F Office of Research and Development, Washington DC. Retrieved on March 17, 2009 from 
                            *http://cfpub.epa.gov/​ncea/​cfm/​recordisplay.cfm?​deid=​29060.*
                             p. 9-9. Back to Citation
 38.
    
                             Di, P., Servin, A., Rosenkranz, K., Schwehr, B., Tran, H., (2006). 
                            *Diesel Particulate Matter Exposure Assessment Study for the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach.*
                             Sacramento, CA: California EPA, California Air Resources Board (CARB). Retrieved March 19, 2009 from 
                            *http://www.arb.ca.gov/​regact/​marine2005/​portstudy0406.pdf.* Back to Citation
 39.
    
                             ICF International. September 28, 2007. Estimation of diesel particulate matter concentration isopleths for marine harbor areas and rail yards. Memorandum to EPA under Work Assignment Number 0-3, Contract Number EP-C-06-094. This memo is available in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-0121. 40.
    
                             ICF International. September 28, 2007. Estimation of diesel particulate matter population exposure near selected harbor areas and rail yards. Memorandum to EPA under Work Assignment Number 0-3, Contract Number EP-C-06-094. This memo is available in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-0121. 41.
    
                             ICF International, December 10, 2008. Estimation of diesel particulate matter population exposure near selected harbor areas with revised harbor emissions. Memorandum to EPA under Work Assignment Number 2-9. Contract Number 
                            
                            EP-C-06-094. This memo is available in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-0121. 42.
    
                             ICF International. December 1, 2008. Estimation of diesel particulate matter concentration isopleths near selected harbor areas with revised emissions. Memorandum to EPA under Work Assignment Number 1-9. Contract Number EP-C-06-094. This memo is available in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-0121. Back to Citation
 43.
    
                             The Agency selected a representative sample from the top 150 U.S. ports including coastal, inland, and Great Lake ports. Back to Citation
 44.
    
                             U.S. EPA. (2006). 
                            *Air Quality Criteria for Ozone and Related Photochemical Oxidants (Final).*
                             EPA/600/R-05/004aF-cF. Washington, DC: U.S. EPA. Retrieved on March 19, 2009 from Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0190 at 
                            *http://www.regulations.gov/​.* Back to Citation
 45
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                            *Air Quality Criteria for Ozone and Related Photochemical Oxidants (Final).*
                             EPA/600/R-05/004aF-cF. Washington, DC: U.S. EPA. Retrieved on March 19, 2009 from Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0190 at 
                            *http://www.regulations.gov/​.* 46.
    
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                            *Review of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone: Policy Assessment of Scientific and Technical Information, OAQPS Staff Paper.*
                             EPA-452/R-07-003. Washsington, DC, U.S. EPA. Retrieved on March 19, 2009 from Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0190 at 
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                             National Research Council (NRC), 2008. 
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                             The National Academies Press: Washington, DC. Back to Citation
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                             U.S. EPA (2008). 
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                            *http://cfpub.epa.gov/​ncea/​cfm/​recordisplay.cfm?​deid=​194645.* Back to Citation
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                             U.S. EPA. (2008). 
                            *Integrated Science Assessment (ISA) for Sulfur Oxides—Health Criteria (Final Report).*
                             EPA/600/R-08/047F. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved on March 18, 2009 from 
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                             Dillman, K., Geiser, L., & Brenner, G. (2007). 
                            *Air Quality Bio-Monitoring with Lichens.*
                             The Togass National Forest. USDA Forest Service. Retrieved March 18, 2009 from 
                            *http://gis.nacse.org/​lichenair/​?page=​reports.* Back to Citation
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                             U.S. EPA. (2008). 
                            *Nitrogen Dioxide/Sulfur Dioxide Secondary NAAQS Review: Integrated Science Assessment (ISA).*
                             Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved on March 18, 2009 from
                            *http://cfpub.epa.gov/​ncea/​cfm/​recordisplay.cfm?​deid=​180903* Back to Citation
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                             Agrawal H., Malloy Q.G.J., Welch W.A., Wayne Miller J., Cocker III D.R. (2008) In-use gaseous and particulate matter emissions from a modern ocean going container vessel. 
                            *Atmospheric Environment, 42(21),*
                             5504-5510. 53.
    
                             Miller, W., 
                            *et al.*
                             (2008 June 10). 
                            *Measuring Emissions from Ocean Going Vessels.*
                             Presentation presented at the Fuel, Engines, and Control Devices Workshop, San Pedro, California. 54.
    
