FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION
 

A Review of Food Marketing
 

to Children and Adolescents
 

Follow-Up Report 

Federal Trade Commission 

December 2012 
A Review of Food Marketing to

Children and Adolescents

December 2012

Federal Trade Commission

Jon Leibowitz, Chairman

J. Thomas Rosch, Commissioner

Edith Ramirez, Commissioner

Julie Brill, Commissioner

Maureen Ohlhausen, Commissioner

Follow-Up Report
ii

Report Contributors

Bureau of Consumer Protection

Sarah Botha, Staff Attorney, Division of Advertising Practices

Keith Fentonmiller, Staff Attorney, Division of Advertising Practices

Carol Jennings, Staff Attorney, Division of Advertising Practices

Mary Johnson, Staff Attorney, Division of Advertising Practices

Michelle K. Rusk, Staff Attorney, Division of Advertising Practices

Kial Young, Staff Attorney, Division of Advertising Practices

Heather Hippsley, Assistant Director, Division of Advertising Practices

Mary Koelbel Engle, Associate Director, Division of Advertising Practices

Bureau of Economics

Pauline M. Ippolito, Deputy Director, Bureau of Economics

David Givens, Economist, Division of Consumer Protection 

Paul Rothstein, Economist, Division of Consumer Protection

Christopher H. Wheeler, Economist, Division of Consumer Protection

Research Assistants

Michelle Y. Kambara, Bureau of Economics

Susie Liu, Bureau of Economics

Mariel Woods, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Division of Advertising Practices
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Contents

List of Tables...................................................................................................................................v

List of Figures.............................................................................................................................. vii

Executive Summary................................................................................................................ ES-1

I. Introduction.............................................................................................................................1

II. Expenditures for Marketing Food to Youth .........................................................................5

A Introduction .......................................................................................................................5

B. Expenditures Analyzed by Food Category ........................................................................7

C. Expenditures Analyzed by Promotional Activity Groups .................................................9

1. Traditional Measured Media: Television, Radio, and Print.....................................12

2. New Media: Websites, Internet, Word-of-Mouth, and Viral Marketing..................15

3. Packaging and In-Store Marketing...........................................................................17

4. Premiums..................................................................................................................17

5. Other Traditional Promotional Activities: Product Placements, Movie Theater, 

Video, and Video Game Advertising, Character or Cross-Promotional License 

Fees, Athletic Sponsorships, Celebrity Endorsement Fees, Events, and 

Philanthropic Marketing Expenditures.....................................................................20

6. In-School Marketing ................................................................................................23

7. Use of Cross-Promotions and Celebrity Endorsements...........................................24

III.	 Nutritional Profile Of Foods Marketed To Youth ..............................................................27

A. Introduction ....................................................................................................................27

1. Methodology for Computing Nutritional Averages..................................................28

2. Scope of Nutrition Analysis .....................................................................................29

3. Average Nutritional Content for All Foods, Excluding Quick-Service 

Restaurant Foods......................................................................................................30

B.	 Nutritional Profile by Food Category..............................................................................31

1. Breakfast Cereals......................................................................................................31

2. Drinks.......................................................................................................................36

3. Dairy Products..........................................................................................................41

4. Snacks.......................................................................................................................44

5. Prepared Foods.........................................................................................................47

6. Candy and Frozen Desserts......................................................................................50

7. Quick-Service Restaurant Foods..............................................................................50

C. Impact of CFBAI Program..............................................................................................56

IV. Food Marketing Activities Directed To Youth....................................................................61

A. Introduction .....................................................................................................................61

B. How Companies Market Foods and Beverages...............................................................61

1. Cross-Promotions.....................................................................................................61

2. Other Marketing Activities.......................................................................................69
iv

Appendices

Data and Research Methods ................................................................................... Appendix A

Federal Trade Commission Order to File Special Report.......................................Appendix B

Expenditure and Nutrition Tables...........................................................................Appendix C

Analysis of Online and Mobile Marketing .............................................................Appendix D

C. Market Research on Youth Audiences.............................................................................84

1. Brand Awareness and General Advertising Appeal..................................................85

2.	 Specific Marketing and Promotional Techniques.....................................................86

3. Other Consumer Research........................................................................................89

4. Research Targeting Sub-Populations........................................................................90

D. Marketing by Gender, Race, Ethnicity, or Income Level................................................90

V.	 Assessment Of Food Company Initiatives .........................................................................93

A. Developments Since the 2008 Report .............................................................................93

1. Children’s Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative ..............................................93

2. “Better for You” and Reformulated Food Products..................................................96

3. Healthy Lifestyle Initiatives by Food Companies....................................................96

4. Media and Entertainment Company Initiatives......................................................100

5. Competitive Foods and Beverages in Schools: The Alliance for a Healthier 

Generation School Beverage and Competitive Food Guidelines...........................101

6. Other Initiatives......................................................................................................102

B. Trends in Youth Food and Beverage Consumption Compared to Trends in Food 

Marketing Directed to Youth .........................................................................................103

1. Fruit and Vegetables...............................................................................................104

2. Dairy Products........................................................................................................106

3. Breakfast Cereal .....................................................................................................106

4. Beverages...............................................................................................................106

5. Restaurant Foods....................................................................................................110

6. Consumption Differences by BMI Level ...............................................................112

VI.	 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................................115

Endnotes......................................................................................................................................116
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List of Tables

Table II.1: Total Youth-Directed Marketing Expenditures for Reported Brands and 

Percent of Total Marketing Expenditures, By Food Category (2006 vs 2009).........7

Table II.2: Reported Child- and Teen-Directed Marketing Expenditures and Overlap 

(2006 vs 2009)...........................................................................................................8

Table II.3: Reported Child- and Teen-Directed Television Expenditures (2009) .....................12

Table II.4: Reported Child- and Teen-Directed New Media Expenditures (2009)...................16

Table II.5: Reported Child- and Teen-Directed In-Store and Packaging/Labeling 

Expenditures (2009) ................................................................................................17

Table II.6: Reported Child- and Teen-Directed Premiums Expenditures (2009)......................18

Table II.7: Reported Child- and Teen-Directed Other Traditional Promotions 

Expenditures (2009) ................................................................................................21

Table II.8: Reported Child-Directed Marketing Expenditures for Cross-Promotions (2009) ..24

Table II.9: Reported Teen-Directed Marketing Expenditures for Cross-Promotions (2009)....25

Table III.1: Number of Products Advertised to Youth in 2006 and 2009 Combined, in 

Various Product Categories.....................................................................................27

Table III.2: List of Key Nutrients Analyzed...............................................................................28

Table III.3: Average Nutritional Characteristics of All Foods (Except Restaurant Foods) 

Marketed to Children and Teens, All Marketing, 2006 and 2009 ...........................30

Table III.4: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Breakfast Cereals Marketed to 

Children and Teens, All Marketing, 2006 and 2009................................................32

Table III.5: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Cereals Marketed to Children and 

Teens, 2009: Traditional Measured Media and New Media....................................35

Table III.6: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Drinks Marketed to Children and 

Teens, All Marketing, 2006 and 2009 .....................................................................37

Table III.7: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Drinks Marketed to Children and 

Teens In-School, 2006 and 2009 .............................................................................38

Table III.8: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Carbonated Beverages Marketed to 

Teens 12-17, 2006 and 2009: Traditional Measured Media and New Media .........40

Table III.9: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Dairy Drinks Marketed to Children 

and Teens, All Marketing, 2006 and 2009...............................................................41

Table III.10: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Yogurt (6 oz) Marketed to Children 

and Teens, All Marketing, 2006 and 2009...............................................................43

Table III.11: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Snack Foods Marketed to Children 

and Teens, All Marketing, 2006 and 2009...............................................................45
vi

Table III.12: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Snack Foods Marketed to 

Children 2-11: Traditional Measured Media and New Media, 2006 and 2009......46

Table III.13: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Snack Foods Marketed to Children 

and Teens, With and Without Cross-Promotions, 2006 and 2009...........................47

Table III.14: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Prepared Foods Marketed to 

Children and Teens, All Marketing, 2006 and 2009................................................48

Table III.15: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Candy and Frozen Desserts 

Marketed to Children and Teens, All Marketing, 2006 and 2009 ...........................50

Table III.16: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Restaurant Foods Marketed to 

Children and Teens on Television by the Fixed Panel of QSRs, 2006 and 2009 ....52

Table III.17: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Restaurant Meals and Main Dishes 

Marketed to Children 2-11 on Television by the Fixed Panel of QSRs, 2006 

and 2009 ..................................................................................................................53

Table III.18: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Restaurant Foods Marketed to 

Children and Teens on Television, Fixed Panel vs. All QSRs, 2009.......................55

Table III.19: Average Nutritional Characteristics of All Foods (Except Restaurant Foods) 

Covered by Children’s Food & Beverage Advertising Initiative (CFBAI), 

Marketed to Children 2-11, 2006 and 2009.............................................................56

Table III.20: Assessment of 2009 Marketing Against 2014 CFBAI Uniform Nutrition 

Criteria, TV Advertising to Children 2-11...............................................................59

Table V.1: Average Daily Total Intake of Calories and Nutrients by Children, Teens, 

and Overweight/Obese Youth................................................................................104

Table V.2: Average Daily Intake of Calories and Select Nutrients from QSRs by 

Children 2-11 Who Ate at QSRs ...........................................................................110

Table V.3: Average Daily Intake of Calories and Select Nutrients from QSRs by Teens 

12-17 Who Ate at QSRs........................................................................................110

Table V.4: Average Daily Intake of Calories and Select Nutrients from QSRs by 

Overweight or Obese Youth 2-17 Who Ate at QSRs.............................................111
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List of Figures

Figure II.1: Reported Child- and Teen-Directed Marketing Expenditures and 

Overlap (2006).........................................................................................................5

Figure II.2: Reported Child- and Teen-Directed Marketing Expenditures and 

Overlap (2009).........................................................................................................5

Figure II.3: Child- and Teen-Directed Marketing Expenditures, Ranked by Youth 

Expenditures (2009).................................................................................................8

Figure II.4: Percentage Change in Reported Child-Directed, Teen-Directed, and All 

Ages Marketing Expenditures for Reported Products from 2006 to 2009, 

Adjusted for Inflation...............................................................................................9

Figure II.5: Reported Total Youth-Directed Marketing Expenditures by Promotional 

Activity Group, Adjusted for Inflation (2006 vs 2009)..........................................10

Figure II.6: Food Category Share of Total Youth-Directed Expenditures for Each 

Promotional Activity Group (2009).......................................................................10

Figure II.7: Percentage Change in Reported Child-Directed Marketing Expenditures 

from 2006 to 2009, by Promotional Activity Group, Adjusted for Inflation .........11

Figure II.8: Percentage Change in Reported Teen-Directed Marketing Expenditures 

from 2006 to 2009, by Promotional Activity Group, Adjusted for Inflation .........12

Figure II.9: Percentage Change in Reported Child- and Teen-Directed TV 

Expenditures from 2006 to 2009, Adjusted for Inflation .......................................13

Figure II.10: Food Ad Expenditures on Top 30 Broadcast TV Shows Viewed by 

Children 2-11 (2009)..............................................................................................14

Figure II.11: Food Ad Expenditures on Top 30 Broadcast TV Shows Viewed by 

Teens 12 -17 (2009) ................................................................................................15

Figure II.12: Percentage Change in Reported Child- and Teen-Directed New Media 

Expenditures from 2006 to 2009, Adjusted for Inflation .......................................16

Figure II.13: Percentage Change in Reported Child- and Teen-Directed In-Store and 

Packaging/Labeling Expenditures from 2006 to 2009, Adjusted for Inflation ......18

Figure II.14: Percentage Change in Reported Child- and Teen-Directed Premiums 

Expenditures from 2006 to 2009, Adjusted for Inflation .......................................19

Figure II.15: Child Visits to QSRs for Kids’ Meals with Toys and Other Menu Items 

(2005-2009)............................................................................................................19

Figure II.16: Percent of Children Visiting QSRs Who Purchased Kids’ Meals with Toys 

(2005-2009)............................................................................................................20

Figure II.17: Percentage Change in Child- and Teen-Directed Other Traditional 

Promotions Expenditures from 2006 to 2009, Adjusted for Inflation....................21
viii

Figure II.18: Reported Child-Directed Marketing Expenditures and Portion Using 

Cross-Promotions...................................................................................................25

Figure III.1: Sugar Content of Breakfast Cereal Marketed to Children 2-11 

(2006 vs 2009) .......................................................................................................33

Figure III.2: Sodium Content of Breakfast Cereal Marketed to Children 2-11 

(2006 vs 2009) .......................................................................................................34

Figure III.3: Whole Grain Content of Breakfast Cereal Marketed to Children 2-11 

(2006 vs 2009) .......................................................................................................34

Figure III.3a: Average Sugar and Whole Grain Content of Breakfast Cereal Marketed to 

Children and Teens (2009).....................................................................................35

Figure III.4: Calorie Content of Drinks Marketed to Children 2-11 (2006 vs 2009).................38

Figure III.5: Total Sugar Content of Drinks Marketed to Children 2-11 (2006 vs 2009) ..........39

Figure III.6: Sodium Content of Drinks Marketed to Children 2-11 (2006 vs 2009) ................39

Figure III.7: Sugar Content of Dairy Drinks Marketed to Children 2-11 (2006 vs 2009) .........42

Figure III.8: Sugar Content of Yogurt Marketed to Children 2-11 (2006 vs 2009)....................44

Figure III.9: Sodium Content of Prepared Foods Marketed to Children 2-11 (2006 vs 2009) ..49

Figure III.10: Percentage of Child-Directed Television Advertising Expenditures for 

QSR Kids’ Meals and All Other QSR Meals that Met Select Nutrition 

Thresholds (2006 vs 2009).....................................................................................54

Figure V.1: Trend in Fruits & Vegetables Consumption (2000-2009)....................................105

Figure V.2: Change in Fruits & Vegetables Consumption from 2006 to 2009, 

by Location ..........................................................................................................105

Figure V.3: Trend in Dairy Products Consumption (2000-2009) ...........................................107

Figure V.4: Trend in Breakfast Cereal Consumption (2000-2009).........................................107

Figure V.5: Trend in Fruit Juice & Non-Carbonated Beverage Consumption (2000-2009)...108

Figure V.6: Trend in Carbonated Beverage Consumption (2000-2009).................................108

Figure V.7: Change in Beverage Consumption from 2006 to 2009, by Location ..................109

Figure V.8: Percent of QSR Kids’ Meals with Toys that Included Select Food Items 

(2005-2009)..........................................................................................................111

Figure V.9: Percent of Meals Purchased off QSR Dollar or 99-Cent Menu that 

Included Select Food Items (2005-2009).............................................................113
Executive Summary

ES-1

Executive Summary

A. Background and Overview

This report is a follow-up to the Federal Trade Commission’s 2008 report: Marketing Food 

to Children and Adolescents: A Review of Industry Expenditures, Activities, and Self- Regulation. The 2008 report was requested by Congress and prompted by concerns about dramatic

increases in the rate of childhood obesity. It examined the state of food and beverage marketing 

to children as of 2006, at the early development of industry self-regulatory initiatives to improve 

the nutritional profile of foods marketed to children. Using data obtained through compulsory

process orders to 44 major food and beverage marketers, the Commission found that the food industry spent $2.1 billion marketing food to youth in 2006. The Commission documented which 

categories of foods and beverages were most heavily marketed to children and teens, as well as 

which marketing techniques were used. The Commission also assessed early self-regulatory efforts to promote more nutritious foods and made specific recommendations for further action by

the food industry and media. In particular, the Commission conducted a detailed assessment of 

the Children’s Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative (CFBAI), a significant self-regulatory

program launched by the Council of Better Business Bureaus in 2006. Because self-regulation 

was still at its nascence, the Commission committed to prepare a follow-up report assessing 

industry progress.

The 2006 data from the first report serve as a baseline for measuring the impact of industry

efforts. The current report compares 2006 data to 2009 data from the 44 original companies and 

four additional companies. Total spending on food marketing to youth dropped 19.5% in 2009, 

to $1.79 billion. Spending on youth-directed television advertising fell 19.5%, while spending on new media, such as online and viral marketing, increased 50%. The overall picture of 

how marketers reach children, however, did not significantly change. Companies continue to

use a wide variety of techniques to reach young people, and marketing campaigns are heavily

integrated, combining traditional media, Internet, digital marketing, packaging, and often using 

cross-promotions with popular movies or TV characters across all of these. Those techniques are

highly effective. Consumer research submitted by the reporting companies confirms the “pester

power” phenomenon – child-directed marketing and promotional activities drive children’s food 

requests. Children, in turn, play an important role in which products their parents purchase at the

store, and which restaurants they frequent.

An important new element of the current report is the nutritional analysis of foods marketed 

to youth. The report examines whether and to what extent the nutritional quality of foods marketed to children and teens has improved with the advent of self-regulatory initiatives. Overall, 
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

ES-2

there were a number of modest improvements from 2006 to 2009, with more pronounced changes in particular food categories. The Commission is also aware that many food companies have 

continued to improve the nutritional profile of their foods, for example, by further reducing the

sugar content of cereals marketed to children and increasing the whole grain content. 

Finally, this report examines the progress industry has made in marketing food responsibly 

to children and shifting the emphasis of that marketing to more nutritious choices. The food and 

beverage industry, and in particular the CFBAI, has made major strides since the early days of 

self-regulation in 2006. The industry has expanded the scope of children’s marketing to which 

their efforts apply and has strengthened and standardized the nutritional criteria for foods marketing to children. New uniform criteria, developed by the CFBAI and scheduled to take effect 

on December 31, 2013, will likely lead to further improvements in the nutritional quality of

foods marketed to children, but could be further strengthened to more closely track key dietary 

advice in the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. In addition, the Alliance for a Healthier 

Generation has also succeeded in improving the nutritional quality of foods and beverages sold

in schools. Within the media industry, individual entertainment companies have taken a leadership role in limiting character licensing and other cross-promotions to children and restricting ad 

placement during children’s programming to nutritious foods. Despite the commendable progress, this report identifies areas where further efforts could be made by the food and beverage

industry and the media industry to improve the nutritional quality of foods marketed to youth.

B. Dollars Spent on Marketing to Youth

In 2009, the 48 reporting companies spent $1.79 billion on youth marketing, a 19.5% drop in 

inflation-adjusted expenditures compared to 2006. Of the $1.79 billion, $1 billion was directed

to children ages 2-11, and $1 billion was directed to teens ages 12-17, with $263 million overlapping the two age groups. For those food and beverage products promoted to children or teens, 

the overall expenditures for promotional activities directed to all audiences, including additional 

adult-oriented marketing, was $9.65 billion, slightly less than the $9.69 billion spent in 2006. 

Therefore, the expenditures directed to those between the ages of 2 and 17 represented 18.5% of 

all consumer-directed marketing expenditures for those products, down from 21.6% in 2006. 

Quick-service restaurant (QSR) foods, carbonated beverages, and breakfast cereals accounted for $1.29 billion of all youth-directed expenditures, 72% of the total (the same as in 2006). 

The reporting QSRs spent $714 million on youth marketing in 2009 (down from $733 million 

in 2006), with $583 million directed to children and $183 million directed to teens (including 

overlap of the two age groups). The drop in child-directed expenditures for QSR food was due 

primarily to reduced premium expenditures, which offset a substantial increase in child-directed 

television advertising. The increase in teen-directed expenditures for QSRs stemmed primarily 
Executive Summary

ES-3

from greater television expenditures as well as modest increases in radio and new media advertising. Carbonated beverage companies reported $395 million in youth-directed expenditures, 

about 97% of which were teen-directed. Nearly $82.3 million, or 21%, of carbonated beverage 

youth marketing consisted of in-school expenditures, down in absolute and relative amounts 

from 2006. Breakfast cereal companies reported $186 million in youth-directed expenditures, 

down from the $237 million reported for 2006, but more evenly distributed between children 

($173 million) and teens ($103 million, including overlap).

Although food marketers spent 19.5% less on youth-directed television in 2009 ($633 million), television remained the predominant medium to reach youth, accounting for 35% of total 

youth-directed marketing expenditures, just as in 2006. Marketers spent $375 million to reach 

children via television and $364 million to reach teens, significant drops from 2006. QSRs ($154

million) and breakfast cereals ($102 million) accounted for 68% of the child television expenditures. QSRs accounted for nearly 36%, or $130 million, of the teen television expenditures. All 

told, food marketers spent $695 million on traditional measured media (television, radio, and 

print) directed to youth, a significant drop from the $848 million spent in 2006. 

In contrast, the food companies spent 50% more to reach youth using new media (e.g., online, mobile, and viral marketing), compared to 2006. New media accounted for approximately 

7% ($122.5 million) of all reported youth expenditures, up from 4% in 2006. Breakfast cereals 

($22 million), QSR foods ($19 million), and snack foods ($10 million) were the top three categories for child-directed new media expenditures. Carbonated beverages ($23 million), candy 

and frozen desserts ($12 million), and snack foods ($11 million) were the top three categories 

for teens. Appendix D to this report discusses youth exposure to online display advertising, food 

company websites (including advergames), and mobile advertising during 2006 and 2009. 

The companies reported $393 million to reach youth consumers through premiums, accounting for 22% of all youth-directed expenditures. QSRs accounted for most of the industry’s $377 

million on premiums to children ($341 million for QSR child-directed premiums). Total childdirected premium expenditures dropped 28%, due primarily to fewer children visiting QSRs in 

2009 and reduced premium costs. The companies reported spending $113 million on in-store 

marketing and packaging to reach children and teens, a 46% drop from 2006. They spent 22% 

less ($315 million) on other traditional promotions, including product placement, movie, video, 

and video game advertising, cross-promotion license fees, athletic and event sponsorship, and 

celebrity endorsement fees. Finally, the companies reported in-school marketing expenditures 

of $149 million, representing 8.3% of all youth expenditures, a significant drop from the $186

million reported for 2006. Most in-school expenditures were teen-directed, and 93% were for 

carbonated ($82.3 million) and non-carbonated ($55.9 million) beverages. 
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

ES-4

As in 2006, nearly one-third of all youth-directed marketing involved cross-promotion expenditures, such as licensing fees paid for and expenditures associated with implementing marketing campaigns incorporating a licensed character or other cross-promotion. Youth-directed 

cross-promotion expenditures went down in 2009 ($584 million versus $666 million in 2006). 

Half of all child-directed marketing dollars ($530.7 million) involved cross-promotions, and 

QSRs ($428 million) accounted for 81% of that amount. The QSR foods and carbonated beverages categories spent more than half of their respective child-directed expenditures on crosspromotions. The companies spent significantly less on teen-directed cross-promotions ($127

million). The carbonated beverages category ($46 million) spent the most, followed by the 

breakfast cereal category ($28 million), and QSRs ($25 million).

C. Nutrition in Marketing to Youth 

The 48 reporting companies marketed a total of 625 food and beverage products to youth 

in 2006 and 2009 combined. The Commission’s nutritional analysis of these products focuses 

on key nutrients and food components identified in the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans

as important elements to either limit (calories, sodium, sugar, saturated fat, trans fat, and calories) or increase (fiber, whole grains, calcium, Vitamin D, and potassium) for a healthy diet. The

Commission also requested information about fruit, vegetable, dairy, and other food groups, but

did not obtain sufficient data to analyze whether the products provide meaningful contributions

of such food groups. All nutrition data are weighted by marketing expenditures to more accurately reflect the overall nutritional quality of foods in youth-directed marketing.

The Commission realizes that many of the reporting companies have continued to reformulate existing products and introduce new products since the 2009 data was collected, with 

the result that the overall nutritional profile of the children’s food marketplace has continued to

improve. The Commission commends industry for these efforts. The analysis, in this report, 

however, is limited to the two years for which data was collected.

A few general observations about the average nutritional quality of foods marketed to youth

in 2006 and 2009 can be made by aggregating the nutrition data for all products. These general 

observations, however, are not always mirrored by trends in a specific product category. The

analysis of all products (excluding QSR foods) shows that, overall, foods marketed to children 

were higher in calories and sodium than foods marketed to teens in both 2006 and 2009, but 

lower in sugar, largely due to less child-directed marketing of carbonated beverages and candy. 

Nutrients to increase, such as fiber, whole grain, calcium, and Vitamin D, were higher in foods

marketed to children than those marketed to teens in both years. There were modest improvements across all key nutrients from 2006 to 2009 for foods marketed to children and improvements in all but sodium and saturated fat content for foods marketed to teens. The nutritional 
Executive Summary

ES-5

improvements in foods marketed to youth were due both to reformulation of many of the products that were marketed in both years, as well as to products being introduced or newly advertised to youth in 2009 in place of less nutritious products that were either taken off the market or 

no longer advertised. 

Cereal: There were small nutritional improvements across the board for cereal marketed to 

children and teens from 2006 to 2009, but those changes were generally too small to be nutritionally meaningful in the context of the daily diet. For example, average whole grain content of 

cereal marketed to children increased by 1.6 g per serving in 2009, the equivalent of one tenth of

one of the three daily servings of whole grain recommended by the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for 

Americans.

There was also a small reduction in average sugar content in children’s cereal marketing (0.9 

g per serving), but this included a dramatic shift in 2009 away from marketing of the most sugary cereals. As a result, marketing to children of cereals with 13 g of sugar or more per serving 

was eliminated. The percentage of children’s marketing for cereals containing primarily (51% or 

more) whole grain also increased in 2009. Marketing of cereals containing mostly refined grain,

however, continued to dominate the youth market in 2009, representing 86% of the children’s 

market, and 80% of the teen market. In 2009, only 3% of cereal marketed to children met FDA’s 

standard for a “low sodium” claim. 

A comparison of cereal marketed to children and teens with marketing of those same cereal 

products to all ages reveals that, in 2009, the cereals most heavily marketed to children were 

least nutritious. Cereal marketed to children averaged 2 g more sugar per serving and half the 

whole grain content of cereal marketed to older audiences. Cereal marketed to children with licensed characters or other cross-promotions had less than half the whole grain of cereal marketed 

to children without cross-promotions.

Drinks: There were small but positive changes in the nutritional profile of drinks marketed

to youth (carbonated beverages, non-carbonated beverages, 100% juice, and water). As an example, drinks marketed to both children and teens averaged 20 fewer calories per serving in 2009 

than in 2006. Almost all of the sugar in drinks marketed to both children and teens was added 

sugar, rather than naturally occurring sugar from fruit or fruit juice. Drinks marketed to children 

and teens averaged more than 20 g of added sugar per serving in 2009. At this level, applying 

the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans limit for “discretionary calories” from solid fats and 

added sugars, one youth-marketed drink provided a third of the total daily limit for discretionary 

calories. Water and 100% juice products continued to represent a small percentage of overall 

youth drink marketing – 16% of drinks marketed to children and 8% of drinks marketed to teens 

in 2009. The data also showed that carbonated beverages marketed to teens averaged 10% more 

calories and added sugars in new media than in traditional measured media in 2009.
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

ES-6

The most significant improvement came in the context of in-school drink marketing, which

was subject to a self-regulatory program launched in 2006 by the Alliance for a Healthier Generation and the American Beverage Association. In the school setting, average calorie content 

of drinks fell more than 30% for both children and teens. Marketing of water and 100% juice 

products was also more prominent in the school setting than in other youth drink marketing, representing 35% of in-school drinks marketed to children and 29% to teens in 2009. 

Dairy: Analysis of dairy marketing to youth is limited to dairy drinks and yogurt. Spending 

on cheese and other dairy product marketing to youth was too small to allow meaningful analysis. Nearly all dairy drink marketing to children and teens in both 2006 and 2009 was for non-fat 

and low-fat products that were unflavored (contained no added sugar). The percentage of marketing for dairy drinks with added sugar fell from 19% of children’s dairy drink spending in 2006 

to 7% in 2009; for teens, spending on dairy drinks with added sugar fell from 10% in 2006 to 1% 

in 2009. 

The overall nutritional profile of yogurt product marketing improved for both children and

teens from 2006 to 2009. For example, yogurts marketed to both age groups had approximately 

20 fewer calories, half the saturated fat, and an additional 13% of the daily value for calcium per 

6-oz serving in 2009. The total sugar content of yogurt products marketed to youth also dropped 

by approximately 2 g per 6-oz serving. Despite this drop, more than three quarters of children’s

marketing and more than half of teen marketing in 2009 was for yogurt containing 24 g or more 

total sugar per 6-oz serving, with nearly half of that sugar coming from added flavorings.

Snacks: Snacks marketed to both children and teens showed minimal or no improvements 

in nutrition from 2006 to 2009. None of the snacks marketed to children in either 2006 or 2009 

met the FDA labeling claim standard for “low” calorie. As of 2009, 45% met FDA’s standard 

for “low” saturated fat, 43% met the “low” sodium standard, and virtually no snacks marketed 

to children met FDA’s standard for a “good source” of fiber or contained more than 50% whole

grain. There was no significant or systematic difference, either positive or negative, between

snack marketing in new media and traditional measured media. This was also true for the comparison of snack marketing with and without cross-promotions.

Prepared foods: Prepared foods is a diverse product category that encompasses individual 

foods, entrees, and meals, with portion sizes ranging from less than 100 g to more than 300 g. 

Nutritional changes from 2006 to 2009 in this category were mixed. Calories increased by about 

16% and sugar by about 50% in children’s prepared food marketing, while saturated fat remained 

constant and sodium fell substantially. For teen marketing, calories rose slightly (4%) along with 

sugar, while sodium and saturated fat both dropped. There were small to modest improvements 

in 2009 for both children and teens in fiber, whole grain, and potassium content. Calcium content was also up slightly for children’s marketing but not for teens.
Executive Summary

ES-7

Candy/Frozen Desserts: The primary change in this category was a large reduction in the 

number of products marketed and total spending. There was also some nutritional improvement in the category, particularly with respect to children’s marketing, which averaged 30 fewer 

calories, 7 g less sugar, and 0.6 g less saturated fat per serving in 2009. In both years, the calorie, 

sugar, and saturated fat content for marketing to teens was substantially higher than for children’s 

marketing. This was due in part to more marketing of chocolate and ice cream products to teens.

Quick-Service Restaurant Foods: Because QSR companies were permitted to aggregate 

data by promotional activity in 2006, it was not possible to retroactively isolate spending for 

specific menu items. Nutritional analysis for this category is therefore based mainly on data for

products advertised on television. Five companies reported data for both 2006 and 2009. Four 

additional companies were added in 2009. 

For the five companies reporting in both years, there was some improvement from 2006 to

2009. In child-directed TV advertising, products averaged 79 fewer calories, 57 mg less sodium, 

6 g less sugar, and 0.5 g less saturated fat. In teen-directed TV advertising, improvements were 

more modest; products averaged 43 fewer calories, 14 mg less sodium, and 1 g less sugar. The 

positive nutritional changes were primarily due to significant marketing of new, generally more

nutritious, meal and menu items. Advertising to children was generally better nutritionally – 

with fewer calories, much less sodium, and less saturated fat – than advertising to teens in both 

2006 and 2009. Children’s products averaged somewhat higher sugar content, however, possibly from milk and fruit that accompanied children’s meals. When advertising by the four new 

reporting companies (that are not CFBAI pledge companies) is factored in, the new company 

products have a modest negative effect on average 2009 nutrition levels.

The Commission also compared the nutritional profile of products advertised to children as

“children’s meals” with other meal and main dish items that were also advertised to children in 

2009. A much higher percentage of 2009 advertising for “children’s meals” met FDA standards 

for “low calorie” (100% of “children’s meals” vs. 7% of other meals and main dishes), “low 

sodium” (100% vs. 6%), and “low saturated fat” (64% vs. less than 1%). Because most character licensing and other cross-promotions in QSR advertising are tied to “children’s meals,” this 

comparison also serves as a proxy for comparing marketing with and without cross-promotions 

and suggests that QSR products marketed with cross-promotion were more nutritious.

Finally, QSR products marketed in new media in 2009 had a better average nutritional 

profile than products marketed in traditional measured media, for both children and teens, due

largely to the fact that most online and other new media promotion was for “children’s meals,” 

rather than for other meals and main dishes.

CFBAI Program Impact on Nutrition: Companies participating in the CFBAI self-regulatory program accounted for 82% of 2006 spending on children’s food marketing, and 89% 
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

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of 2009 spending. The average nutritional profile of CFBAI-member products improved from

2006 to 2009. For both 2006 and 2009, a comparison of the nutritional profile of food marketed

through television advertising (an activity covered by the CFBAI pledges), with the nutritional 

profile of foods marketed through packaging and in-store displays (activities not covered by the

pledges), revealed that food advertised on television were better on some nutrients and worse on 

others as compared to foods marketed through packaging and in-store displays. A comparison of 

foods marketed in 2006 to foods marketed in 2009, however, revealed that there were greater nutritional improvements in food advertised on television as compared to foods marketed through 

packaging and in-store displays. For example, food advertised on television had greater reductions in sodium, sugar, and calories than foods marketed through packaging and in-store displays. In addition, foods advertised on television had a slight increase in whole grain from 2006 

to 2009, whereas food marketed through packaging and in-store displays had a small decrease in 

whole grain. 

The Commission also examined how CFBAI-member food advertising from 2009 measured 

up to the CFBAI 2014 uniform nutrition criteria. Even though the nutrition profile of children’s

food advertising has likely changed significantly since 2009, there are still observations worth

noting. In particular, the criteria for “nutrients to limit” (calories, saturated fat, sodium, and 

sugar) seem to be set at levels that are more challenging to reach than the criteria for nutrition 

components to encourage. As of 2009, 64% of CFBAI-member advertising would need reduction in at least one nutrient to limit to meet the 2014 uniform nutrition criteria, while only 20% 

would need any increase in nutrition components to encourage. Also of interest in the QSR 

category, “children’s meals” marketed by CFBAI members were much closer to meeting the new 

criteria for nutrients to limit than were other meals and main dishes, almost all of which were 

marketed to children by QSRs that have not joined the CFBAI.

D. Methods of Promoting Food and Beverages to Youth

Food and beverage companies continued to use a full spectrum of promotional techniques

and formats to market their products to children and teens. As in 2006, youth-directed marketing 

campaigns were often fully integrated across a variety of media. Themes from television advertising carried over to packaging and in-store displays, and to the Internet. Packaging promoted 

food product websites, where young consumers played advergames featuring the food, entered 

contests, received “points” to redeem premiums, and engaged their friends in the campaign 

through social networking.

Cross-promotion was a hallmark of marketing food to young people, particularly children. 

In 2009, the companies reported more than 120 cross-promotions (up from 80 in 2006) tying 

food and beverage products to popular movies, TV programs, cartoon characters, toys, websites, 
Executive Summary

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video games, theme parks, and other entertainment venues. Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs, 

the Madagascar movies, and Night at the Museum were prominent in 2009 and were used to 

promote QSR meals, cereal, fruit snacks, yogurt, candy, carbonated beverages, and many other 

products. Promotions included TV and print ads for the foods featuring movie characters, toy 

premiums distributed with QSR children’s meals, movie characters appearing on packaging 

along with codes to enter contests online, co-branded websites with games and sweepstakes, 

and fruit snacks imprinted with movie images. Nickelodeon and Cartoon Network also licensed 

their shows and popular TV characters to promote a wide variety of foods to young people. 

SpongeBob episodes, for example, could be viewed on food company websites with cross-links 

between Nickelodeon’s SpongeBob website and the food company site. Sesame Street licensed 

its characters to food companies but limited licensing to fresh fruits and vegetables. Foods and 

beverages were also cross-promoted with amusement parks, popular video games, and children’s 

websites such as NeoPets.com.

Television advertising was less prevalent in 2009 but remained a staple of food and beverage 

marketing to youth, often featuring company-created spokescharacters or other animation. Some 

TV ads featured children or teens engaged in sports or other physical activities. Companies also 

continued to use print and radio, though not extensively. Print ads for fruit snacks, crackers, and 

lunch kits appeared in Marvel Comics, Nickelodeon Magazine, and SI Kids, as well as a variety 

of other “tween” and teen magazines. Radio ads to teens were mainly for carbonated beverages, 

sports drinks, and energy drinks.

Internet promotional activities have become an anchor for food marketing, with more than 

90% of the reporting companies engaging in online marketing in 2009. Online marketing is far 

less costly than TV and other media, and more interactive and engaging. As set out in Appendix D to this report, in 2009, ad-supported, child-oriented websites generated over 2.1 billion 

display ad impressions for food products, reflecting little change from the 1.96 billion food ad

impressions detected for 2006. As in 2006, the breakfast cereal category generated most of those 

impressions (1 billion), and pre-sweetened cereals tended to be the most advertised food products 

on both child- and teen-oriented websites. Child-directed virtual worlds also ran a significant

amount of display advertising for foods. Nine of the top-ten consumer goods advertised on 13 of 

the most popular online worlds for children were foods. 

Food company websites remained a viable part of integrated marketing campaigns in 2009, 

but their popularity did not grow appreciably from 2006. About two million children ages 2-11 

(and nearly three million 6-14-year-olds) per month visited at least one of 73 food company websites most likely to attract children during the latter half of 2009. Few individual food company 

websites averaged more than 100,000 child visitors per month, the exceptions being Millsberry.

com (284,000), HappyMeal.com (189,000), MyCokeRewards.com (177,000), and McWorld.com 
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(139,000). Millsberry.com ceased operations in 2011. Further, child visitors spent little time on 

company websites, the exceptions being Millsberry.com (45 minutes for children) and Postopia.

com (29 minutes for 6-14-year-olds). Finally, as in 2006, a sizable subset of youth regularly 

visited and spent significant time on multiple food company websites each month during 2009. 

Through the four months ending December 2009, more than a half million children 2-11, and 

nearly 700,000 6-14-year-olds, averaged more than 30 minutes per month on two or more of the 

73 food sites examined. 

Advergames promoting foods and beverages were a key focus of many child- and teenoriented sites. Advergames often offered multiple levels of play and some incorporated social 

networking by allowing players to “invite a friend” to join the game. One game directed the 

child to hold a cereal box up to a webcam in order to interact with the game. Other popular 

online marketing activities included allowing children to create their own avatar and personalize 

their virtual world, creating art work to share with a friend online, joining online “clubs” that offer free or discounted meals on a child’s birthday, and downloading screen savers, “emoticons,” 

ring tones, videos, and other items. Teen-directed websites often featured celebrity athletes and 

musical artists, sports video games, online concerts, and sweepstakes. In addition to marketing 

on their own websites, food and beverage companies also displayed banner ads on sites operated 

by Nickelodeon, NeoPets, Cartoon Network, and Disney, as well as on popular game, sports, and 

social media sites. Digital marketing to young people on mobile devices also increased with the 

proliferation of these devices, using many of the same techniques used on the Internet, such as

games, free downloads, and contests.

Viral marketing and word-of-mouth activities were increasingly used by food marketers to 

reach children and especially teens and were often closely integrated with Internet marketing. 

Food marketers had their own Facebook and MySpace pages, links to Twitter accounts, dedicated portions of YouTube, and used other popular social media sites. Websites often included 

solicitations to “invite a friend” or “share with a friend”; in one case, a site urged advergame 

players to enlist friends through Facebook and Skype. Food marketers also used word-of-mouth 

techniques – recruiting consumers as “ambassadors” of the brand. Word-of-mouth techniques

were most often directed to teens. 

Other traditional forms of marketing, such as product packaging and in-store marketing, 

premiums, product placement, and celebrity endorsements, are described in detail in Section IV 

of this report.

The Commission also collected consumer research from the companies related to their 

youth-directed marketing. One theme that emerged from the research was the important role that 

children play in purchasing decisions for food and beverages and how marketing promotes that 

“pester power.” Purchase of particular foods or the choice to eat at particular QSRs was often 
Executive Summary

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driven by a child’s request. For example, one company’s study found that a child seeing an ad

for a food product or seeing the product on the shelf was a key factor in purchase and that 75% 

of the purchasers surveyed bought the product for the first time because their child requested it. 

Another study showed that in-store advertising campaigns using child-targeted character-based 

themes outperformed those using mom-targeted themes. 

Companies also conducted general research on the themes and content that appealed most 

to youth, as well as on the appeal of specific promotional techniques. The research supported

the importance of product packaging, and in particular branding, to children and teens, and 

confirmed the efficacy of popular characters and celebrities in marketing to children and teens. 

Research on how to effectively engage children and teens on the Internet included a study by 

one company noting that online marketing activities are a worthy investment because they keep 

children engaged with the company and promote brand loyalty. Other research underscored the 

importance of frequently updating online content to keep it fresh, and using streaming video and

interactive icons to appeal to teens. Research also confirmed the appeal of social media campaigns on Facebook and Twitter; the appeal of contests, especially those that are simple and offer 

instant gratification, such as entering a product code online; and the impact of children’s meal

toys on generating interest in eating at a restaurant. In contrast with research submitted for the 

2008 report, companies found that healthy messages in advertising can be appealing to children, 

although the research results were mixed. Finally, research on children’s and teens’ media usage 

patterns included a study finding a sizable increase in use of social networking sites between the

ages of 11 and 14 (from 18% to 42%). 

Fewer than half of the reporting companies reported marketing activities targeted by gender, race, or ethnicity. Examples included: a few child-targeted Spanish-language ads; soda and 

energy ads on TV programming with a large African-American teen audience; digital marketing 

of carbonated beverages targeted to Hispanic and African-American teens; a QSR-sponsored 

town-hall meeting on college admissions for Hispanic teens; and athletic event sponsorship for 

Hispanic children and teens. Gender-based marketing included sponsorship of girls or boys 

sporting camps and events, and use of licensed characters, such as Disney Princesses, on cereal 

boxes and other packaged foods. No companies reported targeted marketing based on income 

level, although several companies sponsored athletic events intended to benefit lower income,

inner-city youth. 

E. Trends in Youth Food and Beverage Consumption 

For this report, the Commission also examined select food consumption data to look for 

signs that children and teens are changing their diets as the major food companies shift their 

expenditures , their marketing techniques, or the nutrition content of the food marketed to youth. 
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According to data from CDC’s National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 

over the past decade, children and teens reduced their average daily caloric intake as well as 

their consumption of total fat, sodium, and sugar. Over the same period, they ate more fiber and

calcium. 

Survey data from The NPD Group reveal that children and teens have increased their fruit 

consumption since at least 2005, a shift that may be attributable in part to the food companies’ 

healthy eating initiatives and increased youth awareness of healthy eating. Contemporaneous 

with the increase in youth-targeted dairy marketing, children and teens consumed more dairy 

products, especially yogurt. Children ate slightly more cereal in 2009, even though child-directed marketing expenditures dropped substantially from 2006; their consumption of pre-sweetened 

cereals remained unchanged. Teen breakfast cereal consumption remained relatively flat between 2006 and 2009, even though the companies increased teen-directed marketing during that 

period. Although the companies reduced their youth-directed marketing expenditures for carbonated beverages between 2006 and 2009, there was a slight uptick in youth consumption. Trend 

data over ten years, however, reveal that children and teens have sharply reduced their intake of 

carbonated beverages, particularly regular (non-diet) soft drinks. In 2009, consistent with shifts 

in companies’ marketing policies, children and teens drank the most caloric and sugary drinks 

outside of the school setting.

NHANES data show that children and teens who reported eating at QSRs steadily reduced 

their average daily intake of QSR-derived calories, total fat, sugar, and sodium between the 

2003/2004 and 2009/2010 surveys. The same trend held for overweight and obese youth. These 

consumption shifts track the increased marketing of QSR food with fewer calories, sugar, sodium, and saturated fat on child-directed television programs in 2009. Relatedly, NPD data show 

that in recent years, the kids’ meals with toys that were purchased for children have included 

fewer fries and full-calorie soft drinks and more milk, fruit, and fruit juice.

F. Summary of Industry Progress

1. The Food and Beverage Industry

Food and beverage companies have taken several positive steps in response to the recommendations set forth in the Commission’s 2008 report, and to First Lady Michelle Obama’s Let’s 

Move! campaign. In 2008, for example, the Commission urged all companies to apply meaningful nutrition standards to marketing directed to children and suggested that companies apply 

broader indicia of what constitutes “directed to children.” The Commission also suggested that 

companies more broadly construe the term “marketing” to cover all techniques used to reach

children and specifically to expand the scope of covered activities in the school setting.
Executive Summary

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The food and beverage industry, especially those companies that participate in the CFBAI, 

the Alliance for a Healthier Generation, and other self-regulatory initiatives, have made measurable progress in implementing those recommendations. The CFBAI, for example, has expanded 

its membership to include four new participants with the result that all, or nearly all, children’s 

marketing in many food categories is now covered by the CFBAI program. The CFBAI has 

also continued to closely monitor its members and has reported high rates of compliance with its 

program. The Commission notes, however, that some companies have not yet joined the CFBAI 

or adopted meaningful nutrition standards of their own. For example, some restaurant chains, 

candy companies, and baked good companies with sizable spending on the children’s market do 

not participate in CFBAI. In addition, the Commission notes that franchisees, independent distributors, and local bottlers for CFBAI member companies do not always adhere to the member 

companies’ pledge commitments.

CFBAI and its members have also made progress on expanding their definition of what constitutes marketing “directed to children.” Many CFBAI members, for example, have expanded 

the scope of television and other measured media content covered by their pledges to any content with a 35% or greater audience of children ages 2 to 11. The Commission also commends 

CFBAI for expanding its program to require participants to commit that 100% of their childdirected advertising be covered. The Commission notes, however, that CFBAI’s definition of

“directed to children” does not yet incorporate more subjective assessments of appeal to children. 

For example, in determining whether a video game or DVD movie is “directed to children,” the 

CFBAI considers the “EC” or “G” rating, but does not look at other indicia of the intended audience. Not all movies rated “G” are intended primarily for a child audience; by the same token, 

many movies rated “PG” are clearly intended to appeal to children under 12. 

The Commission also commends CFBAI for expanding its “core principles” to include 

additional marketing techniques and media not previously covered by its program, including

advergames, advertising on video games and movie DVDs, cell phone and other mobile media, 

the apps used in those media, and word-of-mouth marketing. Despite the significant expansion

of covered marketing techniques, however, CFBAI does not yet cover certain forms of marketing

that food company research shows to be highly effective in reaching children. Product packaging and in-store promotion, including the use of licensed characters from popular children’s movies and TV shows, are exempt and continue to be used extensively to market to children, both 

by CFBAI members and other companies. In addition, although CFBAI continues to prohibit 

member companies from paying for or actively seeking to place food and beverage products in 

children’s programming, the Commission notes that unsolicited product placement of food and 

beverages in child-directed movies continues and that companies do not take a proactive role in 

discouraging such placement. The Commission has also observed that product-line advertising, 
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company-wide brand advertising, and marketing through branded merchandise such as children’s 

toys and clothing, are not always clearly limited to product lines or brands that fully meet meaningful nutrition standards. In other instances, advertising of individual products in a product line 

does not prominently feature the specific product meeting nutrition standards, so that the advertising appears to also promote product varieties not meeting those standards. 

With respect to in-school marketing and sale of foods and beverages, both the CFBAI and 

the Alliance for a Healthier Generation have played an important role. At the start of the 2009-

2010 school year, the vast majority of school and school district contracts complied with Alliance 

guidelines governing calorie-content and serving size for beverages sold in schools. Notably, 

the Alliance for a Healthier Generation’s program encompasses food sales at all school levels, 

including high school. In contrast, the CFBAI program on marketing activities in schools is 

limited to elementary schools and continues to exempt certain activities, such as “point-of-sale” 

displays, fundraisers, and branded educational materials. 

The 2008 report also encouraged companies to continue to engage in healthy lifestyle messaging and other outreach efforts to children. Companies reported a number of activities to promote nutrition and exercise, including the food and beverage industry’s formation of the Healthy 

Weight Commitment Foundation and the restaurant industry’s launch of the Kids’ LiveWell campaign. Fewer of the initiatives reported for 2009, however, targeted minority populations.

The most notable self-regulatory development since the Commission’s 2008 report involved 

strengthening and standardizing the nutrition standards applied to children’s food marketing. 

In July 2011, CFBAI released a new set of uniform nutrition criteria to be implemented by all 

member companies by December 31, 2013. The Commission commends CFBAI and its member 

companies for their leadership in improving the nutritional profile of foods marketed to children. 

The CFBAI 2014 uniform nutrition criteria represent significant progress on several aspects of

the nutrition criteria currently used by individual member companies. They are already spurring 

improvements in the nutritional profile of foods marketed by CFBAI members and will lead to

further improvements over the next year prior to full implementation. 

Although the Commission does not have the expertise to assess specific nutrition criteria, the

Commission notes that the CFBAI 2014 criteria for “nutrition components to encourage” appear 

to be less challenging to achieve, requiring significantly less reformulation of foods marketed

to children than the criteria for “nutrients to limit.” Specifically, only 20% of the foods advertised to children in 2009 would require any increase in “nutrition components to encourage” to

meet the 2014 criteria, whereas 64% of foods advertised to children in 2009 would require some

additional reduction in at least one “nutrient to limit.” In many of the food product categories, 

CFBAI does not limit its “nutrition components to encourage” to the key food groups and shortfall nutrients identified in the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, but includes other vitamins
Executive Summary

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and minerals that are not deficient in children’s diets. For example, many of the categories with

grain-based components do not include a requirement for whole grain. Cereal products, thus,

do not need to contain a minimum amount of whole grain or fiber, provided they contain at least

10% of the daily value for Vitamins A or C, or iron. As a result, all cereal advertising to children 

in 2009 met the CFBAI 2014 criteria for “nutrition components to encourage,” despite the fact 

that 86% of cereal marketed to children in 2009 contained mostly refined grain.

As a general matter, the CFBAI 2014 “nutrients to limit” criteria are set at levels that will 

spur further nutritional improvements in foods marketed to children. Within specific product

categories, however, some of these criteria may have little or no impact on the nutritional quality

of foods. As an example, the Commission notes that 99% of cereal marketed to children in 2009 

already met the 2014 CFBAI sodium limit. Similarly, 92% of children’s dairy drink marketing 

met the 24 g limit for total sugar established by the CFBAI’s 2014 uniform nutrition criteria.

The Commission recognizes that some of the 2014 criteria may reflect practical limitations

on what is feasible given current food manufacturing technology. Other criteria, such as those 

relating to sodium and sugar limits or whole grain content, may reflect concerns about palatability and consumer acceptance of reformulated foods. As technology advances and palates adjust, 

however, it may be possible for CFBAI to reassess its criteria to further enhance the nutritional 

quality of foods marketed to children in keeping with key recommendations of the 2010 Dietary

Guidelines for Americans.

2.	 Media and Entertainment Companies

 The Commission’s 2008 report also contained recommendations for media and entertainment companies, focusing on character-licensing and other cross-promotion with food companies 

and on placement of food advertising in children’s media. The Commission commends those 

media and entertainment companies that have implemented their own individual initiatives, for 

example, by applying nutrition standards for character licensing and for cross-promotions with 

media properties. Some major media and entertainment companies, however, still do not apply 

any nutrition standards to foods promoted with their popular children’s characters or programs. 

As for placement of food advertising in children’s media, in 2008 only Qubo, a children’s programming platform on the Ion network, had formally pledged to limit food advertising to more 

nutritious products during its block of children’s shows. The Commission commends Disney 

which, in June 2012, became the first major media company to commit to apply nutrition standards for ads placed on programs directed to children. Other companies have yet to follow their 

example. 

There were many examples of media companies engaging in healthy lifestyle initiatives for 

the 2009 reporting year, including some directed to Hispanic families. The Commission com-
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mends those efforts. The Commission encourages similar focus on other populations with high 

rates of childhood obesity, including the African-American population.

Finally, the Commission notes that there has been no effort to date by media companies to 

work with the CFBAI or participate in a similar industry-wide initiative addressing childhood 

obesity. Unlike the food industry, where a substantial majority of those engaging in marketing to 

children participate in self-regulation to limit food marketing to nutritious choices, widespread 

media industry participation is lacking.
Introduction

1

I. Introduction

Childhood obesity continues to be one of the most serious and costly public health issues 

facing the United States. Over the past three decades, rates of obesity have more than doubled 

for children ages 2 to 11 and more than tripled for teens ages 12 to 18.1 As a result, 32 percent of 

children are now overweight or obese, with 17 percent falling in the obese range.2 While many 

factors contribute to these dramatic increases in obesity, children’s poor diets play a significant

role. The top three sources of calories in children’s diets are grain-based desserts, pizza, and 

soda/energy/sports drinks.3 Children are consuming too little whole grain, vegetables, fruits, 

milk, and healthy oils and falling short on important nutrients like fiber, potassium, Vitamin D,

and calcium.4 At the same time, children consume too many calories from added sugars, solid 

fats, and refined grains, and take in too much sodium.5

The Federal Trade Commission recognizes that tackling obesity and improving children’s 

diets is a challenging task that requires effort from all segments of society. The Commission

believes that food marketers and the media can play a meaningful role in that effort by applying 

their marketing power and creative skills to encourage children to make better food choices and 

be more physically active. The Commission is encouraged by the steps that many companies 

are already taking and the significant progress that has been made since the Commission, jointly

with the Department of Health and Human Services, held its first workshop on food marketing

and childhood obesity in July 2005.

In 2008, the Commission published its first study of the marketing of foods and beverages to

children and teens.6Conducted at the request of Congress, that study analyzed data from public

and non-public sources to provide a comprehensive assessment of marketing expenditures and 

activities directed toward children (ages 2-11) and teens (ages 12-17) by 44 food and beverage 

producers, marketers, and quick-service restaurants (QSRs) in the United States during 2006. 

The timing of that study was propitious because the Children’s Food and Beverage Advertising 

Initiative (CFBAI) – a major self-regulatory effort to change the nutritional profile of foods and

beverages marketed to children – was launched at the end of 2006. Thus, the 2006 data became 

the baseline for measuring the impact of voluntary industry efforts to modify food marketing to 

children. At the conclusion of its 2008 report, the Commission made a number of recommendations to the food and beverage industry, as well as media and entertainment companies. The 

Commission also committed itself to continued monitoring of food marketing to children and to 

conducting a follow-up study in the future to assess the impact of industry self-regulatory efforts.

This report describes the results of the follow-up study. To gather data from three years after 

the baseline data collection, in August 2010, the Commission issued an Order to File Special 

Report (Special Order) (attached as Appendix B) to 48 food and beverage manufacturers, dis-
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

2

tributors, and marketers, seeking data regarding marketing expenditures and activities directed 

to children and teens in 2009. As explained in Appendix A, Data and Research Methods, most 

of the 44 companies that provided the 2006 data received the Special Order for 2009 data. A 

few additional companies were also included in the request for 2009 data. The Commission also

expanded the 2009 data request to include nutrition data for those food and beverage products for

which there were marketing expenditures directed to children or teens. Because nutrition data 

had not been collected for 2006, the Commission asked the companies included in the prior study 

to submit nutrition data for the products marketed in 2006, as well as for those marketed in 2009. 

Accordingly, this report compares not only marketing expenditure data from 2006 and 2009, but 

also nutrition data weighted by the amount of spending on the promotion of each product.

As in the case of the previous study, the Commission believes that the companies receiving 

and responding to the Special Order (hereafter “the companies”) are responsible for a substantial 

majority of the expenditures for food marketing to children and teens during the relevant time 

frame.7To protect the confidentiality of the reported information, as required by the FTC Act

and Commission Rules,8 the Commission has reported expenditure and nutrition data only in the 

aggregate by food category and by promotional technique. Like the Commission’s first report,

this follow-up report presents a great deal of information not previously collected and not otherwise available to the research community.

The companies provided information about expenditures in 2009 for products in 10 food and 

beverage categories: breakfast cereals, snack foods, candy and frozen desserts, dairy products, 

baked goods, prepared foods and meals, carbonated beverages, fruit juice and non-carbonated 

beverages, fruits and vegetables, and food served in QSRs. The companies were required to submit expenditure information for their marketing activities directed toward children (ages 2-11), 

teens (ages 12-17), or both, in each of 18 promotional activity categories: television; radio; print; 

company-sponsored websites; other Internet and digital advertising; packaging and labeling; 

movie theater, video, and video games; in-store displays; specialty item or premium distribution; 

public entertainment events; product placements; character licensing, cross-promotions, and toy 

co-branding; sponsorship of sports teams or athletes; word-of-mouth and viral marketing; celebrity endorsements; in-school marketing; advertising in conjunction with philanthropic endeavors; 

and other promotional activities. In addition, for any food product marketed to children or teens, 

the companies were required to report the total expenditures on marketing of the product to all

audiences through any media. The report discusses these expenditure data in Section II, and 

includes comparisons to the data reported for 2006. 

Section III of the report sets out a detailed analysis of nutrition data for food and beverages 

marketed to children and teens in 2006 and 2009. A key recommendation of the 2008 Report 

was that companies work to improve the nutritional profile of products marketed to children and
Introduction

3

teens.9 By comparing 2006 and 2009 nutrition data for foods marketed to youth, the analysis 

provides information on the progress the companies made in the three years following the launch 

of the CFBAI self-regulatory program and other self-regulatory initiatives. The Commission is 

aware that major self-regulatory measures have been taken since 2009, as highlighted in Section 

V of the report, that have likely resulted in further nutritional improvements. Section III, nevertheless, provides a useful snapshot of the initial impact of self-regulation on nutrition. The analysis includes specific sections on the product categories most heavily marketed to children and

teens. In some categories, the Commission has also looked at nutrition by marketing technique,

for example, comparing foods marketed with and without cross-promotion, and foods marketed 

in traditional measured media to foods marketed in new media. The nutrition data in Section III 

are weighted by marketing expenditures for each product. This is a key difference between this 

report and other recent assessments that look at nutrition data by product but do not take into account how heavily each product is marketed to children and teens. The Commission believes its 

expenditure-weighting approach more accurately reflects the overall nutritional quality of foods

marketed directly to youth.

The Special Order also required the companies to produce samples or descriptions of their

advertising and marketing activities directed to children or teens in all promotional categories, 

whether or not expenses were incurred for the promotion. Section IV summarizes this information and affords a comprehensive look at the nature of food and beverage promotions to children, 

teens, or both in 2009. In addition, Section IV summarizes key findings from market research

the companies conducted on the impact of marketing directed to youth on purchase decisions. 

Section V discusses media company policies and practices on youth-directed food advertising, as well as food company policies on advertising directed to children and teens, participation 

in self-regulatory programs, and initiatives to promote healthy eating by young people. Using 

survey data from The NPD Group, this section also examines food marketing expenditures in the 

context of food consumption trends for children over the last decade. Although the factors that 

impact a child’s diet are numerous and manifold, evidence that children and teens are choosing 

to eat more or less of certain foods may inform the discussion about where industry should focus 

self-regulatory efforts.

Some companies objected to the Special Order’s criteria for determining whether an ad or 

promotion is directed to children, teens, or both. These companies contended that the criteria 

were overly broad and resulted in the inclusion of expenditures for ads or promotions that were 

directed to parents, families, or adults in general.10 The Commission acknowledges that, in some 

instances, the data may be over-inclusive, reflecting advertising that reached significant numbers

of children or teens, although not specifically targeted to them. However, in other instances, the

data may be under-inclusive. For example, the expenditures reported by QSRs did not account 
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

4

for all of the local advertising expenditures by independently owned franchisees. Moreover, the 

companies responding to the Special Order do not represent the entire universe of U.S. companies that engage in food marketing to young people. Nevertheless, the Commission believes that 

these data present a reasonably accurate portrayal of the majority of food and beverage marketing directed to children and teens in 2009. Because the definitions and criteria used in the Special Order are nearly identical to those underlying the first report, the Commission can reliably

compare the 2006 and 2009 time periods.

The Commission believes that food industry self-regulation is beginning to bring about 

important changes in the marketing of foods to children under 12. The Commission encourages 

companies to continue to enhance and expand upon these efforts.
Expenditures for Marketing Food to Youth

5

II. Expenditures for Marketing Food to Youth

A Introduction

In 2006, the reporting companies (44 for that year) spent nearly $2.1 billion to promote food 

and beverages to children ages 2-11 and teens ages 12-17 (collectively, “youth”) in the U.S., 

with $1.3 billion directed to children, and about $1 billion directed to teens; approximately $321 

million of the expenditures were directed at both children and teens.11 See Figure II.1.

In 2009,12 the 48 reporting 

companies spent approximately 

$1.79 billion on youth marketing, 

a 19.5% drop in inflation-adjusted13 expenditures since 2006. Of 

the $1.79 billion, $1 billion was 

directed to children, $1 billion 

was directed to teens, with $263 

million overlapping between the 

two age groups.14 See Figure II.2.

The reporting companies 

promoted their youth-advertised 

products to adults or to a general 

audience, as well as to consumers 

under age 18. Overall marketing 

expenditures for these products amounted to $9.65 billion, 

slightly less than the $9.69 

billion spent in 2006. See

App. C, Table C.1. The $1.79 

billion in youth-directed marketing expenditures for these 

products represented 18.5% of 

all consumer-directed marketing expenditures, down from 

21.6% in 2006. Quick-service 

restaurant (QSR) foods, carbonated beverages, and breakFigure II.1: Reported Child- and Teen-Directed Marketing Expenditures and Overlap (2006)*

*The 2006 expenditures are higher than the expenditures reported in the 2008 Report because they 

include self-liquidating premiums.

Child 2-11 Teen 12-17

$1,332,473,284 $1,080,751,101

Overlapping

$321,749,978

Total Youth-Directed Marketing: $2,091,474,408

Figure II.1: Reported Child- and Teen-Directed Marketing 

Expenditures and Overlap (2006)*

Figure II.2: Reported Child- and Teen-Directed Marketing Expenditures and Overlap (2009)

Child 2-11 Teen 12-17

$1,040,625,275 $1,010,706,362

Overlapping 

$263,876,914

Total Youth-Directed Marketing: $1,787,454,723

Figure II.2: Reported Child- and Teen-Directed Marketing 

Expenditures and Overlap (2009)
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

6

fast cereals accounted for $1.29 billion of those expenditures, 72% of the total (the same as in 

2006). 

The reporting QSRs spent $714 million on youth marketing in 2009, dropping from $733 

million in 2006.15 As noted below, most of that drop was due to reduced premium expenditures; 

in contrast, traditional measured media expenditures (television, radio, and print) substantially 

increased. As in 2006, QSR expenditures were weighted more toward children ($583 million) 

than teens ($185 million). 

Carbonated beverage companies reported $395 million in youth-directed expenditures, about 

97% of which were teen-directed. Breakfast cereal companies reported $186 million in youthdirected marketing expenditures, down considerably from the $237 million reported for 2006. 

Compared to 2006, breakfast cereal expenditures were much more balanced between children 

($173 million) and teens ($103 million), with considerable overlap ($90 million).

In terms of promotional techniques, television advertising accounted for 35.4%, and, as in

2006, the greatest share, of total youth-directed food and beverage marketing expenditures; although, in inflation-adjusted dollars, food marketers spent 19.5% less on TV in 2009. They spent

an additional $63 million on radio and print advertising. 

The reporting companies spent $122.5 million on new media – company websites, Internet, 

digital, and word-of-mouth and viral, a 50.5% jump from 2006 expenditures. New media represented 6.9% of all reported youth-directed marketing, up from 3.7% in 2006. The companies 

reported spending $113 million on in-store marketing and packaging to reach children and teens, 

a 45.5% drop from 2006. These expenditures also dropped as a share of youth-directed expenditures (6.3% versus 9.3% in 2006). 

Premium expenditures represented $393 million, or 22%, of all reported youth-directed 

expenditures. These expenditures dropped nearly 28% in inflation-adjusted dollars compared to

2006. Data from the companies and the NPD Group suggest that this drop was primarily due to 

two factors: restaurants sold fewer kids meals with toys to children, and the costs of these toys 

was less in 2009 versus 2006.

The reporting companies spent 22% less in 2009 on the other traditional promotions category, which includes product placement, movie, video, and video game advertising, crosspromotion license fees, athletic and event sponsorship, and celebrity endorsement fees. Companies spent $315 million on these activities, accounting for 17.6% of youth-directed marketing 

expenditures. Finally, the companies reported in-school marketing expenditures of $149 million. 

These expenditures represented 8.3% of all youth-directed food marketing expenditures, a significant drop from the $186 million reported for 2006.

As in 2006, nearly one-third of all youth-directed marketing involved cross-promotions, 

although expenditures were down in absolute dollars ($584 million versus $666 million in 2006). 
Expenditures for Marketing Food to Youth

7

Cross-promotion expenditures include not only the licensing fees but also the cost of implementing the cross-promotion across various activity categories, such as television and Internet advertising, premiums, and packaging. Celebrity marketing, which includes both fees paid to celebrity 

endorsers and the cost of marketing that used the celebrity, also increased dramatically in absolute dollars (from $26.8 million in 2006 to $99 million in 2009) and accounted for 5.6% of all 

youth-directed marketing (up from 1.3% in 2006).

