USSR

BRIEFS

SOVETSKAYA GAVAN COMMUNICATIONS--Raisa Lvovna Konakova, an electrician with
the Communications Engineering Operations Center in Sovetskaya Gavan, said
that the city is linked practically with all places in the country by tele-
phone, telegraph, teletype and radio. On 25 March the center provided radio
communication with fishing trawlers operating thousands of miles away from
Sovetskaya Gavan. [Khabarovsk Domestic Service in Russian 0930 GMI

25 Mar 77 OW]

CSO: 5500

14



FRANCE

FRENCH TV, RADIO NETWORK PLANS 'BIG DRIVE! IN ASIA
Hong Kong AFP in English 0020 GMI 2 Apr 77 OW
[Article by Loic Salmon]

[Excerpts] Tokyo, 1 Apr (AFP)--The French television and radio network is
planning a big drive in Asia and hopes to conclude agreements with Japan
and South Korea. Talks with Malaysia, the Philippines, Hong Kong, Singapore
and Taiwan are already taking place.

The French broadcasting system, a state monopoly, groups seven companies:
three television channels, one radio company, one production enterprise,
one technical and resthetic [as received] research institute and one broad-
casting organization~-all stemming from the French Radio Broadcasting and
Television Office (ORTF) round-up in 1975.

It has two transmitters in the East, in Singapore and Tokyo. ‘The latter was
reopened at the beginning of the year by Jean-Marc Pottiez, representing
the’ French broadcasting organizations. The ORTF had originally been in-
stalled in Tokyo from 1963 to 1974.

In Japan, 92 percent of the population watch the programmes of seven TV
channels for more than 3 hours per day in Tokyo alone. French broadcasting
is in a fair way to concluding agreements to exchange programmes, information
and possibly personnel with the national NHK channel and the private stations
ABC and MBS, of Osaka, Japan's second biggest city. Plans for joint Franco-
Japanese productions are in hand.

The Japanese manufacturer Sony has come to an agreement with the French
company Thomson CSF to market video cassettes in France and to promote the
IV professionals’ "micro-camera," the one most sold in the world, particular-
ly in the United States.

Yet, the Japanese are spearheading progress in this field. They have already
carried out several TV tests with piped TV to better commnity life in the

31



HUNGARY

SATELLITE TRACKING STATION TO BE COMPLETED
Budapest MAGYAR NEMZET in Hungarian 10 Apr 77 p 3

[Article by Zoltan Gyulai: "Intersputnik - The Terrestrial Satellite
Communication Station in Hungary Will Be Completed by the End of the Year'']

[Text] "In compliance with the provisions of a decree promulgated by the
government of the People's Republic of Hungary, the Hungarian Postal Ser-
vice will set up an Intersputnik space communication station in Talian-
dorogd during 1975-1977. The station enables long-distance continental
and intercontinental exchange of television and radio programs, and tele-
phone communication with the member countries of the Intersputnik system.
The ground station will be built with Soviet technical assistance. With
the festive deployment of the cornerstone, we declare the construction in
progress."

The above is the text of the inaugural document signed on 17 May 1976 in
Taliandorogd by Dezso Horn, deputy minister of transportation and postal
affairs, general director of the Hungarian Postal Service, and Yuri Ivan-
ovich Krupin, general director of the Intersputnik International Space Com-
munication Organization.

Why Taliandorogd, of All Places?

The cornerstone was deployed almost exactly one year ago, with the inagu-
ral document embedded in it; however, the history of the Hungarian ground
station of the Intersputnik organization is longer than that. Bulgaria,
Czechoslovakia, Cuba, Poland, Hungary, Mongolia, the German Democratic Re-
public, Romania, and the Soviet Union established this organization on 15
November 1975. Any country may join it if, at the time of affiliation, it
endorses the agreement dealing with the development of radio and televi-
sion program exchange among the member countries. The government of Hungary



As for its economic effects, there is no doubt that progress in
micro-electronics will bring about a real reduction in the cost
of new telecommunications services. At the same time, the cost
of competitive services -- transportation, printed documents,
mail -- may increase significantly. Therefore, these new ser-
vices will have varied growth rates in practical applications,
differing for residential, business, or institutional use. In
each case, the direct economic effect of the use of telecommuni-
cations will be to increase the effectiveness of communication 3
it will be possible to send more information more quickly, more
reliably, and with greater fidelity to greater distances, and

at costs which will be less than. those of the traditional methods.

Frequently, as this phenomenon happens, it will increase the
efficiency of other activities, such as in certain areas of
.transportation or retail sales. These new services will favor
the development of economic activities based just on data hand-
ling. And what will its social effects be? Some statistics in-
dicate that the probability of interaction between two persons
is inversely proportional to the distance separating them. So,
although there are some special factors, such as language dif-
ferences, which favor local contact and might require travel,

it seems reasonable to think that the factor of greatest weight
in the future will be the growing cost of face-to-face contact
(both in money and in time) with increased distances; this will
encourage us to use other means of commmication. In these con-
ditions, although postal costs are generally independent of
distance, all things being equal, mail costs will seem rather
high for short distances, where it can be used as one element
among several types of communication, including of course face-
to-face contact.

There will be many new services arising as possible substitutes
for. these face-to-face contacts, substitutes which will reduce
the effects of distance and make horizons recede. Mr Reid said
that this process has been described by Melvin Webber, an
American author who speaks of the modern professional as no
longer living in a single place, but in a web of geographic com-
munities, with which he continually interacts. This should be
especially true of highly specialized people who may be called
upon to settle technical conflicts anywhere in the world.

By abolishing distance, the new means of communication will have
the more general effect of favoring the proliferation of geo-
raphically dispersed groups and associations in all fields
business, religious, etc.). With this geographic wmification
will come social pluralism in interests, behavior, and activi-
ties.

18


JPRS 69118

18 May 1977
TRANSLATIONS ON. TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY,
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
No. 1
CoNTENTS PAGE

INTERNATIONAL

Saudi Arabia Orders TV Equipment From France
(LE MONDE, 8 Apr 77). .cccccccccccccccccccccccveccsecce

Briefs
France-Saudi Arabia Television Agreement
"EUTELSAT' Formed
Finnish Factory for Saudi Arabia
ASTA
JAPAN

Okinawa Likely Terminal of Taiwan-Japan Sea Cable
(KYODO, 29 Mar 77) .scecscacccccvcccccccscccvcccsccoees

NEW ZEALAND

Inquiry Into Alleged Security Breach
(THE EVENING POST, 6 Apr 77).......

