* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court

generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order

and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

SEP 2 2003

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

NORMA J. ALEXANDER,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

JO ANNE B. BARNHART,

Commissioner of the Social Security

Administration,

Defendant-Appellee.

No. 02-5046

(D.C. No. 00-CV-918-M)

(N.D. Okla.)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

Before HENRY , BRISCOE , and MURPHY , Circuit Judges.

After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral

argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore

ordered submitted without oral argument. 
1 The parties consented to proceed before a magistrate judge in accordance

with 28 U.S.C. § 636(c)(1) and (3). 

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Plaintiff-appellant Norma J. Alexander appeals from the magistrate

judge’s order affirming the Commissioner’s denial of her application for

supplemental security income benefits. 1 We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.

§ 1291 and 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). We affirm in part, and reverse and remand

in part.

Background

Plaintiff filed for benefits in December of 1997, initially alleging an onset

disability date of March 2, 1990. She was born in 1953 and described her past

work as pant and coat pressing, housekeeping, and telemarketing. Aplt.

App. Vol. 2, at 109. Plaintiff’s amended alleged onset date was accepted as

November 21, 1997. She claimed she was disabled due to degenerative joint

disease, with associated back and leg pain; diabetes; osteoarthritis; flat feet; and

hypertension.

Plaintiff first had lumbar spinal surgery in 1985 or 1986. In March

of 1998, she underwent a bilateral L4-5 hemilaminectomy with L-5 discectomy. 

In June of 1998, she had a repeat L4-5 hemilaminectomy and discectomy, this

time with bilateral posterolateral fusion. In September, her treating orthopedic

physician, Dr. Boone, wrote that although plaintiff was better than she had been
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pre-operatively, she was still having some chronic pain “probably due to some

chronic changes in the L5 nerve root.” Id. at 232. Dr. Boone anticipated plaintiff

would need to pursue sedentary type work in the future and that “she probably

will have some element of chronic pain in the lower extremities due to

a combination of scarring around nerve roots with superimposed diabetic

neuropathy changes.” Id.

Two months later, Dr. Boone wrote that he had told her that “after the

first of the year [January of 1999] she could consider returning to work . . . .” 

Id. at 230. Dr. Boone and his partners continued to renew her pain medication

prescriptions for Lortab, Nortriptyline, Soma, and Pamelor through February of

1999, when Dr. Boone referred her to her primary physician and advised her she

might need to see a neurologist because of her diabetic neuropathy. Id. at 236-37.

In April of 1999, in response to specific questions from plaintiff’s attorney,

Dr. Boone offered his opinion that plaintiff was likely to experience episodes of

severe pain often enough to limit her ability to work three to four hours per day,

that the work needed to be of a sedentary nature, that she could miss an average

of a day a week of work, and that her pain might require her to lie down

approximately two hours daily. Id. at 274.

Following a hearing, the administrative law judge (ALJ) found that plaintiff

was disabled from November 21, 1997, through December 31, 1998, “when she
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had medical improvement in her condition related to her ability to work, and her

disability ceased.” Id. at 21. The ALJ further determined that on January 1,

1999, plaintiff was able to return to her previous job as a telemarketer or,

alternatively, that there were other jobs she could perform. Id. The ALJ

therefore denied benefits at steps four and five of the review process. See

Williams v. Bowen , 844 F.2d 748, 750-52 (10th Cir. 1988) (discussing sequential

evaluation process).

On appeal, plaintiff contends that the ALJ erred because he failed to

properly consider her treating physician’s opinion regarding her residual

functional capacity (RFC) and because the ALJ failed to perform a proper

credibility analysis.

Standard of Review

We review the agency’s decision “to determine whether the factual findings

are supported by substantial evidence in the record and whether the correct legal

standards were applied.” Doyal v. Barnhart , 331 F.3d 758, 760 (10th Cir. 2003). 

“Substantial evidence is such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept

as adequate to support a conclusion.” Id. (quotations and citation omitted). 