B. Expenditures Analyzed by Food Category

For each product, meal, food, or beverage with youth-directed marketing expenditures 

(“reported products”), the companies also reported the total consumer-directed marketing expenditures – i.e., total dollars spent to promote those products to consumers of all ages. Table 

II.1 presents total youth-directed expenditures for each food category in 2006 and 2009, which 

also are expressed as a percentage of the total marketing expenditures for those products within 

that food category. The QSR ($714 million), carbonated beverages ($395 million), and breakfast 

cereal ($186 million) categories spent the most on youth-directed food marketing, accounting 

for $1.29 billion, or 72%, of the $1.79 billion total. In addition, the proportion of the companies’ 

marketing budgets for the reported products that was devoted to youth decreased across all food 

categories, from 20.9% to 18.5%. The most notable drops were for QSR foods (from 29% to 

24.1%), candy and frozen desserts (from 25.8% to 14.8%), baked goods (40.8% to 25.2%), and 

fruits and vegetables (24.7% to 12.8%). As of 2009, the breakfast cereal category still had the 

highest proportion of youth-directed expenditures relative to total marketing expenditures for the 

reported products (25.9%). 

Table II.2 lists the reporting companies’ total expenditures for both child- and teen-directed 

marketing by food category and indicates the amount of overlapping expenditures (meaning the 

marketing met the definition for both child-directed and teen-directed). QSR foods ($583 milTable II.1: Total Youth-Directed Marketing Expenditures for Reported Brands and Percent of Total Marketing Expenditures,

By Food Category (2006 vs 2009)

2006 2009

Food Category

Expenditures Meeting 

Youth (2-17) Criteria

($1000)

Total Marketing 

Expenditures 

($1000)

% of Total Marketing

Expenditures Meeting 

Youth (2-17) Criteria

Expenditures Meeting

Youth (2-17) Criteria

($1000)

Total Marketing 

Expenditures 

($1000)

% of Total Marketing

Expenditures Meeting 

Youth (2-17) Criteria

Restaurant Foods 732,644 2,529,445 29.0 714,298 2,959,566 24.1 

Carbonated Beverages 526,370 3,132,150 16.8 395,128 2,470,781 16.0 

Breakfast Cereal 236,553 792,042 29.9 186,085 718,988 25.9 

Snack Foods 138,713 852,342 16.3 123,285 802,138 15.4 

Juice & Non-carbonated Bevs. 146,601 1,340,266 10.9 121,156 1,029,864 11.8 

Candy/Froz. Desserts 117,694 456,677 25.8 79,006 534,651 14.8 

Dairy Products 54,645 265,887 20.6 78,457 459,433 17.1 

Prepared Foods & Meals 64,143 424,858 15.1 65,987 547,552 12.1 

Baked Goods 62,549 153,393 40.8 16,893 67,127 25.2 

Fruits & Vegetables 11,563 46,769 24.7 7,160 55,915 12.8 

TOTAL 2,091,474 9,993,829 20.9 1,787,455 9,646,016 18.5 

Note: Youth 2-17 marketing includes all marketing that meets either the Child 2-11 criteria or the Teen 12-17 criteria, without duplication.

Table II.1: Total Youth-Directed Marketing Expenditures for Reported Brands and Percent of Total 

Marketing Expenditures, By Food Category (2006 vs 2009)
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

8

lion), breakfast cereals ($173 million), and snack foods ($70 million) accounted for 79% of the 

$1 billion in child-directed ad expenditures (up from a 71% share in 2006). The top three food 

categories with teen-directed marketing expenditures were carbonated beverages ($382 million), 

QSR foods ($185 million), and breakfast cereals ($103 million). Those three categories accounted for two-thirds of the teen-directed expenditures.

Figure II.3 illustrates the information reported in Table II.2. It depicts total marketing 

expenditures directed to youth in each food category and the breakout between child- and teendirected expenditures, as well as the overlapping expenditures, for the reported products.

Food Category

Expenditures Meeting 

Child 2-11 Criteria 

($1000)

Expenditures Meeting 

Teen 12-17 Criteria 

($1000)

Overlapping 

Expenditures 

($1000)

Expenditures Meeting 

Child 2-11 Criteria 

($1000)

Expenditures Meeting 

Teen 12-17 Criteria 

($1000)

Overlapping 

Expenditures 

($1000)

Restaurant Foods 604,771 140,487 12,614 583,268 185,280 54,250

Carbonated Beverages 96,024 507,918 77,571 42,263 382,284 29,419

Breakfast Cereal 228,983 71,266 63,696 173,000 103,462 90,377

Snack Foods 112,607 51,354 25,248 69,859 85,099 31,673

Juice & Non-carbonated Bevs. 70,302 108,476 32,177 43,609 95,214 17,667

Candy/Froz. Desserts 60,708 98,998 42,012 21,612 72,228 14,834

Dairy Products 29,602 38,477 13,434 48,559 39,780 9,882

Prepared Foods & Meals 59,821 17,791 13,468 48,394 26,016 8,423

Baked Goods 61,147 39,649 38,248 5,705 15,875 4,687

Fruits & Vegetables 8,510 6,336 3,283 4,358 5,469 2,667

TOTAL 1,332,473 1,080,751 321,750 1,040,625 1,010,706 263,877

2006 2009

Table II.2: Reported Child- and Teen- Directed Marketing Expenditures and Overlap (2006 vs 2009) Table II.2: Reported Child- and Teen-Directed Marketing Expenditures and Overlap (2006 vs 2009)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

700

750

Restaurant

Foods

Carbonated

Beverages

Breakfast

Cereal

Snack Foods Juice & Noncarbonated

Bevs.

Candy/Froz.

Desserts

Dairy Products Prepared

Foods &

Meals

Baked Goods Fruits &

Vegetables

Dollars (in millions)

Figure II.3: Child- and Teen-Directed Marketing Expenditures, 

Ranked by Youth Expenditures (2009)

Teens Minus Overlap

Child/Teen Overlap

Child Minus Overlap

Note: The portion of marketing that meets both the child and teen criteria is labeled Child/Teen Overlap.

Figure II.3: Child- and Teen-Directed Marketing Expenditures, Ranked 

by Youth Expenditures (2009)
Expenditures for Marketing Food to Youth

9

Figure II.4 shows the changes in child, teen, and total marketing expenditures for the reported products within each food category between 2006 and 2009. Child-directed expenditures 

declined across all food categories (-26%),16 but especially for baked goods (-91%), candy and 

frozen desserts (-66%), and carbonated beverages (-59%). By contrast, several food categories 

increased their teen-directed marketing expenditures, including QSR foods (+24%), breakfast cereal (+37%), snack foods (+56%), and prepared foods (+38%). All other categories spent less to 

reach teens, especially the candy (-31%), carbonated beverages (-29%), and baked goods (-62%) 

categories.

C. Expenditures Analyzed by Promotional Activity Groups

The Commission’s Special Order sought information about 17 separate promotional activity 

categories, as well as a catch-all “other” category.17 For purposes of this report, these categories 

have been consolidated into six groups: 1) traditional measured media, consisting of television, 

radio, and print advertising; 2) new media, consisting of company-sponsored websites, Internet, 

digital, word-of-mouth, and viral marketing; 3) packaging and in-store marketing; 4) premiums; 

5) other traditional promotions, consisting of product placements, movie theater, video, and 

video game advertising, character or cross-promotion license fees, athletic sponsorships, celeb-

*Reported products were those foods and beverages that the reporting companies marketed to children, teens, or 

both. The All Ages data reflect total consumer-directed marketing expenditures only for the reported products.

-9%

-59%

-29%

-42%

-42%

-66%

54%

-24%

-91%

-52%

-26%

24%

-29%

37%

56%

-17%

-31%

-3%

38%

-62%

-19%

-12%

10%

-26%

-15%

-11%

-28%

10%

63%

21%

-59%

13%

-9%

Restaurant Foods

Carbonated Beverages

Breakfast Cereal

Snack Foods

Juice & Non-carbonated Bevs.

Candy/Froz. Desserts

Dairy Products

Prepared Foods & Meals

Baked Goods

Fruits & Vegetables

TOTAL

Figure II.4: Percentage Change in Reported Child-Directed, Teen-Directed, and All Ages Marketing

Expenditures for Reported Products* from 2006 to 2009, Adjusted for Inflation

Child 2-11

Teen 12-17

All Ages

Figure II.4: Percentage Change in Reported Child-Directed, Teen-Directed, 

and All Ages Marketing Expenditures for Reported Products* 

from 2006 to 2009, Adjusted for Inflation
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

10

rity endorsement fees, events, philanthropic activities tied to branding opportunities, and other 

miscellaneous marketing expenditures; and 6) in-school marketing. Figure II.5 shows how the 

companies allocated the $1.79 billion in youth-directed food marketing in 2009 across the six 

promotional activity groups, compared to 2006. Appendix Tables C.1 and C.2 provide detailed 

data on these expenditures within each promotional activity category for each food group and 

age category.

Within these six promotional activity groups, Figure II.6 illustrates the percentage of total 

youth-directed spending within each group contributed by each food category during 2009. The 

figure demonstrates, for example, that carbonated and non-carbonated beverages comprised

Note: Dollars are in millions.

Traditional Measured Media

New Media

In Store and Packaging/ Labeling

Premiums

Other Traditional Marketing

In School

Figure II.5: Reported Total Youth-Directed Marketing Expenditures by Promotional Activity Group, 

Adjusted for Inflation (2006 vs 2009)

$695.4

39%

$122.5

7% $113.0

6%

$392.7

22%

$314.9

18%

$149.0

8%

2009

$848.3

41%

$76.6

4%

$195.4

9% $510.5

24%

$275.0

13%

$185.5

9%

2006

Figure II.5: Reported Total Youth-Directed Marketing Expenditures by Promotional 

Activity Group, Adjusted for Inflation (2006 vs 2009)

Figure II.6: Food Category Share of Total Youth-Directed Expenditures for Each Promotional Activity Group (2009)

Restaurant Foods Carbonated Beverages

Breakfast Cereal Snack Foods

Juice & Non-carbonated Bevs. Candy/Froz. Desserts

Dairy Products Prepared Foods & Meals

Baked Goods Fruits & Vegetables

36.7%

12.6%

16.6%

8.1%

4.2%

6.6%

7.1%

6.6% 1.0%

0.6%

Traditional Measured Media ($695.4 Million)

15.6%

18.4%

17.6% 12.5% 9.3%

10.1%

4.7%

5.6%

5.8%

0.5%

 New Media ($122.5 Million)

30.1%

22.3%

9.2%

16.7%

3.4%

7.9%

4.7% 3.8% 1.3%

0.6%

In-Store and Packaging/Labeling ($113.0 Million)

87.0%

3.0%

6.6%

1.5%

0.2% 0.4%

0.7% 0.6% 0.1%

0.0%

 Premiums ($392.7 Million)

18.2%

52.6%

8.6% 4.0%

6.4%

3.4% 3.9%

1.9% 0.4%

0.6%

Other Traditional Promotions ($314.9 Million)

4.8%

55.3%

0.0%

0.2%

37.5%

0.0%

2.2%

0.0% 0.0%

0.0%

 In-School ($149.0 Million)

Figure II.6: Food Category Share of Total Youth-Directed Expenditures for Each 

Promotional Activity Group (2009)
Expenditures for Marketing Food to Youth

11

nearly 93% of the reported in-school expenditures. The figure also shows that the QSR foods

category accounts for the lion’s share (87%) of premium expenditures. Appendix Table C.3 provides further detail on expenditures within the six promotional activity groups.

Figures II.7 and II.8 illustrate the percentage change in child- and teen-directed expenditures in the six promotional activity groups for each food category in 2006 and 2009. The dollar 

amounts underlying these figures can be found at Appendix Table C.3 of this report. Figure

II.7 shows an increase in QSRs’ use of measured media (primarily television) to reach children. 

Fruits and vegetables was the only other category that increased child-directed spending in measured media.18 All other food categories showed significant decreases relative to 2006. Except

for the candy and baked goods categories, all food categories increased their new media expenditures, with QSRs and juice and non-carbonated beverage companies demonstrating the biggest 

relative jump from 2006. In-school spending directed to children dropped substantially for all 

categories.19

As Figure II.8 shows, breakfast cereal and fruit and vegetable companies substantially 

increased expenditures in teen-directed traditional media, relative to 2006, while the carbonated 

beverages, juice and non-carbonated beverages, candy and frozen desserts, and baked goods 

categories decreased these expenditures. Nearly all categories increased their teen-directed new 

media expenditures, with QSRs, fruit and vegetable companies, and prepared food and meal 

companies demonstrating the largest relative increases. Expenditures for in-school advertising 

directed to teens either remained flat or dropped for all food categories, except baked goods,

-100% 0% 100% 200% 300% 400% 500% 600% 700%

Restaurant Foods

Carbonated Beverages

Breakfast Cereal

Snack Foods

Juice & Non-carbonated Bevs.

Candy/Froz. Desserts

Dairy Products

Prepared Foods & Meals

Baked Goods

Fruits & Vegetables

Figure II.7: Percentage Change in Reported Child-Directed Marketing Expenditures

from 2006 to 2009, by Promotional Activity Group, Adjusted for Inflation

Traditional Measured Media

New Media

In-Store, Packaging/Labeling

Premiums

Other Traditional Promotions

In-School

Figure II.7: Percentage Change in Reported Child-Directed Marketing 

Expenditures from 2006 to 2009, by Promotional Activity Group, 

Adjusted for Inflation
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

12

which showed a very slight increase. QSRs dramatically increased their teen-directed in-store 

and packaging expenditures (+2,782%), from $200,000 in 2006 to $8.9 million in 2009. Similarly, QSRs (+171%) and snack food companies (+228%) substantially increased expenditures on 

teen-directed other traditional promotions.

1. Traditional Measured Media: Television, Radio, and Print

Food marketers spent $695 million on traditional measured media (television, radio, and 

print) directed to youth, a significant drop from the $848 million spent in 2006. Traditional measured media accounted for 39% of all youth-directed marketing expenditures, compared to 41% 

in 2006.20 The bulk of these expenditures was for television advertising. The companies reported youth-directed television expenditures exceeding $632 million, a 19.5% drop from 2006. As 

in 2006, television accounted for 35% of all youth-directed marketing expenditures.

a. Television

The $375 million in child-directed television 

advertising expenditures21 represents a 22.8% 

drop from 2006. See Table II.3. QSRs ($154 

million) and breakfast cereals ($102 million) 

accounted for 68% of those expenditures. Other 

food categories with child-directed television advertising were prepared foods ($32 million), dairy 

-100% 0% 100% 200% 300% 400% 500% 600% 700% 800% 900%

Restaurant Foods

Carbonated Beverages

Breakfast Cereal

Snack Foods

Juice & Non-carbonated Bevs.

Candy/Froz. Desserts

Dairy Products

Prepared Foods & Meals

Baked Goods

Fruits & Vegetables

Figure II.8: Percentage Change in Reported Teen-Directed Marketing Expenditures

from 2006 to 2009, by Promotional Activity Group, Adjusted for Inflation

Traditional Measured Media

New Media

In-Store, Packaging/Labeling

Premiums

Other Traditional Promotions

In-School

2,782%

3,000%

Figure II.8: Percentage Change in Reported Teen-Directed Marketing Expenditures 

from 2006 to 2009, by Promotional Activity Group, Adjusted for 

Inflation

Table II.3: Reported Child- and Teen-Directed Television Expenditures (2009)

Food Category

Child (2-11)

Expenditures

($1000)

Teen (12-17)

Expenditures

($1000)

Restaurant Foods 154,259 129,580

Breakfast Cereal 102,032 49,348

Prepared Foods & Meals 31,619 18,513

Dairy Products 30,768 11,896

Snack Foods 27,401 33,082

Juice & Non-carbonated Bevs. 12,400 13,496

Candy/Froz. Desserts 10,720 36,169

Baked Goods 3,945 6,407

Fruits & Vegetables 1,212 3,967

Carbonated Beverages 710 61,890

TOTAL 375,066 364,348

Table II.3: Reported Child- and Teen-Directed 

Television Expenditures (2009)
Expenditures for Marketing Food to Youth

13

products ($31 million),22 and snacks ($27 million). Carbonated beverage companies reported 

only $710,000 in child-directed television expenditures, representing .02% of their total television advertising expenditures for the reported products. The QSR foods category bucked the 

overall decline in child-directed television advertising, spending 59% more compared to 2006. 

See Figure II.9. The fruits and vegetables category also substantially increased its child-directed 

television expenditures relative to 2006 (by 33%); however, absolute expenditures remained 

small at $3.9 million. 

The reporting companies spent $364 million on teen-directed television advertising, down 

7.6% from 2006.23 QSRs accounted for nearly 36% of those expenditures, or $130 million, 

although this amount comprised barely 8% of the $1.7 billion that QSRs spent on TV advertising 

(regardless of age) for the reported meals and products. Carbonated beverage companies spent 

$62 million, breakfast cereal companies $49 million, candy and frozen desserts $36 million, and 

snack foods $33 million, on teen-directed television advertising. The breakfast cereal, prepared 

foods, dairy,24 snack food, and fruits and vegetables categories increased teen-directed television 

expenditures compared to 2006, while the other categories declined significantly.

Three studies by the Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity show trends in children’s and 

teen’s exposure to certain categories of food ads on TV between 2004 and 2010 that are largely 

consistent with changes in reported expenditures between 2006 and 2009.25

59.3%

-32.5%

-28.4%

79.9%

-62.8%

-52.1%

-69.4%

-89.9%

32.7%

-63.8%

-22.8%

21.5%

228.7%

46.8%

121.3%

23.3%

-47.9%

-50.8%

-71.7%

334.3%

-41.0%

-7.6%

Restaurant Foods

Breakfast Cereal

Prepared Foods & Meals

Dairy Products

Snack Foods

Juice & Non-carbonated Bevs.

Candy/Froz. Desserts

Baked Goods

Fruits & Vegetables

Carbonated Beverages

TOTAL

Figure II.9: Percentage Change in Reported Child- and Teen-Directed TV Expenditures 

from 2006 to 2009, Adjusted for Inflation

Child (2-11)

Teen (12-17)

Figure II.9: Percentage Change in Reported Child- and Teen-Directed 

TV Expenditures from 2006 to 2009, Adjusted for Inflation
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

14

In addition to collecting child- and teen-directed television expenditure data, the Commission examined food company expenditures on broadcast TV shows most popular with children 

and teens in terms of absolute numbers of child or teen viewers. According to data from the 

Nielsen Company, only two of the top 30 shows, ranked by number of viewers age 2-11 during the 2008-09 television year, met the 30% children threshold for reporting under the Special 

Order’s definition of child-directed.26 None of the top 30 shows for teens, ranked by number 

of viewers age 12-17, met the 20% teen threshold for reporting under the Order’s teen-directed 

definition.27 Nevertheless, in the past, food companies have acknowledged that ad placements on 

some of these shows were part of a marketing strategy to reach children and teens. 

Figures II.10 and II.11 illustrate food advertising expenditures on the top 30 broadcast television shows viewed, respectively, by children and teens. The lists overlap substantially. Four 

food categories accounted for most of the food advertising on these shows – QSR foods, fruit 

juice and non-carbonated beverages, carbonated beverages, and candy and frozen and chilled 

desserts. Collectively, these four food categories accounted for $442 million, or nearly 83%, of 

the food advertising on the top 30 broadcast shows viewed by children; the same categories accounted for $514 million, or nearly 84%, of the food advertising on the top 30 shows viewed by 

teens. QSR advertising accounted for more than half the food advertising expenditures on these 

shows (50% on the children’s top 30, and 51% on the teen top 30).

27 36 42

141

47

28 16 25

125

47

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Candy and Frozen & 

Chilled Desserts†

Carbonated Beverages Fruit Juice and NonCarbonated Beverages╩Restaurant Food‡ All Other

Expenditures (millions of dollars)

Figure II.10: Food Ad Expenditures on Top 30 Broadcast TV Shows Viewed by Children 2-11* (2009)

Top 1-5 Shows

Top 6-30 Shows

Source: The Nielsen Company

*Ranking according to 2-11-year-old viewership of broadcast shows with 10 or more telecasts airing between 9/22/08 through 

9/20/09.

†Includes gum.

╩Includes coffee.

‡Includes banquet facilities, comedy clubs, dining clubs, dinner theaters, and nightclubs.

Figure II.10: Food Ad Expenditures on Top 30 Broadcast TV Shows 

Viewed by Children 2-11* (2009)
Expenditures for Marketing Food to Youth

15

b. Radio and Print

The companies’ spending on radio and print ads was less than 10% of spending on television 

advertising. They had $7.2 million in child-directed expenditures for radio and print ads.28 Only 

the dairy products ($3 million)29 and QSR foods ($1.2 million) categories spent at least a million 

dollars on child-directed print and radio advertising. The companies spent significantly more –

$57.4 million – on teen-directed print and radio advertising. Carbonated beverages ($23.1 million), QSR foods ($14.3 million), and the candy/frozen dessert ($5.2 million) categories led the 

way in teen-directed radio advertising, while dairy products ($5.6 million), carbonated beverages 

($2.2 million), and juice and non-carbonated beverages ($1.4 million) topped teen-directed print 

expenditures.

2. New Media: Websites, Internet, Word-of-Mouth, and Viral Marketing

New media, which includes company-sponsored websites, Internet, digital, word-of-mouth,30

and viral marketing,31 accounted for approximately 7% ($122.5 million) of all reported youthdirected marketing expenditures, up from 4% in 2006, and representing a 50.5% increase in 

inflation-adjusted dollars.32 The companies spent $38.8 million on company-sponsored websites, 

$74.4 million for advertising on third-party Internet sites and digital marketing, such as mobile 

marketing, and $9.3 million on word-of-mouth or viral marketing, up from 4% ($76.6 million) in 

2006. 

Table II.4 ranks the food categories according to total child-directed new media expenditures. Figure II.12 illustrates the percentage change in child- and teen-directed expenditures in 

these promotional categories compared to 2006, adjusted for inflation.

26 37 36

137

21

36 29 36

176

79

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Candy & Frozen and 

Chilled Desserts†

Carbonated Beverages Fruit Juice and NonCarbonated Beverages╩Restaurant Food‡ All Other

Expenditures (millions of dollars)

Figure II.11: Food Ad Expenditures on Top 30 Broadcast TV Shows Viewed by Teens 12-17* (2009)

Top 1-5 Shows

Top 6-30 Shows

Source: The Nielsen Company

*Ranking according to 12-17-year-old viewership of broadcast shows with 10 or more telecasts airing between 9/22/08 through 

9/20/09.

†Includes gum.

╩Includes coffee.

‡Includes banquet facilities, comedy clubs, dining clubs, dinner theaters, and nightclubs.

Figure II.11: Food Ad Expenditures on Top 30 Broadcast TV Shows 

Viewed by Teens 12 -17* (2009)
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

16

Three food categories led the way in childdirected new media expenditures – breakfast cereals ($21.6 million), QSR foods ($19.4 million), 

and snack foods ($10 million). The top three 

food categories using new media to reach teens 

were carbonated beverages ($22.6 million), 

candy and frozen desserts ($11.7 million), and 

snack foods ($11.3 million). Breakfast cereals 

($15.1 million) accounted for the highest spending on child-directed advertising placed on third-party websites, followed by QSRs ($9 million) 

and snack foods ($6.4 million). The carbonated beverages category ($14.5 million) spent the 

most on teen-directed ads on third-party sites. QSRs ($6.9 million) and breakfast cereal companies ($6.5 million) spent the most on company-sponsored websites directed to children, whereas 

juice and non-carbonated beverages ($6.2 million) and snack foods ($5.7 million) spent the most 

on teen-directed web content. 

Compared to 2006, the juice and non-carbonated beverages (+617%), QSR foods (+433%), 

and prepared foods (+146%) categories demonstrated the highest relative growth in new media 

expenditures directed to children. These categories also represented a much larger proportion of 

child-directed new media expenditures in 2009 (41.4% versus 14.5% in 2006). As in 2006, the 

absolute amount spent for these three categories ($26.2 million) was overshadowed by traditional 

measured media expenditures directed to children ($200 million). 

Table II.4: Reported Child- and Teen-Directed New Media Expenditures (2009)

Food Category

Child (2-11)

Expenditures

($1000)

Teen (12-17)

Expenditures

($1000)

Breakfast Cereal 21,602 10,792

Restaurant Foods 16,430 8,410

Snack Foods 9,990 11,343

Prepared Foods & Meals 6,310 3,060

Juice & Non-carbonated Bevs. 3,470 8,700

Dairy Products 2,595 4,175

Candy/Froz. Desserts 1,492 11,692

Fruits & Vegetables 613 592

Carbonated Beverages 518 22,558

Baked Goods 280 6,780

TOTAL 63,300 88,101

Table II.4: Reported Child- and Teen-Directed 

New Media Expenditures (2009)

43.1%

433.1%

5.0%

145.9%

617.2%

25.5%

-57.0%

56.0%

37.5%

-94.5%

50.1%

10.7%

833.5%

28.1%

240.6%

97.2%

-23.7%

59.9%

319.1%

3.4%

39.0%

36.8%

Breakfast Cereal

Restaurant Foods

Snack Foods

Prepared Foods & Meals

Juice & Non-carbonated Bevs.

Dairy Products

Candy/Froz. Desserts

Fruits & Vegetables

Carbonated Beverages

Baked Goods

TOTAL

Figure II.12: Percentage Change in Reported Child- and Teen -Directed New Media Expenditures 

from 2006 to 2009, Adjusted for Inflation

Child (2-11)

Teen (12-17)

Figure II.12: Percentage Change in Reported Child- and Teen-Directed 

New Media Expenditures from 2006 to 2009, Adjusted for 

Inflation
Expenditures for Marketing Food to Youth

17

The QSR foods (+833.5%), fruits and vegetables (+319.1%), prepared foods (+240.6%), 

and juice and non-carbonated beverages (+97.2%) categories markedly increased expenditures 

on teen-directed new media. These food categories accounted for $20.7 million in new media 

expenditures directed to teens, up from $5.9 million in 2006. These categories also represented 

a much larger proportion of teen-directed new media expenditures in 2009 (23.6% versus 9.9% 

in 2006). As in 2006, companies spent far more on traditional media ($184.5 million) to reach 

teens with ads for foods in these categories.

Appendix D to this report explores the amount of display advertising for food and beverages 

that appeared on child- and teen-oriented websites during 2009, as well as traffic on company

websites that feature branded entertainment and activities, such as advergames, directed to children and teens. There is also a brief discussion on trends in food advertising on mobile devices. 

3. Packaging and In-Store Marketing

The companies reportedly spent $113 million on packaging and in-store marketing to reach 

the youth audience, a 45.5% drop from 2006 in inflation-adjusted dollars.33 As in 2006, QSRs 

led spending in these promotional categories with $27.4 million directed to children, followed by 

companies producing snacks ($12.4 million) and breakfast cereals ($10.4 million). The childdirected proportion of all in-store and packaging expenditures for the reported products ranged 

from a low of 2% for carbonated beverages to a high of 22% for QSR foods.34 

The carbonated beverages category spent the most on packaging and in-store marketing 

directed to teens, with $24.2 million in expenditures, a 74.6% drop compared to 2006; the snack 

foods category was second in these expenditures at $14.8 million, a 66.1% increase. Fruits and 

vegetable companies reported no such expenditures directed to teens.

Table II.5 ranks the food categories in terms 

of total costs on packaging and in-store marketing 

directed to children ages 2-11. Figure II.13 illustrates the percentage change in child- and teendirected expenditures in these promotional categories compared to 2006, adjusted for inflation.

4. Premiums

The companies reported spending $392.7 million to reach youth consumers through premiums, 

accounting for 22% of all reported youth-directed 

marketing expenditures.35 As was the case for 2006, some companies explained that a crosspromotional partner, such as a toy or media company, often covered the premium costs, such as 

sweepstakes prizes or DVD rebates. Consequently, the true value of youth-directed premiums

Table II.5: Reported Child- and Teen-Directed In-Store and 

 Packaging/Labeling Expenditures (2009)

Food Category

Child (2-11)

Expenditures

($1000)

Teen (12-17)

Expenditures

($1000)

Restaurant Foods 27,367 8,570

Snack Foods 12,354 14,757

Breakfast Cereal 10,355 8,159

Dairy Products 5,338 1,868

Candy/Froz. Desserts 5,190 8,467

Carbonated Beverages 4,014 24,172

Juice & Non-carbonated Bevs. 3,605 957

Prepared Foods & Meals 2,250 2,970

Baked Goods 1,130 1,170

Fruits & Vegetables 722 0

TOTAL 72,326 71,090

Table II.5: Reported Child- and Teen-Directed 

In-Store and Packaging/Labeling 

Expenditures (2009)
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

18

likely was substantially higher than the reported 

expenditures. 

Table II.6 ranks the food categories in terms 

of total costs on premiums directed to children 

ages 2-11. Figure II.14 illustrates the percentage 

change in child- and teen-directed expenditures 

on premiums compared to 2006, adjusted for 

inflation.

All but one food and beverage category reported steep declines in child-directed premium expenditures compared to 2006.36 Overall childdirected premium expenditures dropped 29.2%. QSR foods ($341.1 million) accounted for most 

of the $376.7 in child-directed premiums.37 This amount represents 94.2% of all QSR premium 

expenditures for the reported products, regardless of age, and 59.3% of child-directed premium 

expenditures across all food and beverage categories for the reported products. 

The decline in QSR premiums was due in part to fewer children visiting QSRs in 2009. In 

2009, QSRs sold slightly more than 1 billion children’s meals with toys to children ages 12 and 

under (down from 1.2 billion in 2006), accounting for 18% of all child QSR visits, compared 

to 19.5% of visits in 2006. See Figures II.15 and II.16. Some QSRs also reported that they had 

incurred lower costs for the toys distributed with kids’ meals.

17.2%

-36.2%

-32.0%

50.6%

-58.1%

-67.5%

-66.8%

-39.3%

-86.4%

-79.1%

-35.7%

2782.0%

66.1%

12.9%

-50.4%

-4.1%

-74.6%

-90.3%

35.5%

-65.1%

-100.0%

-49.7%

Restaurant Foods

Snack Foods

Breakfast Cereal

Dairy Products

Candy/Froz. Desserts

Carbonated Beverages

Juice & Non-carbonated Bevs.

Prepared Foods & Meals

Baked Goods

Fruits & Vegetables

TOTAL

Child (2-11)

Teen (12-17)

Figure II.13: Percentage Change in Reported Child- and Teen-Directed In-Store and

Packaging/Labeling Expenditures from 2006 to 2009, Adjusted for Inflation 

2,782%

Figure II.13: Percentage Change in Reported Child- and Teen-Directed In-Store and 

Packaging/Labeling Expenditures from 2006 to 2009, Adjusted for Inflation

Table II.6: Reported Child- and Teen-Directed Premiums Expenditures (2009)

Food Category

Child (2-11)

Expenditures

($1000)

Teen (12-17)

Expenditures

($1000)

Restaurant Foods 341,086 590

Breakfast Cereal 26,012 25,622

Snack Foods 3,208 5,458

Prepared Foods & Meals 2,635 628

Dairy Products 2,379 2,069

Juice & Non-carbonated Bevs. 655 141

Candy/Froz. Desserts 420 1,451

Carbonated Beverages 180 11,642

Baked Goods 140 198

Fruits & Vegetables 0 0

TOTAL 376,715 47,798

Table II.6: Reported Child- and Teen-Directed 

Premiums Expenditures (2009)
Expenditures for Marketing Food to Youth

19

-28.0%

-38.5%

-26.3%

-37.5%

42.5%

-46.3%

-28.0%

-73.9%

-95.2%

-100.0%

-29.2%

44.7%

-4.3%

82.4%

1.1%

5.7%

-90.0%

0.2%

177.6%

-91.9%

-100.0%

10.9%

Restaurant Foods

Breakfast Cereal

Snack Foods

Prepared Foods & Meals

Dairy Products

Juice & Non-carbonated Bevs.

Candy/Froz. Desserts

Carbonated Beverages

Baked Goods

Fruits & Vegetables

TOTAL

Figure II.14: Percentage Change in Reported Child- and Teen-Directed Premiums Expenditures 

from 2006 to 2009, Adjusted for Inflation

Child (2-11)

Teen (12-17)

Figure II.14: Percentage Change in Reported Child- and Teen-Directed Premiums 

Expenditures from 2006 to 2009, Adjusted for Inflation

Figure II.15: Child Visits to QSRs for Kids’ Meals with Toys and Other Menu Items 

(2005-2009)
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

20

Teen-directed premium expenditures in the carbonated beverages (+177.6%), snack foods 

(+82.4%), and QSR foods (+44.7%) categories rose significantly from 2006. Still, the $47.8 million in teen-directed premiums across all food and beverage categories was a small proportion of 

all teen-directed expenditures (4.9% versus 3.9% in 2006).

5.	 Other Traditional Promotional Activities: Product Placements, Movie

Theater, Video, and Video Game Advertising, Character or Cross-Promotional License Fees, Athletic Sponsorships, Celebrity Endorsement

Fees, Events, and Philanthropic Marketing Expenditures

The companies reported youth-directed expenditures for various other promotional activities for which expenditures are not systematically tracked by commercial data companies. These 

“non-measured” activities included product placements; ads appearing before or within a video 

game or preceding a home video or theatrical movie feature; license fees paid to use a third-party 

character in advertising or for cross-promotional arrangements; sponsorships of sports teams 

and athletes; fees paid for celebrity endorsements; public events; advertising or other product 

branding in conjunction with philanthropic endeavors; and other miscellaneous marketing expenditures. Together, these non-measured activities accounted for $314.9 million, or 17.6% of 

all reported youth-directed marketing expenditures.38 Of these activities, only event marketing 

exceeded 7% of total youth-directed marketing expenditures. 

Table II.7 ranks the food categories in terms of total expenditures for other traditional promotions directed to children ages 2-11. Figure II.17 illustrates the percentage change in childand teen-directed expenditures for other traditional promotions compared to 2006, adjusted for 

inflation.

Figure II.16: Percent of Children Visiting QSRs Who Purchased Kids’ Meals with 

Toys (2005-2009)
Expenditures for Marketing Food to Youth

21

 Other traditional promotional activities 

accounted for 11% of all child-directed expenditures and 25.5% of all teen-directed expenditures. Only the QSR foods and snack food 

categories increased expenditures on child-directed promotions of this kind. Those two food 

categories plus the dairy category showed similar 

increases in teen-directed expenditures compared 

to 2006. In absolute dollars, however, these 

expenditures were relatively small.

a. Product Placements and Movie Theater, Video, and Video Game

Advertising

The companies reported spending more than $7.4 million on youth-directed product placements, up slightly from 2006. As in 2006, only carbonated beverage companies spent a significant amount on product placements – $6.7 million for teen-directed placements, which comprised 64% of what the carbonated beverage companies spent in total on product placements for 

the reported products.

Table II.7: Reported Child- and Teen-Directed Other Traditional Promotions 

 Expenditures (2009)

Food Category

Child (2-11)

Expenditures

($1000)

Teen (12-17)

Expenditures

($1000)

Restaurant Foods 36,145 22,530

Carbonated Beverages 23,492 165,292

Snack Foods 16,038 19,632

Breakfast Cereal 12,563 9,183

Juice & Non-carbonated Bevs. 11,986 18,761

Prepared Foods & Meals 5,400 692

Dairy Products 3,652 11,575

Candy/Froz. Desserts 3,390 8,060

Fruits & Vegetables 1,810 910

Baked Goods 200 1,280

TOTAL 114,677 257,914

Table II.7: Reported Child- and Teen-Directed 

Other Traditional Promotions 

Expenditures (2009)

9.5%

-37.4%

37.7%

-28.0%

-27.0%

-21.8%

-14.5%

-61.1%

-51.3%

-97.3%

-22.1%

170.8%

3.6%

228.3%

-42.9%

-7.3%

-67.8%

67.1%

-12.5%

-62.9%

-80.9%

8.6%

Restaurant Foods

Carbonated Beverages

Snack Foods

Breakfast Cereal

Juice & Non-carbonated Bevs.

Prepared Foods & Meals

Dairy Products

Candy/Froz. Desserts

Fruits & Vegetables

Baked Goods

TOTAL

Figure II.17: Percentage Change in Child- and Teen-Directed Other Traditional Promotions 

Expenditures from 2006 to 2009, Adjusted for Inflation

Child (2-11)

Teen (12-17)

Figure II.17: Percentage Change in Child- and Teen-Directed Other Traditional Promotions 

Expenditures from 2006 to 2009, Adjusted for Inflation
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

22

The companies spent $8.9 million on youth-directed advertising preceding or appearing in 

video games or preceding movies, reflecting little change from 2006. Only a million dollars of

that total were child-directed. The snack foods category ($3.4 million) reported the largest expenditures on movie theater, video, and video game advertising to reach the teen market, representing 100% of all such expenditures in the snack foods category for the reported products.

b. Character or Cross-Promotional License Fees

Youth-directed expenditures for character or cross-promotional licensing fees were reported 

in all food categories, for a total of $80.6 million, up substantially from the $7 million reported 

for 2006. These fees comprised 4.5% of all youth-directed marketing expenditures, although 

several companies reported that they did not pay fees for many cross-promotional arrangements. 

Carbonated beverage companies reported the largest amount of child-directed licensing fees 

($20.8 million), followed by the snack foods companies ($12.5 million) and QSRs ($10.4 million). Nearly all of the child-directed licensing fees in the carbonated beverages category were 

also categorized as teen-directed and involved corporate brand cross-promotions with theme 

parks. The carbonated beverages category also reported the largest amount of teen-directed 

licensing fees ($41.4 million), accounting for 51% of all teen-directed licensing fees in 2009.

The Special Order required the companies not only to report license fees, but also to identify

the costs reported in other promotional activity categories associated with implementing the license, such as the cost of television ads or product packaging featuring a licensed character. For 

an analysis of the overall costs associated with implementation of licensed cross-promotions, see 

Section II.C.7, below.

c. Athletic Sponsorships and Celebrity Endorsement Fees

As in 2006, several food and beverage categories used athletic sponsorships and celebrity 

endorsements to reach a youth audience, primarily teens. The Special Order asked the companies to report the fees paid to celebrities to serve as endorsers, which are discussed here. In 

addition, companies were required to identify expenditures already reported in other promotional

categories that represented the use of a celebrity endorsement, such as the costs associated with 

television ads or an event featuring a celebrity endorser. See Section II.C.7, below, for a discussion of the total costs associated with use of celebrity endorsements.

The companies reported $29.9 million in expenses for youth-directed athletic sponsorships, 

representing only 7.6% of total athletic sponsorship expenditures for the reported food products. 

They spent an additional $13.6 million on celebrity endorsement fees, mostly teen-directed. The 

carbonated beverages category accounted for most of the athletic sponsorship dollars ($25.3 million), nearly all of which were teen-directed. Snack foods led the way for fees paid to celebrities 

for product endorsements ($6.2 million), all of which were teen-directed; the carbonated bever-
Expenditures for Marketing Food to Youth

23

ages category ranked second in such expenditures ($3.5 million) – again, all teen-directed. As 

in 2006, QSRs reported relatively small amounts for youth-directed athletic sponsorships ($1.6 

million) and celebrity endorsement fees ($2.5 million). 

d. Events Marketing

The reporting companies spent more than $130 million on youth-directed events to promote 

their food and beverages, a substantial increase from the $99 million spent in 2006, attributable 

primarily to the carbonated beverages, QSR foods, and juice and non-carbonated beverages categories. QSRs ($11.3 million) and juice and non-carbonated beverages companies ($8.8 million) 

spent the most on child-directed events, whereas carbonated beverages ($79.2 million) and juice 

and non-carbonated beverages ($14 million) companies spent the most on teen-directed event 

marketing. The carbonated beverages category spent 19.7% of its total youth-directed marketing 

budget on event marketing, and the juice and non-carbonated beverages category spent 13.1%. 

e. Philanthropic

All but one of the food and beverage categories engaged in child- or teen-directed advertising or other product branding activities in conjunction with their philanthropic endeavors, totaling $22.7 million, or about 1.3% of all youth-directed expenditures. The Special Order required

the companies to report the costs associated with both monetary and in-kind donations that 

were conditioned upon or made in combination with the display of trade names, logos, or other 

branded materials, but not the amount of the donation itself. QSRs ($12.3 million) and breakfast 

cereal companies ($3.4 million) spent the most on child-directed philanthropic marketing. The 

dairy products ($1.8 million),39 carbonated beverages ($1.7 million), juice and non-carbonated 

beverages ($1.5 million), and QSR foods ($1.4 million) categories spent the most on teen-directed philanthropic marketing. 

6. In-School Marketing

The companies spent nearly $149 million on youth-directed in-school marketing for the 

reported products, a significant drop from the $185.5 million reported for 2006.40 The majority of in-school marketing expenses consisted of payments made or items provided to schools 

under “competitive” food and beverage contracts, for products sold outside the school meal 

program. In-school marketing accounted for 8.3% of overall youth-directed marketing expenditures. About 93% of the $149 million in youth-directed in-school expenditures was reported in 

the carbonated beverages ($82.3 million) and juice and non-carbonated beverages ($55.9 million) categories, and the lion’s share of those amounts was teen-directed. Carbonated beverages 

($12.7 million), juice and non-carbonated beverages ($10.8 million), and QSRs ($6.8 million) 

accounted for most of the $31.3 million in child-directed in-school marketing. The associated activities consisted primarily of vending machine commissions, front displays on vending 
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

24

machines, and contracts for exclusive availability within the schools and school districts. For 

the reasons explained in the 2008 report, the Commission’s data likely underestimate in-school 

marketing expenditures.41

7.	 Use of Cross-Promotions and Celebrity Endorsements

a. Licensed Cross-Promotions

The companies spent $584 million on youth-directed marketing campaigns that used crosspromotions, a figure that includes both licensing fees paid for and expenditures associated with

implementing marketing campaigns incorporating a licensed character or other cross-promotion. 

See Appendix C, Table C.4. These expenditures represented a significant drop from the $666

million spent in 2006. Cross-promotions accounted for one-third of all youth-directed spending, 

about the same percentage as in 2006.42

Half of all child-directed marketing dollars ($530.7 million) involved cross-promotions. 

QSRs ($428.2 million) accounted for 81% of that amount. See Table II.8. The breakfast cereal 

($32.4 million), carbonated beverages ($21.7 million), and snack foods ($20.2 million) categories accounted for most of the other child-directed cross-promotion expenditures. These sums 

far exceed the $1.5 million 

spent by the fruit and vegetable 

producers to implement childdirected cross-promotions. 

Cross-promotional expenditures were a substantially larger 

proportion of some food and 

beverage companies’ childdirected marketing budgets. 

The QSR foods (73.4%) and 

carbonated beverages (51.4%) 

categories spent more than half of their child-directed expenditures on cross-promotions. QSR 

cross-promotions usually involved tie-ins with popular children’s movies, TV programs, and 

toy brands. Although there was at least one example of a cross-promotion between carbonated 

beverages and a popular children’s movie, most of the cross-promotional dollars involved theme 

park advertising.

Compared to 2006, the fruits and vegetables, dairy products, and breakfast cereal categories substantially reduced the proportion of their child-directed marketing dollars devoted to 

cross-promotions, whereas the QSR foods, carbonated beverages, and candy and frozen desserts 

substantially increased their emphasis on cross-promotions. See Figure II.18.

Table II.8: Reported Child-Directed Marketing Expenditures for Cross-Promotions (2009)

Food Category

Total Reported ChildDirected Marketing 

Expenditures ($1000)

Reported Marketing Expenditures for 

Cross-Promotions

Value ($1000) Percentage

Restaurant Foods 583,268 428,247 73.4

Carbonated Beverages 42,263 21,710 51.4

Breakfast Cereal 173,000 32,440 18.8

Snack Foods 69,859 20,164 28.9

Juice & Non-carbonated Bevs. 43,609 3,344 7.7

Candy/Froz. Desserts 21,612 7,630 35.3

Dairy Products 48,559 4,880 10.0

Prepared Foods & Meals 48,394 9,840 20.3

Baked Goods 5,705 970 17.0

Fruits & Vegetables 4,358 1,524 35.0

TOTAL 1,040,625 530,748 51.0

Table II.8: Reported Child-Directed Marketing Expenditures for 

Cross-Promotions (2009)
Expenditures for Marketing Food to Youth

25

Compared to their efforts to reach children, the companies spent significantly less on teendirected cross-promotions, both in absolute dollars ($127.3 million) and relative to total teendirected marketing expenditures (12.6%). The carbonated beverages category ($45.8 million) 

spent the most on teen-directed crosspromotions, followed by the breakfast 

cereal category ($28.3 million) and QSRs 

($24.5 million). See Table II.9. None of 

the teen-directed marketing of fruits and 

vegetables involved cross-promotions. 

Companies in the breakfast cereal category spent the largest share of their 

teen-directed marketing budgets on crosspromotions (27.4%). 

b. Celebrity Endorsements

The companies were asked to provide both the fees paid to celebrities to serve as endorsers, 

as well as the expenditures for marketing campaigns that involved the use of a celebrity endorsement in other promotional categories, such as in television advertising. As shown in Appendix 

Table C.4, the companies spent a total of $99.3 million on youth-directed promotions featuring 

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Restaurant Foods Carbonated

Beverages

Breakfast Cereal Snack Foods Juice & Noncarbonated Bevs.Candy/Froz.

Desserts

Dairy Products Prepared Foods

& Meals

Baked Goods Fruits &

Vegetables

Dollars (in millions)

Figure II.18: Reported Child-Directed Marketing Expenditures and Portion Using Cross-Promotions

Uses Cross-Promotions

No Cross-Promotions

 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

Figure II.18: Reported Child-Directed Marketing Expenditures and Portion Using 

Cross-Promotions

Table II.9: Reported Teen-Directed Marketing Expenditures for Cross-Promotions (2009)

Food Category

Total Reported TeenDirected Marketing 

Expenditures ($1000)

Reported Marketing for 

Cross-Promotions

Value ($1000) Percentage

Restaurant Foods 185,280 24,485 13.2

Carbonated Beverages 382,284 45,846 12.0

Breakfast Cereal 103,462 28,334 27.4

Snack Foods 85,099 15,308 18.0

Juice & Non-carbonated Bevs. 95,214 3,904 4.1

Candy/Froz. Desserts 72,228 2,810 3.9

Dairy Products 39,780 3,740 9.4

Prepared Foods & Meals 26,016 1,411 5.4

Baked Goods 15,875 1,477 9.3

Fruits & Vegetables 5,469 0 0.0

TOTAL 1,010,706 127,315 12.6

Table II.9: Reported Teen-Directed Marketing 

Expenditures for Cross-Promotions (2009)
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

26

celebrity endorsers, representing 5.6% of all youth-directed spending, a substantial increase from 

the $26.8 million spent in 2006.43 Nevertheless, implementation of celebrity endorsements represented a much smaller part of youth-directed marketing compared to implementation of character 

licenses and other cross-promotions.

The dairy products ($13.9 million),44 prepared foods and meals ($6.9 million), and snack 

foods ($3.9 million) categories spent the most on child-directed promotions featuring celebrity 

endorsements. Together, these three categories accounted for 88% of child-directed promotions with celebrities. The carbonated beverages ($23.8 million), dairy products ($22.2 million), 

and snack foods ($14.4 million) categories spent the most on celebrity endorsements directed 

to teens. Those three categories represented 79% of teen-directed promotions using celebrity 

endorsements. Appendix Table C.4 contains detailed data on expenditures for each age category 

for marketing using celebrity endorsers.
Nutritional Profile Of Foods Marketed To Youth

27

III.	 Nutritional Profile Of Foods Marketed To

Youth

A. Introduction 

The 2008 report did not include a nutritional analysis of the foods marketed to youth in 

2006. For the current report, the Commission collected detailed nutrition data for all products 

marketed to youth in 2009.45 In addition, companies were asked to submit 2006 nutrition data 

for the products included in the 2008 report. With data from both years, the Commission has 

been able to analyze whether and to what extent the nutritional profile of food marketed to youth

changed during the early years of self-regulation.

The Commission requested information on the labeled serving size of each food product,

as well as the RACC.46 Companies were then asked for nutrient content by single serving size 

(or labeled serving size, if smaller than a standard serving) for several nutrients and ingredients, 

most of which were listed on the Nutrition Facts Panel.47 Companies also reported the amount 

of key food groups in their products, such as whole grain, fruits and vegetables, and dairy.48 In 

some cases, companies did not report information for nutrients and ingredients not listed on the 

label and Nutrition Facts Panel, because they claimed the information was not readily available.49 

The Commission has reported nutrition data only where it was able to collect the data for all or 

nearly all of relevant advertising expenditures in a given food category.50

Companies were asked to identify whether a product reported in 2009 was the same product 

as one the company reported in 2006,51 whether a product reported in 2006 was off the market 

or no longer advertised to youth in 2009, and whether a product reported in 2009 was new to the 

market or newly advertised to youth since 2006. For example, for products for which the Commission received basic nutrition data (excluding 

QSR foods), a total of 625 products were advertised to youth in 2006 and 2009 combined. Of 

these 625 products, only 189 were advertised to 

youth in both years, but these products represent 

84.4% of youth-directed marketing expenditures 

in 2006, and 81.7% in 2009. As shown in Table 

III.1, of the 189 products advertised in both years, 

108 were reformulated for one or more nutrients 

or food components between 2006 and 2009. For 

the 243 products for which companies reported 

Table III.1: Number of Products Advertised to 

Youth in 2006 and 2009 Combined, 

in Various Product Categories
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

28

youth-directed marketing only in 2006, 80 products were taken off the market prior to 2009, 

and 163 were no longer advertised to youth in 2009. For the 193 products for which companies 

reported youth-directed marketing only in 2009, 82 products were new to the market since 2006 

and 111 products were previously on the market but were newly advertised to youth since 2006.

The Commission has focused its analysis on calories as well as other specific nutrients and

food components that relate to key dietary recommendations set out in the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (2010 DGA).52 As an example, the analysis looks at the the four nutrients 

identified in the 2010 DGA as “shortfall nutrients” (fiber, calcium, Vitamin D, and potassium),

but does not address other vitamins and minerals that are not deficient in children’s diets. In

addition, because the 2010 DGA recommend limiting calories from solid fats and added sugars, 

the analysis focuses on saturated fat and trans fat, rather than total fat content, and, to the extent 

possible, attempts to break out the added sugar content of foods. Increasing whole grain content, 

and decreasing calories and sodium, are 

also emphasized in the 2010 DGA and are 

therefore featured in the nutrition analysis. The Commission had also intended to 

include a discussion of the extent to which 

foods marketed to youth provide meaningful contributions of food groups, such as 

fruits and vegetables. The data the companies submitted for these food groups, 

however, were too incomplete. Table III.2 

lists the key food components and nutrients analyzed.

1.	 Methodology for Computing Nutritional Averages

For each nutrient and food component of interest, the amount reported is an expenditureweighted average of all nutritional information reported in a given category (for example, the 

average sodium content in all foods, excluding QSR foods, marketed to children across all media 

in 2006 was 185.6 mg per serving; in 2009, it was 171.5 mg per serving). The nutritional averages are derived by weighting the nutritional content of each food product based on the amount 

of marketing expenditures for the product. Expenditure weighting allows the nutrient content of 

heavily advertised foods to count more than the nutrient content of lightly advertised foods. In 

this way, the nutrient levels in this report more accurately depict the overall nutritional profile of

youth-directed marketing.

Table III.2: List of Key Nutrients Analyzed
Nutritional Profile Of Foods Marketed To Youth

29

Expenditure Weighting

To help illustrate expenditure weighting, suppose that just two products 

were advertised to youth on television: brownies and apples. Then suppose 

that food producers spent $9 advertising brownies and $1 advertising apples. 

Assume that the brownie has 10 g of fat and that the apple has 0 g of fat. The 

simple average fat content in foods advertised to youth is 5 g (i.e., (10 + 0)/2). 

The expenditure-weighted average fat content, however, is 9 g (i.e., ((9 x 10) + (1 

x 0))/10) – fully 80% higher than the simple average. The expenditure weighting 

more accurately reflects the fact that young people would be nine times more 

likely to see a television ad for the high-fat food as for the no-fat food.

2. Scope of Nutrition Analysis

This report examines the overall changes in the average nutritional profile of youth-marketed

foods from 2006 to 2009, for both children and teens across all food categories. As part of that 

analysis, the report looks at marketing by CFBAI pledge companies. The report also provides 

a more in-depth analysis of food product categories that were most heavily marketed to youth. 

Those product categories are breakfast cereals, drinks, dairy products, snacks, prepared foods, 

and candy/frozen desserts, and QSRs. Because of limitations in the available nutrition data for 

2006, much of the QSR nutrition analysis is based on television advertising only and does not 

include other marketing expenditures.

Within each food product category, the report also examines certain nutrient levels in the 

context of federal nutrition policy and regulations. For example, the report looks at the extent to 

which 2006 and 2009 cereal marketed to youth met the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans 

recommendations for whole grain content, or met sodium levels set by FDA for “low sodium” 

and “healthy” claims.

Where possible, for specific food categories, the report provides a further breakdown of the

nutrition data by marketing technique. Specifically, the report compares the nutritional quality

of food marketing to children and teens in traditional measured media (i.e., television, radio, and 

print) with marketing in new media (i.e., company-sponsored websites, Internet, word-of-mouth, 

and viral marketing). The comparison of traditional measured media with new media is limited 

to the most heavily marketed food categories to children and teens: cereals, QSR foods, carbonated beverages, and snacks.53 The report also compares the nutritional quality of foods marketed

with licensed characters and other cross-promotions to food marketed without such cross-promotions, in two of the most heavily marketed food categories: cereals and snacks. Although 

carbonated beverages and QSR foods were also heavily marketed through character licensing 

and cross-promotions, the Commission was unable to provide a meaningful analysis for these 

categories.54 For the QSR category, however, the report does provide a nutritional comparison 
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

30

of advertising for products specifically identified as “children’s meals” with advertising of other

regular menu meals and main dishes to youth. This analysis serves as a close proxy to a comparison of QSR products marketed with and without cross-promotions.55

3.	 Average Nutritional Content for All Foods, Excluding Quick-Service

Restaurant Foods

Some general observations as to the nutritional content of foods marketed to children and 

teens can be made by looking at the aggregated nutritional information for all food categories 

and all promotional categories. As shown in Table III.3, the products marketed to children on 

average are higher in calories and sodium than those marketed to teens and to all ages, but lower 

in sugar, for both 2006 and 2009.56 Based on expenditure data, the lower average sugar content 

is likely due to the lower amount of child-directed marketing expenditures for carbonated beverages and, to a lesser extent, candy, as compared to teens and all ages. The table also indicates 

that nutrients to increase, such as fiber, whole grain, calcium, and Vitamin D, are higher in foods

marketed to children than those marketed to teens and all ages for both 2006 and 2009.

For child-directed marketing, the overall nutritional profile improved from 2006 to 2009. 

Calories and the food components to reduce (sodium, sugar, saturated fat, and trans fat) all decreased, while all of the nutrients to increase showed improvements (namely, fiber, whole grain,

calcium, Vitamin D, and potassium). The changes for marketing directed to teens and to all ages 

followed the same pattern, although sodium content for all ages increased and saturated fat levels 

stayed fairly constant. Again, the companies reported on marketing to all ages only for those 

food products that were also marketed directly to children or teens. Differences between the 

Table III.3: Average Nutritional Characteristics of All Foods (Except Restaurant Foods) 

Marketed to Children and Teens, All Marketing, 2006 and 2009

Marketed to Children 2-11 Marketed to Teens 12-17 Marketing of These Foods

 to All Ages1

Product Characteristic2

 2006 2009 Change 2006 2009 Change 2006 2009 Change

Calories (kcal/serv) 132.68 126.48 -6.20 128.97 115.98 -12.99 124.39 118.00 -6.40

Sodium (mg/serv) 185.60 171.53 -14.08 118.24 113.19 -5.04 134.73 137.39 2.66

Sugar (g/serv) 15.60 13.12 -2.48 24.72 19.22 -5.51 19.93 17.06 -2.87

Saturated Fat (g/serv) 0.84 0.67 -0.18 0.70 0.63 -0.08 0.90 0.94 0.03

Trans Fat (g/serv) 0.03 0.00 -0.02 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.00

Fiber (g/serv) 0.73 1.08 0.35 0.27 0.49 0.22 0.58 0.81 0.22

Whole Grains (g/serv)3 2.02 3.12 1.09 0.54 1.33 0.79 1.73 2.20 0.47

Calcium (% RDI/serv) 3.24 5.48 2.24 1.96 2.24 0.28 2.76 3.58 0.82

Vitamin D (% RDI/serv)3 5.20 7.49 2.29 1.99 3.15 1.16 1.94 3.01 1.07

Potassium (mg/serv)3 65.81 97.25 31.43 32.67 52.39 19.72 58.07 98.18 40.11

Spending on All Marketing 

($millions)4 $725.3 $455.9 -40.8% $939.7 $824.9 -17.3% $7,426.2 $6,683.8 -15.3%

1

 Companies were required to report spending for All Ages only for products marketed to children or teens. Nutrition averages for All Ages reflect total spending to all 

audiences for the set of products marketed to children or teens.

2

 Nutrition averages are expenditure-weighted and based on the products for which the companies reported basic nutrition data. 3

 Data for these nutrients is not available for all products for which we have other nutrition data: Whole grain data is based on 98% of spending in both years; Vitamin D is 

based on 65% of spending in 2006 and 72% of spending in 2009; Potassium is based on 75% of spending in 2006 and 82% in 2009.

4

 Percentage change in spending is adjusted for inflation. 

Table III.3: Average Nutritional Characteristics of All Foods (Except Restaurant Foods) Marketed to Children and Teens, 

All Marketing, 2006 and 2009
Nutritional Profile Of Foods Marketed To Youth

31

average nutritional profile of foods marketed to all ages, as compared to children and teens, are

due to the fact that some foods were advertised more heavily than others to each age group, and 

the exact mix of foods advertised to each age group may differ.

Overall improvements were due to a combination of reformulation of existing products and 

the introduction of new products in place of products either taken off the market or no longer 

advertised to youth. As shown in Appendix Table C.9b, of the 525 food products advertised to 

children in 2006 or 2009, only 146 were advertised in both years, but they represent 74% and 

78% of the total marketing expenditures in 2006 and 2009, respectively.57 For products that were 

advertised to children in both years, average levels for all nutrients to increase and food components to reduce show improvements. Of these 146 products, 77 were reformulated for at least 

one of the mandated label nutrients. Appendix Table C.9b shows the number of products that 

were reformulated for each nutrient and the effects of reformulation on average nutrient content.58 Appendix Table C.9b also shows that the child-directed products introduced between 2006 

and 2009 had a better average nutrition profile than the products taken off the market between

those two years. The average sugar level, however, between these two categories of products 

remained steady. Similarly, existing products that were newly advertised to children by 2009 

were generally better than, or comparable to, products that companies had ceased marketing 

to children since 2006. Calories, sodium, and saturated fat, however, were higher in the newly 

marketed products than in those products no longer advertised to children. Appendix Table C.9b 

data for marketing of food products to teens and all ages show similar moderate improvements or 

stability in nutrient levels.

B.	Nutritional Profile by Food Category

1.	 Breakfast Cereals

Cereal marketing represented a significant segment of overall food marketing to youth in

both 2006 and 2009. In 2009, cereal marketing ranked second only to spending on QSR food 

marketing to children, while for teens it ranked third. Companies submitted nutrition data for 

a total of 122 cereal products that were marketed to youth in one or both of the reporting years. 

All of these products were marketed by participants in the CFBAI’s self-regulatory program. Of 

the 122 cereals, 120 were marketed to children, and 111 were marketed to teens.

Only 47 of the 122 cereals were marketed to youth in both 2006 and 2009, although these 

47 cereals represented the vast majority of youth marketing expenditures in the product category 

(79% of marketing in 2006 and 89% in 2009). Of the remaining cereals in this category, 43 were 

marketed to youth only in 2006 and were either taken off the market prior to 2009 (15 cereals) 

or were no longer advertised to youth in 2009 (28 cereals); and 32 were marketed only in 2009 

either as new products (15 cereals) or as products newly advertised to youth (17 cereals).
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

32

Table III.4 shows small 

but positive changes in 

average nutritional data for 

cereals from 2006 to 2009, 

broken down by marketing 

directed to children and to 

teens. For cereal marketing to children, calories 

fell on average by 1.2 kcal 

per serving, sugar content 

by 0.9 g, sodium by 4.9 

mg, and saturated fat by 

less than 0.1 g per serving, while whole grain rose 

by 1.6 g per serving. For 

cereal marketing to teens, 

calories fell on average by 1.7 kcal per serving and sugar content by 1.4 g. The average whole 

grain content for cereal marketing to teens rose by 1.9 g per serving. The only negative change 

was a minor 5.3 mg increase in sodium for cereal marketing to teens.

The average improvements from 2006 to 2009 appear small when considered in the context 

of a child’s daily diet and federal nutrition policy. As an example, the 4.9 mg drop in average 

sodium content of cereal marketed to children represents less than 0.2 percent of the 2,933 mg 

sodium consumed daily by the average child age 6-11.59 In addition, the 1.6 g average increase 

in whole grain content represents one tenth of one of the three daily servings of whole grain that 

the 2010 DGA recommends.60 However, an analysis of key nutrition characteristics of children’s 

cereal marketing in the context of various federal nutrition principles and the industry’s selfregulatory pledges as part of CFBAI provides a more informative picture of the nutritional shifts 

from 2006 to 2009.61 For example, the most dramatic nutritional shift from 2006 to 2009 was the 

virtual elimination of marketing to children of the most sugary cereals – those with 13 g or more 

sugar per serving. Marketing in this category fell from $74 million in 2006 (32% of children’s 

cereal marketing in that year) to under $3 million in 2009 (1% of children’s marketing). At 

the same time, spending in the 11-12 g category increased from $91 million (40% of children’s 

marketing) to $108 million (63% of children’s marketing).62 This shift likely reflects pledges by

some CFBAI participants in 2009 to set a sugar limit of 12 g or less for children’s cereal marketing.63 At the other end of the spectrum, only a small percentage of children’s cereal marketing 

in both 2006 and 2009 met the sugar limit established for cereal under the WIC program – 6 g or 

Table III.4: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Breakfast 

Cereals Marketed to Children and Teens, All Marketing, 

2006 and 2009

Marketed to Children 2-11 Marketed to Teens 12-17

Product Characteristic1 2006 2009 Change 2006 2009 Change

Calories (kcal/serv) 119.31 118.11 -1.19 122.33 120.62 -1.71

Sodium (mg/serv) 173.11 168.24 -4.88 172.43 177.59 5.16

Sugar (g/serv) 11.52 10.58 -0.94 11.24 9.83 -1.41

Saturated Fat (g/serv) 0.25 0.21 -0.04 0.11 0.24 0.14

Fiber (g/serv) 1.28 1.69 0.42 1.33 1.69 0.36

Whole Grains (g/serv) 6.23 7.79 1.55 6.60 8.53 1.94

Calcium (% RDI/serv) 4.09 4.30 0.21 4.52 4.49 -0.03

Vitamin D (% RDI/serv)2 9.84 11.87 2.03 9.92 13.20 3.29

Potassium (mg/serv)2 59.77 55.25 -4.52 57.50 66.48 8.97

Spending on All Marketing 

($millions)3 $229.0 $172.8 -28.9% $71.3 $103.3 36.4%

1 Nutrition averages are expenditure-weighted and based on the products for which the companies reported basic 

nutrition data (100% of products in this category).

2

 Data for these nutrients is not available for all products in the sample: Vitamin D data is based on 94% of 

spending in 2006 and 99% of spending in 2009; Potassium data is based on 100% of spending in 2006 and 99% in 

2009.

3

 Percentage change in spending is adjusted for inflation.