VIETNAM

Briefs
Wired Radio Stations

EASTERN EUROPE
HUNGARY

Satellite Tracking Station To Be Completed
(Zoltan Gyulai; MAGYAR NEMZET, 10 Apr 77).....eesceeee

NNN

-a- [III - INT - 140]


Over 2 million Contempra phone models have been produced in

Nor thern's. plants in.Canada, the United States, and Ireland.
The Contempra will be a new addition to the line of phones
developed by STE. STE, which.last year had sales of over 30
million francs in this. sector, has already designed and pro-~
duced a number of phone models, including: the U-43 (started

in 1943) and the S-63 (in 19633, which is the most widely used
phone in France; 2.5 million phones of this type have been pro-
duced by STE; it manufactures 1,500 a day.

STE's years of experience with telephone manufacturing will be
continued with the Contempra which, according to Mr Le Bihan,
the executive vice-president of STE, "is an intermediate phone
between today's equipment and:the electronic telephone of the
future; it will be able to handle all the services offered by
the new electronic central exchanges. The STE is now working
on plans for the future electronic phone."

The Contempra's Share of the Market

After. this STE-Northern agreement, one question arises: what
will Contempra's share of the public market be? Needs between
now and 1982 are considerable: for the 13 million major new
telephone lines which will be built during this period, 19 mil-
lion phones will be needed. The PIT's marketing policy will

be the decisive factor determining the Contempra's share of
this total.

Of course, one of the methods of "regulation" will be the fee
eharged for use of this phone. For the moment, the rates for
the Contempra have not yet been set, we were told_by Mr Delchier,
commercial director at the DGT expansion unknown/, who added
that: "The price the user will pay must reflect the advantages
offered by the Contempra over and above a conventional phone,
but it must not be so high that it inhibits its success."

Mr Delchier believes that the Contempra, one of the line of
phones offered by the PIT to its subscribers (conventional
phones, touch-tone models, color phones), reflects the PIT's
desire to diversify what it offers its users, enabling the
users to select what they want, based on the price and the
appeal of the equipment.

Northern is already getting ready to deliver a first shipment
of 18,600 Contempra phones to STE; these will be followed by
56 406 other Contempras (the 75,000 phones ordered by the PTT).
STE will then produce the Contempra in its plants at Saint-
Nicolas in Normandy. Its first phones will be ready for the
PTT in April 1978.

7679
CSO: 5500
29



INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

BRIEFS

PORTUGAL-FRANCE SUBMARINE CABLE--Norbert Segard, French secretary of
state for posts and telecommunications, and Rui Vilar, Portugese minister
of transport and communications, recently signed an agreement calling
for the laying of a submarine telephone cable between Penmarch, on the
Brittany peninsula, and Sesimbra, near Lisbon. This cable will carry
2,580 calls across 800 nautical miles and will be put in service at the
end of 1979. The cost of the project is estimated at 200 million francs.
To carry out the project, the General Electric Company [ec8/ (Tele-
communications Industry Company /CIT/-Alsatian Atomic, Telecommunications
and Electronic Construction Company ‘[Bicatel/ and Lyon Cable Works will
officially present to both countries a plan for an S-25 submarine cable
system having 2,580 4-kHz channels and comprising 180 submerged repeaters
and equalizers. Segard and Vilar also raised the possibility of taking
additional steps toward cooperation in the field of telecommmications.
[®ext/ /Paris ELECTRONIQUE ACTUALITES in French 4 Mar 77 p 9/

cso: 5500

15



Obviously, said Mr Whitehead, government will try to slow down
this change, which tends to abolish centralizing power and,
depending on particular cases, they will exercise a more or less
marked censorship over audio and video programming. In like
manner, the large telecommunications monopolies will try to
delay this decentralization economy by controling the develop-
ment of cable television. Here we will find that there is
information and there is information.

So long as the channels and means of communication are few in
number, governments will remain all powerful. We must find the
best possible combinations of electronics and telecommunications
to limit monopolistic government control as these means of
telecommunications develop.

Mr Whitehead said that the responsibility for selecting these
new means of communication and their management is generally
left up to government by industry. He stressed that communica-
tions system developers would have to take a greater interest

in the economic and political aspects of their systems, especial-
ly in large companies whose economic weight requires at least
some minimum of philosophical reflection.

Which Way for Development?

Another issue raised during this session was: what guidelines
should be used for planning telecommunications development?

An immediate answer to this seems to be that development is
necessarily dependent upon three things: the behavior of the
users, the state of advancement of networks, and the state of
the art of technology. Of course, the three factors may evolve
at the same pace.

In Mr Reid's opinion, access to new possibilities of telecomm-
nication will be reached -- and this is already happening -- by
a process of transplanting new technology or new systems onto
existing infrastructures. This process may take place, he
feels, in three different ways. One way is by improving the
existing transmission and switching networks, which may be a
rather lengthy procedure. Another way is by superimposing a
new network over an existing network. And thirdly, by adding
to the existing network intelligent terminals which offer the
user new possibilities which are usually not available with the
traditional equipment connected on the same network.

Mr Whitehead agreed with this point of view, but stressed that

superimposing new facilities will certainly be the best of the
three possibilities.

21



communications), radio and television (mass media) occupy
opposite regions of the chart, and that other parts of the chart
are at the present time still occupied by messages not relayed
by electronic transmission: letters, reports, circulars, special
publications, newspapers and magazines, records, audio cassettes,
face-to-face conversations, meetings, films, theater, video
cassettes, and public events.

In fact, each of the boxes of the table we have just mentally
drawn is related to new telecommunications services which may
enrich, but which may also compete with those services already
existing. These new services include: telex, improved data

and facsimile networks; text processing, teleconference centers,
alphanumeric information services, new and sophisticated tele-
phone services, audio information services, visiophone, video-
conferences, and cable television.

In addition to fixed terminal equipment, a great many of these
services could serve mobile terminals, either in vehicles or
"pocket" terminals.

Although the expected rate of growth of demand for these new

services is uncertain, such services will have a great impact
not only on the field of telecommunications, but economically
and socially as well.

For the telecommunications industry, we may expect that, after
the efforts made by the industrialized countries to develop
their teléphone systems, the growth rate of the telephone system
will decrease significantly when the residential equipment rate
comes close to 100 percent. Mr Reid said that this saturation
will significantly reduce the need for labor both in the produc-
tion and in the installation of telecommunications equipment.

At the same time, the reliability of electronic systems will
inerease the productivity of labor in maintaining telecommunica-
tions systems. In the long run, these trends will reduce job
prospects in the basic telephone service industry. However,

the new telecommunications services and the growth of the market
for new equipment using extended possibilities of modern tele-
phone networks will enable us to sustain and even increase jobs
in the telecommunications industry.

Mr Reid said that for government agencies, the new services
will ensure dynamic growth, some personnel mobility, a stimulus
for technological innovation, and drawing power to attract
talent.

