BOLIVIA

BRIEFS
MICROWAVE SYSTEM FOR TELEVISION--The Bolivian Television Enterprise has adopted the
microwave system and discarded the earlier system of relay stations. The first of the
new microwave equipment has been installed in La Paz and Oruro and will start functioning
within the next few days. The television enterprise has a short-term plan of installing
its own microwave network, independent from that of the National Telecommunications
Company [ENTEL], to extend television throughout Bolivian territory. [La Paz Radio t
Fides in Spanish 1130 GMT 9 Dec 77 PY]

cso: 5500

ay



a

Mobile "Mars" station

The "Ekran" satellite receives FM television signals transmitted by a
ground space communication station situated in the Moscow region at a
frequency of 6 GHz and transmits them in the frequency band 702-726 MHz
in the selected servicing zone.

The ground network receiving apparatus receives the FM signals of the
"Ekran" satellite in the frequency band 702-726 MHz and transforms them
into AM television signals in one of the channels in the meter wavelength
range. These signals by means of a surface low-power relay station are
transmitted in the zone occupied by a populated place, which ensures the
reception of programs by television sets with ordinary collective or indi-
vidual antennas. The quality of the received signal is no worse than in
the zone of servicing of a surface television center.

35



A number of complex technical problems in constructing communication sat-
ellites was solved in the development and construction of the "Molniya-1"
satellite. Solar cells were used; their panels were oriented on the sun,
which ensured a high efficiency of the use of their surface and a high
energy resource of the satellite. The power of the on-board transmitter was
40 W and considerably exceeded the power of the transmitters of foreign
communication satellites of that time. The pencil-beam on-board antenna
with motion of the satellite in orbit was constantly oriented on the center
of the earth.

In this way it was possible to ensure a greater effective power of the
emitted signals and due to this use relatively simple ground receiving sta-
tions of the "Orbita" type with 4 dish diameter of the parabolic antennas
of 12 m. At the same time, in foreign satellite communication technology
specialists have constructed far more complex ground stations with antennas
having a diameter of 25-30 m and super-highly sensitive receivers cooled by
liquid helium. Soviet industry in a very short time not only mastered
equipment for the "Orbita" stations but also organized its standard produc-
tion.

In 1967, by the 50th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution,

the “Orbita" television distribution system was put into operation. It con-

sists of 21 ground stations in remote regions of Siberia, the Far North, Far
East, Central Asia and Kazakhstan.

The network of "Orbita" stations increased intensively during the years
which followed. This was favored by the active participation of local Party
and soviet organs with the employment of local funds for this purpose.

Seventy-five stations have now been constructed in many cities and even
settlements of remote regions in the USSR -- in places where there is a rel-
atively great population and where the construction of such a station is
economically justified. Today virtually all cities with a large population
have central television.

A number of the "Orbita" stations, in addition to the reception of programs
from Central Television, are used for telephonic-telegraphic communication
and the exchange of other types of information: reception of radio broad-
casts, phototelegraphic exchange, reception of newspaper mats. The number
of such multipurpose "Orbita" receiving-transmitting stations will be in-
creased by means of reconstruction of stations constructed initially only
for the reception of television.

Together with the development of the network of ground stations there has
also been improvement in satellite communication. The different "Molniya-
2," "Molniya-3" and the "Raduga" geostationary satellites appeared in high
elliptical orbits. They considerably broadened the possibilities not only
of satellite television, but also satellite communication in general.

31



FRANCE

PRC DELEGATIONS VISIT SPACE, TELECOMMUNICATIONS WORKS
Paris ELECTRONIQUE ACTUALITES in French 25 Nov 77 p 10

(Unsigned article: "Two Chinese Delegations to Paris Visit Our Space and
Telecommunications Industries"]

[Text] Two large Chinese delegations specialized in the fields of astronautics
and telecommunications, are in France for about two weeks. They follow a
delegation of electronics specialists which was here three weeks ago.

During their stay in France, the two delegations will visit not only official
organizations and laboratories, but also plants which manufacture equipment
used for space programs and for the installation of telecommunication networks.
As a space and nuclear power faced with problems created by its territorial
size, and under its new leadership, China appears determined to modernize its
equipment for the new forward leap which it seems to have decided

Led by Chen Chien, vice-chairman of the Peking Aeronautics and Astronautics
Society, the delegation of space specialists arrived on 14 November; it will
visit the installations of the National Center for Space Studies (CNES), of
Aerospatiale, of Thomson-CSF, and of the Societe Europeene de Propulsion
(European Propulsion Company), which manufactures and installs the various
elements of the Ariane rocket and of satellites. Led by Li Lin Tchuan,
director general of Chinese Telecommunications, the second delegation will
similarly visit the installations of the Tuilleries or Roissy Central, of
the Teleinformation Promotion Center, of the LTT Cable Works, of CIT-Alcatel,
of SAGEM, and of the National Center for Telecommunications Studies at Lannion
(Cotes du Nord), as well as various other centers or industrial companies in
Toulouse, Nantes, or the Paris region.

In the wake of the electronics specialists, the interest shown by the two
delegations of engineers and university personnel -- researchers all -- in
aerospace and telecommunications technology, appears to indicate that Peking
may be evaluating the possibility of providing a satellite telecommunications
system for China. Already a member of Intelsat, the international organization

LO



SINGAPORE

MORE SATELLITE EARTH STATIONS MAY BE ESTABLISHED
BK161337Y Singapore THE STRAITS TIMES in English 16 Dec 77 p 21 BK

[Summary] The Telecommnication Authority is looking into the possibility of providing
another earth station to enable Singapore to keep up with the growing traffic in inter-
national and regional satellite commnications, ‘The new station would be linked to
either the U.S, Maritime Satellite System or the International Maritime Satellite System,

"Singapore is planning ahead to participate in the growing activities in the field of
international and regional satellite commnications," said a Telecommnication Authority
spokesman, "These include the upgrading of the existing Sentosa Earth Station or pro=
viding a new earth station to operate to the new series known as Intelsat V satellites,
which would be operated by the International Telecommnications Satellite Organization
(Intelsat)." At present, the Sentosa Earth Station accommodates two Intelsat antennae,
By expanding the station, another one or two more antennas may be located in Sentosa.

cso: 5500



WEST GERMANY

BRIEFS

EUROPEAN SPACE SATELLITE FIRM--Munich--The European space enterprises of Aerospatiale
(France) ETCA (Belgium) and Messerschmitt-Boelkow-Blohm (MBB) have signed a contract in
Munich on a joint company for operational and communications satellites. The new
'Eurosatellite GMBH' is based in Munich, ‘The founding firms intend, as MBB said today,
to bring into the new company their technical experience, particularly in the sector
of operational and communications satellites. As its first job 'Eurosatellite' expects
to conclude a contract for 'H-Sat! (heavy satellite) the so-called heavy communications
satellite of the European space organization ESA for direct radio and television, It was
also stated that the company intends to operate worldwide in the operational satellite
market, The management of 'Eurosatellite! was given to Rolf Armin of MBB and Francois
Turck of Aerospatiale. [Text] [Hamburg DPA in German 1253 GMT 13 Dec 77 LD) .

cso: 5500 END



even makes it possible to accommodate television transmissions. At the pres-
ent time, only the United States is using coaxial cables for public communi-
cations. The Rio-Sao Paulo route, consisting of 500 kilometers, will enter

into operation in 1979.

8568
CSO: 5500

18



Testing of the "Ekran" and experimental operation of the existing receiv-
ing network, which at the present time includes more than 60 stations, has
shown good results.

The further development of the ground network of receiving stations of the
"Ekran" type is a matter of time. In order to ensure total coverage of this
zone it is only necessary to construct and install the necessary number of
receiving stations and low-power relay stations.

The program of Central Television transmitted via the "Ekran" satellite
can be received, to be sure, in cities for transmission via ground tele-
vision transmitters. In this case the quality of the received signal must
be greater than in the case of reception with collective receivers.

For this purpose there are special receivers of a higher class. They are
supplied with antennas in the form of phased arrays. The antennas are in-
stalled on special supports. All the units in the receiving apparatus have
a reserve for ensuring a high reliability; built-in measuring instruments
ensure the monitoring of the state of the receiver and signal quality. A
receiver of this type converts the FM signal received from the "Ekran"
satellite into separate signals -- the video signal of the television im
age and an acoustic signal. From the receiver these signals are fed through
a connecting line to a powerful surface television transmitter.

Together with use of the decimeter frequency range, even now the question
arises of the use of other ranges for ensuring multiprogram satellite tel-
evision broadcasting with transmission of programs to different time zones
at a time convenient for television viewers.