Table III.4: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Breakfast Cereals Marketed to Children 

and Teens, All Marketing, 2006 and 2009
Nutritional Profile Of Foods Marketed To Youth

33

less per one-ounce serving.64 In both 2006 and 2009, this low sugar category represented 6% of 

children’s cereal marketing. Figure III.1 depicts the sugar content of cereal marketing to children 

in 2006 as compared to 2009. The average sugar content of cereal marketing to teens in 2006 

and 2009 followed a similar pattern.65

The distribution of sodium content across children’s cereal marketing looks generally similar 

in 2006 and 2009, with the majority of cereal marketing falling within the 150-210 mg/serving 

range. In both years, all of the cereal marketing met the qualifying level for sodium established

by FDA for “healthy” claims. At the same time, however, virtually no children’s marketing for 

cereals met FDA’s “low sodium” requirements.66 In 2006, $4.1 million, or 1.4% of children’s 

cereal marketing, was spent on “low sodium” cereal, increasing slightly to $4.7 million, or 3% of 

children’s cereal marketing in 2009. Virtually all cereal marketing in both 2006 and 2009 already met the CFBAI 2014 uniform sodium criteria.67 Based on the nutrition data the companies 

reported, 97% of 2006 children’s cereal marketing and 99% of 2009 children’s cereal marketing 

met the CFBAI’s 2014 sodium limit. Figure III.2 depicts the sodium content of cereal marketing 

to children in 2006 and 2009. The distribution of sodium content for teen cereal marketing was 

similar to that for children.68

The key shift from 2006 to 2009 in the whole grain content of cereal marketing to children 

was away from marketing cereals that were mostly refined grain, toward cereals meeting the

2010 DGA recommendation of at least 51% whole grain content. Spending on cereals with 50% 

or less whole grain fell from $211 million in 2006 to $148 million in 2009, while spending on cereals with 51% or more whole grain rose from $19 million in 2006 to $24 million in 2009. Even 

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

13+

11-12

7-10

0-6

Dollars (in millions)

g/serving

2006

2009

6%

6%

40%

63%

32%

2%

22%

30%

Figure III.1: Sugar Content of Breakfast Cereal Marketed 

to Children 2-11 (2006 vs 2009)

Percentage of Child-Directed 

Expenditures in 

Breakfast Cereal Category

Figure III.1: Sugar Content of Breakfast Cereal Marketed to Children 2-11 

(2006 vs 2009)
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

34

with this increase in whole grain content, however, 86% of cereal marketing to children in 2009 

was for cereals containing mostly refined grain.

The whole grain content of cereal marketing to teens similarly showed a modest shift toward 

more whole grain content. Despite the shift, however, 80% of teen cereal marketing in 2009 

continued to be for cereals containing mostly refined grain (compared to 91% in 2006).

The 2009 nutrition data for youth cereals also show that marketing specifically to children

is weighted more heavily toward less nutritious cereals – in particular, the cereals with the most 

sugar and least whole grain – than marketing directed to teens or all audiences. The average 

Figure III.2: Sodium Content of Breakfast Cereal Marketed to Children 2-11 

(2006 vs 2009)

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225

220+

150-210

90-140

0-85

Dollars (in millions)

mg/serving

2006 2009

Figure III.2: Sodium Content of Breakfast Cereal Marketed 

to Children 2-11 (2006 vs 2009)

Percentage of Child-Directed 

Expenditures in 

Breakfast Cereal Category

10%

21%

83%

66%

5%

11%

1%

3%

Figure III.3: Whole Grain Content of Breakfast Cereal Marketed to 

Children 2-11 (2006 vs 2009) Figure III.3: Whole Grain Content of Breakfast Cereal Marketed 

to Children 2-11 (2006 vs 2009)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

76%+

51-75%

26-50%

0-25%

Dollars (in millions)

Percent of Weight

2006

2009

Percentage of Child-Directed 

Expenditures in 

Breakfast Cereal Category

50%

41%

5%

9%

42%

45%

3%

5%
Nutritional Profile Of Foods Marketed To Youth

35

whole grain content for youth-directed cereals marketed across all audiences is 14.3 g per serving, nearly double the whole grain content of marketing specifically to children (7.8 g) and to

teens (8.5 g). The average sugar content for cereal marketing across all audiences is 2 g less per 

serving than the average sugar content for children’s marketing and 1 g less than for teen marketing.

There was also some difference in the nutritional profile of cereals marketed to children

with or without cross-promotions (e.g., using licensed characters). Most notably, cereal marketing through cross-promotions averaged significantly less whole grain in both 2006 and 2009. In

2009, the average whole grain content of cereal marketing to children using licensed characters 

and other cross-promotions 

was 3.8 g per serving, compared to 8.7 g per serving 

for cereal that did not use 

cross-promotions.69 For 

other key nutrients and food 

components, the nutritional 

profile of cereal marketing

with and without crosspromotions was similar.

Finally, the Commission compared the 

nutritional characteristics 

Figure III.3a: Average Sugar and Whole Grain Content of Breakfast Cereal 

Marketed to Children and Teens (2009) Figure III.3a: Average Sugar and Whole Grain Content of Breakfast 

Cereal Marketed to Children and Teens (2009)

14.3

8.6

8.5

9.8

7.8

10.6

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Whole Grain

Sugar

g/serving

Child (2-11)

Teen (12-17)

All Ages

Table III.5: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Cereals Marketed 

to Children and Teens, 2009: Traditional Measured Media 

and New Media
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

36

of breakfast cereal marketing in traditional measured media to marketing in new media. The 

nutritional profile of cereals marketed to children and to teens differed little across these media. 

This was true in both 2006 and 2009.

2. Drinks

Except where noted, the nutritional analysis of drink marketing to youth includes all products in the carbonated beverages category, as well as all products in the juice and non-carbonated 

beverage category.70 In both 2006 and 2009, spending on carbonated beverages alone (not 

including juices and non-carbonated drinks) was higher than any other food category for teen 

marketing. Total spending on all drinks (both carbonated and juice/non-carbonated), however, 

fell from 2006 to 2009 both for children (a 51% drop) and for teens (a 27% drop).

Companies submitted nutrition data for a total of 133 drink products that were marketed to 

youth in one or both of the reporting years, with 92 products marketed to children and 123 to 

teens. Only 53 of the 133 total drinks marketed to youth were marketed in both 2006 and 2009, 

although these 53 products represented the vast majority of youth marketing expenditures (96% 

in 2006 and 89% in 2009). Of the 53 drinks marketed both years, 24 were reformulated in some 

way. Of the remaining 80 drinks in this category, 48 were marketed to youth only in 2006 and 

were either taken off the market prior to 2009 (16 products) or were no longer advertised to 

youth in 2009 (32 drinks); and 32 drinks were marketed only in 2009 either as new products (15) 

or as drinks newly advertised to youth (17).71

Table III.6 shows average nutritional data for drink marketing from 2006 to 2009, to children and to teens. There were a number of small but positive changes in the nutritional profile

for drink marketing.72 On average, drinks marketed to teens in 2009 were 20 fewer kcal per 

serving (111 kcal in 2006 to 91 kcal in 2009), 31 mg lower in sodium (96 mg in 2006 to 65 mg 

in 2009), and 5 g lower in sugar (29 g in 2006 to 24 g in 2009).73 Similar changes were found in 

the nutritional profile of drinks marketed to children.

Table III.6 also provides the added sugar content of drink marketing to children and teens. A 

comparison to the total sugar content shows that most of the sugar in drinks marketed to youth is 

added sugar, as opposed to naturally occurring sugar from ingredients like fruit or fruit juice.74 In 

2009, 88% of the sugar in drinks marketed to children (21 g/serving) was added sugar and 98% 

of the sugar in drinks marketed to teens (23.5 g/serving) was added sugar. At these levels, the 

added sugar content of one youth-marketed drink provides approximately one third of the 2010 

Dietary Guidelines’ recommended daily limit for calories from solid fats and added sugars.75

Table III.6 also provides data on the prevalence of marketing of 100% juice products and 

100% water products to youth. In 2009, 9% of marketing expenditures to children was for 100% 

juice products, up slightly from 8% in 2006. However, spending overall in the drinks category 

fell, so there was less marketing to children of 100% juice products in 2009.76 In the teen catego-
Nutritional Profile Of Foods Marketed To Youth

37

ry, only 1% of spending was for 100% juice products. Water was also a relatively small part of 

drink marketing to youth. Approximately 7% of spending for both children and teen marketing 

in 2009 was for 100% water products, down slightly for children and up slightly for teens.

In addition to analyzing the nutritional profile of youth-marketed drinks across all marketing

categories, the Commission also looked at the nutritional profile of drinks marketed specifically

in the school setting. The drink category represents the vast majority of all in-school youth marketing,77 and, beginning in 2006, in-school beverage marketing became the subject of a new selfregulatory program created by the Alliance for a Healthier Generation and the American Beverage Association. Under that program, members of the American Beverage Association pledged 

to shift the sale of drinks in schools to lower calorie options.78 Table III.7 shows the nutritional 

profile of in-school marketing of drinks to children and teens.

The nutritional profile of drink marketing in the school setting improved substantially from

2006 to 2009. For in-school drink marketing to children, calories fell from 110 to 71 kcal per 

serving, a 35% drop. Similarly, sugar content fell from 30 g to 19 g per serving, a 37% drop. 

Sodium levels were also slightly lower in 2009, down from 39 mg to 34 mg, an 11% drop. In 

addition, spending for in-school marketing of 100% juice drinks rose from 3% of in-school drink 

marketing to children in 2006 to 11% in 2009. Spending on 100% water also increased slightly, 

from 20% of in-school drink marketing to children in 2006 to 24% in 2009. In-school marketing 

to teens (middle and high school) also improved from 2006 to 2009, with a 32% drop in calories, 

a 31% drop in sugar, and a 19% drop in sodium content. In-school marketing of 100% juice 

Table III.6: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Drinks1 Marketed to Children 

and Teens, All Marketing, 2006 and 2009
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

38

drinks to teens rose only slightly to 3% of spending in 2009 (up from 2% in 2006), and marketing of 100% water increased to 26% of spending in 2009 (up from 19% in 2006). 

The Commission also examined key nutrition characteristics for children’s drink marketing 

in the context of federal nutrition principles. This analysis provides a more detailed picture of 

the nutritional changes from 2006 to 2009 and their significance in the diet. Figures III.4, III.5,

and III.6 show the distribution of calories, sugar content, and sodium content for marketing to 

children in 2006 and 2009.

Table III.7: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Drinks1 Marketed to Children 

and Teens In-School, 2006 and 2009 In-School Marketing

Children 2-11 Teens 12-17

Product Characteristic2

 2006 2009 Change 2006 2009 Change

Calories (kcal/serv) 110.20 71.31 -38.90 105.43 71.34 -34.10

Sodium (mg/serv) 38.79 34.44 -4.35 47.09 38.03 -9.06

Sugar (g/serv) 30.39 19.21 -11.19 29.00 19.56 -9.43

Added Sugar (g/serv) 29.64 16.25 -13.39 28.38 18.63 -9.74

% Spending on

100% Juice 2.7% 10.5% 7.8% 1.8% 3.4% 1.6%

100% Water 20.3% 23.9% 3.7% 19.3% 25.7% 6.4%

Spending on All Marketing 

($millions)3 $61.0 $23.4 -63.8% $146.6 $120.9 -22.3%

1 Includes all products in the Carbonated Beverages category and in the Juice and Non-Carbonated Beverages category.

2 Nutrition averages are expenditure-weighted and based on the products for which the companies reported basic nutrition data.

3 Percentage change in spending is adjusted for inflation.

Table III.7: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Drinks1 Marketed to Children and Teens In-School, 

2006 and 2009

Figure III.4: Calorie Content of Drinks Marketed 

to Children 2-11 (2006 vs 2009)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

170+

100-160

45-90

10-40

0-5

Dollars (in millions)

Calories/serving

2006

2009

Percentage of Child-Directed 

Expenditures in 

Drinks Category

1%

1%

67%

52%

18%

30%

3%

3%

11%

15%

Figure III.4: Calorie Content of Drinks Marketed to Children 2-11 

(2006 vs 2009)
Nutritional Profile Of Foods Marketed To Youth

39

The distribution of spending by calories and sugar content in children’s drink marketing 

is virtually the same, due to the fact that nearly all of the calories in these products come from 

sugar, primarily added sugar. The most dramatic change from 2006 to 2009 was the decrease in 

marketing of drinks with more than 100 calories and the most sugar (35+ g per serving).79 Child 

marketing of drinks with more than 100 calories fell from $111 million in 2006 to $44 million in 

2009. Similarly, child marketing of the most sugary drinks (35+ g) fell from $92 million in 2006 

to $35 million in 2009. Despite the decreases in spending, the bulk of children’s marketing continues to fall in the higher calorie and higher sugar categories. In 2009, 52% of children’s drink 

Figure III.5: Total Sugar Content of Drinks Marketed to Children 2-11 

(2006 vs 2009)

0 20 40 60 80 100

35+

23-34

11-22

0-10

Dollars (in millions)

g/serving

2006

2009

Figure III.5: Total Sugar Content of Drinks Marketed 

to Children 2-11 (2006 vs 2009) Percentage of Child-Directed 

Expenditures in 

Drinks Category

55%

40%

12%

10%

18%

32%

15%

18%

Figure III.6: Sodium Content of Drinks Marketed 

to Children 2-11 (2006 vs 2009) Percentage of Child-Directed 

Expenditures in 

Drinks Category

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

150+

80-140

40-75

0-35

Dollars (in millions)

mg/serving

2006

2009

17%

3%

1%

12%

43%

39%

39%

46%

Figure III.6: Sodium Content of Drinks Marketed to Children 2-11 

(2006 vs 2009)
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

40

marketing was for products with 100 or more calories per serving and 40% was for products with 

the highest sugar content. At the other end of the spectrum, 17% of 2009 children’s drink marketing was for products meeting FDA’s “low calorie” or “no calorie” standards.80 A similar shift 

occurred in drink marketing to teens.81

Both children and teen drink marketing shifted substantially away from drinks with higher 

sodium content. In children’s marketing, drinks with the highest sodium content (150 mg/serving) decreased from 17% ($29 million) in 2006 to only 3% ($2 million) in 2009. Children’s 

marketing for drinks in the 80 to 140 mg sodium range correspondingly increased from 1% of 

spending in 2006 ($1 million) to 12% of spending in 2009 ($10 million). As a result of this shift, 

almost all drinks marketed to children and to teens in 2009 met either the FDA’s “low sodium” 

standard or the “very low sodium” standard.”82 

Comparing the nutritional characteristics of carbonated beverage marketing to teens in traditional measured media with marketing using new media reveals some minor differences across 

these media in average added sugar content, calorie content, and sodium content.83 As shown 

in Table III.8 below, 2006 carbonated beverage marketing in new media averaged 17% more 

added sugar than beverage marketing in traditional measured media.84 In 2009, the gap narrowed somewhat, with marketing in new media averaging 10% more added sugar than marketing 

in traditional measured media.85 Calorie content differences paralleled the differences in added 

sugar content, with beverage marketing in new media averaging slightly higher calorie content. 

Sodium content, in contrast, was slightly lower in both years for teen beverage marketing using 

new media than for marketing in traditional measured media.86

Table III.8: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Carbonated Beverages Marketed to 

Teens 12-17, 2006 and 2009: Traditional Measured Media and New Media
Nutritional Profile Of Foods Marketed To Youth

41

3. Dairy Products

Dairy product marketing was a relatively small segment of overall food marketing to youth 

in both 2006 and 2009. In 2009, dairy product marketing constituted 4.7% of food marketing to 

children, and 3.9% of food marketing to teens. Companies submitted nutrition data for 35 products marketed to youth in one or both reporting years, with 29 of those marketed to children and 

32 marketed to teens. Ten dairy products were marketed to youth in both 2006 and 2009; they 

represented 78% of dairy product marketing to youth in 2006 and 59% in 2009. Of the remaining dairy products, 11 were taken off the market or no longer advertised to youth, and 14 were 

new products or newly advertised to youth.87

Spending on the dairy category was primarily for dairy drinks (milk and flavored milk products) and for yogurt products. Only a small portion of dairy marketing was spent on cheese or 

other miscellaneous dairy products. The nutrition analysis set out below focuses on dairy drinks 

and yogurt products.

a. Dairy Drinks

There was substantially less youth-directed marketing of dairy drinks in 2009 than in 2006, 

especially children’s marketing, which dropped 66%. Table III.9 provides the basic nutrition 

data for youth-directed dairy drinks for 2006 and 2009, broken down by marketing to children 

and teens.88 Nutrition data are reported per serving, with a serving size of approximately 8 oz 

for all of the products in the sample.89 The levels of nutrients to increase, including calcium, 

Vitamin D, and potassium remained relatively unchanged from 2006 to 2009, with dairy drinks 

marketed to children and teens providing approximately 30% of the daily value for calcium, 

close to 30% of the daily 

value for Vitamin D, and 

approximately 11% of 

the daily value for potassium.90 The data also 

show small reductions in 

calories and sugar content for both children’s 

and teen marketing. 

Dairy drinks marketed 

to children averaged 5.2 

fewer kcal per serving 

and 1.3 g less sugar per 

serving in 2009. Dairy 

Table III.9: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Dairy Drinks Marketed 

to Children and Teens, All Marketing, 2006 and 2009
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

42

drinks marketed to teens averaged 8.2 fewer kcal per serving and 2.3 g less sugar per serving 

in 2009. Sodium content also fell slightly for teen-marketed dairy drinks, down by 4.4 mg per 

serving, but rose slightly among children’s products, with an increase of 10.6 mg per serving.91 

Nearly all dairy drinks marketed to children and to teens were either non-fat or low-fat (1%) in 

both 2006 and 2009.92

Figure III.7 below provides a more detailed picture of the variation in sugar content of dairy 

drinks marketed to children and the shift from 2006 to 2009.93 Although overall spending on 

dairy drink marketing to both children and teens went down, a higher percentage of the 2009 

marketing was for unflavored milks, containing no added sugar.

According to USDA data, unflavored fat-free or low-fat milk contains no more than 13 g of

naturally occurring sugars per 8-oz serving.94 In 2009, 93% of dairy drink marketing to children 

was for products with no added sugar, up from 81% of dairy drink marketing to children in 2006. 

Flavored milks, with total sugar content of 14 g and above per serving, constituted 7% of marketing to children in 2009, down from 19% in 2006. CFBAI pledge companies accounted for about 

two thirds of the dairy drink marketing in the sample. A total of 92% of all 2009 children’s dairy 

drink marketing (including non-CFBAI members) met the CFBAI’s proposed 2014 sugar limit of 

24 g per 8-oz serving (the equivalent of 11 g added sugar).95

Teen dairy drink marketing reveals a similar shift toward products with no added sugars. 

Marketing of unflavored milks, that is, dairy drinks with no more than 13 g of total sugar, increased from 90% of teen dairy drink marketing in 2006 to 99% in 2009. As of 2009, only 1% of 

dairy drink marketing to teens was for products with added sugars.

0 1 2 3 4 5

17+

14-16

11-13

0-10

Dollars (in millions)

g/serving

2006

2009

Figure III.7: Sugar Content of Dairy Drinks Marketed 

to Children 2-11 (2006 vs 2009) Percentage of Child-Directed 

Expenditures in 

Dairy Drink Category

0%

0%

81%

93%

12%

0%

6%

7%

Figure III.7: Sugar Content of Dairy Drinks Marketed to Children 2-11 

(2006 vs 2009)
Nutritional Profile Of Foods Marketed To Youth

43

b. Yogurt Products

Unlike the dairy drinks category, the yogurt category saw a substantial increase in youth 

marketing from 2006 to 2009.96 Spending on marketing to children nearly doubled from $22.3 

million to $43.8 million. Spending on marketing to teens, while much lower than children’s 

marketing, also increased, from $10.1 million to $16.5 million. Table III.10 provides the basic 

nutrition data for youth-directed yogurt products for 2006 and 2009, broken down by marketing 

to children and teens.97 Serving sizes for yogurt products marketed to youth vary widely, with 

products ranging from 2-oz servings up to 6-oz servings.98 The data set out in Table III.10 are 

standardized to a 6-oz serving size. The nutritional profile for both children and teens shows

overall improvement, with calories, sugar, sodium, and fat content all lower in 2009. As an example, average calories per 6-oz serving fell for children from 184 to 160 calories and for teens 

from 177 to 158 calories. Average saturated fat content was cut in half from an average of just 

under two g for both children and teens to less than one g per 6-oz serving. In addition, calcium 

content increased, particularly for children, going from 22% of the daily value in 2006 to 35% in 

2009.99

Figure III.8 below provides a more detailed picture of the variation in sugar content of 

yogurt products marketed to children and the shift from 2006 to 2009. The data for this figure

are based on a standard 6-oz serving. According to USDA data, a 6-oz serving of fat-free or 

low-fat yogurt contains 13.5 g of naturally occurring sugars.100 Nearly all of the yogurt products 

marketed to children and to teens exceeded this sugar level, indicating at least some sugar from 

Table III.10: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Yogurt (6 oz) 

Marketed to Children and Teens, All Marketing, 

2006 and 2009
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

44

added fruit or added sugar. Figure III.8 shows that the increase in children’s marketing of yogurt products in 2009 came mostly in the category of yogurts containing between 14 and 23 g of 

sugar per 6-oz serving and between 24 and 26 g of sugar per 6-oz serving. Children’s marketing 

of the most sugary yogurts, those with 27 g or more of sugar per 6-oz serving, remained steady 

at just over $10 million but dropped as a percentage of overall children’s marketing from 46% in 

2006 to 23% of children’s yogurt marketing in 2009.

All of the products in the children’s yogurt category were marketed by CFBAI pledge 

companies. The CFBAI’s 2014 uniform nutrition criteria set a limit of 23 g total sugar content 

per 6-oz serving of yogurt.101 Applying this limit to the 2009 marketing data, 77% of children’s 

yogurt marketing exceeds the cutoff and would be ineligible for marketing to children beginning 

in 2014 without reductions in sugar content.

Among yogurt products marketed to teens, the greatest increase in spending was for yogurt 

with 18 to 23 g of sugar, which increased from 12% of marketing ($1.2 million) in 2006 to 38% 

of marketing ($6.2 million) in 2009. The largest share of teen yogurt marketing remains in the 

highest sugar category. In 2009, 52% of yogurt marketing to teens ($8.6 million) was for products with 27 g or more total sugar, up from 46% ($4.6 million) in 2006.

4. Snacks

As noted in Section II, youth-directed snack food advertising represented just under 7% of 

total youth marketing in both 2006 and 2009. Snacks were the third highest category of childdirected expenditures in both years (after QSR foods and cereals), but were a lesser category for 

teens. Between the two years, however, snack food advertising expenditures to children de0 5 10 15 20 25 30

27+

24-26

14-23

0-13

Dollars (in millions)

g/6oz

2006

2009

Figure III.8: Sugar Content of Yogurt Marketed 

to Children 2-11 (2006 vs 2009) Percentage of Child-Directed 

Expenditures in 

Yogurt Category

0%

0%

13%

23%

41%

53%

46%

23%

Figure III.8: Sugar Content of Yogurt Marketed to Children 2-11 

(2006 vs 2009)
Nutritional Profile Of Foods Marketed To Youth

45

creased 42%, while teen-directed expenditures increased 57%. Almost all of the child-directed 

snack food advertising was by CFBAI member companies.102

The Commission received nutrition data for 124 snack food products that were advertised in 

one or both of the study years;103 97 of these were marketed to children and 96 to teens. There 

was considerable turnover in this category from 2006 to 2009. Only 21 of the 97 products were 

marketed to children in both years, although they represented 59% of expenditures in 2006 and 

74% in 2009. Of the remaining products marketed to children, 45 were marketed only in 2006 

and 31 only in 2009. Within the teen market, only 25 of 96 products were marketed in both 

years, representing 78% of spending in 2006 and 67% of spending in 2009. Thirty-six products 

were marketed to teens only in 2006 and 35 only in 2009.

With respect to child-directed marketing, Table III.11 shows minimal nutritional improvements or no change between 2006 and 2009. Average calories per serving dropped by 3 kcal, 

sodium decreased 26 mg, and saturated fat decreased 0.3 g, while average sugar content was 

unchanged. Whole grain content increased, from 0.1 to 0.6 g per serving, but remained very low. 

Nutritional shifts in teen-directed snack marketing were also minimal and mixed. Average calories dropped 4 kcal, sodium increased 3 mg, sugar decreased 0.5 g, and whole grain increased 1.3 

g per serving. Saturated fat and fiber content were constant.

The nutritional content of snack foods advertised to children can also be examined in the 

context of various federal nutritional guidelines, as well as government and self-regulatory 

programs designed to address the nutritional content of snacks (or “competitive foods”) sold in 

schools. For competitive foods sold in schools, nutritional guidelines have been developed by 

Table III.11: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Snack 

Foods Marketed to Children and Teens, All 

Marketing, 2006 and 2009
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

46

the Institute of Medicine, USDA, and the Alliance for a Healthier Generation (Alliance).104 All 

of these programs set similar guidelines for competitive foods, including that the foods be limited 

to a 200-calorie portion as packaged (the Alliance reduces this further to 150 calories for products sold in elementary schools); have less than 10% of calories from saturated fat; and have no 

more than 35% of calories from total sugars. In 2006, 30% of total child-directed snack expenditures met these three limits.105 In 2009, this had increased to 36% of child-directed expenditures 

meeting the three limits.106

Applying the FDA’s nutrient content claim standards to snack foods advertised to children 

reveals that none of 2006 and 2009 expenditures would meet the “low” calorie limit; 40% would 

meet the “low” saturated fat limit in 2006, and 45% in 2009, and 35% would meet the “low” 

sodium limit in 2006, increasing to 43% in 2009.107 A much higher percentage of child-directed 

snack expenditures met the FDA’s sodium limit for a “healthy” claim in both years: 87% in 2006 

and 99% in 2009.108 As noted above, whole grain content for snacks advertised to children was 

very low in both years, and the percentage of expenditures for snacks with 25-50% whole grains 

by weight increased from essentially zero in 2006 to 2% in 2009; expenditures for snacks with 

more than 50% whole grains by weight increased from essentially zero to 1%.109 Moreover, in 

2006, one product advertised to children met the FDA standards for an “excellent source” of fiber; in 2009, 1% of expenditures met this threshold.110 Snacks that were a “good source” of fiber

decreased from about 5% of expenditures in 2006 to 2% in 2009.111

The Commission also compared the nutritional profile of snack foods advertised to children

in traditional measured media to those advertised in new media. Snacks marketed in new media 

were not systematically better or worse than those marketed through traditional measured media 

Table III.12: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Snack Foods 

Marketed to Children 2-11: Traditional Measured 

Media and New Media, 2006 and 2009

Traditional Measured Media New Media

Product Characteristic1

 2006 2009 Change 2006 2009 Change

Calories (kcal/serv) 115.51 109.34 -6.17 107.50 111.18 3.68

Sodium (mg/serv) 167.60 148.56 -19.04 143.35 158.13 14.78

Sugar (g/serv) 5.62 5.30 -0.32 6.44 4.60 -1.84

Saturated Fat (g/serv) 1.27 0.72 -0.55 0.83 0.81 -0.02

Whole Grains (g/serv)2 0.02 0.98 0.95 0.00 0.11 0.11

Spending ($millions)3 $70.0 $28.0 -62.3% $9.0 $10.0 5.0%

1 Nutrition averages are expenditure-weighted and based on the products for which the companies reported basic 

nutrition data (100% for the products in this category).

2

 Whole grain data is based on 93% of spending in 2006 and 100% in 2009.

3 Percentage change in spending is adjusted for inflation. 

Table III.12: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Snack Foods Marketed to Children: 

Traditional Measured Media and New Media, 2006 and 2009
Nutritional Profile Of Foods Marketed To Youth

47

in either 2006 or 2009. In 2006, snacks marketed in new media were slightly lower in calories, 

sodium, and saturated fat, but slightly higher in sugar, than snacks marketed in traditional measured media; in 2009, this pattern was reversed. This shift appears to be due primarily to the 

moderate improvements in all nutrients among products marketed in traditional measured media.

Similar differences were observed when comparing snacks marketed with or without the 

use of licensed characters and other cross-promotions. Snack foods marketed to children using cross-promotions were lower in calories, sodium, and saturated fat, but higher in sugar, than 

snacks marketed without cross-promotion. The nutrition gap, however, narrowed from 2006 to 

2009. Snack foods marketed to teens using cross-promotions likewise were lower in calories, 

sodium, and saturated fat than snacks marketed without cross-promotions. This was true in both 

2006 and 2009. Sugar content in snacks marketed to teens using cross-promotions was lower in 

2006 but higher in 2009 than snacks marketed without cross-promotions. 

5. Prepared Foods

The prepared foods category was not a top-advertised category either to children or to teens, 

representing approximately 4.5% of child-directed expenditures, and less than 3% of teen-directed expenditures, in both years. The category is a diverse one, including individual items (typically under a 100 g serving size), entrees (with a serving size ranging from approximately 100 to 

300 g), and meals (generally over 300 g per serving).

A total of 84 products were advertised in one or both years to youth (75 of these products 

were advertised to children and 49 to teens). Only nine products were advertised to youth in 

both 2006 and 2009, representing 57% of youth-directed marketing in 2006 and 29% in 2009. A 

total of 14 products were advertised to youth only in 2006 (two products were off the market by 

2009 and 12 were no longer advertised to youth in 2009). Sixty-one products were advertised to 

Table III.13: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Snack Foods Marketed to Children and 

Teens, With and Without Cross-Promotions, 2006 and 2009
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

48

youth only in 2009, including 17 products that were new to the market and 44 products (representing 55% of 2009 expenditures) that were newly advertised to youth by 2009.

For the prepared foods marketed to children, average calorie content increased by about 

16% between 2006 and 2009, compared to a more modest increase of 4% for teen-advertised 

products. This is due in part to the fact that more entree and meal-type products were advertised 

to children in 2009. Average sodium content decreased substantially for youth, dropping from 

803 mg to 651 mg per serving in child-directed products, and from 791 mg to 650 mg for teens. 

Saturated fat levels remained level for children at about 3 g per serving, but decreased for teens 

from 4.2 to 2.8 g per serving. Sugar content increased for both age groups, with sugar levels in 

foods advertised to children increasing by about 50%, from 8.4 to 13 g per serving. This resulted 

primarily from the increased marketing of meals that included a dessert, such as a fruit cup, pudding, or baked item.

In terms of nutrients to increase, fiber and whole grain content increased for children and

teens, with more substantial gains seen in products advertised to teens. Despite the increase, 

however, fiber and whole grain content remained low when considered in the context of the daily

diet. In 2009, the average fiber content for child-marketed prepared foods was 3 g per serving

(12% of the 25 g daily value for fiber), and the average whole grain content was less than 1 g

per serving. For both children and teens, the increased whole grain content was due entirely to 

products that were either new to the market or newly advertised to those age groups in 2009, 

rather than reformulated products. The average calcium content of foods advertised to children 

increased from about 6% RDI to 14% RDI per serving, in contrast to small decreases in products marketed to teens; this 

is attributable to the cheese 

content in many of the meals 

that were new or newly advertised to children in 2009. 

While potassium data were 

not available for all products, 

the reported potassium levels 

showed improvements, with 

levels in child-directed products increasing from 215 to 

400 mg per serving and teendirected products from 241 to 

479 mg per serving.

Table III.14: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Prepared 

Foods Marketed to Children and Teens, All 

Marketing, 2006 and 2009

Marketed to Children 2-11 Marketed to Teens 12-17

Product Characteristic1 2006 2009 Change 2006 2009 Change

Calories (kcal/serv) 250.99 291.96 40.97 281.39 293.61 12.22

Sodium (mg/serv) 803.26 651.32 -151.94 790.92 650.14 -140.78

Sugar (g/serv) 8.44 12.95 4.51 5.61 8.73 3.12

Saturated Fat (g/serv) 3.02 3.13 0.11 4.19 2.78 -1.41

Fiber (g/serv) 2.62 3.11 0.49 2.87 4.40 1.52

Whole Grains (g/serv)2 0.00 0.70 0.70 0.01 2.82 2.80

Calcium (% RDI/serv) 5.87 13.65 7.78 7.33 6.90 -0.43

Potassium (mg/serv)2 215.17 399.62 184.45 240.61 478.70 238.09

Spending on All Marketing 

($millions)3 $59.7 $48.4 -23.6% $17.8 $26.0 37.9%

1

 Nutrition averages are expenditure-weighted and based on the products for which companies reported basic 

nutrition data (nearly 100% of products in this category).

2

 Data for these nutrients is not available for all products in the sample: Whole grain data is based on 100% of 

spending for both years for children 2-11; Potassium data is based on 67% of spending in 2006 and 80% in 2009 

for this age group.

3

 Percentage change in spending is adjusted for inflation.

Table III.14: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Prepared Foods Marketed to Children 

and Teens, All Marketing, 2006 and 2009
Nutritional Profile Of Foods Marketed To Youth

49

The prepared foods category can also be examined in the context of various federal nutrition 

principles for meals and main dishes, although some of the items in this category were individual 

food items. For example, prepared foods were fairly evenly split between those meeting and 

those exceeding FDA’s calorie limits for a “low calorie” labeling claim for meals and main dishes. For child-directed products, 55% of expenditures in 2006 and 48% in 2009 were “low calorie.” For teen-directed products, this trend was reversed, with 45% of expenditures meeting the 

low calorie limit in 2006, compared to 54% in 2009. Fewer child-directed prepared foods met 

FDA’s “low saturated fat” levels for meals and main dishes in 2009, but more foods, though still 

only a small percentage, met FDA’s “low sodium” levels. Specifically, in 2006, 34% of childdirected expenditures qualified as “low saturated fat”; in 2009, this had fallen to 16%. In 2006,

no prepared food products met the FDA’s “low sodium” standard for meals and main dishes; by 

2009, 5% of spending met this limit.112 As of 2009, 45% of child-directed spending on prepared 

foods also exceeded FDA’s sodium level for a “healthy” claim.113 Despite the high percentage 

of products exceeding both the low and healthy sodium thresholds, Figure III.9 shows that the 

sodium content for products with the highest levels of sodium nevertheless improved. 

In the case of teen-directed prepared foods, in 2009, the percentage of spending meeting 

“low saturated fat” and “low sodium” limits both improved. Spending on products qualifying as

“low saturated fat” rose from 26% to 41%, and spending on products qualifying as “low sodium”

increased from zero to 2%. The percentage of teen-directed spending that met FDA’s sodium 

level for a “healthy” claim increased from 26% in 2006 to 63% in 2009.

Figure III.9: Sodium Content of Prepared Foods Marketed 

to Children 2-11 (2006 vs 2009) Percentage of Child-Directed 

Expenditures in 

Prepared Foods Category

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

450+

300-440

150-290

0-140

Dollars (in millions)

mg/100g

2006

2009

40%

32%

47%

28%

13%

35%

0%

5%

Figure III.9: Sodium Content of Prepared Foods Marketed to Children 

2-11 (2006 vs 2009)
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

50

6.	 Candy and Frozen Desserts

As noted in Section II above, candy and frozen dessert marketing was a relatively small 

segment of overall food marketing to youth in both 2006 and 2009. The most notable change 

in this category was the reduction in the number of products marketed and total spending in the 

category.114

In addition to the overall decrease in marketing, the category showed some nutritional 

improvement. Table III.15 provides nutrition data for youth-directed candy and frozen desserts, 

broken down by marketing to children and teens.115 The primary nutritional features of relevance 

to the product category are calories, sugar, and saturated fat.116 Candy and frozen dessert marketing to children averaged 30.5 fewer kcal per serving, 7.1 g less sugar per serving, and 0.6 g 

less saturated fat per serving in 2009 as compared to 2006. For teen marketing, calorie content 

fell in 2009 by 18.6 kcal per serving, saturated fat content fell by 0.9 g per serving, while sugar 

content remained essentially the same, with only a 0.3 g increase in 2009. In both 2006 and 

2009, the calorie, sugar, and 

saturated fat content for teen 

marketing was significantly

higher than for child marketing. This likely reflects the

fact that chocolate candies, 

chocolate bars, and ice cream 

products, which contain 

more saturated fat and often 

come in larger serving sizes 

than non-chocolate candies, 

are more heavily marketed to 

older audiences.

7.	 Quick-Service Restaurant Foods

QSR foods had the highest marketing expenditures directed to children of the food categories surveyed in both 2006 and 2009. This category also had the second highest level of teen-directed spending in both years, second only to carbonated beverages. Detailed nutrition information for this category, however, was somewhat limited, particularly for 2006. In its first report,

the Commission allowed QSRs to aggregate 2006 marketing expenditures for all meals and 

menu items and report total spending by promotional activity category. With the exception of the 

television advertising category, it was not possible to retroactively break down aggregated 2006 

spending data to isolate spending for each specific meal or menu item. For that reason, the comTable III.15: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Candy and 

Frozen Desserts Marketed to Children and Teens, All 

Marketing, 2006 and 2009

Marketed to Children 2-11 Marketed to Teens 12-17

Product Characteristic1 2006 2009 Change 2006 2009 Change

Calories (kcal/serv) 137.30 106.78 -30.52 206.26 187.62 -18.64

Sugar (g/serv) 23.63 16.50 -7.13 28.52 28.84 0.32

Saturated Fat (g/serv) 1.63 1.07 -0.56 3.56 2.64 -0.92

Spending on All Marketing 

($millions)2 $60.7 $17.0 -73.7% $99.0 $67.4 -35.9%

1

 Nutrition averages are expenditure-weighted and based on the products for which companies reported basic 

nutrition data (100% of the products in this category).

2 Percentage change in spending is adjusted for inflation

Table III.15: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Candy and Frozen Desserts Marketed to 

Children and Teens, All Marketing, 2006 and 2009
Nutritional Profile Of Foods Marketed To Youth

51

parison of 2006 and 2009 nutrition data is limited to products promoted in television advertising 

for the five companies that reported data in both years (the “fixed panel” of QSRs).117 Within 

the television advertising category, the Commission was able to collect specific 2006 and 2009

nutrition data for the vast majority of meals and menu items marketed by the fixed panel companies.118 In addition to looking at the overall nutritional profile of products advertised on television in 2006 and 2009 by the fixed panel companies, the Commission compared the nutritional

profile of menu items those companies specifically identified as “children’s meals” compared to

other meals and main dishes they marketed to children.119

For 2009, the Commission also obtained data from four additional QSR companies that did 

not report in 2006120 and compared the nutritional profile of meals and menu items marketed by

these new companies to those marketed by the fixed panel companies.121 Finally, the Commission compared the 2009 nutritional profile of all QSR foods marketed in traditional measured

media to those marketed in new media. 

a. 2006 vs. 2009 Television Advertising: Nutrition Data for Fixed Panel

Companies

The fixed panel of QSR companies reported nutrition data for 175 meals and individual

menu items that were marketed to youth on television in one or both of the reporting years. 

Ninety-five of these products were marketed to children, and 170 were marketed to teens. There

was significant product turnover between 2006 and 2009. Of the 175 meals and menu items

advertised to youth in the two survey years, only 28 were marketed in both 2006 and 2009.122 

These 28 products, however, represented nearly half of child-directed expenditures (47% in 2006 

and 42% in 2009). They also represented 31% of teen-directed expenditures in 2006 and 18% in 

2009. Of the remaining meals and menu items, 62 were marketed to youth only in 2006123 and 

85 were marketed to youth only in 2009.124

The fixed panel companies spent 54% more on child-directed television advertising in 2009

than in 2006, and 30% more on teen-directed television advertising, with children’s TV advertising exceeding teens’ in 2009. The available nutrition data showed some improvements in 

2009. For example, child-directed television advertising by the fixed panel showed an average

81 kcal decrease per serving, a 57 mg decrease in sodium, a 6 g decrease in total sugar, and a 0.5 

g decrease in saturated fat. Fiber levels were low in both years, at less than 2 g per serving (i.e., 

less than 8% of the 25 g daily value for fiber). For teen-directed television advertising, average

calorie levels dropped by 43 kcal per serving and sodium levels by 14 mg, while sugar content 

increased by just under 1 g per serving and saturated fat content and fiber remained constant. 

There were insufficient data to assess certain nutrients, such as whole grain content, calcium,

Vitamin D, and potassium.
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

52

The positive changes in nutrition in child-directed QSR advertising from 2006 to 2009 

were largely the result of significant spending on new, generally more nutritious, meal and menu

items. The 24 new products directed to children had lower average calorie, sodium, sugar, 

saturated fat, and trans fat content than the products that were no longer advertised to children 

in 2009. This pattern was less pronounced for teens. The 44 products that were newly advertised to teens in 2009, and also accounted for the largest increase in TV advertising spending, 

had fewer average calories than products no longer advertised to teens in 2006, but showed no 

consistent improvement in sodium, sugar, and saturated fat content.125

The average nutritional profile of QSR products that were marketed in both 2006 and 2009

did not improve. In fact, the 10 products that were marketed to children in both years had a 

worse average nutritional profile in 2009 than in 2006, with increases in calories, sodium, sugar,

and saturated fat.126 Products advertised to teens in both years had higher average calorie, sodium, and saturated fat content in 2009 than in 2006, but showed slight improvements in sugar 

and fiber content.

Table III.16 also shows that the average nutrition profile for QSR products in child-directed

TV advertising was generally better than for products in teen-directed TV advertising. This 

was true in both 2006 and 2009. Child-directed products were considerably lower in calories, 

sodium, and saturated fat. For example, the average 2009 sodium content for products in childdirected advertising was 682 mg per serving. The average sodium content for teen-directed 

advertising was 422 mg higher, averaging 1,104 mg per serving, or close to half the total daily 

recommended intake of 2,400 mg. Children’s products, however, did have somewhat higher 

Table III.16: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Restaurant Foods 

Marketed to Children and Teens on Television by the Fixed 

Panel of QSRs, 2006 and 20091
Nutritional Profile Of Foods Marketed To Youth

53

sugar content, possibly due to naturally occurring sugars in the milk and fruit that accompanied 

some children’s meals. Child-directed products were also slightly lower in fiber content.

b. 2006 vs. 2009 Television Advertising: Nutrition Data for Fixed Panel

Companies Advertising “Children’s Meals” vs. Other Meals and Main

Dishes to Children

From 2006 to 2009 the fixed panel companies shifted marketing focus away from products

they specifically identified as “children’s meals” toward other meal and main dish items. Childdirected TV advertising for “children’s meals” did increase somewhat from 2006 to 2009, but 

child-directed TV advertising for other meals and main dishes more than doubled. As a result, 

“children’s meals” represented a smaller percentage of overall child-directed spending, down 

from 65% of total advertising in 2006 to 47% in 2009. This was due primarily to a much more 

significant increase in spending by non-CFBAI members than by CFBAI members.127 NonCFBAI members spent almost nothing on promoting children’s meals, instead promoting general 

menu meals and other items to children, including pizza, pasta, and chicken dishes, while CFBAI 

members used virtually all of their child-directed television marketing to promote children’s 

meals.

During that same period, the nutritional profile of “children’s meals” improved, while the

nutritional profile of other meals and main dishes advertised to children declined. As shown in 

Table III.17, the 2009 nutritional profile of “children’s meals” averaged 169 fewer calories, 298

mg less sodium, 6.6 g less sugar, 2.2 g less saturated fat, and 2 g less trans fat per serving than in 

2006. Only fiber content was slightly worse in 2009, down 0.9 g per serving from 2006 levels. 

In contrast, the 2009 average nutrition profile of other meal and main dish items advertised to

Table III.17: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Restaurant Meals 

and Main Dishes Marketed to Children 2-11 on Television 

by the Fixed Panel of QSRs, 2006 and 20091
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

54

children declined, with 88 more calories, 234 mg more sodium, 3.6 g more sugar, and 1.5 g more 

saturated fat per serving than in 2006. Only the fiber content was slightly improved, with an

increase of 0.5 g per serving.128 Despite these shifts, “children’s meals” remained significantly

higher in sugar than other meals and main dishes advertised to children in 2009 (20 g more sugar 

per serving).129

The Commission also analyzed how both “children’s meals” and other meals and main 

dishes advertised to children fared in the context of federal nutrition standards, specifically FDA

labeling thresholds for nutrient content claims for calories, saturated fat, and sodium.

Nearly all “children’s meals” in child-directed TV advertising met FDA’s “low calorie” 

standard for meals and main dishes.130 In 2006, 99% of “children’s meals” expenditures met the 

“low calorie” threshold; by 2009, 100% met the threshold. In contrast, less than 1% of expenditures on regular menu meals and main dishes advertised to children met the “low calorie” threshold in 2006; this increased to just under 7% in 2009.131

 A similar pattern is evident when examining meals and main dishes in the context of FDA’s 

“low saturated fat” standard.132 In 2006, 37% of child-directed advertising for “children’s meals” 

met the standard; by 2009, this had increased to 64%. For regular meals and main dishes, however, less than 1% of child-directed advertising met the standard in both 2006 and 2009.133

Advertising of “children’s meals” was also more likely to meet FDA’s “low sodium” levels than other meals and main dishes. In 2006, 8% of “children’s meal” advertising met FDA’s 

Figure III.10: Percentage of Child-Directed Television Advertising Expenditures for 

QSR Kids’ Meals and All Other QSR Meals that Met Select Nutrition 

Thresholds (2006 vs 2009)

6%

0%

1%

8%

1%

1%

64%

37%

7%

1%

100%

99%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

2009

2006

2009

2006

All OtherQSR Meals QSR Kids Meals

low calorie

low sat fat

low sodium

Figure III.10: Percentage of Child-Directed Television Advertising Expenditures for 

QSR Kids Meals and All Other QSR Meals that Met Select Nutrition Thresholds (2006 vs 2009)
Nutritional Profile Of Foods Marketed To Youth

55

limit for a “low sodium” claim, but by 2009, nearly 100% met the standard.134 For regular menu 

meals and main dishes, none of the products advertised to children in 2006 was “low in sodium.” 

In 2009, 6% qualified as “low sodium.”135 Much of the child-directed advertising for the regular 

meals and main dishes also failed to meet FDA’s sodium limit for a “healthy” claim.136 In 2006, 

84% of advertising expenditures for these products met FDA’s “healthy” limit for sodium; in 

2009, only 48% met the limit.137

c. 2009 Television Advertising: Nutrition Data for Fixed Panel

Companies vs. New Entrants

The Commission also looked at the impact of the four new companies reporting in 2009 on 

its nutritional analysis of QSR advertising to youth. The new QSRs accounted for 11% ($16.4 

million dollars) in child-directed television advertising expenditures by all QSR companies in 

2009. The new QSRs also spent $19 million on teen-directed television advertising (15% of 

2009 spending by all companies). Comparing 2009 child-directed nutrition data for all reporting companies to 2009 data for the fixed panel of companies shows that the inclusion of the new

QSRs had a modest negative effect on average nutrition levels of QSR foods marketed to children through television. Average calories increased by 14.6 kcal per serving, sodium by 47.9 

mg, sugar by 0.8 g, and saturated fat by about 0.2 g. On the other hand, fiber levels increased, although only slightly (0.3 g). For teen-directed television advertising, the only sizable difference 

resulting from the inclusion of the new QSRs was an increase of 1.8 g sugar per serving. Despite 

the negative impact of the new entrants, average nutrition levels for all reporting companies in 

2009 showed improvements when compared to the 2006 nutrition levels (with the exception of 

Table III.18: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Restaurant Foods 

Marketed to Children and Teens on Television, Fixed Panel 

vs. All QSRs, 20091
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

56

sugar levels for teen marketing).138 Improvements were, however, more moderate with the new 

QSRs included in the comparison.

d. 2009 Traditional Measured Media vs. New Media

Finally, the Commission compared the average nutritional profile of QSR foods marketed

in traditional measured media to those marketed in new media, for all companies in 2009. Advertising in new media in 2009 was comprised primarily of promotions for children’s meals; 

this was true even for teen-directed marketing.139 Products marketed to children in new media 

generally had a better average nutritional profile than products marketed in traditional measured

media, with fewer calories, less sodium, and less saturated fat, but more sugar per serving.140 

Marketing to teens in new media, as for children, was better than in traditional media on all nutrients except sugar. For teens, however, the differences between products marketed in traditional 

measured media and new media were even more pronounced, likely due to the heavy advertising 

of children’s meals to teens in new media. 141

C. Impact of CFBAI Program

The CFBAI member food companies accounted for 82% of the $725.3 million142 spent 

advertising food products (excluding QSR foods) to children in 2006, and 89% of the $455.9 

million spent on advertising in 2009.143 Given that nearly all marketing expenditures were for 

CFBAI-member products, a comparison of the nutritional content of CFBAI-member products 

to that of non-member products would not be meaningful.144 Instead, the Commission compared 

the nutritional content of CFBAImember products advertised on 

television (a medium covered by 

the member pledges) to CFBAImember products advertised 

through product packaging and 

in-store marketing materials 

(which fall outside of the pledges), to identify any significant

differences between the nutritional profiles of foods promoted

in these media.

As shown in Table III.19, 

the CFBAI-member products 

advertised on television are not 

generally better or worse than 

Table III.19: Average Nutritional Characteristics of All Foods 

(Except Restaurant Foods) Covered by Children’s 

Food & Beverage Advertising Initiative (CFBAI), 

Marketed to Children 2-11, 2006 and 2009
Nutritional Profile Of Foods Marketed To Youth

57

those marketed in-store and through packaging. In both 2006 and 2009, the overall averages for 

all CFBAI products advertised on television are modestly higher in calories, sodium, and sugar 

than those marketed in-store and through packaging. On the other hand, television-advertised 

products, in both years, have slightly more fiber, whole grain, calcium, and Vitamin D than those

marketed in-store and through packaging. The one notable distinction between media covered 

by the CFBAI pledges and media not covered, was that covered media showed greater nutritional 

improvements over the three years. Foods advertised on television and through packaging and 

in-store displays both improved from 2006 to 2009. Products advertised on television, however, 

showed greater reductions in calories, sodium, and sugar, and an increase in whole grain content, 

compared to products marketed in-store and through packaging. 

The Commission also examined how the nutritional profile of food marketing to children

in 2009 would stack up against the CFBAI 2014 uniform nutrition criteria. The purpose of this 

analysis was to gauge the extent to which either foods marketed to children would need to be 

reformulated in order to meet the new standards, or advertising dollars would have to shift to 

food products with a nutritional profile that met the standards. The analysis set out below is a

snapshot as of 2009 based on child-directed advertising on television. The Commission is aware 

that many products have already been reformulated since the 2009 data were submitted. As an 

example, the sugar content of many popular children’s cereals has been further reduced by 1 to 2 

g per serving since 2009.145 Presumably, a higher percentage of children’s food marketing would 

currently meet the 2014 CFBAI criteria if the advertising dollars shifted to foods meeting the 

nutritional standards. Table III.20 shows the percentage of food product advertising on television to children in 2009 that did not yet meet the 2014 CFBAI criteria.146 Both CFBAI member 

advertising and advertising by all reporting companies were analyzed. With the exception of the 

QSR category, as noted above, nearly all of the 2009 television advertising was by CFBAI members. In the QSR category, the vast majority of “children’s meals” advertising is done by CFBAI 

members and the vast majority of advertising for “other meals and main dishes”– i.e., those not 

designated as “children’s meals” – was done by non-CFBAI members.

As of 2009, 72% of CFBAI-member food advertising (excluding QSRs) did not meet at least 

one of the 2014 criteria. A total of 64% of the CFBAI-member food advertising exceeded one 

or more threshold for nutrients to limit such as sugar, saturated fat, and sodium. By comparison, a much smaller percentage of foods failed to meet the standards for nutrition components to 

encourage (essential nutrients – either naturally occurring or from fortification, or a contribution

of fruit, vegetable, dairy, or whole grain). A total of 20% of CFBAI-member food advertising 

fell short on the nutrition components to encourage. In other words, the 2014 CFBAI criteria 

are likely to have a greater impact on reducing the levels of nutrients to limit in the children’s 

marketplace than they will on increasing the levels of nutrition components to encourage. In the 
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

58

cereal category, in particular, all cereal advertising as of 2009 already met the 2014 criteria for 

nutrition components to encourage – i.e., the cereal contained either a 1⁄2 serving of whole grain, 

or was fortified with 10% or more of any essential nutrient.

Within specific food categories certain nutrients stand out as requiring the most reformulation to comply with the 2014 criteria. For example, within the cereal category, 63% of advertising exceeded the allowable sugar levels. Within prepared foods, 43% of food advertising exceeded the saturated fat limit, and 63% exceeded the sodium limit. Nearly all of the advertising 

for both yogurt and juice/non-carbonated beverages – 81% – exceeded allowable sugar levels. 

Within the QSR category, there was a notable contrast between the children’s meals and other 

meals and main dishes, with 37% of children’s meal advertising failing on one or more CFBAI 

standards, and 100% of other meals and main dish advertising failing (most of which was advertising by non-CFBAI members). Almost all of the children’s meals that failed, did so because 

they were too high in saturated fat. Other meals and main dishes failed most often because they 

were too high in both saturated fat and sodium.
Nutritional Profile Of Foods Marketed To Youth

59

Table III.20: Assessment of 2009 Marketing Against 2014 CFBAI Uniform Nutrition Criteria, TV Advertising to Children 2-11
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

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Food Marketing Activities Directed To Youth

61

IV. Food Marketing Activities Directed To Youth

A. Introduction

Analysis of the advertising and promotional activities conducted in 2009 revealed many of 

the same trends and characteristics as in 2006. Cross-promotions were prevalent, and marketing 

campaigns typically were integrated across media – including television, the Internet, product 

packaging, and store or restaurant displays – and employed various popular techniques, such

as premiums, sweepstakes, and viral marketing messages. Use of the Internet and other digital 

media to promote foods and beverages to children and teens has increased since 2006, along with 

the use of “social” media, such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. One encouraging note is that 

promotional messages about physical activity and healthy eating appeared more frequently than

they did in 2006, particularly on websites and packaging.

Part B of this section of the report describes the child- and teen-directed marketing activities 

reported for 2009. Part C provides an overview of marketing research undertaken by the companies to gauge the success and impact of various promotional campaigns and techniques directed

to youth. Part D describes information reported by the companies with respect to promotional 

activities that focused on young people of a particular gender, race, or ethnicity.

B. How Companies Market Foods and Beverages

1.	 Cross-Promotions

Cross-promotions – whereby food products are tied to popular movies, TV programs, cartoon characters, toys, websites, video games, and theme parks or other entertainment venues 

– continue to be a major hallmark of marketing to young people, particularly children. In 2009, 

cross-promotions were used in all of the food categories included in this study, and typically they 

were integrated across promotional formats.

Films popular with children often had cross-promotional arrangements with multiple food 

companies. For example, Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs, the Madagascar movie series, and 

Night at the Museum were used to promote a variety of food products, including QSR children’s 

meals, cereals, fruit snacks, yogurt, frozen desserts, candy, carbonated beverages, fruit drinks, 

crackers, chips, cookies, waffles, pudding, macaroni and cheese, and baked goods. QSR children’s meals, or other menu offerings, were featured in cross-promotions with 15 films appealing

to both children and teens in 2009.

Similarly, popular children’s television programs were part of marketing efforts for a broad 

range of foods. Characters from Nickelodeon’s Nick and nickjr programs were used to pro-
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

62

mote vegetables, fresh fruits, cereals, waffles, fruit snacks, crackers, yogurt, canned pasta, soup,

lunch kits, prepared meals, macaroni and cheese, juice drinks, milk, frozen desserts, and QSR 

children’s meals. Cartoon Network characters appeared in marketing for cereals, fruit snacks, 

and QSR children’s meals. Disney programs and characters were used in the promotion of fresh 

fruits and vegetables, fruit snacks, cereals, waffles, crackers, and soup. Sesame Street limited the

licensing of its characters, such as Big Bird, to fresh fruits and vegetables. 

Listed below are the films, television programs, licensed characters, toys, and games that the

food companies reported using in cross-promotions to children and teens in 2009:

Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel (QSR children’s meals, candy)

American Girl (QSR children’s meals)

Animal Planet (lunch kits)

Astro Boy (QSR children’s meals)

Avatar (QSR children’s meals)

Baby Genius (QSR children’s meals)

The Backyardigans (yogurt)

Bakugan (QSR children’s meals)

Banjo-Kazooie: Nuts & Bolts video game (lunch kits)

Barbie (breakfast cereals, fruit snacks, QSR children’s meals)

Batman (fruit snacks, candy)

Beanie Babies (QSR children’s meals)

Beeboy (breakfast cereals)

Big Bird, Cookie Monster, and other Sesame Street characters (fresh fruits)

Blue’s Clues (yogurt)

Build-A-Bear (QSR children’s meals, candy)

Cabbage Patch Kids (QSR children’s meals)

Camp Rock (breakfast cereals, crackers, fruit snacks)

Care Bears (fruit snacks)

Cars (fresh fruits and vegetables, fruit snacks, crackers, soup)

Chub City Cars (QSR children’s meals)

Clever Kids (breakfast cereals, crackers, frozen waffles, fruit snacks)

Clifford the Big Red Dog (fruit juice, water, breakfast cereals)

Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (QSR children’s meals)

Crush the Villains (breakfast cereals)

Dance Dance Revolution video game (QSR children’s meals)

The Daring Book for Girls; The Dangerous Book for Boys (QSR children’s meals)
Food Marketing Activities Directed To Youth

63

Digi Sportz (QSR children’s meals)

Disney Fairies (fresh fruits and vegetables)

Disney Princesses (fresh fruits, fruit snacks, breakfast cereals, crackers, soup)

Dora the Explorer; Dora and Diego (breakfast cereals, fruit snacks, crackers, yogurt, 

canned/frozen vegetables, canned pasta, soup, frozen desserts)

DragonflyTV (QSR children’s meals)

Eco-Rangers: Animal Kingdom DVD games (QSR children’s meals)

Finding Nemo (fruit juice, fresh fruits, breakfast cereals, crackers, frozen waffles, fruit

snacks)

Flintstones (breakfast cereals)

FurReal Friends (QSR children’s meals)

G.I. Joe: Rise of the Cobra (QSR children’s meals)

Goosebumps books (QSR children’s meals)

Guitar Hero video games (QSR children’s meals)

Guitar Idol (QSR children’s meals)

Halo Knockout video game (chips)

Hannah Montana (fresh fruits, breakfast cereals, frozen waffles)

Hello Kitty (QSR children’s meals)

High School Musical (fresh fruits and vegetables, breakfast cereals, crackers, fruit snacks, 

yogurt)

Hot Wheels toy cars (breakfast cereals, QSR children’s meals)

Hotel for Dogs (candy, QSR children’s meals)

How to Train Your Dragon (canned pasta, chips, snack bars)

The Hulk (frozen desserts)

I Spy video games (QSR children’s meals)

iCarly (crackers, yogurt, fruit snacks)

Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs (breakfast cereals, fruit snacks, yogurt, frozen desserts, 

QSR children’s meals, candy)

The Incredibles (fresh fruits)

John Deere toy tractors (fruit snacks)

Jonas Brothers: The 3D Concert Experience (sliced cheese)

Justice League cartoon heroes (QSR children’s meals)

Kung Fu Panda (canned pasta)

Kidz Bop (QSR children’s meals)

Land of the Lost (QSR children’s meals)
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Leap Frog toys and games (QSR children’s meals, juice)

Lego; Lego Racers (breakfast cereals, QSR children’s meals)

Little Einsteins (breakfast cereals)

Little Miss Sunshine (breakfast cereals)

Littlest Pet Shop (QSR children’s meals)

Looney Tunes (fruit snacks)

Mad Libs toys (QSR children’s meals)

Madagascar; Merry Madagascar; Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa (carbonated beverages, 

fruit drinks, breakfast cereals, chips, crackers, frozen waffles, fruit snacks, pudding, 

cookies, baked goods, macaroni and cheese, QSR children’s meals)

Madden 2010 video game (QSR meals)

Magic Tree House books (QSR children’s meals)

Marvel Kids (breakfast cereals, QSR children’s meals)

Matchbox toy cars (fruit snacks)

Mickey Mouse and Friends (fresh fruits and vegetables, breakfast cereals, crackers, frozen 

waffles, fruit snacks)

Mistika Bionicle (QSR children’s meals)

Monster Jam: Urban Assault video game (snack food)

Monster Jam toys (QSR children’s meals)

Monsters, Inc. (fresh fruits, QSR children’s meals)

Monsters vs. Aliens (prepared meals, water, baked goods, QSR children’s meals)

Moshi Monsters online games (QSR children’s meals)

Mr. Messy (breakfast cereals)

My Little Pony (fruit snacks, QSR children’s meals)

National Geographic Adventure toys (QSR children’s meals)

Neopets (prepared meals, breakfast cereals, lunch kits, macaroni and cheese, crackers, juice 

drinks, frozen desserts, dairy products)

Nerf (QSR children’s meals)

Nickelodeon Kids’ Choice Awards (QSR children’s meals, fruit drinks, breakfast cereals)

Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian (breakfast cereals, macaroni and cheese, 

candy, QSR children’s meals)

Ni Hao Kai-lan (fruit snacks)

Operation (breakfast cereals, crackers, frozen waffles, fruit snacks)

Petz video games (QSR children’s meals)

Phineas and Ferb (breakfast cereals, crackers, fruit snacks)

The Pink Panther 2 (QSR children’s meals)
Food Marketing Activities Directed To Youth

65

Pirates of the Caribbean (fresh fruits and vegetables)

Planet 51 (prepared meals, QSR children’s meals)

Pokemon (QSR children’s meals, macaroni and cheese)

Power Rangers (breakfast cereals, crackers, frozen waffles, fruit snacks)

The Princess and the Frog (breakfast cereals, crackers, frozen waffles, fruit snacks)

Rock Band music video game (carbonated beverages)

Scooby-Doo; Scooby-Doo! The Mystery Begins (crackers, frozen waffles, fruit snacks, 

yogurt, macaroni and cheese, QSR children’s meals)

Scrabble Jr. (breakfast cereals, crackers, frozen waffles, fruit snacks)

Shrek; Shrek Forever After (prepared meals, breakfast cereals) 

Slime toys (QSR children’s meals)

The Spectacular Spider-Man (QSR children’s meals)

Spider-Man (fruit snacks, macaroni and cheese, frozen desserts, QSR children’s meals)

SpongeBob SquarePants (prepared meals, QSR children’s meals, crackers, frozen waffles,

fruit snacks, yogurt, macaroni and cheese, canned pasta, soup, frozen desserts)

Star Trek (QSR children’s meals, breakfast cereals, crackers, fruit snacks)

Strawberry Shortcake (breakfast cereals, crackers, frozen waffles, fruit snacks, baked goods,

QSR children’s meals)

The Tale of Despereaux (soup, QSR children’s meals)

Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (fruit snacks)

Terminator Salvation (snack food, QSR meals)

Tonka Trucks (fruit snacks)

Toy Story; Toy Story and Beyond (breakfast cereals, crackers, frozen waffles, fresh fruits, 

fruit snacks, soup)

The Twilight Saga: New Moon (chips, QSR meals)

Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (QSR children’s meals)

U.B. Funkeys computer game (QSR children’s meals)

Winnie the Pooh (fresh fruits)

Wizards of Waverly Place (breakfast cereals, crackers, fruit snacks)

Wonder Pets (fruit snacks)

Word Girl (QSR children’s meals)

World of Warcraft video game (carbonated beverages)

Wubbzy (fresh fruits, QSR children’s meals)

X-Men Origins: Wolverine (dairy products)

Zoomondo You Gotta Be Kidding! books (QSR children’s meals)
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

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a. Movie Cross-Promotions

Movie cross-promotions often included food and beverage television advertising that featured clips or characters from the film, referred children to a website connected to the film, or

provided information about a sweepstakes. Ads for QSR children’s meals featured toy premiums 

based on film characters that were distributed with the meals. Television ads, product packaging,

and store or restaurant displays directed children to food company or co-branded websites for an 

opportunity to view scenes, “exclusive” clips, or special effects from the movie or to play games 

that incorporated both movie characters and food products. For some online games, children 

could choose characters and invite their friends to play. Banner ads placed on other websites 

popular with children, such as those linked to children’s television programs or channels, also 

were used to direct or link children to the food company or co-branded website. Codes provided 

on food packaging, or sometimes on the food itself or on a toy premium included with the food, 

could be entered on the website for a chance to win prizes. Prizes in movie cross-promotion 

contests included cash, movie tickets, an overnight stay in a museum, a movie screening party 

in the winner’s hometown, a visit to Universal Studios in Hollywood to meet a film character, a

cruise, autographed movie props, an iPod, and Nintendo or Wii games. Other premiums available with codes or product purchase included backpacks, “virtual” characters or pets or icons for 

use in online games or activities, T-shirts, flash drives, wristbands, plates, cups, movie passes,

music downloads, blankets, and alarm clocks. In cross-promoting the movie Hotel for Dogs, a 

candy company enabled children to upload photos of their pets, and in connection with the Star 

Trek film, a packaged food company enabled children to upload their own photos to transform

themselves into “Starfleet Officers” and email the photos to friends. Free downloads, such as

movie posters, wallpaper, bookmarks, door hangers, or icons to use for instant messaging, were 

available on food company or co-branded websites.

