Approved Code No. 180 Registry No. 504-1-04 

NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION 

CODE OF FAIR COMPETITION 

FOR THE 

PHOTO-ENGRAVING INDUSTRY 

u. 

AS APPROVED ON DECEMBER 23, 1933 

BY 

PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT · 

WE DO OUR PART 

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2. Letter of Transmittal 

3. Code 

UNITED STATES 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

WASHINGTON: 1933 

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. - - - - - - - - Price 5 cents 
This publication is for sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Government 

Printing Office, Washington, D.C., and by district offices of the Bureau ot 

Foreign and Domestic Commerce. 

DISTRICT OFFICES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

Atlanta, Ga. : 504 Post Office Building. 

Birmingham, Ala. : 257 Federal Building. 

Boston, Mass. : 1801 Customhouse. 

Buffalo, N.Y.: Chamber of Commerce Building. 

Charleston, S.C.: Chamber of Commerce Building. 

Chicago, Ill.: Suite 1706, 201 North Wells Street. 

Clevelanu, Ohio: Chamber of Commerce. 

Dallas, Tex. : Chamber of Commerce Building. 

Detroit, Mich.: 2213 First National Bank Building. 

Houston, Tex.: Chamber of Commerce Building. 

Indianapolis, Ind.: Chamber of Commerce Building. 

Jacksonville, Fla.: Chamber of Commerce Building. 

Kansas City, Mo.: 1028 Baltimore Avenue. 

Los Angeles, Calif.: 1163 South Bl'oadwny. 

Louisville, Ky.: 408 Federal Building. 

Memphis, Tenn. : 2:!9 Federal Building. 

Minneapolis, Minn.: 213 Federal Building. 

New Orleans, La.: Room 225-A, Customhouse. 

New York, N.Y.: 734 Customhouse. Norfolk, Va.: 406 East Plume Street. 

Philadelphia, Pa.: 933 Commercial Trust Building. 

Pittslmrgh, Pa.: Chamber of Commerce Building. 

Portland, Oreg.: 215 New Post Office Building. 

St. Louis, Mo.: 506 Olive Street. 

S~n Francisco, Calif. : 310 Customhouse. 

Seattle, Wash.: 809 Federal Building. 
Approved Code No. 180 

CODE OF FAIR COMPETITION 

FOR THE 

PHOTO-ENGRAVING INDUSTRY 

As Approved on December 23, 1933 

BY 

PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT 

-

Executi ve Order 

An application having been duly made, pursuant to and in full 

compliance with the provisions of Title I of the National Industrial 

Recovery Act, approved June 16, 1933, for my approval of a Code 

of Fair Competition for the Photo-Engraving Industry, and hearings having been held thereon and the Administrator having rendered his report containing an analysis of the said Code of Fair Competition, together with his recommen lations and findings with respect 

thereto, and the Administrator having found that the said Code of 

Fair Competition complies in all respects with the pertinent provisions of Title I of said Act, and that the requirements of clauses ( 1) 

and (2) of subsection (a) of Section 3 of the said Act have been met: 

NOW, THEREFORE, I , Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the 

United States, pursuant to the authority vested in me by Title I of 

the National Industrial Recovery Act, approved June 16, 1933, and 

otherwise, do hereby adopt and a pp rove the report, recommendations 

and findings of the Administrator and do order that the said Code 

of Fair Competition be and it is hereby approved, subj ect to the 

following conditions : 

1. That the maximum hours of work specified in Article III of 

the Code and/or any other provisions of the Code relating to hours 

of work, shall not be construed as a minimum work day or work 

week; 

PROVIDED, that if at any time in any locality, employees engaged in any trade or craft, through their chosen representatives, 

express by written request to their employer or employers, a desire 

to share available work with bona fide resident competent mechanics 

in their particular trade or craft, the number of hours may be 

adjusted by mutual agreement; 

29045°-296-104-33 (429) 
430 

PROVIDED, further, that if local agreement proves impossible 

within fifteen ( 15) days after such request, the question may be 

appealed by either party, to a local Board set up by mutual agreement of the parties, or to the Labor Board established in Article 

VIII of the Code. 

