IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Joseph Texeira, :

Appellant :

:

v. : No. 997 C.D. 2021

:

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, : Submitted: May 6, 2022

Department of Transportation :

BEFORE: HONORABLE PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge

HONORABLE MICHAEL H. WOJCIK, Judge

HONORABLE STACY WALLACE, Judge

OPINION NOT REPORTED

MEMORANDUM OPINION 

BY JUDGE McCULLOUGH FILED: August 30, 2022

Joseph Texeira (Texeira) appeals from the August 5, 2021 order of the 

Court of Common Pleas of Monroe County (trial court), which granted the motion for 

summary judgment filed by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Department of 

Transportation (PennDOT) and dismissed Texeira’s complaint. In so doing, the trial 

court concluded that sovereign immunity shielded PennDOT from liability for 

Texeira’s negligence complaint stemming from an accident which occurred on 

Interstate 80 (I-80). Upon review, we reverse.

On May 2, 2018, Texeira was seriously injured when his motorcycle hit a 

pothole on I-80 westbound at mile marker 284, 1/10th of a mile eastbound from Exit 

284 in Monroe County, Tobyhanna Township, Pennsylvania. (Complaint at ¶5; 

Reproduced Record (R.R.) at 7a.) Following the accident, Trooper Craig Dadurka 
2

arrived at the scene. He described the pothole at issue as approximately one-and-a-half 

to two-feet long, eight inches wide, and a couple of inches deep. (R.R. at 59a.) 

On October 7, 2019, Texeira filed a complaint against PennDOT, alleging 

that the accident was the result of PennDOT’s negligence in failing to repair the pothole 

and/or failing to adequately warn motorists of the pothole. (Complaint at ¶ 11; R.R. at 

8a-9a.)

PennDOT filed an answer with new matter to the complaint, denying it 

was negligent, and raising sovereign immunity as an affirmative defense. (Answer, 

12/12/2019, ¶¶ 9, 20-29; R.R. at 14a-21a.) PennDOT further averred that the exception 

to sovereign immunity set forth in 42 Pa.C.S. §8522(b)(5),

1

concerning “potholes and 

other dangerous conditions” was not applicable because it did not receive the requisite 

“actual written notice” of the pothole and if it had received written notice, such notice 

1 The “pothole” exception to sovereign immunity provides:

(b) Acts which may impose liability.--The following acts by a 

Commonwealth party may result in the imposition of liability on the 

Commonwealth and the defense of sovereign immunity shall not be 

raised to claims for damages caused by:

****

(5) Potholes and other dangerous conditions.--A dangerous 

condition of highways under the jurisdiction of a Commonwealth 

agency created by potholes or sinkholes or other similar conditions 

created by natural elements, except that the claimant to recover must 

establish that the dangerous condition created a reasonably foreseeable 

risk of the kind of injury which was incurred and that the 

Commonwealth agency had actual written notice of the dangerous 

condition of the highway a sufficient time prior to the event to have 

taken measures to protect against the dangerous condition. Property 

damages shall not be recoverable under this paragraph. 

42 Pa.C.S. §8522(b)(5) (emphasis added).
3

was not received in sufficient time to have fixed the pothole or to have warned Texeira 

of the dangerous condition. Id. ¶ 34; R.R. at 19a.

The deposition of Texeira was taken along with the depositions of the 

Assistant County Maintenance Manager, Roger Flurer (Flurer), and Trooper Dadurka. 

Following the close of discovery, PennDOT filed a motion for summary 

judgment based on sovereign immunity. (Motion for Summary Judgment, 6/4/2021; 

R.R. at 27a-29a.) Texeira filed a response in which he alleged that PennDOT had 

“actual written notice of the dangerous condition posed by the pothole, which caused 

the accident that injured [him], in sufficient time to have taken measures to protect 

against the same.” (Plaintiff’s Response to Defendant’s Motion for Summary 

Judgment, 7/2/2021; R.R. at 79a-80a.) 

In opposition to summary judgment, Texeira submitted evidence of six 

customer care complaints made to a statewide PennDOT telephone hotline from March 

20, 2018, through April 4, 2018, which documented the remedial patching work that 

PennDOT completed in response to these complaints. Assistant County Maintenance 

Manager for Monroe County, Flurer, was asked about these six complaints at his 

deposition. (Flurer Dep. at 19-42; R.R. at 110a-33a.) Flurer explained that PennDOT 

maintains a call center (1-800-FIX-ROADS), where citizens can register complaints 

regarding the condition of Commonwealth roads. The information provided by the 

caller is reduced to writing by the call center onto a Customer Service Record. The 

Customer Service Records are then forwarded to the county PennDOT office 

responsible for the area in question. Id. at 33-34; R.R. at 110a. In this case, the 

Customer Service Records were forwarded to the Monroe County PennDOT office. 