17

—-_____ -__]


FRANCE

TRI TO MAKE RADIOTELEPHONES FOR NATIONAL GENDARMERY
Paris ELECTRONIQUE ACTUALITES in French 4 Mar 77 p 8

{Ltext7 After the SEFT /Telecommunications Research and
Manufacturing Section/ of the DTAT /Military_Armament Technical
Office/ issued_an invitation for bids, TRT /Radio and Telephone
Communications/ was selected to supply National Gendarmery
Tanperes with mobile VHF/FM transmitter-receivers, model
TRVP-16. :

The TRVP is one of a new family of transmitter-receivers
developed by TRT to meet the growing need for short and medium-
range transmission in the various VHF ranges reserved for
radiotelephone use. This equipment offers great operational
versatility. It is controled by a frequency synthesizer built
around a special integrated circuit designed by TRI. This
means that the user has» continually available all the channels
in the frequency bands allocated.

7679
CSO: 5500

30



USSR

NEW CONCRETE TV TOWER IN BAKU
Moscow TRUD in Russian 19 Mar 77 p 4
[Brticle by Yu. Dzhafarov: "Tower Over Baku'!/

flext/ The decision was taken to construct a new television tower in the
capital of Azerbaijan SSR.

The design for this tower was developed in the State All-Union Design
Institute of the USSR Ministry of Communications, by the authors’ collec-
tive under the leadership of V. P. Obydov. It will rise to a height of
310 meters, one-half kilometer from the old television tower now used for
transmissions to Baku. The old tower is metal; the new will be made of
reinforced concrete.

The tower, from its base to a height of 60 meters, will contain 12 floors
of service quarters with control rooms equipped for communication with
moving objects~-automobiles of various special services, including first
aid, fire service, militia patrols, and the like. Equipment will also be
installed for transmissions to mobile television stations and for
meteorological services.

The Baku tower, with its 15-meter diameter base, will not have the tradi-
tional broadened foundation. It will actually be built on the craggy
steep slope of a mountain; its designers decided to pierce a circular
shaft 25 meters deep, in accordance with the diameter of the tower, and
to construct the body of the tower directly from the bottom of the shaft.
The outer buttressing will be supplied by the rock itself.

A horizontal tunnel emerging 100 meters from the tower will serve as its
entrance at the bottom of the shaft. Thus, a safe approach will be pro-
vided for personnel to the tower during its construction and when it is
in use.

12



At the current time there is one seabottom cable running between Taiwan
and the U.S. Hamby Airfield in Okinawa, and the growth of Okinawa as a
communications center could possibly influence the future of the U.S. Far
East defense policy.

Plans for the link-up with Taiwan have come less than one year after the
completion of a seabottom cable tying China and Japan between Shanghai and
Reihoku, Kumamoto Prefecture.

Shanghai and Osaka were linked by wireless telegraph in 1948, and a wire-
less telephone system was established between Tokyo and Peking in 1958.
After the normalization of relations in 1972, the two countries were linked
by satellite television and work was begun on the communications cable.

The 850-kilometer cable, built at a total cost of 6,000 million yen divided

between the two countries, was opened for service in September last year.
Its capacity is 480 telephone circuits.

cso: 5500


more restricted sense); and 240 million for operations, inclu-
ding replacements. In addition to credits for the time-~switching
network, this budget also covers modernization of the Air 70

ne work (elimination of tubes) and the strengthening of its

grid, plus the replacement of old model Ariane equipment by

the more modern "647" 120-channel radio equipment made by
Thomson-CSF.

Today the Air Force has about 6,000 telephone circuits; 2,250
are supplied by the Air 70 network and 3,750 are rented from
the PIT. "This 'diversity' policy will be continued," we were
told. "It is a good compromise between what we need and what
we can afford, and it does provide the requisite redundancy."
In 1976, the Air Force paid about 20 million francs in rental
fees to the PTT. "This amount would have been over 100 million
if all of our equipment were rented from the PTT."

In the future, the question of a high speed data transmission
network for the Air Force will arise. Is the use of Transpac.
being considered? "It does not seem so," we were told. The
most probable decision would be either to build a special net-
work or to adapt existing radio links.

To carry out its technical mission from its Operations Center

at Villacoublay, the Air Force Transmissions Command does have
special units such as the radio cabling squadron (for the Air 70
network), the automatic telegraph relay centers, transmission
centers, and units handling installation and repair, an elec-
tronics squadron at Orleans which is responsible for protecting
the Air Force radio networks, and a unit responsible for cali-
bration of radio aids.

2679
C80: 5500

27



telecommnications is obvious in all countries, whatever their
state of development, and it is accompanied by a diversification
of telecommunications services. It then follows that this devel-
opment and this diversification of services foreshadow a great
change in economic and social relations; it also seems that the
development of telecommunications will be accompanied by problems,
tensions, or even perhaps some dangers for individual liber ties.

Concerning the first point, we may find that, even in countries
with a dense telephone network, the market saturation threshold
will be moved back by the development of related services, such
as telecopy service. Also, data transmission on telephone lines,
telex, etc. will bring about new networks. Gerard Thery felt
that Transpac. should radically change the use of computers

and transmission networks, while the rates for use of this new
ne work (independent of distance) will open up new prospects
for regional development. And atthe same time, constraints
related. t the small number of frequencies available will pro-
bably be abated with the capability of more fully using the
available bands, because of developments in micro-electronics.

This will be especially true in coming years, as wave guides and

optical fibers will enable us to lessen these problems in an
economical way.

7679
C80: 5500

24



INTERNATIONAL

SAUDI ARABIA ORDERS TV EQUIPMENT FROM FRANCE
Paris LE MONDE in French 8 Apr 77 p 25

[Text] Dr Abduh Yamani, Saudi Arabia's minister of information, made an
official visit to France from 4 to 8 April during which he met with Minister
of Industry, Commerce and Artisans Rene Monory to focus on cooperation be-
tween the two countries in the field of color TV.

The Saudi development program aims in the immediate future at setting up
the equipment for two color television channels, with provision for a third
one later, Yamani stated that the total cost of labor and equipment might
come to 6 billion francs, Of this sum, the basic equipment will cost 2
billion francs, the civil engineering projects another 2 billion francs
and maintenance, training and operation of the system [the remaining 2
billion francs].

Officially, the French companies--Thomson and TDF [no expansion given]--
have been assured that they will receive orders for the equipment as a re-
sult of private contracts already arrived at, Nevertheless, only a third
of the equipment has actually been installed, since their procurement de-
pends directly upon the progress of the civil engineering, which progress
is in most cases still the subject of discussions between the international
companies and the Saudis, Yamani hopes, however, that the work will be
finished by 1978 or 1979,

The Saudi Arabian minister of industry and the PTT will be in France from
18 to 21 April on an official visit during which time economic cooperation
will again be discussed, along with the possibility of having France supply
Saudi Arabia with telephone exchanges.

cso: 5500



CONTENTS (Continued)

USSR

New Concrete TV Tower in Baku
(Yu. Dzhafarov; TRUD, 19 Mar 77) ..cceccccecccccncecs

Briefs
Sovetskaya Gavan Communications
WESTERN EUROPE
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

Briefs
Portugal-France Submarine Cable

FRANCE

Future of Telecommunications Discussed
(ELECTRONIQUE ACTUALITES, 4 Apr 77).scccsecccscscees

Air Force Plans Time-Switching Telephone Network
(D. Levy; ELECTRONIQUE ACTUALITES, 18 Mar 77)......-

STE Contracts To Make Northern Telephones for PIT
(D. Levy; ELECTRONIQUE ACTUALITES, 4 Mar 77).....006

TRI To Make Radiotelephones for National Gendarmery
(ELECTRONIQUE ACTUALITES, 4 Mar 77)..

