1

Filed 6/3/14 S utter Health Wage and Hour C ases CA1/5

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or or dered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION FIVE

SUTTER HEALTH WAGE AND HOUR CASES A137875
(Alameda County Super. Ct. No. JCCP 4547)

Appellants Diane Aymer, Jackie Brown, Deborah Klacik, Heidi Frausto, Clare King, and Dani a l Waltman sought certification of a putative class of approximately 21,000 registered nurses
, as well as smaller subclasses . They alleged that respondent s denied them meal breaks and rest breaks , failed to provide adequate relief to allow them to take breaks, and dissuaded them from seeking premium pay for breaks they missed.
The trial court denied the certification motion based on a lack of predominating common

q uestions. Appellants contend the trial court erred, primarily because (1) in appellants ’ view,
the court mis interpreted Brinker Restaurant Corp. v. Superior Court (2012) 53 Cal.4th
1004 ( Brinker ) to permit certification only if the employer maintains a uniform policy precluding meal and rest breaks; (2) the court did not apply a rebuttable presumption that pay records showing missed, late or short meal periods establish prima facie violations of the applicable laws; and (3) the court did not expressly ru le on appellants ’ theory that they were dissuaded from seeking meal and rest break premium pay

. We will affirm.2 I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
A. Plaintiffs ’ Complaints
In Dec ember 2008, th ree superior court actions were consolidated in Alam e da County Superior Court as the Sutter Health Wage and Hour Cases , Judicial Council Coordinated Proceeding No. 4547: Aymer v. Sutter Health et al., Sacramento County Superior Court case No. 34

- 2008

- 00003432

- CU

- OE

- GDS ( Aymer ) ; Bissett v. Sutter Health, Inc . et al., Alameda County Superior Court case No. RG08375261 ( Bissett ); and
Waltman v. Sutter Health , Sacramento County Superior Court case No. 34

- 2008

- 00010291

- CU

- OE

- GDS ( Waltman ). The plaintiffs in Aymer are the appellants in this appeal , and we refer to them as such. We refer to the plaintiffs in Aymer , Bissett and
Waltman collectively as “ Plaintiffs. ” In May 2009, the court approved a stipulation permitting Plaintiffs to amend their complaints to name Sutter Health and 18 affiliate ho spitals (collectively, Affiliates) as defendants. The operative pleadings in all three of the coordinated actions include d
causes of action for (1) failure to pay hourly and overtime wages
, (2) failure to provide meal periods or compensation in lieu of me al periods
, (3) failure to provide rest periods or compensation in lieu of rest periods
, (4) failure to timely pay wages at separation
, (5) f ailure to provide itemized wage statements
, and (6) unfair business practices.
Plaintiffs ’ claims were based on California state wage and hour laws, including
Labor Code section s 226.7, 512 ( requiring meal periods ) , and 516 ( pertaining to rest breaks ) . Appellants, however, chose to characterize these purported violations as a result
of Sutter Health ’ s “consistent polic[ies].” The Aymer complaint, for example, alleged
that Sutter Health had “a consistent policy” of “failing to pay legal hourly and overtime wages” and requiring nurses to work without required rest and meal periods.
B. Plain tiffs ’ Class Certification Motion
Plaintiffs filed a single class certification motion in August 2012. They sought certification of two “enterprise

- wide” classes: (1) a “Registered Nurse ” c lass of nonsupervisory, nonexempt, hourly registered nurses employed at any of the 19 Sutter Health Affiliates in California at any time since February 13, 2004, whose responsibilities3

included direct patient care in an acute care (hospital) setting; and ( 2) a “Surgical
Technician ” c lass comprised of certain specified surgical technicians. Alternatively, P laintiffs sought a “subclass” (or alternative class) of registered nurses and surgical technicians in the Sutter Health Sacramento Sierra Region (SHSSR)
and a subclass of registered nurses at Eden Medical Center (EMC). At issue in this appeal are the enterprise

- wide Registered Nurse c lass ( RN class )
and the SHSSR c lass. 1

1. Sutter Health as the Entity Liable to the Putative Classes
Plaintiffs assert ed that Sutter Health was the parent corporation of the other 18 affiliates, which operate 29 acute care hospitals in California . According to Plaintiffs, Sutter Health implemented enterprise

- wide policies and practices and exercised
substantial control over the affiliates and the working conditions of employees. As such, Plaintiffs asserted, Sutter Health was the class

- wide employer and the entity liable to all
class members

.

2. Class Certification Requirements
Plaintiffs further asserted that the requirements for class certification were met, including ascertainability (based on Sutter Health ’ s list of present and former nurses), numerosity (over 21,000 nurses), typicality, adequacy of representation , and

— as relevant to this appeal

— a predominance of common questions over individual questions. The common questions identified by Plaintiffs included ( 1 ) whether Sutter Health failed to allow adequate meal breaks; ( 2 ) whether Sutter Health failed to allow adequate

rest breaks; (3) whether Sutter Heal th failed to maintain sufficient staffing, thereby preventing nurses from taking meal breaks and rest breaks; and (4) whether Sutter Health had a practice of discouraging nurses from seeking premium pay to compensate for their missed or noncompliant meal o r rest breaks, by dissuading or intimidating them from

1 Appellants do not challenge the court’s denial of certification as to the enterprise

wide class of surgical technicians, the subclass of EMC registered nurses, or the SHSSR class with respect to surgical technicians.4

applying for premium pay, or failing to communicate adequately that missed or noncompliant breaks were eligible for premium pay. Plaintiffs proposed that these questions could be answered by proof common to class members using statistical evidence (from Sutter Health ’ s time keeping and payroll records), Sutter Health ’ s policies, Sutter Health ’ s records of premium payments, survey
evi dence, and anecdotal evidence in the form of declarations from Plaintiffs and putative
class members.

a

. Statistical Evidence Indicating Meal Period Violations
Plaintiffs urged that class

- wide proof of meal period violations could be established by Su tter Health ’ s electronic timekeeping and payroll records

. According to declarations by Plaintiffs ’ expert witness
, Reed F. Simpson
, Sutter Health ’ s records were analyzed to determine the number of putative class members ’ work days and, for shifts greater than six hours, the number of missed, late, or short meal periods. Based on his analysis, Simpson concluded there were over 4.4 million meal periods that were missed, late, or short, out of approximately 7 million shifts of six hours and over

.

b. Anecdotal Evidence of Understaffing Precluding Breaks Plaintiffs also argued that nurses ’ meal and rest break violations were subject to common proof because they arose from Sutter Health ’ s understaffing. On this point,
P laintiffs provided materials regarding the implementation of “nurse

- to

- patient staffing ratio” legislation (see Health & Saf. Code
, § 1276.4 ) , which essentially requires hospital employers to maintain minimum staffing ratios. As a result, they contended, acute care nurses could not leave their posts to take meal or rest breaks unless Sutter Health provided an adequately trained nurse for relief. A compendium of declarations from putative class members alleged that, due to the rigors of the job and Sutter Health ’ s refusal to provide break relief, they were regularly required to work through meal periods
and rest breaks.

