This file was created by scanning the printed publication. Text errors identified 

by the software have been corrected; however, some errors may remain.
PETER M. FRENZEN is a monument scientist, ANNE M. DELANO was a botanist at

time of preparation (now independently employed), and CHARLES M. CRISAFULLI

is an ecologist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Mount St. Helens

National Volcanic Monument, 42218 N.E. Yale Bridge Road. Amboy, WA 98601. The

work was done under an agreement between the Pacific Northwest Research Station and

the Pacific Northwest Region, USDA Forest Service.

Compilers
MOUNT ST. HELENS:

Biological Research Following the 1980 Eruptions—

An Indexed Bibliography and Research Abstracts (1980-93)

Compilers:

Peter M. Frenzen

Anne M. Delano

Charles M. Crisafulli

Published by:

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service

Pacific Northwest Research Station

Portland, Oregon

General Technical Report PNW-GTR-342

September 1994

In cooperation with:

USDA Forest Service

Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument

Amboy, Washington

Frenzen, Peter M.; Delano, Anne M., Crisafulli, Charles M., comps. 1994.

Mount St. Helens: biological responses following the 1980 eruptions—an indexed

bibliography and research abstracts (1980-93). Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-342.

Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest

Research Station. 149 p.

The May 18, 1980, eruption of Mount St. Helens in Washington is possibly the best

documented geological event in history. The bibliography displays the results of 13

years of biological and related research in a convenient, indexed format. Our intent is

to facilitate collaboration between scientists contemplating new research initiatives and

experienced investigators who have conducted baseline studies at the volcano. Prospective investigators are encouraged to contact the Monument Scientist and individual

authors listed in the research abstracts to find out more about research opportunities at

Mount St. Helens.

Keywords: Bibliography, biological research. Mount St. Helens.

Abstract

vi Introduction

vi Acknowledgments

3 I. Published Research

A bibliography containing 637 articles and published abstracts of biological research at

Mount St. Helens. Selected articles from the geologic literature also have been included

to provide information on the formation, physical composition, and geomorphic evolution

of the post-eruption landscape.

49 II. Research Abstracts

Seventy abstracts and study descriptions submitted by investigators for biological studies

conducted at Mount St. Helens since the eruption.

131 III. Subject Index

A ready reference by subject to the articles contained in Published Research

(numbered 1 to 637) and Research Abstracts (numbered 1A to 70A).

141 IV. Author Index

A ready reference by principal investigator and coauthors to articles contained in

Published Research (numbered 1 to 637) and Research Abstracts (numbered 1A to 70A).

PLEASE NOTE:

The Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument is not able to maintain

a lending library of these materials. The reader should contact the reference

librarian at their local college, university, or municipal library to locate the

items listed.

Contents
Introduction

Acknowledgments

The May 18, 1980, eruption of Mount St. Helens, in Washington is possibly the best

documented geologic event in history. The proximity of the volcano to major research

laboratories has provided an unprecedented opportunity to study geomorphic and

biological responses to large-scale disturbance. The more than 500 individual biological,

hydrologic, and geologic studies established since the eruption have provided an

excellent baseline for tracking ecosystem reassembly at long-time scales.

The following bibliography displays the results of 13 years of biological and related

research in a convenient, indexed format. Our intent is to facilitate collaboration between

scientists contemplating new research initiatives and experienced investigators who have

conducted baseline studies at the volcano. Prospective investigators are encouraged to

contact the Monument Scientist and individual authors listed in the Research Abstracts

to find out more about research opportunities at Mount St. Helens.

The compilers are grateful for the support provided by the USDA Forest Service, Pacific

Northwest Research Station and Pacific Northwest Region, Regional Forester's Challenge

Program. Friends of Mount St. Helens has made important contributions toward the

acquisition and distribution of research and educational materials. Gene Sloniker, Dale

Brockway, Debbic Cohen, and Jim Wanner were instrumental in establishing the

Monument's research information system. Connie Manson, Washington Department of

Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Earth Resources, generously provided her

database of Mount St. Helens Geosciencc Literature. Julie Kawabaca, Portland, Oregon

made important, llth-hour contributions to the Subject and Author Index portions of this

document.

VI


PUBUSHED RESEARCH

1 Adams, A.B.; Dale, Virginia H. 1987. Vegetative succession following glacial and volcanic disturbances in the

Cascade Mountain Range of Washington, U.S.A. In: Bilderback, David E., ed. Mount St. Helens 1980:

botanical consequences of the explosive eruptions. Berkeley: University of California Press: 70-147.

2 Adams, A.B.; Dale, V. H.; Smith, E.P.; Kruckeburg, A.R. 1987. Plant survival, growth form and regeneration following the 18 May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington. Northwest Science. 61(3): 160-170.

3 Adams, A.B.; Hinckley, K.E.; Hinzman, C.; Leffler, S.R. 1986. Recovery of small mammals in three

habitats in the northwest sector of the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument. In: Keller, S.A.C., cd.

Mount St. Helens—five years later. Cheney, WA: Eastern Washington University Press: 345-358.

4 Adams, A.B.; Leffler, Sanford. 1986. Insect recolonization of the northwest sector of the Mount St. Helens

blast zone. In: Keller, S.A.C., ed. Mount St. Helens—five years later. Cheney, WA: Eastern Washington

University Press: 307-324.

5 Adams, A.B.; Wallace, J.R.; Jones, J.T.; McElroy, W.K. 1986. Plant ecosystem resilience following the

1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens, Washington. In: Keller, S.A.C., ed. Mount St. Helens—five years later.

Cheney, WA: Eastern Washington University Press: 182-207.

6 Adams, B.K. 1980. Me. St. Helens ash in the eyes of a physician. In: Cassidy, J.J., chairperson. Proceedings of

Washington State University's Conference on the aftermath of Mt. St. Helens. Pullman, WA: Washington State

University: 21-25.

7 Adams, B.K. 1980. Summary of group discussion on health aspects of Mt. St. Helens ash fall, July 9, 1980.

In: Cassidy, J.J., chairperson. Proceedings of Washington State University's Conference on the aftermath of

Me. St. Helens. Pullman, WA: Washington State University: 63-64.

8 Adams, Virginia Dale. 1982. Testimony on the Mount St. Helens National Monument Bill. In: U.S. House of

Representatives, 97th Congress, March 11, 1982. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 185-188.

9 Adams, Virginia Dale; Adams, A.B. 1982. Initial recovery of the vegetation on Mount St. Helens. In: Keller,

S.A.C., cd. Mount St. Helens—one year later. Cheney, WA: Eastern Washington University Press: 105-113.

10 Adler, Kenneth B.; Mossman, Brooke T.; Buttler, Gregory B.; Jean, Lucie M.; Craighead, John E.

1984. Interaction of Mount St. Helens' volcanic ash with cells of the respiratory epithelium. Environmental

Research. 35: 346-361.

11 Akre, Roger D. 1980. Effects of volcanic ash on insects. In: Cassidy, J.J., chairperson. Proceedings of Washington

State University's Conference on the aftermath of Mt. St. Helens. Pullman, WA: Washington State University:

14-15.

12 Akre, Roger D.; Hansen, Laurel D.; Reed, Hal C. 1982. Effects of Mount St. Helens ash on hymenoptera

[Abstract]. In: Keller, S.A.C., ed. Mount St. Helens—one year later. Cheney, WA: Eastern Washington

University Press: 235 p.

13 Akre, Roger D.; Hansen, Laurel D.; Reed, Hal C.; Corpus, Larry D. 1981. Effects of ash from Mt. St.

Helens on ants and yellowjackcts. Melanderia. 37: 1-19.

14 Alien, Michael F. 1987. VA mycorrhizas and disturbed ecosystems: interactions with vegetation patterns

[Abstract]. International Botanical Congress Abstracts. 17(0): 389 p.
4 \\\\M PUBLISHED RESEARCH

15 Alien, Michael F. 1987. Re-establishment of mycorrhizas on Mount St. Helens: migration vectors. Trans. Br.

Mycol.Soc. 88(3): 413-417.

16 Alien, Michael F. 1988. Re-establishment of VA mycorrhizas following severe disturbance: comparative patch

dynamics of a shrub desert and a subalpine volcano. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 94B.

63-71.

17 Alien, M.F.; Crisafulli, C.; Friese, C.F.; Jeakins, S.L. 1992. Re-formation of mycorrhizal symbioses on

Mount St. Helens 1980-1990: Interactions of rodents and mycorrhizal fungi. Mycological Research 96(6):

447-453.

18 Alien, Michael F.; MacMahon, James A. 1988. Direct VA mycorrhizal inoculation of colonizing plants by

pocket gophers (Thomomys talpoides) on Mount St. Helens. Mycologia. 80: 754-756.

19 Alien, Michael F.; MacMahon, James A.; Andersen, Douglas C. 1984. Recstablishmenc of Endogonaceae

on Mount St. Helens: survival of residuals. Mycologia. 75(6): 1031-1038.

20 Analytical Chemistry. 1980. Controversy erupts over Mt. St. Helens ash. Analytical Chemistry. 52(11):

1136A-1138A, 1140A.

21 Andersen, Douglas C. 1982. Observations on Thomomys talpoides in the region affected by the eruption of

Mount St. Helens. Journal of Mammalogy. 63(4): 652-655.

22 Andersen, Douglas C.; MacMahon, James A. 1985. Plant succession following the Mount St. Helens

volcanic eruption: Facilitation by a burrowing rodent, Thomomys talpoides. American Midland Naturalist.

114(1): 62-69.

23 Andersen, Douglas C.; MacMahon, James A. 1985. The effects of catastrophic ecosystem disturbance:

the residual mammals at Mount St. Helens. Journal of Mammalogy. 66(3); 581-589.

24 Andersen, Douglas C.; MacMahon, James A. 1986. An assessment of ground-nest depredation in a

catastrophically disturbed region. Mount St. Helens, Washington. The Auk. 103(3): 622-626.

25 Andersen, Mark. 1987. Population ecology of the aphid Aphthargelia symphoricarpi on Mount St. Helens.

Seattle, WA: University of Washington. 96 p. Ph.D. dissertation.

26 Andersen, Mark. 1991. An ant-aphid interaction: Formica fusca and Aphthargelia symphoricarpi on Mount St.

Helens. Am. Midi. Nat. 125(1): 29-36.

27 Anderson, Christopher. 1990. Return of life unobserved. Nature. 346(6286): 690 p.

28 Anderson, N.H.; Wisseman, R.W. 1987. Recovery of the Trichoptera fauna near Mt. St. Helens five years

after the 1980 eruption. In: Bournaud, M. and Tachet, H., cds. Proc. of the 5th Int. Symp. on Trichoptera.

367-373.

29 Anderson, R.Y.; Nuhfer, E.B.; Dean, W.E.; Delmastro, G.A. 1984. Sedimcntology of Me. St. Helens

tcphra at Merrill, Soap, and Williams Lakes, Washington, U.S.A. [Abstract]. Geological Society of America

Abstracts with Programs. 16(6); 430 p.

30 Antos, Joseph A. 1984. Responses of forest understory plants to burial by volcanic tephra from Mount St.

Helens, Washington. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 127 p. Ph.D. dissertation.
PUBLISHED RESEARCH B 5

31 Antos, Joseph A.; Zobel, Donald B. 1982. Snowpack modification of volcanic tephra effects on forest

understory plants near Mount St. Helens. Ecology. 63(6); 1969-1972.

32 Antos, Joseph A.; Zobel, Donald B. 1984. Ecological implications ofbelowground morphology of nine

coniferous forest herbs. Botanical Gazette 145(4): 508-517.

33 Antos, Joseph A.; Zobel, Donald B. 1985. Plant form, developmental plasticity, and survival following burial

by volcanic tephra. Canadian Journal of Botany. 63: 2083-2090.

34 Antos, Joseph A.; Zobel, Donald B. 1985. Recovery of forest understories buried by tephra from Mount St.

Helens. Vegetatio. 64: 103-111.

35 Antos, Joseph A.; Zobel, Donald B. 1985. Upward movement of underground plant parts into deposits of

tephra from Mount St. Helens. Canadian Journal of Botany. 63: 2091-2096.

36 Antos, Joseph A.; Zobel, Donald B. 1986. Seedling establishment in forests affected by tephra from Mount

St. Helens. American Journal of Botany. 73(4): 495-499.

37 Antos, Joseph A.; Zobel, Donald B. 1987. How plants survive burial: a review and initial responses to tephra

from Mount St. Helens. In: Bilderback, D.E., ed. Mount St. Helens 1980, Botanical Consequences of the

Explosive Eruptions. Berkeley: University of California Press. 246-261.

38 Austin, Steven A. 1984. Rapid erosion at Mount St. Helens. Origins. 11(2): 90-98.

39 ' Austin, Steven A. 1991. Floating logs and log deposits of Spirit Lake, Mount St. Helens Volcano National

Monument, Washington [Abstract]. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. 23(5): A85.

40 Banks, N.G.; Bennett, C.A.; Schmidt, J.M. 1978. Maps of photo lineaments and geomorphological features

in the Spirit Lake quadrangle, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-505.

41 Baross, John A.; Dahm, Clifford N.; Ward, Amelia K.; Lilley, Marvin D.; Sedell, James R. 1982.

Initial microbiological response in lakes to the Mt. St. Helens eruption. Nature. 296(5852): 49-52.

42 Baross, J.A.; Lilley, M.D.; Dahm, C.N.; Gordon, L.I. 1982. Evidence for microbial linkages between

CH4 and CO in aquatic environments [Abstract]. EOS. 63(6): 155 p.

43 Baross, J.A.; Lilley, M.D.; Gordon, L.I. 1980. Microbially mediated production and consumption of trace

gases including CH4, H2, and N20 in 78 degree C seep waters on Mt. St. Helens [Abstract]. Eos (American

Geophysical Union Transactions). 61(46); 1014 p.

44 Baxter, Peter J.; Bernstein, Robert S.; Buist, A. Sonia. 1986. Preventive health measures in volcanic

eruptions. American Journal of Public Health. 76(suppl.): 84-90.

45 Baxter, Peter J.; Ing, Roy; Falk, Henry; French, Jean; Stein, Gary F.; Bernstein, Robert S.; Merchant,

James A.; AUard, Jack. 1981. Mount St. Helens eruptions. May 18 to June 12, 1980: An overview of the

acute health impact. Journal of the American Medical Association. 246(22): 2585-2589.

46 Baxter, Peter J.; Ing, Roy; Falk, Henry; Plikaytis, Brian. 1983. Mount St. Helens eruptions: the acute

respiratory effects of volcanic ash in a North American community. Archives of Environmental Health.

38(3): 138-143.
6 H PUBLISHED RESEARCH

47 Beach, G.L.; Dzurisin, Daniel. 1984. Drainage evolution in the debris avalanche deposits near Mount St.

Helens, Washington. In: Hole, H.E., compiler. Reports of Planetary Geology Program—1983. U.S. National

Aeronautics and Space Administration Technical Memorandum 86246. 179-181.

48 Beach, G.L.; Parsons, M.R.; Pearson, M.L.; Rosenfeld, C.L. 1984. Post-eruption geomorphology of the

North Fork Toutle River Valley, in the vicinity of Mount St. Helens, Washington [Abstract]. Oregon Academy

of Science Proceedings. 20: 36 p.

49 Beck, Barbara D»; Brain, Joseph D.; Bohannon» Dian E. 198L The pulmonary toxicicy of an ash simple

from the Mt. St. Helens volcano. Experimental Lung Research. 2: 289-301.

50 Bernstein, Robert S.; Baxter, Peter J.; Palk, Henry; Ing, Roy; Foster, Lawrence; Frost, Floyd. 1986.

Immediate public health concerns and actions in volcanic eruptions: lessons from the Mount St. Helens

eruptions. May 18 - October 18, 1980. American Journal of Public Health. 76(suppt.): 25-38.

51 Bernstein, Robert S.; Buist, A. Sonia, 1984. Public health aspects of volcanic hazards: evaluation and

prevention of excessive morbidity and mortality due to natural disasters. Disasters. 8/1/1984. 6-8.

52 Bernstein, R.S.; McCawley, M.A.; Attfield, M.D.; Green F.; DoUberg, D. D., Baxter. P. J.; Merchant,

J. A. 1982. Epidemiologic assessment of the risk for adverse pulmonary effects from persistent occupational

exposures to Mount St. Helens volcanic ash (tephra). In: Keller, S.A.C., ed. Mount St. Helens—one year later.

Cheney, WA: Eastern Washington University Press: 207-213.

53 Bilderback, David E., ed. 1987. Mount St. Helens 1980: botanical consequences of the explosive eruptions.

Berkeley: University of California Press. 360 p.

54 Bilderback, David E.; Carlson, Clinton E. 1987. Effects of persistent volcanic ash on Douglas-fir in northern

Idaho. Research Paper INT-380. Ogdcn, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Incermountain

Research Station. 3 p.

55 Bilderback, D.E.; Slone, J.H. 1987. Persistence of Mount St. Helens ash on conifer foliage. In: Bilderback,

D.E., cd. Mount St. Helens 1980, botanical consequences of the explosive eruptions- Berkeley: University of

California Press. 282-301.

56 Black, R. Alan; Mack, Richard N. 1986. Mount St. Helens ash: recreating its effects on the steppe

environment and ccophysiology. Ecology. 65(5): 1289-1302.

57 Boehlert, G.W.; Morgan, J.B.; Yoklavich, M.M. 1983. Effects of volcanic ash and cscuarine sediment on the

early life history stages of the Pacific herring, dupes karengus paliast. Corvallis, OR: Oregon Water Resources

Research Institute WRRI-87. 72 p.

58 Bolding, Dick. 1981. Surviving the blast. Water Spectrum. 13(4): 38-47.

59 Booth, William. 1991* Of parachuting spiders and meat-eating beetles. Earthquakes and Volcanoes.

22(4): 161-164.

60 Bosworth, D.A.; McCabe, Tim. 1980. The rcgrowth of Mount Sainc Helens—fighting the threat of erosion.

Soil and Water Conservation News. 1(8): 8-9.

61 Boyd, L.L. 1980. Agricultural impacts discussion. In: Cassidy, j.J., chairperson. Proceedings of Washington State

University's Conference on the aftermath ofMt. St. Helens. Pullman, WA: Washington State University: 67-68.
PUBLISHED RESEARCHH 7

62 Braatne, Jeffrey Harmon. 1989. Comparative physiological and population ecology ofLupinus leptdus and

Lupinus lattfolius colonizing early succcssional habitats of Mount St. Helens. Seattle, WA: University of

Washington. 182 p. Ph.D. dissertation.

63 Braatne, Jeffrey H.; Chapin, David M. 1986. Comparative water relations of four subalpine plants at Mount

St. Helens. In: Keller, S.A.C., ed. Mount St. Helens—five years later. Cheney, WA: Eastern Washington

University Press. 163-172.

64 Bradley, J.B. 1981. Mt. St. Helens sediment transport—the first year [Abstract]. Eos (American Geophysical

Union Transactions). 62(45): 858 p.

65 Bradley, J.B. 1982. Cowlitz River basin sediment yields [Abstract], Eos (American Geophysical Union

Transactions). 63(8): 174 p.

66 Bradley, J.B. 1984. Transition of a meandering river to a braided system due to high sediment concentration

flows. In: Elliott, C.M., ed. River Meandering. New York, NY: American Society of Civil Engineers. 89-100.

67 Bradley, J.B.; Simpson, D.P.; Temko, H.M. 1982. Estimates ofCowlitz-Toutle River system sedimentation

In: Proceedings from the conference, Mt. St. Helens—effects on water resources. Pullman, WA: Washington

Water Research Center Report 41: 1-30.

68 Bradstock, R.A.; Bedward, M. 1992. Revegetation of Mount St. Helens debris avalanche 10 years post

eruption. Australian}. Botany 40(1): 75-88.

69 Brantley, Steven; Yamaguchi, David; Cameron, Kenneth; Pringle, Patrick. 1986. Tree-ring dating of

volcanic deposits. Earthquakes and Volcanoes. 18: 184-194.

70 Brockway, Dale G.; Topik, Christopher; Hemstrom, Miles A.; Emmingham, William H. 1983.

Plant association and management guide for the Pacific Silver Fir zone—Gifford Pinchot National Forest.

R6-Ecol-130a-l983. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 122 p.

71 Bromenshenk, Jerry J.; Postle, R.C.; Yamasaki, G.M.; Fellin, D. G.; Reinhardt, H. E. 1987. The effect

of Mount St. Helens ash on the development and mortality of the western spruce budworm and other insects.

In: Bilderback, D.E., ed. Mount St, Helens 1980: botanical consequences of the explosive eruptions. Berkeley:

University of California Press. 302-319.

72 Brown, John J.; Outright, Warren J. 1981. Contamination of bee-collected pollen with volcanic ash from

Mount St. Helens. Mclanderia. 37: 39-44.

73 Brown, John J.; Hussain, Yahaya Bin. 1981. Physiological effects of volcanic ash upon selected insects in

the laboratory. Melanderia. 37: 30-38.

74 Brown, L.A. 1981. SCS-Seeding evaluation on Mount St. Helens: assessment of grass-legume seedings in the

Mount St. Helens blast area and the Lower Toutle River mudflow. May, 1981. Executive Summary, U.S.

Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Spokanc, WA 15 p.

75 Brusven, M.A.; Homig, C.E. 1984. Effects of suspended and deposited volcanic ash on survival and behavior

of stream insects. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 57(1): 55-62.

76 Brzezinski, Mark A.; Holton, Robert L. 1983. A report on the macroinvcrcebrates of the Columbia River

estuary found in deposits of volcanic ash from the May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. Estuaries. 6(2):

172-175.
8 H PUBLISHED RESEARCH

77 Buist, A. Sonia; Johnson, Larry R.; Vollmer, William M.; Sexton, Gary J.; Kanarek, Paula H. 1983.

Acute effects of volcanic ash from Mount Saint Helens on lung function in children. American Review of

Respiratory Diseases. 127: 714-719.

78 Buist, A. Sonia; Martin, Thomas R.; Shore, James H.; Butler, John; Lybarger, Jeffrey A. 1986.

The development of a multidisciplinary plan for evaluation of the long-term health effects of Mount St. Helens

eruptions. American Journal of Public Health. 76(suppL): 39-44.

79 Buist, A. Sonia; Vollmer, William M.; Johnson, Larry R.; Bernstein, Robert S.; McCamant, Lynn E.

1986. A four-year prospective study of the respiratory effects of volcanic ash from Mt. St. Helens. American

Review of Respiratory Diseases. 133: 526-534.

80 Burroughs, WJ. 1981. Mount St. Helens—a review. Weather. 36(8): 238-240.

81 Bustad, L.K. 1980. Biomedical effects ofMt. St. Helens ash (bases for our evaluations of its consequences).

In: Cassidy, J.J., chairperson. Proceedings of Washington State University's Conference on the aftermath of

Mt. St. Helens. Pullman, WA: Washington State University: 4-5.

82 Campbell, Joyce; Bibb, William P.; Lambert, Mary Ann; Eng, Sam; Steigerwalt, Arnold G.; AUard,

Jack; Moss, C. Wayne; Brenner, Don J. 1984. Legionella sainthelensi: a new species of Legionella isolated

from water near Mt. St. Helens. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 47(2): 369-373.

83 Campbell, K.P.; Johnson, S.R.; Wolniakowski, K.U. 1982. A pilot study of potential phenolic contamination

of fishes in the Columbia River and tributaries in the vicinity of Mount St. Helens: final report. Portland, OR:

Beak Consultants, Inc., 32 p.; U.S. National Technical Information Service PB 83-146357.

84 Carpenter, Steven E.; Trappe, James M.; Ammirati, Joseph, Jr. 1986. Observations of fungal succession in

the Mount St. Helens devastation zone, 1980-1983. Canadian Journal of Botany. 65: 716-728.

85 Carpenter, Steven E.; Trappe, James M.; Hunt, Gary A. 1982. Observations on fungal succession on recent

volcanic deposits of Mount St. Helens. Oregon Academy of Science Proceedings. 18: 36-44.

86 Caruso, John L. 1983. Effects ofMt. St. Helens volcanic ash on growth and ABA content in Douglas Fir

[Abstracti, Plant Physiology. 72: 103 p.

87 Caruso, J.L.; Stevens, S.S; Jayasimhulu, K. 1984. Combined analysis of ABA and IAA in ash-stresscd

Douglas fir seedlings using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [Abstract]. Plant Physiology. 75: 28 p.

88 Caruso, J.L.; Sumida-Stevens, S.; Sovonick-Dunford, S.; Winget, G.D.; Jayasimhulu, K. 1990.

Influence of Mount St. Helens, Washington, U.S.A. volcanic ash on growth and abscisic acid in Douglas-fir

seedlings. J. Plant Phys. 137(2): 229-232.

89 Castranova, V.; Bowman, L.; Shreve, J.M.; Jones, G. S.; Miles, P. R. 1982. Volcanic ash: toxicicy to

isolated lung cells. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. 9: 317-325.

90 Chapin, David M. 1986. Physiological and population ecology of two subalpine herbs on Mount St. Helens:

contrasting strategies to a stressful environment. Seattle, WA: University of Washington. Ph.D. dissertation.

91 Chapin, David M.; Bliss, L.C. 1987. Soil-plant water relations of two subalpine herbs from Mount St. Helens.

Canadian Journal of Botany. 66: 809-818.
PUBLISHED RESEARCH ?11111 9

92 Chapin, David M.; Bliss, L.C. 1989. Seedling growth, physiology, and survivorship in a subalpine, volcanic

environment. Ecology. 70(5): 1325-1334.

93 Chapin, David M.; Braatne, Jeffrey H. 1986. Nutrient relations of subalpine plants native to Mount St.

Helens. In: Keller, S.A.C., ed. Mount St. Helens—five years later. Cheney, WA: Eastern Washington

University Press. 173-181.

94 Cochran, M. Ford; Bemer, Robert A. 1993. Intensification of silicate weathering by vascular plants; Mount

St. Helens field studies and related experiments [Abstract]. Geol. Soc. America, Abstracts with Programs.

25(6): 88 p.

95 Cochran, V.L.; Bezdicek, D.F.; EUiott, L.F.; Papendick, R.I. 1983. The effect of Mount St. Helens'

volcanic ash on plant growth and mineral uptake. Journal of Environmental Quality. 12(3); 415-418.

96 Coffin, Harold G. 1983. Erect floating stumps in Spirit Lake, Washington. Geology. 11(5): 298-299.

97 Coffin, Harold G. 1983. Comment and reply on "erect floating stumps in Spirit Lake, Washington": reply.

Geology. 11 (12): 734 p.

98 Coffin, Harold G. 1983. Mount St. Helens and Spirit Lake. Origins. 10(1): 9-17.

99 Coffin, Harold G. 1987. Sonar and scuba survey of a submerged allochthonous "forest" in Spirit Lake,

Washington. Palaios. 2(2): 178-180.

100 Collins, Brian D. 1984. Erosion oftcphra from the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. Seattle, WA: University

of Washington. 181 p. M.S. thesis.

101 Collins, Brian D. 1986. Erosion of sediments released by the 1980 eruption. Volcano News. No. 24, 6 p.

102 Collins, Brian D. 1986. Tephra erosion studies. In: Ivcrson, R.M.; Martinson, H.A., cds. Mount St. Helens:

American Geomorphological Field Group: field trip guidebook and abstracts: Proceedings of a conference;

September 3-6, 1986; Cispus Center, Randle, WA. American Geomorphological Field Group: 57-62.

103 Collins, Brian D.; Dunne, Thomas. 1986. Erosion oftephra from the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens.

Geological Society of America Bulletin. 97(7); 896-905.

104 Collins, Brian D.; Dunne, Thomas. 1988. Effects of forest land management on erosion and revegetation

after the eruption of Mount St. Helens. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 13(3): 193-205.

105 Collins, Brian D.; Dunne, Thomas; Lehre, Andre K. 1983. Erosion of tephra-covercd hillslopes north of

Mount St. Helens, Washington—May 1980-May 1981. Zeitschrift fuer Geomorphologie N.F. Suppl.-Bd. 46:

103-121.

106 Collins, Brian; Dunne, Thomas; Lehre, Andre K. 1982. Sediment influx to the Toutle River from erosion

oftcphra. May 1980-May 1981. In: Mt. St. Helens: effects on water resources: Proceedings from the conference;

October 7-8, 1981; Jantzen Beach, OR. Rep. 41. Pullman, WA: Washington State University, University of

Washington, and State of Washington Water Research Center: 82-97.

107 Cook, RJ. 1980. Influence of the eruption ofMt. St. Helens on wheat diseases. In: Cassidy, J.J., chairperson.

Proceedings of Washington State University's Conference on the aftermath ofMt. St. Helens. Pullman, WA:

Washington State University: 11-13.
10 \ \ m PUBLISHED RESEARCH

108 Cook, RJ.; Ban-on, J.C.; Papendick, R.I.; Williams, G.J., III. 1981. Impact on agriculture of the Mount St.

Helens eruptions. Science. 211(4477): 16-22.

109 Coville, F.V. 1903. Youngest of the Cascade snow peaks. Mazama. 2(3): 137 p.

110 Crawford, Bruce A. 1986. Recovery of game fish populations impacted by the May 18, 1980 eruption of

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599 Winjum, Jack K. 1980. Revegctacion of forest lands devastated by the eruption of Mount St. Helens [Abstract].

Eos (American Geophysical Union Transactions). 61(46); 955 p.

600 Winjum, Jack K. 1982. Mount St. Helens, 1980: the May eruptions and forest productivity [Abstract].

In: Keller, S.A.C., cd. Mount St. Helens—one year later. Cheney, WA: Eastern Washington University Press:

242-243.

601 Winjum, Jack K. 1984. Mount St. Helens: the May 1980 eruptions and forest rehabilitation. Chemical &

Biological Controls in Forestry, American Chemical Society. 377-379.

602 Winjum, Jack K. 1986. The western blast zone of Mount St. Helens: forest recovery after five years [Abstract],

In: Keller, S.A.C., ed. Mount St. Helens—five years later. Cheney, WA: Eastern Washington University Press.

441 p.

603 Winjum, Jack K.; Keatley, John E.; Stevens, Robert G.; Gutzwiler, J.R. 1986. Regenerating the blast zone

of Mount St. Helens. Journal of Forestry. 84(5): 28-35.

604 Winn, A.A.; Evans, A.S. 1991. Nitrogenase activity, growth, and carbon and nitrogen allocation in wintergreen and deciduous lupin seedlings. Functional Ecology 5(4):562-571.

605 Winner, William E.; Casadevall, Thomas J. 1981. Fir leaves as thermometers during the May 18 eruption.

In: Lipman, P.W.; Mullineaux, D.R., eds. The 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens, Washington. U.S.

Geological Survey Professional Paper 1250. 315-320.

606 Winner, William E.; Casadevall, Thomas J. 1983. The effects of the Mount St. Helens eruption cloud on fir

(Abies sp.) needle cuticles: analysis with scanning electron microscopy. American Journal of Botany. 70(1): 80-87.

607 Wissmar, Robert C. 1981. Dissolved organics and pH in lakes within Mt. St. Helens blast zone [Abstract]. Eos

(American Geophysical Union Transactions). 62(45): 868 p.

608 Wissmar, Robert C. 1982. Limnological features of lakes within the 18 May 1980 Mount St. Helens blast zone.

In: Keller, S.A.C., ed. Mount St. Helens—one year later. Cheney, WA: Eastern Washington University Press:

119-123.

609 Wissmar, Robert C. 1990. Recovery of lakes in the 1980 blase zone of Mount St. Helens. Northwest Science.

64(5): 268-270.

610 Wissmar, Robert C.; Baross, John A.; Lilley, Marvin D.; Dahm, Clifford D. 1988. Nitrogen cycling in

altered and newly created lakes near the Mount St. Helens volcano. Journal of Freshwater Ecology. 4(4):

551-568.
44 \ m PUBLISHED RESEARCH

611 Wissmar, Robert C.; Devol, Allan H.; Staley, James T.; Sedell, James R. 1982. Biological responses of

lakes in the Mount St. Helens blast zone. Science. 216(4542): 178-181.