By a resolution of the World Administrative Radio Conference on Space Com
munication (Geneva, 1976) the frequency range 11.7-12.5 GHz was allocated
for this purpose.

These computations show that the problems of ensuring multiprogram tele-
vision broadcasting in all countries of the world by time zones can be
solved with the optimum use of the frequency range 11.7-12.5 GHz. Plans
call for the creation of national systems for satellite television broad-
casting in this frequency range on the basis of the international plan for
the distribution of frequency bands and satellite positions in geostation-
ary orbit. Such a plan was worked out for the countries of Europe, Asia
and Africa by the World Administrative Conference on Satellite Television
Broadcasting held in Geneva in January-February 1977.

The Soviet Union has been allocated 70 channels for the transmission of
television programs by time zones and five positions in a stationary orbit
for the parking of satellites.

The use of the frequency range 11.7-12.5 GHz for TV broadcasting also has

difficulties. In this range the attenuation of signals during the propaga-
tion of radio waves in the atmosphere is considerably greater due to

36



CONTENTS (Continued)
SRI LANKA

Briefs
Telecommunication Via Satellite

THAILAND

Cabinet Approves SRV Proposal for Radioteletype Link
(Bangkok Domestic Service, 20 Bet 77} ..sesseseseeee

VIETNAM

SRV To Reorganize Communications Services
(Editorial Report) ..ccsscssccececcccesccecceeceeece

Cuu Long Province Puts New Radio in Operation
Ho Chi Minh City Domestic Service, 26 Dec 77) .....

EASTERN EUROPE
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Briefs
" TV Test Operations
TV Transmitter in Bohemia
Cable Radio Network
New Television Transmitter
LATIN AMERICA
BOLIVIA

Briefs
Microwave System for Television

BRAZIL

Satellite Program To Resume With Venezuela, Colombia
(0 GLOBO, 10 Dec 77) sceseccsccecececcecs

EMBRATEL To Activate 9 000 Telephone Circuits in December
(0 GLOBO, 11 Dec 77) ccseccsccesccecccncceccsecceeccs

Briefs
Communications Investments for 1978

10

il

14

15

17

19



to be fixed in place. The zone of visibility of these satellites on the
earth's surface almost does not change with time and the ground stations
situated in this zone can constantly maintain communication through such
a satellite. However, geostationary satellites do not ensure communication
in the polar regions.

The territory of the Soviet Union is not covered by a single geostationary
satellite and therefore communication between Kamchatka and Chukotka and
Moscow cannot be accomplished by relaying through one such satellite.

Communication satellites of another type revolve around the earth in high
elliptical orbits with an apogee of about 40,000 km and a perigee of about
500 km; inclination of the orbital plane to the equator -- 63.5°. These
satellites have a period of revolution of 12 hours and in 24 hours make

two revolutions around the earth. With motion in orbit at an altitude of
30,000-40,000 km, that is, in a region close to the apogee, in the course of
six to eight hours they "cover" a large part of the northern hemisphere.
Such satellites ensure communication over the entire territory of the Soviet
Union and with their use both in the main orbits (apogee over the eastern
hemisphere) and in conjugate orbits (apogee over the western hemisphere)

it is possible to accomplish communication from Moscow or from other sta-
tions within the limits of almost the entire northern hemisphere, including
the polar regions.

Four satellites in high elliptical orbits, whose planes are displaced rela-
tive to one another by 90°, ensure around=the-clock communication with
brief breaks for transfer from one satellite to another.

"Orbita" System

The first "Molniya~1" Soviet communication satellite was put into an ellip-
tical orbit in April 1965. By means of this it was possible to begin trans-
mission of Central Television programs to Vladivostok and back (see ZEMLYA
I VSELENNAYA, No 4, 1965, pp 54-57. Editor's note).

However, the "Molniya-1" satellites were faced with broad tasks -- ensuring
transmission not only to Vladivostok and not only the programs of Central
Television, but also the transmission of all types of information to tens
of administrative and industrial centers in Siberia, the Far East, the Far
North and Central Asia.

It was necessary to create an extensive satellite communication television
distribution system which was later given the name “Orbita."

A highly important problem in creating such a system, requiring the construc-
tion of a great number of surface stations and considerable capital expend-
itures, was the optimizing of the technical characteristics of the satel-
lite and ground network stations. If this was not done, the system would be
far more expensive.

29



BRAZIL

SATELLITE PROGRAM TO RESUME WITH VENEZUELA, COLOMBIA
Rio de Janeiro 0 GLOBO in Portuguese 10 Dec 77 Pg

[fext7 Brasilia--The Brazilian domestic satellite program, deactivated in
June of this year, is now to be resumed with Venezuela and Colombia. During
the visit made by President Carlos Andres Perez to Brazil, this subject was
discussed at the technical level, and studies are already being initiated
for a technical commission composed of individuals from all three countries.
The high cost of the project was the principal reason for which Brazil in-
terrupted the satellite studies; the satellite is expected to be used es-
pecially for communications in the Amazon River region.

Even before launching the domestic satellite, whose objective is to improve

communications throughout the national territory--principally connecting the
more inaccessible regions with those of the Amazon River region--Brazil al-

ready warranted an exclusive position among the signers of the INTELSAT (In-
ternational Organization of Telecommunications via Satellite) system.

Despite Brazil's having the domestic satellite, it will not abandon the IN-
TELSAT system, On the contrary, combining the two systems, the government
hopes to achieve a highly efficient level of national and international tel-
ephonic communications of radio and TV transmissions,

The pursuit of that development began last year, when Brazilian participation
in INTELSAT amounted to 9.5 million cruzeiros, which put the country in fourth
Place among the major investors in the system. Only the United States, the
United Kingdom and France have greater voting powers than Brazil.

The INTELSAT organization was established in 1964 as an international commer-
cial company aimed at planning, implementing and controlling Western communi-
cations via satellite. Now, with 95 member countries, the organization has

a net worth of $900 million, providing Brazil with a pre-fixed annual income
of 14 percent,

Experts Say Project Can Be Profitable

On 8 June of this year, the government announced the cancellation of competi-
tion for the implementation of a domestic system of telecommunications via

15



SOUTH AFRICA

SAAN COMPUTER-EDITING SYSTEM INTRODUCED
Johannesburg SUNDAY TIMES in English 11 Dec 77 p3
[From the "Business Times" section]

[Text] You are holding history in your hands--this week's Business Times
is the first newspaper in southern Africa to be produced by electronic
editing.

The multi-million rand system commissioned by South African Associated
Newspapers this week is the first of its kind in the southern hemisphere
and one of the most advanced in the world.

Designed in America by Atexing, and already used by a number of prestige
publications, the process has been hailed as the biggest advance in printing
since the invention of the linotype machine in 1885.

The article you are now reading was written without paper or typewriter and
edited without the use of a pen.

And this is how it works:

Journalists working for the newspapers in the SAAN group will be equipped
with a complex keyboard linked to a screen similar to a television set.
These two instruments together comprise a unit called the video display
terminal (VDT), which replaces the newsman's typewriter, pen and paper.

The keyboards have the basic keys of the standard typewriter, plus many
others with computer-related: functions. Instead of typing their stories
on to paper, journalists will now see their work displayed on screens.

Every reporter's unit will be linked to a central computer, and once he is
satisfied with his story he will commit it to the computer's memory. Stories
coming in from reporters will be stored in the computer along with inter-
national news items arriving from the world's major news agencies, and copy
from newspapers in the SAAN group.

al



BRAZIL

EMBRATEL TO ACTIVATE 9,000 TELEPHONE CIRCUITS IN DECEMBER
Rio de Janeiro 0 GLOBO in Portuguese 11 Dec 77 p 23

Gfext] A total of 9,000 direct telephone circuits and an additional TV chan-
nel between Rio and Sao Paulo will be activated this month by EMBRATEL /Bra-
zilian Telecommunications Company/ » Which will place in operation a new trunk
line of high-capacity microwaves to handle the international and interurban
communications services of those two cities. The existing routes consist of
5,400 telephone circuits and two TV channels, in addition to another 1,800
circuits reserved for the Vale do Paraiba region.

With a concentration of more than 75 percent of Brazil's telecommunications
traffic, Rio and Sao Paulo are the states which have the greatest density of
utilization of the systems offered. Between the metropolitan areas of the
two capitals alone, there is a monthly flow of about 2,1 million interurban
connections, with more telephone calls being made from Sao Paulo to Rio, al-
most 1.1 million.