French TV, Radio Network Plans 'Big Drive' in Asia
(Loic Salmon; AFP, 2 Apr 77)...

NORWAY

Briefs
Reorganization of Electronics Industry

WEST GERMANY

Ultraviolet Laser Beam Developed
(MUSZAKI ELET, 22. Apr 77). ccsccsccsccsccecccesececee

Page

12

14

15

16

25

28

30

31

33

34



The three-story ground building, appearing to extend from the rock itself,
will house the equipment for the television transmitting station itself.
Observation platforms and a cafe will be at a height of 170 meters and
access to them will be provided by fast elevators.

The new Baku television tower will extend the reliable reception zone to
110 kilometers. Thus, populated points of the Republic now blocked from
the reach of direct television transmission by the mountains will receive
direct transmissions from Baku.

The picture shows how the new tower will look.

2612
cso: 5500

13



OKINAWA LIKELY TERMINAL OF TAIWAN-JAPAN SEA CABLE
Tokyo KYODO in English 1225 GMT 29 Mar 77 OW

[Text] Naha, 29 Mar KYODO--Kokusai Denshin Denwa Company has initiated plans
to lay a seabottom communications cable between Japan and Taiwan, with the
growing communications center of Okinawa being considered as the top candi-
date for the Japanese landing site.

Japan and Taiwan are now linked by INTELSAT communication satellites, but
because of the recent sharp rise in communications between the two countries
and the frequency of satellite reception breakdown, KDD has started planning
for cable hook-up.

While the final decision on the landing station has yet to be made, Okinawa,
the terminal point of cables now being laid to Luzon in the Philippines and
Hong Kong, is thought to be the likely choice.

The chief of the KDD Okinawa International Communications Office, Tomokiyo
Shikina, says that there is a strong possibility that the Minatogawa Station
in Gushigami, the present site of the second trans-Pacific cable linking
Okinawa with Guam, Hawaii, and the U.S. mainland, will be selected.

The relay station, located along the southern coast of the main island of
Okinawa, will also handle the Oluho cable to Luzon and Hong Kong. Shikina
says that the cable is scheduled to be completed in August, and that there
are plans to extend it from Hong Kong to Singapore, Australia, and other
Southeast Asian countries from next year.

The addition of the Taiwan cable would make Minatogawa a major focal point
for the Western Pacific communications network.

Construction work on a 2,700-circuit underground cable between the Uranbara
Station in Chinen, Okinawa, and Esahara, Miyazaki, is expected to be com-
pleted next month. KDD officials say there is a possibility that the
Uranbara Station circuits will be linked to the Okinawa seabottom relay
station through Naha.


New Media Developments

The new means of person-to-person communication (telex, improved
information networks, new telephone and visiophone services)

will be part of the spectrum of possible replacements for face-
to-face contact. In fact, the need for direct contact places
three types of constraints on our activities. It forces us to
meet together in collective places such as schools, offices, uni-
versities, etc. It obviously obliges us to cluster in cities in
order to reduce the distance from these points of communication.
Then, it forces us to be constantly moving back and forth between
these different places. The development of individual communi-
cations could be a partial way of avoiding these constraints, and
could eventually lead to a decentralization of large educational
facilities, offices, or even institutions into smaller wits,
which would be a boon to regional development. On the other
hand, the development of systems such as the visiophone should
favor some special applications: medical diagnosis, education,
signature verification, television monitoring of some equipment
or functions, etc.

Like person-to-person services, audio and video conference
services will have some impact on small group contacts. On this
topic, we should point out the great value of teleconferences
which will record all transactions taking place, with the possi-
pility of a later replay for a closer analysis; this would not
be possible with the normal audio or video conference facilities.

The impact of new television services on large group communica-
tions has already been felt with cable television, which now
provides its users with a choice of about 30 television channels.

Although such systems are continuing to expand, the cost of
installation of the special cables they use is high, as are
production and. transmission costs of providing a wide range of
television programs. For this reason, Mr Reid felt that the
development of cable television can only be controled -- in the
short or midterm period -- by audio and alphanumeric information
services. It is true that these same services may be transmitted
on existing telephone lines, using less expensive equipment than
the television equipment used for production, storage, or trans~
mission.

This is why the experimental system, Viewdata, set up by the
British PTT /Postal and Telecommunications Administration/,
uses telephone lines for. transmission with a decoder (either
integrated or outside the television set) and a page selection
keyboard. It can display a maximum of 970 characters per page

19



JPRS 69118

18 May 1977

TRANSLATIONS ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY,
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
No, 1

IBUTION ST) ‘ATEMENT A
OT roved for Public Release
Distribution Unlimited

. S$. JOINT PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH SERVICE

REPRODUCED BY

NATIONAL TECHNICA|
| INFORMATION SERVICE

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
SPRINGFIELD, VA. 22161

Reproduced From
Best Available Copy


Mr Laking said the Commissioner of Police was "forthcoming immediately,"
and that other officers were made available for discussions.

"I have had some discussions with the police since I received the report,"
he said.

Mr Leaking said he did not know how long he would take to complete his in-
quiry, but he would do it as quickly as he could.

The Cabinet is likely to discuss security at the Wanganui Computer Centre
at its meeting next Tuesday, but no decisions are likely immediately.

The issue will probably be referred for study to the Cabinet committee on
State Services.

It is understood the minister of state services (Mr Gordon) has already
received a report from the policy committee of the computer centre on
security.

Mr Gordon has already indicated that personnel screening for the centre may
be tightened.

The Cabinet will also have a grapple with whether the centre's security
should be the responsibility of a private firm, as is the case now, or the
police. The minister of police (Mr McCready) favours the latter course.

Mr Gordon said today that he had yet to be convinced that it would be worth
having the police on duty at the centre 2 hours a day when they could be
busy on other work.

The minister was not alarmed at the latest reported case of a security
breach at the centre. A mechanic has claimed that early in March he was
allowed in because he was mistaken for someone else.

Mr Gordon said a report would be sent to him on the incident. However, the

man had not penetrated far into the building and had gone nowhere near
information held there. It was a minor security breach.

CSO: 5500



NEW ZEALAND

INQUIRY INTO ALLEGED SECURITY BREACH
Wellington THE EVENING POST in English 6 Apr 77 p 6

[Text] The Privacy Commissioner (Mr G.R.Laking) is carrying out an inquiry
into alleged breaches of security at the Wanganui Computer Centre.