612 Wissmar, Robert C.; Devol, Alien H.; Nevissi, Ahmad E.; Sedell, James R. 1982. Chemical changes of

lakes within the Mount St. Helens blast zone. Science. 216(4542); 175-178.

613 Wissmar, Robert C.; McKnight, Diane M.; Dahm, Clifford N. 1990. Contribution of organic acids to

alkalinity in lakes within the Mount St. Helens blast zone. Limnol. Oceanogr. 35(2): 535-542.

614 Wood, David M. 1987. Pattern and process in primary succession in high elevation habitats on Mount St.

Helens. Seattle, WA: Department of Botany, University of Washington. 125 p. Ph.D. dissertation.

615 Wood, David M.; Andersen, Mark C. 1990. The effect ofpredispersal seed predators on colonization of Aster

ledophyllus on Mount St. Helens, Washington. American Midland Naturalist. 123(1): 193-201.

616 Wood, David M.; del Moral, Roger. 1987. Mechanisms of early primary succession in subalpinc habitats on

Mount St. Helens. Ecology. 68(4): 780-790.

617 Wood, David M.; del Moral, Roger. 1988. Colonizing plants on the pumice plains. Mount St. Helens,

Washington. American Journal of Botany. 75(8); 1228-1237.

618 Wood, David M.; Morris, William F. 1990. Ecological constraints to seedling establishment on the Pumice

Plains, Mount St. Helens, Washington. American Journal of Botany. 77(11): 1411-1418.

619 Yamaguchi, David K. 1983. New tree-ring dates for recent eruptions of Mount St. Helens. Quaternary

Research. 20(2): 246-250.

620 Yamaguchi, David K. 1985. Tree-ring evidence for a two-year interval between recent prehistoric explosive

eruptions of Mount St. Helens. Geology. 13(8): 554-557.

621 Yamaguchi, David K. 1986. The development of Douglas-fir forests northeast of Mount St. Helens, Washington,

following an A.D. 1480 eruption. Seattle, WA: College of Forest Resources, University of Washington. 101 p.

Ph.D. dissertation.

622 Yamaguchi, David K. 1987. The development of old-growth Douglas-fir forests northeast of Mount St. Helens,

Washington, following an A.D. 1480 eruption. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Ecological

Aspects of Tree-Ring Analysis. April, 1987. CONF-8608144, National Technical Information Service,

U.S. Depc. of Commerce, Springfield, VA: 181-185.

623 Yamaguchi, David K. 1993. Forest history. Mount St. Helens. National Geographic Research and Exploration

9(3): 294-325.

624 Yamaguchi, David K.; Hoblitt, Richard P. 1986. Tree-ring dating of Mount St. Helens flowage deposits

cmplaced in the valley of the South Fork Toutle River Washington, during the past 350 years [Abstract].

In: Keller, S.A.C., ed. Mount St. Helens—five years later. Chency, WA: Eastern Washington University Press.

441 p.

625 Yamaguchi, David K.; Hoblitt, Richard P.; Lawrence, Donald B. 1990. A new tree-ring date for the

"floating island" lava flow. Mount St. Helens, Washington. Bulletin ofVolcanology. 52: 545-550.
PUBLISHED RESEARCH ?11111 45

626 Yamaguchi, David K.; Lawrence, Donald B. 1993. Tree-ring evidence for 1842-1843 eruptive activity at the

Goat Rocks dome. Mount St. Helens, Washington. Bulletin ofVolcanology. 55(4): 264-272.

627 Zahran, H.H. 1991. 1980 tephra from Mount St. Helens, Washington, U.S.A.: Spatial and temporal variation

beneath forest canopies. Biol. and Fcrt. of Soils 12(1): 73-80.

628 Zaiisko, Edward J.; Sites, Robert W. 1989. Salamander occurrence within Mt. St. Helens blast zone.

Herp Review. 20(4): 84-85.

629 Zobel, Donald B«; Antos, Joseph A. 1982. Adventitious rooting of eight conifers into a volcanic tephra

deposit. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 12(3): 717-719.

630 Zobel, Donald B.; Antos, Joseph A. 1984. Recovery ofunderstory plants buried for three growing seasons

beneath volcanic tephra [Abstract]. American Association for the Advancement of Science Pacific Division,

65th Annual Meeting, Proceedings with Abstracts: 75 p.

631 Zobel, Donald B.; Antos, Joseph A. 1985. Response of conifer shoot elongation to tephra from Mount St.

Helens. Forest Ecology & Management. 12: 83-91.

632 Zobel, Donald B.; Antos, Joseph A. 1986. Survival of prolonged burial by subalpine forest understory plants.

The American Midland Naturalist. 115(2): 282-287.

633 Zobel, Donald B.; Antos, Joseph A. 1987. Composition of rhizomes of forest herbaceous plants in relation to

morphology, ecology, and burial by tephra. Bot. Gaz. 148(4): 490-500.

634 Zobel, Donald B.; Antos, Joseph A. 1987. Survival of Veratrum viride, a robust herbaceous plant, when buried

by volcanic tephra. Northwest Science. 61(1): 20-22.

635 Zobel, Donald B.; Antos, Joseph A. 1991. 1980 tephra from Mount St. Helens: spatial and temporal variation

beneath forest canopies. Biology and Fertility of Soils. Springer-Verlag; 12: 60-66.

636 Zobel, Donald B.; Antos, Joseph A. 1991. Growth and development of natural seedlings of Abies and Tsuga in

old-growth forest. J. Ecology 79: 985-998.

637 Zobel, Donald B.; Antos, Joseph A. 1992. Survival of plants buried for eight growing seasons by volcanic

tephra. Ecology 73(2): 698-701.



RESEARCH ABSTRACTS KM 49

—1APrincipal Investigators):

A.B. Adams

7326 39th N.E.

Seattle, WA 98115

(206) 524-7928

Study Title; Ecosystem recovery on the debris avalanche

Key Words: biological terrestrial plant animal upland

vegetation ecosystem recovery revegecacion mammals

insects debris avalanche

Abstract: The object of this study is to monitor ecosystem recovery on the debris avalanche created by the May 1980

eruption of Mount St. Helens. Vegetation was significantly reduced in the blast area. Plant survival and diversity was

apparently related to growth form. Plants with underground dormant buds survived best. Plant recovery has been

correlated with moisture rather than physical structure of the substrate.

Mammal recovery is related to plane community structure, particularly important may be the presence of dead organic

debris. Migration of deer mice (Peromyscus mamculatus) onto the debris avalanche occurred within four years of the May

1980 blast, and significantly more males were sighted than females.

Insect diversity, especially of beetles is largely a result of physical structure of the substrate.

Type of Measurements): Vegetation sampling was performed in 12 plots each 25 meters square; number of species

and percent cover for vascular plants was estimated. In August 1981, 31 plots each 250 meters square were established

in which all individual plants were marked and number of stems per species counted and soil texture was assessed.

Greenhouse plantings to determine effects of soil moisture were conducted at University of Washington using soil

collected from the North Fork Toutle River. Soil moisture measured in mcgapascals (MPa); plant height measured in

centimeters; fresh weight and dry weight of plants measured in grams.

Small mammal trapping took place in 1984, and individuals and species were counted and scxcd.

Insects were identified and individuals counted; diversity was measured as number of families and individual taxa per

order.

Frequency of Measurements): Annually from 1980; some years several samples were made.

Data Storage: Field notebooks and magnetic computer tapes in personal possession. Data has been published.

Long-term plans, Data available for collaborative efforts: Continuation of monitoring is questionable. Vegetation

plots arc permanent. Adams is available for future collaborative efforts, and data is available in publications.
50 Bin RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

—2A—

Principal Investigators):

Michael F. Alien Charles M. Crisafulli

Department of Biology USDA Forest Service

Systems Ecology Research Group Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument

San Diego State University 42218 N.E. Yale Bridge Rd.

San Diego, CA 92182-0057 Amboy, WA 98601

(619) 594-4460 (206) 750-3934

Study Title: Recovery of mycorrhizal associations on Mount St. Helens

Key Words: biological terrestrial upland plant trees

vegetation fungi mycorrhizae animal vertebrate

elk gopher soils nutrient ecosystem

succession

Abstract: This work has studied the recovery of mycorrhizal associations on Mount St. Helens since the eruption in

1980. Mycorrhizal associations are symbioses between plants and fungi localized on the roots of plants. The fungi

provide much of the nutrients utilized by the plants and the plants provide carbohydrates to the fungi. The associations

on Mount St. Helens range from those plants that form facultative mycorrhizal associations, many herbaceous species

including Lupinus lepidus, L. latifolius, and Epilobium angustifolium, to the coniferous trees that are obligacely dependent

on mycorrhizae.

Our work has concentrated on the vectors chat move propagules of the mycorrhizal fungi and the ability of those vectors

to place inoculum wherein the symbiosis can establish. We have separated the reestablishmcnt dynamics in three zones,

the sterile pyroclastic flow with no surviving propagules, the blast zone wherein most of the vegetation was destroyed,

and the ashfall zone wherein most of the organisms survived but had to deal with the overlying ash. The recovery rates

formed a gradient. Virtually all of the mycorrhizal types that were present before the eruption recovered quickly in the

ashfall zones. Pocket gophers and ants facilitated this recovery by returning mycorrhizal fungi to the surface where

contact with plant propagules could be made. In the blast zone, gophers and other rodents also survived and initiated

mycorrhizal reformation within two to four years. Gophers and other rodents have initiated new mycorrhizal activity on

the pumice plain following their arrival ac the particular plant patch. They appear to key on patches of plants rather

than individuals for their inoculum dispersal. Wind did not appear to be important for long range dispersal of soil-borne

mycorrhizal fungi but may move propagules within a patch. Wind did appear to be important for the long-distance

dispersal of the early cccomycorrhizal fungi such as Thelephora sp. Together these data indicate that the mycorrhizal

fungi arc critical to the recovery of the vegetation on Mount St. Helens and that a variety of animals served as vectors

for the dispersal of these important fungi.

Type of Measurements): Presence or absence of mycorrhizal fungal propagules; spore density (number/kg soil);

infection presence; species composition (when possible).

Frequency of Measurements): Twice annually in 1982-1986; once annually in 1988 and 1990.

Data Storage: Original data sheets at San Diego State University.

Long-term plans. Data available for collaborative efforts: Plans are to continue monitoring approximately every

three to five years within the sample areas into the next century. Collaborative efforts will be considered on a case

specific basis.
RESEARCH ABSTRACTS 51

-3APrincipal Investigators):

Ronald Altig and Cindy Taylor

Mississippi State University

P.O. Drawer GY

Department of Biological Sciences

Mississippi State, MS 39762

(601)325-7561

Study Title: Ecology of the tadpoles of the tailed frog (Ascaphus truei)

Key Words: amphibian ecology biological aquatic animal

vertebrate tailed frog tadpole stream algae

flow rates microhabitat

Abstract: Data on the microhabitat parameters, especially pertaining to flow rate and substrate characteristics, of the

stream-inhabiting tadpoles of the tailed frog (Ascaphus truei) were collected at two tributaries ofClearwatcr Creek at

Mount St. Helens, Washington and at Parker Creek on Mary's Peak, Benton County, Oregon. This is the only tadpole

in North America that is highly specialized for maintaining position and feeding from algae while attached to rocks via

an enlarged oral disc with many rows of labial teeth. Positions of tadpoles in the streams were correlated with oral

morphology and associated anatomy. Because of the length of the larval period of Ascaphus, there are usually two to

three yearly cohorts in the streams at one time. We hypothesized that the interaction of the abilities of the tadpoles to

adhere to rocky substrates and the size of the tadpole would result in microhabitat segregation. Whether small or large

tadpoles occupied fast versus slow water would depend on the growth pattern of the tadpole (drag) versus the changes

of the adhesive abilities with size.

Our data show that none of the parameters that were measured, including flow race at the site of each tadpole, were

significantly different between size classes. We concluded that the growth pattern of the body (which is probably

isometric based on analyses of tadpoles of other shapes) and of the oral disc are such that tadpoles of all sizes can

occupy any usable microhabitat. This commonly includes moving onto usually vertical, wet surfaces out of water at

night.

The manuscript that resulted from this study included comparisons of tadpoles of Ascaphus and Heleophryne purcelli, a

morphologically and ecologically similar tadpole from South Africa. Based on differences between selected oral and

abdominal musculature and video tapes of the two species moving via their enlarged oral discs, we concluded that the

two tadpoles feed in different fashions even though their gross morphology is similar.

Type of Measurements):

• scream slope

• stream flow

• flow at exact site of tadpole

• attached algae at exact site of tadpole

Frequency of Measurements): 2 nights, June 7-8, 1989 at Mount St. Helens.

Data Storage: Data are stored in IBM Lotus 1-2-3 files.

Long-term plans, Data available for collaborative efforts: No long-term research at Mount St. Helens is expected

at present. The study site at St. Helens was chosen because previous research showed Ascaphus tadpoles common. All

data arc available through R. Altig.
52 Bfl RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

—4A—

Principal Investigators):

Douglas C. Andersen Jim MacMahon

Bureau of Reclamation Utah State University

Environmental Sciences Section, Department of Biology

D-3742 Logan, UT 84322

P.O. Box 25007 (801) 750-2478

Denver, CO 80225-0007

(303) 236-5892

Study Title: Effects of pocket gopher (Thomornys talpoides) mounds on plant re-establishment processes

Key Words: biological terrestrial plant animal . vertebrate

revegetation seedling survival gopher

Abstract: This study documents that pocket gophers in the blast zone did survive the May 1980 eruption of Mount St.

Helens, and they did have an effect on early plant re-establishment within the blast zone. One study site is approximately

20 km northeast of the volcano. This site received a layer of pumice and ash to an average depth of 12 cm in 1980.

Vegetation on gopher mounds was compared to that on surrounding un-mounded soil surface. Findings show that species

composition is different; there are more residual species on mounds, and seedlings on mounds are more likely to survive

and contribute to future local population growth.

A second site, 12 km northeast of the volcano in the blowdown zone, was chosen for additional study. As of 1988 results

from sampling this site were not conclusive as to the influence of pocket gophers on plant reestablishment because

overall revegetation of the area was still very limited.

Type of Measurements): 20 cm X 50 cm or 25 cm X 50 cm quadrats were centered on each mound and adjacent to

each mound, 0.75 meters from it. Plant species identified, individuals counted and growth rate (cm/year) measured for

individual plants. In the blowdown zone, all vegetation within randomly located 2 x 2 meter (n=14) permanent plots

was tabulated and mapped, as was vegetation within randomly located 25 cm X 50 cm quadrats (n=30); survivorship of

marked individuals was noted.

Frequency of Measurements): 54 mounds created in 1980 and 1981 at the tephra fall site were sampled in 1981,

1982, 1983, and 1988. Mounds created in 1982-1984 at the blowdown site were sampled in 1984 and 1988.

Data Storage: Tabulated data are on floppy disks in ABSTAT or Lotus files, and field maps of plots and marked mounds

arc in Andersen's personal possession. Maps have been digitized using Intergraph IGDS software and are available on

tape for use in a geographical information system to bona fide investigators.

Long-term plans, Data available for collaborative efforts: Andersen hopes to continue to monitor blowdown site in

the future as revegetation of the area increases; influence of pocket gophers on revegetation may become evident. Future

work at this site may also include monitoring changes in small mammal populations. Will pocket gopher population

increase as vegetation increases? Opportunity to return and continue investigation depends on funding and schedule

(work would have to be conducted independently of current position, probably using vacation or leave time). Andersen

is willing to share data or otherwise cooperate with investigators interested in monitoring the permanently marked plots

he has established.
RESEARCH ABSTRACTS M 53

—5A

Principal Investigators):

Mark Andersen

Department of Ecology and

Evolutionary Biology

University of California, Irvine

Irvinc,CA 92717

(714) 856-5384

Peter Kareiva

Department of Zoology

University of Washington

Seattle, WA 98195

(206) 543-7095

Study Tide: Population ecology of the aphid Aphthargelia symphoricarpi on Mount St. Helens

Key Words: biological terrestrial plant animal upland

herb invertebrate arthropod insect aphid

ant ecology population ecology

Abstract: I have examined the ecology of the aphid Aphthargelia symphoricarpi in terms of its interactions with its host

plant Polygonum newberryi and its major predator, the ant Formica fusca. My approach involves a combination of field

experimentation and observation with mathematical modelling.

Interspecific interactions between ants and aphids may be either predatory or mutualistic, depending on the particular

species involved, and for some pairs of species, depending on the density of the aphids. The interaction ofFormica and

Aphthargelia was overwhelmingly the dominant biotic factor influencing the A. symphoricarpi population during both

years of this study. Over 30% of the Polygonum plants were infested by aphids at the study site. If a plant was infested

by aphids, ancs were almost certainly found there as well; the converse was also the case. Analysis of 1985 ant and aphid

censuses suggested higher ant counts on plants harboring growing aphid populations than on plants with declining aphid

populations.

The strong association of Formica with Aphthargelia in disturbed communities at Mount St. Helens is a manifestation of

predator-prey interaction rather than mutualism. Predation by ants reduced growth rates of aphid populations by 27%

and final densities by 64%. I predict that while the current relationship between this ant and aphid is essentially

predatory, as the community recovers and other protein sources become more abundant for the ant, the interaction will

switch to mutualism.

Type of Measurements):

• Field observations: six 10 m X 10 m plots—mapped every individual of Polygonum nevsberryi, recorded presence

or absence of ants and aphids; two 10 m X 10 m plots—daily counts of A. symphoricarpi populations on individual Polygonum plants, counts of age classes of aphids on each plant, number of ants per plant.

• Field experiment: 36 planes in 50 m X 50 m area—naturally present aphid density, number of aphids placed on

plants, ants excluded or not excluded.

Frequency of Measurements): 1985 and 1986; frequent population counts during the growing season.

Data Storage:'

Long-term plans, Data available for collaborative efforts: My future plans include continued research on Mount

St. Helens. With David M. Wood, I plan to begin a study of the pumice plains area on the north side of the mountain.

The basic question of interest will be "How does a barren landscape fill up with species?" The unique environment of

the north side of Mount St. Helens provides an unparalleled opportunity to examine the colonization of an ecological

"tabula rasa". Our work will include field experiments, sampling of seed rain, mapping of developing vegetation,

statistical analysis of spatial data, and mathematical modelling of population spread. The study will encompass aspects

of population, community, and landscape ecology simultaneously.

/

 Information concerning data storage was unavailable at the time of

printing. Contact principal investigator or consult publications for

these details.
54 RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

—6A—

Principal Investigators):

Charles H. Andcrson, Jr. and Charles N. Honsinger

International Glaciospeleological Survey

547 S.W. 304ch St.

Federal Way, WA 98023

(206)941-4101

Study Title: The effects of the eruptions of Mount St. Helens on glaciers, glacier caves, caves and mudflows, etc.

Key Words: crater geomorphology deposits biological physical

topography hydrologic caves mudflow glaciers

avalanche

Abstract; The objectives of this project are to study effects of eruptions on glaciers and glacier pseudokarst and to map

glacier caves and glacier margin and other caves on Mount St. Helens. In meeting these objectives we will document

and photograph: 1) these features, 2) effects ofashfall and mudflows on newly exposed glacier bed and downslopc

detritus and erosion produced by melting glaciers, and 3) effects on crater, dome and caves in crater.

Results:

1. Map glacier caves, lava caves and put on topographic map with aerial photos.

2. Speleobiology of glacier caves: specimens were collected of all species observed. Stoneflics (Plecoptera:

Perlodidae) Rtckera sorpta a penultimate (last stage) nymph of this rare species was found in the Swift Glacier

cave. Craneflies (Diptera: Tipulidae) Omithodes harrimani Coc\\x\\\et\ fungus gnats (Diptera: Mycetophilidae)

Boletina sp.; grylloblattids (Orthoptera: Grylloblattidae); and ice worms (Oligochaeta: Pleiosiopora) Enchy

traeidae were found in other glacier caves.

3. Mudflows were photographed and put on topographic map^T.

4. Surveys of caves and aerial mapping for topographic maps of cave locations.

Type of Measurements):

• Survey instruments: Brunton compass and survey tape (feet and meters)

• Aerial Photos: Taken by USGS and IGS Members for cave locations and mudflows

• Topographic Maps: USGS topo maps and Army Engineer maps and IGS (feet and meters) Cameras used

35mm, 4x5, process camera, Roberson, Opti copy and Durst enlarger

Frequency of Measurements): Early 1980 to present and monthly in summer at least once a month.

Data Storage: USGS topo, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers maps and IGS files; IGS aerial photo files and NEGS files;

IGS maps, files, and cave survey data files.

Long-term plans, Data available for collaborative efforts:

1. Study changes in glacier caves and glacier margin.

2. Map lava and glacier caves.

3. Map and photos of glaciers.

4. Study caves in Spirit Lake basin and crater.

5. Study the effects of the eruptions on glaciers and glacier pseudokarst; effects ofashfall and mudflows on newly

exposed glacier bed and downslope detritus.

Baseline data is on file for future use.

Future opportunities may include:

1. Master paper on glacier caves on Mount St. Helens.

2. Study of glacier caves on an active volcanic mountain.

3. Master paper puts forth a model for the evolution of glacier caves, using observations of glacier cave systems

and its environs. No one has treated the evolution of glacier caves systems in detail.
RESEARCH ABSTRACTS ®M 55

—7A—

Principal Investigators):

Norman H. Andcrson and Richard D. Meyerhoff

Department of Entomology

Oregon State University,

Corvallis, OR 97331-2907

(503) 737-4597

Study Title: Recovery of aquatic insect communities in streams near Mount St. Helens

Key Words: biological aquatic animal stream invertebrate

insect recovery secondary production

Abstract: We have monitored scream insect communities from 1980 to 1988 in Clearwater Creek, Elk Creek, and Ape

Canyon. Quantitative and qualitative samples indicate rapid colonization in 1981-1982, and then a gradual increase in

richness and diversity. Over 200 taxa have now been collected from Ape or Clearwater Creeks.

The structure and productivity of the benthic community comparing Upper Clearwaccr Creek (affected by the blast and

ashfall) with Elk Creek (ashfall only) for 1985 and 1986 was R. Meyerhoff s Ph.D. thesis project.

Type of Measurements): Hess samples (0.02 m) for quantitative benthos collections; kick-net collections and hand

washing of wood debris for qualitative collections. Water temperature was monitored from 1985-87 at the Upper

Clearwater Bridge with a Datapod.

Frequency of Measurements): In 1981 January, May, July, and October. In 1985 and 1986, 10 to 12 times between

March and October for Clearwater and Elk Creeks. In other years only in lace August or early September.

Data Storage: Insects are stored in alcohol. Benthos data are on handwritten data sheets and some on floppy disks

(DBASE III format). Temperature data on floppy disks (Lotus 1-2-3).

Long-term plans. Data available for collaborative efforts: We hope to continue to be involved in the aquatic

habitat recovery studies with J.R. Sedcll of the USFS. Long-term monitoring of the aquatic insect community will

require modest funding.

The Aquatic Entomology Lab at Oregon State University has a large amount of material stored as baseline data. This

includes some 1980 pre-eruption collections by the USGS. Funds are needed for identifying, labeling and curating the

insects if these collections are to be of much use for other researchers.
56 In RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

—8A—

Principal Investigators):

John Bishop

University of Washington

Department of Botany, KB-15

Seattle, Washington 98195

(206) 543-4850

Study Title: The evolutionary ecology ofLupinus lepidus

Key Words: biology ecology terrestrial plant upland

subalpine herbs seedlings survival dispersal

Abstract: A four year study of the evolutionary consequences of colonization was begun in 1990. The objectives of this

study are to document the pattern of genetic variation in a colonizing plant species, Lupinus lepidus, and investigate the

ecological processes which are expected to affect that pattern.

Preliminary genetic data indicate that colonies ofL. lepidus on the pumice plain of Mount St. Helens are genetically

different from each other, probably due to the differing genetic composition of founders. Whether or not differentiation

due to founder effects will persist depends on: 1) the rate of population growth, 2) the level of migration between populations, 3) the rate of self-fertilization, and 4) spatial variability in natural selection. Efforts are underway to assess the

importance of each of these processes.

Population growth rate and factors affecting it, such as herbivory, are being studied by measuring survivorship, fecundity,

seed bank properties, and other demographic parameters for a large number of natural and experimental populations.

Genetic studies of these populations arc underway which will allow a comparison of genetic drift with population growth.

Preliminary data shows thatL. lepidus is self-compatible and that colonizing populations may exhibit a high level of selffertilization due to the absence of pollinators. This will tend to increase differentiation between populations.

The relationship between fruit set and flowering time was studied in seven populations for two years. This data indicates

strong natural selection which varies among populations. However, the observation that selection also varies within

populations among years is expected to counteract the among population effects. Much of the variation among populations and years is due to variation in herbivore loads and possibly to pollinator visitation. Reciprocal transplants between

populations, started in 1991, will reveal population differentiation and the genetic basis for character differences.

Type of Measurements):

1. Demographic—size, density, fecundity, survivorship, seed germination and survival for individuals in

20 colonizing populations (begun 1991) and 50 small experimental populations (beginning 1992).

2. Phonological—weekly flower and fruit production, pollinator visitation, herbivore damage.

3. Genetic—allozyme variation at eight loci, used for estimating population genotype frequencies and mating

systems.

Frequency of Measurements):

1. Demographic—annually beginning in 1991.

2. Phonological—weekly in 1990 and 1991.

3. Genetic—annually beginning in 1990.

4. Mating system—semi-annually.

Data Storage: Data arc stored permanently on field data sheets, and on Macintosh and Unix OS computers in various

formats.

Long-term plans, Data available for collaborative efforts: Long term monitoring of demography and genetic

variation in a number of permanent plots is planned. Proposals of collaborative efforts are welcome.
RESEARCH ABSTRACTS 57

—9APrincipal Investigators):

Lawrence C. Bliss William A. Pfitsch

University of Washington Hamilton College

Department of Botany Biology Department

Seattle, WA 98195 Clinton, NY 13323

(206) 543-1942 (315) 859-4717

Study Title: Recovery of net primary production in subalpine meadows of Mount St. Helens

Key Words: biological terrestrial plant upland revcgetation

biomass seedling survival tephra mudflow

net primary production

Abstract: Study sites that received tephra or mudflow deposits during the May 1980 eruption were examined and

compared for effects on vegetation. Deposition of 5 to 10 cm of tephra resulted in less species diversity and inhibition

of seedling establishment but did not significantly decrease net primary production (NPP); the NPP of these areas did

fluctuate dramatically with precipitation rates during seven summers from 1980-1986.

Revcgetation in mudflow areas has been slower; the NPP at these sites has increased but remains below that of the

tephra fall sites.

Species composition at both sites is skewed toward those plants that propagate vegetatively. Resprouts from surviving

plants are more successful at recolonization than are invading seedlings.

Type of Measurements): Total amount of current year growth/species/quad; number of species/quad; ten 1-meter

square quads at Pine Creek; ten 0.1-meter square quads at Lower Butte Camp; nine 0.1-meter square quads at Upper

Buttc Camp.

Meteorological data: temperature (°C), precipitation (cm), radiation, soil moisture (percent moisture, megapascals).

Plant nutrient content: nitrogen and phosphorous for dominant species and litter.

Frequency of Measurement(s): 1980-1986; biomass, nitrogen, and phosphorous once at the end of the growing season

each year; meteorological data in July and August.

Data Storage: Field notebooks and hard copies on file at University of Washington, Botany Department.

Long-term plans. Data available for collaborative efforts: No future plans to continue this study. Data are available

for collaboration.
58 RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

—10A—

Principal Investigator(s):

Lawrence C. Bliss

University of Washington

Department of Botany KB-15

Seattle, WA 98195

(206)543-8917

George D. Reynolds

1298 Holloway Street

Victoria, British Columbia

Canada V8P 1M7

(604) 382-1064

Study Title: Climate/microclimate measurements over disturbed sites at Mount St. Helens

Key Words: physical terrestrial plant soil atmosphere

vegetation weather climate microclimate precipitation

Abstract: Climatic and microclimatic measurements for the summers of 1982 to 1987 were made at three differently

disturbed sites around Mount St. Helens. These measurements provided daily information on the physical environment

and baseline data for studying the evolution and recolonization of these areas.

Yearly change in the summer conditions greatly influenced soil formation and plant regrowth. Cooler wet summers were

more beneficial for seedling establishment and plant growth than the drought periods of the warmer, drier summers.

By 1985, the tcphra covered site ofButte Camp recovered to pre-erupcion conditions. The 5- to 8-cm tephra layer acted

as a mulch thus preventing excess evaporation from the original soil profile. The mudflow disturbance at Pine Creek

acted similarly though slope and aspect of this site were responsible for higher surface temperatures and drier soil

conditions when compared to Butte Camp. Desert like conditions existed on the pyroclastic flow near Spirit Lake. The

recovery of vegetation at Spirit Lake showed little progress during the study period. High surface temperatures, greater

diurnal temperature fluctuations, low soil moisture, erosion from wind and rain and exposure resulted in an inhospitable

environment. Energy balance measurements for Spirit Lake and Butte Camp showed high evaporation rates after precipitation events, while under drought conditions the sensible heat flux became the dominant flux over the dry surface.

Type of Measurenient(s):

• Air temperature at 5, 10, 25, 125 cm above the surface

• Surface temperature

• Soil temperature at -5, -10, -25, -50 and -100 cm below the surface

• Incoming shortwave radiation in W/m2 and Mj/m2/D

• Photosynthecically active radiation in uE/s/m2

• Net radiation in W/m2 and Mj/m2/D

• Soil heat flux in W/m2 and Mj/m2/D

• Wind speed in m/s

• Wind direction in degrees

• Soil moisture in percent

Frequency of Measurement(s): Hourly and daily means for summers 1982-1987.

Data Storage: Hourly and daily means from 1982-86 arc stored on magnetic tape in ASCII format. Hourly and daily

means for 1987 are stored on 1.2 mb floppy disk in ASCII format IBM compatible.

Long-term plans. Data available for collaborative efforts: As of May 1988 the project was terminated.

Reynolds and his data are available for future collaborative efforts. Some data appears in Reynolds and Bliss, 1986.
RESEARCH ABSTRACTS 59

—11A—

Principal Investigators):

Jeffrey H. Braatne

College of Forest Resources, AR-10

University of Washington

Seattle, WA 98195

(206) 543-2764, (206) 543-8015 (greenhouses)

Study Title: Physiological and population ecology of lupines colonizing early successional habitats on Mount St.

Helens

Key Words: biological terrestrial plant upland lupines

herbs revegetation survival physiology temperature

reproduction rccolonization

Abstract: Lupinus lepidus and Lupinus latifolius were prominent survivors and among the first colonizers of early

succession habitats following the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. Several physiological and morphological

properties of seedlings and adults were found to govern the response of these species to the harsh environmental

conditions of these habitats.

Morphological, phenological, and demographic studies revealed thatL. lepidus was a short-lived wintergreen species

(3- to 5-year lifcspan) with low, spreading shoots and small, hairy, solar-tracking leaves. Within the early successional

habitats of Mount St. Helens, L. lepidus had a high population growth rate, early reproductive maturity and high

reproductive allocation. In contrast, L. lattfolius was a longer-lived species (estimated 12- to 16-year lifespan), with an

erect and densely-branched growth form. L. lattfolius had a much lower population growth rate, delayed reproductive

maturation and low reproductive allocation.

Comparative analyses of plant water relations showed chat seasonal and diurnal trends of plant water balance were

remarkably similar bccwccn species and becwccn age classes wichin a species. Stomacal conductance and leaf water

potential were correlated with soil and atmospheric water deficits. Minimal levels of seasonal and diurnal osmotic

adjustment were observed in both species. Collectively, these and other traits were indicative ofmesophytic species

with leaf tissues that are sensitive to water deficits.