Some companies created special limited editions of food products in connection with movie 

cross-promotions, naming foods after movies or their characters. In some instances, the food 

itself was linked to the movie theme. For example, cereal, pancakes, fruit snacks, pasta, and 

chicken nuggets were molded in the shape of movie characters or objects or had movie scenes or 

messages imprinted on the food. Packaging materials incorporated movie characters or themes 

with games, quizzes, or questions for a child to determine which movie character he or she most

resembled.
Food Marketing Activities Directed To Youth

67

Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs 

Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs was a popular, PG-rated children’s movie 

released in 2009 and used to promote a variety of foods including breakfast 

cereals, fruit snacks, yogurt, frozen desserts, QSR children’s meals, and candy. In 

television ads, a wooly mammoth and other Ice Age characters fall through the 

ice to land in a quick-service restaurant where they grab a kid’s meal and run 

away. In another ad, Scrat (a squirrel-like character) spies a frozen dessert stuck 

in the snow with an acorn inside. He pulls the frozen treat out of the snow, falls 

through a hole, and lands on a dinosaur’s tail with the dessert still in hand. A 

print ad in a popular children’s magazine gave a quiz, the results of which linked 

the reader to a movie character. The film was the focus of a QSR children’s meal 

promotion, with eight different toy premiums distributed with the meals. Ice 

Age characters appeared on cereal boxes and packaging for fruit snacks, yogurt, 

and frozen desserts. Inside food packages were pencil tops, tongue tattoos, cash 

cards, or a code to enter a sweepstakes for a laptop computer. Movie images 

were imprinted on fruit snacks. Point-of-sale merchandising units in stores and 

posters in QSRs featured movie scenes and characters. Co-branded websites offered movie clips and games with Ice Age characters, such as “Help Scrat Find the 

Acorns.” Internet banner ads on websites popular with children, such as Cartoon 

Network, promoted and linked to these co-branded sites.

Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian

Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian, a PG-rated movie, was 

cross-promoted with breakfast cereals, macaroni and cheese, candy, and QSR 

children’s meals in 2009. The primary focus of these cross-promotional campaigns was a sweepstakes that afforded grand prize winners the opportunity 

for a sleep-over at the Smithsonian Museum. Codes found in food packages 

enabled children to enter the contest online. Other prizes included dinosaur 

blankets, DVDs of the film, museum cash cards, and glow-in-the-dark T-shirts. In 

one television ad, a museum dinosaur skeleton tosses a chocolate candy to an 

ancient statue, which opens its mouth to accept the confection. Another television ad depicts a dinosaur skeleton moving to grab a QSR kid’s meal in its jaws. 

A collection of eight movie-themed toys were distributed with QSR children’s 

meals. Movie images appeared on packaging for QSR children’s meals, macaroni and cheese, and cereals. Cereal boxes offered discounts on the movie DVD 

and featured other popular characters often associated with cereals, such as the 

Flintstones and Beeboy, in games with a movie-related theme.

b. Other Cross-Promotions

In addition to cross-promotions with feature films, companies promoted their foods in

connection with television programs, theme parks, websites, toys, and video games. The most 

popular television character for 2009 cross-promotions appeared to be Nickelodeon’s Sponge-
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

68

Bob SquarePants. Nickelodeon celebrated the program’s tenth anniversary that year, and the 

sea sponge character appeared in marketing for foods in many of the categories surveyed in 

this study. One QSR used him both in televison ads promoting children’s meals with SpongeBob toys and in ads directed to teens and adults that featured dancing girls, wearing pants made 

square with phone books, to promote specially priced meals. An extended version of the latter

ad was also used in viral marketing. Episodes of SpongeBob could be viewed on food company 

websites, and SpongeBob’s own website cross-linked with those of the food companies that 

licensed him. His image appeared on packaging for fruit snacks, crackers, and macaroni and 

cheese, and some foods were shaped like him. Packaging also encouraged physical activity by 

challenging kids to mimic postures and actions demonstrated by SpongeBob. 

Nickelodeon’s Kids’ Choice Awards, a televised event, was cross-promoted with QSR children’s meals, fruit drinks, and cereals. A code found in QSR meals enabled children to vote on 

the 2009 nominees and on a new category to be created for the 2010 awards event.

Numerous amusement and theme parks were cross-promoted with carbonated beverages. 

Often a panel on the soda can itself afforded a discount on park admission. SeaWorld was crosspromoted with macaroni and cheese, cereal, and fresh fruit. A fruit grower sponsored a Halloween event at SeaWorld. Packaged foods contained a code to be entered online to win a trip 

to SeaWorld; other prizes in the contest included beach towels, T-shirts, and beach bags with a 

SeaWorld theme. Games and activities on a cereal brand website incorporated SeaWorld themes, 

while games on other children’s websites, such as NeoPets.com, incorporated both SeaWorld images and the cereal brand. Advertisements and games co-branded with NeoPets were also used 

by marketers of prepared meals and lunch kits.

The ever-popular Disney characters appeared on packaging for fresh fruits and vegetables, 

cereal, fruit snacks, soups, and crackers. Disney doll premiums were found inside cereal boxes, 

and a Disney disposable camera was available with tokens from specially marked packages.

Popular video games were cross-promoted with carbonated beverages, QSR children’s 

meals, and lunch kits. For example, Rock Band, a music video game, was cross-promoted with 

carbonated drinks in a multi-faceted marketing campaign directed to both teens and young 

adults. A rock song used in television and radio advertising explained that codes under bottle 

caps enabled consumers to go to a co-branded website and enter to win an Xbox console, music, 

or games, or to download iPhone and iPod applications. In addition, amateur rock bands could 

choose a song from the website and upload a video of themselves playing it. Others could vote 

on the competition entries, and the winners would attend the MTV Video Music Awards to receive a “Moonman” prize. The cross-promotion was featured on packaging and in point-of-sale 

materials. An interactive video game display was utilized in some stores.
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Banjo-Kazooie: Nuts & Bolts, a Nintendo action and adventure video game, was cross-promoted with lunch kits. Packages included 3-D mobiles of boats, helicopters, bi-planes, or tanks, 

as well as the opportunity for “instant win” of the video game and an Xbox console. The grand 

prize winner was also awarded a party for up to 20 friends.

2.	 Other Marketing Activities

a. Television

Television advertising of foods and beverages to children may be less prevalent than it once 

was. Nevertheless, it remains a staple, and the largest marketing expenditure, for many of the 

categories of food products marketed to kids. For some cereals and breakfast foods, companycreated icons, or “spokescharacters,” serve as the lynchpin for television and other media activities. These animated or cartoon characters – some of which have been known to generations of 

children – may be based on animals, people, mythical creatures like elves, or ingredients of the 

food itself. Advertisements often feature stories about them and show them interacting with the 

food.

Other ads simply incorporate animation to portray the food as fun and interesting. Animated 

characters appeared, for example, in vignettes resembling popular musical, science fiction, horror, or animal movies. Children – real or animated – were shown modifying the advertised foods 

in interesting ways, such as by adding fruit or making a breakfast item into a dessert. Referral to 

a food company website was incorporated into television ads whenever a contest was made part 

of a promotional campaign.

Snack food advertising often featured real or animated children engaging in athletic or other 

physical activities. The food itself was sometimes incorporated into these activities in creative 

ways, such as cracker and cheese combinations shaped like soccer balls. Some ads urged children to engage in outdoor games and to visit a website to view games, submit ideas for games, 

vote on games, and log hours spent playing outdoor games.

In ads for prepared meals, children were shown requesting particular meals after engaging in

vigorous activity, such as athletic competitions. Animated advertisements depicted a ravioli entering a stomach and passing through a scanner so a security agent could see what was inside. In 

other pasta ads, parents tried to hide the vegetable content of the meal from their children. Soup 

ads featured animated kids managing to foil an evil scientist who stole all of the soup. Dancing 

young people, animals, or stick figures were used to promote various beverages and candy, with

one such ad encouraging kids to add their own moves. A popular singing group was shown in 

concert singing about a brand of candy.

Television ads for QSR children’s meals focused on the toy premiums included in the meals 

and showed the meals and toys as family activities – at home, on a picnic, in the backyard, or 
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on a beach. Other QSR ads showed families engaged in games, sports, arts and crafts or musical activities, or portrayed children performing household tasks to convince parents to take them 

to the restaurant. Advertisements for snacks and beverages directed to a teen audience showed 

young people engaged in sports, music, or dancing, camping, at amusement parks, or heading out 

for late-night activities.

b. Internet and Digital

Internet promotional activities have become an anchor for food marketing to young people. 

Thirty-eight of the companies, representing the vast majority of those reporting for 2009, engaged in youth-directed online promotional activities. Other forms of food company advertising, 

such as television, radio, print, or packaging, often referred the target audience to a company 

website on which television commercials could be viewed, stories about brand “spokescharacters” were relayed, games could be played, contests could be entered, and the opinions of young 

people on where and how to eat a branded product were solicited. A few ads urged children to 

ask their parents before going online.

Sellers of packaged foods, including cereals and breakfast pastries, prepared meals or 

entrees, and various snack foods, frequently dedicated portions of their websites, or separate

branded websites, to content designed to appeal to children or teens. Advergames – or games 

designed to promote a particular product – were often a key focus of child- or teen-oriented 

websites. Games were sometimes based on television commercials, using similar or expanded 

storylines, and tended to use animated depictions of the food or proprietary characters associated 

with particular brands. Animated cereal flakes or nuggets, crackers, and pasta were utilized as

game pieces for online games. Some games allowed players to choose or create their own playing pieces. The object of the game could be a quest for food, putting food into an eating utensil,

feeding a character, immersing a character into a food, or saving food from being stolen by an 

“evil” character. Some games created a school setting, while others involved simulated sports 

activities, such as basketball, golf, bowling, hockey, or snowboarding. Games sometimes offered 

multiple levels of play, with points accumulated by players – or codes found in or on food packages – enabling them to advance to higher levels. Some games also incorporated a social networking aspect, allowing the player to “invite a friend” to participate in the game. In one case, 

children were directed to hold a cereal box up to a webcam in order to interact with an advergame. Some food companies encouraged children to take a break and go outside after a certain 

amount of game playing, making suggestions of things to do or games to play outside. 
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Anatomy of an Advergame

A cereal brand offers multiple advergames on its website. As the child enters 

the site, a pop-up tells him or her to get some physical activity and return in 15 

minutes. However, the child can proceed to the game page without waiting. 

Each game corresponds to a storyline from one of the brands’s TV commercials. 

The cereal mascot is on a quest and asks the child to aid in the quest. In one 

game, the child chooses a colored vehicle for the mascot and helps him escape 

a villain by collecting cereal pieces on a pathway strewn with both obstacles and 

cereal. The unseen villain is heard close behind the mascot. By collecting cereal 

pieces of the same color as the vehicle, the player can speed away from the villain. Hitting obstacles, on the other hand, slows the player down. Special icons 

can be picked up and thrown at the villain to slow him down. After the child 

completes the first level of the game, a scene of a dramatic escape ensues, and 

a screen pops up to tally the score, which is based on the time remaining, how 

much cereal was collected, and how many special icons remain unused. The 

child is then given a choice to continue to another level, which repeats the first 

except for design of the map and difficulty, or to return to the main screen and 

choose another game.

Another popular activity on websites targeted to young people is the creation of a personal 

character, or avatar. Children can select food to feed their character and personalize a virtual 

“space” for the character. Virtual spaces ranged from a bedroom to a remote tropical island. 

Creation of art work – either online or by downloading pages – is another popular web activity, 

sometimes enabling the child to send finished work to a friend. A marketer of yogurt offered

virtual blocks that enabled children to “build” houses and a virtual jukebox that encouraged children to sing along.

QSRs, particularly those offering children’s meals, also use websites dedicated to children, 

sometimes characterizing them as “Clubs” for kids. Toy premiums offered with children’s meals 

were generally the focus of these sites, with games and activities tied to the current premium. 

Other games focused on athletic activities such as soccer, skateboarding, and racing. Television 

ads could be viewed on websites. Some QSRs offered birthday emails and free or discounted 

meals for kids celebrating a birthday. (For children under 13, parents were generally required

to register.) Codes placed on or in children’s meal packages, or on toy premiums included with 

these meals, could be entered online to redeem prizes – both real and virtual. Activities included 

puzzles, trivia questions, polls (e.g., vote for your favorite flavor), ecards, arts and crafts, and

creating and “shopping” for avatars.

Online marketing for carbonated beverages and snack foods was more often targeted to 

teens than to children under 12. Advergames (some with age restrictions for players) involved 

multiple players, connecting through Facebook and using Skype for voice and video conferencing, and prizes for winners. One marketer of snack foods invited those age 18 and over to submit 
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new ideas for a video game inspired by a snack food. Teens age 13 and older could play the 

games and vote on the semi-finalists and finalists and, in the process, enter a sweepstakes to win

a game console or games (with some of the game prizes restricted to those 17 or older). Voting 

on viewer-created ads was also open to teens. Websites for beverages featured competitions for 

artwork to be used on cans and bottles. Codes on beverage packs or under bottle caps could be 

entered online for prizes or to build points toward acquiring items in a catalog. Late night web

events – including concerts and games – were also a feature of teen-directed promotions.

Websites for sports and energy drinks, generally targeted to teens, featured celebrity athletes 

and rock or hip hop artists, sometimes singing or rapping about a beverage brand. A producer of 

energy drinks, which ties its promotional activities to extreme sports, hosted websites devoted to 

surfing, soapbox racing, air racing, and motor sports, as well as individual athlete endorsers. The

company also produces its own sports video games, which can be downloaded for free through a 

video game console connected to the Internet.

One carbonated drink sponsored a competition to join a group of spokespersons for the 

brand. Other beverage sites offered links to athletes or sports events, training tips, music videos, live concerts, comedy routines, and behind-the-scenes interviews related to new movies. A 

website promoting milk consumption to teens featured celebrities with milk mustaches, an online 

personal trainer program, an online skateboarding game, sweepstakes with prizes tied to celebrity 

athletes, and a contest to produce a music video.

Websites geared to children and teens offered a variety of downloads: trading cards, flash

cards, screen savers, wallpaper, door hangers, logos, “buddy” icons, “emoticons,” instant messaging icons, music, ring tones, iTunes gift cards, coloring and activity sheets, coupons, games, 

videos (including those designed for small screens on mobile devices), and iPhone and other 

mobile device applications. Downloaded icons could also afford the user immediate access to a 

favorite game.

In addition to operating their own websites, the companies included in this study marketed 

foods and beverages to children and teens through other Internet sites popular with young people 

and through the digital devices that are now owned by many pre-teens and teens. Thus, banner ads appeared on sites operated by Nickelodeon, Neopets, Cartoon Network, and Disney, as 

well as on popular game and sports sites, and social media sites such as Facebook, MySpace, 

and Twitter. Companies using celebrity or athlete endorsers in their marketing frequently placed

these individuals in their Internet ads, and users could “click through” to “meet” or obtain further 

information about the endorsers. Banner ads could provide a link to the company website, while 

expanded banner ads were interactive, taking the Internet user directly into a branded game or 

a sweepstakes opportunity. Food and beverage marketers sponsored advergames, “webisodes” 

(part of a web series), videos or other activities featuring their products on third-party websites, 
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including Nicktropolis and Neopets, and also sponsored sessions on game sites, such as WildTangent. Snack food marketers and QSRs sponsored “mash-up” rooms – sites that allow children to 

create their own videos by mixing stock footage – on Cartoon Network and Nickelodeon websites. QSRs placed ads on websites linked to toys offered as premiums with children’s meals. In 

addition to banner ads, companies sponsored pre-roll video ads – that is, the video ads appeared, 

unavoidably, prior to the content the user had selected on a third-party website. Companies 

marketing fruits and carbonated beverages to young people also posted promotional videos on 

YouTube.

Digital marketing to young people on mobile devices has increased with the proliferation of 

these devices, and much of what was formerly available only on a computer has become readily 

available on mobile devices. For example, a candy marketer engaged in a teen-directed promotion whereby words could be typed into a mobile device to view “webisodes,” play games, and 

download ring tones. Mobile ads and email were employed to promote new cookie products 

with an offer of free ring tones. Radio ads for snack chips urged mobile device users to send a 

text to an address that included the word “chips” for a chance to win prizes or receive points toward the purchase of online game content. Downloads offered on company websites sometimes 

included iPhone or other mobile device applications, including those for games and images of 

popular athletes. Promotional video downloads included those specially configured for the small

screens of mobile devices.

c. Viral Marketing, Social Media, and Word-of-Mouth

Much of food and beverage Internet marketing, particularly that directed to teens, now has 

a social media or viral component. Marketers of carbonated and non-carbonated beverages and 

breakfast pastries reported having Facebook and/or MySpace pages, links to WeeWorld, Twitter accounts, or dedicated portions of YouTube where consumers were invited to upload videos. 

Other social media sites used by a few companies included: BuzzFeed, Reddit, Friendfeed, 

Dlisted, PLURK, Gizmodo, Digg, and Del.icio.us.

Website activities promoting crackers, cookies, cereals, fruit snacks, macaroni and cheese, 

lunch kits, prepared meals, beverages, candy, and flavored milk incorporated “invite a friend,”

“send to a friend,” “tell a friend,” “share with a friend,” “warn a friend,” “refer a friend,” or 

“forward to a friend” features or chat functions. The content to be shared with friends included 

photos, videos, artwork created on the website, or product information. Friends could be invited 

to join multi-player advergames. In one snack chip promotion game – described as a hybrid horror advergame and web film directed to teens – players could enlist their friends, through Facebook and Skype, to help them escape a situation of entrapment by yelling into the microphone. 

Marketers also solicited consumer input, including through uploaded videos, on how to alter 

their products or eat them at unusual times or places. A marketer of breakfast toaster pastries, 
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for example, encouraged teens to vote in a flavor tournament on Facebook, MySpace, AddictingGames, and Photobucket, and also to upload photos and videos.

Word-of-mouth activities generally involve the recruitment of a group of consumers – referred to as “ambassadors” or “connectors” – who share promotional messages about brands 

with their peers. Reporting companies recruited mothers of children rather than children directly. 

In 2009, a company that markets lunch kits promoted nearly 1,000 “house parties” targeted to 

mothers and children ages 6-12. The hosting mothers were given coupons for free products and 

invited friends and their children to come to sample the lunches and participate in games. A restaurant encouraged pizza pajama parties by making gift cards available to “mom” bloggers. The 

word-of-mouth technique was more widely directed to teens. A candy company recruited teens

and young adults at concerts to receive “gold cards” that entitled them to free candy products to 

share with others. A seller of sports drinks established a presence at parks and venues for skateboarding and snowboarding to recruit advocates for the brand by giving out sweat bands and 

towels. An energy drink company sent sampling teams in branded vans and buses to distribute 

products at places where teens congregate – beaches, ski venues, sports events, music festivals 

and concerts, summer camps, college fairs, and SAT prep courses.

d. Packaging and In-Store Marketing

Packaging for cereals, snacks, and other prepared foods commonly displayed licensed characters, characters from cross-promoted films, cross-promoted toys, the company’s own spokescharacters, or other cartoon figures. Packaging often directed children to the company website

for advergames, activities, videos, and contests. Cereal boxes provided games on the box itself, 

and those games sometimes produced a code or message to be entered on the website for more 

games or to win prizes. For one cereal brand, the game on the box ended with a code to provide 

“an extra burst of energy” in an online advergame. Some cereal boxes encouraged physical activity – for example, challenging kids to do push-ups and sit-ups during television commercials, 

directing physical movements at certain points in a game, or encouraging participation in athletic 

events sponsored by the company. Other packages promoted nutrition education, for example, 

featuring a game to find nutrients hidden in the picture. Another cereal box suggested ways to

play with the cereal pieces themselves.

Additional features on or in various kinds of food packages included collectible cut-out 

cards; collectible posters; hidden words or messages; stories about featured characters; tokens 

to acquire premiums, such as a Disney camera or games; and DVD discount coupons. In one

instance, cut-out cards from the box could be “brought to life” on the website by using a code 

inside the package. One box could be assembled into a rocket when emptied, while another box 

claimed that an image would “appear” if the child stared at the box.
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Packaging frequently promoted contests or sweepstakes, usually entered via the website

with a code provided on or in the box, and prizes often included cash cards. Lunch kit packaging 

encouraged children to submit a “creative” entry about being an action hero or an artist to win a 

prize of a family vacation in Orlando. Other contests offered the opportunity to attend a sports 

camp with professional athletes or a trip to an animal park.

Packaging promoted limited edition foods, such as pasta in Halloween shapes, dinosaur 

chicken nuggets, basketball crackers, cereal in bat and baseball or football shapes, and cereal that 

turned milk green for Halloween. Holiday theme packaging – particularly for Halloween and 

Christmas – was used for various kinds of packaged foods and drinks. One carbonated beverage 

can portrayed ghosts that changed color when the can was chilled.

QSR children’s meal packaging and point-of-sale materials portrayed the current toy premiums and/or film cross-promotions, as well as trivia, games, and activities. A celebrity singing

group was featured in one instance to promote a healthy option menu item for children’s meals. 

Packaging for fruits and vegetables featured Big Bird and other Sesame Street characters, while 

Disney characters were used for packages and store displays of bagged or bulk produce. Vegetables with dips, cheese, or pretzels were sold in a container shaped like Mickey Mouse’s head.

Carbonated beverage packaging tended to be directed to teenagers, featuring video game 

promotions and various contests. One soft drink, for example, offered a sweepstakes to win athletic gear and clothing, as well as a contest to create art work for cans and bottles with winning 

entries to appear on limited edition containers. Another had codes under caps, whereby teens 

could win scholarships. Packaging for energy drinks featured athletes, including snowboarders, 

ski racers, and BMX riders. One energy drink pack instructed consumers to enter a code online 

and hold the drink pack up to a webcam to activate a video clip of a ski racer. Carbonated beverage cans or neck hangers on bottles offered discounts for amusement and theme parks, fairs, 

museums, zoos, and athletic events. Special cups were created for the sale of beverages in some 

of these venues. Packages of a snack chip marketed to teens promoted video game tournaments 

and competitions and late night website concerts. Teens 13 and older were encouraged to vote 

on consumer-generated ads and video games, as well as on athletes to be featured on limited edition packages. Packaging for various candies promoted sweepstakes to teens, with prizes of cash 

or cell phone service.

In-store marketing tended to track promotions on packaging – highlighting current premium 

offers, cross-promotions, or contests and sweepstakes. QSRs displayed posters depicting current toy premiums or cross-promoted movies. A seller of macaroni and cheese partnered with a 

store chain to select a child to be featured on packages. Foods that might be included in school 

lunches were promoted with back-to-school displays featuring school bus or soccer images. 

Store displays also provided information about programs whereby consumer purchases of certain 
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products could raise money or provide supplies for local schools. Energy and sports drink and 

carbonated beverage displays featured pictures of athletes or promoted various kinds of athletic 

opportunities for young people. Beverage companies sponsored store events to meet and greet 

professional athletes, and one store chain co-sponsored a contest for children to bring an athlete 

to school. Another chain co-sponsored back-to-school party events with prizes for kids, rock 

band contests, and school supply give-a-ways.

e. Premiums

Premiums continued to be a common feature of food marketing to children and teens. They 

were found in food packages, served with QSR children’s meals, available with redemption of 

tokens found in or on packages or other proof of purchase, or awarded as prizes in contests or 

sweepstakes. They ranged from trinkets or small toys to prizes of cash or expensive products 

such as video game consoles. Beverage companies offered points with purchases (using codes 

under bottle caps, for example) that could be accumulated and redeemed for merchandise from 

an online catalog. Individuals could also donate their points to schools, which could redeem 

them for classroom supplies or athletic equipment. Recipient schools could then enter to win

prizes, such as a private film screening or a new playground.

In 2009, premiums included Disney mini dolls and cameras and a wide variety of Star Trek

merchandise, including dinner plates, movie passes, flash-drive wristbands/bracelets, T-shirts,

and badges. Other items included cereal-to-go cups; beverage cups and sippy cups; alarm 

clocks; cash cards; children’s books and audiobooks; toy cookware sets; costumes based on 

brand spokescharacters; Lego toys; NASCAR toy race cars and other model cars; Shrek squirters and highlighters; pencil toppers; T-shirt iron-ons; stickers; tattoos; fortunes (printed on fruit 

snacks); music downloads; ring tones; horoscopes; discounted DVDs and movie-related merchandise; children’s magazines; T-shirts with various logos, such as Little League teams; soccer 

jerseys; soccer balls; sweat bands; towels; frisbees; basketballs and hoop stands; water bottles; 

key chains; whistles and noisemakers; backpacks; trading cards; flash cards; flash drives; magnets; stuffed animals; Halloween trick-or-treat bags; coloring and activity books; “fan-zines” (in 

connection with movie promotions); free food rewards for reading programs; discounts for theme 

and amusement parks; discounts for electronic games; school supplies; free birthday meals at 

QSRs; and numerous small toys and games – many connected to current movies – packaged with 

QSR children’s meals. Downloadable items – available for free or with a code obtained on or in 

a product package – included desktop “buddy” icons, e-cards, wallpaper, screen savers, games, 

activities, printable images, bookmarks, door hangers, videos, behind-the-scenes interviews from 

new movies, and iPhone and other mobile device applications.

Contests and sweepstakes could usually be entered online. Sometimes “instant win” cards 

or codes were provided in product packaging. In a few instances, contest entrants were required
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to create something, such as writing an essay or making a video. Prizes awarded in contests or 

sweepstakes in 2009 included family vacations (e.g., SeaWorld, San Diego, Hollywood, Orlando, 

Boston, Alaska, Las Vegas, the Caribbean, and an “adventure” cruise); trips to sports events 

(such as the NBA All-Star game), celebrity concerts, or live television shows; meeting television 

stars; autographed movie props; laptop computers; gift or debit cards; cash – up to $1,000,000; 

$10,000 scholarships; hybrid cars; camcorders; bicycles; skateboards; snowboard equipment;

scooters; inline skates; other athletic gear and apparel; Super Bowl tickets; a baseball skills 

program for children; admission to video game tournaments; a museum sleep-over; dinosaur 

blankets; SeaWorld-themed beach towels, T-shirts, and beach bags; flat screen televisions; iPods;

Kindles; video game consoles, such as Nintendo Wii, PlayStation, and Xbox, as well as game 

software; a video game party; music downloads; a year’s worth of movie tickets; a movie screening party in the winner’s home town; a rock band party; a year’s worth of candy or snacks; cell 

phones with pre-paid minutes; opportunities to appear in future advertisements or promotions; an 

MTV award in a music video competition; sports camps or clinics; and opportunities for children 

to participate in professional sports events as a “sideline kid,” “ball delivery kid,” or “kick-off 

kid,” or to meet players or take a player to school.

f. Events and Athletic Sponsorships

Promotional activities geared to children and teens were conducted through a variety of 

events and venues – particularly athletic ones. A number of companies, including producers of 

cereal and snack crackers, sponsored events or activities to increase health and fitness among

children of all ages. One cereal company, for example, used its popular mascot for a multifocused campaign to encourage kids to get physically fit, eat right, and work hard. Star athletes

teamed with the mascot in a “Tips from the Pros” program focused on sports activities. Young 

people were challenged to complete various physical activity accomplishments and earn rewards. 

The company also sponsored the NFL Play 60, a youth fitness campaign in which contestants

pledged to be active for 60 minutes each day. Prizes included a trip for the winner and family to 

the Super Bowl, and the winner was pictured on cereal boxes. In addition, the company sponsored Girls on the Run, a program encouraging young girls to run, as well as soccer and Little 

League events. At these events, the company provided on-site children’s games and activities, 

as well as souvenirs and photo opportunities with the mascot. A marketer of snack crackers used 

its website to encourage kids to find games to play in the backyard. Children 6-12 could submit

ideas for games and vote on the submissions, with finalists having an opportunity to go to the

NBA All-Star Jam Session. The company also co-sponsored an NBA basketball skills competition for children ages 7 to 12.

Marketers of cereal, snack foods, beverages, lunch kits, baked goods, and candy sponsored 

Little League baseball and a Little League World Series; baseball camps, clinics and training 
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academies; basketball, hockey and football camps; Special Olympics training camps; NCAA 

camps; summer training programs where high school and college teams practiced together; 

weeks at action sports and gymnastics camps; events for children at minor league baseball parks; 

youth soccer tournaments, clinics and other soccer programs for children and teens; beach soccer 

youth tournaments; youth hockey and skating training rinks; golf youth events; NFL Punt, Pass 

& Kick Competitions (for boys and girls ages 6 to 15); MLB Pitch, Hit & Run Skills Programs 

(for children ages 7 to 14); high school athlete and player of the year awards; dads and kids 

football at local parks; the YMCA Healthy Kids Day; Boys and Girls Clubs events; workshops 

on healthy eating; a healthy kids fair and safety expo; video game events; paintball events; and 

special children’s events at Disney World. Beverage bottlers sponsored numerous high school 

or other teen athletic teams. In general, sponsorship involves branded signs, banners, or scoreboards, and sometimes branded merchandise or equipment and product samples.

QSRs sponsored All-American High School Girls and Boys Basketball Games; three-onthree basketball tournaments; soccer clinics for children; soccer exhibitions; kids’ relay races and 

triathalons; a family pavilion at Asian Pacific American Festivals around the country; an essay

contest for 10 winners (ages 7 to 11) to attend the Vancouver Winter Olympics; concerts and music events; a Little League World Series; and the MTV Video Music Awards. One QSR brought 

a mobile kitchen to local events, where it sponsored games, activities, live entertainment, and 

prizes. In partnership with a packaged food company, the restaurant also sponsored a “Play With 

Your Food Tour” at shopping malls to increase awareness of healthier kids’ meal options. Another QSR joined with Nickelodeon to sponsor a Worldwide Day of Play; Nickelodeon suspended 

its programming for three hours in the middle of the day and encouraged children to go outdoors 

to play.

Some companies, including QSRs and beverage companies, sponsored events for young 

people in connection with their sponsorship of professional sports teams, games, or stadiums. 

For example, in connection with World Cup Soccer, a QSR sponsored a player escort program, 

where children escorted players onto the field, as well as a week-long soccer program for teenage

girls. Another QSR and a beverage company sponsored various activities in the grassy area outside of a major league soccer stadium; these included high school soccer games and youth soccer 

tournaments, community events, concerts, and a lacrosse tournament for high school and college 

students. A water bottler sponsored pre-game events where children could make signs to cheer 

on their favorite players. In a “Steal 3rd” event during professional baseball games, a child was 

given 25 seconds to run to third base, steal it, and bring it to home plate. Beverage companies 

sponsored a Ball Delivery Boy/Girl at professional basketball games; a “Kids’ Zone” in a basketball arena to give children drill experience during home games; a Bat Boy/Girl for the first three

innings of baseball games; a “Kick-Off Kid” or “Honorary Coin Toss Kid” for football games; 
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and a “Stick Kid” for hockey games. Some of these activities were directed to children of lower 

income families. A beverage company also sponsored a fan club – for children 13 and younger – 

for a major league baseball team. The child fans received ticket vouchers, a birthday card from 

the team mascot, and invitations to events to meet players.

Action sports and extreme sports, such as snowboarding, freeskiing, skateboarding, inline 

skating, surfing, wakeboarding, base jumping, motocross racing, BMX biking, and bicycle stunts

were sponsored by snack foods, QSRs, and beverages, particularly energy drinks, in marketing 

campaigns directed to teens and young adults. Amateur sports events, as well as art and music 

entertainment, were also sponsored in connection with these action sports competitions. Many 

of these events included both product and premium distribution. Individual snowboarders, skateboarders, surfers, and BMX athletes were sponsored by sellers of snack foods and carbonated 

beverages, especially energy drinks. They wore branded clothing or used branded equipment,

and sometimes appeared in television advertisements for the sponsor’s product.

A marketer of toaster pastries conducted a summer tour – targeted at teens – with a traveling 

improvisational group in a “wrapped” mobile van.147 Samples were given away and teens could 

interact with the improv players and enact character roles on video. Carbonated beverage companies conducted sampling events directed to teens, sent a teen correspondent to the American 

Music Awards, and provided entertainment at Hispanic festival events. A juice drink company 

sponsored “Hip Hop Stops” at major local events and youth recreation centers during a 14-week 

cross-country tour.

Food companies conducted promotions at local fairs, festivals, music events, and theme 

parks. A cereal company, for example, provided branded tabletop games, trampoline and bungee jumping, a digital video interaction that turned kids into Beeboy, and product sampling. A 

marketer of lunch kits created an adventure studio, where kids could create a sports video, scale a 

climbing wall, or enter a pizza toss game. Various product spokescharacters appeared at public festivals, sometimes offering children opportunities to be photographed with them. Sesame 

Street’s Cookie Monster appeared at a cycling race to promote strawberries and healthy eating 

to kids. Candy companies sponsored Easter egg hunts, Halloween events, Girl Scout events, 

concert tours, and outdoor advertising at Six Flags Amusement Parks. A fruit producer sponsored outdoor family movie nights, as well as cabanas at family events in major markets, where 

it distributed samples and promotional items.

g. Celebrity Endorsements

Food and beverage companies sometimes used celebrity athletes, singers, musical groups, 

and actors to appear in advertisements, on packages, or at promotional events for their products. 

This promotional technique was often directed toward teens and older children, or “tweens.” 

Basketball player Dwyane Wade appeared on packages of basketball-shaped crackers, encourag-
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ing everyone to “get active.” Olympic Gymnast Shawn Johnson and BMX racer Dennis Enarson appeared in television and online ads, and in person at local events, promoting lunch kits. 

Shawn Johnson also appeared at events promoting a QSR and served as the QSR spokesperson 

for a program to give selected children an opportunity to attend the Olympics. A cookie marketer promoted the opportunity to “meet” the Williams sisters (tennis stars Venus and Serena) 

and the Manning brothers (football stars Peyton and Eli) through branded advergames. Various 

extreme or action sports athletes appeared in advertisements for energy drinks. Other carbonated beverages were promoted by snowboarder Danny David, skateboarder Paul Rodriguez, pair 

skater Keauna McLaughlin, and basketball star LeBron James. James appeared at events held in 

conjunction with the Boys and Girls Clubs, and presented scholarships during the weekend of the 

NBA All-Stars game.

Celebrities from the entertainment world were less prevalent in 2009 than athletic endorsers. 

However, a few made appearances in promotions targeting young people. The Jonas Brothers 

Band – which was featured in 2009 in both a concert tour and a movie – appeared in television, radio, and Internet ads for cheese slices; a free download of their music was available by 

purchasing the product. In addition, the band promoted a healthy option offered by a QSR for 

its children’s meals. Another QSR utilized the rock band Boys Like Girls to promote ice cream 

cones. Reverend Run, star of an MTV reality program titled Run’s House, served as the ambassador for a beverage product’s participation in the KaBOOM initiative to build playgrounds. A 

candy company sent purple cards to various celebrities, encouraging them to order free products 

to share with others. Another candy maker featured popular teen singers Clique Girlz and Tiffany Giardina for television, print, and Internet advertising. Finally, Disney channel stars Dylan 

and Cole Sprouse promoted yogurt products, while various music, film, and athlete celebrities

– including Chauncey Billups, Chris Brown, Demi Lovato, Diana Taurasi, Jordin Sparks, Taylor 

Swift, and Ryan Sheckler – appeared in milk mustache ads to encourage milk consumption.

h. Print and Radio Advertising

Food and beverage companies continue to use these traditional media to market to children 

and teens, though not extensively. Cereal companies used both print and radio advertising to 

promote physical fitness programs for children and teens, as well as to promote cash sweepstakes. Cereal radio ads also promoted advergames or other features of company websites. 

Radio Disney ads promoted yogurt – with the help of SpongeBob – as well as soup. The Jonas 

Brothers were featured on radio ads for processed cheese, with the ad directing listeners to a food 

company website to download their music.

A print advertisement for fruit snacks shaped like Spiderman appeared in Marvel Comics. 

Ads in Nickelodeon Magazine promoted contests and websites for lunch kits and a fruit drink. 

Print ads for a snack cracker directed children to the Nicktropolis website for games and mash-
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ups. The same product also used a cover wrap for Sports Illustrated Kids that described an 

opportunity to win a trip to the NBA All-Star event. In other print ads, athlete Dwyane Wade, 

celebrity endorser for the snack cracker, urged children to get outside and play. Ads for a frozen 

treat, and its cross-promoted movie, Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs, appeared in National Geographic Kids magazine, while a cover wrap for the magazine promoted children’s meals and toy 

premiums at a QSR. Ads for bananas appeared in a Boy Scout publication.

Ads in magazines that appeal to “tweens” and teens, including ESPN, M, J14, Twist, Game 

Informer, Thrasher (a skateboarding magazine), and other action sports publications, promoted 

pizza products, candy, and beverages. Print ads for milk displayed “milk mustache” photos of 

actors, athletes, and musicians popular with teens. A print ad for snack chips promoted a company website advergame for teens. Other forms of print advertising included posters or flyers

promoting local sponsored events; yearbook ads placed by beverage bottlers; and direct mail 

campaigns from marketers of sports drinks to high school athletic coaches and trainers, emphasizing the importance of hydration for athletes.

Radio ads directed to teens were predominantly for carbonated and non-carbonated beverages, including sports and energy drinks. Many radio ads were broadcast in both English and 

Spanish. Ad messages included story variations on fairy tales, cross-promotion with the Rock 

Band video game, tips on how to impress a girl, downloads available on company websites, and 

promotions of local sports events sponsored by beverage companies. Radio ads for snack chips 

encouraged listeners to text the word “blast” to “chips” to enter a contest.

i. Product Placements; Ads in Movie Theaters, Videos, or Video Games

Food and beverage products were sometimes integrated into the storylines of movies or 

television programs appealing to children or teens or both. This was accomplished by showing a 

character eating or drinking the product, displaying the relevant package or container, or – in the 

case of a QSR – having a screen shot of the restaurant or its sign. The vast majority of placements were for carbonated or non-carbonated beverages.

Placements reported in movies rated PG or PG-13148 included 17 Again (cereal, baked 

goods, snack bars), 2012 (carbonated beverage), The A Team (QSR), Aliens in the Attic (carbonated beverage), The Blind Side (carbonated and non-carbonated beverages), The Curious Case 

of Benjamin Button (cereal), Dance Flick (carbonated beverage), Fame (carbonated beverage, 

bottled water), Fired Up (non-carbonated beverage), Forever Strong (non-carbonated beverage), 

Hotel for Dogs (cereal), I Love You Beth Cooper (carbonated beverage), The Invention of Lying

(QSR), Knowing (cereal), Land of the Lost (QSR), Old Dogs (baked goods), The Open Road

(non-carbonated beverage), Post Grad (carbonated beverage), The Stepfather (carbonated beverage, bottled water), Surrogates (carbonated beverage), Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen
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(carbonated beverage), Twilight Saga New Moon (carbonated beverage, fruit juice), and Whip It

(carbonated beverage). No product placements in G-rated movies were reported.

Carbonated beverage placements were reported as teen-directed for the following television 

programs: The Big Bang Theory, Celebrity Apprentice, Daisy of Love, Dexter, Entourage, The 

Hills, How I Met Your Mother, and Weeds. Bottled water was placed in From G’s to Gents; cereal was placed in Head Case; and QSR food containers appeared in Crash. Chocolate milk was 

integrated into webisodes of The Ride, a web series about eight high school quarterbacks competing for a spot on the U.S. Army All American Team. In addition, cookie placement occurred 

in teen-directed “featurettes” on the TV Guide Channel.

Food and beverage advertising prior to a feature film in movie theaters or on DVDs is another technique used to promote products to children and teens, as well as to general audiences. 

According to the food companies, movie theater chains have discretion in selecting the films

before which advertisements are placed. Therefore, companies could not list the movies with 

which their ads appeared. However, they could report on the ads that were created to appeal to 

children or teens.

Several cereal companies used child- or teen-directed movie theater ads to promote certain 

brands. In one such ad – a take-off on Alfred Hitchcock’s Psycho – zombies came after a female 

cereal nugget taking a shower. Another movie theater cereal ad was done in the style of a film

preview, featuring a car chase followed by an announcement that something new with the brand 

would be happening soon. A third cereal brand used a movie theater ad to promote the “Sleepover at the Smithsonian” contest in connection with Night at the Museum. A producer of snack 

chips used a cinema ad to promote its advergame. Other movie theater ads were reported by a 

candy company. In addition, an energy drink company that sponsors action and extreme sporting events produces and sells its own DVDs that feature its sponsored athletes and events and 

include teen-directed product promotion.

Food and drink products also were incorporated into a few online or console-based thirdparty video games.149 Most of these placements were reported as teen directed, although a few 

were directed to both children and teens. Carbonated beverage signs, bottles, or cans were 

placed in the DJ Hero and Guitar Hero games. Fruit drinks appeared in a shopping cart in Rabbids Go Home, while sports drinks were displayed in a basketball video game. Signs promoting 

candy, a QSR, and a pizza product were placed on the ski slopes a player must navigate in the 

Shaun White Snowboarding video game, and a candy-branded snowboard and parka were offered 

as rewards for this game.

j. Philanthropic

Companies were asked to report on branded materials used in conjunction with donations to 

non-profit organizations, programs, or events. Many of these philanthropic activities involved
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efforts to encourage children and teens to engage in physical activities or promoted messages 

about healthy diets. A cereal company, for example, sponsored renovations of athletic fields,

while another packaged food company participated with KaBOOM to sponsor community-built 

playgrounds. Another cereal company contributed to a project to protect endangered animals. 

Advergames on the company website were tied to this theme, and by playing the games, children 

could help decide where the money would go. Other philanthropic activities that used branded 

signs or program materials included sponsorship of children’s theater productions, exhibits at 

a museum or aquarium, literacy programs, Boys and Girls Clubs of America, Big Brothers/Big

Sisters, Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, Junior Achievement, after-school tutoring programs, holiday 

toy distribution, school supplies for children from low-income families, and donations of food to 

camps and other summer programs or family events.

Many athletic programs were the recipient of company donations – including soccer programs, Special Olympics, YMCA programs, Girls in the Game, ski racing competitions, and 

dance programs. One sports beverage company participated in an anti-hunger program by recruiting teen athletes to collect food donations from family and friends.

Other companies honored teens for community projects or helping others, awarded scholarships or other recognition to high school scholars and athletes, and sponsored events to raise 

money for childhood diseases. A QSR and a packaged food company partnered in a Feeding 

America project in connection with the film Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs. Web games and 

other activities were tied to the charitable initiative. Fruit and vegetable companies participated 

in Produce for Kids, an initiative to support the Children’s Miracle Network and provide educational materials for kids on the benefits of eating fruits and vegetables. Branded materials in

connection with Produce for Kids appeared both in retail stores and online.

k. In-School Marketing

Advertising or promotional activities in or around schools – including pre-schools and 

elementary, middle, and high schools – were included in this category of marketing activities. 

QSRs and other companies participated in school reading programs, whereby elementary school 

children were rewarded with coupons for food (including pizza and dessert treats) for reading a 

certain number of books. Another restaurant rewarded honor students with children’s meals. A 

candy company sponsored the Reading Is Fundamental program, with distribution to schools of 

books with branded book plates.

Food and/or drinks were provided to high school events by companies including a QSR and 

a baked goods producer. A fresh fruit grower gave samples to elementary schools. Various companies provided nutrition information for use in schools. For example, a QSR supplied branded 

posters describing the “Go/Slow/Whoa” foods,150 as well as “Random Acts of Fitness” kits with 
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activity calendars, stickers, and posters. A spokesperson for the restaurant made school appearances to promote physical fitness and healthy eating.

Another QSR partnered with the National Association for Sport and Physical Education to 

promote physical activity to elementary school children. A Latino music program and other Latino festival events in schools were sponsored by both a QSR and a packaged food company. 

QSRs gave college scholarships and cash grants to schools. Fundraisers for schools, whereby schools received a percentage of proceeds on a particular day or evening, were also sponsored 

by QSRs. Other companies afforded parents and children the opportunity to redeem product 

labels or otherwise build points toward books or classroom supplies.

School vending machines displayed names and logos for flavored milk, juice, water, carbonated beverages, and sports drinks. Banners and posters to promote milk consumption, including 

the Milk Mustache ads, were placed in high schools. Beverage bottlers sponsored scoreboards, 

yearbooks, and athletic programs; distributed branded classroom calendars, signs and banners 

for gymnasiums, as well as discount coupons for adventure parks; and supported athletic teams, 

booster clubs, and bands. One bottler sponsored an essay contest, with the winning high school 

awarded the services of a professional football player as coach for a day. Sports drink samples 

were made available for high school athletic practices, together with hydration information and 

branded coolers, water bottles, cups, ice chests, towels, table covers, and staff apparel. Other 

food companies also provided support for high school athletic programs, including branded 

equipment for sports teams, as well as support for booster clubs and bands. A candy company

sponsored a safe driving program for high school students.

C. Market Research on Youth Audiences

The Special Order asked companies whether they had sponsored, conducted, or commissioned any marketing research studies regarding the appeal of particular advertising or promotional techniques to children and teens. About half of the companies reported that they had done

so.151 Generally speaking, these companies used an array of methods – including focus groups, 

online surveys, mall intercepts, and other in-person interviews – to determine the appeal of both 

specific ad campaigns and general promotional techniques. Most, if not all, of the research was

qualitative rather than quantitative, but many companies nonetheless indicated that they used the

results in making decisions about advertising. In addition, some companies conducted consumer 

profile research to better understand the needs and behaviors of their target consumer, and collected general consumer research, such as media usage rates for children and teens, that might 

bear on advertising strategies.

One theme that emerged from the research was that children play an important role in 

purchasing decisions when it comes to food and beverages. Some general research noted a shift 
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in family buying habits away from mothers as the decision-makers toward more collaborative 

family decision-making. More specific research indicated that purchase of a particular product,

or the choice to eat at a particular quick-service restaurant, was often driven by a child’s request. 

For example, one company’s research indicated that a child seeing an advertisement or seeing the 

product on the shelf was a key factor in purchase: 75% of purchasers surveyed said they bought 

the product for the first time primarily because their child requested it. Along similar lines,

another company submitted research showing that in-store advertising programs using childtargeted character-based themes outperformed those using mom-targeted themes, and childtargeted television ads were more effective than mom-targeted campaigns. Yet another company 

found that children are most influential in the purchase decisions for snacks. These findings are

relevant in light of other research submitted showing that for children, good commercials and 

websites are the key drivers of food appeal.

1. Brand Awareness and General Advertising Appeal

A number of the reporting companies conducted general research testing brand equity, brand

awareness and awareness of particular ad campaigns, as well as whether particular advertising campaigns appealed to, and drove an intent to purchase, among children and teens. Several 

themes emerged from this research.

Among children, uniqueness and humor seemed to be the most appealing characteristics in

the advertisements tested. For example, children liked the idea of being the first to have a new

food item or product. They also favored ads that were fun and funny, as well as ads featuring 

words such as “cool” and other fun language, or friendly, fun, and “cool” characters. Similarly, 

ads that were “exciting” and “different” grabbed children’s attention and drove purchase intent. 

Children also enjoyed ads with captivating or compelling storylines, and ads that tapped into 

their creativity, or involved competition. Younger children particularly liked super heroes and 

action. Children also favored ads featuring “real” kids engaged in “real” activities, such as dancing and playing games. This technique created believability, so long as the children depicted

were “cool,” fun, or someone with whom the viewers would want to “hang out.” Longer ads 

seemed to be more effective with children.152

For older children and tweens, action, humor, energy, and competitive fun were well liked in 

advertising. For example, research conducted for one company showed that kids were engaged 

by ads featuring skillful athletic acts such as diving catches and basketball players dribbling 

between their legs. Tween audiences also responded positively to messages about reaching for 

one’s goals and striving to achieve one’s personal best.

Among teens, research showed that the “uniqueness” of an ad or of a new product or variety

contributed to both recall and purchase intent. Ads employing the concepts of imagination and 

the imaginary world were also highly compelling. Consistent with the research regarding young-
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er children, some research on teens showed that they prefer products and advertising that are fun 

and “cool.” They also respond to ads that trigger their emotions.

2.	 Specific Marketing and Promotional Techniques

In addition to general research on appealing themes and content for advertising, the companies submitted research on particular advertising techniques.

Product packaging: Product packaging was one of the primary promotional techniques that

companies studied, and the research indicated that packaging is important to children and teens. 

One company found, for example, that teens preferred packaging that was consistent with the underlying product, such as by reflecting or matching its taste. Another marketer found that teens

preferred designs consistent with, or reminiscent of, the familiar, classic designs for the products 

at issue.153 Branding on packaging also matters: proposed new packaging that lacked branded 

labels did not test well with kids in one study, while other research indicated that teens rely heavily on branding as a means of expressing who they are.

Graphics are key to brand identification for many tweens, according to research by one marketer. Not surprisingly, some companies focused research on the graphic and aesthetic aspects of 

packaging. One non-carbonated beverage company testing redesigned packaging found that eyecatching colors and shapes were most appealing to kids, as were designs that conveyed “energy,” 

“fun,” and imagination, or had a “story” behind them. Similarly, a packaged food company 

found that kids liked designs that grabbed their attention and allowed them to see the product 

through the packaging. By contrast, packaging that was perceived as “plain,” “ordinary,” “boring,” or not “cool,” was not appealing. Boys in one study were especially drawn to labels featuring a super hero or comic-book elements, as well as sports themes or similar depictions.

Companies also tested potential new shapes for product packaging, to determine what would 

appeal to children and teens, including new beverage bottle design, various packaging options for 

a drinkable product, and packaging for new snack products in different shapes and sizes. Kids 

were drawn to packaging that they considered “cool” and fun.

Children also preferred packaging that was age appropriate or even geared toward slightly 

older kids. For example, elementary school children in one set of focus groups viewed certain 

beverage packaging designs as too “babyish” or better suited for younger children, and therefore 

not appealing. By contrast, some of the children were drawn to “sleek” and “sporty” designs that 

looked like they were intended for older kids. Comparable findings appeared in research submitted by other companies.

Characters and celebrities in advertising: Another promotional technique that many

companies studied is the use of popular characters and celebrities in advertising. Overall, the 

research submitted was consistent with previous research and common knowledge that this technique can be very effective with child and teen audiences.
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With respect to celebrities, one marketer found that using athletes and celebrities in advertising had a strong impact on awareness and ad recall. The effect appeared to be somewhat stronger for younger children, who seemed to be more impressed with athletes and celebrities than 

were older children, but the effect was pronounced for both groups. Other research showed that 

the use of superstars in advertising was appealing to teens. Still other research confirmed that the

use of celebrities enhanced product appeal, but also found that the appeal varied based on which 

celebrity was used and whether the target audience was boys or girls.

Several companies also examined the appeal and efficacy of popular characters in advertising directed to children and teens. Some of these characters were associated with a particular 

brand and/or product being advertised – so-called “spokescharacters” – while others were thirdparty characters from popular television shows or movies. As with celebrities, the research 

affirmed that using familiar and popular characters in advertising generates strong appeal if

the characters are well-liked; conversely, use of characters or tie-ins with programs that are not 

well-liked can have a negative impact on advertising appeal.154 Kids who responded positively to 

company spokescharacters indicated they liked that the characters were fun, nice, silly, friendly, 

and “cool.” Notably, kids often view a company spokesperson as synonymous with the brand or 

product promoted.

Website advertising: Several companies conducted research relating to website advertising, 

including company-owned websites and advertising on third-party sites. As noted in Section 

II above, the reporting companies spent substantially more on new media advertising directed 

to youth – including company websites and other Internet advertising – in 2009 than they did 

in 2006. According to information submitted by one company, online activities are worthy 

investments because they facilitate children’s engagement with the company over time, which 

(presumably) contributes to brand loyalty. Other research was consistent with this view, indicating, for example, that child-themed websites (such as those for television channels directed to 

children) should be used for advertising because they are frequently visited by the company’s

consumers. One company also tested an interactive branded website, targeting teens, that was 

designed to increase brand awareness and purchase intent among brand loyalists.

A number of companies tested new ideas for their websites to determine what would appeal 

to children and teens and why. Testing by one marketer, for example, revealed that girls and 

boys ages 9 to 11 liked the current website because it was age appropriate, required skill, and had

“cool” graphics. Kids also like online games, but only if they win often enough. Other testing 

indicated that “new” ideas on websites need to be constantly updated to ensure that kids do not 

get bored seeing the same content each time they visit the site. For teens, streaming video and 

interactive icons were found to be particularly effective tools for generating further engagement 

with one company website.
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Social media: A few companies submitted research materials touching on the use of social 

media in advertising. For example, a candy company sought to determine who follows candy 

on Facebook, and what the rates were among boys and girls of various ages. Another marketer, 

seeking to increase purchase intent among older teens, leveraged a social networking site by partnering on a concert series to engage the brand with music fans. Yet another beverage marketer 

examined the appeal of mobile applications and the use of Twitter for teens.

Contests and promotions: Contests and promotions are another common marketing technique used to target youth. Company research demonstrated that, for both children and teens,

two key aspects of a contest were the odds of winning and the ease of participation. Promotions 

that were simple and easy to access, or offered instant gratification, such as using a code to play a

game online, were appealing to kids, as were easily attainable prizes. Similarly, teens in one survey indicated that they preferred contests that entailed meaningful but easy action on their part. 

One beverage marketer found that an under-the-cap prize program – whereby consumers texted a 

code found on the underside of the bottle cap – was very popular among teens.

Companies also explored what specific themes, prizes, and other characteristics make

contests or promotions appealing to youth. Research from one company indicated that children 

favored promotions that were “unique” and “fun,” and whose theme generated “creative excitement.” By contrast, an online sweepstakes involving an unfamiliar celebrity was not appealing 

to kids. Promotions involving in-box prizes and mail-in offers both appealed to children. Movie 

passes and cash cards also generated high appeal among children and teens, as well as their parents. Teens also liked contests that allowed them to select their own prizes.

Other promotional techniques: Research on other promotional techniques indicated,

among other things, that providing a toy with a children’s meal continues to be very popular 

among children (and mothers) and is inherently likely to generate interest in eating at the restaurant. Another marketer found that certain kinds of advertising in shopping malls, known as 

“mallscapes” and “backlits,” as well as “wild postings” (advertising in urban locations), were 

effective in increasing recall of overall ad campaigns among teens and young adults, positively 

affected brand favorability and purchase intent, and increased word-of-mouth recommendations. Another company found that word-of-mouth marketing for a new product increased brand 

awareness and likelihood of purchase.

Healthy messages in advertising: Several companies submitted research relating to the 

use of healthy messages in advertising, some of which suggested that such messages can be 

appealing to children. For example, in focus group testing by a beverage marketer, some elementary school aged boys thought an “Immunity” version of a familiar product was appealing; 

by contrast, some older girls were skeptical that food products could provide the health benefit. 

Another company found that some children were interested in the health benefits of the “real
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fruit” contained in one product. Similarly, some teens who were asked about packaging claims 

indicated that they liked the idea of a candy containing real fruit juice. Other research suggested 

a more tempered view, however. One snack food company found that for kids, a food that appears to be “healthy” is not necessarily appealing. Although not wholly consistent, these results 

contrast somewhat with research submitted for the Commission’s 2008 report, which suggested 

that children and teens generally did not find appealing advertising that implied that a product is

healthy or nutritious.155

3.	 Other Consumer Research

In addition to exploring the appeal of specific promotional techniques, a number of companies also conducted consumer profile research to better understand their consumers. Some

companies sought to determine which demographic groups found their products most appealing, 

such as boys or girls, their age range, and where they lived (e.g., rural versus urban areas).

Other companies examined specific demographic groups more in depth. One company

looked at teen spending habits, and found that food is the most common item purchased. A snack 

food company surveyed teen (and young adult) male video gamers – a core demographic for the 

product at issue – and sought to determine when gamers typically snack. Other research looked 

at teens’ snacking needs and habits generally, including what types of snacks are most popular 

(fast foods, frozen foods, ice cream) and what factors affect choice of snacks (convenience, ease 

of preparation, degree of hunger). One general finding about consumers’ overall snacking behaviors was the importance of branding as an assurance of quality and taste.

Several companies also submitted research regarding media usage by children and teens – 

including print, audio, and online – and the implications for advertising strategy. For example, 

one company provided research indicating that tweens spend the most time with media – even 

more than teens – and that most of that time is spent watching screens. This research also indicated that boys between ages 8 and 18 spend more time with media than girls in that age range, 

primarily because they play more video games. Other findings concluded that the use of audio

increases as children get older, and that girls listen to music more than boys.

According to some of the research, older kids spend significant time on social networking

sites and video sites (such as YouTube). One notable statistic was that children’s use of social 

networking sites jumps substantially between the ages of 11 and 14 – from 18% to 42% – and 

that girls spend more time on such sites than boys. Another company submitted Nielsen statistics 

about American teenagers’ typical daily media consumption – including the amount of time spent 

watching television, using the computer, sending or receiving text messages, and playing console 

games.
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Research also indicated that younger kids like to visit websites associated with popular 

television shows, where they can play games or watch episodes, and they also like to visit virtual 

world sites.

4. Research Targeting Sub-Populations

Finally, several companies submitted research that addressed specific sub-populations of

consumers, such as Hispanic and African-American youth. Some of the research was general in 

nature. One marketer, for example, looked at purchasing patterns among Hispanic consumers 

and identified families with children as accounting for the biggest growth in sales for that company. This research also observed that Hispanic children are the primary drivers of acculturation 

within their families and are reached effectively through a typical kids’ media buy. Similarly, 

another company researched consumption patterns for some of its child-targeted food products, 

including among Hispanic consumers. A snack food company interviewed Hispanic teens, 

among others, to discern what drives their purchase and consumption of a particular product line.

Other companies examined the appeal of specific advertising campaigns or promotional

techniques among sub-populations. For example, a beverage marketer tested potential new packaging on Hispanic teen males, among other groups, and a snack food company conducted focus 

groups on Hispanic teens, among others, to gauge their “takeaway” from particular advertising. 

Other companies tested television commercials and other advertising with both Hispanic and 

African-American consumers, including teens specifically. One company tested potential advertising and promotional methods on Hispanic children, and found that older boys were interested 

in website-based advertising (e.g., downloadable images and games), whereas younger boys and 

some girls were more interested in collectible items.

One marketer explored gender differences among teens. In developing a new direction for 

its advertising, this marketer looked at how female teens responded to male-oriented advertising 

– such as dark colors, male athletes, and female celebrities – and how male teens responded to 

female-oriented advertising. The research concluded that advertising based on male preferences 

was likely to be more efficacious overall.

D. Marketing by Gender, Race, Ethnicity, or Income Level

Fewer than half of the companies reporting 2009 marketing expenditures directed to children 

or teens targeted any of those marketing activities by gender, race, or ethnicity. No companies 

reported targeting promotions based on income level. However, several companies sponsored 

activities – such as athletic opportunities – intended to benefit lower income, inner-city young

people.

Marketers of carbonated and non-carbonated beverages, energy drinks, snack foods, yogurt, 

cereals, canned pasta, and candy, as well as QSRs, aired ads on Spanish-language radio or tele-
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vision stations or networks. Most of these were aimed at a general Spanish-speaking audience, 

with some ads meeting the criteria to be considered teen-directed. A few Spanish-language ads 

were specifically child-targeted.

Marketers of carbonated beverages and energy drinks placed some ads on television programming with a high viewership among teen African-Americans. One company sponsored a 

summer promotion that afforded teens the opportunity to win tickets to the BET Hip-Hop Awards 

show.

Digital marketing for carbonated drinks, energy drinks, and snack foods were directed to 

Hispanic and African-American teens. One Spanish-language snack food promotion encouraged 

viewers of outdoor advertising to text codes to the company. A carbonated beverage brand used 

website and Internet advertising to promote a fictitious musical group that included members of

the targeted ethnic groups. The promotion featured contests to win a spot in the musical group 

or to win a vacation, and consumers were able to download promotion-related ringtones, videos, 

and wallpapers.

Packaging and in-store displays for snack foods, cookies, and candy were targeted to Spanish-speaking consumers, including teens. Store displays for yogurt were designed to appeal to 

Spanish-speaking children. A specialty brand of Mexican candies was marketed in particular to 

Hispanic teenagers, while a brand of cookies was targeted to Hispanic children and teens.

QSRs, carbonated beverages, and packaged food companies sponsored fairs, festivals, and 

music tours celebrating the cultural heritage of particular groups, including Asians and Hispanics. Workshops on healthy eating for Hispanic parents and children were sponsored by a noncarbonated beverage company, while town-hall meetings on college applications and scholarship 

opportunities for Hispanic teens were sponsored by a QSR.

Some athletic events or sponsorships were used to target food marketing by race, ethnicity, 

or gender. For example, soccer events for Hispanic young people were sponsored by non-carbonated beverages and QSRs, while soccer themes were employed for promoting other beverages and cookies to Hispanic children and teens. A QSR also sponsored a sports awards program 

for Hispanic youth. Programs providing athletic opportunities for girls were sponsored by a 

packaged food company and a QSR, while a basketball camp for boys was sponsored by a noncarbonated beverage.

A marketer of energy drinks selected athletes for sponsorship based on their appeal to various racial or ethnic groups. A milk promotion campaign, on the other hand, selected male and 

female athletes, as well as singers and actors, in order to target advertising to young people by 

gender. In addition to using print advertising and in-school banner ads, the milk campaign featured web banner ads that included links to videos, options to download widgets and fan kits, and 

the ability to create your own advertisement.
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Gender-based marketing to children was employed by cereal and other packaged food 

companies. Particular licensed characters – Barbie, Hannah Montana, Strawberry Shortcake, 

and Disney Princesses and Fairies – were featured in cross-promotions to appeal to girls. Power 

Rangers, on the other hand, as well as toy vehicles made by John Deere and Matchbox, were 

used to target boys. A candy company made both “boy” and “girl” versions of its television advertisements to garner appeal to both genders.
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V. Assessment Of Food Company Initiatives 

The Commission’s Special Order asked the reporting companies to provide information 

about any policies, plans, and directives they had in place on or after January 1, 2009, relating to 

food marketing to children and teens. The Order also sought descriptions of company programs 

or initiatives to encourage healthy eating and lifestyle choices by young people that were undertaken or implemented during the same time period. These requests were designed to enable

the Commission to report on any changes in companies’ policies and initiatives since the 2008 

report, and, in particular, to determine the extent to which the companies have implemented that 

report’s recommendations. In addition, the Commission requested information from nine media

and entertainment companies regarding their policies on youth-directed food advertising. Finally, the Commission purchased consumer data to analyze whether and to what extent youth food 

consumption has shifted over the last decade.

A. Developments Since the 2008 Report

The 2008 report set forth a number of recommendations for the food and beverage industry, as well as the media and entertainment industry, for strengthening and expanding existing 

self-regulatory efforts and otherwise improving the nutritional profile of products marketed to

children. In the three years since the report’s release, the food and beverage companies have 

responded to several of the Commission’s recommendations, as well as to First Lady Michelle 

Obama’s Let’s Move! campaign and other initiatives in this area.156 For example, the Children’s 

Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative has expanded its membership to include four new 

participants, broadened its scope to apply to some additional forms of marketing not previously 

covered, and, most recently, announced new uniform nutrition standards for foods marketed to 

children. Food and beverage manufacturers have continued to reformulate some of their products to reduce the amount of saturated fat, sodium, and sugar, as well as to increase the amount 

of beneficial nutrients, such as whole grains, fiber, and essential vitamins and minerals.

