_.-- ..__ -:.$B,;, United States 

Department of 

j Agriculture Software for 

Forest Service 

Pacific Northwest 

Research Station Computing Plant BiomassGeneral Technical 

Report 

PNW-GTR-340 BIOPAK Users Guide 

August 1994 

Joseph Em Means, Heather A Hansen, Greg J. Koerper, 

Paul B, Alaback and MarkW, Klopsch 
Obtaining the Program and Technical Support

BIOPAK is distributed by the Forest Resources Systems Institute (FORS), a

nonprofit organization that searches out and distributes software for forestrelated applications. A fee of U.S. $50 is charged to cover costs of disks,

duplication, distribution, and telephone support to answer user questions. For

people in countries with currency exchange problems, the fee is reduced to U.S.

$25. FORS can be contacted at:

The Forest Resource Systems Institute

122 Helton Court

Florence, Alabama 35630

(205) 767-0250 Fax (205) 767-3768

For additional copies of this publication contact:

Publications

Pacific Northwest Research Station

P.O:Box 3890

Portland, Oregon 97208-3890

(503) 326-7128 Fax (503) 326-2455 USDA-FS E-mail RIS:R6/PNW

Disclaimer

The BIOPAK software is public domain and the recipient may neither assert any

propriety rights thereto nor represent them to anyone as other than Governmentproduced programs.

The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the

information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an

official endorsement or approval by the U.S. Department of Agriculture or

Oregon State University of any product or service to the exclusion of others

that may be suitable.

BIOPAK uses LISTR made by Buerg Software. Listr is shareware that users are

encouraged to register for $20.00 with Buerg Software, 139 White Oak Circle,

Petaluma, California 94952; (707) 778-1811.

Authors

JOSEPH E. MEANS is a research forester, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 3200

S.W. Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331; HEATHER A. HANSEN and MARK W. KLOPSCH

are research associates, Department of Forest Science, Oregon State University,

Corvallis, OR 97331; GREG J. KOERPER is a programmer/analyst, U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, JSB 166-B,

Corvallis, OR 97333; and PAUL B. ALABACK is Assistant Professor, School of

Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812.
Abstract

Means, Joseph E.; Hansen, Heather A.; Koerper, Greg J.; Alaback, Paul B;

Klopsch, Mark W. 1994. Software for computing plant biomass--BIOPAK users

guide. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-340. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 184

BIOPAK is a menu-driven package of computer programs for IBM-compatible

personal computers that calculates the biomass, area, height, length, or volume

of plant components (leaves, branches, stem, crown, and roots). The routines

were written in FoxPro, Fortran, and C.

BIOPAK was created to facilitate linking of a diverse array of vegetation

datasets with the appropriate subset of available equations for estimating

plant components, such as biomass and leaf area. BIOPAK produces reports that

are formatted for people and files that are compatible with other software.

Other reports document the design of a computation run and the equations used.

BIOPAK includes a library of about 1,000 prediction equations and an editor for

updating it. Most of the equations in the librarv were developed in the

Pacific-Northwest, including southeast Alaska. 

Keywords: Dimension analysis, software, p lant biomass, p

volume, crown mass, crown volume, manual,

lant leaf area, plant

microcomputer, users guide.

Acknowledgments

This publication was developed in cooperation with the Aviation and Fire

Management Office, Pacific Northwest Region, USDA Forest Service, and the

Deschutes, Malheur, Mount Hood, Siskiyou, Siuslaw, Wallowa-Whitman, and

Willamette National Forests. Additional support came from National Science

Foundation grant BSR-8514325 to Oregon State University. The authors thank

John Bainbridge, Alan Batie, Jonathan H. Bosch, Hsueh-Jen Chen, Tony Chou,

Hongyan Li, Raghava R. Pareddy David Randall, Zhao-Ming Song, Gody Spycher,

and Shannon Whitmore for programming support, Howard C. Doane and Olga Krankina

for entering and checking equations in the equation library for the Pacific

Northwest, and Leanne M. Mitchell for quality control assistance.
Contents

Contents

Detailed contents are given at the beginning of each chapter and section.

1 WELCOME

2 Purpose of BIOPAK

2 Intended Users and Fields of Study

2 Overview of Users Guide

3 Notational Conventions

3 Estimating Plant Components

5 Be Careful

6 INSTALLATION

6 System Requirements

6 Files Shipped with BIOPAK

7 Installation on a PC

9 Installation on a Network

11 Files on the BIOPAK directory

11 Performance Enhancement

13 GETTING STARTED

13 Overview of Features

21 Suggestions for Using BIOPAK

24 REFERENCE

25 Input Data File

29 Design a Run

41 Library Editor

55 Calculate Plant Components

57 Generate Reports

59 View Reports

61 Reports and Other Output

 69 TUTORIALS

70 Introduction to the Tutorials

70 The Tutorial Dataset

71 Lesson One--Introduction to Design a Run and View Reports

76 Lesson Two--Introduction to Plant Component Calculations and

Generating Reports

80 Lesson Three--Introduction to Diagnostic Reports

82 Lesson Four--Introduction to Equation Library and Reassignments

85 Lesson Five--Plant Component Calculations with Reassignments

88 Lesson Six--Editing the Equation Library
91 LITERATURE CITED

94 APPENDICES

95 Codes

103 Customizing BIOPAK

113 Equation Library

131 Equation Selection Penalties (ESP)

141 Files

144 Lifeform

146 Selecting Equations and Summations

156 Troubleshooting

171 Units

173 GLOSSARY

177 INDEX

List of Figures

14 Figure l--Relationships between BIOPAK procedures and important files.

134 Figure 2--Default summations for Tree, Shrub and Coppice lifeforms.

135 Figure 3--Default summations for Herb, Grass and Sedge lifeforms.

136 Figure 4--Default summations for Bryophyte (Moss) and Lichen lifeforms.

148 Figure 5--Flow of information in the Equation Reassignment process and

selection of an equation from the Equation List File.

List of Tables

Table l--Equation types and corresponding numbers recognized by BIOPAK

Table 2--BIOPAK system for deriving Plant Component codes

147 Table 3--Elements in the Original Equation Request

151 Table 4--Information that may be in an Equation Reassignment

152 Table 5--Information in the Request to Library

171 Table 6--Valid Parameter Units

172 Table 7--Valid Component Units
THIS PAGE LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY
WELCOME

Thischapter introduces the BIOPAK

limitations. Please read the warni

proceeding.

Section

software and users guide and its purpose and

ng at the end of the chapter before

2 Purpose of BIOPAK

2 Intended Users and Fields of Study

2 Overview of Users Guide

2

Reading suggestions

Purposes of chapters

3 Notational Conventions

3 Estimating Plant Components

3 The dimension analysis approach

4 Potential problems with the dimension analysis approach

5 Be Careful

BIOPAK

- Main-Menu

Design a run

edit equation Library

Calculate plant components

Generate reports

View reports or data

goto dos Shell

Quit

Most Recently Used File Names

Run Design File : D:\BIOPAK\TESTDATA\TUTOR.RD

Equation Library File : D:\BIOPAK\TESTDATA\BIOLIB.EQN

Input Data File : D:\BIOPAK\TESTDATA\TUTOR.DAT

Intermediate Binary File : D:\BIOPAK\TESTDATA\TUTOR.IBF
Welcome 2

Purpose of BIOPAK

BIOPAK is a menu-driven package of computer programs that calculates the

biomass, area, height, length, or volume of plant components (leaves, branches,

stem, crown, and roots). BIOPAK was created to facilitate linking a diverse

array of vegetation datasets with an appropriate subset of available equations

for estimating plant components.

It was developed for use on IBM-compatible personal computers (PCs). The

routines are written in FoxPro, Fortran, and C.

Intended Users and Fields of Study

Plant component estimates are used by researchers and resource managers in

forest and range sciences: fire management--fuels -assessment; forest

management--wildlife habitat, site productivity, and ecosystem monitoring;

forest ecology--nutrient cycling, plant productivity; range management--browse

estimates; and wildlife ecology--foliar cover, browse and habitat.

Users should have a basic knowledge of DOS for installing and managing files

used and produced by BIOPAK.

Overview of Users Guide

Reading suggestions

A general understanding of the BIOPAK software will help avoid mistakes that

may-invalidate the results. We suggest you at least read Getting Started and

do the first few tutorials before making any plant component calculations with

your own data.

Some users will want to use the more advanced features, for example, Equation

Library editing, and Customizing BIOPAK. Most of these are introduced in the

tutorials. Others are covered in the appendices.

Purposes of chapters

Chapter Contents

Welcome Introduction to the software and users guide. Purpose of the

program and its limitations.

Installation How to install the software on a personal computer or network.

Getting Started An overview of BIOPAK features and suggestions for its use.

Logical sequences of steps for calculating plant components

are discussed.

Reference Each main menu item is covered in a separate reference section.

The order of the sections corresponds to the main menu. A

section on the input data file, and reports and other output,

is also included.

Tutorials Tutorials that are intended to introduce the software
Welcome 3

gradually.

Appendices The appendices present more detailed information than the

reference sections, such as code definitions and instructions

for customizing BIOPAK. They are presented in alphabetical

order.

Glossary The glossary includes important terms and concepts covered in

the software and user's guide.

Index Detailed index covering keywords, terms, concepts, and section

headings.

Notational Conventions

The following notational conventions are used in this users guide:

Bold Used for references to BIOPAK software menu selections or

commands to be typed by user.

Italics Used for references to sections of the BIOPAK users guide.

CAPS Used for file names.

Underline Used for references to windows and section headings in the

BIOPAK software.

< > Used to indicate keyboard commands, for example, <Enter> <F3>

* Used as a wildcard character in file names. For example, *.RD

would indicate any file with the extension .RD.

Estimating Plant Components

During the past two decades, plant components, such as biomass and leaf area,

have been widely viewed as increasingly important ecosystem parameters. Many

different approaches have been taken to estimate them (Alemdag 1980, Pieper

1978, Standish and others 1985, Valentine and others 1984, Wharton and Cunia

1987). The most accurate techniques (clipping, separating, and weighing) are

time consuming; they lend themselves to site-specific, intensive studies and

destroy vegetation on the plot being sampled.

The dimension analysis approach

Over the past decade most studies of ecosystem structure and dynamics have used

the allometric or dimension analysis approach to biomass sampling (Grier and

Logan 1977, Whittaker and Woodwell 1968, Whittaker and others 1974). Dimension

analysis involves predicting attributes that are difficult to measure from

attributes that are easily measured. Prediction is made from equations

developed from the destructive sampling method (Alemdag 1980, Valentine and

others 1984). Dimension analysis can yield precise and realistic estimates of

plant biomass in environments similar to where the original destructive data

were gathered.

This approach is also useful when equations exist for individual components,
such as stem, branch, and foliage biomass, but not for a component, such as

total aboveground biomass, that combines several others. In this case,

predicted values for the individual components can be summed to obtain the

desired value. Schlaegel and Kennedy (1984) found such summations give

estimates not significantly different from a single regression for the total.

Potential problems with the dimension analysis approach

The ease of obtaining estimates of plant components, especially with software

like BIOPAK, makes dimension analysis one of the most. easily misused

techniques, primarily from three common classes of problems.

First, problems can occur when equations are being constructed. 'Errors from

inaccurate measurement, choice of model, fitting of parameters, and spatial

variation within a sampled stand are discussed by Woods and others, (1991).

Errors also may be caused by bias in selecting the samples used to build an

equation. Marshall and Waring (1986), for example, found that equations based

on tree diameter overestimated leaf area of an old-growth stand of Douglas-fir

(Pseudotsuqa menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and western hemlock (Tsuqa heterophvlla

(Raf.) Sarg.) by a factor of two and suggested the problem was mainly with

estimates for large trees. Apparently, the old-growth Douglas-fir trees

selected to build the equations from were well formed with no large parts of

crown or bole missing, yet necrosis and breakage is common in old-growth

stands.

Second, problems of overextrapolation or underextrapolation can occur. In

estimating tree biomass, for example, samples used to develop the relation of

diameter to biomass often do not include the range of diameters that the

equations ultimately will be used for. Biomass estimates for plants larger or

smaller than those sampled may be inaccurate; for example, leaf biomass per

Douglas-fir tree seems to increase exponentially with stem diameter initially,

but increases linearly or levels off at larger diameters of 1 to 3 meters.

Extrapolation to leaf areas of large trees by using an equation developed with

data from smaller trees could overestimate biomass greatly. No data currently

exist on this potentially serious problem.

A third type of problem is the difference in growth forms of the same species

from site to site. Individuals of the same species have been shown to have

different relations of plant dimensions to accumulated biomass or leaf area

when found on sites with different potential productivities (Espinosa-Bancalari

and others 1987, Koerper and Richardson 1980), environments (Buech and Rugg

1989, Long and Smith 1988, Madgwick 1970, Sachs 1983), or plant densities

(annual herbs: Weiner and Thomas 1992; trees: Pearson and others 1984, Sachs

1983). When annual herbs are competing, the allometric relation among

individuals at one point in time is not the same as the allometric growth

trajectories of individuals (Weiner and Thomas 1992). Stand developmental

stages (Alaback 1986, Alaback 1987, Dean and Long 1986), thinning and

fertilization (Brix and Mitchell 1983), and tree canopy class (Thompson 1989)

also have been related to changes in relations between biomass or leaf area and

plant dimension. Thus, equations for different species of the same lifeform

often are quite different (Gholz and others 1979, Standish and others 1985,

Stanek and State 1978, Waring and others 1982).

Relations of plant dimensions to biomass are not equally subject to change with

different site conditions. Plant measurements most directly related to volume,
Welcome 5

such as stem diameter (Buech and Rugg 1989), height, and form factor, or

related to leaf area, such as sapwood area and distance to live crown (Long and

Smith 1988), may be relatively robust when applied to differing site

conditions. In contrast, relations of biomass to percentage of ground cover

can vary greatly with site and stand developmental characteristics (Alaback

1987, Daubenmire 1968).

To avoid these problems, users of BIOPAK are advised to read the section

Getting Started: Suggestions for Using BIOPAK, and to use the most appropriate

equations.

Be Careful

Examine results thoroughly. Though BIOPAK will select the best equation

according to its logic, your logic may be different. Equations available in

its library may be inadequate for some species on some sites. BIOPAK may not

select the equation you wish if it is not specified completely in an Equation

Reassignment. BIOPAK makes it easy to use completely inappropriate equations

giving meaningless results. We strongly advise users to closely examine the

equations used (see Reference: Reports and Other Output: Diagnostic, reports)

and output. Getting Started: Suggestions for Using BIOPAK to increase your

likelihood of getting reasonable estimates.
INSTALLATION

Installation 6

This chapter explains how to install the software on a personal computer or

Section

6 System Requirements

6 Files Shipped with BIOPAK

7 Installation on a PC

8 Starting BIOPAK installed on a PC

8 Verifying BIOPAK installation on a PC

9 Installation on a Network

10 Starting BIOPAK on a network

11 Verifying BIOPAK installation on a network

11 Files on the BIOPAK directory

11 Performance Enhancement

11 Use of RAM disk as temporary directory

12. Use of smaller equation library and datasets

System Requirements

BIOPAK runs on IBM-compatible PCs and requires the following:

l DOS 3.3 or higher (type VER at the DOS prompt to check version).

l 550 Kbytes free RAM; 1 Mbyte total RAM will usually provide sufficient free

memory if TSRs are loaded into high DOS memory. 'Available memory can be

checked by typing CHKDSK.

l 6 Mbytes for installation on a hard disk.

l 8 Mbytes or more additional free memory on a hard disk, or RAM disk, to run.

Eight Mbytes are required to run initially with the large equation library

supplied with the package: 6 Mbytes for FoxPro temporary work files and up to

2 Mbytes for output files the user may select. More space will be required

for output files from large user datasets. Less space will be needed if

smaller equation libraries are used.

l A 1.2-Mbyte 5.25-inch diskette drive to read the BIOPAK disk.

l A printer, capable of printing 132 or more characters per line, to make paper

copies of output.

l An EGA or VGA monitor makes it easier to understand color screens at a

glance. The highlight bar cannot be seen on some monochrome systems.

Files Shipped with BIOPAK

The disk shipped with BIOPAK should contain these files:

BBAT1 BIOPAK1.EXE INSTALL.BAT INSTR2

BBAT2 GETDRIVE.COM INSTR1 KEYPRESS.COM

BBAT3

On the TSTDATA directory:

LIBRARY.EXE TUTOR.DAT TUTOR.RD
Installation

Installation on a PC

7

We suggest these steps for installinq BIOPAK software on a PC:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

Make a backup copy of the BIOPAK high-density disk. Also, before

proceeding to step 2, be sure to have a boot disk for the computer and

external copies of the CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT files from the hard

drive.

If an earlier version of BIOPAK is on the PC, avoid problems by following

these steps:

a. Either remove all files of the earlier version, or put them all in a

directory not labeled BIOPAK and not on the DOS path. Delete all

BIOPAK.BAT files from all directories on the DOS path. Old Run Design

(.RD) files will not work with the new version of BIOPAK.

b. Remove the BIOPAK directory from the PATH statement in the AUTOEXEC.BAT

file.

C . Remove the statements SET BIODIR=... and SET BIOTMP=... from the

AUTOEXEC.BAT file.

Increase your DOS environment space by at least 512 bytes above what

currently works for the PC being used, or set it to 2,056 bytes, whichever

is larger. This can be done by using a text editor or word processor to

change the SHELL command in the C:\CONFIG.SYS file. Syntax of the SHELL

command differs for different versions of DOS, so consult your DOS manual.

Under DOS versions 3.3 and higher, this is done with a command like the

following:

SHELL=C:\DOS\COMMAND.COM /P /E:2056

This line in the CONFIG.SYS file will set the environment space to

2,056 bytes.

Reboot the PC so the changes to the CONFIG.SYS file AUTOEXEC.BAT take

effect. The installation program and BIOPAK require 500-800 bytes of free

environment space to run.

Decide which hard drive (C:, D:, E:, F:, or G:) to install the BIOPAK

system files on. This will require about 6 Mbytes free space. Hard

drive C: is used in these instructions, but any hard drive will do. The

Install program will put BIOPAK on the directory named BIOPAK on the drive

selected. We refer to this as the BIOPAK directory.

Decide on a drive for BIOPAK to put its temporary files on when it is

running. These files will go on the root directory of this drive; for

example, E:\. Be sure you have permission to write here and that it can

hold about 8 Mbytes in order to use the large Equation Library shipped

with BIOPAK. The RAM disks are fastest.

Start the installation program. Put the BIOPAK disk into a diskette

drive; go to that drive (for example, A:); then type at the A:> prompt:

INSTALL

Answer the questions posed by the install program about the locations of

files. You will be informed when installation is complete or if there are

problems.

The file BIOPAK.BAT must be in a directory on the DOS PATH. Move it from

C:\ if needed.

Copy the files from the TESTDATA directory on the BIOPAK disk to the

directory the tutorials will be run from. We will use C:\TESTDATA to

illustrate. Go to the C:\TESTDATA directory and type:

COPY A:\TESTDATA\*.*

If you want to modify the Library, decompress it in the TESTDATA directory

(requires about 2 Mbytes) so you can make changes to this copy, saving the
Installation 8

copy in the BIOPAK directory. Type:

LIBRARY

This will put the Equation Library files (BIOLIB?.*) in your TESTDATA

directory. Now LIBRARY.EXE can be deleted from this directory.

12. If the library in your TESTDATA directory is not decompressed, the

BIOLIB.EQN (equation) file must be copied from the BIOPAK directory to

your TESTDATA directory by typing:

COPY C:\BIOPAK\BIOLIB.EQN C:\TESTDATA

to run the tutorials.

13. Check whether sufficient free DOS memory is available to run BIOPAK by

using MAPMEM. Type:

C:\BIOPAK\MAPMEM

Free memory is shown as, for example, "590992 free" and given in bytes.

14. If about 550,000 bytes free RAM memory is not available, uninstall some

TSR pograms or load them into high or extended memory before running

You may have to consult the manuals for these programs to do

this. 'Often they are installed in the AUTOEXEC.BAT and CONFIG.SYS files.

To build different AUTOEXEC.BAT and CONFIG.SYS files to be used only when

BIOPAK is run, save copies of the originals; for example AUTOEXEC.SAV and

CONFIG.SAV. The new ones could be named AUTOEXEC.BIO and CONFIG.BIO. In

this case, before running BIOPAK, the *.BIO files must be copied over

AUTOEXEC.BAT and CONFIG.SYS, and then the PC must be rebooted. Use MAPMEM

again to verify that enough free memory is available.

BIOPAK is now ready to run on your PC.

NOTE: You can move BIOPAK to a different drive or directory by (1)

reinstalling it, starting with step 2 above; or (2) moving all BIOPAK files to

a new drive and directory, and changing the SET BIODIR=tnewpath> line near the

top of every BIOPAK.BAT file to point to the new BIOPAK directory.

Starting BIOPAK installed on a PC

Start BIOPAK in a directory that contains the data to be used to calculate

plant components and that will contain BIOPAK report output. As you work with

BIOPAK, you will need to delete files from intermediate runs. To avoid

accidental deletion of files needed for running BIOPAK, do not start BIOPAK, or

store input or output files, in the BIOPAK directory.

If planning to log on to a network, do so before starting BIOPAK. To start

BIOPAK that is installed on the hard drive of a PC, type:

BIOPAK

Instructions for,starting BIOPAK that is installed on a network are given in

the section, Installation on a Network.

Verifying BJOPA K installation on a PC

Verify that BIOPAK has been installed correctly by following these steps:

Go to your TESTDATA directory and

l Type BIOPAK to start. BIOPAK.

l Type D to select Design a Run.

l Type F to select File.

l Type R to select Read existing run design file. The Foxpro File Selection
Window, commonly used in BIOPAK, will appear.

l Select the file TUTOR.RD by highlighting it, and type <Enter>

l Press <Esc> to remove the File Menu

l Type D to select Default Settings

If the screen looks similar to the one shown below, especially the values in

the highlighted fields, BIOPAK can find its files and is apparently installed

correctly. If the screen does not look like this, BIOPAK has not been

installed correctly.

[OPAK Design a Run Default Settings

Fodify or Add Default Settings

Area1 Defaults (use when not present in data)

Fixed Plot Area Units

Prism Basal Area Factor Units

Plot Slope Correction Units

Equation Key Defaults (use when not present in data)

Geographic Area Code W

Seral Stage Code 0

Equation Selection Penalty Defaults

Maximum ESP level 79999

Threshold ESP level 0

Summation ESP level 0

,Select Only Reassigned Species? N

cCtrl-S> Save/Exit

:\BIOPAK\TESTDATA\TUTOR.RD

tCtrl-Q> Cancel/Exit

<FlO> Units & Codes <Fl> Help

Press cCtrl-Q> and continue to back out to the Main Menu without saving this

file. Quit BIOPAK.

The installation can be checked further by comparing the files on the BIOPAK

directory with those shown below.

Installation on a Network

The installation described here runs on the Novell network-at our development

site, the Forestry Sciences Laboratory in Corvallis, Oregon. It -may have to be

modified to fit your network brand and configuration. Several of these steps

must be done with a text editor or word processor that can edit flat ASCII

files.

1. Make a backup copy of the BIOPAK disk.

2. Decide which network server, drive, and directory you want to install the

BIOPAK system files and the Equation Library on. There must be about 6

Mbytes free space. We refer to this as the BIOPAK directory and call it
K:\BIOPAK in these instructions, but any drive and path will do. Users

should not be able to change these files. This directory need not be on

the search paths of potential users.

3. Use the DOS Copy or Xcopy command to copy files on the BIOPAK disk to that

directory. For example,

COPY A:\*.* K:\BIOPAK

if reading the disk on the A drive, type:

COPY A:\TESTDATA\*.* K:\BIOPAK

4. Go to the BIOPAK directory, then unpack BIOPAK system files and the

library using these commands at the DOS prompt:

BIOPAK1

LIBRARY

5. The files that match these names can now be deleted: BBAT? INSTR?

INSTALL.BAT LIBRARY.EXE BIOPAKl.EXE.

6. If BIOPAK will be installed on a drive other than K:, then all occurrences

of K:\ in the file BIOPAKN.BAT shipped with BIOPAK must be changed to

point to the drive it will be installed on.

7. Copy BIOPAKN.BAT from the BIOPAK directory to a network directory that

will be on the search path of every potential BIOPAK user.

8. Instruct users to copy the tutorial files (TUTOR.*) in K:\BIOPAK to a

personal directory on which they can write. The library files (BIOLIB?.*)

-also should be copied if they anticipate changing them.

9. Make two changes to each PC that will be used to run BIOPAK.

a. Increase the DOS. environment space by at least 512 bytes above what

currently works for each PC. This can be done by using a text editor

or word processor to change the SHELL command in the C:\CONFIG.SYS

file. Syntax of the SHELL command differs for different versions of

DOS, so consult your DOS manual.

this is done with a command like:

Under DOS versions 3.3 and higher,

SHELL=C:\DOS\COMMAND.COM /P /E:2048

This line in the CONFIG.SYS file will set the environment space to

2,048 bytes.

b. Be certain there is enough free DOS memory to run BIOPAK and, if not,

free some up, as described above in the section, Installation on a PC.

BIOPAK is now ready to run over your network.

Starting BIOPAK on a network

Start BIOPAK in a directory containing data that you want to calculate plant

components from and that will contain BIOPAK output. While working with

BIOPAK, delete files from intermediate runs. To avoid accidental deletion of

files needed for running BIOPAK, do not start BIOPAK, or store input or output

files, in the BIOPAK directory.

To start BIOPAK over a network, type:

BIOPAKN E:\temp

where E:\temp is any full path, including <drive>:\<path> on which BIOPAK can

write its temporary files. You must have permission to write there. It should

have a minimum of 3 Mbytes of free space,

files to be processed with BIOPAK.

or more, depending on the size of

About 8 Mbytes will be required to use the

large equation library shipped with BIOPAK. RAM drives are faster; network

drives are slower.
Installation

Verifying BIOPAK installation on a network

11

Verify that BIOPAK has been installed correctly by performing the steps

described above under Verifying BIOPAK Installation on a PC, except start

BIOPAK as just described.

Files on the BIOPAK directory

These files will be in the BIOPAK directory after successful installation:

BATCHMAN.COM

BATCHMAN.DOC

BIOCMP .EXE

BIOCODES

BIOLIB .DBF

BIOLIB .EQN

BIOLIB .FPT

BIOMSGS

BIOPAK .BAT*

BIOPAKN .BAT

BIOPROJ .EXE

BIORPTS .EXE

BIOSUMM

CHECK .COM

FOXSWAP .COM

INSTALLC.BAT**

KEYPRESS.COM

LHA .EXE

LHA .HLP

LHA213 .DOC

LISTR .COM

MAPMEM .COM

SD .COM

WAIT .EXE

* not in network installation.

** optional, can be deleted.

The utilities BATCHMAN.COM (.BAT file enhancement), CHECK.COM, LHA.EXE (file

compression), LISTR.COM (file viewing), MAPMEM.COM (map of memory usage),

SD.COM (directory listing) and WAIT.EXE (pause execution for n seconds) are

used by BIOPAK and can be used independently.

Performance Enhancement

Use of RAM disk as temporary directory

Specifying that BIOPAK put its temporary files on a RAM disk considerably

speeds operations. This can be done when using the installation program to put

BIOPAK on a hard disk or when starting BIOPAK over a network. There must be a

minimum of 4 Mbytes free on this directory for BIOPAK to run.
Installation 12

Use of smaller equation library and

The Equation Library shipped with BIOPAK has about 1,000 equations, including

documentation. Each time the Equation Library is retrieved, a copy is made in

the designated temporary directory. If you are working with a complete

Equation Library and planning to access the Library on a regular basis, it may

be desirable to create a subset of the Library. For example, if concerned only

with tree species, you could save a subset of the Library with just tree

species.

Many of the runs made to determine which equations to use are best made with

subsets of large datasets.
GETTING STARTED

This chapter includes an outline of the major BIOPAK features and suggestions

for using BIOPAK.

Section

13 Overview of Features

15 User interface operations

::

Keyboard

Mouse

15 File selection windows

16 Select an existing file

16 Specify a new file

17 On-line help system

18 Designing a run

19 Calculation of plant components

19

Reports of plant components

Equation library and editor

20 DOS shell

20 Use outside the U.S. Pacific Northwest

21 Suggestions for Using BIOPAK

21 Before field sampling

21 List species and components

21

Locate equations to use

List parameters and make forms

22 Field sampling and data entry

22 Enter new equations

22 Enter data

22 Making calculation runs

22 Designing the run

22 Calculate plant components

22 Initial run evaluation

23 Additionalruns

23 Diagnosing problems

23 Documenting calculations

Overview of Features

BIOPAK has been designed for calculating and summarizing species-specific plant

components for large datasets. Several plant components, such as biomass, leaf

area, and stem volume, can'be calculated, though we often refer only to plant

component(s) or biomass to improve readability. The package is menu-driven to

facilitate use. BIOPAK was designed with several major functions. These are

accessed through the Main Menu and are described briefly in this chapter.

Gettinq Started: Overview of Features 15

User interface operations

Keyboard--

The following keys operate as consistently as possible throughout BIOPAK. Most

exceptions are noted in the documentation for that section.

When in a menu:

Key Function

Hot Keys: The capitalized key in a menu selection is a hot key that selects

that item.

<Esc>: In most submenus, exits to next highest menu without doing any

work. You will have a chance to save, work that might be lost.

<Enter>: Selects line or action from menu.

When in an edit or modify window:

Key Function

<Ctrl-S>: Saves all changes and exits to next highest menu or window.

cCtrl-Q>: Cancels all changes to current record or window and exits to next

highest menu or window.

<F1>:

<F10>:

Brings up the on-line help system.

When in the relevant data-entry cell, displays a list of valid

codes for selection.

<Arrows>: Moves to adjacent character or line.

<Tab>: Moves cursor to next data-entry cell.

<Shift-Tab>: Moves cursor to previous data-entry cell.

<Del>: Deletes a character, or entry.

<Ctrl-Del>: Deletes a line of data.

<Enter>: Selects code from list, or moves cursor to next data-entry cell.

Mouse--

In many cases the mouse can be used to position the cursor and select menu

items; when a mouse driver is loaded before starting BIOPAK. We suggest

working the tutorials to learn to use the mouse. Mouse usage is not

consistent, unfortunately, due to insufficient development resources. In

particular, use only single cli cks to select menu items.

File selection windows

There are two FoxPro File Selection Windows; one for selecting an existing

file, the other for naming a file that will be produced. They allow easy

selection of a file, or specification of a new file name, on any drive and path

available to DOS. Instructions for their use with cursor keys are given here.
Gettinq Started: Overview of Features 16

The following keys will help you move around in the windows:

Key Function

<Tab>: Moves cursor to next box or field, clockwise

<Shift-Tab>: Moves cursor to previous box or field, counterclockwise

cEsc>: Cancels all changes and exits

Select an existing file--

Follow these steps to select a file (or use a mouse and double-click the

options):

1. If the wrong drive is shown, move the cursor to the Drive letter box, press

<Enter> (a list of all available drives will be shown), highlight the drive

to be used, and select it by pressing <Enter>.

2. If the wrong directory is shown, <Tab> to‘the Directory box, press <Enter>

(a list of all the available directories will be shown), highlight the

directory to be used, and select it by pressing <Enter>. Or, <Tab> to the

File display box on the left side, highlight the desired directory and

press <Enter>. The symbol [..I indicates the parent directory to the one

shown. This step can be repeated to move up and down directory trees until

the desired directory is reached.

3. When the desired drive and directory are shown, highlight the desired file

name and press <Enter> (or select <Open>)-to select it.

The window used for selection of files looks similar to this:

BIOPAK Design a Run File

Select a Run Design File

I

IL.1

MACK.RD

MACKTREE.RD

Directory

CC Open ))

< Cancel >

[ ] All Files I

D:\BIOPAK\TESTDATA\UNTITLED.RD

Specify a new file--

To specify a new file name, follow steps 1 and 2, above, as needed. Then <Tab>

to the bottom line of the File Selection Window, enter a new file name, <Tab>

to the (( Save )) box, and press <Enter>. The file that will be saved is the one

shown in the box at the bottom of the window.
The window used to name a file, will look similar to this:

IOPAK Calculate Plant Components

- Main Menu

Desiqn a run I

edit"equati

Calculate p

Generate re

View report

Enter New Intermediate Binary File:

;

I

-

OS

F

E

I

I

[..I

AVERYF.IBF

AVERYPK.IBF

MACK.IBF

MACKTREE.IBF.

NOSLOPE.IBF

:,q1

:n1

.n.

Title: T

Run desi

Equation

input Da

Intermed

summariz

detAiled

error re

[ ] All Files

TESTE.IBF

Directory

(( Save ))

< Cancel >

>>>>>>>>

uation Library File : D:\BIOPAK\TESTDATA\BIOLIB.EQN

put Data File : D:\BIOPAK\TESTDATA\MACK:DAT

termediate Binary File : D:\BIOPAK\TESTDATA\MACK.IBF

Drive

IL-I

On-line help system

A major feature of BIOPAK is its on-line help system. In most windows and

menus, <Fl> will display a help window that is sensitive to the context. There

is also a reference section where users can find definitions of terms and

.descriptions of files. ,

The Help Topics List is organized as follows:

1. BIOPAK Main Menu: List of Main Menu items. Displayed when tFl> is used

from the Main Menu, or Calculate Plant Components, Generate Reports, and

View Reports Windows. Selection of an item from the list will display

c.ontents for that' item.

2. Before You Begin: List of topics covering information about BIOPAK. A

detailed explanation about how to use the FoxPro Help System is included.

3. Run Design Menu Items: List of Design a Run Menu items. Text incltidesdescription of each menu item.

4. Library editor Menu Items: List of Library Editor Menu items.' Text

includes description of each menu item.

5. Run Design Interfaces: List of Design a Run.windows and menus. Pressing

cFl> exhibits help text when in the relevant window or menu.

6. Library Editor Interfaces: List of Library Editor windows and menus.

Pressing cFl> displays help text when in the relevant window or menu.

7. Reference: List of topics that covers terms, concepts, and files referred

to in other BIOPAK Help windows. All topics are included in at least one

"See Also" of another Help window.
Gettinq Started: Overview of Features 18

In BIOPAK windows and menus, the HelD Window that appears looks similar to

this:

I BIOPAK Design a Run Default Settings

(c Topics ))

< Next >

< Previous >

< Look Up >

Help

Default Settings Window

INTRO TO DEFAULT SETTINGS >

This window displays the current

BIOPAK default settings in

reversed-video fields. They may be

changed by tabbing to the desired

field and typing over the

information. While in the relevant

field, pressing tFlO> will produce a

Equation Selection Penalty Defaults

Maximum ESP level 79999

Threshold ESP level

Summation ESP level :

Select Only Reassigned Species? N

cCtrl-S> Save/Exit tCtrl-Q> Cancel/Exit

D:\BIOPAK\TESTDATA\UNTITLED.RD <FlO> Units & Codes tFl> Help I

Selections in the Help Window:

Selection Function

XX Topics >> Displays a complete list of topics. User can scroll through Help

Topics List, and select from it.

< Next > Shows contents of next help topic in list.

< Previous > Shows contents of previous help topic in list.

.: < Look Up > Allows specification of word or subject to find in Help Topics

List.

1 See Also 1 Displays a list of related topics. User can choose from the list

and view the contents.

Designing a run

You can Design a Run (see fig. 1) by specifying the default settings, the

format of input data, the plant components to be calculated, and how BIOPAK.is

to select equations from a library.

Two methods of selecting equations are available: (1) BIOPAK can select the

most appropriate equations for individual plants based on certain criteria, or

(2) BIOPAK allows you to specify the equation(s) to be used. The latter

method, called Equation Reassignment, most reliably selects the most

appropriate equations and takes the least computer time. This can be done
Gettinq Started: Overview of Features 19

directly from the Reassignments Add/Modify Window of Design a Run.

Most often, a combination of both methods will best facilitate the users

objectives. If uncertain about the most appropriate equation, compare results

for various reassignment specifications with a small subset of the data.

The design specifications for a run are put in a Run Design File (*.RD), used

to direct the calculation of components (see fig. 1). You can request a Run

Design Report (*.RDR) of these specifications.

Calculation of plant Components

Plant components are calculated in a separate step from the Run Design (see

fig. 1). You specify the Input Data File (*.DAT) the Run Design File (*.RD),

and the Equation List File (*.EQN) to be used. An Intermediate Binary File

(*.IBF) is produced. To help diagnose problems with a run, select reports that

summarize the equations used (*.USE), list all equations used (*.DET), and show

errors detected for each plant component requested (*.ERR).

Reports of plant components

Reports may be generated as needed from the Intermediate Binary File (see fig.

1). Component data for individual plants, and plot and stand totals, are

available in reports formatted for people (*.RPT) and as machine-readable

reports (*.IND, *.PLT, and *.STA) for analysis by other software. BIOPAK does

not support printing so files must be printed outside the program.

Output can be requested in either English or metric units. The specific units

are listed in Appendix: Units.

Equation library and editor

BIOPAK comes with an Equation Library of about 1,000 equations. The equations

are primarily from the Pacific Northwest region of North America. A Library

Editor (see fig. 1) allows you to add and delete equations from this Library,

or to make an entirely new Equation Library. Users from outside of this region

should make libraries for their own region or subregions. You must make an

Equation List File (*.EQN) from a Library by using the Library Editor. This

file is used in calculations (see fig. 1).

BIOPAK matches species in the data with equations in the Library by using a

six-character (maximum) Species code. We used the species codes for the

Pacific Northwest standardized by Garrison and others (1976) for the equation

in the Library distributed with BIOPAK. Most codes are only four letters long;

the first two letters represent the first two letters of the genus, and the

last two letters represent the first two letters of the species.

Many plant component equations have been compiled on paper (for example, Gholz

and others 1979, Standish and others 1985, Stanek and State 1978, Tritton and

Hornbeck 1982), but this Equation Library apparently is the first published

incorporation of such equations into a computer database.
Getting Started: Overview of Features 2 0

DOS shell

To execute some DOS commands without exiting BIOPAK, go to the DOS Shell.

Return to the directory BIOPAK was executed from before returning to the

program. To return to BIOPAK, type EXIT, and press <Enter>.

Use outside the Northwest

BIOPAK can be used in other regions. Equations for plants in a new region must

be entered into a new or existing library by using the Library Editor in

BIOPAK. New Geographic Area and Seral Stage codes must be entered when needed

as described in Appendix: Customizing BIOPAK.
Getting Started: Suggestions for Using BIOPAK 21

Suggestions for Using BIOPAK

In this section we recommend procedures that increase the efficiency and

accuracy of component estimates. They may have to be adapted to your own

circumstances.

Before field sampling

List species and components--

First, make a list of the plant species and their components that BIOPAK is to

estimate. This may take preliminary field work.

Locate equations to use--

Second, decide which equations will be used. Use the Library Editor to see

what equations are already available in the Equation Library (shipped with

BIOPAK). An Equation Library can be searched by Species and Plant Component

codes as described in Reference: Library Editor. You may decide on a given

equation because it requires easier measurements (for example, DBH) than an

alternative equation (for example, height and form factor).

carefully.

Choose equations

Comparisons of estimates by different equations may help in

selecting the appropriate one.

If no available equations fit your needs, several options exist:

1. You can search the literature and contact local botanists, foresters, -and

ecologists to see if other suitable equations exist; this could start with

references in this paper.

2. You can sum the results of several equations for several other components

to estimate a desired component. For example, stem biomass and foliage

biomass could be summed to estimate total aboveground biomass for a shrub.

First, however, see if BIOPAK will choose an acceptable summation

automatically as described in Appendix: Selecting Equations and Summations:

BIOPAK Selects. Alternatively, BIOPAK can be instructed to use specific

equations as described in Appendix: Selecting Equations and Summations:

User Selects.

3. BIOPAK can use an equation for a different geographic area, seral stage, or

species as described in Appendix: Selecting Equations: User Se7ects. For

example, an equation for Vaccinium alaskaense could be used for Vaccinium

ovalifolium, or an equation for Libocedrus decurrens Torr. in California

could be used for this species along the west side of the Cascade Range in

Oregon.

4. You can build equations by measuring (and usually harvesting) plants of a

wide range of sizes in a specific area. Alemdag (1980), Pieper (1978),

Standish and others (1985); Valentine and others (1984), and Wharton and

Cunia (1987) describe methods for doing this.

List parameters and make forms--

With the equations to be used, make a list of the field measurements required

to obtain the parameters for each species and plant component. Potential

measurement parameters and units are listed in Reference: Input Data Fi7e:

Parameters. Then design field forms (on paper or a field data recorder) to

facilitate recording these measurements, given the sampling system chosen. The
Getting Started: Suggestions for Using BIOPAK 22

forms should be designed so a dataset can be created easily as described in

Reference: Input Data File.

Field sampling and data entry

Field sampling can now be done. If feasible, record all parameters in separate

columns on your field sheets. For example, keep DBA and DBH in separate

columns.

Enter new equations--

Enter any equations found in other sources, or that you made yourself, into the

Equation Library to be used, as described in Reference: Library Editor. Then

make an Equation List File for use in computations. This can be done before

field sampling.

Enter data--

Enter field data, observing the instructions in Reference: Input Data File. In

general, each input record (1) may not exceed 255 characters, (2) must occupy

only one line in the Input Data File, and (3) must have fixed-length data

fields (for example, DBH is always in columns 23-28).

calculation runs

It is helpful to give each run a name, for example FALLCRK1 and use this as

the root for all associated output (for example, FALLCRK1.RD FALLCRKl.USE,

FALLCRKl.IBF, and FALLCRKl.RPT).

Plan to use your whole dataset in the initial run. If it is so large that

execution times or file sizes prohibit this, use a subset that includes each

species and the full range of sizes within each species.

Designing the run--

Create a Run Design File including the Default Settings, Data Input Format,

Components to Output, and any Equation Reassignments needed (to use summations

and to use an equation for one species in place of another species). This

process is described in Reference: Design a Run.

At this point you should know all the species in the Input Data File to be

used, the components to be calculated for each, and the equations likely to be

used. You will probably make several runs.

Calculate plant- components--

After selecting the files to be used in the run, request the Summarized

Equation Use Report (*.USE) on the Calculate Plant Components Window, then

select Go.

Choose Generate Reports from the Main Menu and make all three of the Reports

for People (*.RPT): Individual Plant Report, Plot Summary Report, and Stand

Summary Report, then select Go.

Initial run evaluation--

Examine the Summarized Equation Use Report (*.USE). Were the appropriate

equations used? Did the Equation Reassignments you created function as
Getting Started: Suggestions for Using BIOPAK 2 3

intended? Review the Individual Plant Report in Reports for People (*.RPT).

Do the estimates seem reasonable? Are the detected errors acceptable? Lastly,

check the estimates on the Plot Summary and Stand Summary Reports in Reports

for People to see if they are reasonable. Information in these reports is

described in Reference: Reports and Other Output.

If results seem acceptable, use this as the final run and generate the reports

to be used for further analyses.

Additional runs--

If results are unacceptable, determine what caused the problems and design a

new run to correct them. Problems often can be corrected by modifying and

adding equation reassignments and adding more appropriate equations to the

Library. For example, you may choose to avoid an overextrapolation or

underextrapolation by reassigning large or small plants to an equation based on

large or small plants, respectively.

Diagnosing problems--

If you need to determine the specific equation (or summation) used for a given

calculation, make another run and request a Detailed Equation Use Report

(*.DET).

data.

This report is the largest and may require using a subset of the

The Error Report (*.ERR) also may be helpful because it shows error

codes, Original Equation Request, and Equation Selection Penalty (ESP) for each

value calculated. Error messages,

in Appendix--Troubleshooting.

other difficulties and suggested fixes are

Now make another trial run and evaluate the results.

Documenting calculations

Keep copies of the Run Design File (*.RD), Summarized Equation Use Report

(*.USE), Equation Library (*.DBF), as well as the Input Data File, used for

important computations (for example, as FALLCRK1.RD FALLCRK1.USE and

FALLCRKl.DBF). These will serve as documentation of the equations used to

generate your results. If results ever need to be repeated, compared, or

defended, this information will be valuable. Also keep a copy of the

Intermediate Binary File (*.IBF) for a short period to make other reports.
This chapter covers the requirements for the input file, the features and

basics in each BIOPAK module, and a description of reports.

Section

25 Input Data File

25 Required organization of the data

26 Data input format

26 Site and Plant Identification codes

27 Parameters

29 Design a Run

30 Run Design Menu

31 File Menu

32 Default Settings

34 Data Input Format

35 Components to Output

37 Equation Reassignments

41 Library Editor

42 Equation Keys

47

Requirements, assumptions and possibilities for BIOPAK equations

Modifying and creating equation libraries

47 Equation Summary Window

51

Edit Library Menu

Editing an equation

55 Calculate Plant Components

56 Title

56 Files to be used

56 Diagnostic Reports

56 Go

57 Generate Reports

58 Intermediate Binary File

58 Reports to be generated

58 Output units

58 Go

59 View Reports

60 Changing a file name

60 Viewing the report

60 Reports and files to be viewed

60 Using LISTR

61 Reports and Other Output

61 Run Design Report

61 Diagnostic Reports

64

Intermediate Binary File (*.IBF)

Reports for People (*.RPT)

67 Machine-Readable Reports
Reference: Input Data File 25

Input Data File

Section

25 Required organization of the data

26 Data input format

26 Site and Plant Identification codes

26 Species code

27

Seral Stage and Geographic Area codes

Lifeform code

27 Parameters

BIOPAK reads input data (for example, variables such as species codes, plant

identifier, and values for DBH) from a data file during execution. Specify the

input data variables available to BIOPAK by defining the Data Input Format when

using Design a Run. The variables, and valid units, that may be used by BIOPAK

from the Input Data File are shown in Appendix: Codes and Appendix: Units. The

Parameter codes listed with the units are the codes used in the Data Input

Format Window of Design a Run and in the Equation Library; these codes are not

necessary in the Input Data File.

Required organization of the data

The order of input records is important in obtaining

averages in reports. Specifically, in a given Input

identifiers in each stand must be contiguous, and all

correct totals

Data File, all

 stand identif

and

plot

iers must be

contiguous. That is, all data from a plot must be clustered together', and all

data from a stand must be clustered together. Otherwise, Plot Summary and

Stand Summary Reports will give erroneous results.

To be read directly by BIOPAK, the Input Data File must be organized as

specified below:

1. Each input record must occupy only one line of the file and be no more than

255 characters long.

2. Fixed field-length records. Each data point, or variable, must always

occupy the same columns. In other words, if the species code is in columns

l-6 of record 1, then species must be in columns 1-6 for all other records.

3. Spaces, commas, or other data delimiters are not necessary. If they are

used, do not include them when counting the field length for the variables.

4. No two variables should occupy the same field. BIOPAK will still process

the data, but problems may occur as described in Parameters.

A few lines from a sample dataset which meets BIOPAK requirements, are shown

below. The column headings are included for interpretation and are not part of

the data file.
To request Plot or Stand Summary reports, Plot or Stand must be included in the

Input Data File for each plant so BIOPAK will function correctly as described

below.

Date, Locale, and Plant identifiers provide addit ional ways to ident ify input

records. They are not used in the execution of B IOPAK but do appear in reports

if included in the Data Input Format.

Reference: Input Data File 26

Dataset Stand Plot Date Spp Tree DBH HT

ID # # (cm) (ml

TP9801 MACK riparl 830623 TSHE 5478 18.3 5.9

TP9801 MACK riparl 830623 TSHE 5477 44.9 21.1

TP9801 MACK riparl 830623 THPL 5479 8.5 3.2

TP9801 MACK riparl 830623 TABR 469 5.7 3.0

TP9801 MACK ripar2 830623 CONU 463 5.8 7.1

TP9801 MACK ripar2 830623 TABR 5480 7.2 4.3

TP9801 MACK ripar2 830623 ACMA 468 9.4 14.8

TP9801 MACK ripar2 830623 TSHE 5476 42.6 24.8

Data input format

The Data Input Format Window of Design a Run is where the Input Data File

specifications are made. A detailed description of this can be found in

Reference: Design a Run.

Site and Plant Identification codes

The Site and Plant Identification codes are included in the output reports and

may be used for purposes other than what their names imply. This can be

facilitated by renaming them when using Design a Run. For example, Date,

Locale, Stand, Plot and Plant id may be relabeled, respectively: Year, County,

Tract, Plot, Tree #; or Month, Basin, Plot, Subplot, Plant; or Date, Stand,

Plot, Microplt, Treatment.

Species code--

This code may be up to six characters long. It must match the Species code of

the desired equation(s) in the Library if BIOPAK is to find the equation(s)

without a reassignment (see Appendix: Design a Run). Most Species codes

appearing in the supplied Equation Library conform to Garrison and others

(1976). Exceptions include codes for bryophyte species and for equations based

on data from several species. See Appendix: Codes for a list of the Species

codes included in the BIOPAK Equation Library.

Seral Stage and Geographic Area codes--

These codes can be in the Input Data File, or they can be set constant when

using Design a Run. BIOPAK uses them when it tries to choose equations that

most closely match the environmental characteristics of the input data. The

Geographic Area and the Seral Stage codes crudely classify the growth

environment(s) of plants harvested to build equations and of plants in the

Input Data File.

When a Geographic Area or Seral Stage code is not included in the Input Data

File, or when the input value is a blank, the default value provided by you in

the Default Settings of Design a Run will be associated with input records.
Reference: Input Data File 2 7

For the currently recognized Geographic Area and Seral Stage codes, see the

Appendix: Codes.

Lifeform code--

BIOPAK must associate a lifeform code with each input record processed.

Lifeform codes affect equation selection, the matching of equation

reassignments to input records, the components calculated for the current input

record, and the community stratum within which output is listed in reports.

See Appendix: Codes for a list of valid Lifeform codes.

A plant lifeform variable should be included in the Data Input Format when you

Design a Run if these data are in the Input Data File. BIOPAK will try to read

a lifeform code from the input record if this variable is included in the

format. If not included in the format, or if the lifeform code value of the

input record is a blank, lifeform substitution procedures described in

Appendix: Lifeform are used to assign a lifeform to the plant. If the species

occurs in an Equation Reassignment, or in the Library used in the run, BIOPAK

will try to find the taxonomic lifeform from these sources; In general, you

need not be concerned if lifeform does not come in from the Input Data File.

The coppice lifeform is recognized for trees and shrubs because stump sprouts

often have a different growth form than plants grown from seed.

Parameters

Parameters in the Input Data File are used as predictor variables in plant

component prediction equations. The following information on individual

plants, called parameters in this manual, can be used by BIOPAK.

Standard

metric

Code units Description

BIO 9 Biomass

CIR Circumference

COV % Canopy cover

CR % Crown ratio

DBA cm Diameter at or near base

DBH

F

Diameter at breast height

i4

Form class

cm Height

LEN

ii

Length (for example, along stem, projected crown length)

NP Number of plants

NUM NA Number (for example, of fronds, stems, or flowers)

*PLOTAREA m2 Fixed-plot area

*PRISMFAC m2/ha Prism basal area factor

*PLTSLOPE % Plot slope correction

SAP cm Sapwood radial thickness

SPA cm2 Sapwood cross-sectional area

VOL dm3 Volume (for example, of bole, or crown)

WID Width (for example, projected crown width)

In the Equation Library, Parameter codes represent the independent variables

used to calculate the plant components, with the exeception that codes marked
Reference: Input Data File 28

by asterisks cannot be used in equations and are only relevent for plots.

Other metric and English Units can be input as listed in Appendix: Units.

These are converted to standard metric units for calculations.

The types of measurements can be different for different

for example, may contain basal diameters for some shrubs,

number of fronds and mean frond length for a fern, and d

crown ratio for a tree.

species. Input data,

 cover for some herbs,

iameter, height and

No two parameters should occupy the same location in the Input Data File used

with BIOPAK. If, for example, the measurements for DBH and DBA were recorded

in the same columns in the input data records, a serious problem may occur.

For example, there are species in the Library having some equations using DBA

and others using DBH; Acer macrophvlum (ACMA) is one. If the collected data

are for the DBH of ACMA, and if both DBA and DBH are specified as being in the

same data field, when BIOPAK encounters equations that use DBA, it may use

these thinking that DBA was a measured parameter. BIOPAK will then use the

DBH values in your Input Data File as DBA values in its calculations. This can

be handled best by modifying the Input Data File with a text editor so that no

two parameters occupy the same data field.

It is possible, though usually not recommended, to specify DBA as being in the

same location as DBH in the Data Input Format of Design a Run. This can be

done in either of two ways:

1. Use the Reassisnments Add/Modify Window of Design a Run to select equations

from the Library which use the specific parameter you measured, or,

2. Create a new Equation Library for the Input Data File, in which you delete

all equations using parameters not measured. In other words, if you

measured the DBH of THPL, delete all equations for THPL having DBA as a

parameter. If you measured the DBA of ACMA, delete all equations with DBH

as a parameter. Then, save the Equation Library as a different file name.

If you will measure cover or measure one plant to represent others of the same

size see Reference: library Editor: Requirements, assumptions and possibilities

for BIOPAK equations for the special way BIOPAK handles plant cover and number

of plants.
Design a Run

Section

30 Run Design Menu

30 File

30 Default settings

30 Data input format

30 Components to output

30 Reassignments

31 Exit run design

31 File Menu

31 Read existing run design file

31 Create new run design file

32 Save run design file

32 Run design report

32 Default Settings

33 Areal defaults

33 Equation Key defaults

33 Equation Selection Penalty defaults

33 Select only, reassigned species

34 Data Input Format

35 Components to Output

37 Equation Reassignments

37 Reassignments Summary Window

38 Reassignments Add/Modify Window

39 Criteria

40 Substitution keys

40 The Primary Lifeform Default

In this section of BIOPAK you specify much of the information used in a

component calculation run. You produce a Run Design File (*.RD) that contains

modifications of default settings, the format of the Input Data File, the plant

components to be calculated, and any Equation Reassignments. The Run Design

File is used when calculating plant components. This 'file may be saved for use

in further runs.

