: Opses, Neseéa
Key: 1.) Kanal aw ncije Li. hrdvvenctia
(MHz) € tena
1. Channel MLZ) init)
2. Frequency range (MHz) 1 i” ~ 3 1
3. Picture carrier frequency (MHz)
4, Tone carrier frequency (MHz) 35 582 do 590 583,25 833,75
5. do = to . 36 599 do 593 591,25 596.75
37 | 898 do 606 599,25 604,75
38 - 606 do 614 607,25 612,75
39 614 do 622 615,25 620,75
40 622 do 630 622,25 * 628,75
41 630 do 638 631,25 636,75
2 638 do 616 639,25, 644,75
43 646 do 654 647,25 652,75
44 654 do 662 655,25 660,75
43 662 do 670 663,25 668,75
46 670 do 678 671,25 676,75
47 Gib do 686 679,25 634,75
48 626 do 694 687,25 692,75
49 694 do 702 695,25 700,75
50,702 do 710 103,25 108.75
51 710 do 718 711,25 116,75
52 718 do 726 719,25 724,75
53 726 do 734 127,28 732,75
54 734 do 742 735,25 130,75
55 742 do 750 743,25 148,75
36 750 do 758 751,25 156,15
57 758 do 766 959,25 64,75
58 766 do 774 167,25 772,15
59 TA do 782 175,25 780,15
60 782 do 790 783,25 188,75
61 790 do 798 791,25 196,75
62 798 do 806 799,25. 804,75
~ 8 806 do 814 807,25, 812,75
64 814 do 822 815,25 820,75
65 822 do 830 823,25 828,75
66 830 do 838 831,25 836,75
er 838 do 816 839,25 814,75
68 846 do 854 847,25, 852,75
69 854 do 862 855,25. 860,75

Article 12

For basic television transmitters with maximum radiation power (E.R.P.)
of picture transmitters higher than 1 kW in the VHF frequency area, or
10 kW in the UHF frequency area, the separation of radio channels accord-
ing to locations is established by the final document of the European
VHF/UHF radio-diffusion conference held in Stockholm in 1961.

4



Article 61

Protection from foreign voltages, for peak-to-peak values, must, in relation
to the video signal value during full modulation from the black level to the
white level, be at least 40 dB, at the white level as well as the black,
which includes the tone transmitter with an arbitrary frequency modulation
and deviation of 50 kHz.

Article 62

The signal-to-noise ratio, measured in accordance with the video signal value
during full modulation from black level to white level, through the pondera-
tion filter, whose characteristic is given in illustration 11, and with an
instrument whose time integration constant is one second and which measures
the effective values for the frequency area from 10 kHz to 5 MHz, must be
greater than 56 dB, during which time the tone transmitter is modulated with
an arbitrary frequency signal with a deviation of + 50 kHz.

Key:
1. Attenuation 20
2. Illustration 11
a bern
215
uw 4 .
z
#10 7”
<
# 5
v) MHz

Oo 1 2 3 4 5 6
Article 63 2) Slika br. 11

Intermodulation products stemming from the picture carrier, tone carrier
and picture modulation and which fall into the modulation frequency chan-
nel of 5 MHz, with a picture transmitter modulation of 10 to 75 percent,
taking as'a referential amplitude the modulation frequency of 1.5 MHz, must
not exceed the values indicated by the curve in illustration 12.

The combined oscillations falling into the channel must be suppressed in
relationship to the value of the video signal during full modulation (10 to
75 percent) according to the curve in illustration 12, measured in peak
values.

35


Provisions for correcting the linearity must be made in the television trans-
mitter.

Article 53

The differential phase of the color signal with the transmitter modulaiton
in the range of 10 to 87.5 percent pf peak voltage, during which the phase
position of the auxiliary carrier is the reference, may be +3° at the very
most.

Article 54

During modulation with sinusoidal signals with frequencies of up to 5 MHz
and synchronization impulses, with a constant entering amplitude (modulation
from black to white at 1.5 MHz) no sidebands of the higher order may appear
outside the channel, whose amplitude is greater than -20 dB in relation to
the unsuppressed side amplitude of 1.5 MHz.

The amplitude value of the carrier frequency during modulation with fre-
quencies of up to 5 MHz must not change more than 0.5 dB.

Article 55

The amplitude of the side components must stay within the tolerances given
in article 24 of this regulation and inillustration 8.

34 A}
GORNJA | DONJA
At(MHz! GRANIgNA VRIJEDNOST

3) tea) [opathod
=443 | -30 - \Z
“E-y25 | -20 - +74
rasdsqs| +08 ~ [
~975 | «0s ~6 At
7
~Os | +05 “18 Ar
0 +08 -93 iJ a
ats REFERENTNA |, i A
vanegnost /!) iY |
3 3do0563) 9 05 ~t 4 A
i
+5 +95 ~25 ive Ane
7

#540455] 6G 5. _

5+55 |] -20 -

SS
ii
{

y SSRN
fi

echt Le.

l lL

5 “4 3

od

oh
23088 . ’ {sfgeaf

5 ) Slika be. 8

+6
af (MHz)

1.Upper; 2. Lower; 3. Limit value; 4. Referential
value; 5. Illustration 8

31


of the second degree deviation (d2), or 1 percent greater than the third
degree deviation (dg), while with a deviation of + 70 kHz they must not be
more than twice as great as the measured values during a deviation of +50 kHz.

Article 82

The supression of the interfering signal of the television tone transmitter
with a connected net for emphasizing high-tone frequencies, due to parasite
frequency modulation in relation to the useful tone signal of the 1,000 Hz
frequency, which give a + 30 kHz deviation of the carrier signal frequency,
must be greater than 50 dB (unpondered).

Article 83

The noise suppression, with a connected net for emphasizing the high-tone
frequencies, due to the parasite amplitude of the carrier signal in relation
to the useful tone signal with a 1,000 Hz frequency, which gives a frequency
deviation of + 50 kHz, must be greater than 60 dB (pondered).

Article 84

The suppression of the interfering signal with a connected net for emphasizing
the high-tone frequencies, due to the parasite amplitude modulation of the
carrier wave in relation to 100 percent amplitude modulation, must be greater
than 46 dB.

Article 85

The suppression of the synchronized amplitude modulation, with a connected
het for emphasizing the high-tone frequencies during modulation of the car-
rier signal by the useful tone signal with a frequency of 1,000 Hz and a
frequency deviation of the carrier signal of + 30 kHz must, in relation to
100 percent amplitude modulation, be greater than 34 dB.

VI. Technical Characteristics of the Converters

A. Common regulations

Article 86

For television radio diffusion, television converters having a power equal

to or greater than 0.5 W, as well as miniature converters with a power of
less than 0.5 W, may be utilized.

Article 87

The converters may be so manufactured as to give a nominal radiation power

under a load of 50 2, with an allowable noncompatibility degree of s = 1.2.
The converters must not be damaged by a noncompatibility degree of s > 1.2.

40



WORLDWIDE AFFAIRS

BRIEFS

ALGERIAN-SOUTH YEMENI COOPERATION--At the conclusion of the official visit
in Algeria from 10 to 15 May 1978 of Mahmud ‘Abdallah 'Ushaysh, minister
of communications of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, a joint
communique was released in Algiers on Monday [15 May 1978]. In the

course of the meeting which was held in the office of the Ministry of Posts
and Telecommunications, the ministers took cognizance of their complete
identity of viewpoints regarding cooperation between the two countries in
the field of posts and telecommunications, dynamic factors for reinforcing
the bonds between the two countries, of the fraternity existing between the
two peoples, and of mutual aid between the two revolutions. The methods
used for the application of the directives of the top leaders of the two
countries regarding the putting into place of a satellite land communica-
tions station at Aden were drawn up, the Algerian-Yemeni communique notes,
adding that assistance in the postal field was also approved. Furthermore,
Mohamed Zerguini [Algerian Minister of Communications] gave a favorable
answer to the request of his Yemeni opposite number to have cadres and
technicians of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen come and acquire
advanced professional training in Algeria at the Institute of Telecommunica-
tions of Oran and at the Central Training School of Posts and Financial
Services. [Text] [Algiers EL MOUDJAHID in French 16 May 78 p 1] 2662

SPAIN-CUBA LINK--On the 30th of this month the inauguration will take place
in the Cuba-USSR Protocol Salon of two telephone circuits between Cuba and
Spain by means of the agreement established between the Ministry of Communi~
cations’ EMTELCUBA (Cuba Telephone Enterprise) and the National Telephone
Company of Spain. Communications between Cuba and Spain, up to the present,
had taken place by shortwave and the circuits had been operated manually.
The two new direct circuits are characterized by a satellite link through
the Intersputnik system to Poland where they will then be conveyed overland
to Madrid. They are distinguished by being the first international telephone
circuits to operate ina semiautomatic manner in our country. All of this
will be reflected in better service to the user, more rapid connection of
calls, and better quality because it will be via satellite. The equipment
which makes this semiautomatic operation possible was installed with the
technical. cooperation of the National Telephone Company of Spain. [Text]
[Havana GRANMA in Spanish 27 May 78 p 3] (9117

csO: 5500


installation of antennas constitutes the most difficult shipboard problem;
it is frequently this installation which determines the structure of the
transmission ensemble;

in the future individual apparatus will be replaced by computer controlled
systems; more and more digital circuits will take the place of analog
cicuits; and

last, in the more remote [sic] future (about 1980 for warships but undoubtedly
before that for merthant ships) it is probable that information for the most
part will be exchanged by means of satellites.

11,706
cso: 5500 END

68


|
|
iz
[I

Af '
g 2H
y 4k
7 Al 7
y Ba
S mi
. Z 4 |b
yes mi | i f cmmanenncan 2
Al fefg.
f Al Ty bsorbudloont)
y 4 fg | AT(MHz)__[oranicna veIJEONOST Ida) 3)
y q -7 60 |-
4 | 2ry ae nas [uae [2 ~
Bi =28 do -% |=35 |=
Zl re
Z = 025 do +5,25 i
AH 2B ao ona
4 TED dose
a gins O°"
‘ henner “y
7 “60.
*9 -8-7.-6 54-3 -2 4 : #12 4B 4h 45166 07 4B 6 010 oll 012 13 ols od
. . Is f, o— 4 f{MHz)—»
l.) Opseg frekvencija IV i V. .
SBlika br. 16
Key:
1. Upper

2. Lower

3. Limit value

4. Frequency ranges IV and V
5. Illustration 16

The working of the thermostat must be indicated when active.

Article 128

A measuring place for measuirng the level of the exiting signal must be
provided on the television converter. A measuring attachment loaded with
a resistor of 50Qmust give the following voltages: .

1. TV converter with an exit power of up to 10 W

0.1-0.2 V
2. TV converter with an exit power of up to 10 W0.1-1.5 V.

0.
1

The amplitude frequency characteristics deviation may not, in the measuring
attachment, exceed the value of 1 percent per MHz in a working channel.

The high-frequency measuring place has a coaxial attachment SNB, BNC or
4,.1/95.

50



The limit values from paragraph one of this argicle apply to unmodulated
entering signals whose levels are stated in illustration 14.

Article 119

The differential phase of the color signal, during which the phase state of
the auxiliary carrier is the reference, may be at the most 3°, and from
10 to 75 percent of the peak VF voltage with transmitter modulation.

Article 120

The total amplitude-frequency characteristics of the television converters
for frequency ranges I and III must stay within the tolerances outlined in
illustration 15, and for frequency range IV, according to illustration 16.

The tolerances in paragraph one of this article apply to unmodulated enter-
ing signals whose levels are stated in illustration 14.

Article 121

The differences in group delay must not, within the frequency range of fg
to +5 MHz, exceed the value of + 50 ns, in relation to the value present
in the picture carrier.

In the frequency range fg - .75 MHz, an increase of +100 ns is allowed.

Article 112

The limits in articles 120 and 121 of this regulation also apply to all
entering voltages in article 88 of this regulation.

Article 123

The deterioration in the slope of the right angle voltage of 50 Hz must not
be greater than 1 percent in relation to the amplitude jump of 10 to 75 per-
cent.

Article 124

The value of foreign peak-to-peak voltages must be, in relation to the video
signal value under full modulation, from white level to black level, at
least 40 dB.

Article 125
The suppression of the interference signals of the tone carrier due to the
parasite frequency modulation must be > 46 dB in relation to the useful

tone signal of a 1,000 Hz frequency, which gives a 30 kHz frequency devia-
tion of the carrier signal.

48



TELECOM INDUSTRY LACKS SKILLED MANPOWER

SOUTH AFRICA

Johannesburg SUNDAY TIMES in English 18 Jun 78 p 8

[Article by Professor Johan Ribbens of the telecommunications department
of the University of Pretoria in the "Business Times" section: "Labour

Shortage. Retards This Vibrant Industry"]

[Text]

THE ftelecommunica-
tion industry’s in-
volvement with every-
day economic life, its
Strategic importance
and its employment
capacity, endow it with
considerable power
and responsibility.

This industry not only has
a major service component
in the Department of Posts
and Telecommunications
but, through its suppliers,
has strong resentation in
the high Ys illed techno-
logical industry.

The state ‘of telecom-
munications reflects. the
health of the economy as a
whole and also the mental
vigour of the manpower in
this tertiary industry.

The telecommunications
industry can be broken
down into three sectors:
professional telecommuni-
cations, represented by the
Post Office and its suppli-
ers; defence telecommuni-

cations and its suppliers,
and the entertainment sec-
tor. The stability and back-
bone of the industry is sup-
plied by the first two sec-
tors.

Disregarding the initial
TV volume, the industry re-
presents a capital goods

roduction of more than

00-million a year.

However, its progress is
seriously hampered by the
lack ‘of adequately-trained
manpower.

In the past, the Post Of-
fice has taken the lead with
regard to local involvement
and was responsible for set-
ting up assembly plants and
training facilities. With the
decision to use fully-elec-
tronic exchange equipment
in the future, the Post Of-
fice and its suppliers are
confronted with a major
quantum jump in required

54

technological capability and
availability of hehly-sl illed
manpower. :

Where the Post Office, in
the past, has taken its cue
from overseas, the situation
has changed because of the
international situation in
which South Africa finds it-
self.