Meeting the Demand

According to EMBRATEL President Haroldo Correa de Matos, "the new capacities
that will enter into circulation yet this year will be able to take care of
the growth in the demand for telecommunications between Rio and Sao Paulo
until 1983, when the coaxial cables will be in operation in that route, ca-
pable of conducting up to 64,000 channels in special systems (supergroups) ."

He said that, "with the slowdown in the expansion plans of the state telephone
companies," EMBRATEL also decided to postpone the installation of the coaxial
cables, since the activation of a new trunk line and a few amplifications in
the present structure would be sufficient to handle the requirements." Co-
axial cables have a high installation cost, even if manufactured in Brazil;
the material used is one of expensive production (2,500 cruzeiros per meter
at the present price),

The principal advantages in using cables--which are installed at a depth of

1.5 meters, with subterranean repeaters every 1.5 kilometers to amplify the
signals--are found in low maintenance costs and great circuit capacity, which

17



“Orbita" ground station at Khabarovsk

The radio signals emitted by the communication satellite cover distances of
30,000-40,000 km to receiving stations on the earth, in the process exper-
iencing enormous attenuations. The signals reaching the earth's surface are
very weak. In order to detect them it is necessary to have complex sensi-
tive receivers and great antennas. It is understandable that the more power-
ful the signals emitted by the satellite, the simpler and cheaper can be
the surface receiving stations and the more rapidly and with the lesser
cost their number can be increased.

However, an increase in the power of the on-board transmitters, on the one
hand, leads to great expenditures on the development, construction and
launching of a satellite, and on the other hand, it is limited by the pres-
ent level of development of space technology and the highly complex technical
problems which arise in creating space vehicles.

30



VIETNAM

CUU LONG PROVINCE PUTS NEW RADIO IN OPERATION
Ho Chi Minh City Domestic Service in Vietnamese 0245 26 Dec 77 BK

[Text] With the assistance of the Vietnam Radio and Television Commission
in planning and providing equipment and after a period of testing the Voice
of the People of Cuu Long officially began broadcasting on 22 December on
the medium wave of the 315 meter band, that is 950 kHz. The station
broadcasts four programs a day: [all times GMT] 2200-2300, 0400-0500,
0730-1030, 1330-1430.

The Voice of the People of Cuu Long is the voice of the Cuu Long provincial
party organization. It is an official information organ which officially

disseminates the provincial party organization's line and policies to every
citizen and reflects all activities in the province.

cso: 5500

12



WORLDWIDE AFFAIRS

LJUBLJANA TV REACHES PARTS OF AUSTRIA, ITALY
Belgrade TANJUG Domestic Service in Serbo-Croatian 1640 GMT 29 Dec 77 LD

[Text] Ljubljana--The Ljubljana radio and television is now also transmit-
ting its program from its transmitter on Mount Pec [Italian name: Monte
Forno] on UHF channel 47. This transmitter makes it possible for the program
to be received in part of the upper Sava River Valley, in part of the Valle
di Canale in Italy, and in Austria in the Villach area, in part of the

Gail River Valley and in part of the area west of Klagenfurt.

The [Mount] Pec transmitter was built and made ready for operation as far
back as 22 January 1977, but it could not be commissioned due to the well-
known negative stand of the Austrian side. The Federal Administration for
Radio Communications in Belgarde has now allowed, with its regulation, the
temporary operation of the transmitter.

cso: 5500



Central Television had still only been formed. To be sure, this did not
solve the problem of showing in television Programs all the cultural
riches of the Soviet people and did not afford the Soviet people living in
regions distant from Moscow the possibility of in some way being direct
participants in the important political events occurring in Moscow and to
view on their television screens the performances presented in the leading
theaters of the country and to be "ticket holders" ‘to the most interesting
sports competitions. This became possible after the transmission of Cen-
tral Television programs from Moscow began to local television centers

and transmitters operating by cable and radio relay communication lines.

Satellites Come to the Assistance of Communications Specialists

Under the conditions Prevailing in such a large country as ours, satellite
communication has exerted and now exerts inestimable assistance in accel-
erating the development of television broadcasting everywhere in the ter-
ritory of the Soviet Union.

It is known that radio waves in the decimeter and centimeter ranges are prop~
agated linearly like a light ray. Accordingly, for transmission of a tele-
vision signal over great distances by means of one intermediate station
relaying it, this "station" must rise to such a height above the earth's

surface that both the transmitting and receiving ground stations are simul-
taneously in its field of view.

Tao" iy
hc

AT

\P
mo ps4 |

Zones of visibility of geostationary satellites. Three
such satellites, whose parking points are displaced by
120° in orbit, provide global communication

Ye



ELECTRONIC INDUSTRY GROWS RAPIDLY

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 7 Dec 77 p 30

[Text]

cso: 5500

South Africa's fledgling
electronic. industry is
growing at the exceptional
rate of 31 percent a year
— three percent more
than the world average.

This was revealed by
Mr Errol Scott, who nas
launched a new company,
SBO (Pty), to market !0-
cally manufactured elec-
tronic components and
sub-assemblies. SBO's maj-
or supplier will be Sparrat
Electronics, the East
London-based component
and sub-assembly, manu-
facturer that was officially
opened last month.

A turnover of R5m is
projected from Sparrat’s
first year of operation. At
the opening ceremony, the
chairman of Federale
Volksbeleggings, Dr P E
Rousseau, anticipated a
R3m saving in foreign ex-
change resulting from
Sparrat’s activities.

“A major portion of our
production involves. sub-
assemblies for the televi-
sion and audio industry,”
says Mike Bosworth, ma-
naging director of Spar-
rat. “Because Sparrat is a

wholly-owned — subsidiary
of SATV, manufacturers
of Telefunken television
and audio equipment,
there could be some senst-
tivity in the market place
if an independent third
party was not involved in
the marketing.”

‘Mr Scott says that al-
though SBO was formed
essentially to market Spar-
rat products, the company
will represent a number
of foreign component
manufacturers, But it is
expected that mo more
than 30 percent of the
company’s business will
involve foreign suppliers.

“We are operating on
the basis that R50m out
of the estimated R150m
spent on electronic com-
ponents in South Africa
each year, is not ‘captive’
or committed to supply by

a foreign principal or

licence holder.”

According to Mr Scott,
growth potential for the
electronics industry is
tremendous, particularly
in the industrial and
professional fields.

2h

SOUTH AFRICA



WORLDWIDE AFFAIRS

COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK ESTABLISHED IN ISMAILIA
Cairo MENA in Arabic 1230 GMT 23 Dec 77 NC

[Text] Alexandria, 23 December--The minister for transport, communications
and maritime transport, Engineer ‘Abd al-Sattar Mujahid, said that the city
of Ismailia has been linked to an enormous telegraph and telephone com-
munications network to enable newsmen, news agencies, radio stations and
international television networks to conduct live coverage of the Ismailia
meeting between President Anwar al-Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menahem
Begin.

In a statement to MENA, the minister said that the telegraph and telephone
communications authority in conjunction with the armed forces, has installed
155 telegraph, telephone and radio communications lines and circuits in re-
cord time in Ismailia, including 50 lines that will be allocated for the
press and news agencies, 45 radio lines, 5 "order-wire" lines, 5 radio .
facsimile lines, and 50 telex lines. He added that 17 lines have also been
allocated for radio and television, of which 16 lines are allocated to ex-
ternal radio broadcasts. Another 12 lines will be allocated to internal
radio broadcasts and television which will connect Ismailia with Maspero
[Cairo Radio studios].

Eng ‘Abd al-Sattar Mujahid noted the work previously carried out at the
Mena House Hotel to serve the local and international news media and to
enable their correspondents to cover the Cairo preparatory conference for
peace.

The minister expressed his gratitude to the armed forces, which utilized
all their resources, in cooperation with the telegraph and telephone com-
munications authority to prepare these installations without inconveniencing
telephone subscribers in the region.

Through this cooperation, in only 48 hours the Mena House Hotel has been
linked with the Ramsis central exchange by a microwave network consisting
of 67 circuits.

Concluding his statement, the minister for transport said that after the
conclusion of the Cairo conference, an additional 100 telephone lines will
be added to the current capacity of the Al-Rawdah and Al-Haram telephone
exchanges and that these will be distributed to subscribers in accordance
with current regulations.