Comparative analyses of photosynthetic responses to temperature and light revealed significant differences between

species. The photosynthetic capacity ofL. lepidus was higher over a wider range of environmental conditions than

L. lattfolius. In particular, juvenile and mature plants of L. lepidus were able to acclimate to higher temperatures than

L. latifolius.

By limiting seedling establishment, growth and the reproductive activity ofL. lepidus and L. latifolius, high temperatures

and periodic water deficits are the primary environmental factors
60 RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

Frequency of Measurements): Measurements throughout growing season, 1983-1988.

Data Storage: Field notebooks, floppy disks in Macintosh Microsoft in personal possession.

Long-term plans, Data available for collaborative efforts: These projects have been completed, and manuscripts

arc in the process of publication. Future plans may include studying physiological factors governing species colonization

on the pumice plain. Baseline data are not available for future studies.
RESEARCH ABSTRACTS 61

—12A—

Principal Investigators):

David M. Chapin Lawrence C. Bliss

Environmental Associates Department of Botany

Engineering, Science, and Technology University of Washington

8520 154th Ave. N.E. Seattle, WA 98195

Redmond.WA 98052 (206)543-8917

(206)869-2194

Study Title: Physiological and population ecology of two subalpine herbs on Mount St. Helens

Key Words: biological terrestrial plant upland herbs

subalpine physiology nutrients water relations population ecology

seedling vegetative

Abstract: This study examined the different adaptive strategics of two subalpine herbs in a stressful environment.

The study site received tcphra in the May 1980 eruption. Polygonum newberryi and Eriogonum pyrolifolium have markedly

different morphological characteristics. The former is deciduous and has a large deep root system, the latter is wintergreen

and has a shallow root system.

These two species have corresponding differences in physiology and population ecology, as well. Although the large,

deep root system of Polygonum gives it the ability to avoid drought, Eriogonum is more drought tolerant. This does not

affect adult mortality rates in cither species but does lead to greater survivorship of Eriogonum seedlings. Eriogonum is

also more tolerant of nutrient stress, an important adaptation in nutrient poor volcanic soils.

Polygonum has below ground meristems making it more tolerant of burial by tephra. Therefore Polygonum is more

effective at recovery from volcanic disturbance by resproucing from surviving plants, while Eriogonum is more effective

by seedling re-establishment.

Polygonum is longer-lived and better adapted to the short growing season typical of its habitat. These plants store food

in their roots over the winter and produce new shoots rapidly in spring. Eriogonum, by contrast, depends on current year

photosynthesis for early season development of shoots.

Type of Measurements): Individual plants or 1-meter square quads were chosen at random within 10-meter square

subplots of a 50-meter square plot.

Measurements: Xylem pressure potential (megapascals, Mpa); leaf conductance (mmole/M^second); soil moisture

(MPa); percent seedling survival; number of leaves/plant/season; nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, and carbohydrate

concentrations in roots, stems, leaves; laboratory studies measured seedling growth rates, leaf water conductance,

biomass partitioning.

Frequency of Measurement(s): 1982-1984, generally several times per growing season.

Data Storage: Data has been published; floppy disks in Lotus in personal possession.

Long-term plans. Data available for collaborative efforts: No future plans for research. Data are available for

collaboration.
62 RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

—13A—

Principal Investigators):

Harold G. Coffin

546 Summit Ridge Drive East

The Dalles, OR 97058

(503) 296-8971

Study Title: Observations on the floating log raft in Spirit Lake

Key Words: biological plant trees deforestation transport

aquatic lake conifers flotation

Abstract: Observations on Spirit Lake and its log raft have been conducted since 1982. Ac that time a significant

number (close to 20%) of the stumps (not the broken flotsam) had settled into an upright position in the water. This

number included some that had floated into shallow water and had grounded lightly on the bottom (Coffin, 1983).

In 1987 side scan sonar equipment was used to determine what was happening to the trees on the bottom. Based on this

research, approximately 19,500 erect stumps are calculated to sit on the lake bottom (Coffin, 1987). Those closer to the

south end where screams and significant runoff bring sediments into the lake arc being buried in an upright stance. The

south shore is advancing into the lake at 20 to 30 feet per year where streams are building a delta.

Since the lake water level was lowered by the outlet tunnel, some of these upright stumps protruded above water until

removed by the floating log mat that moves back and forth over the lake surface.

Wood sampling of the horizontal floating logs indicates that the greater portion are Douglas-fir. Those standing on the

bottom arc mostly silver fir, noble fir, and hemlock. Apparently the Douglas-fir is less likely to sink to the bottom.

Cedar was found mostly among the broken debris. The brittleness of the wood apparently allowed the cedar trees to be

shattered by the eruption.

Type of Measurement(s): Counts of numbers and percentages of upright and horizontal floating stumps and logs.

Frequency of Measurements): Side-scan sonar research was a one shot situation although there is the slight possibility

that it could be done again several years in the future.

Data Storage: Sonograph (charts) from side-scan sonar work are stored in the Geoscicnce Research Institute. Also

stored here are wood samples from 40+ erect floating trees and 20+ horizontal floating trees.

Long-term plans. Data available for collaborative efforts: Most of Coffin's research has been observational except

for the side-scan sonar work and taxonomic studies of the wood samples of floating trees. Coffin wishes to continue to

monitor the behavior of the floating log mat in Spirit Lake in the coming years. At this point he doubts if any high-tech

or sophisticated research will be involved.

Coffin and his data arc available for future collaborative efforts.
RESEARCH ABSTRACTS 63

—14A—

Principal Investigators):

John Costa and Len Reed

USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory

5400 MacArthur Blvd.

Vancouver, WA 98661

(206) 696-7693

Study Title: Mount St. Helens crater weather station

Key Words: physical terrestrial hydrology upland atmosphere

crater telemetry climate weather hydrologic

Abstract: A weather station was established in the crater of Mount St. Helens to continuously monitor precipitation

(both rain and snow), temperature, and water equivalence ofsnowpack. The information is gathered to provide baseline

data for hydrologic hazards analyses.

Type of Measurements): Precipitation (both rain and snow) in millimeters; water equivalence ofsnowpack in

millimeters of head; temperature in degrees Celsius.

Frequency of Measurement(s): Data originally telemetered from the field site to Cascades Volcano Observatory

every 15 minutes. However, because of hardware problems, much of the data retrieved was intermittent. Snow pillow

and temperature data are approximately complete from time of installation (fall 1987) until mid-January 1989.

Precipitation data was highly intermittent over that period. In mid-January 1989, a large snow avalanche in the crater

destroyed the site.

Data Storage: Data was telemetered from the field site to Cascades Volcano Observatory and stored on the VAX

mainframe computer. Archived data is stored on magnetic tape. Plot of data can be obtained from Bobbie Myers

(Opcrations-CVO).

Long-term plans, Data available for collaborative efforts: A large snow avalanche in January 1989 destroyed the

weather station. There arc no plans to reestablish it. Data are available from Cascades Volcano Observatory.
64 BH RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

—ISAPrincipal Investigator(s):

Rodney Crawford

Burkc Memorial Museum

University of Washington

Seattle, WA 98195

(206) 543-9853

Study Title: Spider biogeography at Mount St. Helens

Key Words: biological terrestrial animal invertebrate spiders

wind dispersal

Abstract: Spider populations on the pumice plain were sampled and compared to chose at a control sice on the south

slope of Mount St. Helens that received only tephra from the May 1980 eruption. All living organisms were either

swept away or buried by the eruption at the pumice plain study site; there were no survivors and vegetation was sparse

at this location during the years of sampling. Sampling at the control site revealed no significant effects on the spider

community. The number of individuals trapped at both sites was nearly the same, but many more species were trapped

on the pumice plain than at the control sice. The majority of species arriving on the pumice plain are wind dispersed.

They appear to be coming from lowlands approximately twenty miles to the west, transported by prevailing winds

through the corridor of the Toutle River Valley. Most spiders perish soon after their arrival, and as of 1985, spiders were

not colonizing this location.

Type of Measurements): Collection methods: pitfall traps, barrier flight traps, fallout traps, hand collection, sweeping

of vegetation. Species were sorted, individuals counted, samples weighed.

Frequency of Measurements): 1981-1987 traps generally checked every 2 weeks June-October.

Data Storage: Specimens at Burke Museum. Data on cards and floppy disks in Lotus, or Rod Crawford database

management system in personal possession.

Long-term plans. Data available for collaborative efforts: Further study depends upon funding. Crawford is willing

to collaborate with other investigators with funding. Specimens arc available for loan to legitimate researchers.
RESEARCH ABSTRACTS 65

—16A

Principal Investigators):

Kcrmit Cromack

Oregon State University

Department of Forestry Science

Corvallis, OR 97331

(503) 737-2244

Study Tide: Animal use of dead and down timber

Key Words: biological chemical terrestrial

trees vertebrates organic

wildlife blowdown decay

animal plant

invertebrates wood

standing dead nutrient

Abstract: Snags and blowdown trees that were killed by the May 1980 eruption were marked for future study.

Objectives were to document animal use of snags and down timber and to observe changes in decay stage and wood

nutrient status. Sound trees with bark and branches intact were originally marked in several areas of blowdown and

standing dead zones.

Intentions to return to these sites and make further observations were not realized, so only initial observations were

ever recorded.

Type of Measurements): Visual observations as to soundness of trees chosen; possibly some photographs.

Frequency of Measurements): Initial observations only in September, 1981.

Data Storage: Status of data is uncertain. K. Cromack may have original observation records; other investigators in

these areas may have photo records. Study records of marked tree locations are on file at Mount St. Helens National

Volcanic Monument, office of the monument scientist.

Long-term plans, Data available for collaborative efforts: K. Cromack has no plans to resuscitate this study. He is

willing to help in whatever ways necessary for other investigators to revive this potentially long-term study.
66 Kol RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

—17A—

Principal Investigators):

Aurcal T. Cross, Professor Emeritus Ralph E. Taggart

Michigan State University Michigan State University

Department of Geological Sciences Departments of Botany and Geological Sciences

206 Natural Sciences Bidg. 206 Natural Sciences Bidg.

East Lansing, MI 48824-1115 East Lansing, MI 48824-1115

(517)355-4626

Study Title: Distribution of plant detritus and recovery of plants in deposits of May, 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

Key Words: biological terrestrial plant vegetation recovery

revegetation blowdown blast 1980 deposits pyroclastic

blast avalanche lahar mudflow volcanic ash

Abstract: This study seeks to identify types and sizes of plant material and distance and means of deposition in the

May 1980 blast of Mount St. Helens. Types of plant material included pieces of moss, leaves, stems, roots, tree branches

and trunks. Four types of transport were identified. The debris avalanche deposited plant material 23 km away.

Mudflows (lahars) carried material 75 km to the Columbia River. The pressure blast removed vegetation in a 500 km2

area. Pyroclastic flows in conjunction with the plinian column spread plant debris for at least 75 km in a 110° arc to the

north and ease. These results arc being compared with fossilized records of volcanic eruptions worldwide but especially

those from Tertiary western United States.

Also studied is recovery of plants in various types and thicknesses of volcanic extrusives. Four types ofextrusives

identified were pressure blast, mudflows, hoc gases, and tephra. Recovery is taking the most time where entire removal

or burial by several meters occurred. Vegetative recovery was most successful within the first five years in tephra covered

sites. In areas of even cover, less than 10 cm of ash did not remarkably affect plant growth. The depth of ash that affected

plant recovery was variable and usually greater than 10 cm on hillsides and where cover was uneven such as in the

blowdown area.

Type of Measurement(s): Particle type and size in deposits, distance of deposition and speed of deposition for each of

the four identified types of transport. Thickness of deposit (cm or meters) within a 1-meter square plot and number of

individual plants recolonizing plot were measured in areas of four identified types of burial.

Frequency of Measurements): Sampling conducted in 1985, 1987, 1991(?)

Data Storage: As of November 1990 data exists only in field notebooks and lab notebooks and on maps all on file in

Department of Geological Sciences, Michigan State University.

Long-term plans. Data available for collaborative efforts: No permanent plots have been constructed. The sites

previously sampled will be sampled again in 1991, and a final report subsequently published.
RESEARCH ABSTRACTS 67

—ISAPrincipal Investigators):

Cliff Dahm John A. Baross

Department of Biology School of Oceanography, WB-10

University of New Mexico University of Washington

Albuquerque, NM 87131 Seattle, WA 98195

(505) 277-2850 (206) 543-0833

Study Title: Lakes and thermal environments in the blast zone of Mount St. Helens

Key Words: biological aquatic microbial lake hot springs

chemical ecosystem algae bacteria nutrient

nitrogen thermal water quality

Abstract: Approximately 20 lakes exist in the blast zone of Mount St. Helens. The degree to which they were disturbed

on May 18, 1980 ranges from slight to a complete physical, chemical, and biological restructuring. Initially, our research

focused on the physical, chemical, and microbial conditions within the lakes. Heavily devastated lakes were markedly

changed chemically and all plants and animals eliminated. Recovery took the form of dramatic physical and chemical

changes within the lakes which were linked to microbial activity. Rapid recovery occurred the first two years. Once the

physical and chemical conditions were ameliorated, further biological succession was possible. Presently, we continue

to track these changes.

Newly-created thermal areas provided opportunities to study microbial colonization of new environments with

temperature playing an important role in which microorganisms were successful. Microbial activity was present from

ambient temperature to near the boiling point of water. Some of the thermal areas were transient, but some of them

have persisted. Presently, our interest focuses mainly on the Loowit Hot Springs near the dome. The dominant

bacterial and algal forms, major processes, and the chemical composition of these waters through time are our major

interest.

Type of Measurement(s): Temperature (degrees centigrade), pH, alkalinity (mcq/1), Ca^, Mg^, Na""", K*, HCOg',

CO,-2

, SO,-2, NO,-, N03-, Si, PO,-3, Fe, Mn, DON, DOC, DIG, CH,, N^O, Hy CO, Oy (mM or mg/1), algal primary

production, CH oxidation, nitrification, nitrogen fixation, dcnitrification, chlorophyll a, bacterial number, Mn/S

oxidizing bacteria (units of activity per unit volume or area per time). Zooplankton and algal identification and

enumeration (numbers/volume).

Frequency of Measurements): Sampling was performed once or twice monthly June through October in 1980;

monthly April through September and opportunistically in winter months, 1981-1986; presently yearly or less; this

program is currently unfunded.

Data Storage: Lotus-based files—microcomputer; encrgraphics for plots; publications.

Long-term plans, Data available for collaborative efforts: Research presently is minimal, although there is interest

in revitalizing the program if funds can be found. A strong set of baseline data is available on both the lakes and thermal

springs. Long-term plans include following the chemical and biological patterns within lakes which ranged over a wide

variation in total initial disturbance. We are also interested in how temperature structures the biological community

over the long-term in newly created thermal environments. In addition, the reintroduction offish into many of the lakes

provides an excellent opportunity to follow how the zooplankcon and algal communities respond to the top of the food

chain being reestablished.
68 RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

—19A—

Principal Investigators):

Virginia H. Dale

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Environmental Sciences Division

MS 6038, P.O. Box 2008

Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6038

(615) 576-8043, FTS 626-8043

Study Title: Plant recovery on the debris avalanche

Key Words: biological terrestrial plant upland shrubs

herbs grasses ecology succession seeds

dispersal biomass seeds establishment debris avalanche

Abstract: Seed dispersal and plant establishment have been monitored since 1980 on the debris avalanche created by

the eruption of Mount St. Helens. The number of plants on the deposit increased over time to a high of almost two

plants per square meter by 1983. The number of species per 250-meter square plot have increased to a mean of 10.3 in

1983 with 76 species being present over the entire deposit. Four years after the eruption only 30 percent of the species

present before the eruption had reestablished themselves, and average plant cover was less than 1 percent. By 1989,

plant cover had reached 18 percent.

The debris avalanche has been invaded primarily via wind-dispersed seed of early successional species chat survived or

have become established in adjacent disturbed areas. Most of the early successional species on the avalanche have

plumed seeds that are adapted not only for long distance dispersal, but also for being trapped in wet areas or by spider

webs. Fluctuations in the density of seeds dispersed to the deposit was related to variation in precipitation.

Neither seed abundance nor plant density correlated with absolute distance to a seed source or soil texture conditions.

Colonization patterns are more influenced by the available biota and prevailing climate conditions than by substrate

alterations resulting from the eruption.

This ten-year study of plant recovery on the Mount St. Helens debris avalanche quantifies the resilience of native

species in rcvegetating the largest landslide in recorded history. The research cook advantage of the face that some of

the 97 permanent plots were invaded by exotic plant species introduced by federal agencies in attempts to enhance

vegetation recovery. Comparing the revcgetation patterns of plots with only native plants to plots with the exotic

species demonstrated that non-native species actually slow down the rate of natural recovery. Only such a long-term

study on a highly disturbed area can document the importance of native species in plant recstablishment. Knowledge of

the species and their characteristics which were able to survive the volcanic eruption or to re-invade the area is essential

for improved land reclamation programs and for better understanding of plant succession.

Type of Measurements ): Permanent plots were established along two transeccs on the debris avalanche—one running

north-south between Castle and Coldwater Lakes and the other running east-west. The area north of Castle Lake was

first surveyed in July 1980. In August 1981, 31 250-meter square circular plots were placed at regular 50-m intervals on a

transect between Castle and Coldwater Lakes; the center and 4 radii were marked and numbered; and any plants seen

were marked with a stake. In June 1982 when the area was finally accessible by road, an additional 72 plots were established on a transect running east to west on the debris avalanche. The soil texture of each 250-meter square plot was

assessed in August 1982. Sticky seed traps were placed in the center of each circular plot, and wind-dispersed propagulcs

were measured in 1982 and 1983.
RESEARCH ABSTRACTS 69

Frequency of Measurements): 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1989, once annually all years. Seed traps were sampled

six times in 1982.

Data Storage: Computer diskettes in Lotus and ASCII.

Long-term plans, Data available for collaborative efforts: Dale desires to continue monitoring the plots every five

to ten years. Data is available for future collaborative efforts.
70 IU RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

—20A—

Principal Investigator(s):

Roger del Moral

University of Washington

Department of Botany (KB-15)

Seattle, WA 98195

(206) 543-6341

Study Title: Long-term succession in subalpine habitats

Key Words: biological terrestrial ecology plant succession

recovery uplands subalpine survival lahars

dispersal seedling herbs grasses

Abstract: A long-term study of recovery and primary plant succession in higher elevations was initiated in 1980. The

objectives included to document recovery and invasion in several distinct habitats (for example, lahars, pumice, blasted

ridges, tephra) and to determine the mechanisms of invasion and establishment. In addition, large grids of contiguous

100 m2

 quadrats have been established since 1986 in several habitats.

Recovery patterns vary with the size and intensity of the initial impacts. Tephra impacted sites were completely

recovered by 1983 and subsequent vegetation change has not been directional. In contrast, intensively impacted sites

have recovered much more slowly. Recovery races differ primarily with the degree of isolation, but the intensity of the

impact also governs the recovery rate. For example, lahars surrounded by intact vegetation have acquired as many

species as intact vegetation, but community structure remains very different. Total cover after 11 growing seasons

remains less than 10% of intact vegetation. Nutrients limit the development ofbiomass and cover, but most species in

the immediate vicinity have established on lahars.

On the Plains of Abraham, an isolated site with low fertility and little soil development, cover is barely measurable and

composition is strongly dominated by wind-dispersed species such as pearly everlasting and firewecd. Here, as in other

locations, initial invaders are confined to "safe-sites", for example, emerging from underneath small rocks or growing

along the edges of erosion features. Very few of the locally available species have migrated more than 50 m from pockets

of surviving herbs. Spatial analyses of this grid imply that most new plants are derived from outside the plot, that some

portions of the grid arc more likely to be invaded than others, and that microtopography is the single most important

proximate factor in determining invasion success. Experiments have demonstrated that most sites must first be modified

by physical processes such as erosion, frosc-fracturing, or nutrient input from dust, pollen, seeds, dead insects, etc. We

have determined that the immediate cause of seedling death is, in most cases, associated with drought, but susceptibility

to drought is conditioned by initial growth rates, which is nutrient dependent. Once physical amelioration occurs, it is

possible for wind dispersed species, which have a limited ability to establish in unaltered substrates, can establish in a

few sites. Once established, the rate of succession appears to accelerate.

One species, Lyall's lupine (Lupinus lepidus), is locally important in producing biotic facilitation effects. Individuals of

this species contribute nitrogen and carbon to the soil and accumulate fine soil material. However, seedlings of other

species generally do not grow under the influence oflupines since living lupines also compete strongly for water. After

a lupine dies, invading species strongly prefer the mound created by it, a phenomenon called "delayed nursing".

Most of the devastated habitats on Mount St. Helens remain sparse, but the number of species and individuals is

increasing rapidly. As more plants become established and produce seeds, we expect the rate of development to

increase, biotic facilitation to become more important, and competitive interactions to intensify.

See Research Abstract from David Wood for relevant study information.
RESEARCH ABSTRACTS 71

Type of Measurements);

1. Permanent plots—species composition and percent cover.

2. Grids—species presence in 10 X 10 m plots and cover by a scale.

3. Seed traps—number of seeds per year.

4. Manipulation plots—seedling recruitment and survival.

Frequency of Measurements): Annually beginning in 1980.

Data Storage: Data arc scored permanently on field data forms, on print-outs of each stand, and in data files on disk.

Many summary data for grids, such as species richness per plot, are also on data files and in graphical arrays. Data for

permanent plots and for grids are stored in standard Cornell Condensed format compatible with many programs,

including programs that will expand the data to full format for statistical purposes (ASCII). Software includes turbopascal data summary routines, COENOSE for rapid clustering, or such FORTRAN programs as DCA, TWINSPAN, etc.

Long-term plans. Data available for collaborative efforts: Baseline data are available to bona-fide investigators.

Long-term plans are to continue monitoring permanent plots and permanent grids through 1994, then shifting to a

rotating sampling regime.
72 BIB RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

—21A—

Principal Investigators):

Nancy Diaz, John Haglund, Mark Boyll

USDA-Forest Service, (Areas Ecology-GP/MTH NF's)

2955 N.W. Division Street

Grcsham, OR 97030

(503) 666-0697

Study Title: Riparian/wetland classification for streamsidcs

Key Words: biological plant vegetation succession ecosystem

riparian scream ecology soil recovery

Abstract: The riparian sampling in the Mount St. Helens vicinity is part of a larger study that extends across the Gifford

Pinchot National Forest. Streams sampled on the Mount St. Helens Ranger District are Kalama River, Ease Fork Fossil

Creek, and Pin Creek. The purpose of gathering streamside plot data in this project is to produce a classification of

strcamsidc vcgetative/geomorphic features. The sampling design is such that plant communities are juxtaposed on their

geomorphic surfaces and then related to the stream channel itself. Because this project is being carried out in

coordination with a separate Forest Riparian Inventory, we will later be able to relate our riparian information to the

aquatic data being collected by the fisheries/hydrology programs.

Once the classification is completed, it will be used in inventories of scream systems, to help understand the dynamics

of such systems and how they respond to perturbations, and to help establish reasonable and meaningful objcccives for

managing riparian areas. The classificacion will be hierarchical, wich plane community/geomorphic feature clusters, or

complexes, probably being the most commonly-used level.

Primary data collected includes percent cover of plants by species and vegetation type; geomorphic features; and

topographic site information. Standard floristic clustering techniques will be used to classify plots into community types

using plant species, geomorphic surfaces, and environmental attributes as classification criteria.

Type of Measurements):

Plant cover: by species—percent cover (at sampled area)

grouped by plant type—percent cover (at sampled area)

Substrate: percent cover (of sampled area) of rock, gravel, bare ground

Slope: percent slope

Aspect: azimuth

Soil: depth, color, texture of layers

Slope shape: convex/flat/concave/undulating

Position: topographic position, elevation in feet

Timber: basal area of forested plots, average age of dominants

Snags: d.b.h., height class, degree of decay

Gcomorphology: geomorphic surface, valley segment type, width of normal high water and of active channel.

Observations: wildlife, disease/pathogens

Frequency of Measurements): Streams were sampled once each in 1990-1991.

Data Storage: Primary—ORACLE and IS/CLI data files on main frame computer

Secondary—original field data cards

Long-term plans, Data available for collaborative efforts: Data from this study will be used in inventories of

stream systems in order to establish objectives for managing riparian areas. Area Ecology staff and data are available for

collaborative efforts.
RESEARCH ABSTRACTS 73

—22A—

Principal Investigator(s):

Nancy Diaz, Christopher Topik, and John Haglund

USDA Forest Service, (Area Ecology-GP/MTH N.F.)

2955 N.W. Division St.

Gresham, OR 97030

(503) 666-0697

Study Tide: Riparian/wetland classification for wetlands

Key Words: biological plant vegetation succession ecosystem

terrestrial riparian ecology revegetation soil

Abstract: The wetland sampling within the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument is part of a larger study on

the Gifford Pinchot National Forest. Information gathered will be used to classify riparian/wetland sites into identifiable

ecological units that can be used to understand their environmental characteristics and prescribe appropriate management

schemes. Study areas in the Monument arc Coldwatcr Lake, Toutle River debris avalanche, and Goat Marsh Research

Natural Area. Sample plots were selected to represent different community types (based on species composition and

vegetation structure). Wetlands at Coldwacer Lake and Toutle River debris avalanche were created as a result of the

May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, and thus can provide unique insight into the development of wetlands and

plant succession.

Primary data collected includes percent cover of plants by species and vegetation type and topographic sice information.

Standard floristic clustering techniques will be used to classify plots into community types, using plant species,

productivity, and environmental attributes as classification criteria. Coldwater Lake and Toutle River debris avalanche

plots will be sampled again in following years to monitor plant succession and re-invasion.

Type of Measurement(s):

Plant cover: by species—percent cover (at sampled area)

grouped by plant type—percent cover (at sampled area)

Substrate: percent cover (of sampled area) of water, rock, gravel, bare ground

Slope: percent slope

Aspect: azimuth

Soil: depth and color and texture of layers

Slope shape: concave/convex/flat/undulating

Observations: wildlife, topographic position

Frequency of Measurements): Plots were installed and read in 1988; plots at Coldwater Lake and Toutle River debris

avalanche were re-sampled in 1991. Future sampling schedule is to be determined, possibly 3- to 5-year intervals.

Data Storage: Primary—data arc in ORACLE and IS/CLI files on mainframe computer

Secondary—original field notes

Long-term plans. Data available for collaborative efforts: The Coldwater Lake and Toutle Debris wetland areas

should be revisited periodically. Wetland plots should be remcasured, photos re-taken and data compared to that

collected by Area Ecologists in previous years.

Area Ecology staff and data are available for collaborative efforts.
74 RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

—23A—

Principal Investigators):

Thomas Dunne and Brian D. Collins Andre K. Lehre

University of Washington Humboldt State University

Department of Geological Sciences Department of Geology

Seattle, WA 98195 Arcata, CA 95521

(206) 543-7195

Study Title: Effects of hillslope erosion on revegetation and sediment influx to the Toutle River

Key Words: geology streams rivers geomorphology erosion

tcphra revegetation sedimentation watershed

Abstract: The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens covered soils with a tephra blanket and killed the forest tree cover in

a 550-km2

 area. After the eruption, rates of erosion and plant cover were measured on tephra-covered hill slopes north

of the volcano, some of which had been subject to one of three land-management practices. Rill erosion was initially

greater than sheetwash, but its importance decreased comparatively quickly. On hill slopes left undisturbed since the

eruption, rill erosion and sheetwash underwent a rapid and early decline due to the development of a stable rill network

and the exposure and creation of more permeable and less credible substrates. This decline was independent of plant

recovery. Logging of trees downed by the eruption and scarification of the surface in preparation for reforestation

slowed erosion, although the effect was small because erosion rates had already slowed substantially by the time these

two practices were implemented. An experimental grass seeding program gave rise to a plant cover only after erosion

had slowed, and then only in a limited range of environments.

The factors controlling erosion, revegecation, and their timing relative to one another at Mount St. Helens are similar to

those following explosive volcanic eruptions elsewhere. This suggests that grass seeding is not likely to be effective at

slowing erosion following most eruptions, that early mechanical disturbance could be an effective erosion-control

measure, and that the persistence of erosion following a future eruption may best be predicted by measurements made

soon after the eruption and at several subsequent occasions in order to project the rate of change with time. Annual

erosion at our study sites decreased from 26 mm between May 1980 and May 1981 to 1.8 mm between May 1982 and

May 1983. Projecting this rate of decline into the future indicated that only about one-sixth of the tephra on hill slopes

will be removed by water erosion before soil creep and other forms of mass wasting again dominate hillslope evolution.

Thirty-one percent of all sediment eroded from hill slopes in our study area was trapped in lakes impounded by the

debris avalanche that filled the North Fork Toutle River valley on May 18, 1980. The remaining sediment entered

streams of the Toutle River system. Additional sediment reached these streams from rockslide debris and mudflow

material. Net sediment yield to the Main Toutle was 30 to 37 X 106

 m3.

Type of Measurernent(s): Erosion stakes; rill and channel cross sections; suspended sediment measurements;

scdimentology of fluvial, debris flow, and blast deposits.

Frequency of Measurements): Erosion stake measurements were made in 1980-1983. All other measurements were

made in 1980-1981.

Data Storage: Data arc in field notebooks in Dunnc's possession.

Long-term plans, Data available for collaborative efforts: Erosion and sedimentology studies have been suspended.

Dunnc has no long term plans for continuing this project. He is available for future collaborative efforts.
RESEARCH ABSTRACTS 75

—24A—

Principal Investigator(s):

John Edwards and Patrick M. Sugg

Department of Zoology

University of Washington

Seattle, WA 98195

(206) 543-8829

Study Title: Arthropod recolonization of Mount St. Helens

Key Words: biological terrestrial animal invertebrate insects

scavengers predators recolonization

Abstract: Ashfall and blast zone sites have been sampled in order to monitor the recovery of insect and spider

populations reduced by the May 1980 eruption. There were many survivors of the eruption in ashfall sites, especially

of sedentary species and others that were protected in micro-refugia. Mortality in arthropod populations was correlated

with the depth of the ashfall. Using ant colonies as an index, areas with 15 cm or less of ash deposited had species

numbers similar to sites outside the devastated area. However in all areas arthropod populations have remained low

compared to arthropod population recovery following clearcutting.

At the blast zone sites where all living organisms were killed by the eruption, recolonization began with arthropods.

The first arthropod colonists there were predators and scavengers. Several carabid beetle species in the genus Bembidion

established reproducing populations throughout the Pumice Plain by 1983, long before significant recolonization by

plants. These first colonists subsisted on the large amounts of insect prey transported there by wind but unable

themselves to survive. The primary colonists of the blast zone include many species that inhabit commonly disturbed

locations such as avalanche chutes and river edges. In common with other organisms of unstable habitats, these primary

colonists all have a well developed dispersal capacity. By 1986 several spiders as well as perhaps 25 beetle species,

mostly carabids, had established populations on the barren grounds of the Pumice Plain. Also by this time, pedestrian

species (ones that cannot disperse by flight or on air currents) which had survived in the blowdown area, for example,

camel crickets, grylloblattids and phalangids, were found at Pumice Plain sites nearest the blowdown.

As denuded sites become vegetated the arthropod community becomes more complex and trophically varied with

different classes of herbivorous species colonizing the vegetation. The early community of predators and scavengers

docs not persist in the presence of much vegetation but gives way to species more characteristic of field habitats.

Type of Measurements): Species sorted of select arthropod groups, for example, spiders, the insect families Carabidae,

Form'tddae; biomass; numbers of individuals. Sampling by pitfall traps, window traps, arthropod fallout collectors and

hand collecting.

Frequency of Measurements): Spring to fall 1980-1986, sampling traps two to three times each month throughout

snow-free period. From 1987 on, one to several times per season as able.

Data Storage: Field notebooks and lab sorting data sheets; most data entered in IBM computer as Locus 1-2-3 work

sheet files. Insect specimens in collection of P.M. Sugg or stored at Burke Museum. Most groups wait on complete

identification.