2. That my approval of the Code as a separate Code is limited to 

a period of three (3) months from the effective date thereof, and the 

Administrator is hereby authorized, after such public notice and 

hearing as he may prescribe, to require the Photo-Engraving Industry to operate under the Code of Fair Competition for the Graphic 

Arts Industries. 

PROVIDED, however, that if the Administrator so orders, no 

changes in any provisions of the Code of Fair Competition for the 

Photo-Engraving Industry other than appropriate modifications of 

the definitions and of the Administrative provisions of said Code, are 

authorized by this Order of Approval. 

Approval recommended: 

HuoH S. JoHNSONt 

Administrator 

THE WHITE HousE, 

December 23, 1933. 

FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT. 
DECEMBER 22, 1933. 

The PRESIDENT, 

The White House. 

Sm : During the week of September 18, hearings were held on 

codes that had been presented for various branches of the Graphic 

Arts Industries. It was the suggestion of the Administration that 

all the Graphic Arts be brought under one basic code, with the autonomous administration to which they could lay proper claim. 

The photo-engraving branch of the industry is essentially a service 

branch, selling its product to commercial printers. It was reluctant 

to enter into any arrangement whereby its customers would have a 

measure of control over the conduct of its business. For reasons 

which are outlined in the Report which has been made to me by 

Deputy Administrator Lindsay Rogers, I have deemed it desirable to 

present for your approval a separate code for this branch of the industry. I recommend, however, that your Executive Order make 

two conditions of approval of the Code, which will be more specifically referred to later. 

EXTENT OF THE INDUSTRY 

In the year 1931, according to the Census of ~1anufacturers, there 

were 617 trade photo-engraving establishments employing an average 

of 10,095 wage earners at an aver_1ge annual wage of approximately 

$2,500. The total value of production during this year was in excess 

of $56,000,000. The employees of all branches of the Graphic Arts 

Industries are highly skilled and of all these groups the skill required 

of the Photo-Engraving journeyman is certainly not the least. Recognition of this condition is implied in the fact that the annual wage 

above mentioned compared with an average for commercial printers 

in 1931 of only $1,585. 

It has not been possible to separate unemployment in photoengraving separate from unemployment in commercial printing as 

a whole. During the month of August 1933, after the general adoption of the President's Reemployment Agreement, the seasonally 

adjusted index of employment in the Book and Job branch of the 

Graphic Arts was 67.6 (based on 100 for 1929) which indicated a 

reduction in the number of fully employed wage earners of approximately one third (1/3 ) from the 1929 level. There is no reason for 

inferring that photo-engraving presents an exception to this condition. Figures presented at the public hearing by union representatives of the International Photo-Engravers Union, which embraces more than 90 percent of the photo-engravers workers in this 

country, conclusively showed that unemployment in this branch of 

the industry was if anything worse than in the graphic arts as a 

whole. In the month of June, 1933, 3,143 photo-engraving journeymen, representing 36.9 percent of union membership, were totally 

(431) 
432 

unemployed, and 3,529, representing 41.4 percent of union membership, had only part-time employment. 

HOURS AND WAGES 

The Code in its present form provides a 40-hour week as a maximum for productive employees. There are few establishments at 

present operating over this limitation. The application of codal 

provisions cannot, therefore, be expected to reduce unemployment 

to any appreciable extent. It is to be hoped, therefore, that voluntary work-sharing programs will be instituted, and continued where 

now prevalent, to take up the slack and to ameliorate to some extent 

the conditions now prevailing among this highly skilled group of 

workers. 

A basic minimum wage rate of $1.00 per hour for journeymen 

photo-engravers working during the day and of $1.10 for night 

work is specified in this Code. This represents substantial agreement between the industry and the representative of organized labor. 

The provisions for nonproductive employees conform essentially to 

those adopted in codes previously approved. 