To start this process, select:

Design a run at the Main Menu.

A Run Design Menu will be displayed. After using any procedure listed, the

program will automatically return to this menu after exiting from that

procedure.
BIOPAK Design a Run

- Run Design Menu

File 1

Default settings

data Input format

Components to output

Reassignments

'Exit run design I

D:\BIOPAK\TESTDATA\UNTITLED.RD

Run Design Menu

This section of the manual provides brief descriptions of the choices on the

Run Design Menu. The following sections cover these menu choices in more

depth.

Fife--

This selection will display a File Menu. Use this to create, read in, or save

a Run Design File (with extension .RD). Selecting run Design report will

create an easily read report, with labeled columns, from the current Run Design

File (with extension .RDR).

Default settings--

This selection will display a Default Settinqs Window. From this window, you

can edit or view Area1 defaults (plot size and slope); Equation Selection

Penalty (ESP) defaults (Maximum, Threshold, and Summation ESP); Equation Key

defaults (Geographic Area and Seral Stage codes); and "select only reassigned

species?" option.

Data input format--

This selection will display a Data Input Format Window. From this window, you

can edit or view specifications for input record variables and their format,

variable labels, and associated missing data indicators.

Components to output--

The Components to Output Window allows you to edit or view the selection of

plant components to be calculated for each vegetation stratum (trees, shrubs,

herbs, and mosses).

Reassignments--

This selection will display the Reassionments Summary Window. This window

allows you to view current equation reassignments. From here the Reassiqnments

Add/Modify Window can be accessed, thereby allowing you to add or edit

reassignments.
Reference: Desictn a Run 31

Exit run design--

. Exits to the Main Menu. If changes have been-made to the current Run Design

File, you will be asked Do you want to quit without saving? Y/N? To save the

changes to the Run Design File, go back and select File. When the File Menu

appears, select Save run design file. Now, the file name can be either

changed, or overwritten.

File Menu

Select File and a new menu will appear with the following choices:

l Read existing run design file

l Create new run design file

l Save run design file

l run Design report

Each time the Design a Run module is entered, you are starting with a new Run

Design File (UNTITLED.RD); empty, except for a few default settings. It

therefore is not necessary to create a new file at this time. When additions

and changes have been made to the Run Design File, Save the file and name it.

All BIOPAK Run Design Files must have an .RD extension.

BIOPAK Design a Run File

- Run Design Menu

File 1

File Menu

Default Read existing run design file

data In Create new run design file

Compone Save run design file

Reassig,

run Design report

Exit ru

I

D;\BIOPAK\TESTDATA\UNTITLED.RD

Read existing run design file--

To modify an existing Run Design File, select Read existing run design file. A

File Selection Window will appear. With tabs or arrows, move the cursor to the

target file name and press <Enter>. The program will return to the File Menu,

and the Run Design File you selected will appear as the current file in the

bottom left corner of the screen. Press cEso to get out of the File Menu.

Create new run design file--

To create another .RD File, make this selection, and another new file,

UNTITLED.RD will be available for editing. If changes had been made previously

to the UNTITLED.RD file, which was created when opening the Design a Run

module, but those changes were not saved, you will be warned that the file has

not been saved. Press cEso to get out of the File Menu.
Reference: Desisn a Run 3 2

Save run design file--

To save the changes previously made to the Run Design File, select Save run

design file. A File Selection Window will appear to prompt you to name the

file. It will be given the extension .RD. Press <Eso to remove the File

Menu.

NOTE: Be sure the file is being saved where it should to be saved. If you want

to change the location where the file will be saved, see Getting Started:

Overview of Features: File Se7ection Windows.

Run design report--

To save the Run Design File in a report format, with titles and column

headings, select run Design report. A File Selection Window will appear to

prompt you to name the file. It will be given the extension .RDR. Press

tEso to get out of the File Menu. (To view the Run Design Report, go to View

reports in the Main Menu.)

Often, you.will want to modify an existing .RD File to make a new one and save

.it before exiting.

Default Settings

When Default settings is selected, the current BIOPAK settings are 'displayed in

reversed-video fields in the Default settinqs window. They may be changed by

tabbing to the desired field and typing over the information. While in the

relevant field, pressing <FlO> will produce a list of codes and units from

which you can make a selection. See Appendix: Codes for a list of valid codes.

BIOPAK Design a Run Default Settings

Modify or Add Default Settings

Area1 Defaults (use when not present in data).

Fixed Plot Area Units

Prism Basal Area Factor Units

Plot Slope Correction Units

Equation Key Defaults (use when not present in data)

Geographic Area Code

Seral Stage Code

,Equation Selection Penalty Defaults

Maximum ESP level 79999

Threshold ESP level 0

Summation ESP level 0

Select Only Reassigned Species? N

cCtrl-S> Save/Exit <Ctrl-Q> Cancel/Exit

D:\BIOPAK\TESTDATA\UNTITLED.RD <FlO> Units & Codes cFl> Help

The window sections are defined below:
Reference: Designing a Run 3 3

Areal defaults--

These defaults are used if plot area and slope are not present in the Input

Data File. Plot area and slope are required for BIOPAK to execute areal

calculations. If plot area and slope were not recorded in the Input Data File,

and you intend to request areal calculations or areal-based reports, include

them here. User may specify either Fixed Plot Area or Prism Basal Area Factor,

but not both.

Fixed Plot Area: Should be specified if the sample plots were of a fixed area

(that is, if plants were sampled from within a given area), and either there

are some missing data, or the plot area is not present in the Input Data File.

May be up to eight characters long, including the decimal.

Prism Basal Area Factor: Should be specified if data in Input Data File are

from variable radius plots (that is, if the plants were sampled by using a

prism basal area factor).

decimal.

May be up to six characters long, including the

Plot Slope Correction: Even if the slope of the test plots were zero, plot

slope is still required for BIOPAK to do areal calculations.

characters long,

May be up to six

including the decimal.

Equation Key defaults--

These defaults are used if the codes are not in the Input Data File. For a

record to be considered complete,

required.

codes for Geographic Area and Seral Stage are

If these codes are not included in the Input Data File, they must be

specified here.

Geographic Area default:

the input record.

Code assigned when Geographic Area is not given in

The acceptable codes are shown when pressing <F10>. If an

invalid code is entered, an error message will appear.

Seral Staqe default: Code assigned when Seral Stage is not given in the input

record. The acceptable codes are shown when pressing <F10>. If an invalid code

is entered, an error message will appear.

Equation Selection Penalty defaults--

These settings are required. Without them, BIOPAK cannot select equations from

the Library or perform calculations. User must specify a value for each of the

three Equation Selection Penalties (ESPs). The upper range of the ESP may be

modified by you as described in Appendix: Customizing BIOPAK (the allowable

upper range will always be the "NO VALUE CALCULATED" value specified by you in

BIOCODES, minus one).

79999.

The upper range for ESPs in BIOPAK, as shipped, is

ESPs are discussed under Appendix: Equation Selection Penalties.

Maximum Equation Selection Penalty: Maximum ESP value that a selected equation

may have (range:l-79999). Default = "79999"

Threshold Equation Selection Penalty: ESP value at or below which the program

search for a better equation is terminated (range: O-79999). Default = "0"

Summation Equation Selection Penalty: ESP value above which a summation will

be attempted (range: O-79999). Default = "0"

Select only reassigned species--

Setting the select species option instructs BIOPAK whether to process only

those species in the data file that occur in an equation reassignment. This is

especially useful if there are many input records-and this is a second run

after reassignments were done.

Select Only Reassigned Species?: Press <Enter> to toggle the Yes/No selection

(Y/N). Default = "N".
Reference: Desiqn a Run 34

Keys to use when editing:

Key Function

<Fl>: Help

<FlO>: Displays list of valid codes and units

<Tab>: Moves cursor to next cell in row

<Shft-Tab>: Moves cursor to previous cell in row

<RightArrow>: Moves cursor to next character

<LeftArrow>: Moves cursor to previous character

<Delete>: Deletes a character or entry

<Ctrl-Q>: Quits without saving and exits to the Run Design Menu

<Ctrl-S>: Saves changes and exits to Run Design Menu

Data Input Format

In this section of Design a Run, you specify the format of the input data. No

calculations can be executed if this step is omitted. All data for an

individual record must occur in a single line of the input file. The maximum

length for each record is 255 characters. Position and field width must be set

for each variable to be read. The number of decimal digits is ignored when set

for integer data types. See Reference: Input Data File for more details about

input data requirements.

When selected from the Main Menu, a table of variables currently specified for

input is displayed in the Data Input Format window. Press <PgDn>, <PgUp> or

arrow keys to see the rest of the variables.

IOPAK Design a Run Data Input Format

FORMAT OF DATA INPUT FILE

Var Name Label/Description Units Type Pos Len Dec Mis

DATE Date A

LOCALE Locale A

STAND Stand A

PLOT Plot A

PLANT ID Plant ID A

SPECIES Species A

LIFEFORM Lifeform

GEO AREA Geographic Area A

SERSTAGE Seral Stage A

BIO Biomass F

CIR Circumference F

Scroll for more...

ar Name = Variable Name Pos = Beginning field positia

abel/Description = of variable Len = Field length of variabl

nits = Units of measurement Dec = Number of decimal place

ype = Data Type (A, E, F, or I) Mis = Missing data indicator

Ctrl-S> Save/Exit <Ctrl-Del> Delete Line <Ctrl-Q> Cancel/Exi

:\BIOPAK\TESTDATA\UNTITLED.RD <FlO> Display Units <Fl> Help
Reference: Design a Run 35

For each variable in your dataset (Input Data File), most of the following

entries are required:

Variable Name: The first five names can be changed. These are used in

headings of some reports.

Variable Label/Description: These cannot be changed.

Units: Only the variables from BIOMASS to PLOT SLOPE have units associated

with them (except NP and NUM). When in the units column, <F10> displays a list

of valid units to select from.

Data Type: Required for variables l0-27 only (BIOMASS-PLOTSLOPE). I =

integer, F = floating point (real) and E = exponential format. Other variables

are alphanumeric (A).

Position (required): The first column position of this field in an input

record.

Field Lenqth (required): Number of character positions. The maximum field

width is 6 characters for Species, Prism Basal Area Factor, and Plot Slope

Correction; 8 characters for Date, Locale, Stand, Plot ID, Plant ID, and Fixed

Plot Area; and 10 characters for all others.

Decimal Places: Number of decimal digits in an I, F, or E datatype.

Missinq Data Indicator: A string which, when it occurs in an input record,

signifies a missing datum for this variable (usually a blank or "." ).

Keys to use when editing:

Key Function

<Fl>: Help

<FlO>: Displays list of valid units and codes

<Tab>: Moves cursor to next cell in row

<Shft-Tab>: Moves cursor to previous cell in row

<RightArrow>: Moves cursor to next character

<LeftArrow>: Moves cursor to previous character

<UpArrow>: Moves cursor up rows

<DnArrow>: Moves cursor down rows

<Delete>: Deletes a character

<Ctrl-Del>: Deletes a line of entries

<Ctrl-Q>: Quits without saving and exits to the Run Design Menu

<Ctrl-S>: Saves changes and exits to Run Design Menu

Components to Output

You can specify the components to be calculated, up to eight. Though only eight

Component codes can be output for any particular BIOPAK run, more components

can be calculated in additional runs. Note that the strata codes used by this

procedure are not equivalent to lifeform codes, but instead represent groups of

lifeforms, or community strata.

The currently defined Component codes are listed with definitions in Appendix:

Codes. Users may expand this list as described in Appendix: Customizing

BIOPAK. Some of these codes are included to facilitate future addition of

equations to the Library, but there are no equations in the Library shipped

with BIOPAK that calculate them.

If Components to output is chosen from the Run Design Menu, a table of the

current component selections (if any) is displayed. You can modify this table
by doing the following:

1. Move the cursor to the relevant cell and delete or add components and

strata.

2. Press <Ctrl-S> to save and exit, or <Ctrl-Q> to cancel changes and exit.

There are two ways to add components:

1. Type the Component codes directly on the screen. To do this:

a. Move cursor to a blank line.

b. Type appropriate code.

c. Press <Tab> to tab over to the right to specify the strata, OR

2. Select them from the list of components as follows:

a. Move cursor to a blank line.

b. Press <F10> for a list of Component codes. Move up and down by using arrow

keys or mouse.

c. Move highlight bar to the appropriate component. Select by pressing

<Enter>. The program will then return to the Components to Output Window.

The selected component will have been entered under the heading Code.

I

I

BIOPAK Design a Run Components to Output

Components to be Calculated for Selected Vegetation Strata

Code Definition of Plant Component Code

BAT Biomass, aboveground, total YNNN

<Ctrl-S> Save/Exit <Ctrl-Del> Delete Line <Ctrl-Q> Cancel/Exit

D:\BIOPAK\TESTDATA\UNTITLED.RD <FlO> Component Codes <Fl> Help

For each component selected, specify that it be computed either for species of

all plant community strata, or only for species of a particular stratum. To

specify that a stratum be selected, enter "Y," for yes.. To indicate that a

stratum not be selected, enter "N" ("N" is the default).
Reference: Desiqn a Run 37

Keys to use when editing:

Function

<Fl>: Help

<FlO>: Displays list of valid codes

<Enter>: Selects from pop-up list of Component codes

<Tab>: Moves cursor to next cell in row

<Shft-Tab>: Moves cursor to previous cell in row

<RightArrow>: Moves cursor to next character

<LeftArrow>: Moves cursor to previous character

<UpArrow>: Moves cursor up rows

<DnArrow>: Moves cursor down rows

<Delete>: Deletes a character

<Ctrl-Del>: Deletes a line

<Ctrl-Q>: Quits without saving and exits to the Run Design Menu.

<Ctrl-S>: Saves changes and exits to Run Design Menu.

Equation Reassignments

This section of the Des

Reassignments (describe

ign a Run module allows you to specify Equation

i in detail under Appendix: Selecting Equations and

Summations: User Selects) including specific summations and Primary Lifeform

Default codes. A Reassignment is executed when the Criteria matches the

Original Equation Request, as described in Appendix: Selecting Equations and

Summations.

Through use of the Local Equation Number for an individual equation in the

Library, you can precisely identify a substitute equation. To use this

technique, obtain the correct Local Equation Number from the Equation Library.

This is described under Appendix: Selecting Equations and Summations: User

Selects Equations and Summations: Reassigning Equations.

It is possible to select equations directly from the Equation Library as

described in Reassiqnments Add/Modifv Window.

Reassignments Summary Window--

When Reassignments is selected from the Run Design Menu, a Reassignments

Summary Window appears.
Reference: Design a Run 38

BIOPAK Design a Run Reassignments

Reassignments Summary

L Plt G S -Parameter 1- -Parameter 2- -Parameter 3- P #

SPP F Cmp A S Cde Min Max Cde Min Max Cde Min Max L S

0

ABIES T BAT 1

SPP = Species Cde = Parameter Code

LF = Lifeform Min = Minimum Parameter Value

Plt Cmp = Plant Component Max = Maximum Parameter Value

GA = Geographic Area PL = Primary Lifeform Default

ss = Seral Stage #S = Number of Substitutions

<Ctrl-S> Save/Exit <Ctrl-Del> Delete Record <Ctrl-Q> Cancel/Exit

D:\BIOPAK\TESTDATA\UNTITLED.RD <Enter> Add/Modify <F1> Help

Reassignments that were previously specified are shown. The information shown

on the screen may include the Species, Lifeform, Plant Component, Geographic

Area, Seral Stage, and Parameter codes and ranges, the Primary Lifeform

Default, and the Number of Substitutions.

The full Reassignments can be viewed and modified, and new Reassignments can be

added in the Reassignments Add/Modifv Window. To view or modify an existing

reassignment, highlight it and press <Enter>. To add a Reassignment, move the

cursor to the blank line at the top of this window and press <Enter>. These

actions bring you to the Reassignments Add/Modifv Window.

Reassignments Add/Modify Window--

This window shows the Reassignment Criteria, Substitutions and Primary Lifeform

Default. Edit by moving the cursor to the relevant cell and typing in the new

data. Criteria, Substitutions and Primary Lifeform Default are discussed

below. When the modifications are complete, press <Ctrl-S> to save the changes

and return to the Reassignment Summarv Window, or <Ctrl-Q> to cancel changes.
BIOPAK Design a Run Reassignments Add/Modify

Add/Modify

___ Criteria I

Species ABIES Parameter1 Parameter2 Parameter3

Lifeform T

Plant Component BAT Code Code Code

Geographic Area Min Min Min

Seral Stage Max Max Max

_ Substitutions

# Species Lifeform PlantComp GeoArea SerStage LoclEqn#

1 ABCO T BAT

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Primary Lifeform Default

<Ctrl-S> Save/Exit <Ctrl-Del> Delete Line <Ctrl-Q> Cancel/Exit

D:\...\TESTDATA\UNTITLED.RD <F3> Eqn Library <F10> Codes <F1> Help

Keys to use when editing in the Add/Modify Window

Key Function

<Fl>:

<F3>:

<FlO>:

<Tab>:

<Shft-Tab>:

<RightArrow>:

<LeftArrow>:

<Delete>:

<Ctrl-Del>:

<Ctrl-Q>:

<Ctrl-S>

Help

Access Equation Library

Displays list of valid units and codes

Moves cursor to next cell in row

Moves cursor to previous cell in row

Moves cursor to next character

Moves cursor to previous character

Deletes a character

Deletes a line

Quits without saving changes and exits to the Run Design Menu.

Saves changes and exits to Run Design Menu (need to press it

more than once).

Criteria--

The list of Reassignment Criteria is necessary to execute reassignments.

BIOPAK will execute a reassignment only if a record can be found that matches

the Reassignment Criteria you listed. A datum matches a criterion when the

criterion is an identical value or a blank. If all values for one case from

the input data file match their respective criteria, then the data case matches

the reassignment and a reassignment will occur. Species is the only criterion

that must be included in a reassignment.

As an example, suppose you want to reassign an equation for a plant component

of a particular tree species, the species and component (and any other relevant
Reference: Design a Run 40

criteria needed to identify the specific plant(s) or data record(s) to be

reassigned) would need to be entered in the reassignment criteria list. BIOPAK

will check each case from the input data file to see if it matches the

criteria. For each case that matches a reassignment will occur.

Plants within a specified size range of a given parameter can be reassigned

differently. For example, the smaller sizes of a particular tree species can

be reassigned to the same species with a shrub lifeform. To view a list of the

Parameter codes, move the cursor to a parameter cell and press <F10>. Select

codes from this list by scrolling to the desired parameter, and pressing

<Enter>; or type the codes directly onto the screen (see Appendix: Codes for a

list of valid parameter codes).

Substitution keys--

The Substitution Keys allow you to specify what should replace the information

in the Original Equation Request when forming the Request to Library (for more

information see Appendix: Selecting Equations and Summations). BIOPAK will use

this new request when searching for an equation in the Equation Library.

If there is more than one equation in the Library that matches the Request to

Library, one of two things will happen. (1) You can specify the particular

equation to be used by including the Local Equation Number in the Substitution

line. If you do, you must fill in all other fields on that Substition line.

(2) If you do not include the Local Equation Number, the equation BIOPAK

chooses cannot be predicted.

You can select equations directly from the Equation Library. Press <F3> to

access the Library Editor from the Add/Modifv Window. To select only one

equation, move the cursor to the desired equation and select Reassignment

selection from the Edit Library Menu. To select more than one equation, mark

the desired equations, then select Reassignment selection. Details on how to

use the Library Editor can be found in Reference: Library Editor.

The Primary Lifeform Default--

The Primary Lifeform Default can serve two purposes:

1. It can replace missing lifeform data: When lifeform is a variable in your

Input Data File, but is missing in some records, BIOPAK will substitute the

Primary Lifeform Default in the missing records. The steps used to find a

lifeform are described in Appendix: Lifeform.

2. It can assign output to strata in reports: If lifeform is a variable in

your Input Data File, and is not missing in any records, the Primary

Lifeform Default will assign the output to a community stratum in reports.

[Note: by default, trees are assigned to the Tree Stratum; shrubs and

coppice to the Shrub Stratum; herbs, grasses, and sedges to the Herb

Stratum; mosses, lichens, and bryophytes to the Moss Stratum.]

As an example, assume that lifeform is a variable in your Input Data File.

There are no missing Lifeform codes in your Input Data File. You,

however, would like the smaller salix trees to be assigned to the Shrub

Stratum in the report output. In the Reassiqnment Add/Modifv Window, type

in SALIX as the species in the Criteria and Substitutions, include the

parameter range for the size of the willows to be assigned to the Shrub

Stratum, and type in S as the Primary Lifeform Default.
Reference: Library Editor 41

Library Editor

Section

Main Menu

Design a run

edit equation Library

Calculate plant components

Generate reports

View reports or data

goto dos Shell

Quit

42 Equation Keys

43 Requirements, assumptions and possibilities for BIOPAK equations

43 Plant components (dependent variables)

43 Codes

43 Units

43 Parameters (predictor variables)

43 Cover, handled differently

43 Number of plants, handled differently

43 New predictor variable needed

44 Codes

44 Units

44 Coefficients

44 Equation types allowed

47 Modifying and creating equation libraries

47 Equation Summary Window

47 Column headings

48 Special keys

48 Edit Library Menu

48 File

49 Sort equations

50 Locate equation(s)

50 Delete equation(s)

50 Add equation

50 Copy and edit equation

51 View or modify equation

51 Display mode

51

Mark/unmark equation

Browse equation(s)

51 Reassignment selection

51 Exit library editor

51 Editing an equation

52 Original and Final Equations Window

53 Equation as in BIOPAK

53 Equation as in Original Source

53 Sources of Equation Window

54 Source(s) of Data Window

Many users will need to use different equations than those supplied with

BIOPAK. When working with large numbers of equations, it becomes difficult to

document sources of equations, make unit conversions, and enter equations

correctly. We have tried to facilitate this by providing an Equation Library
Reference: Library Editor 42

Editor that allows you to add new equations to the existing Library, create a

new Library, or locate, sort, modify, and generate documentation for equations

in a Library.

Equation Library size is limited by only disk storage capacity. The maximum

number of equations that can be used at one time to calculate plant components

is limited as described below in Library Editor: Edit Library Menu: File--.

The Library Editor is invoked from the Main Menu by selecting:

edit equation Library

Several items on the Edit Library Menu will be available. Menu choices that

have no use at this point, however, are not selectable.

Equation Keys

BIOPAK selects equations primarily by using the Equation Key of each equation

as described in Appendix: Selecting Equations and subsequent sections. Thus,

it is important that each equation have a unique Equation Key in a library.

The following items make up an Equation Key:

0 Species code

l Lifeform code

l Plant Component code

l Geographic Area code

l Seral Stage code

l Local Equation number

The definitions of each code in the Library and in the BIOCODES file shipped

with BIOPAK are given in Appendix: Codes. Species codes are flexible; you can

use any code no longer than six characters. The codes for lifeform are fixed;

that is, you cannot use Lifeform codes other than those listed in Appendix:

Codes. The codes for Plant Component, Geographic Area, and Seral Stage must be

in BIOCODES; if an unlisted code is used (see Appendix: Codes for a list), add

this new code to the BIOCODES file as described in Appendix: Customizing

BIOPAK. If all the codes in the Equation Key are identical, for two or more

equations, give them different Local Equation numbers to make the Equation Keys

unique.

Duplicate equation keys may occur when one Equation Library File is appended to

equations already in the Library Editor. Check for duplication and modify the

Local Equation Numbers (or other parts of the Keys) to make the Equation Keys

unique. To do this, first sort the Library by the elements of the Equation Key

as given above. Second, search by eye for duplicate Equation Keys. Third,

change the Equation Keys as needed after selecting View/Modify from the Edit

Library Menu.

Be sure that the Species codes chosen for Equation Keys are the same as those

that will come from your data; otherwise Equation Reassignments will have to be

made (see Reference: Design a Run: Reassignments).
Reference: Library Editor 43

Requirements, assumptions, and possibilities for BIOPAK equations

Equation Numbers--

The Equation Number (as well as the Equation Key) should be unique for every

equation in an Equation Library. Unique Equation Numbers provide an easy way

to identify and search for individual equations.

Plant components (dependent variables)--

Components in the Library are the dependent variables in the equations. Every

equation must calculate a value for only ONE plant, except when cover percent

(COV) is a parameter (predictor variable), as described in this section, below.

Codes--

The Component codes used to represent the dependent variables in the equations

in the Library must conform to the codes listed in the BIOCODES file. The

Component codes in BIOCODES, as shipped with BIOPAK, can be found in Appendix:

Codes.

Units--

The units associated with the Component codes must conform with the units

listed in the BIOCODES file. The Component units in BIOCODES, as shipped with

BIOPAK, can be found in Appendix: Units.

Parameters (predictor variables)--

Parameters in the Library are the predictor or independent variables in the

equations. For many of the equations in the Library, there is more than one

parameter used to calculate the components. For a given component, some

equations may use one parameter, and other equations may use another. The

parameter ranges for each equation usually are included.

Cover, handled differently--

Each time the parameter COVER is used in the computation of a component, the

result is multiplied by the area (in square meters) of the plot. To conform

with this computation rule, for all equations that use COVER as a parameter,

the coefficients installed in the Library must be calibrated so that the

equation gives the plant component on a l.O-square-meter-plot, regardless of

the size of the plots used to develop the equations. For component

calculations based on cover data, when possible, select library equations based

on a plot size equal to the plot size of your input data.

Number of plants, handled differently--

When the parameter, number of plants (NP) is available, BIOPAK considers that

line in the Input data File to represent NP plants. When NP is greater than 1:

the number of plants, tree basal area and calculated plant component(s) and are

multiplied by NP; and average values for the parameters are weighted by NP.

This occurs whether or not NP is a parameter in the equation(s) used. This

feature is provided so several plants of one species and size can be recorded

on one line of a field form.

We recommend against including NP as an equation parameter because it could

easily cause confusion. Number (NUM) can be used instead for number of stems,

fronds, et cetera.
Reference: Library Editor 44

New Predictor variable needed--

Occassionally, users may want to use an input parameter not included here, for

example, plant density (for example, number of plants per square meter). Such

parameters can be read in using one of the above names. Plant density, for

example, can be read in as NUM. When this is done it is very important to be

sure equations are not used that include that parameter with a different

meaning. You could guard against this by building a new library in which all

equations (for the species involved) that use the NUM parameter are expecting

density in the same units as in the Input Data File.

Codes-- 

The Parameter codes used to represent the independent variables in the

equations must conform to the Parameter codes listed in Appendix: Codes. These

are the same parameters that can be specified in the Data Input Format Window

of Design a Run (see Reference: Design a Run: Data Input Format).

Units--

The units associated with the parameters must conform to the units listed in

Appendix: Units.

Coefficients--

Coefficients are the values estimated by regression or other methods. There

can be a maximum of four in an equation.

Equation types allowed--

The equation types in table 1 are currently built into BIOPAK. Only these

types can be used. We have found most equations can be put in a library using

one of these forms. Sometimes specifying a coefficient as 0.0 will allow a

simpler equation to be entered using a more comples equation type. Sometimes a

new equation will need to be fit in a form allowed by BIOPAK.

Table l--Equation types and corresponding codes recognized by BIOPAK

Equations are often shown here with a dependent variable that is logtransformed, for example, lnY for clarity of presentation and to be consistent

with documentation in Biolib. The dependent variables are always

untransformed, that is, Y, in BIOPAK. For logarithms: ln = natural logarithm,

log = base 10 logarithm. These equation type codes should be used when a new

equation is entered in an Equation Library.

Code Equation type

1 Y = C1 + C2P1

2 lnY = C1 + C2lnP1

3 1ogY = c1 + C2logP1

4 Y = c1 + C2Pl

2

5 Y = c1 + c2P1
Reference: Library Editor 45

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

p2 + C,P,)

Y = c,

1 +e (C2 + C,P,)

Y = Cl + C2epa

Y = c, + c, (PfP,) + c, (P,2Pp

Y = c, + c, (P,2P2,

lnY= CI + C,P, + C,P2" + c&

Y = c, + C2PI + c&/q

Y = Cl + C,lnP,

1nY = C, + C,P,

y = e (Ci + CP1) p2

Y =,c, + C2(P1P2)

1nY = Cl + C,lnP, + lnP,

1nY = C, + C,lnP, + C,lnP,

1nY = C, + C,P, + C31nP2

1nY = C, + C,P, + C,lnP, + C,lnP,

1ogY = Cl + C,logP, + C,P, + c, (1ogPJ Pz

1ogY = c, + C,logP, + C310gP2 + C,logP,logP2

1ogY = Cl + C,log($xP,2P2)

1ogY = Cl + C,logP, + C310gP2

Y = c, + e,Pl' + C&P2

lnY= CI + C,ln (PIP21

Y = Cl + C,Pl' + C,PfP, + C,P,P,

Y = ci + cp; + c$J; + C,P,P,
28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

Y = c, + C,Pl'

Y = c, + C,P, + C,PI

Y = c, + c, (P,PJ + C,P,

lnY= cl + C,lnP, + C,P, + C,lnP,

Y = c, + C,P, + c, Pl”

Y = c, + C,P, + C,Pl’ + C,PfP2

Y = Cl + C,P? + C,Pl’

1nY = C, + C,ln(P,+P,)

1nY = C, + C21n(P,2+P2)

Y = Cl + c,P;P, + C,Pl” + CdP,P,’

1 z

Y = c, + c, CP,2P2, 3 + c, (PfP2) ' + C&P,

Y = Cl Pf [ c2 + C,P, + C&P2

(P,-137.16) I

p2'

(P,-137.16)2

y = &Cl + c,ln(PfP,)) _ e CC3 + c,ln(PfP,))

Y = c, + C,Pf + c,p;

lnY= c, + C,lnP, + C,lnP, + C,hnP,

lnY= C, + C,lnP, + C31n(p,2 + P:)

1ogY = Cl + C,logP, + C,logP, + C,logP,

lnY= C, + C,lnP, + C, (InPI) 2

Y = Cl + C,P, + C,P,

Y = Cl + C,P, + C,P, + C4P,

ln(Y+C,) = C,ln (P1+Cj) +C4

1nY = C, + C,ln (Pl+C3)"
lnY = C1 + C2lnP, + C3ln(P2+C4)

Y = c1 + C2Pl

c3

+ C4P2P3

Modifying and creating equation libraries

Your first step when using the Library Editor will be to add one or more

equations (see Add equation-- below in this section), or retrieve an existing

library (see File--: Retrieve library below in this section). Once you have

done one of these, one line of documentation for each equation in the Library

Editor can be seen in the Eauation Summary Window. File maintenance and many

other jobs can be done with the Edit Library Menu. Equations and copies of

equations can be modified. These steps are described in the following

sections.

Equation Summary Window

BIOPAK Edit Equation Library Rec:1/252

Eqn L Plnt G S LE T Eq --Parameter-- --Parameter--

n” SPP F Comp A S # L TP Code min max Code min max N RA2

124bBA~ IT~BBL~W~O~~ ITI 2lD~Hr;;lk~~~ Library Menu -

23 ABAM T BFT W 0 1 T 2 DBH

320 ABAM T BST W 0 1 T 2 DBH Sort equations

25 ABAM T BSW W 0 1 T 2 DBH Locate equation(s)

708 ABC0 T VSW C M 1 T 37 DBH Delete equation(s)

323 ABMAS i BST W 0 1 T 2 DBH

321 ABMAS i BSW W 0 1 T 2 DBH Add equation

707 ABMAS T VSW C M 1 T 37 DBH Copy & edit equation

28 ABPR T BBL W M 1 T 2 DBH View or modify equation

27 ABPR T BFT W M 1 T 2 DBH

30 ABPR T BSB W M 1 T 2 DBH display mode

253 ABPR T BST W M 1 T 2 DBH Mark/unmark equation

29 ABPR T BSW W M 1 T 2 DBH Browse equation(s)

77 ACCI S AFT W M 1 S 2 DBA

80 ACCI K AFT W Y 1 S 2 DBA Reassignment selection

82 ACCI K BBD W Y 1 S 2 DBA

78 ACCI S BBL W M 1 S 2 DBA Exit library editor

81 ACCI K BBL W Y 1 S 2 DBA

76 ACCI S BFT W M 1 S 2 DBA 0.6 13.1

D:\BIOPAK\TESTDATA\ADLIB <FlO> Menu off cFl> Help

9 IO.91

9 0.9

75 0.9.

14 0.9'

378 0.91

17 0.9'

17 0.9'

65 0.9

6 0.9

6

6 it;

310 0:9

6 0.9

19 0.9

19 0.9

8 0.3

11 0.9

6 0.9

31 0.9

Column headings--

For each equation in the Library, the Equation Summary Window will display the

following:

l Eqnt: Equation number (unique number used to identify equations).

. spp: Species of plants in source data.

l LF: Lifeform of plants in source data.

l Plnt Comp: Plant Component code (dependent variable).
Reference: Library Editor * 48

l GA: Geographic Area of plants in source data

l SS: Seral Stage of plants in source data

l LE#: Local Equation number (number used to distinguish equations with

identical equation keys).

l TL: Taxonomic Lifeform. "True" lifeform of species.

l Code: Code for parameter (independent variable) used to calculate component.

Up to two components are displayed.

l min: Minimum value of parameter used to construct equation.

l max: Maximum value of parameter used to construct equation.

l N: Number of plants in sample.

l R^2: Value for R-square of equation.

Special keys--

Key Function

<Esc> Removes the Edit Library Menu (necessary before scrolling through the

one-line equation summaries)

<PgUp>,

<PgDn>

<Arrows>

<FlO>

<F1>

<+>

<->

<Enter>

Shows the previous or next page of equation summaries

Move the highlight bar through the equation summaries and highlight a

particular equation

Toggles the Edit Library Menu

Provides entry to help screens

Marks an equation and moves the highlight bar to the next equation (+

and - work like Mark/unmark equation on the Edit Library Menu)

Unmarks an equation and moves the highlight bar to the next equation

Shows the documentation of the highlighted equation summary in the

Original and Final Equations Window--same as View/Modify on the Edit

Library Menu

Edit Library Menu

When there are equations in the Library Editor, any item on the Edit Library

Menu can be chosen (if you have entered the Library Editor from the Main Menu);

Otherwise, the editing functions are not selectable. The following sections

describe how to use the functions of this menu. Instructions for editing an

individual equation are in Editing an Equation.

File--

lIf File is selected from the menu, a File Menu will be displayed with the

following selections:

Retrieve library: Retrieve an existing Equation Library (*.DBF file). You can

select a file from the File Selection Window.

Save equations: Save the Equation Library currently in BIOPAK. When Save is

selected from the File Menu, a File Type Menu appears. The current library can

be saved and renamed as one of three file types:

l equation library Database (*.DBF),

l Equation list file (*.EQN), or

l Text documentation (*.TXT).

When saved as a Database, the file can be read into the Equation Library Editor

for future browsing and editing; it can be used for selecting equations from

the Reassignments Add/Modify Window of Design a Run and to create Text
Reference: Library Editor 49

documentation or an Equation List File (needed for calculating plant

components).

The Equation List File (*.EQN) can be saved only after saving as a Database.

If the file has not been saved as a database file, Equation list file will not

be selectable. The Equation List File is needed to calculate plant components.

A maximum of 4,000 equations may be in an Equation List File, with a maximum of

600 for any given species.

The Equation Documentation Text File (*.TXT) is a flat ASCII file. If changes

have been made to the current Equation Library Database, save the database file

before saving text documentation. Depending on the number of equations in the

Database File, this may be very large (with two equations per page). The file

can be used in word processing documents or for reference purposes.

Keep the original Library (BIOLIB.DBF and BIOLIB.FPT) in the BIOPAK directory,

and save new and modified Libraries in the directory containing any test data

or report files generated. This will avoid confusion about which Library to

use and reduce the likelihood of accidently overwriting the original Library.

Retrieve can bring in an initial Equation Library to work on or append one or

more additional libraries.

You can read in an Equation Library when equations are already in the Library

Editor, but you must be careful. BIOPAK checks the incoming Library for

equations with equation numbers the same as those already in the Library

Editor. You will be given the choice of allowing them in or deleting them.

BIOPAK does not check for equations with duplicate equation keys. This will

not affect the selection of equations by BIOPAK unless they have identical

Equation Keys.

If two or more equations have identical keys it will be impossible for BIOPAK

or you to differentiate them when making calculations--any might be used.

When using Save, after choosing the file type, you will be asked to specify the

equations to save in the Scope Menu.

Items that can be saved:

l Marked equation(s) if any are marked.

l Current equation (equation indicated by the highlight bar).

l Range of equations (range of Equation Numbers, not range of record numbers in

the file).

l All equations in the Library Editor.

Next, specify the name of the output file in a File Selection Window.

Sort equations--

Allows sorting of the equations in the Library Editor. Sorting can be done by

one sort key (Single key sorting) or by several keys simultaneously (Multiple

key sorting).

Single key sorting allows sorting by one of the following:

l equation Number

l Plant species

l Lifeform

l plant Component
Reference: Library Editor 5 0

I

l Geographical area

l Seral stage

l equation Type

Multiple key sorting allows sorting by any combination of the above, in any

order. Enter the number, or rank, to be associated with the element in the key

when sorted.

Sort, combined with Locate, can be helpful in finding all equations with the

same species, geographic area, or plant component.

Locate equation(s)--

Displays a Locate Equation(s) Menu with the following selections:

l equation Number

l equation Key

l next match

l Quit

When equation Number is selected, the cursor moves to an open space above the

field of Equation Numbers. Type in the number to be searched for. After it is

entered, it will be right-justified. Therefore, there is no need to include

leading zeroes, blanks, or wild cards (?); they would invalidate the search.

Pressing <Enter> completes the search.

When equation Key is selected, the cursor moves to an open space above the

first element in an Equation Key (Species). You must type in the characters in

the Equation Key (codes for Species, Lifeform, Plant Component, Geographic

Area, Seral Stage, and the Local Equation Number) to be searched for. Typing a

wild card (?) matches any character in that column, thereby allowing you to

search for a certain Plant Component or Equation Type, for example. Pressing

<Enter> completes the search.

After completing a search for an Equation Number or Equation Key, the Locate

Equation(s) Menu reappears so another search can be made. The Edit Library

Menu leaves the screen when finding equations so that more information about

the equations can be seen. Whenever Next match is a selectable menu item, it

can be used; for example, after locating and editing an equation, the Next

match to the last search key can be found.

Delete equation (s)--

The following may be deleted:

l Marked equation(s) if any are marked,

l Current equation (equation indicated by the highlight bar),

l Range of equations (range of Equation Numbers, not range of record numbers in

the file),

l All equations in the Library Editor. This clears all the equations currently

in BIOPAK, but does. not affect the Equation Library File that was read into

the Library Editor.

You will be asked to confirm delete commands.

Add equation--

Displays an Oriqinal and Final Equations Window from which you will be able to

fill in documentation for the equation being added as described in Editing an
Reference: Library Editor 51

Equation. This new equation will be given an equation number that is one

greater than the greatest in the Library Editor.

Copy and edit equation--

Makes a copy of the equation identified by the highlight bar and displays it in

the Original and Final Equations Window so its documentation can be edited as

described in Editing an Equation. This new equation will be given an equation

number one greater than the greatest in the Library Editor. Change at least

one element in the Equation Key so it is not the same as that of the equation

copied.

View or modify equation--

Displays the Original and Final Equations Window for the highlighted equation,

allowing it to be viewed or edited as described in Editing an Equation.

Display mode--

Displays a menu of three video modes (lines per screen):

l 25-line mode (default)

l 43-line mode

l 50-line mode

Depending on the mode(s) supported by your PC, 43 or 50 lines allows viewing

more equation summaries; however, editing documentation may be harder.

Mark/unmark equation--

This feature functions like t and - on the Equation Summary Window. _ _

l M marks an unmarked equation or unmarks a marked equation, and moves the

highlight bar to the next equation.

Browse equation(s)--

There are several ways to browse the Library: Pressing <FlO> will toggle the

menu off; Pressing <Esc> also will remove the menu; and Browse equation(s) also

will turn the menu off and allow you to browse the equations.

Reassignment selection--

This option is available only when accessing the Library from Design a Run.

While in the Reassignments Add/Modifv Window of Design a Run, this feature

allows the selection of one or more equations. The equation(s) selected will

then appear as Substitutions in the Reassignments Add/Modify Window (see

Reference: Design a Run: Reassignments).

If selecting only one equation,

back the Edit Library Menu,

highlight the equation, press <FlO> to bring

and select Reassignment selection. To select more

than one equation, mark the equations and select Reassignment selection.

Exit library editor--

When exiting, BIOPAK will prompt you to save the equations in the Editor if

changes may have been made since the equations were retrieved or saved (that

is, if you used <PgUp> of <Ctrl-S> to exit from an editing window). You can

select File to save changes.

Editing an equation

The documentation for an equation can be edited n three windows. The Original
and Final Equations Window contains identifying information (including Equation

Number, genus, species, and Equation Key), the equation as in the original

source and the equation as used by BIOPAK. The Source(s) of Equation Window

shows the same identifying information, the location of the raw data (if

known), and the source of the equation (literature reference, person, or

unpublished report). The Source(s) of Data Window shows the sources of the raw

data used to build the equation, including literature citation(s), site and

vegetation descriptions, and important characteristics of the samples. The

content and function of these windows are described in more detail below.

Document equations as fully as possible, but realize that it often is not

possible to fully document some equations, even from published sources.

Information deemed important for which there is no specific location in these

windows can be put in the Source(s) of Data Window.

Original and Final Equations Window--

This window is reached by highlighting the one-line summary of the desired

equation on the Equation Summarv Window and either pressing <Enter> or

selecting View/Modify from the Edit Library Menu. In this window, <Tab> and

<Shift-Tab> move the cursor between fields, pointing and clicking the left

button on the mouse will position the cursor anywhere in any field, and <CtrlHome> will allow you to change the Equation Number.

Avoid duplicate Equation Keys and Equation Numbers, and choose appropriate

Species codes, as described in Equation Keys and Equation Numbers, above.

BIOPAK Edit Equation Library View/Modify Rec:1/252

Ctrl-Home>: Change EQN # ORIGINAL AND FINAL EQUATIONS

EQN #: 24 LIFEFORM: T SPP: ABAM Abies amabilis

LANT COMP: BBL GEOG AREA: W SERAL'STAGE: 0 LOCAL EQN #: 1 TAX LIFE: T

EQUATION AS IN BIOPAK: Parameters (where measured): MIN MAX UNIT

DEP. VAR: Live branch biomass

PARl: DBH Stem dia. @ breast ht 11.7 90.4 cm

AR2:

AR3:

OEFS: 1> 1.6708 2> 2.6261 4> EQ F:

QN FORM: ln(BBL) = 1.6708 + 2.6261 * ln (DBH)

EQUATION AS IN ORIGINAL SOURCE:

ARAMETERS: (name, where measured on plant): MIN MAX UN1

EP VAR: Live branch biomass kg

NDEP VARl: DBH 11.7 90.4 cm

NDEP VAR2:

NDEP VAR3:

QN FORM: ln(BBL) = -5.2370 + 2.6261 * ln(DBH)

AMP SIZE: 9 R*2: 0.96 MSE: 0.163 SEE: 0.404 LOG BIAS CORR:

tCtrl-PgUp>: Previous equation cCtrl-PgDn>: Next equation

<PgUp>: Save/Page up <PgDn>: Edit Sources of Eqn and Data

cCtrl-S>: Save/Exit cCtrl-Q>: Cancel changes/Exit

D:\BIOPAK\TESTDATA\ADLIB.DBF cFl> Help
Reference: Library Editor 53

Equation as in BIOPAK--

Information from the subsection EQUATION AS IN BIOPAK is used to calculate

plant components. The fields contain the following:

l LIFEFORM: Lifeform code for this Equation. May be any shown in Appendix:

Codes, including K (Coppice) so equations with this unique growth form can

be distinguished.

l TAX LIFE: Taxonomic Lifeform code. Should not be K (Coppice). This is the

first Lifeform Code BIOPAK looks for if Lifeform did not come in from the

Input Data File.

l DEP. VAR: Name or description of the dependent variable. This should match

the Plant Component code. Its units must match those given in Appendix:

Units: Component Units for this plant component. Give the range if known.

l PAR1, PAR2, PAR3: These are the independent variables in the equation, or

parameters. Their codes must match those built into BIOPAK, described in

Appendix: Codes. The units must match the standard metric units in

Appendix: Units: Parameter Units. Name the parameter and describe any

unique characteristics, for example: "DBA Diam. @ base, 10 cm aboveground".

Parameters may be in any order; BIOPAK is not sensitive to order. New

codes cannot be added, but other data can be used under these codes, as

described in Appendix: Codes.

l EQ T: Equation type number must correspond to one of the equation types in

table 1. This is used in calculating plant components.

l COEFS: Coefficients of the equation form given on the next line. These are

used in calculating plant components.

l EQN FORM: This is the form and coefficients of the prediction equation after

all transformations to units required by BIOPAK and algebraic manipulations

needed to get it to match one of the forms in table 1.

Eauation as in Original Source--

Information from the window subsection EQUATION AS IN ORIGINAL SOURCE is used

to document the original algebraic form, coefficients, units, and statistics.

This makes it easier to check for mistakes in transformations and units

conversions should estimates from the equation come into question. Information

in this subsection is not used in calculations. The MSE is the mean squared

error, and SEE is the standard error of the estimate of the equation fit to the

data.

Hot keys at the bottom of the Oriqinal and Final Equations Window make it easy

to move to the Sources of Eauation Window for this equation, this window for

the previous and next equations, and the Eauation Summarv Window.

Sources of Equation Window--

This window is reached from the Original and Final Equations Window by pressing

<PgDn>. In this window, <Tab> and <Shift-Tab> move the cursor between fields,

pointing and clicking the left button on the mouse will position the cursor

anywhere in any field, and <Ctrl-Home> will allow you to change the Equation

Number. No information in this window is used in calculations.

The window subsection RAW DATA LOCATIONS can include information helpful in

finding the data used to build the equation, including person(s), location,

computer, storage device, file name(s), and methods of access.
Reference: Library Editor 54

BIOPAK Edit Equation Library View/Modify Rec:1/252

Ctrl-Home>: Change EQN # SOURCES OF EQUATION

QN #: 24 LIFEFORM: T SPP: ABAM Abies amabilis

LANT COMP: BBL GEOG AREA: W SERAL'STAGE: 0 LOCAL EQN #: 1 TAX LIFE: T

AMP SIZE: 9 R^2: 0.96 MSE: 0.163 SEE: 0.404 LOG BIAS CORR: Y

RAW DATA LOCATIONS (person, file name & line nos.):

SOURCE OF EQUATION (lit. ref or person):

holz et al. 1979. Equations for estimating... Res Pap 41, For Res Lab, Ore

tate Univ.

<SOURCES OF DATA>

1. Krumlik, J G 1974. Biomass.. M.S. thesis, Univ. B.C., Vancouver. 87 p. 12

ees 32.0-76.2 cm dbh, near Squamish B.C., 1500 m elevation, south aspect 2

ujimori et al. 1976. Biomass.. J Jpn. For Soc 58(10):360-373. Wildcat Mtn.

A, Ore 2 trees 11.7 cm and 19.4 cm dbh , 1300 m elevation.

<Ctrl-PgUp>: Previous equation <Ctrl-PgDn>: Next equation

<PgUp>: Save/Page up <PgDn>: Edit Equation Data Source

<Ctrl-S>: Save/Exit <Ctrl-Q>: Cancel changes/Exit

D:\BIOPAK\TESTDATA\ADLIB.DBF <Fl> Help

The window subsection SOURCE OF EQUATION should include the authority for the

equation; for example, a literature citation, description of how to find an

unpublished report, or the person responsible for the validity of the equation.

Source(s) of Data Window--

This window is below the Sources of Eauation Window. To make changes, it is

reached from this window by pressing <PgDn>. When it is active, the cursor

appears inside and is surrounded by a double line. Text wraps automatically

when typed in or deleted. There is no cut-and-paste capability. The following

keys have special functions:

Key Function

<Ins> Toggles insert mode

<Home> Moves cursor to beginning of line

<End> Moves cursor to end of line

<UpArrow>,

<DnArrow> Scrolls text lines so more lines can be seen than fit in window at

one time

<PgUp> Exit to Sources of Equation Window and save changes.

This window can be used to document the location and growth environment of the

plants sampled to build the equation. This may include geographic location(s),

climatic factors, soil characteristics, vegetation age(s), seral stage(s),

sample sizes and size ranges from these places, important details of the

sampling procedure, and important or unconventional aspects of plant

measurements.

This information should include environmental factors thought to significantly

influence plant growth form so potential users can judge the appropriateness to

plants in the environments of their sites. It also should include elements of 

the selection of study sites and plant samples and measurements of plant part

that may restrict the utility of the equation.
Calculate Plant Components

Main Menu

Design a run

edit equation Library

Calculate plant components

Generate reports

View reports or data

go to dos Shell

Quit

Section

56 Title

56 Files to be used

56 Diagnostic Reports

56 Go

To calculate plant components, first Design the Run and save the Run Design

File, know which Equation List File will be used, and have the Data File

available to BIOPAK. Start this process by selecting at the Main Menu:

Calculate plant components

The Calculate Plant Components Window will appear. Now select the Run Design

File (*.RD), Equation List File (*.EQN), and Input Data File (*.DAT) used for

calculations and the Intermediate Binary File to receive output (*.IBF).

Calculations go to the Intermediate Binary File; and reports are generated from

this file. These relations are shown in figure 1.

BIOPAK Calculate Plant Components

Main Menu

Design a run

edit equation Library

Calculate plant components

Generate reports

View reports or data

Mos

E

Calculate Plant Components

Title: BIOPAK TITLE

Run design file: D:\BIOPAK\TESTDATA\T2.RD

Equation list file: D:\BIOPAK\TESTDATA\ADLIB.EQN

input Data file: D:\BIOPAK\TESTDATA\T2.DAT

Intermediate binary file: D:\BIOPAK\TESTDATA\T2.IBF

Diagnostic Reports:

summarized equation Use report : YES

detAiled equation use report : YES

errOr report : NO

>>>>>>>> Go <<<<<<<<<<

Input Data File : D:\BIOPAK\TESTDATA\T2.DAT

Intermediate Binary File : D:\BIOPAK\TESTDATA\T2.IBF
Reference: Calculate Plant Components 56

Title

With the highlight bar on this line, press <Enter>. The title entered will

appear in all reports produced from this run.

Files to be used

To change a file shown on the Calculate Plant Components Window, move the

highlight bar to the file name and press <Enter>. Then select a file from the

File Selection Window as described in Getting Started: Overview of Features:

File Selection Window. I

NOTE: If your Input Data File does not have .DAT extension, rename the file and

give it the .DAT extension so it will appear in the File Selection Window.

To make multiple runs and save the Intermediate Binary File produced from each

run, change the name of the Intermediate Binary File each time.

Diagnostic Reports

Diagnostic Reports also are selected on the Calculate Plant Components Window.

These reports are described in Reference: Reports and Other Output: Diagnostic

Reports. Highlight a report title, and then press <Enter> to select and

deselect the report (Yes/No). File names for Diagnostic Reports are given the

root name of the Intermediate Binary File and the extension .USE, .DET, .ERR,

as described in Reference: Reports and Other Output: Diagnostic Reports. They

can be viewed through the View Reports Window.

Go

When appropriate files and reports have been selected, select GO to make the

calculations that put them in the Intermediate Binary (.IBF) File. Give the

file a new name to avoid overwriting the existing one.

Reports can now be generated. For a description of reports, see Reference:

Reports and Other Output: Reports for People and Reference: Reports and Other

Output: Machine-readable Reports. The .IBF file may be saved after the first

series of reports have been generated from it so that additional reports can be

generated later.
Generate Reports

Section

- Main Menu

Design a run

edit equation Library

Calculate plant components

Generate reports

View reports or data

go to dos Shell

Quit

58 Intermediate Binary File

58 Reports to be generated

58 Output units

58 Go

After plant components are calculated, Reports for People and Machine-readable

Reports can be made from the Intermediate Binary File (.IBF). To do this,

select from the Main Menu:

Generate reports

The Generate Reports Window will appear. From here select the plant, plot, and

stand summary reports to be generated and the output units preferred.

BIOPAK Generate Reports

-

Des

 Main Menu I

edi

Cal

Ger

Vie

90

Qui

-

Generate Reports

Intermediate Binary File:

D:\BIOPAK\TESTDATA\T2.IBF

Reports for People:

Individual plant report : YES

Plot summary report : YES

Stand summary report : NO

D:\BIOPAK\TESTDATA\T2.RPT

Machine-readable reports:

iNdividua1 plant report : NO

D:\BIOPAK\TESTDATA\T2.IND

pLot summary report : NO

D:\BIOPAK\TESTDATA\T2.PLT

sTand summary report : NO

D:\BIOPAK\TESTDATA\T2.STA

Most

Rur

Ew

Iv

Int

Output (Metric or English): METRIC

>>>>>>>> Go <<<<<<<<<<

:D.RD

!QN
Reference: Generate Reports 5 8

By default, the file names will be given the same root as the .IBF File. Names

can be changed if desired, as described below. You cannot, however, change the

extension of the file name.

Intermediate Binary File

The Intermediate Binary File shown is the last one created or used in this

directory. It can be changed by selecting intermediate Binary file, and then

selecting a different . IBF File in the File Selection Window.