Long-term plans, Data available for collaborative efforts: This in an ongoing study. Edwards and Sugg hope to

continue low-level monitoring; future work is dependent upon funding. Data is available for collaboration; insect

samples will be available for loan.
76 Bn RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

—25A—

Principal Investigators):

William Emrningham

(Coordinating with USFS Area Ecology)

Oregon State University

College of Forestry

Peavy Hall, 202

Corvallis, OR 97331-5707

(503) 737-2244

Study Title: Plant succession and Pacific silver fir (Abies amabtlis) mortality

Key Words: biological plant succession revegetation soil

terrestrial upland recovery standing dead volcanic ash

Abstract: The post-eruption remeasurement of ecology reconnaissance plots installed before 1980 is comprised of five

distinct parts. The most basic information was collected on 76 plots relocated during the summer of 1981. Photo points

and reconnaissance level plots identical to the pre-eruption plots were installed.

Mortality monitoring plots of Pacific silver fir were installed on several sices during the 1981 and 1982 pulses conducted

by the Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. All live trees within a 1000-meter square fixed area

plot (17-meter radius from plot center) were tagged with tree numbers and species and diameter at breast height in

centimeters was recorded. Snags were marked with blue paint.

Additional information was added to the remeasurement effort in 1985. This included the installation oftransects with

Daubenmire microplots and fixed area seedling count plots on over 40 of the relocated plots. During the 1989 field

season, a more complex seedling plot was installed.

The post-eruption plots were relocated as closely as possible to the location of the original reconnaissance classification

plots. Often the plots were exactly relocated with the use of pre-eruption plot photography. When the plot was not

exactly relocatable, a replacement plot in the same area with identical site characteristics and plant association was

installed. This was noted on the plot cards.

Type of Measurements):

Plant cover: percent cover of42-ft radius plot by species and vegetation type

percent cover within a series of Daubenmire microplots

Soil: depth of 1980 ash layer

soil layer descriptions

Silver fir mortality: health (live/dead/declining) of silver fir trees on plot.

Slope/aspect: percent/azimuth

Frequency of Measurements): About every four years. Last measurement was in 1989.

Data Storage: Data will be stored by Monument Scientist at Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument

Headquarters.

Long-term plans. Data available for collaborative efforts: Plans are to continue monitoring at the same frequency.

Data are available from Mount St. Helens Science Department.
RESEARCH ABSTRACTS 77

—26A—

Principal Investigators):

Scan Fox, Jon Lea, Bill Teasley, Bill Woolcock, and Bob Nault

USDA - Soil Conservation Service - Snow survey

1220 S.W. 3d Ave., Room 1640

Portland, OR 97204

(comm) (503) 326-2757, (FTS) 432-2757

Study Title: SNO'pack Telemetry (SNOTEL)

Key Words: physical telemetry runoff hydrologic watershed

snow meteorology precipitation

Abstract: The SNOTEL system measures snowpack water content—for runoff forecasts, total annual precipitation,

and temperature. We have six such sites on and adjacent to Mount St. Helens.

Type of Measurements): Ground samples are taken monthly during the snowpack months; electronic measurements

arc taken daily.

Frequency of Measurements): The number of measurements arc once a month during the snow pack months; the

visits are on a maintenance scheduled frequency.

Data Storage: The data is stored on the Data General at the Soil Conservation Service in Portland, Oregon.

Long-term plans, Data available for collaborative efforts: The snow survey is an on-going program and hasievolved

from manual snow courses to the electronic sensors we have today.
78 RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

—27A—

Principal Investigators):

Jerry Franklin Peter Frenzen

College of Forest Resources AR-10 USDA Forest Service

University of Washington Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument

Seattle, WA 98195 42218 N.E. Yale Bridge Rd.

(206) 543-2138 Amboy, WA 98601

(206) 750-3935

Study Title: Natural revegctation of upland portions of the blast zone

Key Words: biological terrestrial plant vegetation succession

uplands trees shrubs herbs grasses

blast zone recovery revegetation

Abstract: Natural revcgetacion was studied within the northeast sector of the blast zone on Forest Service land.

Objectives were: 1) compare revegetation on major disturbance types within the blast zone (pyroclastic flow, blowdown

forest and standing dead forest), 2) examine the effects ofpre-cruption plant communities and the presence/absence of

snowpack on current vegetation, and 3) establish a system of permanent plots to track ecosystem recovery and describe

important processes through time.

The basic sampling unit is five, 250-square-meccr circular plots located at 25-m intervals along a 100-m long transect.

Paired transects were installed in adjacent blowdown and pre-eruption clearcut areas (in a few instances transeccs were

also located in adjacent patches of standing dead (scorched) trees).

Results indicate that a number of factors contribute to the composition and abundance of vegetation following the

eruption. They include: 1) degree of disturbance as influenced by proximity to the volcano, depth of deposit, orientation

to blast direction and presence/absence of snowpack at time of eruption), 2) degree of subsequent erosion or deposition

of deposits, and 3) pre-eruption community composition (aspect, elevation, serai stage—for clearcuts time of harvest

prior to the eruption is important).

Type of Measurement(s):

• Composition and cover to nearest 0.01-meter square for all vascular plant species on whole plot and cover

recorded on eight 2-meter squared subplots/plots

• Quantity of large woody debris assessed using line intercept transects in blowdown (1981 only).

• Abundance of small scale surface features (erosion gullies, logs, stumps, rootwads) and plant cover by species

recorded for each major surface feature on each 250 meter square plot (1981 only)

Frequency ofMeasurement(s): Annual measurements at period of peak phycomass (late July to end of August) conducted 1980-1984, 1986 and 1989.

After 1982 plots on transects were sub-sampled and only three of five total plots were read (plots located at cndpoints of

transects and middle-most plot was sampled (for example, #1, 3, and 5) while intervening plots (#2 and 4) were skipped).

Data Storage: Field notes are stored at the Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Corvallis; copies are stored at the College of

Forest Resources, University of Washington.

Electronic data (IBM compatible ASCII files) and accompanying documentation are stored on magnetic tape in the

Forest Science Databank at Oregon State University with 5.25" floppy disk copies at the University of Washington

(Dr. J. Franklin) and at the Monument Scientist's office, Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument.

Long-term plans. Data available for collaborative efforts: Transects will be resurveyed periodically as resources arc

available, expect remcasurcment program to continue at three to five year intervals with frequency varying with resource

availability. Data are available to bona fide investigators for collaborative research.
RESEARCH ABSTRACTS 79

—28A—

Principal Investigators):

jerry Franklin Peter Frenzen

College of Forest Resources AR-10 USDA Forest Service

University of Washington Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument

Seattle, WA 98195 42218 N.E. Yale Bridge Rd.

(206)543-2138 Amboy, WA 98601

(206) 750-3935

Study Title: Natural revegetation of debris avalanche and mudflow deposits

Key Words: biological terrestrial plant vegetation succession

mudflow trees shrubs herbs grasses

blast zone recovery revegetation debris avalanche

Abstract: Natural revegetation was studied on debris avalanche and mudflow deposits primarily northwest and southeast

of Mount St. Helens on Forest Service land. Objectives were: 1) examine patterns of revegetation in response to large

and small scale surface changes as deposits are modified by geomorphic processes, 2) characterize revegetation on

different types of sites in the devastated area (North Fork Toutle River debris avalanche and Muddy River mudflow),

and 3) establish a system of documented permanent plots to track ecosystem recovery and describe important processes

through time.

The basic sampling unit was a series of cransects that cross the deposit from valley wall to valley wall. A scries of

250-square-meter circular plots were placed at 50-meter intervals along the transect line. Total number of plots per

transect is, thus, determined by total length of transect.

Results indicate that a number of factors contribute to the composition and abundance of vegetation following the

eruption. These include degree of initial disturbance (scouring, deposit depth and presence/absence of pre-eruption soil

and plane material on the deposit surface following the eruption); degree of subsequent modification of deposits (erosion

and/or deposition of material); substrate composition and availability of surface moisture.

Type of Measurements):

• Composition and ground cover recorded to nearest 0.01-square meter for all vascular plants. In 1991 species

cover was recorded using a modified Daubenmire cover class and cover on macroplots recorded to nearest

percent.

• Composition, cover and number of seedlings recorded on eight, 2-meter square subplots within each plot.

• Plant cover and density was estimated using two 16-meter long line intercept transcccs that bisect each plot

along the north/south and east/west microplot radii.

• Small scale surface features (stream channels, terraces, mounds, logs, erosion gullies) were mapped on each

plot in 1983 and 1984.

Frequency of Measurements): Annual measurements at period of peak phytomass (late July to end of August)

conducted 1980-1984, 1986 and 1989 and a sub-sample of plots in 1990 and 1991.

Data Storage: Field notes are stored at the USFS Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon with copies stored

at the College of Forest Resources, University of Washington.

Electronic data (IBM compatible ASCII files) and accompanying documentation arc stored in the Forest Science

Databank at Oregon State University with copies at University of Washington (Dr. J. Franklin) and in the Monument

Scientist's office, Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument, Amboy, Washington.
80 RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

Long-term plans. Data available for collaborative efforts: Transacts arc permanently marked with steel reinforcing

bar at plot centers (centers were originally marked with white plastic PVC pipe although many arc missing). Endpoints

are located on adjacent hill slopes (off-deposit), marked with steel fence posts and referenced by three blazed bearing

trees or large stumps (in case of pre-eruption clearcuts).

Transect locations have been fixed using a Global Positioning System in 1989 (locations on file at the Monument

Scientist's office. Headquarters, Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument). Transccts will be resurveyed

periodically as resources are available; expect remeasurement program to continue at 3- to 5-year frequency.

Data are available to bonafide investigators for collaborative research.
RESEARCH ABSTRACTS 81

—29A—

Principal Investigators):

Jerry F. Franklin Peter M. Frenzen

College of Forest Resources USDA Forest Service

University of Washington Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument

Seattle, WA 98195 42218 N.E. Yale Bridge Rd.

(206) 543-2138 Amboy, WA 98601

(206) 750-3935

Study Title: Mortality and revegetation of an old-growth forest buried by the Muddy River mudflow

Key Words: biological terrestrial plant vegetation succession

mudflow trees shrubs herbs grasses

blast zone recovery revegetation riparian

Abstract: Natural revegetation was studied in an old-growth terrace forest buried by 25 to 150 cm of sand to bouldersized material from the Muddy River mudflow. Objectives were: 1) examine patterns of mortality, growth and

revegetation along a gradient of mudflow deposition, 2) provide baseline data for future estimates of fragmentation and

decay of mudflow killed trees and assess the influence of the dead trees on revegetation processes, and 3) establish a

2.5-hectarc grid of stem mapped forest to track ecosystem recovery and describe important processes through time.

Results indicate that 50% ofoverstory trees died within 16 months after burial with 57% and 68% dead two and five

years after the eruption, respectively. The principal factor influencing mortality was mudflow thickness. Species

differed with respect to susceptibility to burial, with the high rates of mortality observed among red alder and Pacific

dogwood (the only common hardwoods). Of the major conifers initial mortality of Pacific silver fir and western hemlock

was highest. Five years after disturbance substantial delayed mortality of Douglas-fir and western redcedar brought

those species in line with the mortality observed for Pacific silver fir and western hemlock. Small western hemlock

saplings that were rooted on floating logs escaped burial and, thus, exhibited little mortality. Total cover of residual

shrub and tree species was highest (P=0.05) where deposits were less than 40 cm thick. Total cover of colonizing plant

species did not differ significantly with depth (P>0.25).

Type of Measurements): All trees greater than 5 cm d.b.h. (breast height = 1.37 m) were mapped, marked with a

numbered tag, measured at d.b.h., and assigned a pro-determined condition class. A total of 20 5 X 5 m vegetation

subplots were distributed along the center line of each of the two mapping grids and total vascular plant cover estimated

to nearest 0.5%. Total cover of bryophytes, logs, branches and litter was also estimated.

Frequency of Measurements): Trees were measured and locations noted on a stem map in 1981, with each tree

checked for mortality in 1982 and 1984. In 1991 mortality was checked and the diameter of all living trees rcmeasured.

Vascular plant cover was measured in 1981, 1982 and 1984.

Data Storage: Field notes are stored at the USFS Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon with copies stored

at the College of Forest Resources, University of Washington.

Electronic data (IBM compatible ASCII files) and accompanying documentation arc stored in the Forest Science

Databank at Oregon State University with copies at the University of Washington (Dr. J. Franklin) and in the

Monument Scientist's office, Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument, Amboy, Washington.

Long-term plans, Data available for collaborative efforts: Transects will be rcsurveyed periodically as resources are

available; frequency of remeasuremcnt is expected to vary with resource availability. Data are available to bonaftde

investigators for collaborative research.
82 RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

_30A—

Principal Investigator(s):

Eldon Franz

Program in Environmental Science and Regional Planning

Washington State University

Pullman, WA 99164-4430

Phone (509) 335-8536

FAX (509) 335-7636

Study Tide: Disturbance and recovery of soil, microbial, and plant processes

Key Words: biological chemical terrestrial plant microbial

upland inorganic soil ecosystem recovery

carbon nitrogen lupine pyroclastic lahar

Abstract: Our work has focused on disturbance and recovery of soil, microbial, and plant processes following volcanic

disturbance. Particular emphasis was placed on spatial relationships involving the carbon and nitrogen cycles.

Comparative studies have been conducted at six sites that were disturbed to varying degrees by the May 1980 eruption

of Mount St. Helens. These sites include Butte Camp, Upper Pine Creek, the Lahar on the Muddy River, the former

Timbcrline parking Area, and Meta Lake.

At large scales of aggregation free-living nitrogen fixation and symbiotic nitrogen fixation are of the same order of

magnitude. A lupine patch, however, has more significant effects on recovery as the associated "resource islands"

concentrate the flow of resources in both carbon and nitrogen cycles. Lupine patches serve as nodes for ecosystem

development on the severely disturbed lahar and pyroclastic flow sites.

Microbial processes and biomass are inversely related to the intensity of disturbance.

Type of Measurements): Principle data sets include estimates of nitrogen fixation by free-living soil microbes and by

lupines, estimates of soil microbial biomass, and time series of soil C and N pools.

Frequency of Measurements): Annually since 1980.

Data Storage: Most data has been or will be published. Eldon Franz has specific information about data sets of interest.

Long-term plans, Data available for collaborative efforts: C and N pools will continue to be estimated at regular

intervals for the foreseeable future as an indicator of ecosystem development.
RESEARCH ABSTRACTS 83

—31A—

Principal Investigators):

Charles Grier Kathcrinc M. Lee

Forest Resources Department Seattle, WA

Utah State University (206) 782-7660

Logan, UT 84322

(801)750-2455

Study Title: Investigation of the effects of Mount St. Helens tcphra on soil gas composition and subsequent effects

on root and mycorrhizal growth of Abies amabilis

Key Words: biological terrestrial plants upland trees

soil gas tephra

Abstract: It was hypothesized that tcphra from the May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens would form an impervious

layer, limiting gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) in the soil. Resulting limited oxygen and excessive carbon

dioxide were predicted to affect root and mycorrhizal growth of Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis) causing higher than

normal foliage loss.

Experiments were conducted in growth chambers, and observations were made in the field. In growth chambers

seedlings were grown under constant light, temperature, and relative humidity approximating mid-growing season.

Soil atmosphere and oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations were controlled. Above ground and root growth were

determined after one growing season. Growth was significantly affected by carbon dioxide concentrations in the 10%

range and unaffected by oxygen concentrations ranging from 2% to 20%. Observations and measurements in the field

at a site with 15 cm of tephra showed premature and extended period of litter fall at three times the normal rate and

failed to show soil carbon dioxide concentrations above 5%.

Results achieved in the field did not support the hypothesis. It was concluded that the high rate of foliage loss was not

due to inhibition of gas exchange in soil covered by tephra.

Type of Measurements): Growth chamber measurements—basal diameter (millimeter), terminal leader elongation

(centimeter/week), fine root biomass (root diameter in millimeter, grams dry weight), mycorrhizal biomass (grams dry

weight), total leaf area; oxygen and carbon dioxide were injected into soil at determined rates and occasionally gas

chromatography was used to test actual gas in soil.

Field measurements: Existing regressions to determine biomass of stand, core samples to determine fine root and

mycorrhizal condition, litter fall collected in 1/4-meter square screens, gas chromatography used to measure carbon

dioxide and oxygen concentrations in soil.

Frequency of Measurements): Sampling was performed in 1980-1983/

Data Storage: Hard copies of computer records, field notebooks in personal possession; computer records no longer

exist. Data published by Hinckley and others, 1984.

Long-term plans, Data available for collaborative efforts: No future plans for research. The nature of this study

called for early investigations and since the hypothesis was not supported by evidence, there would be little purpose to

future investigation.

Information concerning the frequency of measurements was unavailable at the time of printing. Contact principal investigator or consult

publications for these details.
84 BIOl RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

—32A—

Principal Investigators):

William R. Halliday

Western Speleological Survey

6530 Cornwall Court

Nashville, TN 37205

Study Title: Effects of eruptions and post-eruptive phenomena on caves and pseudokarst of Mount St. Helens

Key Words: physical terrestrial inorganic geology caves

pseudokarst eruption mudflow runoff blockage

glaciers ablation biological ecosystem recovery

caves physical geography volcanic ash

Abstract: Beginning June 1980 systematic observations and measurements arc documenting the effects of the eruption

and post-eruptive events on the caves and pseudokarst of Mount St. Helens. Caves of the Cave Basalt Lava Flow were

essentially free of physical impacts by the eruptions, but the biota of some was severely impacted by ashfall. Depending

on the local physical geography, some of the caves were severely impacted by post-eruption mudflows.

Topography in the Spirit Lake pseudokarsc has been evolving very rapidly. The development and destruction of one

cave in pyroclastic material has been documented over a two year period.

Glacier pseudokarst has been the subject of one high elevation study. Surface, subsurface, and aerial studies arc all

utilized.

Type of Measurements): Periodic measurements of aggradation and degradation in appropriate caves, selective

remapping of impacted caves, systematic photo-documentation.

Frequency of Measurements): Annually, except in Spirit Lake pseudokarst where access was not possible in 1987.

Initially more frequent. Future studies are scheduled for 1995.

Data Storage: Reports and publications filed with National Speleological Society and with Gifford Pinchot National

Forest. Photo documentation filed in permanent notebooks, currently in Nashville, Tennessee.

Long-term plans. Data available for collaborative efforts: Frequency of studies capered off after 1990 on Cave

Basalt Lava Flow, and in Spirit Lake pseudokarst. Future studies in these areas are scheduled for 1995. No further

glacier cave studies are planned. Analysis of first decade to be published in Proceedings of 6th International Symposium

on Vulcanospelcology and possibly elsewhere. See abstract 6A for additional information.
RESEARCH ABSTRACTS 85

33A

Principal Investigators):

Jonathan J. Halvorson

Washington State University

USDA-ARS

215 Johnson Hall

Pullman, WA 99163

(509) 335-2263

Eldon Franz

Washington State University

Environmental Research Center

Pullman, WA 99164-4430

(509) 335-8536

Study Title: Contributions by lupines to volcanic soils

Key Words: biological terrestrial upland

lupine carbon nitrogen

microbial activity nitrogen fixation

plant herb

colonization volcanic soils

Abstract: The effects of colonization of Lupinus lepidus and L. latifolius on carbon, nitrogen, and microbial activity in

volcanically disturbed soils was investigated in several studies. Examination of nitrogen fixation races showed that both

species have diurnal and seasonal fluctuations that appear to be associated with environmental factors. Nitrogen fixation

rates are highest during daylight and early in the growing season, and the seasonal pattern is reflected in carbon and

nitrogen levels; that is, as nitrogen fixation increases, carbon and nitrogen production increases. First year plants of both

species fix similar amounts of nitrogen.

Though lupines do contribute a significant amount of nitrogen to the soils where they colonize, their contribution to the

overall system is less than that from other sources. The highest rates of nitrogen fixation by lupines among study sites

was found on the pumice plain.

Lupine seedlings make the most important contribution in addition of nutrients to soil. Both species begin to fix

significant amounts of nitrogen within two weeks of germination; the rate of nitrogen fixation relative to plant biomass

is similar for seedlings and adults of both species. Since seedling mortality is generally high in these disturbed areas, a

tremendous amount of carbon and nitrogen is released into the soil and made available to other organisms when

seedlings die off each growing season.

Comparisons of soil under lupines to bare soil show more total nitrogen in lupine soil. This was the case at all sites

studied but was most pronounced on the pumice plain. Studies of soil carbon show that there is more carbon under

lupines than in surrounding soil on the pumice plain. In areas of less volcanic disturbance where there is already a high

concentration of carbon in soil, there is less carbon under lupines. This is largely due to the priming effect of lupines.

Microbial activity is increased under lupines due to addition of nutrients to the soil; with increased activity, microbial

respiration increases and carbon is released from the soil in the form of carbon dioxide.

Investigation of the effects of lupines on soil microbial activity compared soil under L. lattfolius, living L. lepidus, dead

L. lepidus, and bare soils at various depths. The highest levels of microbial biomass were found under L. latifolius; second

highest under dead L. lepidus; third highest under living L. lepidus; and significantly lower levels were found in bare soil.

In all instances, most activity occurs in the top 5 cm of the soil profile and decreases as depth increases.

In an experiment in which leaves of the two species were added to samples of each of these soils, interesting patterns

of microbial activity were observed. All four types of soil showed the greatest increase in activity when leaves of

L. latifolius were added; after an initial burst of activity, it tapers off to normal levels for these soils. Addition of

L. lepidus leaves, by contrast, results in a slower, steady increase in activity that eventually exceeds levels in soils that

have been amended with L. latifolius leaves. Bare soil shows increased microbial activity with the addition of lupine

leaves but not to the level of soils in which lupines have grown.
86 RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

Type of Measurement(s): Plant measurements for field adults and greenhouse seedlings—biomass (grams); patch

density (number ofindividuals/M2); seed weights; total organic carbon, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total Kjeldahl

phosphorous, inorganic nitrogen, and total soluble carbon; nitrogen fixation (percent); nitrogenasc activity (micromoles/

gram of nodules/time); in addition to all of the above, greenhouse seedlings were measured for leaf area, relative growth

rate, net assimilation rate.

Soil measurements (20-day incubation): estimates of carbon and nitrogen mineralization; nitrification potentials; Ph;

buffering capacity; estimation ofmicrobial biomass via substrate induced respiration.

Frequency of Measurements): Beginning in 1981, annually on the pumice plain. Nitrogen fixation data was

collected in summer 1986, once per month for five months at five sites. Soil work conducted in 1987 (four times in

summer), June 1988, and September 1990.

Data Storage: Hard copies in spread sheet format in ASCII Quacropro in personal possession.

Long-term plans. Data available for collaborative efforts: Study ongoing to monitor long-term processes especially

soil microbes. Hopes to be able to sample soil annually. Available for collaborative efforts, hopes co actively conduct

field work in such a situation.
RESEARCH ABSTRACTS MM 87

—34A—

Principal Investigators):

Paul E. Hammond and Philip J. Gallaway

Department of Geology

Portland State University

P.O. Box 751

Portland, OR 97207-0751

(503) 725-3387 or 725-3022 (Dept.)

Study Title: Surface modification of Muddy River laharic deposit, Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument,

Skamania County, Washington

Key Words: geology upland geomorphology lahar laharic deposit

Abstract: Purpose of the project is to note and describe the extent of modification, since 1980, of the surface of the

upper Muddy River laharic deposit. Several traverses will involve measurements concerning the density, width, and

depth of drainage channels, and changes to interfluvc areas. These will be compared with features recorded on aerial

photographs and related to longitudinal gradients of channels and surface. The information is to be summarized in a

written report.

A small part of this project was completed in summer 1991. In three traverses laid across the laharic plain in the area

just north of road FS 83, six surfaces are recognized. They arc:

1. The surface marginal to the 1980 laharic deposit, consisting of bedrock or older laharic deposits, mantled by

cephra, soil, and/or vegetation.

2. A high standing "primary" surface atop the May 18, 1980 lahar, probably that of the morning flow, marked by

a hardened surface of fine grains and cobbles, isolated boulders, and wood fragments protruding above the

surface, and the beginnings of fresh vegetation.

3. A "boulder pavement" surface, standing about 2 meters in elevation below the "primary" surface, ofunburied

boulders from which post-lahar sheet flow and wash has removed fine sediments, lacks abundant new

vegetation.

4. A "pumice" surface, marked by a carpet of packed, rounded pumice, almost on level with the "boulder

pavement" surface but distinctive to be easily mapped, produced by sheet flow in 1980 carrying abundant

pumice, and marked locally by clusters of new trees.

5. Areas of "reworkcd boulders" forming channels of high-water overflow during spring and heavy rain runoff,

without vegetation, lying marginally to.

6. "Young channels" of active stream flow, erosion and deposition, at depths 2 tolO meters below the "primary"

surface, and lacking vegetation.

The surfaces recognized have not been compared with post-1980 aerial photography.

Type ofMeasurement(s): Tape, pace and compass with aid of a Bruncon compass. Elevation control will be by

altimeter.
88 In RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

Frequency of Measurement(s): Traverses will be run at about every 1000 meters. Mapping will stare about July 20,

1991 and continue over the summer. Estimated completion day, allowing field checking, is October 1, 1991.

Data Storage: Information (hard copy) will be filed with headquarters. Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument.

Another hard copy will be on file in the Department of Geology, Portland State University.

Long-term plans, Data available for collaborative efforts: Philip Gallaway will conduct the study as part of an

independent study at Portland State University. Paul E. Hammond will instruct and supervise the work.

No long-term plan is presently being considered in a study of the ongoing surface modification of the Muddy River

laharic deposit.

Baseline data will be available for future collaborative efforts.
RESEARCH ABSTRACTS 89

—35A

Principal Investigators):

Charles P. Hawkins

College of Natural Resources

Utah State University

Logan, UT 84322-5200

(801) 750-2280

Jim Sedell.

Forest Science Lab

3200 Jefferson Way

Corvallis, OR 97331

(503) 757-4388

Scan Gregory

Department of Fisheries and Wildlife

Oregon State University

Corvallis, OR 97331

(503)737-4531

Study Title: Recovery of scream ecosystems following catastrophic disturbances

Key Words: biological aquatic animal stream vertebrate

invertebrate organic wood ecosystem recovery

algae fish amphibian sedimentation watershed

Abstract: This study was conducted in the Clearwater basin of Mount St. Helens. Three projects within the study

investigate recovery of trout and sculpin populations, tailed frog populations, and invertebrate populations. Trout were

studied in the main channel of Clearwater Creek, and the effects of large woody debris in the stream on fish populations

were examined. Trout populations were still low as of 1990, being one-tenth to 20% of that in undisturbed stream

systems; this appears largely due to interruption of spawning in years following the blast and to continuing lack of

spawning habitat. Trout densities were found to be higher in areas with lots of woody debris. The condition of trout was

high throughout the stream in years since 1984 presumably due to rapid recovery of high abundance of invertebrate

prey. By 1985 sculpin densities were as high as or higher than in undisturbed screams.

Tailed frogs were studied in the tributaries of Clearwater Creek. Frog population densities in basins that were completely

deforested were low or zero apparently due to increase in air and water temperatures above tolerance of frogs. Moderately

high densities were recorded in streams in intact forests. In streams for which headwaters are in intact forests but the

downstream area was deforested, frog population densities were the highest recorded. These high densities appear due

to a combination of conditions optimum for adults and tadpoles. Heavily shaded headwaters are ideal for adults,

whereas open downstream reaches provide abundant algae on which the tadpoles feed.

Recovery of invertebrate populations in tributaries of Clearwater Creek was rapid due to scouring of sediments that

revealed pre-eruption scream subscrace wichin che firsc cwo years afcer che 1980 erupcion. Invercebrace populacions in

chese cribucarics were similar co undisturbed screams cwo years afcer che erupcion. However, densicics in che main seem

ofClearwacer Creek are scill significancly lower chan in undiscurbed screams of similar size.

Type of Measurements): Numbers of individuals; mean size of tadpoles of tailed frogs; size of trout; particle size.

discharge, and cover; frequency of pools and riffles, volumes of pools, stream temperatures.

Frequency of Measurements): Once per year beginning in 1980, ongoing.

Data Storage: Field notebooks; digital data on floppy disks in Syscac formac in personal possession.

Long-term plans, Data available for collaborative efforts: Projeccs are ongoing. Dace ofcomplccion is indcfinice.

Several manuscripcs arc in progress (1991).

Daca arc available as background informacion for seleccivc collaboracions.
90 RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

—36A—

Principal Investigators);

Paul E. Heilman and Shiou Kuo

Western Washington Research and Extension Center

Washington State University

Puyallup,WA 98371

• (206) 840-4500

Study Title: Survival and growth of native plant species planted in the Mount St. Helens blast area

Key Words: biological terrestrial plants riparian trees

herbs grasses legumes conifers Douglas-fir

cottonwood rcvegetation hardwoods fertilizer erosion control

Abstract: The principal objective of this research was to determine the potential of establishing vegetative cover in

areas with deep deposits of volcanic materials from the eruptions of Mount St. Helens in 1980 in order to provide for

erosion control. Three sites northeast and northwest of the mountain that received approximately 25 cm or more of

volcanic materials were studied—two with largely pumice materials and one with predominately fine ash.

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the influence ofN forms, and N and P races on seedling

establishment and growth of grasses and forbs. Many of these species and varieties emerged rather well in the pumice

material, but their emergence was severely restricted in the ash.

The field seeding trial contained 28 species and/or varieties of grasses and legumes seeded at three sites. Reasonably

good establishment and growth was obtained with several species on the two pumice sites but not at the plots on fine

ash. Nine types of seeded grasses performed satisfactorily. Legumes generally performed very poorly in the seeding

trials. The survival of planted Douglas-fir varied considerably among sites. Net annual growth and foliar N were

significantly improved by fertilizers applied as a supplement to individual trees. The established grasses and legumes

did not have any significant effect on growth performance of the trees. The performance of cottonwood on the mudflow

of the North Fork of the Toutle River has been disappointingly poor, despite the significant improvement of foliar

N levels and net growth of the trees by fertilizer treatments.

Type of Measurements): Laboratory studies: analyses of volcanic soils collected from research sites included particle

size, porosity, bulk density, thickness of soil layers, pH, CEC, organic C, exchangeable Ca, Mg, Na, NH.-N, available

phosphate; and a fertilizer leaching study.

Greenhouse studies: Seedling emergence, dry matter yield for herbs on three different soil types; dry matter yield,

number and fresh weight of nodules on legume roots to determine effects ofN source and N and P rates on herbs in

three soil types.

Field studies: number of transplanted individuals survived; flowering and seed maturation, percent germination and

emergence for sowed seeds; kg/ha fertilizer, seeding rates (1,000 seeds/kg, kg/ha), density (plants/m2

), percent cover,

dry weight of seeded grasses (g/m2

); uptake ofN and P (g/m2) for seeded herbs; height (cm), annual growth (cm),

percent survival, color of Douglas-fir seedlings; fertilizer applications to Douglas-fir; height, growth rate, and nutrient

concentration in foliage for cottonwoods.

Frequency of Measurements): Soil analyses were performed in 1981 and 1983.

Greenhouse experiments performed once in 1982.
RESEARCH ABSTRACTS 91

Field experiments were performed 1981-1983. Herbs were planted in transplanting trials in 1982; survival evaluated

each growing season. Herb and grass seed sown and fertilized in field trials in fall 1981 and spring 1982; emergence

evaluated twice in fall 1981; other observations made two years after seeding. Additional herb and grass seeding trial

conducted in 1983. Douglas-fir seedlings planted and fertilized May 1982; annual growth measured yearly and other

observations made two years after planting. Cottonwood stem cuttings planted April 1981; fertilized April 1982, height

measured yearly and other observations made in 1982.

Data Storage: Data is on file in SAS software at Washington State University Computing Center.