The first Customer Service Record, dated March 20, 2018, indicated that 

the motorist complained of “pavement conditions” located on I-80 westbound between 
4

mile markers 293 and 277. (R.R. at 64a.) The motorist stated: “This entire 15-mile

stretch is a driving death trap. Regularly passing 3-4 cars every single day with flat 

tires[.] I am sure you are aware of this section, but I am only submitting these tickets 

for a paper trail if my [f]iance and myself happen to snap an axel, blow tires, or blow 

struts.” Id. At his deposition, Flurer testified that a portion of the roadway between 

mile markers 293 and 277 is located “in Carbon County and possibly the next county 

up.” (Flurer Dep. at 23; R.R. at 113a.) After consulting the Customer Service Record, 

Flurer testified that due to this complaint, patching in this area began on March 27, 

2018, and was completed on March 28, 2018, which was prior to the accident. Id. at 

26; R.R. at 117a.

The second Customer Service Record, dated March 30, 2018,

memorialized a motorist’s general complaint without regard to a specific pothole or 

location. The location of the complaint was between mile markers “293 and 272 on [I-

]80 in the westbound lane.” (R.R. at 65a.) The motorists complained that “[t]he whole 

westbound lane is covered in potholes and dangerous to drive.” Id. After inspecting 

the Customer Service Record, Flurer testified that patching in this area occurred on 

April 15, 2018, which was prior to the accident. (Flurer Dep. at 29; R.R. at 120a.) 

The third Customer Service Record, dated March 30, 2018, concerned 

“potholes on I-80 westbound, west of Stroudsburg.” (R.R. at 66a.) 

The fourth Customer Service Record, dated April 4, 2018, documented a 

motorist’s complaint for “potholes” located on all of I-80 East and West from Monroe 

County to Pike County. (R.R. at 148a.) The motorist stated that he witnessed a car hit 

a pothole and that the pothole was so big that it threw the car out of its lane. The 

motorist also stated that “the roads are uneven and broken up” and very dangerous. Id. 
5

The fifth Customer Service Record, dated April 4, 2018, documented a 

motorist’s complaint that reported “Blakeslee PA on [I-]80 there are four potholes. 115 

Bear Township going from West to East there are multiple potholes throughout the 

entire Road.” (R.R. at 149a.) Regarding this complaint, Flurer testified that he took 

the complaint to mean that there were four potholes on I-80 around Blakeslee. (Flurer 

Depo. at 38-39; R.R. at 129a-30a.) When asked whether the potholes described by this 

customer in this complaint ever existed, Flurer was unable to say because he believed 

the complaint was “vague” and it did not specify eastbound or westbound or the nearest 

mile marker. Id. at 39; R.R. at 129a. Flurer agreed that the Blakeslee Exit is “right 

around” mile marker 284, which is where the accident occurred. Id. at 36-37; R.R. at 

127a-28a. Referencing the information at the bottom of the Customer Service Record, 

Flurer was able to confirm that patching was scheduled for “this area” and completed 

on April 11, 2018. Id. at 39; R.R. at 13a.

The sixth Customer Service Record, dated April 25, 2018, documented a 

motorist’s complaint for “pavement conditions” who stated: “I-80 east and west bound 

is becoming un-drivable [due] to the hundreds of potholes in east direction in Monroe 

County lines. Where is our high tax on gasoline going?” (R.R. at 150a.) 

Trooper Dadurka was also deposed. He testified that he regularly patrols 

the area where the accident occurred, and never saw the pothole in question prior to the 

accident. He testified that if he had seen it, he would have notified PennDOT. 

(Dadurka Dep. at 11-12; R.R. at 59a-60a.) 

By an Opinion and Order dated August 5, 2021, the trial court granted 

PennDOT’s motion for summary judgment based on sovereign immunity. The trial 

court specifically held that the claim did not fall within the pothole exception to 

sovereign immunity, 42 Pa.C.S. §8522(b)(5), because Texeira failed to establish that 
6

PennDOT received actual written notice of the pothole that caused his accident. The 

trial court found that the six Customer Service Records were much too vague regarding 

the specific locations of the potholes because they were complaints about potholes over 

large stretches of I-80. (Opinion at 4-8.) The trial court further reasoned that after each 

of the six complaints were made, the evidence established that the potholes in those 

areas were repaired prior to the accident. Finally, the trial court found that the six 

motorists’ complaints did not constitute “actual written notice” under 42 Pa.C.S. 