c . DLSE and CNA Claims of Missed Meal and Rest Breaks
Plaintiffs submitted a summary of documents from the California Division of
Labor Standards Enforcement (DLSE) , purportedly evincing Sutter Health ’ s failure to5

compensate employees for missed meal and rest breaks

. In addition, they provided copies of grievance letters from the California Nurses Association (CNA) , complaining
of S utter Health ’ s failure to staff units in a manner that permitted nurses to take their
breaks.
d

. Dissuasion f

rom Seeking Premium Pay for Missed Breaks
Sutter Health maintains an enterprise

- wide “premium pay” program by which
nurses who do not receiv e a compliant meal or rest break may obtain a premium payment

. (See Lab

. Code, § 226.7.) From 2004 through October 2007, premium pay for
missed meal and rest breaks was not automated , and employees had to request it. From October 2007 to October 2008, Sutter Health automatically paid premiums for eight

hour

- shift employees ’ missed meal periods based on timekeeping records. Thereafter,
however
, premium payment s were made only if requested. Plaintiffs ’ declarants alleg ed
that their supervisors discouraged them from requesting premium pay for missed or noncompliant meal or rest breaks

.

e. Eigen ’ s Theoretical Survey Plaintiffs submitted a declaration of Zev J. Eigen, a purported expert in survey design and implementation, stating it would be feasible to design and implement a survey to determine why employees did not receive meal or rest breaks as required, and why

pr emium payments were not made. Essentially, Eigen would survey a sampling of the putative class members and extrapolate the results to the rest of the class. No such survey, however, was actually conducted. 2
C. Defendants ’ Opposition to Class Certification
Sutter Health denied it could be considered a single employer of all putative class
members
, and disputed that Plaintiffs ’ claims were amenable to class treatment.

2 In addition to their claims for non compliant meal and rest breaks, Plaintiffs argued that their derivative claims for failure to pay wages in a timely manner (Lab. Code, § 203 ), failure to provide itemized wage statements (Lab. Code, § 226), and unfair competition (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 1720 0) should also be certified , to the extent the meal and rest break claims were certified

.6 1. Decentralization and Disparate Policies and Practi ces Sutter Health provides support and administrative services to its corporate subsidiaries , and it is these subsidiaries that provide care to patients. Each of the
subsidiaries identified as Affiliates operated independently, was managed by a separate management team, developed separate meal and rest break policies and practices, and devised different methods for implementing those policies. Furthermore, each Affiliate
had separate responsibility for communicating meal and rest break rules , and took va rious approaches in this regard. And within each Affiliate, practices for relieving employees for meal and rest breaks varied from department to department : each department maintained its own system for break relief based on working conditions, patient

- care circumstances, and other factors. In support of these assertions, Sutter Health produced evidence of 61 collective bargaining agreements pertaining to individual Affiliates, along with a table of 66
different “ Affiliate Meal and Rest Break Polic y ” documents. Sutter Health also presented declarations of directors, managers, nurse managers
, and putative class members asserting that Sutter Health does not require Affiliates to maintain uniform policies, procedures, compensation practices, staf fing practices
, or pay rules; Affiliates in fact have their own policies for meal and rest breaks; there are a variety of ways employees were given an opportunity for meal and rest breaks; and nurses care for a variety of patients under differing working c onditions.

2. Class Certification Requirements
Sutter Health insisted that the Affiliates ’ meal and rest break policies all met or exceeded California requirements, but in any event the differences among and within the Affiliates precluded class

- wide proof of whether (and why) there were meal or rest break violations for the putative class members. In particular, Sutter Health urged, common questions did not predominate over individual questions. 3

3 Sutter Health also argued that the proposed class representatives were not representative of the class, the proposed classes were not ascertainable, and there wer e irreconcilable conflicts am ong class members.7

The putative enterprise

- wide RN class consisted of a pproximately 21,102 registered nurses who worked in California since 2004 , and during the class period they held approximately 501 different job titles and worked for 19 Affiliates, in hundreds of different departments, at 30 different acute care hospital campuses. According to
declarations Sutter Health produced from putative class members, the ability to take meal and rest breaks depended on their department and work performed: some class members never missed a break, while others voluntarily declined o r postponed a break. In addition, Sutter Health pointed out, even the declarations of the named Plaintiffs and other putative class members submitted in support of the certification motion acknowledged that the ability to take meal and rest breaks depende d on job duties, supervisors, shift schedules, and the departments and Affiliates in which they worked.

a. Response to Simpson ’ s Statistical Analysis
Sutter Health asserted that Simpson ’ s report contained numerous methodological
flaws and errors. Moreover, it argued, Simpson ’ s statistical analysis of 4.4 million missed, short, or late meal breaks did not demonstrate actual violations of applicable law
, since nurses may have shortened or postponed their breaks voluntarily, a matter for which
neither Simpson ’ s study nor any other class

- wide proof could account

. To the contrary, an individual inquiry of class members would be necessary to ascertain the reasons the meal break was missed, shortened, or postponed

. Furthermore, time keeping and payroll records told nothing about whether employees took rest breaks (or elected not to)
, because putative class members did not “ clock out ” for rest breaks.

b

. Response to Understaffing Argument In response to Plaintiffs ’ accusation of unders taffing, Sutter Health pointed out
that Plaintiffs ’ only evidence consisted of declarations from a relatively small number of employees who claimed their workload prevented them from taking compliant meal and
rest breaks. Sutter Health contended that unde rstaffing was not subject to class

- wide proof, pointing to evidence that staffing varies from department to department and from
shift to shift, and that individual department managers determined staffing based on patient volume and condition.8 c

. Premium Payments for Missed Breaks During the proposed class period, the 19 Affiliates paid over $34 million in premium payments to at least 17,168 putative class members for missed meal or rest
breaks. Although Plaintiffs declared that they did not rece ive all premiums they were purportedly owed for missed breaks, Sutter Health contended that the reasons for this varied from person to person. In addition, Sutter Health produced declarations from
other putative class members who averred that they had rec eived premium payments when they did not take breaks.

d

. Eigen ’ s Theoretical Survey
Sutter Health attacked Eigen ’ s proposed survey on several grounds. It challenged the assertion that Eigen was a survey design expert at all , since he had never testified at trial as an expert and had never designed a survey for trial. It also noted how little work Eigen had put into the proposed survey in this case : Eigen acknowledged in his deposition that he never drafted any proposed que stions for the survey, he could not say how many putative class members he would include in his survey, and he could not provide concrete details about how he would draft or implement it; furthermore, Eigen
conceded that after he began to design the survey , he might later determine it was
infeasible after all

. In addition, Sutter Health argued, results extrapolated from the proposed sampling would not identify which of the Affiliates should bear liability or in
what amount

. e. DLSE Vindications
Sutt er Health produced evidence that, since February 2004, the DLSE had decided 29 times that the named defendants had lawfully provided meal and rest breaks to a putative class member who claimed otherwise; DLSE had not ruled in favor of any registered nurse who asserted a meal or rest break claim during the class period.

f

. Sutter Health ’ s Survey Concerning Breaks and Dissuasion
Sutter Health submitted a survey of over 1,200 putative class members conducted by E. Deborah Jay, Ph. D., of Field Research Corporation. As to meal and rest breaks,
82 percent of responding employees asserted that on “most days” they had the9

opportunity to stop work for at least 30 minutes for meal breaks if they chose
, and 57 percent responded that on “ most days ” they had the opportunity to stop work for at least
two 10