Long-term plans, Data available for collaborative efforts: Data is available for collaborative efforts. Monitoring of

plots will continue, though it will become less frequent.
92 id RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

—37 A—

Principal Investigators):

Thomas M. Hincklcy, Linda Brubaker, and Douglas Maguire

University of Washington,

College of Forest Resources, AR-10

Seattle, WA 98195

(206) 543-1588

Study Title: Effects ofairfall tephra on forests northeast of Mount St. Helens

Key Words: biological physical terrestrial plant upland

trees conifers true firs forest decline tephra

survival foliage volcanic ash soil oxygen physiological

Abies amabilis Pacific silver fir

Abstract: The May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens deposited tephra over a very large area of forest land in

Southwcst Washington. Tephra affected forest stands primarily by covering the foliage. Most tephra originally deposited

is now on the forest floor; however, much of the finest deposits were retained by the foliage and still persist in the crowns

of many trees.

Branch and foliage morphology of Pacific silver fir (Abies amabtlis) results in its ability to intercept and retain tephra for

the longest periods. Significant damage to the pre-1980 eruption foliage occurred after the eruption and continued

through the summer. The amount of damage seen on the needles was significantly related to the amount of ash on the

foliage. Foliar damage appeared to be related to elevated needle temperatures. The increase in needle temperature was

not related to the temperature of the ash when it fell but was related to the ability of the needles to dissipate energy

absorbed from the sun.

Seven sites ranging from 15 to 135 km from Mount St Helens were selected to study the impact ofairfall tephra on the

growth of Abies amabilis, A. procera, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga heterophylla, and T. mertensiana. As tephra depth increased,

there was a corresponding increase in visible foliar damage and associated decreases in diameter and height growth.

Reduction in diameter growth was greater than reduction in height growth. The reduction in diameter growth approached

50% in both trees and saplings of A. amabilis. Growth reduction in true firs was greater than in associated species. This

difference was related to their greater capacity for interception and retention ofairfall tephra. Damage to trees, and

resulting growth reductions, were due to tephra coverage of both the foliage and the soil. Coverage of the foliage

resulted in foliar damage, foliage abscission and reduction of total tree foliar area, and increased fine root mortality.

Tephra coverage of the soil had the potential to restrict oxygen diffusion into the soil. However, soil oxygen

concentrations less than 10% were measured only once over a 2-year period.

Although Pacific silver fir seedlings and small trees recovered within two years after the eruption, mature and old-growth

trees throughout the deposition zone began to show symptoms of advanced decline and mortality in 1986. In late 1988,

nine growing seasons after the tephra deposition many mature and old-growth mid-elevation conifer stands within the

tephra deposition area are still showing substantial growth losses, decline, and mortality. Preliminary studies of the

effects of the tephra deposition have revealed that in some areas virtually all Pacific silver fir trees are succumbing,

probably as a result of the effects of tephra deposition, lack of subsequent recovery, or related insect or disease attacks.

In other areas, Pacific silver fir recovered to some extent, ranging from slight to complete recovery. Within stands, the

recovery of this species also varied widely. Presently, we are assessing the extent of growth loss within the tephra

deposition zone. Preliminary results indicate growth losses are limited to Pacific silver fir, but are quite variable within

the tephra deposition zone. The ongoing study is investigating the recovery of this species by relating its vigor to stand

age, species composition, stand canopy structure, and other sice variables.
RESEARCH ABSTRACTS 93

Type of Measurements): We have set up 36 clusters of three circular plots each (0.05 hectares) in the areas impacted

by ash deposition on the districts ofRandle, Packwood and St. Helens. Measurements taken in each plot consist of:

diameters of all trees, radial increments of selected trees, depth of five different textural layers oftephra in the soil,

selected tree heights, and visual assessment of the severity of damage to Pacific silver fir trees.

Frequency of Measurement(s): Measurements began in July 1980 and continue through the present. Research plots

were set up on a semi-permanent basis and their location has been precisely recorded. For the objectives of our project,

repeated yearly measurements will only be taken on some representative sites.

Data Storage: Most of our data is still in the process of being analyzed. Data has been scored into conventional

computer ASCII files and is available for analysis with any statistical package. Data concerning the effects ofairfall

tcphra on physiological processes in true firs and on growth of sapling and full-size trees and on soil oxygen levels has

been published. Data concerning effects ofairfall ccphra on forest decline, especially Abies amabtlts is in data files in

Lotus 1-2-3 and will be published in Gerardo Segura's Ph.D. dissertation.

Long-term plans. Data available for collaborative efforts: Seeking funding to further investigate effects ofairfall

tephra on mature trees in forests northeast of the volcano. We are very interested in maintaining our plot system for

future reevaluations of general declining conditions. Our data and plot location information is available for any future

collaborative research.
94 RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

—38A—

Principal Investigators):

Greg Johnson

Fisheries Biologist

Washington Department of Fisheries

Room 115, General Administration Building

Olympia, WA 98504

(206) 753-3956

Study Title: Toutle River off channel habitat enhancement evaluation

Key Words: biological aquatic animal fish stream

vertebrate coho salmon trapping off channel riverine

pond evaluation over-wintering habit enhancement

Abstract: Juvenile coho salmon require one year of fresh water bearing before migrating to the ocean. As flows increase

and temperatures drop in the fall under-yearling coho tend to migrate from native streams to small tributaries, ponds,

swamps and marshes. Because the Mount St. Helens mudflow inundated or made inaccessible this kind of winter habitat, it is considered a limiting factor to salmon production on the Toutle River. This study, which consists of evaluation

of enhancement of these winter bearing areas, consists of upstream/downstream trapping of juvenile coho salmon at

various sites on the Toucle.

Type of Measurements):

• Flows—cubic feet/second and gallons/minute

• Temps—degrees Fahrenheit

• Salmon counts

• Trout counts

• Fish measurements—length, weight

• Habitat measurements—bearing area in square meters

Frequency of Measurement(s): 2 to 4 times per week, October through July, 1987-1991.

Data Storage: Harvard Graphics; intcr-office memoranda.

Long-term plans, Data available for collaborative efforts: Johnson plans two to three more years of juvenile coho

trapping.

Johnson and his data arc available for future collaborative efforts. Data will be in a final report at Washington

Department of Fisheries.
RESEARCH ABSTRACTS 95

—39A—

Principal Investigators):

Peter Karciva and Peter Turchin

Department of Zoology NJ-15

University of Washington

Seattle, WA 98195

(206) 543-7095

William F. Morris

Center for Population Biology

University of California

Davis, CA 95616

(916) 752-1295

Study Title: 1. Ecological factors determining population size of Aphis varians

2. Factors causing pattern of Altica tombacina population on fireweed

Key Words: biological terrestrial

insect ecology

population dynamics

plant

herbivory

animal

predation

invertebrate

competition

1. Research is intended to assess the ecological factor(s) of greatest importance in determining the

population size of an aphid (Aphis various) feeding on fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium). We

manipulated the host plant (by shading, watering, and fertilizing), the size of fireweed patches, the

density of a leaf-feeding beetle (Altica tombacina) which also utilizes fireweed, and the presence of

predators of the aphid (primarily ladybird beetles and syrphid flies) by means of cages.

Abstract:

Preliminary results: Predation is overwhelmingly important in limiting aphid population growth. We

found that in the presence of large natural enemy populations, aphids attained their highest densities on

small isolated clusters of fireweed. Only in the absence of predators (i.e. in cages) do host plant quality

and competing herbivores play a role in aphid population dynamics; aphids were either not affected by

fireweed patch size, or were less abundant on small patches of their host plant in the absence of natural

enemies. This result points out that the relationship between a herbivore and the geography of host

plant islands depends on a larger embedding web of interactions.

2. The leaf-feeding beetle (Altica tombacina) tends to be found in large numbers on selected plants of

fireweed and absent from nearby fireweed plants. This is largely the result of the habit of several

females to lay eggs on one plant and of the general adult population to congregate on one or a few

plants. The consequence of this community structure is that as density increases, survivorship decreases

due to competition for food. The effect of beetle populations on fireweed is the stripping of foliage

from densely inhabited plants.

Type of Measurements): Density of all insects associated with fireweed measured on a per stem basis for 20^0

marked plants, some within experimental cages and others undisturbed; direct observation of movement rates for

aphids and ladybugs; rate of growth of aphid colonies.

Frequency of Measurements): Populations censuscd every two weeks during growing seasons of 1985-1989.

Data Storage: ASCII and SYSTAT computer files (5.25" floppy disks formatted for use by an IBM-compatible PC

using DOS).

Long-term plans. Data available for collaborative efforts: Part of this project was completed in 1989. Manuscripts

concerning completed studies will be published in 1991. Our long-term plans are to return to our original study sites

and repeat our experiments in 1992-1995. The point of this will be to evaluate the effects of fireweed patch size as the

succession further enriches the community. We hypothesize that pairwise biotic interactions will be weaker because the

enriched biota will dilute particular interactions.

We will be glad to cooperate with anyone, especially individuals who could broaden our taxonomic base. Part of our

long-term goals include developing mathematical models of invasions and reconstruction of communities. We would be

particularly interested in cooperating with other researchers who have spatially structured data.
96 RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

_40A—

Principal Investigators):

Ernest L. Karlstrom

University ofPuget Sound

Department of Biology

Tacoma, WA 98416

(206) 756-3797, 756-3121 (dept.)

Study Title: Observation ofrecolonization of amphibians and reptiles in North Fork Toutle River debris avalanche

Key Words: biological terrestrial aquatic animal ponds

vertebrate amphibian reptile survival recolonization

migration debris avalanche

Abstract: Various reports indicate in situ survival of, or early migration of, some amphibians into regions of the blast

zone following the major eruptions in May of 1980. Investigators observed salamanders, frogs and toads as early as 1980

and 1981 in areas of heavy ashfall northeast of the crater. Survival at higher elevations likely was favored by snow and

ice cover and the fact that many animals were in hibernacula.

This study has concentrated on a series of ponds located on the hummocky valley floor of the North Fork between Elk

Rock and Spud Mountain, 14 km northwest of the crater. Here the major avalanche debris and lahar flows covered the

valley to depths exceeding 75 meters and certainly wiped out existing and presumably active populations.

Continuing monitoring of study sites through 1990 has documented seven species of sixteen predicted for the area (one

reptile species) present and breeding. Reproduction rates arc low for most with some reproducing sporadically and

others in greater numbers. Some interspecific competition is developing and will be further investigated. A lowland frog

species has moved in that may not have previously coexisted with the other species present here.

Type of Measurements): Observations of species present and breeding; approximate numbers of adults; observations

of eggs and juveniles.

Frequency of Measurement(s): Annually beginning in 1984 (except 1988), once per month March-September, more

often in April and May.

Data Storage: Field notebooks in personal possession.

Long-term plans. Data available for collaborative efforts: Karlstrom plans an ongoing study for at lease the next ten

years. Long range goals of this study include monitoring ofsuccessional stages for amphibians and reptiles in this highly

impacted habitat, as well as other aspects of their reproduction, physiology, and behavior.

Karlstrom and his data are available for future collaborative efforts.
RESEARCH ABSTRACTS K8 97

—41A—

Principal Investigators):

Douglas W. Larson Michael W. Glass

1500 S.W. Skyline Blvd., Apt. 11 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Portland, OR 97221 333 S.W. First Ave.

(503) 292-3168 Portland, OR 97208-3623

Study Title: Post eruption studies of ecological recovery of lakes and rivers in the blast zone of Mount St. Helens

Key Words: biological chemical aquatic organic inorganic

stream lake recovery bacteria nutrients

dissolved oxygen water quality

Abstract: This study concentrates on the effects of the May 1980 eruption on Spirit Lake. During and subsequent to

the eruption. Spirit Lake received debris avalanche material, timber and other forest vegetation, pyroclasric flows,

mudflows, ashfall, and gcothcrmal waters.

This disturbance increased lake water temperatures and concentrations of inorganic chemicals and organic matter.

During summer and fall of 1980 lake bacteria populations increased to a high of 4.2 X 108

 cells/ml, dissolved oxygen was

completely depleted, and concentrations of iron, manganese, and sulphur increased dramatically.

Chemical and bacterial concentrations began to decrease and dissolved oxygen returned to lake waters in fall 1980. The

lake recovered significantly by 1982 with specific regard to dissolved oxygen. The return of dissolved oxygen to lake

waters provided for diverse and large communities of aquatic flora and fauna only two years after the eruption.

Recovery of Spirit Lake continues. As of 1986 concentrations of most chemical elements have diminished, some

reaching close to prc-eruption levels; lake clarity has improved from less than one meter visibility in 1980 to at least 20

meters; the phytoplankton community has recovered to at least 135 species.

Type of Measurement(s): Dissolved oxygen (mg/1) and temperature (°C) were measured at depths throughout the

lake profile. Water samples collected at lake surface were tested for concentrations of several chemical elements and

compounds (mg/1 or micrograms/1).

Frequency of Measurements): Lake waters were sampled several times per season in 1980, 1981, 1983-1986, and

once in September 1989.

Data Storage: All data has been published (Larson and others, 1987). Data is also on floppy disk in ASCII in personal

possession.

Long-term plans, Data available for collaborative efforts: No further research is planned by the U.S. Army Corps

of Engineers. Douglas Larson is available and willing to assist with future studies.
—42A—

Principal Investigators):

John Leigh, James T. Staley, and Mary Bicknell

University of Washington

Department of Microbiology, SC-42

Seattle, WA 98195

(206) 685-1390

Study Title: Microbiology of thermal vents

Key Words: biological aquatic animal plant stream

bacteria microbial thermal springs bluegreen algae

Abstract: Our objectives are to observe, enrich, isolate, and identify bacteria from hot springs in the Mount St. Helens

area. If any previously undescribcd isolates arc found, we will characterize them. In two trips to the area so far, we have

observed the following: Cyanobacterial (blue-green algal) mats containing filamentous forms, some with heterocysts;

filaments with the appearance of the sulfur oxidizer Beggiatoa or Thiothrix; and numerous rod shaped and coccus shaped

bacteria. From anoxic sediment at 60°C, we obtained an enrichment of methanogenic bacteria that appeared similar to

Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. We also obtained an enrichment of the green non-sulfur photosynthetic bacterium,

Chloroflexus. We observed few organisms in a vent at 85°C.

Type of Measurements): Temperature of water and sediments (°C), microscopic observation of samples.

Frequency of Measurements): Approximately twice yearly, 1989 to present.

Data Storage: Photographic and written descriptions are in lab and field notebooks of individual investigators.

Long-term plans, Data available for collaborative efforts: Plans are to continue our survey of bacteria in thermal

areas. We hope to obtain some new isolates, given the novel habitat of the Mount St. Helens area.

Leigh and his data are available for future collaborative efforts.
RESEARCH ABSTRACTS 99

—43A--

Principal Investigators):

Thomas E. Lisle

USDA Forest Service

Redwood Sciences Lab

1700 Bay view Drive

Arcata,CA 95521

(707) 822-3691

Study Title: Stream channel adjustments in the Smith-Muddy River drainage after the 1980 Mount St. Helens

eruptions

Key Words: geology geomorphology screams erosion watershed

sedimentation

Abstract: Stream channel response to the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens has varied widely. Stream channels that

received only airfall deposits have shown no significant sedimentation following the eruption. In drainage basins that

received both blast and airfall deposits, localized channel modification has been observed. However, as the blast/airfall

deposits are predominately sand-sized, they have been quickly removed from the steep low-order channels surrounding

the mountain with little net effect on pre-eruption channel morphology. Some subsequent channel modification has

resulted in lowered gradient reaches downstream as sediment eroded from upstream hill slopes and stream channels has

been rcdeposited in these reaches. Long-term effects in blast/airfall affected streams appear limited to channels

subjected to debris torrents resulting from shallow-seated landsliding and breakup of in-channel debris jams.

Large woody debris maintains channel complexity in channels inundated with sediment. Friction provided by debris on

channels and flood plains promotes deposition of fine-grained sediment on flood plains. Large pieces induce scour of

pools and exposure of gravelly substrate and commonly protect banks from erosion.

Type of Measurennent(s): Monumented cross sections and longitudinal profiles; residual depths of pools; pebble

counts; photos from monuments.

Frequency of Measurements): Bi-annually, 1980 to present.

Data Storage: Field notebooks and computer files in Data General at USFS Redwood Sciences Lab.

Long-term plans, Data available for collaborative efforts: This study is ongoing. Lisle plans to publish ten year

results soon. He is open to collaboration that seeks basic data on stream channel changes.
100 RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

~44A—

Principal Investigators):

W. Arthur McKee

Oregon State University

Department of Forest Science

Corvallis, OR 97331

(503) 750-7350

Sarah E. Greenc

Pacific Northwest Research Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

3200 Jefferson Way

Corvallis, OR 97331

(503) 750-7360

Study Title: Recovery of riparian vegetation at Mount St. Helens

Key Words: biological terrestrial plant riparian stream

lake watershed revegctation

Abstract: This study documents races and patterns of vegetation recovery at lakes and streams in the blast zone of the

May 1980 eruption. Recovery ofstreamside vegetation was dominated by plants that resprouted from below ground

parts that survived the blast. Depending upon frequencies and intensity of secondary disturbances, revcgetation from

seeds has become increasingly important. Flooding, battering, and deposition ofreworked tephra have extremely

important effects on streamside revegctation. Recovery rates arc more rapid at greater distances from the volcano where

blast effects were less devastating.

Vegetation at mid-elevation lakes and high-elevation lakes, were sampled also. Recovery has been faster at mid-elevation

than at high-elevation lakes. Rate and pattern of recovery depend upon secondary disturbances such as flooding (due to

seasonal depth of the water table) and deposition ofreworked tephra.

Type of Measurements): Streams were sampled using line intercept transects of varying lengths (from above

floodplain, across stream, to above flood plain). Measurements—percent cover ofgeomorphic surfaces; percent cover of

each plant species. Also sampled were 1 m X 5 m plots on each of the various geomorphic surfaces along the transect.

Lakes were sampled with 30-meter transects of 30, 20 cm X 50 cm microplots 1 meter apart. Two or more transects were

sampled at each lake; one transect was placed in the emergent zone and one in the scrub, shrub zone. Measurements—

percent cover for each species.

Photo points were established at endpoints of each transecc.

Frequency of Measurements): Annually in 1980-1983, 1985, 1987, 1989, and Meta Lake in 1990.

Data Storage: All data stored in the Forest Science Data Bank at Oregon State University. Hard copies in personal

possession.

Long-term plans. Data available for collaborative efforts: Future sampling depends upon funding. Investigator is

available for future collaborative efforts.
—45A—

Principal Investigators):

Diane M. McKnight

U.S. Geological Survey-WRD

5293 Ward Rd.

Arvada, CO 80002

(303) 536-3611

Study Title: Blast zone lakes and organic geochemistry

Key Words: chemical aquatic organic lake geochemistry

water quality

Abstract: The objective of the research is to describe the processes controlling dissolved organic material in the lake

water following the 1980 eruption ofMt. St. Helens. The concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) increased

50-fold after the eruption and these increases influenced the chemistry and biology of the lakes for several years. We

have shown that most of this DOC was comprised of organic acids classified as either fulvic or hydrophilic acids, similar

to those in typical natural waters. We found chat between 1980 and 1983, these organic acid fractions underwent

oxidative changes in their chemical characteristics. Similar changes may occur in more typical lakes.

Type of Measurements): DOC (mg C/L); isolation and characterization of organic fractions.

Frequency of Measurements): Infrequent; fall 1980, spring and summer 1981, summer 1983.

Data Storage: Data are in publications and field notebooks.

Long-term plans, Data available for collaborative efforts: We would like to return to obtain humic samples as the

vegetation in the watersheds recovers. Data are available for future collaborative efforts.
102 RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

—46A—

Principal Investigators):

James A. MacMahon

College of Science

Utah State University

Logan, UT 84322

(801) 750-2478

Charles M. Crisafulli

USDA Forest Service

Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument

42218 N.E. Yale Bridge Rd.

Amboy, WA 98601

(206) 750-3934

Study Title: The hcrpetofauna of Mount St. Helens: survival and colonization following the 1980 eruption

Key Words: biological terrestrial aquatic amphibian reptile

frog toad salamander newt snake

lizard succession ecology ecosystem larvae

lake stream

Abstract: This study documents the survival and colonization of reptiles and amphibians in areas impacted by the 1980

eruption of Mount St. Helens. Surveys were conducted at 15 locations, with representative sites in three distinct volcanic

impact zones: 1) ashfall, 2) blowdown, and 3) blast, during spring and summer from 1980 through 1991. Twelve species

ofherptiles (nine amphibians, three reptiles) are considered to have survived volcanic influences ranging from the

directed blast to the accumulation of ash in otherwise unaltered habitats. These survivors represent most of a

hypothetical list of 16 species considered to have occurred in the area before the eruption. Generally, surviving species

were characterized by being more aquatic than those not found and this was attributed to the thermal buffering capacity

of cool ice and snow covered aquatic systems where individuals were protected from the hoc volcanic gases.

Colonization for the most part has been from survivors or their progeny which entered areas where suitable habitat had

developed since the eruption. Anurans were the first and most widespread colonists, having established breeding

populations in virtually all available habitats by the mid 1980s. Snakes became very abundant in the open environment

of the blowdown zone by 1991. The less vagile salamanders continue, for the most part, to be restricted to the sites of

initial survival. Certain aquatic pond breeding salamanders have, however, experienced rapid population growth and

limited colonization.

Type of Measurements): Surveys for presence or absence, relative abundance and breeding activity.

Frequency of Measurements): Schedule of surveys was variable during spring and summer from 1980 to 1991.

Data Storage: Field notebooks on file at Utah State University and at Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument

Headquarters.

Long-term plans, Data available for collaborative efforts: Continue surveys at least into the mid 1990s.

Collaborative efforts will be considered on a case specific basis.
RESEARCH ABSTRACTS 103

—47A—

Principal Investigators):

James A. MacMahon

College of Science

Utah State University

Logan, UT 84322

(801) 750-2478

Charles M. Crisafulli

USDA Forest Service

Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument

42218 N.E. Yalc Bridge Rd.

Amboy, WA 98601

(206) 750-3934

Study Title: Small mammal recolonization on the Mount St. Helens volcano

Key Words: biological terrestrial animal mammal rodent

habitat recovery ecology ecosystem

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to systematically document the initial survival and the subsequent

recolonization of small mammal species into disturbed regions of Mount St. Helens, and to ascertain differences in early

succcssional patterns among various habitat types and levels of disturbance. Trapping efforts have documented the recolonization of small mammals (Rodentia, Insectivora, Lagomorpha and Camivora (Mustelidae)) into representative sites of

four broadly defined montane habitats (forests, clearcuts, subalpine meadows and riparian ravines) that were subjected

to increasing degrees of volcanic disturbance (undisturbed, ashfall, mud flow, tree blowdown, and pyroclastic/debris

flow).

Small mammals were live-trapped on 19 sites (with extensive population studies on 12 sices) from 1980 to 1991. By

1991, of a hypothetical list of 32 resident small mammal species, eight species were captured or observed in the

pyroclastic/debris flow zone, 15 species in the tree blowdown zone, and 22 species in the ashfall zone. Small mammal

communities in forest and clear-cut habitats, and across different disturbance zones, exhibited little species similarity

among sites, even after 11 years of post-eruption recovery. Prc-eruption conditions, such as the patchiness of habitats

and small mammal populations, and stochastic events, such as: 1) the initial survival of "small islands" of vegetation and

resident mammals, 2) localized habitat alteration by post-eruption erosional processes, and 3) an unusually wet summer

(1983) followed by three years of summer drought (1984-1986), had a major influence on small mammal recolonization

in this complex mosaic of habitats. The observed differences in species recolonization and establishment success were

more attributable to the availability of requisite food and shelter resources than to differences in species-specific dispersal capabilities.

Type of Measurements): Mark and recapture techniques were employed using Sherman live-traps. Traps were baited

with rolled oats and cotton batting was provided for warmth. Mammals were identified to species, marked, weighed,

their gender and reproductive condition noted and released at the place of capture. The presence of ectoparasites was

also recorded.

Frequency of Measurements): Small mammal trapping was conducted at some subset of the 19 sites between the

months of June and September from 1980-1991. Sites were typically trapped for three to five consecutive nights during

mid-summer.

Data Storage: Original data sheets, summary forms and ASCII files are housed at Utah State University and at Mount

St. Helens National Volcanic Monument Headquarters.

Long-term plans, Data available for collaborative efforts: This is an on-going study which depending on funding

sources and technical support will last into the next century. Collaborative efforts will be considered on a case specific

basis.
104 RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

—48A—

Principal Investigators):

James A. MacMahon

College of Science

Utah State University

Logan, UT 84322

(801) 750-2478

Charles M. Crisafulli

USDA Forest Service

Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument

42218 N.E.Yale Bridge Rd.

Amboy, WA 98601

(206) 750-3934

Study Title: Reorganization ofavian communities at Mount St. Helens

Key Words: biological terrestrial animal bird habitat

recovery succession ecology ecosystem

Abstract: This study was initiated to document the reorganization of bird communities on lands disturbed by the

cataclysmic eruption of Mount St. Helens. Bird communities were surveyed along a disturbance gradient comprised of

four structurally distinct volcanic impact zones and at undisturbed (reference) sites. Forty-two bird species were observed

at the eight sites during the survey years. Species richness was inversely related to disturbance intensity. Richness values

for the disturbance zones were; Reference (17), Ashfall (16), Blowdown (7), and Pyroclastic (2), respectively. Cluster

analyses for community composition and foraging guilds indicate that our sites cluster into 3 groups: 1) sites that were

volcanically undisturbed and those that received ashfall, 2) plots that experienced blowdown intensity force, and 3) sites

that were subjected to blast force intensity. The reorganization of bird communities is largely determined by the post

eruptive habitat components available. As vegetation recovery increases across the landscape we expect to see

recruitment of additional species and an eventual convergence of bird species composition among the sites.

Type ofMeasurement(s): Line transects (1 km long) were used to survey birds at our sites. Birds were identified to

species. When a bird was located, the perpendicular distance from the line to the bird was estimated with the aid of a

range finder. Other data recorded included: 1) an estimate of the bird's height above the ground, 2) the plant species on

which the bird was located, 3) substrate type (ground, forb, shrub, tree, [bark, inner-canopy, outer-canopy]), and 4)

activity (foraging, nesting, singing, flying, chasing, perching).

Frequency of Measurement(s): Three to five surveys per site during June, July or August from 1981 to 1984 and two

surveys per site during July of 1987 and 1991.

Data Storage: Data sheets, summary forms and ASCII files located at Utah State University and at Mount St. Helens

National Volcanic Monument Headquarters.

Long-term plans. Data available for collaborative efforts: This is an on-going study that will endure into the next

century if funding and technical support continues. Collaborative efforts will be considered on a case specific basis.
RESEARCH ABSTRACTS 105

49A—

Principal Investigators):

James A. MacMahon Charles M. Crisafulli

College of Science USDA Forest Service

Utah State University Mount St. Helens N.V.M.

Logan, UT 84322 42218 N.E. Yale Bridge Rd.

(801) 750-2478 Amboy, WA 98601

(206) 750-3934

Robert R. Parmentcr

Department of Biology

University of New Mexico

Albuquerque, NM 87131

(505) 277-7619

Study Title: Community reassembly following volcanic disturbance: the ground dwelling beetles (Coleoptera)

Key Words: biological terrestrial arthropod insect beetle

Coleoptera ecology succession ecosystem

Abstract: This study documents the recovery of beetles within the volcanically disturbed areas of Mount St. Helens

and should provide an index to the rate and stage of ecosystem recovery at various points in time since the eruption.

Beetles arc ideal for monitoring ecological recovery following disturbance as they represent a broad trophic array. The

ground dwelling beetle fauna of forests and clearcut habitats were sampled using pitfall traps (10 traps/sice) that were

open from the time of spring snow melt to early autumn from 1982 to 1984 and again in 1987 and 1990. Sites sampled

include undisturbed "reference" areas and three post-eruption habitats (ashfall, blowdown, and pyroclastic/debris flow).

Some specimens remain to be identified and the complete data set needs to be analyzed, nevertheless, preliminary

results suggest that there are extreme differences in species composition and abundances among the variously disturbed

sites. Notably, the pyroclascic/debris flow site is dominated by ground beetles (Carabidae) and tiger beetles (Cicindelidae),

while the blowdown habitat support large populations of long-horn beetles (Cerambycidae), "click" beetles (Riateridae),

and darkling beetles (Tenebrionidae). The undisturbed forests and clearcuts are dominated by a large variety of rove

beetles (Staphylinidae). The abundances of these beetle groups reflect the relative availabilities of food resources on

each of the plots (insect prey, plant materials, fungi, etc.).

Type of Measurement(s): Species composition, richness and abundance are the data recorded.

Frequency of Measurement(s): Pitfall traps were operated from late spring through early autumn for years 1982

through 1984 and again during 1987 and 1990. Contents of traps were gathered on three- or four-week intervals.

Data Storage: Samples, identified specimens, and reference collections will be deposited at the Insect Collection at

Oregon State University, University of New Mexico's Museum of Southwestern Biology and at the Mount St. Helens

National Volcanic Monument. Data is on summary forms and on ASCII files at the University of New Mexico, Biology

Department and at the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument Headquarters.

Long-term plans, Data available for collaborative efforts: Uncertain as to the longevity of this study. Collaborative

efforts will be considered on a case specific basis.
106 RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

—50A—

Principal Investigators):

James A. MacMahon

College of Science

Utah State University

Logan, UT 84322

(801)750-2478

Charles M. Crisafulli

USDA Forest Service

Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument

42218 N.E.Yale Bridge Rd.

Amboy, WA 98601

(206) 750-3934

Study Title: Demography ofLupinus leptdus on the pumice plain and its role in primary and secondary succession.

Key Words: biological terrestrial plant herbs succession

ecology ecosystem revegetation

Abstract: This study details the demography of two populations of Lupinus lep'idus, a primary successional plant species

growing on the Pumice Plain, and also investigates the role lupine plays in the recruitment of additional species through

facilitation. Lupine and other plant species' populations have been censused once or twice each growing season from

1982-1991. Prairie lupine was the first species to colonize the barren deposits of the Pumice Plain and attained extremely

high densities in certain portions of our plots during the census years.

Lupine population size, density, and age classes varied considerably through time and appeared to be associated to

summer temperatures and precipitation. In one plot, from a population of about eight individuals in 1982, lupine

numbers expanded to about 1000 during 1983 and 1984, then burgeoned to 21,923 plants in 1985. This was followed

by a sharp decline through density dependent mortality in 1986 to 5,903 individuals. From 1987 through 1991 lupine

numbers have slowly declined with population sizes ranging between 1000 and 4000 individuals. Following the high

mortality of 1986, numerous wind dispersed weedy species have colonized the sites were lupine had ameliorated the

harsh growing conditions of the site. By 1991, 31 species were present on the plot. Once established these early

successional forbs and grasses have expanded through sexual and vegetative reproduction and have become dominant

features of the plant community. Bryophytes have become very conspicuous components of the flora during 1990 and

1991.

Type of Measurements): Plants were identified to species and individuals were measured and mapped to the nearest

centimeter. Flowering and fruiting phenologies were recorded and the presence of phytophagous insects noted,

particularly aphids and beetle larvae.

Frequency of Measurements): Lupine and other plant species were censused once or twice annually from 1982 to

1991.

Data Storage: Data are stored on original data sheets, floppy diskettes and on magnetic tapes at Utah State University

and at Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument Headquarters.

Long-term plans. Data available for collaborative efforts: Plans are to continue monitoring the plant populations

growing within these plots into the next century. Collaborative efforts will be considered on a case specific basis.
RESEARCH ABSTRACTS 107

—51A—

Principal Investigators):

David A. Manuwal Lawrence C. Bliss

University of Washington University of Washington

College of Forest Resources Department of Botany

Seattle, WA 98195 Seattle, WA 98195

(206) 543-1585 (206) 543-1942

Study Title: Summer bird populations of upper subalpine zone of Mount St. Helens, Mount Adams, and Mount

Rainier

Key Words: biological terrestrial animal upland vertebrate

birds abundance diversity

Abstract: Species composition and abundance of summer birds in the upper subalpine zone of Mount St. Helens were

compared to those of Mount Adams and Mount Rainier in order to document these populations as well as to examine

effects of the May 1980 eruption on bird populations at the volcano.