1
cso: 5500



CONTENTS (Continued) Page

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

NIGERIA
Aerostat Stations, Broadcast Service Planned
(THE PUNCH, 13 Dec 77) ceceeseesecceeeeecceeeseeeees 20
SOUTH AFRICA
SAAN Computer-Editing System Introduced
(SUNDAY TIMES, 11 Dec 77) coceseseseceeceeecceeveees 21
Computer Staff Shortage Reported
(THE STAR, 7 Dec 77) cerceecevereescceceenseeeseenes 23
Electronic Industry Grows Rapidly
, (THE STAR, 7 Dec 77) cecceceesseeceececeeceeeeeeeees 2h
Electronics Out To Beat Sanctions
(Tony Koenderman; SUNDAY TIMES, 25 Dec TT) scceceees 25
USSR
Communications Satellites for Television Broadcasting
(N. V. Talyzin; ZEMLYA I VESELENNAYA, Sep-Oct 77)--- 26
Briefs
Yerevan TV Tower Commissioned 39

WESTERN EUROPE

FRANCE 7
PRC Delegation Visit Space, Telecommnications Works
(ELECTRONIQUE ACTUALITES, 25 Nov 77) -+s+sseeeeeeees ho
SWEDEN
Costs, Advantages of Nordsat Weighed
(Bert Levin; NORDISK KONTAKT, 30 Nov 77) -++s+eeeeee 42
TURKEY
Briefs
New TV Relay Station . 4s
WEST GERMANY
Briefs
European Space Satellite Firm 46
-c-



CZECHOSLOVAKIA

BRIEFS

TV TEST OPERATIONS--A television transmitter for the Second Program, which
ig to cover the Senica District and parts of the Bratislava suburbs and of
southern Moravia, started test operations in Borsky Mikulas 23 December.
[Prague RUDE PRAVO in Czech 24 Dec 77 p 2 AU] :

TV TRANSMITTER IN BOHEMIA--A new television transmitter for the First and
Second Programs, which is to cover eastern Bohemia and part of Moravia,
started test operations on Cerna Hora Hill in the Krkonose Mountains 23
December. Its tower is 76 meters high. [Prague RUDE PRAVO in Czech 24
Dec 77 p 2 AU]

CABLE RADIO NETWORK--Almost 790 towns and communities in the CSSR are
receiving radio broadcasts by cable radio. The network was up to 530
radio centers and.1.461 million relay sets [reproduktor] to serve 656,000
receivers. [Prague RUDE PRAVO in Czech 24 Dec 77 p 2 Av) .

NEW TELEVISION TRANSMITTER-~The seventh television transmitter thus far of
the basic network of the second program on the territory of the West Bohemian
region was commissioned on Krkavec Hill, near Plzen, today. Its signal will
cover the remaining areas of the regional capital and part of Rokycany
District. Another transmitter on the Vrani Vrch Hill near Postrekov in
Domazlice District will have been added by the end of the five-year plan
period. This will insure that the majority of West Bohemian territory will
be covered by the second program and color transmissions of Czechoslovak
television. [Text] [Prague Domestic Service ini~Czech 1630 GMT 29 Dec 77

LD]

cso: 5500

13



WORLDWIDE AFFAIRS

NGNA, EFE SIGN NEWS EXCHANGE AGREEMENT

Peking NCNA in English 1828 GMT 31 Dec 77 OW

[Text] Peking, 31 Dec (HSINHUA)--An agreement on the exchange of news
between the HSINHUA News Agency and the EFE Agency S. A, was signed here
this afternoon.

Tseng Tao, director of the HSINHUA News Agency, and Luis Maria Anson, Chair-
man of the board of directors and president of the EFE Agency S. A., signed
the agreement on behalf of their respective news agencies.

Present at the signing ceremony were Peng Ti, leading member of the HSINHUA
News Agency, and Rafael Zaera, minister-counselor of the Spanish Embassy
in Peking.

Luis Maria Anson is scheduled to leave here for home via Canton shortly.

cso: 5500



BRAZIL

BRIEFS

COMMUNICATIONS INVESTMENTS FOR 1978--Sao Paulo--Minister of Communications
Buclides Quandt de Oliveira said yesterday that his ministry will invest
27.2 billion cruzeiros in 1978 to conclude the programs under way in the
communications sector and effect more than 450,000 new telephone connections.
Quandt de Oliveira came to Sao Paulo to attend the luncheon of the Bragilian
Electro-Electronic Industry Association and close the 2d National Meeting of
Advertisers, organized by the Brazilian Advertisers Association. In his
speech closing the meeting, the minister of communications said that he can-
not fail to recognize the contribution of advertising in the economic growth
of the country, since it stimulates consumption, resulting in increased pro-
duction and employment. "Meanwhile," he observed, "it must be recognized
that, in promoting this growth, advertising influences the nation's social-

cultural development in a negative way." /Text/ /Rio de Janeiro 0 GLOBO in
Portuguese 10 Dec 77 p 227 8568

CSO: 5500

19



JPRS 70507

19 January 1978

TRANSLATIONS. ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY,
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

No. 27

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A
Approved for Public Release
Distribution Unlimited

U. S$. JOINT PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH SERVICE

20000410 113



SWEDEN

COSTS, ADVANTAGES OF NORDSAT WEIGHED
Stockholm NORDISK KONTAKT in Swedish 30 Nov 77 pp 857-859

[Article by Undersecretary of State Bert Levin: "The Nordic TV Coopera-
tion"]

{Text] With a satellite it is technically possible to transmit directly
all Nordic radio and TV programs--at present 11 radio and 7 TV programs--
to all Nordic countries.

It is technically possible, but is it also desirable?

The cost for satellites and carrier rockets is estimated at approximately
575 million kronor. This sounds like a lot, but it is not so bad if it is
realized that the amount must be distributed over five countries and 7
years. One can, as a pure example of a calculation, assume that each TV
owner in Scandinavia through the license fee must pay an equal share of
the cost. Then it is calculated that the license fee will be increased by
15 kronor.

Then one will need attachments to the TV sets themselves and the antenna.
The costs for these attachments not including the installations may vary
from approximately 200 to 1,500 kronor depending upon whether the TV owner
can share the costs with others through a central antenna. In any case,
it involves a one-time cost comparable to the cost when receivers and
antennas had to be changed in connection with the introduction of TV 2.
According to the radio report, the attachment to receive a transmission
of TV programs with text for the pictures costs 400-500 kronor. Sweden's
Radio is assuming the amount will be smaller.

There are other costs, whose sizes so far are difficult to determine. They
include compensations to the producers when their contributions are spread
over a larger--at least potentially larger--public. They also include
considerable costs for translating the programs. If these costs are spread
over all licenses they might come to approximately 20 kronor per year.



INDIA

TESTS FOR A DOMESTIC SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS LINK

Madras THE HINDU in English 21 Dec 77 p 1

[Text]

‘The Madms Earth Station of
the Satelite Telecom Experiment
Project (STEP) is expected to be
commissioned by the month-end,
‘The experiment is being jointlv
conducted by the Indian Space
Research Organisation (ISRO) and
the Post and Telegraph Depart
ment.

‘The use of satellites for com-
munications purposes’ became @
distinct possibility in 1937 when
the Soviet Union launched the
“Sputnik” into space. The scope
for steady and uninterrupted
space _telecommunication _ was
further boosteg when the United
States perfected the  geo-statio-
nary satellite.

A geostationary satellite rotates
and spins in such a manner that
its speed synchronises with that
of the earth around its axis. The
result is that it appears statio-
nary to @ person on the earth.
From its vantage point in the
sky the synchronous satellite can
“see or illuminate” (reach) 40
per cent of the area of the globe.
It thus removes the constraints
imposed by’ the limited height of
TV and microwave towers,

India is geographically well

placed to take advantage of the j

space technology for setting up a
telecom and TV .network. The
country is sufficiently near the
equator above which alone @ svn

chronous satellite: can be posi- be

cso: 5500

tioned. ‘this type of satellite was The basic aim of the experi
first utilised in 1965 through ment. to be completed by May
INTELSAT, a consortium of &0 1979, is to develop the necessary
nations ineluding India. modifications "in the switehing
A sal communication sys equipment in the TAXs | and to
tok Satellite gevcmmlove “micto. field test them, The tentative cost
wave techniques. But it differs in for the P _& T Department, will
respect of power levels as well be about Rs. 1 crore and ISRO
as reception, ‘The antenna is will be spending about Rs, 2.50
poiited to the satellite for cons- .
fant optimum illumination. ‘This ,A_. transponder leased from
System’ has to depend on limited INTELSAT has provided for 60
etm ae The: equipment of channels between Madras and
the earth stations are | said to New Delhi, As many 3s Bch
dave @ reliability of 99.99 Per cstions with remote aregs. ‘These
4, i a ted start
The Madras Earth Station will s<Periments are, expect
work “with ‘Symphonie, the "2m, January 1078,

vente The Indian satellite programme
Erace-German fateite through i. expected to.stary in 1980 and

on ¢hannels : tavi e
allotted by the International Tele- sea ers nave ee ane for the
com Union. It will conduct expe"; “niultipurpose domestic satellite
riments on establishing remote Sataring to needs of P. & T. Civil
area communtention, with termi: Aviation and Meteorological. De-
nals moun! on eps, whicl a
gan pe moveg oi land of it Figig Radio. ne ane A
‘ed. : i i ;
Other experiments will relate: gai ’ontiems! henivare aid ope
to integration of the satellite cir- rational experience that will be
cuits into the national automatic Gireetly useful for the country's
telephone service. Some modifi: future domestic satellite commu-
cations will have to be made in, nications system, The experiments
TAX signalling systems to make .would follow “standard earth sta
it possible to route a call via th®, tion practices as far as possible
satellite, | Another major experi-| without sacrificing flexibility, Offi-
ment is. to relay live TV pro-" cial sources say that the testing
grammes. There are three main jn operation would be ‘a very
earth stations in Delhi, Abmeda- exciting and ‘important. part ct
nid and Madras. the experiment. It will prove the
worth of the mobile earth station
concept and the knowhow availz-
ble in the country—Our Staff Re-
porter.