- or 15

- minute personal breaks if they want ed to. In addition, 57 percent said they personally chose to skip, shorten, or postpone their meal break s even when they had an opportunity to take one, and 35 percent said they had chosen to skip one or more rest
breaks. 4 On the issue of alleged dissuasion from taking breaks or from seeking compensation for noncompliant breaks
, 87 percent indicated that their manager or supervisor never discouraged or prevented them from stopping work for a meal break they wanted to take, and 82 percent indicated their manager or supervisor never discouraged or prevented them from taking a rest break. Some 63 percent indicated they had the opportunity to request premium pay for nonc ompliant meal breaks, 48 percent of
whom received such payment ; 42 percent of those surveyed had the opportunity to request a premium payment for noncompliant rest breaks, 23 percent of whom received a premium payment

. D. Trial Court ’ s Denial of Certifi cation After a hearing on November 16, 2012, the court issued a 32

- page written order denying class certification on December 12, 2012.
As to the putative enterprise

- wide RN class , the court concluded that Plaintiffs ’ proposed statistical method of class

- wide proof of meal period violations was inadequate
for two reasons: (1) the statistics did not necessarily show 4.4 million violations, since employees might have elected to waive the break, and that was not a matte r subject to enterprise

- wide proof; and (2) even assuming the existence of 4.4 million violations, its significance was unclear since the enterprise was comprised of 19 separate A ffiliates, each with multiple departments and different meal and rest break p olicies

. Thus,

4 On the other hand, as appellants point out, the survey also showed that on “most days” over 14 percent of the surveyed class did not have the opportunity t o stop work for a 30

- minute meal period they wanted to take
, and 38 percent of respondents reported that on “most days” they did not have the opportunity to take two 10

- to 15

- minute personal breaks they wanted to take

.10

violations of the applicable law would require individualized inquiries, not common proof. In addition, Plaintiffs failed to show that the shortcomings of the statistical evidence could be cured either by their proposed survey or by Sutter Health ’ s completed

survey: even if Sutter Health ’ s survey showed there were violations, it did not show the violations were a result of a uniform policy common to all class members. And also
insufficient was Plaintiffs ’ assertion that they could analyze staffing ratios and other data
to determine whether there was an adequate number of qualified relief nurses, since the analysis would require a huge data entry effort , and Plaintiffs had not even attempted the work necessary to determine whether the data was susceptible to such an analysis

. As to rest breaks, the court found there was no class

- wide proof for certification purposes, because Plaintiffs had no statistical evidence of any violations (since employees were not required to record the time they took for such breaks), and Plaintiffs ’ proposed survey and anecdotal evidence from some putative class members w as insufficient

. As to the putative SHSSR class, the court concluded that the same type of problems in certifying the enterprise

- wide RN cla ss precluded certification of the SHSSR class, in light of the differences among the departments within the hospitals comprising
SHSSR

. And as to Plaintiffs ’ argument that nurses were dissuaded from seeking premium pay for noncompliant meal and rest break s, the court found that declarations from putative class members did not reflect a uniform policy that would warrant class
certification. Finding that common questions did not predominate over individual questions , the
court denied Plaintiffs ’ motion for class certification without deciding the issues of ascertainability, numerosity, typicality or adequacy of counsel. This appeal followed.
II. DISCUSSION Appellants contend the court erred in denying certification of the enterprise

- wide
R N class and, alternatively, the SHSSR class. We briefly revisit the legal requirements for certification of a class action, and then examine appellants ’ contentions.11

A. Class Actions
A party seeking class certification must show “ the existence of an as certainable and sufficiently numerous class
, a well

- defined community of interest
, and substantial benefits from certification that render proceeding as a class superior to the alternatives. ” ( Brinker , supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 1021; see Code Civ. Proc., § 382. ) The community of interest requirement is comprised of three factors: predominant common question s of law or fact; class representatives with claims or defense s typical of the class; and class representatives who can adequately represent the class . ( Brinker, supra
, 53 Cal.4th at
p. 1021 .) In this appeal, the sole issue is whether Plaintiffs established the predominance of common questions. The element of predominant common questions requires, essentially, that factual and legal questions common to the claims of the putative class members predominate
over issues affecting members individually. ( See Brinker, supra
, 53 Cal.4th at p. 1021 [“The ‘ ultimate question ’ the element of predominance presents is whether ‘ the issues which may be jointly tried , when compared with those requiring separate adjudication,
are so numerous or substantial that the maintenance of a class action would be advantageous to the judicial process and to the litigants”].) Generally, “if the defendant ’ s liability can be determi ned by facts common to all members of the class, a class will be certified even if the members must individually prove their damages.” ( Id . at p. 1022.) To determine the issue, the trial court “must examine the plaintiff ’ s theory of recovery,
assess the nature of the legal and factual disputes likely to be presented, and decide whether individual or common issues predominate.” ( Id . at p. 1025.)
Whether to certify a class rests within the broad discretion of the trial court. ( Brinker , supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 1022. ) Generally, an order denying certification will not be disturbed unless it is (1) unsupported by substantial evidence, (2) rests on improper criteria, or (3) rests on erroneous legal assumptions. ( Id

. at p. 10 2 2.) Because predominance is a f

actual question, we review the court ’ s finding on this point for substantial evidence. ( Ibid .) That is, we will affirm if substantial evidence supports the

court ’ s ruling, even if there is evidence that might also support a contrary ruling.12

( Dailey v. S ears, Roebuck & Co . (2013) 214 Cal.App.4th 974, 988 ( Dailey ) [appellate court does not reweigh evidence, but draws all reasonable inferences supporting the order].)
B. The Enterprise

- Wide RN Class Plaintiffs contend that, in light of their legal theories, the following factual questions were common to members of the RN class and predominated over questions affecting members individually: (1) whether understaffing of nurses by Sutter Health
resulted in pervasive rest and meal period noncompliance
, and (2) whether uncompensated meal period violations w ere the result of a pervasive practice of dissuading nurses from applying for premiums for missed or noncompliant breaks

. 5

1. Understaffing of Nurs es and Rest and Meal Period Non c ompliance In our consideration of appellants ’ primary legal theory, we first address whether
their claims of understaffing, meal period violations, or rest period violations were amenable to class

- wide proof based on the evidence provided to the trial court

. We then
address appellants ’ further arguments that the court applied the incorrect legal standard
and made other specified errors.

a. U nderstaffing
Plaintiffs ’ support for their claim of class

- wide proof of Sutte r Health ’ s alleged understaffing and failure to provide break relief was anecdotal evidence from declarations of some putative class members. There was no evidence of a class

- wide

5 Appellants’ opening brief also posits two other common questions: whether Sutter Health’s practices in failing to compensate for missed breaks violated California’s unfair competition law, and whether Sutter Health’s rest and meal period noncompliance subjected it to penalties for unlawful wage stubs and late pay. In the trial court, however, appellants acknowledged that their claims for unfair competition, unlawful wage stubs, and late pay were derivative claims that could be certified only to the extent of their claims for meal and rest break violations. Appellants also conte nd in a footnote in their opening brief that “the issue of whether Sutter Health is the joint employer as to the provisional meal period violations” is a common question. Our conclusion that meal period violations cannot be shown by common proof (based on the record in this case) indicates that these other questions also cannot be resolved by common proof, and that in any event the court did not err in concluding that common questions did not predominate

