NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

SANTOS C. HERNANDEZ, 

Petitioner, 

 v. 

MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney 

General, 

Respondent.

No. 20-71870 

Agency No. A072-681-975 

MEMORANDUM*

On Petition for Review of an Order of the

Board of Immigration Appeals

Submitted February 7, 2024**

San Francisco, California

Before: R. NELSON, FORREST, and SANCHEZ, Circuit Judges.

Santos C. Hernandez, a native and citizen of El Salvador, seeks review of the 

Board of Immigration Appeals’ (BIA) dismissal of his appeal from the Immigration 

Judge’s (IJ) denial of withholding of removal and protection under the Convention 

Against Torture (CAT). Hernandez also argues remand is necessary so that he may 

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision 

without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).

FILED

FEB 9 2024

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2 

file a cancellation application based on Pereira v. Sessions, 138 S. Ct. 2105 (2018), 

because he qualifies as a class member in Rojas v. Johnson, 305 F. Supp. 3d 1176 

(W.D. Wash. 2018). We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252, and we deny the 

petition.1

We review the BIA’s factual findings, including adverse-credibility findings, 

for substantial evidence, meaning that findings of fact are conclusive unless “any 

reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” Singh v. 

Garland, 57 F.4th 643, 651 (9th Cir. 2022). Similarly, “we review the BIA’s denial 

of CAT relief for substantial evidence.” Gutierrez-Alm v. Garland, 62 F.4th 1186, 

1201 (9th Cir. 2023). “Where the BIA conducts its own review of the evidence and 

law, rather than adopting the IJ’s decision, our review is limited to the BIA’s 

decision, except to the extent the IJ’s opinion is expressly adopted.” Guerra v. Barr, 

974 F.3d 909, 911 (9th Cir. 2020) (citation omitted).

1. Adverse-Credibility Finding. Hernandez waived review of the adversecredibility determination underlying the agency’s denial of relief by failing to 

specifically raise this issue in his opening brief. See Lopez-Vasquez v. Holder, 706

F.3d 1072, 1079–80 (9th Cir. 2013) (issues not specifically and distinctly argued in 

an opening brief are generally waived). But, even if we considered this issue, the 

1The Government withdrew its jurisdictional argument that the BIA’s decision 

in this withholding-only proceeding did not constitute a final order. 
3 

record does not compel reversal of the agency’s determination. See Garcia v. 

Holder, 749 F.3d 785, 791 (9th Cir. 2014). For example, Hernandez testified at his 

May 2018 merits hearing that he was unaffected by the Salvadorian civil war, which 

directly contradicted his statement in his 1994 asylum application that he was 

kidnapped by guerrillas and forced to fight in the war. Cf. Zamanov v. Holder, 649 

F.3d 969, 973 (9th Cir. 2011) (“[I]nconsistencies regarding events that form the basis 

of the asylum claim are sufficient to support an adverse credibility determination.”).

2

And the IJ considered that Hernandez expressed no fear of returning to El Salvador 

because of persecution or torture the previous times that he was in the Department 

of Homeland Security’s custody, as well as the numerous factors drawing Hernandez 

to the United States that were “unrelated to a fear of persecution.” See RuizColmenares v. Garland, 25 F.4th 742, 749 (9th Cir. 2022). 

Because the adverse-credibility finding stands, Hernandez’s claim for 

withholding fails, see 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(b), and to reverse the BIA’s denial of CAT 

2Hernandez’s challenge to the IJ’s reliance on his 1994 asylum application 

fails for multiple reasons. He forfeited this argument by not objecting to the IJ’s

reliance on this evidence during his 2018 merits hearing. See United States v. Depue, 

912 F.3d 1227, 1232 (9th Cir. 2019) (en banc) (“[F]orfeiture is the failure to make 

the timely assertion of a right . . . .” (quoting United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 

733 (1993))). And, as the BIA recognized, Hernandez blames the statements in his 

1994 asylum application that he now disclaims on “ineffective assistance by a 

notario,” but his BIA brief does not assert that he complied with the procedural 

requirements for bringing such a claim set forth in Matter of Lozada, 19 I&N Dec. 

637 (BIA 1988). See Reyes v. Ashcroft, 358 F.3d 592, 596–97 (9th Cir. 2004). 
4 

protection, we “would have to find that the [country conditions] reports alone 

compel[] the conclusion that [Hernandez] is more likely than not to be tortured.” 

Almaghzar v. Gonzales, 457 F.3d 915, 922–23 (9th Cir. 2006). But Hernandez also 

waived this issue by failing to make any specific and distinct argument that he is 

entitled to CAT protection based only on the country conditions in his opening brief. 

See Lopez-Vasquez, 706 F.3d at 1079–80.

2. Rojas Class Membership. Hernandez abandoned and failed to exhaust 

his argument that he is a member of the Rojas class. See Rojas, 305 F. Supp. 3d at 

1179. His counsel chose not to pursue this issue before the IJ and failed to raise it in 

a motion to reopen with the BIA. See Barron v. Ashcroft, 358 F.3d 674, 677–78 (9th 

Cir. 2004) (exhaustion under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1) requires legal claims first be 

presented in administrative proceedings below); cf. Mutuku v. Holder, 600 F.3d 

1210, 1213 (9th Cir. 2010) (“Where an issue has been presented to the IJ, and the 

BIA affirms the IJ decision . . . , the issue is deemed exhausted.”). Accordingly, the 

BIA did not address the merits of this issue, which precludes our review. Cf. Parada 

v. Sessions, 902 F.3d 901, 914 (9th Cir. 2018) (“[W]e may review any issue 

addressed on the merits by the BIA, regardless of whether the petitioner raised it 

before the agency.”).

3. Pereira Remand. Finally, Hernandez failed to exhaust his remand 

argument based on Pereira v. Sessions, because he did not present the same 
5 

argument to the BIA that he now presents on appeal. See Pereira, 138 S. Ct. at 2113-

14. Here, he contends that his October 2015 Form I-863—the Notice of Referral to 

Immigration Judge—was deficient because it did not contain a date or time. His brief 

to the BIA, however, asserted that a different document—his 1996 Order to Show 

Cause—was defective for the same reasons. See Abebe v. Mukasey, 554 F.3d 1203,

1208 (9th Cir. 2009). Accordingly, we do not consider this unexhausted issue.3

PETITION DENIED.

3Hernandez raises arguments about his potential particular social group for the 

first time on appeal. We decline to consider these arguments in the first instance. See

Garcia v. Wilkinson, 988 F.3d 1136, 1142 (9th Cir. 2021) (“In reviewing the BIA’s 

decisions, we consider only the grounds relied upon by that agency.”).