The act covering the computer centre's establishment provides for the Privacy
Commissioner to inquire into any matters relating to the operation of the

act to assist the computer centre policy committee (headed by Sir Thadeus
McCarthy) to determine policies.

The centre was built to hold records for the Police, Transport and Justice
Departments on a nationwide basis.

Three weeks ago, the prime minister (Mr Muldoon) announced that the elaborate
precautions at the centre had turned up the fact that an employee had obtained
information from the computer without authorisation. The employee had since
resigned.

On Monday this week, a former employee appeared on television under a fic-
titious name and said he had twice obtained information, from the police
records in the computer, once for a friend and then for a man he subsequently
decided was a member of the police intelligence section.

Help

The Commissioner of Police (Mr K. B, Burnside) said yesterday that, although
the computer centre act came into effect after the events referred to on
television, "I have had the facts reported to the Privacy Commissioner."

Mr Laking said today that this was in response to an inquiry he had made to
Mr Burnside last week.

Although the incident occurred before the act came fully into force, he had
asked the police for details "as soon as I became aware from the State
Services Commission of what had happened." .



This electronic switching program is costing about 200 million
francs, spread over a 5-year period.

Powerful Transmission Equipment

This time-switching system will be the AirKorce's main telecom-
munications equipment program for the next 5 years. In this
field of infrastructure support, which is under the responsibi-
lity of the Air Force Transmissions Command (headed by Air
Force Major General Moutin), the two most recent major projects
were the establishment of the Air 70 radio network (between

1968 and 1973) and the RAID message switching system.

The Air 70 network has 23 main radio stations connected by
secondary links to 56 terminals located in Air Force bases,
This network, developed by Thomson-CSF /Radio Company/, SAT,
and TRT cost the Air Force 500 million frances. It has 1,850
telephone channels and 400 telegraph channels.

The RAID message switching system was added to this basic net-
work; it is used for telegraph communications. The RAID system
consists of four centers located at Taverny,iMetz, Lyon, _and
Bordeaux. This equipment was developed by CIT-ALCATEL /Industri-
al Telecommunications Company-Alsatian Atomic, Telecommunications,
and Electronic Construction Company/. It has a total input-
output capacity of 165,000 messages,

In addition to these two networks, the Air Force also has other
means of .teléecommunication, such as the_TAMIS /Automatic
Military Inter-STRIDA* Telephone System/ which transmits radar
tracking reports on all aircraft flying over France; the HF
radio network, OMIT, which handles communications with overseas
territories, Djibouti, and Reunion island, either directly or
via Intelsat satellites; a new 1 and 8 W HF SSB network (Thom-
son-CSF); and over 80 radiotelephone networks linking from
two’.to 20 stations.

Annual Budget of 740 Million Frances

The Air Force Transmissions Command has an annual budget of
approximately 740 million francs, divided as follows: 500 million
for "telecommunications" investments in the broad sense (since
this item covers aeronautic equipment such as radar, DME, and
tacan, leaving about 120 million for. ‘lecommunications in a

* Air Defense Data Processing and Display System.

26



FRANCE

AIR FORCE PLANS TIME-SWITCHING TELEPHONE NETWORK
Paris ELECTRONIQUE ACTUALITES in French 18 Mar 77 pp 1, 8
{Article by D. Levy/

ZText/ Chartres. ‘This year the Air Force started a major
telephone equipment program based on electronic time-switching.
The network will have 17 automatic switching stations and 36
satellite centers covering the entire nation._ This electronic
switching program, developed jointly by SAT /Telecommunications
Corporation/ and AOIP /expansion unknown/ will cost about 200
million frances, and will be completely operational by 1980.
This telephone network will be operated by the Air Force Trans-
missions Command, which also operates other communications
facilities for Air Force units, such as Air 70, the radio net-
work, and rents some facilities from the PTT /Postal and Tele-
communications Administration/. The Transmissions Command also
operates the RAID /Digital Data Automatic Relay System/ message
switching system, and radio equipment, transmitters and receivers,
as well as remote control equipment.

At. the end of the trial period of using the SAT-AOIP equipment,
which was done with a smaller network, the Air Force decided
to buy a time-switching telephone network covering the entire
country. This network is based on four sub-networks. Before
the end of this year, the first of these sub-networks with four
automatic time-switchers -- located at Chartres, Montyon, Metz,
and Bordeaux -- will be in place. The entire system will be
gradually established until it is completed in 1980.

In its final phase, the network will have 17 automatic time-
switchers and 36 satellite centers. This equipment will be
made jointly by SAT and AOIP. Another firm, TRI /Radio and
Telephone Communications/ will supply remote signaling units.

25



INTERNATIONAL

BRIEFS

FRANCE-SAUDI ARABIA TELEVISION AGREEMENT--French participation in the
development of color television [broadcasting] in Saudi Arabia could be
worth more than 4 billion francs to the French industries involved, At
the close of his discussions with Muhammad Abduh Yamani, Saudi minister
of information, [French government representative Rene] Monory said

that in addition to supplying equipment worth 2 billion francs for which
the Saudi government had already contracted late in 1974, French industry
had "a very good chance" of getting a "new piece of the action" in the
form of 2 billion francs in contracts for the civil engineering end of the
work, The Saudi development plan is mainly concerned with the setting up
of two television channels, with provisions for a third one to be added
later, plus seven production studios in Riyadh and the provinces, and 75
to 80 broadcast and relay stations. [Text] [Paris ELECTRONIQUE
ACTUALITES in French 8 Apr 77 p: 2]

‘EUTELSAT' FORMED--On 25 March, in Paris, EUTELSAT was formed. It is made
up of the ministers in charge of telecommunications for the nine partici-
pating European countries who will assure the establishment, exploitation
and maintenance of space operations for satellite telecommunications
systems. The final agreement is to be signed in May 1977. [Text]

[Paris AVIATION MAGAZINE INTERNATIONAL in French 15-30 Apr 77 p 21]

FINNISH FACTORY FOR SAUDI ARABIA--The Finnish firm Valco (60 percent of
the shares of which are held by the Finnish government, 20 percent by Salora
and 20 percent by Hitachi) intends to sign a contract in Saudi Arabia soon
for the construction of a TV tube factory there. This plant (5,020 square
feet) will cost 7.5 million pounds. It can be operational within 18 months.
Its annual production capacity will be 40,000 tubes. These tubes (110-
degree in-line tubes) will be patterned after those of the Japanese firm
Hitachi. [Text] [Paris ELECTRONIQUE ACTUALITES in French 8 Apr 77 p 2]

cso: 5500



FRANCE

FUTURE OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS DISCUSSED
Paris ELECTRONIQUE ACTUALITES in French 4 Apr 77 p 2

[fext7 An Important Session

Today we will report on one of the most interesting "Electronics
+ 5" sessions, which was devoted to the future of telecommnica-
tions.