1.	 Children’s Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative

As discussed in the 2008 report, the Council of Better Business Bureaus established the 

Children’s Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative (Initiative or CFBAI) in 2006 as a self-regulatory effort designed to change the mix of foods and beverages advertised to children under 12 

to encourage healthier eating and lifestyles.157 The Initiative was built around five original Core

Principles, which required participating companies to:

• Devote at least 50% of their child-directed television, print, radio, and Internet 

advertising to “better for you” products and/or healthy lifestyle messages;
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• Reduce their use of licensed third-party characters in child-directed advertising that 

does not promote “better for you” products or healthy lifestyles;

• Not pay for or actively seek product placement in editorial and entertainment content 

directed at children under 12; 

• Limit products depicted in child-directed interactive games to healthy dietary 

choices, or incorporate healthy lifestyle messages into the games; and

• Not advertise food or beverage products in elementary schools.158

Pursuant to the Initiative’s terms, each participating company would submit its own pledge 

setting forth how it would comply with the Core Principles, including what nutrition standards 

the company would use to define “better for you” products or “healthier dietary choices” and

“advertising primarily directed to children under 12.”159 Notably, some of the founding members pledged to restrict their advertising to children even beyond the Core Principles, such as by 

devoting a full 100% of their child-directed advertising to healthier products. Most of the companies also pledged not to target advertising to children under age six,160 and four companies – 

Cadbury Adams,161 Coca-Cola, Hershey, and Mars – pledged not to direct advertising to children 

under age 12 in any of the covered media.162

The Commission’s 2008 report recognized the significant development of the CFBAI and

the important role it can play in the effort to address childhood obesity. Nonetheless, based on its 

assessment of both the Initiative’s Core Principles and the member company pledges, the Commission also made a series of recommendations to strengthen and expand the program, including 

that the CBBB and participating companies:

• Expand the scope of “advertising to children” to encompass all advertising and 

promotional techniques;

• Require that 100% of food advertising directed to children under 12 promote healthy

dietary choices;

• Work toward standardizing the nutrition criteria for “healthy dietary choices” that 

may be marketed to children; and 

• Work toward developing meaningful, standardized definitions for what constitutes

advertising “directed to children under 12.”163

Since the Commission issued the 2008 report, the Initiative has had several significant developments. First, four additional companies have joined the CFBAI, bringing the total number of 

participants to 17. The new members are: Nestlé USA,164 The Dannon Company,165 Post Foods, 

LLC,166 and Sara Lee Corp.167

Second, the CFBAI has enhanced its Core Principles. Specifically, as of January 1, 2010,

participants must now commit that:
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• 100 percent (up from 50%) of their child-directed advertising is for healthier dietary 

choices or “better for you” products.168

In addition, the Initiative expanded the scope of advertising activities to which the Core 

Principles apply to include:

• Child-directed interactive games that are provided free or at nominal charge (e.g., 

advergames);

• Video and computer games rated EC or Early Childhood, and other video games that 

are labeled for children under 12;

• DVDs of G-rated movies and other non-rated DVDs that are primarily directed to 

children under 12; 

• Cell phone or other mobile media marketing that is primarily directed to children 

under 12; and 

• Word-of-mouth advertising that is primarily directed to children under 12.169

The licensed character principle has also been expanded, such that child-directed advertising 

using celebrities and movie tie-ins – not just third-party licensed characters – must comply with 

the companies’ pledge commitments.170 A few CFBAI participants have restricted their childdirected advertising even beyond the Initiative’s Core Principles.171

Third, a number of participating companies have revised their standards for what constitutes 

“advertising primarily directed to children under 12,” such that the participants now incorporate 

a threshold of 35% or less audience share of children 2-11.172 These revisions make the pledges 

significantly more consistent on this issue.

Fourth, several companies have improved their nutrition standards since the 2008 report, 

such as by adding or lowering sodium limits, lowering sugar limits, and switching to 1% low-fat 

or fat-free milk in children’s meals.173 In addition, a number of Initiative members have reformulated products to either meet or exceed their existing nutrition criteria for advertising to children, 

such as by reducing the sugar content in ready-to-eat breakfast cereals,174 and reducing sodium 

and/or fat content in soups, canned pastas, and snack crackers.175 Other companies have developed new products to meet their “better for you” standards for advertising to children.176

Fifth, in July 2011, the CFBAI announced a major revision to its program, unveiling uniform nutrition standards that all its member companies have pledged to adopt. The new nutrition criteria apply to ten different food categories: juices; dairy products; grain and fruit and 

vegetable products; soups and meal sauces; seeds, nuts, and nut butters and spreads; meat, fish,

and poultry products; mixed dishes; main dishes and entrees; small meals; and meals.177 The 

standards for each of the food categories include specific limitations on calories, saturated fat,

sodium, and total sugar, as well as requirements for nutritional components such as a half-serving
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of fruit, vegetable, dairy, or whole grain, or at least 10% daily value of certain essential nutrients. 

According to the CFBAI, approximately one-third of products currently advertised to children 

by member companies do not meet the new standards, which are scheduled to take full effect by 

December 31, 2013.178

2. “Better for You” and Reformulated Food Products

In its 2008 report, the Commission found that many food and beverage companies had developed new or reformulated products designed to provide consumers – including children and 

teens – with more nutritious or “better for you” options.179 The Commission commended those 

efforts and encouraged the companies to continue them.180 The Commission also noted, however, that “better for you” does not necessarily mean “good for you,” and urged the companies to 

strengthen their nutritional criteria for what constitutes “better for you” products.181

It is apparent from Section III of this report that, since 2006, the reporting companies have 

continued their efforts to improve the nutritional profile of the products they market to children

and teens, through both reformulation of existing products and development of new ones. As 

discussed in the Commission’s 2008 report, many food companies also have developed and now 

offer portion-controlled packages of products, designed to help consumers – including children 

and teens – limit their caloric intake. This practice has continued, and some companies have 

expanded their efforts. For example, a number of beverages – both carbonated and not – are 

now available in eight-ounce or other smaller, single-serving sizes containing fewer calories than 

standard versions. One company added a 100-calorie, no-sugar-added beverage for children to 

an existing product line. Reporting companies also offer child-sized or “100-calorie” portions 

for a number of snack products, single-serve vegetable products, fruit snacks, and yogurts.182

The 2008 report also noted that some produce companies were using product packaging to 

encourage children to eat fresh fruits and vegetables – for example, by displaying popular licensed characters on the packaging. The Commission urged companies to continue and expand 

their efforts to package nutritious products in ways that appeal to children. However, it appears 

that this practice has decreased rather than increased. For this report, only one company reported 

efforts to use packaging to promote produce to children. On a positive note, one QSR, in connection with two major movie tie-in promotions, specifically limited its use of licensed characters on product packaging to only the “better for you” components of children’s meals (1% milk 

products and fruit sides).

3.	 Healthy Lifestyle Initiatives by Food Companies

The Commission’s 2008 report found that food and beverage companies had engage in a 

variety of outreach efforts to promote good nutrition and exercise to children.183 These efforts 

consisted of individual companies’ own initiatives, as well as partnerships with local and national 
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organizations, and they involved a wide range of techniques, including providing information to

families and schools via printed materials or online resources and sponsoring sports and fitness

programs. Some of these efforts were aimed specifically at African-American and Hispanic

populations, which have higher rates of childhood obesity.

The Commission recommended that the companies expand their efforts to educate children 

and teens about the importance of healthy eating and exercise, especially among minority populations that are disproportionately affected by the problem of childhood overweight and obesity.184 In addition, the Commission encouraged companies to research the effectiveness of their 

outreach campaigns.

In connection with this follow-up report, the Commission again asked the reporting food and 

beverage companies to provide information about their programs, initiatives, or other activities, 

from January 2009 forward, to encourage healthy eating and lifestyle choices by children and 

teens. As described below, the companies have continued to engage in outreach and support in 

this area, using a broad array of techniques.

As in the past, a number of the reporting companies indicated that they have partnered with 

various national and local organizations and government entities on initiatives promoting healthy 

lifestyles for children, teens, and families generally. Some of these include:

• Partnering with the “Fuel Up to Play 60” program promoting healthy nutrition and 

physical activity among elementary and middle school children;185

• Participating in First Lady Michelle Obama’s Let’s Move! initiative;186

• Partnering with the President’s Council on Fitness, Sports and Nutrition that 

challenges one million youth to earn the President’s Active Lifestyle Award;

• Partnering with the National Institutes of Health to promote “We Can!,” a national 

childhood obesity prevention program;187

• Partnering with KaBoom! to sponsor the building of playgrounds and National Play 

Days initiative;188

• Participating as a member of the Ad Council’s Coalition for Healthy Children, 

producing public service messages about the importance of a healthy lifestyle;189

• Supporting the United Fresh Foundation’s “A Salad Bar in Every School”;190

campaign;

• Sponsoring YMCA Healthy Kids Day;191

• Supporting Boys and Girls Clubs of America Triple Play and after-school activities; 

and 

• Partnering with the American Heart Association’s Jump Rope for Heart and Hoops 

for Heart.192
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Many of the reporting companies highlighted their efforts to provide nutrition and healthy 

lifestyle information to children, teens, and their families. This information was conveyed in numerous ways, including through in-store materials, online resources, school-based programs, and 

public events. For example, one QSR partnered with the USDA to incorporate the MyPyramid 

program into an in-store and online advertising campaign targeted to children that promoted the 

restaurant’s “better for you” menu options, and provided nutrition information on posters near 

the counters of its U.S. restaurants.

Companies also used their websites to provide information on nutrition, healthy living, 

healthy recipes, and child-related health and wellness. Some companies had child-directed areas 

on their websites that provided information on healthy lifestyles as well as interactive games, 

puzzles, and other fun activities. Some games featured a company spokescharacter engaged in 

various physical activities, while others incorporated fruits and vegetables or “better for you” 

products. The games on one kids’ site included a forced “break” after 30 minutes.

Several companies reported school-based efforts to teach children about nutrition and physical activity, including the dissemination of materials for use by teachers. For example, a snack 

food company supported a program for third grade classrooms that teaches about the food pyramid, the importance of physical activity, and other tools to help children live healthier lifestyles.193 Another company partnered with the Afterschool Alliance to develop a tool kit promoting healthy lifestyles, proper nutrition, and physical activity for youth participating in afterschool 

programs across the country. A dairy board sponsors a multi-media campaign promoting the 

health and other benefits of drinking milk, including in-school posters, a teen-targeted website,

print advertising, and promotional programs.

Beyond the school setting, other companies used public forums, including retail stores, 

shopping malls, and local events, to promote good nutrition. Examples included appearances 

by produce company spokescharacters and the provision of samples of “better for you” menu 

items by a QSR. A few companies also cited their participation in or collaboration with entities 

that work to promote healthy lifestyles, address the problem of overweight youth, and respond to 

growing public concerns about sodium content in foods.

In addition to communicating information about good nutrition, many of the reporting 

companies promoted physical activity among children and teens, by sponsoring or otherwise 

supporting sporting and other athletic events, programs, and activities.194 See Sections IV.B.2.d, 

f, j, and k. A few companies reported that they had developed and implemented healthy lifestyle 

initiatives specifically directed to Hispanic families. For example, a cereal company offered a

Spanish-language “app” for the iPad providing links to healthy, Latin-inspired recipes, and a 

snack food company partnered with the National Latino Children’s Institute to develop a healthylifestyle course for Latino families. A juice company developed a program targeted to Hispanic 
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families that promoted good nutrition and physical activity through lectures and activities. This 

program held events in four major cities across the country. None of the reporting companies 

submitted information regarding initiatives targeting African Americans, another group with high 

childhood obesity rates. Overall, the companies reported fewer initiatives targeting minority 

populations than they had for the 2008 report.

In sum, many companies reported public outreach efforts to educate children and teens about 

the importance of healthy eating and exercise similar to what they reported in 2006. In addition, 

a few companies responded to the Commission’s recommendation to research the effectiveness 

of these educational campaigns and other healthy lifestyle initiatives. For example, one marketer explored the appeal and impact of a youth-directed initiative promoting physical activity 

and healthy eating and found that the program built awareness but had not changed behavior 

substantially at the time of their survey. Similarly, another marketer examined the impact of an 

online campaign encouraging play time among children. A third company conducted research 

to assess the impact and efficacy of various healthy initiative programs funded by the company

that focused on increasing physical activity and healthy eating for children and found increased 

awareness and modest behavioral changes.

With respect to other healthy lifestyle initiatives, several companies conducted research on 

the appeal and consumer acceptance of reformulated or potential new “better for you” products 

that are popular with or geared toward children. These include products from snack food marketers, packaged goods companies, and QSRs. In many cases, the research was conducted on 

both children and parents with mixed results on both appeal and acceptance.

Several reporting companies also explored the product performance of particular promotional techniques that highlighted “better for you” products or otherwise focused on the nutritional

content of foods. For example, a packaged goods company evaluated the impact of a new frontof-package nutrition labeling scheme to determine whether it increased awareness of the nutritional content of the products and assisted consumers in making informed food choices for their 

families, as well as how it compared to other nutrition labels in the marketplace. Other marketers tested the appeal of television advertisements and product packaging designs for reformulated 

products to determine their appeal to children and again saw mixed results. Another marketer 

submitted consumption research that showed increased sales due, in part, to various promotional 

techniques such as posters, contests or promotions, and product sampling with children and

teens.
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4.	 Media and Entertainment Company Initiatives

a. Licensed Characters in Cross-Promotions

As described in Sections II and IV above, a substantial amount of food and beverage marketing to children and teens in 2009 involved cross-promotions with third-party licensed characters, 

movies, television shows, and other media properties. This marketing technique was used extensively in 2006 as well.195 As noted in the Commission’s 2008 report, the use of popular characters in advertising can be very effective in generating appeal among children.196

Given the impact of this marketing technique, the 2008 report reviewed media and entertainment company policies relating to the licensing of their properties for food and beverage marketing, as well as other efforts by those companies to encourage healthier eating and healthier lifestyles by children. At that time, four companies – Disney, Sesame Workshop, Discovery Kids, 

and Cartoon Network – had adopted policies limiting the licensing of their popular characters 

for use in marketing foods that met specified nutritional standards, and Nickelodeon had pledged

to do so in 2009.197 In addition, Warner Brothers had partnered with a grocery store chain to 

license certain characters for healthier children’s products only.198 Disney restricted sponsorship 

of its programming to companies meeting certain nutritional guidelines, and other companies had 

begun to incorporate healthy messaging into their programming and other content, and to fund 

healthy lifestyle initiatives.199

After reviewing these efforts, the Commission recommended that more media and entertainment companies limit licensing of their characters to healthier foods and beverages marketed 

to children, so that cross-promotions with popular children’s movies and television characters 

would favor more nutritious, rather than less nutritious, foods and drinks.200 Similarly, the White 

House Task Force on Childhood Obesity recommended in its 2010 report that “[a]ll media and 

entertainment companies should limit the licensing of their popular characters to food and beverage products that are healthy and consistent with science-based nutrition standards.”201

In connection with the current report, the Commission sought to evaluate whether and to 

what extent its recommendations have been implemented by requesting information from nine

media and entertainment companies – including both television programming providers and 

movie studios – regarding their cross-promotional activities and policies. With respect to the 

licensing of characters, there is little progress to report.

Among the companies contacted, those that had policies reported in the 2008 report have 

retained them. Nickelodeon has not adopted its own nutrition standards for limiting use of its 

characters on food and beverage products, but since 2009 has relied instead on its licensing 

partners to develop and apply standards based on government dietary guidance. With one exception – The Walt Disney Company – none of the movie studios surveyed has nutritional standards 
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for food or beverage products that are cross-promoted with its media properties targeted to, or 

designed to appeal primarily to, children, teens, or both.202 Among the other companies, three 

indicated that they evaluate each cross-promotional partner on a case-by-case basis, and noted 

that several of their cross-promotional partners are CFBAI members.203 Some of the companies 

further explained that they do not have expertise in nutrition and have no contractual obligation 

to implement nutrition standards.

All nine of the media and entertainment companies surveyed engaged in cross-promotional 

activities during 2009. The cross-promotions involved many different food categories, including 

QSRs, breakfast cereals, prepared foods, snack foods, candy and frozen desserts, dairy products, 

fruits and vegetables, and more. A list of cross-promotional activities with the reporting companies is set forth in Section IV, above.204

b. Media Screening of Television Advertising

The Commission also recommended that media companies consider adopting uniform, objective standards to limit advertising placements on programs “directed to children” to healthier 

foods and beverages.205 Although the CFBAI has now unveiled a set of uniform nutrition standards to be implemented by its member food companies by the end of 2013, the media companies have not indicated that they would also adopt these standards, or other uniform nutrition 

standards, and apply them to advertising placement on their children’s networks. 

One media company, however, has announced that it will apply its own nutrition standards 

to screen the placement of food advertising on its child-directed networks. In June 2012, The 

Walt Disney Company became the first and only major media company to take this step. Disney

announced that it has updated the nutrition guidelines it currently applies to cross-promotions 

and that, by 2015, all food advertising on its child-directed networks and on family and childoriented online sites would have to meet these updated guidelines.206

5.	 Competitive Foods and Beverages in Schools: The Alliance for a

Healthier Generation School Beverage and Competitive Food Guidelines

Many children consume a substantial proportion of their meals and snacks at school. Therefore, the nutritional quality of foods and beverages sold in schools is an important component of

the childhood obesity issue. The Alliance for a Healthier Generation (“Alliance”) has worked 

with the food and beverage industry to address this component.207 In 2006, the Alliance developed two sets of guidelines designed to improve the nutritional quality of foods and beverages

sold in schools outside of the school meal program: the Competitive Foods Guidelines and the 

School Beverage Guidelines.208
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These voluntary guidelines set forth specific nutritional, caloric, and portion limitations. 

Competitive foods must meet specific nutrition criteria depending on the type of food, such as

snacks, low-fat and fat-free dairy, nuts and nut butters, or soups, and in some respects varying by 

whether the food is sold in elementary, middle, or high school.209 Beverages must meet limitations on calories and portion size, and the types of beverages that may be sold vary depending on 

the type of school.210 For example, only water, non-fat or low-fat milk, and 100% juice may be 

sold in elementary schools, whereas no- or low-calorie beverages such as diet soft drinks, flavored water, and some sports drinks may be sold in high schools.

Many food and beverage companies, including all three major beverage companies, as well 

as the American Beverage Association (ABA), signed on and began implementing the guidelines 

in 2006. The beverage guidelines had a three-year implementation plan. According to a final

progress report by the ABA, the vast majority of schools and school district contracts were in 

compliance with the beverage guidelines by the end of the three years, at the start of the 2009-

2010 school year.211 The ABA reported a decrease of 88% in total beverage calories shipped to 

schools between 2004 and 2009, and shipments of full-calorie carbonated soft drinks were 95% 

lower during the same time frame.212 To illustrate the latter point, the Alliance has stated that 

whereas the average high school student consumed one 12-ounce can of full-calorie carbonated 

beverage at school per week in 2004, the average student consumed one and a half cans at school 

per year in 2009.213

Progress on the competitive foods front has not been quantitatively assessed. The Alliance’s

goal in this area has been to accelerate the shift to lower calorie and more nutritious competitive 

food options for children in school, with a focus on fruits and vegetables, fat-free and low-fat 

dairy products, and other foods low in calories, fats, sugar, and sodium.214 To achieve this goal, 

participating companies, including a number of companies surveyed for this report, have committed to offering products to schools and school districts that meet the guidelines.215 Although 

many of the signatory companies have reported reformulating, resizing, and/or developing new 

products to comply with the guidelines,216 it is not clear the extent to which schools have availed 

themselves of these options and/or reduced their reliance on foods that do not meet the guidelines.

6.	 Other Initiatives

a. Kids LiveWell

In July 2011, the restaurant industry announced a new, voluntary initiative called “Kids 

LiveWell.” Participating restaurants – reportedly more than 15,000 locations nationwide – have 

committed to offering children’s meals that meet specified nutrition criteria. Specifically, qualifying breakfast, lunch, or dinner meals will include an entree, side, and beverage and will contain 
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a total of no more than 600 calories, 35% of calories from fat, 10% of calories from saturated fat, 

0.5 g trans fat, 35% of calories from sugar, and 770 mg of sodium.217 In addition, the entree and 

side portions of the meals must provide certain amounts of fruit, vegetable, whole grains, lean 

protein, or low-fat dairy. Many of the qualifying meals will be identified on restaurant menus

with a red apple icon. A number of major restaurant chains have joined this initiative, including Au Bon Pain, Burger King, Chevy’s Fresh Mex, Cracker Barrel, Denny’s, Friendly’s, and 

IHOP.218

b. Healthy Weight Commitment Foundation

Another industry initiative involving nutrition and children is the Healthy Weight Commitment Foundation (HWCF), which was launched in October 2009 by food and beverage manufacturers, retailers, and other companies and organizations. The initiative’s stated goal is to help 

reduce obesity – including childhood obesity – by 2015.219 To do this, the HWCF funds and supports programs designed around three core pillars – the marketplace, the workplace, and schools 

– to help people achieve a healthy weight by balancing healthy dietary choices and physical 

activity. For children in grades K-6, the HWCF provides resources for use in schools, including 

a curriculum that promotes lifelong physical activity and positive nutrition habits.220

B. Trends in Youth Food and Beverage Consumption 

Compared to Trends in Food Marketing Directed to Youth

Although it is difficult to correlate shifts in youth-directed food marketing with corresponding shifts in consumption/sales, as noted above a few companies have undertaken such analysis for their brands. For this section, the Commission examined consumption data along with 

marketing trends to look for signs that children and teens are changing their diets as the major 

food companies shift their expenditures or the nutrition content of the food marketed to youth. 

Evidence that children and teens are choosing to eat more or less of certain foods may inform the 

discussion of where self-regulation should focus its efforts.

The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) is the leading governmental survey on the health and nutritional status of children and adults in the United States. 

Trained interviewers conduct in-person 24-hour dietary recalls of a nationally representative 

sample of 5,000 people, including children.221 The CDC releases NHANES survey data in twoyear increments (e.g., NHANES 1999-2000, NHANES 2001-2002). According to those data, 

over the past decade, children and teens have reduced their average daily caloric intake, as well 

as their consumption of total fat, sodium, and sugar. See Table V.1. The decrease in reported 

calories also holds for overweight or obese222 youth, even though the percentage of overweight 

or obese youth ages 2 to 19 has increased slightly since 2000.223 At the same time, children and 

teens increased their intake of fiber and calcium.
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In addition to looking at NHANES data, the Commission purchased youth food consumption data from The NPD Group. NPD provided data from three of its syndicated surveys – the 

National Eating Trend (NET) service,224 SnackTrack,225 and Consumer Reports on Eating Share 

Trends (CREST).226 The NET and SnackTrack data are reported as the number of annual eatings 

per capita (AEPC) of the given food or beverage by children 2 to 11 or teens 12 to 17. The subsections below present AEPC consumption data along with observations of companies’ youthdirected marketing trends for fruits and vegetables, dairy products, breakfast cereals, beverages, 

and restaurant foods. Although instructive, the AEPC data are an imperfect measure of consumption because they represent the average number of eating occasions for the food or beverage, not the average quantity consumed during each occasion. Accordingly, the final subsection

discusses some limited quantity data that NPD was able to cull from its surveys and correlate

with youth BMI levels.

1. Fruit and Vegetables

The companies spent little on youth-directed fruit and vegetables marketing compared to the 

other categories in both 2006 and 2009. In 2006, only $11.5 million of the $2.1 billion in youthdirected expenditures (0.6%) was for fruits and vegetables. In 2009, that figure dropped in both

absolute ($7.2 million) and relative terms (0.4%). See Table II.1.227 Nevertheless, children and 

teens have been increasing their fruit consumption since at least 2005; by contrast, their vegetable consumption has remained relatively flat. See Figure V.1. Further, compared to 2006, children and teens ate more fruits and vegetables at home and at school in 2009, with the exception 

of a decrease in teen vegetable consumption at school. See Figure V.2. This may demonstrate 

the impact of healthy eating initiatives and the increased youth awareness of healthy eating that a 

few of the companies observed in their own research.

Table V.1: Average Daily Total Intake of Calories and Nutrients by Children, Teens, and Overweight/Obese Youth 

1999/2000 2001/2002 2003/2004 2005/2006 2007/2008 2009/2010

Total Energy (kcal)

Children 2-11 1,860 1,854 1,956 1,811 1,752 1,732

Teens 12-17 2,227 2,207 2,300 2,315 2,099 2,137

Overweight or Obese Youth 2-17 2,007 2,034 2,065 2,005 1,878 1,914

Total Fat (g)

Children 2-11 68 67 72 67 65 62

Teens 12-17 81 80 86 87 78 79

Overweight or Obese Youth 2-17 75 74 76 76 70 70

Sodium (mg)

Children 2-11 2,925 2,834 2,901 2,751 2,622 2,696

Teens 12-17 3,409 3,270 3,503 3,645 3,420 3,514

Overweight or Obese Youth 2-17 3,240 3,131 3,148 3,109 2,993 3,095

Sugar (g)

Children 2-11 -- 137 140 126 122 118

Teens 12-17 -- 160 155 151 134 136

Overweight or Obese Youth 2-17 -- 148 143 134 123 126

Calcium (mg)

Children 2-11 870 965 1,023 968 969 1,041

Teens 12-17 929 978 1,045 1,051 1,003 1,099

Overweight or Obese Youth 2-17 905 978 1,024 987 967 1,035

Fiber (g)

Children 2-11 11.9 11.7 12.2 12.1 12.0 13.1

Teens 12-17 13.0 13.2 13.5 14.1 13.8 14.5

Overweight or Obese Youth 2-17 12.1 12.1 12.4 12.5 12.6 13.3

Source: NHANES. Statistics describe food intake from all sources. Sugar was not identified in the 1999-2000 NHANES survey.

Table V.1: Average Daily Total Intake of Calories and Nutrients by Children, 

Teens, and Overweight/Obese Youth
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Figure V.1: Trend in Fruits & Vegetables Consumption 

(2000-2009)

650600550500450400350300250200150100

650600

550500450400350300250200150100

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Annual Eatings Per Capita

450400350300250200150100

450400350300250200150100

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Annual Eatings Per Capita

†Source: The NPD Group/SnackTrack.*Source: The NPD Group/National Eating Trends (NET). 

Teens 12-17

Children 2-11

+ 16.3%+ 13.2%+ 8.1%+ 15.2%+ 13.2%+ 10.9%

+ 12.9

%

+ 11.6

%

TotalHomeSchoolAll Other Locations

+ 17.9%+ 39.5%

-19.4%

+ 48.0%+ 10.1%

+ 7.9%

+ 6.5

%

+ 17.0

%

TotalHomeSchoolAll Other Locations

Figure V.2: Change in Fruits & Vegetables Consumption 

from 2006 to 2009, by Location

472

363

5652

170

134

2116

Annual Eatings Per 

Capita (2009)

300

208

5636

141

113

1513

Annual Eatings Per 

Capita (2009)

† denotes that the reported figures are annualized averages based on 2 years of The NPD Group/SnackTrack data ending 12/09.* denotes that the reported figures are annualized averages based on 3 years of The NPD Group/NET data ending 11/09. 

Total Fruit 

(excl Dried Fruit)†

Vegetables*

Total Fruit 

(excl Dried Fruit)†

Vegetables*

Teens 12-17

Children 2-11

Figure V.1: Trend in Fruits & Vegetables Consumption (2000-2009) Figure V.2: Change in Fruits & Vegetables Consumption from 

2006 to 2009, by Location
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

106

2. Dairy Products

Dairy product marketing to youth increased from $54.5 million in 2006 to $78.5 million in 

2009. See Table II.2. These increases reflect the spending on marketing yogurt to youth, which

nearly doubled from $22.3 million (2006) to $43.8 million (2009) for children and also increased 

for teens from $10.1 million (2006) to $16.5 million (2009). During roughly this same time 

period, children’s and teens’ overall consumption of dairy products increased and consumption 

of yogurt increased modestly. See Figure V.3. In both years, the companies spent relatively 

little on marketing dairy drinks. For example, in 2009, they spent $2.1 million on child-directed 

promotions (a 66% drop from 2006) and $19.8 million to reach teens (a 31% drop). See Table 

III.10. From 2000 through 2009, children’s milk consumption remained relatively flat, although

an increase was observed for 2007, which then dropped in 2009; they drank more milk at home 

(where they drink most of their milk) but slightly less at school in 2009 when compared to 2006. 

See Figure V.7. Teen milk consumption trended slightly downward over the same period. See

Figure V.3. Like children, teens drank slightly more milk at home but significantly less at school

in 2009. See Figure V.7.

3.	 Breakfast Cereal

In 2009, 17% of the child-directed food marketing ($173 million) and 10% of the teendirected food marketing ($103.5 million) was spent on breakfast cereal. See Figure II.4. Notably, 

breakfast cereal marketing directed to children dropped 29% from 2006 to 2009, whereas teendirected cereal marketing increased by 37%. Although child-directed marketing expenditures 

dropped in the three-year period, children ate slightly more breakfast cereal in 2009 than in 2006. 

Interestingly, between 2000 and 2009, children’s consumption of pre-sweetened breakfast cereals remained relatively flat, but non-pre-sweetened cereal consumption rebounded from a low in

2004. Advertising for cereals with 6 g or less of sugar remained at 6% of all child-directed cereal 

marketing from 2006 to 2009.228 Since 2000, teens have steadily reduced their consumption of 

breakfast cereal, although their consumption levels remained relatively flat between 2006 and

2009, the period when companies increased marketing expenditures directed to them. See Figure 

V.4.

4. Beverages

The companies’ child- and teen-directed marketing expenditures for juice and non-carbonated beverages dropped significantly in 2009, relative to 2006 (down 42% for children and 17%

for teens). See Figure II.4. These drops, however, do not clearly correlate with consumption 

shifts. Children showed a very slight decline in overall consumption in this category while teens 

showed an increase in overall consumption between 2000 and 2009. See Figure V.5. By comparison, although the companies reduced their youth-directed marketing expenditures for carbon-
Assessment Of Food Company Initiatives

107

Figure V.3: Trend in Dairy Products Consumption

(2000-2009)

*Source: The NPD Group/NET. †Source: The NPD Group/SnackTrack.

60055050045040035030025020015010050 50

600550

500450400350300250200150100

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Annual Eatings Per Capita

350300250200150100500 0

50

350300250200150100

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Annual Eatings Per Capita

Teens 12-17

Children 2-11

Figure V.3: Trend in Dairy Products Consumption (2000-2009) Figure V.4: Trend in Breakfast Cereal Consumption (2000-2009)

1751501251007550

75

50

175150125100

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Per Capita Eatings Annual Total Breakfast Cereal Category Pre-Sweetened Cereal All Other Non-Pre-Sweetened Cereal

150125100755025

755025

150125100

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Annual Eatings Per Capita Total Breakfast Cereal Category Pre-Sweetened Cereal All Other Non-Pre-Sweetened Cereal

Source: The NPD Group/NET

Teens 12-17

Children 2-11

Figure V.4: Trend in Breakfast Cereal Consumption (2000-2009)
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

108

Figure V.5: Trend in Fruit Juice & Non-Carbonated 

Beverage Consumption (2000-2009)

Source: The NPD Group/NET

350300250200150100500 0

50

350300250200150100

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Per Capita Eatings Annual 

Total Fruit Juice & Non-CarbBev CategoryFruit JuiceFruit Drinks/Ades (excl. SportsDrinks)Total Tea (Hot & Iced)Bottled Water (Non-Carb)Sports Drinks

300250200150100500 0

50

300250200150100

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Per Capita Eatings Annual 

Total Fruit Juice & Non-CarbBev CategoryFruit JuiceFruit Drinks/Ades (excl. SportsDrinks)Total Tea (Hot & Iced)Bottled Water (Non-Carb)Sports Drinks

Teens 12-17

Children 2-11

Figure V.6: Trend in Carbonated Beverages Consumption 

(2000-2009)

1501251007550250 0

755025

150125100

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Per Capita Eatings Annual Total Carb Bev Category Regular Carb Soft Drinks Diet Carb Soft Drinks

200180160140120100806040200 0

80604020

200180160140120100

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Annual Eatings Per Capita Total Carb Bev Category Regular Carb Soft Drinks Diet Carb Soft Drinks

Source: The NPD Group/NET

Teens 12-17

Children 2-11

Figure V.5: Trend in Fruit Juice & Non-Carbonated Beverage 

Consumption (2000-2009)

Figure V.6: Trend in Carbonated Beverage Consumption 

(2000-2009)
Assessment Of Food Company Initiatives

109

ated beverages between 2006 and 2009, there was a slight uptick in youth consumption over the 

same period. See Figure II.4. Trend data over ten years, however, reveal that children and teens 

have sharply reduced their intake of carbonated beverages, particularly regular (non-diet) soft 

drinks. See Figure V.6. 

As noted in Section IV, the nutritional profile of youth-directed drink marketing in the school

setting improved substantially from 2006 to 2009, with large drops in calories per serving and 

sugar content. The companies reduced their in-school marketing of the most caloric and sugary 

drinks and increased their marketing of the least caloric beverages. Large percentage declines in 

consumption of these drinks in schools are shown in Figure V.7. Currently, children and teens 

consume most of these drinks outside of the school setting. See Figure V.7.

Figure V.7: Change in Beverage Consumption 

 from 2006 to 2009, by Location

Children 2-11

Source: Reported figures are annualized averages based on 3 years of The NPD Group/NET data ending 11/09. For some beverage categories, 

the sample size for school eating occasions was too small to reliably track consumption changes. At-school eating occasions, however, are 

included in the All Locations numbers for all beverage categories.

 

-20.2%

-30.4%

+ 6.5%

+ 10.2%

+ 5.6%

-12.7%

-1.3%

-27.1%

-36.7%

+ 4.2%

-18.6%

+ 14.0%

+ 4.5%

-24.2%

-35.4%

+ 3.1%

-15.0%

+ 16.7%

+ 3.6%

Total

Home

School

All Other Locations

Milk 

(excl. Hot Chocolate)

Bottled Water 

(Non-Carb)

Fruit Drinks/Ades

(excl. Sprt Drnk)

Fruit Juice

Diet Carb 

Soft Drinks

Regular Carb 

Soft Drinks

340

267

54

19

17

15

84

71

12

167

147

10

10

11

8

3

70

36

34

Annual Eatings Per 

Capita (2009)

Teens 12-17

-3.8%

+ 8.2%

-3.6%

+ 12.5%

+ 77.8%

-25.0%

-50.9%

-13.8%

-36.1%

-15.7%

-13.8%

+ 7.7%

+ 0.4%

-5.9%

-7.9%

+ 48.2%

+ 2.9%

-11.8%

+ 8.6%

-1.5%

-6.0%

-11.1%

+ 47.2%

-3.5%

Total

Home

School

All Other Locations

Sports Drinks

Fruit Drinks/Ades

(excl. Sprt Drnk)

Fruit Juice

Diet Carb 

Soft Drinks

Regular Carb 

Soft Drinks

Annual Eatings Per 

Capita (2009)

212

151

56

4

24

21

2

9

7

69

61

2

6

107

90

11

5

25

20

5

120

71

3

46

Milk 

(excl. Hot Chocolate)

Bottled Water 

(Non-Carb)

Figure V.7: Change in Beverage Consumption from 2006 to 

2009, by Location
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

110

Table V.2: Average Daily Intake of Calories and Select Nutrients from QSRs by Children 2-11 Who Ate at QSRs

2003/2004 2005/2006 2007/2008 2009/2010 2003/2004 to 

2009/2010

QSR Intake

Proportion of 

Total Intake 

from QSRs

QSR Intake

Proportion of 

Total Intake 

from QSRs

QSR Intake

Proportion of 

Total Intake 

from QSRs

QSR Intake

Proportion of 

Total Intake 

from QSRs

Change in Intake 

from QSRs

Total Energy (kcal) 688 32% 557 30% 573 31% 532 30% -22.7%

Total Fat (g) 32 40% 25 36% 26 37% 24 36% -25.3%

Sugar (g) 25 18% 25 20% 25 20% 21 18% -16.3%

Sodium (mg) 1,165 38% 924 34% 929 35% 958 34% -17.7%

Calcium (mg) 234 26% 207 23% 244 25% 203 21% -13.1%

Fiber (g) 3.9 33% 3.2 29% 3.4 31% 3.4 30% -13.2%

Source: NHANES. Statistics computed from children who reported eating some QSR food.

Table V.2: Average Daily Intake of Calories and Select Nutrients from QSRs by Children 

2-11 Who Ate at QSRs

Table V.3: Average Daily Intake of Calories and Select Nutrients from QSRs by Teens 

Table V.3: Average Daily Intake of Calories and Select Nutrients from QSRs by Teens 12 12-17 Who Ate at QSRs -17 Who Ate at QSRs

2003/2004 2005/2006 2007/2008 2009/2010 2003/2004 to 

2009/2010

QSR Intake

Proportion of 

Total Intake 

from QSRs

QSR Intake

Proportion of 

Total Intake 

from QSRs

QSR Intake

Proportion of 

Total Intake 

from QSRs

QSR Intake

Proportion of 

Total Intake 

from QSRs

Change in Intake 

from QSRs

Total Energy (kcal) 950 41% 1,015 39% 943 41% 816 38% -14.1%

Total Fat (g) 42 47% 46 45% 41 48% 36 45% -13.0%

Sugar (g) 38 25% 37 24% 39 27% 28 21% -25.0%

Sodium (mg) 1,661 46% 1,809 44% 1,744 47% 1,522 43% -8.4%

Calcium (mg) 363 37% 384 34% 379 38% 325 32% -10.3%

Fiber (g) 5.0 42% 5.5 39% 5.1 41% 4.7 36% -5.2%

Source: NHANES. Statistics computed from teens who reported eating some QSR food.

5. Restaurant Foods

Compared to 2006, restaurants spent less overall to reach children (-9%) and more to reach 

teens (+24%). See Figure II.4. Television expenditures, however, increased substantially for 

both child- (+59.3%) and teen-directed (+21.5%) marketing. See Figure II.9. As discussed in 

Section IV, in 2009, CFBAI restaurants advertised foods with fewer calories and less sodium, 

sugar, and saturated fat on child-directed television. With respect to children’s meals, the QSR 

foods category as a whole increased expenditures on child-directed television advertising in 

2009, and the average nutritional profile of these meals also improved.

These changes may be reflected in corresponding consumption shifts. According to

NHANES survey data, children and teens who reported eating at QSRs steadily reduced their 

average daily intake of QSR-derived calories, total fat, sugar, and sodium between the 2003/2004 

and 2009/2010 surveys. See Tables V.2. & V.3. The same phenomenon held for overweight and 

obese youth. See Table V.4. 
Assessment Of Food Company Initiatives

111

Table V.4: Average Daily Intake of Calories and Select Nutrients from QSRs by 

Table V.4: Average Daily Intake of Calories and Select Nutrients from QSRs by Overweight or Obese Youth 2 Overweight or Obese Youth 2-17 Who Ate at QSRs -17 Who Ate at QSRs

2003/2004 2005/2006 2007/2008 2009/2010 2003/2004 to 

2009/2010

QSR Intake

Proportion of 

Total Intake 

from QSRs

QSR Intake

Proportion of 

Total Intake 

from QSRs

QSR Intake

Proportion of 

Total Intake 

from QSRs

QSR Intake

Proportion of 

Total Intake 

from QSRs

Change in Intake 

from QSRs

Total Energy (kcal) 832 38% 750 36% 789 39% 747 36% -10.2%

Total Fat (g) 38 44% 32 41% 36 47% 34 42% -10.7%

Sugar (g) 31 22% 35 26% 32 24% 27 21% -13.4%

Sodium (mg) 1,436 43% 1,290 39% 1,328 42% 1,368 42% -4.7%

Calcium (mg) 287 31% 252 27% 323 33% 287 30% -0.1%

Fiber (g) 4.3 38% 4.1 34% 4.3 37% 4.3 35% -0.6%

Source: NHANES. Statistics computed from youth who reported eating some QSR food.

Figure V.8: Percent of QSR Kids’ Meals with Toys that Included Select Food Items (2005-2009)

Figure V.8: % of QSR Kids’ Meals with Toys that 

 Included Select Food Items (2005-2009)

Children Under 13

† denotes that the reported figures are annualized averages based on 2 years of The NPD Group/SnackTrack data ending 12/09.

* denotes that the reported figures are annualized averages based on 3 years of The NPD Group/NET data ending 11/09. 

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

% of Kids’ Meals Including Item

French Fries†

Burgers

Regular Carbonated

Soft Drinks

Juice

Chicken Nuggets

Milk

Fruit

Source: The NPD Group/CREST

†2009 data for French Fries is not shown because of a change in survey methodology after 2008.

Relatedly, NPD data show that in recent years, kids’ meals with toys purchased for children 

have included fewer French fries and regular carbonated soft drinks and more milk, fruit, and 

fruit juice. See Figure V.8. This increased milk consumption, however, did not translate into 

overall increases in daily calcium consumption by youths who dined at QSRs. See Tables V.1-

V.3.

QSRs spent more to promote regular meals and main dishes to children in 2009, but, unlike 

children’s meals, the average nutritional profile of the regular menu items marketed to children declined compared to 2006. Although the teen-directed promotion of regular meals and 
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

112

main dishes also increased from 2006 to 2009, the average nutritional profile of these products

improved moderately. The consumption data for meals purchased off a value-type “dollar” or 

“99-cent” menu do not clearly correlate with these expenditure shifts. Both children and teens 

reduced their consumption of French fries and chicken nuggets, while there were no significant

changes for burgers, regular carbonated soft drinks, milk, fruit juice, or fruit. See Figure V.9.

6.	 Consumption Differences by BMI Level

NPD’s SnackTrack and NET survey data229 revealed that, for most food and beverage categories, the average number of eating occasions per year did not vary substantially by youth BMI 

class. At-risk230 and overweight231 children and teens consumed fruits, vegetables, pre-sweetened 

breakfast cereals, chips, chocolate, ice cream, cookies, yogurt, milk, fruit juice, fruit drinks, and 

regular carbonated soft drinks with the same frequency as optimal weight children and teens. 

There were a few exceptions. Overweight children 2-11 drank hot and iced tea more frequently

than optimal weight children. Both overweight and at-risk children ate gelatin cups and drank 

diet soda more frequently than optimal weight children. At-risk children drank more bottled

water than optimal weight children. Overweight teens 12-17 drank diet soda and ate snack pies, 

snack cakes, macaroni and cheese, and frozen dinners more frequently than optimal weight teens. 

At-risk teens ate more pudding cups, brownies, and candy than optimal weight teens.

Because the Commission purchased consumption data for only 53 food and beverage categories,232 there likely are other categories in which children and teens of different BMI groups 

may vary in the number of annual eating occasions. It is unclear, however, whether these differences in eating occasion frequency are solely or primarily responsible for differences in BMI

levels. It is possible that at-risk and overweight children and teens consume greater quantities

of certain foods and beverages per eating occasion, a phenomenon that the frequency data do not

show.

Although NPD does not systematically report information on the quantity consumed per

eating occasion, it was able to tease out such data for a few of the 53 food categories examined. 

For example, NPD found that overweight children ate nearly an entire chocolate bar per eating 

occasion compared to the half bar consumed by optimal and at-risk children. Over the course of 

a year, those differences translated into the overweight children eating 29 chocolate bars versus 

the 14 consumed by optimal weight children. NPD also found that at-risk and overweight children ate one-third ounce more of regular chips per eating occasion than optimal weight children, 

amounting to an extra 64 ounces, or about 4 pounds, of regular chips over a year. With respect 

to foods labeled as “better for you,” NPD found that at-risk children ate about 1 ounce more per 

eating occasion of better for you chips compared to optimal weight children, amounting to an 

extra 1.4 pounds of chips over the year. And, although not as frequent a behavior as chip-eating,
Assessment Of Food Company Initiatives

113

Figure V.9: % of Meals Purchased off QSR $ or 99₵ Menu 

 that Included Select Food Items (2005-2009)

Children Under 13

0

10

20

30

40

50

0

10

20

30

40

50

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

% of Meals Including Item

French Fries

Burgers

Chicken Nuggets

Regular Carbonated Soft Drinks

Milk

Juice

Fruit

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

% of Meals Including Item

Burgers

French Fries

Regular Carbonated Soft Drinks

Chicken Nuggets

Diet Carbonated Soft Drinks

Juice

Source: The NPD Group/CREST

Teens 13-17

Figure V.9: Percent of Meals Purchased off QSR Dollar or 99-Cent Menu that Included Select 

Food Items (2005-2009)
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

114

at-risk children and overweight teens consumed substantially more 100-calorie packs of various 

snack foods and more often ate two or more packs at a sitting, compared to optimal weight children and teens. Last, at-risk and overweight children ate about 11 ounces more of better for you 

gelatin per eating occasion than optimal weight children. 
Assessment Of Food Company Initiatives

115

VI. Conclusion

The developments reported in Section V are commendable. Nonetheless, the Commission 

believes that the food industry can – and should – make further progress in using its marketing 

ingenuity and product portfolio to address childhood obesity. 

Although most of the major food and beverage companies that advertise to children have 

joined the CFBAI, a number have not, including some QSRs, candy companies, and baked 

goods companies. Some of these companies have their own policies on marketing to children,233

but others do not. The Commission encourages all of these companies to join the CFBAI or to 

implement or strengthen their own policies to ensure that the products they advertise to children 

promote a healthy diet.

Finally, consumption data suggest that, compared to a decade earlier, children and teens have 

increased the number of eating occasions involving certain healthier foods (e.g., milk and fruits), 

increased their daily total intake of nutrients such as calcium, reduced their eating occasions of 

less nutritious foods (e.g., regular carbonated soft drinks and French fries), and reduced their 

daily total intake of sodium and sugar. Thus, industry self-regulation should continue its focus 

on improving the nutritional profile of the food marketed to children.
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

116

Endnotes

1. Cynthia Ogden & Margaret Carroll, Prevalence of Obesity Among Children and Adolescents: United States, 

Trends 1963-1965 Through 2007-2008 (CDC 2010), available at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/obesity_

child_07_08/obesity_child_07_08.htm.

2. Cynthia Ogden et al., Prevalence of High Body Mass Index in U.S. Children and Adolescents, 2007-2008, 303 

J. Am. Med. Ass’n 242 (2010). 

3. U.S. Department of Agriculture & Department of Health and Human Services, Report of the Dietary 

Guidelines Advisory Committee on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (2010), B2-19, available at www.

dietaryguidelines.gov.

4. Id. at Part D, Section 2.

5. Id. 

6. Federal Trade Commission, Marketing Food to Children and Adolescents: A Review of Industry Expenditures, 

Activities, and Self-Regulation (2008), available at http://www.ftc.gov/os/2008/07/P064504foodmktingreport.

pdf (hereinafter 2008 Report).

7. The CFBAI reports that its 17 member companies account for about 75% of child-directed food and beverage 

advertising on television. Council of Better Business Bureaus, The Children’s Food & Beverage Advertising 

Initiative in Action: A Report on Compliance and Implementation During 2009 (2010) (hereinafter CFBAI 

2010 Compliance Report). The Commission’s Report is far more inclusive, presenting data from 48 food and 

beverage companies that cover marketing activities in all media.

8. Section 6(f) of the FTC Act, 15 U.S.C. § 46(f), constrains the FTC from publicly disclosing materials that 

contain or constitute trade secrets or privileged or confidential commercial or financial information. See also

16 C.F.R. § 4.10(2).

9. 2008 Report at ES-8.

10. Company objections to the Special Order are discussed further in Appendix A, Data and Research Methods.

11. In the 2008 report, the Commission reported that the 44 companies had spent more than $1.6 billion to promote 

food and beverages to youths in the U.S., with $870 million directed to children under 12, about $1 billion 

directed to teens ages 12 to 17, and approximately $300 million directed at both children and teens. 2008 

Report at 7. At that time, some QSRs had advised the Commission that the toys they had distributed with kids’ 

meals were “self-liquidating,” meaning that the companies’ premium costs had been entirely covered by the

incremental revenue generated by the promotions. Consistent with the definitions in the Commission’s Special

Order, these QSRs did not report expenditures for nearly all of the toys they had distributed with kids’ meals 

in 2006. To avoid differential accounting for the same QSR promotional activities, the Commission excluded 

all reported QSR premium expenditures from the final 2006 expenditure data in the 2008 report. Instead,

using restaurant sales data from the NPD Group, the Commission estimated that the ten quick service and

casual restaurant chains covered by the 2008 report had spent more than $360 million on toys distributed with 

kids’ meals, bringing total youth-directed marketing in 2006 to approximately $2 billion. Id. at 20. For this 

report, the companies reported precise expenditure data on premiums for both 2006 and 2009, including for 

self-liquidating premiums. Accordingly, the revised 2006 and 2009 expenditure data in this report include all

premium expenditures in the final expenditure numbers.

12. The U.S. economy was in recession from December 2007 through June 2009. See National Bureau of 

Economic Research, Announcement of June 2009 Business Cycle Through End of Last Recession (2010), 

available at http://www.nber.org/cycles/sept2010.pdf. Overall expenditures on measured media advertising 

declined significantly between 2006 and 2009, from about $149 billion to $125 billion. Source: Advertising 

Age DataCenter (based on data from Kantar Media). Food and beverage advertising, however, bucked the 

overall downward trend in measured media ad expenditures, rising from $7.2 billion in 2006 to almost $7.9 

billion in 2009. Id. Accordingly, the Commission would not expect that the prevailing economic conditions in 

2009 meaningfully or measurably restrained corporate budgets for marketing food to children and teens.
Endnotes

117

13.	 Dollars were adjusted for inflation using the GDP deflator, which represents the average price of all the goods

and services produced in the economy. 

14. As in the 2008 report, some of the companies’ reportable expenditures were not for promotional activities 

directed exclusively to children (ages 2-11) or teens (ages 12-17). For example, some expenditures were 

targeted to a “tween” audience that included older children and younger teens (a group generally between the 

ages of 8 or 9 and 13 or 14). As a result, for each promotional activity category, companies were asked to state 

any amount that was duplicated in the reported child and teen expenditure amounts. In most cases, the total 

amount directed to “youth” (ages 2-17) is less than the sum of the child and teen totals because of overlap in 

the reported child and teen expenditures.

15.	 After subtracting out the five additional restaurant chains contacted for this report, the QSR foods category

spent $645 million. 

16. The increase in child-directed spending for the dairy products category depicted in Figure II.4 is due to data 

from additional companies included in this report, but not in the 2008 report. When those data are excluded, 

child-directed expenditures for the category actually declined relative to 2006. 

17.	 The 2008 report indicated that the Special Order had requested data on twenty promotional activity categories. 

Based on the 2006 data obtained, the Commission consolidated the “other Internet” and digital categories, as 

well as the word-of-mouth and viral categories. Both orders, however, encompass the identical promotional 

activities. 

18. The increase in measured media spending for the dairy products category depicted in Figure II.7 is due to data 

from additional companies included in this report, but not in the 2008 report. When those data are excluded, 

child-directed measured media expenditures for the category actually declined relative to 2006. 

19. The increase in in-school spending for the dairy products category depicted in Figure II.7 is due to data from 

additional companies included in this report, but not in the 2008 report. When those data are excluded, childdirected in-school expenditures for the category actually declined relative to 2006. 

20. Excluding the six companies that were not included in the 2008 report, youth-directed expenditures on 

traditional measured media in 2009 amounted to $643.7 million, or 35.4% of all child-directed expenditures.

21. Excluding the six companies that were not included in the 2008 report, child-directed TV expenditures in 2009 

amounted to $341.3 million, or 38% of all youth-directed expenditures.

22. A substantial portion of the dairy category’s increase in child-directed TV expenditures was attributable to data 

from additional companies included in this report, but not in the 2008 report. When those data are excluded, 

child-directed TV expenditures for the category actually declined relative to 2006.

23. The companies reported about $107 million in overlapping expenditures for child- and teen-directed television 

advertising. See Appendix C, Table C.1, Reported Marketing Expenditures by Promotional Activity, Food 

Category, and Age Criteria, 2009.

24. Part of the increase in teen-directed TV spending for the dairy products category depicted in Figure II.9 is due 

to data from additional companies included in this report, but not in the 2008 report. Even when those data are 

excluded, however, teen-directed expenditures for the category increased relative to 2006. 

25. In several studies, the Rudd Center used gross rating points (GRPs) data licensed from The Nielsen Company 

to measure the number of food advertisements viewed by children and teens across all types of programming 

between 2004 and 2010. The studies found that child exposure to food and beverage ads decreased from 

5,099 to 4,883 per year, while teen exposure increased from 4,829 to 5,919 per year. Rudd Center for Food 

Policy & Obesity, Rudd Report: Trends in Television Food Advertising 5-6, Tables 1, 2 (2010), available at 

www.yaleruddcenter.org/resources/upload/docs/what/reports/RuddReport_TVFoodAdvertising_2.10.pdf; 

Rudd Center for Food Policy & Obesity, Rudd Report: Trends in Television Food Advertising to Young People 

2010 Update 4, Tables 1, 2 (2011), available at www.yaleruddcenter.org/resources/upload/docs/what/reports/

RuddReport_TVFoodAdvertising_6.11.pdf. 

26.	 Of the shows most viewed by children 2-11, the top five shows ranked according to percentage of children in

the audience were: (1) Yu-Gi-Oh (40%) (2) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (37%), (3) Suite Life of Zack & Cody 
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

118

(27%); (4) Hannah Montana (26%); and (5) That’s So Raven II (25%). Source: The Nielsen Company (ranking 

of shows with ten or more telecasts airing between 9/22/08 through 9/20/09; the age demographic information 

was averaged for shows that aired two or more times per week).

27.	 Of the shows most viewed by teens 12-17, the top five shows ranked according to percentage of teens in the

audience were: (1) Vampire Diaries (13%); (2) Cleveland (12%); (3) American Dad (11%); (4) Family Guy 

(11%); and (5) WWE Friday Night Smackdown (11%). Source: The Nielsen Company (ranking of shows with 

ten or more telecasts airing between 9/22/08 through 9/20/09; the age demographic information was averaged 

for shows that aired two or more times per week).

28. Excluding the six companies that were not included in the 2008 report, child-directed radio and print 

expenditures in 2009 amounted to $4.8 million.

29. Excluding the six companies that were not included in the 2008 report, child-directed radio and print 

expenditures for dairy products amounted to $897,000.

30.	 Word-of-mouth marketing occurs when companies provide financial or product incentives to non-employees to

encourage them to promote a food product or brand to other consumers. 

31. Company-sponsored digital promotional messages that consumers can interact with and pass along to others is 

considered viral marketing. This includes content developed for video, audio, or image file-sharing websites,

company-sponsored blogs or social networking profiles, and other content posted on the Internet that is

intended to be sent from one consumer to another, such as “send-to-a-friend” emails.

32. Excluding the six companies that were not included in the 2008 report, youth-directed expenditures on new 

media in 2009 amounted to $118.4 million, or 7% of all youth-directed expenditures.

33. Excluding the six companies that were not included in the 2008 report, youth-directed expenditures 

on packaging and in-store marketing in 2009 amounted to $102.5 million, or 6% of all youth-directed 

expenditures.

34. Child-directed packaging and in-store expenditures, relative to total packaging and in-store expenditures, for 

the other categories were as follows: breakfast cereal (13%), dairy products (10%), baked goods (9%), snack 

foods (8%), candy/frozen desserts (4%), fruits and vegetables (4%), prepared foods and meals (4%), and juice 

and non-carbonated beverages (3%).

35. Excluding the six companies that were not included in the 2008 report, youth-directed premiums in 2009 

amounted to $365.9 million, or 21.7% of all youth-directed expenditures.

36. A portion of the dairy products category’s increase in child-directed premium expenditures was attributable to 

one company, whose expenditures the 2008 report did not capture. When that company’s data are excluded, 

child-directed premium expenditures for the category remained relatively flat.

37.	 Excluding the five restaurant chains that were not included in the 2008 report, the QSR foods category

accounted for $314.7 million of the $349.9 million in child-directed premiums.

38. Excluding the six companies that were not included in the 2008 report, youth-directed expenditures on other 

traditional promotions in 2009 amounted to $311.3 million, or 18.4% of all youth-directed expenditures.

39. Excluding the six companies that were not included in the 2008 report, youth-directed expenditures on 

philanthropic marketing in 2009 amounted to $1.5 million. 

40. Some of this drop may be attributable to the efforts of the Alliance for a Healthier Generation to improve the 

nutritional quality of foods and beverages sold in schools. See infra V.A.5.

41. 2008 Report at 24 (noting that in-school sales of QSR foods tend to be conducted by QSR franchisees at the 

local or regional level, from whom the Commission did not seek data).

42. Excluding the six companies that were not included in the 2008 report, youth-directed expenditures on crosspromotions in 2009 amounted to $577.7 million, or 34% of all youth-directed expenditures.

43. Excluding the six companies that were not included in the 2008 report, youth-directed expenditures on 

marketing that uses celebrities amounted to $84.4 million in 2009, or 5% of all youth-directed expenditures.
Endnotes

119

44. Excluding the six companies that were not included in the 2008 report, child-directed celebrity marketing for 

dairy products amounted to $2.4 million in 2009.

45. For advertisements featuring multiple brands, the Commission asked companies to report nutrition data for the 

top-selling product shown in the advertisement. Nutrition data were not collected for promotions that featured 

a corporate brand, but not a food product. See Appendix A for more information.

46. The reference amount customarily consumed per eating occasion (RACC) is an FDA-established serving size, 

used for purposes of nutrition labeling and based on data from national food consumption surveys. See 21 

C.F.R. § 101.12.

47. The companies were directed to use FDA rounding rules to report nutrient content. When reporting ingredient 

content (e.g., whole grain content or egg content), the companies were instructed to report the exact amount, if 

known. Companies were told to report any ingredient amount less than one gram as zero.

48.	 The Commission requested information on each food product’s content of: grains; whole grains; fruit or fruit

juice; vegetable or vegetable juice; fat-free or low-fat milk, yogurt, or cheese; fish; extra lean meat or poultry;

egg or egg equivalent; nuts and seeds; and cooked dry beans. Companies were also asked whether the reported

products were 100% fruit or fruit juice, vegetable or vegetable juice, non-fat or low-fat milk or yogurt, whole 

grains, or water. 

49. For example, some companies indicated that they could not easily calculate added sugar content for products 

that include components purchased from third-party suppliers. Determining the amount of added sugar, as 

opposed to total sugar, the companies claimed, would only be possible by “reverse engineering” the finished

product. Other companies objected to the Commission’s collection of added sugar data, stating that all sugars, 

whether naturally occurring or added, are processed by the body in the same way.

50. The Commission’s tables note any instances where less than 100% of nutrition data were available from the 

companies.

51. The Commission reviewed the product’s nutrition data for 2006 and 2009 to determine whether the product 

was reformulated between those two years.

52. U.S. Department of Agriculture & Department of Health and Human Services, Dietary Guidelines for 

Americans, chs. 3-4 (2010) (hereinafter 2010 DGA). 

53. For children, these include QSR foods, cereals, and snacks; for teens, the top three categories were carbonated 

beverages, QSR foods, and cereals.

54.	 It was not possible to analyze whether the nutritional profile of carbonated beverages promoted through

character licensing and other cross-promotions differed in any significant way from beverages marketed by

other means. Although there was more spending on character licensing and cross-promotions in the carbonated 

beverage category than in most other food categories, much of that spending took the form of corporate 

branded cross-promotions with theme parks, and could not be allocated to specific beverage products.

55. For the children’s meal television expenditures for which the Commission received nutrition data in 2009, 91% 

involved the use of a licensed character, and those promotions represented 94% of all child-directed QSR food 

television advertising that featured a licensed character.

56. These general trends, however, are not necessarily consistent when nutrition data are examined by individual 

food category. For example, the data for breakfast cereals show that the average sugar content of products 

marketed to children is higher than that of products marketed to teens or to all ages.

57. See Appendix C, Table C.9b, Average Nutritional Characteristics of All Foods, Except QSRs, All Marketing, 

By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 2009.

58. Because nutritional content for the reformulated products is weighted based on the marketing expenditures 

for the products, it is possible for nutritional averages for reformulated products to worsen if products of 

lower nutritional value were advertised more heavily in 2009. For example, among the 33 products that were 

reformulated for whole grain content, average whole grain levels decreased from 11.0 to 8.8 g per serving 

because, within this limited set of products, advertising expenditures shifted to products with lower whole 

grain content. These reformulated products were, however, already significantly higher in whole grain content
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

120

than other child-directed products, and marketing expenditures between 2006 and 2009 shifted to the products 

higher in whole grains, resulting in an overall improvement in whole grain content among advertised products.

59. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Sodium Intake of the U.S. Population, Dietary Data Brief No. 8 (2011), 

available at www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/fsrq.

60.	 The 2010 DGA recommend three one-ounce-equivalent servings of whole grain per day, with an ounceequivalent serving translating to 16 g of whole grain. The 2010 DGA also recommend that at least 51% of

grains consumed be whole grains, rather than refined grains. See 2010 DGA at ch. 4.

61.	 The differences in sugar, sodium, and whole grain content depicted in these charts reflect a number of factors,

including an overall reduction in spending on cereal marketing to children, which dropped by 29% from $229 

million in 2006 to $173 million in 2009, as well as reformulation of cereals, the introduction of new cereals to 

children’s marketing, and the discontinuance of others.

62. This shift away from the most sugary cereals appears to be due in large part to the fact that 13 cereals with 

sugar content above 13 g were no longer advertised to children in 2009. The newly marketed cereals that 

replaced these products averaged 11 g of sugar per serving. In addition, reformulation contributed to the lower 

sugar content, with 8 cereals reformulated to reduce sugar content by 3 g or more per serving.

63.	 The CFBAI’s 2014 uniform nutrition criteria, scheduled to go into effect December 31, 2013, will require

cereals with 150 calories per serving or less to contain no more than 10 g of sugar per serving. See Council 

of Better Business Bureaus, The Children’s Food & Beverage Advertising Initiative in Action: A Report on 

Compliance and Implementation During 2010, App. B (2011) (hereinafter CFBAI 2011 Compliance Report). 

Nearly all cereal marketing to children falls in this lower calorie category. For higher calorie cereals (150-

250 kcal/serving), the sugar limit will be 12 g. As of 2009, 38% of children’s cereal marketing met the 2014 

CFBAI criteria for sugar.

64.	 7 C.F.R. § 246.10, Table 4 (Minimum Requirements and Specifications for Supplemental Foods).

65. As with children, marketing of the most sugary cereals (those with 13 g of sugar or more per serving) to teens 

fell substantially from the 2006 level of $17.9 million (25% of teen cereal marketing) to $2.3 million in 2009 

(2% of teen cereal marketing). In both 2006 and 2009, cereals containing 11 to 12 g of sugar per serving were 

the most heavily marketed to teens, with $36 million spent in 2006 and $52.6 million in 2009. For both years, 

this sugar category represented 51% of total teen cereal marketing. The largest increase in spending for teens 

was on cereals with between 7 and 10 g of sugar per serving, which increased from $8.5 million (12% of 

spending) in 2006 to $36.6 million (36%) in 2009. Teen marketing of cereals meeting the WIC sugar standard 

of 6 g or less was $8.8 million (12% of spending) in 2006 and $11.8 million (11%) in 2009.

66. Under FDA nutrient content labeling regulations, a sodium level of 480 mg or more per reference amount 

(RACC) disqualifies a food for a “healthy” claim. For foods with small serving sizes, like most children’s

cereals, the disqualifying level applies per 50 g. Most cereals marketed to children have a small serving

(approx. 30 g), and therefore the sodium limit for a “healthy” claim would be about 290 mg. 21 C.F.R. § 

101.65(d)(2). The FDA standard for a “low sodium” claim is 140 mg sodium, or 84 mg sodium for cereals 

with the 30 g serving size. 21 C.F.R. § 101.61.

67. CFBAI members set the uniform sodium standard for 2014 at 290 mg or less for cereals with no more than 150 

calories per serving, and 360 mg for cereals with 150 to 200 calories. 

68. There was little teen-directed spending on cereal marketing at the low and high ends of the sodium spectrum 

in either 2006 or 2009. In 2006, 2% of teen cereal marketing was for “low sodium” cereal and 5% was for 

cereals exceeding the disqualifying level for a “healthy” claim. In 2009, 3% of teen cereal marketing was for

“low sodium” cereal and 5% was for cereals above the disqualifying level for “healthy.” The most significant

change from 2006 to 2009 was the increase in teen marketing for cereals exceeding 220 mg of sodium per 

serving, which increased from $6 million in 2006 (8% of teen marketing) to $14.3 million in 2009 (14% of 

teen marketing).

69. The gap in whole grain content was even larger for teen marketing in 2009, with cereal marketing through 

cross-promotion averaging 3.2 g of whole grain per serving, compared to 10.5 g of whole grain per serving for 

cereal marketing without cross-promotion. 
Endnotes

121

70. These two categories were reported separately in the expenditures section. 

71. See Appendix C, Table C.11b, Average Nutritional Characteristics of Drinks, All Marketing, By Product Type 

and Age, 2006 and 2009.

72. All nutrition data in the drinks category are based on the serving size reported by the company for each 

product. Serving sizes vary from product to product.

73. Some of these changes are the result of reformulation. For example, in drink marketing to children, 14 drinks 

were reformulated, reducing calories and sodium by 21% and sugar by 17% from 2006 to 2009. In addition, 

products no longer advertised to children and no longer on the market in 2009 were higher in calories, sodium, 

and sugar than the new and newly advertised products.