§8522(b)(5) because the customers’ complaints were submitted telephonically, and not 

in writing. See Opinion at 5, 8, (remarking that “nothing was submitted in writing by 

the complainants themselves” and “none of the complaints were submitted in writing 

to PennDot as notice”). 

On appeal,2 Texeira raises three issues:

1. Whether the telephonic complaints, regarding the subject 

roadway, made to the PennDOT hotline, which were then 

reduced to writing and provided to the County 

Maintenance office, were sufficient to satisfy the 

requirement of “actual written notice” contemplated by 

42 Pa.C.S. §8522(b)(5)?

2. Whether the record evidence was sufficient for the trial 

court to determine that the areas of roadway in question, 

which were the subject of motorist complaints, were 

repaired and/or patched?

2 The standard of review of the grant of summary judgment is de novo. See e.g., Pyeritz v. 

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 32 A.3d 687, 692 (Pa. 2011). “The scope of review over an order 

granting summary judgment is “limited to a determination of whether the trial court abused its 

discretion or committed an error of law.” Bowles v. Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation 

Authority, 581 A.2d 700, 702-03 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1990).
7

3. Whether the motorist complaints, regarding the subject 

roadway, were sufficiently specific to place the 

Commonwealth on notice of the hazard posed by the 

potholes in sufficient time for the Commonwealth to 

repair them or remediate the hazard?

(Texeira’s Br. at 4.)

Texeira first argues that the trial court erred by determining that the 

motorist complaints, which were received by the PennDOT call center, reduced to 

writing and provided to the assistant maintenance manager, did not constitute actual 

written notice to PennDOT of the hazards described therein under 42 Pa.C.S. 

§8522(b)(5). 

The statute requires a plaintiff to establish two elements of notice in order 

to fall within the pothole exception:

(1) that the Commonwealth agency had actual written notice 

of the dangerous condition; and (2) that the actual written 

notice had been given sufficiently prior to the incident giving 

rise to plaintiff’s claim so that the Commonwealth agency 

had a reasonable opportunity to remedy the situation.

Stevens v. Department of Transportation, 492 A.2d 490, 493 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1985). 

A plaintiff seeking to come within the “pothole exception” to sovereign 

immunity, 42 Pa.C.S. §8522(b)(5), must specifically plead and prove sufficient prior 

written notice of the allegedly dangerous condition of the roadway. Id. The alleged 

possibility of actual written notice is insufficient to satisfy the statutory requirement. 

Id. (inference of actual written notice is insufficient to satisfy statutory standard). 

As noted, on at least two occasions in its opinion, the trial court noted that 

the motorists’ complaints were not submitted in writing. This seemed to be significant 

for the trial court especially since this fact was noted in its conclusion justifying the 

grant of summary judgment in favor of PennDOT. We agree with Texeira that the trial 
8

court erred to the extent it granted summary judgment on the grounds that the 

motorists’ complaints must be in writing to constitute “actual written notice” to 

PennDOT under 42 Pa.C.S. §8522(b)(5). 

Again, 42 Pa.C.S. §8522(b)(5) provides in relevant part: “[T]he claimant 

to recover must establish that . . . the Commonwealth agency had actual written notice 

of the dangerous condition of the highway. . . .” The plain language of 42 Pa.C.S. 

§8522(b)(5) makes clear that PennDOT must have had actual written notice of the 

pothole. There is nothing in the statute which requires that the motorist complaint must 

be in writing. The six telephonic complaints were reduced to writing onto Customer 

Service Records, which were then forwarded to the specific PennDOT field office 

responsible for maintenance of I-80 in Monroe County. We conclude those Customer 

Service Records constituted actual written notice to the Commonwealth agency 

responsible for repairing those potholes, i.e., the Monroe County PennDOT office. 

Moreover, it was PennDOT that created the telephone hotline, 1-800-FIX-ROADS, as 

the system for motorists to report, and for PennDOT to learn of, hazardous potholes. 

Given that PennDOT created and publicized the hotline specifically as the means to 

learn of those hazards, it seems unfair for PennDOT to now argue that the very system

it put into place to receive notice of potholes does not constitute actual written notice 

under 42 Pa.C.S. §8522(b)(5). Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court erred when 

it granted summary judgment on the ground that the motorists’ complaints were not 

in writing.