TRADE PRACTICES 

The prov1s10ns regulating trade practices appear to be intelligently designed to promote fair competition in this industry and 

involve no unsound economic policies. 

ANALYSIS OF CODE 

The Code as recommended may be summarized as follows: 

Article I states the purposes of the Code. 

Article II sets forth various definitions. 

Article III provides a standard work week of 40 hours with 

certain exceptions. 

Article IV sets minimum wage scales. 

Article V prohibits the employment of persons under 16 years 

of age in this industry, embodies the mandatory provisions of Section 7 (a) of the National Industrial Recovery Act, and contains 

other provisions relating to general labor conditions. 

Article VI establishes a standard basis of cost accounting. 

Article VII constitutes a Code Authority and gives it certain 

powers. 

Article VIII estiblashes a joint Labor Board to consider and pass 

upon any alleged violations, disputes, or nonobservance of the Labor 

Provision of this Code. 

Article IX regulates trade practi es. 

Arti le X provides for the modifi ation of this Code in accordanc with the provi ions of subsection (b) of tion 10 of the 

ational Industrial Recov ry Act. 

Articl XI pe ·ifi that no provi ion in thi C de hall be o 

appli d a t permit mon poli or monopoli li pra ti ; and 

Article XII fix s the eff ti ve date of th Code. 
433 

CONDITIONS OF APPROVAL 

I recommend that your Executive Order specify that the normal 

work week of forty hours is not to be construed as a minimum; suggest to the Industry the desirability of reducing the work week below 

forty hours when this can be done by agreement between representatives of the employers and representatives of the employees; and 

empower the Labor Board, which the Code sets up, to act as an 

agency in using its good offices to effect proper adju tments below 

the maximum of forty hours per week. 

The desire of the Graphic Arts Industries to have the basic code 

cover Photo-Engraving has already been referred to. The present 

code does not cover privately owned photo-engraving establishments 

(that is, operated in connection with commercial printing establishments and not making photo-engravings for sale) . Such privately 

owned establishments are covered under the Graphic Arts Code. 

Conflicts of jurisdiction are bound to arise. 

Under these circumstances, I recomn1end that your Executive 

Order approving this code make, as a condition of approval, the 

stipulation that the separateness of the code for the industry will 

be reconsidered at the expiration of a three months' period. When 

this period elapses the Code will be continued as a separate code 

or its provisions will be incorporated unchanged in the Graphic Arts 

basic code. The industry agrees to this condition of approval. I 

am making the same recommendation in respect of the separate code 

for Electrotyping and Stereotyping and in respect of the Graphic 

Arts Code, since it may turn out that certain industries and groups 

are improperly under this Code. 

FINDINGS 

The Administrator finds that : 

(a) The Code complies in all respects with the pertinent provi- sions of Title I of the National Industrial Recovery Act, including 

without limitation subsection (a) of Section 7 and subsection (b) of 

Section 10 thereof; and 

(b) The American Photo-Engravers Association imposes no inequitable restrictions upon the membership therein and is truly representative of the Photo-Engraving Industry; and 

( c) The Code is not designed to promote monopolies or to eliminate or oppress small enterprises and will not operate to discriminate against them, and will tend to effectuate the policies of Title I 

of the National Industrial Recovery Act. 

I recommend that the Code be approved. 

Respectfully, 

HUGH s. J OHNSON, 

Administrator. 
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CODE OF FAIR COMPETITION 

FOR THE 

PHOTO-ENGRAVING INDUSTRY 

ARTICLE I-PURPOSES 

To effect the policies of Title I of the National Industrial Recovery 

Act this Code 1s established as a Code of Fair Competition for the 

Photo-Engraving Industry, and its provisions shall be the standards 

of fair competition for such industry and shall be binding upon every 

member thereof. 

ARTICLE II-DEFINITIONS 

The term "photo-engraving industry" as used herein includes all 

plants engaged in the production or partial production of photoengraved plates for sale or for the use and benefit of others than 

the person, firm, or corporation that produces such plates, and all 

persons, firms, or corporations that purchase ph_oto-engraved plates 

for purposes of resale. 