The defence telecom-
munications sector has
adapted well to the situa-
tion in which it has found
itself in the past 12 years. It
has assimilated the most
advanced technological pro-
cesses and established fa-
cilities to enable it to manu-
facture the most advanced
equipment. And jt also de-
signs and develops some of
its own systems.

The interesting result of
ithe changing environment is
that the different sectors
are moving together with


FRANCE

ARMY WILL HAVE AUTOMATIC COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK BY 1982
Paris ELECTRONIQUE ACTUALITES in French 26 May 78 pp 1, 9
[Article by D. Levy]

[Text] Epinal. With a view to meeting the future needs of the Army for
telephony, telegraphy and data transmission, the RITA (Integrated Automatic
Transmission Network) will equip the first three Army Corps by 1982 and

the other two by 1985. At that time, the RITA will be capable of placing

in operation on the order of 700 Hertzian stations, 100 real-time, electronic
autocommutators, 200 concentrators, 100 radio junction centers and some
1,200 radio integration sets. All of the production contracts for the major
components have been let and the initial hand-assembled orders will be
filled by the end of the year, followed by mass-produced orders next year.
The total RITA program will require the expenditure of 3 billion francs and
is said to involve most of the French telephone industry.

After the Prototypes

After a three-year experimentation period, which will end next July, in the
Epinal 18th Communication Regiment during which the operational value of
the system will have been demonstrated (the 45 different experimental
prototypes have accumulated 4,000 to 6,000 hours of operation), the RITA
will enter the production phase with hand-assembled equipment which will
equip an experimental unit (eight nodal centers) in 1980, then with mass-
produced equipment which will equip the three Army Corps between 1982 and
1985. The mass-produced equipment will be distinguished from the proto-
types by a normal evolution of the state of the art and by improvements in
certain operations.

Out Front
General Craveille, deputy director of Communications, has emphasized that

"France is out front with the RITA," being the first to place a numeric
telecommunications system in operation in the Army.

58



Article 113

The power of the field with an attached reception antenna for the television
converter, which is loaded with a well-armored artificial antenna in rela-
tion to the power of the television converter during normal activity, must
be decreased by: 1) 40 dB on the basic frequency; 2) 50 dB on secondary
frequencies.

Article 114

The interference voltage at the antenna entrance which has been loaded with
a nominal resistance of 50 Qmust not be greater than the following because
of oscillator frequency: 1) 20 uV for frequency ranges I and III; 2) 200 pV
for frequency ranges IV/V.

Article 115

The interference signal, when caused by internal coupling in the converter
with the attached entering signal, may be : 1) 20 UV when the entering
portion is in frequency ranges I and III; 2) 100 WV when the entering portion
is in frequency ranges IV/V.

Article 116

The suppression of the product of crossmodulation or interfrequency inter-
ference products in the frequency area £,--0.75 MHz to +5.75 MHz must be
54 dB for the sideband components between fs-0.75 MHz to f,+5.00 MHz,
during which fg stands for the picture carrier frequency.

The limit values in paragraph 1 of this article apply to entering unmodulated
signals whose levels are specified in illustration 14.

Article 117

A maximum change in the synchronization amplitude of 3 percent in relation
to the synchronization value is allowed at the exit.

[Illustration 14 on next page]

46



j- Duration of suppression interval
for half-pictures (for H and "a"
the regulations outlined in

article 21 apply) B2Hta

Increase time (10 to 90 percent)
of the vertical suppression

impulse (us) 0.34 0.1
1. Duration of the first procession

of equalization impulse 2.548
ne Duration of synchronization

impulse procession 2.548
ne Duration of the second proces-

sion of equalization impulse 2.54
pe Duration of equalization

impulse (us) 2.35 + 0.1
qe Duration of vertical synchroni-

zation impulse (us) 27.3
re Interval between vertical

synchronization impulses (us) 4.74 0.2
Ss. Time of increase (10 to 90 percent)

of the synchronization impulse

and of equalization impulse (us) 0.2 40.1

The values inthe:table in paragraph one of this article are values between
points at half amplitude of the corresponding impulse borders.

1) A: Signal na potetku svake prve poluslike

Key:

1. A. Signal at beginning of each
first half-picture

2. Second half-picture, see illustra- . 3) Slika br. 2a
tion 2c first half-picture

3. Illustration 2 a

2) Druga polustika Vidi sliku br. 2¢ Prva poluslika .

1) ‘B. Signal na podetku svake druge polustike

NAA AAA AAAAAA

Key:

1. B. Signal at beginning of each
second half-picture

2. First half-picture, see illustra-
tion 2 c second half-picture

3. Illustration 2b

]

’ '
2) Prva poluslika Vidi sliku br. 2¢ Druga poluslika
3) Slika br. 2b

1. AAA Indicates uninterrupted procession of borders of line synchronization
impulses during the vertical suppression impulse.

Remarks on illustrations 2a and 2b:

2. At the beginning of each first half picture, the border of the
vertical synchronization impulse Oy corresponds to the border of
the horizontal synchronization impulse

18



Key: B
1. Illustration 12 50; a
2. Frequency 40 PS —|.._f A
3. Combined oscillations (a) /|
4. Intermodulation products (b) 30 7
20
10
MHz
Ow 4 2 3 4 5
1) Slika br. 12
2) Frekvencija 3) Kombinirane Intermodula-
) “oscitacije (a) Lt) cioni produkti
(b)
dB aB
55 46
32 23
50 41
40 31
Article 64

Protection from the tone signal interference due to parasite angle modulation
stemming from picture channel modulation with tone frequencies in the range
of 40 Hz to 20 kHz with a picture carrier modulation of 10 to 75 percent,
must be greater than 40 dB (measured with a psophometric filter), taking

as a reference the deviation of + 50 kHz.

Article 65

If the exit from the switch is closed with a measuring resistor of 50 &,

the coefficient of noncompatibility in the frequency range of -0.75 MHz to
+5 MHz must not be greater than s = 1.1. This applies to the arbitrary value
of the final resistor on the tone~sending attachment.

Article 66
The television picture transmitter must provide for high-frequency measuring
places for: 1) transmitter degrees which work in the final frequency and

whose power is at least 200 W; 2) exit of the exiting degree of the trans-
mitter; and 3) switch exit

36



In general, all the processes which will be employed will have recourse to
correlation techniques. and the theory of randomvariables, their development
is now restrained by the costs resulting from the complexity and most of all
by the requirements for compatibility, especially with foreign navies.

D--Satellite Links

To escape the restrictions to frequency bands imposed by propagation, ships,
submarines on the surface, and ground stations can in addition communicate

by relay from passing satellites or geostationary satellites. The problems
of directing the antennas are delicate in the case of passing satellites and
their limited visibility imposes the simultaneous use of three or four
passing satellites so that at least one of them is visible to the trans-
mitting or receiving location. If both the transmitting and receiving
centers are visible from the satellite the link can be effected immediately.
Otherwise the problem is more complicated. For these simple reasons, among
others, links will be provided by means of a geostationary satellite which
remains in fixed position with respect to the earth at a vertical distance

of about 36,000 kilometers. At that altitude the earth is seen subtending

an angle of 17 degrees and takes in about a quarter of the surface. Antennas
which are more or less directional can be used on the satellite to communicate
with a more or less large zone of the earth's surface seen from the satellite.
The frequences used are high (from 7 to 20 gigahertz [GHz], for example), to
allow use of directional antennas of small bulk, which can be installed on
shipboard and whose positioning: can be controlled. In practice the fre-
quencies to be used are on the order of several gigahertz, or perhaps even

20 GHz.

However, let us note that in this case all the existing types of transmission--
VLF, HF, and UHF--will remain for emergency use, with each ship having
available only one or two transmitter-receivers of each type. But at that
time antenna problems will be easily resolved and transmission will be a
technique much easier to master.

Conclusion

At presnt a great part of information is being carried by HF waves, a fre-

quency domain in which countermeasure problems are arising increasingly and
are going to be added to those inherent in the use of these waves: signifi-
cant coupling, multiple paths, antenna radiation difficulties, and so forth.

The safety of the ship, however, depends upon the security of transmission
and great efforts must be devoted in the future in the direction of in-
creasing reliability of the Navy's transmissions, in particular:

the number of radio apparatus is related to the operational role of ships
and consequently it is not possible to reduce the number arbitrarily;

military transmission equipment cannot be compared with commercial radio
receivers and are necessarily expensive;

67



JPRS 71437

11 duly 1978

TRANSLATIONS ON. TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY,
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

No. 45
ConTENTS PAGE
WORLDWIDE AFFAIRS

Meeting of Nonaligned Radio-Television Experts Described

(EL MOUDJAHID, 14, 15, 16 May 78) seccesceccccecccccccces 1
Briefs
Algerian-South Yemeni Cooperation 8
Spain-Cuba Link 8
ASIA
AUSTRALIA

Computer Industry Faces Two Challenges
(THE AUSTRALIAN, 26 Apr 78) sscecceccccccccccccsccecaccee 9

EASTERN EUROPE
YUGOSLAVIA
Regulation on Using Radio Broadcasting Stations for TV
Transmitting
(SLUZBENI LIST SFRJ, 17 Feb 78) .sscccescscecccecccsccees 10
SUB~SAHARAN AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICA

Telecom Industry Lacks Skilled Manpower
(Johan Ribbens; SUNDAY TIMES, 18 Jun 78) .cscceccecccceae 54

Electronic Phone Switching Scheduled for 1980
(SUNDAY TIMES, 18 Jun 78) sscccccccccccccsccccecccccscccs 56

-a- [III - INT - 140}



B. Technical Characteristics of the Picture Transmitter
Article 43

During the change between the white picture and the black picture the exit
power must not change by more than 0.5 dB.

Article 44

The television picture transmitter must be manufactured in such way as to
perform without damage when:

1) there is no color video signal entering the transmitter; 2) when some
of the (color) components of the video signal are missing; and 3) when the
color video signal is suffering from interference.

Article 45

The television picture transmitter must have an instrument for measuring
noncompatibility, whose measuring capability during s = 1.05 is equivalent
to or better than 0.02.

Article 46

The frequency tolerance of the television signal must be in accordance
with article 17 of this regulation.

Article 47

The average radiation strength of secondary radiation on any secondary
frequency, which is transferred to the antenna terminal, must be 60 dB
below the average strength of the carrier and must not exceed the value of:
1) 1 mW for frequency ranges I and III; 2) 20 mW for frequency ranges IV
and V.

For transmitters operating in the UHF frequency area (ranges IV/V) the
combined frequencies of the picture and tone carriers in the upper and lower
adjoining channels must be 40 dB below the picture carrier.

Parasitic oscillations must not be perceptible when the transmitter is
activated.

Article 48

The equivalent radiation power, with the closed door, well-armored door

and a well-armored artificial antenna must be within the following limits:
1) in the basic frequency 1 W for transmitters whose power is below 10kW,
and 10 W for transmitters whose power is greater than 10 kW; 2) in the
secondary frequency 1 mW for transmitters in the frequency ranges I and III,
and 20 mW for transmitters in the frequency ranges IV and V.

29


Article 13

For a supplementary televsion transmitters and transformers, with a maximum
radiation power (E.R.P.) of less than 1 kW in the VHF frequency area, or

10 kW in the UHF frequency area, the separation of channels according to
locations is accomplished in accordance with the plan on separation and utili-
zation of frequencies in Yugoslavia.

Article 14

In order to diminish mutual interference when working in the same channel,
the basic transmitters of picture and tone must work with normal~frequency
movement. For television picture transmitters the normal movement is
established by the final document of the European VHF/UHF radio-diffusion
conference.

Article 15

Television transmitters must work with precise-frequency movement on the
same channel if mutual interference should appear in the buffer zone as a
consequence of deviation from the planned strengths of the electromagnetic
fields.

Television transformers must work with normal frequency movement in the same
channel if interferences are foreseen during the planning stage or if mutual
interferences appear in the buffer zone as a result of deviating from the
planned strengths of the electromagnetic fields.

The holders of the right to manage radio diffusion television transmissions
will, in theevent of interferences outlined in paragraphs 1 and 2 of this

article, agree upon the frequency movement necessary to remove the inter-
ference.

Article 16

The frequency movement for the picture and tone transmitters is, as a rule,
the same.

Article 17
The frequency tolerance for the television picture signal is:

1. for normal movement + 500 Hz
2. for precise movement + 1 Hz

The exactitude of the horizontal frequency during utilization of normal
or precise movement must be greater than + 10-6

15


1 2

2° he sinhronizacija boje re
ferentnim nosiocima:

4 = potetak referentnog
237° nosioca (slika br. 1)
(us)

— trajanje referentnog
2lt) — nosioca (slika br. 1)
Qs)
ps, 23 Amplituda referentnog,
24" posioca od vrha do vr-
' ha (slika br. 1)

Fazni stav referentnog
2 ay nosioca

15 Potiskivanje referent:
2,2) Noe nosioca: 9 ti
intervala potiskivanja”
polustika
(vidi sliku br. 4)
16 Sinhronizacija promje-
3k.) ne faze referentnog no-
sioca: s pomocu E’v
komponente _referent-
nog nosioca (toéka 14).

B--phase position of referential
carrier in odd lines of first and
second half-pictures and in even
lines of third and fourth half-
pictures.

B--phase position of referential
carrier in even lines of first and
second half-pictures and in odd
lines of third and fourth half-

Illustration 3

21

5.60,1 paslije svakona ho-
yizontalnog potetnog vre-
mena

c
2.2540,23 (10E1 sintearday

3/7 razlike izmedu “rhzne
poli nja i razine bijelo-
ga =10%0 on
135? u odnosu preméosdvl-
ni E’y sa slijedecim pred-
znakom (slike br. 34 4):

a1) 20 ) Poluslika
Linija 1234
parna —-—tt
meparna ~ +4+-—-—-
linije 37) 311 do 319
° 623 do 6

310 do 318

622do 5

9077 (ER EY) = Ey

St 135°
ofsa(eh ey) =
Y
“ase
7 a] -
7
7
7
v4 \
7
7

1)

B — fazni stav referentnog nosioca u neparnim linija-
ma prve’i druge poluslike 1 u paraim linijama

trece i etvrte poluslike

2
§ éetvrle poluslike

B — fazni stav referentnog nosioca uw parnim linijama
2) prve i druge poluslike i u neparnim li

jjama treée

3) Slika br. 3


10. Assumed gamma cathode tubes
in receiver for precorrection
of black and white signal

11. Nominal width of video range (MHz)

Key:

1. level of suppression
2. level of whiteness
3. level!of synchronization

4. foundation lel.
5. referential carrier (peak to peak)
6. illustration 1.

f f

1) 1 —razina potiskivanja 4 — postolje k)

2) 2—razina bijeloga 5 — referentni nosilac &)
Article 21 3) 3 = razina sinhronizacije (veh-veh)
6) Slika br. 1

The characteristics of the signal for horizontal synchronization for systems
B and G (illustration 1) are:

Label Characteristic Value
Nominal duration of line (Us) 64

a. Duration of suppression impulse (Us) 12 £ 0.3

b. Interval between horizontal

starting time Oy and the last
line border impulse for sup-

pression (Us) 10.5
c. Duration of initial step (us) 1.5 40.3
d. Duration of synchronization .

impulse (us) 4.74 0.2
e. Increase time (10 to 90 percent)

of the border of suppression

line impulse (Us) 0.3 40.1
£. Increase time (10 to 90 percent)

of the line synchronization

impulse (us) 0.24 0.1

The values in the table in paragraph one of this article are values between
points at half amplitude of the corresponding impulse borders.

Article 22

The characteristics of the vertical synchronization signal for systems B
and G (illustration 2a, 2b and 2c) are:

Label Characteristic Value

Duration of half-picture (us) 20
17


Article 49

The television picture transmitter is modulated by a positive complex color
video signal whose peak-to-peak voltage is 1 V, with level and tolerance
relations according to articles 20 through 23.

Article 50

The video entrance impedance is 75 2, with a return weakening > 30 dB for
frequencies of up to 5 MHz.

Article 51

The exiting modulated radio frequency signal must correspond to character-
istics in article 24 of this regulation.

The values of the referential color signal may change only within the frame-
work of allowed linear and nonlinear deformations in accordance with the
rules of this regulation.

Article 52

Linearity must be within tolerances described in illustration 7.

Key:

1. Auxiliary carrier 094 oS
2. Linearity of —$—
3. Illustration 7

o

2)

- LINEARNOST
s

o44—
0,3
0,2]
i)

1
“j
|
q
|
H taf, eat
\
ij
{
f
q
i
i}
i)
t

7
T
i
t
{
i
05 1
v
'
|
H
H
3

0 1 2 4 443— atMHz}

3) Slika br. 7

For frequency 4.43 MHz, linearity (differential amplification) in the area
of 10 to 87.5 percent of peak voltage (which corresponds to synchronization
impulses), is considered.

For other frequencies from 1 MHz to 4.5 MHz the linearity in the area of
10 to 75 percent of peak voltage (which corresponds to synchronization im-
pulses), is considered,

30



17. Parasite oscillations are those oscillations whose frequency is out-
side the necessary width of the emission, and whose level may be decreased
without influencing the transmittal of useful information.

18. The equivalent radiating power of the picture transmitter with closed
doors is the power of the auxiliary transmitter which feeds the half-wave
dipole instead of the picture transmitter and which, at any place of recep-
tion of the signal of the television transmitter, creates an electromagnetic
field of the same power as a transmitter with closed doors and a well-armored
artificial antenna.

II. Frequency Ranges, Channels and Frequency Exactitude
Article 4

Television transmitters and transformers which operate in the VHF (range I)
frequency area utilize a frequency range of 47 to 68 MHz.

Article 5

The frequency range of 47 to 68 MHz contains three channels with frequency
carriers for picture and tone, as follows:

Key: 3), doseea bp) Noseéa
1. Channel 1) Kanat ie vekvencija rekvencija
ie t

2. Frequency range (MHz) aitey ~ Mite)
3. Picture carrier frequency (MHz) i 2 3 4
4. Tone carrier frequency (MHz)

= 2 47 do 54 5415
5. do = to 3 54 do 61 60.75

4 61 do 68 87,75

Article 6

Television transmitters and transformers which operate in the VHF (range III)
frequency area utilize a frequency range of 174 to 230 MHz.

Article 7

The frequency range of 174 to 230 MHz contains eight channels with frequency
carriers for pictures and tone, as follows:

Key: 2) 3) woseéa 1) Noseéa
1) Kanat fr feokvencija frekvencija
1. Channel stike | tona
2. Frequency range (MHz) aan
3. Picture carrier frequency (MHz) 1 2 3 a.
4. Tone carrier frequency (MHz) et
5. do = to 5 174 do 181 175,25 180,75
6 Il do 198 182,25, 187,75,
1 183 do 195 189,25 194,75
8 195 do 202 196,25 201,75
9 202 do 209 203,25
10 209 do 216 210,25
ry 216 do 223 217,25,
12 223 do 230 224,25

12



SOUTH AFRICA

ELECTRONIC PHONE SWITCHING SCHEDULED FOR 1980
Johannesburg SUNDAY TIMES in English 18 Jun 78 p 8

[From the "Business Times" Section: "EMD Exchanges Still Have a Long Life"]

[Text] py 1995 there will be al- adaption to changing re- fee recording system, Which
most twice as many tele- quirements. This alone pro- will can be attached 2
phones in the world as there vides sufficient justification switchboard of any make.
were three years ago, and for transition to computer- records all relevant. data re
the Republic will continue controlled switching sys- lating to each call an is an
to lead Africa in the ratio of tems, while the increased excellent means ‘of control-

hones per capita, Colin use of electronic and minia- ting telephone usage. intro:
erreira, executive director turised components will jiemens has also intr
of Siemens said this week. simplify production and duced sales, training, main-
+ maintenance. as well as sig- tenance and resear for
“‘Although the introduc- nificantly reducing: space —_ application of microproces-
tion of electronic telephone requirements.” sors to the local market.
switching is scheduled for “New technological devel- Already completed projects
as soon as 1980, electro-me- opments had similarly tak- are those of abbreviated
chanical (EMD) exchanges en place in, the fields of- automatic dialling and
will be in operation for telegraph and data commu- = maximum. demand _meter-
many years to come,” he nications. The Johannes- ing.
said. burg public telex exchange “At present, intensive
: . ‘to have semi-elec- _ training and development is
; Siemens has supplied #as 10 Have een cow wee welll under way to provide
123 EMD public exchanges {fON¢, Put woud mew abs know-how and expertise for
with a total of 347000 sub- _ lise the a ‘iatiy it would future telecommunication
scriber lines and 178000 System. Ini ah rts applications,” Mr Ferreira
trunk lines. Orders received Provide 5 300 senaheion opp 7
so far provide for a further with Mal of 16 000 “Siemens: also..offers
163 ooo Gubseriber line and The electro-mechanical _—courses_ranging from the
. teleprinter, the T100, was basic micro comp z ‘con !
Mr Ferreira said that in being replaced in the Post cept to applications of high
addition to developments in Office by the T1000, and the _ level languages.

cso:

micro-electronics, other
factors had contributed to
the development of elec-
tronic switching.

“The increased demands

local production change-
over would take place next
year.

“Forecasts for the ESK
range of PABX systems are

. promising,” said Mr Fer-
made on switching engi-  {eira, ne proval has been
neering have led to a new received from the Post Of-

generation of computer-con-
trolled switching systems.
The new operating require-
ments include many which
demand the use of electron-
ic devices in the systems.
“Additionally, the flexi-
bility of stored programme
control (SPC) is desirable
in order to facilitate easy

5500

fice for the ESK-L version,
which means an nsion
of the 60 exchange line unit
from 400 to 600 extensions.
The past year was the most
successful experienced in
this area of activity.
“Another successful inno-
vation has been the Metro

56



"In terms of international law this was in fact a recognition of the
quality of limited natural resource represented by the range of frequencies
and the geo-stationary orbit," Abderrahmane Laghouati declared before stating:

“The year 1977 consecrated these principles in striking manner since the
planning conference of the radio broadcasting service by satellites in the 12
GHZ-band approved a plan based on the equitable division of this band
reflected by the assignment to each country of an orbital position and five
television channels."

{15 May 78, p 1]

[Text] The conference of the group of radio broadcasting experts of non-
aligned countries, under way at the Hotel El-Aurassi since Sunday [14
May 1978], is continuing.

The work yesterday morning related to the definition of a certain number of
notions of radiocommunications.

Several experts among the delegations proposed amendments or revisions of
specific articles of the international rules of radiocommunications.

Furthermore, questions of procedure relative to the preparation of the world
administrative conference on radiocommunications which is slated to be held
in Geneva in 1979 were discussed.

In the course of the meeting the Yugoslav and Algerian delegations raised
points relating to the political aspect of stations highlighting the danger
represented by some of these.

Indeed, several foreign radio broadcasting stations use territories belonging
to nonaligned countries to broadcast programs directed against liberation
Movements or progressive organizations.

The activities of such stations are similar to veritable subversive operations
and because of that constitute bases which are involved in activities of the
same type as those of multinational corporations on the economic plane.

To request their ouster would be tantamount to effecting a soveriegn act
commonly approved in the circle of nonaligned countries.

An irrefutable fact remains, however: The territories of the nonaligned
countries must remain open to broadcasting stations of national liberation
movements such as the PLO [Palestine Liberation Organization] or those of
African countries, for they represent weapons in the hands of peoples in
struggle.

In this respect a draft regulation was prepared by the group of experts for
submission to the committee of cooperation of the radio broadcasting organs


Article 33

The television transmitter must be manufactured in such a way as to have the
technical characteristics specified by this regulation, under the following
conditions:

1. The deviation from the net voltage of nominal value and while using
stabilizers is between +5 percent and -10 percent (this does not pertain to
values in the power of the transmitter). .

2. The nominal value deviation from the network frequency (50 Hz) is + 2
percent.

3. Elevation over sea level is up to 2,000 meters.
4. The area temperature may be from + 5°C to +35°C.

5. Relative humidity in the work area may be up to 90 percent, with a maximum
[temperature] of 26°C.

6. The high-frequency electrical field in the working area at any frequency
may be up to 10V/m.

7. The power of the magnetic field in the work area caused by net fre-
quency may be 4A/m.

The values listed in points 6 and 7 of this article must be established
through measurements, and only if interferences should appear.

Article 34

The television transmittter must be manufactured in such a way that it can
be adjusted for each channel of the frequency range for which the trans-
mitter is to be used.

As an exception to paragraph one of the article, the transmitter may be
intended to operate only in a portion of the frequency range.

Article 35

If the television transmitter is manufactured on the principle of inter-
frequency, it is necessary, for the picture interfrequency, to take the
primary value of 38.9 MHz and for the tone interfrequency the value 33.4
MHz.

Article 36

For outside stimulation it is necessary to plan for an adapter with an
entering impedance of 50 2, instead of the basic oscillator. The

27


Coding

The greater portions of transmissions are steel analogic or plain language.
Certainly, the imperative necessity for message secrecy more and more implies
the use of digital transmission channels which are more suited to coding or
enciphering with very great security. It is partly thus as far as information
transmission in HF channels is concerned with cadences of several hundred to
several thousand bits. In the VLF range the small band width available (50
to 100 Hz) necessitates very slow modulation, on the order of 50 impulses
per second. This means, in the very common case of 1 or 0 binary information
coding, only 50 bits per second can be transmitted. This low data cadence
is further reduced by the fact that it is desirable to assure a very small
error rate in transmitting the message; there must then be introduced re-
dundent bits and error detection bits and possibly errors in the message
must be corrected. Overall the true cadence is on the order of 20 bits or
less, but operational requirements in the VLF range as far as this point is
concerned are not compelling.

We have mentioned the problem of enciphering, the purpose of which is to
prevent an adversary's comprehension of the sense of the message. Another
technique is to make it impossible for the enemy to receive the message.

Counter—Measures

This term means that it is sought to avoid the enemy's being able to "measure"
our transmission, that is, "acquire" it. The principle to be applied is
always the same: the information to be transmitted must be spaced in a
spectral band of maximum width. This may be accomplished in two different
ways in the case of a binary digital transmission:

either by tranmitting very short impulses, hence with very wide band; or

by transmitting long impulses but whose frequency varies during the impulse
duration, that is, adopting the technique used in the case of impulse com-
pression radar.

These methods have their inherent advantages and disadvantages and there are,
here again, constraints of frequency or propagation, transmission lunearty,
and so forth, which determine the options

Let us simply point out that the first method, called "short impulse trans-
mission" has the advantage of making it difficult if not impossible for di-
rection finders to get a fix on HF transmission. Nevertheless the enemy
can realize that there was a transmission. The second method is more secret
in the sense that it permits transmitting a bit of information with power
as low as may be desired since only the receiver who knows the compression
code can receive all the energy transmitted during the transmission duration
and concentrate it at a given instant in order to make "the signal emerge
from the noise;" this is the processing gain, obtained by impulse compression,
that is well known to radar specialists. Certainly, other methods of infor-
mation coding can be used (with their own advantages or difficulties in ex-
ploiting depending upon the frequency band utilized or the bit transmission
cadence per second to be maintained) which more or less belong in one or the
other of the two categories which we have just discussed.

63


is more, the reliability of the whole is not very good because if a
synthesizer element or power supply breaks down the entire transmitter-
receiver ensemble is out of service and the user who had been connected,

by means of a manual switchboard, to that apparatus no longer has communi-
cation; thereupon several manipulations are necessary in order to provide
another apparatus on the same frequency to that operator. For all these
reasons it appeared to be of interest to design transmitting systems capable
of replacing all those individual apparatuses; we shall briefly point out
several systems with this objective in view now under study.

From the technological standpoint we are witnessing a very rapid evolution
toward digitalization of apparatus, which not only makes possible reduction
in weight and size but also in price since it is possible to use conventional
logic circuits.

The new modulation processes and development of encoded telephony are also
going to alter greatly the exploitation of transmission and ideas on fre-
quency channels.

Last, undoubtedly within a few years the main part of information will be
exchanged by means of satellites and such channels of communication will
supplement the HF and UHF channels.

A--Principal Studies

Several systems are under study: an integrated communications system, a
centralized maintenance system, a internal links system, and an adaptable
links system.

Integrated communications system--The subject of the integrated communica-
tions system is the ensemble of radio transmission. It should make it
possible to establish the optimum organization from the three-fold stand-
point of performance, operational availability, and cost. The principal
points to be studied precisely are:

antennas;
transmitters; and

organization: the individual apparatus being used for only a. small fraction
of the time, cannot a user be assigned a transmitter or receiver just for
the time necessary for his conversation? This presents difficult problems
which, if resolved, will enable the same service as at present to be obtained
with a reduced number of transmitters and hence, at lower cost.

Internal links system--We have seen that the equipment for internal links is
widely dispersed and that cabling represents one of the main cost elements
of the whole. It appears of interest to study a total system wherein in-
formation (intercom, telephone, and radio remote control) would be sampled
and put into digital form (using Delta Modulation) and multiplexed in time
over the same cable arranged in a loop.

65


Centralized maintenance system--Study of the integrated communications system
has led to contemplation of a maintenance system which, besides, is applic-
able to all electronic equipment, radars, sonars, and so forth. The ob-
jective of this system is to increase, at the lowest cost, the operational
availability of the quipment, which is connected to continuous testing
facilities and to provide, upon breakdown highly significant assistance
which is reduced to simple and rapid operations without specialized personnel
(preventive and corrective maintenance).

Adaptable links system--It is of interest to adapt tranmitted signals to the
transmission channels; for example, for HF links over great distances, which
utilize reflection by the iouosphere, the optimum frequency can be selected
by use of ionosphere sounding equipment. Likewise, matters of coding, au-
thentication, and error detection and correction should be adapted to the
type of link.

The above discussion shows the importance of the studies in progress, which
will completely revolutionize transmissions such as they have been previously
described, but it must always be kept in-mind-that the new system will be
acceptable only if it does not cost t6o0’ much, that is, if it provides better
service at the same cost or the same service at lower cost. But in this cost
there must be considered such elements as decreased expense for maintenance,
personnel, training of personnel, and so forth.

B--Digitalization of Equipment

More and more analog circuits are being replaced by digital circuits, which
are more reliable and less costly over the long term because they use re-
petitive circuits which, with integrated circuits can be made in large pro-
duction runs at low cost.

This transformation has begun with synthesizers and data transmission terminals.
But more and more filters are becoming digital. Likewise, analog information
is being sampled and transformed into binary signals which are easier to pro-
cess with these digital circuits.

All this will facilitate the establishment of the above mentioned systems
and equipment control by computer. This evolution can be summarized in the
following statement: transmission of information will more and more have
recourse to data processing.

C--New Modulation Processes

In the future it is probable that new modulation modes will be utilized.

This is made possible by the stability of oscillators and the decreased size
and cost of logic circuits. Most of the processes use a wider band to com-
pensate for the low energy level of the signal and thus, with the same trans-—
mission power, they enable a higher signal to noise rates to be obtained.

Above all these processes are of interest in the case of binary signals;
that is why digitalization of speech will be developed in the next few years.

66



T Key:
| 1. Group delay
Nominal values and tolerances

Y j 2.
. j 3. Frequency

4. Group delay

\ 5. Illustration 5

,

ee eee ae

|
I
t
1
1
v2 s&s MHz
rs)
5) Stka br. 5

24



WORLDWIDE AFFAIRS

MEETING OF NONALIGNED RADIO-TELEVISION EXPERTS DESCRIBED
Algiers EL MOUDJAHID in French 14, 15, 16 May 78

[Article by ALGERIAN PRESS SERVICE: "Meeting of the Committee of Radio-
Television Experts from Nonaligned Countries"]

{14 May 78, pp 1, 2]

[Text] The group of experts of the cooperation committee of radio and
television experts of nonaligned countries began yesterday morning [13

May 1978] and for 3 consecutive days is pursuing its efforts relating to the
preparation of the international conference of radio broadcasters and of the
international telecommunications congress to be held in 1979.

All the delegations of the 10 countries represented by the committee--
Algeria, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Cuba, Guyana, India,
Iraq, Nigeria, Yugoslavia, Zambia, and Tunisia--are participating in the
work of the experts with the exception of that of Tunisia.

The opening session witnessed the speech of the director-general of the
RTA [Algerian Radio and Television], Abderahmane Laghouati, who mentioned
the unequal relations between the nonaligned countries and the developed
countries in the field of telecommunications and broadcasting. Pursuing
its work the conference proceeded in the afternoon to an examination of
problems relative to sound broadcasting, telecating, and transmission by
satellite. The various delegations made their viewpoints known on these
problems one by one.

Let us specify that the group of experts was formed at the initiative of the
cooperation committee of the organs of radio broadcasting of nonaligned
countries and that the group is slated to prepare the world administrative
conference of radiocommunications to be held in 1979.

This group would be the initiator and coordinator of all the measures and
would also be entrusted with blocking out problems which will be the subject
of the discussions of the 1979 conference whose solutions could insure a more



CONTENTS (Continued)

Wang Laboratories Sells South African Subsidiary
(Tony Koenderman; SUNDAY TIMES, 18 Jun 78) ...cececeee

WESTERN EUROPE
FRANCE

Army Will Have Automatic Communications Network by 1982
(D. Levy; ELECTRONIQUE ACTUALITES, 26 May 78) seccece

Directions of Naval Telecommunications Research Discussed
(DEFENSE NATIONAL, May 78) scccscccccccccccccecccscece

Page

57

58

61


Article 8

Television transmitters and transformers which operate in the UHF (range IV)
frequency area utilize a frequency range from 470 to 582 MHz.

Article 9

The frequency range from 470 to 582 MHz contains 14 channels with frequency
carriers for picture and tone, as follows:

Key:

2) Opseg 3) Nosega 1) Noseéa
1. Channel 1 )Kanat frekveneije ~ feekvencija frekvencija

2. Frequency range (MHz) (niH2) ait an
3. Picture carrier frequency (MHz)
4, Tone carrier frequency (MHz) 1 2 3 4
5. do = to

aL 410 do 478

22 418 do 496

23 485 do 494

24 494 do 502

25 502 do 510

26 510 do 518

27 518 do 826

28 826 do 534 932,75

29 534 do 542 510,75

30 543 do 530 518,73

3h 550 do 558 23 596,75

32 558 do 596 23 864,75

33 565 do 574 25 512,75

34 571 do 532 25 580,75,
Article 10

Television transmitters and transformers that work in the UHF (range V)
frequency area utilize a frequency range from 582 to 862 MHz.

Article 11

The frequency range from 582 to 862 MHz contains 35 channels with frequency
carriers for picture and tone, as follows:

(Key and table on next page)

13


time of the meeting of the cooperation committee held in March 1978 in Baghdad."

Discussing the resolutions adopted by the first conference, Abderrahmane
Laghouati said that what is involved is "the elimination of the monopoly of
information held by the developed countries.

"Such a stake," the speaker continued, "constitutes one of the themes of
the movement of nonaligned countries, and the summit conferences of Algiers
in 1973 and of Colombo in 1976 had requested that the appropriate institu-
tions entrusted with dealing with problems in this field for the sake of
equity, objectivity, and freedom be established. They were the intergovern-
mental information committee, the pool of press agencies, and the committee
of cooperation of radio broadcasting organs."

First Come, First Served

Then, recalling the recent resolutions of the intergovernmental committee
meeting in Havana and of the conference of national and international organs
of information meeting in Stockholm, the director-general of the RTA continued
to talk about the forthcoming Geneva conference on radiocommunications.

“Accordingly, it seems indispensable to us to try to present a united front
at all international meetings where decisions of interest to us have to be
made. One of the most important of those scheduled calls for careful’ prepara-
tion."

The speaker then sketched the history of the meetings of the ITU [International
Telecommunications Union] beginning in 1959, the year when that specialized
United Nations agency had only 96 members of which 25 were developing countries.
Today it includes 154 members of which 107 countries are from the Third World.

"Until that date, relatively recent," Abderrahmane Laghouati continued, "the
use of the range of frequencies which is a limited nautral resource belonging
to all countries, small and large, was managed essentially according to
principles safeguarding the interests of the developed countries. Indeed,

the basic regulations which cover the operations of the ITU and which consist
of international agreements, the rules of radiocommunications, and the ad-
vice of consultative committees were drawn up by the legislators and engineers
of these countries. A special principle in effect at that time was the well
known one of first come, first served."

Abderrahmane Laghouati recalled that since 1965, on the occasion of the
celebration of the 100th anniversary of the ITU, the nonaligned countries
have consistently struggled for the defense of all the new countries. And
it is only in 1971 that the special administrative conference of space
radiocommunications approved by a resolution the notion of “equitable use
of space orbit resources," a motion made operational 2 years later by the
adoption at Torremolinos of Article 33 of the convention now in effect.



3. At the beginning of each second half-picture the border of the verti-
cal synchronization impulse Oy falls between the line synchronization
impulses.

1) C. Detatji sinkroimpulsa i impulsa 2a izjednatenje

—=— Razina rorisxivansa 2 )

1. C. Details of synchronization
impulse and equalization
impulse

2. Suppression level

3. Illustration 2c

4. Synchronization level

— razina sinnromizacue, l)

3) Slika br. 2¢

Lines 16 and 22 or 329 to 334 during the suppression impulse may be used
for special purposes. These lines are used for:

Line
1. Transmission of data 16 (329)
2. Transmission of international testing
signals 17 (330) and 18 (331)
3. ‘Transmission of national signals 19 (332), 20 (333) and
21 (334)
4, Measuring noise 22 (335)

Lines 19 and 332 are used to transmit the exact time and frequency.

Article 23

The characteristics of the color video signal (PAL system) are:
Key: [to chart on next page]

1. Number 2. Characteristic 3. Value 4. Coordinates of primary colors
5. Red x + 0.64 y = 0.33

Green x = 0.29 y = 0.60

Blue x = 0.15 y = 0.06
6. Color coordinates for equal primary signals E3, = Ely = El,
7. White x = 0.313 y = 0.329
8. Assumed gamma cathode tubes of receiver for previous correction of
primary signal 2.8; 9. Brightness signal; 10. Are gamma corrected signals;
11. Color signals; 12. Weakening of the color signals; 13. Multiplication
of the complex color video signal; 14. Where is:; 15. Ely (see point 4 of
this table); 16. Ely and Ely (see point 5 of this table); 17. Fy, (see
point 9 of this table) Sign of component Ely is the same as that of the
auxiliary carrier--it changes from line to line (see point 14 of this table
and illustration 3); 18. Type of modulation of the auxiliary carrier of
the color signal: amplitude modulation with suppressed carrier, two auxiliary
carriers squared. 19


JPRS 71437

11 July 1978

WORLD
TRANSLATIONS ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY,
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT WIDE
No, 45

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U. S. JOINT PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH SERVICE
" NIRTONAL TECHNICAL
INFORMATION SERVICE

MENT OF COMMERCE
_ us: SERINGELD, VA, 22161 —



Article 94

The smallest distance between the receiving and transmitting channels is one
channel. It is possible to receive on one channel of a frequency range and
to transmit on a channel of another frequency range.

Article 95

The converters must have the capability to exclude the automatic regulators
for amplification and have the capability to perform this function manually.

B. Technical Characteristics of the Television Converters
Article 96

Frequency changes must be accomplished on the interfrequency principle.
For picture interfrequency the standard value is 38.9 MHz.

In the event of an unfavorable combination of channels, 45.9 MHz may be
utilized for the interfrequency of the picture and value.

Article 97

When the entering signal disappears, the exiting power must be at least
20 dB lower than the nominal power.

If the entering signal is absent for < 8 minutes, the equipment must not
shut off.

The criterion for the automatic shutting off of the television converter
must make possible an adjustment in the entering signal bounds of 0.5 mV-
SmV.

Article 98

The technical charactertistics must be fulfilled when there is a suppression
of > 50 dB between the exit and entrance of the converter.

The effective value of the return voltage in any phase at the entrance must
not exceed 0.5 V. It is measured with an entering voltage whose effective
value is 2 mV.

Article 99

Television converters of up to 10 W, which are to be mounted outside, must

be in a housing that will protect them from rain, snow, insects and
condensation.

42



broadcasting organs of developed countries continue to have as their goal

to propagate through their powerful transmission facilities political messages
directed essentially against the movement of progress for the peoples and the
cause of liberation of nations.

Linking the two parts involved stems from an over-all vision, all of it
oriented toward the acquisition of material goods and [control of] the politi-
cal instruments of independence and progress.

The preparation of the world administrative conference of radiocommunications
cannot ignore the fundamental complementarity between the two claims.

Too, the group of experts has strived to do a job connected with the technical
aspect assumed by these demands taking into account the final goal which is
the aggravation of the monopoly of information and of the resources that
serve to support it.

These technical provisions concern notably the long waves, the hectometric
waves, tropical radio broadcasting, the decametric bands, and the metric
waves.

Finally, in their recommendations the committee secretaries highlighed the
problems of radio broadcasting stations located outside national territories.

[16 May 78, p 3]

[Text] The conference of the group of radio broadcasting experts of non-
aligned countries came to an end on Sunday evening at the Hotel El-Aurassi
following 2 days of meetings. The participants approved the following
resolution:

[Text of resolution]

The group of experts of the radio broadcasting organs of nonaligned countries,
meeting on 13 and 14 May 1978 in Algiers to examine the problem of the dis-
tribution of frequency bands in view of the holding in 1979 of the world
administrative conference of radiocommunications;

Considering that the recommendations which they elaborated at the conclusion
of their discussions are constructive, that the document approved reflects
the laudable efforts deployed for the sake of a greater coordination of the
actions of the radio broadcasting organs of nonaligned countries;

Considering that the working climate which prevailed at that meeting as well
as the unquestionable competence which has manifested itself have contributed
greatly to the eminently fruitful nature of the results obtained;

Considering that the discussions and exchanges of viewpoint that they have
had evidenced the close link existing among them in the resolve of the
nonaligned countries to establish an equitable new order of frequency bands;


nonaligned countries so that the matter may be brought up at the next world
radiocommunications conference.

The Algiers meeting will have to be followed up with the approval of very
important legislation for the redefinition of the rules which have determined
for a long time the organization of the exploitation of the means of radio-
communications.

These laws will have all the more impact as they have to be discussed at the
national level by all the user services so that at the 1977 [sic--was 1979]
conference a common front may be presented to the organs of the developed
countries,

Yesterday afternoon the final draft was read at the plenary session and a
resolution brought the session to an end.

The conference of the group of experts examined yesterday afternoon the draft
recommendation prepared by a working committee.

This draft indicates that the movement of nonalignment which over the years
has become an essential dimension of the system of international relations
has stressed among the countries and international organs concerned the
urgency for a basic revision of the control and explanation mechanisms of
resources in fields as numerous as trade and commerce, finance and money,

and science and technology. In so doing it has succeeded in raising in con-
crete terms the matter of inequities and has helped at the same time to high-
light the most appropriate solutions to solve them.

‘The problem of the division of frequency bands, a natural resource which

for a long time fell into the private domain of developed countries, is raised
today in the same manner. It is slated to be treated from the same view-
point--in other words, taking into account the interests of developing
countries.

It is not inappropriate to note the dialectic existing between the dominant
position occupied by the developed countries in the use of the range of fre-
quencies and the monopoly available to them in the planning, implementation,
and distribution of information.

The conferences of nonaligned countries have often highlighted, notably during

the summit meetings of Algiers and Colombo, the need to challenge that monopoly

by the initiation of an organic process striving to develop cooperation among
the nonaligned countries in the field of information. The process initiated
by the establishment of an intergovernmental committee was accomplished there-
after by the formation of a pool of press agencies and by a cooperation
committee of radio broadcasting organs. The discussion that these various
institutions initiated around the question of monopoly and the abusive
monopolization of frequency bands reflects the same concern. The radio



regards to the required
echnologies, components
‘and skilled manpower. This
process may be beneficial
with regards to technology,
but may have an adverse
effect on the manpower sit-
uation, by placing an even
bigger demand on the al-
ready depleted manpower

Attempts to stabilise the
manpower position, by re-
stricting the freedom of
movement of personnel is a
counter-productive solution.
It is hoped that the industry
will use its power responsi-
bly and imaginatively to
further national interest in
creating the necessary cli-
mate and facilities for
training personnel.

While the Post Office has
taken the lead and estab-
lished excellent training fa-
cilities to train technicians
for itself, the time has
come for an equally respon-
sible approach by the whole
industry.

What is being done to
meet the demand for engi-
neering personnel, both in
volume and level of educa-
tion?

It is being viewed by in-
dustry at a much less seri-
ous level than the techni-
cian problem. Engineering
training has, to a large ex-
tent, been left to the De-
partment of National Edu-
cation to solve. Financial
involvement by the Post Of-
fice, defence and the sup-
plying industries has been
of a token nature and, as a
result, has been less than
effective.

The changing environ-
ment and the foreign
threats will require capable
engineering leadership —
not only with the necessary
in-depth technical training
— but also with a creative
and aggressive approach.

Where will this personnel
come from?

From our universities,
but the right type and quan-
tity will only be produced if
industry plays its part re-

cso: 5500

‘sponsibly.

The lead time, from initi-
ation of training, until this
type of personnel becomes
available, is a minimum of
five years. It is thus impor-
tant that planning and ac-
tion should begin right now.

It_is estimated that the
country will need 180 new
electronic engineers every
year — a number which is
not nearly met at this mo-
ment.

The University of Pretor-
ia has recognised this man-
power problem and estab-
lished a department of elec-
tronics engineering in 1975
to: train and supply man-
power to the industry. At
the moment, it is the only
department catering exclu-
sively for the telecommuni-
cations electronics industry.

It has become the fastest-
growing engineering rt-
ment in the country, with a
total enrolment of 380, and
a growth rate of 60 per cent
a year.

The other universities
have light current options in
their electrical engineering
departments which, al-
though less specialised, are
also able to help supply the

uired personnel to the
industry.

Because the emphasis of
manpower demand will
soon switch from bachelor’s
degree level to master’s de-
gree, it is necessary that
the university education be
relevant to the industry's
requirements and not onl:
contribute to the paper Tat.
race.

It is hoped that a forum
will be established under
the leadership of the lead-
ing partners of this industry
to rationalise and plan the
Manpower requirements for
the next decade.

A lack of understanding
of the above-mentioned situ-
ation will only lead to more
and more restrictions on
freedom of personnel,
which will exclude imagini-
tive individuals from the
manpower pool.’

55


have indicators for: 1) exit power; 2) reflected power; and 3) frequency
deviation.

Article 71
The television tone transmitter must be manufactured in such way as to give
the nominal exit power with an impedance of 50 Q, with a noncompatibility

degree s = 1.3.

The transmitter with a built-in protector must automatically switch off if
the degree of noncompatibility is greater than 1.5. .

Article 72

At the exit level of the transmitter there must be a radio frequency-measuring
attachment with an exit voltage whose effective value is between 3 and 5 V.

The radio frequency-measuring attachment must have an N-type attachment or
a connection to such an attachment.

Article 73

The power of secondary radiation on any harmonic or secondary frequency mea-
sured in the absence of modulation which is transferred to the antenna must
be 60 dB below the average power of the working frequency and must not
exceed the value of 1 mW for the VHF area or 20 mW for the UHF area.

Article 74

The frequency deviation of the carrier signal, achieved on the television
tone transmitter modulator must not, at the entering level of the modulation
signal, deviate by more than 5 percent during operation of the transmitter.

Article 75

The voltage of the entering tone signal frequency of 1,000 Hz and an ampli-
tude of 1.55 V must give a nominal frequency deviation of + 30 kHz.

Article 76

The entering impedance of the modulator with a symetrical attachment must
be in the frequency area of the transmitted modulating signal equal to or
greater than 2,000 2.

Article 77

An entering attenuator must be at the modulator entrance.

38

a


C = constant interference (reference 40 dB for 8/12 line frequency)
LP = threshold of preceived interference
Article 27

Minimal protection of the useful television signal for 1 to 10 percent of
the time is:

1) for interfering signal from the upper adjoining channel--12 dB
2) for interfering signal from the lower adjoining channel--6 dB

Article 28

Minimal protection from an interfering unmodulated or frequency-modulated
signal, for 1 to 10 percent of the time, which appears in the television
channel, is given in illustration 6. I£ the interfering signal is amplitude-
modulated, the protection must be increased by 4 dB.

Key:

1. Protection
2. Illustration 6

PM zaaeratees

we

iz

2) Slika br. 6

V. Technical Characteristics of the Television Transmitter
A. Common Regulations
Article 29

Only those television transmitters whose technical characteristics are spe-
cified by this regulation may be used in broadcasting.

Article 30

Transmitter strengths specified in this regulation are the strengths enter-
ing transmitting antennas.

Article 31

Television transmitters must be capable of modulation with the black picture
and arbitrary tone modulation for a period of 24 hours.

Article 32

Television transmitters must be capable of resuming operation immediately
after the error in the entering signal has stopped.
26



On television converters which are mounted outside, the receiver and the
interfrequency amplifier may be separated from the exiting degree.

Article 100

The television converter must have an asymetrical impedance exit of 50 2,
with a coaxial attachment 4.1/9.5 7/16 or 13/30.

Article 101

The television converter must have included with it a stabilizer of net
voltage.

The net voltage stabilizer power must be so adjusted that the coefficient
of harmonic distortion is less than 10 percent.

The speed of regulation for voltage changes from +10 percent to -30 percent
must be greater than 10 percent of the nominal net voltage in a second.

The exit power (applies to converters with an exit power to 100W) for
voltage changes from +10 percent to -30 percent, when the net voltage

stabilizer is connected, must not change by more than £0.5 dB in regard
to nominal exit power.

For converters with an exit power of over 100 W, during a voltage change of
+10 to -30, the technical characteristics may not change (except for exit
power).

Article 102

The noise produced by the television converter at the height of 1 meter
and at a distance of 1 meter from the front of the equipment may not exceed
the value of 70 dB/B/.

Article 103

For television converters for the frequency ranges IV and V, provision must
be made for a connection for outside oscillators.

The voltage level of stimulating signals must be < 1 V, while the frequency
of this voltage must be less than 150 MHz.

Article 104

The frequency stability of the oscillator 6 months after it has been
activated should be + 350 Hz for the 6-month period.

43



Iv.

Minimal Values of the Reception Signal and Its Protection ‘4

Article 25

The minimal value of the average strength of the television field signal

for individual frequency bands is given in table 1. } flobtica br. 1
1. Table 1 2 Dpseg T “wa v
2. Band 1 2 3 4 5
3, Field of strength Jakost polja

3) Bhvimy +48 +35 +05 +70

The values in the table represent fields 10 meters above the earth's surface.

The protection of the signals in the above table covers 50 percent of the
reception sites and a percentage of time ranging from 90 to 99 percent.

Article 26

The minimal protection of the useful television signal for 1 percent to

10

percent of the time is:

1) for separation between the interfering and useful signal frequencies
of less than 1kHz : 45 dB;
2) for transmitters with normal or precise movement, according to table 2.
Key: . "4 ) Tablica br. 2
1. Table 2 «
2. Movement =
& 2) Pomicanj
3. ‘Type of movement 38 af 2) Pomicanje (x 1/12 tu)
4. Type of interference £8 £e 01234567 8 9101112
5. Normal * fee
6. Precise v2 3
S) Normatno T 45 44 40 34 30 28 27 28 30 34 40 44 45 dB
C52 51 48 43 40 36 33 36 40 43 48 51 52 dB
LP 60 GO 57 54 50 45 42 45 50 54 57 60 69 dB
6> Precizno T 30 34 20 2G 22 22 24 22 22 26 30 34 30 dB
C 36 38 34 30 27 27 30 27 27 30 34 38 36 dB
LP 45 44 40 36 36 29 42 39 36 36 40 44 45 dB
‘Where
T = tropospheric interference, 1 to 10 percent of the time (reference 30 dB

for 8/12 line frequency)

25


amplitude modulated analog transmission, or better still single side-band
modulation which requires a spectral only half as large; and

digital transmissions with low phase modulation (PSK) rates, or if not,
with frequency modulation (FSK), the choice between the two having to be
made on the basis of the different considerations of transmission noise
or the possible need to change frequency in order to increase secrecy and
security of transmission, and so forth.

If the propagation medium is not excessively perturbed, and if the phase of
the wave does not vary with excessive randomness, it is preferable to use
binary phase modulation, O and #f, or even quaternary, 0, 1/2, 1, and

3 1/2, if conditions are favorable. Such binary modulations require a half-
band which is less than those required with frequency modulation. In the
HF both these types of modulation exist. In the most difficult cases it is
frequency modulation (FSK) which is adopted. For instance, in the very low
frequency (VLF) range the phase of the received wave is greatly perturbed
by the surface conditions of the sea and at present only binary FSK is being
used. A more complex processing of the received signal would probably
permit binary VLF-PSK transmission, but would it be worth the trouble?

Power

HF links over great distances require power on the order of several hundred
watts, even going as high as a kilowatt or more. Transmitters must transmit
the modulated wave without non-linear distortion, otherwise a transmitter
supposed to transmit in a given band of frequencies would also transmit
different frequencies outside of that band as a result of non-linearity in
the power stages. The disadvantage is two fold: waste of energy on fre-
quencies not necessary for the transmission, and disturbance to other links,
especially saturation of a receiver working nearby. The drawbacks are
partially avoided by using highly linear power stages and by improving
transmitter-receiver isolation as has already been said. More particularly,
as far as links of very great distance in the VLF range for submarine are
concerned, the power required for the transmitter is very much larger, on
the order of 1 megawatt.

Considering the antenna efficiency at these kilometer-wavelengths it is fed
at about 10,000 volts and several hundred amperes, which corresponds to
several megawatts input to the antenna. Efforts have devoted to making the
antenna radiate as well as possible; it consists of several pylons 300 meters
high connected to each other by a conducting sheet so as to form a sort of
roof which has a capacitative effect corresponding, from the electrical stand-
point, to extending the height of the pylons. Be that as it may, the height
of these pylons remains small in comparison with the wavelength of 20 kilo-
meters, at their bases, which are capable of carrying the very high currents
without giving rise to losses by Joule effect, and hence of very low ohmic
resistance. This bulk, this necessary power, and the cost of installing such
a transmitting station are indeed specific characteristics of naval trans-
mission.

62



equitable and adequate distribution of the range of frequencies so that the
nonaligned countries may enjoy the place that behooves them in this field.

The group is made up of the representatives of the radio broadcasting organs
of Algeria (chairman of the group), the Democratic People's Republic of
Korea, Cuba, Guyana, India, Iraq, Kenya, Nigeria, Tunisia, Yugoslavia, and
Zambia.

In accordance with the interest of each of the regions, particular attention
has to be earmarked, following the goals of the committee, to the examination
of the possibilities of broadening long- and medium-wave ranges for the needs
of radio broadcasting and to the highlighting of the danger presented by the
tendency of the major powers to use a part of the short-wave band for radio
transmission by satellite.

The nonaligned countries had rejected a proposal in this connection during the
1971 conference. The tendency of the large powers to use the band of fre-
quencies assigned to short-wave tropical radio broadcasting for the transmission
of their programs beyond their national borders was also discussed.

The study of the problems of accommodating satellites in the 12 GHZ-band

[12 band], the study of the problems of linkage of satellites for program
exchange purposes, and the study of problems of broadcasting by satellite
radio programs slated for reception by inexpensive radio sets were additional
topics.

Statement by the Director-General of the RTA

"You are slated te consider within the framework of the group of which you
are a member a matter which is at the center of present international dis-
cussion and which opens up the entire question of economic, cultural, scien-
tific, and political relations between the developed countries and the de-
veloping countries," Abderrahmane Laghouati, director-general of the Algerian
Radio and Television, declared in his speech inaugurating the meetings of the
committee of experts of radio and television stations of nonaligned countries.

"What is involved is to redefine the principles and methods of organization
of these relations in accordance with the legitimate aspirations of states
which for a long time have experienced the effects of an inequitable dis-
tribution of resources."

Earlier, Abderrahmane Laghouati opined that "the present meeting of the
Committee undoubtedly reflects in the most remarkable manner the significant
progress which the new cooperation established among our organs has accomplished
within a relatively short space of time. This constitutes in truth a demon-
stration of our will, unanimously shared, to strive to realize effectively,
methodically, and unambiguously the goals that we set in the action program
approved at the initial conference of radio broadcasters of nonaligned coun-
tries held in October 1977 in Sarajevo and which we started to apply at the


Article 18

The maximum frequency deviation during tone modulation may not exceed  50kHz.
Article 19

The difference between the central frequency of the FM tone signal during
100-percent modulation (+ 50 kHz) and that of central frequency without
modulation may not exceed + 200 Hz.

III. Technical Characteristics of the Television System

Article 20

For television in the VHF frequency area (ranges I and III) the television
norm B (CCIR) is used; for the UHF frequency area (ranges IV and V) the tele-
vision norm G (CCIR) is used.

The basic characteristics of systems B and G are:

Number Characteristic Value
1. Number of lines per picture 625
2. Frequency of half pictures, vertical

frequency (number of half pictures/

second) 50
3. Separation 2:1
4. Picture frequency (number of

pictures/second) 25
5. Line frequency, horizontal

frequency (number of lines/second
and tolerances for unsynchronized

working:

--for black & white television 15625 Hz + 0.02 percent

--for color television 15625 Hz + 0.0001 percent
6. Nominal levels of the video

signal according to picture
No 1 in percentage:
--level of synchronization

(referential level) 0

--level of suppression 30

--level of whiteness 100
7. Picture proportion 4/3
8. Line analysis from left to right

half-picture analysis
from top to bottom

9. System capable of working
independently of feeding frequency

16



Article 145

Differences in group delay must not, in the frequency range f,-0.75 MHz to
+5 MHz exceed the value of +100 ns.

Article 146

The limit values in articles 143, 144 and 145 of this regulation also apply
to the entering levels from 0.5 mV to 10 mV and with an included automatic
amplification regulator.

VII. Establishing Technical Characteristics of Television Transmitters and
Converters

Article 147

The technical characteristics of the television transmitters and converters
established by this regulation are established by measuring methods pre-
scribed by the acts dealing with Yugoslav standards.

VIII. Transmitting and Concluding Rules

Article 148

The rules of this regulation will not be applied to those television trans-
mitters and converters for which an installation permit or operating permit
was issued before this regulation took effect.

An exception to the rule in paragraph one of this regulation is that if the
television transmitters and converters for which an installation permit or
operating permit was issued before this regulation took effect should cause
interferences in radio traffic, their technical characteristics so far as
radio interference is concerned must be brought into accordance with the
rule of this regulation within 6 months of the date when it was established
that the television transmitter or converter was causing interference.

Article 149

This regulation will take effect on the eighth day after the day of its
publication in SLUZBENI LIST SFRJ.

No 1395/2
Belgrade, 7 December 1977

President of the Federal Committee for Transportation and Communications
[signed] Bozidar Dimitrijevic

9110

cso: 5500

53


[Postal, Telephone and Telegraph Service], of VHF and FM radio sets, air-
liners in flight, conference rostrums capable of placing seven users in
communication, the automatic telephone interface for the linking of users
to the tactical networks of the RITTER [Integrated Army Communications
Network] or of NATO, and the automatic message reception and transmission
center, designed to automatically handle messages from the Army Corps
Command Post and to broadcast these messages.

The RITA offers remarkable operational possibilities, guaranteeing con-
tinuity of communications between correspondents by reducing traffic
routing delays and offering great protection from enemy action (shielding,
encoding...).

Most of the companies in the French telephone industry are participants
in the RITA network, such as Thomson-CSF [General Radio Company] and the
SAT [expansion unknown] for the Hertzian clusters; the ICT [Central
Telecommunications Laboratory] and the LMI [expansion unknown] for the
electronic commutators; CIT-Alcatel [expansion unknown] for the radio
interface; TRI, LTT and Sagem [expansions unknown] for the transmission
equipment. CII (SEMS) [expansion unknown] computers and SINTR [expansion
unknown] consoles are also being utilized.

8143
cso: 5500

60



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come ! a a ee Se
0 1 2 3 5 =
. Sf (MHz)
5) Slika br. 9
Key:
1. Upper
2. Lower
3. Limit value
4, Referential
5. Illustration 9

33


aa
VRIJEME (ys) GRANIcE Ch °

“| 4

£0,075 | - 10
£0) pall
£0,2 +7
f(o4-10) | 25 ;
£(0,4+1,0) |s3 (4MHz) |
' A S| .
yo 08 06 m4 az Yo Roz am | as os Mes
' nae
| I \ \ LQ | Rees
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boyy | R
Ss OTP 0
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BE an .
BS sy PSSSRIENS Se He
7 hy) Slika br. 10
Key:
1. Time
2. Limits
3. Amplitude

4. Illustration 10
Article 59

The angle of the right angle impulse, whose repetition frequency is 50 Hz
to 15 kHz during the amplitude change of the high-frequency signal in the
area of 10 to 75 percent of peak voltage, must stay within the limits of
+ 2 percent in relation to the referential jump from black to white (10 to
75 percent).

Article 60

During test signals, to which correspond bright angles of arbitrary width and
height on the black field, no level changes must be noticed in the black
field during the exit from the television transmitter.

34



Article 126

The suppression of noise due to the parasite frequency modulation in rela-
tion to the useful tone signal of a 1,000 Hz frequency, which give a +30 kHz
frequency deviation of the carrier signal, must be > than 58 dB.

Article 127

The possibility of controlling the following working values of the televi-
sion converter must exist with the assitance of built instruments: 1) all
important working voltages and currents, tubes and transistors; 2) oscillator
voltages; 3) existing levels.

fs 2
Iseattoon a)
At(MHZ)_Joraniéna vaiseonostigay 3 )
3-7 = 60

~7 do ~25 |-26
28 do -16 |~20
w18 do = | ~26
do O75] 41

75 +
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{ +575 +t
r+ -50 $ +575 do +69 | 41
4 q $89 do ott | mae
ut @ 41; cord

Beis a5

L. 60 ae
09-8 7-6-5 6-3-2 1 Fat 02 3 0 “gls 47-48 09 +10 oll 412 413 914 915
fs f; — af (MHzp=

q

ittasarririg

Opseg frekvencije I iu
4) 5)Slika br. 15)

Key:

Upper

. Lower

3. Limit value

4. Frequency ranges I and III
5. Illustration 15

49


%
ry

. : 4
Pasay ! w st

Pow tsa toe pk tan) ab ae Pas tag tan Paw oe Daa
eee ened
rl i
fourth half-picture ( l 4! t
3. Phase position of the re- overs of An Air
ferential carrier: nominal vy xs a f t q v ruLULUPTT pel ant aa 38 ye
value + 135° vey eld 1 ow tit
4. Phase position of referen- ‘ i-
tial carrier: nominal value Pai Ten get ae wprrrrarcrsy gy Tt
- 135° (a y 4 th
5. Interval of suppression : pie} " =
of referential carrier (th W Et ceed
6. Illustration 4 Oy pogetno vrijeme vertikalne sinhronl«
1y zacije
I, U, 11, IV: — prva, druga, trega i Setrvta poluslika 2)
A. — fazni stav referentnog rosiags: no-
. minalna vrijednost + 135
B — fazni stav referentnog nosioca: no-
minalna veijednost — 135° LL)
cc. — interval poliskivanja referentnog no=
. sioca 5) : |

Article 24

The radio frequency characteristics of systems B and G are:

Number Characteristic
1. Nominal width of the radio frequency
Frequency channel

2. Separation between the frequencies
of the picture carrier and tone
carrier

Separation between frequency of
picture carrier and closer channel
edge (MHz)

Nominal width of main sideband (MHz)
Nominal width of partly suppressed
sideband (MHz)

Minimal weakening of suppressed
sideband (dB)

3.

Type of video modulation and
necessary width of filtering
band; negative amplitude
modulations with suppressed
lower sideband and necessary
width of filtering band of
Level of synchronization
impulse expressed in per-
centage of peak value of car-
rier (2)

22

6) Slika br. 4 |

Value

B:7
G:8

5.5

-1.25

5

0.75

20 for -12.5 MHz

20 for -3.00 MHz
20 for -4.43 MHz:

6.25

100



Article 138

During the changeover from black to white picture, the peak power must not
change by more than 1 dB.

Article 139

The average strength of secondary radiation on any harmonic frequency must
be suppressed by more than 40 dB or be less than 25 UW.

Entering levels are given in illustration 14.
Article 140

The power of secondary radiation in mixing frequencies must be suppressed
by more than 54 dB.

Entering levels are given in illustration 14.

Article 141

The suppression of the products of cross-modulation or interfrequency inter-
ference products in the frequency range fg-0.75 MHz to +5.75 MHz must be

> 50 dB for the sidebands between f,-0.75 MHz to +5.75 MHz.

The limit values from paragraph one of this article apply to unmodulated
entering signals whose levels are stated in illustration 14.

Article 142

A maximum change in the synchronization impulse of 5 percent in regard to
the synchronization value is permitted in the exit.

Article 143
Linearity must not exceed the value of 0.9. Converter linearity is con-
sidered for frequencies of up to 5 MHz in the area of 10 to 75 percent of

the peak value.

The limit values in paragraph one of this article apply to unmodulated
entering signals whose values are stated in iliustration 14.

Article 144

The amplitude frequency characteristics in the frequency range £,-0.75
MHz to +5 MHz must be in the standard of + 3 dB.

52



FRANCE

DIRECTIONS OF NAVAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH DISCUSSED

Paris DEFENSE NATIONAL in French May 78 pp 125-134

[Text] Modulation is the operation of impressing the message to be trans-
mitted upon one or more of the parameters of the wave chosen as the carrier.
The modulating signal in general has a small spectral extent on one which is
very small in comparison with the carrier frequency. The bandwidth about

the carrier frequency fg which can be used is limited by the coherence band
of the propagation medium. This coherence band may be simply defined by the
frequency difference fy - fj, which can be tolerated so that the modification
effected by the medium at each of the extreme frequencies, fj and fo, are of
the same order of magnitude. It can be further stated that it is the fre-
quency difference for which the transfer function of the medium, ’'G (f), is
approximately constant. It is easily understood that, if the spectral extent
of the modulated wave is smaller than the coherence band, all is well and
each component frequency of the modulated wave is perturbed equivalently
throughout the transmission channel. Therefore little restoration of the
signal shape need be done at the point of reception. Thus propagation con-
ditions, whether they be a matter of interactions with free electrons of the
ionosphere or multiple propagation paths as a result of various reflections
from obstacles or layers of the ionosphere, can be represented overall by a
transfer function G (f), hence a coherence band of the medium. As for orders
of magnitude: coherence bands are on the order of a few hertz (Hz) at 100 Hz,
several hundred Hz for 20 kilohertz (kHz), and several kHz in the lower HF
(high frequency) range, in short, on the order of several percent of the
carrier frequency.

The chosen modulation must therefore be adapted to the coherence band. This
amounts to saying that, considering the small coherence band up to the HF
range, modulations must be used which provide small spectral extent, that is,
limited to:

61


BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA 1. Report No. 2. 3. Recipient's Accession No.
SHEET JPRS 71437

4. Title and Subtitle 5.

Report Date
TRANSLATIONS ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY, RESEARCH 11 July 1978
AND DEVELOPMENT, No. 45 6.
7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Rept.
No.
9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Project/Task/Work Unit No.
Joint Publications Research Service
1000 North Glebe Road V1. Contract/Grant No.
Arlington, Virginia 22201
12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address 13. Type of Report & Period
Covered
As above

15. Supplementary Notes

16, Abstracts

This serial report contains translations from the world press and radio relating
to worldwide political, economic and technical developments in telecommunications,|
computers, and satellite communications. Coverage will be worldwide with focus
on France, Federal Republic of Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, the USSR,
People's Republic of China, Sweden, and the Netherlands.

¥7. Key Words and Document Analysis, We. Descriptors

Worldwide
Computers
Satellite Communications

Electronics and Electrical Engineering
Telecommunications
Telemetry

7b. Identifiers /Open-Ended Terms

\7e. COSATI Fie ld/Group 09B, C, F, 17B, 22B

18. Availability Statement 19. Security Class (This
Unlimited Availability Report)
Sold by NTIS I. Security Class (T!
Springfield, Virginia 22151 Per CLASSIFIED

PORN NTISSS (REV. 3-72) THIS FORM MAY BE REPRODUCED UscoMMoe 14982°P72

au



Article 88

The entering voltage area is 0.5 mV to 10 mV at 50 Q.

Article 89

There must be no damage to the converter if there is a malfunction in the
emitter or the converter which emits the feeding signal. When the normal
state is established, the converter must be functional. ©

Article 90

The strength of secondary radiation on parasite frequencies must not be per-
ceptible.

Article 91

The noise factor of the converter, with an entering signal of 2 mV, must be:
1) 9 dB--when the entering portion is in the-frequency ranges I and III;

2) 10.7 dB--when the entering portion is in the frequency ranges IV and V.
Article 92

The converters must be manufactured in such manner as to satisfy the tech-
nical characteristics prescribed by this regulation under the following

working conditions:

1. The frequency net deviation should be + 2 percent of the nominal value
(50 Hz).

2. The environment temperature should be from +5° to +45°C.

3. The environment temperature for the "specially manufactured" converters
should be from =35°C to +45°C.

4. The altitude above sea level should be to 2,500 meters.
5. The relative humidity in the working area should be to 90 percent.
Article 93

Radio interference on the feeding leads must be within the bounds specified
by the Yugoslav standard JUS.N NO.900 interference level K).

41


The entering attenuator of the modulator must be capable of roughly adjust-
ing the voltage in article 77 of this regulation by degrees of 1 dB each,
from -6 dB to + 6 dB.

The entering attenuator of the modulator must be so adjusted during normal
operation that the deviation will not exceed the value of +30 kHz with an
entering level of + 6 dBm.

Article 78

The television tone transmitter must have a net for emphasizing the high-
tone frequencies, whose characteristics are given in illustration 12, as
well as the capability for switching them off.

Article 79

The amplitude frequency characteristics with a disconnected net for empha-
sizing the high-tone frequencies must be in the entire frequency range from
40 Hz to 15 kHz within + 1 dB, reference to 1 kHz, through deviations of

* 50 kHz.

ie

“

Key:

1. Illustration 13

Article 80 7

The total coefficient of harmonic distortion of the tone signal in the
modulated carrier signal when exiting with a disconnected net for empha-
sizing the high-tone frequencies, in the frequency range of 40 Hz to 15 kHz
and with a frequency deviation of + 50 kHz, must not be greater than 1 per-
cent, while with a deviation of + 75 kHz it must not be twice as great as
the measured value during a deviation of + 50 kHz.

Article 81

The maximum allowed intermodulation deviation of the modulating signal in
the modulated carrier signal when exiting with a disconnected net for
emphasizing high-tone frequencies, in the frequency range from 40 Hz to
15 kHz with a deviation of + 50 kHz must not be greater than 0.6 percent

39


Another method, called "frequency agility," consists of selecting, for each
time interval, the transmission frequency. The cadence or speed of the
agility is inversely proportional to the time interval during which a fixed
frequency is used and transmission of the future will use agility cadences

on the order hertz or kilohertz or even greater. This amounts to saying

that the receiver which is to receive the "agile" transmission will know

the code of frequency change asa function of time and will thus follow the
transmission procedure of the transmitter with frequency changes every second,
every millisecond, or even more frequently.

One can imagine the increasing complexity of the equipment which will afford
these possibilities but this is becoming a necessity since the frequency range
used is known by virtue of propagation considerations which we have cited and
it is the coding, a priori introduction of information in the message, which
will assure non-identification of that message by those not in a priori pos-
session of such information.

Last, even though everything is well understood at the level of information
theory, the serious technical and technological problems which arise have

not been resolved for all that. For example, let us mention the need to

have available very wide band antenna systems, synthesizers of high frequency
agility and signal purity, power stages of great band width and highly linear,
scanning receivers whose turning can be rapidly varied, and so forth. At this
time such difficulties have been only partially resolved. Still more problems
arise in conference operation of several transmitters and receivers. Should
there be a master station controlling the transmission rhythm to which the other
correspondents thust be subordinated, which presents the problem of that sta-
tion's vulverability, or should the network work asynchronously, synchroni-
zation being effected upon transmission from one to another? There are so
many questions which show that all is not settled and that multiple solutions
are sometimes adopted.

Information Comparison of the Voice Signal and HF

Studies and research aimed at reducing the digital flow of a digitalized
speech signal to some 1,200 bits per second are particularly adapted to the
Navy's transmission problems because the usable bands are of small width as
a result, as we have already said, of the small width of the coherence bands
of HF links. The 1,200-bit per second flow is well adapted both to this low
capacity of HF channels and the difficult problem of coding and its com-
patibility.

Evolution of Transmission by Warships

Description of several typical installations has shown, in the case of large
ships, the complexity of the installed transmission equipment. But, service
is not being rendered in optimum fashion; as a matter of fact, the individual
devices, particularly the BLU, are very expensive and are not being exploited
at their maximum potential (for example, only a single modulation mode is

used at a time, the racks for operation of the other modes being idle). What

64



COMPUTER INDUSTRY FACES TWO CHALLENGES

AUSTRALIA

Canaberra THE AUSTRALIAN in English 26 Apr 78 p 14

[Text]

cso:

THE AUSTRALIAN’S annual. computer
industry survey this year looks at an industry
meeting the twin challenges of a major
structural change and a shortage of trained
people. :

For the first time in its brief history the com-
puter industry is moving away from the mas-
sive computer toward small, even personal,
models. The household computer is no longer a
dream, it is fast becoming a necessity.

In business the small ess computer has
emerged as a separate class of machine and
moved the r of electronic data processing
into a whole new area. Today there are very
few organisations that could not afford to

5500

employ a, computer, often in place of the entire.

office clerical staff. .

‘At the other end of the business scale the big
rganisations can now Eet three or four times

the computing power at the same dollar cost

they paid five years ago for inferior equipment.

Coupled with the reduction in mainframe
costs there has been a massive increase in
distributed computer power, a dramatic leap in
networking ability and a reduction in costs, For
a country like Australia ideally suited to
widespread data transmission all this would
seem to be exciting and to provide hopes for
the future.

Sadly, all is not well. There is a national
shortage of properly trained personnel to oper-
ate these advanced systems, software costs
have taken-off and the line charges levied on
progress by Telecom Australia have been little
short of penal. :

But notwithstanding all that there are signs
that the computer industry will continue grow-
ing at much the same rate as it has in the past.

@ still import the trained people we need
from England, we refuse to train our own, the
hardware prices will continue to fall and

managements are sho signs of accepting
reasonable rather shan pottect software. .



Article 129

The oscillator must be so constructed as to make possible the measuring of
frequency and voltage in the oscillator. The measuring exit must have a
voltage of > 100 mV at 50 2

C. Technical Characteristics of Miniature Television Converters

Article 130

The frequency change in miniature television converters may be realized
according to the principle of interfrequency standard values prescribed in
article 96 of this regulation, or with direct conversion.

Article 131

The technical characteristics of the miniature television converters must
be fulfilled with a suppression of 2 50 dB exists between the exit and the
entrance.

Article 132

The miniature television converters which are installed outside must be in
a housing that will protect them from rain, snow, condensation and insects.

Article 133

The miniature television converter must have an asymetrical impedance en-
trance of 50 2, with a coaxial attachment of the type BNC or 4.1/9.5.

Article 134

For net voltage changes of +10 percent to -15 percent, a change in exit
power of +1 dB in relation to nominal power is allowed.

Article 135

The working frequency deviation of miniature television converters must
be better than 100 Hz per 1 MHz.

Article 136

The area of entering voltage of the miniaturé television converter is 0.5 mV’
to 10 mV at 50 Q

Article 137
The change in peak power of the miniature television converter, caused by

changes in the entering voltage of 2 mV for 6 + dB, must remain within
bound of + 1 dB.

51



WANG LABORATORIES SELLS SOUTH AFRICAN SUBSIDIARY

Johannesburg SUNDAY TIMES in English 18 Jun 78 p 26

[Article by Tony Koenderman in the "Business Times" section]

[Text]

cso:

THE  §200-million-a-year
American mini-computer
manufacturer, Wang Labo-
ratories, has sold its South
African subsidiary to local
interests which include for-
mer Trust Bank chief Dr
Jan Marais.

The R2,5-million deal was
concluded as a way of
averting sanctions pres-
sures — seen as primarily
aimed at US investment in
SA, rather than at sales to
this country.

“Wang's top management
could foresee a situation
where it would be forced to
balance continued presence
as a company here against
important interests else-
where in the world,” said
managing director Martin
Hammerschmidt.

“So I offered to take over
the company’s capital in-
vestment here and to form

5500

a distribution and servicing
company to market its pro-
ducts.””

A new company, General
Business Systems, has been
formed for this purpose,
headed by Mr Hammersch-
midt. Other directors are
Paul Bladergroen and Dr
Marais.

Wang vice-president re-
sponsible for Africa, Johan-
nes Spanjaard, says there is
no question of disengage-
ment from the SA. With
subsidiaries in 18 countries
and agents in another 45,
Wang gets 45 per cent of its
turnover outside the US.

In a fast-growing com-
pany (revenue rose 40 per
cent last year), the SA sub-
sidiary (up 48 per cent)
shines. Local turnover is
about R3-million a year.

57

SOUTH AFRICA


4. Video frequencies are the frequencies of the spectral component of the
video signal.

5. Line frequency (horizontal frequency) is the number of lines per second
during the analysis or reproduction of the television picture.

6. The auxiliary color carrier is placed inside the frequency range of the
brightness signal which is modulated in such way as to give the color signal.

7. The differential signal amplification is the difference in amplification
at the various brightness levels.

8. Differential signal phase is the difference in the phase position at
various brightness levels.

9. The interfering signal is the unwanted signal which appears during re-
ception in addition to the useful signal.

10. Normal frequency movement is that movement during which the difference
between the nominal frequencies of the picture carrier is a whole multiple
of 1/12 of the line frequency, during which the exactitude of the frequency
carrier is + 500 Hz.

ll. Precise frequency movement is that movement during which the difference
between the nominal frequencies of the picture carrier is a whole multiple
of 1/12 of the line frequency, during which the exactitude of the frequency
is + 1 Hz.

12. A television transmitter is an amplitude modulated picture transmitter
with a partially suppressed lower sideband, and a frequency modulated tone
transmitter. If a deviation exists, it is considered to be an integral
part of the television transmitter.

13. A television transformer is a joint group of switches (entering ampli-
fier, oscillators, mixers, interfrequency amplifiers, exit amplifier,
regulating-switches and other switches) through which it is possible to
transmit a television signal that was received on one channel through another
channel.

14. The power of the picture transmitter is the effective expressed power
(E.R.P) during the synchronization impulse (peak power), while the power of
the tone transmitter is the value of the power of the unmodulated carrier.

15. The protection of the useful television signal is the relationship
between the useful and interfering signals as they enter the television
receiver.

16. The artificial antenna is the armored load attached to the transmitter
for measuring purposes, and it replaces the real antenna.

1


REMINDER

Information on worldwide political, economic and technical
developments in telecommunications, computers, and satellite
communications appears in TRANSLATIONS ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS
POLICY, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT.

Information on environmental pollution and pollution control
technology, organizations and programs appears in TRANSLATIONS
ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY.

Information on Law of the Sea conferences and negotiations,
territorial seas and straits, coastal and international seabed
economic areas, marine pollution, scientific research and
fisheries appears in TRANSLATIONS ON LAW OF THE SEA.

Information on incidence, outbreak and other aspects of human,
animal, and plant diseases, insect pests and control, sanita-
tion conditions, immunization and public health programs
appears in WORLD EPIDEMIOLOGY REVIEW.



Amplitude tolerances above -1.35 MHz apply to any degree of modulation between
the black level and the white level.

Amplitude tolerances below -1.35 MHz apply to complete modulation (10/75
percent). ,

Article 56

The total video-amplitude frequency characteristic, with random levels, must
be found within the tolerance according to figure 9.

Article 57

The response of the television transmitter to the right-angle impulse pic-
ture, whose repetition frequency is between 15 kHz and 250 kHz during the
increase time 100 ns must, during the amplitude change of the high frequency
from 55 to 75 percent and vice versa, remain within the tolerances given

in illustration 10.

Article 58

The television picture transmitter must have an adjustable group-delay
correction, which allow for correction of the transmitter group delay and
the receiver group delay, on the basis of the precorrection curve of the
receiver group delay in article 24, point 16 of this regulation.

32



19. Frequency of auxiliary carrier:
--nominal value and tolerance (Hz)
[24.433] 618.75 + 5.0

--relationship between the frequency
of the auxiliary carrier f, and line
frequency fy F,,=(1135/4 +17625) fq
20. Nominal frequency spectrum of
the modulated auxiliary carrier (kHz)

fee (42580

21. Amplitude of the modulated
auxiliary carrier G Bh y2 +El 2

22. Color synchronization

with referential carriers:
23.--beginning of referential car-
rier (illustration 1) ( s)5.6t 0.1....
24,.--duration of referential carrier
(illustration 1) (us)

25, 2.25 + 0.23 (1041 sinusoid)

26. Amplitude of referential carrier
peak to peak (illustration 1)

27. 3/7 difference between suppres—
sion level and whiteness level 4 10%

28. Phase position of referential
carrier
29. 135° in relation to the axis

E'y with the following sign (illustra-
tions 3 and 4):

30. Half picture--do = to
31. Line

Even

Odd
32. Suppression of referential car-
rier: 9 lines of internal of suppres-
sion of half pictures (see illustra-
tion 4)
33. Lines
34, ‘Synchronization of change of phase

of referential carrier: with the
aid of the E'y component of the
referential carrier (point 14)

(Table continued on following page)

20

1

6)

3)

ee ay ‘
cdi Karakleristika vrisednost
105
1 2 3
},) 4 Koordinate primarnih “Crvéna x 0,64 y= 0.33
boja Zelena x=029 y = 0,60
Plava. x=015 y=0.06
2Koordinate boja za 7)
\ jednake primarne si- Bijé-
gnale ‘ la Des. x = 0,313 y = 0,329
Fa-fonE’g
Pretpostavijeno gama
katodne cijevi prijam- *
nika za prethodnu ko-
rekeiju primarnih sig- :
nala . 2,8
©) 4 Signal sjajnosti E’y 0,299 E’p + 0,587
Eg +0114 Ep 10)
E’g Eo i ‘E’p jesu gama

17 § Signali boje

1.29 Slabljenje signala boje

1
7 Jednadzba Lbence vi-
deo-signala boje

korigirani signali

Ey-0493 (E’p—E’y)

~y=0877 (E’'R—E'y)
4B MHz

E’yf< 3 na 1,3
Ey \>20 na 4

Fy =E’y+E'y sin 2n fy,
tat Ey cos 2nfyct *

lsd se: .

15 F’y (vidi totku 4 ove tabli-
ce)

6Fvu 1 Ey (vidi totku 5 ove
: bo Ebice .

8 Vrsta mbdilacise po-
moénog nosioca signa
Ta boje:

Amplitudna modulaci-

Ja, s polisnutim nosio-

cem, dva pomoéna no-

sioca u kvadraturi

9 Frekvencija pomoénog
nosioca:

— nominalna_ vrijed-
nost i tolerancija
(Hz)

— odnos izmedu frek-
vencije pomecnog
nosioca fx i linijske
frekvencije fn

10 Nomind trekvencli-
ski spektar modulira-
nog pomogénog nosioca
(KHz)

41 Amptit@th) modutira-
nog pomoénog nosivca

& (vidi totku 9 ove tablice).
vedznak komponente E’y
isti je kao i pomoénog nosi-
ceca — mijenja se od linije
do linije (vidi toéku 14 ove

+ tablice i sliku br. 3).

19)
4,433 618,755.0 |

fe (1135/41/62) fa

t. f+ 570
se \—1300
G-VPgrey



NOTE

JPRS publications contain information primarily from foreign
newspapers, periodicals and books, but also from news agency
transmissions and broadcasts. Materials from foreign-language
sources are translated; those from English-language sources
are transcribed or reprinted, with the original phrasing and
other characteristics retained.

Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets
{] are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicators such as [Text]
or [Excerpt] in the first line of each item, or following the
last line of a brief, indicate how the original information was
processed. Where no processing indicator is given, the infor-
mation was summarized or extracted.

Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the
original but have been supplied as appropriate in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an
item originate with the source. Times within items are as
given by source.

The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli-
cies, views or attitudes of the U.S. Government.

PROCUREMENT OF PUBLICATIONS

JPRS publications may be ordered from the National Technical
Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151. In order-
ing, it is recommended that the JPRS number, title, date and
author, if applicable, of publication be cited.

Current JPRS publications are announced in Government Reports
Announcements issued semi-monthly by the National Technical
Information Service, and are listed in the Monthly Catalog of
U.S. Government Publications issued by the Superintendent of
Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
20402.

Indexes to this report (by keyword, author, personal names,
title and series) are available through Bell & Howell, Old
Mansfield Road, Wooster, Ohio, 44691.

Correspondence pertaining to matters other than procurement
may be addressed to Joint Publications Research Service,
1000 North Glebe Road, Arlington, Virginia 22201.


Article 105

The frequency tolerance of television converters which are to work without
frequency movement is:

1) 100 x 10-6 or 100 Hz/MHz--for frequencies under 100 MHz and average power
of 50 W or less;

2) 100 x 10-6 or 100 Hz/MHz--for frequencies above 100 MHz and average power
of 100 W or less;

3) 1,000 Hz--for frequencies under 100 MHz and average power of more than
50 MHz;

4) 1,000 Hz--for frequencies above 100 MHz and average power of more than
100 MHz.

The frequency tolerance of television converters that work with normal
movement must be in accordance with the values in article 17 of this regu-
lation.

Article 106

A continuous frequency correction must be made possible. The equipment for
frequency correction must be easily accessible and the correction must be
visible on the scale. The frequency correction area must be at least +5 x
10-6F osc. ;

Article 107

A filter must be installed before the first active element, with the
characteristics given in table number 3.

Article 108

The entering interfering signal with the interfrequency voltage of <1V
and a symetrical voltage of > 0.1 V must not produce a greater signal when
exiting than the signal obtained with an entering signal of 0.5 mV.

L)FABLICA br. 3

Key: 4 \ 4}
fo — primanja Potiskivanje u Potiskivanje_u
1. Table 3 2) frekvencija opsegu I i MI opsegu IV/V
2. Frequency reception to + 14 MHz = 16 dB
3. Suppression in ranges I and III {— 9 MHz
4. Suppression in ranges IV and V te + 16 MHz
2 20 dB
fo — 11 MHz
fo + 28 MIiz
. = 36 dB
fo — 23 MHz .
fo + 32 MHz
, . = 42 6B
fo — 97 MHz



stimulation of the transmitter must be made possible with a voltage whose
highest value is 1V. It is also necessary on the television transmitter
to specify the frequency of the basic oscillator for the channel.

Article 37

All degrees and cables in the high-frequency portion must be reduced to a
nominal impedance of 50 2.

Article 38

The television transmitter must be electrically armored in such a manner
than when a large number of transmitters are placed next to each other there
will be no mutual interference.

Article 39

The warm-up time necessary to achieve the technical characteristics spe-
cified in this regulation must not exceed 30 minutes.

Article 40

The stability of the working frequency must be greater than 150 Hz in the
course of 1 month.

Article 41

The precision of adjusting the carrier frequency must be greater than +50 Hz.
The equipment for adjusting the frequency precisely must have a scale which
will allow for precision adjusting.

Article 42

An artificial antenna is necessary to measure the resistance in a television
transmitter.

The nominal value of resistance of the artificial antenna is 50 2. In the
frequency range of the transmitter, the coefficient of noncompatibility must
be s < 1.05. The change of the coefficient of noncompatibility with the
frequency in the working channel must not be greater than 0.02. The value
resistance of the artificial antenna must reach the fifth harmonic frequency
of the transmitter, but must not exceed 2,000 MHz.

The radiated power of the artificial antenna must be at. least 50 dB below
the reached power. The reference is the radiated power of the half-wave
dipole in its main direction of radiation, which is fed a power 50 dB less
than the power of the transmitter.

28



The measuring places loaded with a 50 resistor must give a voltage whose
effective value is 1 V. The measuring places for the measuring demodulator
with both sidebands loaded for 50 Nmust give a voltage whose effective value
is 10 Vv.

The attachment of an arbitrary resistor to the measuring place must not cause
any detrimental effects in the television transmitter. The voltage appear-
ing in a cable not loaded may be, at most, five times greater than voltage
with a resistance of 50. The amplitude frequency charactertistic of the
measuring attachment must be such that a voltage can be obtained in the
measuring resistor of 50 2 whose frequency dependency is at the most 1 per-
cent MHz (in the frequency range I--2 percent MHz).

A double directional coupler is necessary at the exit from the transmitter,
with a characteristic impedance of 50 2, a directionality of 32 dB and a
coupling which will insure a voltage whose effective/value is 1 V at the
loaded direct exist of 50 2. ’

Article 67
The video frequency measuring places in the television picture transmitter
must be located at the following points: 1) at the video frequency entrance;

and 2) at the modulator entrance.

All the measuring places must have a 1 V peak-to-peak positive value of the
exit voltage in a 75 2 resistor.

The amplitude frequency characteristic of the measuring places must not
exceed the value of + 0.5 dB.

The transmitting characteristics of the measuring places must correspond to
article 52 and 53 of this regulation. If this is not the case, data on
linearity and differential phases must be included with the transmitter.

All the measuring places specified in this article must have an attachment
of the UHF or BNC type, or transfers to these types of attachments.

Article 68

The television picture transmitter must have an instrument to indicate peak
power. The influence of the picture content on the readings of this
instrument may be a maximum of 1 percent.

C. Technical Characteristics of Television Tone Transmitter

Article 70

In addition to the instruments necessary for adjustments, the television
tone transmitter whose exit power is equal to or greater than 1 kW must

37


10.

ll.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

Level of darkening impulse
expressed in percentages of peak
value of the carrier (%)
Difference between levels of black
and darkening expressed in per-
centages of peak value of carrier (%)
Peak value of whiteness expressed
in percentages of peak value of
the carrier (%)

Type of tone modulation and neces—
sary width of filtering band; fre-
quency modulation with necessary
width of filtering band

Maximum deviation of tone sending
frequency (kHz)

Emphasis of high tone frequencies (us)
Relationship between expressed
power of transmitters of picture
and tone

Curvature of previous correction
of group delay of receiver

23

75 + 2.5

10-12.5

134 kHz

+ 50
50

10/1

According to illustration 5


is of the opinion that an important stage has just been concluded in the
materialization of the legitimate aspirations of the radio broadcasting organs
of nonaligned countries and that exact data have made possible the elabora-
tion of justified proposals on numerous matters;

Reaffirms its desire to infuse strong motivation into the activities of
organs in specialized international institutions and to guarantee in them
their appropriate representation slated to be different from the policy of
the "fait accompli" practiced for a long time now;

Calls attention to the harmful activity of foreign broadcasting stations
located outside national borders and Proposes in this context that the non-
aligned countries pursue their efforts to eliminate all colonial sequels
and to prevent all neocolonial initiatives;

Renews the expression of its active solidarity with the radio-broadcasting
organs and liberation movements and demands the right of countries still
under foreign domination to an equitable access to frequency bands;

Declares itself ready to place its experience and skills at the service
of scientific progress which the peoples of nonaligned countries are entitled
to expect will lead to their own advancement.

2662
cso: 5500



As a matter of fact, it is known that the projects of the U.S. and Great
Britain have not yet been successfully concluded and that Germany, which
had participated with France and Belgium in the initial design stage of
the RITA until 1969, is developing its own system, "Autoko,"" which is less
sophisticated than the RITA and is dependent upon a fixed infrastructure.
Belgium, on the other hand, has decided to pursue the development of the
RITA in common with France.

A Shielded and Numeric Network

The RITA, which is characterized by its numeric technique, is a communica-
tions network based upon nodal centers located on high points of the
terrain and interconnected by Hertzian clusters. Each nodal center is
equipped with an electronic autocommutator, on the one hand, which assures
the automatic routing of communications, and on the other hand, radio
junction equipment which permits the establishment via radio integration
of nine simultaneous communications.

The nodal centers are spaced 20 to 40 kilometers from one another, depending
upon the terrain. Their number, designed to cover the area of operation of
an Army Corps, is a function of the dimensions of the area and also the
number of Command Posts to be linked. In this regard, it is estimated that
an average of 30 nodal centers will be required at the Army Corps level,
permitting the servicing of 2,000 to 3,000 users.

The electronic autocommutator commanded by the "15M/125" computer permits
the simultaneous handling of traffic from a maximum of 12 functions of

24 MIC. The concentrator assures the linking of users (50) to the central
and handles the conversion of voice frequency signals into numeric signals.

The Hertzian clusters which assure the transmission of communications be-
tween nodal centers appear in the form of a modular family permitting
coverage of three frequency ranges (1,350-2,700 MHz, 400-960 MHz and 225-400
MHz). Their transmission capacity is 1,152 Mbits/s [ millibits per second].

The radio integration system permits the linking of mobile users with the
same facilities as those offered to other users. With his transceiver,

the mobile user can "enter" the network at any point by means of radio
linkage converters installed in the nodal centers. The converter permits
nine users within radioelectric range to simultaneously establish communica-
tions with any other users of the network.

Great Operational Possibilities

Among the terminal equipment used by the RITA, let us mention the high-speed
telegraphy terminal, TETRA, with 600 bauds; the high-speed facsimile
[system], FSR, which is capable of transmitting a document in the A4 format
in 27 seconds; the mixed manual central, which permits the linking to the
RITA of telephone users with central or local power sources, of the PIT

59


Article 109

Changes in exit power caused by changes in the entering voltage from 2 mV
for + 12 dB must remain within a range of + 1 dB.

The time delay of automatic regulation of amplification for a voltage jump
of + dB at the entrance must be less than one second.

The automatic regulation of amplification of television converters is ac-
complished in relation to the synchronization impulse of the television
signal and must be independent of the picture content.

Article 110

During transition from the black picture to the white picture, peak power
must not change by more than 0.5 dB.

Article 111

The average power of secondary radiation of television converters on any
harmonic frequency, except for mixing frequencies, must be within the
following bounds:

1. For frequency ranges I and III, according to table 4 (distances ex-
pressed in dB pertain to maximum power values):

Key: I) TABLICA br. 4
1. Table 4 Pizlagna > 500mW => 10W >i kw
2. Exiting 3 Ss 10W Ss 1kw

3. Secondary radiation Pspor, dpat. < oyW 260dB <i1mw

2. For frequency ranges IV/V--40 dB without exceeding the value of 1 mW.
The entering levels are given in illustration 14.

Article 112

The average power of secondary radiation of the mixing frequencies must
be 60 dB less than the maximum power of the television converter and must
not exceed the value of 1 UW.

The limit values from paragraph one of this article do not apply to the
mixing frequencies in the adjoining upper and lower channels. The limit
values in article 111 of this regulation apply to those frequencies.

The entering levels are given in illustration 14.

45


1.) SIGNALNI GENERATORE

ELAN ZA PRIGUSENJE 2)
fs R Ik
BO RAZOJELNT ---4
By 6) 7)
py | ATENUATOR 2 JDELEKe
TIVNE
f, PRETVA~ MJERAE
' Rac RAZINE
ft U
B
3 )Razine na ulazu TV pretvarata (dB)
o 11 116 118 :
9) cL 12 441 143 120 : pee ni$tica @B odgovara nominalnoj snazi TV pre-
400 13 varata .
f, 0 —8 0...—20 —3/—20 Ako zbog preoptereéenja nije mogute primijeniti ra~
zinu od nistice dB, mjerenje obavijati sa — 3B, 1 u
f —10  —10 10 —10 y Ss
—_— = tom sluéaju mjerne rezultate treba poveéali za + 3dB.
fp / 16 32 —32 :
104 — frekvencija nosioca slike . . oe
11)% — frekvencija nosioca tona

12) , — trekvencija boéne komponente
‘1h, )Sitka br. 14»

Key:

1. Signal generators 2. Supression article 3. Divider 4. Attenuator 1
5. TV converter 6. Attenuator 2 7. Selective level measuring device
8. Levels entering the TV converter (dB) 9. Article 10. f,--picture
carrier frequency 11. ft--tone carrier frequency 12. f,--sideband com-
ponent frequency 13. The level of dB zero corresponds to the nominal
power of the TV converter. If it is impossible to apply zero dB level
because of overload, measuring is to be done with ~3 dB, and in this
case the results are to be increased by +3 dB. 14. Illustration 14.

Article 118

Linearity must not be worse than 0.95. The linearity of the television
converter is considered for frequencies of up to 5 MHz.

47


YUGOSLAVIA

REGULATION ON USING RADIO BROADCASTING STATIONS FOR TV TRANSMITTING
Belgrade SLUZBENI LIST SFRJ in Serbo-Croatian No 8, 17 Feb 78 pp 201-220
[Text] Article 1

This regulation establishes the frequency ranges and channels for broad-
casting black and white television and color television (hence "television")
and prescribes minimum values for reception of the signal and its protection,
emission width and the technical characteristics of the transmitter and
transformer of such emissions, in order to insure for other radio services
and broadcasters of black and white television (hence "black and white tele-
vision") and broadcasters of color television (hence "color television") un-
disturbed reception.

Article 2

The rules contained in this regulation pertain to all carriers having the
right to transmit television, as well as to all producers and importers of
transmitters and transformers for such broadcasts.

Article 3

The terms listed below have, within the content of this regulation, the
following meanings:

1. Color television signal is the signal containing the color picture
information which is obtained through its analysis.

2. Color video signal is the signal containing all the basic material nec-
essary for the synthesis of the color picture: brightness signal, color
signal, suppression impulse, synchronization signal, etc.

3. The brightness signal is the signal characterizing brightness of the
picture.

10