However, “[a] decision is not based on substantial evidence if it is overwhelmed

by other evidence in the record or if there is a mere scintilla of evidence

supporting it.” Bernal v. Bowen , 851 F.2d 297, 299 (10th Cir. 1988). In addition,
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the agency’s failure either to apply correct legal standards or to show us it has

done so is also grounds for reversal. Winfrey v. Chater , 92 F.3d 1017, 1019

(10th Cir. 1996).

Shortly after the ALJ’s decision was issued, we held in Shepherd v. Apfel ,

184 F.3d 1196, 1198 (10th Cir. 1999), that the medical improvement standard, as

defined by 20 C.F.R. § 404.1594(b)(1) and (for our purposes) § 416.994(b)(1)(i),

applies in “closed period” cases such as this one, in which a plaintiff is

determined to have been disabled for a finite period of time and thereafter

regained the ability to work. 

The regulations define medical improvement as 

[a]ny decrease in the medical severity of [the] impairment(s) which

was present at the time of the most recent favorable medical decision

that [the claimant was] disabled or continued to be disabled. A

determination that there has been a decrease in medical severity must

be based on changes (improvement) in the symptoms, signs and/or

laboratory findings associated with [the] impairment(s). 

See 20 C.F.R. § 416.994(b)(1)(i). In Shepherd , we detailed the process an ALJ

must follow in determining whether a plaintiff has achieved medical improvement

and, if so, whether this medical improvement is related to the ability to work. 

Shepherd , 184 F.3d at 1201-02. The ALJ will need to apply this standard on

remand.

Finally, because the substantiality of the evidence is based on the record

taken as a whole, we will “meticulously examine the record” in order to determine
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if the evidence supporting the agency’s decision is substantial, taking into account

whatever in the record fairly detracts from its weight. Washington v. Shalala ,

37 F.3d 1437, 1439 (10th Cir. 1994) (quotation omitted).

Treating Physician’s Opinion

After determining that plaintiff was entitled to a period of disability from

November 21, 1997, through December 31, 1998, the magistrate judge determined

that the record contained sufficient objective medical evidence supporting the

ALJ’s finding of medical improvement to the degree that plaintiff’s ability to

work was restored. After careful review of the evidence, we cannot agree.

In finding plaintiff disabled from her alleged onset date of November 21,

1997, to December 31, 1998, the ALJ found that for that period her impairments

“limited her to less than a full range of sedentary work activity significantly

compromised by his [sic] inability to do sustained work-related physical and/or

mental activities in a work setting on a regular and continuing basis.” Aplt. App.

Vol. 2, at 15. The ALJ further concluded that the regulations therefore directed

a finding of disabled because her ability to perform sedentary work was

“significantly compromised.” Id.

The ALJ also stated that “Dr. Boone stated that the claimant could return to

work after the first of the year,” id. at 15, citing the letter in which Dr. Boone

stated he had advised plaintiff that she “ could consider returning to work” after
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the first of the year (January 1999), id. at 230 (emphasis added). The ALJ further

stated that “[a]s of January 1, 1999, the claimant was released to return to work

as a result of improvement of her condition. She was advised by her treating

physician not to return to heavy or labor intensive work.” Id. at 16 (emphasis

added). He then found that as of January 1, 1999, her impairments limited her to

light level work activity, with certain restrictions. Id. As discussed below,

however, the record does not show that claimant’s condition had improved as of

January 1999.

In support of his determination that plaintiff could return to work because

of an improvement in her condition, as long as she did not return to heavy work,

the ALJ cited another letter of Dr. Boone in which he referred to her inability to

return to heavy work, but said she would need to pursue sedentary work. Id.

at 232. This letter did not release her to return to work as of January 1, 1999,

and included Dr. Boone’s opinion that plaintiff would probably have “some

element of chronic pain of the lower extremities due to a combination of scarring

around nerve roots with superimposed diabetic neuropathy changes,” id., a point

the ALJ did not mention.