Reports to be generated

Select and deselect appropriate reports by typing the capitalized hot key or by

moving the menu bar to the report and pressing <Enter>. A file name can be

changed by highlighting the file name with the menu bar, pressing -<Enter>, and

then changing the name in the File Selection Window. The different reports are

described in Reference: Reports and Other Output.

Output units

Toggle the output units by pressing <Enter>. If metric is toggled, output will

be in standard metric units. If English is selected, output will be in

standard English units. See Appendix: Units for a list of BIOPAK standard

units.

Go

Once the desired files and reports are specified, select Go to generate the

reports.
Reference: View Reports 59

View Reports

Design

Main Menu

a run

edit equation Library

Calculate plant components

Generate reports

View reports or data

go to dos Shell

Quit

Section

60 Changing a file name

60 Viewing the report

60 Reports and files to be viewed

60 Using LISTR

All reports and data files, except the Intermediate Binary File, can be

examined by selecting, from the Main Menu:

View reports or data

The View Reports Window will appear. From here you can

on the screen or change the name of the reports to be v

file names appearing are those last viewed or produced.

BIOPAK View Reports or Plant Data

r

-

Des

 Main Menu -

edi

Cal

Gen

Vie

go

Qui

-

View Reports

Reports for people

D:\BIOPAK\TESTDATA\T2.RPT

pLant data (or DOS text file)

D:\BIOPAK\TESTDATA\T2.DAT

Diagnostic Reports:

Summarized equation use report

NONE

Detailed equation use report

NONE

Error Report

NONE

Machine-readable reports:

Individual plant report

NONE

Plot summary report

NONE

sTand summary report

NONE EQN

Intermediate Binary File : D:\BIOPAK\TESTDATA\T2.IBF

Most

Run

Ew

Iw

i

view the reports shown

ewed. By default, the
Reference: View Reports 60 I

Changing a name

On the View Reports Window find the title of the appropriate report. The file

name of the last report of this type, created or viewed, is shown just below

its title.

You can select another file name by moving the highlight bar to the file name

(for example, MACK1.RPT), and pressing <Enter>. A File Selection Window will

appear, thereby allowing selection of an existing file as described in Getting

Started: Overview of Features: File Selection Windows.

Viewing the report

After the file has been selected, move the highlight bar up to the, report title

(for example, Reports for People) and press <Enter>. The selected file will be

displayed. To scroll through the files and reports, use the arrow keys and

<PgUp> or <PgDn>. Press X to return to the View Reports Window. Some reports

are wider than the screen; use the right arrow keys to view the right half of

these reports.

Reports and files to be viewed

l Reports for people. These reports, which include the Individual Plant

Report, Plot Summary Report, and Stand Summary Report, were produced in

Generate Reports. The file has the extension .RPT.

l Plant Data (or DOS text file). This View Reports selection can be used to

view the Input Data File (*.DAT), the Run Design Report (*.RDR), or any

file with an ASCII format. By default, whenever you enter View Reports,

the Input Data File (if it has extension .DAT) is the file shown under

Plant Data (or DOS text file). This file name can be changed as described

above.

l Diagnostic Reports. These reports were produced in Calculate Plant

Components. The reports have the extensions .DET, .USE, and .ERR.

l Machine-readable Reports. These reports were produced in Generate Reports.

These reports have the extensions .IND, .PLT, and .STA.

For more detailed information on the reports, see Reference: Reports and Other

output.

Using

View Reports uses a program called LIST made by Buerg Software. When viewing a

file in LIST, pressing H displays the help screen--it is self-explanatory and

easy to use. LIST will work outside of BIOPAK.
Reference: Reports and Other Output 61

 Reports and Other Output

Section

61 Run Design Report

61 Diagnostic Reports

62 Summarized Equation Use Report (*.USE)

62

Column headings in Summarized Equation Use Report

Detailed Equation Use Report (*.DET)

63 Column Headings in Detailed Equation Use Report

63 Error Report (*.ERR)

63 Column headings in Error Report

Printing Diagnostic Reports

64 Intermediate Binary File (*.IBF)

64 Reports for People (*.RPT)

64

Individual Plant Report

Plot Summary Report

64 Stand Summary Report

65

Information in Reports for People (*.RPT)

Information in Individual Plant Report

66 Information in Plot Summary Report

66 Information in Stand Summary Report

66 Error codes

66 Printing Reports for People

67 Machine-Readable Reports

67 Individual Plant Report (*.IND)

67 Plot Summary Report (*.PLT)

67 Stand Summary Report (*.STA)

67 Information in Machine-Readable Reports

BIOPAK produces several reports and output that are briefly described here. If

more information is needed, it usually can be found by examining the reports.

Reports can be examined by selecting View Reports from the Main Menu, by

printing the file, or by using a text editor or word processor.

Run Design Report

This report is a flat ASCII file that documents the Run Design File contents.

It can be produced by selecting run Design report from the File Menu of Design

a Run. The report will be given an .RDR extension.

The report contains headings and contents for each of the Run Design sections;

that is, Default Settings, Data Input Format, Components to Output, and

Reassignments. It can be useful for future reference.

See Tutorial: Lesson One for an example of a Run Design Report.

Diagnostic Reports

Diagnostic Reports specify the equations used to make calculations and the

errors detected by BIOPAK during calculations. They can be requested when

Calculate Plant Components is selected from the Main Menu.
Reference: Reports and Other Output 62

Summarized Equation Use Report (*. USE)--

This report presents a summary of the equations used for calculations. Species

are ordered alphabetically in two sections. The first section contains

Equation Requests (if any) for which a component was calculated. It lists all

combinations of Original Equation Request, Request(s) to Library, Equation(s)

Actually Used and the number of times each combination was used during

calculations. The lowest Equation Selection Penalty associated with each

combination also is reported. Equations used in summations specified by you or

selected by BIOPAK are shown. Sequence numbers provided are sequential indices

of the items in the report.

The second section contains Requests (if any) for which no suitable equation

was found. If a component could not be calculated, there are no equations

actually used. If all information needed to make a Request to the Library is

not found, this Request is not shown. This is usually caused by lack of a

lifeform code resulting from absence of any equation for this species in the

library.

The file name of this report is the root of the Intermediate Binary File with a

.USE extension. The list is not linked to individual input records, as in the

case of the Detailed Equation Use Report.

Column headings in Summarized Equation Use Report--

l Seq: Indicates sequence number of unique Original Requests.

l Original Request: Equation Key before Reassignment, if any. See Glossary.

l Seq: Indicates sequence number of Equation(s) Actually Used used to satisfy

each unique Original Request.

l Best ESP: The lowest Equation Selection Penalty resulting from use of the

Equation(s) Actually Used Key shown. This differs by record. See

Glossary.

l Use Count: Number of uses of this Equation(s) Actually Used.

l NoCal Count: Number of times this Request to Library was not satisfied.

l RA: Indicates this Original Request matched any Reassignment Criteria.

l Request to Library: Equation Key representing the Request to Library. See

Glossary.

l Equation(s) Actually Used: Keys of equations actually used to calculate the

requested component. May be a summation. See Glossary.

Detailed Equation Use Report (*.DET)--

For every component requested for each input record (plant), this report lists

the Original Equation Request, the Request(s) to Library, the Equation(s)

Actually Used, and the Equation Selection Penalty for the equation (or

summation) used. Each Case number corresponds to an individual input record

and an individual plant and equal their line numbers in the Input Data File.

The Case number is the same as that in the Error Report and the Individual

Plant Report of the Reports for People. Sequence numbers provided are

sequential indices of the items in the report. Information is presented for

all Original Equation Requests, whether or not a component value could be

calculated.

Its file name is the root of the Intermediate Binary File and a .DET extension.

Multiple equation keys indicate that the component value is the sum of values

obtained from these equations.
Reference: Reports and Other Output 6 3

Column Headings in Detailed Equation Use Report--

* Seq: Indicates sequence number for all Original Requests.

l Case: Represents the record number in Input Data File.

l ESP: The Equation Selection Penalty value associated with the Equation(s)

Actually Used (or Request to Library if not suitable equation was found).

l Original Request: See Reference: Reports and Other Output: Summarized

Equation Use Report (*.USE), above.

l RA: See Summarized Equation Use Report (*.USE), above.

l Request to Library: See Summarized Equation Use Report (*.USE), above.

l Equation(s) Actually Used: See Summarized Equation Use Report (*.USE), above.

Error Report (*.ERR)--

This report lists codes for the two most serious errors and warnings detected

by BIOPAK during selection of an equation or group of summed equations and

computation of a component value. For every error and warning it provides (1)

the Original Equation Request; (2) the values and variable names of Date,

Locale, Stand, Plot, and Plant ID; and (3) the values and variable names of the

parameters. Each case number corresponds to an individual input record, that

is, an individual plant. This case number is the same as that in the Detailed

Equation Use Report and the Individual Plant Report of the Reports for People.

The Error Report file name is the root of the Intermediate Binary File and the

extension .ERR. Definitions for error and warning codes are listed in

Appendix: Troubleshooting: Error Messages.

Column headinas in Error Report--

Note that headings in parentheses may be changed by the user in the Data Input

Format Window of Design a Run.

l Case: Corresponds to the record in the Input Data File and to case number in

the Individual Plant Report and Detailed Equation Use Report.

l Site Identifications: These five headings can be changed by the user in the

Data Input Format Window of Design a Run. They are:

l (DATE): Date identifier from Input Data File.

l (LOCALE): Locale identifier from Input Data File.

l (STAND): Stand identifier from Input Data File.

l (PLOT): Plot identifier from Input Data File.

l (PLANT ID): Plant identifier from Input Data File.

l ORIGINAL REQUEST: See Reference: Reports and Other Output: Summarized

Equation Use Report (*.USE), above.

l Data/Default:

l Spp: Species code from Input Data File.

l LGS: Lifeform, Geographic Area, and Seral Stage codes. Also indicates

whether codes come from Data: Input Data File, or Default: Default

Settings Window of Design a Run and Lifeform substitution procedures (as

described in Appendix: Lifeform).

l Parameters: Values are listed for each of the parameters specified in the

Data Input Format Window of Desiqn a Run.

l Errors: Error codes are given for each component requested for calculation.

These codes are explained in Appendix: Troubleshooting: Errors in Reports.

Printing Diagnostic Reports--

These reports contain 132 characters per line or more, so printing must be done

on printers or using fonts that allow this or both. We suggest you print all

BIOPAK reports on continuous paper because page breaks and headings occur only
Reference: Reports and Other Output 64

once at the top of each report, not every 60 or 80 lines.

intermediate Binary

This file contains the calculated plant components and all other information

used to generate reports. It is produced when Calculate Plant Components is

selected from the Main Menu. This file name can be specified in the Calculate

Plant Components Window; it is given the extension .IBF. Information in it is

used to produce Reports for People and Machine-Readable Reports. Saving this

file will allow additional reports to be produced later without recalculation.

Because the Intermediate Binary File (*.IBF) is not an ASCII file, it cannot be

viewed in the View Reports Window or with a text editor.

Reports for People (*.RPT)

These reports present calculated values of plant components formatted with

titles and column headings so people can understand them. Each of the three

reports (Individual Plant, Plot Summary, and Stand Summary) can be requested

when Generate Reports is selected from the Main Menu. They are all put in a

file that, by default, has the same root as the Intermediate Binary File, and

an extension .RPT. The file can be given a different root name. In the Plot

Summary and Stand Summary Reports, species are assigned to the strata shown in

Appendix: Codes by using the Taxonomic Lifeform code from the Equation List

File when this code is available. If you need more details on assigning a

lifeform to a species (most users will not), see Appendix: Lifeform.

individual Plant

This report lists up to five input parameters (predictor variables) and the

calculated components for each input record (individual plant). Parameters

with codes in capital letters were used in one or more calculation; parameters

with codes in lower case letters were not used in calculations. When

requested, an Individual Plant Report is generated for each plot within each

stand in the Input Data File. Codes for the two "most important" errors or

warnings detected are listed next to individual component values.

Plot Summary Report--

This report gives averages of all input parameters and the per-hectare values

for components by species and by vegetation strata for each plot within each

stand. For these numbers to be meaningful, data for all plants in each plot

must be contiguous in the Input Data File. This report is written after the

Individual Plant Report. The correct size and slope (if this plot needs slope

correction) must be provided as discussed under Reference: Design a Run. A

code for the "most serious" error or warning detected is listed next to each

value.

Stand Summary Report--

This report gives averages and standard errors of all input parameters and the

per-hectare values for each component by species and vegetation strata over all

plots within each stand. For this to occur, data for all plants in each plot

must be contiguous in the Input Data File and data for all plots within each

stand must be contiguous in the Input Data File. Correct size and slope

specifications are necessary as discussed under Reference: Design a Run. These

values are not weighted by plot areas. The "most serious" error or warning
Reference: Reports and Other Output 65

detected is listed next to each average value.

Information in Reports for People (*.RPT)--

Headings listed in parentheses can be changed by the user in the Data Input

Format Window of Desiqn a Run.

l REQUESTED REPORTS: Indicates which of the reports for people were requested

and whether the output will be in metric or English units.

l TITLE: Title given to run in Calculate Plant Components Window is shown at

top of every page.

l MAXIMUM EQUATION SELECTION PENALTY (ESP): Level set by user in Default

Settinqs Window of Design a Run.

l THRESHOLD LEVEL: Level set by user in Default Settinqs Window of Design a

Run.

l SUMMATION LEVEL: Level set by user in Default Settinqs Window of Design a

Run.

l DATA FILE: Input Data File specified in Calculate Plant Components Window.

l RUN DESIGN FILE: Run Design File specified in Calculate Plant Components

Window.

l IBF FILE: Intermediate Binary File specified in Calculate Plant Components

Window.

l EQUATION LIBRARY: Equation Library (*.DBF) used to produce the Equation List

File specified in Calculate Plant Components Window.

l EQUATION LIST: Equation List File specified in Calculate Plant Components

Window.

l (PLOT): Plot value from Input Data File.

l (STAND): Stand value from Input Data File.

l (LOCALE): Locale value from Input Data File.

l FIRST (PLANT ID): First Plant value in this Plot from Input Data File.

l (DATE): First Date value from Input Data File.

l Slope: Value for plot slope from Input Data File, or as specified by user in

Default Settings Window of Design a Run.

l Area Conversion Factor: Incorporates the effects of plot size and slope, with

units l/area, so multiplication gives component values per hectare (or

acre).

l Fixed Plot Area Size: Value for plot area from Input Data File, or as

specified by user in Default Settings Window of Design a Run.

l Prism Basal Area Factor: Value from Input Data File, or as specified by user

in Default Settings Window of Design a Run.

Information in Individual Plant Report--

Headings listed in parentheses can be changed by the user in the Data Input

Format-Window of Design a Run.

l CAS: Corresponds to the record number (case) of the Input Data File.

l (PLANT ID):Plant identifier from Input Data File.

l LF: Lifeform code of plant.

l SPECIE: Species code of plants in Input Data File.

l PARAMETERS: Plant measurements from Input Data File which were specified in

Data Input Format Window of Design a Run.

l GA: Geographic Area code. Comes from Input Data File or Default Settings

Window of Design a Run.

l SS: Seral Stage code. Comes from Input Data File or Default Settings Window

of Design a Run.

l (COMPONENTS): Abbreviations for components requested for calculation. Comes

from the BIOCODES file. The component estimates are reported. Codes for

the two most serious errors, if any, are included.
Reference: Reports and Other Output 6 6

l ERROR MESSAGES: Each of the error codes, indicated next to the component

estimates, are defined here.

Information in Plot Summary Report--

l PLOT SUMMARY REPORT, (PLOT) = (plot-value):

l (PLOT): Plot value in Input Data File.

l LF: ifeform codes of plants.

l SPECIE: Species codes of plants from Input Data File.

l NUMBER PLANTS IN (PLOT): Number of plants in plot for a given species and

lifeform.

l PARAMETER(S) / (PAR1 . ..) / --AVERAGE--: Average value of the spec

parameter for a given species and lifeform.

l NUMBER OF PLANTS -- per (area) --: Calculated number of plants per

(or acre).

l TREE BA (units) -- per (area) --: The tree basal area per hectare

l (COMPONENTS) (units) -- per (area) --: Component estimates per hec

fied

hectare

or acre).

are (or

acre) for each component requested in the Components to Output Window of

Design a Run.

Information in Stand Summary Report--

@ STAND SUMMARY REPORT FOR (LOCALE) (locale-name), (DATE) (date-value):

l (LOCALE): Locale value from Input Data File.

l (DATE): Date value from Input Data File.

l AVERAGES FOR (STAND) (stand-name), SAMPLE SIZE = (n):

l (STAND): Stand value from Input Data File.

l LF: Lifeform codes of plants.

l SPECIE: Species codes of plants from Input Data File.

l NUMBR PLNTS IN TALLY: Total number of plants in all plots for a given

species and lifeform.

l NUMBR PLNTS PER (PLOT): Average number of plants per plot.

l PARAMETER(S)--AVERAGE: Average of all the measured values in the stand,

not the average of the plot averages.

l NUMBER OF PLANTS -- per (area) --: Calculated number of plants per

hectare (or acre), not weighted by plot area.

l TREE BA (units) -- per (area) --: The tree basal area per hectare (or

acre), not weighted by plot area.

l (COMPONENTS) (units) -- per (area) --: Average over all plots in the

stand (per hectare or per acre) not weighted by plot area.

l STANDARD ERRORS FOR (STAND) (stand-name), SAMPLE SIZE = (n): These are the

standard errors corresponding to the averages above, except for:

l NUMBR PLNTS IN TALLY: Total number of plants in all plots for a given

species and lifeform.

l A value of -1.0 indicates the standard error could not be calculated

because sample size was 0 or 1.

Error codes--

Code(s) for the "most important" error(s) or warning(s) are next to the

calculated values. Error rankings by importance are based on our consideration

of a wide range of potential circumstances and will not reflect their

importance for many particular circumstances. Definitions for error codes are

at the end of the report and explanations and possible solutions are in

Appendix: Troubleshooting: Error Messages.
Reference: Reports and Other Output 67

Printing Reports for People--

Depending on the number of plant components requested, these reports may be

more than 80 characters across, and so must be printed with narrow

characters or on wide paper or both. We suggest you print all BIOPAK

reports on,continuous paper since page breaks and headings occur only once

at the top of each report, not every 60 or 80 lines.

Machine-Readable

These reports can be requested when Generate Reports is selected from the Main

Menu. They contain several lines at the top specifying the variables and their

columns. These lines can be removed with a text editor if needed for reading

by other programs.

Individual Plant Report (*.lND)--

It is put in a file with a root defined by you and a .IND extension. It

contains all the information in the Individual Plant Report for People; see the

preceding section, Reports for People: Individual Plant Report, for more

details.

Plot Summary Report (*.PLT)--

It is put in a file with a root defined by you and a .PLT extension. It

contains all the information in the Plot Summary Report for People; see the

preceding section, Reports for People: Plot Summary Report, for more details.

Stand Summary Report (*.STA)--

It is put on a file with a root defined by you and an extension .STA. It

contains all the information in the Stand Summary Report for People; see the

preceding section, Reports for People: Stand Summary Report, for more details.

Information in Machine-Readable Reports--

The lines of heading information at the tops of these reports specify, in

order, the information in each field in the report. Some of the codes in these

lines are defined in Reports for People: Information in Reports for People,

above. Other codes include:

l STRATA: Community Stratum, for example, T, S, G, M (Tree, Shrub, Grass, Moss,

respectively).

l SPP: Species codes of plants from Input Data File.

l BIO, CIR, COV, CR, DBA, DBH, FC, HT, LEN, NP, NUM, SAP, SPA, VOL, W

Parameter codes.

l COMPONENTS: Three-character plant component codes.

l RECORDS: Number of records from the Input Data File that are summar

this line.

l AREA (units): Plot area in (units).

l PRISM (units): Prism factor in (units) for this plot.

l SLOPE: Slope of this plot.

l # PLANT: Number of plants per unit area. Unit area is defi

AREA; see above.

D:

zed by

ned following

l BA: Basal area of trees in the units requested (m2/ha or ft2/ac)

l VSW, BAE, BFT, AFT and many others: Three-character plant component codes.

l PlotCnt: Number of plots in this Stand.

l TotPlnts: Total number of plants (that is, records) read from Input Data File

summarized in this line.
Reference: Reports and Other Output 68

l Plnts: Number of plants per unit area, average or standard error.

l Av: Average. For parameters this is the average over all observations of

this parameter. For plant components this is the average per unit area in

the units requested, /m2 or /ac.

l SE: Standard error (standard deviation of the mean). For parameters this is

the SE over all observations of this parameter. For plant components this

is the SE of the average per unit area in the units requested, /m2 or /ac.
TUTORIALS

This chapter includes six tutorials that gradually introduce BIOPAK features.

Section

70 Introduction to the Tutorials

70 The tutorial dataset

71 Lesson One--Introduction to Design a Run and View Reports

71 Modify an Existing Run Design File

71 Modify Default Settings

71 Area1 default settings

72 Equation Key default settings

72 Equation Selection Penalty default settings

72 Select only Reassigned species

73 Save changes to default settings

73

Modify Data Input Format

Modify Components to Output

74 Save changes to existing Run Design File

74 Make Run Design Report

74 View Reports: view a Run Design Report

74 Example of Run Design Report (TUTORl.RDR)

75 Exiting BIOPAK

76 Lesson Two--Introduction to Plant Component Calculations and

Generating Reports

77

Calculate Plant Components with Diagnostic Reports

Generate Reports

77 View Reports

77 Printing Reports

77 Printing a Report for People

77 Example of Reports for People (TUTORl.RPT)

80 Lesson Three--Introduction to Diagnostic Reports

80 Interpretation of Diagnostic Reports

80 Summarized Equation Use Report

80 Detailed Equation Use Report

81 Error Report

81 Printing output

81 Printing a Summarized Equation Use Report

82 Lesson Four--Introduction to Equation Library and Reassignments

82 Edit Equation Library

82 Locate equation

83 Browse equation

83 Modify an Existing Run Design (.RD) File

83 Modify Default Settings

83 Modify Reassignments

84 Save Run Design changes

85 Lesson Five--Plant Component Calculations with Reassignments

85

Calculate Plant Components

Generate Reports

86

View Reports

Edit Equation Library

86 Resolving the problem of two parameters in one field
Tutorials: 70

86 Resolving the problem of no total biomass equation

87 Exit Library Editor

88 Lesson Six--Editing the Equation Library

88 Viewing Documentation for an Equation

89 Sorting the Equation Library

89 Marking and saving equations

89 Making a new Equation Library (.DBF) and Equation List (.EQN)

89 Deleting marked equations and saving the remainder

90 Creating text documentation of equations

Introduction to the Tutorials

The six tutorials included in the BIOPAK users guide build on each other.

Therefore, it would be best to start with Lesson One and work through to Lesson

Six. If unfamiliar terms or concepts are encountered, refer to the appropriate

section, Glossary, or Index of this users guide for further explanation.

For information on how to make menu selections and select files from a File

Selection Window, see Getting Started: Overview of Features.

The steps in these tutorials are numbered and lettered sequentially from

beginning to end because they must be done sequentially. Numbering and

lettering do not start over with each subsection.

The Tutorial Dataset

For all the tutorials, we will use a given Input Data File (TUTOR.DAT). The

data were collected from a riparian plot in a stand of trees in the Mack Creek

drainage found within the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest. For the purposes

of this tutorial, assume that as part of a long-term study on site

productivity, estimates of standing biomass are needed.

Here are some lines of data from the Input Data File:

TP9801MACKriparian830623TSHE5478 4.52 0.15 18.3 5.9 86 86NF

TP9801MACKriparian830623TSHE5477 4.69 0.16 44.9 21.1 88 88NF

TP9801MACKriparian830623TSHE 467 3.04 0.17 41.8 23.4 106 87F

TP9801MACKriparian830623TSHE5481 3.03 0.21 20.3 11.3 94 86F

TP9801MACKriparian830623TABR 469 4.13 0.28 5.7 3.0 39 30NF

TP9801MACKriparian830623CONU 463 1.40 0.34 5.8 7.1 273 49NF

TP9801MACKriparian830623ACMA 468 3.76 0.40 9.4 14.8 20 81F

This particular dataset has 61 characters per line. Columns 1-6 are the code

for the research site. Columns 7-10 represent the name of the stand of trees.

Columns 11-18 indicate the particular plot within the stand from which the data

were collected. Columns 19-24 show the date the measurements were taken. The

plant species codes are found in columns 25-28, and the plant ID numbers are

found in fields 29-32. The remaining numbers to the right of the plant ID are

the values for measured parameters; for example, d.b.h and d.b.a.
Tutorials: Lesson One--Introduction to Design a Run and View Reports 71

Lesson One--Introduction to Design a Run and View Reports

In this lesson you will:

l Use Design a Run to modify a given Run Design File (TUTOR.RD). Sect

involved:

l Default Settings

l Data Input Format

ions

l Components to Output

l Save Run Design File as a different file name (TUTORl.RD).

l Save Run Design Report (TUTORl.RDR) to be viewed later.

l Choose View reports from the Main Menu.

l See how files are selected and viewed.

l View the Run Design Report (TUTORl.RDR).

1. Go to the TESTDATA directory where the tutorial files are located.

Type: BIOPAK (If you are on a network system, you will need to type

BIOPAKN D: where "D" represents the temporary directory. See Installation:

Installation on a Network.)

Modify an Existing Run Design File

2. Select Design a run at the Main Menu.

3. Select File from the Run Design Menu.

a. Then select Read existing run design file from the File Menu. A &

Selection Window will appear. Functioning of the FoxPro windows for

selecting an existing file (like this window) and opening a new file

are described in Getting Started: File Selection Windows.

b. Now select the file TUTOR.RD by highlighting it then pressing <Enter>.

Press <Esc> and the File Menu will disappear and the screen will return

to the Run Design Menu. The selected file will show up as the current

file at the bottom of the screen.

Modify Default Settings--

4. Select Default settings.

values you want to use in

between fields.

Areal default settings--

You can specify the defau

This editing window allows you to add the default

calculating plant components. Tab keys move

l t values for either Fixed Plot Area or Prism

Basal Area Factor, but NOT both.

a. Fixed Plot Area: If plot size were not included in your Input Data

File, the size of your fixed plots areas would now have to be

specified. If plot size is in your Input Data File but is missing in

some records, this would be the value used to replace the missing

values.

Type: 2

b. Units: Specify the units associated with the plot area. The <FlO> key

will display a list you can select from.

Type: ha (or select from list)

C . Prism Basal Area Factor: This is where you would specify the prism
Tutorials: Lesson One--Introduction to Desiqn a Run and View Reports 72

I

basal area factor used to tally trees in sample.

Type: <Tab>

d. Units: This is where you would specify the units associated with the

orism basal area factor.

Type: <Tab>

e. Plot Slope Correction: Specify the slope to be used if it. was not

included in your Input Data File. This reference stand has a projected

area of 2 hectares..

. -

I

Type: 0

f. Units: Specify the units to be associated with the slope. The <FlO>

key will display a list you can select from.

Type: % (or select from list)

Equation Kev default settings--

g. Geographic Area default: Here you may select a code for the geographic

area of the data to be used. The default code is <blank>. The

Geographic Area code selected for the TUTOR.RD file was W (west side of

the Cascades).

Type: <Tab>

h. Seral Stage default: Here you choose the seral stage of the data to be

used. The default code is <blank>. The Seral Stage code selected in

TUTOR.RD was 0 (oldgrowth).

Type: <Tab>

Equation Selection Penalty default settings--

The ESP levels must be included, otherwise BIOPAK cannot select equations

from the Library.

i. Maximum ESP Level: This determines the poorest but still acceptable

equation match (that is, highest acceptable ESP). For BIOPAK to have

as much flexibility as possible in selecting an equation, you would

select a high number. (See Appendix: Equation Selection Penalties for

a more detailed description.) The default value, 79999, was selected

in TUTOR.RD.

Type: <Tab>

j. Threshold ESP Level: This value determines the level at which a

Candidate Equation is considered acceptable. An assigned Threshold ESP

of zero will assure selection of the best equations. Zero was the

value selected for TUTOR.RD.

Type: <Tab>

k. Summation ESP Level: If BIOPAK cannot find an individual equation to

calculate a specified plant component with a lower ESP value than the

assigned Summation ESP, it will begin to consider default equation

summation (see figures 2-4). If no equation summation is found that has

an ESP value less than the Threshold ESP, the summation with the next

highest value is selected. Zero was the value selected for TUTOR.RD.

Type: <Tab>

Select only Reassigned species--

1. If Y is selected, BIOPAK performs computations only on those species

specified in Equation Reassignments (see lesson four). The default

setting is N (No), the option selected for TUTOR.RD.

Type: <Tab>
Tutorials: Lesson One--Introduction to Desisn a Run and View Reports 73

Save changes to default settings--

m. To save the changes to the Default Settings, press <Ctrl-S>. You will

be returned to the Run Design Menu.

Modify Data Input Format--

5. Select Data Input Format from the Run Design Menu. A list of input

variables, their units and the variable information already entered will

appear. This section of the program is where you tell BIOPAK how to find

certain variables, and other important information in your data file,

needed for calculation and output of reports.

a. To start, <DnArrow> to the second variable, named "LOCALE."

b. Now you are ready to add information.

(1) Var Name: Name used to identify this variable in output reports.

(The next

1 y for

the

For the first five variables, this name can be changed.

column, Label/Description can never be changed and is on

descriptive purposes.)

Type: Basin

(2) Units: This is not relevant for this variable, therefore

cursor will skip over this column.

(3) Type: Data Type is required for variables l0-27 only: I - -_

integer,

F = floating point (real), and E = exponential format. Other

variables are character strings (A). Not applicable for this

variable, therefore, cursor will skip over this column.

(4) pos: (required) Indicates first column position of variable in

Input Data File.

Type: 1

(5) Len: (required) Total number of columns occupied by the particular

data field (maximum is 6 for species, prism basal area factor, and

plot slope correction; 8 for date, locale, stand, plot and plant

ID; and 10 for all others).

Type: 6

(6) Dec: Number of decimal places in an F or E data type (any decimal

point occurring in the data input record as a missing value will

override this default). Not applicable for this variable,

therefore, cursor will skip over this column.

(7) Missing: Indicates how missing data are represented for this

variable.

Type: <Tab> (leave blank)

C . After the information for the input variable has been entered, press

<Ctrl-S> to save the additions and exit Data Input Format. You will be

returned to the Run Design Menu.

Modify Components to Output--

6. Select Components to Output.

Biomass, aboveground, total"

Notice that the plant component

has been specified for output.

species in the tree and shrub strata, the BAT calculation will

attempted.

"BA

For

 be

all

There are two ways to enter components. You can either type in t e

Component codes, if you know them, or select them from the code list as

follows:

a. Move the highlight bar to the blank line below BAT. Press <FlO> for a

list of Component codes.

keys or the mouse.

Move up and down by using either the arrow
Tutorials: Lesson One--Introduction to Design- a Run and View Reports 74

b. Move highlight bar to BFT. Select by pressing <Enter>. You will be

returned to the Component to Output Window. Notice that BFT has been

entered under the heading Code.

C . Choose strata to be computed for BFT. Put a Y in the T (tree) column,

and a Y in the S (shrub) column so that total foliar biomass will be

calculated only for trees, shrubs, and coppice lifeforms. An N in both

the H (herb) and M (moss) columns will prevent calculation of BFT for

lifeforms in these strata.

d. Press <Ctrl-S> to exit and save additions.

Save changes to existing Run Design File--

7. Now, to save the changes to the Run Design File, select File.

a. Select Save run design file. A File Selection Window will appear,

thereby allowing you to rename the file.

b. Name the file TUTORl. It will be given the extension .RD. Now <TAB>

to the <Save> option and press <Enter>. You will be returned to the

File Menu.

Make Run Design Report--

8. Select run Design report to save the run specifications in a report format

(ASCII). A File Selection Window will appear and you will be prompted to

name the file. We suggest TUTOR1 so it is identified with the TUTORl.RD

file it represents. It will be given the extension .RDR. After saving

this, press <Esc> to return to the Run Design Menu.

9. To exit the Run Design Menu, select Exit run design. You will be returned

to the Main Menu.

View Reports: view a Run Design Report

10. Select View' Reports from the Main Menu. A View Reports Window will be

displayed.

a. Move the highlight bar down to the line under Plant data (it should

currently either say NONE or show the Input Data File name). Select

this by either pressing <Enter> or clicking it with the mouse. A File

Selection Window will appear. Press <TAB> to get to the file box and

<Scroll> the highlight bar to the newly created .RDR file, then either

press <Enter> or <Tab> and select <Open>. You will be returned to the

View Reports Window.

b. Move the highlight bar up to Plant data. Select it by pressing <Enter>

and the Run Design Report will appear for viewing.

C . BIOPAK uses LIST, shareware, for viewing files. When in LIST, type H

to see the help screen.

Example of Run Design Report (TUTOR1.RDR)

11. The sections of the Run Design Report are numbered l-4. Each represents a

section of Design a Run; that is, Default Settings, Data Input Format,

Components to Output, and Reassignments. Entries made in these sections of

Design a Run will be reported here. When you are done viewing the report

press X to return to the View Reports Window. Press <EsC> to return to the

Main Menu. Plant component calculations now can be made.
Tutorials: Lesson One--Introduction to Design a Run and View Reports 75

(today's date)

Run Design Report for File O:\BIOPAK\TESTOATA\TUTOR1.RO

1. Default Settings of File

----------------------------------

Maximum Equation Selection Penalty

Threshold Equation Selection Penalty

Equation Selection Penalty

Select Species

Geographic Area default

Seral Stage default

Fixed Plot Area

Plot Units

Prism Basal Area Factor

Prism Basal Units

Fixed Plot Slope

Fixed Plot Units

-------------------------

79999

0

0

N

W

0

2

ha

0

%

2. Data Input Format Specification

--------------------------------------------------

Variable Name Label/Description

------------- _--------_--------------------

YEAR Date

BASIN Locale

STAND Stand

PLOT Plot

TREE # Plant IO

SPECIES Species

GE0 AREA Geographic Area

SERSTAGE Seral Stage

BIO Biomass

CIR Circumference

cov Cover

CR Crown ratio

DBA Diameter near base

DBH Diameter breast height

FC Form Class

HT Height

LEN Length

NP Number of plants

NUM Number fronds, stems

SAP radial thickness

SPA x-sect area

Volume

Width

Fixed plot area

PRISMFAC Prism basal area factor

PLTSLOPE Plot slope correction

3. Component Values to Output

Units Type Pos Len Oec Mis

----- ____ __- --- --- --_

A 19 2

A 16

A 7 4

A 11 8

A 29 4

A 25 4

A

A

A

F

F

F

F

F

cm F 43 5 1

F

m F 49 5 1

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

----------------------------------------------

--Strata--

Code Definition of Plant Component Code T S H M

---- ------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------

BAT Biomass, aboveground. total Y Y N N

BFT Biomass, foliage, total Y Y N N

4. Reassignments

-------------------------------~--~~~~~~--~----------~-~

*** No reassignments exist ***

Exiting

From the View Reports Window press <Esc> to return to the Main Menu. From there press 0 to quit. You will

be asked if you want to erase the C:\BIOENV error check file. You can erase it since it does not concern you

at this point.
Tutorials: Lesson Two--Introduction to Component Calculations and Generate Reports 76

Lesson Two--Introduction to Plant Component Calculations and

Generating Reports

In this lesson you will:

l Use the given Equation List File (BIOLIB.EQN)

l Use Run Design File previously created (TUTORl.RD)

l Calculate some plant components

l Name the run

l Select files to be used for calculations

l Name the Intermediate Binary File (TUTORl.IBF)

l Produce Diagnostic Reports (TUTORl.USE, TUTORl.DET, TUTORl.ERR)

l Use Generate Reports

l Reports for People (TUTORl.RPT)

l View reports

l Reports for People

Calculate Plant Components with Diagnostic Reports

1. Select Calculate plant components from the Main Menu. The Calculate Plant

Components Window will appear. Now you will be able to give a title to

this particular run, select the files to be used in the calculations, name

the Intermediate Binary File, and select the Diagnostic Reports to be

produced.

a. The highlight bar should appear on the first line with the heading

Title. Select this by pressing <Enter>. You will be able to give a

title to this particular run; for example, "Test run from Tutorial:

Lesson Two." After naming the run, press <Enter>.

b. If the newly created Run Design File (TUTORl.RD) is not shown on the

Calculate Plant Components Window, move the highlight bar to the line

titled Run design file and press <Enter>. A File Selection Window

will appear where the Run Design File to be used for the calculations

can be selected. Select TUTORl.RD. The file TUTORl.RD will now

appear in the Calculate Plant Components Window.

C . Now move the highlight bar to Equation list file. Select file

BIOLIB.EQN using the File Selection Window as you selected TUTOR.RD.

This will supply the equations to be used for the calculations.

d. To select the Input Data File to be used in the calculations, move the

highlight bar to input Data file, and select the file TUTOR.DAT, as

described above.

e. By executing the calculations, an Intermediate Binary File (*.IBF) will

be produced. To name this output file, move the highlight bar to the

line titled Intermediate binary file and press <Enter>. A File

Selection Window will appear where you can name the .IBF file. We

suggest TUTORl.IBF. Then, select <Save>.

f. Below the Intermediate Binary File name, select each of the Diagnostic

Reports to be generated by moving the cursor to each line and pressing

<Enter> to toggle the YES option.

g. Now that you have named all the relevant files, select <Go> to execute

the calculations.
Tutorials: Lesson Two--Introduction to Component Calculations and Generate Reports 77

Generate Reports

2. Select Generate reports. By default, the files listed are given the same

root name as the .IBF. You can change these names by highlighting the

file name and pressing <Enter>. A File Selection Window will appear

thereby allowing you to rename the file.

a. Under the heading Reoorts for PeoPle, select the three reports either

by highlighting each line and pressing <Enter> or by using the relevant

hot key--this will toggle the Yes/No selection to the YES position.

The machine-readable reports can be generated at a later time.

b. Toggle the metric/English option for report output by either pressing

<Enter> or using the 0 hot key. Select METRIC.

C . Now select <Go> to generate the specified reports.

View Reports

3. Select View Reports or data from the Main Menu. The files that have

recently been generated will appear as the file names under each heading.

In the case of the pLant data (or DOS text file), the Input Data File used

in the calculations should be the file that appears.

a. While the highlight bar is on the first line, titled Reports for

People, press <Enter> to view this report.

b. By scanning the Reports for People, which includes an Individual Plant

Report, Plot Summary Report, and Stand Summary Report, notice that

there were no BAT values calculated for the Species codes CONU (Cornus

nuttalli, Pacific dogwood) and TABR (Taxus brevifolia, Pacific yew).

The error codes indicate that TABR was not found in the Equation

Library. For CONU, the specific equation requested is not in the

Library. For further investigation, browse the Diagnostic Reports

(TUTORl.USE, TUTORl.DET, TUTORl.ERR), which were generated when you

calculated plant components.

C . Press X when you are done viewing a file and you will be returned to

the View Reports Window.

Printing Reports

4. Exit BIOPAK from the Main Menu. All BIOPAK output must be printed from

within a text editor or word processor, or with the DOS PRINT command or

another printing utility because BIOPAK does not print files. All

printable BIOPAK files are flat ASCII files except for the form feed

character at the tops of pages. You may want to print all BIOPAK reports

on continuous paper because page breaks and headings occur only once at the

top of each report, not every 60 or 80 lines.

Printing a Report for People--

5. If you choose, print the file TUTORl.RPT on a printer or with a font that

can print at least 132 characters per line and that is not proportionally

spaced.

Example of Reports for People (TUTOR1.RPT)

To save space, most cases (records) from the Input Data File are not included

in the Individual Plant Report below.
Tutorials: Lesson Two--Introduction to Component Calculations and Generate Reports 78

* * * * * BIOPAK Reports for People * * * * * Date: Time: Page 1

04119194 12.28.08

Requested reports: Individual Plant, Plot Sunnnary, Stand Sumnary

in metric units

USER TITLE: Test run for tutorial, Lesson Two

Biomass values calculated on 04/19/94 at 12.24.14

Max. Equation Selection Data File = O:\BIOPAK\TlJTOR\TUTOR.DAT

Penalty (ESP) = 79999 Run Design File (.RD) = D:\BIOPAK\TUTOR\TUTOR.RD

Threshold Level = 0 Intermed. Bin. File (.IBF) = D:\BIOPAK\TUTOR\TUTOR.IBF

Sumnation Level = 0 Equation Library (.DBF) = D:\BIOPAK\BIOL\BIOLIB8.DBF

Equation List (.EQN) = D:\BIOPAK\TUTDR\TUTOR.EQN

TITLE: Test run for tutorial, Lesson Two Page 2

RIPPLOT RIPSTAND LOCALE FIRST TREE # YEAR Slope Area Conversion Factor

-------- -------- ______-- -------------- ________ _---- ----------------------

riparian MACK 5478 83 .O% .50

Fixed Plot Area Size = 20000.00 (m2)

Prism Basal Area Factor = .OO (millha)

--------------INDIVIDUAL PLANT REPORT--------------------------------

Case TREE # L Specie ----Parameter(s)---- G S BIO TOT BIO TOT

F AS FOLIAGE ABOVGRND

(gm) (gm)

1 5478 T TSHE

2 5477 T TSHE

3 467 T TSHE

4 5481 T TSHE

5 5479 T THPL

6 469 TABR

7 463 S CONU

8 5480 TABR

9 468 T ACMA

10 466 T ACMA

18.3DBH 590.0ht W 0 7814.10 131604.80

44.9DBH 2110.0ht W 0 52767.14 1287830.

41.8DBH 2340.0ht- W 0 45315.46 1085451.

20.3DBH 1130.0ht W 0 9743.94 171625.00

8.5DBH 320.OHT W 0 7754.90h 17781.74h

5.7dbh 300.0ht W 0 .OOCM .OOCM

5.8dbh 710.0ht W 0 . OOMN .OOMN

7.2dbh 430.0ht W 0 . OOCM .ODCM

9.4DBH 1480.0ht W 0 867.82 22487.61

24.2DBH .O W 0 4004.17 257186.60

==/\/\/\I\== cases 2 - 75 would be included here ==/\/\/\/\/\I\==

76 5569 T TSHE 12.0DBH 540.0ht W 0 3183.32h 45052.9511

77 5191 T TSHE 43.5DBH 2030.0ht W 0 49327.42 1193603.

78 ,474" T ACMA 6.7DBH 890.0ht W 0 501.93h 9715.53h

Error messages:

C ND EST: No LF in data. No Reass w/ match spp, GA & SS. Spp not in .EQN file.

M NO EST: One or more parameters are missing for all candidate equations.

N NO EST: No match for Request to Lib in .EQN since Spp/LF/Comp not found at any ESP.

V WARNING: Over extrapolation occurred.

c WARNING: Equation used lacks parameter range, so no extrapolation test was done.

h WARNING: Under extrapolation occurred.

-----:-- PLOT SUMMARY REPORT, RIPPLOT = riparian---------------------

L Specie Number Parameter(s) Number Tree BIO TOT BIO TOT

F Plants DBH ABOVGRND

RI;;LO

-----average!:--- p]%s (Z)

FOLIAGE

(kg) (kg)

---s-1----- per hec,-.are,-------y---

TABR 3 9.4 453.3 2 .O . ooc .ooc

All 3 9.4 453.3 2 .O .oo .oo

T ACMA 7 15.2 1352.0 4 .l 8.56V 700.36V
Tutorials: Lesson Two--Introduction to Component Calculations and Generate Reports 79

T PSME 5 148.3 6212.0 3 4.4 519.94 54110.07V

T THPL 16 54.5 2554.4 8 3.3 7473.59V 31532.84V

T TSHE 45 39.6 2172.2 23 4.4 6987.88c 48784.12V

T All 73 48.0 2485.1 37 12.3 14989.98 135127.40

S CONU 2 7.1 830.0 1 .O , OOM .DOM

S All 2 7.1 830.0 1 .O .oo .oo

Grand Tot 78 45.4 2361.3 39 12.3 14989-98 135127.40

Error messages:

See individual plant report above

TITLE: Test run for tutorial, Lesson Two Page 3

===========================P======================================================

STAND SUMMARY REPORT for LOCALE , RIPSTAND MACK , YEAR 83

NOTE:

In this case values in the Stand Summary Report (not shown) are the same as in

the Plot Summary Report because the data are for one plot.
Tutorials: Lesson Three--Introduction to Diagnostic Reports 8 0

Lesson Three--Introduction to Diagnostic Reports

In this lesson you will:

l Use Diagnostic Reports generated in Calculate Plant Components (TUTORl.USE,

TUTORl.DET, TUTORl.ERR)

l View reports

l Summarized Equation Use Report (TUTORl.USE)

l Detailed Equation Use Report (TUTORl.DET)

l Error Report (TUTORl.ERR)

In the previous tutorial, we found that the specified plant components were not

calculated for two species in the Input Data File--CONU and TABR. We will now

view the Diagnostic Reports to determine the reasons for this omission. Use

the <RtArrow> key to see the portions of the reports that are off the screen.

Interpretation of Diagnostic Reports

1. Select View reports or data from the Main Menu. Reference: Reports and

Other Output contains more complete information on each report.

a. Under the heading Diagnostic Reports, the three diagnostic reports

generated when we calculated plant components in Lesson Two should be

shown (TUTORl.USE, TUTORl.DET, TUTORl.ERR).

Summarized Equation Use Report--

b. Select Summarized equation use report. TUTORl.USE will appear on the

screen. A summary of the equations used to calculate each component for

each species will be displayed. This is the most useful diagnostic

report. For all species where calculations were possible in this run,

more than one equation (or summation) was used to calculate BAT. The

Use Count column shows that no records for CONU or TABR were used in

calculations. The NoCal Count column indicates how many records were

not used (no calculations). Note that in the Equation(s) Actuallv Used

column, CONU and TABR are blank. When more than one Equation Key is

present under Equation(s) Actuallv Used, the values from each of these

equations were summed to estimate the value for the Original Request.

Press X to return to the View Reports Window.

Detailed Equation Use Report--

C . Select Detailed equation use report. This report displays every

equation used to calculate BAT for each of the 78 records in the Input

Data File. The Original Equation Request (explained more fully in

Appendix: Selecting Equations and Summations) for TABR, does not include

a lifeform or component because these could not be found in the Equation

Library. The Geographic Area and Seral Stage codes were found in the

Default Settings which we modified in Tutorial: Lesson One. The

Oriqinal Request for CONU is complete, thereby indicating that there are

For some species, for

ly Used were summations. If

component, a summation of

the user-specified ESP

ions and Summations). Press

equations in the Library for this species.

example ACMA, some of the Equations Actual

an equation does not exist for a specified

lesser components will be attempted within

constraints (see Appendix: Selecting Equat

X to return to the View Reports Window.
Tutorials: Lesson Three--Introduction to Diagnostic Reports 81

Error Report--

d. Select Error report. This report includes the errors associated with

attempts to calculate components for each line of data in the Input Data

File. For the species TABR, the codes indicate that the species is not

in the Library (see Appendix: Troubleshooting:

CONU, the error code indicates that the specific

not in the Library. Press X to return to the

e. Press <Esc> to return to the Main Menu.

Printing output

2. Exit BIOPAK from

within a text ed i

another printing

BIOPAK files are

top of pages.

the Main Menu. All BIOPAK output must be printed from

tor or word processor or with the DOS PRINT command or

utility because BIOPAK does not print files. All printable

flat ASCII files except for the form feed character at the

Error Messages). For

 equation requested is

View Reports Window.

Printing a Summarized Equation Use Report--

3. Print the file TUTORl.USE on a printer or with a font that

least 132 characters per line and that is not proportionally

diagnostic reports can be printed in this way.

can print at

 spaced. Other
Tutorials: :Lesson Four--Introduction to Equation Library and Reassiqnments 82

Lesson Four--Introduction to Equation Library and

Reassignments

In this lesson you will:

l Use the given Equation List File (BIOLIB.EQN)

l Edit Equation Library (BIOLIB.DBF)

l Locate equations, Equation key

l Browse equations

l Modify the Run Design File (TUTORl.RD)

l Modify default settings

l Reassignments

l Save Run Design File as new name (TUTOR2.RD)

In the previous tutorials, we found that the specified plant components were

not calculated for two species in the Input Data File--CONU and TABR. We will

now use the Equation Library to locate the equations for CONU. Because the

error codes in Reports for People indicated that there are no equations for

TABR, we have decided to substitute equations for TSHE (Tsuoa heterophvlla,

western hemlock). In a real application you could choose a different species.

We will therefore locate the equations in the Library for TSHE to see if they

are appropriate.

Edit Equation Library

1. Select edit equation Library-from the Main Menu.

a. Select File from the Edit Library Menu.

b. Select Retrieve from the File Menu. A File Selection Window will

appear. Select BIOLIB.DBF from the list of .DBF files in the box.

(If BIOLIB.DBF does not show up in your current directory, select the

first line in the file box, [..I, the parent directory. This will move

you up to the next higher directory. From there, select the directory

your Equation Library database was installed in.) It will take a while

for BIOPAK to copy the Equation Library.

Locate equation--

c. When the Library has been copied, select Locate equations(s) from the

Edit Library Menu. Then select equation Key, from the Locate Menu.

The cursor will appear under the heading SJQ (Species). Type in CONU.

The first equation for CONU will be seen at the top of the list.

Unneeded lines have been .cut from the following screen for brevity.

Edit Equation Library Locate, <Enter>: when done Rec:116/973

L Plnt G S LE T Eq ---Parameter--- ---Parameter---

F Comp A S # LTpCodemin max Code min max N R"2

lpppp; If' ; ;;;I;.; I;.; n I

1 125 IO.77

K BFT W E 1 S 2 DBA 0:4 3:2 ;: ;*:t

K BST W E 1 S 2 DBA 0.4 3.2 25 0:78

K PFT W E 1 S 2 DBA 0.4 3.2 25 0.77

D:\BIOLIB\TESTDATA\BIOLIB.DBF tFl> Help
Tutorials: :Lesson Four--Introduction to Equation Library and Reassignments 8 3

Notice that all CONU equations are for lifeform K (coppice). Because

BIOPAK will not substitute lifeform--unless specified by you--these

equations were not used. The equations are also for Geographic Area W

(west side of the Cascades) and Seral. Stage E (Early). BIOPAK would

have substituted this Geographic Area and Seral Stage, given the ESP

constraints you had specified in Default Settings, if the lifeform had

been correct. Although the Mack Creek dataset (TUTOR.DAT) is from an

old-growth stand, we have decided to use these equations for CONU in

this tutorial. Equations for noncoppice shrubs would certainly be more

appropriate. For BIOPAK to substitute these equations, however, the

coppice lifeform will need to be specified in an equation reassignment.

Browse equation--

d. <Backspace> over CONU. Still using the Equation Key, type in TSHE.

There are several equations for TSHE, many of which would be appropriate

for our calculations. Press <Enter> to terminate the Equation Key

search, and then select Quit. You will be returned to the Edit Library

Menu. To browse through the Library, either select Browse equation(s),

or press <FlO> to toggle the Menu off. By using the arrow keys, or

<PgDn>, you can scroll through the equations.

e. To view more detailed documentation, highlight the equation summary line

and type <Enter> to go to the View Modifv Window. From here <PgDn> and

<PgUp> show documentation for this equation. When finished viewing,

<PgUp> until you reach the Browse Equations Window.

f. To exit the Equation Library Editor, press <FlO> to toggle the Menu on.

Then select Exit library editor. If no changes have been made to the

Library, you will be returned to the Main Menu (unless you selected View

or modify equation and saved by using <PgUp>).

Modify an Existing Run Design (.RD) File

2 . Select Design a run at the Main Menu.

a. Select File from the Run Design Menu.

b. Select Read existing run design file from the File Menu. A File

Selection Window will appear. Use the Drive Box and Directory Box to go

to the directory where you stored TUTORliRD. Highlight TUTORl.RD and

press <Enter>. You will return to the File Menu. Press <Esc> and the

-program will return to the Run Design Menu, and the selected file will

appear as the current file at the bottom of the screen.

Modify Default Settings--

3 . Select Default Settings from the Run Design Menu. This editing window

allows you to modify the default values in BIOPAK that were used in

calculating plant components.

a. Use <Tab> to get through the cells in the window to the last line,

Select Only Reassiqned Species?

Type: Y

b. Press <Ctrl-S> to save the change and exit to the Run Design Menu.

Modify Reassignments--

4 . Select Reassignments at the Run Design Menu. You will be in a Reassignment

Summary Window.

a. To add a reassignment:

Type: <Enter>.
Tutorials: :Lesson Four--Introduction to Equation Library and Reassiqnments 84

A Reassignment Add/Modify Window will appear which allows you to enter

the reassignment criteria and substitution information.

b. In the first data entry field, following the heading Criteria, enter the

Species code for Pacific dogwood:

Type: CONU.

The rest of the reassignment criteria can be left blank because we are

planning to reassign all occurrences of CONU, not selected ones that fit

given parameters.

C . <Tab> to the bottom half of the screen. Under the heading

Substitutions, again enter the Species code in the first column:

Type: CONU.

In the second column,

Type: K (or select from <FlO> list)

This represents the coppice lifeform. The rest of the Substitution Key

can be left blank.

d. Now, for the species CONU, BIOPAK will substitute the equations in the

Library with the coppice lifeform. That resolves the CONU problem.

Press <Ctrl.-S> to save changes and return to the Reassignment Summary

Window. Now for TABR.

e. To add another reassiqnment, with the cursor on a blank line in the

Reassionment Summary Window; press <Enter>.

f. In the Criteria Box enter the Species code to be reassigned:

Type: TABR

In the Substitution Key, enter the species name:

Type: 'TSHE.

h. Now, for all occurrences of the species TABR in the Input Data File,

equations for the species TSHE will be substituted. Press <Ctrl-S> to

save the new reassignment and return to the Reassiqnment Summary Window.