74.	 The high added sugar content of these products is consistent with the 2010 DGA finding that the major sources

of added sugars in the diets of Americans ages 2 years and older are soda, energy drinks, and sports drinks. 

These products provided 35.7% of the added sugars in American diets. See 2010 DGA at 29, Figure 3-6.

75. See 2010 DGA at 27-29 and Appendix 7. The 2010 DGA recommend limiting intake of solid fats and added 

sugars because they contribute a substantial portion of calories consumed by Americans, without contributing 

to overall nutritional needs. Specifically, the 2010 DGA recommends a limit on “discretionary calories” from

solid fat and added sugar of no more than 258 calories in a 2,000-calorie diet. A child-marketed drink with 

21 g of added sugar is the equivalent of 84 calories of added sugar (approximately 4 kcal/g), or one third of a

day’s total discretionary calories.

76. Among products marketed to children in both 2006 and 2009, there was a $2 million reduction in marketing 

of 100% juice products. In addition, more than half of the $5.9 million in spending for drinks no longer 

advertised to children and 13% of the $1.4 million in spending on products no longer on the market was for 

100% juice products. Only $93,000 in new marketing to children was for 100% juice products.

77. As noted in Section II.C.6, supra, 93% of the $149 million spent in 2009 on youth-directed marketing in 

schools was for marketing of drinks – $82 million for carbonated beverages and $56 million for juice and noncarbonated beverages.

78. See Memorandum of Understanding Between the Alliance for a Healthier Generation and Partners (May 3, 

2006), available at www.ameribev.org and Alliance for a Healthier Generation School Beverage Guidelines, 

available at www.healthiergeneration.org. The guidelines limit beverages sales in elementary and middle 

school to water, fat-free or low fat milk, and 100% juice. In high school, drinks with less than 66 calories per 8 

oz, for example, diet soda and lower calorie sports drinks, may also be sold. The CFBAI pledges also include 

restrictions on marketing of certain beverages in elementary schools, but these restrictions do not apply to the 

sale or display of beverages in schools.

79. As a reference point, a typical 12-ounce cola contains between 140 and 150 calories and 38 to 40 g sugar. 

80.	 FDA defines “low calorie” as 40 calories or less and calorie “free” as 5 calories or less per Reference Amount

Customarily Consumed (RACC). 21 C.F.R. § 101.60(b). 

81. Drinks with more than 100 calories fell as a percentage of teen drink marketing from 80% in 2006 to 65% 

in 2009. At the same time, teen marketing for drinks with 0-40 calories per serving increased from 10% in 

2006 to 25% in 2009. In other words, 25% of 2009 teen drink marketing met the FDA’s “low calorie” or 

“no calorie” standards. The shift to lower sugar content of teen drink marketing closely tracked the shift 

in calories, with the highest sugar content drinks (22+ g per serving) falling from 81% of teen marketing in 

2006 to 65% in 2009, and the lowest sugar content drinks (0-10 g per serving) increasing from 10% of teen 

marketing in 2006 to 25% in 2009.

82.	 FDA defines “low sodium” as 140 mg or less and “very low sodium” as 35 mg or less per RACC. 21 C.F.R. §

101.61. 

83. The analysis is limited to the teen market, for which carbonated beverages was one of the top spending 

categories. 

84. In 2006, average added sugar content of carbonated beverages marketed to teens in new media was 35.2 g per 

serving, compared to 30.2 g for traditional measured media.
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85. In 2009, average added sugar content of carbonated beverages marketed to teens in new media was 30.8 g per 

serving, compared to 28 g for traditional measured media.

86. In 2006, average sodium content of carbonated beverages marketed to teens in new media was 55.6 mg per 

serving, compared to 79.6 mg for traditional measured media. In 2009, the difference narrowed to 56.6 mg for 

new media and 66.8 mg for traditional measured media.

87. See Appendix C, Table C.12b, Average Nutritional Characteristics of Dairy Products, All Marketing, by 

Product, Type and Age, 2006 and 2009.

88. Table III.9 excludes one marketer that reported only in 2006. However, this marketer’s spending in 2006 

was relatively low compared to other reporting companies and the nutritional profile of its dairy drinks was

comparable to the rest of the sample, so the exclusion does not significantly change the analysis.

89. All of the dairy drink products fell within the range of 8 and 8.5 oz.

90. The daily value for potassium is 3,500 mg for a 2,000 calorie diet. See Food and Drug Administration, 

Guidance for Industry: A Food Labeling Guide at Appendix F, available at www.fda.gov/FoodLabelingGuide.

91.	 This slight increase in sodium is likely attributable to flavored milk products, which contain higher sodium

levels than unflavored milk.

92.	 Data were only reported for a combined category of low-fat and fat-free dairy products with no specific

breakout between these two fat levels. For children, 88% of 2006 expenditures and 93% of 2009 expenditures 

were for low-fat or fat-free dairy drinks. For teens, 99% of expenditures in both 2006 and 2009 were for lowfat or fat-free dairy drinks.

93. Figure III.7, like Table III.9, excludes data from one marketer that reported only in 2006. See supra note 88. 

94. An 8-oz serving of fat-free milk contains 13 g naturally occurring sugar, and an 8-oz serving of low-fat milk 

contains 12 g naturally occurring sugar. See U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Nutrient Database for 

Standard Reference, http://ndb/nal/usda/gov/ (last visited Nov. 7, 2012).

95. Under the CFBAI 2014 standards, the 24 g limit is increased to 25 g total sugars per 8-oz serving for non-fat 

milk.

96. A small part of this increase is attributable to the addition of a new reporting company for 2009. The absence 

of 2006 marketing data for this company, however, does not dramatically change the spending or nutrition 

analysis because the vast majority of that company’s youth-directed yogurt products were not on the market, or 

were not marketed to youth, in 2006.

97. Table III.11 includes one company that reported only for 2009. Most of that company’s 2009 products were 

not marketed to youth in 2006.

98. Almost all of the increase in children’s marketing from 2006 to 2009 was for products with smaller serving 

sizes. Youth marketing expenditures for yogurt products with a serving size of 3 oz or less increased from 

$10.1 million in 2006 to $15.8 million in 2009, spending on products with a serving size of between 3 and 6 oz 

increased from $11.8 million in 2006 to $27.7 million in 2009, while spending on products with a serving size 

of 6 oz or greater remained relatively low and unchanged, with $350,000 spent in 2006 and $365,000 spent in 

2009.

99. There was a small increase in Vitamin D content for children and a small decrease for teens. Both children and 

teen marketing also showed a small decrease in the amount of potassium.

100. See USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, supra note 94. This calculation is based on 

USDA data that one 8-ounce serving of fat-free or non-fat yogurt contains 18 g of naturally occurring sugar.

101.	 The CFBAI 2014 standard of no more than 23 g total sugar content is equivalent to 9.5 g of added sugar from

fruit or sugar per 6-oz serving.

102. In 2006, 98% of all child-directed snack food advertising expenditures were by CFBAI members; in 2009, this 

increased to 99%.
Endnotes

123

103. The companies submitted nutrition data for 100% of youth-directed snack food advertising in both 2006 and 

2009.

104. See Institute of Medicine, Nutrition Standards for Foods in Schools: Leading the Way Toward Healthier Youth 

(2007), available at www.iom.edu/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2007/Nutrition-Standards-for-Foods-inSchools-Leading-the-Way-toward-Healthier-Youth/FoodinSchools.ashx; U. S. Department of Agriculture, 

HealthierUS School Challenge Criteria (2012), available at http://dpi.wi.gov/fns/pdf/ta_03_2012a.

pdf; Alliance for a Healthier Generation, School Competitive Foods Guidelines, available at www.

healthiergeneration.org/companies.aspx?id=2540.

105. The Commission did not obtain information on package size; however, 100% of all expenditures met a 200 

calorie per serving limit; 84% met the saturated fat limit; and 54% met the sugar limit.

106. One hundred percent of all expenditures met a 200-calorie per serving limit, 89% met the saturated fat limit, 

and 51% met the sugar limit. By 2009, 95% also met the more stringent 150 calorie limit for elementary 

schools.

107. 21 C.F.R. § 101.60(b); 21 C.F.R. § 101.62(c); 21 C.F.R. § 101.61.

108. 21 C.F.R. § 101.65(d)(2).

109.	 The 2010 DGA recommend that at least 51% of grains consumed be whole grains, rather than refined grains. 

2010 DGA, ch. 4.

110. A food may be labeled an “excellent source” of a nutrient if it contains at least 20% of the Reference Daily 

Intake or Daily Reference Value established for that nutrient per RACC. 21 C.F.R. § 101.54(b). For fiber the

Daily Reference Value is 25 g. 21 C.F.R. § 101.9(c)(9).

111. A food may be labeled a “good source” of a nutrient if it contains between 10 and 19% of the Reference Daily 

Intake or Daily Reference Value established for that nutrient per RACC. 21 C.F.R. § 101.54(c).

112. This pattern is attributable to the reduction in marketing of low fat, but high sodium, products, such as soups, 

and the increase in spending on advertising of meals containing cheese. For the same reason, calcium levels in 

child-advertised prepared foods increased from an average of about 6% RDI per serving to nearly 14% RDI per 

serving.

113. Most of these products (63%) also exceed the CFBAI 2014 uniform nutrition criteria, which limit sodium 

levels for mixed dishes, main dishes and entrees, and small meals to no more than 600 mg of sodium per 

serving. See CFBAI 2011 Compliance Report at App. B.

114. For example, certain candy companies made the decision, as part of their CFBAI pledge, to stop advertising 

candy to children. 

115. Table III.15 excludes data from one marketer that did not report in both years.

116. For the most part, the contributions of nutrients to increase were negligible in this product category. 

117. The Commission asked all QSRs surveyed for the current study to report 2009 marketing expenditures by 

individual menu item or meal, and then collected nutrition data for every meal or menu item promoted in each 

promotional activity category.

118. The Commission obtained nutrition information for 91% of children’s television advertising expenditures 

for QSR foods in 2006, and 98% in 2009. For teen-directed television advertising, the Commission obtained 

nutrition information for 77% of fixed panel expenditures in 2006, and 96% in 2009.

119.	 Because there was very little marketing of “children’s meals” in teen-directed advertising (4% of fixed panel

company spending in 2006 and less than 1% in 2009), the Commission did not compare “children’s meals” to 

other meals and main dishes in teen-directed marketing.

120.	 The fixed panel of QSR companies that reported youth-directed marketing information in both 2006 and 2009

includes: Burger King Holdings, Inc., CEC Entertainment, Inc. (Chuck E Cheese restaurants), McDonald’s 

Corporation, Wendy’s International Inc., and YUM! Brands (i.e., KFC Corporation, Long John Silver’s, Inc., 

Pizza Hut, Inc., and Taco Bell Corp.). Companies added in the 2009 survey were: Doctor’s Associates, Inc. 

(Subway restaurants), Dunkin’ Brands, Inc., Sonic Corporation, and Arby’s Restaurant Group.
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

124

121. When these new QSRs are added, the Commission has 2009 nutrition data for 99% of child-directed television 

advertising and 97% of teen-directed television advertising.

122. Ten products were marketed to children in both years and 26 to teens.

123. Half of these 62 products were off the market by 2009 and the other half were no longer marketed to youth.

124. Forty-seven of these products were new to the market since 2006 and 38 were newly marketed to youth.

125. See Appendix C, Table C.17a, Average Nutritional Characteristics of QSRs, TV Advertising, by Product Type 

and Age, 2006 and 2009.

126. See id. This shift in the average nutritional profile, where the same set of products is involved, is due to a shift

in marketing expenditures from the more nutritious products to the less nutritious products.

127.	 CFBAI-member television advertising expenditures increased by an inflation-adjusted 13% (from $56.5

million to $67.8 million), while non-member expenditures increased by 139% (from $26.8 million to $67.8 

million). 

128. Limiting the nutritional analysis to meals and main dishes (whether on the children’s menu or the regular 

menu), results in the exclusion of 1% of total child-directed marketing expenditures in 2006 (8 products) and 

3% in 2009 (7 products) and 33% of total teen-directed marketing expenditures in 2006 (22 products) and 23% 

in 2009 (31 products). Excluded products represent individual menu items, including beverages, desserts, and 

side dishes.

129. “Children’s meals” may have higher sugar content due to the inclusion of milk, juice, or fruit with the meal. 

130.	 FDA defines a “low calorie” meal or main dish as one that contains 120 calories or less per 100 g. 21 §

101.60(b)(3).

131. For regular menu meals and main dishes advertised to teens, only 2% of expenditures met the “low calorie” 

threshold in 2006, and 4% in 2009.

132.	 FDA defines a meal or main dish as having “low saturated fat” when it contains 1 g or less of saturated fatty

acids per 100 g and less than 10% of calories from saturated fat. 21 C.F.R. § 101.62(c)(3).

133. For teens, about 4% of TV advertising for meals and main dishes met the FDA “low saturated fat” limit; in 

2009, this had dropped to less than 1%.

134.	 FDA defines a meal or main dish as being “low sodium” when it contains 140 mg or less sodium per 100 g. 21

C.F.R. § 101.61(b)(5).

135. None of the meals and main dishes advertised to teens met the “low sodium” standard in either 2006 or 2009.

136. 21 C.F.R. § 101.65(d)(2).

137. For meals and main dishes advertised to teens, only 14% of TV spending met FDA’s “healthy” limit (compared 

to 9% in 2006).

138. Compare Table III.17 to Appendix C, Table C.17a.

139.	 For the fixed panel, 89% of child-directed and 62% of teen-directed new media spending in 2009 was for

children’s meals. For all QSRs, 77% of child-directed and 41% of teen-directed new media spending was for 

children’s meals.

140. In traditional measured media for all QSR companies, child-directed foods averaged 364 kcal, 729 mg of 

sodium, and 5 g saturated fat per serving, as compared to 334 kcal, 496 mg, and 3.3 g in new media. In 

contrast, sugar content of child-directed foods averaged 17.8 g in traditional measured media, and 26.2 g in 

new media.

141. In traditional measured media for all QSR companies, teen-directed foods averaged 476 kcal, 1082 mg of 

sodium, 7.7 g saturated fat, and 13.6 g sugar per serving. In comparison, averages for teen-directed foods 

promoted in new media were 324 kcal, 493 mg of sodium, 4.1 g saturated fat, and 23.4 g sugar per serving.

142. These expenditure totals represent the marketing for which the Commission received nutrition data and are 

slightly lower than the total marketing expenditure figures reported in Section II.
Endnotes

125

143. These products were marketed by CFBAI member companies; the Commission has not determined whether all 

of these products are qualifying products under the member companies’ pledges.

144. The one exception is the QSR foods category. See supra Section III.B.7.

145. CFBAI data indicate that in 2009, 40% of cereals marketed by members contained 10 g of sugar or less per 

serving. As of 2011, that had increased to 84% of member cereals. See CFBAI Category-Specific Uniform

Nutrition Criteria, at Appendix B, Figure B.3, available at www.bbb.org/us/childrens-food-and-beverageadvertising-initiative/. 

146. The data for all marketing expenditures are generally comparable to that for television advertising. 

147. A “wrapped” vehicle is covered with promotional images for a product.

148.	 The FTC Order did not require companies to report product placements in movies with ratings of PG or PG13. It directed companies to rely on other criteria – including marketing plans, audience demographics, and 

thematic content – to determine which product placements were particularly directed to teens. With respect to 

determining product placements directed to children, the Order included movies with a G rating, in addition to 

reference to marketing plans, audience demographics, and thematic content. However, no product placements 

in G-rated movies were reported.

149. Advertising in conjunction with third-party video games is distinct from the use of “advergames.” Advergames 

are interactive games on food company (or partner company) websites that incorporate food or beverage 

products into the game content. Those games are described in detail in the section of the report that describes 

Internet and digital advertising.

150. “Go/Slow/Whoa” is a system of categorizing foods for nutrition education purposes. “Go” foods are those 

that can be eaten almost anytime. “Slow” foods are those that should be consumed less often. “Whoa” foods 

are those that should be eaten only once in a while or on special occasions. The “Go/Slow/Whoa” chart is 

available at www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/wecan/downloads/go-slow-whoa.pdf.

151. Some of the reporting companies stated that they did not conduct research on children under 12, consistent 

with their participation in the Children’s Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative (“CFBAI”), pursuant to 

which they pledged not to direct certain advertising to children under age 12, although the CFBAI principles 

do not prohibit market research on children.

152. Information submitted by one company indicated that 30-second ads are more effective than 15-second spots. 

Similarly, other research showed that children prefer longer ads (30-seconds) over shorter ones (15-seconds), 

because the longer ads allow for plot development, communication of sufficient information about the product

being advertised, and the factors that make an ad memorable, such as humor.

153.	 This company tested packaging redesign options specifically to determine what would appeal to teens. This

research was driven by the company’s participation in the CFBAI, which led it to redirect its advertising away 

from children under 12, and toward an older audience, including teens and young adults.

154. Other research showed that the effect of characters varies, depending on the age of the child viewing the ad. 

For example, if an advertisement uses a character that is identified with younger children, it could turn off older

children who think the ad is not aimed at them.

155. 2008 Report at 55-56.

156. In February, 2010, First Lady Michelle Obama launched her Let’s Move! initiative to combat childhood 

obesity. The campaign is built around four pillars: empowering parents and caregivers; providing healthy 

food in schools; improving access to healthy, affordable foods; and increasing physical activity. See Let’s 

Move! Initiative, www.letsmove.gov/ (last visited Nov.7, 2012).In connection with the launch of Let’s 

Move!, President Obama established a White House Task Force on Childhood Obesity to develop a national 

action plan. In May 2010, the Task Force issued a Report to the President entitled “Solving the Problem of 

Childhood Obesity Within a Generation.” White House Task Force on Childhood Obesity, Solving the Problem 

of Childhood Obesity Within a Generation (2010), available at www.letsmove.gov/white-house-task-forcechildhood-obesity-report-president. The report contained dozens of recommendations for actions to be taken 

by government, the private sector, state and local leaders, and parents. One section of the report focused on 
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

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food marketing and contained recommendations for the food and beverage industry as well as media and 

entertainment companies. Id. at 28-33.

157. See Council of Better Business Bureaus, Children’s Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative, www.bbb.org/

us/about-children-food-beverage-advertising-initiative/ (last visited Nov. 7, 2012).

158. CFBAI 2010 Compliance Report at 3. 

159.	 These criteria must be based on established scientific and/or government standards and be approved by the

CFBAI. See id. at 30-31.

160. These companies include Burger King, Campbell Soup Company, ConAgra, Dannon General Mills, Kellogg, 

Kraft Foods, Nestle, PepsiCo, Post, and Unilever.

161.	 Cadbury Adams has been acquired by Kraft Foods and was covered by Kraft’s pledge no later than January 1,

2012. 

162. See CFBAI 2010 Compliance Report at 33-35 (App. B).

163. 2008 Report at 64-65.

164. Nestlé joined the Initiative in July 2008 and its Restated Pledge took effect in January 2010. See Press 

Release, Council of Better Business Bureaus, BBB Issues Progress Report on Children’s Food and Beverage 

Advertising, Announces Nestle USA as New Participant: Major U.S. Food and Beverage Companies Comply 

with Pledges on Kids’ Advertising (July 28, 2008), available at www.bbb.org/us/article/bbb-issues-progressreport-on-childrens-food-and-beverage-advertising-initiative-announces-nestl%C3%A9-usa-as-newparticipant-major-us-food-and-beverage-companies-comply-with-pledges-on-kids-advertising-6213.

165. The Dannon Company joined the CFBAI in September 2008 and its Restated Pledge took effect in August 

2010. See Press Release, Council of Better Business Bureaus, The BBB Announces the Dannon Company 

as Newest Member of the Children’s Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative (Sept. 23, 2008), available at

www.bbb.org/us/article/bbb-announces-the-dannon-company-as-newest-member-of-the-childrens-food-andbeverage-advertising-initiative-6983.

166. Post Foods joined the CFBAI effective October 2009, and its most recent pledge was effective as of January 1, 

2011. See Press Release, Council of Better Business Bureaus, Post Foods Joins BBB Self-Regulation Initiative 

on Child-Directed Food Advertising (Oct. 1, 2009), available at midcal.bbb.org/article/post-foods-joins-bbbself-regulation-initiative-on-child-directed-food-advertising-12910.

167. Sara Lee Corp. joined the CFBAI in 2010 and its pledge was effective as of January 1, 2011. See Press 

Release, Council of Better Business Bureaus, Sara Lee Corporation Joins Industry Initiative to Promote 

Healthier Foods to Kids (Sept. 23, 2010), available at www.bbb.org/us/article/sara-lee-corporation-joinsindustry-initiative-to-promote-healthier-foods-to-kids-22370.

168. CFBAI 2010 Compliance Report at 4. In addition, “healthy lifestyle messaging” is no longer an option for 

companies to use to meet their pledge requirements; under the original Core Principles, participants needed

to commit that only 50% of their child-directed advertising be for “better for you” products and/or healthy 

lifestyle messaging.

169. CFBAI 2010 Compliance Report at 4, 29-30.

170. CFBAI 2010 Compliance Report at 4, 30. This principle does not apply to the use of company-owned 

characters.

171. For example, several companies, including General Mills, have deactivated websites previously directed 

to children, or revised the sites to target adults. Burger King has extended its pledge by committing 

that its child-directed “in-restaurant” marketing, such as door decals and Kids Meal bags, will advertise 

only its “better for you” Kids Meals or individual side dishes. Unilever revised its Global Principles 

for Responsible Food and Beverage Marketing in December 2010. Among other things, the company 

extended its restrictions on advertising to children – including the use of cartoon characters and celebrities 

– to cover all forms of marketing communications, such as product packaging, labeling, and point-ofsale. This extension is being phased in over a three-year period and will be implemented for 60% of the 

company’s products globally by the end of 2012, and 100% by the end of 2014. See Unilever, Global 
Endnotes

127

Principles for Responsible Food and Beverage Marketing (2010), available at www.unilever.com/images/

sd_UnileverGlobalPrinciplesforFoodandBeverageMarketingDecember2010_tcm13-4898.pdf.

172. CFBAI 2010 Compliance Report at 15, 46.

173. Burger King added a sodium limit to its existing limits on calories, fats, and added sugars, and also now 

requires that advertised Kids Meals provide a “good source” of at least two nutrients that children often

do not get in sufficient amounts – e.g., calcium, fiber, potassium, magnesium, and Vitamin E. See CFBAI 

2009 Compliance Report at 13; Press Release, Burger King Corp., Burger King Corp. to Limit Sodium in 

Advertised Kids Meals (Nov. 19, 2008), available at www.bk.com/en/us/company-info/news-press/detail/

burger-king-corp-to-limit-sodium-in-advertised-kids-meals-2125.html. The company also now provides 

fat-free, rather than 1% low-fat, milk with its Kids Meals. See CFBAI 2010 Compliance Report at 13, n.40. 

Post Foods has lowered its added sugar limit for cereals advertised to children from 12 g per serving to 11 

g, and added nutrition criteria for cereal bar products. See Council of Better Business Bureaus, Post Foods 

LLC Pledge, (2011), available at www.bbb.org/us/storage/0/Shared%20Documents/Post%20CFBAI%20

2011%20Pledge%20rev%20with%20Exhibits.pdf. Campbell’s lowered its sodium limits in late 2008 such 

that most soups now advertised to children meet the Food and Drug Administration’s criteria for “healthy,” 

with no more than 480 mg per serving. Press Release, Council of Better Business Bureaus, Campbell Soup 

Company Strengthens Pledge Under the Children’s Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative (Oct. 22, 2008), 

available at www.bbb.org/us/article/campbell-soup-company-strengthens-pledge-under-the-childrens-foodand-beverage-advertising-initiative-7461. Kraft Foods and PepsiCo adopted new nutrition criteria in the wake 

of the demise of the “Smart Choices” program (discussed in Section V.A.2.b), which had replaced Kraft’s 

“Sensible Solutions” and Pepsi’s “Smart Spot” nutrition standards. Most recently, McDonald’s announced that 

it will include apple slices and a smaller size French fries in every children’s meal, and a choice of beverage 

including fat-free chocolate milk, 1% low-fat white milk, or a soft drink. See Press Release, McDonalds’ 

Corp., McDonald’s Announces Commitments to Offer Improved Nutrition Choices (July 26, 2011), available 

at www.aboutmcdonalds.com/mcd/media_center/recent_news/corporate/commitments_to_offer_improved_

nutrition_choices.html.

174. For example, General Mills has reduced the sugar content in many of the breakfast cereals it markets to 

children from 12 to 15 g per serving to 10 or 11 g per serving, and, in December 2009, the company announced 

it would reduce the sugar content of cereals it markets to children under 12 – including Cocoa Puffs, Trix, 

and Lucky Charms – to less than 10 g per serving in 2010. See Press Release, General Mills, General Mills 

achieves further sugar reductions in cereals (Dec. 9, 2010), available at www.generalmills.com/Media/

NewsReleases/Library/2010/December/BigG.aspx. Similarly, the Kellogg Company has reformulated several 

of its children’s cereals – including Froot Loops and Corn Pops – to contain less sodium or sugar, and/or to 

contain 10% daily value of fiber and/or a half-serving of whole grains. Post Foods has lowered the sugar

content in its popular Fruity and Cocoa Pebbles cereals from 11 g per serving to 9 g per serving. See Press 

Release, Post Foods, LLC, Post Foods, LLC Working to Provide Even Better Breakfasts for Kids: Cereal 

Corporation Announces Nutritional Changes to Pebbles Brand (Dec. 22, 2010), available at http://multivu.

prnewswire.com/mnr/pebbles/47803/.

175. Campbell’s Soup Company and ConAgra Foods have both reformulated a number of the products they market 

to children – including soups, pasta products, and snack crackers – in order to reduce sodium and/or fat levels. 

See CFBAI 2010 Compliance Report at 8; Associated Press, “Campbell Soup to change SpaghettiOs recipe: 

Food maker will cut sodium by 35% to make pasta healthier for kids” (Dec. 14, 2009), available at www.

msnbc.msn.com/id/34419619/ns/business-retail/t/campbell-soup-change-spaghettios-recipe/.

176. McDonald’s and Burger King have both developed new children’s meal options. See Council of Better 

Business Bureaus, The Children’s Food & Beverage Advertising Initiative in Action: A Report on Compliance 

and Implementation During 2008 (Oct. 2009) (hereinafter CFBAI 2009 Compliance Report) at 13 (noting new 

Grilled or Regular Snack Wraps with a fruit and low-fat yogurt parfait available from McDonald’s); CFBAI 

2010 Compliance Report at 8 (noting new reduced-sodium Chicken Tenders meal with BK Fresh Apple Fries 

and fat-free milk available from Burger King).

177. See CFBAI 2011 Compliance Report at App. B.

178. At least one company has already begun advertising new products that meet the uniform criteria.
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179. 2008 Report at 65-66.

180. Id. at 66-67.

181. Id.

182. Other companies developed portion-controlled packages – typically, “100-calorie packs” – for products such as 

snack crackers, cookies, snack cakes, and breakfast baked goods, but did not market them to children or teens.

183. See generally 2008 Report at 75-78.

184. See id. at 78.

185. “Fuel Up to Play 60” is a partnership between the National Dairy Council and the National Football League 

and part of the NFL PLAY 60 campaign to encourage children to get 60 minutes of physical activity each day. 

The program is targeted to elementary and middle schools (ages 9-13; grades 4-8) and operates in more than 

66,000 schools. The USDA is also a partner in the program. See Fuel Up to Play 60, www.fueluptoplay60.

com (last visited Nov. 7, 2012).

186. See supra note 156.

187. See National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, We Can!, www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/wecan/ 

(last visited Nov. 7, 2012).

188. See KaBOOM!, http://kaboom.org/ (last visited Nov. 7, 2012).

189. See, Coalition for Healthy Children, www.healthychildrencoalition.org (last visited Nov. 7, 2012). The 

Coalition provides messages to children and parents about the importance of a healthy lifestyle. 

190. See Press Release, United Fresh, United Fresh Launches ‘A Salad Bar in Every School’ (Feb.10, 2010) 

available at www.unitedfresh.org/news/945/United_Fresh_Launches_Salad_Bar_in_Every_School_Campaign. 

191. See YMCA, Healthy Kids Day, www.ymca.net/healthy-kids-day/ (last visited Nov. 7, 2012).

192. See American Heart Association, Jump Rope for Heart, www.heart.org/jump (last visited Nov. 7, 2012).

193. A produce company also reported that it contributed to a healthy eating program that enabled schools in the 

district to buy fresh produce for its students.

194. See also supra Section IV.B.2.f for a more detailed discussion of sponsorships of athletic events and related 

marketing activities. 

195. E.g., 2008 Report at 24-26, 28-38.

196. See 2008 Report at 79. See also M. Lapierre, S. Vaala, D. Linebarger, Influence of licensed spokescharacters 

and health cues on children’s ratings of cereal taste, Archives of Ped. and Adol. Med., Vol. 165, at 229-234 

(2011); C. Roberto, J. Baik, J. Harris, K. Brownell, Influence of Licensed Characters on Children’s Taste and 

Snack Preferences, Pediatrics, Vol. 126, at 88-93 (2010).

197. See 2008 Report at 78.

198. See id. at 78-79. 

199. See id. at 79.

200. See id. 

201. White House Task Force on Childhood Obesity, Solving the Problem of Childhood Obesity Within a 

Generation 32 (2010). Supra note 156.

202. The Walt Disney Company does have nutritional guidelines limiting the use of its brands and characters 

in food-related marketing activities. These guidelines were updated in June 2012. Disney has announced 

that all foods using Disney licensed characters, other than special occasion foods like birthday cakes, must 

meed the updated and more rigorous guidelines by 2015. See Press Release, Walt Disney Co., The Walt 

Disney Company Sets New Standards for Food Advertising to Kids (June 4, 2012), available at www.

waltdisneycompany.com. 
Endnotes

129

203. To the extent that nutritional standards apply to the cross-promotional activity through a CFBAI member’s 

pledge, they would only cover television, radio, print, and Internet advertising, and not, for example, product 

packaging, which accounts for a significant amount of cross-promotional activity.

204. Some of the media companies have undertaken efforts to promote healthy messages to children and youth. 

Nickelodeon, for example, has joined First Lady Michelle Obama’s Let’s Move! initiative by offering childand family-directed public service announcements, as well as programming, that promote health and wellness.

205. See 2008 Report at 79. The Commission further recommended that the media and entertainment companies 

continue to incorporate health and nutrition messages into their programming and editorial content. Id.

206. See Press Release, supra note 202. Disney will apply the nutrition guidelines to programming on its Disney, 

Disney XD, and Disney Junior networks. See id.

207. The Alliance is a partnership of the American Heart Association and the William J. Clinton Foundation. Its 

goal is to reduce the prevalence of childhood obesity by 2015 and empower children to make healthy lifestyle 

choices. See Alliance for a Healthier Generation, About Us, www.healthiergeneration.org/about.aspx (last 

visited Nov. 7, 2012).

208. See generally id.; 2008 Report at 72-74. “Competitive” foods and beverages are those sold in schools outside 

the federally reimbursable meal programs, and include foods sold in student stores and vending machines 

as well as side dishes and desserts sold a la carte in cafeterias. Food provided through the reimbursable 

meals programs must meet federal nutrition standards, but competitive foods typically do not. The USDA 

promulgated revised standards for school lunches and breakfasts in January 2012, designed to align the 

standards with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. See 7 C.F.R. §§ 210-220. The changes include ensuring 

that students are offered both fruits and vegetables every day of the week; substantially increasing offerings 

of whole grain-rich foods; offering only fat-free or low-fat milk varieties; limiting calories based on the age 

of children being served to ensure proper portion size; and increasing the focus on reducing the amounts of 

saturated fat, trans fats, and sodium.

209. See Alliance for a Healthier Generation, School Competitive Food Guidelines, www.healthiergeneration.org/

companies.aspx?id=2540 (last visited Nov. 7, 2012). These standards have been revised somewhat since the 

original guidelines were released in 2006, to include more categories of food and snacks.

210. See id. 

211. See American Beverage Association, Alliance School Beverage Guidelines Final Progress Report iv-v (2010), 

at iv-v, available at www.healthiergeneration.org/uploadedFiles/About_The_Alliance/SBG%20FINAL%20

PROGRESS%20REPORT%20(March%202010).pdf.

212. See id. at v.

213. See Alliance for a Healthier Generation, Healthier School Foods and Beverages, www.healthiergeneration.org/

companies.aspx?id=5691 (last visited Nov. 7, 2012).

214. See generally Alliance for a Healthier Generation, “Healthier School Foods and Beverages,” available at www.

healthiergeneration.org/schools.aspx?id=3425 (last visited Sept. 14, 2011).

215. Indeed, several reporting companies listed their efforts to develop or reformulate products that meet the 

Alliance’s competitive food standards. One company noted that it offers numerous soup and juice varieties 

that satisfy the relevant criteria, while another manufacturer developed a new line of “better for you” snack 

products, aimed at teens, for sale in schools.

216. See OMG Center for Collaborative Learning, Data Findings of the Evaluation of the Alliance for a Healthier 

Generation’s Competitive Foods Agreement, 3, 8 (2012), available at www.healthiergeneration.org/

uploadedFiles/About_The_Alliance/Alliance%20Comp%20Foods%20Eval_Final.pdf. 

217. See Healthy Dining Finder, Kids LiveWell Nutrition Criteria, http://healthydiningfinder.com/kids_livewell/

criteria (last visited Nov. 7, 2012).

218. See id.

219. See Healthy Weight Commitment Foundation, www.healthyweightcommit.org/ (last visited Nov. 7, 2012).
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220. See Healthy Weight Commitment Foundation, The Schools: Combining Nutrition and Physical Education to 

Beat Obesity at the Start, www.healthyweightcommit.org/energy_balance_resources/schools (last visited Nov. 

7, 2012).

221. See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, About the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 

www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/about_nhanes.htm (last visited Nov. 7, 2012).

222. CDC uses body mass index (BMI) to measure childhood overweight and obesity. BMI is based on a ratio of 

a child’s weight to the square of his or her height. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, About BMI 

for Children and Teens, www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/bmi/childrens_bmi/about_childrens_bmi.html 

(last visited Nov. 7). Although BMI does not measure body fat directly, it is a reasonable indicator of body 

fatness for most children and teens. CDC plots BMI numbers on BMI-for-age growth charts for boys and girls 

to obtain a percentile ranking that indicates the relative position of the child’s BMI number among children 

of the same sex and age. An “obese” child or teen has a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for persons of the 

same age and sex. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Basics About Childhood Obesity, www.cdc.

gov/obesity/childhood/basics.html (last visited Nov. 7, 2012). A child or teen is “overweight” if he or she has 

a BMI at or above the 85th percentile and lower than the 95th percentile for persons of the same age and sex. 

Prior to June 2010, CDC used the term “at risk of overweight” for overweight children. See infra note 230.

223. See Cynthia Ogden, et al., Prevalence of Obesity and Trends in Body Mass Index Among U.S. Children, 1999-

2010, 307 J. Am. Med. Ass’n 483, 485-86 (2012), available at www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db82.pdf.

224. NPD’s NET service has been continuously tracking the eating habits of Americans since March 1981. NET’s 

annual sample consists of 2,000 households and approximately 5,000 individuals. Each household maintains 

a daily eating diary for two weeks. The NET panelist is instructed to write in the name and brand of each food 

and beverage consumed by all household members. Additives/toppings, ingredients and cooking aids are also 

reported. After all 14 diaries are received back from a household, they are coded and made ready for data 

processing.

225. Every day, members of NPD’s online SnackTrack panel report on their snack food occasions both at home and 

away from home, resulting in over 350,000 snack food occasions in the United States. SnackTrack panelists 

report the snack foods they ate “yesterday,” reporting brand, flavor, and attributes, as well as information about

the consumption situation and motivations for choosing their snack foods.

226. CREST tracks purchases in the commercial restaurant industry, as well as ready-to-eat foods/beverages 

purchased from other retail establishments such as convenience and food stores. CREST information is 

collected from NPD’s online panel of more than 3 million consumers. Every day, CREST surveys are sent to 

3,500 adults and 550 teens residing in the United States. The sample is geographically balanced to the U.S. 

Census description of the population, and is projected to represent behavior of the total U.S.

227. Although overall teen-directed marketing of fruits and vegetables dropped by 19% between 2006 and 2009 

(see Figure II.4), the companies increased their expenditures on teen-directed television and new media (see

Figures II.9 and II.12).

228.	 NPD does not use a sugar grams per serving threshold to define pre-sweetened cereals. Instead, the client

breakfast cereal companies inform NPD into which category their respective brands fit. Using mostly data

submitted by the companies, the FTC staff determined the sugar grams per serving of each of the brands 

comprising NPD’s pre-sweetened and non-pre-sweetened categories in 2009. Each brand’s sugar grams 

per serving was then weighted according to the percentage of total child or teen eating for which that brand 

accounted in its category (pre-sweetened or non-pre-sweetened). The staff then calculated the average grams 

of sugar per serving for the cereals in the pre-sweetened and non-pre-sweetened categories. For children, 

cereals in NPD’s pre-sweetened breakfast cereal category contained an average of 10 g of sugar per serving, 

compared to 5 g per serving for the non-pre-sweetened category. For teens, the pre-sweetened category 

averaged 12 g per serving, compared to 5 g per serving of non-pre-sweetened cereal.

229. The SnackTrack data on BMI aggregate two years of data ending December 2009. The NET data on BMI 

aggregate three years of data ending November 2009.

230. Prior to June 2010, CDC labeled children between the 85th and 95th percentiles of the sex-specific BMI growth

charts as “at risk for overweight.” See Cynthia Ogden & Katherine Flegal, Changes in Terminology for 
Endnotes

131

Childhood Overweight and Obesity, 25 Nat’l Health Stat. Rep. 1, 4 (2010), available at www.cdc.gov/nchs/

data/nhsr/nhsr025.pdf. CDC now labels these children as “overweight.”

231. Prior to June 2010, CDC categorized children with BMI values at or above the 95th percentile of the sexspecific BMI growth charts as overweight. Id. CDC now labels these children as “obese.”

232. The 53 food and beverage categories were: Pre-Sweetened Cereals, Non-Pre-Sweetened Cereals, Snack Chips, 

Pretzels, Snack Nuts, Popcorn, Snack Bars, Crackers, Cookies, Fruit Snacks, Gelatin, Pudding, Candy Bars, 

Other Chocolate Candy, Hard Candy, Chewy Candy, Ice Cream, Sherbet, Sorbet, Popsicles, Other Frozen 

Novelties, Frozen Yogurt, Frozen Baked Goods, Milk, Yogurt, Yogurt Drinks, Cheese, Snack Cakes, Pastries, 

Doughnuts, Frozen Waffles, French Toast Sticks, Toaster Pastries, Regular Carbonated Soft Drinks, Diet

Carbonated Soft Drinks, Energy Drinks, Fruit Juice, Juice Drinks, Fruit Flavored Drinks, Vegetable Juice, Tea 

(hot & cold), Sports Drinks, Hot Cocoa, Bottled Water, Non-Carbonated Beverages, Fruit, Vegetables, Frozen/

Chill Entrées, Frozen Pizza, Canned Soups/Pasta, Lunch Kits, Non-Frozen Packaged Entrées, and Sour Candy.

233. For example, one company that markets snack food products has a marketing code that prohibits advertising 

or promotional activity in any programming or venue where 50% or more of the primary audience is under age 

12. This company also requires that at least half of its food advertising directed to teenagers 13 to 17 promote

a healthy lifestyle. Another company reported that it has an informal policy not to target ads to children 

or teens and not to use licensed cartoon characters on packaging. A QSR reported that its media buying 

guidelines, which it provides to its advertising agencies, provide that no advertising should be placed on any 

programming with an audience composition of more than 30% children ages 2 to 11. Similarly, a beverage 

marketer reported that it does not market its brands in venues or media where the primary audience is under 12.
A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents

132
Appendix A

Data and Research Methods

A-1

The 48 recipients of the Order to File Special Report (Special Order)1 include food and 

beverage companies, fruit and vegetable growers, national dairy boards, and quick-service

restaurants (QSRs). The Commission sent a Special Order to all of the entities that received a 

Special Order for the 2008 report, with the exception of two.2 These companies had been identified after extensive research, including a literature review of published studies and trade press

reports, review of an FTC Bureau of Economics study of children’s exposure to food advertising 

on television, and television exposure data purchased from The Nielsen Company.3 At the time 

of the 2008 report, the target companies constituted the top television advertisers for most of the 

selected food categories in programs or time segments where 30% or more of the audience was 

between the ages of 2 and 17. For the primary products in these food categories, the companies 

accounted for 60% to 90% of U.S. sales.

In addition, seven companies were added to the list of Special Order recipients based on 

information showing that the companies engaged in youth-directed marketing of food and beverages during 2009.4

 The companies who received and responded to Special Orders include 15 of 

the 17 members of the CBBB Children’s Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative (CFBAI).5 

The CFBAI has reported that its members account for at least three-fourths of food and beverage 

advertising expenditures on children’s television.6

The following 48 companies received and responded to the FTC Special Order:

Boskovich Farms, Inc.

Burger King Holdings, Inc.

California Giant, Inc.

Campbell Soup Company

CEC Entertainment, Inc.7

Chiquita Brands International, Inc.

The Coca-Cola Company

Coca-Cola Bottling Co. Consolidated

Coca-Cola Enterprises, Inc.

ConAgra Foods, Inc.

Dairy Management Inc.

Danone Foods, Inc.

Del Monte Fresh Produce N.A., Inc.

Doctor’s Associates, Inc.10

Dole Food Company, Inc.

Dr. Pepper Snapple Group, Inc.11

Dunkin’ Brands, Inc.

General Mills, Inc.

Grimmway Enterprises, Inc.

Hansen Natural Corp.

The Hershey Company

Hinkle Produce12

Kellogg Company

Kraft Foods Inc.

LGS Specialty Sales, Ltd.

Mars, Inc.

McDonald’s Corp.

McKee Foods Corp.

National Fluid Milk Processor Promotion 

Board (MilkPEP)

Nestle USA, Inc.

PepsiCo, Inc.8

Perfetti Van Melle USA, Inc.

The Procter & Gamble Company

Ralcorp Holdings, Inc.9

Ready Pac Produce, Inc.

Red Bull North America, Inc.

Rockstar, Inc.

Sonic Corp.

Stemilt Growers, Inc.

Summeripe Worldwide, Inc.

Sunkist Growers, Inc.

Sunny Delight Beverages Company

The Topps Company, Inc.
A-2

The Special Order requested marketing, expenditure, and nutrition data for calendar year

2009. The 2008 report analyzed data from calendar year 2006, the year that the CFBAI was announced and the Alliance for a Healthier Generation began its program to improve the nutritional 

quality of food and beverages sold in schools outside of school meal programs. By collecting

data from 2009, the Commission has been able to analyze the extent to which industry self-regulatory efforts are affecting food marketing directed to children and teens.

Information about 2009 marketing expenditures and activities, as well as nutritional data, 

was requested for products or brands in 10 food categories:16

• Breakfast cereals

• Snack foods

• Candy and frozen desserts

• Dairy products

• Baked goods

• Prepared foods and meals

• Carbonated beverages

• Fruit juice and non-carbonated beverages

• Fruits and vegetables

• Restaurant food (served in QSRs)17

A. Marketing Expenditures and Activities

The Commission requested expenditure information for promotional activities directed

toward children (ages 2-11) or teens (ages 12-17) or both, for products or brands in the 10 food 

categories listed above, in 18 promotional activity categories, as defined in Attachments B (children) and C (teens) to the Special Order:18

Television

Radio

Print

Company-sponsored websites

Other Internet and digital advertising

Packaging and labeling

Movie theater/video/video game advertising

In-store marketing

Specialty item or premium distribution

Public entertainment events

Product placements

Character licensing/cross-promotions/toy co-branding

Sponsorship of sports teams or athletes

Word-of-mouth and viral marketing

Hostess Brands, Inc.13

Imagination Farms, LLC

Unilever United States, Inc.

Wendy’s/Arby’s Group, Inc.14

YUM! Brands, Inc.15
A-3

Celebrity endorsements

In-school marketing

Advertising in conjunction with philanthropic endeavors

Other promotional activities

The definitions for marketing directed to children and to teens were consistent with those

used in the Special Order for the 2008 report.19 For all categories, a promotional activity was 

reportable if a company marketing plan indicated that the activity was directed to children or 

teens. For measured media,20 including television, radio, print, and some Internet advertising, the 

definitions included the additional objective criterion of audience share. A television, radio, or

print advertisement was considered “targeted” toward children if the audience share of children, 

ages 2-11, was 30%. For teens, ages 12-17, the relevant audience share was 20%.21 For both age 

groups, this audience percentage share is approximately double the proportion of that age group 

in the U.S. population. The Commission concluded that these audience shares likely would 

ensure capturing most programming (or publications) targeted to children or teens, while not also 

including substantial amounts of adult programming that happen to have some young people in 

the audience.

The definitions for movie theater, video, or video game advertising used the same audience

shares and, in the case of child-directed advertising, included references to particular ratings by 

the Motion Picture Association of America or the Entertainment Software Rating Board.22 With 

respect to Internet ads, a 20% user/viewer share was used for both children and teens because 

this level is approximately double the proportion of both age groups in the population of active 

Internet users during 2009.23

Given that third-party monitoring companies do not measure the audience composition of 

all Internet, movie theater, video, or video game advertising, the definitions for child- and teentargeted advertising in these categories also included overall theme or content, based on criteria 

such as: using animated or licensed characters; featuring a celebrity popular with children or 

teens; using language or young models that indicate the promotion is directed to children or 

teens; or promotion of child or teen themes, activities, incentives, products, or media. A similar 

mix of objective (wherever possible) and subjective criteria was employed for all of the remaining categories of advertising and promotional activities. The Commission aimed to provide the 

target companies with as much specific guidance as possible in determining which marketing

expenditures to report, in order to ensure consistency among the promotional activities that were 

included in the study.

In some cases, the target audience for reportable promotions could not readily be divided 

between those under age 12 and those between ages 12 and 17. Certain products may have been 

targeted to a “tween” audience that includes older children and younger teens (a group generally 

between the ages of 8 or 9 and 13 or 14). Thus, for each promotional activity category, compa-
A-4

nies were asked to identify any expenditures that they reported both as child- and teen-directed 

promotions. As a result of these overlapping expenditures in many categories, it is not possible 

to simply add together the amounts spent on child-directed and teen-directed marketing in order 

to calculate the total amount spent on youth-directed promotions. In most instances, the total 

amount for all youth, ages 2-17, is less than the sum of the child and teen expenditures.

For any food product marketed to children or teens, the companies were required to report

the total amount spent in each promotional activity category to market the product to all audiences, according to definitions and instructions in Attachment D to the Special Order.24 In addition, the companies were required to report their overall marketing expenditures to all audiences

for each product marketed to children or teens. The Special Order requested information about

promotional activity totals and overall expenditures for those products marketed to children or 

teens so that the reported expenditures for youth could be placed in context. The Commission 

did not seek any information about products that fell within the Special Order’s designated food 

categories but for which there were no child- or teen-directed promotional expenditures, as defined in Attachments B and C to the Special Order. Therefore, where expenditures for marketing

to children, teens, or both are stated in the report as a percentage of total marketing expenditures, 

the total refers only to the aggregate of those products within the designated food categories that 

were promoted to youth; it does not include all products in the covered food categories that were 

advertised and sold by the companies.

Some reportable advertisements promoted multiple brands, sub-brands, or QSR menu items. 

In such cases, the Commission asked companies to report the advertisement as a “multi-brand” 

promotion and to identify which of the brands, sub-brands, or menu items featured in the advertisement was the top-selling product in 2009. If an ad featured products within two or more food 

categories, companies allocated the expenditures between the relevant food categories in proportion to the companies’ relative sales for the food products featured in the advertisement, and then 

noted the top-selling product within each food category. Similarly, for any advertisement featuring both regular and diet versions of carbonated beverages, companies were asked to allocate 

expenditures between the diet and regular products based on relative sales of those products in 

2009.

For promotional activities involving licensed characters and celebrity endorsers, the Commission collected expenditure information in two ways. First, the companies were asked to 

report any fees paid to obtain the rights to use a third-party media property or to hire a celebrity 

to appear in their promotions. Second, the companies were asked to identify what proportion 

of their advertising expenditures in each media category was related to the use of a licensed 

character or celebrity endorser. For example, if a company had reportable television advertisements that featured a licensed character, the company was asked to state the amount, in dollars, 
A-5

of its overall television advertising expenditures that involved the use of a licensed character. 

These amounts are not double-counted in arriving at totals, but they enable separate reporting of 

amounts expended in cross-promotional activities and celebrity endorsements.

In addition to requesting information on marketing expenditures, the Special Order asked

companies to provide descriptions and samples for all promotional activities meeting the Commission’s definitions for child- and teen-directed marketing. The Commission asked companies

to provide these samples and descriptions regardless of whether or not the companies incurred 

reportable expenditures for the promotions.

Companies provided expenditure data and a description of activities both electronically and 

in print using Excel spreadsheet templates that the Commission distributed as attachments to the 

Special Order. To protect the confidentiality of financial information reported by the individual

companies, the Commission has reported expenditure data, in Section II of this report, only in 

aggregated amounts, by food category and by promotional techniques used.

B. Nutrition Data

A key recommendation of the 2008 report was for industry to improve the nutritional profile

of foods marketed to children and teens.25 To assess the scope of nutritional improvements between 2006 and 2009, the Commission gathered detailed nutrition information from the Special 

Order recipients. The companies were required to provide data on key nutrients for all products for which they reported marketing expenditures for 2009.26 Companies that responded to a 

Special Order for the 2008 report were also asked to submit nutritional data for the products they 

identified as marketed to youth in 2006.

For advertisements that promoted multiple brands, sub-brands, or QSR menu items, the 

Commission asked companies to report nutrition information for the top-selling brand, subbrand, or menu item, which the companies had already identified when reporting expenditure

data. For promotions featuring both diet and regular versions of carbonated beverages, the companies provided nutrition data for both products. For QSR children’s meals, nutrition information was collected for the meal as a whole, not for individual components of the meal. For any 

advertisements that promoted a corporate brand, rather than a food product, companies did not 

report any corresponding nutrition data.

The intent of the study was to evaluate the marketing expenditures and nutritional profile of

all foods that were promoted to children and teens in 2006 and 2009. Because the Commission 

aimed to capture the entire universe of youth-advertised products, the Commission has been able 

to calculate average nutritional profiles for foods advertised, and has not engaged in statistical

sampling or modeling.27 Thus, the information presented reflects the average nutritional content
A-6

of the food products that are actually being advertised to children and teens; the report does not 

analyze the nutritional content of all foods that are available for purchase.

The companies submitted nutrition data both electronically and in print using Excel spreadsheet templates that the Commission provided as attachments to the Special Order. The Commission weighted the nutrition data based on the amount of marketing expenditures the companies reported for the corresponding food products and media categories.28 The data reported in 

Section III represent the average nutritional profile of products marketed in a given food category

or using a particular promotional technique.

As noted above, the advertising directed to children and to teens is not entirely mutually 

exclusive; some marketing is directed to both audiences. Even where marketing expenditures 

do not overlap, many of the same products were advertised to children and teens. These food 

products are, however, weighted differently based on how heavily they were advertised to different audiences. As a result of the expenditure weighting, the average nutritional levels for foods 

marketed to different age groups can differ even if exactly the same set of products was advertised to each group.

Food products were included in the expenditure-weighted nutritional analysis only if the 

company reported nutrition data for the product in each year in which the product was advertised 

to youth. Thus, if a company reported marketing expenditures for a food product in both 2006 

and 2009, but only provided nutrition data for 2009, the product was not included in the nutritional analysis. For all foods for which the Commission collected data (excluding QSR foods),29

this resulted in the exclusion from the nutritional analysis of 0.5% of total marketing expenditures in 2006 and 0.03% of total marketing expenditures in 2009.

C. Company Objections to Special Order Criteria

Some companies disagreed with aspects of the Commission’s definitions for promotional

activities directed to children and teens, and those companies were asked to note their objections when filing their responses to the Special Order. Several companies stated that they believe

the audience share criteria specified in the Special Order for determining whether a promotion

is child- or teen-directed were not sufficiently narrow and resulted in the companies reporting

promotions that were intended for an adult audience. In addition, the Special Order required

that companies report the entire cost of advertising that met the audience share criteria. Some 

companies contended that it would have been more appropriate to report only a percentage of the 

cost, based upon the child or teen share of the audience.

The Commission acknowledges that defining “children’s advertising” or “teen advertising”

is difficult and inherently imprecise. However, the Commission believes it is important to provide objective criteria, whenever possible, to ensure that the companies use a uniform approach 
A-7

to identify and report youth-directed advertising expenses. The Commission also believes it is 

important to remain consistent with the definitions used in 2008 report, in order to compare the

data from the two studies and reliably analyze any changes in marketing activities between the 

two years. For the 2008 report, the Commission established audience share criteria for measured media that were double the proportion of each age group in the U.S. population.30 Thus, 

the companies were asked to report advertising on programming or in other media that attracts a 

vastly disproportionate share of children and teens as compared to the general population.

The Commission acknowledges that there are anomalies in the data – instances where the 

criteria caused inclusion of advertising that was adult-directed. Some companies pointed out 

such situations in their reports. However, the Commission does not believe that these instances 

were numerous and concludes that, in general, the expenditure information presented in the report is an accurate reflection of 2009 marketing to children and teens.

D. Data Purchased from Third Parties

As a supplement to the advertising expenditure and nutrition data collected from the Special 

Order recipients, the Commission also purchased data from third-party monitoring companies. 

These data facilitated further analysis of youth exposure to food marketing, and also allowed the 

Commission to draw some comparisons between foods advertised and foods consumed.

As noted above, for the 2008 report, the Commission relied on 2005-2006 television exposure data from The Nielsen Company in order to identify companies to include in the study; the 

Commission included the same companies in the current study so that it could draw comparisons 

between the types and amount of youth-directed marketing in 2006 and 2009. For the 2008-09 

television year, the Nielsen Company provided data on the most-viewed broadcast television 

programs among child viewers age 2-11 and teen viewers age 12-17. The Commission then purchased data on the aggregate dollars spent to advertise on the top child and teen broadcast programs for twenty-five separate food and beverage product category codes (PCC). As described

in Section II.C.1.a, these data demonstrate the dollars spent and type of food advertised on television programs that are popular with children and teens, but, because they are general audience 

shows, do not meet the Special Order’s definition for child- and teen-targeted.

The Commission also purchased various data related to youth-directed food marketing via 

the Internet. As described in detail in Appendix D, the Commission used comScore’s Media Metrix service to obtain unique audience, page view, and time-spent data for children 2-11 and teens

12-17 in order to identify child- and teen-oriented websites during 2009. Data from comScore’s 

Ad Metrix service then enabled the Commission to identify all display advertising on child- and 

teen-oriented websites during 2009. Nielsen Online provided additional data on the number of 
A-8

impressions on child- and teen-oriented websites for display ads for foods and beverages (within 

the 10 food categories included in the FTC study).

The Commission also obtained demographic data from comScore for selected food company websites, and data on cross-visitation between these sites and the child- and teen-oriented 

websites. In addition, Nielsen Online provided data on the amount of time visitors spent on food 

or beverage company websites featuring content and activities with strong appeal to children or 

teens, as well as on cross-visiting between such websites. When analyzed alongside the Internet 

expenditures reported by the companies, the comScore and Nielsen Online data permit a more 

complete assessment of child and teen exposure to online food marketing.

The Commission purchased data from comScore’s Ad Metrix Mobile service on youthdirected advertising via mobile devices, obtaining two reports for the November 2008 to January 

2010 time period. The first report was a demographics report that shows, for users ages 13 to 17,

the product category of mobile ads received, the reach of those ads, and the percentage of users 

who responded to the ads. A second report provides images of the food and beverage ads that 

the service collected. These data enabled an examination of this emerging area of youth-directed 

food marketing in Appendix D.

The Commission purchased data from NPD Group, Inc., regarding the number of QSR 

children’s meals with toys sold during 2008 and 2009. As noted in Section II.C.4. of the report, 

the FTC asked Special Order recipients to report expenditures for premiums directed to children 

or teens, including the cost of toys given away with the purchase of a food item or meal.31 Some 

QSRs, however, reported that they distribute toys as self-liquidating premiums (SLPs) – that

is, the price of a children’s meal includes an additional charge to cover the cost of the toy. As a 

result, these toys did not trigger a reportable marketing expense. Nevertheless, toy premiums 

are a significant component of some food marketing campaigns directed to children, particularly

those conducted by QSRs. For this reason, the Commission separately required companies to

report the number of SLP units sold in 2009 and the total cost of manufacturing or purchasing the 

SLPs sold in 2009. To confirm the accuracy of the reported data, the Commission compared the

company-reported figures to the information obtained from NPD’s CREST Commercial service

on the number of toy premiums purchased in connection with QSR children’s meals in 2008-09.

Finally, the Commission purchased data from the NPD Group showing trends among children and teens in annual consumption per capita for the primary food and beverage categories 

marketed to them. Data also showed the percentage of occasions that children and teens obtained these foods and beverages from schools. The Commission obtained similar data broken 

down by children’s and teens’ body mass index (BMI) category, as well as data on whether children and teens of different BMI categories are more or less likely to request or purchase snack

foods. The NPD Group also provided data on the annual ounces of consumption of several snack 
A-9

food categories per capita for children and teens. These data were used to examine whether any 

correlations exist between advertising expenditures and consumption and are reported in detail in 

Section V.

E. Data from Survey of Media Companies

In the 2008 report, the Commission recommended that media and entertainment companies 

take additional steps to encourage healthier eating and healthier lifestyles by children. Among 

its specific recommendations, the Commission suggested that more media companies limit the

licensing of their characters to healthier foods and beverages that are marketed to children,32

and that media companies consider adopting uniform, objective standards that limit advertising 

placements on programs “directed to children” to healthier food and beverage products.33 In 

February 2010, the Commission sent letters to nine media companies requesting the voluntary

submission of information regarding their licensing agreements or cross-promotional arrangements with food or beverage companies or QSRs in connection with entertainment properties 

that are targeted or particularly appeal to children or teens. The Commission analyzed these 

companies’ cross-promotional activities and policies in Section V.A.4.

Endnotes

1. Because the Special Order was sent to more than nine entities, the Paperwork Reduction Act, 44 U.S.C. § 3501 

et seq., required the Commission to obtain Office of Management and Budget (OMB) approval to conduct the

study. The Commission published two Federal Register notices, 74 Fed. Reg. 48,072 (Sept. 21, 2009) and 75 

Fed. Reg. 29,340 (May 25, 2010), in connection with the OMB submission. OMB approved the Commission’s 

proposal to conduct the study on July 8, 2010.

2. The only entities from the 2008 report that are not included in the current study are two state dairy boards 

(the California Milk Advisory Board and the California Milk Processor Board). The Commission instead sent 

Special Orders to Dairy Management Inc. and the National Fluid Milk Processor Promotion Board (a recipient 

of a Special Order for the 2008 report), after determining that many dairy product promotional efforts are 

handled on a non-branded basis by these national boards.

3. The Nielsen data included ranking of the top 20 national television advertisers for various reporting weeks in 

2005-2006, as determined by Gross Rating Points for the 2-17 age group, for food and beverage categories 

identified by the Commission based on specific Nielsen Product Classification Codes.

4. These companies were: Dairy Management Inc., Danone Foods, Inc. (whose subsidiary, the Dannon Company, 

joined the CBBB Children’s Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative in 2008), Doctor’s Associates, Inc., 

Dunkin’ Brands, Inc., Hinkle Produce, Perfetti Van Melle USA, Inc., and Sonic Corp.

5. The two CFBAI participants that are not included in this report are Cadbury Adams, USA, LLC, and Sara Lee 

Corp. The FTC did not send a Special Order to these companies because the products they market to youth 

(chewing gum and bread, respectively) are not covered by the food categories included in this study.

6. Council of Better Business Bureaus, The Children’s Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative in Action: A 

Report on Compliance and Implementation During 2009 Exec. Summ. i (Dec. 2010), available at www.bbb.

org/us/children-food-beverage-advertising-initiative/; Press Release, Association of National Advertisers 

Press Release, Children’s Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative Promotes Healthier Dietary Choices and 

Lifestyles to Kids (Jan. 13, 2009), available at www.ana.net/content/show/id/535.

7. CEC Entertainment, Inc., owns the Chuck E. Cheese restaurant chain.
A-10

8.	 In 2009, PepsiCo, Inc., acquired its two largest bottlers, PepsiAmericas, Inc., and The Pepsi Bottling Group,

Inc., both of which were recipients of a Special Order for the 2008 report. For the current study, PepsiCo 

provided responses on behalf of its bottlers for 2009.

9.	 Ralcorp Holdings, Inc., was added to the list of Special Order recipients because it acquired Post Cereals

from Kraft Foods Inc. in 2008. For the 2008 report, Kraft Foods Inc. provided information on youth-directed 

marketing for Post Cereals.

10. Doctor’s Associates, Inc., owns the Subway restaurant franchise.

11. For the 2008 report, the Commission sent a Special Order to Cadbury Schweppes Americas Beverages 

(CSAB). In 2008, CSAB was separated from parent company Cadbury Schweppes (now Cadbury) and 

renamed Dr. Pepper Snapple Group, Inc.

12.	 Due to hardship and a minimum of reportable activities, Hinkle Produce’s obligation to file a report was

suspended.

13. Interstate Bakeries Corp. was a Special Order recipient for the 2008 report. The company changed its name to 

Hostess Brands, Inc., in 2009.

14. Wendy’s International, Inc., which received a Special Order for the 2008 report, merged with Triac Companies 

in 2008. At the time of the merger, Wendy’s International, Inc. became a subsidiary of parent company 

Wendy’s/Arby’s Group, Inc.

15. YUM! Brands, Inc., is the parent company of KFC Corp., A&W Restaurants, Inc., Long John Silver’s, Inc., 

Pizza Hut, Inc., and Taco Bell Corp. restaurants.

16. These are the same food categories for which the Commission obtained data for the 2008 report; for the current 

study, the candy and frozen dessert categories have been combined. In general, foods were grouped together 

using standard industry product classification codes. The definitions of the food categories, including items

excluded from some categories, are set forth in Attachment A to the Special Order (which is Appendix B to this 

report). The Commission excluded certain food categories, such as condiments (including applesauce) and 

spreads (such as peanut butter), which occasionally, but not frequently, are advertised to children. Gum was

also excluded because it is not a food that is ingested.

17. In contrast to the data collected for the 2008 report, QSRs were asked to report promotional activities by 

individual menu item or children’s meal. Data were collected by menu item or children’s meal, so that the 

Commission could analyze the nutritional content of advertised products.

18. These categories mirror the promotional activity categories analyzed in the 2008 report. For the current study, 

“other Internet advertising ” and “other digital advertising ” were combined into one category, as were “wordof-mouth marketing” and “viral marketing.” For the 2008 report, many companies had difficulty segregating

expenditures in these categories and total reported expenditures in some categories were small.

19. The Commission made a few changes to the criteria for determining whether advertising during television 

programs, video games, or films is youth-directed. Specifically, the Commission eliminated E and E10+

rated video games and PG-rated films from the definitions of marketing directed to children and teens. The

Commission added TV-Y and TV-Y7 television ratings to the criteria for determining whether marketing is 

directed to children.

20. For “measured” media, audience composition is measured by third-party monitoring services. For 

“unmeasured” media, such audience measurement services do not exist.

21.	 The Special Order stated that the specified audience was “as measured on an annual basis.” This was done to

prevent inclusion of unusual situations – whereby an adult program might attract a large child or teen audience 

because of a special guest appearance, for example.

22. Advertising in or contiguous to movies or videos rated G by the Motion Picture Association of America was 

considered to be child-directed. Similarly, advertising was child-directed if it appeared in or contiguous to 

video games rated EC by the Entertainment Software Rating Board.

23. Internet audience share data for 2009 were obtained from comScore Media Trend Report.
A-11

24. For the 2008 report, the Commission sought data on promotional expenditures directed to all audiences only 

for those media categories in which a particular food product was promoted to children or teens. In the current 

study, companies were required to report expenditures to all audiences in each of the media categories included

in the study. This enabled the Commission to aggregate “all audience” expenditure data across food products 

and to calculate what percentage of the total marketing budget for the reported food products was directed to 

children or teens in each promotional activity category.