The term "member of the industry" includes, but without limitation, any individual, partnership, associationhcorporation, or other 

form of enterprise engaged in the industry, eit er as an employer or 

on his or its own behalf. 

The term "employee" as used herein includes any and all persons engaged in the industry, however compensated, except a n1ember 

of the industry. 

The terms "Act" and "Administrator" as used herein means respectively Title I of the National Industrial Recovery Act, and the 

Administrator for Industrial Recovery. 

Population for the purposes of this Code shall be determined by 

reference to the latest Federal Census. 

ARTICLE III-HouRs 

1. No employee, or member of the industry, engaged in the production of photo-engravings shall be permitted to work in excess of 

forty ( 40) hours in any one week, or eight (8) hours in any twentyfour (24) hour period, except as hereinafter provided. The total 

number of hours worked in any twenty-four (24) hour period shall 

be continuous except for lunch periods of not less than thirty 

minutes and not more than one hour. 

2. When necessary, overtime shall be permitted, but no per on 

shall work more than a total of 520 hours in any consecutive 13 

weeks; proYided, that when, due to the special character of the work, 

or when suitable help is unavailable, overtime shall be permitted in 

(435) 
436 

excess of the maximum hours herein provided. Overtime shall consist of all work performed in excess of the current daily schedule of 

working hours, and maximum weekly hours and shall be paid for at 

not less than time and one half of the employee's regular rate; for 

work on Sundays and customarily observed holidays, at not less than 

double time. 

3. No employer shall knowingly permit any employee to work for 

any time which, when totaled with that already performed with 

another employer or employers in this industry, exceeds the maximum 

]Jermitted herein. 4. The provisions of this article shall not apply to outside salesmen and persons employed in a managerial or executive capacity, 

who receive more than $35.00 per week, excepting those engaged in 

the production of photo-engraving; or to emergency maintenance 

and repair men, janitors, drivers, and delivery men, provided that 

such employees shall not be permitted to work in excess of 44 hours 

per week. 

ARTICLE IV-WAGES 

1. No journeyman of five (5) years or more experience, and no 

worker of more than three (3) years experience who regularly 

performs journeymen's duties, shall be paid at less than the rate of 

$1.00 per hour for hours worked between 8 A.M. and 6 P .M.; nor 

shall any such employee be paid less than $1.10 per hour for work 

performed regularly between the hours of 6 P.M. and 8 A.M. In 

no instance shall the foregoing be applied in a manner to reduce the 

present hourly rate paid to any employee. It is specifically understood that the foregoing provision is intended to establish only 

minimum and not maximum wage requirements. 

2. The ratio of apprentices shall be not more than one apprentice 

to three journeymen regularly employed, provided that this provision shall not apply to apprentices employed on December 1, 1933. 

The minimum wages for apprentices shall be based upon length of 

experience as follows : First year, 30¢ per hour; second year, 40¢ 

per hour ; third year, 50¢ per hour ; fourth year, 65¢ per hour ; fifth 

year, 80¢ per hour. All apprentices employed by employers in this 

Industry shall be registered with the Code Authority. 

3. Employees not covered by Sections 1 and 2 of this article shall 

be paid at not less than the following rates : $15.00 per week in any· 

city of over 500,000 population, or in the immediate trade area of 

such city; $14.50 per week in any city of between 250,000 and 500,000 

population, or in the immediate trade area of such city; $14.00 per 

week in any city of between 2,500 and 250,000 population, or in the 

immediate trade area of such city; $12.00 per -week in towns of less 

than 2,500 population. No errand or messen o-er boy shall be paid 

less than 80% of the minimum wages specified in this section for 

the applicable area. 