Press <Ctrl-S> again to save all changes to Equation Reassignments and

return to the Run Design Menu.

Save Run Design changes--

5. To save the changes made to the Run Design File, select File from the Run

Design Menu. Then select Save. Name the file TUTOR2. It will be given

the extension .RD.

6. To save the information in the Run Design File in an easily understood

format, select run Design report. A File Selection Window will appear and

will prompt you to name the file. It will be given the extension .RDR.

We suggest naming the file TUTOR2 so it is identified with the TUTOR2.RD

file it represents. Then press <Esc> to return to the Run Design Menu.

7. To exit the Run Design Menu, select Exit run design and press <Enter>.

You will be returned to the Main Menu.
Tutorials: Lesson Five--Plant Component Calculations with Reassignments 85

Lesson Five--Plant Component Calculations with

Reassignments

In this lesson you will:

l Use the given Equation List File (BIOLIB.EQN)

l Use modified Run Design File (TUTOR2.RD)

l Calculate Plant Components

l Generate Reports

l Reports for People

l View Reports

l Run Design Report (TUTOR2.RDR)

l Reports for People (TUTOR2.RPT)

l Diagnostic Reports (TUTOR2.USE, TUTOR2.DET, TUTOR2,ERR)

l Use Equation Library Editor

l Locate equations

l Browse equations

Calculate Plant Components

1. Select Calculate plant components from the Main Menu. You will be shown a

Calculate Plant Components Window.

a. Give a new title to this run, for example, "Second Run, w/ CONU and TABR

Reassignments."

b. Select TUTOR2.RD as the Run Design File, if it is not already shown.

If BIOLIB.EQN is not selected as the Equation List File, select it now.

d: Verify that TUTOR.DAT is the Input Data File.

e. Name the Intermediate Binary File: TUTOR2.IBF.

f. If N appears next to the names of the Diagnostic Reports, toggle on the

Y options to select all reports.

g. Select <GO> to execute the calculations.

Generate Reports

2. Select Generate reports. A Generate Reports Window will appear. If all

three reports under Reports for People are toggled Y (Yes), select <GO> to

generate the reports, otherwise toggle the reports to the Y selection

before executing <GO>.

View Reports

3 .Select View reports. View the Reports for People and Diagnostic Reports,

as described in earlier tutorials.

a. Reports for People and the Summarized Equation Use Report show that the

component calculations for species TABR were executed by using equations

for the species TSHE, as you specified in the Equation Reassignment.

b. Component calculations for the species CONU, however, still were not

executed. We will check to see whether we overlooked something

regarding CONU in the Equation Library.
Tutorials: Lesson Five--Plant Component Calculations with Reassiqnments 86

Edit Equation Library

4. Select edit equation Library from the Main Menu. At the Edit Library Menu:

a. Select File.

b. Select Retrieve. Again select the file BIOLIB.DBF from the list of .DBF

files.

c. Select Locate equations(s), then select equation Key. Type in CONU.

Then press <Enter> and Quit from Locate Equations Menu. Press <Esc> or

<FlO> to remove the Edit Library Menu.

d. You can view the documentation for the equation summarized on the

highlighted line by pressing <Enter> or selecting View/modify equation

from the Edit Library Menu. The three pages of documentation are fairly

self-explanatory and are fully described in Reference: library Editor.

Resolving the problem of two parameters in one

e. We will now examine the information more closely. All equations for

the species CONU use DBA as one of the parameters. In our Input Data

File, DBA and DBH occupy the same data fields. We did not specify DBA

in the Data Input Format Window of Design a Run. Therefore, because

BIOPAK cannot read the DBA from the data, it cannot use the CONU

equations in the Library. Two approaches are possible to resolve this

problem.

f. You can modify the Input Data File by using a text editor or data

management program to move the values for DBA to different data fields

than those for DBH. We recommend this approach because it avoids

possible errors.

g. Another way, NOT usually recommended, is to specify DBA as being in the

same location as DBH in the Data Input Format. Care is needed, however,

because a serious problem may occur. There are many species in the

Library that have some equations using DBA and others using DBH. Take

PSME, for example. If the data you collected are for the DBH of PSME,

and if both parameters are specified as being in the same data field,

when BIOPAK encounters equations using DBA, it may use these thinking

that DBA was a measured parameter. BIOPAK then will use the DBH values

in your Input Data File as DBA values in its calculations. Such

potential errors can be avoided if you create a new Equation Library for

the Input Data File, in which all equations are deleted that use

parameters not measured. In other words, if you measured the DBH of

THPL, delete all equations for THPL having DBA as a parameter; if you

measured the DBA of PSME, delete all equations with DBH as a parameter;

and so on for all species with equations using either parameter.

h. We will not step through either approach, but leave the choice and

implementation to the user as an additional learning experience.

Resolving the problem of no total biomass equation

i. Also, notice that for the species CONU, there are no equations for the

plant component BAT. If you believe several existing component

equations in the Library would be a reasonable estimate of BAT if

summed, you canspecify that a summation be done in Equation

Reassignments (for details see Appendix: Selecting Equations and

Summations). To do this, while in the Substitution Key, specify

species CONU, lifeform K, and one of the components from a CONU equation
Tutorials: Lesson Five--Plant Component Calculations with Reassignments 87 I

in the Library. Below this first line in the Substitution Key, continue

to list the species, lifeform, and other components to be used in the

summation. 

Exit Library Editor

j. If you are not in the Eouation Summary Window, press <Esc> one to three

times to return to this window. If the Edit Library Menu is not shown,

toggle it on by pressing FlO. Select Exit to return to the Main Menu.
Tutorials: Lesson Six--Editinq the Equation Library 88

Lesson Six--Editing the Equation Library

In this lesson you will:

l Use given Equation Library (BIOLIB.DBF and BIOLIB.FPT)

l Sort equations

l Mark equations

l Save subset of equations as new Equation Library

l Save Equation Library as database file (*.DBF)

l Save Equation Library as an Equation List File (*.EQN)

l Save partial Equation Library as Equation Documentation Text File (*.TXT)

Before starting this tutorial, be sure to make a backup of the Equation Library

files (BIOLIB.DBF, BIOLIB.FPT).

The Equation Library Editor allows you to modify documentation for equation(s),

add and delete equations and make new equation libraries. These capabilities

and others are described in Reference: Library Editor. Some of them are

illustrated in this tutorial.

1. Select edit equation Library from the Main Menu. At the Edit Library Menu. z I

Se1ect Retrieve. Then select the file BIOLIB.DBF from the list of

database files.

Use <FlO> to toggle the menu off.

Vie wing Documentation for an Equation

2. Each line in the Equation Summary Window summarizes one equation that

predicts a plant component. Information here includes species, lifeform,

plant component code, geographic area code, seral stage code, the first two

parameters (when both present) and their ranges.

a. Use PgUp and PgDn to move through this table. Note equations are

available for many plant components for some species and for one or a

few components for others.

b. Use PgUp, PgDn, and the arrow keys or a mouse to highlight one line

(equation) in the Equation Summary Window that may interest you.

c. For the highlighted equation, view the first screen of documentation by

pressing <Enter> when the Edit Library Menu is not shown or selecting

View/Modify equation from this menu. The Original and Final Equations

Window shows the form, units and fit statistics (when available) of the

equation as in the original source, and the equation number, equation

key, form, units and parameters of the equation as used by BIOPAK.

d. Press <PgDn> to view the Sources of Equation Window. This includes raw

data locations, source of equation (for example, literature citation)

and sources of field data.

e. Press <PgDn> to view the Sources of Data Window more clearly.

Information here is often abbreviated.

f. Press <PgUp> to return to the Sources of Equation Window.

g. From the Sources of Equation Window or the Oriqinal and Final Equations

Window you can press <Ctrl-PgUp> and <Ctrl-PgDn> to move to the

documentation for the previous and next equation (as ordered in the

Equation Summary Window).
Tutorials: Lesson Six--Editinq the Equation Library 89

h. Press <PgUp> to return to the Equation Summary Window.

Sorting the Equation Library

3. Press <FlO> to toggle on the Edit Library Menu.

a. Select Sort equations and then Multiple key sorting to get to the Enter

Sort Order Window.

b. Set the sort order by putting a 1 in front of Lifeform and 2 in front of

Plant Species. Note for the future that each sort key must have a

different sort order (not including those with 0 that are not used in

the sort).

c. Press <Ctrl-S> to sort the Equation Library.

Marking and saving equations

3. Now save a subset of the BIOLIB.DBF Library that includes only tree

species. First, browse through the Library.

a. Select Browse equations.

b. There are many more equations of tree species than of other lifeforms,

so mark the equations that are not trees. With the highlight bar at the

first nontree equation, press + to mark it. A small bullet appears at

the far left of each marked equation. Pressing - unmarks an equation.

Mark all the equations with lifeform C (sedge), G (grass), and H (herb).

When you get to the K (coppice) and S (shrub) lifeforms, for this

tutorial, refrain from marking the species with T (tree) taxonomic

lifeform. Stop marking when the T (Tree) species are reached.

Making a new Equation Library (.DBF) and Equation List (.EQN)

4. A new library can now be made that includes only marked equations. Toggle

the Menu back on by pressing <FlO>.

a. Select File from the Edit Library Menu.

b. Select Save from the File Menu.

c. Select equation library Database.

d. Select Marked equation(s).

e. In the File Selection Window, select the drive and directory you are

using for tutorial files.

f. At the bottom of this window name the file something like NONTREES. Do

not retain the name BIOLIB, otherwise the original BIOLIB will, be

overwritten with the smaller subset Library. 

g. Select <Save> to create the new library NONTREES.DBF.

h. You will then be given a chance to save an Equation L

same root name containing these equations. The Equat

required for Calculating plant components.

ist file with the

ion List File is

Deleting marked equations and saving the remainder

5. Delete the equations for nontree species..

a. Select Delete equation(s) from Edit Library Menu.

b. Select Marked equations.

The original Equation Library, BIOLIB, is still alive and well because

BIOPAK is always working with copies of the Library files.

6. Now save the remaining equations, all for tree species.
Tutorials: Lesson Six--Editinq the Equation Library 90

a. Select File.

b. Select Save.

c. Select equation library Database.

d. Select All equations.

e. In the File Selection Window, name the file something like TREES.

will be given a .DBF extension.

Remember, before being able to use the Library in calculations, you a

must save it as an Equation list file.

NOTE: If you want to save a subset of the Library based on something

It

lso

other

than lifeform (for example, geographic area, plant component), it would be

helpful to sort the Library by these factors first.

Creating text documentation of equations

7. You also may want a printout of the text documentation for selected

equations. We will save the documentation for equations used. to calculate

BAT (total aboveground biomass) for the tree species PSME, in an earlier

tutorial. Refer to the printout of the Summarized Equation Use Report

(TUTORl.USE) you made in Lesson Four.

a. Select Browse equations. At least two different summations were used to

compute BAT. By looking at the equation keys in the Equation(s)

Actually Used column of the Summarized Equation Use Report, you can

match their keys with those of equations in the Library. In the

Equation Summarv Window the codes Spp, LF, Plant Comp, GA (geographic

area), SS (seral stage) and LE# (local equation number) comprise the

equation key.

b. One summation used equations for BCL, BCD, and BST. Another used

equations for BFT, BBL, BST, and BBD. Locate the equation keys for

these in the Equation Library and use + to mark each.

c. Select File from the Edit Library Menu.

d. Select Save equations.

e. Select Text documentation.

f. Select Marked equation(s).

g. In the File Selection Window, name the Equation Documentation Text File

something like PSME. It will be given a .TXT extension. If this

tutorial were an exercise with your own Input Data File, this file could

be saved or printed as documentation of the equations used to calculate

the total aboveground biomass of your Douglas-fir data.
Literature Cited 91

LITERATURE CITED

Alaback Paul B. 1986. Biomass regression equations for understory plants in

coastal Alaska: effects of species and sampling design on estimates.

Northwest Science. 60(2): 90-103.

Alaback Paul B. 1987. Biomass-dimension relationships of understory vegetation

in relation to site and stand age. In: Estimating tree biomass regressions

and their error: Proceedings of the workshop on tree biomass regression

functions and their contribution to the error of forestry inventory

estimates; 1986 May 26-30; Syracuse, NY. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-GTR-117.

Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern

Forest Experiment Station: 141-148.

Alemdag, I.S. 1980. Manual of data collection and processing for the

development of forest biomass relationships. Information Rep. PI-X-4. Chalk

River, ON: Canadian Forestry Service, Petawawa National Forestry Institute.

38 p.

Brix, H.; Mitchell, A.K. 1983. Thinning and nitrogen fertilization effects on

sapwood development and relationships of foliage quantity to sapwood area and

basal area in Douglas-fir. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 13: 384-

389.

Buech, Richard R.; Rugg, David J. 1989. Biomass relations of shrub components

and their generality. Forest Ecology and Management. 26: 257-264.

Daubenmire, Rexford. 1968. Plant communities: a textbook of plant synecology.

New York: Harper and Row. 300 p.

Dean, T.J.; Long, J.N. 1986. Variation in sapwood area-leaf area relations

within two stands of lodgepole pine. Forest Science. 32(3): 749-758.

Espinosa-Bancalari, M.A.; Perry, D.A.: Marshall, John D. 1987. Leaf areasapwood area relationships in adjacent young Douglas-fir stands with

different early growth rates. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 17(2)

174-180

Garrison, G.A.; Skovlin, J.M.; Poulton, C.E.; Winward, A.H. 1976. Northwest

plant names and symbols for ecosystem inventory and analysis. Gen Tech. Rep.

PNW-46. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific

Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 263 p.

Gholz, H.L.; Grier, C.C.; Campbell, A.G.; Brown, A.T. 1979. Equations for

estimating biomass and leaf area plants in the Pacific Northwest. Res. Pap.

41. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University, School of Forestry. 39 p.

,

Grier, Charles C.; Logan, Robert S. 1977. Old-growth Pseudotsuga menziesii

communities of a western Oregon watershed: biomass distribution and

production budgets. Ecological Monographs. 47: 373-400.
Literature Cited 92

Koerper, Greg J.; Richardson, Curtis J. 1980. Biomass and net annual primary

production regressions for Populus grandidentata on three sites in northern

lower Michigan. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 10(l): 92-101.

Long, J.N.; Smith, F.W. 1988. Estimating leaf area of Abies lasiocarpa across

ranges of stand density and site quality. Canadian Journal of Forest

Research. 19(7): 930-932.

Madgwick, H.A.I. 1970. Biomass and productivity models of forest canopies. In:

Reichle, David E., ed. Ecological studies: analysis of temperate forest

ecosystems. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag: 47-54. Vol. 1.

Marshall, J.D.; Waring, R.H. 1986. Comparison of methods of estimating leafarea index in old-growth Douglas-fir. Ecology. 67(4): 975-979.

Pearson, John A.; Fahey, Timothy J.; Knight, Dennis H. 1984. Biomass and leaf

area in contrasting lodgepole pine forests. Canadian Journal of Forest

Research. 14: 259-265.

Pieper R.D. 1978. Measurement techniques for herbaceous and shrubby

vegetation. Las Cruces, NM: New Mexico State University, Department of Animal

and Range Science. 145 p.

Sachs, Donald. 1983. Management effects on nitrogen nutrition and long-term

productivity of western hemlock stands: an exercise in simulation with

FORCYTE. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 63 p. M.S. thesis.

Schlaegel, Bryce E.; Kennedy, Harvey E., Jr. 1984. Do different young

plantation-grown species require different biomass models? In: Saucier,

Joseph R., ed.: Proceedings of the 1984 Southern forest biomass workshop;

1984 June 5-7; Athens, GA. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station: 23-35.

Standish, J.T.; Manning, G.H.; Demaerschalk, J.P. 1985. Development of biomass

equations for British Columbia tree species. Vancouver, BC: Pacific Forestry

Centre, Canadian Forestry Service. 47 p.

Stanek, W.; State, D. 1978. Equations predicting primary productivity (biomass)

of trees, shrubs and lesser vegetation based on current literature. Victoria,

BC: Canadian Forestry Service, Pacific Forest Research Centre. 58 p.

Thompson, Dan C. 1989. The effect of stand structure and stand density on the

leaf area-sapwood area relationship of lodgepole pine. Canadian Journal of

Forest Research. 19: 392-398.

Tritton, Louise M.; Hornbeck, James W. 1982. Biomass equations for major tree

species of the Northeast. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-GTR-69. Durham, NH: US

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment

Station. 46 p.

Valentine, Harry T.; Tritton, Louise M.; Furnival, George M. 1984. Subsampling

trees for biomass, volume, or mineral content. Forest Science. 30(3):

673-681.
Literature Cited 93

Waring, R.H.; Schroeder, P.E.; Oren, R. 1982. Application of the pipe model

theory to predict canopy leaf area. Canadian Journal of Forest Research.

12(3): 556-560.

Weiner, Jacob; Thomas, Sean C. 1992. Competition and allometry in three

species of annual plants. Ecology. 73(2): 648-656.

Wharton, Eric H.; Cunia, Tiberius, comps. 1987. Estimating tree biomass

regressions and their error. In: Proceedings of the workshop on tree biomass

regression functions and their contribution to the error of forest inventory

estimates; 1986 May 26-30; Syracuse, NY. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-GTR-117.

Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern

Forest Experiment Station. 303 p.

Whittaker, R.H.; Bormann, F.H.; Likens, G.E.; Siccama, T.G. 1974. The Hubbard

Brook ecosystem study: forest biomass and production. Ecological Monographs.

44: 233-254.

Whittaker, R.H.; Woodwell, G.M. 1968. Dimension and production relations of

trees and shrubs in the Brookhaven Forest, New York. Journal of Ecology. 56:

l-25.

Woods, Kerry D.; Feiveson, A.H.; Botkin, Daniel B. 1991. Statistical error

analysis for biomass density and leaf area index estimation. Canadian

Journal of Forest Research. 21: 974-989.
Appendices: 94

APPENDICES

Appendices include more detail and start with complete contents.

Section

95 Codes

95 Geographic Area codes and Seral Stage codes now in BIOPAK

96 Lifeform codes allowed by BIOPAK

96 Parameter codes allowed by BIOPAK

97 Plant Component codes currently built into BIOPAK

98 Species codes in current Equation Library

103 Customizing BIOPAK

103 Equation Library

103 BIOCODES File

109 BIOSUMM File

113 Equation Library

113 The Library supplied with BIOPAK

131 Equation Selection Penalties (ESP)

131 Equation Selection Penalty (ESP) calculation

137 Maximum, Threshold and Summation ESP Levels

140 Setting levels

140 Changing contributions to the Equation Selection Penalty

141 Files

141 User files

141 Run Design files

142 Equation Library files

142 Program files

143 Reports

144 Lifeform

144 Lifeform substitutions

144 BIOPAK Lifeform substitution procedures

146 Selecting Equations and Summations

148 BIOPAK selects Equations and Summations

150 User selects Equations and Summations

154 Situations when Reassignments are recommended

156 Troubleshooting

156 Error messages

156 Installation errors

157 Errors when starting BIOPAK

157 Design a Run warnings and error messages

161 Library Editor errors and warnings

161 Errors when calculating plant components

162 Errors when generating reports

163 Errors when viewing reports

163 Errors in reports

168 Known bugs

168 Strange behavior and red error boxes

171 Units

171 Parameter units

172 Component units
Appendices: Codes 95

Codes

Section

95 Geographic Area codes and Seral Stage codes now in BIOPAK

96 Lifeform codes allowed by BIOPAK

96 Parameter codes allowed by BIOPAK

97 Plant Component codes currently built into BIOPAK

98 Species codes in current Equation Library

There are six types of codes; four codes can be modified by the user

(Geographic Area, Seral Stage, Plant Component, and Species), and two cannot be

changed (Lifeform and Parameter). All codes, except Parameter, are part of the

Equation Key and affect selection of equations from the Library.

Geographic Area codes and Seral Stage codes now in BIOPAK

Geographic Area and Seral Stage codes either must be included in the Input Data

File or be specified in the Default Settings Window of Design a Run. The codes

can be modified as described in Appendix: Customizing BIOPAK. They are part of

the Equation Key. The following Geographic Area and Seral Stage codes fit

ecosystems (primarily forests) in our area.

Code Meaning

Geographic Area codes:

A Southeast Alaska

C Coast Ranges (BC, WA, OR, N. CA)

E East side of the Cascades and eastern OR and WA

R Rocky Mountains

S Sierra Nevada

W West side of the Cascades

G General (Combination of several areas, or unknown)

Seral Stage codes:

E Early (recently disturbed sites; reorganizational stage of

succession; self-thinning not important; herbs and/or shrubs are

usually dominant in our area)

Y Young (site approaching full occupancy, or site fully occupied; selfthinning occurring; no or little establishment by later-seral

species)

M Mature (significant establishment and growth of later-seral species;

canopy of early seral species breaking up)

O Old-growth (Original canopy well broken up; late-seral species very

common and dominating understory)

G General (combination of several stages, or unknown)
Appendices: Codes 96

Lifeform codes allowed by BIOPAK

Lifeform codes either must be included in the Input Data File or be substituted

by the user or BIOPAK. The following are the only Lifeform codes recognized by

BIOPAK. They cannot be changed by the user. Lifeform code is part of the

Equation Key.

Code Lifeform Strata used in reports

C Sedge, rush Herb

H

Grass Herb

Herb Herb

K Coppice Shrub

M

Lichen Moss

Bryophyte Moss

T

Shrub Shrub

Tree Tree

Parameter codes allowed by BIOPAK

The following Parameter codes are used in the Data Input Format Window of

Design a Run and in the Equation Library; they are not included in the Input

Data File. In the Data Input Format Window, the codes represent the measured

parameters in the Input Data File. In the Equation Library, Parameter codes

represent the independent variables used to calculate the plant components,

except that codes marked by asterisks cannot be used in equations. These codes

are the only Parameter codes recognized by BIOPAK. They cannot be changed by

the user. Be sure to look at the documentation for each equation to be used to

see where and how these parameters were measured.

Code Description

BIO Biomass

CIR Circumference

cov Canopy cover

CR Crown ratio

DBA Diameter at or near base

DBH Diameter at breast height

HT

Form class

Height

LEN Length (for example, along stem, projected crown length)

NUM

Number of plants

Number (for example, of fronds, stems, or flowers)

*PLOTAREA Fixed-plot area

*PRISMFAC Prism basal area factor

*PLTSLOPE Plot slope correction

SAP Sapwood radial thickness

SPA Sapwood cross-sectional area

VOL Volume (for example, of bole, or crown)

WID Width (for example, projected crown width)
Appendices: Codes 97

Plant Component codes currently built into BIOPAK

Plant Component codes come into play when components are requested for

calculation. Component codes are part of the Equation Key. The definitions

are ordered by derivation of the code. This list can be modified as described

in Appendix: Customizing BIOPAK: BIOCODES File. Note: Equations are not

available in the Library for every component listed below.

Code Definition

Leaves and flowers:

AFN All-sided area, foliage, new

AFO All-sided area, foliage, old

AFT All-sided area, foliage, total

BFF Biomass, foliage (fronds), fertile

BFN Biomass, foliage, new

BFO Biomass, foliage, old

BFT Biomass, foliage, total

BFV Biomass, foliage (fronds), vegetative

BIT Biomass, inflorescence, total

PFN Projected (one-sided for broad leaves) area, foliage, new

PFO Projected (one-sided for broad leaves) area, foliage, old

PFT Projected (one-sided for broad leaves) area, foliage, total

Branches:

BBD Biomass, branches, dead

BBL Biomass, branches, live

BBS Biomass, branches, small

BBT Biomass, branches, total (live + dead)

Stems:

BSB Biomass, stem, bark (may or may not include top and/or stump)

BST Biomass, stem, total (bark plus wood)

BSW Biomass, stem, wood (may or may not include top and/or stump)

CSB Cross-sectional area, stem, at base of the stem

CSD Cross-sectional area, stem, at d.b.h.

CZB Cross-sectional area, sapwood, at base of the stem

CZD Cross-sectional area, sapwood, at d.b.h.

HST Height, stem, total

LSL Length of longest stem

VQW Volume, top, wood

VSB Volume, stem, bark (may or may not include top and/or stump)

VST Volume, stem, total (wood plus bark)

VSW Volume, stem, wood (may or may not include top and/or stump)

VSZ Volume, stem, sapwood

VYl Volume, boardfoot, Scribner

VY2 Volume, boardfoot, International

Crown (wood + bark + foliage):

BCD Biomass, crown, dead (may or may not include top of stem)

BCL Biomass, crown, live (may or may not include top of stem)

BCT Biomass, crown, total (live plus dead)

PCH Projected area, crown, projected onto the horizontal plane

PCS Projected area, crown, projected onto the sloping ground surface

VCT Volume, crown, total

Underground:

BKC Biomass, coarse roots, root crown

BKL Biomass, coarse roots, live
Appendices: Codes 98

BLL Biomass, rootlets (fine), live

BLM Biomass, rootlets (fine), mycorrhizal

BLU Biomass, rootlets (fine), unmycorrhizal

BRD Biomass, roots, dead

BRL Biomass, roots, live

BRT Biomass, roots, total

BUD Biomass, underground, dead

BUL Biomass, underground, live

BUN Biomass, underground, nodules

BUT Biomass, underground, total

Groups of components (relations shown graphically in figures 2-4):

BAE Biomass, aboveground, entire (live and dead, wood plus bark)

BAL Biomass, aboveground, live (wood t bark t foliage)

BAP Biomass, aboveground, plus (live, wood plus bark)

BAT Biomass, aboveground, total (live and dead, wood t bark t foliage)

BTT Biomass, total (aboveground and underground), total

VAE Volume, aboveground, entire (live and dead, wood t bark)

Species codes in current Equation Library

The Species codes in the library as of December 1993 are listed by lifeform

groups. The letters in parentheses after the lifeform group names represent

the Taxonomic Lifeform codes associated with the species in the Equation

Library.

Code Scientific name Common name

Sedges (C):

LUCA2 Luzula campestris Smooth woodrush

LUZUL Luzula spp. Woodrush

Grasses (G):

AGROS Agrostis spp.

CARU Calamagrostis rubescens

FEAR Festuca arizonica

FESTU Festuca spp.

Gramin Graminoides spp.

POFE Poa fendleriana

Herbs, Forbs (H):

ADBI

ADPE

ANMA

ARCA3

ATFI

BLSP

CASC2

CIRSI

CIVU

CLUN

COAS

Adenocaulon bicolor

Adiantum pedatum

Anaphalis margaritacea

Aralia californica

Athyrium filix-femina

Blechnum spicant

Campanula scouleri

Cirsium spp.

Cirsium vulgare

Clintonia uniflora

Coptis aspenifolia

Bentgrass

Pinegrass

Arizona fescue

Fescue

Any grass species

Muttongrass

American adenocaulon

Northern maidenhair fern

Common pearl everlasting

California aralia

Ladyfern

Deerfern

Bellflower

Thistle

Bull thistle

Queencup beadlily

Spleenwort-leaved goldthread
 Appendices: Codes 99

COCA

COCA2

COHE

COLA

DRAU2

EPAN

EPPA

EPWA

EQUIS

GATR

GNMI

GOOB

GYDR

HIAL

LAPO

LIBO2

LOCR

LOOB

LULA

MADIA

MADI2

MIGU

MOUN

MUMO

OXOR

PEFR2

PERA

POMU

PTAQ

PYSE

RUPE

SEJA

SESY

SETR

SILO2

SMST

STC04

THOC

TITR

TRLA

TRLA2

VISE

WHMO

XETE

Coppice

RHMA

ACCI

ACMA

ARME

CONU

LIDE

QUKE

Cornus canadensis

Conyza canadensis

Collomia heterphyla

Coptis laciniata

Dryopteris austriaca

Epilobium angustifolium

Epilobium paniculatum

Epilobium watsonii

Equisetum spp.

Galium triflorum

Gnaphalium microcephalum

Goodyera oblongifolia

Gymnocarpium dryopteris

Hieracium albiflorum

Lathyrus polyphyllus

Linnaea borealis

Lotus crassifolius

Lotus oblongifolius

Lupinus latifolius

Madia spp.

Maianthemum dilatitum

Mimulu guttatus

Moneses uniflora

Muhlenbergia montana

Oxalis oregana

Petasites frigidus

Pedicularis racemosa

Polystichum munitum

Pteridium aquilinum

Pyrola secunda

Rubus pedatus

Senecio jacobaea

Senecio silvaticus

Senecio triangularis

Sitanion longifolium

Smilacina stellata

Stachys cooleyae

Thalicrum occidentale

Tiarella trifoliata

Trifolium latifolium

Tridentalis latifolia

Viola sempervirens

Whipplea modesta

Xerophyllum tenax

(K) :

Rhododendron macrophyllum

Acer circinatum

Acer macrophyllum

Arbustus menziensii

Cornus nuttalli

Lithocarpus densiflorus

Quercus kelloggii

Bunchberry dogwood

Horseweed

Varied-leaf colomia

Cutleaf goldthread

Mountain woodfern

Fireweed

Autumn willow-weed

Watson's willow-weed

Horsetail

Sweetscented bedstraw

Cudweed

Rattlesnake-plantain

Oak-fern

White hawkweed

Pacific peavine

Twinflower

Big lotus

Lotus specie

Broadleaf lupine

Tarweed

May-lily

Common monkeyflower

Woodnymph

Mountain muhly

Oregon oxalis

Sweet coltsfoot

Sickletop pedicularis

Pacific coast swordfern

Braken fern

Sidebells

Five-leaved bramble

Tansey ragwort

Woodland groundsel

Arrowleaf groundsel

Squirreltail

Starry solomonplume

Cooley's hedge-nettle

Western meadowrue

Foamflower, coolwort

Twin clover

Western starflower

Redwoods violet

Whipplevine

Beargrass

Vine maple

Bigleaf maple

Pacific madrone

Pacific dogwood

Tanoak

California black oak

Pacific rhododendron
Appendices: Codes 100

Bryophytes (M):

EUOR

HYCI

HYSP

JULA

PLUN

POMA4

PTCR

RHGL

RHLO

Eurhynchium oreganum

Hypnum circinale

Hylocomium splendens

Jungermannia lanceolata

Plagiothecium undulatum

Pogonatum macounii

Ptilium crista-castransis

Rhizomnium glabrescens

Rhytidiadelphus lorens

Moss

Moss

Feather moss

Liverwort

Moss

Moss

Moss

Moss

Feather moss

Shrubs (S):

ACCI

ACGL

ALSI

AMAL

ARC03

ARPA

ARTR

ARUV

ARVI

BENE

BERE

CACH

CASE

CECO

CEIN

CESA

CEVE

CEVEL

CEVEV

CHNA

CHUM

COCOC

COCA2

COST

GASH

HABL

HODI

JUCO

LIDE

LOUT

MEFE

OPHO

PAMY

PHLE2

PHMA

PRVI

PUTR

QUKE

RHMA

RIBES

RIBR

Acer circinatum Vine maple

Acer glabrum Mountain maple

Alnus sinuata Sitka alder

Amelanchier alnifolia Serviceberry

Arctostaphylos columbiana Manzanita

Arctostaphylos patula Greenleaf manzanita

Artemisia tridentata Big sagebrush

Arctostaphylos uvi-ursi Kinnikinnick

Arctostaphylos viscida Whiteleaf manzanita

Berberis nervosa Cascade hollygrape

Berberis repens Creeping hollygrape

Castanopsis chrysophylla Golden chinkapin

Castanopsis sempervirens Sierra chinkapin

Ceanothus cordulatus Mt. whitethorn ceanothus

Ceanothus integerrimus Deerbrush ceanothus

Ceanothus sanguineus Redstem ceanothus

Ceanothus velutinus Snowbrush ceanothus

Ceanothus velutinus var. laevigatus Greasewood

Ceanothus velutinus var. velutinus

Chrysothamnus nauseosus

Chionophila umbellata

Corylus cornuta var. californica

Corylus cornuta

Cornus stolonifera

Gaultheria shallon

Haplopappus bloomeri

Holodiscus discolor

Juniperus communis

Lithocarpus densiflorus

Lonicera utahensis

Menziensia ferruginea

Oplopanax horridum

Pachistima myrsinites

Philadelphus lewisii

Physocarpus malvaceus

Prunus virginiana

Purshia tridentata

Quercus kelloggii

Rhododendron macrophyllum

Ribes spp.

Ribes bracteosum

Rubber/gray rabbitbrush

Common princes-pine

California hazel.

Hazel

Western dogwood

Sal al

Rabbitbrush goldenweed

Creambush rockspirea

Common juniper

Tanoak

Utah honeysuckle

Smooth menziensia

American devilsclub

Oregon boxwood

Mockorange

ninebark

Chokecherry

Antelope bitterbrush

California balch oak

Pacific rhododendron

Currant species

Stink currant
ROSA Rosa spp.

RUID Rubus idaeus

RULE Rubus leucodermis

RUPA Rubus parviflorus

RUSP Rubus spectabilis

RUUR Rubus ursinus

SAJE Salix jepsonii

SALIX Salix

SASC Salix scouleriana

SASE Sambucus cerulea

SAS12 Salix sitchensis

SHCA Sherphedia canadensis

sosc Sorbus scopulina

SPBE Spirea betulifolia

SYAL Symphoricarpos albus

SYMPH Symphoricarpos

VAAL Vaccinium alaskaense

VACC I Vaccinium spp.

VAGL Vaccinium globulare

VAPA Vaccinium parviflorum

VASC Vaccinium scoparium

Trees, Tree combinations (T):

ABIES Abies spp.

ABAM Abies amabilis

ABCO Abies concolor

ABGR Abies grandis

ABLA2 Abies lasiocarpa

ABMA Abies magnifica

ABMAS Abies magnifica shastensis

ABPR Abies procera

ACMA Acer macrophyllum

ALRU Alnus rubra

ALSI Alnus sinuata

ARME Arbutus menziesii

BEPA Betula papyrifera

CADE Calocedrus decurrens

CACH Castanopsis chrysophylla

CEDAR CHNO & THPL

CHNO Chamaecyparis nootkatensis

JUOC Juniperus occidentalis

JUSC Juniperus scopulorum

LAOC Larix occidentalis

LIDE Lithocarpus densiflorus

PIAB PIMO & ABGR & PIAL

PIAL Pinus albicaulus

PICO Pinus contorta

PIEN Picea engelmannii

PIJE Pinus jefferyi

PILA Pinus lambertiana

PIMO Pinus monticola

PINUS Pinus

PIP0 Pinus ponderosa

PISI Picea sitchensis

Rose species

Red raspberry

Whitebark raspberry

Western thimbleberry

Salmonberry

California dewberry

A willow

Willow species

Scouler willow

Blueberry elder

Sitka willow

Buffaloberry

Mountain ash

White spirea

Common snowberry

Snowberry species

Alaskan huckleberry

Huckleberry species

Blue huckleberry

Red whortleberry

Grouse whortleberry

Fir species

Pacific silver fir

White fir

Grand fir

Subalpine fir

California red fir

Shasta red fir

Noble fir

Bigleaf maple

Red alder

Sitka alder

Pacific madrone

White/paper birch

Incense-cedar

Golden chinkapin

Alaska yellow-cedar

Western juniper

Rocky Mountain juniper

Western larch

Tanoak

Whitebark pine

Lodgepole pine

Engelmann spruce

Jeffrey pine

Sugar pine

Western white pine

Pine species

Ponderosa pine

Sitka spruce
POTR

POTR2

PPPA

PREM

PSME

QUAG

QUCH

QUEN

QUGA

QUKE

QULO

QUWI

SEGI

THLAPI

THPL

THPSPI

TSHE

TSME

UMCA

Populus tremuloides

Populus trichocarpa

PSME & PIPO & PIEN & ABLA 2

Prunus emarginata

Pseudotsuga menziesii

Quercus agrifolia

Quercus chrysolepsis

Quercus douglasii

Quercus engelmannii

Quercus garryana

Quercus kelloggii

Quercus lobata

Quercus wislizeni

Sequoiadendron giganteum

THPL & LAOC & PICO

Thuja plicata

THPL & PSME & PIPO

Tsuga heterophylla

Tsuga mertensiana

Umbellularia californica

Quaking aspen

Black cottonwood

Bitter cherry

Douglas-fir

Coast live oak

Canyon live oak

Blue oak

Engelmann oak

Oregon white oak

California black oak

Valley oak

Interior live oak

Giant sequoia

Western redcedar

Western hemlock

Mountain hemlock

California-laurel
 Customizing BIOPAK

Section

103 Equation Library

103 BIOCODES File

106 Modifying Plant Component codes

108 Modifying Geographic Area codes

108 Modifying Seral Stage codes

108 Modifying Equation Selection Penalties

109 BIOSUMM File

110 Modifying the Default Summation Trees

BIOPAK was designed to meet the needs of our ecology research group at the

Pacific Northwest Research Station in Corvallis, Oregon. We have bu-ilt some

flexibility into the system, however, by allowing users to customize some key

elements of the software.

Equation Library

The Equation Library shipped with BIOPAK contains about 1,000 equations. Most

equations were developed in the Pacific Northwest. The Equation Library Editor

allows for both modifying the existing Library, and for creating a new one.

Reference: Library Editor contains full information on adding new equations and

Appendix: Equation Library gives more information on the Equation Library

shipped with BIOPAK.

For your particular needs, you will probably modify the Equation Library. For

example, if BIOPAK will be used in a limited geographic area, you may want to

save a subset of the existing library and add more equations from a particular

region. If BIOPAK will be used outside the Northwest of the United States of

America you will probably want to build a library of new equations.

BIOCODES File

BIOCODES is a flat ASCII file that can be modified with a text editor. The

file contains all Plant Component codes and units, Geographic Area codes, Seral

Stage codes, and Equation Selection Penalties (ESPs). The BIOCODES file

provides a great deal of flexibility in applying BIOPAK, but user beware! The

format and function of the file must be understood before it can be modified;

otherwise, invalid results or a nonfunctional program may result. Before

starting any modifications, make a backup copy of the, BIOCODES file.

The BIOCODES file is used for several purposes in the software:

1. Data verification in the Run Design module. The Plant Component,

Geographic Area and Seral Stage codes, as specified in BIOCODES, are the

only valid entries when designing a run. The NO VALUE CALCULATED Equation

Selection Penalty level is also the upper limit for ESP Levels in the

Default Settings Window.

2. Selection of equations. The ESP values associated with each mismatch
Appendices: Customizing BIOPAK 104

affect the selection of equations from the Library. For a given record

from the Input Data File, BIOPAK will select an equation with the lowest

total ESP.

3. Column headings in reports. The abbreviated component descriptions entered

under the columns "Titlinel" and "Titline2" are used as column headings for

the component output in reports.

Lines beginning with an asterisk (*) denote lines read directly by the

software. The text in the lines directly following the asterisk must not be

changed, or the program will not run.

Lines beginning with an ampersand (&) are comments and may be inserted anywhere

in BIOCODES. In this case, the ampersand was used to insert column headings so

that the file is easier to interpret.

Because the file is read directly by the software, be sure to retain the file

format. Be careful in modifying BIOCODES, no error checking is done. If the

structure is not correct, the program may crash or give invalid results.

Here is a sample BIOCODES File:

*COMPONENT CODES (LEXICAL ORDER)

&Co Unit TitLinel TitLine2 Definition

AFN cm2 AREA NEW FOLIAGE Area, foliage, new

AFO cm2 AREA OLD FOLIAGE Area, foliage, old

AFT cm2 AREA TOT FOLIAGE Area, foliage, total

BAE gm BIO ENTR ABOVGRND Biomass, aboveground, entire (live&dead, wood+bark)

BAL gm BIO LIVE ABOVGRND Biomass, aboveground, live, total

BAP gm BIO W+BK ABOVGRND Biomass, aboveground, wood t bark

BAT gm BIO TOT ABOVGRND Biomass, aboveground, total

BBD gm BIO DEAD BRANCHES Biomass, branches, dead

BBL gm BIO LIVE BRANCHES Biomass, branches, live

BBS gm BIO SMAL BRANCHES Biomass, branches, small

BBT gm BIO TOT BRANCHES Biomass, branches, total (live t dead)

BCD gm BIO DEAD CROWN Biomass, crown, dead

BCL gm BIO LIVE CROWN Biomass, crown, live

BCT gm BIO TOT CROWN Biomass, crown, total

BFF gm BIO FERT FRONDS Biomass, foliage (fronds), fertile

BFN gm BIO NEW FOLIAGE Biomass, foliage, new

BFO gm BIO OLD FOLIAGE Biomass, foliage, old

BFT gm BIO TOT FOLIAGE Biomass, foliage, total

BFV gm BIO VEG FRONDS Biomass, foliage (fronds), vegetative

BIT gm BIOMASS INFLORES Biomass, inflorescense, total

BKC gm BIO CRWN COARSRTS Biomass, koarse roots, root crown

BKL gm BIO LIVE COARSRTS Biomass, koarse roots, live

BLL gm BIO LIVE ROOTLETS Biomass, rootlets (fine), live

BLM gm BIO MYC ROOTLETS Biomass, rootlets (fine), mycorrhizal

BLU gm BIO UNMY ROOTLETS Biomass, rootlets (fine), un-mycorrhizal

BRD gm BIO DEAD ROOTS Biomass, roots, dead

BRL gm BIO LIVE ROOTS Biomass, roots, live

BRT gm BIO TOT ROOTS Biomass, roots, total (live t dead)

BSB gm BIO STEM BARK Biomass, stem, bark

BST gm BIO STEM TOTAL Biomass, stem, total

BSW gm BIO STEM WOOD Biomass, stem, wood

BTT gm BIO TOT TOTAL Biomass, total (above and below ground), total
Appendices: Customizinq BIOPAK 105

BUD gm BIO DEAD UNDRGRND Biomass, underground, dead

BUL gm BIO LIVE UNDRGRND Biomass, underground, live

BUN gm BIO NOD UNDRGRND Biomass, underground, nodules

BUT gm BIO TOT UNDRGRND Biomass, underground, total

CSB cm2 AREA STM BASE Cross-sectional area, stem, at base of the stem

CSD cm2 AREA STM BREAST Cross-sectional area, stem, at d.b.h.

CZB cm2 AREA SAP BASE Cross-sectional area, sapwood, at base of the stem

CZD cm2 AREA SAP BREAST Cross-sectional area, sapwood, at d.b.h.

HST m HT STEM TOTAL Height, stem, total

LSL m LEN LONG STEM Length of the longest stem

PCH cm2 PROJ CRN HORIZONT Projected area, crown, onto the horizontal plane

PCS cm2 PROJ CRN SLP GRND Projected area, crown, onto the sloping ground surface

PFN cm2 PROJ NEW FOLIAGE Projected area, foliage, new

PFO cm2 PROJ OLD FOLIAGE Projected area, foliage, old

PFT cm2 PROJ TOT FOLIAGE Projected area, foliage, total

VAE m3 VOL ENTR ABOVGRND Volume, aboveground, entire (live & dead wood t bark)

VCT m3 VOL TOT CROWN Volume, crown, total

VQW cm3 VOL WOOD TOP Volume, top, wood

VSB cm3 VOL STEM BARK Volume, stem, bark

VST cm3 VOL STEM TOTAL Volume, stem, total (top and stump)

VSW cm3 VOL STEM WOOD Volume, stem, wood

VSZ cm3 VOL STEM SAPWOOD Volume, stem, sapwood

VY1 bdft VOL BDFT SCRIBNER Volume, boardfoot, Scribner

VY2 bdft VOL BDFT INTERNAT Volume, boardfoot, International

*GEOGRAPHIC AREA CODES

G General

A Southeast Alaska

C Coast Ranges

W Western Cascades and High Cascades

E East side of Cascades and eastern Oregon and Washington

R Rocky Mountains

S Sierra Nevada

*GTABLE

& Codes in top line are for candidate equations

& Codes in 1st row are for Request to Library

G

'G' 0 51;

c w

511 510 515 51; 51;

'A' 510 0 110 111 10012 10010 10011

‘C’ 510 111 0 110 1012 1011 1013

'W' 510 111 110 0 1012 1011 1013

'E' 510 10000 1011 1010 0 110 111

'R' 510 10000 1011 1010 111

‘S’ 510 10000 1011 1010 110

 0

0

*SERAL STAGE CODES

G General

E Early vegetation in reorganizational stages of succession

Y Young vegetation in early stages of succession

M Mature vegetation in middle stages of succession

O Old-growth vegetation in late stages of succession
Appendices: Customizinq BIOPAK 106

*STABLE

& Codes in top line are for candidate equations

& Codes in 1st row are for Request to Library

G

'G' 0 1003 1001 1000 1002

'E' 1001 0 1000 10001 10000

lYl 1000 1001 100 1002

'M' 1000 10000 101 0 100

‘0’ 1000 10000 1001 100 0

*UNDER-EXTRAPOLATION:

150

*OVER-EXTRAPOLATION:

20050

*PARAMETER RANGE UNKNOWN:

3000

*COPPICE CHANGED -TO TAX LIFE:

4000

*BFT CHANGED TO BAT FOR HGS:

5000

*NO VALUE CALCULATED:

80000

Modifying Plant Component codesThe Plant Component codes recognized by BIOPAK may be added, changed, or

deleted. There may be a total of 150 Plant Component codes, and they must be

in alphabetical order. For each Plant Component code added, the units

associated with them also must be included. Only the metric units in Appendix:

Units are valid because these units must match those in the Equation Library.

When modifying Component codes, stay within the section of BIOCODES following

the line:

*COMPONENT CODES (LEXICAL ORDER)

The format is as follows:

Columns: Contents:

1-3 Component code, all capital letters

4 Blank

5-8 Units (must be metric, as in Appendix: Units)

9 Blank

10-17 Column heading in reports, line 1

Blank

19-26 Column heading in reports, line 2

Blank

28-80 Descriptive label (used in Components to Output)

A system was developed to construct the list of codes shipped with BIOPAK.

Table 2 illustrates the system and the meaning of the characters used in their

construction. Use of all these characters is encouraged so that all Plant

Component codes have a consistent interpretation.
Appendices: Customizinq BIOPAK 107

Table 2--BIOPAK system for deriving Plant Component codesa

Character Meaning(s)

First character:

A All-sided surface or leaf area

P Projected surface or leaf area

C Cross-sectional area

B Biomass

H Plant height

L Length of longest stem

V Volume

Second character:

A Aboveground

B Branch

C Crown (branches and foliage)

F Foliage or fronds

I Inflorescence

Z Sapwwod

S Stem

Y Board feet

Q Top

T Total (aboveground and underground)

U Underground

R Roots

L Little roots (generally < 2 mm diameter)

K Coarse roots (generally > 2 mm diameter)

W Current year twigs

N Current year twigs and foliage

X Aboveground woody without current year twigs, with bark.

Third character:

B Bark; or Base of stem

W Wood

P Wood plus bark, live

E Entire: live and dead, wood and bark

L Live; or Longest

D Dead; or DBH

N Nodules; or New

0 Old

F Fertile (reproductive)

V Vegetative (not reproductive)

C Crown (canopy crown or root crown)

T Total

S Small; Or Projected onto the sloping ground surface

M Mycorrhizal

U Unmycorrhizal

Z Sapwood

1 Scribner

2 International

a

 Each Plant Component code is made of 3 characters with the meanings given here
Appendices: Customizins BIOPAK 108

Modifying Geographic Area codes--

Most of the equations shipped with BIOPAK were developed in the Pacific

Northwest. You may want to use BIOPAK outside this region, or add more

specific geographic areas than those found in the current version of BIOCODES.

If more equations from other regions are added, the new Geographic Area codes

and their associated ESPs need to be added. There also may be reason to split

up the geographic areas currently found in BIOCODES. Again, the new codes and

their associated ESPs must be added.

Codes and their meanings can be added, modified, or deleted after the line:

*GEOGRAPHIC AREA CODES

Any letter may be used as a Geographic Area code; therefore there may be a

total of up to 26 codes. After settling on a new set of codes, the codes and

ESPs immediately following the line:

*GTABLE

must be revised. The codes on the top and side of the *GTABLE must be in the

same order as those following *GEOGRAPHIC AREA CODES. The codes on the left

side must start in column 1 and be enclosed in single quotes. Values on each

line in this square matrix are delimited by white spaces (a blank or several

blanks -in row). Lining up values in the same column will facilitate

interpretation by inserting multiple blanks. The codes across the top line

represent those of candidate equations in the Library, and the codes in the

first column represent those in the Request to the Library (from data or

Default Settinqs Window). Refer to Modifying Equation Selection Penalties for

guidelines on setting ESPs.

Modifying Seral Stage codes--

The'seral stages shipped with BIOPAK

perspective. The equations in the L

working from a different perspective

The Seral Stage codes and their meanings

after the line

*SERAL STAGE CODES

reflect a particular plant ecology.

brary use these Seral Stage codes. If

you may want to change the given codes.

 can be added, changed, or deleted

Any letter may be used as a Seral Stage code; therefore there may be a total of

up to 26 codes. After a new set of codes is settled on, the codes and ESPs

immediately following the line

*STABLE

must be revised. The codes on the top and side of the *STABLE must be in the

same order as those following *SERAL STAGE CODES. The codes on the left side

must start in column 1 and be enclosed in single quotes, for example, 'G'.

Values on each line in this square matrix are delimited by white spaces (a

blank or several blanks in a row). We suggest lining up values in the same

column to facilitate interpretation by inserting multiple blanks. The codes

across the top line represent those of candidate equations in the Library, and

the codes in the first column represent those in the Request to the Library

(from data or Default Settinqs Window). Refer to Modifying Equation Selection

Penalties for guidelines on setting ESPs.

Modifying Equation Selection Penalties--

The major feature of BIOPAK is its ability to link vegetation Input Data Files

with a library of equations. In many instances, the plants used to construct
Appendices: Customizing BIOPAK 109

ic

the equations in the Library will closely match the plants in the Input Data

File. There also will be instances, however, when the plant sizes, geograph

areas, or seral stages will not match. With each mismatch, there is an

associated Equation Selection Penalty.

The severity of the mismatch will depend on the particular situation; for

example, if the Input Data File were from southeast Alaska, but an equation is

used from coastal Oregon, a slight geographic mismatch will occur. If the

equation were from the Sierras, however, the mismatch would be more severe.

The ESPs assigned to each mismatch should reflect these severities.

In the BIOCODES file shipped with BIOPAK, we used four levels of magnitude

(100, 500, 1000, and 10000) for geographic area and seral stage mismatches. On

some lines in the geographic area and seral stage tables, there is more than

one ESP of the same magnitude. In these cases, we ranked the ESPs in order of

preference, for example, for an Input Data File from the west side of the

Cascades (W), we preferred C (Oregon and Washington Coast Ranges) over A

(southeast Alaska).

Keep in mind the purpose of the ESPs. For each record in the Input Data File,

BIOPAK will consider equations for a given species and plant component. If

there is an equation that matches the input record exactly (same species,

lifeform, geographic area, seral stage, and plant size), the resultant ESP

would be zero. Although the species and lifeform must match, there may be some

geographic area and seral stage mismatches, or plant size extrapolations.

BIOPAK will sum the ESPs for each potential equation and select an equation

that will result in the lowest ESP value.

File

When an equation for a specific species and plant component is not present in

the Equation Library, BIOPAK may perform a summation of lesser components. See

Appendix: Selecting Equations and Summations: BIOPAK Selects Summations for

more details.

These default summation trees, as shown in figures 2 to 4, are specified in a

flat ASCII file called BIOSUMM. These summation trees may be modified, within

strict guidelines; however, great care should be taken when doing this. It is

easy to make mistakes that will be difficult to detect. Refer to Appendix:

Selecting Equations and Summation: BIOPAK Selects Summation for the roles of

Equation Selection Penalty weights.

Any line that begins with a dollar sign ($) or an ampersand-(&) is considered a

comment, and may be placed anywhere in BIOSUMM. In this case, we used an

ampersand to insert column headings and a dollar sign to insert column numbers.

Any "+" sign in the first column indicates that an alternative summation is

available; for example, for BAT, either BFT and BAE can be summed, or BCT and

BST can be summed.
Appendices: Customizins BIOPAK 110

Here is an example of a BIOSUMM File:

& Tree-Shrub-Coppi Herb-Grass-Sedge Moss-Lichen-Bryo

&Co SummStructl ESPl SummStruct2 ESP2 SummStruct3 ESP3

$23456789012345678901234567893012345678901234567890

AFN

AFO

AFT AFN+AFO AFN+AFO AFN+AFO

BAE BAP+BBD

BAP BBL+BST

BAT BFT+BAE BFT+BST BFT

+ BCT+BST

BBD 0.1

BBL 0.1

BCD

BCL

BCT BCL+BCD.

BFN

BFO

BFT BFN+BFO 0.1 BFN+BFO BFN+BFO

BKC

BKL

BLL BLU+BLM BLU+BLM

BLM

BLU

BRL BKC+BKL+BLL BKL+BLL

BSB 0.1

 BST BSB+BSW

BSW

BTT BAT+BUT BAT+BUT BAT+BUL

BUD

BUL BRL+BUN BRL+BUN

BUN 0.1

BUT BULtBUD BULtBUD

PFN

PFO

PFT PFN+PFO PFN+PFO PFN+PFO

VSB 0.1

VST VSB+VSW

vsw

Modifyjng the Default Summation Trees--

The Component codes are in the first three columns of the BIOSUMM File, The

Component codes from the BIOCODES File must be included in BIOSUMM if they are

either: 

 l. A parent component of a summation (that is, it can be computed by summing

two or more components), or

2. A subcomponent in a summation (that is, it is used in a summation to.

compute another component).