25. See 2008 Report at 67.

26. If a company reformulated a food product in 2009, the company was asked to provide nutritional information 

for the last of the formulations marketed during 2009.

27. There were a limited number of changes in the companies surveyed in 2009, as compared to 2006, and the 

impact of these changes on the nutritional averages is discussed in the relevant food categories in Section III.

28. An even more accurate method of weighting nutrition data would be based on advertising exposure, but 

this information was not available. Nonetheless, expenditure-weighted averaging is more likely to reflect

differences in ad exposure than simple averaging.

29. In 2006, the Commission collected nutrition information for QSR food advertising on television only. As a 

result, QSR food nutrition information is analyzed separately in Section III.B.7.

30.	 The Commission also relied on a study by the FTC Bureau of Economics that found that significant shifts

have occurred in television viewing over the last 30 years. FTC Bureau of Economics Staff Report, Children’s 

Exposure to TV Advertising in 1977 and 2004: Information for the Obesity Debate 4-6 (2007), available at

www.ftc.gov/os/2007/06/cabecolor.pdf. In particular, due to the growth of cable television, there are more 

program choices today and more specialized programming appealing to narrower audience segments. Few 

shows on broadcast television attract audiences with a significant percentage of children. By contrast, many

cable television programs target children and attract a large child audience. A large audience share of teens can 

be found almost exclusively among cable television programming. The Commission is confident that the high

audience share cut-offs in the Special Order were reasonable and have resulted in the inclusion of primarily 

youth-directed promotions.

31. The Commission instructed companies not to include any payments made by consumers for the premium 

items.

32. At the time of the 2008 report, a number of media companies had announced policies to limit the licensing of 

their characters to the marketing of foods meeting certain nutritional guidelines.

33. See 2008 Report at 79.
A-12
Appendix B

Federal Trade Commission

Order to File Special Report

B-1

1

 Under the Paperwork Reduction Act, as amended, an agency may not conduct or

sponsor,	and	a	person	is	not	required	to	respond	to,	a	collection	of	information	unless	it	displays

a	currently	valid	OMB	control	number.		For	this	information	request,	that	number	is	3084-0139.

2

 For purposes of this Order, the term “the company” includes all of the entities

identified in response to specification 1.B, below.

3

 For purposes of this Order, the term “children” means individuals ages 2-11 and the

term “adolescents” means individuals ages 12-17.

4 See Federal Trade Commission, Marketing Food to Children and Adolescents: A

Review of Industry Expenditures, Activities, and Self-Regulation (2008), available at

www.ftc.gov/os/2008/07/P064504foodmktingreport.pdf (the “2008 Report”).

1

OMB Control No. 3084-0139

Expires 07/31/2013 1

UNITED	STATES	OF	AMERICA

BEFORE	FEDERAL	TRADE	COMMISSION

COMMISSIONERS: Jon Leibowitz, Chairman

William E. Kovacic

J. Thomas Rosch

Edith Ramirez

Julie Brill

FTC Matter No. P094511

ORDER	TO	FILE	SPECIAL	REPORT

Pursuant to a resolution of the Federal Trade Commission dated August 12, 2010, titled

“Resolution Directing Use of Compulsory Process to Collect Information for Use in Preparing a

Report Regarding the Marketing of Food and Beverages to Children and Adolescents,” a copy of

which is enclosed, [COMPANY NAME], hereinafter referred to as “the company,” is ordered to

file with the Commission, no later than 90 days after the date of issuance of this Order, a Special

Report containing the information and documents specified herein.2

The information provided in the Special Report will assist the Commission in compiling

a study of food industry marketing activities and expenditures targeted toward children and

adolescents.3 This study will serve as a follow-up to the report the Commission published in

2008 on the same topic.4
B-2

 An example of a sworn statement that the company could use to satisfy this 5

requirement is, “I certify, to the best of my knowledge, information, and belief, formed after a

reasonable inquiry, that the information in this Special Report is complete and accurate as of the

time it is submitted.”

 For purposes of this Order, “subsidiary company” means a company that is controlled 6

by another entity; “ultimate parent company” means an entity that controls another company and

is not controlled by another entity. Furthermore, for purposes of this Order, “control” (as used in

the terms “control(s)” and “controlled”) means either holding 50 percent or more of the

outstanding voting securities of an issuer or, in the case of an entity that has no outstanding

voting securities, having the right to 50 percent or more of the profits of the entity, or having the

right in the event of dissolution to 50 percent or more of the assets of the entity.

2

The Special Report must restate each item of this Order with which the corresponding

answer is identified. Your report is required to be subscribed and sworn to by an official of the

company who has prepared or supervised the preparation of the report from books, records,

correspondence, and other data and material in your possession. If any question cannot be 5

answered fully, give the information that is available and explain in what respects and why the

answer is incomplete. The Special Report and all accompanying documentary responses must be

Bates-stamped.

Confidential or privileged commercial or financial information will be reported by the

Commission on an aggregate or anonymous basis, consistent with Sections 6(f) and 21(d) of the

FTC Act. Individual submissions responsive to this Order that are marked “confidential” will

not be disclosed without first giving the company ten days’ notice of the Commission’s intention

to do so, except as provided in Sections 6(f) and 21 of the FTC Act.

Please provide the following information, documents and items, consistent with the

definitions, instructions, and formatting requirements contained in Attachments A, B, C, D, E, F,

G, and H:

1. A. Identification of Report Author: Identify by full name, business address,

telephone number, and official capacity, the officer of the company who has

prepared or supervised the preparation of the company’s response to this Order.

B. Company Information: Identify the company by full name, address, and state of

incorporation. If the company is a subsidiary company, identify the full name and

address of its ultimate parent company. In addition, identify each subsidiary, 6

joint venture, affiliated company, partnership, or operation under an assumed

name that the company controls, and that engages in the manufacturing, labeling,
B-3

 For purposes of this Order, “food” means any food or beverage intended for human 7

consumption.

 For purposes of this Order, do not report any of the company’s activities or 8

expenditures that occur in U.S. territories outside of the fifty states and the District of Columbia.

 For purposes of this Order, a “sub-brand” includes a unique variety or formulation of a 9

food product brand. It also includes specially marketed package sizes, such as 100-calorie

packs. It does not require reporting of each individual stock keeping unit (SKU).

3

advertising, promoting, marketing, offering for sale, sale, or distribution of any

food product in the United States. 7

C. Identification of Food Categories: From the following categories, identify each

category of food product that the company advertised, promoted, marketed,

offered for sale, sold, or distributed in the United States during the calendar year

2009. In preparing this response, refer to the food category definitions set forth 8

in Attachment A to this Order.

(1) Breakfast cereals

(2) Snack foods

(3) Candy and frozen desserts

(4) Dairy products

(5) Baked goods

(6) Prepared foods and meals

(7) Carbonated beverages

(8) Fruit juice and non-carbonated beverages

(9) Fruits and vegetables

(10) Restaurant foods

D. Identification of Food Products: For each of the food categories identified in

response to Specification 1.C, above, list each brand of food product, and each

sub-brand within the brand, that the company advertised, promoted, marketed, 9

offered for sale, sold, or distributed in the United States during the calendar year

2009. For each brand and sub-brand, identify which entity within the company,

identified in response to Specification 1.B, above, is responsible for that brand or

sub-brand.

Non-Branded Fruit, Vegetable, or Dairy Products: For any nonbranded fruit, vegetable, or dairy products that the company advertised,

promoted, marketed, offered for sale, sold, or distributed, list the

individual fruit, vegetable, or dairy product varieties.
B-4

 An electronic version of Attachment E, an Excel spreadsheet, is provided on the 10

included CD, along with a PDF file containing instructions to Attachment E. The company

must use Attachment E to report expenditures for 2009 and must not modify, delete, or

4

Restaurant Foods: For the restaurant food category, identify the name of

the restaurant chain(s) controlled by the company; state which entity

within the company, identified in response to Specification 1.B, above, is

responsible for the restaurant chain(s); and list the specific menu items,

excluding regional variations, that each restaurant chain advertised,

promoted, marketed, offered for sale, sold, or distributed in 2009. Identify

which of those menu items, if any, appeared on a children’s menu in 2009. 

If any of the company’s restaurant chains offered a children’s meal in

2009, list the different children’s meal combinations offered by the

restaurant chain(s) and identify the individual food components that were

included in each meal combination.

If the company filed a Special Report for the calendar year 2006 and

reported any restaurant chains in response to Specification 1.D of the

Order to File Special Report for the calendar year 2006, the company also

must list, for each restaurant chain, each menu item that appeared on a

children’s menu during 2006, excluding regional variations. If any of the

company’s restaurant chains offered a children’s meal in 2006, list the

different children’s meal combinations offered by the restaurant chain(s)

and identify the individual food components that were included in each

meal combination.

E. Identification of Food Products Bearing Nutritional Seals or Icons: In 2009,

did the company offer a line of food products bearing a nutritional icon, seal, or

symbol, or otherwise identified as “better for you” or healthier than other

products? If so, state the name of the nutritional product line or icon; identify the

nutritional criteria for inclusion of a food product in the product line; and identify

the food categories, brand names, and sub-brands of food products sold in the

product line, or, for restaurant foods, identify the specific menu items and/or

children’s meal combinations included in the product line. Report only those

food products that are part of a company promotional system designating a

specific group of products as better-for-you or healthier. Do not report products

that simply contain a nutritional or health claim on the product packaging (e.g.,

“low fat”).

2. Reportable Expenditures for Marketing Food Products: For each brand of food

product, sub-brand, non-branded fruit, vegetable, or dairy product variety, or restaurant

menu item or children’s meal combination identified in response to Specification 1.D,

above (collectively and hereafter, “food product”), report in Attachment E to this

Order the expenditure and other data requested in Specifications 2.A through 2.F, 10
B-5

add to the columns on the spreadsheet. The company must submit the spreadsheet in Excel

in a format that is readable and writable and must not include footnotes or endnotes on the

spreadsheet. The company must report the expenditure data in accordance with the

instructions and definitions specified in Attachments B, C, D, and E (including in its

accompanying instructions), and in this Order.

 If a food product identified in response to Specification 1.D has no reportable 11

expenditures under Specifications 2.A through 2.F, do not include the food product on

Attachment E. Do not include on Attachment E a related brand, sub-brand, or menu item that

does not have reportable expenditures.

 The terms provided in parentheses after each category are the “promotional activity 12

category codes” used in Attachment E to designate expenditures in the category. The company

also must use these promotional activity category codes when reporting promotional activities on

Attachment H in response to Specification 4, below.

 For special instructions on reporting expenditures in categories (g) through (r), *

see the instructions in Attachments B and C to this Order.

5

below, within the following advertising and promotional activity categories (hereafter,

“reportable expenditures”):11

(a) Television advertising (TV AD)12

(b) Radio advertising (RAD AD)

(c) Print advertising (PRT AD)

(d) Company-sponsored Internet sites (WEBSITE AD)

(e) Other Internet and digital advertising (INTERNET AD)

(f) Packaging and labeling (PACK/LABEL)

(g) Movie theater/video/video game advertising (MOV/VID AD) *

(h) In-store advertising and promotions (IN-STORE AD) *

(i) Specialty item or premium distribution (PREMIUMS) *

(j) Promotion or sponsorship of public entertainment events (EVENTS) *

(k) Product placements (PROD PLMT) *

(l) Character licensing, toy co-branding, and cross-promotions (CHAR LIC) *

(m) Sponsorship of sports teams or individual athletes (ATHL SPON) *

(n) Word-of-mouth and viral marketing (WOM/VIRAL) *

(o) Celebrity endorsements (CELEB END) *

(p) In-school marketing (IN-SCHOOL) *

(q) Advertising in conjunction with philanthropic endeavors (PHLNTHRPY) *

(r) Other promotional activities (OTHER) *
B-6

 Report only those expenditures that occurred in 2009. The company must not report 13

expenditures in 2008 for advertising or promotions that appeared in 2009. However, the

company must report expenditures in 2009 for advertising or promotions that have appeared or

are scheduled to appear in 2010.

6

A. Marketing Toward Children: Report the dollar amount expended by the

company, during the calendar year 2009, within each advertising and 13

promotional activity category listed above for marketing targeted toward children. 

Follow the instructions and definitions in Attachment B to this Order (Advertising

and Promotional Activities Targeted Toward Children), and report these

expenditures in columns 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, 30, 34, 38, 42, 46, 50, 54, 58, 62,

66, 70, and 74 of Attachment E.

B. Marketing Toward Adolescents: Report the dollar amount expended by the

company, during the calendar year 2009, within each advertising and promotional

activity category listed above for marketing targeted toward adolescents. Follow

the instructions and definitions in Attachment C to this Order (Advertising and

Promotional Activities Targeted Toward Adolescents), and report these

expenditures in columns 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 27, 31, 35, 39, 43, 47, 51, 55, 59, 63,

67, 71, and 75 of Attachment E.

C. Marketing Toward Both Children and Adolescents: Report the dollar amount

of any expenditures that satisfy both the criteria in Attachment B for “targeted to

children” (that were reported in response to Specification 2.A), and the criteria in

Attachment C for “targeted to adolescents” (that were reported in response to

Specification 2.B). The company must report the total amount of the

expenditures in both the “marketing toward children” column and the “marketing

toward adolescents” column, and must also report the total amount of the

expenditures that meet both criteria in the column labeled “overlapping.” Report

these overlapping expenditures in columns 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44,

48, 52, 56, 60, 64, 68, 72, and 76 of Attachment E.

D. Marketing for All Audiences: For each food product for which the company

reported expenditures within one or more advertising or promotional activity

categories in response to Specification 2.A or 2.B, report:

i. Total Expenditures in Promotional Activity Categories: The total

dollar amount expended by the company, during the calendar year 2009,

to market the product within each promotional activity category. Follow

the instructions and definitions in Attachment D to this Order (Advertising

and Promotional Activities for All Audiences), and report these

expenditures in columns 9, 13, 17, 21, 25, 29, 33, 37, 41, 45, 49, 53, 57,

61, 65, 69, 73, and 77 of Attachment E; and
B-7

 Expenditures for advertising and promotional activities that are exclusively directed 14

“to-the-trade” must not be reported.

 The company name reported in column 1 must be the entity within the company, 15

identified in response to Specification 1.B, above, that is responsible for the food product.

 This Specification is not applicable to the character licensing/cross-promotion 16

category or the celebrity endorsement category. For the category “Character licensing, toy cobranding, and cross-promotions (CHAR LIC),” the company must report only the cost of

obtaining the character license, toy co-branding agreement, and/or cross-promotional

7

ii. Total Overall Consumer-Directed Expenditures: The total dollar

amount expended by the company, during calendar year 2009, for all

consumer-directed advertising and promotional activities to market the 14

product. Report these expenditures in column 78 of Attachment E. The

amount reported in column 78 in response to this Specification should be

equal to the sum of the expenditures reported in response to Specification

2.D.i, above.

E. Additional Information: For each food product for which expenditures are

reported in response to Specification 2.A or 2.B, provide the following additional

information in Attachment E:

i. company name (column 1 of Attachment E); 15

ii. food category, identified in response to Specification 1.C, above (column

2 of Attachment E);

iii. brand name, non-branded fruit, vegetable, or dairy product variety, or

name of restaurant chain, identified in response to Specification 1.D,

above (column 3 of Attachment E);

iv. sub-brand, restaurant menu item, or children’s meal combination,

identified in response to Specification 1.D, above, if applicable (column 4

of Attachment E); and

v. an indication (“1” = yes; “0” = no) of whether the food product is part of a

nutritional product line, identified in response to Specification 1.E, above

(column 5 of Attachment E).

F. Identifying Expenditures Attributable to Character Licensing/CrossPromotions and Celebrity Endorsements: For each advertising and

promotional activity category for which expenditures are reported on Attachment

E in response to Specifications 2.A through 2.D, above, report:

16
B-8

arrangement (e.g., a licensing fee). For the category “Celebrity endorsements (CELEB END),”

the company must report only the cost of all payments (both monetary and in-kind) to a celebrity

to endorse any of the company’s food products (e.g., an endorsement fee).

 If the company did not file a Special Report for the calendar year 2006 or did not have 17

reportable television advertising expenditures for restaurant foods in 2006, the company will not

receive an Attachment E 2006 and does not need to respond to Specification 2.G.

8

i. The portion (in dollars) of the total expenditure that uses or implements a

character license, toy co-branding agreement, and/or cross-promotional

arrangement. For example, if expenditures are reported for television

advertisements targeted toward children, and one of the advertisements

featured a licensed character, report the portion of the total reported

expenditure for television advertising that is attributable to the

advertisement featuring the licensed character. Report these expenditures

on Attachment E in the columns that have a number followed by the letter

“B,” which are labeled “AMT USING CHAR LIC.”

ii. The portion (in dollars) of the total expenditure that uses or implements a

celebrity endorsement. For example, if expenditures are reported for

television advertisements targeted toward adolescents, and one of the

advertisements featured a celebrity endorser, report the portion of the total

reported expenditure for television advertising that is attributable to the

advertisement featuring the celebrity endorser. Report these expenditures

on Attachment E in the columns that have a number followed by the letter

“C,” which are labeled “AMT USING CELEB END.”

G. Special Instructions for Restaurant Food Expenditures for Television

Advertising that Were Reported in 2006: If the company filed a Special

Report for the calendar year 2006 and reported expenditures for marketing

restaurant foods to children and adolescents on television, an Excel spreadsheet

labeled “Attachment E 2006” is provided on the included CD. This spreadsheet 17

shows the total television advertising expenditures that the company reported for

each of its restaurant chains in 2006. On separate rows of the spreadsheet, the

company must break down the total expenditures reported in 2006 to show the

expenditure amounts used to promote specific restaurant menu items or children’s

meal combinations in the television advertisements for which expenditures were

reported in 2006. Indicate in column 4 (“SUB-BRAND NAME/MENU ITEM”)

the menu item or children’s meal combination that corresponds to each

expenditure. Provide a breakdown for all of the television expenditures shown in

columns 6 through 9 of Attachment E 2006. For restaurant corporate brand

advertising, report the related expenditure under the restaurant chain and do not

attribute the expense to an individual menu item or meal combination. For multi-
B-9

 An electronic version of Attachment F, an Excel spreadsheet, is provided on the 18

included CD. The company must use Attachment F to report nutritional data for 2009 and

must not modify, delete, or add to the columns on the spreadsheet. The company must

submit the spreadsheet in Excel in a format that is readable and writable and must not

include footnotes or endnotes on the spreadsheet. The company must report the

nutritional data in accordance with the instructions specified in Attachment F and in this

Order.

 For multi-brand advertising reported on Attachment E, report the nutritional data for 19

the top-selling brand or sub-brand reported in column 4 of Attachment E. Do not report

nutritional data for expenditures reported as corporate brand advertising.

 For advertising for restaurant children’s meal combinations reported on Attachment E, 20

report the nutritional data for the children’s meal combination as a whole; do not report the

nutritional data for individual food components of the meal.

 If the company did not file a Special Report for the calendar year 2006, the company 21

will not receive an Attachment G and does not need to respond to Specification 3.B.

 An electronic version of Attachment G, an Excel spreadsheet, is provided on the 22

included CD. The company must use Attachment G to report nutritional data for 2006 and

must not modify, delete, or add to the columns on the spreadsheet. The company must

9

brand advertising, follow the instructions for multi-brand advertising that

accompany Attachment E.

3. Nutritional Data for Food Products with Reportable Expenditures:

A. Nutritional Data for 2009: For each food product for which the company

reported expenditures on Attachment E in response to Specification 2, above, the

company must provide nutritional data on Attachment F to this Order. For 18

each food product the company reported on Attachment E, the company must 19

import columns 1 through 4 from Attachment E into columns 1 through 4 of

Attachment F without modifying, deleting, adding to, or altering the order of the

data. The company must then provide the nutritional data requested in columns 5

through 53 of Attachment F for each food product imported from Attachment E.20

The nutritional data must be for the formulation of the product that the company

marketed in 2009. If the company reformulated the product during 2009, provide

the nutritional data for the last of the 2009 formulations.

B. Nutritional Data for 2006: Attachment G to this Order contains a complete list

of the food products that the company reported as marketed to children or

adolescents in 2006. For each food product listed on Attachment G, provide the 21

nutritional data requested in columns 6 through 52 of Attachment G. The 22
B-10

submit the spreadsheet in Excel in a format that is readable and writable and must not

include footnotes or endnotes on the spreadsheet. The company must report the

nutritional data in accordance with the instructions specified in Attachment G and in this

Order.

 For multi-brand advertising reported on Attachment E 2006, report the nutritional data 23

for the top-selling brand or sub-brand reported in column 4 of Attachment E 2006. Do not report

nutritional data for expenditures reported as restaurant corporate brand advertising.

 For advertising for restaurant children’s meal combinations reported on Attachment E 24

2006, report the nutritional data for the children’s meal combination as a whole; do not report the

nutritional data for individual food components of the meal.

10

nutritional data must be for the formulation of the product that the company

marketed in 2006. If the company reformulated the product during 2006, provide

nutritional data for the last of the 2006 formulations. If the company reported

2006 expenditures for multiple brands, “all brands,” or “portfolio,” provide

nutritional data for the top-selling brand or sub-brand featured in the

advertisements or promotions, and provide the name of this top-selling brand or

sub-brand in column 4 of Attachment G.

i. Special Instructions for Restaurant Foods: If the company, in response

to Specification 2.G, above, reported any 2006 television advertising

expenditures for restaurant menu items or children’s meal combinations,

the company must report nutritional data for those food products on

Attachment G. For each menu item or children’s meal combination that

the company reported on Attachment E 2006 in response to Specification

2.G, the company must import columns 1 through 4 from Attachment E 23

2006 into columns 2 through 5 of Attachment G without modifying,

deleting, adding to, or altering the order of the data. The company must

then provide the nutritional data requested in columns 6 through 52 of

Attachment G for each food product imported from Attachment E 2006.24

The nutritional data must be for the formulation of the product that the

company marketed in 2006. If the company reformulated the product

during 2006, provide nutritional data for the last of the 2006 formulations. 

In column 1 of Attachment G (“unique identifier”), please number

sequentially each row that you create for each menu item and children’s

meal combination for which you report nutritional data.

C. Identifying 2009 Food Products that Were Reported in 2006: Each food

product listed on Attachment G has been given a unique identifier, which is

shown in column 1 as the row number for the food product. The company must

not alter this row number or change the order in which the food products appear. 

The company must use this unique identifier when responding to column 53 on
B-11

 Only identify the product marketed in 2006 as the product marketed in 2009 if it is the 25

exact same brand or sub-brand (but not if it is a different sub-brand within the same family of

brands). A brand or sub-brand that has been reformulated between 2006 and 2009 must still be

identified as the same brand or sub-brand in column 53 of Attachment F.

 An electronic version of Attachment H, an Excel spreadsheet, is provided on the 26

included CD. The company must use Attachment H to report activities and must not

modify, delete, or add to the columns on the spreadsheet. The company must submit the

spreadsheet in Excel in a format that is readable and writable and must not include

footnotes or endnotes on the spreadsheet. The company must report the activity data in

accordance with the instructions and definitions specified in Attachments B, C, and H, and

in this Order.

11

Attachment F. Column 53 on Attachment F asks the company to identify which

product marketed in 2006, if any, corresponds to the product marketed in 2009.25

4. Samples and Descriptions of Advertising and Promotional Activities: In addition to

reporting advertising and promotional expenditures and nutritional data for food products

marketed to children and adolescents, the company must provide samples, where

feasible, or descriptions of all advertising and promotional activities that meet the

definitions in Attachments B and C as marketed to children and adolescents. The

company must provide samples or descriptions of all activities meeting those definitions,

regardless of whether the company had reportable expenditures for the activities. The

company must follow the instructions in Specifications 4.A through 4.E when providing

samples and descriptions of advertising and promotional activities.

A. Marketing with Reportable Expenditures: For each food product for which the

company reported marketing expenditures on Attachment E in response to

Specification 2, above, the company must import columns 1 through 4 from

Attachment E into columns 1 through 4 of Attachment H to this Order without 26

modifying, deleting, adding to, or altering the order of the data. The company

must then report the following additional information on Attachment H:

i. using the promotional activity category codes listed in Specification 2,

above, identify each of the advertising and promotional activity categories

in which the company reported expenditures on Attachment E (column 5

of Attachment H; report each activity category on a separate row);

ii. within each promotional activity category, list each specific advertising or

other promotional activity for which the company reported expenditures

(column 6 of Attachment H; report each individual activity on a separate

row);
B-12

 Examples of activities without reportable expenditures are use of a licensed character, 27

a celebrity endorser, a product placement, or co-branding of a toy where no payment is made or

costs incurred with such an arrangement. Another example is any activity where the total

expenditure in 2009 was under $5,000 and therefore not reportable; for example, a child-directed

website to which minimal changes were made in 2009.

 The company name reported in column 1 must be the entity within the company, 28

identified in response to Specification 1.B, above, that is responsible for the food product.

12

iii. report whether the specific advertising or other promotional activity was

targeted toward children, as defined in Attachment B (column 7 of

Attachment H) and/or was targeted toward adolescents, as defined in

Attachment C (column 8 of Attachment H);

iv. in accordance with Specification 7.A, below, if the specific advertising or

other promotional activity was directed to individuals of a specific gender,

race, ethnicity, or income level, identify the particular sub-population to

which the promotional activity was directed (column 9 of Attachment H);

and

v. in column 10 of Attachment H, enter “1” for “yes” to indicate that the

specific advertising or other promotional activity had expenditures that

were reported on Attachment E.

B. Marketing Without Reportable Expenditures: For each food product for

which the company engaged in any advertising or other promotional activities

targeted toward children, as defined in Attachment B to this Order, and/or

targeted toward adolescents, as defined in Attachment C to this Order, during the

calendar year 2009, without incurring expenditures reportable on Attachment E in

response to Specification 2, above, the company must report the following 27

information on Attachment H:

i. company name (column 1 of Attachment H); 28

ii. food category, identified in response to Specification 1.C, above (column

2 of Attachment H);

iii. brand name, non-branded fruit, vegetable, or dairy product variety, or

name of restaurant chain, identified in response to Specification 1.D,

above (column 3 of Attachment H);

iv. sub-brand, restaurant menu item, or children’s meal combination,

identified in response to Specification 1.D, above, if applicable (column 4

of Attachment H); and
B-13

 For special instructions on reporting activities in categories (g) through (r), see the *

instructions in Attachments B and C to this Order.

13

v. using the promotional activity category codes listed in Specification 2,

above, identify each of the advertising and promotional activity categories

that the company engaged in during the calendar year 2009 without

incurring reportable expenditures (column 5; report each activity category

on a separate row);*

vi. within each promotional activity category, list each specific advertising or

other promotional activity that the company engaged in without incurring

reportable expenditures (column 6 of Attachment H; report each

individual activity on a separate row);

vii. report whether the specific advertising or other promotional activity was

targeted toward children, as defined in Attachment B (column 7 of

Attachment H) and/or was targeted toward adolescents, as defined in

Attachment C (column 8 of Attachment H);

viii. in accordance with Specification 7.A, below, if the specific advertising or

other promotional activity was directed to individuals of a specific gender,

race, ethnicity, or income level, identify the particular sub-population to

which the promotional activity was directed (column 9 of Attachment H);

and

ix. in column 10 of Attachment H, enter “0” for “no” to indicate that the

specific advertising or other promotional activity did not have

expenditures that were reported on Attachment E.

C. Samples of Activities: Provide samples of each advertising or other promotional

activity that the company reported in response to Specifications 4.A and 4.B. On

Attachment H, report the Bates numbers for the samples in column 11. The

company must provide one representative sample per advertising campaign for

each type of promotional activity used in the campaign. This includes any

relevant sub-categories of a promotional activity category (e.g., for digital

advertising, provide one sample per campaign of an email message, text message,

download, podcast, etc., as applicable). For website promotions, provide samples

of all relevant web pages.

D. Descriptions of Activities: If providing a sample of any advertising or other

promotional activity in response to Specification 4.C is not practicable, describe

the activity in detail in column 11 of Attachment H. The description should

include: when and where the promotion was published or occurred; a description

of the use of any licensed character, cross-promotion, celebrity endorsers, contest,
B-14

 A self-liquidating premium occurs when the company distributes a premium (as 29

defined in Attachment B or C) as part of its food marketing to children or adolescents, and the

company’s costs related to the premium item are entirely covered by the incremental revenue

generated by the sale. For example, if a quick-service restaurant charged an additional fee for a

children’s meal that included a toy, and that additional fee equaled or exceeded the company’s

costs, the toy would be a self-liquidating premium.

14

premium, or viral/word-of-mouth component; and other relevant information

about the promotion (see Attachment H for examples of satisfactory descriptions).

E. Self-Liquidating Premiums: If the company distributed a self-liquidating

premium (SLP) during the calendar year 2009, the company must report on 29

Attachment H the information requested in Specifications 4.B, 4.C, and 4.D,

above, as applicable, and must then report the following additional information on

Attachment H:

i. The number of SLP units sold in 2009 (column 12 of Attachment H); and

ii. The total cost to the company for the SLPs sold in 2009 (column 13 of

Attachment H). The company must report its total costs for

manufacturing or purchasing the SLPs, and not the amount that the

company charged consumers for the SLPs.

5. A. Policies on Food Marketing: Identify and describe all company policies, plans,

and directives, whether formally adopted or informally issued, in place on or after

January 1, 2009, pertaining to food advertising and promotional activities targeted

to children or adolescents, as defined in Attachments B or C, including policies

regarding use or non-use of all advertising and promotional activities. Describe

the steps taken to implement these policies, including directions to internal or

external staff responsible for advertising preparation, review, or dissemination

regarding the meaning of these policies and how to comply with them. Provide

copies of all such policies and directions to internal or external staff (e.g., formal

or informal guidance documents, training materials, or instructions on

implementing a policy).

B. Market Research: Since January 1, 2008, has the company sponsored,

conducted, or commissioned any marketing research studies regarding the appeal

to individuals under the age of 18 of any particular types of advertising or

promotional techniques, including the effectiveness of any particular types of

advertising or promotional techniques in increasing interest in or consumption of

any food product among individuals under the age of 18? If the answer is “yes,”

provide copies of such studies and describe how the resulting data have been

incorporated into the company’s marketing practices. This includes, but is not

limited to, the following:
B-15

15

i. Research on the effectiveness of new media (e.g., company-sponsored

Internet sites, other Internet and digital advertising, and word-of-mouth

and viral marketing) in increasing interest in or consumption of any food

product among individuals under the age of 18;

ii. Research on the use of behavioral targeting (i.e., the use of information

about an individual’s online activities to select which advertisements to

display to that individual) and other similar marketing practices to

increase interest in or consumption of any food product among individuals

under the age of 18; and

iii. Scientific and market research exploring neurological, psychological, or

other factors that may contribute to food advertising appeal among youth.

6. A. Initiatives on Healthy Eating and Lifestyle: Identify and describe all company

policies, programs, initiatives, or activities undertaken or implemented by the

company, in place on or after January 1, 2009, to encourage healthy eating and

lifestyle choices by children and adolescents. These include, but are not limited

to, the following:

i. development of new products or reformulation of existing products that

are lower in calories and/or more nutritious and are marketed to children

or adolescents;

a. if the company reformulated products that it was already

marketing to children or adolescents to make them lower in

calories and/or more nutritious, identify the products and describe

the company’s efforts to reformulate the products;

b. if the company commenced marketing nutritious, lower-calorie

products to children or adolescents that were already part of the

company’s product portfolio, identify the products and describe

the company’s efforts to make the products appealing to children

and/or adolescents;

ii. packaging of products marketed to children or adolescents in smaller

portions or single servings to assist them in controlling portion size or

calorie intake;

iii. public education efforts, such as messages targeted to children or

adolescents addressing nutrition and physical fitness, including any

partnerships or cross-promotional arrangements of any sort with other

food and beverage companies, media outlets, non-profit organizations, or

other entities for the purpose of promoting healthier eating, increased

physical activity and/or healthier lifestyles;
B-16

1 See infra note 34 for the definition of “marketing plan.”

16

iv. efforts to improve the overall nutritional profile of products marketed and

sold to children or adolescents in schools;

v. any other efforts to implement or respond to the recommendations set

forth in Section IV of the Commission’s 2008 Report.

B. Research on Initiatives: Has the company conducted research or otherwise

obtained data to evaluate the effectiveness of any of the policies, programs,

initiatives, or activities identified and described in response to Specification 6.A,

above, including any studies regarding the appeal to individuals under the age of

18 of any of the company’s more nutritious or lower-calorie food products and/or

any advertising or promotional activities contemplated or used to market such

products? If the answer is “yes,” provide copies of such research or other data.

7. Marketing	to	Children	and	Adolescents	by	Gender,	Race,	Ethnicity,	or	Income

Level:

A. Were any of the advertising or promotional activities for which the company

reported expenditures and activities in response to Specifications 2.A, 2.B, or 4,

above, specifically directed, according to a marketing plan1

 or by virtue of

advertising placement, language used, characters used, or other content, to

individuals of a specific gender, race, ethnicity, or income level? If the answer is

“yes,” in column 9 of Attachment H please identify which activities reported on

Attachment H were directed in such manner and identify the particular subpopulation to which the promotional expenditures or activities were directed.

B. Did the company tailor any of the policies or market research reported in response

to Specification 5.A or 5.B, above, to address marketing to individuals of a

specific gender, race, ethnicity, or income level? If the answer is “yes,” please

identify the applicable Bates numbers of the company’s response to Specification

5 and identify the particular sub-population to which the policies or market

research apply.

Please file the Special Report called for in this Order no later than 90 days after the date

of issuance of the Order, or by December 1, 2010.

All responses for all Specifications must be provided in one (1) printed copy and in

electronic form (by CD or as email attachments), formatted as Word or Word Perfect documents,

with the exception of the responses to Specifications 2, 3, and 4, which must be provided in one

(1) printed copy and in electronic form (by CD or as email attachments) on the included Excel

spreadsheets (Attachments E, F, G, and H). All responses must be labeled to indicate the

Specification to which the information or data responds. All files contained in electronic
B-17

17

submissions must have a file name that includes the company name, Specification numbers

included in the file, and date of the submission, in the following format: [COMPANYNAME]_Spec._[SPEC. #'S]_[MM-DD-YY].

Penalties may be imposed under applicable provisions of federal law for failure to file

Special Reports or for filing false reports.

By direction of the Commission.

Julie Brill

Commissioner

SEAL

Date of Order: August 12, 2010

The	Special	Report	required	by	this	Order,

or	any	inquiry	concerning	it,	must	be

addressed to the attention of:

[ATTORNEY NAME]

Division of Advertising Practices

Federal Trade Commission

601 New Jersey Avenue, NW, NJ-3212

Washington, D.C. 20580

[ATTORNEY PHONE] telephone

(202) 326-3259 facsimile

[ATTORNEY EMAIL]

or

[ATTORNEY NAME]

Division of Advertising Practices

Federal Trade Commission

601 New Jersey Avenue, NW, NJ-3212

Washington, D.C. 20580

[ATTORNEY PHONE] telephone

(202) 326-3259 facsimile

[ATTORNEY EMAIL]
B-18

 The food categories are intended to be mutually exclusive. Do not include a food 31

product in more than one category.

 Please note that the two food categories of “candy” and “frozen and chilled desserts” 32

from the 2008 Report have been combined for purposes of this Order. The company must report

all food products that are within the combined category of “candy and frozen desserts.”

A-1

Attachment A

Food Category Definitions

For purposes of this Order, the food categories set forth in Specification 1.C. include 31

the following items:

(1) Breakfast cereals – all cereals, whether intended to be served hot or cold;

(2) Snack foods – snack chips (such as potato chips, tortilla chips, and corn chips), pretzels,

snack nuts (including salted and roasted), popcorn, snack bars (including breakfast and

cereal bars), crackers, cookies, processed fruit snacks (such as fruit leather), gelatin, and

pudding;

(3) Candy and frozen desserts – chocolate and other candy bars, other chocolate candy, 32

hard candy, sour candy, chewy candy (including licorice, gummi candy, and jelly beans,

but excluding gum and breath mints), ice cream, sherbet, sorbet, popsicles and other

frozen novelties, frozen yogurt, and frozen baked goods (including frozen pies and cakes,

but not those frozen breakfast items listed below under “baked goods”);

(4) Dairy products – milk (including flavored milk drinks, but excluding butter, cream,

cottage cheese, and sour cream), yogurt, yogurt drinks, and cheese (but not frozen dairy

products, such as ice cream or frozen yogurt);

(5) Baked goods – snack cakes, pastries, doughnuts, and toaster baked goods (including

frozen waffles, French toast sticks, and toaster pastries, but excluding bread, rolls, bagels,

breadsticks, buns, croissants, taco shells, and tortillas);

(6) Prepared foods and meals – frozen and chilled entrees, frozen pizzas, canned soups and

pasta, lunch kits, and non-frozen packaged entrees (such as macaroni and cheese);

(7) Carbonated beverages – all carbonated beverages, both diet and regular;

(8) Fruit juice and non-carbonated beverages – fruit juice, juice drinks, fruit-flavored

drinks, vegetable juice, tea drinks, non-carbonated energy drinks and sports drinks,

cocoa, bottled water, and all other non-carbonated beverages (but excluding all varieties

of coffee); include ready-to-pour beverages as well as those sold in concentrated or

powdered form;
B-19

A-2

(9) Fruits and vegetables – all fruits and vegetables, whether sold fresh (packaged or loose),

canned, frozen, or dried;

(10) Restaurant foods – menu items offered in the restaurant.
B-20

 The food categories listed in Specification 1.C.(1) through (6) are: breakfast cereals; 33

snack foods; candy and frozen desserts; dairy products; baked goods; and prepared foods and

meals.

 A “marketing plan” includes documents addressing advertising and marketing 34

objectives and strategies, themes, or concepts, as well as media recommendations, media plans,

marketing reports, business studies, creative strategies or briefs, category management plans,

media exposure projections, and any other documents that set out, describe, or discuss the

planned or actual approaches for marketing, advertising, or promoting a food brand, food

product line, food product, or restaurant chain, whether created by the company or by its agents,

including but not limited to ad agencies, media buyers, or advertising consultants.

B-1

Attachment B

Advertising and Promotional Activities Targeted Toward Children

INSTRUCTIONS

Use the following definitions for purposes of reporting the advertising expenditures and

activities requested in Specifications 2.A, 2.C, 2.F, and 4. The company must use Attachment E

when reporting expenditures and Attachment H when reporting activities, and must not modify,

delete, or add to the columns on either Attachment. The company must submit Attachments E

and H in Excel in a format that is readable and writable.

The advertising and promotional activity categories set forth below are mutually

exclusive. Do not report an expenditure or activity in more than one category.

For all advertising and promotional activity categories, report expenditures to the nearest

$10,000.

Special Instructions for Reporting Expenditures and Activities in Food Categories

1.C.(1) through (6): For those food products that fall within the food categories listed in

Specification 1.C.(1) through (6) DO NOT report expenditures in response to Specification 33

2.A and do not report activities in response to Specification 4.B for the advertising and

promotional activity categories listed in (g) through (r) of this Attachment B, if both of the

following conditions are met:

(1) The company had no reportable expenditures for the food product in response to

Specification 2.A for any of the advertising and promotional activity categories

listed in (a) through (f) of this Attachment B; and

(2) No marketing plan for the food product indicates that the company planned or 34

engaged in any form of advertising or promotional activity for the product during

the calendar year 2009 that was intended to reach an audience that, in whole or in

part, consisted of children ages 2-11;
B-21

 A 30% audience share was chosen for children ages 2-11 because this level of 35

audience share is approximately double the proportion of that group in the general U.S.

population.

 For purposes of this Order, “costs” include both direct and indirect allocated costs, 36

whether internal or external.

B-2

DEFINITIONS AND ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS

(a) Television advertising (TV AD) means advertising on broadcast, cable, or satellite

television channels, including during syndicated programming, or branded messages

relating to company sponsorship or underwriting of a television program. Report

expenditures on, and activities associated with, television advertising if any of the

following apply:

1. A marketing plan specifically indicates that the television advertising was

intended to reach children under age 12;

2. The advertising appeared in any television program, programming block, or

daypart that had a viewing audience consisting of 30% or more children ages 2-

11, as measured on an annual basis; or 35

3. The advertising occurred in a television program rated TV-Y or TV-Y7.

When reporting expenditures for television advertising, the company must report all

creative design/development/production costs and advertising placement costs.36

(b) Radio advertising (RAD AD) means advertising on AM, FM, HD Radio, or satellite

radio channels. Report expenditures on, and activities associated with, radio advertising

if any of the following apply:

1. A marketing plan specifically indicates that the radio advertising was intended to

reach children under age 12; or

2. The advertising appeared in any radio program, programming block, or daypart

for which children ages 2-11 constituted at least 30% of the listening audience, as

measured on an annual basis.

When reporting expenditures for radio advertising, the company must report all creative

design/development/production costs and advertising placement costs.

(c) Print advertising (PRT AD) means advertising placed in magazines, comic books,

newspapers (including advertising placed in free-standing inserts), or other print
B-22

 For purposes of this Order, the term “advergame” refers to an interactive, electronic 37

game on a company-sponsored website that prominently features one or more of the company’s

products or brands.

 A 20% audience share was chosen for children ages 2-11 because this level of 38

audience share is approximately double the proportion of that group in the population of active

Internet users during 2009. Data from comScore show that children ages 2-11 constituted

between 9 and 10% of the active Internet audience from January through December 2009. 

Source: comScore Media Trend Report.

B-3

publications. Report expenditures on, and activities associated with, print advertising if

any of the following apply:

1. A marketing plan specifically indicates that the print advertising was intended to

reach children under age 12; or

2. The advertising appeared in a publication for which children ages 2-11

constituted at least 30% of the readers and/or subscribers, as measured on an

annual basis.

When reporting expenditures for print advertising, the company must report all creative

design/development/production costs and advertising placement costs.

(d) Company-sponsored Internet sites (WEBSITE AD) means any company-sponsored

Internet site or page that contains information about or images of the company’s food

brands or products, including, but not limited to, advergames, and that can be accessed 37

by computers located in the United States, regardless of where the site is located or the

Internet address of the site or page. Report expenditures on, and activities associated

with, company-sponsored Internet sites if any of the following apply:

1. A marketing plan specifically indicates that the site or page was intended to reach

children under age 12;

2. Audience demographic data indicate that 20% or more of visitors to the site or

page were children ages 2-11 for any month during 2009; or 38

3. The site or page:

A. prominently featured child-oriented animated or licensed characters;

B. prominently featured a celebrity highly popular with children, according

to a marketing plan or public opinion research data within the company’s

possession, custody, or control;
B-23

 Please note that the two promotional activity categories of “other Internet advertising” 39

and “other digital advertising” from the 2008 Report have been combined for purposes of this

Order. The company must report all promotional activities that are within the combined

category of “other Internet and digital advertising.”

B-4

C. used language, such as “kid,” “child,” “tween,” or similar words, or

prominently depicted performers, models, or characters who were, or

appeared to be, under age 12, in order to indicate that the site or page was

intended for children; or

D. promoted child-oriented themes, activities, incentives, products, or media.

When reporting expenditures for company-sponsored Internet sites, the company must

report all costs associated with the design, development, production, registration, and

maintenance of company-sponsored, -owned, or -operated websites, including all content

appearing on company websites (e.g., advergames) that meets the definition above,

regardless of whether the website as a whole is targeted to children.

(e) Other Internet and digital advertising (INTERNET AD) means: 39

Other Internet advertising: advertising and promotional content on or through Internet

sites or pages, other than company-sponsored Internet sites, that bears or otherwise

displays the name or logo or any portion of the package of any of the company’s food

brands or otherwise refers or relates to such food brands, including, but not limited to,

sponsored hyperlinks, banner or pop-up advertisements, in-stream and in-page audio and

video advertisements, sponsored text advertising, sponsored search keywords, and

advertising in chat rooms, weblogs, social networking sites, online video games, bulletin

boards, and listservs.

Digital advertising: advertising and promotional content transmitted to personal

computers and other digital devices, including PDAs (personal digital assistants), mobile

phones, and other portable devices, whether or not Internet-enabled, that bears or

otherwise displays the name or logo or any portion of the package of any of the

company’s food brands or otherwise refers or relates to such food brands, including, but

not limited to, expenditures for advertising or promotional content in electronic mail

(email) messages, short message service (SMS or “text”) messaging, instant messaging

(IM), picture messaging, multimedia messaging, mobile broadcasts, downloads (such as

ringtones, wallpapers, and videos), and podcasts.

Report expenditures on, and activities associated with, other Internet and digital

advertising if any of the following apply:

1. A marketing plan specifically indicates that the Internet or digital advertising was

intended to reach children under age 12;
B-24

B-5

2. The company knowingly sought the participation of children in the Internet or

digital advertising campaign;

3. For Internet advertising, the advertising appeared on any Internet website for

which audience demographic data indicate that children ages 2-11 constituted at

least 20% of the audience for any month during 2009. For digital advertising,

20% or more of the participants in or audience of the digital advertising campaign

were children, according to demographic data or other information within the

company’s possession, custody, or control; or

4. The advertising:

A. prominently featured child-oriented animated or licensed characters;

B. prominently featured a celebrity highly popular with children, according

to a marketing plan or public opinion research data within the company’s

possession, custody, or control;

C. used language, such as “kid,” “child,” “tween,” or similar words, or

prominently depicted performers, models, or characters who were, or

appeared to be, under age 12, in order to indicate that the advertising was

intended for children; or

D. promoted child-oriented themes, activities, incentives, products, or media.

When reporting expenditures for other Internet and digital advertising, the company must

report all creative design/development/production costs and advertising

placement/distribution costs.

(f) Packaging and labeling (PACK/LABEL) means all product packaging and labeling

(including all words and images therein) for any of the company’s food products. Report

expenditures on, and activities associated with, packaging and labeling if any of the

following apply:

1. A marketing plan specifically indicates that the packaging or labeling was

designed to appeal to children under age 12; or

2. The packaging or labeling:

A. prominently featured child-oriented animated or licensed characters;

B. prominently featured a celebrity highly popular with children, according

to a marketing plan or public opinion research data within the company’s

possession, custody, or control;
B-25

B-6

C. used language, such as “kid,” “child,” “tween,” or similar words, or

prominently depicted performers, models, or characters who were, or

appeared to be, under age 12, in order to indicate that the product was

intended for children; or

D. promoted child-oriented themes, activities, incentives, products, or media.

When reporting expenditures for packaging and labeling, the company must report all

costs associated with the design, development, and production of changes in product

packaging and labeling (excluding the costs of packaging materials, and excluding any

costs of fulfilling labeling requirements of the Food and Drug Administration).

(g) Movie theater/video/video game advertising (MOV/VID AD) means advertising

preceding a movie shown in a movie theater or placed on a video (DVD, Blu-ray, or

VHS) or within a video game (including as a pre-roll, post-roll, or banner advertisement). 

Report expenditures on, and activities associated with, movie theater/video/video game

advertising if any of the following apply:

1. A marketing plan specifically indicates that such advertising was intended to

reach children under age 12;

2. The advertising appeared in or contiguous to a motion picture:

A. distributed in movie theaters, on video (e.g., DVD, Blu-ray, or VHS), or

digitally, that was rated G by the Motion Picture Association of America;

or

B. for which children ages 2-11 constituted at least 30% of the viewing

audience, according to demographic data or other information within the

company’s possession, custody, or control;

3. The advertising appeared in or contiguous to a video game:

A. rated EC by the Entertainment Software Rating Board; or

B. for which children ages 2-11 constituted at least 30% of the users,

according to demographic data or other information within the company’s

possession, custody, or control; or

4. The advertising:

A. prominently featured child-oriented animated or licensed characters;
B-26

B-7

B. prominently featured a celebrity highly popular with children, according

to a marketing plan or public opinion research data within the company’s

possession, custody, or control;

C. used language, such as “kid,” “child,” “tween,” or similar words, or

prominently depicted performers, models, or characters who were, or

appeared to be, under age 12, in order to indicate that the advertising was

intended for children; or

D. promoted child-oriented themes, activities, incentives, products, or media.

When reporting expenditures for movie theater/video/video game advertising, the

company must report all creative design/development/production costs and advertising

placement costs.

(h) In-store advertising and promotions (IN-STORE AD) means advertising displays and

promotions at the retail site, including the offering of free samples and allowances paid to

facilitate shelf placement or merchandise displays. Report expenditures on, and activities

associated with, in-store advertising and promotions that, pursuant to a marketing plan or

industry practice, were designed to appeal to children. Such design elements may

involve the height of placement or display, and the use of licensed characters, images of

children, and language, such as “kid,” “child,” or similar words.

When reporting expenditures for in-store advertising and promotions, the company must

report all costs of displays, signage, and samples, and shelf placement costs, including

allowances.

(i) Specialty item or premium distribution (PREMIUMS) means specialty or premium

items other than food products that are distributed in connection with the sale of any of

the company’s food products, whether distributed by sale, by redemption of coupons,

codes, or proofs of purchase, within food packages, in conjunction with restaurant meals,

as prizes in contests or sweepstakes, or otherwise. Report expenditures on, and activities

associated with, specialty item or premium distribution if any of the following apply:

1. A marketing plan specifically indicates that the specialty item or premium

distribution was intended to reach children under age 12;

2. The promotion of the specialty or premium item or the item itself:

A. prominently featured child-oriented animated or licensed characters;

B. prominently featured a celebrity highly popular with children, according

to a marketing plan or public opinion research data within the company’s

possession, custody, or control;
B-27

B-8

C. used language, such as “kid,” “child,” “tween,” or similar words, or

prominently depicted performers, models, or characters who were, or

appeared to be, under age 12, in order to indicate that the item was

intended for children; or

D. promoted child-oriented themes, activities, incentives, products, or media;

or

3. The specialty or premium item was a toy, doll, action figure, collectable item,

puzzle, game, or other product for children.

When reporting expenditures for specialty item or premium distribution, the company

must report all net costs (deducting payments by consumers) of items distributed to

consumers, including all costs associated with the production or purchase of the items

and the distribution of the items. Thus, for purposes of reporting expenditures, the

company will not include the costs associated with self-liquidating premiums, as defined

in footnote 29, supra. Note that this category includes only the costs associated with the

item or premium; it does not include costs associated with advertising the item or

premium in other media. For example, if a contest to win a toy is advertised on

television, the expenditure for the television advertisement must be reported under

television advertising, while the net cost of the toys (including costs associated with the

production or purchase, and distribution of the toys) must be reported under specialty

item or premium distribution.

(j) Promotion or sponsorship of public entertainment events (EVENTS) means events,

including but not limited to concerts and sporting events, bearing or otherwise displaying

the name or logo or any portion of the package of any of the company’s food brands or

otherwise referring or relating to such food brands, including through billboards, banners,

and the distribution of product samples or functional promotional items, including but not

limited to, clothing, hats, bags, posters, sporting or racing goods and equipment bearing

or otherwise displaying the name or logo or any portion of the package of any of the

company’s food brands or otherwise referring or relating to such food brands. Report

expenditures on, and activities associated with, promotion or sponsorship of public

entertainment events if any of the following apply:

1. A marketing plan specifically indicates that the event or promotion at the event

was intended to reach children under age 12 or that the event would involve the

participation or attendance of children;

2. The company actively sought the participation or attendance of children;

3. The event involved child-oriented themes, activities, incentives, products, or

media;
B-28

B-9

4. 30% or more of the participants in, or audience of, the event were children under

age 12, according to demographic data or other information within the company’s

possession, custody, or control; or

5. The advertising or promotions at the event:

A. prominently featured child-oriented animated or licensed characters;

B. prominently featured a celebrity highly popular with children, according

to a marketing plan or public opinion research data within the company’s

possession, custody, or control;

C. used language, such as “kid,” “child,” “tween,” or similar words, or

prominently depicted performers, models, or characters who were, or

appeared to be, under age 12, in order to indicate that the advertising or

promotions were intended for children; or

D. promoted child-oriented themes, activities, incentives, products, or media.

When reporting expenditures for the promotion or sponsorship of public entertainment

events, the company must report all costs associated with the promotion and/or

sponsorship of the event, including costs to display billboards or banners in the name of

any of the company’s food brands or referring or relating to such food brands, the cost of

product samples distributed at the event, and all net costs (deducting payments by

consumers) associated with the production, offer, sale, or provision without fee of all

functional promotional items at or in connection with a public entertainment event. This

does not include the costs of such non-specialty items as branded containers, paper cups

or plates used for serving food or beverage products.

(k) Product placements (PROD PLMT) means permitting, promoting, or procuring the

integration of any food product, logo, signage, trade name, or package into an

entertainment vehicle, such as a television or radio program, motion picture, video, music

recording, electronic or online game, or other form of entertainment. Report

expenditures on, and activities associated with, product placements if any of the

following apply:

1. A marketing plan specifically indicates that the placement was intended to reach

children under age 12;

2. The placement occurred in a motion picture:

A. distributed in movie theaters, on video (e.g., DVD, Blu-ray, or VHS), or

digitally, that was rated G by the Motion Picture Association of America;

or
B-29

B-10

B. for which children ages 2-11 constituted at least 30% of the viewing

audience, according to demographic data or other information within the

company’s possession, custody, or control;

3. The placement occurred in a television program, programming block, or daypart:

A. rated TV-Y or TV-Y7; or

B. for which children ages 2-11 constituted at least 30% of the viewing

audience, as measured on an annual basis;

4. The placement occurred in a video game:

A. rated EC by the Entertainment Software Rating Board; or

B. for which children ages 2-11 constituted at least 30% of the users,

according to demographic data or other information within the company’s

possession, custody, or control; or

5. The entertainment vehicle in which the placement occurred:

A. prominently featured a child-oriented animated or licensed character;

B. depicted primarily performers, models, or characters who were, or

appeared to be, under age 12 or themes, activities, or other content that

likely appealed primarily to children; or

C. prominently featured a celebrity highly popular with children, according

to a marketing plan or public opinion research data within the company’s

possession, custody, or control.

When reporting expenditures for product placements, the company must report the cost

of any payment (monetary or in-kind) made to secure the placements.

(l) Character licensing, toy co-branding, and cross-promotions (CHAR LIC) means

licensing or otherwise obtaining permission to use another company’s brand, trade name,

or related intellectual property in the advertising or promotion of a food product. This

promotional activity includes licensing agreements to use the brand, trade name, or

related intellectual property in advertisements or promotions, as well as crosspromotional arrangements, such as a marketing partnership with a media company, film

studio, theme park, or toy company to promote each other’s products by marketing (in

any context) a food product or food brand name in conjunction with a character, film,

theme park, toy, or similar product. Report expenditures on, and activities associated

with, character licensing, toy co-branding, and cross-promotions involving another
B-30

B-11

company’s brand, trade name, or related intellectual property if any of the following

apply:

1. A marketing plan specifically indicates that use of the other company’s brand,

trade name, or related intellectual property was intended to reach children under

age 12;

2. The other company’s brand, trade name, or related intellectual property:

A. is or prominently featured a child-oriented animated or licensed character;

B. depicted primarily performers, models, or characters who were, or

appeared to be, under age 12 or themes, activities, or other content that

likely appealed primarily to children; or

C. prominently featured a celebrity highly popular with children, according

to a marketing plan or public opinion research data within the company’s

possession, custody, or control;

3. The other company’s brand, trade name, or related intellectual property derives

from a motion picture:

A. distributed in movie theaters, on video (e.g., DVD, Blu-ray, or VHS), or

digitally, that was rated G by the Motion Picture Association of America;

or

B. for which children ages 2-11 constituted at least 30% of the viewing

audience, according to demographic data or other information within the

company’s possession, custody, or control;

4. The other company’s brand, trade name, or related intellectual property derives

from a television program:

A. rated TV-Y or TV-Y7; or

B. for which children ages 2-11 constituted at least 30% of the viewing

audience, as measured on an annual basis;

5. The other company’s brand, trade name, or related intellectual property derives

from a video game:

A. rated EC by the Entertainment Software Rating Board; or
B-31

B-12

B. for which children ages 2-11 constituted at least 30% of the users,

according to demographic data or other information within the company’s

possession, custody, or control;

6. The other company’s brand, trade name, or related intellectual property is a toy

intended primarily for use by children under age 12 or primarily used by children,

according to demographic data or other information within the company’s

possession, custody, or control; or

7. The other company’s brand, trade name, or related intellectual property is a theme

park:

A. that featured child-oriented themes, activities, products, or media; or

B. at which 30% or more of the annual attendees were children under age 12,

according to demographic data or other information within the company’s

possession, custody, or control.

When reporting expenditures for character licensing, toy co-branding, and crosspromotions in columns 50 through 53 of Attachment E, the company must report only the

cost of obtaining the character license, toy co-branding agreement, and/or

cross-promotional arrangement (e.g., a licensing fee). Do not report in this category the

costs of advertisements and promotions featuring the licensed character, co-branded toy,

or cross-promotion (e.g., the costs of a television advertisement featuring the licensed

character). Instead, those costs must be reported under the relevant advertising or

promotional activity category (e.g., the costs of a television advertisement featuring a

licensed character must be reported under television advertising; the cost of packaging

showing a licensed character must be reported under packaging).

(m) Sponsorship of sports teams or individual athletes (ATHL SPON) means sponsorship

of or provision of equipment or facilities for a professional or amateur athletic team

(excluding primary and secondary school athletic teams to be reported under category

(p), below) or an individual athlete, including, but not limited to, competitors in football,

basketball, baseball, soccer, hockey, tennis, golf, wrestling, karate, judo, weight lifting,

volleyball, skiing, skating, snowboarding, skateboarding, surfing, sailing, boating,

equestrian, rodeo, automobile, race car, funny car, motorcycle, bicycle, truck, monster

truck, tractor-pull, fishing, and hunting events, competitions, tournaments, and races. 

Report expenditures on, and activities associated with, sponsorships of sports teams or

individual athletes if any of the following apply:

1. A marketing plan specifically indicates that the sponsorship was intended to reach

or designed to appeal to children under age 12;

2. The sponsored athlete was a child, or members of the sponsored team were

children;
B-32

 Please note that the two promotional activity categories of “word-of-mouth marketing” 40

and “viral marketing” from the 2008 Report have been combined for purposes of this Order. 

The company must report all promotional activities that are within the combined category of

“word-of-mouth and viral marketing.”

B-13

3. A marketing plan or public opinion research data within the company’s

possession, custody, or control indicates that the sponsored team or athlete is

highly popular with children; or

4. Demographic data or other information within the company’s possession,

custody, or control indicates that 30% or more of the fan base for the sponsored

team or athlete consisted of children under age 12.

When reporting expenditures for the sponsorship of sports teams or individual athletes,

the company must report the cost of all payments (both monetary and in-kind) to a sports

team or athlete that are made in conjunction with or conditioned upon the use of trade

names, logos, displays, signage, or other branded materials during public appearances of

the sports team or athlete, including during athletic competitions. Do not report in this

category expenditures that are reportable in another category (e.g., payment to an athlete

to appear in a television ad must be reported in the celebrity endorsements category).

(n) Word-of-mouth and viral marketing (WOM/VIRAL) means: 40

Word-of-mouth marketing: providing incentives (financial or otherwise), product

samples, or other support to non-employees (including individuals and groups) to

promote consumption of a food product to other consumers or to encourage discussion of

a food product or brand among consumers.

Viral marketing: promotional messages intended to encourage consumers to discuss, or

otherwise promote (such as by passing along or sharing the promotional messages), a

food product or brand with other consumers, or to encourage consumers to interact with

company-sponsored content, through the use of various forms of electronic

communication. “Viral” marketing includes, but is not limited to, content developed for

video, audio, or image file-sharing Internet websites that integrates a food product, logo,

signage, trade name, or food package; company-sponsored blogs or social networking

website profiles that discuss a food product or brand (whether or not the content is

attributed to the company); and any other content posted on the Internet about a food

product that is intended to be sent from one consumer to another (such as through a “send

to a friend” email or through a promotional message that attaches to an email sent

through a web-based email program).

Report expenditures on, and activities associated with, word-of-mouth and viral

marketing if any of the following apply:
B-33

B-14

1. A marketing plan specifically indicates that the word-of-mouth or viral marketing

campaign was intended to reach children under age 12;

2. The company knowingly sought the participation of children in the word-ofmouth or viral marketing campaign;

3. The word-of-mouth or viral marketing campaign:

A. prominently featured child-oriented animated or licensed characters;

B. prominently featured a celebrity highly popular with children, according

to a marketing plan or public opinion research data within the company’s

possession, custody, or control;

C. used language, such as “kid,” “child,” “tween,” or similar words, or

prominently depicted performers, models, or characters who were, or

appeared to be, under age 12, in order to indicate that the campaign was

intended for children; or

D. promoted child-oriented themes, activities, incentives, products, or media;

or

4. 20% or more of the participants in the word-of-mouth or viral marketing

campaign were children under age 12, according to demographic data or other

information within the company’s possession, custody, or control.

When reporting expenditures for word-of-mouth marketing, the company must report the

cost of incentives (financial or otherwise) and samples provided to non-employees, and

all costs associated with the design, development, and implementation (i.e., recruiting

participants and disseminating the incentives) of the worth-of-mouth marketing

campaign.

When reporting expenditures for viral marketing, the company must report all costs

associated with the creative design/development/production and distribution of the

promotional messages.

(o) Celebrity endorsements (CELEB END) means an advertising or promotional message

(including verbal statements, demonstrations, or depictions of the name, signature,

likeness, or other identifying personal characteristics of an individual) relating to the

company’s food products, when such message is one that consumers are likely to believe

reflects the opinions, beliefs, findings, or experience of a public figure (including an

entertainer, musician, athlete, or other well-recognized person). Report expenditures on,

and activities associated with, celebrity endorsements if any of the following apply:
B-34

B-15

1. A marketing plan specifically indicates that the endorser was used to reach or

appeal to children under age 12;

2. The celebrity endorser:

A. was a child;

B. was commonly recognized as highly popular with children, or was highly

popular with children according to a marketing plan or public opinion

research data within the company’s possession, custody, or control; or

C. promoted child-oriented themes, activities, incentives, products, or media;

or

3. Demographic data or other information within the company’s possession,

custody, or control indicates that 30% or more of the celebrity’s fan base

consisted of children under age 12.

When reporting expenditures for celebrity endorsements in columns 62 through 65 of

Attachment E, the company must report only the cost of all payments (both monetary and

in-kind) to a celebrity to endorse any of the company’s food products (e.g., an

endorsement fee). Do not report in this category the costs associated with advertisements

and promotions featuring the celebrity (e.g., the costs of a television advertisement

featuring the celebrity endorser). Instead, those costs must be reported under the relevant

advertising or promotional activity category (e.g., the costs of a television advertisement

featuring a celebrity endorser must be reported under television advertising).

(p) In-school marketing (IN-SCHOOL) means advertising or promotional activity in or

around a pre-school or elementary school, including, but not limited to, the use of trade

names, logos, displays, signage, or other branded materials in or around cafeterias,

vending machines, or gymnasiums, at school events, youth athletic events, athletic fields

or arenas, and on school buses, Channel One or other closed circuit television channels. 

This category includes payments pursuant to food and beverage contracts with schools or

school systems and philanthropic donations to schools or particular school clubs, teams,

events, or programs, including donations of or discounts on products, coupons for

products, and branded materials such as equipment, classroom materials, and curricula

created by or sponsored by food companies. This category does not include an

advertising or promotional activity that occurred at a pre-school or elementary school at a

time when no children were present or likely would have been present (e.g., a PTA

meeting).

When reporting expenditures for in-school marketing, the company must report the cost

of all payments made pursuant to food and beverage contracts with schools or school
B-35

 Report the payments made to the schools or school systems pursuant to such contracts; 41

do not report costs associated with purchasing, leasing, or servicing the vending machines in

which products are sold.

B-16

systems, as well as the cost of all donations (both monetary and in-kind) to schools or 41

particular school clubs, teams, events, or programs, that are made in conjunction with (or

conditioned upon) the use of trade names, logos, displays, signage, or other branded

materials in or around the school, as specified above. For student scholarships, report

only the costs associated with promoting the scholarship in conjunction with the use of

trade names, logos, displays, signage, or other branded materials; do not report the value

of the scholarship.