The majority of birds in this zone at Mount St. Helens were instantly killed by the eruption. Study sites at Mount St.

Helens, Pine Creek and Butte Camp, received thin mudflow and tephra deposits, respectively.

Bird species richness was highest at Mount Adams and Pine Creek and lowest at Mount Rainier. Bird abundance was

highest at Butte Camp. There was virtually no difference in the number of species found nesting in each study area,

but species composition was variable between sites.

Differences in bird species composition and abundance are partly due to different plant community composition

between sites. The most marked effect of the volcanic activity was seen at Pine Creek where coniferous trees were

killed, eliminating the seeds of these trees as a food source for certain bird species. There appeared to be no long-term

impact on bird populations at Mount St. Helens due to the 1980 eruption except at Pine Creek.

Type of Measurements): Bird population measurements: relative abundance—all birds seen or heard at each station;

species composition—total species and breeding species; birds classed into foraging guilds.

Vegetation community measurements: species and number of trees per hectare; understory cover estimated using four

1-meter square quads at each station.

Frequency of Measurements): July-August 1982, July-August 1985. Preliminary observations in 1981. Six visits per

site, 8 minutes per station, 11 to 22 stations per site.

Data Storage: Field notebooks in personal possession. Data published in Manuwal and others, 1987.

Long-term plans. Data available for collaborative efforts: No future plans for study. Data is available for future

collaboration.
108 RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

—52A—

Principal Investigator(s):

Joseph E. Means

USDA Forest Service

Pacific Northwest Research Station

3200 Jefferson Way

Corvallis, OR 97331

(503) 750-7352

Study Title: Soil nitrogen along a disturbance gradient

Key Words: chemical physical terrestrial soil nitrogen

nutrient inorganic upland

Abstract: Soils were studied along a disturbance gradient—Pumice Plain, Timberlinc parking lot, Harmony, Bismark

Mountain, Elk Pass, and Fossil Creek Ridge. NOy NH^, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, C were assayed. NOg and NH^ were also

analyzed from resin bags buried at 15 and 30 cm. Soil samples were collected in 1985. Resin bags were buried for one

year—1985-1986, and 1986-1987.

Conclusions: Total nitrogen and nitrogen in soil solution were found in greater concentrations as disturbance decreased

along the gradient. Concentrations of other nutrients measured were consistent with this pattern as well. Soil profiles

indicate that soils most heavily disturbed and with the thickest deposits from the 1980 eruptions had generally been

most heavily disturbed and received thickest deposits from previous eruptions.

Type of Measurements): Total N, total C, extractable: P, K, Ca, Mg, NOg, NH^; and NOg, NH^ on resin bags.

Frequency of Measurement(s): 1985, 1986, 1987—not all each year.

Data Storage: Lab data is in flat ASCII files on floppy disks.

Long-term plans, Data available for collaborative efforts: This study is over. The soil pits are marked with wooden

stakes and on maps in the Forestry Sciences Lab in Corvallis. There is certainly an opportunity for others to return

later, assay nutrients and look at changes. All data is available on request.

There is a manuscript describing this study in progress (1990).
RESEARCH ABSTRACTS 109

'""—" U»J/\. ^—'

Principal Investigator(s):

Joseph E. Means

USDA Forest Service

Pacific Northwest Research Station

3200 Jefferson Way

Corvallis, OR 97331

(503) 750-7352

Study Title: Seeding habits of upper-slope tree species

Key Words: biological terrestrial plant upland trees

conifers ecology revcgctation reforestation

Abstract: The Blue Lake noble fir plot is one of 52 plots established in the early and mid 1960s throughout the

Washington and Oregon Cascades to do a long-term study of the cone production of upper-slope conifers. Initially the

objective was to characterize the size and frequency distribution of cone crops of important upper-slope tree species.

Early results indicated that the pattern of cone production varies with geographic location, so a secondary objective to

describe this variation was adopted. Another new objective is to describe how climate influences cone production. With

the possibility of global warming this objective may become the most important.

Type of Measurement(s): Cones are counted on each tree in the plot from a set viewing point using a spotting scope

or binoculars.

Frequency of Measurements): Cones arc counted annually during the cone bearing period.

Data Storage: Foxpro database files at the Oregon State University-CFSL Forestry Data Bank.

Long-term plans. Data available for collaborative efforts: Means plans to collect data from this plot indefinitely.

Baseline data would be available for future collaborative efforts.
11 o In! RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

—54A--

Principal Investigators):

Evelyn H. Merrill

Department of Zoology

University of Wyoming

University Station, Box 3166

Larame.WY 82071

Richard D. Taber and Kenneth J. Raedekc

College of Forest Resources AR-10

University of Washington

Seattle, WA 98195

Study Title: Population dynamics and habitat ecology of elk in the Mount St. Helens blast zone

Key Words: biological terrestrial animal upland vertebrate

elk forage

Abstract: Population dynamics and seasonal patterns of foraging behavior of elk in the northwest portion of the Mount

St. Helens bast zone were investigated during the years 1982 through 1985. A combination of rapid vegetation regrowch,

mild winters, restricted human access and low harvests allowed a rapid re-invasion and recovery of the elk population.

Eight major plant communities were identified in the Mount St. Helens blast zone. By 1983, plant composition in the

blast zone was similar to adjacent lands outside of the blast zone that had been recently logged.

During the winter, elk used low elevacional benches along the major river drainages particularly the seeded debris slide of

the North Fork oftheToucle River. In spring, elk moved up in elevation to calve. Early successional fireweed communities

and seeps were selected by elk during the summer and fall. Diets of elk were generally higher in forbs during the summer

and grasses in the fall and winter than dices of most west coast elk populations. Changes in diet selection were consistent

with an energy maximization strategy. Elk selection of plant communities was positively correlated with forage abundance.

Heat flux models indicated that because of large body size, high sweating capabilities, and an increase in wind velocities

in afternoon, elk could maintain body temperatures in the open blast zone communities in summer. Model predictions

were consistent with our observations that elk did not move to forest cover unless it was readily available.

Type of Measurements):

• Radio telemetry location

• Meteorological/air temp, wind, humidity

• Standing phytomass

• Elk activity

• Forage quality—IVDDM, crude protein

• Fecal analysis—elk food habits

• Animal counts, herd composition

• Elk fetus collections and kidney fat indices

Frequency of Measurements):

• Radio telemetry location: approximately 10 days, January-December, 1983-1985

• Meteorological/air temp, wind, humidity: 24 hr/day, June-November, 1985

• Standing phytomass: monthly, June-November, 1985

• Elk activity: 24 hr/day, 12 days/month, June-November, 1985

• Forage quality: IVDDM, crude protein: June-November, 1985

• Fecal analysis—elk food habits: crude protein—monthly, June-November, 1985; species composition—

June-November, 1985

• Animal counts, herd composition: spring and fall, 1983-1985

• Elk fetus collections and kidney fat indices: fall, 1983-1985

Data Storage: Data arc stored on field forms; computer files are in Dec Rainbow CPM Wordstar and Lotus files;

Ruscrak recorder tapes. Data have been published in a final report.

Long-term plans, Data available for collaborative efforts: Data are available but no future plans at present. Merrill

would like to sec additional data collected on the elk population after the next five years.
RESEARCH ABSTRACTS KM 111

—55A—

Principal Investigators):

George R. Miller

Area Managcr/Meteorologist in Charge

DOC, NOAA, National Weather Service

Forecast Office

5420 N.E. Marine Drive

Portland, OR 97218-1089

(503) 326-2340

Study Title: The Mount St. Helens Data Network

Key Words: physical weather runoff hydrologic meteorology

precipitation rain gauges

Abstract: After the eruption of Mount St. Helens, the National Weather Service placed a scries of precipitation and

river gauges around the mountain.This data network was put in operation to alert forecasters of heavy precipitation

events and/or rapid rises on the Toucle and Cowlitz Rivers or rapid falls in lakes in proximity to the mountain. This

paper explains that data network.

Type of Measurement^ s): Wind (speed and direction), precipitation, lake and river levels.

Frequency of Measurements): This is an "event" system.

Data Storage: Columbia River Operational Hydro Meteorological System (CROHMS).

Long-term plans, Data available for collaborative efforts: No long term plans for research. This is a monitoring

system.
112 BS RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

—56A—

Principal Investigators):

Charles M. Crisafulli or Peter Frenzen,

Monument Scientist

USDA Forest Service

Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument

42218 N.E.Yale Bridge Rd.

Amboy, WA 98601

(206) 750-3934

Study Title: Natural establishment of conifers at Mount St. Helens

Key Words: biology terrestrial plants trees conifers

seedlings rccstablishment

Abstract: This study tracks the establishment, survivorship, and growth rate of colonizing tree species on substrates

deposited during the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. Two 50 X 50 meter plots were installed at sites on the Pumice

Plain (pyroclastic flow deposit) north of the crater and the upper portion of the Muddy River mudflow during 1989 and

1990. Two 50 X 50-meter plots were installed on the debris avalanche near Castle Lake in 1993. In each plot all

individual trees are identified to species, measured (total height and stem diameter at ground level), and tagged.

On the Pumice Plain primary succession is taking place on pyroclastic flow deposits with establishment of a variety of

tree species along with herbaceous planes and shrubs. Although growing conditions appear to be harsh (coarse pumice

with summer surface temperatures exceeding 50°C and drought) recruitment of conifer seedlings is high. Likely seed

sources are small, isolated stands of forest located several kilometers away.

On the upper Muddy River mudflow few plants survived the deposition of one meter of boulder to sand size material.

Organic materials were incorporated into the flow, but nutrient levels of the deposits remain low. One plot is located

approximately 100 meters from the forest edge where an abundant seed source exists. This has resulted in a rapid race

ofrecolonization by conifer species, particularly Western white and lodgepole pines. The other plot is located in the

middle of the mudflow deposit, about 0.5 kilometers away from the forest edge. The plot in the middle of the mudflow

has experienced a much slower rate of tree recruitment than the plot near the edge.

On the debris avalanche establishment of alder, willow and cottonwood is vigorous, especially where groundwater

springs provide a moist substrate throughout the growing season. Seasonal browse by elk appears to be influencing the

establishment and growth form of some species. The influence of elk and deer on succession is being investigated in

the adjacent elk exclosurc study (please sec 57A).

Type of Measurements): Individual trees identified to the species; height(cm); stem diameter at soil level(mm);

living or dead.

Frequency of Measurements): Plots were sampled in 1991-1992 and 1993. Plots are sampled at the end of the

growing season. Frequency of remeasuremenc is to be determined by resource availability.

Data Storage: Field notes and data sheets are on file in the Monument Scientist's office.

Long-term plans, Data available for collaborative efforts: Frequency of remeasurement to vary depending upon

available resources. Additional plots may be established on the debris avalanche and in the blowdown zone in the

future. Data and Monument Science staff are available for future collaborative efforts.
RESEARCH ABSTRACTS 113

—57A—

Principal Investigators):

Charles M. Crisafulli or Peter Frcnzcn,

Monument Scientist

USDA Forest Service

Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument

42218 N.E.Yale Bridge Rd.

Amboy, WA 98601

(206) 750-3934

Study Title: Effects of elk and deer on early forest succession at Mount St. Helens

Key Words: biology terrestrial plants animals upland

vegetation shrubs herbs grasses vertebrate

mammal elk deer succession

Abstract: The objective of this study is to determine the role of elk and deer in the recovery of both natural and

managed vegetation following volcanic disturbance. Additionally, we arc interested in documenting the influence of elk

and deer on vegetation establishment in areas chat received different levels of volcanic impact. This goal will be

achieved through a network of one-half hectare exclosures that will allow cross-site comparisons.

To date elk exclosures have been installed at three locations within the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument.

The Coldwatcr exclosure is located in a pre-eruption clearcut site within the blowdown zone. The Castle cxclosure is

located on the debris avalanche deposit near Castle Lake. The Clearwater exclosure is located in an area within the

blowdown zone that was salvage logged and planted with Douglas-fir following the eruption. Additional exclosures are

planned but are dependent upon additional funding.

Adjacent to each exclosure a "control" plot of equal size has been installed. The difference in vegetation attributes

between the control plot and that of the exclosure should reflect the influence that elk and deer are having on the

returning plant communities at each site. Each exclosure is one-half hectare (70.75 X 70.75 m; 232 X 232 ft) and is

surrounded by an eight foot high wire stock fence. An area 60 X 60 m within the fenced exclosure and adjacent,

unfenced control will be sub-sampled for vegetation.

Type of Measurements): Two methods of vegetation sampling are used in both the exclosure and adjacent control

plot—1-square-meter subplots and 15-meter line intercept transects.

• 125 - 1-square-meter subplots: percent cover by species; total stems of Epilob'ium angustifolium taller than

20 cm; number of seems of E. angustifolium browsed (control only).

• 15-15 meter line intercept transects: for all shrub and tree species the beginning and ending points of

interception with tape is recorded to the nearest centimeter for the length of the tape; height of£.

angustifolium stems taller than 20 cm; E. angustifolium browsed (yes or no; control plot only).

Frequency of Measurements): Exclosure and control plots at Coldwaccr Lake were sampled during September

1991. Castle plots were sampled in August of 1992. Clearwater plots were sampled in August of 1993. All plots will be

sampled in 1994 and at three year intervals, thereafter.

Data Storage: Field notes and data sheets are on file in the Monument Scientist's office at the Mount St. Helens

National Volcanic Monument Headquarters.

Long-term plans. Data available for collaborative efforts: This is a long term study. Monument Science staff plans

on sampling these plots for many decades. Additional exclosures are planned but installation and sampling are dependent

upon additional funding. Data are available for future collaborative efforts.
114 RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

—58A—

Principal Investigators):

Michael Muscari

University of Minnesota

735219th Avc.N.W.

Seattle, WA 98117

(206) 781-4540

Study Title: Ant-plant interactions at Mount St. Helens

Key Words: biology terrestrial plant

herbs succession survival

ant

animal upland

invertebrate insect

Abstract: Within the blowdown zone of Mount St. Helens, Formica padfica is the most common ant species. From

studies during the summer of 1991 patterns were observed in the spatial dispersion of F. padfica nests and also in the

plant species present on the middens of these nests. Formica padfica is less active within species rich vegetation patches

than in exposed areas. Studies in 1992 will investigate whether F. padfica nescs are more common along the edges of

vegetation patches. Other studies will investigate the presence ofHypochaeris radicata (false dandelion) on the middens

of these nests. The wind born seeds of H. radicata may have difficulty establishing on the nutrient poor tephra. Ant

middens may provide suitable sices for these plants to establish. Soil brought to the surface during nest excavation and

the collection of plant and insect parts may add nutrients to the substrate of ant middens. Once established above an

ant nest, plants would begin to cause shading of the nest. The resulting decrease in temperature may cause the ants to

move their nest location. By moving out away from the shade of a vegetation patch and creating more sices for plant

establishment, ants of F. padfica may be effecting the expansion of vegetation patches. Since primary succession at

Mount St. Helens is a slow process, the seemingly insignificant effect of ants on this process may be relatively important.

Type of Measurements):

Ant activity: number of ancs per bait per hour

Plants on ant mounds: frequency of plants on mounds

Colony movement: number of ant colonies abandoned in three weeks

Shading: temperature (average) under shade and in sunlight

Germination: number of seedlings within two weeks

Wind dispersed seeds: number of seeds per site

Frequency of Measurement(s):

Ant activity: once per cransect

Plants: several measurements during growing season

Colony, shading,

and germination: daily for three weeks

Wind: weekly for four weeks

Data Storage: Data are stored on 3.5", DSHD diskettes in Microsoft Excel software for IBM compatible computers.

Long-term plans, Data available for collaborative efforts: This study is in partial fulfillment of Muscari's Masters

degree. He may extend the research to a Ph.D. project in the future. Muscari is willing to collaborate and share any

and all data he has collected at Mount St. Helens. Muscari has a good deal of information on the growth offireweed

stems containing aphid colonies that may be useful to an appropriate study.
RESEARCH ABSTRACTS 115

—59A—

Principal Investigators):

Peyton W. Owston William H. Emmingham

USDA Forest Service Department of Forest Science

Pacific Northwest Research Station Oregon State University

Forestry Sciences Laboratory Corvallis, OR 97331

3200 S.W. Jefferson Way (503) 737-6078

Corvallis, OR 97331

(503) 750-7277

Study Title: Post-eruption species selection and planting trials for reforestation of sites near Mount St. Helens

Key Words: biological terrestrial plant upland trees

vegetation planting conifers seedling reforestation

survival

Abstract: This study monitored survival and growth of seven conifer species planted with shading and fertilization

treatments on disturbed sites at Mount St. Helens. Seedlings were planted on six low-elevation sites and five highelevation sites which represented a variety of post-eruption conditions.

First and second year survival and growth results were comparable to plantings on undisturbed sices. Lodgcpole pine

survived best, and Douglas-fir exhibited the fastest height growth at elevations below 1100 m (3600 ft). Although

western white pine, lodgepole pine, and Engelmann spruce survived equally well on the high elevation sites, lodgcpole

pine grew fastest. Lodgepole pine and Engelmann spruce had the highest survival rates on the harshest, exposed sites

in the most disturbed areas.

Eight years after planting, all of the species, except Pacific silver fir on the low elevation sites, had greater than

90 percent survival. Douglas-fir and grand fir had the best average growth on the low elevation sites—both species

averaged more than 11 feet tall. Lodgepole pine was tallest on high elevation sites, averaging 8 feet in height.

Averaged over all species and sites, the original fertilizer and shading treatments had only small, insignificant effects

after eight years. Shading did, however, seem to have lasting, beneficial effects on Pacific silver fir planted on the high

elevation sites.

Successful reforestation of disturbed sites at Mount St. Helens is possible with proper species selection and careful

handling and planting.

Type of Measurements):

• Survival of planted trees (dead or alive)

• Growth of planted trees (height and diameter in centimeters)

• Competing vegetation (ocular estimate of percent cover)

• Animal damage (yes or no)

• Tree vigor (healthy, weak, damaged)

Frequency of Measurements): 1, 2, 4, and 8 years after planting (now completed).

Data Storage: Permanent database on a Bernoulli cartridge. Entered into IBM microcomputer and analyzed using SAS.

Long-term plans. Data available for collaborative efforts: A manuscript on the eighth-year analysis is being prepared.

No further tracking is planned, but the plants are well identified if others want to use them. Long-term monitoring will

require stocking control at point of crown closure, which is close to happening on plots in the Clearwatcr drainage.
116 RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

—60A—

Principal Investigators):

Richard Petcrsen and Valeric J. Kelly

Portland State University

Department of Biology

P.O. Box 751

Portland, OR 97207-0751

(503) 725-4241

Study Tide: Limnological monitoring of some lakes of the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument

Key Words: phytoplankton zooplankton nutrients fish water quality

biological limnological lakes

Abstract: The monitoring program will sample the phytoplankcon and zooplankton communities of Castle and

Coldwater Lake. The sampling program will also include water samples which will be analyzed for soluble reactive

phosphorus, total phosphorus, nitrate, major ions, dissolved oxygen, and conductivity. Temperature and water

transparency will also be observed. The data will be analyzed to determine the structure of phytoplankton and

zooplankton communities in these two lakes and the possible impacts offish introduced into Coldwater Lake.

Type of Measurements): phytoplankton (species and numbcr/ml), zooplankton (species and number/ml) soluble

reactive phosphorus (micrograms/liter), total phosphorus (micrograms/liter) nitrate (micrograms/litcr), dissolved oxygen

(milligrams/liter), chlorophyll (micrograms/liter), temperature (°C), water transparency (meters).

Frequency of Measurement(s): In 1988-1990 Cascle and Coldwater Lakes were sampled approximately seven times

each. In 1988 Spirit Lake was sampled once. In 1991 Castle and Coldwater were sampled four times each; in addition,

eleven lakes in the vicinity of Mount St. Helens were sampled once each in 1991.

Data Storage: Data are stored on floppy disk using Quattro on an IBM compatible microcomputer.

Long-term plans. Data available for collaborative efforts: We plan to continue the lake sampling program for a

number of years.

Petcrsen and this data arc available for future collaborative efforts. He is particularly interested in collaborating with

someone on chemical analyses.
RESEARCH ABSTRACTS M 117

-61APrincipal Investigators):

Timothy Scastedt

Kansas State University

Division of Biology

Manhattan, KS 66506

(913) 532-7627

Study Title: Effects of May 1980 eruption on soil arthropods—a preliminary look

Key Words: biological terrestrial animal upland invertebrate

survival blowdown blast zone soil arthropods

Abstract: This preliminary investigation sampled soils in the blast area and blowdown zone in September of 1980 for

soil arthropods. Predictably, where disruption of pre-eruption ecosystems was most thorough—debris avalanche,

pyroclastic flow, blast zone—no soil archropods survived. In the blowdown zone, by contrast, soil arthropod populations

were unaffected largely because they were protected by snow cover at the time of the eruption.

Type of Measurements): Soil cores were assayed for species and species density.

Frequency of Measurements): 2-week period in September 1980.

Data Storage: Data has not been published and may be lost. Samples were given to David Walter, New Zealand;

he may still have them.

Long-term plans. Data available for collaborative efforts: No future plans for continuing this study; investigators

were unable to conduct further sampling after initial work. Since it is unknown if data still exists, future efforts to study

the effects of the eruption on and recovery of populations of soil arthropods would have to find other sources for early

data. T. Seastcdt is available for questions concerning this preliminary work.
118 RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

—62A—

Principal Investigators):

Clyde M. Senger Rodney Crawford

Western Washington University University of Washington

Department of Biology Burke Memorial Museum

Bellingham, WA 98225 Seattle, WA 98195

(206) 676-3640 (206) 543-9853

Study Title: Cave biology in the Mount St. Helens Cave Basalt lava flow

Key Words: biological terrestrial animal upland caves

vertebrates amphibians invertebrates bats mudflows

tcphra arthropods small mammals

Abstract: This study seeks to establish an inventory of species inhabiting and using lava tubes and caves in the Cave

Basalt lava flow. Bat populations in caves are dominated by Plecotus townsendii. Of small mammal species inhabiting or

using caves, deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) are most wide spread. Few amphibians were observed; the most

significant amphibian finding was a population of Larch Mountain salamander (Plethodon larselli). 256 invertebrate

species of which approximately 100 species are arthropods have been collected in caves.

Observation of deposits from the May 1980 eruption in this area revealed only mudflow and tcphra deposits which for

the most part did not threaten life in the caves. Due to the lack of population data for most of these species prior to

1980, it is unclear what the effects of the eruption have been, but they appear not to have been significant.

Secondarily, mudflow and tephra deposits in this area were monitored for movement and re-deposition. Measurements

of the depth of deposits using rebar stakes or tree trunks showed little reworking or secondary deposition of mudflow

material or tephra in this area.

Type of Measurements): Most species have been described from sighcings and observations. Pitfall traps were used

to sample invertebrate populations.

Frequency of Measurements): Bat observations have been made since 1964, once or twice per year. Intensive

population studies were made in spring and early summer and autumn of 1983. Post-eruption observations were made

in summer of 1980. Fly netting was conducted from 1985 to 1987.

Data Storage: Floppy disks in Wordstar in personal possession. Specimens are stored at the Burke Museum,

University of Washington. Data are in an unpublished inventory provided in a contract report by Scnger and Crawford,

1984, at Mount St. Helens, National Volcanic Monument Headquarters.

Long-term plans, Data available for collaborative efforts: The mudflow and tephra deposit study was completed in

1987 and rebar markers were removed. Sengcr is continuing work with fungus flies found in cave entrances. He is willing

to collaborate on future cave biology studies.
RESEARCH ABSTRACTS 119

63A

Principal Investigators):

John Costa and Andrew Simon

U.S. Geological Survey

5400 MacArthur Blvd.

Vancouver, WA 98661

(206) 696-7913

Study Title: Sedimentation and geomorphic changes following the 1980-1983 eruptions of Mount St. Helens

Key Words: geology streams geomorphology watersheds

erosion sedimentation

rivers

Abstract: Reduced infiltration and burial of surface roughness elements, together with the loss of root strength and

reduced cvapotranspiration associated with blast-toppled vegetation have dramatically accelerated erosion ofblastaffcctcd hill slopes. Other investigators have found that rill erosion rates were initially higher than the yearly average,

but then declined sharply so that rill erosion rates during the second year were only 5 percent of the average first year

rate. Initial races of sheet erosion were substantially higher than the average rate for the year, but the rate of decline was

not as pronounced as in the case of rill erosion (Swanson and others, 1983b).

The initial high shcetwash and rill erosion rates profoundly influenced hillslope morphology, and delivered about

6.2 X 104

 m3 of sediment to tributaries of the North Fork Toutle River between June 1980 and May 1981 (Lehre and

others, 1983). The resulting sediment yield has created persistent sedimentation and flooding hazards of unprecedented

magnitude for downstream urban areas.

Later comparisons between hillslope erosion rates for the second year following the eruption and the total sediment

yield of Mount St. Helens-affected streams during the 1982 water year suggest that most sediment is being eroded from

in-channel and near-channel sources, primarily stream bank erosion and streamsidc debris slides and avalanches. The

frequency of occurrence of muddy floods, debris flows, and debris torrents has decreased. However, active gully systems

with strcamside debris slides and avalanches continue to produce highly sediment laden flows, including occasional

debris flows, during intense rains. Post-eruption flooding along some lahar-affected channels has caused more erosion

and deposition than the initial lahars.

Analysis of the dominant processes and forms inherent to channel adjustment and evolution has found that total

mechanical energy is minimized through time. Channel widening has been the dominant geomorphic process.

Type of Measurements): Bed-material particle size and cross-section surveys.

Frequency of Measurements): Annually, June 1980 to present.

Data Storage: PC and Data General computer files at USGS, Vancouver, Washington.

Long-term plans. Data available for collaborative efforts: Future plans are to continue monitoring the North Fork

Toutle and Toutle River main stem.
120 Id RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

-_64A—

Principal Investigator(s):

Frederick J. Swanson and Al Levno

USDA Forest Service

Forestry Sciences Lab

3200 Jefferson Way

Corvallis, OR 97331

(503) 750-7355

Study Title: Studies of hillslopc erosion in the eastern part of the blast zone

Key Words: physical terrestrial geomorphology erosion upland

riparian soil watersheds

Abstract: We have been measuring tephra/soil erosion rates in the Smith, Bean, Clearwacer, Upper Green River areas

of the eastern part of the blast zone. Debris slides and debris flows have been inventoried based on field observations

and interpretation of aerial photographs for the 1967 to 1984 period. Sheet and rill erosion was measured with arrays of

erosion pins. Repeat photography ofhillslope, channel, and revegetation changes has been done at a variety of locations.

The intensity of measurements has been reduced through time, but all sites could be revisited and longer-term trends

in erosion rates estimated.

Type of Measurements): (See abstract) Methods and results summarized in American Geomorphological Field

Group field trip guidebook.

Frequency of Measurements); Annual or less frequent.

Data Storage: Data in permanent storage in the Forest Science Data Bank, Oregon State University, Forestry Sciences

Lab, Corvallis, Oregon.

Long-term plans. Data available for collaborative efforts: Data and field sices are available for use by others.
RESEARCH ABSTRACTS 121

—65A—

Principal Investigator(s):

Christopher Topik, Dale G. Brockway, and Nancy Diaz

USDA Forest Service, (Area Ecology-GP/MTH NF's)

2955 N.W. Division Street

Gresham,OR 97030

(503) 666-0697

Study Title: Forested plant association classification

Key Words: biological plant vegetation succession ecosystem

terrestrial ecology plant trees soil

Abstract: This work, which includes sample sites on the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument, extends

across forested areas of the entire Gifford Pinchot National Forest.

Vegetation zones are of interest because they generally represent major large-scale climatic differences within a region.

A forest zone is the area within which a particular tree species is the stand dominant in the climax plant community.

For example, the western hemlock zone encompasses forests where western hemlock would eventually dominate the

overstory (assuming no disturbance takes place). Of the forest zones studied, three occur in the Mount St. Helens

vicinity: western hemlock zone, Pacific silver fir zone, mountain hemlock zone. The western hemlock zone generally

occupies warm moist sites and is found below 3000 ft elevation. The Pacific silver fir zone occupies higher elevation

sites (approximately 3000 ft to 4300 ft) where winter snow packs are common. The mountain hemlock zone occupies

very cold, moist sites above the Pacific silver fir zone.

Forest zones were subdivided into plant associations, a stable group of plant species capable ofself-perpctuation. By

knowing the plant association of a site we can infer a number of climatic attributes and anticipate site response to various

treatments. Associations can be used as a basis for inventory of the productive potential of vegetation and other resources

which depend upon vegetation for their quality or quantity. Associations also provide a framework for communicating

management experiences and research results.

On the Gifford Pinchot National Forest, 17 plant associations have been described in the western hemlock zone, 11 in

the silver fir zone, and 12 in the mountain hemlock zone. Plant Association and Management Guides are published

according to forest zone and include an overview of the forest zone, dichotomous keys to the plant associations within

the zone, and detailed descriptions of each plant association (structure, composition, environment, distribution,

productivity, and management).

Sampling schemes involve selecting undisturbed forested stands of at least 60 years of age that represent a range of

natural vegetation variation. Data collected includes percent cover of all vascular plants on 500 meter square plots, as

well as detailed environmental, timber, snag, down wood, and soils information. Old-growth plots were more heavily

weighted as they better reflect the eventual floristic composition which defines associations. Preliminary keys were

field-tested and the final classifications modified.
122 RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

Type of Measurement(s):

Plant cover: by species—percent cover (at sampled area)

grouped by plant type—percent cover (at sampled area)

Substrate: percent cover (of sampled area) of rock, gravel, bare ground, litter.

Slope: percent slope

Aspect: azimuth

Slope shape: convex/flat/concave/undulating

Position: topographic position, elevation in feet

Soil: depth, color, texture of layers, rooting depth

Timber: d.b.h., height, site index, growth basal area, basal area, age

Snags: d.b.h., height class, degree of decay, number of cavities

Down wood: size class, length, number of pieces, amounts of fine fuels

Observations: wildlife, disease/pathogens

Frequency of Measurement's): Study sites within forest zones were sampled once each during years 1979-1987. Plot

locations were documented, allowing revisits for subsequent studies and monitoring opportunities.

Data Storage: Primary—Oracle and IS/CLI data files on main frame computer

Secondary—Original field data cards

Long-term plans. Data available for collaborative efforts: Plant Association and Management Guides have been

published. Plot locations have been documented, allowing revisits for subsequent studies and monitoring opportunities.

Area Ecology staff and data are available for collaborative efforts.
RESEARCH ABSTRACTS 123

-66A—

Principal Investigator(s):

James M. Trappe Gary A. Hunt Steven E. Carpenter

Oregon State University Hessley Reforestation Center 24407 Abbey Lane

Department of Forest Science Site 10-Comp. 10-RR3 Philomath, OR

Corvallis, OR 97331-5705 Camloops, B.C. V2C5K1 (503) 929-5800

(503) 750-7250 604 578-7212

Study Title: Fungal and mycorrhizal succession in the Mount St. Helens devastation area

Key Words: biological terrestrial fungi mycorrhizae succession

mudflow tephra

Abstract: Samples of tephra deposits from the May 1980 eruption showed no mycorrhizal fungi in 1980 to 1985. Samples

of buried soils and mudflow soil, however, showed that mycorrhizal fungi did survive the volcanic disturbance. Plant

succession patterns in areas of tephra deposits reflect the distribution of mycorrhizae in that plants that resproutcd or

germinated from old soils where mycorrhizal fungi were present were much more successful than seedlings that

germinated in the tephra that lacked these fungi. Mudflow soils and old soils that were exposed as when tephra eroded

were initially much more conducive to revegetation at least partly because these soils contained the mycorrhizal fungi.