INTER-ASIAN AFFAIRS

BRIEFS

SINGAPORE-SRV COMMUNICATIONS--Singapore and Vietnam have resumed direct tele-
phone and telex services. The telecommunications authority of Singapore said
the service is available from 0930 to 1730 daily. The number of countries
with which Singapore has direct telex service is now 26. [Text] [Singa-
pore Domestic Service in English 1138 GMT 29 Dec 77 BK]

cso: 5500



communication, the reception of several Central Television and sonic radio
broadcasting programs, the reception of phototelegraphic images of news-
paper mats, and exchange of telecode information among electronic computers.

For the development of a television distribution system with receiving sta-
tions which are cheaper than the "Orbita" stations, the satellites of this
series will carry communication systems with transmitters which are more
powerful than in the "Molniya-2," "Molniya-3" and "Raduga" systems and also
narrow-directional on-board antennas. With the use of these communication
systems the receiver apparatus with antennas with a diameter of 2-2.5 m
are considerably simpler and cheaper than for the "“Orbita" stations. Such
receiving apparatus, especially in regions not covered by television broad=
casting via the "Ekran" satellites, will make possible a considerable
broadening of the number of populated places at which the reception of
several Central Television programs will be ensured.

In the first stage the "Statsionar-4 and -5" satellites will be used at

the time of the Olympic Games of 1980 for television programs, radio broad-
casting and telephonic communication with foreign countries. The television
programs from the "Statsionar-4, 5" satellites can be received by ground
stations in the "Intersputnik" system or other systems operating in the
frequency range of these satellites.

The mobile "Mars" stations can be used as ground stations for the reception
and transmission of television programs, These stations have dismountable
parabolic antennas with a diameter of 7 m; all the receiving-transmitting
and channel-forming apparatus of the station is enclosed in three contain-
ers.

Such stations are transported by railroad or by several aircraft. In the
course of two or three days they can be assembled and prepared for opera-
tion.

This review of the development of space communication technology shows how
much has been done in such a short time. It is entirely clear that further
successes in this new branch will be still more impressive.

COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo. "Nauka," "Zemlya i Vselennaya," 1977

5303
cso: 5500

38



USSR

COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITES FOR TELEVISION BROADCASTING
Moscow ZEMLYA I VSELENNAYA in Russian No 5, Sep-Oct 77 pp 8-15

{article by USSR Minister of Communications Doctor of Technical Sciences
N. V. Talyzin]

[Text] Even before the appearance of communication satellites political
and economic contacts and the necessity for the exchange of information
required and still require the broadening of distant and superdistant
telephonic and telegraphic communications, including intercontinental com-
munications, and also the development of communications with remote and
inaccessible regions and countries having extensive territories.

The extensive development of television broadcasting, the international ex-
change of television programs and their transmission over enormous dis-
tances led to the necessity for organizing wide-band television commun-
ication channels which could be accomplished only in the decimeter and
centimeter radio wave ranges.

Simultaneously with the vigorous development of all types of surface elec-
trical communication, the creation of cable, radio relay and tropospheric
communication lines, insuperable technical difficulties sometimes began to
appear in the creation of superlong communication lines caused by the dis-
tances, transits across the oceans and existence of inaccessible regions
on the earth. This involved great economic expenditures and extremely pro-
longed development periods.

For the Soviet Union, with its enormous territory and diversified, fre-
quently complex and severe climatic conditions, the universal organization
of wide-band channels for the transmission of television programs is a very
serious problen.

At first television broadcasting in the USSR developed in the following

way: television centers were constructed in the capitals of the union and
autonomous republics and in the large cities of densely populated indus—-
trial regions. This approach made it possible to show television programs
which had been produced by local television studios. The concept of USSR

26



Continued Investigations for a More Reliable Basis

All these economic calculations must be taken with a grain of salt. Con-
tinued investigations will give a more reliable basis before a decision on
the satellite question can be made.

Objections which are worth taking seriously pertain to the cultural-polit-
ical consequences of a Nordic TV exchange. Will not far too many see far
too many poor programs and far too few informative and challenging programs
if there were free choice between seven channels? In other words, will
people be able to manage their freedom to choose in this field?

In order to be able to evaluate such questions correctly, one must keep in
mind that the Nordic TV enterprises have very similar program policy ambi-
tions. In no Nordic country is there an unrestrained commercial TV activ-
ity. The social influence is strong in all fields.

Sweden has, like Finland, also already takentthe decisive step from the
point of view of freedom of choice. This occurred when TV 2 was intro-
duced. Because from the point of view of freedom.of choice, the step be-
tween 1 and 2 is much greater than between 2 and 7. And not even our big-
gest cultural puritans want to return to the time when only one TV program
was available.

Cultural Policy Possibilities

A Nordic TV cooperation with many channels also provides cultural-political
possibilities which are important to discuss. The approximately 300,000
Finns in Sweden are now being offered a meagre TV diet. Their situation
would be decidedly better if they had the possibility of receiving those
programs which Finland's TV is transmitting. In a similar way, the ap-
proximately equal number of Swedish-speaking people in Finland would have
a richer selection if they had access to the programs broadcast by Sweden's
Radio.

A Nordic TV cooperation should give new possibilities for other linguistic
minorities as well as for other special interest groups. The public basis
should also be strong for narrow programs, and the large number of channels
should make it considerably easier to comply with the wishes of various
minorities. With seven channels it should be possible during the best
transmission time to transmit narrow music, hobby, and entertainment pro-
grams without giving the large majority which is not interested in such
programs any reason to complain. The other channels should be able to
meet the wishes of the majorities. Of course, this type of arrangement
assumes a certain cooperation and planning between the various broadcast-
ing companies.

Cooperation between the companies would also be necessary concerning the

purchase of foreign programs. Approximately one-half of the programs
which are broadcast in Scandinavia are bought abroad. Over several years

43



SOUTH AFRICA

ELECTRONICS OUT TO BEAT SANCTIONS
Johannesburg SUNDAY TIMES in English 25 Dec 77 p 1

[Article by Tony Koenderman in the "Business Times" section]

[Text] SOUTH AFRICA‘S

cso:

infant electronics in-
dustry is moving fast
to mitigate the ‘ects
of possible sanctions
on the supply of com-
puters from abroad.

STC, part of the Altech
group, plans to be producing
a large capacity (one mega-
byte? military specifica-
tions mini-computer, using
components from non-
American suppliers, within
six to 12 months.

Data systems division
manager Rainer Moringer
says that apart from some
transistors and crystals, al-
most all of the electronic
components, which will
comprise about 50 per cent
of the final cost of the ma-
chine, will be imported in
completely knocked down
Kits ready for local assem-

ly.

But the. remaining 50 per
cent, made up of labour in-
put, the cabinet, keyboard
and other non-electronic
components, will comprise
the local content initially.

STC is aiming specifically
at the market of Govern-
ment and military depart-
ments which are affected
by restrictions on the sup-
ply of computers. Mr Mor-
Inger calculates there is a
market for 300 to 500 com-
puters in the next five
years.

5500

They will cost about a
third more than a compara-
ble commercial computer
at present on the market,
with a typical configuration
coming in between R50 000
and R100 000. "

Local content will be

\pushed up at a later stage
Ir

to 60-64 per cent, but
Moringer says that “as long
as components can be ob-
tained from overseas it will
not be economic to produce
most of them locally.”

Complete local manufac-
ture, he estimates, would
increase the cost of a com-
puter at least 10 times.