All Plant Component codes in BIOSUMM must be in the BIOCODES file described

under BIOCODES File. Component codes must be all capital letters. Parent'

codes must be in alphabetical order.
Appendices: Customizing BIOPAK 111

There are separate summation tree structures for three groups of lifeforms, as

can be seen in the preceding example of a BIOSUMM File. Subcomponents cannot

be repeated within a given summation tree, except in the case of optional tree

structures (see figures 2 through 4 for a graphical representation of the

summation trees). For example, BST appears twice in the Default Summation Tree

for tree, shrub, and coppice lifeforms --once as a subcomponent of BAP, and once

as a subcomponent of BAT. This is acceptable because each usage of BST is part

of separate BAT summation option. Because the optional summations are

"either/or" situations, only one BAT summation is being considered at a time;

therefore, only one BST is considered at one time.

The ESP value of a summation is represented by the highest ESP value of any of

its subcomponents (see Appendix: Equation Selection Penalties for more

information on the calculation of summation ESPs). The ESP weights determine

the importance of a given subcomponent to a summation. Without ESP weights, if

a subcomponent were missing, the summation would not be executed. If a

subcomponent were a significant contributor to the summation, then this would

be acceptable (ESP weight = 1.0). If the contribution of the subcomponent to

the summation were minor, however, then it should be given less weight (ESP

weight < 1.0).
Appendices: Customizino BIOPAK 112

Columns Contents

l-3 Component code representing the sum (the parent code in the sum)

4 Blank

Summation for Tree, Shrub and Coppice lifeforms (optional):

5-7 Code for first component to add

a t sign

9-11 Code for second component to add

12 t sign (if have third component in summation)

13-15 Code for third component to add (optional)

16

17-20 ESP weight for subcomponent in a summation, use decimal point, may be

blank if = 1.0

21 Blank

Summation for Grass, Herb and Sedge lifeforms (optional):

22-24 Code for first component to add

25 t sign

26-28 Code for second component to add

29 t sign (if have third component in summation)

30-32 Code for third component to add (optional)

33 Blank

34-37 ESP weight for subcomponent in a summation, use decimal point, may be

blank if = 1.0

38 Blank

Summation for Bryophyte and Lichen lifeforms (optional):

39-41 Code for first component to add

42 t sign

43-45 Code for second component to add

46 t sign (if have third component in summation)

47-49 Code for third component to add (optional)

50 Blank

51-54 ESP weight for subcomponent in a summation, use decimal point, may be

blank if = 1.0

Occasionally you may want to specify more than one group of codes to use to

calculate the value for a parent code; that is, there would be more than one

potential summation for the given component. Each of these can be inserted on

its own line directly following that parent code. Modify these lines by

omitting the parent code and putting a "+" sign in column 1. The rest of the

format is as given above. There may be at most two such additional summation

lines for any parent code. The number of Plant Component codes in BIOCODES

plus the number of additional summation lines in BIOSUMM must not exceed 80.
Appendices: Equation Library 113

Equation Library

Section

113 The Library supplied with BIOPAK

113 List of equations in BIOLIB in January 1994

The Library supplied with BIOPAK

The Equation Library supplied with BIOPAK was developed to meet the needs of

our ecology research group in Corvallis. It includes most equations we could

find from Oregon and Washington sites and has been supplemented to include many

equations for species from the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, northern

Rocky Mountains, British Columbia, and southeast Alaska. The files BIOLIB.DBF

and BIOLIB.FPT together make up this library and contain over 1,100 equations.

The most up-to-date version of the library will be shipped with the BIOPAK

software.

This library includes all the equations in Gholz and others (1979) except those

with problems we could not resolve. We have corrected problems with published

equations, following communication with the authors, as we encountered them.

The Species codes used conform, in general, to those in Garrison and others

(1976). Codes for bryophytes are comprised of the first two letters of the

genus and first two letters of the species, in a manner similar to those in

Garrison and others (1976), and numbers have been added when needed to

distinguish them from other codes.

The equations can be edited, or new equations can be added, as described in

Reference: Library Editor.

List of equations in BIOLIB in January 1994--

We have included a list of equations, as shown in the Eauation Summarv Window

of the Library Editor (see Reference: Library Editor). We periodically correct

and add equations so the library shipped with BIOPAK may be different.

The abbreviated column headings in this table, from left to right, are as

follows. See the sections in parentheses for values of the codes or more

information.

Eqn # Equation number (Reference: Library Editor: Requirements,

possibilities and assumptions for BIOPAK equations)

SPP Species (Appendix: Codes)

LF Lifeform (Appendix: Codes)

Plnt Comp Plant component (Appendix: Codes)

GA Geographic area (Appendix: Codes)

ss Seral stage (Appendix: Codes)

LE # Local equation number (Reference: Library Editor: Equation keys)

TL Taxonomic lifeform (Same codes as lifeform; see Appendix: Codes)

Eq Tp Equation type (Reference: Library Editor, table 1)

min, max Minimum and maximum of the parameter values used to build the

equation

Sample size of the data set used to build the equation

R^2 R-squared of the plant component prediction equation
Appendices: Eauation Library 114

BIOPAK Edit Equation Library Browse Equations Rec:1/1145

Ew L Plnt G S LE T Eq ---Parameter--- ---Parameter---

# SPP F Comp A S # L Tp Code min max Code min max N R-2

Sedqes (C) and Grasses (Gl:

1092 LUCA2 C BAT W E 01 C 2 COV 0.2 1.5 5 0.981

833 LUZUL C BAT E Y 01 C 15 COV HT 22 0.90

1056 AGROS G BAT W E 01 G 11 COV 0.3 20.0 14 0.88 6

834 CARU G BAT E Y 01 G 1 COV 34 0.70

961 FEAR G BAT R Y 01 G 2 DBA 138 0.87

962 FEAR G BAT R Y 02 G 2 DBA 138 0.87

963 FEAR G BAT R Y 03 G 2 DBA 138 0.87

964 FEAR G BAT R Y 04 G 2 OBA 138 0.87

965 FEAR G BAT R Y 05 G 2 DBA 138 0.87

966 FEAR G BAT R Y 06 G 2 D8A 138 0.87

1085 FESTU G BAT W E 01 G 1 COV 0.7 3.0 5 0.84 6

1086 FESTU G BAT W E 02 G 17 COV 0.7 3.0 LEN 10.0 20.0 5 0.987

810 G BAT W G 01 G 1 COV 1

955 POFE G BAT R Y 01 G 2 DBA

956 PDFE G BAT R Y 02 G 2 DBA

957 POFE G BAT R Y 03 G 2 DBA

958 POFE G BAT R Y 04 G 2 DBA

959 POFE G BAT R Y 05 G 2 OBA

960 POFE G BAT R Y 06 G 2 DBA

Herbs, Forbs (HI:

797 ADBI H BAT W G 01 H 1 COV 1

134 ADPE

1057 ANMA

197 ANMA

198 ANMA

135 ARCA

169 ATFI

136 ATFI

207 ATFI

138 BLSP

208 BLSP

1065 CASCZ

1069 CIRSI

1070 CIRSI

799 CIVU

203 CIVU

800 CLUN

211 COAS

224 COAS

212 COCA

225 COCA

801 COCA

1072 COCA2

1071 COCA2

1073 COCA2

1074 COCA2

1075 COCA2

1076 COCA2

1077 COHE

1117 COHE

802 COLA

1078 CRCA

139 DRAUZ

209 DRAUZ

H BFT W 0 01 H 13 LEN 20.0

H BAT W E 01 H 2 COV 0.4

HBAT W Y 01 H lLEN7.

HBAT W Y 02 H 1COVO.l

HBAT W 0 01 H13DBA1.2

H BAT S G 01 H 1 COV

H BFT W G 01 H 15 LEN 45.0

H BFT W G 02 H 16 LEN 45.0

H BFT W D 01 H 15 LEN 35.0

H BFT W 0 02 H 16 LEN 35.0

H BAT W E 01 H 48 COV 0.1

H BAT W E -01 H 2 LEN 2.0

H BAT W E 02 H 2 COV 0.8

HBAT W G 01 H 1COVl.

H BAT W Y 01 H 1 COV 1.2

H BAT W G 01 H 1 COV 1.

HBAT A M 01 H lCDV2.

HBAT A M 02 H 2COV0.

HBAT A M 01 H lCOV3.

HBAT A M 02 H 1COVO.

H BAT W G 01 H 1 CDV 1.

H BAT W E 01 H 2 COV 0.2

H BAT W E 02 H 17 COV 0.2

H BAT W E 03 H 2 LEN 35.0

H BAT W E 04 H 42 COV 0.2

H BAT W E 05 H 17 DBA 0.1

HBAT W E 06 H48DBAO.l

H BAT W E 01 H 48 COV 0.6

H BAT W E 02 H 1 COV 1.0

H BAT W G 01 H 1 COV 1.

H BAT W E 01 H 2 COV 0.3

H BFT W 0 01 H 15 LEN 45.0

H BFT W 0 02 H 16 LEN 45.0

141 EPAN H AFT W E 01 H 2 LEN 52.0 155.0 13 0.92

143 EPAN H BAT W E 01 H 2 LEN 52.0 155.0 36 0.89

1079 EPAN HBAT W E 02 H 2COVO.l 72.0 32 0.94

1081 EPAN HBAT W E 03 H50COVO.l 32.0 LEN 1.0 77.0 30 0.96

1118 EPAN H BAT W E 04 H 1 COV 3.0 30.0 11 0.96

1139 EPAN HBAT W E 05 H 2LENl.O 77.0 26 0.94

140 EPAN H 8FT W E 01 H 2 LEN 52.0 155.0 13 0.93

142 EPAN H BST W E 01 H 2 LEN 52.0 155.0 13 0.98

560 EPAN H PFT W E 01 H 2 LEN 52.0 155.0 13 0.92

10

25.

98.0

7.0 :

100.

24.

3.9 '

160.0 NUM 2.

160.0 NUM 2. 26. 21 0.74

100.0 NUM 2. 39. 28 0.92

100.0 NUM 2. 39. 28 0.57

3.5 12 0.97

120.0 10 0.85

27.0 11 0.95

8. 10 0.93

17. 27 0.71

20. 10 0.98

40. 19 0.87

10. 12 0.71

60. 22 0.90

10. 12 0.82

20. 10 0.96

16.0 24 0.73

12.0 LEN 39.0 165.0 22 0.92

165.0 27 0.63

12.0 LEN 39.0 165.0 22 0.95

1.1 LEN 35.0 165.0 27 0.88

1.1 26 0.86

15.0 18 0.92

19.0 8 0.97

10. 9 0.99

3.0 12 0.81

110.0 NUM 2. 10. 20 0.69

110.0 NUM 2. 10. 20 0.88

10 0.94

173 0.81

173 0.81

173 0.81

173 0.81

173 0.81

173 0.81

10 0.94

52 0.88

15 0.87

17 0.87

144 0.80

22 0.94

8

26. 21 0.80

144 EPPA H BAT W E 01 H 2 LEN 20.0 145.0 59 0.76
Appendices: Equation Library 115

1080 EPPA H BAT W E 02 H 17 COV 0.2

1138 EPPA H BAT W E 03 H 17 LEN 15.0

1082 EPPA H BAT W E 04 H 2 COV 0.2

205 EPPA H BAT W Y 02 H 1 CDV 0.1

1083 EPWA H BAT W E 01 H 48 COV 0.1

145 EPWA H BAT W G 01 H 13 LEN 36.0

206 EPWA H BAT W Y 01 H 1 COV 0.1

1084 EQUIS H BAT W E 01 H 11 COV 0.2

1088 GATR H BAT W E 01 H 2 COV 0.1

242 GATR HBAT W Y 01 H 2COVl.O

1089 GNMI H BAT W E 01 H 11 COV 0.1

837 GOOB H BAT E Y 01 H 15 COV

803 GOOB HBAT W G 01 H 1COVl.

226 GYOR HBAT A 0 01 H 2COV0.

1090 HIAL H BAT W E 01 H 17 COV 0.4

243 HIAL H BFT W Y 01 H 1 COV 2.0

794 LAP0 HBAT W G 01 H lCOV2.

793 LIBDZ H BAT W G 01 H 1 CDV 1.

244 LIB02 H BFT W Y 01 .H 1 COV 1.5

1091 LDCR H BAT W E 01 H 2 COV 0.2

163 LOOB H BAT S G 01 H 1 COV

170 LULA H BAT S G 01 H 1 COV

1059 LULA H BAT W E 01 H 17 COV 0.1

1134 LULA H BAT W E 02 H 2 COV 0.1

1140 LULA H BAT W E 03 H 2 LEN 3.0

213 MAD12 H BAT A M 01 H 1 COV 1.

229 MAD12 H 8AT A M 02 H 1 COV 1.

1135 MADIA H BAT W E 01 H 17 COV 0.6

172 MIGU H BAT S G 01 H 1 CDV

214 MOUN H BAT A M 01 H 1 COV 2.5

230 MOUN H BAT A M 02 H 1 COV 0.0

967 MUM0 H BAT R Y 01 H 2 DBA

968 MUM0 H BAT R Y 02 Ii 2 DBA

969 MUM0 H BAT R Y 03 H 2 OBA

150 OXOR

151 PEFRZ

277 PEFR2

792 PERA

153 POMU

210 POMU

204 POMU

155 PTAQ

1099 PTAQ

1141 PTAQ

1122 PTAQ

154 PTAQ

156 PTAQ

562 PTAQ

835 PYSE

235 RUPE

215 RUPE

1112 SEJA

158 SESY

1113 SESY

1142 SESY

1143 SESY

1144 SESY

157 SESY

160 SESY

161 SESY

159 SESY

563 SESY

171 SETR

953 SILO2

954 SILO2

796 SMST

162 STCO4

836 THOC

236 TITR

216 TITR

H BFT W 0 01 H 1 COV 5.

H BAT W G 01 H 13 LEN 5.0

H BAT W Y 01 H 2 COV 0.

H BAT W G 01 H 1 COV 1.

H BFT W 0 01 H 15 LEN 34.0

H BFT W 0 02 H 16 LEN 34.0

H BFT' W Y 01 H 1 COV 0.4

H AFT W E 01 H 2 DBA 0.33

H BAT W E 01 H' 2 COV 0.1

H BAT W E 02 H 2 LEN 5.0

H BAT W E 03 H 1 COV 2.0

H BFT W E 01 H 2 D8A 0.33

H BST W E 01 H 2 DBA 0.33

H PFT W E 01 H 2 DBA 0.33

H BAT E Y 01 H 1 COV

H BAT A M 01 H 1 COV 1.

H 8FT A M 01 H 1 COV 1.

H BAT W E 01 H 48 COV 0.4

H AFT W E 01 H 2 LEN 24.0

H BAT W E 01 H 2 COV 0.1

H BAT W E 02 H 2 D8A 0.2

H BAT W E 03 H 13 LEN 28.0

H BAT W E 04 H 17 LEN 28.0

H BFT W E 01 H 2 LEN 24.0

H BIT W E 01 H 2 LEN 24.0

H BRL W E 01 H 2 LEN 24.0

H 8ST W E 01 H 2 LEN 24.0

H PFT W E 01 H 2 LEN 24.0

H BAT S G 01 H 1 COV

H BAT R Y 01 H 2 OBA

H BAT R Y 02 H 2 OBA

H BAT W G 01 H 1 COV 1.

H BAT W Y 01 H 2 LEN 40.0

H BAT E Y 01 H 15 COV

H BAT A M 01 H 2 COV 0.

HEAT A M 02 H 1COV 10.

22.0 DBA 0.1

95.0 D8A 0.1

22.0

24.

8.5

162.0

4.

8.0

4.5

20.0

8.0

HT

10.

100.

7.0 LEN 2.0

20.0

20.

9.

80.0

70.0

32.0 LEN 3.0

32.0

55.0

97.

15.

10.0 LEN 34.0

25.

2.5

100.

23.0

100.

20.

130.0 NUM 4.

130.0 NUM 4.

72.

1.12

15.0

65.0

55.0

1.12

1.12

1.12

60.

60.

22.0

102.0

32.0

1.0

85.0

85.0

102.0

102.0

102.0

102.0

102.0

10.

140.0

10.

75.

1.0 25 0.92!

1.0 23 0.89:

26 0.871

36 0.921

11 0.88(

21 0.69

12 0.97:

11 0.93;

24 0.911

9 0.85;

18 0.93;

31 0.83

10 0.95

23 0.97

110.0 21 0.901

7 0.95;

9 0.94

10 0.87

6 0.99!

21 0.981

4

8

55.0 18 0.97:

18 0.961

16 0.881

15 0.93:

9 0.99

80.0 15 0.821

8

8 0.89

169 0.86

169 0.86

169 0.86

10 0.96

41 0.94

70

10 0.96

70. 41 0.91

70. 41 0.82

66 0.78.

19 0.88

36 0.88

58 0.86’

7 0.94,

19 0.90

19 0.95

19 0.88

31 0.86

10 0.72

13 0.79

13 0.91

38 0.79

19 0.97

17 0.56

17 0.80

OBA 0.2 1.0 17 0.96

38 0.79

30 0.85

37 0.69

38 0.82

38 0.79

a

171 0.81

171 0.81

10 0.96

37 0.79

HT 21 0.96

11 0.83

21 0.93
Appendices: Equation Library 116

806 TITR HBAT W 6.01 H lCOV2.

1123 TRLA H BAT W E 04 H 1 COV 2.0

1114 TRLAE H BAT W E 01 H 11 COV 0.1

805 TRLA2 H BAT W G 01 H 1 COV 1.

1115 VISE H BAT W E 01 H 2 COV 0.1

808 VISE HBAT W G 01 H 1COVl.

L116 WHMO H BAT W E 01 H 2 COV 0.2

1124 WHMO H BAT W E 02 H 1 COV 3.0

1125 WHMO H BAT W 0 01 H 1 COV 2.0

809 XETE HBAT W G 01 H lCOV2.

152 XETE H BFT W 0 01 H 9 OBA 2.0

loppice (I():

80 ACCI K AFT W Y 01 S 2 DBA 0.9

82 ACCI

81 ACCI

a3 ACCI

547 ACCI

85 ACMA

86 ACMA

84 ACMA

87 ACMA

548 ACMA

815 ARME

816 ARME

814 ARME

101 CONU

102 CONU

100 CONU

103 CONU

552 CONU

812 LIOE

813 LIOE

811 LIDE

1013 QUKE

1014 QUKE

1015 PUKE

1016 QUKE

1017 QUKE

1028 QUKE

K BED W Y 01 S 2 DBA 0.9

K BBL W Y 01 S 2 DEA 0.9

K BST W Y 01 S 2 DBA 0.9

K PFT W Y 01 S 2 DBA 0.9

K AFT W E 01 T 2 DBA 0.4

KBBL W E 01 T 2DBA0.7

K BFT W E 01 T 2 DBA 0.4

K EST W E 01 T 2 DBA 0.4

K PFT W E 01 T 2 DBA 0.4

K AFT C Y 01 T 4 OBA 0.5

K BAT C Y 01 T 4 DBA 0.5

K PFT C Y 01 T 4 DBA 0.5

K AFT W E 01 S 2 DBA 0.4

K BBL W E 01 S 2 DBA 0.4

K BFT W E 01 S 2 DBA 0.4

K BST W E 01 S 2 DBA 0.4

K PFT W E 01 S 2 OBA 0.4

K AFT C Y 01 T 4 DBA 0.3

K BAT C Y 01 T 4 DBA 0.3

K PFT C Y 01 T 4 DBA 0.3

K BAT S 0 01 T 2 OBA 0.1

K BAT S 0 02 T 17 DBA 0.1

K BAT S 0 03 T 17 DBA 0.1

K BAT S 0 04 T 44 LEN 4.0

KBAT S 0 05 T17NUMl.O

K BAT S 0 06 T 44 LEN 4.0

50.

55.0

2.4

15.

5.5

9.

12.0

97.0

25.0

70.

26.0

3.8

3.8

3.8

3.8

3.8

7.2

7.2

7.2

7.2

7.2

5.5

5.5

5.5

3.2

3.2

3.2

3.2

3.2

4.5

4.5

4.5

1.7

1.7

1.7

155.0

27.0

155.0

1029 QUKE K BAT S 0 07 T 17 LEN 4.0 155.0

1004 QUKE K BAT S Y 01 T 2 DBA 0.075 0.55

1005 QUKE K BAT S Y 02 T 17 DBA 0.075 0.55

LEN 40.0

HT 1.0

NUM 1.0

WI0 2.0

HT 1.0

WI0 2.0

WID 2.0

HT 3.00

10 0.94

10 0.97

38 0.74

10 0.97

12 0.97

10 0.9E

12 0.9E

10 0.9(

10 0.8:

10 0.9f

80.0 22 0.91

19 0.91

a 0.33

6 0.97

20 0.94

19 0.91

27 0.91

22 0.67

27 0.89

27 0.96

27 0.91

70 0.96

70 0.97

70 0.96

25 0.77

25 0.84

25 0.84

25 0.78

25 0.77

78 0.94

52 0.98

78 0.94

50 0.72

109.0 50 0.80

27.0 50 0.81

149.0 50 0.87

109.0 50 0.87

149.0 50 0.87

149.0 50 0.87

49 0.69

47.0 49 0.82

1006 QUKE K BAT S Y 03 T 17 DBA 0.075 0.55 NUM 1.0 8.0 49 0.831

LOO7 QUKE K BAT S Y 04 T 17 NUM 1.0 8.0 HT 3.00 47.0 49 0.85;

1008 QUKE K BAT S Y 05 T 44 LEN 5.0 57.0 WID 2.00 39.0 49 0.88(

1024 QUKE K BAT S Y 06 T 44 LEN 5.0 57.0 WID 2.00 39.0 49 0.901

1025 QUKE K BAT S Y 07 T 17 LEN 5.0 57.0 WID 2.00 39.0 49 0.861

118 RHMA K AFN W E 01 S 2 DBA 0.4 1.6 20 0.63

117 RHMA K AFT W E 01 S 2 DBA 0.4 1.6 20 0.70

122 RHMA KAFT W E-02 S 2DBA1.6 54 0.74

119 RHMA K BBL W E 01 S 2 DBA 0.4 1.6 20 0.45

116 RHMA K BFN W E 01 S 2 DBA 0.4 1.6 20 0.72

115 RHMA K BFT W E 01 S 2 DBA 0.4 1.6 20 0.74

121 RHMA KBFT W'E 02 S 20BA1.6 113 0.76

120 RHMA K BST W E 01 S 2 OBA 0.4 1.6 20 0.78

557 RHMA K PFN W E 01 S 2 DBA 0.4 1.6 20 0.63

556 RHMA K PFT W E 01 S 2 DBA 0.4 1.6 20 0.70

558 RHMA KPFT W E,02 S 2DBA1.6 54 0.74

BrYophYtes (Ml:

1119 EUOR M BAT W 0 01 M 1 COV 3.0 55.0 4 0.99

1121 HYCI M BAT W 0 01 M 1 COV 5.0 60.0 4 0.99

218 HYSP MEAT A M 01 M lCOV9. 90. 30

227 HYSP M BAT A M 02 M 1 COV 0.0 9.0

1120 HYSP M BAT W 0 01 M 1 COV 4.0 65.0 4 0.98

219 JULA M BAT A M 01 M 1 COV 30. 88. 11 0.91

228 JULA MBAT A M 02 M 1COV 0. 30.

220 PLUN MBAT A M 01 M 1COVl. 15. 17 0.81

231 PLUN MBATAM02MlCOVO. 1.

221 POMA MBAT A M 01 M lCOV3. 90. 12 0.94

232 POMA MBATAM02MlCOVl. 3.
Appendices: Equation Library 117

217 PTCR M BAT A G 01 M 1 COV 2. 90. 8 0.86

222 RHGL MEAT A M 01 M 1COVl. 80. 13 0.81

233 RHGL M BAT A M 02 M 1 COV 0. 1.

223 RHLO M BAT A M 01 M 1 COV 10. 90. 29 0.744

234 RHLO M BAT A M 02 M 4 COV 0. 10. 10 0.979

Shrubs (S):

I

77 ACCI

78 ACCI I

76 ACCI

79 ACCI I

546 ACCI

774 ACGL , 981 ACGL I

777 ALSI I

178 ALSI

984 ALSI

1032 ALSI I5

260 ALSI

177 ALSI

261 ALSI

773 AMAL

980 AMAL

1033 AMAL !5

1058 ARC03 ‘6

1060 ARC03 1

1061 ARC03 ‘3

294 ARPA

735 ARPA

620 ARPA 7

630 ARPA ‘4 .

658 ARPA

736 ARPA

278 ARPA

737 ARPA

279 ARPA

738 ARPA

89 ARTR

998 ARTR

999 ARTR

1000 ARTR

1001 ARTR

1002 ARTR

771 ARTR

88 ARTR

994 ARTR

995 ARTR

996 ARTR

997 ARTR

S AFT W M 01 S 2 DBA 3.8 19 0.94

S BBL W M 01 S 2 DBA 0.6 13.1 11 0.9E

S BFT W M 01 S 2 DBA 0.6 13.1 31 0.97

S BST W M 01 S 2 DBA 0.6 13.1 11 0.99

S PFT W M 01 S 2 OBA 3.8 19 0.94

S BAT R G 01 S 2 OBA 0.4 3.7 32 0.98

S BFT R G 01 S 2 DBA 0.4 3.7 32 0.89

S BAT R G 02 S 2 DBA 0.7 6.3 30 0.95

S BFT C E 01 S 2 DBA 1.5 4.2 25 0.87

S BFT R G 02 S 2 DBA 0.7 6.3 30 0.82

S BFT R G 03 S 32 810 15.6 1244. 30 .0.80

S BRL C E 01 S 1 BID 8 0.81

S BST C E 01 S 2 DBA 1.5 4.2 25 0.92

S BUN C E 01 S 1 BIO 8 0.81

S BAT R G 01 S 2 DBA 0.4 4.5 39 0.99

S BFT R G 01 S 2 OBA 0.4 4.5 39 0.83

S BFT R G 02 S 2 BIO 2.64 904.9 37 0.88

S BAT W E 01 S 11 CDV 0.2 1.8 13 0.95

S BAT W E 02 S 2 DBA 0.1 0.4 13 0.93

S BAT W E 03 S 17 DBA 0.1 0.4 LEN 5.0 19.0 13 0.96

S BAL E Y 01 S 17 DBA 0.4 11.5 LEN 7.0 298.0 150 0.96

S 8AL E Y 02 S 2 OBA 0.4 11.5 150 0.95

S BAT E E 01 S 35 LEN WID 10 0.99

S BAT E E 02 S 2 VOL 1.56 2104. 10 0.99

S BAT E Y 01 S 17 DBA 0.4 11.5 LEN 7.0 298.0 150 0.97

S BAT E Y 02 S 2 OBA 0.4 11.5 150 0.96

S BFT E Y 01 S 17 DBA 0.4 11.5 HT 20.0 230.0 150 0.79

S BFT E Y 02 S 2 DBA 0.4 11.5 150 0.79

S BST E Y 01 S 17 DBA 0.4 11.5 LEN 7.0 298.0 150 0.96

S EST E Y 02 S 2 DBA 0.4 11.5 150 0.95

S 8AE E G 01 S 1 VOL 22.68 2732. 20 0.80

S BAE E G 02 S 3 WID 20. 119. 26 0.86

S BAE E G 03 S 23 LEN 20. 119. WI0 19. 98. 26 0.87

S BAE E G 04 S 44 LEN 20. 119. WID 19. 98. 26 0.95

S BAE E G 05 S 23 WID 20. 119. HT 34. 117. 26 0.95

S BAE E G 06 S 1 VOL 50 0.83

S BAT R G 02 S 2 DBA 0.8 6.9 22 0.92

S BFT E G 01 S 1 VDL 22.68 2732. 20 0.68

S BFT E G 02 S 3 WID 20. 119. 26 0.88

S BFT E G 03 S 23 LEN 20. 119. WID 19. 98. 26 0.89

S BFT E G 04 S 44 LEN 20. 119. WID 19. 98. 26 0.97

S BFT E G 05 S 23 WID 20. 119. HT 34. 117. 26 0.96

22 0.75

20 0.89

20 0.95

20 0.64

20 0.87

20 0.88

100 0.82

60 0.98

60 0.97

60 0.97

13 0.98

32 0.80

10 0.92

10 0.96

36 0.70

36 0.48

36 0.8;

30 0.71

30 0.7t

23 0.81

1.0 50.0 23 0.8!

22 0.7!

978 ARTR

1034 ARTR

970 ARTR

971 ARTR

972 ARTR

973 ARTR

744 ARUV

789 ARVI

785 ARVI

790 ARVI

1062 BENE

137 BENE

621 BERE

631 BERE

993 BERE

726 BERE

1035 BERE

93 CACH

92 CACH

1063 CACH

1064 CACH

95 CACH

S BFT R G 01 S 2 OBA 0.8 6.9

S BFT R G 02 S 2 BIO 13.85 1532.

S PFT E G 01 S 1 SPA 0.2 5.5

S PFT E G 02 S 3 HT 24. 116.

S PFT E G 03 S 3 WID 16. 153.

S PFT E G 04 S 3 WID

S BAT R Y 01 S 32 COV

S BAT G G 01 S 2 DBA 0.2 14.0

S BFT G G 01 S 2 OBA 0.2 14.0

S BST G G 01 S 2 DBA 0.2 14.0

S BAT W E 01 S 11 COV 0.L 11.0

SBFT W 0 01 S lCOV5. 90.

S BAT E E 01 S 35 LEN WI0

S BAT E E 02 S 2 VDL 1.152 362.5

S BAT R G 01 S 2 DBA 0.3 0.9

S BFT R G 01 S 2 OBA 0.3 0.9

S 8FT R G 02 S 1 BIO 1.10 14.08

S AFN W E 01 T 2 OBA 0.4 5.5

S AFT W E 01 T 2 DBA 0.4 5.5

S BAT W E 01 S 2 DBA 0.2 0.6

S BAT W E 02 S 17 DBA 0.2 0.6 LEN 1

S BBD W E 01 T 2 DBA 0.6 5.5

1

0

2

9

‘7

I

;

15

35

5
Appendices: Equation Library 118

94 CACH

91 CACH

90 CACH

96 CACH

550 CACH

549 CACH

267 CASE

164 CASE

237 CASE

268 CECO

165 CECO

238 CECO

183 CEIN

784 CEIN

184 CEIN

787 CEIN

788 CEIN

182 CEIN

786 CEIN

180 CESA

1066 CESA

1067 CESA

181 CESA

179 CESA

928 CEVE

739 CEVE

622 CEVE

632 CEVE

296 CEVE

740 CEVE

768 CEVE

1068 CEVE

681 CEVE

741 CEVE

975 CEVE

1036 CEVE

694 CEVE

742 CEVE

780 CEVEL

783 CEVEL

781 CEVEL

782 CEVEL

98 CEVEV

97 CEVEV

99 CEVEV

551 CEVEV

623 CHNA

633 CHNA

S BBL W E 01 T 2 DBA 0.6 5.5

S BFN W E 01 T 2 DBA 0.4 5.5

S 8FT W E 01 T 2 DBA 0.4 5.5

S BST W E 01 T 2 OBA 0.4 5.5

S PFN W E 01 T 2 DBA 0.4 5.5

S PFT W E 01 T 2 DBA 0.4 5.5

S BAP S G 01 S 1 COV

S BAT S G 01 S 1 COV

S BFT S G 01 S 1 COV

S BAP S G 01 S 1 COV

S BAT S G 01 S 1 COV

S BFT S G 01 S 1 COV

S BAE W Y 01 S 2 DBA 1.03 4.79

S BAT G G 01 S 2 DBA 0.3 6.5

S BAT W Y 01 S 2 DBA 1.03 4.79

S BBD G G 01 S 32 DBA 0.3 6.5

S BFT G G 01 S 2 OBA 0.3 6.5

S BFT W Y 01 S 2 DBA 1.03 4.79

S BST G G 01 S 2 DBA 0.3 6.5

S BAE W Y 01 S 2 DBA 0.46 5.7

S BAT W E 02 S 2 DBA 0.1 0.3

S BAT W E 03 S 2 LEN 2.0 17.0

S BAT W Y 01 S 2 DBA 0.46 5.7

S BFT W Y 01 S 2 DBA 0.46 5.7

S BAL E Y 01 S 42 DBA 0.3 11.7

S BAL E Y 02 S 2 OBA 0.3 11.7

S BAT E E 01 S 35 LEN

S BAT E E 02 S 2 VOL 21.92 3588.

S BAT E Y 01 S 42 DBA 0.3 11.7

S BAT E Y 02 S 2 DBA 0.3 11.7

S BAT R G 01 S 2 DBA 0.6 2.5

S BAT W E 01 S 1 COV 0.1 0.5

S BFT E Y 01 S 17 DBA 0.3 11.7

S BFT E Y 02 S 2 DBA 0.3 11.7

S BFT R G 01 S 2 DBA 0.6 2.5

S BFT R G 02 S 45 BIO 8.04 565.0

S BST E Y 01 S 42 DBA 0.3 11.7

S BST E Y 02 S 2 DBA 0.3 11.7

S BAT G G 01 S 2 DBA 0.3 8.5

S BBD G G 01 S 41 DBA 0.3 8.5

S 8FT G G 01 S 2 DBA 0.3 8.5

S BST G G 01 S 2 OBA 0.3 8.5

S AFN W M 01 S 11 DBA 1.0 7.0

S BAT W M 01 S 10 LEN 100. 250.

S BRL W M 01 S 1 BID

S PFN W Y 01 S 11 DBA 7.0

S BAT E E 01 S 35 LEN

S BAT E E 02 S 2 VOL 1.17 1788.

S BAT W G 01 S 1 COV 3. 40.

S BST G G 01 S 9 OBA 0.2

S VST G G 01 S 9 DBA 0.2

S AFT W M 01 S 2 DBA 0.7 2.9

S BAE W M 01 S 2 DBA 0.7 2.9

S BAP S G 01 S 1 COV

S BAT S G 01 S 1 COV

S BFT S G 01 S 1 COV

S BFT W M 01 S 2 DBA 0.7 2.9

S PFT W M 01 S 2 DBA 0.7 2.9

S BAP S G 01 S 1 COY

S BAT R G 02 S 2 OBA 0.6 3.4

S BAT S G 01 S 1 COY

S BFT R G 02 S 2 DBA 0.6 3.4

S BFT R G 03 S 1 BIO 21.93 683.7

S BFT S G 01 S 1 COV

S AFT W E 01 S 1 COV 2. 60.

S BAT W E 01 S 2 COV 0.1 10.5

S BFT W E 01 S 1 COV 2. 60.

S BFT W 0 01 S 2 COV 5. 85.

S BST W E 01 S 1 COY 2. 60.

S PFT W E 01 S 1 COV 2. 60.

798 CHUM

1101 coco2

1100 COC02

105 COCOC

106 COCOC

269 COCOC

166 cococ

239 cococ

104 cococ

553 cococ

270 COST

778 COST

167 COST

985 COST

1037 COST

240 COST

148 GASH

1087 GASH

147 GASH

146 GASH

149 GASH

561 GASH

24 0.90

30 0.75

30 0.77

30 0.96

30 0.74

30 0.76

3

6

3

4

8

4

15 0.91

46 0.97

15 0.91

46 0.71

46 0.86

15 0.80

46 0.97

12 0.99

11 0.75

10 0.94

12 0.98

12 0.92

HT 21.0 188.0 150 0.96

150 0.9E

WID 10 0.98

10 0.98

HT 21. 188. 150 0.97

150 0.9E

30 0.92

7 0.84

LEN 8. 266. 150 0.92

150 0.91

30 0.67

30 0.81

HT 21. 188. 150 0.97

150 0.9:

75 0.9;

75 0.81

75 0.8E

75 0.91

43 0.85

OBA 1.0 7.0 43 0.96

24 0.84

43 0.85

WID 10 0.98

10 0.99

10 0.98

HT 30.48 117

HT 30.48 117 0.97

20 0.81

20 0.89

4

8

4

20 0.82

20 0.81

4

31 0.93

8

31 0.56

31 0.85

4

12 0.91

13 0.9E

12 0.97

32 0.8:

12 0.95

12 0.91
3Appendices: Equation Library 119

624 HABL

634 HABL

108 HOD1

109 HOD1

767 HOD1

974 HOD1

1038 HOD1

107 HOD1

554 HOD1

772 JUCO

979 NC0

1039 JUCO

1003 LIDE

1145 LIDE

749 LOUT

731 LOUT

1040 LOUT

748 MEFE

730 MEFE

1041 MEFE

110 OPHD

111 OPHO

832 PAMY

769 PHLEE

976 PHLE2

1042 PHLE2

747 PHMA

729 PHMA

1043 PHMA

776 PRVI

983 PRVI

1044 PRVI

295 PUTR

626 PUTR

636 PUTR

732 PUTR

733 PUTR

734 PUTR

1018 QUKE

1019 QUKE

1020 QUKE

1021 QUKE

1022 QUKE

1030 QUKE

1031 QUKE

1009 QUKE

1010 QUKE

1011 QUKE

1012 QUKE

1023 QUKE

1026 QUKE

1027 QUKE

113 RHMA

114 RHMA

1097 RHMA

1098 RHMA

112 RHMA

555 RHMA

627 RIBES

637 RIBES

991 RIBES

1096 RIBES

1102 RIBES

1103 RIBES

1104 RIBES

724 RIBES

1045 RIBES

123 RIBR

124 RIBR

628 ROSA

S BAT E E 01 S 35 LEN

S BAT E E 02 S 2 VOL 0.49 546.7

S AFT W M 01 S 2 DBA 0.5 3.1

S BAE W M ‘01 S 2 DBA 0.5 3.1

S BAT R G 01 S 2 DBA 0.7 2.2

S BFT R G 01 S 2 DBA 0.7 2.2

S BFT R G 02 S 2 BIO 11.53 502.0

S BFT W M 01 S 2 DBA 0.5 3.1

S PFT W M 01 S 2 DBA 0.5 3.1

S BAT R G 01 S 2 OBA 0.8 2.9

S BFT R G 01 S 2 DBA 0.8 2.9

S BFT R G 02 S 1 BID 37.37 629.9

S BAT S G 01 T 46 DBA

S BFT S G 01 T 51 DBA

S BAT R G 01 S 2 DBA 0.3 1.7

S BFT R G 01 S 2 DBA 0.3 1.7

S BFT R G 02 S 2 BIO 1.12 255.9

S BAT R G 01 S 2 DBA 0.4 2.1

S BFT R G 01 S 2 DBA 0.4 2.1

S BFT R G 02 S 2 810 0.63 220.9

S BFT R M 01 S 2 DBA

S BST R M 01 S 2 DBA

S BAT E Y 01 S 15 COV

S BAT R G 01 S 2 DBA 0.5 2.9'

S BFT R G 01 S 2 OBA 0.5 2.9

S 8FT R G 02 S 32 BIO 1.94 501.7

S BAT R G 01 S 2 DBA 0.4 3.8

S BFT R G 01 S 2 DBA 0.4 3.8

S BFT R G 02 S 2 810 2.96 485.2

S BAT R G 01 S 2 DBA 0.6 2.9

S BFT R G 01 S 2 DBA 0.6 2.9

S BFT R G 02 S 32 BID 4.67 549.4

S BAL E Y 01 S 2 DBA 0.3 6.9

S BAT E E 01 S 35 LEN

S BAT E E 02 S 2 VOL 8.208 4349.

S BAT E Y 01 S 2 DBA 0.3 6.9

S BFT E Y 01 S 2 OBA 0.3 6.9

S EST E Y 01 S 2 OBA 0.3 6.9

S BAT S 0 01 T 2 DBA 0.1 6.35

S BAT S 0 02 T 17 DBA 0.1 6.35

S BAT S 0 03 T 17 DBA 0.1 6.35

S BAT S 0 04 T 17 HT 4.0 202.0

S BAT S 0 05 T 44 HT 4.0 202.0

SBAT S 0 06 T44DBAO.l 6.35

S BAT S 0 07 T 17 LEN 3. 198.

S BAT S Y 01 T 2 DBA 0.1 3.25

S BAT S Y 02 T 17 DBA 0.1 3.25

S BAT S Y 03 T 17 DBA 0.1 3.25

S BAT S Y 04 T 17 LEN 7.0 41.0

S BAT S Y 05 T 17 HT 5.0 215.0

S BAT S Y 06 T 44 LEN 7.0 41 .a

S BAT S Y 07 T 17 LEN 7.0 41.0

S AFT W 0 01 S 2 OBA 0.3 .7.0

S BAE W 0 01 S 2 DBA 0.5 4.4

S BAT W E 01 S 2 LEN 3.0 35.0

S BAT W E 02 S 11 DBA 0.2 0.8

S BFT W 0 01 S 2 DBA 0.3 7.0

S PFT W 0 01 S 2 OBA 0.3 7.0

S BAT E E 01 S 35 LEN

S BAT E E 02 S 2 VOL 0.616 2308.

S BAT R G 01 S 2 DBA 0.4 1.4

S BAT W E 01 S 2 COV 1.0 11 . .

S BAT W E 02 S 2 OBA 0.1 0.9

S BAT W E 03 S 2 LEN 4.0 45.0

S BAT W E 04 S 17 OBA 0.1 0.9

S BFT R G 01 S 2 DBA 0.4 1.4

S BFT R G 02 S 2 810 2.60 165.3

S BFT W G 01 S 2 DBA 0.6 3.2

S BST W G 01 S 2 OBA 0.9 3.2

S BAT E E 01 S 35 LEN

WID 10 0.95

10 0.95

20 0.8f

20 D.9E

31 0.92

31 0.8E

31 0.9c

20 0.8s

20 0.8E

23 0.92

23 0.8C

23 0.95

VOL 50 0.94

LEN 50 0.9c

32 0.96

32 0.67

32 0.89

37 0.9a

37 0.83

37 0.81

38 0.82

38 0.94

HT 77 0.95

28 0.90

28 0.71

28 0.88

38 0.94

38 0.89

38 -0.93

31 0.98

31 0.74

31 0.90

150 0.95

WID 10 0.98

10 0.98

150 0.96

150 0.61

150 0.94

50 0.81

HT 4.0 202.0 50 0.94

NUM 1. 9. 50 0.84

NUM 1. 9. 50 0.92

LEN 3. 198. 50 0.95

LEN 3. 198. 50 0.95

WID 3. 172. 50 0.94

50 0.86

HT 5.0 215.0 50 0.92

NUM 1.0 5.0 50 0.86

HT 5.0 215.0 50 0.91

NUM 1.0 5.0 50 0.79

WID 4.0 104.0 50 0.95

WID 4.0 104.0 50 0.89

108 0.90

12 0.99

3 8 0.94

38 0.69

51 0.99

108 0.90

WID 10 0.96

10 0.94

37 0.90

17 0.90

16 0.87

17 0.8?

LEN 4.0 45.0 16 0.9f

37 0.6:

37 0.9(

28 0.81

12 0.81

WI0 10 0.9!
Appendices: Equation Library 120

638 ROSA

990 ROSA

721 ROSA

1046 ROSA

746 RUID

728 RUID

1047 RUID

1105 RULE

1106 RULE

1107 RULE

1108 RULE

745 RUPA

1109 RUPA

791 RUPA

201 RUPA

727 RUPA

1048 RUPA

199 RUPA

200 RUPA

125 RUSP

126 RUSP

1110 RUUR

795 RUUR

202 RUUR

1111 SACE

1136 SACE

1137 SACE

271 SAJE

168 SAJE

241 SAJE

779 SALIX

986 SALIX

1049 SALIX

245 SASC

246 SASC

127 SASIE

770 SHCA

977 SHCA

1050 SHCA

775 sosc

982 SOSC

1051 sosc

992 SPBE

725 SPBE

1052 SPBE

987 SYAL

804 SYAL

720 SYAL

1053 SYAL

629 SYMPH

639 SYMPH

132 VAAL

133 VAAL

131 VAAL

559 VAAL

807 VACCI

988 VAGL

723 VAGL

1054 VAGL

186 VAPA

187 VAPA

185 VAPA

831 VASC

989 VASC

743 VASC

722 VASC

1055 VASC

Trees (T):

885 ABAM

883 ABAM

S BAT E E 02 S 2 VOL 1.001 136.5

S BAT R G 01 S 2 OBA 0.2 1.2

S BFT R G 01 S 2 DBA 0.2 1.2

S BFT R G 02 S 2 BID 0.32 55.54

S BAT R G 01 S 2 DBA 0.3 0.9

S BFT R G 01 S 2 DBA 0.3 0.9

S BFT R G 02 S 2 BIO 2.04 40.62

S BAT W E 01 S 2 COV 0.2 15.0

S BAT W E 02 S 2 LEN 5.0 85.0

S BAT W E 03 S 2 DBA 0.1 1.1

S BAT W E 04 S 17 DBA 0.1 1.1

S BAT R G 01 S 2 DBA 0.3 1.4

S BAT W E 01 S 2 COV 0.1 21.0

S BAT W G 01 S 1 COV 5. 75.

S BAT W Y 01 S 13 COV 20. 100.

S BFT R G 01 S 2 DBA 0.3 1.4

S BFT R G 02 S 2 BIO 1.31 59.68

S BFT W Y 01 S 13 COV 20. 100.

S BST W Y 01 S 13 CDV 20. 100.

S BFT W G 01 S 2 DBA 0.5 2.5

S BST W G 01 S 2 DBA 0.5 2.5

S BAT W E 01 S 48 COV 0.2 80.0

S BAT W G 01 S 1 COV 1. 15.

S BAT W Y 01 S 2 COV 8. 100.

S BAT W E 01 S 17 DBA 0.2 0.6

S BAT W E 02 S 17 COV 0.2 2.0

S BAT W E 03 S 11 COV 0.2 2.0

S BAP S G 01 S 1 COV

S BAT S G 01 S 1 COV

S BFT S G 01 S 1 COV

S BAT R G 01 S 2 DBA 0.7 3.7

S BFT R G 01 S 2 DBA 0.7 3.7

S BFT R G 02 S 2 BIO 6.48 525.3

S BAT W Y 01 S 2 DBA 0.5 3.6

S BFT W Y 01 S 2 DBA 0.5 3.6

S BFT W G 01 S 2 DBA 1.4 6.3

S BAT R G 01 S 2 DBA 0.7 2.9

SBFT R G 01 S 2DBA0.7 2.9

S BFT R G 02 S 2 810 9.57 453.7

SBAT R G 01 S 2OBAl.O 4.2

SBFT R G 01 S 2DBAl.O 4.2

S BFT R G 02 S 45 810 19.9 821.8

S BAT R G 01 S 2 DBA 0.2 0.8

S BFT R G 01 S 2 DBA 0.2 0.8

S BFT R G 02 S 2 BIO 0.410 13.57

S BAT R G 01 S 2 DBA 0.2 1.2

SBAT W G 01 S 1COVl. 25.

S BFT R G 01 S 2 OBA 0.2 1.2

S BFT R G 02 S 1 BIO 1.35 94.61

S BAT E E 01 S 35 LEN

S BAT E E 02 S 2 VOL 4.485 590.4

S AFT G M 01 S 2 OBA 0.6 3.6

S BAE G M 01 S 2 DBA 0.6 3.6

S BFT G M 01 S 2 DBA 0.3 3.6

S PFT G M 01 S 2 DBA 0.6 3.6

SBATWGDlSlCDVl. 6.

S BAT R G 01 S 2 DBA 0.3 1.7

S 8FT R G 01 S 2 OBA 0.3 1.7

S BFT R G 02 S 1 810 0.53 139.9

S BAE W Y 01 S 2 DBA 0.4 3.3

S BAT W Y 01 S 2 DBA 0.4 3.3

S BFT W Y 01 S 2 OBA 0.4 3.3

S BAT E Y 01 S 15 COV

S BAT R G 01 S 2 OBA 0.3 0.7

S BAT R Y 01 S 15 COV

S BFT R G 01 S 2 DBA 0.3 0.7

s BFT R G 02 s 2 810 0.92 16.14

10 0.98

32 0.96

32 0.88

32 0.92

26 0.89

26 0.85

26 0.97

11 0.99

12 0.91

12 0.91

LEN 5.0 85.0 12 0.95

27 0.88

29 0.93

10 0.92

6 0.90

27 0.72

27 0.87

6 0.76

6 0.90

21 0.76

13 0.89

13 0.98

10 0.97

16 0.84

LEN 3.0 14.0 13 0.94

LEN 3.0 14.0 13 0.95

13 0.94

4

8

4

31 0.97

31 0.68

31 0.74

9 0.96

9 0.92

7 0.92

30 0.89

30 0.80

30 0.89

29 0.95

29 0.84

29 0.90

31 0.84

31 0.80

WID

31 0.96

31 0.88

10 0.66

31 0.68

31 0.95

12 0.97

12 0.97

21 0.94

26 0.94

35 0.94

21 0.94

10 0.95

44 0.97

44 0.84

44 0.95

7 0.97

7 0.97

7 0.96

HT 26 0.82

31 0.62

HT 50 0.61

31 0.26

31 0.55

BAT G G 01 T 9

BBL G G OIT 9 DBH 4.5 30.4 HT 310. 2580. 45 0.96 DBH 4.5 30.4 HT 310. 2580. 45 0.53 I
Appendices: Equation Library 121

24 ABAM T 8aL

882 ABAM T BBS

884 ABAM T BFT

23 ABAM T BFT

881 ABAM T BSB

248 ABAM T BSB

361 ABAM T BSB

26 ABAM T BSB

319 ABAM T BSB

250 ABAM T BST

362 ABAM T BST

320 ABAM T BST

880 ABAM T BSW

249 ABAM T BSW

360 ABAM T BSW

25 ABAM T asw

318 ABAM T BSW

379 ABC0 T BSB

380 ABC0 T EST

378 ABC0 T asw

708 ABC0 T VSW

890 ABGR T BAT

889 ABGR T BBL

888 ABGR T BBS

523 ABGR T BCD

524 ABGR T ace

525 ABGR T BCD

589 ABGR T BCD

502 ABGR T 8cL

577 ABGR T BCL

588 ABGR T 8cL

570 ABGR T 8cL

590 ABGR T BCT

891 ABGR T BFT

887 ABGR T as8

613 ABGR T BST

614 ABGR T EST

600 ABGR T EST

886 ABGR T BSW

709 ABGR T VSW

20 ABIES T BBL

19 ABIES T BFT

22 ABIES T BSB

21 ABIES T BSW

921 ABLA2 T BAT

919 ABLA2 T BBL

918 ABLAZ T BBS

527 ABLAZ T BCD

528 ABLAE T BCD

529 ABLA2 T BCD

505 ABLA2 T BCL

506 ABLA2 T BCL

568 ABLA2 T BCL

920 ABLAZ T BFT

917 ABLAL T BSB

409 ABLAE T BSB

322 ABLA2 T BSB

397 ABLA2 T BSB

605 ABLA2 T BST

606 ABLA2 T BST

410 ABLA2 T BST

323 ABLAE T BST

398 ABLAE T EST

910 ABLA2 T BSW

408 ABLA2 T BSW

321 ABLAE T BSW

396 ABLA2 T BSW

382 ABMA T as8

383 ABMA T EST

381 ABMA T asw

W 0 01 T 2 DBH 11.7 90.4

G G 01 T 9 DBH 4.5 30.4

G G 01 T 9 DBH 4.5 30.4

W 0 01 T 2 DBH 11.7 90.4

G G 01 T 9 DBH 4.5 30.4

W M 01 T 2 DBH 8.1 109.3

W M 02 T 2 DBH 13.3 80.0

W 0 01 T 2 DBH 11.7 90.4

W 0 02 T 2DBH8.1 109.3

W M 01 T 2 DBH 8.1 109.3

W M 02 T 2 OBH 13.3 80.0

W 0 01 T 2 DBH 8.1 109.3

G G 01 T 9 DBH 4.5 30.4

W M 01 T 2 OBH 8.1 109.3

W M 02 T 2 DBH 13.3 80.0

W 0 01 T 2 DBH 11.7 90.4

W 0 02 T 20BH8.1 109.3

S 0 01 T 2 DBH 14.4 158.4

S 0 01 T 2 OBH 14.4 158.4

S 0 01 T 2 DBH 14.4 158.4

C M 01 T 37 DBH 17.78 63.5

G G 01 T 9 DBH 4.6 43.9

G G 01 T 9 DBH 4.6 43.9

G G 01 T 9 DBH 4.6 43.9

R G 01 T 24 DBH 2.54 50.8

R G 02 T 2 DBH 2.54 45.72

R G 03 T 1 810

R M 01 T 2 DBH 2.54 30.48

R G 01 T 2 DBH 2.54 101.6

R M 01 T 4 HT 112.8 289.6

R M 02 T 2 OBH 2.54 30.48

R Y 01 T 1 HT 94.5 426.7

R M 01 T 2 OBH 2.54 30.48

G G 01 T 9 DBH 4.6 43.9

G G 01 T 9 DBH 4.6 43.9

R M 01 T 9 DBH 0. 10.16

R M 02 T 4DBH0. 10.16

R Y 01 T34DBHO. 10.16

G G 01 T 9 DBH 4.6 43.9

R M 01 T 37 DBH 17.78 58.42

G M 01 T 2 DBH 8.7 111.0

G M 01 T 2 DBH 8.7 111.0

G M 01 T 2 DBH 8.7

G M 01 T 2 DBH 8.7

G G 01 T 9 DBH 3.5

G G 01 T 9 DBH 3.5

G G 01 T 9 OBH 3.5

R G 01 T 25 DBH 2.54

R G 02 T 2 OBH 2.54

R G 03 T 1 BIO

R G 01 T 9 DBH 2.54

R G 02 T 4 DBH 2.54

R Y 01 T 2 HT 76.2

G G 01 T 9 DBH 3.5

G G 01 T 9 OBH 3.5

R 0 01 T 2 DBH 15.7

W 0 01 T 2 DBH 15.6

W 0 02 T 2 DBH 15.6

R M 01 T26OBHO.