Overall fungal succession proceeded from very little present in tephra in 1980 to large amounts of so-called "fireplace"

fungi (those that typically fruit on burned organic matter) present in 1981. As time progressed, wood decay fungi invaded

dead trees in the blast zone.

Type of Measurements): Samples ofpre-eruption soils, ccphra, and plant roots were assayed or microscopically

examined for presence or absence of fungal mycelia or propagules.

Frequency of Measurements): 1980-1985, several times during spring and fall.

Data Storage: Field notes in personal possession.

Long-term plans, Data available for collaborative efforts: Trappe hopes to continue to monitor succession of fungi

and factors influencing dispersal of fungi in the disturbance zone. He anticipates a possible project with Joe Ammirati

of University of Washington. Trappe is available for collaboration.
124 BIIOa RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

—67A—

Principal Investigators):

Albert G. Wilson, Jr.

Department of Zoology

Washington State University

Pullman, WA 99164-4236

(509) 335-3553

Study Title: Distribution of Van Dyke's salamander (Plethodon vandykei)

Key Words: biological terrestrial animal upland vertebrate

amphibian salamander plethodon ecology habitat

distribution variation

Abstract: A survey is being conducted to document the distribution of Plethodon vandykei and factors correlated with its

occurrence. This will entail visiting all known populations in Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument, searching

for additional populations in the Monument, and recording aspects of the habitat associated with each population visited.

By providing a more complete picture of the distribution of the salamander than is presently available, the proposed

study will permit monitoring and further study of this species' populations and also enhance understanding of its habitat

associations.

Type of Measurement(s): Salamander localities: longitude/latitude, elevation (m), percent overhead canopy with

spherical dcnsiometcr, aspect with compass, moisture source associated with site (for example, spring), types of substrates

associated with salamanders, number of salamanders, distances of salamanders from moisture sources.

Frequency of Measurements): Field work in the Monument will be performed from late May through November of

1990 and 1991.

Data Storage: Data are in field notebooks and on magnetic computer tapes in Wilson's possession.

Long-term plans. Data available for collaborative efforts: Another study Wilson would eventually like to conduct

in the Monument involves an analysis of activity cycles of P. vandykei and other salamanders. The above-ground activity

season of populations can be established through counts performed during nighttime visits. Counts can be compared to

climatic variables to reveal the effect of climate upon activity. This will permit estimation of salamander activity seasons

in the Monument and reveal climatic factors that influence appearance above ground. Such information will be useful

in interpreting dispersal of salamanders in the impact zone and also permit development of a search profile that will be

useful in optimally timing future study of the salamanders.
RESEARCH ABSTRACTS 125

—68A—

Principal Investigators):

David M. Wood

California State University

Department of Biological Sciences

Chico, CA 95929-0515

(916)898-6311

Study Title: Patterns and mechanisms of early plant primary succession on the pumice plain.

Key Words: biological terrestrial plant vegetation succession

recovery seeds seedlings pumice plain

Abstract: Primary colonists and mechanisms of their arrival to the pumice plain have been monitored since 1986.

Measurements of seed rain have shown that the most common wind dispersed species arriving on the pumice plain are

Anaphalis margaritacea, Epilobium angustifolium, and E. watsonii. Of the early colonists A. margaritacea is the most wide

spread species, but Lupinus lepidus is the most abundant species. In addition the L. lepidus population is increasing

dramatically.

L. lepidus patches have positive and negative effects on other colonists. Positive effects include nitrogen fixation and

seed catching growth form. Negative effects include inhibition of other colonists by thriving patches ofL. lepidus due to

competition; this is reduced when patches die off.

The most important conditions affecting overall seedling survival on the pumice plain are moisture and physical

structure of the substrate. Seedlings are more successful when moisture is plentiful and in areas of coarse soil surface

rather than smooth, even soil surface.

Experiments have shown that A. margaritacea seedlings are more hardy than those of£. angustifolium possibly partially

explaining higher abundance of the former species.

Please sec Research Abstract from Roger del Moral for relevant study contributed to by David Wood.

Type of Measurements): Species identification and percent cover were measured in 10 X 10 m plots; experimental

plot sizes vary and were sampled for number of individuals surviving and appearing each year and growth rate of

individuals (cm/year). Seed rain was measured using 0.1-meter square golf ball craps; species identified and number of

seeds per species counted.

Frequency of Measurements): 1600 10 X 10 m plots were established and sampled in 1986, and will be sampled again

in 1991. 400 of these arc measured annually. Seed traps were placed in June and collected in October of each year.

Data Storage: Floppy disks in Macintosh software in personal possession.

Long-term plans, Data available for collaborative efforts: Project ongoing until 1993 at least. Investigator is

available for future collaborative efforts.
126 RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

_69A—

Principal Investigator(s):

David K. Yamaguchi

Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research

University of Colorado

Boulder, CO 80309

(303) 492-8841

Study Title: 1. Tree ring dating of prehistoric eruptions of Mount St. Helens

2. Forest succession following the A.D. 1480 eruption

Key Words: biological terrestrial plant trees vegetation

forest succession cephra prehistoric eruptions

Douglas-fir tree ring dating

Abstract: This study includes two topics:

1. Dating of prehistoric eruptions of Mount St. Helens using tree ring patterns of living trees and of dead, buried

trees. Using increment cores of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), three prehistoric eruptions were dated at

1480, 1482, and 1800 A.D.

2. Reconstruction of forest succession northeast of the volcano in the area affected by the 1480 eruption using

tree ring dating. This study may provide insight into the rates of forest succession that can be expected

following the May 1980 eruption. Tephra fallout from the 1480 eruption killed trees along a corridor northeast

of the volcano, leaving scattered survivors among the dead. Douglas-fir reestablished 0 to 2 km from seed

sources over a 40- to 60-year period after the 1480 eruption. Douglas-fir reestablished 3 to 4 km from seed

sources over a 180 year period after the 1480 eruption. Considering this data, future forest rccstablishmcnc in

the 1980 blast area may be expected to take place over a 40 to 180 year period.

Type of Measurements): Tree rings were examined on stump cross sections and increment cores; tree ring widths

(mm); ash layer thicknesses (cm).

Frequency of Measurements): 1981-1988; samples collected from several to many trees for each of many plots.

Data Storage: Tree cores and tree ring measurement data on computer disk are stored in Yamaguchi's laboratory at

University of Colorado.

Long-term plans, Data available for collaborative efforts: The first study is ongoing, but should be completed by

1993. The latter study was a Ph.D. thesis which was completed and presented in 1986. Yamaguchi is looking forward to

returning to the area to work on other projects in the future.

Yamaguchi has many color slides of field conditions at the volcano during 1981-1988, particularly northeast of the

volcano. He and his data are available for future collaborative efforts.
RESEARCH ABSTRACTS MB 127

—70APrincipal Investigators):

Donald B. Zobcl

Oregon State University

Botany and Plant Pathology

Corvallis, OR 97331-2902

(503) 737-5280

Joseph A. Antos

Department of Biology

University of Victoria

Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada

(604) 721-7144

Study Title: Mechanisms of vegetation change following burial by volcanic tephra

Key Words: terrestrial plant herbs upland shrubs survival

conifers 1980 deposits ecology recovery seedling

Abstract: This project continues detailed study of forest understory vegetation change after burial by tephra from

Mount St. Helens in 1980. Objectives are to provide a detailed record of pathways of change; to record spatial and

temporal variation in soil properties; to determine species characteristics important for recovery from burial; and to use

these data to determine the mechanisms of succession. Data will be analyzed to compare responses of different growth

forms, species and communities in different conditions of tephra depth, serai age, and time of tephra removal. This

study will provide a long-term set of consistent, detailed data about vegetation recovery from an important, widespread

disturbance.

Vegetation recovery in many ways has not been predictable from the species' behavior that we observed where plants

were not buried or from knowledge of the effects of common forest disturbances in the region. Survival was best for

plants with large size or plastic below ground morphology. Vegetation recovery reflected primarily vegetative spread of

surviving individuals.

Forest understory species composition is responding to differential ability of plants to survive long-term burial. Major

shifts in understory species composition have rarely been observed in this study to date. However, tree seedlings at our

study sites have established and survived with high density, which may yet produce a major shift in forest understory

structure.

Examination of soil properties has revealed that tephra chemistry changed rapidly with time.

Type of Measurements):

• Vegetation cover and shoot density by species in 1-meter square plots

• Litter cover by category

• Tephra and buried soil chemistry (Ph, organic matter, macronutricnts)

• Tephra texture

• Conifer seedling morphology and size

• Substrate temperature

Frequency of Measurements):

• Vegetation and litter—1980-1983 annually; sporadically since (1984, 1987, 1989, 1990 at some plots)

• Tephra—1980, 1982, 1987

• Seedling morphology—1987-1988 (completed)

• Temperature—1980-1983 (completed)

Data Storage: All data on paper, Oregon State University; selected permanent vegetation plot data (major species,

total by growth form) is on computer disks at Oregon State University and University of Victoria.
128 RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

Long-term plans. Data available for collaborative efforts:

• We hope to resample vegetation on all plots at least once more, and that in deep tephra two to three more

times.

• We hope to sample cephra chemistry once more.

• We hope to do work on autecology of the dominants in recovering vegetation on deep tephra.

• Temperature records have not yet been analyzed.

• Future desired activities are in jeopardy due to our failure to receive funding for further work.

• Our plots are marked with USFS signs, plastic pipe, and stake flags. These were last renewed in 1990.

Data have been published. Ancos and Zobel are interested in future collaboration.
SUBJECT INDEX

Subject Index 131

Abies amabilis (Pacific silver fir), 13A, 25A, 31A, 37A,

204, 209, 265, 314, 488-490, 492, 606

Abies grandis (grand fir), J7A, S3A, 341, 606

Abies procera (noble fir), 13A, 37A, 53A, 204, 209, 606

agriculture, 61, 108, 348, 350, 520

domestic animals, 108, 153, 264, 411, 449, 450,

520,571, 584

insects, 71

pests, 11, 217, 275, 276, 311, 493, 577

pollinators, 12, 72, 73, 288, 571

irrigation systems, 419, 439

plant crops, 95, 107, 229-231, 276, 277, 299, 319,

368,526,547, 553, 576

soils, 95, 174, 218, 230, 419, 509, 510, 581

algae

aquatic, 18A, 42, 42A, 124, 132, 176, 211, 219, 256,

291, 315, 325, 326, 358-360, 477, 532, 589

terrestrial, 178, 190, 250, 460

Ainus rubra (red alder), 262

amoeba, 151, 593

amphibians, 40A, 46A, 62A, 292

frogs, 3A, 3SA, 40A, 255, 256

salamanders, 40A, 46A, 62A, 67A, 628

animals, domestic. See agriculture, domestic animals

animals, wildlife

aquatic. See also fish

effects of eruption, 7A, 40A, 67A, 76, 189, 216,

254-256, 443-445, 485

recovery, 7A, 28, 3SA, 40A, 41A, 67A, 253, 255,

256, 292, 444,445,469,486, 487, 598, 609

dispersal of

invertebrates, 4, ISA, 24A, 58A, 166, 168-170,

538,551

vertebrates, 1A, 3, 40A, 47A, 48A, S1A, 54A, 366,

390

effects of ash. See volcanic ash, effects of

herbivores

effects on plant populations, 4A, 17, 18, 22, 39A,

S7A, 315,615

human impacts on, 116, 125-127

animals, wildlife (continued)

invertebrates, ISA, 62A, 76, 112, 114, 115, 225,

256, 298, 316. See also insects

predators and scavengers, 5A, ISA, 24A, 24-26,

115, 166-170,217

terrestrial

effects of eruption, 4A, 21, 23, 24, 46A-49A, S1A,

S4A, 59, 61A, 183,189,257, 290, 370, 409,

587,590

recovery, 1A, 46A, 47A, 49A, S1A, S4A, S7A, 61A,

196,197, 292, 365, 385, 388, 389, 404, 469,

486,526,538, 590, 602

use of dead and down timber, 16A

ants. See Hymenoptera, Formicidae

aphids, 5A, 25, 26, 39A. See also Aphis various;

Aphthargelia symphoricarpi

Aphis varians (aphid)

population biology, 39A

Aphthargelia symphoricarpi (aphid)

population biology, 5A, 25

predation by ant, SA, 26

Apidae. See Hymenoptera, Apidae (bees)

aquatic environments, 18A, 41A, 42A, 4SA, 60A, 189,

196, 198, 469, 486, 560, 602. See also estuaries;

lakes; streams; thermal environments; wetlands

Araneae (spiders), ISA, 59, 115, 169

arthropods, effects of eruption, 24A, 61A, 62A,

166-170, 311, 538. See also insects

Ascaphus truei (tailed frog), 3A, 3SA, 255, 256, 315

ash. See pyroclastic deposits; volcanic ash

Aster ledophyllus (Cascade aster), 615

atmosphere

airborne ash in, 184, 193, 454, 455, 473, 474

air quality, 44, 184, 474, 562, 569

bacteria. See microbiology
132 Subject Index

bats, effects of eruption, 62A

bees. See Hymenoptera, Apidae

beetles. See Coleoptera

bibliographies, 248, 340, 369, 522-524

biogcography

of animals, 46A-49A, 67A, 112, 114, 115, 198, 370,

389, 409.628

of plants, 21A, 22A, 65A, 68A, 70, 147, 312, 328,

527,558, 559

birds

effects of eruption, 24, 48A, 51A, 234, 257-261,

370, 409, 462

recovery, 48A, 51A, 208, 370, 409

survival of eruption, 48A, 112, 183

blast deposit. See pyroclastic deposits, erosion of

broadlcaf lupine. See Lupinus latifolius

buckwheat. See Eriogonum pyroltfolium

caddisfly. See Trichoptera

Cascade aster. See Aster ledophyllus

caves

biology. See speliobiology

geomorphology, 6A, 32A, 237-241. 271, 491

cedar, western red. See Thuja plicata

Ceruus elaphus (elk)

effects on vegetation, 54A, SPA, 615

habitat ecology, 54A, 112, 125-127, 388-390

population biology, 54A, 388, 390

Chinook salmon. See Oticorhynchus tshawytscha

climatology. 10A, 14A, 26A, 80,118-120,139,162.182.

220,301, 349, 402, 415,416.448, 454.455, 459,

467,473,474,484, 507,550, 557. See also weather

microclimatology, 1, 10A, 11 A, 465

Coho salmon. See Oncorhynchus kisutch

Coleoptera (beetle), 1A, 24A, 39A, 49A, 59, 167, 168,

170,493

common horsetail. See Equisetum aruense

Coitus (sculpin), recovery, 35A

debris avalanche

colonization by animals, 1A, 40A, 54A, 61 A, 373

erosion of, 27A, 28A, 48, 63A, 278, 279. 281, 282,

338,392, 393, 400, 423, 447, 475

physical properties of deposit, 17A, 23A, 63A, 307

plant debris in deposit, 121, 122

plant establishment on, 1A, 19A, 22A, 27A, 28A,

135,136, 384, 478

process of implacement, 286

sediment transport, 331, 332, 398, 399, 433

water relations, 1A

dendrochronology, 69, 69A, 236, 265, 489, 619-626

Douglas-fir. See Pseudotsuga menziesii

economics, 277, 348, 350, 517-519

ecosystems development, 62A, 65A

on debris avalanche, 1A, 22A, 28A

effects of eruption and recovery, 5, 30A, 35A, 140,

194,197, 200, 207, 208, 365, 476, 486, 545

human effects on, 196

on pumice plain, 30A, 33A, 46A-50A, 68A, 476

in thermal environments, 18A, 42A

elk. See Cervus elaphus

Epilobium angustifolium (fircweed), 39A, 135,408,614

Equisetum arvense (common horsetail), 501, 503-505

Eriogonum pyroltfolium (oarleaf buckwheat), 12A,

90-93

erosion. See also pyroclastic deposits, erosion of;

streams, channel erosion

control methods, 60. 74. 251, 252, 308, 310. 537,

542

ofhillslopcs, 23A, 38, 43A, 63A, 64A, 100-106, 108,

187.188. 190, 329, 330, 333, 412, 413, 497, 540,

543.544.597
—-———— 

Subject lndex'^^^133 "^^.

erosion (continued)

sediment transport, 23A, 43A, 55A, 63A, 64, 189,

235, 285,331-333, 343,447, 512-515, 544, 561

eruptions. See Mount St. Helens

estuaries, 211,300, 317, 318

chemistry of, 466

fish,57,305

macroinvertebrates, 76

fir. See Abies

fireweed. See Epilobium angustifolium

fish

in lakes, 60A, 110,111,185,189

in streams and rivers

effects of eruption, 35A, 38A, 57, 83, 123, 161,

180,185,189,192,223,305,306, 334, 372,

410,440,444,445,456,461, 463, 494, 534-536

recovery, 35A, 38A, 111, 256, 344-346, 373, 469,

602

fleeccflower. See Polygonum newberryi

forestry, 560

damage to timber, 13A, 16A, 29A, 37A, 228, 464,

517-519

effects of pre-emption management on recovery,

23, 27 A, 47A-49A, 210, 242, 366

reforestation

effects on erosion, 23A, 60

planting trials, ^forests, artificial recovery

(planting)

forests

artificial recovery (planting), 36A, SPA, 152, 172,

232, 270, 341, 363,425,469,470,478, 482, 508,

525, 526,599-604

cone production, 53A

damage to timber, 13A, 16A, 29A, 37A, 228, 464,

517-519

effects of eruption, 629

canopies, 37A, 54, 55, 492, 605, 606

mortality, 25A, 29A, 31A, 70A, 488-490

seedlings, 36, 70A, 86-88, 209, 314, 381, 631

understory, 25A, 30-37, 70A, 309, 627, 630,

632-635, 637

forests (continued)

succession, 57A, 69A, 179, 242, 263, 328, 585,

621-623. See also recovery categories under plants

forest zones. See biogeography, of plants

Formicidae. See Hymenoptera, Formicidae

frogs. See amphibians, frogs; Ascaphus truei

fungi

decomposers, 66A, 178, 347, 472

effects of eruption, 66A, 112, 414, 472

mycorrhizal, 2A, 14-18, 31A, 66A, 367, 385, 414,

472

succession, 66A, 84, 85

geochemistry, 259, 267, 435, 436, 521, 539, 549, 596

geomorphology, 34A, 63A, 64A, 280, 286

caves, 6A, 32A, 237-241, 271, 491

channel morphology, 43A, 279, 281-285.

See also debris avalanche; mudflows; streams

glaciers, 6A, 32A, 271

gophers. See Thomomys talpoides

government

eruption response, 44, 50, 123, 161, 180, 300, 438,

494

monument legislation, 8

grand fir. See Abies grandis

health. See human health

hemlock. See Tsuga

herbivory. See animals, wildlife, herbivores

horsetails. See Equisetum arueiise

human health, 7, 20, 44, 45, 50, 51, 78, 81, 117, 214,

287, 387, 420, 563-568, 570, 572-575

eyes, 6, 201

immune response, 421

lungs,10,46,49, 52, 77, 79, 89, 159, 184, 186, 221,

233, 264, 289, 584,586
134 Subject Index

human health (continued)

mortality and morbidity, 51, 173, 387

psychology, 438, 498-500

radiation, 521

Hymenoptera

A/»^ (bee), 72, 288, 571

Formicidae(^t\ 5A, 12, 13, 24A, 25, 26, 39A, 58A

Hypochaeris radicata (spotted cat's ear)

relationship with ants, 58A

insects, 112, 114, 116, 166, 169, 170, 365, 385, 483

aquatic

effects of eruption, 75, 124, 176, 216, 224, 225,

253, 254, 272,273,315,516,595

recovery of stream communities, 7A, 28, 256,

315,595

interactions with plants. See plant-insect

interactions

population biology, 5A, ISA, 25, 39A, 49A, 170,

516,595

predator-prey relationship, 5A, 24A, 26, 39A, 49A,

58A, 217

terrestrial

effects of eruption, 11-13, 24A, 49A, 58A, 61A,

62A, 71-73, 171, 217, 275,276,288,311,493,

538, 551,577

recovery, 7A, 4, 24A, 39A, 49A, 58A, 61A, 62A,

166-170

lakes, 18A, 41A, 58, 60A, 189, 321, 324, 326

algae in, 18A, 358-360, 532, 589

aquatic vegetation in, 41A, 323

chemistry of, 18A, 41A, 42, 45A, 60A, 131-133, 150,

322,336,354,436,592,607, 612, 613

eruption effects, 13A, 18A, 29, 41A, 45A, 60A, 157,

158. 163-165, 175, 176,215,291,297,339,506

fish in, 60A, 110,111,185,189,196

logs in Spirit Lake, 13A, 39, 96-99, 213

macroinvertebrates in, 298

microbiology of, 18A, 41,41A, 42, 82,131,132, 151,

226, 326, 420, 528, 554-556, 610, 611

organic material in, 18A, 41A, 45A, 60A, 339,

355-357,361. 362. 436

plankton in, 60A, 219, 320, 325, 511

recovery, 60A, 297, 322, 324, 326, 608, 609, 611

Legtonella (Legionnaire's disease), 82, 554-556

lichen, 249, 250

Lupinus latifolius (broadlcaf lupine)

effects on soils, 30A, 33A, 245-247, 604

influence on plant succession, 11A, 30A, 245, 246

physiology, 11A, 33A, 62, 93, 244, 245, 604

population biology, 11A, 62

Lupinus lepidus (prairie lupine)

effects on soils, 30A, 33A, 245-247, 604

evolutionary ecology, 8A, 11A

influence on plant succession, 11A, 20A, 30A, 50A,

68A, 245, 246, 408

physiology, 11A, 33A, 62, 93, 244, 245, 604

population biology, 8A, 11A, 50A, 62, 68A

mammals, large. See Cervus elaphus

mammals, small

effects of eruption, 15, 18, 22, 47A, 62A, 290, 453

recovery, 1A, 3, 47A, 62A, 208, 366

survival of eruption, 4A, 21, 23, 47A

meteorology. See climatology; weather

microbiology

of allobiosphere, 169

aquatic, 18A, 41A, 42A, 60A, 593. See also lakes

terrestrial, 30A, 33A, 169, 178, 347

thermal, 18A, 41-43, 42A, 151. 589

mosses, 34, 249, 250, 548,632

in volcanic deposits, 17A

Mountain hemlock. See Tsuga mertensiana

Mount St. Helens

general works, 27, 59, 109, 137, 138, 194-196, 207,

208, 278-280, 294-296, 337, 340, 349, 365, 369,

404, 451, 486, 522-524, 541. 545, 594, 623

historical eruptions, 69A, 278, 295, 337, 404, 451,

605,606,626

monument legislation, 8

prehistoric eruptions, 69, 69A, 236, 328, 451, 587,

619-625

mudflows, 212, 286

effects on caves

biological effects, 6A, 32A, 62A, 112, 240, 491
Subject Index 135

mud flows (continued)

effects on caves (continued)

physical effects, 6A, 32A, 237-241, 491

plant establishment on, 9A, 11A, 20A, 28A, 29A,

56A, 206,243, 262, 458

prehistoric deposits, 293, 624

mycorrhizae. See fungi, mycorrhizal

Newberry's fleeceflowcr. See Polygonum nessberry'i

noble fir. See Abies procera

northern pocket gopher. See Thomomys talpoides

oarlcaf buckwheat. See Eriogonum pyrolifolium

Oncorhynchus (salmon), 372, 443-445, 463, 534, 591

kisutch (coho), 38A, 373, 535, 536

tshawytscha (chinook), 305, 456, 535

Pacific silver fir. See Abies amabi'Us

petrology, 20, 150, 214, 221, 269, 287, 364, 386, 441,

570,575,580

plankton, 426

phytoplankton, 60A, 176, 211, 320, 323, 325, 511,

589

zooplankton, 60A, 176, 219, 298

plant association classification, 21A, 22A, 65A, 70,

558,559

plant-insect interactions, 5A, 25, 26, 39A, 58A, 311,

315

plant morphology, 2, 11A, 12A, 30, 33, 35, 37, 629,

631-634

plant physiology

nutrient relations, 9A, 11A, 12A, 30A, 33A, 36A,

52A, 93-95, 108, 143, 218, 230, 244-246, 262,

368,408, 604, 633

response to pyroclastics, 11A, 30A, 52A, 54, 55, 86,

87,250,352,381, 492, 606, 633

water relations, 1A, 11A, 12A, 56, 62, 63, 68A,

90-92, 482

plants. See also animals, wildlife, herbivores; forests

alpine. See also plants, subalpine

effects of eruption, 30A, 147

natural recovery, 30A, 614

aquatic

effects of eruption, 320, 323, 325, 358-360, 589

recovery, 323, 384

debris

in lakes and streams, 13A, 41 A, 96, 97, 99, 213,

336, 355, 357, 362, 477, 485,514

in volcanic deposits, 17A, 121, 122, 212, 293,

517-519

dispersal, 8A, 19A, 20A, 58A, 68A, 135, 614-617

distribution, 21A, 22A, 65A, 147,198, 312, 327, 527.

See also plant association classification

eastern Washington, 56, 160, 351, 546-548

Shrub Steppe, 56, 249, 250, 263, 352

establishment, 20A

on debris avalanche, 1A, 19A, 22A, 28A, 56A,

57A, 68, 134-137, 478

on mudflow deposits, 9A, 11A, 20A, 28A, 29A,

56A, 206,243, 262. 458

on pyroclastics, 8A, 9A, 11A, 20A, 27A, 30A, 33A,

36, 36A, 50A, 56A, 57A, 68A, 70A, 177, 204,

209,352, 458, 617, 618, 636,637

growth response, 37 A, 88, 265, 314, 489, 490

mercury cycling in, 501-505

mycorrhizae, 2A, 14-16, 18, 19, 66A, 84

net primary production, 9A, 211, 368, 442

nutrient content, 9A, 11A, 12A, 30A, 33A, 36A, 604

phenology, 8A, 11A, 56, 381

pollen analysis, 437

population biology, 8A, 11A, 12A, 50A, 62, 90, 92,

531,547,548

reproduction, 8A, 11A, 53A, 68A, 70A, 277,352, 615

riparian

effects of eruption, 10A, 28A, 29A, 44A, 253, 373

recovery, 22A, 28A, 29A, 44A, 243, 262, 302-304,

353,384

subalpine

effects of eruption, 9A, 11A, 12A, 20A, 3Q.30A,

31A, 34, 36, 51,57A, 62, 70A, 90, 92, 140-147,

442,614, 616, 631, 632

recovery, 8A, 9A, 11A, 12A, 20A, 30A, 50A, 56A,

68A, 70A, 148, 149, 328, 516,614, 633, 634,

636,637

survival of eruption, 9A, 11A, 12A, 20A, 31, 33,

70A, 92,630, 632, 634, 637
136 Subject Index

plants (continued)

succession, 7A, 9A, 22, 25A, 50A, 57A, 68A, 69A,

242, 621 -623. A?<? zy/w recovery categories under

plants

influence of lupine, 77A, ^A, J^A, 5^A, 68A,

245, 246, 408

primary, 1, /A, 14, 16, 7^A, 20A, 22A, 27A, 28A,

50A, 56A, 58A, 68A, 134-136, 145, 148, 149,

210, 243, 328,408, 614, 616-618

upland

artificial recovery (planting), 7 PA, 36A, SPA, 60,

74,104,136,137. 172, 196, 204,251,262,263,

270, 308, 310,313,425,470,478,508, 533,

537,599.602,603

effects of eruption, 13A, 16A, 17 A, 25A, 27 A,

29A-31A, 37A, 70A, 265, 277, 314, 351, 352,

488-490, 492, 517-519, 544, 545, 606, 635

natural recovery, 2, 4A, 5, 77A, 19A, 22, 25A,

27A-30A, 30, 32, 34, 36, 56A-58A, 70A, 92,

137, 146,148,149,177,179, 204, 205, 209,

210,222,242.243,328,353, 384, 533,

546-548, 585

survival of eruption, 2, 25A, 27 A, 37, 70A

in wetlands, 22A

Polygonum newberryi (Newbcrry's fleeceflowcr)

host for aphids, 5A

physiology, 12A, 90-93

population biology, 12A, 90, 92

ponds. See lakes

population biology

of animals, 5A, 21, 24, 40A, 46A-48A, 54A, 110,

111,125,126,183,223,290,346, 388, 390

of insects, 5A, 75A, 25, 39A, 49A, 170, 516, 595

of plants, 8A, 77A, 12A, 50A, 56A, 62, 68A, 70A, 90,

92, 531, 546-548

prairie lupine. SeeLupinus lepidus

Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir), 112, 204, 209, 228,

341,464,621,622

Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir) (continued)

effects oftephra, 37A, 54, 55, 69A, 86-88, 265, 314,

381

planting trials, 36A, SPA, 206, 209, 341, 381

in Spirit Lake, 13A

use in dendrochronology, 69A, 619

pumice. See pyroclastic deposits

pyroclastic deposits, effects of. See also effects of

eruption categories underpants

algae, 124, 358-360, 460, 477

cave biology, 6A, 32A, 112, 237-239, 241

eastern Washington, 56, 160, 351, 546-548

Shrub Steppe, 56, 249, 250, 263, 352

fish, 57, 58, 110, 157, 163, 185, 189, 192,202,203,

223, 254, 346, 373, 403, 440, 456, 461,463,

534-536

forests, 629

canopies, 37A, 54, 55, 492, 606

mortality, 25A, 29A, 31A, 70A, 488-490

seedlings, 70A, 86-88, 314, 381, 631

undcrstory, 25A, 30-37, 70A, 309, 627, 630,

632-635, 637

glaciers, 6A

insects, 6A, 7A, 11-13, 24A, 28, 49A, 71-73, 75, 76,

124, 171, 217, 224, 225, 254, 272,273,288,298,

311,382, 483, 493, 516, 551,577

invertebrates, 6A, ISA, 24A, 76, 174, 316, 347

lakes, 29, 45A, 157. 163-165, 185, 189, 215, 225,

297,339, 506, 592

soils, 30A, 31A, 33A, 52A, 94, 95, 174, 218, 230,

418, 419, 509, 510, 529,581,627

pyroclastic deposits, erosion of

hillslopes, 23A, 63A, 64A, 100-106, 329, 330, 413,

497,540, 543, 544, 596, 597

rangelands, 190

restabilization efforts, 60, 251, 308, 310, 537

sediment transport, 23A, 43A, 55A, 63A, 64, 189,

235, 285, 331-333, 343, 447, 512-515, 544, 561

water quality effects, 23A, 43A, 62A, 64A, 412

pyroclastic deposits, properties of

chemical, 70A, 214, 267-269, 287, 364, 386, 434,

436, 441, 457, 458, 495, 496, 539. 549, 570, 574,

575,580, 588, 592, 596

gas exchange, 31A, 37A, 174

nutrients, 30A, 36A, 52A, 70A, 128, 129, 199, 218,

227,230,268, 406, 509, 510, 529, 588

soils, 30A, 94, 128-130, 309, 347, 417, 418. 529,

579,581,582, 627

texture, 70A

water relations, 9A, 10A, 12A, 187, 188, 227, 329,

405
Subject Index 137

recreation management, 125-127, 181

recreation opportunities, 350

red alder. See Ainus rubra

reptiles

effects of eruption, 46A

recovery, 40A, 46A

survival of eruption, 46A

Research Natural Areas, 198

riparian. See plants, riparian

salamanders. See amphibians, salamanders

salmon. See Oncorhynchus

Salmomdae. See Oncorhynchus; Saimo

Salrno (trout)