Another local computer
manufacturer, Messina
Electronics, has notched uj
sales and orders wort!
more than R300 000 for its
locally-designed micro-com-
puter, the Commander,
since the company was es-
tablished in April.

It is a wholly-owned gub-
sidiary of The Messina
(Transvaal) Development
Company.

The ‘Commander, de-
signed for mining, industri-
al and commercial needs,
has been installed Py South.
ern Cross Steel and Palmiet
Chrome, both Barlow Rand
companies, Colgate-Palmo-
live and two Messina mines
in Rhodesia — Norah and
MTD Mangula.

25

Messina Electronics has
also won an order from the
Bantu Affairs Administra-
tion Board for the Central
Transvaal in the face of
competition from estab-
lished overseas-based com-
puter companies.

It also has a design and
manufacturing contract
from Hamac Computers for
point-of-sale computer ter-
minals. .

“The threat of overseas
embargoes on computer
equipment has also given
our business a fillip,” says
general manager Peter
Abery. .

“We have received a
number of approaches from
Government concerns - and
commercial computer or-
ganisations to manufacture
some of their requirements
locally. *

Among other local manu-
facturing developments in
the data processing industry
are:

Anker Data Systems’
ADS 4900 point-of-sale com-
puter terminal; .

Data Management Ser-
vices’ Syfa, to be produced
with 30 per cent local con-
tent under licence from
Computer Automation of
the United States.



WORLDWIDE AFFAIRS

LIBYA, UGANDA TO COOPERATE IN NEWS DISSEMINATION
Kampala Domestic Service in English 100 GMT 21 Dec 77 LD/EA

[Summary] Uganda's foreign minister, who is also in charge of the Informa-
tion Ministry, Col Juma Oris, has received news-receiving equipment from
Libya following the recent news exchange agreement between the two countries.
The equipment was handed over to Colonel Oris in his office by the Libyan
ambassador to Uganda, Mr Isma'il.

During the ceremony, the Libyan envoy said his country is ready to train
any number of Ugandans in various fields, particularly in the news media.
He also told the minister that his country's news agency was ready to
receive and transmit Uganda news.

cso: 5500



satellite, According to a memorandum issued by the press section of the Min-

4stry of Communications, the cancellation was justified "in view of the pres-

ent economic-financial conjuncture, keeping in mind the fact that the commit-

ment of the necessary funds for its execution could be used for other projects
considered more urgent."

On this occasion there were some who saw in the cancellation of international
competition for the Brazilian communications satellite "the last step in the
process of draining the Ministry of Communications in the area in which it was
the most advanced and ambitious." 4

After 4 years of discussions and studies, the government opened the competi-
tion in April 1976 upon considering the project viable from the technical and
economic viewpoint and further justifying the strategy on the priority basis
of “Amazonian integration.”

For experts in the field, that strategic option represented the fundamental
error of the Brazilian telecommunications satellite project. Instead of giv-
ing emphasis to the integration aspect, what should be done-~-according to
those experts--would be "to favor its technological and economic viability as
a system of communications to be operated commercially on a profitable basis."

When the project was canceled, approximately 50 million cruzeiros had already
been spent on technical studies. During the same period, the: complete system
of communications via satellite could cost $160 million (or 2.3 billion cru-

zeiros). +o be amortized in 10 years, which would amount to less than $20 mil-
lion per year.

On the other hand, the experiences of other countries indicate that "through-
out the world, satellites yield profit." For example, Canada already uses
three domestic satellites to connect the remote points of a country larger
than Brazil and to interconnect large centers by telephone, telex, information
communications, television communications, etc.

Finally, it is well to remember that, in the same memorandum in which the Min-
istry of Communications announced the cancellation of competition, it was de-
cided that Brazilian Telecommunications Corporation (TELEBRAS) "will take the
necessary steps with specific international organizations to assure that the
present reservation of positions in the geostatic orbit will be maintained
for a possible future resumption of the project."

8568
cSO: 5500

16



Naturally, the question arose as to whether it is possible for a satellite

to carry a more powerful television transmitter and to ensure in an enor-
mous servicing zone the reception of Central Television programs by the

use of simple receivers. Such a system was investigated theoretically in
detail. The computations indicated that it is more advantageous to use the
method of frequency modulation of signals, rather than amplitude modulation,
guch as used in ordinary television. In this modulation method the television
channel requires a broader frequency band, but the power of the on-board
transmitter can be several times less.

A television transmitter carried on a satellite cannot be used in the same
frequency ranges which are employed for modern television sets or it will
create television broadcasting interference.

Television signals from such a satellite are received relatively simply us-
ing a pencil-beam antenna oriented on the satellite with an accuracy of
41-3° in azimuth and angle of elevation and a special receiver (converter).
The converter transforms frequency modulation into amplitude modulation
and the frequency of the television signal arriving from the satellite into
the frequency of one of the reception channels present in modern television
sets.

It is most desirable that this entire set of equipment be used at once for
an entire populated place. Even in the case of television antennas in most
cases we use collective rather than individual types. And it is economically
advantageous to use a collective apparatus for the reception of signals from
a satellite -- one per populated place. Thus, the signals received from the
satellite are transformed in frequency and with respect to the type of mod-
ulation by collective receivers, are relayed by low-power (up to 1 W) sur-
face transmitters and are received by domestic receivers. The transformed
signals from the collective receiver can also be transmitted to television
sets by means of cable networks similar to the cable networks for the col-
lective antenna used in apartment houses.

The receivers in the ground network are supplied with pencil—beam antennas
which from considerations of simplicity and low cost do not have turning
apparatus but are oriented on the satellite once in the initial setting.
Accordingly, during the entire time of operation the satellite is seemingly
fixed in position relative to a ground observer, that is, is held with a
high accuracy (of about 1-0.5° in longitude and latitude) in a given posi-
tion in a geostationary orbit.

The power of the on-board transmitter is determined by the simplicity of the
receivers, the selected frequency range, the extent of the servicing zone
and the efficiency of the on-board antenna.

The on-board antennas of the satellite must also be pencil-beam. The errors

in orientation of the on-board antennas narrow the servicing zone. If the
orientation error is only 10% of the width of the directional diagram of

33



the on-board antenna, the servicing zone will be about 60% of its maximum
possible value.

om

Antenna of "Ekran" receiving system
"Ekran" Satellite

A satellite assigned the conventional name "Ekran" was launched into a geo-
stationary orbit on 26 October 1976. The satellite has an on-board trans—
mitter with a power of 200 W and a pencil-beam on-board antenna —- a phased
array with an area of 12 m2,

The systems for orienting and correcting the "Ekran" satellite ensure an ac-
curacy in holding the satellite at a stipulated point in a geostationary or-
bit of 1-0.5° and an accuracy in orienting the on-board antennas of 30-40".
Orientation of the panels of solar cells on the sun is ensured.

The servicing zone of the "Ekran" satellite, situated at a parking point of
99°E, extends from Novosibirsk to Yakutsk. In this zone there is assurance
of a high strength of the electromagnetic field at the earth's surface of
about 25,V/m, which makes it possible to use extremely simple collective
apparatus for reception.

The collective receiver has an antenna of the waveguide type. The antenna
does not require a special support and can be installed on the roof of a
building.

The antenna amplification factor is 23 db. The width of the directional di-
agram is 9°, In the initial setting it must be oriented with a sufficiently
high accuracy on the "Ekran" satellite in accordance with the data computed

for a specific place. The receiving apparatus requires virtually no servic-
ng.

34



Editors and other senior newspaper personnel will then be able to call
stories from the memory and read them to judge whether they should be used
and in what way they should be presented.

In the past, the items they selected were handed in typewritten form to
sub-editors who worked against time to correct them on paper.

Now all newspaper items can be sent directly from one screen to another.
All alterations can be made by sub-editors at the touch of a few buttons.

Once this has been done the story is sent to a photo-typesetting machine.