ARTICLE V-GENER.AL LABOR CONDITIONS 

1. o per. on under sixt en years of age shall be employed in th 

indu try. No person under eighte n y ar of age shall be employ d 

at op rations or occupations which are hazardous in nature or dangerous to health.. 
437 

2. In compliance with Section 7 ( a) of the Act it is provided: 

(a) That employees shall have the right to organize and bargain 

collectively through representatives of their own choosing, and shall 

be free from. the interference, restraint, or coercion of employers 0£ 

labor, or their agents, in the designation of such representatives or in 

self-organization or in other concerted activities for the purpose of 

collective bargaining or other mutual aid or protection ; 

(b) That no employee and no one seeking employment shall be 

required as a condition of employment to join any company unjon 

or to refrain from joining, organizing, or assisting a labor organization of his own choosing ; and 

( c) That employers shall comply with the maximum hours of 

labor, minimun1 rates of pay, and other conditions of employment 

approved or prescrjbed by the President. 

3. No employer shall reclassify employees or duties of occupations 

performed or engaged in any other subterfuge for the purpose of defeating the purposes or provisions of the Act or of this Code. 

4. No provision in this Code shall supersede any State or Federal 

law which imposes on employers more stringent requirements as to 

age of ei;nployees, wages, hours of work, or as to afety, health, sanitary, or general working conditions, or insurance, or fire protection, 

than are imposed by this Code. 

5. Nothing in this Code shall be construed or applied to supersede 

or interfere with existing agreements arrived at by bona fide collective bargaining, unless the same are revised by mutual consent of 

thE contracting parties. 

6. Every employer shall make reasonable provision for the safety 

and health of his employees at the place and during the hours of 

their employment. 

7. Standards for safety and health shall be submitted by the Code 

Authority to the Administrator for approval within sixty days after 

the effective date of this Code. 

8. A placard containing all the provisions of this Code relating 

to hours, wages, and employment shaII be posted in a prominent 

place in the workroom of each establishment operating under this 

Code. 

ARTICLE VI-COSTS 

1. The basis of estimating and pricing in the photo-engraving 

industry shall be the Standard Scale for Photo-Engravings, Form 

H, and the Standard Scale for Color Process Plates, Form G, which 

scales were in effect August 1, 1932, and prior thereto; or such 

revisions thereof as may from time to time be approved by the Code 

Authority and the Administrator. 

2. The principle of pricing shall be one price to all customers 

for like services and like conditions of production and costs. 

3. Every photo-engraving establishment shall maintain the Standard Cost Finding System and Standard Accounting System approved by the American Photo-Engravers Association and by the 

Administrator; or systems con1parable therewith when approved by 

the Code Authority and the Administrator. 
438 

4. Selling below the cost of production shall be a violation of this 

Code, provided that the pr·oducer may sell below his own cost to 

meet competition by a producer who does not violate the Code. 

5. The term "cost of production" as used in this Code shall include all expenses of manufacturing, distribution, administration 

and financing incident to the conduct of business, ascertained in 

accordance with the Accounting and Cost Finding Systems provided in Section 3 of this article, and the wages, salaries of proprie- tors, partners, and stockholders shall be the wages and salaries paid 

for like services and under like conditions, but in no case less than 

the standards provided in this Code. 

ARTICLE VII-ADMINISTRATION 

1. There shall forthwith be constituted a Code Authority consist- ing of five ( 5) persons, to be selected in the following manner: four 

members shall be selected by the Executive Committee of the American Photo-Engravers' Association; one member shall be selected by 

the Executive Committee of the Employing Photo-Engravers' Association of America. 

2. In addition to membership as above provided, there · may be 

three (3) members, without vote, to be appointed by the Adminis- trator to serve without expense to the Industry. 

3. Each trade association, directly or indirectly, participating in 

the selection or activities of the Code Authority shall (1) impose no 

inequitable restrictions on membership, and (2) submit to the Administrator true copies of its articles of association, bylaws, regulations, 

and any amendments when made thereto, together with such other 

information as to membership, organization, and activities as the 

Administrator may deem necessary to effectuate the purposes of 

the Act. 