                             Isakson J., Persson T.A., E. Selin Lindgren E. (2001) Identification and assessment of ship emissions and their effects in the harbour of Gteborg, Sweeden. 
                            *Atmospheric Environment, 35(21),*
                             3659-3666. Back to Citation
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                             U.S. EPA. (2004). 
                            *Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter (AQCD).*
                             Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved on March 18, 2009 from 
                            *http://cfpub.epa.gov/​ncea/​cfm/​recordisplay.cfm?​deid=​87903* Back to Citation
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                             U.S. EPA. (2004). 
                            *Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter (AQCD).*
                             Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved on March 18, 2009 from 
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                             Gawel, J. E.; Ahner, B. A.; Friedland, A. J.; Morel, F. M. M. (1996) Role for heavy metals in forest decline indicated by phytochelatin measurements. 
                            *Nature (London), 381,*
                             64-65. Back to Citation
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                             U.S. EPA. (2004). 
                            *Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter (AQCD).*
                             Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved on March 18, 2009 from 
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                             Cotrufo M.F., De Santo A.V., Alfani A., Bartoli G., De Cristofaro A. (1995) Effects of urban heavy metal pollution on organic matter decomposition in Quercus ilex L. Woods. 
                            *Environmental Pollution, 89(1),*
                             81-87. 60.
    
                             Niklinska M., Laskowski R., Maryanski M. (1998). Effect of heavy metals and storage time on two types of forest litter: basal respiration rate and exchangeable metals. 
                            *Ecotoxicological Environmental Safety, 41,*
                             8-18. Back to Citation
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                             U.S. EPA. (2004). 
                            *Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter (AQCD).*
                             Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved on March 18, 2009 from 
                            *http://cfpub.epa.gov/​ncea/​cfm/​recordisplay.cfm?​deid=​87903* Back to Citation
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                             Dickhut R.M., Canuel E.A., Gustafson K.E., Liu K., Arzayus K.M., Walker S.E., Edgecombe G., Gaylor M.O., MacDonald E.H. (2000). Automotive Sources of Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Associated with Particulate Matter in the Chesapeake Bay Region. 
                            *Environmental Science & Technology, 34(21),*
                             4635-4640. 63.
    
                             Simcik M.F., Eisenreich, S.J., Golden K.A., 
                            *et al.*
                             (1996) Atmospheric Loading of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons to Lake Michigan as Recorded in the Sediments. 
                            *Environmental Science and Technology, 30,*
                             3039-3046. 64.
    
                             Simcik M.F., Eisenreich S.J., Lioy P.J. (1999) Source apportionment and source/sink relationship of PAHs in the coastal atmosphere of Chicago and Lake Michigan. 
                            *Atmospheric Environment, 33,*
                             5071-5079. 65.
    
                             Poor N., Tremblay R., Kay H., 
                            *et al.*
                             (2002) Atmospheric concentrations and dry deposition rates of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for Tampa Bay, Florida, USA. 
                            *Atmospheric Environment, 38,*
                             6005-6015. 66.
    
                             Arzavus K.M., Dickhut R.M., Canuel E.A. (2001) Fate of Atmospherically Deposited Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Chesapeake Bay. 
                            *Environmental Science & Technology, 35,*
                             2178-2183. Back to Citation
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                             Simcik M.F., Eisenreich, S.J., Golden K.A., 
                            *et al.*
                             (1996) Atmospheric Loading of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons to Lake Michigan as Recorded in the Sediments. 
                            *Environmental Science and Technology, 30,*
                             3039-3046. 68.
    
                             Simcik M.F., Eisenreich S.J., Lioy P.J. (1999) Source apportionment and source/sink relationship of PAHs in the coastal atmosphere of Chicago and Lake Michigan. 
                            *Atmospheric Environment, 33,*
                             5071-5079. Back to Citation
 69.
    
                             U.S. EPA. (2005). Review of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter: Policy Assessment of Scientific and Technical Information, OAQPS Staff Paper. Retrieved on April 9, 2009 from 
                            *http://www.epa.gov/​ttn/​naaqs/​standards/​pm/​data/​pmstaffpaper_​20051221.pdf.* Back to Citation
 70.
    
                             U.S. EPA. (2004). 
                            *Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter (AQCD).*
                             Volume I Document No. EPA600/P-99/002aF and Volume II Document No. EPA600/P-99/002bF. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved on March 18, 2009 from 
                            *http://cfpub.epa.gov/​ncea/​cfm/​recordisplay.cfm?​deid=​87903* Back to Citation
 71.
    
                             U.S. EPA. (2004). 
                            *Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter (AQCD).*
                             Volume I Document No. EPA600/P-99/002aF and Volume II Document No. EPA600/P-99/002bF. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved on March 18, 2009 from 
                            *http://cfpub.epa.gov/​ncea/​cfm/​recordisplay.cfm?​deid=​87903* 72.
    
                             U.S. EPA. (2005). 
                            *Review of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for Particulate Matter: Policy Assessment of Scientific and Technical Information, OAQPS Staff Paper.*
                             EPA-452/R-05-005. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency. Back to Citation
 73.
    
                             These areas are defined in section 162 of the Act as those national parks exceeding 6,000 acres, wilderness areas and memorial parks exceeding 5,000 acres, and all international parks which were in existence on August 7, 1977. Back to Citation
 74.
    