.13

policy that precluded adequate break relief; to the contrary, there was sig nificant evidence that staffing compliance depended on circumstances specific to the nurses ’ working environment, which varied from department to department. And although
Plaintiffs argued they could analyze nurse staffing plans and hospital data to determine
whether break relief was provided, it was not unreasonable for the court to find that Plaintiffs had not established the viability of such an analysis
, since they had not even performed the required data entry. Appellants urged it was unnec essary to actually perform a thorough review and analysis of the data, because they had discussed this evidence merely to show that nurses had to be provided relief in order to take a break (unlike an office or sales position), not

to prove that the staffi ng ratio was actually deficient. But this only hurts appellants ’ case: I f indeed they were not offering this type of evidence as an indication of class

- wide proof
of deficient staffing ratio s, there was nothing else to indicate that staffing deficiencies were subject to class

- wide proof. Accordingly, the record supports the conclusion that proof of understaffing depended on factual issues unique to the particular department or affiliate
, and it was
therefore not a common issue. ( Kimoto v. McDonald ’ s Corp s

. (C.D. Cal.
, Aug. 19, 2008 , No. CV 06

- 3032 PSG ) 2008 U.S. Dist. Lexis 8 62 03, at p. * 17 [ where plaintiff ’ s theory was that restaurant was too busy to give employees a meaningful opportunity to take a meal or rest break, class certification was denied be cause assessing whether an employee was authorized by a manager to take the break would require an individualized inquiry].)

b

. M eal P eriod N

on c ompliance An employer generally must provide a 30

- minute meal period to all nonexempt employees who work more than five hours, and a second 30

- minute meal period to employees who work more than 10 hours. (Lab

. Code, § 512, subd. (a); Industrial Welf.
Com. W age O rder No. 5

- 2001 , subd. 11 (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 8, § 11050 , subd. 11 ) .)

“ The employer satisfies this obligation if it relieves its employees of all duty, relinquishes
control over their activities and permits them a reasonable opportunity to take an uninterrupted 30

- minute break, and does not impede or discourage them from doin g so. ”14

( Brinker, supra, 53 Ca l .4th at p. 1040 .) What will suffice as compliance in this regard may vary from industry to industry. ( Ibid .)
The trial court in this case did not err in concluding that meal period violations
could not be established on a class

- wide basis. Although Simpson ’ s statistical evidence suggested over 4.4 million instances in which employees did not receive a compliant meal period
, these 4.4 million incidents were not necessarily violations

. A missed meal period would not constitute a violation if the employee waived the offered meal period or otherwise voluntarily shortened or postponed it. ( Brinker, supra , 53 Cal.4th at pp. 1040

- 1041.) Indeed, s ubdivision 11(D) of Wage Order No. 5

- 2001 allows for voluntary written agree ments to waive meal periods. Here, the evidence indicated that some putative class members did, in fact, miss meal periods because they waived them : Sutter Health provided evidence that many putative class members signed waivers
, and a number of declarants and 57 percent of survey respondents said they voluntarily chose to delay, shorten, or skip meal breaks
offered to them. Moreover, the evidence indicated that the issue of employee waivers
, and other voluntary elections to forego full breaks, could not be addressed by class

- wide proof

. First, the em ployees ’ written waiver forms

— to which Simpson did not have access

— were contained in the employee s ’ individual personnel files . Second, declarations from putative class members asserted that the n urses ’ ability to take meal breaks varied from department to department and affiliate to affiliate, depending primarily on differences in work responsibilities ; indeed, even the declarations presented by Plaintiffs suggested that their ability to take meal and rest breaks varied from department to department, hospital to hospital, and shift to shift, depending on the type of work they performed, their supervisor, and other factors. From this evidence, it may reasonably be inferred that the question of whet her a missed meal break was due to the employer ’ s de facto
failure to allow it

— or from the employees ’ vo luntary choice not to take it

— would15

necessitate an individualized inquiry (or at least not a class

- wide one). Accordingly, Simpson ’ s statistical eviden ce was insufficient to justify class certification. 6 Instructive in this regard is Ordonez v. Radio Shack, Inc . (C.D.Cal.
, Jan 17, 2013 , No. CV 10

- 7060

- CAS ) 2013 U.S. Dist. Lexis 7868 ( Ordonez ) . There, the plaintiff sought certification of a class of sales associates whose employer purportedly deprived them of meal and rest periods. The plaintiff asserted there were de facto uniform policies requiring the sales associates to ask permission to take a break (to avoid understaffing) and statistical evidence t hat over half the putative class members had missed, short, or late meal periods. ( Id. at pp. *4

- 5, 20.) In denying certification, the
court found
, “[P]laintiff ’ s expert repeatedly mischaracterizes any late, sh ort, or missed meal periods as ‘ violations ’

— in fact, there is no way of determining on a classwide basis whether these were violations, a legal conclusion, or whether individual class members voluntarily opted to start their meal break late, cut it short, or not take a break at all.” ( Id. at pp. *2 2

- 23.)
To similar effect is Washington v. Joe ’ s Crab Shack (N.D. Cal. 2010) 271 F.R.D. 629. There, the plaintiff alleged that restaurant employees were deprived of the right to meal and rest breaks, and sought certification of a class based on declarati ons from the plaintiff and other present or former employees, along with records indicating that eligible breaks were not taken. Certification was denied. The court explained that an analysis of data could not establish a policy or practice where “plaint iff has failed to adequately explain how that analysis works and exactly what the data shows.” ( Id . at
p. 640.) Further, the court explained: “In the absence of any common policy, an individualized inquiry will be required to determine whether any singl e employee failed

6 The possibility of employee waivers would not p reclude class treatm ent if the employer had a n official class

- wide policy precluding compliant breaks (see Brinker, supra , 53 Cal.4th at p. 1033) or requiring employees to waive those breaks (see Faulkinbury v. Boyd & Associates, Inc. (2013) 216 Cal.App.4t h 220, 234). But Plaintiffs neither presented evidence of, nor premised their legal theory on, any such official class

wide policy. At most, they urged a de facto policy, but failed to show it existed on a class

- wide basis.16

to take a meal break because he/she was too busy, and also to determine whether a particular employee signed a waiver based on a decision not to take meal breaks. For this reason alone, common issues do not predominate with regard to the meal break claim. In addition, plaintiff ’ s suggested solution of simply examining time records to determine when meal breaks were not taken would be unavailing, as that would not answer the question why the employees did not take breaks.” ( Id . at p. 641 ; s ee also Purnell v. Sunrise Senior Living Mgmt., Inc. (C.D.Cal.
, Feb. 27, 2012 , No. SA CV10

- 00897 JAK ) 2012 U.S.Dist. Lexis 27430, at p. *16 [time records and expert analysis of potential meal break violations did not reflect class