This session was chaired by Gerard Thery, telecommunications
director. There were three speakers: Mr G. Pelletier, ambas-
sador of Canada to France, former minister of communications of.
Canada (and co-chairman of this session along with Gerard Thery);
Mr A. Reid, director of long-term communications research in

the British Post Office; and Mr Whitehead, who for several years
was director of the Office of Telecommunications Policy under
the direct responsibility of the president of the United States.

We will concentrate on Mr Reid's report on the importance of
new telecommunications services, and will mention some of Mr
Whitehead's more philosophical reflections made during his pre-
sentation and during the discussion period (raising the issue of
monopolies), before concluding with the remarks made by Gerard
Thery.

A New Image

Electronic communications services may be classified according
to the form of the message (alphanumeric and graphic, audio

and audiovisual), but also according to the number of persons
receiving these messages. If we use this type of classification,
and on one axis show the forms of messages and along another
axis place the number of persons to whom they are addressed (to
a single person, a group of less than 100 people, or to groups
of more than 100 people), we find that the major existing ser-
vices:: telegraph, telphone, and telex (person-to-person

16



NORWAY

BRIEFS

REORGANIZATION OF ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY--[Excerpt] The three most important
Norwegian electronics companies, Kongsberg Vapenfabrikk, Tandbergs Radiobrikk
and Elekrisk Bureau, have signed an industrial (research and development)

and commercial agreement. The three companies, which employ a total of 9,500
persons, have a world business turnover of 1,757,000,000 Norwegian kroner
(about 1,670,000,000 franks). We note that these three companies are respon-
sible for more than 50 percent of Norwegian electronics exports. In contrast
with important industrial countries which sell about 75 percent of their
electronics production domestically, the Norwegian industry, according to
the latest bulletin of the Norwegian Export Council, depends essentially on
exports, which vary between 40 and 50 percent of total production. We also
note that Norway only has a total of about 40 companies devoted to electronics.
[Paris ELECTRONIQUE ACTUALITES in French 4 Mar 77 p 2]

CSO: 5500

33



cso: 5500

WEST GERMANY

ULTRAVIOLET LASER BEAM DEVELOPED
Budapest MUSZAKI ELET in Hungarian 22 Apr 77 p 19 WA

[Excerpts] Recently the first device which emits ultraviolet laser beams
as the result of pumping xenon was put into operation in the FRG. The most
important component of the new laser device is a large, horizontal, cylin-
drical electron gun. This gun, developed by a research team of the Max
Planck Society, provides electrons accelerated to 500,000 V. It is this
which makes possible the pumping of the xenon, As a result of the electron
bombardment, electrically charged xenon/ions, which initially live for only
a few billionths of a second, come into being. Due to collisions, xenon
molecules are formed from these ions, The xenon molecules then return grad-
ually from. the pumped state to a state of basic energy. The energy released
in the course of this process is transmitted in the form of 0,173-micrometer
wave length ultraviolet laser beams, Since these states are very short-
lived, very short laser impulses are obtained. The xenon laser consists of
two coaxial tubes placed inside one another, The electrons accelerated in ~
the electron gun go from the exterior 4 cm-diameter tube into the interior,
approximately 4 mm, tube, They then penetrate a titanium wall and bombard
the xenon uniformly from all sides, To increase the possibility of the
greatest number of electrons reaching the target, the xenon gas is kept at
a pressure of 13 atmospheres, An ultraviolet laser of this sort makes it
possible to pump the molecules with 50 times greater energy than is the

case with infrared lasers, Thus the effects achieved with them are far
more drastic and offer chemistry quite new possibilities. Energy does not
dissipate through the entire system, but goes directly to those molecules
which are needed in the course of a desired reaction, Since the strength
of the laser beam can be precisely portioned, it can be used to investigate
various states of oscillation. The pumping of specific molecules has made
it possible for the first time to study each stage of a chemical reaction
separately, Reactions can be controlled in such a way that generation of
products harmful to the environment is avoided and compounds can be prepared
which cannot be prepared by traditional methods.

34

uy



For a good many years to come, a number of countries will have
two types of switching equipment operating at the same time:

a conventional system and a digital system. Some of the new
telecommtmications equipment will be immediately compatible with
the present pass bands, and its use will therefore cause no dif-
ficulty. This will undoubtedly be the case for most new services
which will use the telephone network and television receivers.

During this discussion on the development of new services, a
representative of CIT-Alcatel /Industrial Telecommnications
Company-Alsatian Atomic, Telecommunications, and Electronic
Construction Company/ commented that it is possible to set up
an economic hierarchy for establishing new means of telecommu-
nications.

At the very first level of sophistication, the replacement of
conventional. telephones by a more advanced telephone may be
considered. (This replacement could be done either by govern-
ment or by private enterprise); this would provide immediate
access to some new services.

At a second phase of advancement, it is possible to offer the
subscriber the possibilities of teleconferences, number trans-
fer systems, and shortened dialing systems. In addition to
the need for special terminals, this time the central exchange
must also be modified. Furthermore, this service must be ef-
ficiently publicized and promoted so that it will develop in
satisfactory economic conditions.

The third level of sophistication requires a directory. This

is true of facsimile which, while it causes no technical problems
itself, must be in widespread use if it is to develop in favor-
able cénditions.

After this, there are applications which require a modification
of the actual transmission network itself. This is true of the
visiophone (1 MHz signals), which requires the availability

at the same time of suitable terminals, lines, switchers, and
networks.

One of the big questions being asked concerns the role of
government and of private industry in developing these new
services and in defining the related equipment.

The American panelist, Mr Whitehead, felt that there are aspects
of telecommunications which necessarily require a monopoly,
either governmental or private. For obvious geographic and
economic reasons, a certain degree of homogeneity must be

22



NOTICE

This new worldwide serial publication is being established to
report on policies and activities in the telecommunications field.
Economic and technological developments in computers, satellite
communications, and telecommunications will be also be included.
Coverage will be worldwide with focus on France, Federal Republic
of Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, the USSR, People's

Republic of China, Sweden and the Netherlands.



ratified the agreement in 1972, and decided to build a ground station in
1973. The late Dr Gyorgy Csanadi, then minister of transportation and pos-
tal affairs, signed an intergovernmental agreement to this effect, which
stipulated that the construction will be assisted by the Soviet Union.

One way in which this assistance has manifested itself was that the loca-
tion of the facility was decided with the help of Soviet experts. The Hun-
garian Postal Service examined cartographically the entire country, looking
for a valley where the station can be erected and where there are no resi-
dential areas in the vicinity (to provide biological security). Eleven such
valleys were located in Hungary. Then, additional requirements were consi-
dered: the station must not be located in an electrical field, which might
interfere with the weak signals coming from outer space; the valley must
not be too deep so that the paraboloid mirror of the station can "see" and
track the orbiting artificial satellite. This eliminated eight from the 11
locations initially selected. Three were left in the running: Jasd, Kovago-
ors, and Taliandorogd. Then, secondary aspects were considered, and fi-
nally, the choice was made, It was Taliandorogd, which is a small village
near the road connecting Veszprem and Tapolca.