This machine produces the story in type-~ready for printing.

cso: 5500

22



JPRS 70507
19 January 1978

TRANSLATIONS ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY,
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

No. 27
ConTENTS PaGE

WORLDWIDE AFFAIRS

Commmications Network Established in Ismailia

(MENA, 23 Dec 77) -+eeeee deeeeeeneee a eeceneeeeeeee sees 1
Libya, Uganda To Cooperate in News Dissemination

(Kampala Domestic Service, 21 Dec TT) seceseece seeeeeee 2
NGNA, EFE Sign News Exchange Agreement

(NCNA, 31 Dec 77) cccceecceceecccceeeseeeeesreees seeees 3
Ljubljana TV Reaches Parts of Austria, Italy

(TANJUG Domestic Service, 29 Dec 77) se+eeeeseeees aeeee 4

ASIA

INTER-ASIAN AFFAIRS

Briefs
Singapore-SRV Communications 5
INDIA
Tests for a Domestic Satellite Communications Link
(THE HINDU, 21 Dec 77) ccscceececceesecceesseeeeeeees 6
MALAYSIA
Briefs
Radio Transmitters © T
SINGAPORE

More Satellite Earth Stations May Be Established
(THE STRATTS TIMES, 16 Dec 77) -+eeeeeeeeeeeeeceeeeees 8

-~a- {III - INT - 140]



for satellite telecommunications, and already endowed with receiver stations
for international communications, China could be seeking to install a future
"domestic" system of satellite telecommunications, for which it would find it
useful to have a specialized satellite.

While China has launched seven satellites between 24 April 1970 and 8 December
1976, it is still at the beginning stage in this domain where complex problems
must be solved. Which may explain the many delegations and recently made appeal
to Chinese abroad, for the desired modernization of industry, of national
defense, and of science and technology.

11,023
cso: 5500

AL



USSR

BRIEFS

YEREVAN TV TOWER COMMISSIONED--In Yerevan a new television tower has been
commissioned. It is 308 meters tall and has been built at a height of
1,200 meters above sea level. The new tower will enable the inhabitants of
Yerevan and the Ararat Valley to clearly receive two programs of Moscow
television and two programs of Yerevan television, including color trans-
missions. It will also improve radio and television reception over the
territory of the entire Armenian Republic. [Moscow Domestic Service in
Russian 0500 GMT 30 Dec 77 LD]

cso: 5500

39



SRI LANKA

BRIEFS

TELECOMMUNICATION VIA SATELLITE--According to a spokesman for the Overseas
Telecommunications Service, international telephone, telegraph and Telex
traffic via satellite has increased by more than 300 percent with the
commissioning of the (Palluka) earth satellite station. These facilities
provide communications with nine countries. [Colombo International Service
in English 1045 GMI 24 Dec 77 BK]

cso: 5500



VIEINAM

SRV TO REORGANIZE COMMUNICATIONS SERVICES

[Editorial Report BK] Hanoi Domestic Service in Vietnamese at 1100 GMT on
25 December 1977 carries the Council of Ministers report read by Le Thanh
Nghi to the Sixth SRV National Assembly's third session on 20 December.
The following excerpt is drawn from a passage dealing in general with
transport and communications:

“With regard to communications and the postal service, in 1978 and the years
following we should reorganize the communications and postal services
throughout the country; promote close coordination between the communica-
tions and postal service system and the radio-TV broadcasting system; im-
prove the wired communications system in the north; build the wired com-
munications network in the south; develop the Hanoi-Ho Chi Minh City-Minh
Hai wired communications service; bring into full play the working capacity
of the existing communications technical equipment in the south; devote
part of the army-managed communications and liaison equipment and facilities
to supporting economic work; strengthen the communications network in
various cities and industrial areas; improve, expand and build the auto-
matic domestic telephone network in various cities and industrial areas,
first of all in Hanoi; gradually extend telephone service to production
installations and villages in the deltas and midlands; and consolidate

and expand the international communications stations.

"Tn 1978 the value of communications and postal service is expected to in-
crease by 11 percent over 1977."

cso: 5500

il



BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA
SHEET

¥. Report No.

JPRS 70507"

2.

3. Recipient's Accession No.

4. Title and Subricle

- TRANSLATIONS ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY, RESEARCH
AND DEVELOPMENT, No.

3. Report Date

19 January 1978

7. Author(s)

8. Performing Organization Repe.
Jo.

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However, applicable to the problems of the “Orbita" television distribution
network these satellites made possible a considerable improvement in the
quality of transmission of television programs and made it possible to pro-~
ceed to multiprogram satellite color television broadcasting.

From the time of entry of the "Molniya-2" satellites into operation, working
in the centimeter range of radio waves (4-6 GHz), allocated by international
agreement for satellite communication, the quality of reception of color and
black-and-white television programs on the "Orbita" stations has come to
correspond completely to the international norms.

The "Molniya" satellites can transmit a television program immediately to
the entire Soviet Union, but with respect to time it is not very suitable
for some regions. The territory of the USSR occupies 11 time zones. When it
is 2000 hours at Kamchatka and Chukotka, time for the evening programming,
on the Kola Peninsula it is 1000 hours and it is mostly children who are
at the television sets. In order for viewers to see television at an hour
which is convenient for them it was necessary to organize the transmission
of programs by zones, each of which includes two or three hour zones. For
each of these zones a particular program is transmitted which is "tied in"
to the time in that zone.

The transmission of several television programs is accomplished since the
beginning of 1977 by the "Molniya-2," "Molniya-3" and "Raduga" satellites.

In addition, the development of the ground communication network made it
possible using radio relay and cable line facilities to transmit the first
Central Television program to remote cities in Siberia where there are "Or-
bita" stations. The transmission of a second television program via the
"Raduga" satellite has been organized in these cities. The number of Central.
Television programs transmitted to different cities in the Soviet Union will
be increased.

Thus, a rapid solution is being obtained for the highly important problem
defined by the 25th Congress of the CPSU.-- ensuring the reliable reception
of Central Television over the entire territory of the Soviet Union.

At the present time all the densely populated regions of the country are
covered by zones of servicing by surface television centers, transmitting
stations, powerful and low-power relay stations.

However, there are still many small populated places in the northern part
of the country, in Siberia, which do not fall within the reach of existing
television stations. It is virtually impossible to transmit Central Tele-
vision programs to such small populated places by stations of the "Orbita"
type. The construction of tens of thousands of such stations would require
enormous capital expenditures and a long time. And, indeed, is it reason-
able to construct an "Orbita" station for a populated place where only tens
or hundreds of persons live?

32



AEROSTAT STATIONS, BROADCAST SERVICE PLANNED

Ikeja THE PUNCH in English 13 Dec 77 p 15

[Text]

CSO:

5500

THE Federal Ministry of Communications has
concluded plan to establish an aerastat station at
Ogurugu near Nsukka to ensure reliable commu-
nication and broadcast coverage.

The station will serve Anambra, Imo, Cross
River, Rivers and part of Kwara, Bendel, and
Benue States.

This was revealed by the Federal Director of
Communications Engineer, I1.0.A. Lasode in a
paper he presented at the symposium on the
tethered aerostat ballon system currently holding
at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka.

He said that the station will be fitted with
sophisticated relay transmitters, receivers, broads
cast and documentary equipment to satisfy the
need of the area it serves.

The director indicated that similar acrostat post
will besestablished by his ministry in various parts
of the country to serve Lagos, Ondo, Ogun States
and the northern part of the country.

Engineer Lasode added that the Ministry of
Communications will implement a nation-wide
television and radio broadcasting service with
three simultaneous colour television broadcasts
which will offer programme to every home in the
country. .

20

NIGERIA



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it is to a large extent the same programs which the Nordic countries buy
from abroad. Not much is gained by, during the course of a couple of
years, seeing Baretta's costume balls and Kojak's lollipops on four or
five different channels. But this is how it might be if there were no
coordination.

Valuable for Covering the Community

For covering the community there is a value in the multiplicity which a
Nordic TV cooperation should give. More ways should crop up for interpret
ing and reflecting development, especially in the surrounding world. TV
cooperation should make it especially possible and natural for more people
to follow the social and cultural debate in our neighboring countries. As
neglected as this monitoring is in our mass media, this would be a big
gain.

Nobody now knows how the viewers would react to the increased selection
possibilities. which a Nordic TV satellite might give. But it is, as the
experience from the two-channel system in Sweden indicates, far from ob-
vious that the viewers generally reject programs on social information and
culture and instead unilaterally devour simpler programs. The news pro-
grams on TV 1 and TV 2 attract large crowds of viewers.

Theater programs have also demonstrated the ability to keep up with the
competition for viewers. On the other hand, many people switch channels
or switch off when sports programs are peing broadcast.

It is not likely either that the availability of seven TV channels would
more than marginally increase the time people allot to TV viewing. This
is indicated by the experience from the introduction of TV 2. People have
other things to do than to watch TV. The programs in the various channels
also generally fall on the same time of day.

In my opinion there are many good reasons why Sweden should constructively
cooperate in a continued Nordic exchange of opinions on TV cooperation via
satellites. But it is necessary to have more reliable facts and a broader
debate before the time will be ripe for the politicians to take a final
position on Nordsat--the third really pig cooperation project between the
neighbor countries in the north. It would be a mistake to draw any conclu-
sions from the fact that the predecessors, the defense alliance and Nordek,
failed. Third time lucky?