- wide proof, because individualized inquiries would be needed to determine why employees missed the breaks].) 7 Furthermore, appellants did not establish that survey evidence would cure the shortcomings of their statistical evidence . In light of Eigen ’ s testim ony that he never drafted the actual survey questions, could not say how many putative class members would be included in the survey or provide concrete details about the survey ’ s implementation , and might later decide the survey was infeasible, it was not error for
the court to conclude that Plaintiffs ’ mere proposal of a survey was insufficient to
establish the predominance of common issues or the manageability of individual inquiries

. ( See Dailey, supra , 214 Cal.App.4th at p. 998 [ “ W e have found no case, and Dailey has cited none, where a court has deemed a mere proposal for statistical sampling to be an adequate evidentiary substitute for demonstrating the requisite commonality ” ]); Dunbar v. Albertson ’ s, Inc. (2006) 141 Cal.App.4th 1 422, 1432 [ it “is
not sufficient

. . . simply to mention a procedural tool; the party seeking class

7 Appellants contend that case s involving employees in a restaurant or retail store are distinguishable because appellants work as nurses in a hospital, and they cannot take breaks without qualified break relief. A concern about understaffing, however, was also present in Ordonez , sup ra, 2013 U.S.Dist. Lexis 7868 , at pp. *4

- 5

. Moreover, even if the staffing standard and need for adequate break relief was common to all class members, the point is that Plaintiffs failed to show any means of class

- wide proof that there was, in fact, defi cient staffing that led to meal and rest break violations

.17

certification must explain how the procedure will effectively manage the issues in question” ].) Appellants urge that the question of employee waivers is ir relevant, because
waiver is a matter that defendants would have to prove, based on a concurring opinion
in Brinker . We address this assertion post , but it suffices to say at this point that
whether the plaintiff is required to demonstrate an actual violat ion of the meal period
laws (and thereby show that the missed meal period was not due to an employee waiver) or the plaintiff is required to prove only a presumptive violation with evidence that a meal period was missed ( leaving it to the employer to show, as an affirmative defense, that the missed period was due to an employee waiver), the fact remains that the possibility of employee waiver requires individualized proof, based on the record in
this case

. Accordingly, it was not error for the court to con clude that meal period violations were not subject to class

- wide proof. (See Brinker, supra, 53 Cal.4th at

pp. 105 2

- 1055 ( conc. opn. of Werdegar, J.); see generally Walsh v. IKON Office
Solutions
, Inc. (2007) 148 Cal.App.4th 1440, 1450 [affirmative defens es may be considered in deciding whether common issues of law or fact predominate].) Cases on which appellants rely actually confirm that class certification was properly denied. In Sotelo v. Medianews Group, Inc. (2012) 207 Cal.App.4th 639, the
Court o f Appeal affirmed the trial court ’ s denial of class certification because, like the
Plaintiffs here, the plaintiffs were unable to show any uniform policy or practice that
would establish class

- wide liability for meal and rest break violations. ( Id. at pp. 6 52

- 655 .) In Mendez v. R+L Carrier s , Inc. (C.D.Cal.
, Nov. 19, 2012 , No. C 11

- 2478 CW )
2012 U.S.Dist. Lexis 165221 , the court denied certification of a putative class of truck
drivers for meal and rest break claims , finding, among other things, that the

e mployer ’ s alleged informal policy of discouraging breaks was not susceptible to common proof in light of the variance among terminals in rest break policies. ( Id . at
pp. *33

- 38. ) Although the district court certified a subclass of “city drivers” because
there was a common practice of preventing drivers from taking their breaks for that18

group ( id

. at pp. *34

- 36 ), the evidence in the matter before us supported the conclusion
that there was no common policy for any putative class or subclass in this case. Appellants ’ reliance on other decisions is misplaced. Pina v. Con

- Way Freight,
Inc. (N.D. Cal.
, Apr. 12, 2012 , No. C 10

- 00100 JW ) 2012 U.S. Dist. Lexis 59505 is distinguishable because, unlike appellants in this case, the plaintiffs in Pina
demonstrated th at their employer ’ s informal policies of discouraging breaks was susceptible to common proof; all class members worked in the same facility and there was no apparent assertion that different policies and practices applied to different class
members. ( Id

. at pp. *19

- 20.) Similarly, in Dilts v. Penske Logistics, LLC (S.D. Cal. 2010) 267 F.R.D. 625 , the district court certified a class of drivers because they were
all subject to the same unlawful common policy of automatically deducting pay for
meal breaks ( w hether or not the breaks were taken ) and refusing to provide a second meal break; in addition, the drivers were all subject to a common scheduling practice, and they were uniformly deprived of premium pay. ( Id . at pp. 636

- 6 38. ) And in
Jaimez v. Daiohs USA, Inc

. (2010) 181 Cal.App. 4th 1286 ( Jaimez ) , the plaintiffs ’
claims were amenable to class treatment due to evidence that the employer maintained “uniform policies and practices” affecting all putative class members. ( Id . at pp. 1299

- 1300.) Appellant s contend that a nother appellate decision
, issued after the trial court ’ s ruling in this case, held that an employer cannot preclude certification by raising
individualized issues about the employees ’ reasons for missing a meal or rest break. ( Benton v. T

elecom Network Specialists, Inc. (2013) 220 Cal.App.4th 701, 725

- 726 ( Benton ) .) Benton , however, is inapposite. In Benton , each of the declarants averred that they were not told what a meal or rest break was or whether they were entitled to one,
and the plaintiffs claimed their employer was liable because it had no class

- wide policy authorizing statutorily mandated breaks. ( Id . at p. 707.) Under that theory of liability

— based on the absence of an authorizing policy required by Brinker

— the common predomi nating question was the legality of the employer ’ s failure to adopt the class

- wide policy, and the class could be certified even if some class members were nevertheless19

able to take breaks due to the different work they performed for different staffing

com panies that followed their own break practices. ( Id . at pp. 725

- 726.) In the matter before us, by contrast, appellants do not pursue a theory that Sutter Health failed , on a class

- wide basis, to adopt a policy authorizing the required breaks. In sum, appellants fail to show that the court erred in concluding that meal period violations were not susceptible to class

- wide proof , and that individual issues could not be adequately managed by the methods Plaintiffs proposed

.

c

. R est P eriod N

on c o mpliance An employer must authorize and permit employees to take 10

- minute rest breaks for every four hours of work or major f r action thereof. ( Brinker, supra , 53 Cal.4th at

p. 103 2 .) Because the putative class members did not clock out for rest breaks as they
did for meal periods
, however, Plaintiffs had no statistical evidence of any rest break
violations. That left anecdotal evidence contained in the declarations of Plaintiffs and other putative class members , along with the results of Sutter Health ’ s survey. And although that survey indicated 43 percent of surveyed nurses did not, on most days, have the opportunity to stop work for at least two 10

- or 15

- minute rest breaks , the survey also showed that 35 percent chose t o skip rest breaks that were offered to them

. In light of the individualized inquiry needed to determine whether the short or missed rest breaks constituted actual violations or were merely a reflection of the employee ’ s voluntary choice, the court correc tly concluded that Plaintiffs ’ theory of noncompliant
rest breaks (due to understaffing) was not amenable to class

- wide proof. We now turn to the remainder of appellants ’ arguments.