Nevertheless, because the trial court did not base its decision entirely on 

this ground, it does not end the inquiry or necessarily compel reversal. The trial court 

also granted summary judgment on the grounds that (1) the Customer Service Records 

were not specific enough to identify the actual pothole that caused the accident, and (2) 
9

the undisputed evidence established that the potholes that were the subject of the six 

Customer Service Records were patched prior to the accident and, therefore, could not 

have caused it. For the reasons that follow, we conclude that trial court erred in 

granting summary judgment in favor of PennDOT.3 

In Pallante v. City of Philadelphia, 575 A.2d 980 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1990), the 

plaintiff fell into a pothole while crossing Chestnut Street, a state highway in Center 

City, Philadelphia. She sued the Commonwealth for personal injuries, claiming that 

the Commonwealth was negligent in its repair and maintenance of the street. At trial, 

the plaintiff produced the testimony of the Commonwealth’s maintenance inspector 

who was charged with inspecting the Chestnut Street area and recording potholes and 

other dangerous conditions in a log entry book. The inspector confirmed three log 

entries, one in 1979 and two in 1982, which established that the Commonwealth had 

actual notice of defects “near the Eighth and Chestnut Streets intersection.” Id. at 981. 

Following the rendering of a verdict for the plaintiff, the trial court entered judgment 

notwithstanding the verdict (n.o.v.) after determining that the evidence presented could 

not establish the requisite notice because those recorded defects, in the trial court’s

opinion, did not match the exact location where the plaintiff fell, which was slightly 

away from the intersection. On appeal, this Court reversed. We held that the trial 

court’s analysis of the evidence amounted to fact-finding and invaded the jury’s 

3 Summary judgment may be granted only in those cases where the record clearly shows that 

there are no genuine issues of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a 

matter of law. P.J.S. v. Pennsylvania State Ethics Commission, 723 A.2d 174, 176 (Pa. 1999). On a 

motion for summary judgment, the record must be viewed in the light most favorable to the 

nonmoving party, and all doubts as to the existence of a genuine issue of material fact must be 

resolved in his favor. Id. The question of whether the Commonwealth is entitled to summary 

judgment is based purely upon the statutory construction of the applicable immunity provisions. Dean 

v. Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, 751 A.2d 1130, 1132 (Pa. 2000).
10

province to determine the credibility of witnesses and draw inferences from the 

evidence. Id. We explained that the jury was free to accept none, all, or any part of 

the inspector’s testimony, including the log entry. We reasoned that the jury could 

have believed the inspector’s log entry that there was a pothole but disbelieved him as 

to its exact location or whether it was repaired prior to the plaintiff’s injury in 1982. 

Id. The evidence, we explained, could lead one to reasonably infer that the pothole of 

which the inspector spoke was the same one into which the plaintiff fell. Accordingly, 

we concluded that the trial court erred in entering judgment n.o.v.

In Walthour v. Department of Transportation, 31 A.3d 762 (Pa. Cmwlth. 

2011), this Court determined that a letter from a state senator to PennDOT, which 

PennDOT subsequently acknowledged, complaining of “the condition of Route 837 in 

the City of Duquesne,” was sufficient to place the Commonwealth on notice for 

purposes of the statute, even though no specific pothole was identified. There, the 

plaintiff, a motorcycle passenger, claimed that she was injured when a motorcycle she 

was riding hit a pothole on State Route 837 in the City of Duquesne. The plaintiff sued 

PennDOT, claiming that PennDOT had received prior written notice of the dangerous 

condition in the state senator’s letter. Id. at 763. In reply, PennDOT sent a letter to the 

senator, acknowledging that it would have liked to make major improvements to that

section of roadway but had been unable to secure the necessary funding. Id. PennDOT 

filed a motion for summary judgment, which the trial court granted based on its 

conclusion that general allegations of road conditions are insufficient to constitute

notice under the pothole exception. Noting that the senator’s letter made no reference 

to potholes and did not articulate a specific section of State Route 837 that would 

coincide with the area where the accident occurred, the trial court concluded that the 

actual written notice requirement of section 8522(b)(5) was not met. Id. at 764.
11

On appeal, we reversed. Viewing the record in a light most favorable to 

the plaintiff, we were unable to conclude that the senator’s letter was insufficient notice 

as a matter of law. We concluded that the letters exchanged between the senator and 

PennDOT created a sufficient material factual dispute to allow the plaintiff to survive 

a motion for summary judgment based on sovereign immunity. We explained:

The sufficiency of the notice, in this case, is a material fact 

that is disputed, and will be determined after a trier of fact 

considers whether [PennDOT] would have been on notice of 

the dangerous condition alleged to have caused or 

contributed to [the plaintiff’s] injuries upon a reasonable 

inspection of the section of State Route 837 to which Senator 

Logan’s Letter refers. See, e.g., Department of 

Transportation v. Patton, [] 686 A.2d 1302, 1305 ([Pa.] 