Instead, the ALJ determined that Dr. Boone’s April 1999 opinion (that

plaintiff would be limited to three to four work hours per day) conflicted with the

doctor’s other treatment records because “[o]n November 17, 1998, Dr. Boone
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stated that claimant could return to work after the first of the year.” Id. at 18. 

Because this is a misstatement of what Dr. Boone in fact said, it cannot stand as

substantial evidence of medical improvement. Nor does it suffice to meet the

Commissioner’s requirements for evaluating opinion evidence, which require that

“[w]e will always give good reasons in our notice of determination or decision for

the weight we give your treating source’s opinion.” See 20 C.F.R.

§ 416.927(d)(2). Further, in favoring Dr. Boone’s November 1998 opinion that

plaintiff could consider returning to work in January of 1999 over his April 1999

opinion regarding her limitations (which also included his opinion that she might

miss a day a week of work and need to lie down twice a day), the ALJ

impermissibly engaged in the type of selective and misleading evidentiary review

we have long condemned. See Teter v. Heckler , 775 F.2d 1104, 1106 (10th Cir.

1985) (holding it was error for ALJ to summarily reject some medical reports as

based on inadequate findings when they are comparable to reports ALJ found

sufficiently detailed); see also Switzer v. Heckler , 742 F.2d 382, 385-86 (7th Cir.

1984) (holding it was improper for Secretary to use portions of report favorable to

her position while ignoring other parts). By mischaracterizing Dr. Boone’s

statements regarding plaintiff’s possible return to work, the ALJ created whatever

inconsistency he thought there was. In sum, the ALJ failed in his obligation to

give Dr. Boone’s opinion “substantial weight unless good cause is shown to
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disregard it.” Goatcher v. United States Dep’t of Health & Human Servs. ,

52 F.3d 288, 289-90 (10th Cir. 1995).

Credibility Analysis

Plaintiff also argues that the ALJ failed to perform a proper credibility

analysis. We agree. In addressing her allegations of disabling pain, the ALJ

recited boilerplate language stating that full consideration had been given to her

subjective complaints in accordance with the factors set forth in 20 C.F.R.

§§ 404.1529 and 416.929; SSR 96-7p, 1996 WL 374186; Luna v. Bowen , 834 F.2d

161, 165 (10th Cir. 1987), and Kepler v. Chater , 68 F.3d 387 (10th Cir. 1995). 

Aplt. App. Vol. 2, at 16. He did not, however, perform the required analysis. 

In addition, in determining that plaintiff’s statements were not supported by the

record, he again misstates that very record.

In discussing plaintiff’s allegations of disabling pain, the ALJ

acknowledged her testimony that her pain was normally at seven on a scale of one

to ten; that she has a burning pain in her feet, aggravated by wearing shoes,

standing, or walking; that her hands hurt and ache; that she can stand about thirty

minutes; sit about forty minutes; that she can lift a gallon of milk; that during the

day she sits in a recliner; and that she attends church about once a month. Id.

at 16-17.
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The ALJ stated that “[s]he has seen Dr. Studdard for routine medical care

with only one complaint of feet pain on February 22, 1999.” Id. at 17. To the

contrary, she complained again of foot pain and muscle cramps five days later. 

Id. at 267. In fact, she had complained to Dr. Studdard of her left foot being hard

and swollen in December of 1997. Id. at 140. She had also complained of pain in

her feet and ankles, with numbness in her toes, during a consultative examination

in April of 1998. Id. at 175-76. She complained of bilateral foot pain in April,

June, July, and August of 1998. Id. at 205, 208, 210. Dr. Boone stated that this

pain “could be related to scarring, epidural fibrosis, or chronic nerve injury” or

even “an element of diabetic neuropathy.” Id. at 207. She also reported in

November that her feet were swelling. Id. at 238. When Dr. Boone referred her

back to her primary care physician in February of 1999, he noted that she might

need to see a neurologist. She had reported foot pain at that time, as well. 

Aplt. App. Vol. 2, at 236.