effects of eruption, 334, 461

habitat, 185

recovery, 35A, 111, 223, 344-346

sculpin. See Cottus

small mammals. See mammals, small

snakes. See reptiles

soils

agriculture, 95, 174, 218, 230, 419, 509, 510, 581

effect of lupine, 30A, 33A, 245-247, 604

effects ofpyroclastic deposits, 30A, 31A, 33A, 52A,

94,95,174,218,227,230,418, 419, 509, 510,

581,582,627

properties ofpyroclastic deposits, 30A, 94,

128-130,309,347,417, 579, 581, 627

weather effect on moisture, 9A-11A

speliobiology, 6A, 62A, 112-114, 116, 237-241, 271,

491

spiders. See Araneae

Spirit Lake, 39, 41A, 96-99, 213, 320-326, 357, 361,

362

spotted cat's ear. See Hypochaeris radicata

streams, 3A, 35A, 189, 202, 203, 253-256, 317, 318,

422, 485-487, 598. See also fish; plants, riparian

algae in,124,211,477,532

channel erosion, 43A, 64, 64A, 106, 189, 281-285,

331-333, 374-380, 391-397, 400, 401, 403, 447,

512-515

channel morphology, 34A, 43A, 47, 48, 64A, 66,

281-285, 338, 374-380, 391-397, 400, 401, 423,

424, 427-431, 446, 447, 475, 542

gauging, 55A, 422

insects, 7A, 28, 75, 76, 124, 216, 253, 273, 516, 595

microbiology, 42, 151, 555, 589

sedimentation, 23A, 43A, 63A, 64, 65, 67, 154-156,

281-285, 331-333, 342, 398, 399, 407, 432, 433,

447,542,561

vertebrates, 35A, 216, 255

water quality, 23A, 202, 203, 215, 266, 291, 307,

403,407, 412, 413, 436, 466, 485

succession. See forests, succession; fungi, succession;

plants, succession

tailed frogs. See Ascaphus truei

tcphra. See pyroclasric deposits

thermal environments, 18A, 41-43, 42A, 150, 151,

495,496, 552, 589

Thomomys talpoides (northern pocket gopher), 366,

385

effects on plant reestablishment, 2A, 4A, 15-18, 22

survival of eruption, 4A, 21, 23

Thuja plicata (Western rcdcedar), in Spirit Lake, 13A

trees. See forestry; forests

Trichoptera (caddisfly), 28, 124, 273, 516

trout. See Saimo

Tsuga (hemlock)

heterophylla (western hemlock), 31A, 204, 209

mertensiana (mountain hemlock), 37A, 38

in Spirit Lake, 13A
138 ^^ Subject Index a»ji'Kh":.j* '

volcanic ash, distribution of, 454, 479, 480, 635

volcanic ash, effects on

agriculture, 61, 108, 348, 350, 520

crops, 95, 229-231, 276, 277, 299, 319, 368, 526,

547, 553, 576

irrigation water, 419, 439

livestock and poultry, 411, 449, 450, 520, 571

pests. 11, 217, 275, 276, 311. 493, 577

pollinators, 12. 72, 73, 288, 571

atmosphere, 80, 184, 193, 274, 335, 471, 473, 474

climate. 80, 118-120, 162, 182, 220, 274, 335, 349,

383. 416, 448, 452,454,455,459,471, 473, 474,

481,484,550

domestic animals, 153

human health, 7, 20, 45, 50, 78, 81, 117, 173, 184,

233,264,287,289,350, 387, 421, 521,

562-570, 572-575, 593

eyes, 6, 201

lungs, 46, 49, 52, 77,79,89,159,186,221, 584,

586

water quality

lakes, 18A, 41A

municipal systems, 226, 593

streams, 7A, 23A, 202, 203, 215, 266, 291, 307,

403.412,413,436,485

wildlife. 46A-48A, 51A, 62A, 183, 186, 191, 192,

234, 257-261, 410, 440, 453, 462, 530, 578, 587,

590

weather. See also climatology

clouds. 452, 471,481

effect on soil moisture, 9A-11A

precipitation, 9A-11A, 14A, 26A, 55A, 335, 583

radiation, 9A-11A, 274

snowpack, WA, 14A, 26A, 31, 371

temperature, 9A-11A, 14A, 26A, 383, 468

wind,10A, 55A

Western hemlock. See Tsuga heterophylla

wetlands, 198

natural development of, 22A

seeps, 22A, 43

springs, 552

wildlife. See animals, wildlife
AUTHOR INDEX

Author Index 141

—A—

Abel, Keith, 214

Adams, A.B., 1, 7A, 2-5, 9

Adams, B.K., 6, 7

Adams, Virginia Dale, 8, 9

Adier, Kenneth B., 10

Aji, T., 420

Akre, Roger D, 11-13

Allard, Jack, 45, 82

Alien, Michael F., 2A, 14-19

Almancr, Charles J., 258

Altig, Ronald, 3A

Ammirad, Joseph, Jr., 84

Analytical Chemistry, 20

Andersen, Douglas C., 4A, 19, 21-24

Andersen, Mark C., 5A, 25, 26, 615

Anderson, Charles H., 6A

Anderson, Christopher, 27

Anderson, Norman H., 7A, 28, 254, 487

Anderson, R.Y., 29

Antos, Joseph A., 30-37, 70A, 629-637

Arai, M., 420

Ashkcnas, L.R., 315

Attfield, Michael D., 52, 387

Austin, Steven A., 38, 39

—B—

Bach, James C., 288

Balachandran, Nambath K., 160

Banks, N.G., 40

Barclay, S., 595

Baross, John A., 18A, 41-43, 131-133, 336, 555, 589,

610

Barren, E.W., 452

Barron.J.C., 108

Bateridge, Thomas, 479

Bauer, Michael R., 370

Baxter, Peter J., 44-46, 50, 52, 387

Beach, Gary L., 47, 48, 428, 475

Beauchamp, Raymond, 214

Beck, Barbara D., 49

Bedward, M., 68

Bendtsen, B. Alan, 228, 464

Bcnnett, C.A., 40

Benson, L.V., 596

Bcrner, Robert A., 94

Bernstein, Robert S., 44, 45, 50-52, 79, 201, 387, 421,

586

Bezdicek, D.F., 95, 174

Bibb, William F., 82

Bickncll, Mary, 42A

Bilderback, David E., 53-55

Bishop, John, 8A

Black, R. Alan, 56, 244, 245

Blaser, Martin J., 593

Bliss, Lawrence C., 9A, 10A, 12A, 51A, 91, 92, 142,

442,465

Boehlert, G.W., 57

Bohannon, Dian E., 49

Bolding, Dick, 58

Booth, William, 59

Bosworth, D.A., 60

Bowman, L., 89

Boyd, L.L., 61

Boyll, Mark, 21A

Braatne, Jeffrey H., 77A, 62, 63, 93

Braccwell, J. Michael, 362

Bradley.J.B., 64-67

Bradstock, R.A., 68

Brady, William J., 173

Brain, Joseph D., 49

Brantley, Steven, 69

Brenner, Don J., 82

B riant, James, 214

Britton, Carlton M., 520

Brockway, Dale G., 65A, 70, 559

Bromcnshcnk, Jerry J., 71

Brown, John J., 72, 73

Brown, J.R., 218

Brown, L.A., 74

Brown, Steven S., 255

Brubaker, Linda, 37A, 489

Brusven, M.A., 75, 224, 273, 403

Brzezinski, Mark A., 76

Buckhouse, John, 520

Buist, A. Sonia, 44, 51, 77-79, 201, 586

Burroughs, W.J., 80

Bustad, L.K., 81

Butler, John, 78

Buttler, Gregory B., 10

—C—

Camcron, Kenneth, 69

Campbcll, Clinton L, 311

Campbell, Dan L., 457, 458

Campbell, Joyce, 82, 226

Campbell, K.P., 83

Cannon, William, 214

Carlson, Clinton E., 54

Carlson, Paul, 287
142 Author Index

Carpenter, Steven E., 66A, 84, 85

Carson, Richard, 182

Caruso, John L.» 86-88

Casadevall, Thomas J., 605, 606

Castranova, V., 89

Ceazan, M.L., 356

Chapin. David M., 12A, 63, 90-93

Chappell, Christopher B., 370

Chase, David L., 493

Childers, Dallas, 282

Clampitt, Christopher A., 143

Cochran, M. Ford, 94

Cochran, V.L., 95, 174

Coffin, Harold G., 13A, 96-99

Collins, Brian D., 23A, 100-106, 331-333, 540

Cook, RJ., 107, 108

Corley.J.P.,521

Corpus, Larry D., 13, 311

Costa, John, 14A

Coville, F.V., 109

Crawford, BruceA., 110, 111

Crawford, Rodney L., ISA, 62A, 112-116, 170

Cress, Deanna M., 117

Crisafulli, Charles M., 2A, 17, 46A-50A, 56A, 57 A,

208,366

Critchfield, Howard J., 118-120

Cromack, Kermit, 16A

Cross, Aureal T., 17A, 121, 122

Culberston, J.K., 154

Curl, H.C., Jr., 123

Gushing, Colbert E., 124, 477

Outright, Warren J., 72

Czech, Brian M., 125-127

—D—

Dahlgrcn, Randy A., 128-130, 580

Dahm, Clifford N., 7<?A, 41, 42, 131-133, 324, 336,

485, 589, 610, 613

Dale, Virginia H., 1, 2, 19A, 134-137, 373

Daniel, J. Leiend, 214

Davics, D.R., 220

Davis, J.O., 479

Davis, R.T., 371

Dayton, Leigh, 138

Dean, W.E., 29

Deepak, Adarsh, 139, 415

del Moral, Roger, 20A, 140-149, 616, 617

Delmastro, G.A., 29

DeNee, P.B., 264

Denicola.D.M.,315

Dethier, David P., 150, 441

Detteriine, J.L., 151

Devol.A.H., 611,612

Dewalle, F.B., 539

Dial, Scott E., 152

Diaz, Nancy, 21A, 22A, 65A

Dildinc, Daniel, 153

Dinchart, Randy L., 154-156

Dinnel, P.A., 534-536

Dion.N.P.,157,158,175,176

Dodge, J.E., 391, 395

Dodson, Ronald F., 159

Dollberg, D.D., 52

Donn, William L., 160

Dudley, T.L., 598

Dunne, Thomas, 23A, 103-106, 331-333, 540

Durkin, Terry, 161

Dzurisin, Daniel, 47, 479, 480

—E—

Edahiro, T., 420

Edman, D.A., 162

Edmondson, W.T., 163-165

Edwards, John S., 24A, 166-171

Egan, Timothy, 172

Eisele, John W., 173

Elliott, L.F., 95, 174,347

Ellis, Kathryn, 287

Embrey, S.S., 157, 158, 175, 176

Emmingham, William H., ZSA, 59A, 70, 177, 179,

263

Eng, Sam, 82

Engle, Monica S., 178

Entry, J.A., 177, 179

Erikson, Robert, 214

Essig, Don A., 529

Evans, A.S., 604

Evans, Dale, 180

Evans, John, 214

Evans, R.A., 520

Eves, Jack D., 288

Ewert, Allan, 181

—F—

Fairchild, L.H., 332

Falen, Anita, 406

Falk, Henry, 45, 46, 50, 387

Falter, C.M., 403, 506

Farmer, Judith, 182

Farner, Donald S., 183
Author Index 143

Farwcll, S.O., 184, 221

Faulconer, Lcc, 185

Fedan, Jeffrey S., 186

Fedcr, Gerald L., 358-360

Fclkey, J.R., 184

Fcllin, D.G., 71

Fiksdal, Alien J., 187, 188

Finneran, Steven D., 378

Flahcrty, Davit C., 189

Folsom, Michael M., 190

Fosberg, Maynard A., 368, 406

Foster, J.H., 191, 192, 410

Foster, Lawrence, 50

Fowler, W.B., 193

Fox, Stan, 26A

Frank, David, 150, 441

Franklin, Jerry F., 27A-29A, 194-198, 209, 210, 242,

353,384,486,492

Franz, Eldon H., 30A, 33A, 199, 200, 244-246

Fraunfeldcr, Frederick T., 201

French, Jean, 45

Frcnzcl, S.A., 202, 203

Frcnzcn, Peter M., 27A-29A, 56A, 57A, 196, 204-210,

242

Frey, Brucc E., 211, 317, 318

Friese, C.F., 17

Fricsz, Ron, 234

Fritts, Robert Jr., 413

Fritz, William J., 212, 213

Fromell, Grcgg, 186

Frost, Floyd, 50

Fruchter, Jonathan, 214

Funk, W.H., 215

Fustc, Luis A., 216

Fye, R.E., 217

Fyfe.W.S.,218

—G—

Gaddy, Alan J., 219, 426

Gadian, A.M.. 220

Gage, D.R.,184,221

Gale, Lisa, 474

Gallant, Alisa L., 222

Gallaway, Philip J., 34A

Gamblin, Mark S., 223

Gcdrose, Judy, 593

Geiger, N. Stan, 325

Gcrsich, P.M., 224

Gibson, Flash, 225

Gideon, Rudy A., 289

Gilchrist, R.R., 533

Glass, Michael W., 41A, 226, 326

Goff, Fraser, 496

Goldin, Alan, 227

Goodell, Barry S., 228

Gordon, L.I., 42, 43

Gottschalk, Linda J., 255

Gough, L.P., 229-231

Grant, Michael C., 335

Gray, Robert H., 232, 264

Green, Francis H.Y., 52, 233, 584

Greene, Sarah E., 44A, 304

Gregory, S.V., 315

Grier, Charles, 31A, 265

Griffith, J.S., 223

Grimm, Dawn M., 234

Gutzwiler, J.R., 603

—H—

Hacni, P.P., 235

Haglund, John, 21A, 22A

Hail, G.S., 236

Hall, J.D., 598

Halliday, William R., 32A, 237-241

Hallock, D., 403

Halpern, Charles B., 242, 243

Halverson, Nancy M., 559

Halvorson, Jonathan J., 33A, 244-247

Hammond, Hazel E., 379

Hammond, Paul E., 34A

Hancgan, James L., 225

Hanscn, Laurel D., 12, 13

Harmon, Mark E., 243

Harms, T.F., 230

Harnly, C.D., 248

Harris, Elaine, 249, 250

Harris, Julie, 182

Harrison, R. Dean, 251, 252, 537

Hawkins, Charles P., 35A, 253-256, 315, 487

Hays, W.H., 479

Hayward, James L., 257-261

Hegstad, Karen, 370

Hcilman, Paul E., 36A, 262, 313

Heinemann, W.W., 450

Hcmstrom, Miles A., 70, 263

Hill, Calvin R., 260, 261

Hill, J.O., 264

Hinckley, K.E., 3

Hinckley, Thomas M., 37A, 265, 482, 488, 489, 492

Hindin, Ervin, 266
144 Author Index

Hinkley. Todd K., 267

Hinzman, C., 3

Hirsch, Karl F., 259

Hoblitt, Richard P., 624, 625

Hoffcr, Jerry M., 268, 269

Hoffer, Robin L., 268, 269

Hoffman, M.F., 473, 474

Holbrook, James J., 270

Holton, Robert L., 76, 466

Honsinger, Charles N., 6A, 271

Hopson, C.A., 386

Hornig, C.E., 75. 272, 273, 403

Horsky, Stanya J., 503

Howard, R.G., 274

Howell, J. Franklin, 275, 276

Hudson, J.G., 471

Huff, Mark H., 370

Hunn, Eugene S., 277

Hunt, Gary A., 66A, 85

Hurst, George A., 159

Hussain, Yahaya Bin, 73

Hutt, Robert B., 276

Imoto, Hiromi, 265

Ing, Roy, 45, 46, 50, 387

Inverse, G., 403

Ishii, A., 420

Iverson, Richard M., 278, 279, 541

Jackson, Peter, 214

Jagielo, T.H., 535

Janda, Richard J., 63A, 279-286, 376, 392, 393,

398-400

Janko, Marija, 287

Jayasimhulu, K., 87, 88

Jeakins, S.L., 17

Jefferson, Timmothy H., 293

Jcnscn, Alvin L., 305

Jernegan, M.F., 184,221

Johansen, Carl A., 288

Johnson, David S., 201

Johnson, Greg, 38A

Johnson, J.W., 464

Johnson, Kit G., 289

Johnson, Kurt A., 290, 366

Johnson, Larry R., 77, 79, 586

Johnson, S.R., 83

Jones, G.S., 89

Jones, J.T., 5

Jones, R.P., 372

Juday, Richard E., 291

Juranek, Dennis D., 593

-KKalina, Robert E., 201

Kanarek, Paula H., 77

Kareiva, Peter, 5A, 39A

Karlstrom, Ernest L., 40A, 292

Karowe, Amy L., 293

Kathren.R.L.,521

Keatley, John E., 603

Kcenan, B.L., 428

Keller, Edward J., 291

Keller, S.A.C., 294-296

Kelly, P.M., 484

Kclly, Valeric J., 60A, 297

Kendra, W.R., 298

Kennedy, R.A., 299

Kent, Dave, 300

Kerr, R.A., 301

Keyes, Michael, 265

Kienie, C.F., 386

Kiilsgaard, Chris W., 210, 302-304

Kincaid, R.L., 450

Kious, Christopher W., 288

Kirn, Richard A., 305, 306

Klein, John M., 307, 355, 436

Klock, Glen 0., 308-310

Klostermeyer, E.G., 311

Knott.J.M., 155

Knutson, K. Lca, 390

Kocmond.W.C.,471

Koes, R.M., 450

Kronbcrg, B.I.. 218

Kruckeberg, Arthur R., 2, 312

Ku, Maurice S.B., 250

Kuo,Shiou,^A,313

—L—

Lacker, Susan, 265, 314

Lacroix, S., 226

LaManna, J., 580

Lambert, Mary Ann, 82

Lamberti, Gary A., 315, 532

Lang, Bruce Z., 316

Lara-lara, J. Ruben, 211, 317, 318

Larsen, Fenton E., 413

Larsen, R. Paul., 319
Author Index 145

Larson. Douglas W., 41A, 320-326

Laul, Jagdish, 214

Lawrence, Donald B., 327, 328, 625, 626

Lazoff, S.B., 592

Lea, Jon, 26A

Leavcsley, George H., 329, 330

Ledgcrwood, Richard D., 305, 306

Lee, (Catherine M., 31 A, 265

Lee, Richard, 214

Leffler, Sanford R., 3, 4

Lehmicke, L.G., 528

Lehrc, Andrc K., 23A, 105, 106, 331-333, 338

Lcider, Stcven A., 334

Leigh, John, 42A

Leonardos, O.H., 218

Lepel, Elwood, 214

Leslie, D.A., 533

Leslie, Debra A., 482

Levno, Al, 64A

Lewis, Daniel M., 421

Lewis, William M., 335

Lewman, LarryV., 173

Lichte, F.E., 230

Lichty, Robert W., 329, 330

Lillcy, Marvin D., 41-43, 131-133, 336, 589, 610

Lindell, Michael K., 438

Lindholm, George R., 173

Lipman, Peter W., 337

Lippy, Edwin C., 593

Lisle, Thomas E., 43A, 338

Litt, A.H., 164, 165

Livingstone, D.A., 339

Lofstgaarden, Don 0., 289

Logan, Robert, 341

Logan, Sheila E., 341

Lombard, R.E., 342, 343

Lopushinsky, W., 193

Lucas, Robert, 344-346

Lusby, Gregg C., 329, 330

Lybarger, Jeffrey A., 78

Lynch, J.M., 347

Lyons, James V., 348

—M—

Ma,Jane, 186

McCabe, Tim, 60

McCamant, Lynn E., 79, 586

McCawlcy, Mike A., 52, 387

McCool, D.K., 405, 413

McCormick, M.P., 349

MacCready, J. Scott., 350

McDowcll, M., 226

McElroy, W.K., 5

McGinnis, J., 450

Mclsaac, Donald 0., 456

Mack, Richard N., 56, 250, 351, 352, 460

McKee, W. Arthur, 44A, 210, 304, 353, 384

McKnight, Diane M., 4SA, 354-362, 613

McLean, Herbert E., 363

McLucas, Glennda, 364

MacMahon, James A., 4A, 18, 19, 22-24, 46A-50A,

197, 365-367

McNeal,B.L..509,510

McReynolds, W.E., 450

Maguirc, Douglas, 37A, 489

Mahler, R.L, 368

Maiden, Jay C., 276

Mango, Patrice D., 379

Manson, Connie J., 340, 369

Manuwal, David A., 57A, 370

Man-on, J.K., 371

Martin, Douglas J., 372, 373

Martin, R. Russell, 159

Martin, Thomas R., 78

Martinson, Holly A., 278, 286, 338, 374-380, 393,

394,401, 541

Martinson, Sheila R., 381

Mason, R.R., 382

Mass, Clifford, 383, 468

Mast, William W., 379

Matsuoka, H., 420

Max, Timothy A., 517-519

Mayer, Daniel F., 288

Mayland, H.F., 520

Means, Joseph E., 52A, 53A, 210, 242, 353, 384, 385

Melby, C.L., 535, 536

Melson, W.G., 386

Mentncch, M. Sharon, 186, 233, 421, 584

Merchant, James A., 45, 52, 233, 387

Merrill, Evelyn H., 54A, 388-390

Messick, Carol H., 369

Metting, Blainc, 460

Meyer, David F., 279, 283-285, 338, 375, 376, 380,

391-401, 424

Meyerhoff, Richard D., 7A

Miles, P.R., 89

Miller. Don E., 260, 261

Miller, George R., 55A, 402

Milligan, J.M., 403
146 Author Index

Mitchcll, B., 403

Mohlenbrock, Robert H., 404

Moir, William H., 353, 384

Molnau, Myron, 405, 413

Mongillo, Paul, 185

Moody, Ula, 406

Moore, Pamela A., 407

Morgan, J.B., 57

Morikawa, Yasushi, 265, 492

Morris, William F., SPA, 408, 618

Moss, C. Wayne, 82

Moss, Owen, 214

Mossman, Brookc T., 10

Mull, Judith C., 421

Mullcr, Patrick J., 409

Muller-ScharerH.,531

Mullineaux, Donal R., 337

Murdock, F.R., 450

Muscari, Michael, 58A

Myers, W.L., Jr., 191, 192, 410

—N—

Nagamoto, C.T., 452

Nakaue.H.S.,411

Nammah, Hassan A., 412, 413

Nantcl, P., 414

Nault, Bob, 26A

Nedrow, Mark E., 288

Nelson, Richard A., 306

Nemeth, Richard S., 456

Neumann, P., 414

Ncvissi, Ahmad E., 539, 612

Newell, Reginald E., 415, 416

Newton, GJ., 264

Nimlos, Thomas J., 417

Nolan, K. Michael, 286, 338, 395

Norton, Helen H., 277

Nuhfer, E.B., 29

Nuhn, William W., 418, 580

Nutt, G.W., 419

—0—

O'Halloran, Ronald L., 173

Ohta, N., 420

Olenchock, Stephen A., 421

Olson Khris, 214

Ono, T.,420

Orwig, C.E., 422

O'Sullivan, Michael F., 159

Owens, E.J., 509, 510

Owston, Peyton W., SPA

—P—

Paine, Alasdair D.M., 423, 424

Palmer, F.E., 528

Papendick, R.I., 95, 108, 174

Papp, C.S.E., 230, 231

Pardo, Richard, 425

Parker, R.A., 219, 426

Parmentcr, Robert R., 49A, 366

Parsons, Michael R., 48, 427-429

Parungo, P.P., 452

Paul, H.G., 382

Peard.J.L., 229-231

Pearson, Monte L., 48, 430-433

Peet, R.W., 528

Pereira, Wilfred E., 356, 434-436

Perez-Obiol, R., 437

Perkins, Richard, 214

Perry, Ronald W., 438

Petersen, Richard, 60A

Petcrson, Donald Abbott, 439

Peterson, Merrill A., 170

Petcrson, S.R., 440

Pevcar, David R., 150,441

Pfitsch, William A., 9A, 442

Phinney, Duane E., 443-445

Pierson, M.L., 411

Pierson, T.C., 446

Pincha, Elizabeth M.W., 447

Platts, William S., 223

Plikaytis, Brian, 46

Pollack, J.B., 448

Postle, R.C., 71

Preston, R.L., 449, 450

Pringle, Patrick T., 69, 451

Pueschel,R.F.,452,481

Pyke, David A., 453

—Q—

Quinn, Robert R., 454, 455

Quinn, Thomas P., 456

—R—

Radwan, M.A., 457, 458

Raedeke, Kenneth J., 54A, 390

Rasmussen, Evvie, 459

Ratri, John T., 234

Rayburn, William R., 460

Reay, Donald T., 173
Author Index 147

Rcdding, J.M., 461

Reed, Hal C., 12, 13

Reed, Len, 14A

Rccs, James R., 462

Rees, William, 463

Recsc, James R., 407

Reinhardt, H.E., 71

Rcsch, Hclmuth, 228, 464

Rettberg, T.M., 236

Reynolds, George D., WA, 465

Riedel, G.R., 466

Ritter, J.R., 155

Robcrtson, David, 214

Robertson, Graeme W., 362

Robertson, Theodore C., 259

Robinson, Alfred, 214

Robock, Alan, 383, 467, 468

Rochelle, James A., 469, 470

Rogers, C.F., 471

Ronald, Pamela, 472

Rose, W.I., Jr.. 473, 474

Roscnfeld, Charles L., 48, 428, 432, 475

Ross, B.D., 535, 536

Rossi, Richard E., 476

Rostad, Colleen E., 434-436

Roure, J.M., 437

Rushforth, Samuel R., 477

Russell, Kenelm, 478

—S—

Salo, E.G., 372, 534-536

Sanders, Ronald, 214

Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M., 479, 480

Saxton, K.c., 405

Schmidt, J.M., 40

Schncll, R.C., 481

Schreck, C.B., 461

Schulte, Paul J., 482

Schumm, Stanley A., 424

Schwartz, Lawrence M., 171

Scott, D.R., 483

Scott, Kevin M., 279, 286

Sear, C.B., 484

Seastedt, Timothy, 61A

Sedell, James R..3SA, 41, 131-133, 197, 256,

485-487,589,611,612

Segura, Gerardo, 488-490

Sehmel, George, 214

Scidler, Ramon J., 555, 556

Selin, Richard, 162

Sell, Charles R., 276

Senger, Clyde M., 62A, 114, 116, 491

Severson, R.C., 230

Sexton, Gary J., 77

Seymour, Virginia A., 265, 492

Shacklette, H.T., 231

Shade,John,214

Shanks, Carl H., 493

Shannon, W.M., 269

Shaw, Gary, 494

Shevenell, Lisa, 495, 496

Shipley, Susan, 479, 480, 497

Shore, James H., 78, 498-500

Shreve, J.M., 89

Siegel, Barbara Z., 501-505

Siegel, Sanford M., 501-505

Simon, Andrew, 63 A

Simpson, D.P., 67

Sinnott, Gertrude M., 369

Sites, Robert W., 628

Skille, J.M., 506

Skinner, Walter R., 507

Sletten, R.S., 581, 582

Slone, J.H., 55

Sloniker, Eugene V., 508

Small, Lawrence F., 211, 317, 318

Smith, E.P., 2

Smith, Jeffrey L., 244-247, 509, 510

Smith, Kathleen S., 230, 267

Smith,M.A.,511

Smith, Richard D., 338, 512-515, 543, 597

Smith, Stamford D., 124, 516

Sncll, J.A. Kendall, 517-519

Snellgrove, Thomas A., 517-519

Sneva, Forrcst A., 520

Soldat.J.K.,521

Sovonick-Dunford, S., 88

Squires, Lorin E., 477

St. Helens Forest Land Research Cooperative,

522-526

St. John, Harold, 527

Stafford, Susan G., 304

Staley, James T., 42A, 528, 611

Stark, Nellie M., 529

Stauber, Eric, 530

Steigerwalt, Arnold G., 82

Stein, Gary F., 45, 387

Steinger, T., 531

Steinman, Alan D., 532
148 Author Index

Stcvcns, Robert G., 482, 533, 603

Stevens, S.S., 87

Stiles, Eric A., 358-360

Stober. QJ., 534-536

Strcnge,D.L.,521

Stroh, J.R., 537

Sugg, Patrick M., 24A, 170, 538

Sumida-Stevcns, S., 88

Sung, F.C., 539

Swanson, Frederick J., 64A, 196, 197, 210, 280, 486,

513,515,540-545,597

Swcdberg, Kenneth C., 546-548

Sweet, J.W., 320

—T—

Tabcr, Richard D., 54A, 390

Taggart, Ralph E., /7A, 121, 122

Tatum, Ellie L., 498-500

Taves, D.R., 549

Taylor, B.L., 550

Taylor, Cindy, 3A

Taylor, Howard E., 434, 436

Teaslcy, Bill, 26A

Temko. H.M., 67

Tcskey, Robert 0., 265, 482

Thcroux, Leon J., 551

Thompson, J. Michael, 552

Thorn, Kevin A., 357, 361, 362

Thornton, Robert, 553

Tillett.W.E., 192,410

Tison, David L., 554-556

Tittemorc, D., 174

Tohgi, N., 420

Tomasck, M.D., 592

Toon, O.B., 557

Topik, Christopher, 22A, 65A, 70, 558, 559

Topinka, Lyn J., 378

Trappe, James M., 66A, 84, 85

Tucker, D.G., 560

Tucker, James H., 233, 584

Turchin, Peter, 39A

Turton, D.J., 561

Tuttle, M.L., 230

Tyckoson, D.A., 248

—U—

Ugolini, E.G., 128, 129, 580-582

Uhrich, Mark A., 583

U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency,

562-578

U.S. Soil Conservation Service, 579

—V—

Vallyathan, Val, 233, 584

VanTuyl.Harold.214

Vavra, Martin, 520

Veirs, Stephen D., 542, 585

Vogt, Kristina, 265

Vollmer, William M., 77, 79, 498-500, 586

Voorhies, M.R., 587

—W—

Wade, D.,403

Wagner, Richard, 588

Waitt, R.B., Jr., 479, 480

Walker, Richard B., 588

Wallace, J.R., 5

Ward, Amelia K., 41, 131-133, 589

Warner, Nancy, 367

Washington State Game Department, 590

Washington Water News, 591

Wasserman, Lawrence J., 372, 373

Welch, E.B., 592

Wellman, D.L., 452, 481

Wcniger, Bruce G., 593

Wershaw, Robert L., 357, 361, 362

Wever, John W., 594

Wharton, D.A., 595

White, A.F., 596

White,M.J.,511

Wiberg, Curt, 198

Wicherski, B.P., 540, 543, 597

Wickman, B.E., 382

Wildman, R.C., 315

Wilhelm, W.E., 151

Williams, G.J., Ill, 108

Wilson, Albert G., Jr., 67A

Wilson, S.L., 466

Wilzbach, Peggy, 598

Winget, G.D., 88

Winjum, Jack K., 385, 533, 599-603

Winn, A.A., 604

Winner, William E., 605, 606

Wisseman, R.W., 28

Wissmar, Robert C., 355, 356, 528, 607-613

Wogman, Ned, 214

Wolniakowski, K.U., 83

Wood, David M., 68A, 144-149, 408, 614-618

W^ood, S.H., 479, 480

Woolcock. Bill, 26A
Author Index 149

Wright, G., 488

Wunderman, R.L., 474

—Y—

Yamaguchi, David K., 69, 69A, 236, 619-626

Yamasaki, G.M., 71

Yce, Andy, 596

Yoklavich, M.M., 57

Young, J.A., 520

Young, Karen A., 258

—Z—

Zachara, J., 580

Zahran, H.H., 627

Zaiisko, Edward J., 628

Zobel. Donald B., 31-37, 70A, 629-637

Frenzen, Peter M.; Delano, Anne M., Crisafulli, Charles M., comps. 1994.

Mount St. Helens: biological responses following the 1980 eruptions—an indexed

bibliography and research abstracts (1980-93). Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-342.

Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest

Research Station. 149 p.

The May 18, 1980, eruption of Mount St. Helens in Washington is possibly the best

documented geological event in history. The bibliography displays the results of 13

years of biological and related research in a convenient, indexed format. Our intent is

to facilitate collaboration between scientists contemplating new research initiatives

and experienced investigators who have conducted baseline studies at the volcano.

Prospective investigators are encouraged to contact the Monument Scientist and

individual authors listed in the research abstracts to find out more about research

opportunities at Mount St. Helens.

Keywords: Bibliography, biological research. Mount St. Helens.

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