R M 02 T28DBHO.

R 0 01 T 2 DBH 15.7

W 0 01 T 2 DBH 15.6

W 0 02 T 2 DBH 15.6

G G 01 T 9 DBH 3.5

111.0

111.0

44.4

44.4

44.4

33.02

33.02

33.02

33.02

301.8

44.4

44.4

46.9

68.7

68.7

10.16

10.16

46.9

68.7

68.7

44.4

R 0 01 T 2 DBH 15.7 46.9

W 0 01 T 2 DBH 15.6 68.7

W 0 02 T 2 DBH 15.6 68.7

S 0 01 T 2 DBH 18.8 143.2

S 0 01 T 2 DBH 18.8 143.2

S 0 01 T 2 DBH 18.8 143.2

HT 310.

HT 310.

HT 310.

HT 310.

HT

HT 340.

HT 340.

HT 340.

HT

HT 340.

HT 340.

HT

HT 340.

HT

HT 220.

HT 220.

HT 220.

HT

CR

HT 220

HT 220

HT

HT 220.

9 0.9E

2580. 45 0.53

2580. 45 0.54

9 0.97

2580. 45 0.94

143 0.8:

68 0.91

14 0.99

75 0.83

143 0.94

68 0.97

75 0.93

2580. 45 0.96

143 0.94

68 0.97

14 0.99

75 0.93

56 0.94

56 0.97

56 0.97

378 0.96

3480. 40 0.96

3480. 40 0.45

3480. 40 0.45

22 0.93

22 0.93

15 0.83

35 0.95

9 0.85

15 0.92

12 0.79

15 0.94

3480. 40 0.4E

3480. 40 0.79

a 0.97

8 0.87

12 0.99

3480. 40 0.95

50 0.97

26 0.95

25 0.94

20 0.9e

20 0.97

2790. 89 ,0.95

2790. a9 0.7E

2790. a9 0.47

16 0.93

16 0.91

16 0.95

16 0.84

13 0.9c

2790. 89 0.56

2790. 89 0.94

I1 0.64

17 0.9E

21 0.8E

12 0.99

12 0.99

1.1 0.9a

17 0.9a

21 0.97

2790. a9 0.99

11 0.9:

17 0.9E

21 0.97

31 0.9!

31 0.9t

31 0.9f
-

.sAppendices: Equation Library 122

707 ABMAS

28 ABPR

27 ABPR

30 ABPR

251 ABPR

253 ABPR

29 ABPR

252 ABPR

428 ACMA

33 ACMA

32 ACMA

427 ACMA

31 ACMA

35 ACMA

34 ACMA

654 ACMA

655 ACMA

429 ACMA

564 ALRU

565 ALRU

37 ALRU

653 ALRU

288 ALRU

292 ALRU

940 ALRU

422 ALRU

273 ALRU

265 ALRU

284 ALRU

285 ALRU

938 ALRU

274 ALRU

937 ALRU

421 ALRU

652 ALRU

264 ALRU

39 ALRU

280 ALRU

281 ALRU

939 ALRU

272 ALRU

38 ALRU

936 ALRU

275 ALRU

266 ALRU

36 ALRU

287 ALRU

291 ALRU

935 ALRU

276 ALRU

289 ALRU

293 ALRU

282 ALRU

283 ALRU

286 ALRU

290 ALRU

423 ALRU

262 ALSI

263 ALSI

431 ARME

430 ARME

673 ARME

674 ARME

432 ARME

952 BEPA

950 BEPA

949 BEPA

951 BEPA

948 BEPA

947 BEPA

T VSW C M 01 T 37 DBH 17.78

T BBL W M 01 T 2 DBH 18.8

T BFT W M 01 T 2 DBH 18.8

T BSB W M 01 T 2 DBH 18.8

T BSB W M 02 T 2 DBH 15.9

T BST W M 01 T 2 DBH 15.9

T BSW w M 01 T 2 DBH la.8

T BSW W M 02 T 2 DBH 15.9

T 8aD w G 01 T 2 DBH 5.1

T BBD W 0 01 T 2 DBH 7.6

TBBL W 0 01 T 2DBH7.6

TBCL W G 01 T 2DBH5.1

T BFT W 0 01 T 2 DBH 7.6

T BSB W 0 01 T 2 DBH 7.6

T BSW W 0 01 T 2 DBH 7.6

T VAE C G 01 T 17 DBH 10.

T VSW C G 01 T 17 DBH 10.

T VSW W G 01 T 2 DBH 5.1

TAFT C Y 01 T 2DBH1.7

T AFT C Y 02 T 2 DBA 2.5

T BAE C Y 01 T 8 DBH

T BAE C Y 02 T 32 HT

T BAT C Y 01 T 2 OBH 1.7

T BAT C Y 02 T 2 DBA 2.5

T BAT G Y 01 T 9 OBH 5.8

T BBD W G 01 T 2 DBH 2.54

T BBD W M 01 T 2 DBH 9.1

T 8BL C M 01 T 2 DBH 6.0

T BBL C Y 01 T 2 DBH 1.7

T BBL C Y 02 T 2 DBA 2.5

T BBL G Y 01 T 9 DBH 5.8

TBBL W M 01 T 2DBH9.1

T BBS G Y 01 T 9 DBH 5.8

T BCL W G 01 T 2 DBH 2.54

T BCT C Y 01 T 8 DBH

T BFT C M 01 T 2 DBH 6.0

T BFT C Y 01 T 9 DBH 4.83

TBFT C Y 02 T 2DBH1.7

T BFT C Y 03 T 2 OBA 2.5

T BFT G Y 01 T 9 DBH 5.8

TBFT W M 01 T 2DBH9.1

T BRL C Y 01 T 8 DBH

T BSB G Y 01 T 9 DBH 5.8

T BSB W M 01 T 2 DBH 9.1

T EST C M 01 T 2 DBH 6.0

T BST C Y 01 T 8 DBH

TBST C Y 02 T 2DBH1.7

TBST C Y 03 T 2DBA2.5

T BSW G Y 01 T 9 DBH 5.8

T asw w M 01 T 2 DBH 9.1

T HST C Y 01 T 2 DBH 1.7

T HST C Y 02 T 2 DBA 2.5

TPFT C Y 01 T 2DBH1.7

T PFT C Y 02 T 2 DBA 2.5

TVST C Y 01 T 2DBH1.7

T VST C Y 02 T 2 DBA 2.5

T VSW W G 01 T 2 DBH 2.54

T BFT C M 01 S 2 DBH 2.0

T BST C M 01 S 2 DBH 2.0

T BBD W G 01 T 2 DBH 2.54

T BCL W G 01 T 2 DBH 2.54

T VAE C G 01 T 17 DBH 10.

T VSW C G 01 T 17 DBH 10.

T VSW W G 01 T 2 DBH 2.54

T BAT G G 01 T 9 OBH 4.5

T BBL G G 01 T 9 DBH 4.5

T BBS G G 01 T 9 DBH 4.5

T BFT G G 01 T 9 DBH 4.5

T BSB G G 01 T 9 DBH 4.5

T BSW G G 01 T 9 OBH 4.5

63.5

111.0

111.0

111.0

235.5

235.5

111.0

235:5

45.7

35.3

35.3

45.7

35.3

35.3

35.3

90.

90.

45.7

13.2

16.0

13.2

16.0

33.3

63.5

39.6

20.0

13.2

16.0

33.3

39.6

33.3

63.5

20.0

17.53

13.2

16.0

33.3

39.6

33.3

39.6

20.0

13.2

16.0

33.3

39.6

13.2

16.0

13.2

16.0

13.2

16.0

63.5

7.0

7.0

63.5

63.5

70.

70.

63.5

30.6

30.6

30.6

30.6

30.6

30.6

HT

HT 90.

HT 90.

HT

HT 610.

HT 610.

HT 610.

HT

HT 564.

HT 610.

HT

HT 610.

HT

HT 610.

HT 60

HT 60

HT 530.

HT 530.

HT 530.

HT 530.

HT 530.

HT 530.

65

6

6

6

310

310

6

310

16

18

18

16

18

18

18

270. 61

270. 61

16

18

18

119

18

18

2380. 41

53

10

12

18

18

2380. 41

10

2380. 41

53

91

10

1326. 66

18

18

2380. 41

10

28

2380. 41

10

12

91

18

18

2380. 41

10

18

18

18

18

18

18

53

14

14

31

31

300. 60

300. 58

31

2270. 40

2270. 40

2270. 40

2270. 40

2270. 40

2270. 40

0.96

0.94

0.99

0.99

0.92

0.98

0.99

0.98

0.78

0.15

0.88

0.93

0.87

0.98

0.99

0.94

0.92

0.97

0.91

0.96

D.98

0.97

0.95

0.91

0.99

0.63

0.72

0.91

0.91

D.9E

0.3:

0.92

0.35

0.94

0.74

0.8:

0.64

0.9:

0.91

0.02

0.9E

0.9E

0.9E

0.9t

0.9s

0.9t

0.9t

I.O(

D.9l

0.81

0.8:

0.9i

0.9f

0.91

0.91

0.91

0.8t

0.9;

O.BI

0.8!

0.9f

0.9!

0.9;

0.91

D.6!

0.6!

0.6:

0.9:

0.9;
Appendices: Equation Library 123

425 CACH T BBD W G 01 T 2 DBH 2.54 61.

42 CACH T BBD w 0 01 T 2 DBH 5.8 36.0

41 CACH T BBL W 0 01 T 2 DBH 5.8 36.0

424 CACH T BCL W G 01 T 2 DBH 2.54 61.

45 CACH T BFN W 0 01 T 2 DBH 5.8 36.0

40 CACH T BFT w 0 01 T 2 DBH 5.8 36.0

44 CACH T BSB w 0 01 T 2 DBH 5.8 36.0

43 CACH T BSW W 0 01 T 2 DBH 5.8 36.0

663 CACH T VAE C G 01 T 17 OBH 10. 80.

664 CACH T VSW C G 01 T 17 OBH 10. 80.

426 CACH T VSW W G 01 T 2 DBH 2.54 61.

385 CADE T BSB S 0 01 T 2 DBH 25.0 143.9

386 CADE T BST S 0 01 T 2 DBH 25.0 143.9

384 CADE T BSW S 0 01 T 2 DBH 25.0 143.9

47 CEDAR T BBL W G 01 T 2 DBH 15.5 60.2

46 CEDAR T BFT C 0 01 T 2 DBH 15.5 60.2

49 CEDAR

48 CEDAR

927 CHNO

925 CHNO

924 CHNO

926 CHNO

923 CHNO

325 CHND

326 CHNO

929 CHNO

324 CHNO

55 JUOC

52 JUOC

51 JUOC

50 JUOC

54 JUOC

53 JUOC

711 JUOC

712 JUOC

57 JUOC

56 JUOC

713 JUOC

710 JUSC

a97 LAOC

a95 LAOC

894 LAOC

503 LAOC

576 LAOC

896 LAOC

893 LADC

603 LAOC

604 LAOC

892 LAOC

488 LAOS

489 LAOC

490 LAOC

491 LAOC

492 LAOC

493 LADC

494 LAOC

441 LAOC

440 LAOC

434 LIOE

433 LIDE

677 LIOE

678 LIDE

435 LIDE

616 PIAB

533 PIAL

534 PIAL

535 PIAL

512 PIAL

513 PIAL

574 PIAL

T BSB W G 01 T 2 CIBH 15.5 60.2

T BSW W G 01 T 2 DBH 15.5 60.2

T BAT G G 01 T 9 DBH 8.2 42.4

T BBL G G 01 T 9 OBH 8.2 42.4

T BBS G G 01 T 9 DBH 8.2 42.4

T BFT G G 01 T 9 DBH a.2 42.4

T BSB G G 01 T 9 DBH 8.2 42.4

T Bsa w 0 01 T 2 DBH 18.9 109.1

T BST W 0 01 T 2 DBH 18.9 109.1

T asw G G 01 T 9 DBH a.2 42.4

T BSW W 0 01 T 2 DBH 18.9 109.1

T AFT E G 01 T 2 CIR 14.5 273.0

T BBO E G 01 T 2 CIR 14.5 273.0

T BBL E G 01 T 2 CIR 14.5 273.0

T BFT E G 01 T 2 CIR 14.5 273.0

T BSB E G 01 T 2 CIR 14.5 273.0

T BSW E G 01 T 2 CIR 14.5 273.0

T VAE R G 01 T 38 OBA 10.16 127.0

T VAE R G 02 T 38 DBA 10.16 101.6

T VSB E G 01 T 2 CIR 14.5 273.0

T VSW E G 01 T 2 CIR 14.5 273.0

T VSW E G 02 T 39 OBH 12.7 77.22

T VAE R G 01 T 38 DBA 10.16 88.9

T BAT G G 01 T 9 OBH 3.1 57.5

TBBL G G 01 T 9DBH3.1 57.5

TBBS G G 01 T 90BH3.1 57.5

T BCL R G 01 T 2 DBH 2.54 88.9

T BCL R Y 01 T 32 HT 85.3 548.6

T BFT G G 01 T 9 DBH 3.1 57.5

T BSB G G 01 T 9 OBH 3.1 57.5

T EST R Y 01 T 9 OBH 0. 10.16

T BST R Y 02 T 28 DBH 0. 10.16

T BSW G G 01 T 9 DBH 3.1 57.5

T VQW R M 01 T 21 OBH 7.62 45.72

T VQW R M 02 T 21 OBH 10.16 53.34

T VQW R M 03 T 21 OBH 12.7 53.34

T VQW R M 04 T 21 OBH 15.24 53.34

T VQW R M 05 T 21 DBH 17.78 53.34

T VQW R M 06 T 21 DBH 20.32 53.34

T VQW R M 07 T 21 OBH 22.86 53.34

T VSB R M 01 T 23 DBH 5.08 53.34

T vsw R M 01 T 22 DBH 5.08 53.34

T 8BO W G 01 T 2 OBH 2.54 66.0

T BCL W G 01 T 2 DBH 2.54 66.0

T VAE C G 01 T 17 DBH 10. 100.

T VSW C G 01 T 17 DBH 10. 100.

T VSW W G 01 T 2 DBH 2.54 .66.0

T BAT R Y 01 T 2 HT 0. 457.2

T BCD R G 01 T 9 DBH 2.54 27.94

T BCD R G 02 T 9 DBH 2.54 27.94

T BCD R G 03 T 4 DBH 2.54 27.94

T BCL R G 01 T 24 OaH 2.54 20.32

T BCL R G 02 T 4 OBH 2.54 20.32

T BCL R Y 01 T 4 HT 76.2 304.8

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

Hi

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

LEN

HT

CR

30

19

19

30

19

19

19

19

60. 300. 60

60. 300. 60

30

25

25

25

6

6

6

6

520. 3020. 41

520. 3020. 41

520. 3020. 41

520. 3020. 41

520. 3020. 41

26

26

520. 3020. 41

26

10

10

10

10

10

10

182.9 1524. 137

182.9 1067. 45

10

10

609.6 1829. 73

121.9 914.4 197

290. 3850. 41

290. 3850. 41 0.14

290. 3850. 41 0.18

45

12

290. 3850. 41

290. 3850. 41

12

12

290. 3850. 41

609.6 3353. 238

914.4 3353. 220

1219. 3353. 196

1219. 3353. 168

1524. 3353. 149

1829. 3353. 133

1829. 3353. 115

609.6 3353. 259

609.6 3353. 259

31

31

60. 330. 60

60. 330. 59

31

42

13

13

13

10

10

10

0.88

0.81

0.89

0.94

0.56

0.81

0.97

0.98

0.96

0.95

0.99

0.94

0.97

0.96

0.94

0.91

0.95

0.96

0.99

0.63

0.50

0.59

0.91

0.83

0.96

0.91

0.96

0.99

0.91

0.99

0.99

0.99

0.99

0.76

0.76

0.98

0.99

0.7c

0.88

0.9f

0.8C

0.1s

0.97

0.9s

0.9s

0.91

0.71

0.91

0.9;

0.9E

0.9f

0.9(

0.8t

o.a!

0.8;

0.9:

0.91

0.9:
Appendices: Equation Library 124

607 PIAL T EST R M 01 T 9 OBH 0. 10.16

608 PIAL T BST R M 02 T 4 DBH 0. 10.16

697 PICO T AFT R M 01 T 1 SPA

698 PICO T AFT R M 02 T 1 SPA

699 PICO T AFT R M 03 T 1 SPA

700 PICO T AFT R M 04 T 1 SPA

642 PICO T BAT E E 01 T 2 DBA 1.4 7.9

650 PICO T BAT E E 02 T 2 HT 38. 347.

646 PICO T BAT E E 03 T 36 DBA 1.4 7.9

909 PICO T BAT G G 01 T 9 DBH 3.3 48.9

907 PICO T BBL G G 01 T 9 DBH 3.3 48.9

685 PICD T BBL R M 01 T 4 DBH 0. 10.

684 PICO T BBL R M 02 T 4 DBH 10. 60.

64 PICO T BBL R M 03 T 2 DBH 2.5 28.7

906 PICO T BBS G G 01 T 9 DBH 3.3 48.9

530 PICO T BCD R G 01 T 30 DBH 2.54 25.4

531 PICO T BCD R G 02 T 1 BIO

507 PICO T BCL R G 01 T 24 OBH 2.54 40.64

508 PICO T BCL R G 02 T 2 DBH 2.54 40.64

573 PICO T BCL R Y 01 T 4 HT 48.8 399.3

908 PICO T BFT G G 01 T 9 DBH 3.3 48.9

63 PICO T BFT R M 01 T 2 DBH 2.5 28.7

686 PICO T 8FT R M 02 T 4 DBH 20. 60.

687 PICO T BFT R M 03 T 4 DBH 10. 30.

688 PICO T BFT R M 04 T 4 OBH 10. 30.

689 PICD T BFT R M 05 T 4 DBH 0. 30.

690 PICO T BFT R M 06 T 1 SPA

691 PICO T BFT R M 07 T 1 SPA

692 PICO T BFT R M 08 T 1 SPA

693 PICO T BFT R M 09 T 1 SPA

695 PICO T BKL R M 01 T 4 DBH 10. 60.

696 PICO T BKL R M 02 T 4 DBH 0. 10.

904 PICO TBSB G G 01 T 9DBH3.3 48.9

412 PICO T BSB R 0 01 T 2 OBH 12.2 48.5

643 PICO T EST E E 01 T 2 DBA 1.4 7.9

647 PICO T 8ST E E 02 T 36 DBA 1.4 7.9

651 PICO T BST E E 03 T 2 HT 38. 347.

65 PICO T BST R M 01 T 2 DBH 2.5 28.7

682 PICO T BST R M 02 T 4 DBH 10. 60.

683 PICO TBST R M 03 T 4DBHO. 10.

413 PICO T aST R 0 01 T 2 DaH 12.2 48.5

597 PICO T BST R Y 01 T 32 DBH 0. 10.16

905 PICO T BSW G G 01 T 9 DBH 3.3 48.9

411 PICO T BSW R 0 01 T 2 DBH 12.2 48.5

481 PICO T VQW R M 01 T 21 DBH 7.62 45.72

482 PICO T VQW R M 02 T 21 OBH 10.16 45.72

483 PICO T VQW R M 03 T 21 OBH 12.7 45.72

484 PICO T VQW R M 04 T 21 DBH 15.24 45.72

485 PICO T VQW R M 05 T 21 OBH 17.78 45.72

486 PICO T VQW R M 06 T 21 DBH 20.32 45.72

487 PICO T VQW R M 07 T 21 DBH 22.86 45.72

439 PICO T VSB R. M 01 T 21 OBH 5.08 45.72

438 PICO T VSW R M 01 T 22 OBH 5.08 45.72

879 PIEN T BAT G G 01 T 9 DBH 4.9 57.6

877 PIEN T BBL G G 01 T 9 DBH 4.9 57.6

a76 PIEN T BBS G G 01 T 9 OBH 4.9 57.6

526 PIEN T BCD R G 01 T 2 DBH 2.54 58.42

504 PIEN T BCL R G 01 T 2 OBH 2.54 73.66

567 PIEN T BCL R Y 01 T 2 HT 57.9 317.0

878 PIEN T BFT G G 01 T 9 DBH 4.9 57.6

875 PIEN T BSB G G 01 T 9 OBH 4.9 57.6

415 PIEN T BSB R 0 01 T 2 OBH 17.0 66.8

416 PIEN T BST R 0 01 T 2 OBH 17.0 66.8

594 PIEN T BST R Y 01 T 2 DBH 0. 10.16

874 PIEN T BSW G G 01 T 9 OBH 4.9 57.6

414 PIEN T asw R 0 01 T 2 DBH 17.0 66.8

388 PIJE T BSB S 0 01 T 2 DBH 22.4 133.1

389 PIJE T BST S 0 01 T 2 DBH 22.4 133.1

387 PIJE T BSW S 0 01 T 2 OBH 22.4 133.1

67 PILA T BBL W 0 01 T 2 DBH 20.6 43.3

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

BIO

CR

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

8 0.95

8 0.91

80 0.92

80 0.77

80 0.95

80 0.63

15 0.99

15 0.97

38. 347. 15 0.99

230. 3960. 98 0.93

230. 3960. 98 0.42

80 0.82

80 0.87

19 0.89

230. 3960. 98 0.35

45 0.88

45 0.8e

12 0.9E

230. 3960. 98 0.24

19 0.84

:o"

0.9c

0.82

80 0.84

80 0.8:

80 0.92

80 0.7i

80 0.9:

80 0.6:

70 0.81

70 0.91

230. 3960. 98 0.9(

30 0.3E

15 0.95

38. 347. 15 0.95

15 0.95

19 0.9E

80 0.9E

80 0.93

30 0.91

a 0.9;

230. 3960. 98 0.9:

30 0.9E

609.6 3048. 213

914.4 3048. 193

914.4 3048. 169

1219. 3048. 151

1524. 3048. 143

1524. 3048. 133

1524. 3048. 116

609.6 3048. 227

609.6 3048. 227

320. 4080. 43 0.9t

320. 4080. 43 0.5;

320. 4080. 43 0.21

14 0.8;

29 0.9t

12 0.91

320. 4080. 43 0.3;

320. 4080. 43 0.9!

16 0.9(

16 0.9;

10 0.9t

320. 4080. 43 0.9!

16 0.91

21 0.91

21 0.9;

21 0.9;

5 0.8:
Appendices: Equation Library 125

66 PILA

391 PILA

69 PILA

392 PILA

390 PILA

68 PILA

903 PIMO

901 PIMO

900 PIMO

532 PIMO

509 PIMO

510 PIMO

511 PIMO

572 PIMO

902 PIMO

899 PIMO

898 PIMO

60 PINUS

59 PINUS

58 PINUS

62 PINUS

61 PINUS

640 PIP0

644 PIP0

648 PIP0

706 PIP0

867 PIP0

72 PIP0

702 PIP0

703 PIP0

865 PIP0

71 PIP0

864 PIP0

537 PIP0

582 PIP0

516 PIP0

517 PIP0

580 PIP0

581 PIP0

571 PIP0

583 PIP0

75 PIP0

701 PIP0

866 PIP0

70 PIP0

316 PIP0

705 PIP0

863 PIP0

74 PIP0

641 PIP0

645 PIP0

649 PIP0

317 PIP0

610 PIP0

611 PIP0

596 PIP0

315 PIP0

862 PIP0

73 PIP0

474 PIP0

475 PIP0

476 PIP0

477 PIP0

478 PIP0

479 PIP0

480 PIP0

704 PIP0

437 PIP0

436 PIP0

849 PISI

T BFT W 0 01 T 2 DBH 20.6 43.3

T BSB S 0 01 T 2 DBH 15.7 179.6

T BSB W 0 01 T 2 DBH 20.6 43.3

T EST S 0 01 T 2 DBH 15.7 179.6

T BSW S 0 01 T 2 DBH 15.7 179.6

T BSW W 0 01 T 2 DBH 20.6 43.3

T BAT G G 01 T 9 DBH 3.7 52.4

T BBL G G 01 T 9 DBH 3.7 52.4

T BBS G G 01 T 9 DBH 3.7 52.4

T BCD R G 01 T 2 DBH 2.54 63.5

T BCL R G 01 T 9 DBH 2.54 109.2

T BCL R G 02 T 24 OBH 2.54 109.2

T BCL R G 03 T 2 DBH 2.54 109.2

T BCL R Y 01 T 1 HT 85.3 350.5

TBFT G G 01 T 9DBH3.7 52.4

T BSB G G 01 T 9 DBH 3.7 52.4

T BSW G G 01 T 9 DBH 3.7 52.4

T BED G M 01 T 2 DBH 15.5 79.5

T BBL G M 01 T 2 DBH 2.5 79.5

T BFT G M 01 T 2 DBH 2.5 79.5

T BSB G M 01 T 2 DBH 15.5 79.5

T asw G M 01 T 2 DBH 15.5 79.5

T BAT E E 01 T 2 DBA 0.9 10.5

T BAT E E 02 T 36 DBA 0.9 10.5

T BAT E E 03 T 2 HT 29. 303,

T BAT E Y 04 T 17 DBH 5.3 38.7

T BAT G Y 01 T 9 OBH 3.4 62.5

T 8aD R G 01 T 2 OBH 15.5 79.5

T BBL E Y 01 T 17 OBH 5.3 38.7

T BBL E Y 02 T 2 DBH 5.3 38.7

T BBL G Y 01 T 9 DBH 3.4 62.5

T BBL R G 01 T 2 DBH 15.5 79.5

T BBS G Y 01 T 9 DBH 3.4 62.5

T BCD R G 01 T 2 DBH 2.54 86.36

T BCD R M 01 T 2 DBH 2.54 30.48

T BCL R G 01 T 17 DBH 2.54 86.36

T BCL R G 02 T 2 DBH 2.54 86.36

T BCL R M 01 T 2 HT 116.9 445.0

T BCL R M 02 T 2 DBH 2.54 30.48

T BCL R Y 01 T 1 HT 70.1 304.8

T BCT R M 01 T 2 DBH 2.54 30.48

T BFN R G 01 T 2 DBH 15.5 79.5

T BFT E Y 01 T 2 DBH 5.3 38.7

T BFT G Y 01 T 9 DBH 3.4 62.5

T BFT R G 01 T 2 DBH 15.5 79.5

T BSB E 0 01 T 2 DBH 24.1 117.7

T BSB E Y 01 T 17 DBH 5.3 38.7

T BSB G Y 01 T 9 DBH 3.4 62.5

T ES8 R G 01 T 2 DBH 15.5 79.5

T BST E E 01 T 2 DBA 0.9 10.5

T BST E E 02 T 36 DBA 0.9 10.5

T BST E E 03 T 2 HT 29. 303.

T BST E 0 01 T 2 DBH 24.1 117.7

T BST R M 01 T 9 DBH 0. 10.16

T BST R M 02 T 28 DBH 0. 10.16

T BST R Y 01 T 4 OBH 0. 10.16

T BSW E 0 01 T 2 OBH 24.1 117.7

T 8SW G Y 01 T 9 DBH 3.4 62.5

T BSW R G 01 T 2 DBH 15.5 79.5

T VQW R M 01 T 21 OBH 7.62 58.42

T VQW R M 02 T 21 DBH 10.16 58.42

T VQW R M 03 T 21 OBH 12.7 58.42

T VQW R M 04 T 21 OBH 15.24 58.42

T VQW R M 05 T 21 DBH 17.78 58.42

T VQW R M 06 T 21 DBH 22.86 58.42

T VQW R M 07 T 21 DBH 22.86 58.42

T VSB E Y 01 T 17 OBH 5.3 38.7

T VSB R M 01 T 21 DBH 5.08 58.42

T VSW R M 01 T 20 DBH 5.08 58.42

T BAT G Y 01 T 9 DBH 5.3 45.1

HT

HT

HT

CR

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

CR

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

HT

5 0.52

60 0.93

5 0.91

60 0.98

60 0.97

5 0.96

250. 3780. 40 0.96

250. 3780. 40 0.44

250. 3780. 40 0.80

18 0.80

44 0.97

44 0.95

44 0.95

13 0.97

250. 3780. 40 0.37

250. 3780. 40 0.96

250. 3780. 40 0.99

14 0.53

33 0.95

33 0.89

14 0.95

14 0.98

60 0.97

29. 303. 60 0.98

60 0.98

311. 2063. 23 0.99

210. 4080. 42 0.98

9 0.64

311. 2063. 23 0.95

23 0.94

210. 4080. 42 0.46

9 0.99

210. 4080. 42 0.0

26 0.87

15 0.81

40 0.97

40 0.95

10 0.35

15 0.90

12 0.81

15 0.95

9 0.86

23 0.97

210. 4080. 42 0.40

9 0.84

42 0.96

311. 2063. 23 0:99

210. 4080. 42 0.93

9 0.97

60 0.97

29. 303. 60 0.99

60 0.98

42 0.98

11 0.92

11 0.79

11 0.96

42’ 0.98

210. 4080. 42 0.92

9 0.99

609.6 3353. 338

609.6 3353. 308

914.4 3353. 269

914.4 3353. 247

1219. 3353. 229

1219. 3353. 212

1524. 3353. 197

311. 2063. 23. 0.99

304.8 3353. 362

304.8 3353. 362

460. 2250. 40 0.96
Appendices: Equation Library 126

466 PISI T 88L A M 01 T 2 08H 3.0 77.7 28 0.80

471 PISI T 88L A M 02 T 17 08H 3.0 77.7 SAP 0.6 3.8 28 0.92

847 PISI T 8BL G Y 01 T 9 08H 5.3 45.1 HT 460. 2250. 40 0.42

846 PISI T BBS G Y 01 T 9 08H 5.3 45.1 HT 460. 2250. 40 0.41

467 PISI T 8CL A M 01 T 2 DBH 3.0 77.7 28 0.81

472 PISI T BCL A M 02 T 17 08H 3.0 77.7 SAP 0.6 3.8 28 0.94

463 PISI T 8FN A M 01 T 2 08H 3.0 77.7 28 0.71

469 PISI T 8FN A M 02 T 18 OBH 3.0 77.7 SAP 0.6 3.8 28 0.90

465 PISI T 8FT A M 01 T 2 08H 3.0 77.7 28 0.81

470 PISI T 8FT A M 02 T 19 08H 3.0 77.7 SAP 0.6 3.8 28 0.95

848 PISI T BFT G Y 01 T 9 08H 5.3 45.1 HT 460. 2250. 40 0.46

370 PISI T 8S8 C M 01 T 2 D8H 20.7 176.0 27 0.90

310 PISI T 8S8 C 0 01 T 2 D8H 35.4 283.0 41 0.81

403 PISI T 8S8 C Y 01 T 2 D8H 24.3 41.5 14 0.66

845 PISI T 8S8 G Y 01 T 9 08H 5.3 45.1 HT 460. 2250. 40 0.93

464 PISI T 8ST A M 01 T 2 D8H 3.0 77.7 21 0.97

371 PISI T BST C M 01 T 2 D8H 20.7 176.0 27 0.93

311 PISI T 8ST C 0 01 T 2 D8H 35.4 283.0 41 0.95

404 PISI T 8ST C Y 01 T 2 D8H 24.3 41.5 14 0.87

369 PISI T BSW C M 01 T 2 D8H 20.7 176.0 27 0.93

309 PISI T BSW C 0 01 T 2 DBH 35.4 283.0 41 0.95

402 PISI T BSW C Y 01 T 2 DBH 24.3 41.5 14 0.87

844 PISI T 8SW G Y 01 T 9 DBH 5.3 45.1 HT 460. 2250. 40 0.98

468 PISI T PFT A M 01 T 2 D8H 3.0 77.7 28 0.79

473 PISI T PFT A M 02 T 31 OBH 3.0 77.7 SAP 0.6 3.8 28 0.95

716 POTR T BAE R Y 01 T 36 DBH 2.0 31.5 HT 124.9 2774. 279 0.98

946 POTR T BAT G G 01 T 9 OBH 6.0 34.8 HT 540. 2560. 40 0.94

718 POTR T BAT R Y 01 T 36 DBH 2.0 31.5 HT 124.9 2774. 279 0.98

944 POTR T BBL G G 01 T 9 DBH 6.0 34.8 HT 540. 2560. 40 0.26

943 POTR T BBS G G 01 T 9 DBH 6.0 34.8 HT 540. 2560. 40 0.49

717 POTR T BCL R Y 01 T 36 D8H 2.0 31.5 HT 124.9 2774. 279 0.82

945 POTR T 8FT G G 01 T 9 D8H 6.0 34.8 HT 540. 2560. 40 0.37

942 POTR T BS8 G G 01 T 9 DBH 6.0 34.8 HT 540. 2560. 40 0.94

719 POTR T BSB R Y 01 T 40 DBH 2.0 31.5 HT 124.9 2774. 279

715 POTR T BST R Y 01 T 36 DBH 2.0 31.5 HT 124.9 2774. 279 0.99

941 POTR T BSW G G 01 T 9 DBH 6.0 34.8 HT 540. 2560. 40 0.98

714 POTR T BSW R Y 01 T 36 08H 2.0 31.5 HT 124.9 2774. 279 0.99

934 POTR2 T BAT G Y 01 T 9 OBH 5.6 31.5 HT 690. 2540. 40 0.95

932 POTRZ T 8BL G Y 01 T 9 DBH 5.6 31.5 HT 690. 2540. 40 0.66

931 POTRZ T BBS G Y 01 T 9 D8H 5.6 31.5 HT 690. 2540. 40 0.83

933 POTRZ T 8FT G Y 01 T 9 DBH 5.6 31.5 HT 690. 2540. 40 0.55

930 POTRZ T BSB G Y 01 T 9 D8H 5.6 31.5 HT 690. 2540. 40 0.83

922 POTR2 T BSW G Y 01 T 9 08H 5.6 31.5 HT 690. 2540. 40 0.92

615 PPPA TBAT R Y 01 T 2HT 0. 457.2 58 0.93

625 PREM T BAT E E 01 T 35 LEN WID 11 0.97

635 PREM T BAT E E 02 T 2 VOL 11.76 6551. 11 0.9E

189 PSME T 8AP W Y 01 T 2 08A 0.29 6.1 23 0.93

301 PSME T BAT C Y 01 T 2 D8H 1.4 13.4 18 0.97

307 PSME TBAT C Y 02 T 2DBA2.1 21.9 18 0.97

750 PSME T BAT C Y 03 T 2 DBH 8.9 26.1 240 0.93

759 PSME T BAT C Y 04 T 17 DBH 8.9 26.1 HT 990. 1840. 240 0.95

830 PSME T BAT C Y 05 T 2 DBH 40 0.9:

838 PSME T BAT C Y 06 T 9 DBH 4.5 66.0 HT 410. 4400. 49 0.9s

861 PSME TBAT G G 01 T 9DBH3.1 63.2 HT 260. 3450. 41 0.84

1093 PSME T BAT W E 02 T 11 DBA 0.1 0.7 11 0.9i

1094 PSME T BAT W E 03 T 17 DBA 0.1 0.7 HT 3.0 24.0 11 0.9E

1095 PSME T BAT W E 04 T 2 HT 3.0 24.0 11 0.91

444 PSME T BAT W G 01 T 9 DBH 2.5 162.0 HT 144 0.6:

190 PSME T BAT W Y 01 T 2 D8A 0.29 6.1 23 0.91

3 PSME TBBD W G 01 T 2DBH1.8 162.0 85 0.81

298 PSME T BBL C Y 01 T 2 DBH 1.4 13.4 18 0.91

304 PSME TBBL C Y 02 T 2DBA2.1 21.9 18 0.91

755 PSME T BBL C Y 03 T 2 DBH 8.9 26.1 240 0.71

764 PSME T B8L C Y 04 T 17 DBH 8.9 26.1 HT 990. 1840. 240 0.7:

842 PSME T BBL C Y 05 T 9 DBH 4.5 66.0 HT 410. 4400. 49 0.5t

825 PSME T BBL C Y 06 T 2 DBH 40 0.9;

859 PSME T88L G G 01 T 9DBH3.1 63.2 HT 260. 3450. 41 0.4!

2 PSME TBBL W G 01 T 2DBH1.8 162.0 123 0.9;

446 PSME TBBL W G 02 T 9OBHl.O 220.7 HT 171 0.7;

824 PSME T BBS C Y 01 T .2 DBH 40 0.9:
Appendices: Equation Library 127

841 PSME T BBS

858 PSME T BBS

538 PSME T BCD

539 PSME T 8CD

586 PSME T BCD

419 PSME T BCD

752 PSME T BCL

761 PSME T BCL

826 PSME T BCL

518 PSME T BCL

519 PSME T BCL

579 PSME T BCL

584 PSME T BCL

585 PSME T BCL

566 PSME T BCL

417 PSME T BCL

587 PSME T BCT

7 PSME T BFN

297 PSME T 8FT

303 PSME T BFT

756 PSME T 8FT

765 PSME T BFT

823 PSME T BFT

843 PSME T BFT

860 PSME T BFT

1 PSME T 8FT

247 PSME T BFT

445 PSME T BFT

188 PSME T BFT

6 PSME T BRL

450 PSME T 8RT

754 PSME T BSB

763 PSME T 8S8

828 PSME T BS8

840 PSME T BS8

857 PSME T BS8

5 PSME T BSB

448 PSME T BSB

254 PSME T BS8

364 PSME T BSB

328 PSME T BSB

343 PSME T BSB

352 PSME T BSB

300 PSME T BST

306 PSME T BST

751 PSME T 8ST

760 PSME T BST

829 PSME T BST

609 PSME T BST

595 PSME T BST

449 PSME T BST

256 PSME T BST

365 PSME T 8ST

329 PSME T BST

344 PSME T BST

353 PSME T BST

753 PSME T BSW

762 PSME T 8SW

827 PSME T BSW

839 PSME T 8SW

856 PSME T BSW

4 PSME T BSW

447 PSME T BSW

255 PSME T BSW

363 PSME T 8SW

327 PSME T BSW

342 PSME T 8SW

351 PSME T BSW

302 PSME T HST

308 PSME T HST

C Y 04 T 9 DBH 4.5

G G 01 T 9 DBH 3.1

R G 01 T 24 DBH 2.54

R G 02 T 28 08H 2.54

R M 01 T 2 D8H 2.54

W 0 01 T 2 DBH 60.

C Y 01 T 2 DBH 8.9

C Y 02 T 17 DBH 8.9

C Y 04 T 2 D8H

R G 01 T 2 DBH 2.54

R G 02 T 4 DBH 2.54

R M 01 T 2 HT 109.7

R M 02 T 33 DBH 2.54

R M 03 T 2 DBH 2.54

R Y 01 T 2 HT 112.8

W 0 01 T 13 DBH 60.

R M 01 T 2 D8H 2.54

W 0 01 T 2 DBH 25.9

C Y 01 T 20BH1.4

C Y 02 T 2DBA2.1

C Y 03 T 2 DBH 8.9

C Y 04 T 17 DBH 8.9

C Y 05 T 2 DBH

C Y 06 T 9 DBH 4.5

G G 01 T 9 DBH 3.1

W G 01 T 2 D8H 1.8

W D 01 T 2 DBH 110.

W 0 02 T 9 D8H 1.0

W Y 01 T 2 DBA 0.29

W G 01 T 2 DBH 2.3

W G 02 T 9 OBH 2.5

C Y 01 T 2 OBH 8.9

C Y 02 T 17 D8H 8.9

C Y 04 T 2 D8H

C Y 05 T 9 DBH 4.5

G G 01 T 9 DBH 3.1

W G 01 T 2 08H 1.8

W G 02 T 9 OBH 2.5

W M 01 T 2 DBH 17.0

W M 02 T 2 D8H 24.6

W 0 01 T 2 DBH 31.5

W 0 02 T 2 D8H 17.2

W D 03 T 2 DBH 38.6

C Y 01 T 2DBH1.4

C Y 02 T 2DBA2.1

C Y 03 T 2 D8H 8.9

C Y 04 T 17 OBH 8.9

C Y 05 T 2 OBH

R M 01 T 4 OBH 0.

R Y 01 T 4 D8H 0.

W G 01 T 9 DBH 2.5

W M 01 T 2 DBH 17.0

W M 02 T 2 DBH 24.6

W 0 01 T 2 DBH 31.5

W 0 02 T 2 DBH 17.2

W 0 03 T 2 D8H 38.6

C Y 02 T 2 D8H 8.9

C Y 03 T 17 08H 8.9

C Y 04 T 2 D8H

C Y 05 T 9 D8H 4.5

G G 01 T 9DBH3.1

W G 01 T 2DBH1.8

W G 02 T 9 DBH 2.5

W M 01 T 2 D8H 17.0

W M 02 T 2 DBH 24.6

W D 01 T 2 08H 31.5

W D 02 T 2 D8H 17.2

W 0 03 T 2 OBH 38.6

C Y 01 T 2 DBH 1.4

C Y 02 T 2DBA2.1

66.0

63.2

86.36

86.36

27.94

160.

26.1

26.1

43.18

86.36

475.5

27.94

27.94

347.5

160.

27.94

162.0

13.4

21.9

26.1

26.1

66.0

63.2

162.0

190.

220.7

6.1

135.0

60.0

26.1

'26.1

66.0

63.2

162.0

162.0

212.7

206.5

215.0

177.4

161.0

13.4

21.9

26.1

26.1

10.16

10.16

162.0

212.7

206.5

215.0

177.4

161.0

26.1

26.1

66.0

63.2

162.0

162.0

212.7

206.5

215.0

177.4

161.0

13.4

21.9

HT 410.

HT 260.

LEN

HT 990.

Hl

HT 990.

HT 410.

HT 260.

Hl

HT

HT 990.

HT 410.

HT 260.

HT

HT 990

HT

HT 990

HT 410.

HT 260.

HT

4400. 49 0.64

3450. 41 0.4E

21 0.96

21 0.91

15 0.89

32 0.79

240 0.7E

1840. 240 0.77

40 0.93

41 0.93

41 0.85

10 0.66

15 0.96

15 0.90

11 0.83

32 0.73

15 0.94

29 0.93

18 0.94

18 0.94

240 0.7E

1840. 240 0.76

40 0.93

4400. 49 0.56

3450. 41 0.4c

123 0.86

7 0.59

171 0.80

23 0.90

26 0.96

13 0.99

240 0.87

1840. 240 0.88

40 0.85

4400. 49 0.98

3450. 41 0.80

99 0.99

120 0.68

215 0.91

34 0.95

45 0.83

116 0.93

20 D.8C

18 0.97

18 0.97

240 0.93

1840. 240 0.96

40 0.89

8 0.97

12 0.99

144 0.74

215 0.97

34 0.99

45 0.95

116 0.97

20 0.93

240 0.92

1840. 240 0.93

40 0.89

4400. 49 0.99

3450. 41 0.80

99 0.99

120 0.88

215 0.97

34 0.98

45 0.95

116 0.97

20 0.92

18 0.8:

18 0.7E
758 PSME T PFT C Y 01 T 2 SPA 43.2 309.7 240 0.69

766 PSME T PFT C Y 02 T 17 DBH 8.9 26.1 HT 990. 1840. 240 0.73

757 PSME T PFT C Y 03 T 2 DBH 8.9 26.1 240 0.73

817 PSME T PFT C Y 04 T 2 DBH 16 0.94

818 PSME T PFT C Y 05 T 2 DBH 16 0.94

819 PSME T PFT C Y 06 T 2 DBH 8 0.85

820 PSME T PFT C Y 07 T 2 SPA 16 0.95

821 PSME T PFT C Y 08 T 2 SPA 16 0.95

822 PSME T PFT C Y 09 T 2 SPA 8 0.85

495 PSME T VQW R M 01 T 21 DBH 7.62 55.88 HT 609.6 3048. 332

496 PSME T VQW R M 02 T 21 DBH 10.16 66.04 HT 914.4 3353. 300

497 PSME T VQW R M 03 T 21 DBH 12.7 66.04 HT 914.4 3353. 273

498 PSME T VQW R M 04 T 21 OBH 15.24 66.04 HT 1219. 3353. 248

499 PSME T VQW R M 05 T 21 DBH 17.78 55.88 HT 1219. 3048. 221

500 PSME T VQW R M 06 T 21 DBH 20.32 55.88 HT 1524. 3048. 197

501 PSME T VQW R M 07 T 21 D8H 22.86 66.04 HT 1524. 3353. 184

443 PSME T VSB R M 01 T 21 D8H 5.08 55.88 HT 304.8 3048. 361

299 PSME TVST C Y 01 T 2DBH1.4 13.4 18 0.97

305 PSME T VST C Y 02 T 2 D8A 2.1 21.9 18 0.97

442 PSME T VSW R M 01 T 20 DBH 5.08 55.88 HT 304.8 3048. 361

665 QUAG T VAE C G 01 T 17 DBH 10. 100. HT 60. 300. 60 0.9E

666 QUAG T VSW C G 01 T 17 DBH 10. 100. HT 60. 300. 59 0.97

661 QUCH T VAE G G 01 T 17 D8H 10. 80. HT 60. 300. 58 0.97

662 QUCH T VSW G G 01 T 17 D8H 10. 80. HT 60. 300. 58 0.98

659 QUDO T VAE G G 01 T 17 DBH 10. 70. HT 60. 240. 60 0.97

660 QUDO T VSW G G 01 T 17 DBH 10. 70. HT 60. 240. 60 0.97

667 QUEN T VAE C G 01 T 17 DBH 10. 80. HT 60. 150. 61 0.96

668 QUEN T VSW C G 01 T 17 DBH 10. 80. HT 60. 150. 61 0.96

675 QUGA TVAE G G 01 T17DBHlO. 90. HT 60. 270. 60 0.96

676 QUGA T VSW G G 01 T 17 OBH 10. 90. HT 60. 270. 60 0.9:

656 QUKE T VAE G G 01 T 17 D8H 10. 110. HT 90. 420. 59 0.97

657 QUKE T VSW G G 01 T 17 D8H 10. 110. HT 90. 420. 60 0.9E

679 QULO T VAE G G 01 T 17 DBH 10. 100. HT 60. 300. 59 0.95

680 QULO T VSW G G 01 T 17 DEH 10. 100. HT 60. 300. 59 0.9:

669 QUWI T VAE G G 01 T 17 DBH 10. 100. HT 60. 270. 58 0.97

670 QUWI T VSW G G 01 T 17 DBH 10. 100. HT 60. 270. 58 0.9E

394 SEGI T BS8 S 0 01 T 2 DBH 96.8 614.3 45 0.72

395 SEGI T BST S D 01 T 2 DBH 96.8 614.3 45 0.9E

393 SEGI T BSW S 0 01 T 2 DBH 96.8 614.3 45 0.9:

617 THLAPI T BAT R Y 01 T 2 HT 0. 457.2 37 0.87

192 THPL T 8AP W Y 01 T 2 OBA 0.18 2.23 5 0.9E

855 THPL T BAT G G 01 T 9 DBH 3.8 68.9 HT 340. 4000. 70 0.97

457 THPL T BAT W G 01 T 9 OBH 2.5 119.6 HT 26 0.9(

1126 THPL T BAT W 0 01 T 1 DBA 4.2 7.0 4 0.9:

193 THPL T BAT W Y 01 T 2 OBA 0.18 2.23 5 0.95

853 THPL T B8L G G 01 T 9 OBH 3.8 68.9 HT 340. 4000. 70 0.6f

459 THPL T BBL W G 01 T 9 DBH 0.2 119.6 HT 50 0.91

1127 THPL T 88L W 0 01 T 1 DBA 4.2 7.0 4 0.5!

852 THPL T BBS G G 01 T 9 OBH 3.8 68.9 HT 340. 4000. 70 0.2(

536 THPL T BCD R G 01 T 28 DBH 2.54 68.58 20 0.91

592 THPL T BCD R M 01 T 2 DBH 2.54 27.94 13 0.91

514 THPL T BCL R G 01 T 25 DEH 2.54 93.98 CR 34 0.9;

515 THPL T BCL R G 02 T 2 DBH 2.54 93.98 34 0.91

578 THPL T BCL R M 01 T 4 HT 112.8 317.0 11 0.91

591 THPL T 8CL R M 02 T 2 DBH 2.54 27.94 13 0.91

569 THPL T 8CL R Y 01 T 4 HT 54.9 307.8 12 0.91

593 THPL T 8CT R M 01 T 2 DBH 2.54 27.94 13 0.9!

854 THPL T 8FT G G 01 T 9 DBH 3.8 68.9 HT 340. 4000. 70 0.6:

458 THPL T BFT W G 01 T 9 DBH 0.2 119.6 HT 47 0.9!

1128 THPL T BFT W D 01 T 1 DBA 4.2 7.0 4 0.9:

191 THPL T 8FT W Y 01 T 2 DBA 0.18 2.23 5 0.9!

851 THPL T BSB G G 01 T 9 D8H 3.8 68.9 HT 340. 4000. 70 0.8:

461 THPL T BS8 W G 01 T 9 DBH 2.5 119.6 HT 26 0.61

331 THPL T BSB W D 01 T 2 DBH 11.8 168.5 17 0.9.

346 THPL T 8S8 W 0 02 T 2 DBH 17.1 123.7 22 0.8E

355 THPL T 8S8 W 0 03 T 2 DBH 31.2 95.5 12 0.65

400 THPL T BSB W 0 04 T 2 DBH 11.8 168.5 52 0.81

612 THPL T 8ST R M 01 T 4 OBH 0. 10.16 10 0.97

599 THPL T 8ST R Y 01 T 29 DBH 0. 10.16 13 0.95

462 THPL T BST W G 01 T 9 DBH 2.5 119.6 HT 26 0.9:
Appendices: Equation Library 129

332 THPL T 8ST W 0 01 T 2 DBH 11.8 168.5

347 THPL T BST W 0 02 T 2 OBH 17.1 123.7

356 THPL T BST W 0 03 T 2 DBH 31.2 95.5

401 THPL T BST W 0 04 T 2 D8H 11.8 168.5

1129 THPL T 8ST W 0 05 T 1 DBA 4.2 7.0

850 THPL T BSW G G 01 T 9 OBH 3.8 68.9 HT 340. 4000.

460 THPL T BSW W G 01 T 9 DBH 2.5 119.6 HT

330 THPL T BSW W D 01 T 2 DBH 11.8 168.5

345 THPL T BSW W D 02 T 2 DBH 17.1 123.7

354 THPL T BSW W D 03 T 2 D8H 31.2 95.5

399 THPL T BSW W 0 04 T 2 DBH 11.8 168.5

619 THPSPI T BAT R Y 01 T 2 HT 0. 457.2

195 TSHE T BAP W Y 01 T 2 08A 0.12 4.29

873 TSHE T BAT G G 01 T 9 DBH 3.1 70.5 HT 350. 4370.

618 TSHE T BAT R Y 01 T 2 HT 0. 457.2

451 TSHE T BAT W G 01 T 9 08H 2.5 92.4 HT

1130 TSHE T BAT W 0 01 T 1 OBA 4.2 7.9

196 TSHE T BAT W Y 01 T 2 OBA 0.12 4.29

544 TSHE T BBD C M 01 T 2 DBH 9.9 47.8

545 TSHE T B8D C M 02 T 2 DBH 9.9 47.8

10 TSHE T B8D W 0 01 T 2 DBH 15.3 78.0

129 TSHE T88L C M 01 T 2DBH2.1 13.4

542 TSHE T B8L C M 02 T 2 DBH 9.9 47.8

543 TSHE T BBL C M 03 T 2 D8H 9.9 47.8

871 TSHE TBBL G G 01 T 908H3.1

453 TSHE T B8L W G 01 T 9 DBH 0.2

9 TSHE T B8L W 0 01 T 2 DBH 15.3

1131 TSHE T BBL W 0 02 T 1 DBA 4.2

176 TSHE T BBS C M 01 T 2 DBH 9.9

872 TSHE TBBS G G 01 T 9DBH3.1

540 TSHE T BCD R G 01 T 17 DBH 2.54

541 TSHE T BCO R G 02 T 2 D8H 2.54

420 TSHE T 8CD W D 01 T 2 08H 30.

520 TSHE T BCL R G 01 T 26 DBH 2.54

521 TSHE TBCL R G 02 T27DBH2.54

522 TSHE T BCL R G 03 T 2 DBH 2.54

575 TSHE T BCL R Y 01 T 2 HT 109.7

418 TSHE T BCL W 0 01 T 13 D8H 30.

13 TSHE T BFN W 0 01 T 2 DBH 15.3

128 TSHE TBFT C M 01 T 2DBH2.1

175 TSHE T 8FT C M 02 T 2 DBH 9.9

870 TSHE T BFT G G 01 T 9 D8H 3.1

452 TSHE T BFT W G 01 T 9 DBH 0.2

8 TSHE. T 8FT W D 01 T 2 08H 15.3

1133 TSHE T 8FT W 0 02 T 1 DBA 4.2

194 TSHE T BFT W Y 01 T 2 DBA 0.12

174 TSHE T BS8 C M 01 T 2 DBH 9.9

373 TSHE T 8S8 C M 02 T 2 OBH 19.3

376 TSHE T BS8 C M 03 T 2 DBH 27.5

313 TSHE T 8S8 C 0 01 T 2 DBH 19.6

406 TSHE T BSB C Y 01 T 2 D8H 25.6

869 TSHE T BS8 G G 01 T 9 DBH 3.1

455 TSHE T BS8 W G 01 T 9 08H 2.5

367 TSHE T 8SB W M 01 T 2 DBH 15.3

12 TSHE T 8SB W 0 01 T 2 DBH 15.3

257 TSHE T 8SB W 0 02 T 2 DBH 8.9

334 TSHE T 8S8 W 0 03 T 2 D8H 8.9

349 TSHE T 8S8 W D 04 T 2 08H 14.4

358 TSHE T BSB W D 05 T 2 DBH 24.7

130 TSHE T 8ST C M 01 T 2 D8H 2.1

374 TSHE T BST C M 02 T 2 DBH 19.3

377 TSHE T 8ST C M 03 T 2 D8H 27.5

314 TSHE T BST C 0 01 T 2 08H 19.6

407 TSHE T BST C Y 01 T 2 DBH 25.6

598 TSHE T BST R Y 01 T 28 D8H 0.

601 TSHE TBST R Y 02 T33DBHO.

602 TSHE TBST R Y 03 T 4DBH0.

456 TSHE T BST W G 01 T 9 08H 2.5

368 TSHE T BST W M 01 T 2 DBH 15.3

259 TSHE T 8ST W D 01 T 2 DBH 8.9

70.5

118.0

78.0

7.9

47.8

70.5

53.34

53.34

110.