d. Trial Court ’ s Reference to a Uniform Policy Requirement Appellants contend the court applied an incorrect legal standard because it
asserted that Plaintiffs needed to prove that meal and rest period violations were the result
of a “uniform policy consistently applied” to the Affiliates. Appellants urge that Br inker
does not require plaintiffs to prove a uniform policy in order to attain certification, and20

that they may show in some other way that the action is triable on a class

- wide basis due to the predominance of common issues. 8
The trial court did not base its ruling on an erroneous assumption of law. In its
order denying certification, the court accurately set forth the governing legal standard, asserting that the question was whether Plaintiffs ’ theory of recovery was “likely to prove amenable to class treatment” and whether the defendants ’ liability “can be determined by
facts common to all members of the class.” The court ’ s reference to the concept of a “uniform policy” should be of no surprise, for two reasons. First, proof of a noncompliant uniform policy is the means our Supreme Court noted for establishing the predominance of common questions. ( Brinker, supra , 53 Cal.4th at p p

. 1033, 1052 .) Second, it was appellant s who initially injected the idea of a uniform policy into the case.
In the Aymer complaint, appellants alleged that Sutter Health had “a consistent policy” of “failing to pay legal hourly and overtime wages” and requiring nurses to work without required rest and meal periods. And in their memorandum of points and authorities in support of the ir certification motion, Plaintiffs asserted: “California law specifically
authorizes class actions when a defendant ’ s corporate policies result in injury to a grou p of plaintiffs. Testimony from a class representative, coupled with proof of company

- wide policies and practices is sufficient to prove common issues affecting the class predominate over individual issues. [Citation.]” (Italics added.)

8 In part, the court stated: “In evaluating this point/counterpoint debate [concerning the significance of Sutter Health’ s survey], it is useful to step back for a moment and consider exactly what it is in a case such as this a plaintiff actually needs to prove and whether, in a given case, that is susceptible to class

- wide proof

. Plaintiffs approach that question as if the question is simply whether ‘ violations ’ of the relevant wage order occurred , and their entire statistical presentation is to show that they did occur. But for the case to be tried on a class

- wide basis, the question is somewhat different

— namely, whether there was ‘ a uniform policy consistently applied to a group of employees

. . . in violation of the wage and hour laws. ’ ( Brinker [, supra , 53 Cal.4th] at p. 1033 [discussing rest breaks].) Thus the threshold burden on Plaintiffs is not merely to show ‘ lots of violations ’ but rather to show that

— whether there were a hundred or a mill ion

— the violations were the result of a ‘ uniform policy consistently applied. ’ ”21

Moreover, in co ntext, the court ’ s references to the need to establish a uniform policy of noncompliance reflected Plaintiffs ’ utter failure to show the potential for common proof on any other basis. The point of the court ’ s reference to a “uniform policy consistently ap plied” was the requirement that there be , in the court ’ s words,
“a common mode of proof for all members” of the class or subclass. The court fully
examined Plaintiffs ’ statistical evidence and its failure to account for factors that would
determine whether or not actual violations had occurred. It considered Plaintiffs ’
evidence of Sutter Health ’ s practices, and the fact that those practices differed significantly from a ffiliate to a ffiliate. In such circumstances, the absence of proof of a noncompliant uniform policy would preclude class certification. ( See Brinker, supra, 53
Cal.4th at p. 1052 [ “ [W] here no substantial evidence points to a uniform, companywide policy , proof of off

- the

- clock liability would have had to continue in an employee

- by

employee fashion
, ” i talics added ] .) Appellants fail to establish error. 9

9 To expound a bit on this point, we revisit Brinker ’ s analysis

. Brinker held that, to comply with the law, an employer must have a policy authorizing the required breaks. ( Brinker, supra , 53 Cal.4th at p. 1033 [rest breaks].) If the employer’s policy does not authorize the breaks, the possibility that an employee was nonetheless able to take those breaks merely goes to damages, not liability. ( I bi d .) Therefore, if the p laintiff’s legal theory is that the employer’s over

- arching policy does not comply with the law because it does not authorize the required breaks, liability can be decided by the class

- wide question of whether the policy applicable to all class members complies with the law or not; accordingly, common questions predominate and a class may be certified. ( I bi d .; Jaimez, supra , 18 1 Cal.App.4th at p. 1301; Faulkinbury , supra , 216 Cal.App.4th at pp

. 233

- 237; Bradley v. Networkers Internat., LLC (2012) 211 Cal.App.4th 1129, 1151.) If, on the other hand, the employer’s policy does facially comply with the law, then the plaintiff could establish liability by showing that, notwithstanding the policy, the company in practice denied employees their required breaks. ( Brinker, supra , 53 Cal.4th at p. 1040.) To obtain class certification on that legal theory, the plaintiff would have to sho w that the noncompliant practice was subject to class

- wide proof for some reason other than the facially valid policy. In the matter before us, substantial evidence supported the conclusion that Plaintiffs did not establish either a noncompliant uniform p olicy or a common practice subject to class

- wide proof on some other basis.22 e. Brinker C oncurrence and W aiver as A ffirmative D efense Appellants contend the court erred in denying certification based on the individual inquiry necessary to ascertain whether employee s had waived their meal
breaks , because waiver is an affirmative defense

. They point to Justice Werdeg a r ’ s

concurrence in Brinker , which asserted
, “ If an employer ’ s records show no meal period for a given shift over five hours, a rebuttable presumption arises that the employee was not relieved of duty and no meal period was provided

. ” ( Brinker, supra, 53 Ca1.4th at

p. 1053 , i talics added. ) They urge that their statistical evidence of missed meal periods gave rise to a presumption of violation s because the Brinker concurrence is “the law of
the land .” Their argument is unavailing. In the first place, the rebuttable presumption referenced in the Brinker concurrence is not the “law of the land.” Concurring opinions do not constitute binding precedent. ( In re Marriage of Dade (1991) 230 Cal. App.3d 621, 629; People v. Superior
Court (Persons) (1976) 56 Cal.App.3d 191, 194.) And although Plaintiffs cite f our cases to support their claim that other courts have applied the presumption, none of those cases is apposite here. For example, Bradley v. Networkers Internat
., LLC (2012) 211 Cal.App.4th 1129, 1144

- 11 4 5 , and Faulkinbury v. Boyd & Associates, Inc. (20 13) 216 Cal.App.4th 220, 230

- 231, noted the presumption but did not rely on it ; furthermore,
neither case was published before the court ’ s written order denying certification. In Avilez v. Pinkerton Government Servs. (C.D. Cal. 2012) 286 F.R.D. 450 , the court did not even mention the presumption. And Ricaldai v. U.S. Investigations Services, LLC (C.D.Cal 2012) 878 F.Supp.2d 1038, 1043, a federal district court case of no precedential value, is distinguishable because it involved an employer who did not

r ecord any meal periods, and addressed summary judgment rather than class
certification. Accordingly, the trial court did not abrogate existing law by declining to apply the rebuttable presumption mentioned in the Brinker concurrence. Of course, we may lo ok to the concurring opinion in Brinker for guidance in assessing the significance of a plaintiff ’ s statistical evidence of noncompliant meal periods. But even if we (or the trial court) were to conclude that Sutter Health ’ s time23

records reflecting missed
, late, or short meal periods created a rebuttable presumption of violations, the fact remains that the adjudication of those presumed violations would ultimately turn on individualized rather than class