4. In order that the Code Authority shall at all times be truly 

representative of the industry and in other respects comply with the 

provisions of the Act, the Administrator may prescribe such hearings 

as he may deem proper; and thereafter if he shall find that the Code 

Authority is not truly representative or does not in other respects 

comply with the provisions of the Act, may require an appropriate 

modificati.011 in the method of selection of the Code Authority. 

5. Members of the industry shall be entitled to participate in and 

share the benefits of the activities of the Code Authority and to participate in the selection of the members thereof by assenting to and 

complying with the requirements of this Code and sustaining their 

reasonable share of the expenses of its administration. Such reasonable share of the expenses of administration shall be determined by 

the Code Authority, subject to review by the Administrator, on the 

basis of volume of business and/or such other factors as may be 

deemed equitable. 

6. Nothing contained in this Code shall constitute the members of 

the Code Authority partners for any purpose. Nor shall any member of the Code Authority be liable in any manner to anyone for any 

act of any other member, officer, agent, or employ e of the Code 

Authority. Nor shall any member of the Code Authority, exercising reasonable diligence in the conduct of his duties hereunder, be 
439 

liable to anyone fo·r any action or omission to act under this Code, except for his own willful mi. fea ·ance or nonfeasance. 

7. The Code Authority shall have the following further powers 

and duties, the exercise of which shall be reported to the Adminis- trator and shall be subject to his right, on review, to disapprove any 

action taken by the Code Authority. 

(a) To insure the execution of the provisions of this Code and 

provide for the compliance of the industry with the provisions of 

the ct. . (b) To adopt bylaws and rules and regulations for its procedure 

and for the administration and enforcement of the Code. 

( c) To obtain from members of the industry such information 

and reports as are required for the administration of the Code and 

to provide for submission by members of such information and reports as the Administrator may deem necessary for the purposes 

recited in Section 3 (a) of the Act, which information and reports 

shall be submitted by members to such administrative and/or government agencies as the Administrator may designate; provided that · 

nothing in this Code shall relieve any member of the industry of 

any existing obligations to furnish re:ports to any government 

agency. No individual reports shall be chsclosed to any other member of the industry or any other party except to such governmental 

agencies as may be directed by the Administrator. 

( d) To use such trade associations and other agencies as it deems 

proper for the carrying out of any of its activities provided for 

herein, provided that nothing herein shall relieve the Code Authority 

of its duties or responsibilities under this Code and that such trade 

associations and agencies shall at all times be subject to and comply 

with the provisions hereof. 

( e) To make recommendations to the Administrator for the coordination of the administration of this Code with such other codes, 

if any, as may be related to the industry. 

(f) To secure from members of the industry an equitable and 

proportionate payment of the reasonable expenses of maintaining 

the Code Authority and its activities. 

(g) To recommend to the Administrator further fair trade practice provisions to govern members of the industry in their relations 

with each other or with other industries and to recommend to the 

Administrator measures for industrial planning, including stabilization of employment. 

(h) In the absence of cost data and pending the compilation o:f 

such data in all photo-engraving establishments, to prescribe regulations for determining the cost of production in each establishment, 

based upon that establishment's own actual expenses, for the purpose of enforcing Section 4 of Article VI. 

(i) To designate which regional agency, or agencies, shall have 

jurisdiction over complaints involving unfair competition arising 

between members of the industry located in different districts. 

ARTICLE VIII-LABOR BOARD 

A Labor Board to consist of one member selected by the American 

Photo-Engravers' Association, one member selected by the Employ-
440 

ing Photo-Engravers' Association 0£ America, and one member selected by the International Photo-Engravers' Union of North America shall consider and pass upon any alleged violations, disputes, or 

nonobservance of the labor provisions of this Code. All deci.;ions 

of the Labor Board shall, if unanimous, be final. In the event that 

no agreement is reached the matter shall be referred to the appropriate governmental agency. 

ARTICLE IX-TRADE PRACTICE RULES 

1. Estimates made upon work done by another photo-engraving 

concern .for the purpose of a check estimate shall only be furnished 

when the estimator has access to all copies and specification,s involved 

in the original order. 