81.28

81.28

81.28

414.5

110.

78.0

13.4

47.8

70.5

118.0

78.0

7.9

4.29

47.8

121.6

73.4

172.3

45.7

70.5

92.4

134.7

78.0

134.7

HT 350. 4370.

Hi

HT 350. 4370.

HT

LEN

HT

HT 350. 4370.

HT

HT 350. 4370.

HT

113.3

114.8

56.0

13.4

121.6

73.4

172.3

45.7

10.16

10.16 HT

10.16

92.4 HT

134.7

134.7

17 0.99

22 0.98

12

52

4

70

26

17

22

12

52

31

18

70

11

47

4

18

21

21

18

9

21

21

70

74

18

4

21

70

20

20

29

27

27

27

12

29

10

9

21

70

66

18

4

18

19

41

31

47

25

70

37

21

18

207

80

91

15

9

41

31

47

25

13

12

12

47

21

207

0.91

0.97

0.75

0.95

0.95

0.98

0.98

0.91

0.97

0.79

0.97

0.98

0.71

0.88

0.93

0.96

0.93

0.93

0.62

0.97

0.89

0.89

0.55

0.9e

0.9e

0.87

0.91

0.52

0.92

0.84

0.72

0.9E

0.9&

0.9e

0.91

0.82

0.81

0.9f

0.91

0.5E

0.95

0.9t

0.81

0.9E

0.97

0.9:

0.5E

0.85

0.2E

0.92

0.7:

0.9t

0.9:

0.81

0.8,

0.7f

0.8f

0.91

0.9t

0.8;

0.9t

0.81

0.9t

0.9f

0.9;

0.9;

0.9'

0.91
Appendices: Equation Library 130

335 TSHE

350 TSHE

359 TSHE

1132 TSHE

173 TSHE

372 TSHE

375 TSHE

312 TSHE

405 TSHE

868 TSHE

454 TSHE

366 TSHE

11 TSHE

258 TSHE

333 TSHE

348 TSHE

357 TSHE

915 TSME

16 TSME

913 TSME

15 TSME

912 TSME

914 TSME

14 TSME

911 TSME

340 TSME

18 TSME

337 TSME

341 TSME

338 TSME

916 TSME

339 TSME

17 TSME

336 TSME

671 UMCA

672 UMCA

T BST W 0 02 T 2 DBH 8.9 113.3

T 8ST W 0 03 T 2 DBH 14.4 114.8

T BST W 0 04 T 2 D8H 24.7 56.0

T BST W 0 05 T 1 DBA 4.2 7.9

T 8SW C M 01 T 2 DBH 9.9 47.8

T BSW C M 02 T 2 DBH 19.3 121.6

T BSW C M 03 T 2 DBH 27.5 73.4

T 8SW C D 01 T 2 OBH 19.6 172.3

T 8SW C Y 01 T 2 OBH 25.6 45.7

T BSW G G 01 T 908H3.1 70.5

T BSW W G 01 T 9DBH2.5 92.4

T BSW W M 01 T 2 OBH 15.3 134.7

T 8SW W D 01 T 2 OBH 15.3 78.0

T BSW W D 02 T 2 08H 8.9 134.7

T BSW W 0 03 T 2 DBH 8.9 113.3

T 8SW W 0 04 T 2 DBH 14.4 114.8

T BSW W D 05 T 2 DBH 24.7 56.0

T BAT G G 01 T 9 DBH 8.9 44.0

T 8BD W D 01 T 2 DBH 17.0 54.6

T 88L G G 01 T 9 OBH 8.9 44.0

T BBL W 0 01 T 2 DBH 17.0 76.2

T BBS G G 01 T 9 OBH 8.9 44.0

T BFT G G 01 T 9 DBH 8.9 44.0

T BFT W 0 01 T 2 DBH 17.0 76.2

T BS8 G G 01 T 9 DBH 8.9 44.0

T BS8 G M 01 T 2 DBH 11.5 125.7

T BS8 W 0 01 T 2 DBH 17.0 76.2

T BSB W 0 02 T 2 D8H 22.3 88.8

T 8ST G M 01 T 2 DBH 11.5 125.7

T BST W 0 01 T 2 DBH 22.3 88.8

T 8SW G G 01 T 9 DBH 8.9 44.0

T BSW G M 01 T 2 DBH 11.5 125.7

T 8SW W 0 01 T 2 DBH 17.0 76.2

T 8SW W D 02 T 2 DBH 22.3 88.8

T VAE C G 01 T 17 DBH 10. 80.

T VSW C G 01 T 17 DBH 10. 80.

HT 350.

HT

HT 400.

HT 400.

HT 400.

HT 400.

HT 400.

HT 400.

HT 60.

HT 60.

8 0 0.97

91 0.91

15 0.91

4 0.94

19 0.98

41 0.98

31 0.88

47 0.95

25 0.84

4370. 70 0.99

37 0.98

21 0.97

18 0.99

207 0.94

80 0.87

91 0.92

15 0.90

2530. 39 0.99

6 0.98

2530. 39 0.70

11 0.99

2530. 39 0.69

2530. 39 0.63

11 0.97

2530. 39 0.95

399 0.91

14 0.97

15 0.95

399 0.95

15 0.98

2530. 39 0.99

399 0.95

14 0.9e

15 0.97

330. 60 0.9E

330. 60 0.95
Appendices: Eauation Selection Penalties (ESP) 131

, Equation Selection Penalties (ESP)

Section

131 Equation Selection Penalty (ESP) calculation

132 Geographic Area

132 Seral Stage

132 Extrapolation

132 Coppice lifeform substitution

132 Substituting BAT for BFT

132 Equation list search failure

133 ESP calculation for summations

137 Maximum, Threshold and Summation ESP Levels

137 Maximum ESP Level

137 Threshold ESP Level

138 Summation ESP Level

140 Setting levels

140 Changing contributions to the Equation Selection Penalty

In many instances, the plants used to construct the equations in the Library

will closely match the plants in the Input Data File. There also will be

instances, however, when the plant sizes, geographic areas, seral stages, or

other factors will not match. With each mismatch, there is an associated

Equation Selection Penalty.

The severity of the mismatch will depend on the particular situation. For

example, if your Input Data File is from coastal Washington, but an equation is

used from southeast Alaska, a slight geographic mismatch will occur. If the

equation were from the Rocky Mountains, however, the mismatch would be more

severe.

This section describes how BIOPAK chooses the "best" equation(s) for

calculating the value of a component. These procedures are always used unless

(1) all elements of a Request to Library were replaced by the Substitution Key

of a reassignment statement (that is, all elements of the Original Equation

Request were replaced), or (2) a Local Equation Number is specified in a

Request to Library. In the former instance, BIOPAK uses the first library

equation it encounters that exactly matches the Request to Library (see

Appendix: Selecting Equations and Summations: table 5). An error results if

such an equation is not found.

Equation Selection Penalty (ESP) calculation

It is assumed for purposes of the following discussion that no reassignments

were made, so that the Requests to Library are the same as Original Equation

Requests. When a Request to Library is made, BIOPAK will try to choose the

"best" equation by selecting the equation with the lowest ESP within the

constraints discussed in Appendix: Equation Selection Penalties: Maximum,

Threshold and Summation ESP Levels.
Appendices: Equation Selection Penalties (ESP) 132

The ESP is greater than zero when one or more characteristics of the Candidate

Equation in the Equation List do not exactly match the Request to Library (see

Appendix: Selecting Equations and Summations: table 5). Six sources that can

contribute to the ESP of a Candidate Equation are described in the next six

sections: Geographic area, Serall stage, Extrapolation, Coppice lifeform

substitution, Substitution of BAT for BFT, and Equation list search failure.

The ESP for a Candidate Equation is the sum of the ESP values from these six

sources. The values assigned to each of the sources contributing to the total

ESP can be modified by you as described in Appendix: Customizing BIOPAK.

Geographic Area--

The ESP increases as the difference in climate between the geographic area in

the Request to Library and the geographic area for the Candidate Equation

increases. This method assumes a direct relations between geographic area,

climate, and plant growth form.

Seral Stage--

Greater differences in seral stage between the Request to Library and the

equation have greater ESPs. Seral stages are based primarily on the form of

trees in the sampled community.

Extrapolation--

The range(s) of the independent or prediction variable(s) (for example, DBH) of

the plants measured to build an equation can be found in the Library for most

equations. An overextrapolation occurs when one or more of the parameters in

the Request is greater than the largest value of the plants used to build the

equation. An underextrapolation occurs when one or more of the parameters in

the request is less than the smallest value of the plants used to build the

equation. Overextrapolation has a greater ESP because it can potentially lead

to greater errors than underextrapolation. If the range of the dependent

variable is not stored in the Library,

(PARAMETER RANGE UNKNOWN).

a different ESP penalty is assigned

When any of these three conditions occurs, a

warning message appears in the individual plant report.

Coppice lifeform substitution--

A plant has a coppice lifeform if it is a stump sprout; such plants can be only

trees or shrubs. The coppice lifeform is recognized because stump sprouts

often have a different growth form than plants grown from seed. When coppice

lifeform is in the Request, BIOPAK also considers Candidate Equations with the

taxonomic lifeform for that species in the Equation Library.

Substituting BAT for EFT--

For lifeforms other than trees, shrubs, and coppice, total biomass of foliage

(BFT) may be identical to, or a reasonable estimate of, total aboveground

biomass (BAT).

sedges,

BIOPAK will consider this alternative: For herbs, grasses, and

an ESP of 5,000 is imposed when a BAT equation is used to calculate

BFT. For bryophytes and lichens, no penalty is added under these

circumstances.

Equation list search failure--

The No Value Calculated ESP occurs when no value can be calculated because no

equation exists for that species in the Equation List File, or because a

parameter needed for the equation is not included in the input record. For the
Appendices: Equation Selection Penalties (ESP) 133

files shipped with BIOPAK, this ESP value has been set at 80,000.

ESP calculation for summationsIn general, the ESP assigned to summations of several equations is set equal to

the greatest ESP among the individual equations. Note, however, that the ESPs

of certain components are reduced by prescribed weighting factors because they

are less critical to the accuracy of the sum (weighted ESP = ESP*weight).

These components and their weighting factors are given in figures 2-4. The ESP

weighting occurs whether the summation is specified by equation reassignment or

is chosen by BIOPAK.
Total biomass

BTT

^ ^

I I I I

I

Total aboveground

BAT

^ ^

I

'I

Total foliage

BFT (0.1)

Total underground

BUT

^ ^

I I’ I

Total dead

BUD

I

-I I

I

New foliage Old foliage

BFN BFO

I

Wood and bark I

I 1 I

I

BAE Coarse roots Rootlets Root crown

I

I

BKL BLL (0.1) BKC

I

Dead branches Total live wood and bark -___

BBD (0.1) BAP I I

A A Mychorrhizal Unmychorrizal

I

BLM BLU I

I

Live branches

BBL (0.1)

Totall live

BUL

A A

I

I I

I

Nodules Live roots

BUN (0.1) BRL

A A A

Total projected area of foliage

PFT

Total aboveground

BAT

A A

I I

I I

I

Total stem Total crown

BST BCT

A A A A

New foli'age Old foliage I

I II

,-/ II

PFN PFO Stem wood Stem bark Live crown Dead crown

BSW BSB (0.1) BCL BCD

Total surface area of foliage Stem volume

AFT VST

A A A A

I I I I

I I I I

New foliage area Old foliage area Stem wood volume Stem bark volume

AFN AFO vsw VSB (0.1)

Figure 2--Default summations for tree, shrub, and coppice lifeforms.
Total biomass

BTT

A A

I

Total aboveground

BAT

A A

I

I I

I

Total live underground

BUL

A A

Total foliage

I

I I

I

Live roots Nodules

BFT BRL BUN

A A A A

I

I I

I

I I

New foliage

I I

Old foliage Coarse roots Rootlets

BFN BFO BKL BLL

I

A A

I

Total stem

BST

I

I I

I

Unmychorrizal Mychorriza

BLU BLM

Appendices: Equation Selection Penalties (ESP) 135

1

Total projected area of foliage

PFT

A A

-I I

I

New foliage area Old foliage area

PFN PFO

Total surface area of foliage

AFT

A A

I

I I

I

New foliage area Old foliage area

AFN AFO

Figure 3--Default summations for herb, grass, and sedge lifeforms.
Total biomass

BTT

A A

I I

Total aboveground Total live underground

BAT BUL

I

Total foliage

BFT

A A

I I

New foliage Old foliage

BFN BFO

Total projected area of foliage

PFT

A A

I I

New foliage area Old foliage area

PFN PFO

Total surface area of foliage

AFT

A A

I I

New foliage area Old foliage area

AFN AFO

Figure 4--Default summations for bryophyte (moss) and lichen lifeforms.
 Appendices: Equation Selection Penalties (ESP) 137

Maximum, Threshold and Summation ESP Levels

These levels control the maximum acceptable ESP level (Maximum ESP), the ESP

level below which the search for a lower ESP is discontinued (Threshold ESP),

and the ESP level at which summation will be attempted (Summation ESP). You

set these levels when Designing a Run. These values influence execution time

and affect equation selection. The maximum allowable values for the three

ESPs, can be modified by the user as described in Appendix: Customizing BIOPAK.

Maximum ESP Level--

It determines the poorest acceptable equation match allowed by the user. More

specifically, it determines the poorest acceptable match between the Request to

Library and the equation used to calculate a component value. BIOPAK does not

allow this level to be set higher than the No Value Calculated ESP (80,000 as

supplied with BIOPAK). A component value will not be calculated if the best

ESP of the Candidate Equations (or summations) exceeds the Maximum ESP Level.

The Maximum ESP Level can range in value from 1 to 79,999. For example, if you

assign a Maximum ESP Level of 70,000, then any equation with an ESP value

greater than 70,000 will not be considered for calculation. If the chosen

Maximum ESP Level is low, BIOPAK will be more selective in choosing Candidate

Equations than if a higher ESP is given. If the Maximum ESP Level is not

specified, the program will not be able to select any equations.

Threshold ESP Level--

This level determines when the ESP of a Candidate Equation is low enough that

the search for an equation with a lower ESP can be discontinued. The Threshold

ESP Level can range in value from 0 to 79,999. BIOPAK will end its equation

search when it finds the first equation that is lower than, or meets, the

Threshold ESP value.

A high Threshold ESP Level results in faster execution but can cause selection

of less appropriate equations. A low Threshold ESP Level lengthens execution

time, but may allow more appropriate equations to be selected.

The following diagram shows how BIOPAK selects equations based on user-assigned

Maximum ESP and Threshold ESP Levels. For example, if a value of 70,000 were

assigned to the Maximum ESP Level and a value of 5,000 to the Threshold ESP

Level, BIOPAK would continue to search for equations until it found the first

equation with an ESP less than 5,000. No equation with an ESP greater than

70,000 would be considered. In this example, BIOPAK began by finding.five

Candidate Equations (El-E5 in succession) with an ESP value less than 70,000.

Equations El-E5 also had higher ESP values than the assigned Threshold ESP, so

BIOPAK continued its search. When BIOPAK found the next Candidate Equation

(E6) with an ESP value below 5,000, it stopped searching.

Had BIOPAK been allowed to continue searching, an equation with an even better

ESP value (equation E7) might have been found. This is the possible

consequence of selecting a Threshold ESP Level greater than zero (that is, the

best equation may not be selected). On the other hand, if equations E6 and E7

did not exist, thereby making it impossible for BIOPAK to find an equation with

an ESP value less than 5,000, equation E3, the Candidate Equation with the best
Appendices: Equation Selection Penalties (ESP) 138

(lowest) ESP value, would have been selected.

79,999 -

Equation

Selection

Penalty

*

0 -

------------------ 70,000 Maximum ESP Level

<----- E6

<----- E2

<----- E1

<---- E4

<---- E3

------------------ 5,000 Threshold ESP Level

<----- E6

<----m E7

An assigned Threshold ESP Level of zero will allow for selection of the best

equations, and it is strongly recommended that a value of zero be assigned

whenever possible. Those users with large Input Data Files or slower

computers, however, may want to raise the Threshold ESP Level above zero to

speed calculations.

Summation ESP LevelThe Summation ESP Level does not apply to summations specified by an equation

reassignment statement. The steps BIOPAK uses to select summations are

described in Appendix: Selecting Equations and Summations: Biopak Selects. The

summation or single equation with the lowest ESP is used to estimate the plant

component.

The Summation ESP value can be best explained by referring to the following

diagram. Suppose BIOPAK is performing the routine task of searching for the

most appropriate equation for a given plant component based on Maximum,

Threshold, and Summation ESP Levels. If it finds no single equation in the

Equation Library (in this case, equations El-E3) with a lower ESP value than

the Summation ESP Level, then BIOPAK will begin to consider Default Summations

to sum for the desired plant component. (See figures 2-4)
Appendices: Eauation Selection Penalties (ESP) 139

79,999 -

Equation

Selection

Penalty

*

0 -

------------------ 70,000 Maximum ESP Level

<----- Sl

<----- E2

<----- El

<----- E3

------------------ 15,000 Summation ESP Level

<----- S2

<----- S4

------------------ 5,000 Threshold ESP Level

<-----S3

When the first summation of equations is found that has an ESP value less than

the Threshold ESP Level (in this example, summation S3), then BIOPAK will

immediately end its search and accept this summation as the best method of

calculating a particular plant component. If no equation summation is found

that has an ESP value less than the Threshold ESP Level (that is, S3 does not

exist), then the summation with the lowest ESP is selected (in this example,

summation S4).

Summation ESP values are calculated by multiplying the ESP of individual

equations used in a summation by their weighted value (see figures 2-4). The

highest resulting ESP value will be used as the ESP for the entire summation.

For example, summation for the component BAT for trees, shrubs, and coppice

lifeforms (see fig. 2) might be calculated by summing the equation results for

BFT, BBD, BBL, and BST. So, calculation of the ESP value of the summation

would look like this:

Plant (Weight)

component Weight ESP X (ESP)

BFT 0.10 4000 400

BBD 0.01 200 2

BBL 0.10 400 40

BST 1.00 500 500

Thus, the summation ESP would be 500.
Appendices: Eauation Selection Penalties (ESP) I40

Setting /eve/s

In the Default Settinqs Window of Design a Run, enter ESP levels based on the

contributions of individual sources to the total Equation Selection Penalty

that you will accept. Getting Started: Suggestions for Using BIOPAK discusses

setting these levels. As discussed above, ESP for a Candidate Equation is the

sum of the contributions to ESP from the individual sources. A Maximum ESP

Level of 212, for example, would allow relatively minor mismatches between

Seral Stage codes in conjunction with relatively minor mismatches between

Geographic Area codes. It would not allow extrapolation. A Maximum ESP Level

of 21000, in contrast, would allow any mismatch between Geographic Area codes,

Seral Stage codes, or overextrapolation and underextrapolation. It would not,

however, allow some combinations of mismatches; for example, no mismatch could

occur in combination with overextrapolation.

Changing contributions to the Equation Selection Penalty

The contributions to ESP given in Appendix: Customizing BIOPAK: BIOCODES File

were chosen so that normally less significant mismatches between the equation

used and the request are assigned a lower ESP than mismatches considered to be

generally more serious. They are specific to the Pacific Northwest region and

may not be appropriate for data obtained from other locales. These values can

be changed as described in Appendix: Customizing BIOPAK: BIOCODES File.
Files

Section

141 User files

141 Input Data File

141 Run Design files

141 Run Design File (*.RD)

142 Run Design Report (*.RDR)

142 Equation Library files

142 Equation Database file (*.DBF)

142 Equation Database memo file (*.FPT)

142 Equation List file (*.EQN)

142 Equation documentation text file (*.TXT)

142 Program files

142 Intermediate Binary File (*.IBF)

142 BIOCODES File

142 BIOSUMM File

143 Reports

143 Reports for People (*.RPT)

143 Machine Readable Reports

143 Individual Plant Report (*.IND)

143 Plot Summary Report (*.PLT)

143 Stand Summary Report (*.STA)

143 Diagnostic Reports

143 Summarized Equation Use Report (*.USE)

143 Detailed Equation Use Report (*.DET)

143 Error Report (*.ERR)

You need to keep track of many files. One is provided by you, some are used by

BIOPAK and can be modified by you, and others are produced during a run. This

appendix describes only files the user needs to keep track of. See also

Installation: Files shipped with BIOPAK and Installation: Files in the BIOPAK

directory for lists of files corresponding to these titles.

User files

Input Data File--

The file containing the data used for executing the component calculat

This file must be in ASCII format. See Reference: Input Data File for

detailed description.

ions.

a more

Run Design files

Run Design File (*.RD)--

This file is a product of Design a Run. The Run Design File is given the

extension .RD. The file contains default settings, the format of the input

data records, the plant components to be calculated, and any equation

reassignments.
Appendices: Files 142

Run Design Report (*.RDR)--

This report is a flat ASCII file that documents the Run Design File contents.

It can be produced by selecting "run Design report" from the File Menu of

Design a Run. The report will be given an .RDR extension.

Equation Library files

The Equation Library consists of the database file and its associated memo

file. The database file supplied with BIOPAK (BIOLIB.DBF) may be retrieved and

then, along with the memo file (BIOLIB.FPT), browsed and edited. The two other

files listed below can be produced from the Library. A new Library also may be

created by the user.

Equation Database fife (*.DBF)--

This is the Equation Library. This file (*.DBF) can be created, browsed,

searched, sorted, and modified.

Equation Database memo file (*.FPT)--

This contains the text in the Sources of Data Window for each equation. Each

record is linked directly with the coresponding record in the Equation Database

file and can be modified whenever that file is modified.

Equation List file (*/EQN)--

This is created by the Library Editor and used in calculations. This file can

be created by saving the Equation Library as an Equation list file--under the

File Menu of the Equation Library Editor (the Library must first be saved as a

Database file).

Equation documentation text fife (*.TXT)--

A text file containing all the documentation (from the editing windows) for the

equations in the Library. It can be very long.

Program files

There are several files read by the program that you can also modify or

produce.

Intermediate Binary File (*.lBF)--

A binary file used for generating reports. It is produced when Calculate Plant

Components is executed, during which time the file can be named.

BIOCODES File--

BIOCODES is a flat ASCII file containing all the valid codes for components,

geographic area, and seral stage, the component units, as well as the Equation

Selection Penalty values. The file can be modified by you. See Appendix:

Customizing BIOPAK: BIOCODES File for more details about this file.

BIOSUMM File--

BIOSUMM is a flat ASCII file containing the default summation trees to be used

by BIOPAK. This file can be modified. See Appendix: Customizing BIOPAK:

BIOSUMM Fi7'e for more details about this file.
Appendices: Files 143

Reports

Reports can be produced during a run, if requested. The reports are described

in more detail in Reference: Reports and Other Output.

Reports for People (*.RPT)--

This report, which may include an Individual Plant Report, Plot Summary Report,

and Stand Summary Report, can be requested when Generate Reports is selected

from the Main Menu.

Machine Readable Reports--

individual Plant Report (*.lND)--

This report lists all input parameters (predictor variables) and calculated

components for each individual plant (input record).

Plot Summarv Report (*PLT)_--

This report gives all input parameters and the per-hectare values (or per acre)

for components by species and by vegetation strata for each plot within each

stand.

Stand Summarv Report (*.STA)--

This report gives averages and standard errors of all input

values per-hectare (or per acre) for each component by spec

strata over all plots within each stand.

Diagnostic Reports--

Summarized Eaua tion Use RePort (*.USE)--

parameters and the

ies and vegetat ion

This report presents a summary of the equations used for calculations. It

lists all combinations of Original Equation Request, Request(s) to Library,

Equation(s) Actually Used and the number of times each combination was used

during calculations.

Detailed Eauation Use Report (*.DET)--

This report lists individually, for every component of every plant (input

record) within the specified strata, the Original Equation Request, the

Request(s) to Library, the Equation(s) Actually Used, and the Equation

Selection Penalty for the equation (or summation) used.

Error Report (*.ERR)--

This report lists codes for the two most serious errors and warnings detected

by BIOPAK during selection of an equation or group of summed equations and

computation of a component value.
Appendices: Lifeform 144

Lifeform

Section

144 Lifeform substitutions

144 BIOPAK Lifeform substitution procedures

145 No Reassignment: Taxonomic Lifeform from Library

145 Reassignment without Criteria Lifeform: Primary Lifeform Default,

Taxonomic Lifeform, or from Substituted Species

145 Reassignment with Specified Lifeform: Taxonomic Lifeform, Criterion

Lifeform

BIOPAK must associate a Lifeform code with each input record. Without a

Lifeform code, calculations cannot be executed. Lifeform codes affect the

matching of Equation Reassignments to input records, equation selection, the

plant components calculated, and the community stratum within which output is

listed in reports. See Appendix: Codes for valid Lifeform codes.

substitutions

Ideally, Lifeform comes in from the Input Data File. If the lifeform is not

included in the Input Data File, or is missing from a given record, BIOPAK will

try to substitute a lifeform. The desired lifeform will be used in the

Original Equation Request if these guidelines are followed:

1. If possible, include Lifeform codes for each record in your Input Data

File. A list of valid Lifeform codes can be found in Appendix: Codes.

2. If lifeform is a variable in your dataset, but is missing in some cases, do

this for each species with missing lifeform data:

a. Include the species code (but no lifeform code) in the Criteria and

Substitution sections of the Reassignments Add/Modify Window, and

b. Add the desired lifeform as the Primary Lifeform Default.

For each record with missing lifeform data, BIOPAK will substitute the

Primary Lifeform Default.

3. If lifeform is not included in your dataset for each species:

a. Include the Species code in the Criteria and Substitution sections of

the Reassignments Add/Modify Window, and

b. Add the desired lifeform in the Substitution section.

For each species, BIOPAK will consider only equations with the requested

lifeform.

BIOPAK Life form substitution procedures

In most cases, users will not need to be concerned with these procedures. They

are included here to make the documentation complete.

These procedures are followed only if Lifeform is not included in the Data
Appendices: Lifeform 145

Input Format or if Lifeform for the plant in the Input Data File is missing.

They are followed sequentially until a suitable Lifeform code is found.

No Reassignment: Taxonomic Life form from Library--

If there is no Equation Reassignment for the combined Species-Geographic Area11

aion

Seral Stage key of the input record, one of two things occurs: (1) BIOPAK wi

substitute the Taxonomic Lifeform code assigned to this species in the Equat

Library (.EQN file); or (2) if the species is not in the library, the input

record cannot be processed, and an error code is reported.

Reassignment without Criteria Life form: Primary Life form Default,

Taxonomic Life form, or from Substituted Species--

If there is a set of (one or more) Equation Reassignment criteria that matches

the Original Equation Request, BIOPAK will look for one of these reassignment

criteria with a blank lifeform. If found, and if a primary lifeform default is

included in this reassignment, this primary lifeform default is used for the

lifeform in the Original Equation Request. If the primary lifeform default is

blank, BIOPAK will try to substitute the Taxonomic ifeform code assigned to

this species in the equation library. If the species is not included in the

library, then the Lifeform code specified in the Substitution Key of the

reassignment will be used. If this code is blank, then the Taxonomic Lifeform

code present in the library for the species of the Substitution Key is used.

If the latter species is not in the library, the input record cannot be

processed, and an error code is reported.

Reassignment with Specified Life form: Taxonomic Life form, Criterion

Lifeform--

If all of the Equation Reassignment criteria in the set of those matching the

Species-Geographic Area-Seral Stage key of the input record have Lifeform

codes, then all reassignments of the set are lifeform dependent. In this case,

BIOPAK will try to substitute the Taxonomic Lifeform code assigned to the input

species in the equation library. If the input species is not included in the

library, and if there is only one matching Reassignment in the set, the

lifeform of the criterion for that matching Reassignment is substituted. If

the set includes more than one matching Reassignment, no presumption regarding

lifeform can be made, the input record is not processed, and an error is

reported.

Note: If the lifeform is specified in the input record, but an equation

reassignment matching the input record is present in the Run Design File and

the reassignment includes a primary lifeform default, the latter controls the

Community Stratum assignment of the report output. It does not, however,

substitute for the Lifeform code. This obscure condition allows you to force

report values to be assigned to a stratum that does not match the Lifeform code

used in equation selection.
Selecting Equations and Summations

Section

BIOPAK selects Equations and Summations ............ 148

Choosing the equation used ................. 149

User selects Equations and Summations ............. 150

Reassigning Equations .................... 150

Selecting Species ...................... 154

Situations when Reassignments are recommended ......... 154

BIOPAK uses built-in rules when selecting an equation from the Equation List

File as described in Appendix: Selecting Equations and Summations: BIOPAK

Selects. This is the default method for BIOPAK to use. Alternatively, you

may control selection of the equation with an Equation Reassignment as

described in Appendix: Selecting Equations and Summations: User Selects.

One must understand the basic steps BIOPAK uses to process input data to

understand how equations are selected. It may be helpful to refer to figure 1.

BIOPAK processes the Input Data File one plant at a time. In the Components to

Output Window of Design a Run, you specify the components to be calculated, and

the community strata for each component. If the Lifeform of a given plant in

your Input Data File falls within the community strata you specified (see

Appendix: Codes for a list of Lifeform codes and strata designation), that

plant component will be calculated for that plant. The calculations are

processed as follows (see fig. 5):

1. An Original Equation Request is constructed by using data from the Input

Data File and the Run Design File.

2. The Original Equation Request is compared with the Reassignment Criteria

you listed (in the equation Reassignments Add/Modify Window of Design a

Run). If the Criteria match the Original Equation Request, the information

listed in the Substitution Key is substituted. A Request to Library is

produced, which includes the substituted information. In this instance,

the Request to Library differs from the Original Equation Request.

3. The Equation List File is searched and the "best" equation (if any can be

found) is used to compute the user-specified plant component.

The Original Equation Request is constructed with the elements shown in table

3. Species code and the values(s) of the parameter(s) must come from the Input

Data File. Usually, BIOPAK supplies the Lifeform code for the particular

species from the Equation List File (from the "TL" column--Taxonomic Lifeform)

or an Equation Reassignment, as described in Appendix: Lifeform, and you need

not be concerned about this. Alternatively, the Lifeform code may come from

the Input Data File. The Geographic Area code and Seral Stage code may be read

from the data, or the Default Settings in the Run Design File may be used. The

Plant Component code comes from the Run Design File (Components to Output).

This process is shown diagramatically in figure 5.
Appendices: Selectinq Equations and Summations 147

Table 3--Elements in the Original Equation Request, that is, before Equation

Reassignment, if any

Element Possible sources"

Species code I

Lifeform code R, L, I

Plant Component code C

Geographic Area code I, D

Seral Stage code

Parameter 1 codeb

I, D

F

Parameter 1 valueb

Parameter 2 codeb :

Parameter 2 valueb

Parameter 3 codeb :

Parameter 3 valueb I

a I = Input Data File, R = Reassignment, L = Library, C = Components to Output

Window, D = Default Settinos Window, F = Data Input Format Window. The windows

rentioned are described in Design a Run.

One to 3 parameters may be present.

If no Equation Reassignments are specified, or if no match between the Original

Equation Request and a Reassignment is found, BIOPAK produces a Request to

Library that is identical to the Original Equation Request and processes it as

described in BIOPAK Selects Equations and Summations. Otherwise BIOPAK

modifies the codes in the Original Equation Request, according to the

Substitution Keys in Equation Reassignments, to produce a Request to Library,

and processes it as described in User Selects Equations and Summations.
Appendices: Selectinq Eauations and Summations 148

Input Data File

Species Code

Parameter values )

(Geographic Area code) )

(Seral Stage code)

(Lifeform code) )

Run Design File )

Plant Component code )

Default settings: )|

Geographic Area code )

Seral Stage code )

Lifeform Substitution )

Lifeform Code |

Matching Reassignment Criteria?

| |

No Yes

|

Substitutions in )

the Reassignment )

change the Original )

Equation Request. )

|

No change made in

Original Equation Request.

I

| | |

ORIGINAL EQUATION REQUEST

| |

REQUEST TO LIBRARY

I

|

Choose from

EQUATION LIST FILE

Figure 5--Flow of information in the Equation Reassignment process and

selection of an equation from the Equation List File. Elements in the Original

Equation Request are shown under their common sources.

BIOPAK selects Equations and Summations

To satisfy a Request to Library, BIOPAK may:

2

Select a single equation from the Equation List File,

Select a group of equations and sum the calculated components from each

equation in the group to produce the needed plant component estimate,

3. Or determine that no suitable equation can be found and give an error code

in reports.

BIOPAK will scan the Equation List File looking for Candidate Equations. To be

considered for selection by BIOPAK, a Candidate Equation must be of the same

species and lifeform, and the equations must use the same parameters, which are

found in the Input Data File record. BIOPAK will consider using equations with

different Geographic Area codes and Seral Stage codes than those in the Request

to Library. For each input record, the Request to Library will be compared to

the Candidate Equations, and the best equation will be selected.

Often, there will not be an equation available for a requested plant component,

yet equations may exist for several other components whose results can be
Appendices: Selecting Equations and Summations 149

summed to give an acceptable estimate. The summations that BIOPAK may select

on its own are called Default Summations and are displayed as Summation Trees

in figures 2 through 4. These are different for different lifeforms. The

value of each 'parent' component can be calculated by summing values of the

components immediately below. Any component needed for this summation, but for

which an equation is not available, can in turn be calculated by summing the

components below it. In this way, BIOPAK may consider summing two, three, or

more components. For example, for a tree, BAT (total aboveground biomass)

could be calculated as BFT t BAE, BFT t BBD t BAP, BFT t BBD t BBL t BST, or

BFN t BFO t BBD t BBL t BSW t BSB.

Choosing the equation used--

As described above, several single equations and several summations may be

Candidate Equation(s) to calculate the plant component. BIOPAK uses the

Candidate Equation(s) with the lowest (best) Equation Selection Penalty (ESP).

An ESP is calculated for each Candidate Equation. The ESP is lower when the

Candidate Equation matches the Request to Library closely and is higher when

the match is poor. Mismatches in Geographic Area code and Seral Stage code,

overextrapolation and underextrapolation and other factors are considered in

calculating the ESP, as described in Appendix: Equation Selection Penalties.

In fisures 2 throush 4, the numbers in parentheses next to the components are

used to weight the ESPs associated wi

The ESP for the overall summation is

components that are summed, as descri

Penalties.

Three ESP levels limit the Candidate

th'individual components of a'summation.

the largest, weighted ESP among the

bed in Appendix: Equation Selection

Equation(s) BIOPAK will consider. These

are described fully in Appendix: Equation Selection Penalties: Maximum,

Threshold, and Summation ESP Levels and briefly here. BIOPAK will not consider

a Candidate Equation with an ESP greater than the Maximum ESP Level. BIOPAK

will stop searching for other Candidate Equations when it has found one with an

ESP less than the Threshold ESP Level. BIOPAK will not search for Candidate

Equations that are Default Summations if it finds a single Candidate Equation

with an ESP less than the Summation ESP Level. The Maximum ESP Level allows

you to limit the extent of mismatches. The Threshold ESP Level and Summation

ESP Level allow you to manage the tradeoff between less execution time and

better Candidate Equations.

BIOPAK selects equations for each requested component independently.

Therefore, values for different components of the same plant or of the

Candidate Equations in a summation, for example, may be calculated by using

equations with different Geographic Area codes or Seral Stage codes.

EXAMPLE: This example illustrates the equation selection process when BIOPAK

selects the equations to be used in calculations. The illustration considers

one line of data from the Input Data File. In this example, the user selected

total aboveground biomass (BAT) as a component to be calculated. In the Data

Input Format Window of Design a Run, the user defined two variables in the data

file: tree diameter at breast height (DBH) and height of the tree (HT). From

the Input Data File, BIOPAK read the Species code and the values for the

variables DBH and.HT. The Input Data File did not include codes for Lifeform,

Geographic Area, or Seral Stage; the user selected the default Geographic Area

and Seral Stage codes in the Default Settings Window, and BIOPAK included the

Taxonomic Lifeform code found in the Equation Library for the equation it

selected.
Appendices: Selectinq Equations and Summations 150

Line of Input Data File: Information from Run Desiqn File:

NFGYBLNF 1 9 ABAM 116 6320 Default Settings: W, 0

Used: ABAM 116 6320 Data Input Format: DBH, HT

Components to Output: BAT

Oriqinal Equation Request: ABAM _ BAT W 0 _ DBH 116.0 HT 6320

Request to Library: ABAM _ BAT W 0 _ DBH 116.0 HT 6320

Equations Used: ABAM T BFT G M 1

ABAM T BSB W G 1

ABAM T BSW W 0 2

ABAM T BBL G 0 1

In this example, BIOPAK did not find an equation for the BAT of Pacific silver

fir (ABAM) in old-growth forests (0), on the west side of the Cascades (W).

Instead, it summed four components for ABAM: total foliar biomass (BFT),

biomass of stem bark (BSB), biomass of stem wood (BSW), and biomass of live

branches (BBL). The components, which were summed to estimate BAT, were not

complete; for example, there was no equation in .the Library for dead branch

biomass (BBD) of ABAM. There may have been an equation for BBD of a related

species, but BIOPAK will not substitute a different species. The numbers

following the Geographic Area and Seral Stage codes are the local equation

numbers for the equations selected.

Notice that BIOPAK selected some equations with different Geographic Areas and

Seral Stages; for example, an equation for the BFT of a general Geographic Area

(G) and a mature stand (M) was selected rather than the specified defaults (W

and 0). This sort of substitution is usually acceptable. BIOPAK substitutions

can be controlled by the user in two ways, however: (1) by setting the ESP

levels so substitution would not occur (see Appendix: Maximum, Threshold and

Summation ESP Levels), or (2) by specifying the Substitution(s) in an Equation

Reassignment.

BIOPAK will make substitutions for plant components (through summation),

Geographic Area and Seral Stage to carry out calculations. It will never

select equations for a different species or lifeform (unless specified by the

user in Equation Reassignments).

User selects Equations and Summations

Reassigning Equations--

One of the most useful features of BIOPAK is that it allows you to control

selection of the equation used for calculating a plant component. This is done

with an Equation Reassignment. In this section, we describe how BIOPAK

processes data when the Original Equation Request is changed by an Equation

Reassignment. The windows used for making Equation Reassignments are described

in Reference: Design a Run.

Now we describe the steps BIOPAK uses to process data from the Input Data File

when you have created one or more Equation Reassignment(s). Later we use
Appendices: Selecting Equations and Summations 151

examples to illustrate the process. This explanation p i

Original Equation Request has been produced. Figure 5 i

information in the Equation Reassignment process.

cks up after the

llustrates the flow of

There are two parts to every Equation Reassignment: the Reassignment Criteria

and the Substitution Keys(s) (table 4). The user reque S ts a summation by

including all the components to be summed in the Substitution section (bottom

half of the Reassignment Add/Modify Window) of Reassignments. In other words,

specify a Substitution Key for each component to be included in the summation.

Table 4--Information that may be in an Equation Reassignmenta

Elements in

Reassignment

Criteria

Species code (not optional)

Lifeform code

Component code

Geographic Area code

Seral Stage code

Parameter 1 codeb

Parameter 1 lower boundb

Parameter 1 upper boundb

Parameter 2 codeb

Parameter 2 lower boundb

Parameter 2 upper boundb

Parameter 3 codeb

Parameter 3 lower boundb

Parameter 3 upper boundb

Elements in

Substitution Key

(may be repeated 9 times)

Species code (not optional)

Lifeform code

Component code

Geographic Area code

Seral Stage code

Local Equation number

a

 There are two parts to every Equation Reassignment: the reassignment Criteria

and the Substitution Keys(s). The user requests a summation by specifying

Substitution Keys for each component to be summed.

b

 One to 3 parameters may be present. They may be in any order.

For each Original Equation Request, a binary search is made of the Equation

Reassignments for a match between the Original Equation Request and

Reassignment Criteria. The first match found, if any, is used. A match occurs

when each element in the Original Equation Request (see table 3) matches the

corresponding element in the Reassignment Criteria. Most elements match if

their values are the same or the Reassignment Criteria element is blank.

Parameters, a special case, match if the Parameter codes are the same and the

parameter values from the Original Equation Request are within the ranges in

the Reassignment Criteria List. If the Original Equation Request and the

Reassignment Criteria do not match, then the Equation Reassignment is not used,

and processing occurs as described in BIOPAK Selects Equations and Summations.

When the Reassignment Criteria match the Original Equation Request, the Request

to Library is made from the Original Equation Request and the Substitution

Key(s). If an element in a Substitution Key is blank, the corresponding value

from the Original Equation Request is used. If an element in a Substitution
Appendices: Selectinq Equations and Summations 152

Key is included, it is used. If there is more than one Substitution Key per

Criteria, this process is done for each. Thus the Request to Library may be

for a single equation or for a summation of several equations that will serve

as an estimate of the requested plant component.

If the Request to Library is for a single equation, BIOPAK may consider

Candidate Equations that are Default Summations. If you have specified a

summation with more than one Substitution Key (more than one line of

information in the Substitutions section of the Reassignments Add/Modify

Window), then no Default Summation will be considered.

At this point, the Request to Library is processed as described in BIOPAK

Selects Equations and Summations, with the following exception. Elements in

the Request to Library that are set by the Substitution Key must exactly match

those of a Candidate Equation for it to be considered. An Equation Selection

Penalty (ESP) is determined for each Candidate Equation as described in

Appendix: Equation Selection Penalties. The equation used for component

calculations is the one with the lowest (best) ESP.

Occasionally, more than one equation in the Equation List can exactly match a

Request to Library (table 5). Such equations are distinguished in the library

by having different Local Equation Numbers. Including the Local Equation

Number, along with a complete Substitution Key in an Equation Reassignment,

assures the use of that specific equation--no other equation will be

considered. A complete Substitution Key would have values assigned to every

variable of the list.

If you do not take care in specifying the equation to be used, and more than

one equation i n the Equation List matches the Request to Library, then the

equation with the lowest ESP will be selected. If the total ESPs are equal,

then BIOPAK will select the first one it encounters with the lowest ESP.

Table 5--Information in the Request to Librarya

Elements in

Request to Library

Species code

Lifeform code

Component code

Geographic Area code

Seral Stage code

Local Equation number

Parameter 1 codeb

Parameter 1 valueb

Parameter 2 codeb

Parameter 2 valueb

Parameter 3 codeb

Parameter 3 valueb

a The first 6 variables (that is, the Substitution Key) will be repeated in a

request for a summation. The local equation number can be used to distinguish

Equations that have the same values for all 5 codes in the Substitution Key.

One to 3 parameters may be present.
EXAMPLE 1: This example illustrates the equation selection process when the

user selects the equations to be used in calculations. The illustration

considers one line of data from the Input Data File. In this example, the user

selected total aboveground biomass (BAT) as a component to be calculated. In

the Data Input Format Window of Design a Run, the user defined two variables in

the data file: tree diameter at breast height (DBH) and height of the tree

(HT). From the Input Data File, BIOPAK read the Species code and the values

for the variables DBH and HT. The Input Data File did not include codes for

Lifeform, Geographic Area, or Seral Stage; the user selected the default

Geographic Area and Seral Stage codes in Default Settings; and the Lifeform

codes were specified by the user in Equation Reassignments.

For the purposes of this example, we will assume that there is not an equation

for the BAT of Pacific silver fir (ABAM, Abies amabilis) in old-growth forests

(0), in the west side of the Cascades (W). Instead, the user chose to sum five

components: total foliar biomass (BFT), biomass of stem bark (BSB), biomass of

stem wood (BSW), biomass of live branches (BBL), and the biomass of dead

branches (BBD). Because there was not an equation in the Library for the BBD

of ABAM, the user specified that an equation for the BBD of western hemlock

(TSHE) be substituted. Notice that BIOPAK selected some equations with

different geographic areas and seral stages; for example, an equation for the

BFT of a general Geographic Area (G) and a mature stand (M) was selected rather

than the specified defaults (W and 0). The numbers following the Geographic

Area and Seral Stage codes are the local equation numbers of the equations

selected.

Line of Input Data File: Information from Run Desiqn File:

NFGYBLNF 1 9 ABAM 116 6320 Default Settings: W, O

Used: ABAM 116 6320 Data Input Format: DBH, HT

Components to Output: BAT

1

Oriqinal Equation Reauest: ABAM _ BAT W 0 _ DBH 116.0 HT 6320

Reassiqnment Criteria: ABAM - BAT --- DBH 20-999

Substitution Keys: ABAM T BFT ---

ABAM T BSB ---

ABAM T BSW _ _ _

ABAM T BBL ---

TSHE T BBD ---

Request to Librarv: ABAM T BFT W 0 DBH 116.0 HT 6320

ABAM T BSB W 0 - DBH 116.0 HT 6320

ABAM T BSW W 0 1 DBH 116.0 HT 6320

ABAM T BBL W 0 DBH 116.0 HT 6320

TSHE T BBD W 0 -- DBH 116.0 HT 6320

Equations Used: ABAM T BFT G M 1

ABAM T BSB W G 1

ABAM T BSW W 0 2

ABAM T BBL G 0 1

TSHE T BBD W 0 1

EXAMPLE 2: This example illustrates the equation selection process when the
Appendices: Selecting Equations and Summations 154

user selects a specific equation to be used in calculations. The following

illustration considers one line of data from the Input Data File. In this

example, the user selected total aboveground biomass (BAT) as a component to be

calculated. In the Data Input Format Window of Design a Run, the user defined

two variables in the data file: tree diameter at breast height (DBH) and height

of the tree (HT). The Input Data File did not include codes for Lifeform,

Geographic Area, or Seral Stage; the user selected the default Geographic Area

and Seral Stage codes in Default Settings.

Line of Input Data File: Information from Run Desiqn File:

NFGYBLNF 1 9 ABAM 13.2 820 Default Settings: W, O

AUsed. ABAM 13.2 820 Data Input Format: DBH, HT

Components to Output: BAT

1

Oriqinal Equation Request: ABAM _ BAT W 0 _ DBH 13.2 HT 820

Reassiqnment Criteria: ABAM _ BAT _ _ _ DBH O-19.9

Substitution Key: ABPR T BAT _ M 2

Request to Librarv: ABPR

Equation Used: ABPR

For this example, we will assume

Pacific silver fir (ABAM) in old

Cascades (W). Instead, the user

T BAT W M 2 DBH 13.2 HT 820

T BAT W M 2

that there is not an equation for the BAT of

growth forests (0) in the west side of the

decided to substitute an equation for BAT of

but only for trees with a DBH less than 19.9.

iii

1 noble fir (ABPR, Abies procera),

There is a specific equation in the librarv for the BAT of noble fir mature

stands (M) in the west side of the Cascades (W) with local equation number 2.

Therefore, the user included the relevant Seral Stage code (M), and the local

equation number (2), in the Substitution Key. In this case, the user has

decided that substituting an equation for a mature stand instead of an oldgrowth stand would be acceptable for their research purposes.

Selecting Species--

By setting the "Select Only Reassigned Species" flag when you Design a Run (in

the Default Settings Window), you can specify that only those input records

whose species occur in at least one equation Reassignment Criteria be

processed. All other species in the data file are ignored.

This allows you to specify, for example, that data for only one or a few tree

species be processed. To do this you would create Reassignment(s) with the

same species code in the criteria and substitution sections. No Equation

Reassignments would occur, but only the particular species, would be flagged for

processing.

Situations when Reassignments are recommended

1. Lifeform: When the Lifeform of the plant sampled is different from the

Taxonomic Lifeform, as recorded in the Equation Library; AND Lifeform was

not a variable in your Input Data File.

For example, when Lifeform is not specified in the dataset, if a plant sampled
Appendices: Selecting Equations and Summations 155

had a coppice Lifeform, and the Taxonomic Lifeform of the species is shrub,

BIOPAK will use only shrub equations.

2. Species: When you want BIOPAK to use equations for a species other than the

species you sampled.

For example, if there are no equations in the Library for a particular species

in your Input Data File, BIOPAK can be instructed to substitute equations for a

similar species. To do this, add the new species to the Substitution Key in

Reassignments.

3. Geographic Area, Seral Stage: By default, BIOPAK will use equations from

different geographic areas and seral stages, within the specified ESP

constraints. To avoid this, specify the desired Geographic Area and Seral

Stage in the Substitution Key of Reassignments. Only equations with the

specified Geographic Area and Seral Stage will be used.

For example, assume there are many equations in the Library for a particular

species in your Input Data File. After the first run, you notice that

equations were used from a region and seral stage much different from those in

your dataset The run can be repeated after specifying the geographic areas

and seral stages which BIOPAK should use, by adding these to the Substitution

Key in Reassignments.

4. Selects a specific equation: You may want BIOPAK to select a specific

equation in the Library and may have identified an equation in the Library

for BIOPAK to use for a particular calculation. By including the

Substitution Key, and the Local Equation number, of the desired equation,

BIOPAK will select the specific equation.

5. Reassign species by size: You may want the smaller plants of a particular

species sampled to be reassigned in one way, and the larger ones in another

way. There are several reasons you may want to do this; for example, there

may be no equations for a tree species you sampled. You may decide to

reassign the smaller diameter trees to a related shrub species, and the

larger diameter trees to a related tree species. In another instance, there

may be no equations for a specific herb species. You may want to reassign

the less dense occurrences to one seral stage, and the denser occurrences to

another seral stage.

6. To specify a summation: As described earlier in User Selects Equations and

Summations, you can specify a summation. You can either do the minimum, and

specify the components to be used, or be more precise and specify the exact

equations to be used.

7. Cover as input parameter: For component calculations based on cover data,

you should, when possible, select library equations based on a plot size

equal to the plot size of the Input Data File to be used. See Reference:

Library Editor: Parameters for more information on Cover as a parameter in

the Library.
Appendices: Troubleshootins 156

Troubleshooting

Section

156 Error messages

156 Installation errors

157 Errors when starting BIOPAK

157 Design a Run warnings and error messages

158 Default Settings section

158 Data Input Format section

159 Components to Output section

159 Reassignments section

160 Saving Run Design File section

161 Library Editor errors and warnings

161 Errors when calculating plant components

162 Errors when generating reports

163 Errors when viewing reports

163 Errors in reports

168 Known bugs

168 Strange behavior and red error boxes

168 Reboot your PC

168 Check contents of BIOENV File

169 Increase BIOPAK temporary file storage space

170 Increase free memory

170 Increase DOS environment space

Despite the best of intentions and preparation, you may have problems using

BIOPAK. The problems may come in the form of warning or error messages, or you

may have trouble just getting BIOPAK started. This section is intended to ease

your troubles as much as possible.

Error messages

Because an error message can come from several sources (FoxPro, Fortran, Batch

Files, and BIOPAK), the error messages have been listed alphabetically by

location in BIOPAK.

Installation errors

Error: BIOPAK installation files not on current drive.

Reason: One or more files expected on the BIOPAK disk was not found.

Suggestion: Insert a complete BIOPAK installation disk and try again.

Error: Bad input drive. Only drives A:, B:, C:,D: are allowed.

Reason: The install program attempted to determine the drive with the

instalation files but was unsuccessful because it was not one of these.

Suggestion: Install BIOPAK from the root directory of one of these drives.

??? Invalid drive letter for the BIOPAK directory. Try again.

Reason: Drives C: D: E: F: G: are the only drives allowed by the installation
Appendices: Troubleshooting 157

batch programs for the location of the BIOPAK directory. _

Suggestion: Type one of these letters. The colon is not needed.

??? Above file is not on this disk. Thi

Press Ctrl-Break to stop installation,

to continue.

s is not a complete Biopak Disk 1.

or insert BIOPAK Disk and press any key

Reason: A critical BIOPAK file is missing from this diskette.

Suggestion: Insert a good BIOPAK diskette and press any key to continue.

??? Unable to decompress this file. If due to insufficient hard disk space in

X:\Biopak, make more space on this disk, or find a disk with more space, then

repeat installation. Be sure all files are erased from X:\BIOPAK before

repeating installation.

Reason: Probably due to insufficient hard disk space. Possibly due to

corrupted BIOPAK files.

Suggestion: Delete files to create more space or find a drive with more space,

then reinstall BIOPAK (See Installation for the amount of space needed). If

this does not work, then a BIOPAK file may be corrupted so try installing from

the backup copy you made of the BIOPAK disk when it first arrived.

??? Invalid drive letter for temporary files. Try again.

Reason: Drives C: D: E: F: G: H: I: J: K: L: M: N: 0: P: Q: R: are the only

drives allowed by the installation batch programs for the location of BIOPAK

temporary files.

Suggestion: Type one of these letters. The colon is not needed.

Errors when starting BIOPAK

??? Not enough free space (2 Mbytes) on %Biotmp% to load Biopak. Delete some

files, reinstall BIOPAK, or change the Biotmp environment variable in this

BIOPAK.BAT file to point to a drive with sufficient space.

More free space will be required to do some tasks, for example, to work with

large equation libraries like the one shipped with BIOPAK.