8958
cso: 5500

Ah



[Scan-panunens é
Nflgc-Anaxenec
\

Town Sy NC

jexak,
rs
Toarewanas

Manary:
Navawan

Zone of servicing of "Molniya" artificial earth satellite (shaded)

Communication’satellites situated at an altitude of 30,000-40,000 km above
the earth are capable of relaying transmitting station signals for distances
up to 12,000-15,000 km. A highly important characteristic of communication
satellites is the capability of forming over a long period of time a con-
stant zone of visibility -- a servicing zone within which ground space com
munication stations can exchange information via the particular satellite.

From this point of view there are two types of satellites used at the present
time for communication purposes which are most advantageous. These are geo- .
stationary satellites and satellites in high elliptical orbits.

Geostationary satellites revolve in a circular orbit situated in the equator-
ial plane at an altitude of about 36,000 km above the earth's surface. They
revolve around the earth in the same direction and with the same period as
the earth and therefore are constantly situated over one and the same point
on the earth's surface. For the terrestrial observer such satellites seem

28



absorption in oxygen, water vapor and rain. These losses are three times
greater than in the decimeter wavelength range and the sensitivity of
ground receivers at the present-day level of technology is approximately
three times worse than in the frequency range 620-790 GHz. These factors
determine the necessity for installing on-board transmitters with consid-
erably greater powers on television broadcasting satellites.

The creation and launching of the "Molniya-2," "Molniya-3" and "Raduga"

communication satellites has considerably broadened the possibilities of
long-distance telephonic and telegraphic communication, the transmission
of radio programs, phototelegraphic newspaper mats and other information
both in the interests of the national economy of the USSR and for inter-
national cooperation.

In 1971 an agreement was signed on the creation of an international system

for satellite communication known as "Intersputnik." At the present time

ground space communication stations in this system have been constructed ,
in the USSR, in the Republic of Cuba, Poland, East Germany, CSSR, Mongolia

and Bulgaria and construction is being carried on in other countries.

Telephonic-telegraphic communication and the exchange of TV programs with
the use of communication channels on the "Molniya-3" satellites is accom-
plished between ground stations of the "Intersputnik" system. The needs
of the "Intersputnik" system for communication channels can be satisfied
at the present time by the use of "Molniya~3" and "Raduga" satellites.

The Soviet Union also interacts with the "Intelsat" satellite communication
system. In the USSR a satellite communication station has been constructed
in the neighborhood of L'vov; it is intended for operation through the
"Intelsat" satellites. A number of socialist countries -- USSR, East Ger-
many, CSSR, Poland and Bulgaria are using the "Intelsat-4" satellite for
communication with the United States and Canada.

By an agreement between the USSR and the United States direct communication
channels between the USSR and the United States have been established for
the leaders of the Soviet Union and the United States with the use of the
"Molniya~3" and the "Intelsat-4" communication satellites. These channels,
including equipment for Soviet and American space communication ground
stations and terminal telephonic-telegraphic equipment, have undergone pro-
longed tests confirming their high reliability.

In the Soviet Union during the Tenth Five-Year Plan plans call for the fur-
ther development of a network of satellite communications on the basis of
use of new geostationary satellites which have been registered with the
designations "Statsionar-4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9, -10" with the International
Telecommunications Union.

For operation via these satellites on the basis of existing "Orbita" sta-

tions it will be possible to create an extensive network of receiving and
transmitting stations which will ensure duplex telegraphic-telephonic

37



COMPUTER STAFF SHORTAGE REPORTED

Johannesburg THE STAR in English 7 Dec 77 p 28

[Text]

The serious shortage of
computer staff in South
Africa continues. Al
though the position im-
proved slightly over the
past year, it is estimated
that the industry is cur-
rently short of nearly
1100 people.

And, according to an
annual survey, the shor-
tage by the end of August
next year is expected to
rise over 1700. These
figures compare with total
employment in the indus-
try today of 11400 people.

The survey is the ninth
produced by Computer
Personnel, the country’s
largest computer staff
selection consultancy, and
is considered the authori-
tative document on the
industry, It was based on
a sample of 311 com-
panies throughout the
country.

BASIC REASONS

It is ironic that while
people in many other jobs
are being laid off because
of the recession, the com-
puter industry is still ery-
‘ing out for staff,” says Mr
John Raymond, managing
director of CPL and the

man who compiled the
survey.

cso: 5500

There are two basic
reasons for the continuing
shortage, said Mr Ray-
mond. Firstly, suppliers of
computer equipment re-
port a successful year,
which means that com-
panies are investing in
better business informa-
tion systems to help ‘them
cope in the current eco-
nomic climate.

“In other words, the
installation and upgrading
of computers is outstrip-
ping the training and de-
velopment of people
necessary to fill the gap.”

Secondly, the high turn-
over rate in the industry
was not helping matters.
While fewer immigrants
were coming here because
of the political situation,
more South Africans were
emigrating. Indeed, Aus-
tralia, which has a worse
computer staffing problem
than ours, was actively
recruiting in South Africa.

“All these factors will
compound the problem in
the future,” said Mr Ray-
mond.

SOLUTION

What is the solution?
“This lies with the com-
puter user himself. He
will have to recruit raw

23

SOUTH AFRICA

staff and train them him-
self. The onus lies with
him.— not the computer
suppliers, who supply trai-
ning courses.

“It takes between six
arjd°12 months to provide
a-recruit with basic com-
puter training. Sure, it’s
expensive, but only in this
way. will the. continuing
shortage of computer staff
be alleviated,” Mr Ray-
mond said.

Other points which
emerged from the survey:

‘@ Salaries, generally,
were up 12 percent on
1976:

@ The number of
women in the industry
increased.

@ Thirty-five percent
of programmers in Johan-
nesburg are women.

@ The number of non-
Whites in the industry
also increased about six
percent. In the operations
and data capture fields,
39 percent of staff in
Johannesburg were non-
White while at the coast,
because of the availability
of Indians and Coloureds,
the figure was around 75
percent.



MALAYSIA

BRIEFS

RADIO TRANSMITTERS--Malaysia has just ordered from Thomson-CSF

two short wave radio transmitters and their antennas. Rated at 2 x 500 kW,
the transmitters are among the most powerful in the world, and will enable
the "Voice of Malaysia” to be heard in Oceania, Asia, Middle East, and Europe,
as broadcast from the Kajang station. They are expected to be on the air

in 1979. The contract was won by Thomson-CSF after a closely contested
international call for bids. The company has installed similar transmitters
in Gabon, Libya, Sweden, Norway, as well as a set of eight transmitters in
France, at Issoudun. [Text] [Paris ELECTRONIQUE ACTUALITES in French

2 Dec 77 p 7] 11023

cso: 5500



TURKEY

BRIEFS

NEW TV RELAY STATION--The new Sivas television relay station will begin

operating as of tomorrow. The relay station has a power of 40 kilowatts.
According to information from TRT officials, the new station will relay

on bank 3, channel 10. [Ankara Domestic Service in Turkish 1700 GMT 22
Dec 77 TA]

cso: 5500

45



THAILAND

CABINET APPROVES SRV PROPOSAL FOR RADIOTELETYPE LINK
BK210754Y Bangkok Domestic Service in Thai 1300 GMT 20 Dec 77 BK

[Excerpts] The director general of the Public Relations Department, Kamchat Kiphanit,
in his capacity as spokesman of the Prime Minister's Office, reported on the regular
weekly cabinet session on 20 December, The meeting, which took place at Government
House, was chaired by Prime Minister Gen Kriangsak Chamanan, It discussed several
matters.

The cabinet agreed to the Communication Ministry's request to accept Vietnam's proposal
to open a radioteletype link. According to the Communications Ministry, Vietnam has
telegrammed the Aeronautical Radio of Thailand proposing the opening of a radioteletype
link between Bangkok and Ho Chi Minh City using radio signal "SS." The proposal also
gave details about the transmitters and receivers as well as the frequency to be used.

The Aeronautical Radio of Thailand has all the necessary equipment ready for the im-
mediate opening of a radio teletype link between Bangkok and Ho Chi Minh City. The
matter has already been brought to the attention of the Civil Aviation Committee,

The committee feels that the Aeronautical Radio of Thailand should accept the proposal,
since it is the government's policy to establish friendly relations with Thailand's
neighbors, particularly Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia, and since the opening of a
radioteletype link would be positive gesture from Thailand to pave the way for earlier
negotiations on overflights between Thailand and Vietnam. ‘The committee's decision
was approved by the Communications Ministry.

cso: 5500 -

10