2. Photo-engravers who secure an order on a competitive-bid basis 

may be required by the Code Authority, upon request of any unsuccessful bidder, to file their specifications and prices with the Code 

· Authority , o that it may determine whether any infraction of this 

Code has been committed. 

3. The granting of cash discounts in excess of 2%, or for payment later than the 15th day of the month following date of invoice, 

shall constitute a violation of this Code. 

4. The secret payment or allowance of rebates, commissions, credits> 

or unearned discounts, whether in the form of money or otherwise, or 

extending to certain purchasers special services or privileges not 

extended to all purchasers under like terms or conditions, shall constitute a violation of this Code. 

5. No member of the industry shall give, permit to be given, or 

directly offer to give, anything of value for the purpose of influencing 

or rewarding the action of any employee, agent, or representative of 

another in relation to the business of the employer of such employee, 

the principal of such agent, or the represented party without the 

lr,nowledge of such employer, principal, or party. Commercial 

bribery provisions shall not be construed to prohibit free and general <hstribution of articles commonly used for advertising, except so 

far as such articles are actually used for commercial bribery as herein 

above defined. 

6. Offers, secret or otherwise, to -furnish photo-engravings or other 

prodrn.ts of the photo-engraving industry free of charge or below 

cost tv influence the sale of other products or services shall constitute 

a violation of this Code. 

7. Offer , secret or otherwise, to furnish other products or services 

free of charge or below cost to influence the sale of photo-engravings 

or other products of the photo-engraving industry shall constitute a 

violation of this Code. 

8. Inducing breach of contracts or a o-reements, e pionage, imitation of trade names, or enticement of employee. for the purpose of 

injuring a comp titor shall constitute a violation of this Code. 

9. No m mb r of th industry shall publi h adv rti ing ( wheth r 

printed, radio, di play, or of any oth r nature), whi h is mi lea ling 

or ina curate in any material particular, n r hall any m mb r, 

in any way mi -repr s nt any goo l (includino-, but without limitation, its u:e, trade mark, grade, quality, quantity, origin, size, sub-
441 

stance, character, nature, finish, material, content, or prep~ration) 

or credit terms, values, policies, services, or the nature or form of the 

business conducted. 

10. No member of the industry shall knowingly withhold from or 

insert in any quotation or invoice any statement that makes it inaccurate in any material particular. 

11. No member of the industry shall attempt to induce the breach 

of an existing contract between a competitor and his employee or 

customer or source of supply; nor shall any such member interfere 

with or obstruct the performance of such contractual duties or 

services, provided that nothing in this section shall be construed as 

preventing any employer from otherwise offering or giving employment to any person in the employ of another; and provided that 

nothing in this section shall prevent any employee from offering 

his services to a competitor, nor preventing any employer fr01n 

employing the employee of another member of the Industry where 

the initiative in such change is taken by the employee. 

12. Willful or malicious defamation of competitors or the disparagement of competitors' products, policies, equipment, or personnel, shall constitute a violation of this Code. 

ARTICLE X-MODIFICATION 

1. This Code and -all the provisions thereof are expressly made 

subject to the right of the President, in accordance with the provisions of subsection (b) of Section 10 of the Act, from time to 

time to cancel or modify any order, approval, license, rule, or regulation issued under said Act. 

2. This Code, except as to provisions required by the Act, may 

be modified on the basis of experience or changes in circumstances, 

such modifications to be based upon application to the Administrator and such notice and hearing as he shall specify, and to become 

effective on approval of the President. 

ARTICLE XI-MONOPOLIES, ETC. 

No provision of this Code shall be so applied as to permit monopolies or monopolistic practices, or to eliminate, oppress, or discriminate 

against small enterprises. 

ARTICLE XII-EFFECTIVE DATE 

This Code shall become effective on the second Monday after its 

approval by the President. 

Approved Code No. 180. 

Registry No. 504-1-04. 

0 
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 

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