- wide proof in this case. According to the Brinker concurrence , an employer ’ s assertion that an “employee waived the opportunity to have a work

- free break” would be an “affirmative defense” for the employer to prove, and individual issues arising from an affirmative defense pose no per se bar to certifica tion. ( Brinker, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 1053 ( conc. opn. of Werdegar, J.).) “Instead, whether in a given case affirmative defenses should lead a court to approve or reject certification will hinge on the manageability of any individual issues.” ( Id . at p. 1054.) Because the employer in Brinker had not shown that waiver would render a certified class categorically unmanageable, Justice Werdegar opined that “it remains for the trial court to decide on remand, in the fullness of its discretion, whether in this case methods exist sufficient to render class treatment manageable.” ( Id . at p. 1055.)
For the reasons stated ante , ample evidence supported the trial court ’ s conclusion that the potential for waivers or other factors necessitated individualized
i nquiries and precluded class

- wide proof of liability. The court decided, in the “fullness of its discretion,” that class treatment of meal period claims would not be manageable based on the record before it, and appellants have not established that the

co urt abused its discretion in this regard. (See Ordonez, supra, 2013 U.S. Dist. Lexis
7868 , at p. *21 n.9 [“ [T]o the extent that plaintiff relies on a ‘ presumption ’ that arises from the empirical evidence that many class members had short, late, or missed meal periods, the Court finds that defendant has rebutted this presumption here . [Citation to
Brinker concurrence.] As noted, plaintiff has failed to identify any common policy that uniformly deprived employees of the opportunity to take meal breaks, such that individualized inquiries could be avoided”]. )

f

. Trial C ourt ’ s R eliance on Tien and Hernandez
In its written order denying certification, the trial court cited two pre

- Brinke r

cases which, after the trial court issued its ruling, were depublished by our Supreme24

Court . ( Tien v. Tenet Healthcare Corp. ( Oct. 4, 2012) B214333 , opn. ordered nonpub. Jan. 16, 2013; Hernandez v. Chipotle Mexican Grill, Inc . ( Aug. 21, 2012) B216004 , opn. ordered nonpub. Dec. 12, 2012

. ) The trial court had cited Tien and Hernandez for
the court ’ s proposition that “[a]bsent a showing of commonality across multiple locations or even within a location, an effort to certify fails.” In context, the trial court was discussing the absence of an “over

- arching policy” governing the Affiliates and, more generally, the significance of differences between and among those Affiliates. Appellants have failed to establish error in this rega rd. First, there is no question
that Tien and Hernandez were good law at the time the trial court in this case cited them. Second, since our Supreme Court did not grant review in Tien or Hernandez , we do not
know why the Supreme Court depublished them , a nd it is not our place to indulge in speculation. Third, the proposition for which the trial court cited Tien and Hernandez is an accurate statement of the law, supported by other legal authorities, for the reasons we explained ante : in the absence of a noncompliant uniform policy, individualized questions necessary for the adjudication of liability may preclude class certification. (E.g., Brinker
, supra , 53 Cal.4th at p. 1052 .)

g

. C ourt ’ s M isstatement R egarding P ercentage of V iolations Plaintiffs argued in the trial court that there were over 4.4 million potential meal period violations out of more than 7 million shifts, and therefore potential violations had
occurred in roughly 63 percent of those shifts. In its order, howev er, the trial court
attributed this 63 percent figure not to the percentage of shifts in which potential
violations arose, but to the percentage of potential violations that had been “cured” by, for example, payment of premium pay. Appellants contend this was “an error of such magnitude to serve as the basis for finding that the court ’ s denial of certification was not supported by substantial evidence.” We disagree. The court did not rely on a 63 percent “cure” rate in deciding appellants ’ motion. Instead, the court denied certification because common questions did not predominate, and the predominance of common questions did not turn on the number25

of violations that were cured or the percentage of shifts that were missed , but on the lack
of common policies or practices among the 19 Affiliates

. Appellants argue that the court believed the magnitude of potential violations was important in assessing the propriety of certification , based on the following statement by the court at the hearing : “Y ou se e, the problem is, how big ’ s the number? If you put up numbers there where two percent of meal breaks were missed, and you said, ‘ Certify it. Judge

— Judge, look. Two percent were missed. ’ And the defense gets up and says, ‘ Well, you know, they could hav e been consensual, et cetera, et cetera. ’
That ’ s a different case than if you get up and said, ‘ Look, 98 percent were missed, and
there ’ s no compensation. ’ ” But appellants misperceive the court ’ s comment. In context, the court was asking how it could r ely on Plaintiffs ’ evidence of 4.4 million violations, in light of the fact that some portion of those missed shifts were due to
waivers and therefore not violations at all. As the court explained
, “[ T he parties] are asking me to draw inferences from the size of the percentages, and I need to be concerned how reliable are the percentages.” We discern no prejudicial error from the

court ’ s mistaken reference to a 63 percent cure rate. For the foregoing reasons, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying
class certification based on Plaintiffs ’ theory that members of the RN class were deprived of meal or rest breaks due to understaffing.

2. Dissuading Nurses f

rom Applying for Premiums
Plaintiffs ’ alternative theory was that Sutter Health mai ntained a pervasive practice of dissuading nurses from applying for premium pay for missed or noncompliant
breaks , or failed to advise the nurses of their right to premium payments. Appellants
contend the court ignored this theory , and the order denying c ertification is therefore not supported by substantial evidence. (Citing Bluford v. Safeway Inc. (2013) 216 Cal.App.4th 864, 873 .) Further, they contend, the class should have been certified with respect to the dissuasion theory.26 a. Background
An employer ’ s dissuasion of employees from taking meal or rest breaks may result
in the employer ’ s liability, even if the employer has a written policy that complies with
the law. ( See Brinker, supra, 53 Cal

. 4th at p. 1040; Cicairos v. Summit Logistics, Inc. (2005) 133 Cal.App.4th 949, 962

- 963 .) This type of dissuasion theory can be subject to class

- wide proof. ( Jaimez , supra, 181 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1304

- 1305 [ common scheduling policy that made taking breaks extremely difficult ]. ) By extension, appellants argue, an employer ’ s dissuasion of employees from applying for premium pay , or its
failure to advise employees of their entitlement to premium pay, may result in employer liability. And, they urge, this type of dissuasion theory is susceptible of class

- wide proof
as well

. Based on declarations from putative class members, appellants contend Sutter
Health dissuaded nurses from obtaining premium pay in the following ways: (1) discouraging premium pay requests, often by mentioning the possible need to la y off employees amid budget concerns ; (2) frustrating putative class members’ attempts to request premium pay by requiring them to obtain a supervisor ’ s preapproval based on a specific medical emergency ; and (3) refusing legitimate payment requests. Appel lants
also point to Sutter Health ’ s survey, in which a percentage of former and current employees indicated they did not have the opportunity to request premium pay
, were uncertain they could ask for it, or never received it.

b. Analysis
As a thresh old matter, we reject appellants ’ aspersion that the trial court ignored their dissuasion theory. The dissuasion theory was included in the Plaintiffs ’ motion

papers, and it was clear from the court ’ s comments at the hearing that it was familiar with those papers. The dissuasion theory was discussed at the hearing , and it was expressly acknowledged by the court ; indeed, the court specifically observed that Plaintiffs ’
statistical evidence was insufficient to demonstrate class