                             As discussed in Section 3.7 of the draft RIA, the inventories used for the air quality modeling in 2020 and 2030 differ slightly from each other. The difference between 2020 and 2030 is small and was due to an error in calculating the 200 nautical miles distance. In addition, as discussed in Section 3.7 of the draft RIA, the 2020 air quality control case does not include global controls for areas that are beyond 200 nautical miles but within the air quality modeling domain. The impact of this latter difference is expected to be minimal. Back to Citation
 75.
    
                             As explained in the NPRM, there were no acceptable procedures for measuring PM from Category 3 marine engines. Specifically, established PM test methods showed unacceptable variability when sulfur levels exceed 0.8 weight percent, which was common at that time for both residual and distillate marine fuels for Category 3 engines, and no PM test method or calculation methodology had been developed to correct that variability for these engines. Back to Citation
 76.
    
                             See the Advanced Notice of Proposed Rule Making at Docket Number: EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-0121. Back to Citation
 77.
    
                             See Section 2.4.1.2.2 of the draft RIA, specifically Table 2-9, for more detail. Back to Citation
 78.
    
                             Note that the 2030 projections are based on a 100 nm ECA so are an underestimate of likely changes to PM2.5
                             design values. Additional detail on the air quality modeling is included in Chapter 2 of the draft RIA. Back to Citation
 79.
    
                             Note that the 2030 projections are based on a 100 nm ECA so are an underestimate of likely changes to ozone design values. Additional detail on the air quality modeling is included in Chapter 2 of the draft RIA. Back to Citation
 80.
    
                             Chappelka, AH, Samuelson, LJ. (1998). Ambient ozone effects on forest trees of the Eastern United States: a review. 
                            *New Phytologist, 139,*
                             91-108. Back to Citation
 81.
    
                             Note that while the coordinated strategy does not eliminate ship emissions, it will be directionally helpful in reducing ship emissions. Back to Citation
 82.
    
                             Prasad, A.M, Iverson L.R. (2003). Little's range and FIA importance value database for 135 eastern US tree species. Northeastern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Delaware, Ohio. [online] Retrieved on March 19, 2009 from http://www.fs.fed.us/​ne/​delaware/​4153/​global/​littlefia/​index.html. 83.
    
                             Heck W.W., Cowling E.B. (1997) The need for a Long Term Cumulative Secondary Ozone Standard—an Ecological Perspective. 
                            *Air and Waste Management Association, EM,*
                             23-33. Back to Citation
 84.
    
                             The level of visibility impairment in an area is based on the light-extinction coefficient and a unit less visibility index, called a “deciview”, which is used in the valuation of visibility. The deciview metric provides a scale for perceived visual changes over the entire range of conditions, from clear to hazy. Under many scenic conditions, the average person can generally perceive a change of one deciview. The higher the deciview value, the worse the visibility. Thus, an improvement in visibility is a decrease in deciview value. Back to Citation
 85.
    
                             These emission inventory reductions include reductions from ships operating within the 24 nautical mile regulatory zone off the California Coastline, beginning with the effective date of the Coordinated Strategy program elements. The California regulation contains a provision that would sunset the requirements of the rule if the Federal program achieves equivalent emission reductions. See 
                            *http://www.arb.ca.gov/​regact/​2008/​fuelogv08/​fro13.pdf*
                             at 13 CCR 2299.2(j)(1). Back to Citation
 86.
    
                             These engines are included within EPA's commercial marine category to differentiate them from recreational marine engines. Back to Citation
 87.
    
                             The ECA proposal and associated Technical Support Document can be found at 
                            *http://www.epa.gov/​otaq/​oceanvessels.htm* Back to Citation
 88.
    
                             Certain foreign public vessels such as military vessels and foreign vessels in innocent passage may be exempt. Back to Citation
 89.
    
                             Flynn, P., 
                            *et al,*
                             “Minimum Engine Flame Temperature Impacts on Diesel and Spark-Ignition Engine NOX
                             Production”, SAE 2000-01-1177, 2000. 90.
    
                             Heywood, John B., “Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals”, McGraw-Hill, 1988. Back to Citation
 91.
    
                             For the purposes of this proposal, the term “ECA” as it is used in this Section IV refers to both the area of the proposed ECA and internal U.S. waters. Though the outer limits of the proposed sulfur limitation are the same as for the proposed ECA, the sulfur limitation in this proposal is not dependent on MEPC approval of the ECA. Back to Citation
 92.
    
                             For the purpose of the discussion in this section, “Category 3 vessel” refers to a commercial vessel with a Category 3 propulsion engine; “Category 2 vessel” refers to a commercial or recreational vessel with a Category 2 propulsion engine; and “Category 1 vessel” refers to a commercial or recreational vessel with only Category 1 or smaller engines. The proposed fuel provisions here apply to all of the engines on a given vessel. Back to Citation
 93.
    
                             For the purposes of this proposal (and the proposed 40 CFR Part 80 regulations), the term “marine” as it is used here refers to Category 1 and 2 marine diesel engines unless otherwise stated. Back to Citation
 94.
    
                             Category 3 marine engines frequently are designed to use residual fuels and include special fuel handling equipment to use the residual fuel. Back to Citation
 95.
    
                             For the purposes of the diesel sulfur program, the term heating oil basically refers to any No. 1 or No. 2 distillate other than jet fuel, kerosene, and diesel fuel used in highway or NRLM applications. For example, heating oil includes fuel which is suitable for use in furnaces and similar applications and is commonly or commercially known or sold as heating oil, fuel oil, or other similar trade names. Back to Citation
 96.
    
                             Annex VI, Regulation 14 (located in the rulemaking docket, EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-0121-0107). Back to Citation
 97.
    
                             
                            *Proposal to Designate an Emission Control Area for Nitrogen Oxides, Sulphur Oxides and Particulate Matter,*
                             Submitted by the United States and Canada. IMO Document MEPC59/6/5, 27 March, 2009. A copy of this document can be found at 
                            *http://www.epa.gov/​otaq/​regs/​nonroad/​marine/​ci/​mepc-59-eca-proposal.pdf* Back to Citation
 98.
    
                             Note that MARPOL Annex VI expresses these standards in units of % (m/m) sulfur. 10,000 ppm S equals 1 percent S. Back to Citation
 99.
    
                             “Proposed amendments for resolution MEPC.170(57)—Guidelines for Exhaust Gas Cleaning Systems,” Submitted by the Institute of Marine Engineering, Science and Technology, to the 59th session of the Marine Environment Protection Committee, International Maritime Organization, MEPC 59/10/5, April 10, 2009. Back to Citation
 100.
    
                             Proposed Rule, 56 FR 45,866 at 45867 (1991); Final Rule 59 FR 86969, 86971 (1994); see 
                            *Engine Manufacturers Assoc.*
                             v.
                            *EPA,*
                             88 F.3d 1075, 1087 (D.C.Cir. 1996). Back to Citation
 101.
    
                             Control of Emissions of Air Pollution From New Marine Compression-Ignition Engines at or Above 37 kW; Final Rule, 64 FR 73300 (December 29, 1999). Back to Citation
 102.
    
                             Control of Emissions of Air Pollution From New Marine Compression-Ignition Engines at or Above 37 kW; Final Rule, 64 FR 73300 (December 29, 1999) at 73302, discussing 
                            *American Customs Brokerage Co., Inc., a/c Astral Corp.*
                             v.
                            *United States,*
                             375 F.Supp. 1360, 1366 (Cust.Ct. 1974). Back to Citation
 103.
    
                             Control of Emissions of Air Pollution From New Marine Compression-Ignition Engines at or Above 30 Liters/Cylinder; Final Rule, 68 FR 9746 at 9759 (February 28, 2003). Back to Citation
 104.
    
                             Control of Emissions From New Marine Compression-Ignition Engines at or Above 30 Liters per Cylinder: Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, 72 FR 69522 at 69545 (December 7, 2007). Back to Citation
 105.
    
                             Resolution MEPC.176(58), “Amendments to the Annex of the Protocol of 1997 to Amend the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, As Modified by the Protocol of 1978 Relating Thereto,” MEPC 58/23/Add.1 Annex 13, October 10, 2008. Back to Citation
 106.
    
                             33 U.S.C. 1901-1912. Back to Citation
 107.
    
                             
                            *See, e.g.,*
                             South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD), EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-0121, Document No. 0084.1 (March 6, 2008); Clean Air Task Force (CATF), EPA-HQ-2007-0121, Document No. 0086.1 (March 6, 2008); Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), EPA-HQ-2007-0121, Document No. 0097.1 (March 6, 2008); Earthjustice, EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-0121, Document No. 0093.1 (March 6, 2008); Environmental Law & Policy Clinic at Harvard Law School (HLS), EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-0121, Document No. 0082.1 (March 6, 2008). Back to Citation
 108.
    
                             
                            *See, e.g.,*
                             South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD), EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-0121, Document No. 0084.1 (March 6, 2008); Clean Air Task Force (CATF), EPA-HQ-2007-0121, Document No. 0086.1 (March 6, 2008). Back to Citation
 109.
    
                             
                            *See, e.g.,*
                             Environmental Law & Policy Clinic at Harvard Law School (HLS), EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-0121, Document No. 0082.1 (March 6, 2008). Back to Citation
 110.
    
                             See, e.g., American Petroleum Institute (API), EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-0121, Document No. 0098.2 (March 6, 2008) and American Petroleum Institute (API), EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-0121, Document No. 0098.6 (March 6, 2008). Back to Citation
 111.
    
                             Clean Air Task Force (CATF), EPA-HQ-2007-0121, Document No. 0086.1 (March 6, 2008) at 25. Back to Citation
 112.
    
                             South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD), EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-0121, Document No. 0084.1 (March 6, 2008) at 6 and 7, quoting 
                            *Spector*
                             v. 
                            *Norwegian Cruise Line Ltd.,*
                             545 U.S. 119, 131 (2005) (emphasis added by commenter). Back to Citation
 113.
    
                             South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD), EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-0121, Document No. 0084.1 (March 6, 2008) at 8. Back to Citation
 114.
    
                             See, Environmental Law & Policy Clinic at Harvard Law School (HLS), EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-0121, Document No. 0082.1 (March 6, 2008) at 3 and 4. Back to Citation
 115.
    
                             Clean Air Task Force (CATF), EPA-HQ-2007-0121.1, Document No. 0086.1 (March 6, 2008) at 25. Back to Citation
 116.
    
                             South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD), EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-0121, Document No. 0084.1 (March 6, 2008) at 5. Back to Citation
 117.
    
                             South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD), EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-0121, Document No. 0084.1 (March 6, 2008) at 6. Back to Citation
 118.
    
                             Environmental Law & Policy Clinic at Harvard Law School (HLS), EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-0121, Document No. 0082.1 (March 6, 2008) at 5 (emphasis included with comment). Back to Citation
 119.
    
                             Clean Air Task Force (CATF), EPA-HQ-2007-0121, Document No. 0086.1 (March 6, 2008) at 25. Back to Citation
 120.
    
                             Clean Air Task Force (CATF), EPA-HQ-2007-0121, Document No. 0086.1 (March 6, 2008) at 25-26. Back to Citation
 121.
    
                             American Petroleum Institute (API), EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-0121, Document No. 0098.6 (March 6, 2008) at 2-3. Back to Citation
 122.
    
                             74 FR 16448, April 10, 2009. Back to Citation
 123.
    
                             “Measurement Method For Particulate Matter Emitted From Marine Engines,” Submitted by the United States to the International Maritime Organization Intersessional [sic] Meeting Of the BLG Working Group On Air Pollution, 5 October 2007. Back to Citation
 124.
    
                             See 68 FR 9746, February 28, 2003, at 9774-5 for a discussion of these differences as they relate to Category 3 marine diesel engines. Back to Citation
 125.
    
                             We continue to believe it is not appropriate to adopt SCR-forcing Tier 4 standards for engines below 600 kW in our national program, for the reasons described in our 2008 Final Rule (May 6, 2008, 73 FR 25097) . Specifically, there are significant challenges regarding the ability of manufacturers of the small vessels that use these engines for propulsion to incorporate SCR systems into their vessel designs. These concerns are not as significant for auxiliary engines used on OGV. Back to Citation
 126.
    
                             See “Proposed Technical Amendments to EPA Regulations,” EPA memorandum from Alan Stout, in the docket for this proposed rule, Docket No.: EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-0121. Back to Citation
 127.
    
                             For example, EPA received a request for guidance from Volvo on April 13, 2009 seeking clarification on the transition to the 2010 model year standards for both vehicle and engine manufacturers. Docket No.: EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-0121. Back to Citation
 128.
    
                             These total estimated costs are slightly different than those reported in the ECA proposal, because the ECA proposal did not include costs associated with the Annex VI existing engine program, Tier II, or the costs associated with existing vessel modifications that may be required to accommodate the use of lower sulfur fuel. Further, the cost totals presented in the ECA package included Canadian cost estimates. Back to Citation
 129.
    
                             Research Triangle Institute, 2009. “Global Trade and Fuels Assessment— Future Trends and Effects of Designating Requiring Clean Fuels in the Marine Sector”. Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Research Triangle Park, NC. Back to Citation
 130.
    
                             In this analysis, the U.S. included the lower 48 contiguous states and southeastern Alaska. Back to Citation
 131.
    
                             Research Triangle Institute, 2009. “Global Trade and Fuels Assessment— Future Trends and Effects of Designating Requiring Clean Fuels in the Marine Sector”. Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Research Triangle Park, NC. Back to Citation
 132.
    
                             Note that distillate fuel has a higher energy content, on a per ton basis, than residual fuel. As such, there is an offsetting cost savings, on a per metric ton basis, for switching to distillate fuel. Based on a 5 percent higher energy content for distillate, the net equivalent cost increase is estimated as $123 for each metric ton of residual fuel that is being replaced by distillate fuel. Back to Citation
 133.
    
                             ICF International, “Costs of Emission Reduction Technologies for Category 3 Marine Engines,” prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, December 2008. EPA Report Number: EPA-420-R-09-008. Back to Citation
 134.
    
                             In order to separate slow speed engines from medium speed engines where that information was not explicitly available, 2-stroke engines were assumed to be slow speed, where 4-stroke engines were assumed to be medium speed. Back to Citation
 135.
    
                             
                            *http://www.sea-web.com* Back to Citation
 136.
    
                             
                            *http://www.iicl.org,*
                             Institute of International Container Lessors. Back to Citation
 137.
    
                             Kristensen, Hans Otto Holmegaard, “Preliminary Ship Design of Container Ships, Bulk Carriers, Tankers, and Ro-Ro Ships. Assessment of Environmental Impact from Sea-Borne Transport Compared with Landbased Transport,” March, 2008. Back to Citation
 138.
    
                             
                            *http://people.hofstra.edu/​geotrans/​eng/​ch2en/​conc2en/​maritimefreightrates.html.* Back to Citation
 139.
    
                             
                            *http://moneycentral.msn.com/​investor/​invsub/​results/​hilite.asp?​Symbol=​SSW.* Back to Citation
 140.
    
                             Based on a container ship carrying nearly 9,000 TEUs traveling from Hong Kong to the Port of Los Angeles (approximately 6,400 nm) with a cruise speed of 25 nm/hr, the round trip time is nearly 21 days and this trip could be made roughly 16 times per year. Back to Citation
 141.
    
                             The values presented in Table VII-3 are provided only to show what the estimated costs would be for a range of vessel types given average characteristics (such as DWT, total main, and total auxiliary power) for both SSD and MSD engine types. Not all vessels will require all of these technologies; for example, it is estimated that only 30 percent of MSD will get common-rail fuel injection systems for Tier II. Back to Citation
 142.
    
                             The $/ton numbers presented here vary from those presented in the ECA proposal due to the net present value of the annualized reductions being applied from 2015-2020, and the use of metric tonnes rather than of short tons. Back to Citation
 143.
    
                             The costs totals reported in this NPRM are slightly different than those reported in the ECA proposal. This is because the ECA proposal did not include costs associated with the Annex VI existing engine program, Tier II, or the costs associated with existing vessel modifications that may be required to accommodate the use of lower sulfur fuel. Further, the cost totals presented in the ECA package included Canadian cost estimates. Back to Citation
 144.
    
                             Stopford describes these markets as competitive. See Stopford, Martin. Maritime Economics, 3rd Edition (Routledge, 2009), Chapter 4. Back to Citation
 145.
    
                             Tirole, Jean. The Theory of Industrial Organization (1989). MIT Press. See pages 223-224. Back to Citation
 146.
    
                             Harrould-Koleib, Ellycia. Shipping Impacts on Climate: A Source with Solutions. Oceana, July 2008. A copy of this report can be found at 
                            *http://www.oceana.org/​fileadmin/​oceana/​uploads/​Climate_​Change/​Oceana_​Shipping_​Report.pdf* Back to Citation
 147.
    
                             Stopford, Martin. 
                            *Maritime Economics, 3rd Edition.*
                             Routledge, 2009. p. 163. Back to Citation
 148.
    
                             The MARPOL amendments include Tier II and Tier III NOX
                             standards that apply to all vessels, including foreign vessels. While the analysis does not include hardware costs for the MARPOL Tier II and Tier III standards for foreign vessels because foreign vessels operate anywhere in the world, it is appropriate to include the operating costs for these foreign vessels while they are operating in our inventory modeling domain. This is because foreign vessels complying with the Tier II and Tier III standards will have a direct beneficial impact on U.S. air quality, and if we consider the benefits of these standards we should also consider their costs. Back to Citation
 149.
    
                             Stopford, Martin, 
                            *Maritime Economics,*
                             3rd Edition. Routledge, 2009. Page 519. Back to Citation
 150.
    
                             The costs totals reported in this NPRM are slightly different than those reported in the ECA proposal. This is because the ECA proposal did not include costs associated with the Annex VI existing engine program, Tier II, or the costs associated with existing vessel modifications that may be required to accommodate the use of lower sulfur fuel. Further, the cost totals presented in the ECA package included Canadian cost estimates. Back to Citation
 151.
    
                             Census Bureau's Foreign Trade Division, 
                            *U.S. Waterborne Foreign Trade by U.S. Custom Districts,*
                             as reported by the Maritime Administration at 
                            
                            *http://www.marad.dot.gov/​library_​landing_​page/​data_​and_​statistics/​Data_​and_​Statistics.htm,*
                             accessed April 9, 2009. Back to Citation
 152.
    
                             U.S. Census Bureau, Industry Statistics Sampler, NAICS 48311, Deep sea, coastal, and Great Lakes transportation, at 
                            *http://www.census.gov/​econ/​census02/​data/​industry/​E48311.HTM,*
                             assessed on April 9, 2009. Back to Citation
 153.
    
                             Pope, C.A., III, R.T. Burnett, M.J. Thun, E.E. Calle, D. Krewski, K. Ito, and G.D. Thurston. (2002). Lung Cancer, Cardiopulmonary Mortality, and Long-term Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution. 
                            *Journal of the American Medical Association,*
                             287, 1132-1141. Back to Citation
 154.
    
                             Bell, M.L., 
                            *et al.*
                             (2004). Ozone and short-term mortality in 95 US urban communities, 1987-2000. 
                            *Journal of the American Medical Association, 292(19),*
                             2372-2378. Back to Citation
 155.
    
                             Laden, F., J. Schwartz, F.E. Speizer, and D.W. Dockery. (2006). Reduction in Fine Particulate Air Pollution and Mortality. 
                            *American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 173,*
                             667-672. Back to Citation
 156.
    
                             Levy, J.I., S.M. Chemerynski, and J.A. Sarnat. (2005). Ozone exposure and mortality: an empiric bayes metaregression analysis. 
                            *Epidemiology. 16(4),*
                             458-68. Back to Citation
 157.
    
                             U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2006). 
                            *Final Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) for the Proposed National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter.*
                             Prepared by: Office of Air and Radiation. Retrieved March, 26, 2009 at 
                            *http: //www.epa.gov/​ttn/​ecas/​ria.html*. Back to Citation
 158.
    
                             U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2008). 
                            *Final Ozone NAAQS Regulatory Impact Analysis.*
                             Prepared by: Office of Air and Radiation, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Retrieved March, 26, 2009 at 
                            *http://www.epa.gov/​ttn/​ecas/​ria.html*. Back to Citation
 159.
    
                             Information on BenMAP, including downloads of the software, can be found at 
                            *http://www.epa.gov/​ttn/​ecas/​benmodels.html.* Back to Citation
 160.
    
                             Mrozek, J.R., and L.O. Taylor. (2002). What Determines the Value of Life? A Meta-Analysis. 
                            *Journal of Policy Analysis and Management*
                             21(2):253-270. Back to Citation
 161.
    
                             Viscusi, V.K., and J.E. Aldy. (2003). The Value of a Statistical Life: A Critical Review of Market Estimates Throughout the World. 
                            *Journal of Risk and Uncertainty*
                             27(1):5-76. Back to Citation
 162.
    
                             In this analysis, we adjust the VSL to account for a different currency year (2006$) and to account for income growth to 2020 and 2030. After applying these adjustments to the $5.5 million value, the VSL is $7.7m in 2020 and $7.9 in 2030. Back to Citation
 163.
    
                             Kochi, I., B. Hubbell, and R. Kramer. 2006. An Empirical Bayes Approach to Combining Estimates of the Value of Statistical Life for Environmental Policy Analysis. Environmental and Resource Economics. 34: 385-406. Back to Citation
 164.
    
                             U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 2007. SAB Advisory on EPA's Issues in Valuing Mortality Risk Reduction.
                            *http://yosemite.epa.gov/​sab/​sabproduct.nsf/​4128007E7876B8F0852573760058A978/​$File/​sab-08-001.pdf*. Back to Citation
 165.
    
                             In the (draft) update of the Economic Guidelines, EPA retained the VSL endorsed by the SAB with the understanding that further updates to the mortality risk valuation guidance would be forthcoming in the near future. Therefore, this report does not represent final agency policy. The 2000 guidelines can be downloaded here:
                            *http://yosemite.epa.gov/​ee/​epa/​eed.nsf/​webpages/​Guidelines.html,*
                             and the draft updated version (2008) of the guidelines can be downloaded here: 
                            *http://yosemite.epa.gov/​ee/​epa/​eerm.nsf/​vwRepNumLookup/​EE-0516?​OpenDocument*. Back to Citation
 166.
    
                             In this analysis, we adjust the VSL to account for a different currency year (2006$) and to account for income growth to 2020 and 2030. After applying these adjustments to the $6.3 million value, the VSL is $8.9m in 2020 and $9.1m in 2030. Back to Citation
 167.
    
                             U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2009). 
                            *Regulatory Impact Analysis: National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from the Portland Cement Manufacturing Industry.*
                             Office of Air and Radiation. Retrieved on May 4, 2009, from 
                            *http://www.epa.gov/​ttn/​ecas/​regdata/​RIAs/​portlandcementria_​4-20-09.pdf* Back to Citation
 168.
    
                             U.S. Environmental Protection Agency—Science Advisory Board (U.S. EPA-SAB). 2009. Review of EPA's Integrated Science Assessment for Particulate Matter (First External Review Draft, December 2008). EPA-COUNCIL-09-008. May. Available on the Internet at 
                            *http://yosemite.epa.gov/​sab/​SABPRODUCT.NSF/​81e39f4c09954fcb85256ead006be86e/​73ACCA834AB44A10852575BD0064346B/​$File/​EPA-CASAC-09-008-unsigned.pdf.* 169.
    
                             U.S. Environmental Protection Agency—Science Advisory Board (U.S. EPA-SAB). 2009b. Consultation on EPA's Particulate Matter National Ambient Air Quality Standards: Scope and Methods Plan for Health Risk and Exposure Assessment. EPA-COUNCIL-09-009. May. Available on the Internet at 
                            *http://yosemite.epa.gov/​sab/​SABPRODUCT.NSF/​81e39f4c09954fcb85256ead006be86e/​723FE644C5D758DF852575BD00763A32/​$File/​EPA-CASAC-09-009-unsigned.pdf.* Back to Citation
 170.
    