??? The BIOPAK directory %biodir% does not exist. It must be changed to

specify the path on which the BIOPAK files reside before this batch file is

run.

Suggestion: Reinstall BIOPAK or change the Biodir environment variable in

BIOPAK.BAT to specify the path on which the BIOPAK files reside.

??? A critical file is missing from the BIOPAK directory (X:\biopak).

Reinstall BIOPAK.

Suggestion: Follow the installation instructions to reinstall BIOPAK.

*** ERROR in SYSINFO.BIO. Delete SYSINFO.BIO in this directory and restart

BIOPAK.

Design a Run warnings and error messages

In general, a warning will allow continuation of the program. An error message

indicates more serious problems and will not allow saving of the Run Design

File, or subsection, without further action by the user. If messages in red

boxes are encountered see Appendix: Troubleshooting, Strange and unusual

behavior and red error boxes.
Appendices: Troubleshootinq 158

Default Settings section--

Error: Blank ESP values are not allowed.

Reason: Values for one or more ESP Levels are blank in the Default Settinqs

Window.

Suggestion: Go back and fill in values for all three ESP Levels

Error: Invalid Seral Stage. Use FlO for list.

Reason: Seral Stage code was entered that does not conform to the valid BIOPAK

I

seral stage codes specified in the BIOCODES File.

Suggestion: Enter a valid code. Press <F10> and select from list. To add new

seral stage codes to the list of valid codes, refer to Appendix: Customizing

BIOPAK.

Error: Invalid Geographic Area. Use F10 for list.

Reason: Geographic Area code was entered that does not conform to the valid

Geographic Area codes as specified in the BIOCODES file.

Suggestion: Enter a valid code. Press <F10> and select from list. To add new

Geographic Area codes to the list of valid codes, refer to Appendix:

Customizing BIOPAK.

Error: Invalid units. Use F10 for list.

Reason: Units were entered that do not conform to the valid BIOPAK units.

Suggestion: Enter valid units. Press <FlO> and select from list, or refer to

Appendix: Units for a list of valid units.

Error: No Units entered for Plot Area. Exit canceled.

Suggestion: Enter units. Press <FlO> and select from list, or refer to

Appendix: Units for a list of valid units.

Error: No Units entered for Plot Slope. Exit canceled.

Suggestion: Enter units. Press <F10> and select from list, or refer to

Appendix: Units for a list of valid units.

Error: Units entered without Plot/Prism Area default. Exit canceled.

Reason: Units were entered without entering values for plot size.

Suggestion: Go back and enter values, or delete units.

Error: Use either Plot or Prism Area, not both. Exit canceled.

Reason: BIOPAK cannot accept both Fixed Plot Area AND Prism Basal Area Factor

defaults. Because these defaults are used, if the plot area is not present in

the Input Data File, there would be no way of determining which plot size

default to use.

Suggestion: Go back and delete one of the plot size specifications, or add plot

size to the dataset.

Valid range ? to ?????.

Reason: Value entered is notwithin the valid range noted.

Suggestion: Enter a value that falls within the allowable range noted.

Data Input Format section--

Error: Number of decimals places exceeds. Len.

Reason: Number of decimal places cannot exceed the total length of the data

field.
Appendices: Troubleshootinq 159

Suggestion: Correct the specification so that number of decimal places is equal

to or less than the length of the data field.

Error: Use length l-?? for variable ???.

Reason: There is a maximum length allowed for each of the data fields specified

in the Data Input Format Window.

Suggestion: Reduce the length of this data field.

Error: At least one parameter (BIO thru WID) must be included.

Reason: Input parameters are necessary for selecting equations and executing

calculations. BIOPAK cannot function without at least one parameter in your

Input Data File.

Suggestion: Specify at least one of the parameters present in the Input Data

File. Make sure that all the parameters to be used in the equations for the

species in your dataset are included. If uncertain as to which parameters

will be necessary, browse the Equation Library and note the parameters listed

for the equations for your particular species-.

Error: Species must be included in Data Input Format.

Reason: Species code is necessary for selecting equations and executing

calculations.

Suggestion: Specify the location of Species code in the Input Data File.

Species code is not in your dataset, add it before proceeding.

Warning: Data in Pos and Len field exactly overlap with another record.

If

Reason: You have specified that two, or more, different variables, for example,

DBH and DBA, are occupying the same location in the Input Data File.

Suggestion: If you do not wish to intentionally specify different variables as

occupying the same location in the Input Data File, then go back and change

the specifications for the variables in question.

Warning: Data in Pos or Len field overlap with data in another record.

Reason: Input variable specifications indicate partial overlap of data fields

in the Input Data File. For example, part of one data field (columns 12-18)

overlaps with part of another (columns 16-23).

Suggestion: Look for incorrect specifications. Correct the position or length

specification causing the overlap.

Components to Output section--

Error:

Component code must be associated with at least one strata.

Reason: BIOPAK will calculate the specified component only for the lifeforms

within the specified stratum. For example, if BAT is specified as a component

to be calculated, and "S" is selected as the only stratum, BAT will be

calculated only for species within the shrub stratum (all with S and K

lifeforms).

Suggestion: Go back and toggle the "N" to "Y" for at least one stratum.

Reassignments section--

Error:

Invalid ??????. Use F10 for list.

Reason: Code you have entered for either Lifeform, Plant Component, Geographic

Area, or Seral Stage is invalid. Press <F10> for list of valid codes.
Appendices: Troubleshooting 160

Suggestion: Enter valid codes only. If you want to modify valid codes for all

except Lifeform, see Appendix: Customizing BIOPAK.

Error:

Species.not specified in Criteria section. Exit canceled.

Reason: You tried to save a reassignment without species specified as a

reassignment criterion. Species is a required criterion for a reassignment.

Suggestion: Go back and specify the species to be reassigned. Or use <Ctrl-Q>

instead of <Ctrl-S> to exit.

Warning:

Species MUST be specified when using Reassignments.

Reason: When the cursor moves beyond the Species field in the Criteria

section, BIOPAK warns that this is a required criterion.

Suggestion: Speci.fy the species to be reassigned. Or use <Ctrl-Q> to quit

 without saving changes.

Saving Run Design Fife section--

Changes have not been saved to the Run Des ign File.

Quit without saving? N

Reason: You may have modified (entered the section and used <Ctrl-S> to exit)

one or more sections of Design a Run without saving the Run Design File.

Suggestion: If you made any changes you want to save, go back and select File

from the Main Menu, and then Save the Run Design File.

Error: At least one Component to Output must, be specified.

Run Design File was not saved.

Reason: No components were specified in Components to Output. Without

component specification, BIOPAK would not be able to select equations for

calculations.

Suggestion: Go back to the Default Settinqs Window and specify at least one

component and stratum.

Error: Geographic Area and/or Seral Stage were not specified.

Run Design File was not saved.

Reason: Both Geographic Area and Seral Stage must be specified. Each can be

specified in Default Settings or in Data Input Format. Geographic Area and

Seral Stage codes are necessary for BIOPAK to select equations.

Suggestion: Go back to Default Settings and specify the Geographic Area and

Seral Stage codes that best represents your data.

Warning: Plot Area and/or Slope were not specified.

Area1 calculations are not possible.

Reason: Plot Area and Slope must both be specified in order to make area1

calculations. Each can be specified in Default Settings or in Data Input

Format.

Suggestion: If Plot Size or Slope is present in Input Data File, go back to

Data Input Format and specify their locations in the file. If Plot Size or

Slope is not in Input Data File, and all plots were of the same size and

slope, go to Default Settings and specify the size, slope, and units for both.

If plots sizes differ, add plot size to your Input Data File, or split your

dataset by plot size and do a separate run for each.
Appendices: Troubleshooting 161

Library Editor errors and warnings

Most errors and warnings in the Library Editor are self-explanatory. A few may

need further explanation, however. If messages in red boxes are encountered,

see Appendix: Troubleshooting, Strange and unusual behavior and red error

boxes.

All nine equation substitutions are full.

No equation can be selected - selection aborted.

Reason: There are already nine equation substitutions in the Reassignment

Add/Modify Window. Nine is

Suggestion: Check the equati

Add/Modify Window. Delete

Equation not found.

Reason: No equation matches

Suggestion: Use the wild ca

the specified equation key or equation number.

rd character (?) 'to be less specific in your search.

Invalid range - deletion aborted.

Reason: The endi

number.

Suggestion: Use

the maximum.

ons you have already entered in the Reassignment

any you do not want.

ng equation number is smaller than the starting equation

an ending number greater than the starting number.

No equations are marked - selection aborted.

Reason: Marking equations is necessary for this

Suggestion: Use the mark function in the Edit L

procedure.

ibrary Menu to mark the des ired

equations.

No more than 9 equations can be selected!

Selection aborted.

Reason: Nine is the maximum number that can be selected for a g

reassignment.

iven

Suggestion: Unmark equations until there are a total of nine or fewer.

Errors when calculating plant components

IBF file not specified.

Reason: An Intermediate Binary File must be specified for BIOPAK output before

components can be calculated.

Suggestion: Specify an Intermediate Binary File. For more informati

Reference: Calculate Plant Components.

ERROR IN BIOCODES:

DUPLICATE IN XXX CODES.

Reason: The code XXX is used more than once.

on see

Suggestion: Double check the information in this section of BIOCODES to match

the specifications in Appendix: Customizing BIOPAK: BIOCODES File.

ERROR IN BIOCODES:

SECTION FOR XXX IS MISSING.

Reason: The specified section is missing or invalid in BIOCODES file.

Suggestion: If you have not modified the BIOCODES File in the BIOPAK directory

then reinstall BIOPAK to get a correct copy. If you have modified it, double

check the section information and title to match the required formats (see

Appendix: Customizing BIOPAK: BIOCODES File).
Appendices: Troubleshooting 162

MORE THAN 200 EQUATION REASSIGNMENT LINES

Reason: Only 200 equation reassignments are allowed in a given run

Suggestion: Reduce reassignments to 200, or split them into severa

MORE THAN 400 EQUATION REASSIGNMENTS AND SUMMATION LINES

i runs.

Reason: Total number of equations specified as reassignments and summations in

Reassiqnment Summarv Window of Design a Run exceed maximum of 400.

Suggestion: Reduce number of reassignments so there are no more than 400

equations specified as substitutions.

"SELECT SPECIES" OPTION REQUESTED WITHOUT EQUATION REASSIGNMENT

Reason: The "Select Only Reassigned Species?" option was toggled to "Yes" in

the Default Settinqs Window of Design a Run; however, no reassignments were

specified.

Suggestion: Go back to Default Settings Window and change selection to "No,"

or specify at least one reassignment, see the section Reference: Design a Run:

Equation Reassignments.

Errors when generating reports

These errors would occur when attempting to generate reports from the Generate

Reports Window.

IBF file not specified

Reason: An Intermediate Binary File is needed because reports are generated

from it.

Suggestion: Select the Intermediate Binary File from which you want to generate

reports. See Reference: Generate Reports for more information.

No reports specified

Reason: You tried to generate report(s) but did not specify any report to

generate.

Suggestion: Specify the reports you want to generate, then select Go.

COMPONENT CODE SECTION NOT FOUND IN BIOCODES

Reason: The section of Component Codes in the BIOCODES file is missing or

invalid.

Suggestion: Check the information and title in the Component Codes section

against the required formats in Appendix: Customizing BIOPAK: BIOCODES File.

REPORT 1 SUMMARY TABLE OVERFLOW, RECORD #

Reason: Number of different species in one plot exceeds the maximum allowed

(600) for the purpose of generating the Plot Summary Report.

Suggestion: The data may be divided so subgroups of plots or lifeforms (trees,

shrubs) may be run separately. Process only those species for which you

create reassignments by setting the Select Species flag in the Default

Settinqs Window to Y, and making Equation Reassignments for a subset of the

species in the Input Data File.

REPORT 2 SUMMARY TABLE OVERFLOW, RECORD #

Reason: Number of different species in one stand exceeds the maximum allowed

(600) for the purpose of generating the Stand Summary Report.

Suggestion: The data may be divided so subgroups of plots or lifeforms (trees,

shrubs) may be run separately. Process only those species for which you

create reassignments by setting the Select Species flag in the Default
Appendices: Troubleshooting 163

Settinss Window to Y, and making Equation Reassi

species in the Input Data File.

UNIT OF ???? NOT RECOGNIZED IN BIOCODES

Reason: Unit specified in BIOCODES file is not a

BIOCODES File has been modified.

gnments for a subset of the

valid output unit. The

Suggestion: Either reinstall BIOPAK to get a valid BIOCODES File, or search for

incorrect units and correct them (see Appendix: Units for acceptable BIOPAK

units).

Errors when viewing reports

No file selected to view

Reason: You tried to view a file when none was selected.

Suggestion: First select the file to view, then select the menu item to view

that file.

Errors in reports

These errors describe problems BIOPAK encountered in selecting an equation (or

suitable summation), calculating a component, or making area1 calculations.

When these are generated, codes for the two rated most serious are placed in

the Error Report (most error codes), Reports for People, and Machine-readable

Reports. Codes for these errors are ordered alphabetically in approximate

order from more serious to less serious.

- This component not requested for this lifeform.

Reason: This component was not requested for the community stratum assigned to

this species.

Suggestion: To have components calculated for this plant, go back to the

Components to Output Window of Design a Run and put a Y under the strata that

would include the lifeform for this species.

A NO EST: No species code for this case.

Reason: Species code not in the Input Data File.

Suggestion: Add Species code(s) to your Input Data File and make sure their

location is given correctly in the Data Input Format Window.

B NO EST: No parameter measurements for this case.

Reason: There are no parameter measurements for this case in the data.

Suggestion: Add parameter measurements and make sure their field(s) are g

correctly in the Data Input Format Window.

iven

C NO EST: No LF in data. No Reass w/ match spp, GA & SS. Spp not in .EQN

file.

Reason: No Lifeform was found in the data and BIOPAK could not associate one

with this species code. BIOPAK searched for a lifeform code but found no

Equation Reassignment with Criteria with matching Species, Geographic Area,

and Seral Stage codes, and did not find this species in the Equation Library.

No Lifeform could be associated with this plant, so no calcualtions were made.

Suggestion: Have Lifeform come in from the data, or make a Reassignment with

matching Species, Geographic Area, and Seral Stage codes and a lifeform code

in the Primary Lifeform Default.

D NO EST: No LF in data. OK Reass match & No Criter w/ blank LF. LF not found.
Appendices: Troubleshootins 164

Reason: No Lifeform was found in the data, BIOPAK found one or more Equation

Reassignments with Criteria with matching Species, Geographic Area, and Seral

Stage codes, and none of these Criteria had a blank lifeform, however, no

Lifeform could be associated with this plant.

Suggestion: Have Lifeform come in from the data, or make a Reassignment with

matching Species, Geographic Area, and Seral Stage codes and a Lifeform code

in the Primary Lifeform Default.

E NO EST: No LF in data. OK Reass match & Criteria w/ blank LF. LF not found.

Reason: No Lifeform found in the data, BIOPAK found one or more Equation

Reassignments with Criteria with matching Species, Geographic Area and Seral

Stage codes, and one or more of these Criteria had a blank LF, but no Lifeform

could be associated with this plant.

Suggestion: Get Lifeform from the data, or make a Reassignment with matching

Species, Geographic Area and Seral Stage codes and a Lifeform code in the

Primary Lifeform Default.

F NO EST: LF in data is invalid.

Suggestion: Correct the lifeform code in the data, or make a Reassignment with

matching Species, Geographic Area and Seral Stage codes and a lifeform code in

the Primary Lifeform Default.

G NO EST: Reass match. Spp/LF/Comp not satisfied in .EQN file.

Reason: A matching Reassignment was found but the resulting

Species/Lifeform/Plant Component combination in the Request to Library was not

satisfied in the library.

Suggestion: Change the Substitution in the Reassignment to point to a valid

equation in the Library.

H . . . ..This error code is currently undefined.

I NO EST: Reass match. Geog Area &/or Seral Stg substit but GA/SS not satis in

.EQN

Reason: When the Geographic Area or Seral Stage code(s) is substituted by a

Reassignment they must be matched exactly by any candidate equation.

Suggestion: Change the Substitution to use an existing equation or add a new

equation to the Library.

3 . . . ..This error code is currently undefined.

K NO EST: Reass match: Local Eqn Num substit but LEN not satisfied in .EQN

file.

Reason: When the Local Equation Number is substituted in an Equation

Reassignment every element of the Request to the Library must be matched

exactly by a candidate equation.

Suggestion: Change the Substitution to use an existing equation or add a new

equation to the Library.

L NO EST: Reass match: Maximum ESP (Equation Selection Penalty) exceeded.

Suggestion: Specify a higher value for the Maximum ESP in the Default Settinqs

Window or change the Substitution of the Reassignment to specify an

equation(s) with an ESP lower that the Maximum ESP.

J . . . ..This error code is currently undefined.
Appendices: Troubleshootins 165

M NO EST: One or more parameters are missing for all candidate equations.

Reason: All candidate equations require parameters not available for this case.

Suggestion: Use an Equation Reassignment to substitute an equation that uses

only available parameters.

N NO EST: No match for Request to Lib in .EQN since Spp/LF/Comp not found at

any ESP.

Reason: A suitable equation could not be found because none in the Equation

List File has matching Species/Lifeform/Plant component code combinations.

Suggestion: Use an equation Reassignment to substitute a suitable equation.

0 . . . ..This error code is not used because it looks a lot like zero.

P NO EST: No match for Request to Lib in .EQN since Spp/LF/Comp not satisfied

at any ESP.

Reason: A suitable equation could not be found because none in the Equation

List File have suitable Geographic Area/Seral Stage code combinations.

Suggestion: Use an equation Reassignment to substitute a suitable equation.

Q NO EST: Matching Candidate Eqn found; Overextrapolation and Max ESP exceeded.

Reason: One or more candidate equations exist in the .EQN file that would be

suitable except their Equation Selection Penalty (ESP) exceeds the Maximum ESP

and overextrapolation contributed to their ESP.

Suggestion: Decide if this is a serious problem. If so, make an Equation

Reassignment to use an equation that you believe will give reasonable

estimates for plants as this large; If not, iterativeiy increase the Maximum

ESP in the Default Settinss Window until a suitable equation is se1ected.

R NO EST: Matching Candidate Eqn found; Max ESP exceeded (no

overextrapolation).

Reason: One or more candidate equations exist in the .EQN file that would be

suitable except their Equation Selection Penalty (ESP) exceeds the Maximum ESP

Suggestion: Reassign this equation to one with a lower ESP; or Iteratively

increase the Maximum ESP in the Default Settinqs Window until suitable

equations are selected.

S ND AREAL EST: Both fixed area plot and variable radius plot are specified.

Reason: BIOPAK cannot determine which plot to use to calculate plant components

on an area1 basis (kg/ha or lb/at).

Suggestion: Bring the .RD file into Design a Run, Default Settings and change

the Area1 Defaults to specify one or the other.

T NO AREAL EST: Neither fixed area nor variable radius plot are available.

Reason: Components cannot be calculated on an area1 basis (for example, kg/ha)

because neither plot area nor prism factor is given.

Suggestion: Either provide plot slope and one of plot area or prism factor in

the Data Input Format Window or bring the .RD file into Design a Run, Default

Settinss Window and change the Area1 Defaults to specify one or the other.

U NO AREAL EST: Variable radius plot specified but DBH missing for some

tree(s).

Reason: When data are from a variable radius plot, all trees must have a DBH or

the area1 values (for example, kg/ha) for all components will be

underestimated.

Suggestion: Provide all DBH values in the Input Data File, or omit trees with
Appendices: Troubleshootinq 166

missing DBHs knowing area1 estimates of components will be underestimated.

V WARNING: Overextrapolation occurred.

Reason: The parameter(s) for this case in your Input Data File is greater than

the largest of those for the plants used to construct the equation.

Suggestion: If you are concerned, make a Reassignment to use a better equation.

W WARNING: Invalid Lifeform encountered in .EQN file.

Suggestion: Bring this Library into the Equation Library Editor. Sort the

Library by Lifeform. Correct invalid Lifeform codes between the groups of

valid codes. Create a new .EQN File.

X WARNING: Invalid Lifeform encountered in an Equation Reassignment.

Suggestion: Examine all Equation Reassignments and correct invalid codes in

Criteria, Primary Lifeform Default and Substitution sections.

Y WARNING: Invalid Lifeform encountered in Primary Lifeform Default in

Reassignment.

Suggestion: Examine all Primary Lifeform Default codes in Equation

Reassignments and correct invalid codes.

Z . . . ..This error code is currently undefined.

a INFORM: Reassignment match. Summation was specified in Reassignment

Substitutions.

Reason: Reassignment was used that specified a summation.

b INFORM: Calculated component value is based on a default summation.

The Default Summations are shown in figs. 2, 3, and 4. Actual equations used

are shown in the Summarized Equation Use Report and Detailed Equation Use

Report.

c WARNING: Equation used lacks parameter range, so no extrapolation test was

done.

Reason: The Equation Library does not contain the range for one or more

parameters for this equation.

Suggestion: Determine if this is a problem. The source information included in

the Equation Library documentation may include hopeful information. If you

are concerned, make an Equation Reassignment to use a better equation.

d WARNING: Taxonomic Lifeform was substituted for Coppice LF in Request to

Library.

Reason: A tree or shrub lifeform code was used instead of the original coppice

code to use an equation with a lower Equation Selection Penalty (ESP).

Suggestion: If this is a problem, make a Reassignment to use a better equation.

e WARNING: BAT was substituted for BFT for Herb, Grass, or Shrub LF.

Reason: An equation for BAT was used instead of the requested BFT.

Suggestion: May not be a problem because foliar biomass often represents such a

large proportion of the total biomass of these lifeforms.

f WARNING: One or more minor Plant Components of a Summation were omitted.

Reason: A summation was done to calculate the requested plant component;

however, at least one subcomponent (element of this summation) was missing.

Suggestion: Determine if this is a problem. The Summarized Equation Use
Appendices: Troubleshooting 167

Report and the Detailed Equation Use Report show all the components in a

complete summation (under Request to Library) and those actually used.

Figures 2-4 show the built in Default Summations and may be helpful as

guidelines for building your own summations using Equation Reassignments.

g WARNING: Parameter(s) was/were missing for potential Candidate.Eqn(s) in .EQN

file.

Reason: At least one equation was not considered because it required

parameter(s) not available from your dataset. At least one equation with

matching Species/lifeform/Component had all needed parameters.

Suggestion: May not be a problem, but if you want to use one of the ignored

equations, the missing parameter(s) would need to be added to your dataset.

h WARNING: Underextrapolation occurred.

Reason: The parameter(s) for this case in your Input Data File is less than the

smallest of those for the plants used to construct the equation.

Suggestion: If you are concerned, make an Equation Reassignment to use a better

equation.

i INFORM: No LF in data, LF came from Reassign: Taxonomic LF of Substit

section.

Reason: BIOPAK used the taxonomic lifeform (in the Library) for the species

specified in the Reassignment Substitution.

Suggestion: May not be a problem. Check if an acceptable equation was used.

j INFORM: No LF in data, LF came from Reassign: LF of Criteria section.

Reason: BIOPAK used lifeform specified in the Reassignment Criteria.

Suggestion: May not be a problem. You can check the equation used.

k INFORM: No LF in data, LF came from Reassign: LF of a Substitution

Reason: BIOPAK used the lifeform specified in the Equation Key of a

Reassignment Substitution.

Suggestion: May not be a problem. Check to be sure an acceptable equation was

used.

1 . ..This error code is not used because it looks a lot like one.

m INFORM: A plant component value c= 0.0 was calculated and set to zero.

Reason: The parameters and equation used gave a value less than or equal to

zero. This usually happens with small plants. BIOPAK sets these values to

zero.

Suggestion: You may add a new equation to the library that gives values

approaching zero as plant size approaches zero. You may decide, for example,

that a simple equation through the origin and intersecting the first equation

where the latter's predictions begin to be unreliable is appropriate. In this

case, setting the input parameter upper bound for the new equation and the

lower bound for latter equation to this intersection will cause BIOPAK to use

each over the intended range, provided the Local Equation Number is not

specified in an Equation Reassignment.

n . . . ..This error code is currently undefined.

0 . . . ..This error code is not used because it looks a lot like zero.

P, q, r . . . . . . ..This error code is currently undefined.
Appendices: Troubleshootinq 168

Reason: All these error codes are currently undefined.

Known bugs

There are some bugs in BIOPAK that, although annoying, allow continuance of the

program.

Design a Run: Data Input Format: Sometimes need to press <Ctrl-S> several times

to save and exit from the Data Input Format Window.

Design a Run: Data Input Format: After typing in a unit, if you delete it, and

then decide to select from the <FlO> list, the units do not show up in the

window.

Suggestion: Delete all characters in cell before pressing <Fl0>.

Design a Run: Components to Output: If you enter a Component code, <Tab> to the

strata, and then decide to quit without saving, the error message, "At least

one strata must be specified..", still will appear. It will disappear with

the next keystroke.

Design a Run: Components to Output: If you type all or part of a Component

code, delete it, and then select a code from the <Fl0> list, the component

does not appear in the window.

Suggestion: Delete all characters in cell before pressing <FlO>.

Design a Run: Reassignments: Sometimes you will need to press <Ctrl-S> several

times to save and exit from the Reassiqnments Summary Window.

Design a Run: Reassignments: <Esc> functions as <Ctrl-S>, that is, saves and

exits.

Strange behavior and red error boxes

If BIOPAK is behaving in a strange, unusual, or inconsistent manner, a few

things can be done. Examples of "strange and unusual behavior" include:

l BIOPAK will not start.

l BIOPAK crashes or hangs in the middle of your work.

l FoxPro error messages in red boxes appear. Messages in these include:

l File access denied...

l File does not exist...

l Not enough (memory, space...)...

Other messages may indicate BIOPAK cannot find, open or write to a file. Some

messages give <<Cancel>> and <<Ignore>> options. These messages primarily in

Design a Run and Edit Equation library which are written in FoxPro.

Reboot your PC--

Turn the power off at the main line switch, not the reset button, and wait 5

seconds before turning it on again. Some settings are not reset by just

pushing the reset button. Some software will leave some PCs in a condition

that causes BIOPAK trouble. Now try to run BIOPAK again.

Check contents of BIOENV File--

The purpose of the BIOENV file (always on C:\) is to help find problems in the

environment within which BIOPAK runs. BIOENV reports a snapshot of the DOS and
Appendices: Troubleshooting 169

FoxPro environments created by BIOPAK.BAT (or BIOPAKN.BAT if you are running

BIOPAK over a network) just before the main program is invoked. Problems

caused by incorrect setting of a variable or file in the DOS or FoxPro

environments are the easiest type to fix.

Check the contents of the BIOENV file. It does not matter whether the text in

this file is upper or lower case.

1. DOS Environment:

a. BIODIR should be set to the path for the BIOPAK directory. This

directory contains all the BIOPAK program files. Permission to write is

not needed here. On a network, it is safest if users cannot do so. If

this does not point to the BIOPAK directory, you must rerun SETUP to

correct this. People familiar with DOS can (1) rename the BIOPAK

directory, (2) put the BIOPAK files on a new drive or directory, or (3)

change the DOS statement that sets it in the beginning of BIOPAK.BAT (or

BIOPAKN.BAT on a network).

b. BIOTMP should be set to the path for the directory you have chosen for

temporary files, with a backslash (\) at the end. Be sure you have

permission to write here and that it can hold at least four Mbytes (six

to be safer) of files. BIOPAK will not run if you cannot, write the

necessary temporary files here. If BIOTMP does not point to such a

directory, rerun SETUP to correct this. People familiar with DOS can

correct the DOS statement that sets it in the beginning of BIOPAK.BAT

(or BIOPAKN.BAT on a network).

C . OLDPATH should be your DOS path before starting BIOPAK. Problems with

this are best corrected by turning the PC off and then on again.

d. PATH should be your DOS path with a path to the BIOPAK directory added

to the front end.

e. FOXPROCFG should be set to <BIOTMP>bpconfig.fp.

Problems with any of these may be caused by insufficient DOS environment

space (see DOS Environment Space later in this section).

2. Contents of FOXPROCFG File (<BIOTMP>BPCONFIG.FP):

This file should contain:

path = <BIODIR>

resource = <BIOTMP>foxuser.dbf

tmpfiles = <BIOTMP>

overlay = <BIOTMP> overwrite

<BIODIR> and <BIOTMP> are the values of the respective DOS environment

variables. An error indicates an error in BIOPAK.BAT or BIOPAKN.BAT, and

BIOPAK must be reinstalled to obtain a good copy of the .BAT file.

3. BIOTMP (<BIOTMP>) Directory List:

The BIOTMP directory must contain the file BPCONFIG.FP. If it does not,

there is an error in BIOPAK.BAT or BIOPAKN.BAT, and BIOPAK must be

reinstalled to obtain a good copy of the .BAT file.

Increase BIOPAK temporary file storage space--

Check the free disk space available on the drive you specified for temporary

BIOPAK files. This drive is shown briefly every time BIOPAK is started. You

specified this drive when you installed BIOPAK and can specify another drive by

reinstalling (or editing the BIOPAK.BAT file to change the "Set

Biotmp=<path>"). See Installation: System Requirements for amount of space
needed. If problems arise we suggest increasing this value by 1 or 2 Mbytes.

Increase free memory--

Check the free system memory, RAM, using MAPMEM.COM on the BIOPAK directory or

CHKDSK, a DOS utility. See Installation: System Requirements for amount of

space needed. If problems arise we suggest providing an extra free 10 or 20

Kbytes. See Installation: Installation on a PC for suggestions about freeing

up RAM. Then reboot your PC by turning off the main line switch.

Increase DOS environment space--

There may be insufficient DOS environment space allocated. This can be

remedied by editing your C:\CONFIG.SYS file.

If you added 512 bytes when installing BIOPAK, then a second 512 bytes needs to

be added to eliminate this as a potential problem. The relevant line in the

C:\CONFIG.SYS file should look similar to this: SHELL=C:\DOS\COMMAND.COM /P

/E:1536. In this case, 1536 bytes are set for DOS environment space. Increase

the number to 2048. The exact method for increasing environment space differs

with different DOS versions, so consult the DOS manual. Then reboot your PC by

turning off the main line switch.
Units

Section

171 Parameter units

171 Input Data File

172 Reassignments

172 Equation Library

172 Reports

172 Component units

172 Equation Library

172 BIOCODES File

There are many locations within BIOPAK where units come into play. There are

input parameter units, output component units, and metric and English unit

options. This appendix clarifies the use and validity of units in BIOPAK.

You have several options for both metric and English parameter units. There is

only one option each, however, for the metric and English component output

units.

Parameter units

Input Data File--

The parameter units allowed in the Input Data File are those recognized by

BIOPAK (see Metric input and Enqlish input in the table 6). In the Data Input

Format Window of Design a Run, the valid units can be selected from popups by

pressing <FlO>. See Reference: Input Data File and Reference: Design a Run:

Data Input Format for a more detailed description.

Table 6--Valid Parameter units

Parameter Metric English Standard Standard

codes input input metric English

BIO g, KG lb g lb

CIR, DBA, DBH, HT, cm, dm, m in, ft cm in

LEN, SAP, WID

COV, CR, FC %, ratio %, ratio % %

NP, NUM NA NA NA NA

SPA cm2

, dm2, m

2

in2, ft2 cm2

in2

VOL dm3

, cm3, m3

in3, ft3 dm3

in3

PLOTAREA m

2

, ha ft2

, ac m

2

ft2

PRISMFAC m

2

/ha ft2/ac m

2

/ha ft2

/ac

PLTSLOPE %, deg %, deg % %
Reassignments--

When performing equation reassignments in the Reassiqnments Add/Modifv Window

of Design a Run, the Reassignment Criteria may include up to three parameters

and size ranges (see Reference: Design a Run: Reassignments). If these are

included in the Equation Reassignment, the parameter units are assumed to be

the same as those entered in the Data Input Format Window (see Metric input and

Enqlish input in table 6).

Equation Library--

For equations in the Library, the specific units associated with parameters are

crucial. When View/Modify is selected from the Edit Library Menu, the first

screen to appear will be the Orisinal and Final Eauations Window. There are

two places where units come into play: Equation as in Oriqinal Source and

Equation as in BIOPAK. The units as in BIOPAK must be the standard metric

units shown in table 6. This often requires transformations for an equation to

be used by BIOPAK. See Appendix: Equation Library for more information on the

equations, and Reference: Library Editor on how to add them.

Reports--

The units associated with the parameters listed in reports will be either the

standard metric or standard English units. If you select Metric as the output

units in Generate Reports, the standard metric units will be associated with

the parameters ; and if English is selected as the output option, English

standard will be the units associated with the parameters in reports (see

Reference: Generate Reports for more information on the Metric/English output

units).

Component units

Table 7--Valid Component units.

Ouput component Metro

AFN, AFO, AFT, CSB, CSD, CZB, CZD, PCH, PCS, cm2 in2

PFN, PFO, PFT,

VQW, VSB, VST, VSW, VSZ cm3 in3

HST m ft

VAE, VCT m3 ft3

WI, VY2 bdfta bdfta

BAE, BAP, BAT, BBD, BBL, BBS, BCD, BCL, BCT, gm lb

BFF, BFN, BFO, BFT, BFV, BIT, BKC, BKL, BLL,

BLM, BLU, BRT, BSB, BST, BSW, BTT, BUL, BUN

a bdft = board feet

Equation Library--

The units for plant components in the Equation Library must be one of the

metric units listed in table 7.

BIOCODES File--

The units for plant components in the BIOCODES file must be one of the metric

units listed in table 7.
GLOSSARY

Candidate Equation --Any equation (or equations in a summation) found in the

Equation Library that meets the minimum criteria for equation selection. The

minimum criteria are (1) the equation(s) is for the same species and lifeform

as the record in the Input Data File, and (2) the equation(s) uses parameters

found in the Input Data File record.

Community Strata --BIOPAK recognizes four strata classifications: Tree, Shrub,

Herb, and Moss. The Tree Stratum includes only the tree Lifeform (T). The

Shrub Stratum includes shrub (S) and coppice (K) lifeforms. The Herb Stratum

includes herb (H), grass (G), and sedge (C) lifeforms. The Moss Stratum

includes moss (M), lichen (L), and bryophyte (B) lifeforms. The components

output in reports are organized by stratum.

Default Summation-- The summation chosen by BIOPAK when you do not specify a

summation. These are different for different lifeforms. Figures 2-4

illustrate the BIOPAK default summation trees. The default summation would

occur when an equation does not exist for the specified component, yet

equations for subcomponents are present in the Equation Library. BIOPAK will

calculate these subcomponents and sum the results. The default summation trees

may be modified as described in Appendix: Customizing BIOPAK: BIOSUMM File.

Diagnostic Reports --There are three diagnostic reports: Summarized Equation Use

Report (*.USE), Detailed Equation Use Report (*.DET), and Error Report (*.ERR).

They can be produced from the Calculate Plant Components Window of BIOPAK.

Equation Key --In general, the equation key includes species, lifeform, plant

component, geographic area, seral stage, and local equation number. In the

Equation Library, it is also a search function used to locate equations. (See

also: Substitution Key)

Equation Library --BIOPAK comes with a library of about 1,000 equations for

calculating plant biomass for species in the Pacific Northwest. An editor

facilitates searching, sorting, adding, deleting, or modifying the existing

equations. The library can be modified to meet your particular needs.

Equation Number--A number the user gives to an equation. Each equation in an

equation library should have a unique equation number.

Equation Reassignments--The user creates an equation reassignment to control

the selection of equations from the Library. An Equation Reassignment can help

determine the Request to Library, thereby allowing the user to specify any or

all of the elements (that is, the Substitution Key species, lifeform, plant

component, geographic area, seral stage, and local equation number) that a

Candidate Equation must match to be selected. (See also Match, Original

Equation Request, Reassignment Criteria, Request to Library, Substitution

Key(s) )

Equation Se7ection Pena7ties (ESPs)--In many instances, the plants used to
Glossary 174

construct the equations in the Library, will closely match the plants in the

Input Data File. There will also be instances, however, when the plant sizes,

geographic areas, seral stages, or other factors will not match. With each

mismatch, there is an associated ESP.

When a request is made for an equation from the Library, BIOPAK will attempt to

choose the "best" equation. It does this by selecting the equation with the

lowest ESP (within the constraints set by the Maximum, Threshold and Summation

ESP Levels specified in Default Settings). An ESP is greater than zero when

one or more characteristics in the Candidate Equation do not exactly match the

Original Request. For a more detailed description of ESPs see Appendix:

Equation Selection Penalties. The individual contributions to the Equation

Selection Penalties can be found in Appendix: Customizing BIOPAK.

Geographic Area-- One of the factors considered when BIOPAK searches the Library

for a suitable equation match. Refers to the geographic region from which the

data were collected (specified by you in Data Input Format or Default

Settings), and the region from which the particular equations in the Library

were constructed.

Lifeform--One of the factors considered when BIOPAK searches the Library for a

suitable equation match. Refers to the form in which the plant is growing, for

example, shrub, coppice, or tree. May differ from the taxonomic lifeform for a

given species. For example, the plant may have a coppice lifeform, and the

taxonomic lifeform may be a tree. (See also Taxonomic Lifeform)

Lifeform Substitution--If the Input Data File does not contain Lifeform codes,

BIOPAK will substitute the taxonomic lifeform of the species from the Equation

Library. If an equation reassignment is requested, the lifeform to be

substituted may be specified in the Substitution Key. This would then override

the taxonomic lifeform substitution. See Appendix: Lifeform for more details.

Local Equation Number--This number is used in the Equation Library to

distinguish equations with identical equation keys.

Machine-readable Reports--There are three Machine-readable Reports: Individual

Plant Report (*. IND), Plot Summary Report (*.PLT), and Stand Summary Report

(*.STA). These reports can be generated for use by other software.

Match--In a Request to Library, a "match" refers to a situation when the

species, lifeform, geographic area, seral stage, and measured parameters of the

plant which was sampled "match" those of an equation in the Library (that is,

REQUEST TO LIBRARY = CANDIDATE EQUATION).

In an Equation Reassignment, a match refers to a situation when the selection

criteria "match" a given Original Equation Request. When this match occurs,

the reassignment is executed. (Note: BIOPAK will search for an equation in the

Library with an Equation Key which exactly matches this Substitution Key. If

the Substitution Key is missing any values, there may be more than one equation

with matching keys (blanks are considered a match). If the Substitution Key is

complete, there will be only one equation in the Library which it exactly

matches.)

Maximum ESP Level--It determines the poorest acceptable equation match you will

allow. The higher the Maximum ESP Level, the more flexibility in selecting
Glossary 175

equations.

Original Equation Request--Includes the species, lifeform, geographic area,

seral stage, and measured parameters from the Input Data File; and the

component to be calculated from the Run Design module. Geographic area and

seral stage may come from Run Design if they are not present in the Input Data

File. Lifeform may come from the Equation Library, or Run Design File, if it

is not included in the Input Data File. If no Equation Reassignment is

specified, the Request to Library will be identical to the Original Equation

Request.

Parameters--Parameters refer to the plant measurements, for example, DBH, HT.

The Input Data File contains parameters measured in the field. The Equation

Library lists parameters used to construct the plant component equations. For

a particular equation to be used, the Input Data File must contain the same

parameters as those found in the equation.

Plant Components--The components of plants to be calculated. User specifies

the components in the Components to Output Window of Design a Run. The

equations in the Library are used to calculate the components requested. A

list of the possible components can be found in Appendix: Codes. These

components include biomass, area, and volume for leaves and flowers, branches,

stems, crown, and roots.

Primary Lifeform Default--Found in the Reassisnments Add/Modify Window of

Design a Run. The user can assign a Primary Lifeform Default to a given

species that will be used when lifeform is not present in the Input Data File.

In this manner, BIOPAK will attach the Primary Lifeform Default to the species

in the Original Equation Request. The Primary Lifeform Default will also be

the lifeform associated with the species when designating community strata in

reports (See also Lifeform Substitutions, Original Equation Request, Request to

Library)

Prism Basal Area Factor--The number of square meters per hectare (or square

feet per acre) represented by each tree tallied when a prism or angle gauge is

used to select the trees measured in the field.

Reassignment Criteria--Found in the Reassiqnments Add/Modify Window of Design a

Run. The list of Criteria sets the conditions by which a reassignment is to be

executed. In other words, if these conditions exist, then proceed with a

reassignment. The Criteria must include the species. The lifeform, plant

component to be calculated, geographic area, seral stage, and measured

parameters are optional.

Request to Library--Used to request an equation from the Library. This is

initiated when Calculate Plant Components is executed. When there are no

reassignments, the Request to Library is identical to the Original Equation

Request. When you specify an Equation Reassignment, and the Reassignment

Criteria match the Original Equation Request, the Original Request is modified

by the Substitution Key(s). For example, the species of the plant which was

sampled may be substituted by another, or the Geographic Area code may be

changed. -The Request to Library reflects these changes. (that is, REQUEST TO

LIBRARY = ORIGINAL EQUATION REQUEST t REASSIGNMENTS)

Seral Stage--One of the factors considered when BIOPAK searches the Library for
Glossarv 176

a suitable equation match. Refers to the seral stage of the community from

which the plant was sampled. The seral stage is based primarily on the form of

trees in the sampled community. If no seral stage is specified in the Input

Data File, then the seral stage indicated in the Default Settings is used.

Substitution Key(s)--Found in the Reassignments Add/Modify Window of Design a

Run. The key(s) lists the values to be substituted for given Reassignment

Criteria. Each key must include the species. The lifeform, plant component to

be calculated, geographic area, seral stage, and local equation number are

optiona?. When an Original Request matches a Reassignment Criteria, the

Substitution Key(s) modifies the Original Equation Request to create the

Request to Library. (See also Equation Key, Equation Reassignments, Match,

Original Equation Request)

Summation ESP Level--This level determines when a summation will be attempted.

If set at zero, there are no restrictions on summations. If set higher,

default summation will be attempted only if the ESPs for the Candidate

Equations are higher than the Summation ESP Level. If BIOPAK cannot find an

individual equation to calculate a specified plant component with a lower ESP

value than the assigned Summation ESP, then BIOPAK will begin to consider

default summations.

Taxonomic Lifeform--The "true" lifeform of the species. This may differ from

the lifeform as observed in the field. For example, a coppice lifeform may

have either a tree or shrub Taxonomic Lifeform, and a shrub lifeform may have a

tree taxonomic lifeform, and vice versa. Corresponds with the taxonomic

lifeform listed for each species in the Equation Library. If lifeform is not

specified in the Input Data File, BIOPAK will assign the taxonomic lifeform

from the Equation Library. (See also Lifeform, Lifeform Substitutions,

Primary Lifeform Default)

Threshold ESP Level--This value determines the level at which a Candidate

Equation is considered acceptable and BIOPAK stops its search for a better one.

A user assigned Threshold ESP of zero will assure selection of the best

equations.

Yariable Radius Plot--Plot on which trees are selected by a horizontal angle

gauge, such as a prism. (See also Prism Basal Area Factor)
Index 177

INDEX

The page numbers given are often the first pages of multipage sections. The

main discussions of these topics can often be found in the detailed tables of

contents for each section. See the Glossary for definitions of many terms.

Abstract iii

Acknowledgments iii

Appendices 94

Area: See Plot area

Bias 4

BIOCODES file 142

customizing 103

example 104

BIOLIB.EQN file 8

BIOPAK directory 7

BIOSUMM file 109, 142

example 110

Calculate plant components

in tutorial 76, 85

reference section 55

suggestions for making calculation runs 22

window 55

Candidate equation

definition 173

Candidate equations 148, 149, 152

Codes

appendix 95

Community strata

components to calculate 36

definition 173

Components: See Plant components

Components to output 35

in tutorial 73

Components to output window 36

Cover

handled differently than other parameters 43

Criteria: See Reassignments

Customizing BIOPAK

appendix 103

Data collection and entry suggestions: See Suggestions for using BIOPAK

Data input file: See Input data file

Data input format 26, 34

in tutorial 73

problem of two parameters in one field 86'

Data input format window 34

Default settings 32

area1 defaults 33

equation selection penalty (ESP) levels 140

in tutorial 71, 83
Default settings window 32

Default summation

definition 173

Default summation trees

bryophyte (moss) and lichen lifeforms 136

herb, grass and sedge lifeforms 135

tree, shrub and coppice lifeforms 134

Default summations 152

used by BIOPAK 149

Design a run 29

in tutorial 71, 83

suggestions 22

See also: Run design file; Run design menu; Run design report

Detailed equation use report: See Reports, diagnostic

Diagnostic reports: See Reports, diagnostic

Dimension analysis 3

problems with the approach 4

Documenting calculations 23

DOS

environment space 7

shell command 7

Edit equation library: See Equation library

Edit library menu 48

Equation documentation text file 49, 142

in tutorial 90

Equation key 43

definition 173

duplicates 42, 49

elements 42

in equation library 42

searching for 50

Equation library 142

appendix 113

creating 103

customizing 103

definition 173

files 142

in tutorial 89

shipped with BIOPAK 113

text documentation in tutorial 90

See also Library editor, Equation documentation text file

Equation list file 55, 142

in tutorial 89

Equation number 43

definition 173

searching for 50

See also. (for comparison) Local equation number

Equation Reassignment: See: Reassignments

Equation selection penalty

appendix 131

BAT substituted for BFT for herb, grass or sedge lifeform 106

calculation 131

coppice lifeform changed to taxonomic lifeform from library 106

coppice lifeform substitution 132

default settings in tutorial 72
definition 173

equation list search failure 132

extrapolations 132

geographic area 105, 132

Maximum ESP level 137

modifying 108

no value calculated 106

over- and under-extrapolation

parameter range unknown 106

seral stage 106, 132

setting ESP levels 140

substituting BAT for BFT 132

Summation ESP level 138

summations 133

threshold ESP level 137

106

use in selecting equations 149

use of Summation ESP 139

Equation selection procedures: See Selecting equations

Equation summary window 47

Equation types

allowed in BIOPAK 44

codes 44

forms 44

Equations

as in BIOPAK 53

as in original source 53

coefficients 44

documentation 53, 54

new predictor variable 44

parameters (predictor variables) 43

plant components (dependent variables) 43

requirements, assumptions and possibilities 43

viewing documentation in tutorial 88

See also Equation library, Original and final equations window

See also Source of equation window; Sources of data window

form: see Equation type

Error report: See Reports, diagnostic

Errors

calculating plant components 161

codes and messages in reports 163

components to output 159

Data input format 158

default settings 158

design a run 157

generating reports 162

known bugs and work arounds 168

library editor 161

messages 156

plant dimension analysis 4

reassignments 159

saving run design file 160

starting BIOPAK 157

strange behavior and red error boxes 168

viewing reports 163

ESP: See Equation selection penalty
Examples: See Tutorials

Extrapolation errors 4

Field sampling suggestions: See Suggestions for using BIOPAK

File selection window

in tutorial 83

File selection windows

instructions 15

select an existing file 16

specify a new file 16

Files

appendix 141

equation library 142

in the BIOPAK directory 11

naming 23

run design 141

user must be aware of 141

Forest Resources Systems Institute ii

Generate reports

in tutorial 77, 85

reference section 57

window 57

Geographic area

codes 95

default value 33

definition 174

in input data file 26

making new codes 107

Glossary 173

Growth form differences 4

Help system 17

Individua 1 plant reports:

Input dat a file

See Reports for people; Reports, machine-readable

25, 26, 28, 141

viewing 60

Installation 6

errors 156

on a Network 9-11

on a PC 7,8

Intermediate binary file 55, 142

explained 64

naming 56

selection and use 58

Library editor

adding equations 50

copying and editing equations 51

deleting equations in tutorial 89

editing an equation 51

error messages 161

in tutorial 82, 86, 88

making new equation library and equation list files in tutorial 89

marking and saving equations in tutorial 89

modifying and creating equation libraries 47

reassignment selection 51

reference section 41, 48

searching, 50, 82

sorting 49
sorting equations in tutorial 89

text documentation in tutorial 90

viewing and modifying equations 51

See also Equation library; Original and final equations window

See also Source of equation window; Sources of data window

Lifeform

appendix 144

codes 96

definition 174

from input data file 27

substitutions 144

Lifeform substitution

definition 174

LISTR ii, 60

Literature cited 91

Local equation number 37, 42

definition 174

selecting equations 152

Locale ID 26

Main Menu 1

Match

definitions 174

in equation reassignment 151

Maximum ESP level

definition 174

Methods for estimating plant components 3

Number of plants

handled differently than other parameters 43

Original and final equations window 52

Original equation request 151

definition 175

elements in 147

See also Reassignments; Request to library

Parameters

codes 27, 96

definition 175

from input data file 27

units 27

See also: Number of plants; Cover

Performance enhancement 11

Plant

measurements 28

Plant components

codes 97

definition 175

making new codes 106, 107

Plant ID 26

Plot ID 26

Plot size

default value 33

Plot slope

default value 33

Primary lifeform default

definition 175

See also Reassignments
Index 182

Printing 66

in tutorial 77, 81

Prism basal area factor

default value 33

definition 175

Problems

errors and suggestions: See Troubleshooting

wise use & avoiding problems: See Suggestions for using BIOPAK

Reassignments

criteria 37, 39

criteria, definition 175

definition 173

details of function 150

diagram of function 148

entering 37

error messages 159

example 153

in tutorial 83

match between criteria and original equati

primary lifeform default 37, 40

recommendations 154

selecting substitutions from an equation 1

substitution key elements 151

substitution keys 40

on request 151

ibrary 40, 51

See also Original equation request; Request to library

Reassignments add/modify window 37, 38

Reassignments summary window 37

Report, run design 32

Reports for people

column headings defined 65, 66

error codes 66

error codes and messages 163

example in tutorial 77

Individual plant report 64

plot summary report 64

reference section 64

selecting 58

Stand summary report 64

viewing 60

Reports, diagnostic

definition 173

detailed equation use report 62

diagnosing problems 23

error report 63

explained 61

interpretation in tutorial 80

printing 81

requesting 56

summarized equation use report 62

viewing 60

Reports, general

evaluatiing results 22

reference section 61

summary of files 143

Reports, machine-readable
Index 183

definition 174

error codes and messages 163

individual plant report 67

information contained in 67

plot summary report 67

reference section 67

selecting 58

Stand summary- report 67

viewing 60

Request to library 148, 151, 152

definition 175

elements 152

Ressignments

criteria elements 151

Run design file 55, 141

in tutorial 74, 84

reading, creating & saving 31

Run design menu 29, 30

See also Design a Run

Run design report 61, 142

example in tutorial 75

in tutorial 74

Select only reassigned species 33, 154

Selecting equations

by BIOPAK 137, 138

Selecting equations and summations

appendix 146

by BIOPAK 148

by user 150

example 149

example--user selects 153

Seral stage

codes 95

default value 33

definition 175

in input data file 26

making new codes 108

Site and plant identification codes 26

See also: Date ID; Locale ID; Plant ID; Plot ID; Stand ID

Site condition effects 4

Slope: See Plot slope

Sources of data window 54

Sources of equation window 53

Species

codes in library shipped with BIOPAK 98

from input data file 26

Stand ID 26

Stand summary report

See: Reports, for people; Reports, machine-readable

Strata: See Community strata

Substitution keys

definition 176

See also Reassignments

Suggestions for using BIOPAK 21

be careful 5
before field sampling 21

documenting calculations 23

field sampling and data entry 22

Making calculation runs 22

Summarized equation use report: See Reports, diagnostic

Summation ESP level

definition 176

Summations

in tutorial 86

modifying default summation trees 110

System diagram 14

Taxonomic lifeform

definition 176

Technical support ii

Threshold ESP level

definition 176

Title of a run 56

Troubleshooting

appendix 156

See also Errors

Units

appendix 171

parameters 171

plant components 172

selecting output units 58

specifying input units 35

User interface 15

Variable radius plot

definition 176

See also Prism basal area factor

View reports

in tutorial 74, 85

reference section 59

window 59
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Means, Joseph E.; Hansen, Heather A.; Koerper, Greg J.; Alaback Paul B.;

Klopsch, Mark W. Software for computing plant biomass--BIOPAK users guide.

Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-340. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 184 p.

BIOPAK is a menu-driven package of computer programs for IBM-compatible personal

computers that calculates the biomass, area, height, length, or volume of plant

components (levels, branches, stem, crown, and roots). The routines were written in

FoxPro Fortran and C.

BIOPAK was created to facilitate linking of a diverse array of vegetation datasets with

the appropriate subset of available equations for estimating plant components, such

as biomass and leaf area. BIOPAK produces reports that are formatted for people and

files that are compatible with other software. Other reports document the design of

computation run and the equations used. BIOPAK includes a library of about 1,000

predictions equations and an editor for updating it. Most of the equations in the library

were developed in the Pacific Northwest, including southeast Alaska.

Keywords: Dimension analysis, software, plant biomass, plant leaf area, plant volume,

crown mass, crown volume, manual, microcomputer, users guide.

The Forest Service of the U.S. Department of

Agriculture is dedicated to the principle of multiple

use management of the Nation’s forest resources

for sustained yields of wood, water, forage, wildlife,

and recreation. Through forestry research,

cooperation with the States and private forest

owners, and management of the National Forests

and National Grasslands, it strives-as directed by

Congress-to provide increasingly greater service

to a growing Nation.

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)

Forest Service is a diverse organization committed

to equal opportunity in employment and program

delivery. USDA prohibits discrimination on the

basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion,

age, disability, political affiliation, and familial

status. Persons believing that they have been

discriminated against should contact the Secretary,

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC 20250,

or call 202-720-7327 (voice), or 202-720-l 127 (TDD).

Pacific Northwest Research Station

333 S.W. First Avenue

P.O. Box 3890

Portland, Oregon 97208-3890