- wide proof of the dissuas ion theory , because it did not show whether the Affiliates all followed the same policy

. And
in its written order, the court repeatedly alluded to Plaintiff s ’ dissuasion theory and the27

evidence Plaintiffs submitted to support it : the court noted Plaintif fs ’ argument that there were “common practices of disciplining for excessive premium payments” and observed
that Plaintiffs ’ evidence of any such enterprise

- wide policy or practice was “virtually nonexistent”; the court noted the SHSS R declarants ’ testimon y that they were unlawfully discouraged from taking breaks or claiming premium pay ; and the court cited Plaintiffs ’ evidence that EMC discouraged or disciplined nurses for reporting too many missed
breaks

. Moreover, while the court did not include a separate section in its written order dealing exclusively with dissuasion, the principles on which it denied certification

— a failure to show a uniform policy or practice o r other means of common proof

— was plainly meant to apply to appellants ’ dissuasion th eory as well as appellants ’ theory that breaks were denied due to understaffing. (See Wilson v. Sunshine Meat & Liquor Co

. (1983) 34 Cal.3d 554, 563 [ all presumptions are indulged to support the trial court ’ s opinion on matters as to which the record is s ilent, and error must be affirmatively
shown ]

. )
We also conclude that s ubstantial evidence support s a finding that common questions did not predominate in regard to the dissuasion theory

. T here was no common, class

- wide policy discouraging requests for premium pay, and the actual practices in regard to premium pay varied among the Affiliates and within their departments

. Plaintiffs ’ evidence showed that handbooks and communications to employees inform ed nurses that they were , in fact, entitled to receive premium pay.
While some Plaintiffs claimed they were unaware of their right to request meal and rest break premiums, others were aware. While some Plaintiffs allegedly felt pressure

not to request premium pay, others did not. Indeed, Sutter Heal th ’ s survey indicated that only four percent of putative class members were denied a meal premium payment, and only three percent were denied a rest break premium. In light of the evidence that the process for assessing premiums and informing employees of their rights depended on the particular a ffiliate in which the class member was employed,
Plaintiffs ’ evidence

— including declarations that certain unidentified supervisors28

chastised some class members for seeking premium payments

— did not establish that
th eir dissuasion theory was subject to class

- wide proof. 10 In sum, appellants fail to establish that the court erred in denying certification of the enterprise

- wide RN class based on their dissuasion theory.
C

. SHSSR Class Appellants contend the trial court should have certified the SHSSR class of

nurses , who were employed by a number of hospitals within the Sutter Health Sacramento Sierra Region . As to this putative class, appellants again assert theories of
missed meal and rest break violations and dissuasion. At the outset, we observe that Plaintiffs devoted just one paragraph of their
47

- page opening memorandum of points and authorities to a SHSSR class , asserting nothing more than it would be easy to conduct an analysis of Sutter Health ’ s da ta to establish meal period violations

. In its order denying certification, the trial court stated
, “[T]he arguments and evidence for the proposed backup class[ ] are not fully developed, and the court is left to imagine from the larger showing what a mor e modest motion would look like.” Further, the court observed, the subset of statistical evidence attributable to SHSSR had not been “broken out and developed.” Based alone on
Plaintiffs ’ failure to support their request for certification of the SHSSR class in the
trial court
, we might conclude the trial court ’ s refusal to certify the SHSSR class was not an abuse of discretion. Nonetheless, just as the trial court proceeded to analyze the certification question for the SHSSR class
, we will consider its analysis in light of appellants ’ arguments in their appellate briefs and the evidence they contend was submitted.

10 Appellants argue that, based on the 4.4 million potential violations, and evidence that approximately 745,000 premium payments were made, there was only a 17 percent rate of prem ium payments , indicating that nurses were either unaware of the availability of premium payments or were dissuaded from requesting them. Since there is no evidence that the 4.4 million incidents were in fact violations for which premium payments were due, appellants’ argument is unpersuasive.29 1. Background
As to appellants ’ theory of missed breaks, Simpson extracted data from Sutter
Health ’ s records relating to nurses who worke d at SHSSR for 2006 (not the entire class period)
, and reported 207,677 potential meal period violations out of 338,677 shifts

. Declarations from 11 SHSSR nurses averred that they were not given proper meal and
rest breaks. Plaintiffs also presented declarations and deposition testimony complaining
of inadequate break relief at SHSSR , as well as grievances from CNA to the effect that
SHSSR failed to properly staff units to permit nurses to take their breaks. On the other hand, Sutter Health submitted declarations of other SHSSR nurses
, who testified that they regularly received all their meal and rest breaks. As to their dissuasion theory, Plaintiffs submitted declarations and other evidence which, appellants contend, showed that SHSSR failed to explain adequately to nurses when a premium payment is owed , dissuaded nurses from requesting premium payments (by encouraging them not to, threatening possible layoffs, and requiring preapproval)
, and disciplined nurses for requesting too many premium pay ments

. Sutter Health
countered with evidence that SHSSR consists of seven acute care hospital campuses, employing nurses in many different departments, under diverse policies and practices.

2. Analysis Simply put, the problem that plagued Plaintiffs ’ attempt to certify its enterprise

wide RN class also provided an adequate basis for denying certification of the SHSSR
class

. Plaintiffs did not provide evidence, or contend, that SHSSR had adopted a facially invalid class

- wide policy concerning staffin g, meal periods, rest breaks, or premium pay. Nor did they show other means of common proof of SHSSR ’ s alleged failure to provide nurses with proper breaks or premium pay. Although the SHSSR
class involved fewer hospitals than the RN class , it still invo lved multiple campuses and multiple departments , operating under varying policies and practices

. As the trial court noted, the declarations indicated that the hospital units develop ed their own systems to ensure availability of meal and rest breaks, and t he nurses ’ experience with
breaks and access to premium pay varied from unit to unit. Indeed, appellants worked30

in hospital units in which they did not experience difficulty taking all meal and rest breaks to which they were entitled: Aymer admitted rece iving all her meal and rest breaks while working as a SHSSR nurse in the Ambulatory Care Department of Sutter
General ; King experienced no problems receiving meal and rest breaks while working as a SHSSR nurse in that same department ; and Frausto experienc ed no meal or rest break issues while working as a SHSSR nurse in the IV Therapy Department at Sutter
Roseville

. While the mere fact of variations from unit to unit might not preclude
certification in every case, in this case it supported a reasonable inference that there

was no class

- wide means of establishing meal or rest break violations (due to the individualized inquiry needed to determine the waiver issue) or dissuasion (due to disparate policies or practices by supervisory personnel in the units) for the SHSSR
class

. And Plaintiffs did not establish that these individual questions could be managed in a way that would justify class treatment of their claims. In sum, while statistical evidence, surveys, and representative te stimony might help provide class

- wide proof sufficient for certification of a class in the proper case,
there was substantial evidence in this case that appellants failed to show how those mechanisms would provide manageable class

- wide proof of their legal theories. Appellants have failed to demonstrate error.
III. DISPOSITION
The order is affirmed.31 NEEDHAM, J.

We concur.

JONES, P.J.

BRUINIERS, J.