                             Readers interested in commenting on the use of the no-threshold model for benefits analysis should direct their comments to Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2002-0051 (available at 
                            *http://www.regulations.gov*) before the comment period closes. Back to Citation
 171.
    
                             Roman, Henry A., Walker, Katherine D., Walsh, Tyra L., Conner, Lisa, Richmond, Harvey M., Hubbell, Bryan J., and Kinney, Patrick L. (2008). Expert Judgment Assessment of the Mortality Impact of Changes in Ambient Fine Particulate Matter in the U.S. Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 7, 2268—2274. Back to Citation
 172.
    
                             Bell, M.L., 
                            *et al.*
                             (2004). Ozone and short-term mortality in 95 US urban communities, 1987-2000. Jama, 2004. 292(19): p. 2372-8. 173.
    
                             Huang, Y.; Dominici, F.; Bell, M. L. (2005) Bayesian hierarchical distributed lag models for summer ozone exposure and cardio-respiratory mortality. Environmetrics 16: 547-562. 174.
    
                             Schwartz, J. (2005) How sensitive is the association between ozone and daily deaths to control for temperature? Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 171: 627-631. Back to Citation
 175.
    
                             U.S. EPA (2007) Review of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone, Policy Assessment of Scientific and Technical Information. OAQPS Staff Paper.EPA-452/R-07-003. This document is available in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0190. Retrieved on April 10, 2009, from 
                            *http:www.epa.gov/​ttn/​naaqs/​standards/​ozone/​s_​o3_​cr_​sp.html* Back to Citation
 176.
    
                             CASAC (2007). Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee's (CASAC) Review of the Agency's Final Ozone Staff Paper. EPA-CASAC-07-002. March 26. Back to Citation
 177.
    
                             Bell, M.L., F. Dominici, and J.M. Samet. (2005). A meta-analysis of time-series studies of ozone and mortality with comparison to the national morbidity, mortality, and air pollution study. 
                            *Epidemiology,*
                             16(4): p. 436-45. 178.
    
                             Ito, K., S.F. De Leon, and M. Lippmann. (2005). Associations between ozone and daily mortality: analysis and meta-analysis. 
                            *Epidemiology.*
                             16(4): p. 446-57. 179.
    
                             Levy, J.I., S.M. Chemerynski, and J.A. Sarnat. (2005). Ozone exposure and mortality: an empiric bayes metaregression analysis. 
                            *Epidemiology.*
                             16(4): p. 458-68. Back to Citation
 180.
    
                             National Research Council (NRC), 2008. Estimating Mortality Risk Reduction and Economic Benefits from Controlling Ozone Air Pollution. The National Academies Press: Washington, DC. Back to Citation
 181.
    
                             Woodruff, T.J., J. Grillo, and K.C. Schoendorf. 1997. “The Relationship Between Selected Causes of Postneonatal Infant Mortality and Particulate Air Pollution in the United States.” 
                            *Environmental Health Perspectives*
                             105(6):608-612. Back to Citation
 182.
    
                             National Research Council (NRC), 2008. Estimating Mortality Risk Reduction and Economic 
                            
                            Benefits from Controlling Ozone Air Pollution. The National Academies Press: Washington, DC. Back to Citation
 183.
    
                             National Research Council (NRC). 2002. Estimating the Public Health Benefits of Proposed Air Pollution Regulations. The National Academies Press: Washington, DC. 184.
    
                             U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. October 2006. 
                            *Final Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) for the Proposed National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter.*
                             Prepared by: Office of Air and Radiation. 
                            *Available at  http://www.epa.gov/​ttn/​ecas/​ria.html*. Back to Citation
 185.
    
                             Clean Ports USA (see 
                            *http://www.epa.gov/​cleandiesel/​ports*
                             for further information). Back to Citation
 186.
    
                             See MEPC 59/4/3 (9 April 2009), Response to IMO Secretariat's invitation to ISO to make recommendations regarding fuel characteristics and parameters addressing air quality, ship safety, engine performance and crew health, Submitted by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Back to Citation
 187.
    
                             ICF International. December 1, 2008. Estimation of diesel particulate matter concentration isopleths near selected harbor areas with revised emissions (revised). Memorandum to EPA under Work Assignment Number 1-9, Contract Number EP-C-06-094. This memo is available in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-0121. 188.
    
                             ICF International. December 10, 2008. Estimation of diesel particulate matter population exposure near selected harbor areas with revised harbor emissions (revised). Memorandum to EPA under Work Assignment Number 2-9, Contract Number EP-C-06-094. This memo is available in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-0121. Back to Citation
 189.
    
                             The emissions inventories used as inputs for the analyses are not official estimates and likely underestimate overall emissions because they are not inclusive of all emission sources at the individual ports in the sample. 190.
    
                             The Agency selected a representative sample from the top 150 U.S. ports including coastal, inland and Great Lake ports. Back to Citation


[FR Doc. E9-19187 Filed 8-27-09; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 6560-50-P