With Soviet Cooperation

The Elektroimpex and Prommasheksport enterprises concluded in early 1974
the agreement providing for the shipment of Soviet-mde communications-
engineering equipment and the Soviet participation in the designing of the
Hungarian ground station. The Hungarian designer is the Design Bureau of
the Postal Service; the Russian designer is the GSPI, which is the design
bureau of the Postal Service of the Soviet Union. The investing organ is
the Central Investment Bureau of the Postal Service; the operating organ
is the Radio and Television Engineering Directorate of the Postal Service.

Construction started with the building in the spring of 1975 of the more
than two kilometers long road with concrete surface between the village and
the station site. The foundation work, the road structure, and the road
surface was performed by the North-Transdanubian Utility and Underground
Construction Enterprise. In November of the same year, the foundation of
the transmitter building was completed, and a start was made with the as-
sembly of the steel structure.

The general contractor of the technical building is the Megye Zala State
Construction Enterprise. On 4 April of this year, this enterprise handed
over the building for installation of the facilities. Soon, the installa-
tion of the communications equipment, which is mostly already on Hungarian



The countries taking an active part in the Intersputnik organization —
which after the inauguration of the Taliandorogd facility will also in-
clude Hungary — will lease Molniya channels from the Soviet Union. These
satellites orbit along an elongated, elliptical track around the earth.
For continuous operation, three are required. The 12-meter diameter para-
boloid antenna must always track the satellite, which orbits approxima-
tely 40,000 kilometers away from the surface. Tracking can be accompli-
shed manually (but under normal conditions this is not done) or through a
program (using a computer which had been fed the orbital data of the sa-
tellite) or automatically (on the basis of signals coming from space).

The geostationary satellites, which appear to hover above the earth, are
simpler in this respect; for experimental purposes the Soviet Union has
already launched several of these. Over the long range, this will consi-
derably simplify the work. Once the member countries think that this is
desirable and economically feasible, Intersputnik will use its own satel-
lite.

2542
CSO: 2502

11



BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA | 1+ Report No. 2.
SHEET JPRS 69118

3. Recipient's Accession No.

4. Ticle and Subtitle

TRANSLATIONS ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY, RESEARCH
AND DEVELOPMENT, No. 1

5. Report Date

18 May 1977

6.

17. Author(s)

8. Fetforming Organization Rept.
lo.

9. Performing Organization Name and Address

Joint Publications Research Service
1000 North Glebe Road

Arlington, Virginia 22201

V0. Project/Task/Work Unit No.

V1. Contract/Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address

«| As above

13. Type of Report & Period
Covered

15. Supplementary Notes

16, Abstracts

computers, and satellite communications.

People's Republic of China, Sweden, and the Netherlands.

This serial report contains translations from the world press and radio relating
to worldwide political, economic and technical developments in telecommunications,|

Coverage will be worldwide with focus
on France, Federal Republic of Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, the USSR,

ez Key Words and Document Analysis. 17a. Descriptors

Worldwide
Computers
Satellite Communications

Electronics and Electrical Engineering
Telecommunications
Telemetry

17b. Identifiers /Open-Ended Terms

We. COSATI Field/Group Q9B, C, F, 17B, 22B

18. Availability Statement 19. Security Class (This 21. No. of Pages
Unlimited Availability Report) 3
Sold by NTIS [20- Security Class (This 22. Price
Springfield, Virginia 22151 Page CLASSIFIED CHO

FORM NTISSS REV) SVT

THIS FORM MAY BE REPRODUCED

LT

'

USCOMM-DG 14952-P72



dormitory towns. At Tama, in the suburbs of Tokyo, in January they perfected
a closed circuit linking the listeners' receiver set with different trans-
mitting centres such as a department store, bank, school and town hall.

In the new town of Higashicoma, this circuit is to be linked to the computers
of an information centre, making two-way communications possible.

For 5 years the Tateyama-Chiba urban centre has been using a circuit linking
nine infant schools, 12 primary schools, seven secondary schools and 10 pub-
lic buildings.

Why then this sudden infatuation with France? Mr Pottiez attributes it to
"the thirst of the Japanese and the Asians for what is French."

"Despite the supremacy of English and the dollar in international relations,"
he says, "it is interesting to note that foreign students are switching more
and more to the languages of countries with great cultural traditions like
France and China."

In Seoul, South Korea, 2,000 students of French crowd the French cultural
centre every day to attend the three daily film shows. There, too, French
broadcasting is to conclude agreements on exchanges of programmes and on
co-productions with the two main South Korean TV channels, TBC and KBS.

Southeast Asia is also in the running. Television organizations in Hong Kong,
Taipei, Manila, Bangkok and Kuala Lumpur are asking for French TV films and
programmes for women. The French trade drive in the region has been
facilitated since January by the installation of a French transmitter in
Singapore.

CSO: 5500

32



andhas a format identical to the Ceefax and Oracle systems;
these are similar, but lower capacity systems of the BBC and
the Independent Broadcasting Authority. Although Viewdata costs
the user more than the Ceefax and Oracle services, because it
includes telephone calls, the Viewdata system does offer this
advantage: unlike Ceefax and Oracle, the number of pages is
not limited, and immediate access is available.

Audio information services (which get over 500 million calls
a day in Great Britain) are extremely diversified and may be-
come more so without making any technical improvements in the
system.

However, improvements are possible, such as the use of wall
loudspeakers with push buttons and telephone indexes, perhaps
equipped with a small integrated system which records areas of
individual interest, thus forming a personalized information
system.

Because.they use the existing telephone network, these audio
and alphanumeric services may develop rapidly in countries that
have good telephone service. On a longer term basis, it is
probable .that teledistribution will complete this coverage.

_ Questions and Answers

During the discussion which followed these presentations, one
of the points raised most often was telecommunications policy
and its various implications for the roles of the public and

private sectors, network and equipment coordination, and ways
of quickly improving user services, keeping in mind the cost

of these services.

Mr Whitehead, reiterating some aspects of his report, first
remarked that. the application of electronic technology to tele-
communications is now becoming a matter of business and imagina-
tion, rather than a really technical or technological problem.
He said that user access to more abundant and more varied infor-
mation will bring about a new distribution of economic and
political power; this phenomenon will be accelerated by the
increased capacity of radio and television. According to Mr
Whitehead, we are moving toward a decentralized and spread out
information civilization which, in place of the traditional
concept of geographic villages, will substitute the concept of
electronic information communities; multinational companies
already give some idea of this concept.