The ALJ further opined that if plaintiff “were in the constant and disabling

painful condition as alleged, it is reasonable to assume she would exhaust every

means possible to obtain relief of that pain.” Id. at 17. He failed, however, to

take note of her consistent, persistent attempts to relieve the pain through

medication, an element critical when pain is alleged, including numerous reports

that her medication was not working or that she wanted to try something
2 Under the heading “consistency,” the adjudicator is told that “[e]specially

important are statements made to treating . . . medical sources.” SSR 96-7p,

1996 WL 374186, at *5.

3 The ALJ emphasized that plaintiff had not seen Dr. Boone since November

of 1998. Aplt. App. Vol. 2, at 17. The record shows, however, that she returned

to and was in frequent contact with Dr. Studdard after that time. Id. at 265-72.

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different. 2

 See id. at 139-41, 143-44, 145-47, 154-55, 208-09, 236-37, 239-42,

244-54. As of 1999, after she returned to Dr. Studdard’s care, 3

 she was still

receiving prescription pain medication. Id. at 266-67. There is no suggestion

from any medical source that she is exaggerating her pain.

In evaluating plaintiff’s subjective claims of pain, an ALJ’s findings on

credibility “should be closely and affirmatively linked to substantial evidence

and not just a conclusion in the guise of findings.” Kepler , 68 F.3d at 391

(quotation omitted). In this case, we have only the conclusion that plaintiff’s

“reported activities are not indicative of her complaints of totally disabling pain.” 

Aplt. App. Vol. 2, at 17. It is not sufficient, however, for the ALJ to state in

conclusory fashion that all claimant’s allegations have been considered or are not

credible. Rather, the ALJ’s decision must contain specific reasons for his

credibility determination. SSR 96-7p, 1996 WL 374186, at *2. Having failed to

properly assess plaintiff’s credibility, in part by not giving “specific reasons for

the weight given to [plaintiff’s] statements,” as supported by the record, see id.

at *4, and by failing to adequately consider (or show us that he has considered)
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the other required factors, id. at *5-*8, the ALJ did not provide the documentation

necessary to give plaintiff a full and fair review of her claim and to ensure a wellreasoned decision. Briggs ex rel. Briggs v. Massanari , 248 F.3d 1235, 1239

(10th Cir. 2001) (citing SSR 96-7p) (ALJ “may not ignore evidence that does not

support his decision, especially when the evidence is significantly probative”).

Finally, we note that the ALJ’s determination of plaintiff’s RFC does not

comply with the requirements of SSR 96-8p, which requires separate

consideration “of seven strength demands: i.e., sitting, standing, walking, lifting,

carrying, pushing, and pulling.” 1996 WL 374184, at *5. Nor did the ALJ

complete the required function-by-function assessment. Id. at *3. Instead, he

simply found “that her impairments limit her to light level work,” Aplt. App.

Vol. 2, at 16, a determination he later declared to be “reasonable.” Id. at 18. 

This was error because “at step 4 of the sequential evaluation process, the RFC

must not be expressed initially in terms of the exertional categories of sedentary,

‘light’ ‘medium,’ ‘heavy,’ and ‘very heavy’ work.” SSR 96-8p, 1996 WL 374184,

at *3. Consequently, the ALJ’s determination of plaintiff’s RFC is also not

supported by substantial evidence. On remand, the ALJ must reevaluate

plaintiff’s RFC in accordance with this ruling.
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Conclusion

Because this cause must be remanded for further proceedings, the ALJ

will also need to reconsider plaintiff’s application under the medical improvement

standards we announced in Shepherd . The judgment of the district court

upholding the Commissioner’s determination of a closed period of disability from

November 21, 1997, through December 31, 1998, is AFFIRMED. The judgment

of the district court as to ending that period of disability on December 31, 1998,

is REVERSED, and the cause is REMANDED to the district court with directions

to remand the action to the Commissioner for further proceedings consistent with

this order and judgment.

Entered for the Court

Michael R. Murphy

Circuit Judge