1997) (concluding, in a case involving the notice requirement 

for an alleged dangerous condition of a highway under 

Section 8522(b)(4) of the [Judicial Code], that the question 

whether [PennDOT] had “notice of a dangerous condition 

and thus should have known of the defect, i.e., the defect was 

apparent upon reasonable inspection, is a question of fact” 

and that “[a]s such, it is a question for the jury, and may be 

decided by the court only when reasonable minds could not 

differ as to the conclusion.”) Because this material fact is 

disputed, it is a question for the jury and the trial court’s grant 

of summary judgment was in error.

Id. at 763.

Here, the “hazardous condition” at issue was a large pothole located in the 

“right lane of [I-80] westbound at mile marker 284 in Tobyhanna Township.” (Compl., 

¶5; R.R. at 7a.) It is undisputed that Blakeslee is at mile marker 284 and that the 

accident occurred one-tenth of a mile from the Blakeslee Exit. As proof of notice, 

Texeira submitted Customer Service Records, which establish that PennDOT received 

notice of the dangerous conditions reported. 
12

As in Pallante, there are material issues of fact as to (1) whether the 

Customer Service Records were sufficiently specific to provide the necessary statutory 

notice of the dangerous condition that caused Texeira’s injury; and (2) whether the 

potholes reported were patched prior to the accident. While five of the six Customer

Service Records involved generalized complaints regarding multiple potholes on large 

sections of I-80, the fifth Customer Service Record described a dangerous condition in

the specific area where Texeira was injured, i.e., I-80 in Blakeslee. According to

Pallante and Walthour, it was unnecessary for Texeria to prove with certitude that 

PennDOT had notice of the actual pothole on I-80 that caused his injury. It is sufficient 

to establish that PennDOT had notice of the dangerous condition in the area where the 

accident happened. It is for the jury to decide whether, after a reasonable inspection of 

the section of I-80 identified in the fifth Customer Service Record, PennDOT would 

have been on notice of the dangerous condition alleged to have caused or contributed 

to the accident. Walthour.

As to whether the potholes described in the fifth Customer Service Record 

were repaired prior to the accident, we disagree with the trial court that the undisputed 

evidence established that this was the case. The only evidence in the record was the 

Customer Service Record itself and Flurer’s testimony concerning the record. On the 

one hand, Flurer testified that the Blakeslee complaint was vague in its description of 

the specific location of the four potholes. On the other hand, he was certain, based on 

the information noted on the Customer Service Record, that the potholes complained 

of were repaired. This Court finds it troubling that the trial court determined that the 

complaint was insufficiently specific as to location for purposes of written notice to 

PennDOT but was specific enough for the court to determine that the areas had been 
13

patched. As in Pallante and Walthour, we believe it should be for the trier of fact to 

reconcile this evidence, and to accept none, all, or any part of Flurer’s testimony. 

This case is distinguishable from Detweiler v. Commonwealth 

Department of Transportation (Pa. Cmwlth., No. 2027 C.D. 2015, filed Mar. 30, 

2016),

4 where we held that a travel advisory was insufficient as a matter of law to 

establish that PennDOT had actual written notice of the pothole at issue. In Detweiler, 

the pothole which caused the accident was not within the parameters mentioned in the 

travel advisory. Here, the pothole at mile marker 284 was within the relevant sections 

of I-80 covered in the complaint about four potholes on I-80 in Blakeslee. In this 

regard, the case is more akin to Pallante and Walthour.

Accordingly, the trial court’s decision to grant PennDOT’s motion for 

summary judgment on the basis of sovereign immunity was erroneous. The trial court 

is reversed.

________________________________

PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge

4 Although not binding precedent, unreported decisions may be cited for persuasive value 

pursuant to section 414(a) of this Court’s internal operating procedures. 210 Pa. Code §69.414(a).
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Joseph Texeira, :

Appellant :

:

v. : No. 997 C.D. 2021

:

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, :

Department of Transportation :

ORDER

AND NOW, this 30th day of August, 2022, the August 5, 2021 order 

of the Court of Common Pleas of Monroe County is hereby REVERSED.

________________________________

PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge