[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 18-13499

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket Nos. 1:16-cv-22346-JLK,

1:09-cr-20762-JLK-1

ALEX KEVIN TAVERA, 

 Petitioner-Appellant,

versus

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

 Respondent-Appellee.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

________________________

(July 1, 2020)

Before ROSENBAUM, BRANCH, and GRANT, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

Alex Tavera, proceeding pro se, appeals the district court’s denial of his 

28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion to vacate, set aside, or correct his sentence. He argues

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that his sentence is invalid because Hobbs Act conspiracy is no longer a violent 

felony for purposes of the Armed Career Criminal Act (“ACCA”), 18 U.S.C. 

§ 924(e), in light of Johnson v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015).

1

 While 

Tavera’s motion for a certificate of appealability (“COA”) was pending in this 

Court, we issued Brown v. United States, 942 F.3d 1069, 1075–76 (11th Cir. 

2019), which held that conspiracy to commit Hobbs act robbery did not qualify as 

a “crime of violence” under the elements clause of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(A). We 

granted Tavera a certificate of appealability (“COA”) on the issue of “[w]hether, 

1 The ACCA provides that:

In the case of a person who violates section 922(g) of this title and has three 

previous convictions by any court referred to in section 922(g)(1) of this title for a 

violent felony or a serious drug offense, or both, committed on occasions different 

from one another, such person shall be fined under this title and imprisoned not 

less than fifteen years, and, notwithstanding any other provision of law, the court 

shall not suspend the sentence of, or grant a probationary sentence to, such person 

with respect to the conviction under section 922(g).

18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1). At the time of Tavera’s sentencing, the ACCA defined a “violent felony” 

as any crime punishable by a term of imprisonment exceeding one year that:

(i) has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical 

force against the person of another; or

(ii) is burglary, arson, or extortion, involves use of explosives, or otherwise 

involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to 

another.

Id. § 924(e)(2)(B). The first prong of this definition was the “elements clause,” while the second 

prong contained the “enumerated crimes clause” and the “residual clause.” United States v. 

Owens, 672 F.3d 966, 968 (11th Cir. 2012). In Johnson, the Supreme Court struck down the 

residual clause as unconstitutionally vague. 135 S. Ct. at 2557–58. Thereafter, the Supreme 

Court held that Johnson announced a new substantive rule that applies retroactively to cases on 

collateral review. Welch v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 1257, 1264–65, 1268 (2016).

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considering Brown[], Tavera was sentenced under the residual clause of the 

[ACCA,] 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii).” For the reasons that follow, we affirm the 

denial of Tavera’s § 2255 motion. 

I. Background

In 2010, Tavera pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery, 

in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1951(a) (Count 1), and two counts of being a felon in 

possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(e) (Counts 

4 and 6), pursuant to a written plea agreement. The plea agreement provided in 

relevant part that Tavera agreed he qualified for an enhanced sentence under the 

ACCA, but it did not specify on which of Tavera’s prior convictions the 

enhancement was based. The plea agreement further provided that, in exchange 

for Tavera’s plea, the government would dismiss two outstanding counts2 and both 

parties “agree[d] to recommend” a sentence of 235 months’ imprisonment, 

regardless of the guidelines’ calculation. 

Tavera’s presentence investigation report (“PSI”) provided that Tavera 

qualified as an armed career criminal based on the following prior convictions: 

(1) a 1991 New York conviction for robbery in the first degree; (2) a 1991 New 

2

 Specifically, the government agreed to dismiss Count 2 and Count 3, which charged 

Tavera with substantive Hobbs Act robbery, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1951(a), and possession 

of a firearm in relation to a crime of violence (Hobbs Act robbery), in violation of 18 U.S.C. 

§ 924(c)(1)(A), respectively. 

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York conviction for attempted murder in the second degree; and (3) 2001 federal 

convictions in the Eastern District of New York for conspiracy to commit Hobbs 

Act robbery and use of a firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence

(conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery). The PSI did not state whether the 

predicate convictions fell under the ACCA’s violent felony definition’s elements 

clause or the residual clause. The PSI indicated that Tavera’s advisory guideline 

range was 188 to 235 months’ imprisonment. Tavera did not object to the PSI. At 

sentencing, the district court adopted the PSI, and Tavera’s counsel acknowledged 

that Tavera and the government agreed to a 235-month sentence recommendation 

as part of the negotiated plea. The district court determined the agreed-upon 

sentence was appropriate, and sentenced Tavera to a total of 235 months’ 

imprisonment,3 followed by 5 years’ supervised release. The subject of the ACCA 

enhancement and under which clause(s) the predicate convictions fell was not 

discussed. Tavera did not object to the sentence, and he did not appeal. 

In 2016, Tavera filed the underlying § 2255 motion,

4 arguing that he no 

longer qualified as an armed career criminal in light of the Supreme Court’s 

then-recent decision in Johnson, arguing that his prior New York robbery 

3 Tavera was sentenced to 188 months’ imprisonment on Count 1 and a 235-month term 

on both Count 4 and Count 6, all to run concurrently. 

4 After Tavera filed the § 2255 motion pro se, the district court appointed counsel to 

represent him. 

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conviction and federal conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery conviction no 

longer qualified as ACCA violent felonies. A magistrate judge issued a report and 

recommendation (“R&R”), agreeing with Tavera and recommending that his 

§ 2255 motion be granted. The government objected to the R&R, arguing that: 

(1) New York robbery in the first degree qualified as a violent felony, (2) Tavera’s 

claim was due to be denied because the parties jointly recommended the 

235-month sentence, as part of the plea deal, regardless of the guidelines 

calculation, and (3) the court need not consider whether the prior Hobbs Act 

conspiracy conviction qualifies as a violent felony because Tavera’s companion 

§ 924(c) conviction for possessing and brandishing a firearm in relation to a crime 

of violence independently qualified as a violent felony predicate. 

Upon review, the district court disagreed with the magistrate judge’s legal 

conclusion concerning Tavera’s New York first-degree robbery conviction, and 

instead held that it qualified as a violent felony post-Johnson. Therefore, the 

district court determined that Tavera still had three qualifying violent felonies for 

purposes of the ACCA, noting that Tavera’s conviction for New York attempted 

murder in the second degree and his federal conviction for possessing a firearm 

during and in relation to a crime of violence qualified as violent felonies under the 

ACCA. The district court did not address whether Tavera’s federal conviction for 

Hobbs Act conspiracy qualified as a violent felony post-Johnson. The district 

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court subsequently denied Tavera’s request for a COA, and Tavera sought a COA 

from this Court, which was granted on the issue set forth above. This appeal 

followed. 

II. Standard of Review

We review the denial of a § 2255 motion de novo and findings of fact for 

clear error. Stoufflet v. United States, 757 F.3d 1236, 1239 (11th Cir. 2014). The 

scope of our review is limited to the issue enumerated in the COA. McKay v. 

United States, 657 F.3d 1190, 1195 (11th Cir. 2011). Regardless of the ground 

relied on by the district court, “[w]e may affirm on any ground supported by the 

record.” Castillo v. United States, 816 F.3d 1300, 1303 (11th Cir. 2016) (quoting 

LeCroy v. United States, 739 F.3d 1297, 1312 (11th Cir. 2014)).

III. Discussion

Tavera argues that his sentence must be vacated because the ACCA 

enhancement was based on his prior conviction for conspiring to commit Hobbs 

Act robbery while using or carrying a firearm in violation of § 924(c), and 

conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery can no longer serve as a crime of 

violence for purposes of a § 924(c) conviction in light of Brown.

5

 Thus, he 

5 Although Tavera’s § 924(c) conviction was based on conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act 

robbery, which is contrary to Brown, he cannot collaterally attack the validity of the prior 

convictions used to enhance his sentence under the ACCA in this § 2255 proceeding. See 

Daniels v. United States, 532 U.S. 374, 382 (2001) (“[I]f, by the time of sentencing under the 

ACCA, a prior conviction has not been set aside on direct or collateral review, that conviction is 

presumptively valid and may be used to enhance the federal sentence. . . . The presumption of 

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maintains that, per Brown, conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery is also not a 

violent felony for purposes of the ACCA, and his ACCA sentence must be vacated 

as a matter of law because he pleaded guilty “to something that is ‘no law at all.’” 

The government responds that Tavera is not eligible for § 2255 relief because he 

has not demonstrated either in the district court or in this appeal that it was more 

likely than not that his ACCA enhancement was based solely on the residual 

clause, as required by Beeman v. United States, 871 F.3d 1215 (11th Cir. 2017). In 

reply, Tavera argues that the government is precluded from raising an “affirmative 

defense” under Beeman because Beeman was issued during the pendency of the 

district court proceedings and the government never mentioned it. 

In Beeman, which we issued after the government filed objections to the 

R&R but before the district court’s ruling in Tavera’s case, we held that, “like any 

other § 2255 movant, a Johnson § 2255 claimant must prove his claim.” 871 F.3d 

at 1221. Therefore, “[t]o prove a Johnson claim, the movant must show that—

more likely than not—it was use of the residual clause that led to the sentencing 

court’s enhancement of his sentence.” Id. at 1221–22. Put differently, the movant 

validity that attached to the prior conviction at the time of sentencing is conclusive, and the 

defendant may not collaterally attack his prior conviction through a motion under § 2255). To 

the extent Tavera seeks to challenge the validity of the § 924(c) conviction, he would have to do 

so in the Eastern District of New York, not this Court. See 28 U.S.C. § 2255(a). 

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must show that “the sentencing court relied solely on the residual clause” to 

enhance his sentence. Id. at 1221.

For a § 2255 movant to prove that his sentence “more likely than not” relied 

solely on the residual clause, it is not enough to show that it is “merely possible 

that the court relied on that clause to enhance the sentence.” Id. Rather, if the 

record is unclear, and it is just as likely that the court relied on a different clause 

when it enhanced the defendant’s sentence, “then the movant has failed to show 

that his enhancement was due to use of the residual clause.” Id. at 1222.

In reaching this conclusion, we noted that decisions issued after the 

movant’s sentencing, such as Brown, “cast[ ] very little light, if any,” on the issue 

of whether the district court, in fact, relied solely on the residual clause in 

imposing the movant’s sentence because whether a § 2255 movant was sentenced 

on the basis of the residual clause is a “historical fact.” Id. at 1224 n.5. Thus, 

“[e]ach case must be judged on its own facts,” and evidence of historical fact may 

include statements made by the parties, by the sentencing judge, or in the PSI. See 

id. at n.4. Evidence of historical fact may also include consideration of the 

relevant law in existence at the time of sentencing, and how courts interpreted 

other similar statutes at the time the movant received his ACCA enhancement. See 

id. at n.5. 

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Although Tavera maintains that we should not consider Beeman because the 

government did not raise a Beeman defense in the district court proceedings, we 

cannot ignore binding precedent, regardless of whether the government raised it or 

not. See United States v. Vega-Castillo, 540 F.3d 1235, 1236 (11th Cir. 2008) 

(“[W]e are bound to follow a prior binding precedent ‘unless and until it is 

overruled by this court en banc or by the Supreme Court.’” (quoting United States 

v. Brown, 342 F.3d 1245, 1246 (11th Cir. 2003)). Furthermore, it is well 

established that a movant always “bears the burden to prove the claims in his 

§ 2255 motion,” and it follows by necessity that a movant is not relieved of this 

burden simply because the government fails to argue that the movant did not meet 

his burden of proof. See Rivers v. United States, 777 F.3d 1306, 1316 (11th Cir. 

2015) (“[W]e note that [the movant] bears the burden to prove the claims in his 

§ 2255 motion.”); Jones v. United States, 304 F.3d 1035, 1040 (11th Cir. 2002) 

(explaining that “[t]he onus is on [the movant], not the government,” to establish 

an entitlement to § 2255 relief); Barnes v. United States, 579 F.2d 364, 366 (5th 

Cir. 1978) (“Under Section 2255, [the movant] ha[s] the burden of showing that he 

[is] entitled to relief.”); see also United States v. Candelario, 240 F.3d 1300, 1304 

n.4 (11th Cir. 2001) (noting that a defendant’s failure to object at trial “does not 

waive the Government’s burden of alleging and proving every element of the 

offense.”). 

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The record in Tavera’s case makes clear that the denial of his § 2255 motion 

was correct because he has not, and cannot, carry his burden of proving his 

Johnson-based claim on the merits.6

 Assuming arguendo that our 2019 decision in 

Brown also establishes that conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery would not 

qualify as a violent felony under the ACCA’s similarly worded elements clause, it 

still does not establish that the district court in fact relied solely on the residual 

clause when imposing Tavera’s ACCA enhancement in 2010. And there is nothing 

in the plea agreement or the PSI which indicates under which clause(s) of the 

ACCA Tavera’s predicate convictions fell. Similarly, nothing from the sentencing 

hearing sheds light on this issue of historical fact because the ACCA enhancement 

was not discussed. Nor does Tavera point to any precedent in existence in 2010—

when he was sentenced—holding or otherwise indicating that conspiracy to 

commit Hobbs Act robbery qualified as a violent felony under only the residual 

clause. Therefore, it is just as likely that the sentencing court relied on a different 

clause when it enhanced Tavera’s sentence, and Tavera cannot prove he is entitled 

to relief on his claim. Beeman, 871 F.3d at 1222. Accordingly, we affirm the 

denial of his § 2255 motion. 

6 Tavera notes in a footnote that this Court has in the past remanded cases for the district 

court to apply the Beeman standard in the first instance, but he has not requested a remand in his 

case. Furthermore, in light of the record it does not appear that a remand “would do him any 

good.” Beeman, 871 F.3d at 1221. Rather, we find ourselves faced with a record that makes 

clear that Tavera cannot meet his burden of proof on his Johnson-based claim. Therefore, as in 

Beeman, there is no need to remand this case to the district court for further proceedings. Id. 

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AFFIRMED. 

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