20



NOTE

JPRS publications contain information primarily from foreign
newspapers, periodicals and books, but also from news agency
transmissions and broadcasts. Materials from foreign-language
sources are translated; those from English-language sources
are transcribed or reprinted, with the original phrasing and
other characteristics retained.

Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets
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mation was summarized or extracted.

Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
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original but have been supplied as appropriate in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an
item originate with the source. Times within items are as
given by source.

The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli-
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Correspondence pertaining to matters other than procurement

may be addressed to Joint Publications Research Service,
1000 North Glebe Road, Arlington, Virginia 22201.

Tt



FRANCE

STE CONTRACTS TO MAKE NORTHERN TELEPHONES FOR PIT
Paris ELECTRONIQUE ACTUALITES in. French 4+ Mar 77 pp 1, 9
[kr ticle by D. Levy/

Z[Text/ The SFE /French Ericcson Telephone Company/ has just
signed a contract with Northern Telecom giving STE the exclu-
sive manufacturing rights in France for the "Contempra" tele-
phone. STE will also sell this product in France and in some
foreign countries. This contract was signed after the PIT
/Postal and Telecommmications Administration/ had selected

the Contempra after a test program conducted in three regions

of Erance. The PTT then asked the Canadian firm to find a
French partner capable of adapting, manufacturing, and supplying
this telephone to.the PTT. Northern selected STE, which will
manufacture the phone for the public and private market. The
Contempra, with its quite attractive styling, could take a
rather large share of the public market, estimated at 19 million
phones between now and 1982, if the PIT offers an attractive
marketing policy.

French telephone subscribers reacted very favorably to the
Contempra model made available by the PIT during the test pro-
gram conducted for a 3-year period in three regions of France.
After its initial order for several thousand phones, this reac-
tion induced the PTT to place a much larger order for 75,000
Contempra phones during Mr Segard's trip to Canada last year,
and to ask Northern to find a French partner to manufacture

the Contempra in France.

SFE, which was selected from among several rival firms, will

manufacture and sell this phone for the public and private
market in France and to a large portion of the foreign market.

28



maintained in the transmission network; this requires centralized
network control.

The American experience with equipment that can be attached to
the telephone receiver shows that, despite regulations govern-
ing its use, all this equipment, which is openly for sale, is
used to the point of overloading the network, creating an ex-
tremely confusing situation which sometimes even harms the
proper operation of the network. Because of this, Mr Whitehead
felt that real control must be exercised on the use of this
new equipment.

Then Mr Reid said that the problem shouldn't be stated as an
either/or alternative: either a monopoly or anarchy. Economics
plays a large part in the logic of a communication system.

In the United States, the telex system is standardized; it is
logical, but it is old (the position of these adjectives could
be reversed). The choice therefore has to be made between a
flexible system, with more or less modern variants, and a less
advanced and less homogeneous system. Now it is quite obvious,
he added, that, in the case of a television set, the user may

be interested only in the make of his set} in the case of a
telex system, he must take some interest in the entire network.
Equipment compatibility is obviously the first condition to be
fulfilled. So, while it may be good for a "functional" monopoly
to be set up to ensure compatibility, this monopoly does not
have to be a legal monopoly. It can be left up to private
enterprise, added Mr Reid, and we can rely on the effect of
large-scale savings to act in the end as a natural guide for the
best use of the best equipment.

Mentioning the necessary compatibility of the telex network,

Mr Reid said that it is always possible, from one day to the
next, for a new machine to make all the existing telex equipment
obsolete, if care is not taken to ensure signal compatibility.
Everything suggests, he said, that a new IBM printer will

soon be on the market which could replace the current models,

by offering more advantages. As soon as the new models can
supply standardized signals, they may find a place in the

market and nothing will stop them from having accessories offer-
ing the user all the additional services desired.

Getting Ready for the Change
Mr Thery's concluding remarks to this Electronics and Telecom-
munications Session consisted of one comment and two thoughts

presented as questions. In the first place, observed Mr Thery,
the head of .the DGT /expansion unknown/, the growth of

23.



VIETNAM

BRIEFS

WIRED RADIO STATIONS--The information sector is building 20 microwave
relay/wired radio stations [daif truyenf cacs songs cuwcj ngawns] in 20
major agricultural districts in Ha Nam Ninh, Thai Binh, Hai Hung, Thanh
Hoa, Nghe Tinh, Ha Son Binh, Phu Khanh and Hau Giang provinces and Ho Chi
Minh City. A wired radio network with sufficient receiving, broadcasting
and recording equipment will be established in nearly 500 agricultural
cooperatives in these districts. Half to two-thirds of cooperative
families will be provided with loudspeakers. [Hanoi Domestic Service in
Vietnamese 0530 GMT 3 Apr 77 BK]

cso: 4909



soil from the Soviet Union, will be installed, Two transmission lines will
bring the electric power needed for the facility, and there will be a
Diesel-powered emergency generator.

Soviet experiences were very helpful in the course of the construction work.
In the Soviet Union, many similar ground stations have already been built,
and Soviet experts have also participated in the construction of the In-
tersputnik stations in Cuba, Mongolia, the German Democratic Republic, Cze-
choslovakia, and Poland, which are now operational.

Cooperation between the Soviet Union and Hungary in the field of communi-
cation engineering has a tradition already: Hungary has already shipped
much equipment to the Soviet Union. Here is a recent example: Soviet ex-
perts have helped in Solt to build the 2,000-kilowatt Kossuth transmitter.
Stanislav Dimitrievich Pedchenko, design chief, moved from Solt to Talian-
dorogd. Viktor Petrovich Pashentsev, construction foreman, is already on
the site. The general installation contractor, the Precision Mechanical
Enterprise, has an agreement according to which Soviet engineers and tech-
nicians guide the various parts of the assembly according to an overall
plan. A total of 25 specialists will come to Hungary.

According to the plan — and there is every reason to expect that it will
be fulfilled on schedule — the facility will be ready to start operations
by the end of the year: the Hungarian Intersputnik ground communication
station in Taliandorogd will function. The expected total cost of the in-
vestment project is 400 million forints.

Leased and Owned Satellites

Much has already been said about the history of the system and the ground
station; let us now discuss the technical specifications and tasks of the
facility. In three shifts, a total of 60 persons will work on the station
in Taliandorogd, most of them from other areas of the country. They have
mostly worked in microwave stations before; almost all of them are becoming
familiar with the equipment during the construction phase. Thirty-five
apartments are being built for them in Tapolca, which is the nearest town.

Once completed, the Hungarian station of Intersputnik will be capable of
transmitting one color or black-and-white television program, one radio
program, and 60 telephone conversations. In the first stage, however, it
will be able to transmit only one television and one radio program and 12
telephone conversations. The microwave connection to Budapest from Talian-
dorogd will be through Kabhegy and Gyor; the equipment for the relay chain
is built at the Orion factory.

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