(q) Advertising in conjunction with philanthropic endeavors (PHLNTHRPY) means

advertising or promotional activity in conjunction with a donation to an organization,

program, or event, other than a school or school-sponsored program or event, including,

but not limited to, the use of trade names, logos, displays, signage, or other branded

materials at or in connection with child-oriented clubs, parks, activities, or community

programs or events. Report expenditures on, and activities associated with, advertising in

conjunction with philanthropic endeavors if any of the following apply:

1. A marketing plan specifically indicates that the organization, program, or event

would reach children under age 12 or would involve the participation or

attendance of children under age 12;

2. The company actively sought the participation or attendance of children;

3. The program or event involved child-oriented themes, activities, incentives,

products, or media;

4. 30% or more of the participants in, or attendees or beneficiaries of, the

organization, program, or event were children under age 12, according to

demographic data or other information within the company’s possession, custody,

or control; or

5. The advertising or promotional activity:

A. prominently featured child-oriented animated or licensed characters;

B. prominently featured a celebrity highly popular with children, according

to a marketing plan or public opinion research data within the company’s

possession, custody, or control;

C. used language, such as “kid,” “child,” “tween,” or similar words, or

prominently depicted performers, models, or characters who were, or
B-36

B-17

appeared to be, under age 12, in order to indicate that the advertising or

promotions were intended for children; or

D. promoted child-oriented themes, activities, incentives, products, or media.

When reporting expenditures for advertising in conjunction with philanthropic

endeavors, the company must report the costs associated with donations (both monetary

and in-kind) to organizations, programs or events (other than schools or

school-sponsored programs or events) that are made in conjunction with (or conditioned

upon) the use of trade names, logos, displays, signage, or other branded materials at or in

connection with child-oriented clubs, parks, activities, or community programs or events. 

Report the cost of marketing materials associated with the philanthropic donation, not the

full amount of the donation. (The amount of the donation that is deemed not tax

deductible as a charitable contribution because of marketing benefit received by the

company may serve as the reported cost, if appropriate.) Do not include any amount for

contributions to medical or disease-related charities, even if the ultimate beneficiaries

happen to be children.

(r) Other promotional activities (OTHER) means any advertising or promotional activities

not covered by another reporting category; describe fully and break down by type. 

Report expenditures on, and activities associated with, other promotional activities not

reported in any other category if a marketing plan specifically indicates that such

activities were intended to reach children under age 12.

When reporting expenditures for other promotional activities, consult with FTC staff as

to what constitutes a reportable cost for the particular promotional activity involved.
B-37

 The food categories listed in Specification 1.C.(1) through (6) are: breakfast cereals; 42

snack foods; candy and frozen desserts; dairy products; baked goods; and prepared foods and

meals.

 See supra note 34 for the definition of “marketing plan.” 43

C-1

Attachment C

Advertising and Promotional Activities Targeted Toward Adolescents

INSTRUCTIONS

Use the following definitions for purposes of reporting the advertising expenditures and

activities requested in Specifications 2.B, 2.C, 2.F, and 4. The company must use Attachment E

when reporting expenditures and Attachment H when reporting activities, and must not modify,

delete, or add to the columns on either Attachment. The company must submit Attachments E

and H in Excel in a format that is readable and writable.

The advertising and promotional activity categories set forth below are mutually

exclusive. Do not report an expenditure or activity in more than one category.

For all advertising and promotional activity categories, report expenditures to the nearest

$10,000.

Special Instructions for Reporting Expenditures and Activities in Food Categories

1.C.(1) through (6): For those food products that fall within the food categories listed in

Specification 1.C.(1) through (6) DO NOT report expenditures in response to Specification 42

2.B and do not report activities in response to Specification 4.B for the advertising and

promotional activity categories listed in (g) through (r) of this Attachment C, if both of the

following conditions are met:

(1) The company had no reportable expenditures for the food product in response to

Specification 2.B for any of the advertising and promotional activity categories

listed in (a) through (f) of this Attachment C; and

(2) No marketing plan for the food product indicates that the company planned or 43

engaged in any form of advertising or promotional activity for the product during

the calendar year 2009 that was intended to reach an audience that, in whole or in

part, consisted of adolescents ages 12-17;

DEFINITIONS AND ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS

(a) Television advertising (TV AD) means advertising on broadcast, cable, or satellite

television channels, including during syndicated programming, or branded messages

relating to company sponsorship or underwriting of a television program. Report
B-38

 A 20% audience share was chosen for adolescents ages 12-17 because this level of 44

audience share is approximately double the proportion of that group in the general U.S.

population.

C-2

expenditures on, and activities associated with, television advertising if any of the

following apply:

1. A marketing plan specifically indicates that the television advertising was

intended to reach adolescents ages 12-17; or

2. The advertising appeared in any television program, programming block, or

daypart that had a viewing audience consisting of 20% or more adolescents ages

12-17, as measured on an annual basis.

44

When reporting expenditures for television advertising, the company must report all

creative design/development/production costs and advertising placement costs.

(b) Radio advertising (RAD AD) means advertising on AM, FM, HD Radio, or satellite

radio channels. Report expenditures on, and activities associated with, radio advertising

if any of the following apply:

1. A marketing plan specifically indicates that the radio advertising was intended to

reach adolescents ages 12-17; or

2. The advertising appeared in any radio program, programming block, or daypart

for which adolescents ages 12-17 constituted at least 20% of the listening

audience, as measured on an annual basis.

When reporting expenditures for radio advertising, the company must report all creative

design/development/production costs and advertising placement costs.

(c) Print advertising (PRT AD) means advertising placed in magazines, comic books,

newspapers (including advertising placed in free-standing inserts), or other print

publications. Report expenditures on, and activities associated with, print advertising if

any of the following apply:

1. A marketing plan specifically indicates that the print advertising was intended to

reach adolescents ages 12-17; or

2. The advertising appeared in a publication for which adolescents ages 12-17

constituted at least 20% of the readers and/or subscribers, as measured on an

annual basis.
B-39

 See the definition of “advergame” at note 37, supra. 45

 A 20% audience share was chosen for adolescents ages 12-17 because this level of 46

audience share is approximately double the proportion of that group in the population of active

Internet users during 2009. Data from comScore show that adolescents ages 12-17 constituted

between 10 and 11% of the active Internet audience from January through December 2009. 

Source: comScore Media Trend Report.

C-3

When reporting expenditures for print advertising, the company must report all creative

design/development/production costs and advertising placement costs.

(d) Company-sponsored Internet sites (WEBSITE AD) means any company-sponsored

Internet site or page that contains information about or images of the company’s food

brands or products, including, but not limited to, advergames, and that can be accessed 45

by computers located in the United States, regardless of where the site is located or the

Internet address of the site or page. Report expenditures on, and activities associated

with, company-sponsored Internet sites if any of the following apply:

1. A marketing plan specifically indicates that the site or page was intended to reach

adolescents ages 12-17;

2. Audience demographic data indicate that 20% or more of visitors to the site or

page were adolescents ages 12-17 for any month during 2009; or 46

3. The site or page:

A. prominently featured adolescent-oriented animated or licensed characters;

B. prominently featured a celebrity highly popular with adolescents,

according to a marketing plan or public opinion research data within the

company’s possession, custody, or control;

C. used language, such as “adolescent,” “teen,” “teenager,” or similar words,

or prominently depicted performers, models, or characters who were, or

appeared to be, adolescents between 12 and 17 years old, in order to

indicate that the site or page was intended for adolescents; or

D. promoted adolescent-oriented themes, activities, incentives, products, or

media.

When reporting expenditures for company-sponsored Internet sites, the company must

report all costs associated with the design, development, production, registration, and

maintenance of company-sponsored, -owned, or -operated websites, including all content
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C-4

appearing on company websites (e.g., advergames) that meets the definition above,

regardless of whether the website as a whole is targeted to adolescents.

(e) Other Internet and digital advertising (INTERNET AD) means:

Other Internet advertising: advertising and promotional content on or through Internet

sites or pages, other than company-sponsored Internet sites, that bears or otherwise

displays the name or logo or any portion of the package of any of the company’s food

brands or otherwise refers or relates to such food brands, including, but not limited to,

sponsored hyperlinks, banner or pop-up advertisements, in-stream and in-page audio and

video advertisements, sponsored text advertising, sponsored search keywords, and

advertising in chat rooms, weblogs, social networking sites, online video games, bulletin

boards, and listservs.

Digital advertising: advertising and promotional content transmitted to personal

computers and other digital devices, including PDAs (personal digital assistants), mobile

phones, and other portable devices, whether or not Internet-enabled, that bears or

otherwise displays the name or logo or any portion of the package of any of the

company’s food brands or otherwise refers or relates to such food brands, including, but

not limited to, expenditures for advertising or promotional content in electronic mail

(email) messages, short message service (SMS or “text”) messaging, instant messaging

(IM), picture messaging, multimedia messaging, mobile broadcasts, downloads (such as

ringtones, wallpapers, and videos), and podcasts.

Report expenditures on, and activities associated with, other Internet and digital

advertising if any of the following apply:

1. A marketing plan specifically indicates that the Internet or digital advertising was

intended to reach adolescents ages 12-17;

2. The company knowingly sought the participation of adolescents in the Internet or

digital advertising campaign;

3. For Internet advertising, the advertising appeared on any Internet website for

which audience demographic data indicate that adolescents ages 12-17 constituted

at least 20% of the audience for any month during 2009. For digital advertising,

20% or more of the participants in or audience of the digital advertising campaign

were adolescents, according to demographic data or other information within the

company’s possession, custody, or control; or

4. The advertising:

A. prominently featured adolescent-oriented animated or licensed characters;
B-41

C-5

B. prominently featured a celebrity highly popular with adolescents,

according to a marketing plan or public opinion research data within the

company’s possession, custody, or control;

C. used language, such as “adolescent,” “teen,” “teenager,” or similar words,

or prominently depicted performers, models, or characters who were, or

appeared to be, adolescents between 12 and 17 years old, in order to

indicate that the advertising was intended for adolescents; or

D. promoted adolescent-oriented themes, activities, incentives, products, or

media.

When reporting expenditures for other Internet and digital advertising, the company must

report all creative design/development/production costs and advertising

placement/distribution costs.

(f) Packaging and labeling (PACK/LABEL) means all product packaging and labeling

(including all words and images therein) for any of the company’s food products. Report

expenditures on, and activities associated with, packaging and labeling if any of the

following apply:

1. A marketing plan specifically indicates that the packaging or labeling was

designed to appeal to adolescents ages 12-17; or

2. The packaging or labeling:

A. prominently featured adolescent-oriented animated or licensed characters;

B. prominently featured a celebrity highly popular with adolescents,

according to a marketing plan or public opinion research data within the

company’s possession, custody, or control;

C. used language, such as “adolescent,” “teen,” “teenager,” or similar words,

or prominently depicted performers, models, or characters who were, or

appeared to be, adolescents between 12 and 17 years old, in order to

indicate that the product was intended for adolescents; or

D. promoted adolescent-oriented themes, activities, incentives, products, or

media.

When reporting expenditures for packaging and labeling, the company must report all

costs associated with the design, development, and production of changes in product

packaging and labeling (excluding the costs of packaging materials, and excluding any

costs of fulfilling labeling requirements of the Food and Drug Administration).
B-42

C-6

(g) Movie theater/video/video game advertising (MOV/VID AD) means advertising

preceding a movie shown in a movie theater or placed on a video (DVD, Blu-ray, or

VHS) or within a video game (including as a pre-roll, post-roll, or banner advertisement). 

Report expenditures on, and activities associated with, movie theater/video/video game

advertising if any of the following apply:

1. A marketing plan specifically indicates that such advertising was intended to

reach adolescents ages 12-17;

2. The advertising appeared in or contiguous to a motion picture for which

adolescents ages 12-17 constituted at least 20% of the viewing audience,

according to demographic data or other information within the company’s

possession, custody, or control;

3. The advertising appeared in or contiguous to a video game for which adolescents

ages 12-17 constituted at least 20% of the users, according to demographic data or

other information within the company’s possession, custody, or control; or

4. The advertising:

A. prominently featured adolescent-oriented animated or licensed characters;

B. prominently featured a celebrity highly popular with adolescents,

according to a marketing plan or public opinion research data within the

company’s possession, custody, or control;

C. used language, such as “adolescent,” “teen,” “teenager,” or similar words,

or prominently depicted performers, models, or characters who were, or

appeared to be, adolescents between 12 and 17 years old, in order to

indicate that the advertising was intended for adolescents; or

D. promoted adolescent-oriented themes, activities, incentives, products, or

media.

When reporting expenditures for movie theater/video/video game advertising, the

company must report all creative design/development/production costs and advertising

placement costs.

(h) In-store advertising and promotions (IN-STORE AD) means advertising displays and

promotions at the retail site, including the offering of free samples and allowances paid to

facilitate shelf placement or merchandise displays. Report expenditures on, and activities

associated with, in-store advertising and promotions that, pursuant to a marketing plan or

industry practice, were designed to appeal to adolescents. Such design elements may

involve the height of placement or display, and the use of licensed characters, images of

adolescents, and language, such as “adolescent” “teen,” “teenager,” or similar words.
B-43

C-7

When reporting expenditures for in-store advertising and promotions, the company must

report all costs of displays, signage, and samples, and shelf placement costs, including

allowances.

(i) Specialty item or premium distribution (PREMIUMS) means specialty or premium

items other than food products that are distributed in connection with the sale of any of

the company’s food products, whether distributed by sale, by redemption of coupons,

codes, or proofs of purchase, within food packages, in conjunction with restaurant meals,

as prizes in contests or sweepstakes, or otherwise. Report expenditures on, and activities

associated with, specialty item or premium distribution if any of the following apply:

1. A marketing plan specifically indicates that the specialty item or premium

distribution was intended to reach adolescents ages 12-17;

2. The promotion of the specialty or premium item or the item itself:

A. prominently featured adolescent-oriented animated or licensed characters;

B. prominently featured a celebrity highly popular with adolescents,

according to a marketing plan or public opinion research data within the

company’s possession, custody, or control;

C. used language, such as “adolescent,” “teen,” “teenager,” or similar words,

or prominently depicted performers, models, or characters who were, or

appeared to be, adolescents between 12 and 17 years old, in order to

indicate that the item was intended for adolescents; or

D. promoted adolescent-oriented themes, activities, incentives, products, or

media; or

3. The specialty or premium item was a toy, doll, action figure, collectable item,

puzzle, game, or other product for adolescents.

When reporting expenditures for specialty item or premium distribution, the company

must report all net costs (deducting payments by consumers) of items distributed to

consumers, including all costs associated with the production or purchase of the items

and the distribution of the items. Thus, for purposes of reporting expenditures, the

company will not include the costs associated with self-liquidating premiums, as defined

in footnote 29, supra. Note that this category includes only the costs associated with the

item or premium; it does not include costs associated with advertising the item or

premium in other media. For example, if a contest to win a toy is advertised on

television, the expenditure for the television advertisement must be reported under

television advertising, while the net cost of the toys (including costs associated with the

production or purchase, and distribution of the toys) must be reported under specialty

item or premium distribution.
B-44

C-8

(j) Promotion or sponsorship of public entertainment events (EVENTS) means events,

including but not limited to concerts and sporting events, bearing or otherwise displaying

the name or logo or any portion of the package of any of the company’s food brands or

otherwise referring or relating to such food brands, including through billboards, banners,

and the distribution of product samples or functional promotional items, including but not

limited to, clothing, hats, bags, posters, sporting or racing goods and equipment bearing

or otherwise displaying the name or logo or any portion of the package of any of the

company’s food brands or otherwise referring or relating to such food brands. Report

expenditures on, and activities associated with, promotion or sponsorship of public

entertainment events if any of the following apply:

1. A marketing plan specifically indicates that the event or promotion at the event

was intended to reach adolescents ages 12-17 or that the event would involve the

participation or attendance of adolescents;

2. The company actively sought the participation or attendance of adolescents;

3. The event involved adolescent-oriented themes, activities, incentives, products, or

media;

4. 20% or more of the participants in, or audience of, the event were adolescents

ages 12-17, according to demographic data or other information within the

company’s possession, custody, or control; or

5. The advertising or promotions at the event:

A. prominently featured adolescent-oriented animated or licensed characters;

B. prominently featured a celebrity highly popular with adolescents,

according to a marketing plan or public opinion research data within the

company’s possession, custody, or control;

C. used language, such as “adolescent,” “teen,” “teenager,” or similar words,

or prominently depicted performers, models, or characters who were, or

appeared to be, adolescents between 12 and 17 years old, in order to

indicate that the advertising or promotions were intended for adolescents;

or

D. promoted adolescent-oriented themes, activities, incentives, products, or

media.

When reporting expenditures for the promotion or sponsorship of public entertainment

events, the company must report all costs associated with the promotion and/or

sponsorship of the event, including costs to display billboards or banners in the name of

any of the company’s food brands or referring or relating to such food brands, the cost of
B-45

C-9

product samples distributed at the event, and all net costs (deducting payments by

consumers) associated with the production, offer, sale, or provision without fee of all

functional promotional items at or in connection with a public entertainment event. This

does not include the costs of such non-specialty items as branded containers, paper cups

or plates used for serving food or beverage products.

(k) Product placements (PROD PLMT) means permitting, promoting, or procuring the

integration of any food product, logo, signage, trade name, or package into an

entertainment vehicle, such as a television or radio program, motion picture, video, music

recording, electronic or online game, or other form of entertainment. Report

expenditures on, and activities associated with, product placements if any of the

following apply:

1. A marketing plan specifically indicates that the placement was intended to reach

adolescents;

2. The placement occurred in a motion picture for which adolescents ages 12-17

constituted at least 20% of the viewing audience, according to demographic data

or other information within the company’s possession, custody, or control;

3. The placement occurred in a television program, programming block, or daypart

for which adolescents ages 12-17 constituted at least 20% of the viewing

audience, as measured on an annual basis;

4. The placement occurred in a video game for which adolescents ages 12-17

constituted at least 20% of the users, according to demographic data or other

information within the company’s possession, custody, or control; or

5. The entertainment vehicle in which the placement occurred:

A. prominently featured an adolescent-oriented animated or licensed

character;

B. depicted primarily performers, models, or characters who were, or

appeared to be, adolescents between 12 and 17 years old or themes,

activities, or other content that likely appealed primarily to adolescents; or

C. prominently featured a celebrity highly popular with adolescents,

according to a marketing plan or public opinion research data within the

company’s possession, custody, or control.

When reporting expenditures for product placements, the company must report the cost

of any payment (monetary or in-kind) made to secure the placements.
B-46

C-10

(l) Character licensing, toy co-branding, and cross-promotions (CHAR LIC) means

licensing or otherwise obtaining permission to use another company’s brand, trade name,

or related intellectual property in the advertising or promotion of a food product. This

promotional activity includes licensing agreements to use the brand, trade name, or

related intellectual property in advertisements or promotions, as well as crosspromotional arrangements, such as a marketing partnership with a media company, film

studio, theme park, or toy company to promote each other’s products by marketing (in

any context) a food product or food brand name in conjunction with a character, film,

theme park, toy, or similar product. Report expenditures on, and activities associated

with, character licensing, toy co-branding, and cross-promotions involving another

company’s brand, trade name, or related intellectual property if any of the following

apply:

1. A marketing plan specifically indicates that use of the other company’s brand,

trade name, or related intellectual property was intended to reach adolescents;

2. The other company’s brand, trade name, or related intellectual property:

A. is or prominently featured an adolescent-oriented animated or licensed

character;

B. depicted primarily performers, models, or characters who were, or

appeared to be, adolescents between 12 and 17 years old or themes,

activities, or other content that likely appealed primarily to adolescents; or

C. prominently featured a celebrity highly popular with adolescents,

according to a marketing plan or public opinion research data within the

company’s possession, custody, or control;

3. The other company’s brand, trade name, or related intellectual property derives

from a motion picture for which adolescents ages 12-17 constituted at least 20%

of the viewing audience, according to demographic data or other information

within the company’s possession, custody, or control;

4. The other company’s brand, trade name, or related intellectual property derives

from a television program for which adolescents ages 12-17 constituted at least

20% of the viewing audience, as measured on an annual basis;

5. The other company’s brand, trade name, or related intellectual property derives

from a video game for which adolescents ages 12-17 constituted at least 20% of

the users, according to demographic data or other information within the

company’s possession, custody, or control;

6. The other company’s brand, trade name, or related intellectual property is a toy

intended primarily for use by adolescents ages 12-17 or primarily used by
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C-11

adolescents, according to demographic data or other information within the

company’s possession, custody, or control; or

7. The other company’s brand, trade name, or related intellectual property is a theme

park:

A. that featured adolescent-oriented themes, activities, products, or media; or

B. at which 20% or more of the annual attendees were adolescents ages 12-

17, according to demographic data or other information within the

company’s possession, custody, or control.

When reporting expenditures for character licensing, toy co-branding, and crosspromotions in columns 50 through 53 of Attachment E, the company must report only the

cost of obtaining the character license, toy co-branding agreement, and/or

cross-promotional arrangement (e.g., a licensing fee). Do not report in this category the

costs of advertisements and promotions featuring the licensed character, co-branded toy,

or cross-promotion (e.g., the costs of a television advertisement featuring the licensed

character). Instead, those costs must be reported under the relevant advertising or

promotional activity category (e.g., the costs of a television advertisement featuring a

licensed character must be reported under television advertising; the cost of packaging

showing a licensed character must be reported under packaging).

(m) Sponsorship of sports teams or individual athletes (ATHL SPON) means sponsorship

of or provision of equipment or facilities for a professional or amateur athletic team

(excluding primary and secondary school athletic teams to be reported under category

(p), below) or an individual athlete, including, but not limited to, competitors in football,

basketball, baseball, soccer, hockey, tennis, golf, wrestling, karate, judo, weight lifting,

volleyball, skiing, skating, snowboarding, skateboarding, surfing, sailing, boating,

equestrian, rodeo, automobile, race car, funny car, motorcycle, bicycle, truck, monster

truck, tractor-pull, fishing, and hunting events, competitions, tournaments, and races. 

Report expenditures on, and activities associated with, sponsorships of sports teams or

individual athletes if any of the following apply:

1. A marketing plan specifically indicates that the sponsorship was intended to reach

or designed to appeal to adolescents ages 12-17;

2. The sponsored athlete was an adolescent, or members of the sponsored team were

adolescents;

3. A marketing plan or public opinion research data within the company’s

possession, custody, or control indicates that the sponsored team or athlete is

highly popular with adolescents; or
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C-12

4. Demographic data or other information within the company’s possession,

custody, or control indicates that 20% or more of the fan base for the sponsored

team or athlete consisted of adolescents ages 12-17.

When reporting expenditures for the sponsorship of sports teams or individual athletes,

the company must report the cost of all payments (both monetary and in-kind) to a sports

team or athlete that are made in conjunction with or conditioned upon the use of trade

names, logos, displays, signage, or other branded materials during public appearances of

the sports team or athlete, including during athletic competitions. Do not report in this

category expenditures that are reportable in another category (e.g., payment to an athlete

to appear in a television ad must be reported in the celebrity endorsements category).

(n) Word-of-mouth and viral marketing (WOM/VIRAL) means:

Word-of-mouth marketing: providing incentives (financial or otherwise), product

samples, or other support to non-employees (including individuals and groups) to

promote consumption of a food product to other consumers or to encourage discussion of

a food product or brand among consumers.

Viral marketing: promotional messages intended to encourage consumers to discuss, or

otherwise promote (such as by passing along or sharing the promotional messages), a

food product or brand with other consumers, or to encourage consumers to interact with

company-sponsored content, through the use of various forms of electronic

communication. “Viral” marketing includes, but is not limited to, content developed for

video, audio, or image file-sharing Internet websites that integrates a food product, logo,

signage, trade name, or food package; company-sponsored blogs or social networking

website profiles that discuss a food product or brand (whether or not the content is

attributed to the company); and any other content posted on the Internet about a food

product that is intended to be sent from one consumer to another (such as through a “send

to a friend” email or through a promotional message that attaches to an email sent

through a web-based email program).

Report expenditures on, and activities associated with, word-of-mouth and viral

marketing if any of the following apply:

1. A marketing plan specifically indicates that the word-of-mouth or viral marketing

campaign was intended to reach adolescents ages 12-17;

2. The company knowingly sought the participation of adolescents in the word-ofmouth or viral marketing campaign;

3. The word-of-mouth or viral marketing campaign:

A. prominently featured adolescent-oriented animated or licensed characters;
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C-13

B. prominently featured a celebrity highly popular with adolescents,

according to a marketing plan or public opinion research data within the

company’s possession, custody, or control;

C. used language, such as “adolescent,” “teen,” “teenager,” or similar words,

or prominently depicted performers, models, or characters who were, or

appeared to be, adolescents between 12 and 17 years old, in order to

indicate that the campaign was intended for adolescents; or

D. promoted adolescent-oriented themes, activities, incentives, products, or

media; or

4. 20% or more of the participants in the word-of-mouth or viral marketing

campaign were adolescents ages 12-17, according to demographic data or other

information within the company’s possession, custody, or control.

When reporting expenditures for word-of-mouth marketing, the company must report the

cost of incentives (financial or otherwise) and samples provided to non-employees, and

all costs associated with the design, development, and implementation (i.e., recruiting

participants and disseminating the incentives) of the worth-of-mouth marketing

campaign.

When reporting expenditures for viral marketing, the company must report all costs

associated with the creative design/development/production and distribution of the

promotional messages.

(o) Celebrity endorsements (CELEB END) means an advertising or promotional message

(including verbal statements, demonstrations, or depictions of the name, signature,

likeness, or other identifying personal characteristics of an individual) relating to the

company’s food products, when such message is one that consumers are likely to believe

reflects the opinions, beliefs, findings, or experience of a public figure (including an

entertainer, musician, athlete, or other well-recognized person). Report expenditures on,

and activities associated with, celebrity endorsements if any of the following apply:

1. A marketing plan specifically indicates that the endorser was used to reach or

appeal to adolescents ages 12-17;

2. The celebrity endorser:

A. was an adolescent;

B. was commonly recognized as highly popular with adolescents, or was

highly popular with adolescents according to a marketing plan or public

opinion research data within the company’s possession, custody, or

control; or
B-50

 Report the payments made to the schools or school systems pursuant to such contracts; 47

do not report costs associated with purchasing, leasing, or servicing the vending machines in

which products are sold.

C-14

C. promoted adolescent-oriented themes, activities, incentives, products, or

media; or

3. Demographic data or other information within the company’s possession,

custody, or control indicates that 20% or more of the celebrity’s fan base

consisted of adolescents ages 12-17.

When reporting expenditures for celebrity endorsements in columns 62 through 65 of

Attachment E, the company must report only the cost of all payments (both monetary and

in-kind) to a celebrity to endorse any of the company’s food products (e.g., an

endorsement fee). Do not report in this category the costs associated with advertisements

and promotions featuring the celebrity (e.g., the costs of a television advertisement

featuring the celebrity endorser). Instead, those costs must be reported under the relevant

advertising or promotional activity category (e.g., the costs of a television advertisement

featuring a celebrity endorser must be reported under television advertising).

(p) In-school marketing (IN-SCHOOL) means advertising or promotional activity in or

around a middle school, junior high school, or high school, including, but not limited to,

the use of trade names, logos, displays, signage, or other branded materials in or around

cafeterias, vending machines, or gymnasiums, at school events, youth athletic events,

athletic fields or arenas, and on school buses, Channel One or other closed circuit

television channels. This category includes payments pursuant to food and beverage

contracts with schools or school systems and philanthropic donations to schools or

particular school clubs, teams, events, or programs, including donations of or discounts

on products, coupons for products, and branded materials such as equipment, classroom

materials, and curricula created by or sponsored by food companies. This category does

not include an advertising or promotional activity that occurred at a middle school, junior

high school, or high school at a time when no adolescents were present or likely would

have been present (e.g., a PTA meeting).

When reporting expenditures for in-school marketing, the company must report the cost

of all payments made pursuant to food and beverage contracts with schools or school

systems, as well as the cost of all donations (both monetary and in-kind) to schools or 47

particular school clubs, teams, events, or programs, that are made in conjunction with (or

conditioned upon) the use of trade names, logos, displays, signage, or other branded

materials in or around the school, as specified above. For student scholarships, report

only the costs associated with promoting the scholarship in conjunction with the use of

trade names, logos, displays, signage, or other branded materials; do not report the value

of the scholarship.
B-51

C-15

(q) Advertising in conjunction with philanthropic endeavors (PHLNTHRPY) means

advertising or promotional activity in conjunction with a donation to an organization,

program, or event, other than a school or school-sponsored program or event, including,

but not limited to, the use of trade names, logos, displays, signage, or other branded

materials at or in connection with adolescent-oriented clubs, parks, activities, or

community programs or events. Report expenditures on, and activities associated with,

advertising in conjunction with philanthropic endeavors if any of the following apply:

1. A marketing plan specifically indicates that the organization, program, or event

would reach adolescents ages 12-17 or would involve the participation or

attendance of adolescents ages 12-17;

2. The company actively sought the participation or attendance of adolescents;

3. The program or event involved adolescent-oriented themes, activities, incentives,

products, or media;

4. 20% or more of the participants in, or attendees or beneficiaries of, the

organization, program, or event were adolescents ages 12-17, according to

demographic data or other information within the company’s possession, custody,

or control; or

5. The advertising or promotional activity:

A. prominently featured adolescent-oriented animated or licensed characters;

B. prominently featured a celebrity highly popular with adolescents,

according to a marketing plan or public opinion research data within the

company’s possession, custody, or control;

C. used language, such as “adolescent,” “teen,” “teenager,” or similar words,

or prominently depicted performers, models, or characters who were, or

appeared to be, adolescents between 12 and 17 years old, in order to

indicate that the advertising or promotions were intended for adolescents;

or

D. promoted adolescent-oriented themes, activities, incentives, products, or

media.

When reporting expenditures for advertising in conjunction with philanthropic

endeavors, the company must report the costs associated with donations (both monetary

and in-kind) to organizations, programs or events (other than schools or

school-sponsored programs or events) that are made in conjunction with (or conditioned

upon) the use of trade names, logos, displays, signage, or other branded materials at or in

connection with adolescent-oriented clubs, parks, activities, or community programs or
B-52

C-16

events. Report the cost of marketing materials associated with the philanthropic

donation, not the full amount of the donation. (The amount of the donation that is

deemed not tax deductible as a charitable contribution because of marketing benefit

received by the company may serve as the reported cost, if appropriate.) Do not include

any amount for contributions to medical or disease-related charities, even if the ultimate

beneficiaries happen to be adolescents.

(r) Other promotional activities (OTHER) means any advertising or promotional activities

not covered by another reporting category; describe fully and break down by type. 

Report expenditures on, and activities associated with, other promotional activities not

reported in any other category if a marketing plan specifically indicates that such

activities were targeted to adolescents ages 12-17.

When reporting expenditures for other promotional activities, consult with FTC staff as

to what constitutes a reportable cost for the particular promotional activity involved.
B-53

 See the definition of “advergame” at note 37, supra. 48

D-1

Attachment D

Advertising and Promotional Activities for All Audiences

INSTRUCTIONS

Use the following definitions for purposes of reporting the advertising expenditures

requested in Specifications 2.D and 2.F. The company must use Attachment E when reporting

expenditures and must not modify, delete, or add to the columns on the Attachment. The

company must submit Attachment E in Excel in a format that is readable and writable.

The advertising and promotional activity categories set forth below are mutually

exclusive. Do not report an expenditure in more than one category.

For all advertising and promotional activity categories, report expenditures to the nearest

$10,000.

DEFINITIONS AND ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS

(a) Television advertising (TV AD) means advertising on broadcast, cable, or satellite

television channels, including during syndicated programming, or branded messages

relating to company sponsorship or underwriting of a television program.

When reporting expenditures for television advertising, the company must report all

creative design/development/production costs and advertising placement costs.

(b) Radio advertising (RAD AD) means advertising on AM, FM, HD Radio, or satellite

radio channels.

When reporting expenditures for radio advertising, the company must report all creative

design/development/production costs and advertising placement costs.

(c) Print advertising (PRT AD) means advertising placed in magazines, comic books,

newspapers (including advertising placed in free-standing inserts), or other print

publications.

When reporting expenditures for print advertising, the company must report all creative

design/development/production costs and advertising placement costs.

(d) Company-sponsored Internet sites (WEBSITE AD) means any company-sponsored

Internet site or page that contains information about or images of the company’s food

brands or products, including, but not limited to, advergames, and that can be accessed 48
B-54

D-2

by computers located in the United States, regardless of where the site is located or the

Internet address of the site or page.

When reporting expenditures for company-sponsored Internet sites, the company must

report all costs associated with the design, development, production, registration, and

maintenance of company-sponsored, -owned, or -operated websites, including all content

appearing on company websites (e.g., advergames) that meets the definition above.

(e) Other Internet and digital advertising (INTERNET AD) means:

Other Internet advertising: advertising and promotional content on or through Internet

sites or pages, other than company-sponsored Internet sites, that bears or otherwise

displays the name or logo or any portion of the package of any of the company’s food

brands or otherwise refers or relates to such food brands, including, but not limited to,

sponsored hyperlinks, banner or pop-up advertisements, in-stream and in-page audio and

video advertisements, sponsored text advertising, sponsored search keywords, and

advertising in chat rooms, weblogs, social networking sites, online video games, bulletin

boards, and listservs.

Digital advertising: advertising and promotional content transmitted to personal

computers and other digital devices, including PDAs (personal digital assistants), mobile

phones, and other portable devices, whether or not Internet-enabled, that bears or

otherwise displays the name or logo or any portion of the package of any of the

company’s food brands or otherwise refers or relates to such food brands, including, but

not limited to, expenditures for advertising or promotional content in electronic mail

(email) messages, short message service (SMS or “text”) messaging, instant messaging

(IM), picture messaging, multimedia messaging, mobile broadcasts, downloads (such as

ringtones, wallpapers, and videos), and podcasts.

When reporting expenditures for other Internet and digital advertising, the company must

report all creative design/development/production costs and advertising

placement/distribution costs.

(f) Packaging and labeling (PACK/LABEL) means all product packaging and labeling

(including all words and images therein) for any of the company’s food products.

When reporting expenditures for packaging and labeling, the company must report all

costs associated with the design, development, and production of changes in product

packaging and labeling (excluding the costs of packaging materials, and excluding any

costs of fulfilling labeling requirements of the Food and Drug Administration).

(g) Movie theater/video/video game advertising (MOV/VID AD) means advertising

preceding a movie shown in a movie theater or placed on a video (DVD, Blu-ray, or

VHS) or within a video game (including as a pre-roll, post-roll, or banner advertisement).
B-55

D-3

When reporting expenditures for movie theater/video/video game advertising, the

company must report all creative design/development/production costs and advertising

placement costs.

(h) In-store advertising and promotions (IN-STORE AD) means advertising displays and

promotions at the retail site, including the offering of free samples and allowances paid to

facilitate shelf placement or merchandise displays.

When reporting expenditures for in-store advertising and promotions, the company must

report all costs of displays, signage, and samples, and shelf placement costs, including

allowances.

(i) Specialty item or premium distribution (PREMIUMS) means specialty or premium

items other than food products that are distributed in connection with the sale of any of

the company’s food products, whether distributed by sale, by redemption of coupons,

codes, or proofs of purchase, within food packages, in conjunction with restaurant meals,

as prizes in contests or sweepstakes, or otherwise.

When reporting expenditures for specialty item or premium distribution, the company

must report all net costs (deducting payments by consumers) of items distributed to

consumers, including all costs associated with the production or purchase of the items

and the distribution of the items. Thus, for purposes of reporting expenditures, the

company will not include the costs associated with self-liquidating premiums, as defined

in footnote 29, supra. Note that this category includes only the costs associated with the

item or premium; it does not include costs associated with advertising the item or

premium in other media. For example, if a contest to win a toy is advertised on

television, the expenditure for the television advertisement must be reported under

television advertising, while the net cost of the toys (including costs associated with the

production or purchase, and distribution of the toys) must be reported under specialty

item or premium distribution.

(j) Promotion or sponsorship of public entertainment events (EVENTS) means events,

including but not limited to concerts and sporting events, bearing or otherwise displaying

the name or logo or any portion of the package of any of the company’s food brands or

otherwise referring or relating to such food brands, including through billboards, banners,

and the distribution of product samples or functional promotional items, including but not

limited to, clothing, hats, bags, posters, sporting or racing goods and equipment bearing

or otherwise displaying the name or logo or any portion of the package of any of the

company’s food brands or otherwise referring or relating to such food brands.

When reporting expenditures for the promotion or sponsorship of public entertainment

events, the company must report all costs associated with the promotion and/or

sponsorship of the event, including costs to display billboards or banners in the name of

any of the company’s food brands or referring or relating to such food brands, the cost of

product samples distributed at the event, and all net costs (deducting payments by
B-56

D-4

consumers) associated with the production, offer, sale, or provision without fee of all

functional promotional items at or in connection with a public entertainment event. This

does not include the costs of such non-specialty items as branded containers, paper cups

or plates used for serving food or beverage products.

(k) Product placements (PROD PLMT) means permitting, promoting, or procuring the

integration of any food product, logo, signage, trade name, or package into an

entertainment vehicle, such as a television or radio program, motion picture, video, music

recording, electronic or online game, or other form of entertainment.

When reporting expenditures for product placements, the company must report the cost

of any payment (monetary or in-kind) made to secure the placements.

(l) Character licensing, toy co-branding, and cross-promotions (CHAR LIC) means

licensing or otherwise obtaining permission to use another company’s brand, trade name,

or related intellectual property in the advertising or promotion of a food product. This

promotional activity includes licensing agreements to use the brand, trade name, or

related intellectual property in advertisements or promotions, as well as crosspromotional arrangements, such as a marketing partnership with a media company, film

studio, theme park, or toy company to promote each other’s products by marketing (in

any context) a food product or food brand name in conjunction with a character, film,

theme park, toy, or similar product.

When reporting expenditures for character licensing, toy co-branding, and crosspromotions in columns 50 through 53 of Attachment E, the company must report only the

cost of obtaining the character license, toy co-branding agreement, and/or

cross-promotional arrangement (e.g., a licensing fee). Do not report in this category the

costs of advertisements and promotions featuring the licensed character, co-branded toy,

or cross-promotion (e.g., the costs of a television advertisement featuring the licensed

character). Instead, those costs must be reported under the relevant advertising or

promotional activity category (e.g., the costs of a television advertisement featuring a

licensed character must be reported under television advertising; the cost of packaging

showing a licensed character must be reported under packaging).

(m) Sponsorship of sports teams or individual athletes (ATHL SPON) means sponsorship

of or provision of equipment or facilities for a professional or amateur athletic team

(excluding primary and secondary school athletic teams to be reported under category

(p), below) or an individual athlete, including, but not limited to, competitors in football,

basketball, baseball, soccer, hockey, tennis, golf, wrestling, karate, judo, weight lifting,

volleyball, skiing, skating, snowboarding, skateboarding, surfing, sailing, boating,

equestrian, rodeo, automobile, race car, funny car, motorcycle, bicycle, truck, monster

truck, tractor-pull, fishing, and hunting events, competitions, tournaments, and races.

When reporting expenditures for the sponsorship of sports teams or individual athletes,

the company must report the cost of all payments (both monetary and in-kind) to a sports
B-57

D-5

team or athlete that are made in conjunction with or conditioned upon the use of trade

names, logos, displays, signage, or other branded materials during public appearances of

the sports team or athlete, including during athletic competitions. Do not report in this

category expenditures that are reportable in another category (e.g., payment to an athlete

to appear in a television ad must be reported in the celebrity endorsements category).

(n) Word-of-mouth and viral marketing (WOM/VIRAL) means:

Word-of-mouth marketing: providing incentives (financial or otherwise), product

samples, or other support to non-employees (including individuals and groups) to

promote consumption of a food product to other consumers or to encourage discussion of

a food product or brand among consumers.

Viral marketing: promotional messages intended to encourage consumers to discuss, or

otherwise promote (such as by passing along or sharing the promotional messages), a

food product or brand with other consumers, or to encourage consumers to interact with

company-sponsored content, through the use of various forms of electronic

communication. “Viral” marketing includes, but is not limited to, content developed for

video, audio, or image file-sharing Internet websites that integrates a food product, logo,

signage, trade name, or food package; company-sponsored blogs or social networking

website profiles that discuss a food product or brand (whether or not the content is

attributed to the company); and any other content posted on the Internet about a food

product that is intended to be sent from one consumer to another (such as through a “send

to a friend” email or through a promotional message that attaches to an email sent

through a web-based email program).

When reporting expenditures for word-of-mouth marketing, the company must report the

cost of incentives (financial or otherwise) and samples provided to non-employees, and

all costs associated with the design, development, and implementation (i.e., recruiting

participants and disseminating the incentives) of the worth-of-mouth marketing

campaign.

When reporting expenditures for viral marketing, the company must report all costs

associated with the creative design/development/production and distribution of the

promotional messages.

(o) Celebrity endorsements (CELEB END) means an advertising or promotional message

(including verbal statements, demonstrations, or depictions of the name, signature,

likeness, or other identifying personal characteristics of an individual) relating to the

company’s food products, when such message is one that consumers are likely to believe

reflects the opinions, beliefs, findings, or experience of a public figure (including an

entertainer, musician, athlete, or other well-recognized person).

When reporting expenditures for celebrity endorsements in columns 62 through 65 of

Attachment E, the company must report only the cost of all payments (both monetary and
B-58

 Report the payments made to the schools or school systems pursuant to such contracts; 49

do not report costs associated with purchasing, leasing, or servicing the vending machines in

which products are sold.

D-6

in-kind) to a celebrity to endorse any of the company’s food products (e.g., an

endorsement fee). Do not report in this category the costs associated with advertisements

and promotions featuring the celebrity (e.g., the costs of a television advertisement

featuring the celebrity endorser). Instead, those costs must be reported under the relevant

advertising or promotional activity category (e.g., the costs of a television advertisement

featuring a celebrity endorser must be reported under television advertising).

(p) In-school marketing (IN-SCHOOL) means advertising or promotional activity in or

around an educational institution, such as a pre-school, elementary school, middle school,

junior high school, high school, trade school, junior college, community college, fouryear college, or university. It includes, but is not limited to, the use of trade names,

logos, displays, signage, or other branded materials in or around cafeterias, vending

machines, or gymnasiums, at school events, athletic events, athletic fields or arenas, and

on school buses, Channel One or other closed circuit television channels; this category

includes payments pursuant to food and beverage contracts with schools or school

systems and philanthropic donations to schools or particular school clubs, teams, events,

or programs, including donations of or discounts on products, coupons for products, and

branded materials such as equipment, classroom materials, and curricula created by or

sponsored by food companies.

When reporting expenditures for in-school marketing, the company must report the cost

of all payments made pursuant to food and beverage contracts with schools or school

systems, as well as the cost of all donations (both monetary and in-kind) to schools or 49

particular school clubs, teams, events, or programs, that are made in conjunction with (or

conditioned upon) the use of trade names, logos, displays, signage, or other branded

materials in or around the school, as specified above. For student scholarships, report

only the costs associated with promoting the scholarship in conjunction with the use of

trade names, logos, displays, signage, or other branded materials; do not report the value

of the scholarship.

(q) Advertising in conjunction with philanthropic endeavors (PHLNTHRPY) means

advertising or promotional activity in conjunction with a donation to an organization,

program, or event, other than a school or school-sponsored program or event, including,

but not limited to, the use of trade names, logos, displays, signage, or other branded

materials at or in connection with clubs, parks, activities, or community programs or

events.

When reporting expenditures for advertising in conjunction with philanthropic

endeavors, the company must report the costs associated with donations (both monetary

and in-kind) to organizations, programs or events (other than schools or
B-59

D-7

school-sponsored programs or events) that are made in conjunction with (or conditioned

upon) the use of trade names, logos, displays, signage, or other branded materials at or in

connection with clubs, parks, activities, or community programs or events. Report the

cost of marketing materials associated with the philanthropic donation, not the full

amount of the donation. (The amount of the donation that is deemed not tax deductible

as a charitable contribution because of marketing benefit received by the company may

serve as the reported cost, if appropriate.) Do not include any amount for contributions

to medical or disease-related charities.

(r) Other promotional activities (OTHER) means any advertising or promotional activities

not covered by another reporting category defined in this Attachment D; describe fully

and break down by type.

When reporting expenditures for other promotional activities, consult with FTC staff as

to what constitutes a reportable cost for the particular promotional activity involved.
B-60

1 For example, if a print advertisement features breakfast cereal Brand A and Brand

B, and also features snack bar Brand C and Brand D, the company would have two rows of

expenditures reported on Attachment E for the advertisement: one for breakfast cereals and one

for snack foods. The company would allocate the advertising expenditures among breakfast

cereals and snack foods in proportion to the relative combined sales of Brands A and B

(breakfast cereals) and Brands C and D (snack foods). In column 2 of the rows, the company

would list the food category (breakfast cereals or snack foods) for which allocated expenditures

are reported. In column 3, the company would enter “multi-brand advertising.” In column 4, for

the breakfast cereals row, the company would enter the name of the brand (either Brand A or

Brand B) that was the top-selling cereal brand featured in the advertisement. For the snack foods

row, the company would enter the name of the brand (either Brand C or Brand D) that was the

top-selling snack bar brand featured in the advertisement.

Attachment E Instructions, Page 1 of 3

Attachment E

Expenditures	for	Food	Products	Promoted	to	Children	or	Adolescents	in	2009

Instructions Regarding Reportable Expenditures

When reporting expenditures on Attachment E in response to Specification 2, the company must

follow these additional instructions:

1. If the company has any advertisements or promotions that are reportable under

Specifications 2.A through 2.F but the advertisements or promotions feature a family of

many or all sub-brands within a single product brand, or feature multiple product brands,

within one or more food categories, the company must report the related expenditures in

accordance with these instructions:

a. For multiple brands or sub-brands within a single food category, report the related

expenditures on a separate row on Attachment E; in column 2 of this row, list the

food category featured in the advertisements or promotions; in column 3, enter

“multi-brand advertising”; and in column 4, enter the name of the top-selling

brand or sub-brand that is featured in the advertising;

b. For multiple brands or sub-brands within two or more food categories, report the

related expenditures on separate rows on Attachment E, allocating the

expenditures among each of the food categories featured in the advertisements or

promotions based on the company’s relative sales for the specific food products

in those food categories that are featured in the advertising (report each food

category on a separate row); in column 2 of these rows, list the food category for

which allocated expenditures are reported; in column 3, enter “multi-brand

advertising”; and in column 4, enter the name of the top-selling brand or subbrand that is featured in the advertising for the food category for which allocated

expenditures are reported in the row;1

c. For advertisements or promotions featuring both regular and diet carbonated
B-61

Attachment E Instructions, Page 2 of 3

beverages, report the related expenditures on two separate rows on Attachment E,

allocating the expenditures between regular carbonated beverages and diet

carbonated beverages based on the company’s relative sales for those categories

of beverages for the specific beverage brands that are featured in the advertising;

in column 2 of these rows, list the food category (i.e., carbonated beverages); in

column 3, enter either “regular” or “diet,” corresponding with the allocated

expenditures reported in the row; and in column 4, enter the name of the topselling regular or diet carbonated beverage that is featured in the advertising,

corresponding with the allocated expenditures reported in the row.

2. If the company has any advertisements or promotions that are reportable under

Specifications 2.A through 2.F but the advertisements or promotions are general

advertising for the corporate brand and do not feature an individual food product or food

products, the company must report the related expenditures on a separate row on

Attachment E; in column 3 of this row the company must enter “corporate brand

advertising.” For restaurant corporate brand advertising, the company must report the

related expenditures on a separate row on Attachment E; in column 3 of this row the

company must enter the restaurant chain that is advertised; do not attribute the expense to

an individual menu item or meal combination.

3. For restaurant foods, the company must report expenditures at the corporate level and,

where reasonably feasible, must sample local, regional, and national advertising

cooperatives and include estimated total expenditures at those levels in its reported

expenditures. For example, if the company spent $100,000 on child-directed television

advertising at the corporate level, and estimates that expenditures by local, regional, and

national advertising cooperatives for child-directed television advertising totaled

$50,000, then the company would report $150,000 in column 6A of Attachment E.

4. If an advertising expenditure is reportable as targeted to children, adolescents, or both

children and adolescents, under Specifications 2.A through 2.C, the company must report

the entire amount of the expenditure on Attachment E. The company must not prorate

the expenditure based on a belief that the advertisement was targeted in part to children

or adolescents and in part to adults.

5. Do not include character licensing or cross-promotion fees or celebrity endorsement fees

when reporting expenditures for advertisements or promotions that featured licensed

characters, cross-promotions, or celebrity endorsers. Instead, those fees must be reported

only under the following categories: Character licensing, toy co-branding, and crosspromotions (CHAR LIC); and Celebrity endorsements (CELEB END).

6. In promotional activity categories involving the distribution of samples and in-kind

payments (see, e.g., the in-store, events, product placement, athletic sponsorship, wordof-mouth/viral, celebrity endorsement, in-school, and philanthropic categories), the

company must report its actual costs, rather than the potential retail value of the

product(s).
B-62

Attachment E Instructions, Page 3 of 3

7. For advertising and promotional activity categories involving the sponsorship of

community events or organizations (see, e.g., events, in-school, and philanthropic

categories), the company must report advertising expenditures and activities that are

undertaken at the discretion of local business units, to the extent they can be ascertained

through reasonable due diligence efforts, in addition to those undertaken at the direction

of the company’s central location.

8. If an outside agency fee, or other expenditure, is attributable to the design, development,

production, placement, or distribution of an advertisement or promotional activity that is

reportable under Specifications 2.A through 2.F, but the company’s financial records do

not indicate what portion of the expenditure is attributable to the reportable

advertisement or promotional activity, the company must estimate the amount of the

expenditure that is attributable to the reportable advertisement or promotional activity

and include it in the reported expense.

9. If the company had an expenditure that covered multiple advertisements or promotions

but only one advertisement or promotion meets a definition in Attachment B or C as

being targeted to children or adolescents, the company must estimate the portion of the

expenditure that is attributable to the child- or adolescent-targeted advertisement or

promotion and include it in the reported expense.

10. The company must not report any advertising expenditures or activities that are

exclusively “to-the-trade” and that do not involve consumer-directed advertising or

promotions.
1234 5 6

A 6B 6C

7

A

COMPANYNAME

FOODCATEGORY

BRAND/RESTNAME

SUB-BRANDNAME/MENUITEM

NUTRITIONALPRODUCT LINE

TV AD (2-11) AMT USING 

CHAR LIC (TV AD 2-11)

AMT USING CELEB END (TV AD 2-11)

TV AD (12-17)

Great Food Co. Breakfast 

Cereals

Great Flakes Honey Nut 

Great Flakes

0 1250000 850000 30000 340000

Great Food Co. Breakfast 

Cereals

Great Bran -1 1 20000 0 10000 290000

Great Dairy Co. Dairy Products Milk 1% Milk

0 60000 0 40000 540000

"1" = yes (in response to column 5 only)"0" = no (in response to column 5 only)"-1" = not applicable (in response to column 4 only)

Attachment E

Expenditures for Food Products Promoted to Children or Adolescents in 2009[The expenditure figures provided in this Attachment are intended to serve as examples and are not representative of any figures the agency expects to receive from any particular company.]Formatting instructions: Report expenditures in whole numbers, rounded to the nearest $10,000. If you have no expenditure in a category, enter a "0" in the field; do not leave fields blank. Do not use dollar signs ("$"), commas, or decimal points when reporting expenditures. Use the following codes when responding:

Page 1 of 23 Attachment E
B-64

7B 7C 8A 8B 8C 9A 9B 9C 10A

AMT USING CHAR LIC (TV AD 12-17)

AMT USING CELEB END (TV AD 12-17)

TV AD (Overlapping)

AMT USING CHAR LIC (TV ADOverlapping)

AMT USING CELEB END (TV AD Overlapping)

TV AD (All) AMT USING 

CHAR LIC (TV AD All)

AMT USING CELEB END (TV AD All)

RAD AD (2-11)

190000 80000 220000 190000 30000 2750000 850000 250000

0 180000 20000 0 10000 1950000 0 320000

0 270000 30000 0 30000 1280000 0 410000

Page 2 of 23 Attachment E
B-65

10B 10C 11A 11B 11C 12A 12B 12C 13A

AMT USING CHAR LIC (RAD AD 2-11)

AMT USING CELEB END (RAD AD 2-11)

RAD AD (12-17)

AMT USING CHAR LIC (RAD AD 12-17)

AMT USING CELEB END (RAD AD 12-17)

RAD AD (Overlapping)

AMT USING CHAR LIC (RAD AD Overlapping)

AMT USING CELEB END (RAD AD Overlapping)

RAD AD (All)

Page 3 of 23 Attachment E
B-66

13B 13C 14A 14B 14C 15A 15B 15C 16A

AMT USING CHAR LIC (RAD AD All)

AMT USING CELEB END (RAD AD All)

PRT AD (2-11) AMT USING 

CHAR LIC (PRT AD 2-11)

AMT USING CELEB END (PRT AD 2-11)

PRT AD (12-17) AMT USING 

CHAR LIC (PRT AD 12-17)

AMT USING CELEB END (PRT AD 12-17)

PRT AD (Overlapping)

Page 4 of 23 Attachment E
B-67

16B 16C 17A 17B 17C 18A 18B 18C 19A

AMT USING CHAR LIC (PRT AD Overlapping)

AMT USING CELEB END (PRT AD Overlapping)

PRT AD (All) AMT USING 

CHAR LIC (PRT AD All)

AMT USING CELEB END (PRT AD All)

WEBSITE AD (2-11)

AMT USING CHAR LIC (WEBSITE AD 2-11)

AMT USING CELEB END (WEBSITE AD 2-11)

WEBSITE AD (12-17)

Page 5 of 23 Attachment E
B-68

19B 19C 20A 20B 20C 21A 21B 21C 22A

AMT USING CHAR LIC (WEBSITE AD 12-17)

AMT USING CELEB END (WEBSITE AD 12-17)

WEBSITE AD (Overlapping)

AMT USING CHAR LIC (WEBSITE AD Overlapping)

AMT USING CELEB END (WEBSITE AD Overlapping)

WEBSITE AD (All)

AMT USING CHAR LIC (WEBSITE AD All)

AMT USING CELEB END (WEBSITE AD All)

INTERNET AD (2-11)

Page 6 of 23 Attachment E
B-69

22B 22C 23A 23B 23C 24A 24B 24C 25A

AMT USING CHAR LIC (INTERNET AD 2-11)

AMT USING CELEB END (INTERNET AD 2-11)

INTERNET AD (12-17)

AMT USING CHAR LIC (INTERNET AD 12-17)

AMT USING CELEB END (INTERNET AD 12-17)

INTERNET AD (Overlapping)

AMT USING CHAR LIC (INTERNET AD Overlapping)

AMT USING CELEB END (INTERNET AD Overlapping)

INTERNET AD (All)

Page 7 of 23 Attachment E
B-70

25B 25C 26A 26B 26C 27A 27B 27C 28A

AMT USING CHAR LIC (INTERNET AD All)

AMT USING CELEB END (INTERNET AD All)

PACK/LABEL(2-11)

AMT USING CHAR LIC (PACK/LABEL2-11)

AMT USING CELEB END (PACK/LABEL2-11)

PACK/LABEL(12-17)

AMT USING CHAR LIC (PACK/LABEL12-17)

AMT USING CELEB END (PACK/LABEL12-17)

PACK/LABEL(Overlapping)

Page 8 of 23 Attachment E
B-71

28B 28C 29A 29B 29C 30A 30B 30C 31A

AMT USING CHAR LIC (PACK/LABELOverlapping)

AMT USING CELEB END (PACK/LABELOverlapping)

PACK/LABEL(All)

AMT USING CHAR LIC (PACK/LABELAll)

AMT USING CELEB END (PACK/LABELAll)

MOV/VID AD (2-

11)

AMT USING CHAR LIC (MOV/VID 2-11)

AMT USING CELEB END (MOV/VID 2-11)

MOV/VID AD (12-17)

Page 9 of 23 Attachment E
B-72

31B 31C 32A 32B 32C 33A 33B 33C 34A

AMT USING CHAR LIC (MOV/VID 12-17)

AMT USING CELEB END (MOV/VID 12-17)

MOV/VID AD (Overlapping)

AMT USING CHAR LIC (MOV/VIDOverlapping)

AMT USING CELEB END (MOV/VIDOverlapping)

MOV/VID AD (All)

AMT USING CHAR LIC (MOV/VID All)

AMT USING CELEB END (MOV/VID All)

IN-STORE AD (2-11)

Page 10 of 23 Attachment E
B-73

34B 34C 35A 35B 35C 36A 36B 36C 37A

AMT USING CHAR LIC (INSTORE 2-11)

AMT USING CELEB END (IN-STORE 2-11)

IN-STORE AD (12-17)

AMT USING CHAR LIC (INSTORE 12-17)

AMT USING CELEB END (IN-STORE 12-17)

IN-STORE AD (Overlapping)

AMT USING CHAR LIC (INSTOREOverlapping)

AMT USING CELEB END (IN-STOREOverlapping)

IN-STORE AD (All)

Page 11 of 23 Attachment E
B-74

37B 37C 38A 38B 38C 39A 39B 39C 40A

AMT USING CHAR LIC (INSTORE All)

AMT USING CELEB END (IN-STORE All)

PREMIUMS (2-11)

AMT USING CHAR LIC (PREMIUMS 2-11)

AMT USING CELEB END (PREMIUMS 2-11)

PREMIUMS (12-

17)

AMT USING CHAR LIC (PREMIUMS 12-

17)

AMT USING CELEB END (PREMIUMS 12-

17)

PREMIUMS(Overlapping)

Page 12 of 23 Attachment E
B-75

40B 40C 41A 41B 41C 42A 42B 42C 43A

AMT USING CHAR LIC (PREMIUMSOverlapping)

AMT USING CELEB END (PREMIUMSOverlapping)

PREMIUMS(All)

AMT USING CHAR LIC (PREMIUMSAll)

AMT USING CELEB END (PREMIUMSAll)

EVENTS (2-11) AMT USING 

CHAR LIC (EVENTS 2-11)

AMT USING CELEB END (EVENTS 2-11)

EVENTS (12-17)

Page 13 of 23 Attachment E
B-76

43B 43C 44A 44B 44C 45A 45B 45C 46A

AMT USING CHAR LIC (EVENTS 12-17)

AMT USING CELEB END (EVENTS 12-17)

EVENTS(Overlapping)

AMT USING CHAR LIC (EVENTSOverlapping)

AMT USING CELEB END (EVENTSOverlapping)

EVENTS (All) AMT USING 

CHAR LIC (EVENTS All)

AMT USING CELEB END (EVENTS All)

PROD PLMT (2-11)

Page 14 of 23 Attachment E
B-77

46B 46C 47A 47B 47C 48A 48B 48C 49A

AMT USING CHAR LIC (PROD PLMT 2-11)

AMT USING CELEB END (PROD PLMT 2-11)

PROD PLMT (12-17)

AMT USING CHAR LIC (PROD PLMT 12-17)

AMT USING CELEB END (PROD PLMT 12-17)

PROD PLMT (Overlapping)

AMT USING CHAR LIC (PROD PLMT Overlapping)

AMT USING CELEB END (PROD PLMT Overlapping)

PROD PLMT (All)

Page 15 of 23 Attachment E
B-78

49B 49C 50 51 52 53 54A 54B 54C

AMT USING CHAR LIC (PROD PLMT All)

AMT USING CELEB END (PROD PLMT All)

CHAR LIC (2-11)

CHAR LIC (12-17)

CHAR LIC (Overlapping)

CHAR LIC (All) ATHL SPON (2-

11)

AMT USING CHAR LIC (ATHL SPON 2-11)

AMT USING CELEB END (ATHL SPON 2-11)

Page 16 of 23 Attachment E
B-79

55A 55B 55C 56A 56B 56C 57A 57B 57C

ATHL SPON (12-17)

AMT USING CHAR LIC (ATHL SPON 12-17)

AMT USING CELEB END (ATHL SPON 12-17)

ATHL SPON (Overlapping)

AMT USING CHAR LIC (ATHL SPON Overlapping)

AMT USING CELEB END (ATHL SPON Overlapping)

ATHL SPON (All)

AMT USING CHAR LIC (ATHL SPON All)

AMT USING CELEB END (ATHL SPON All)

Page 17 of 23 Attachment E
B-80

58A 58B 58C 59A 59B 59C 60A 60B 60C

WOM/VIRAL (2-11)

AMT USING CHAR LIC (WOM/VIRAL 2-11)

AMT USING CELEB END (WOM/VIRAL 2-11)

WOM/VIRAL(12-17)

AMT USING CHAR LIC (WOM/VIRAL12-17)

AMT USING CELEB END (WOM/VIRAL12-17)

WOM/VIRAL(Overlapping)

AMT USING CHAR LIC (WOM/VIRALOverlapping)

AMT USING CELEB END (WOM/VIRALOverlapping)

Page 18 of 23 Attachment E
B-81

61A 61B 61C 62 63 64 65 66A 66B

WOM/VIRAL(All)

AMT USING CHAR LIC (WOM/VIRALAll)

AMT USING CELEB END (WOM/VIRALAll)

CELEB END (2-11)

CELEB END (12-17)

CELEB END (Overlapping)

CELEB END (All)

IN-SCHOOL (2-11)

AMT USING CHAR LIC (INSCHOOL 2-11)

Page 19 of 23 Attachment E
B-82

66C 67A 67B 67C 68A 68B 68C 69A 69B

AMT USING CELEB END (IN-SCHOOL 2-11)

IN-SCHOOL(12-17)

AMT USING CHAR LIC (INSCHOOL 12-17)

AMT USING CELEB END (IN-SCHOOL12-17)

IN-SCHOOL(Overlapping)

AMT USING CHAR LIC (INSCHOOLOverlapping)

AMT USING CELEB END (IN-SCHOOLOverlapping)

IN-SCHOOL(All)

AMT USING CHAR LIC (INSCHOOL All)

Page 20 of 23 Attachment E
B-83

69C 70A 70B 70C 71A 71B 71C 72A 72B

AMT USING CELEB END (IN-SCHOOLAll)

PHLNTHRPY (2-

11)

AMT USING CHAR LIC (PHLNTHRPY 2-

11)

AMT USING CELEB END (PHLNTHRPY 2-

11)

PHLNTHRPY(12-17)

AMT USING CHAR LIC (PHLNTHRPY12-17)

AMT USING CELEB END (PHLNTHRPY12-17)

PHLNTHRPY(Overlapping)

AMT USING CHAR LIC (PHLNTHRPYOverlapping)

Page 21 of 23 Attachment E
B-84

72C 73A 73B 73C 74A 74B 74C 75A 75B

AMT USING CELEB END (PHLNTHRPYOverlapping)

PHLNTHRPY(All)

AMT USING CHAR LIC (PHLNTHRPYAll)

AMT USING CELEB END (PHLNTHRPYAll)

OTHER (2-11) AMT USING 

CHAR LIC (OTHER 2-11)

AMT USING CELEB END (OTHER 2-11)

OTHER (12-17) AMT USING 

CHAR LIC (OTHER 12-17)

Page 22 of 23 Attachment E
B-85

75C 76A 76B 76C 77A 77B 77C 78

AMT USING CELEB END (OTHER 12-17)

OTHER(Overlapping)

AMT USING CHAR LIC (OTHEROverlapping)

AMT USING CELEB END (OTHEROverlapping)

OTHER (All) AMT USING 

CHAR LIC (OTHER All)

AMT USING CELEB END (OTHER All)

TOTAL OVERALL CONSUMERDIRECTEDEXPENDITURES

Page 23 of 23 Attachment E
1234 5 6789

COMPANYNAME

FOODCATEGORY

BRAND/RESTNAME

SUB-BRANDNAME/MENUITEM

NUTRITIONALPRODUCT LINE

TV AD (2-11) TV AD (12-17) TV AD 

(Overlapping)

TV AD (All)

Restaurant foodRestaurant foodRestaurant food

"1" = yes (in response to column 5 only)"0" = no (in response to column 5 only)"-1" = not applicable (in response to column 4 only)

Attachment E 2006

Formatting instructions: Report expenditures in whole numbers, rounded to the nearest $10,000. If you have no expenditure in a category, enter a "0" in the field; do not leave fields blank. Do not use dollar signs ("$"), commas, or decimal points when reporting expenditures. Use the following codes when responding:

Television Advertising Expenditures for QSR Food Products Promoted to 

Children or Adolescents in 2006

Page 1 of 1 Attachment E 2006
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 

CompanyName

Food Category Brand/Rest. 

Name

Sub-BrandName/MenuItem

LabeledServing Size (in milliliters or grams)*

Unit code used for previous response ("10" = milliliters; "20" = grams)

RACC for product (in milliliters or grams)*

Unit code used for previous response ("10" = milliliters; "20" = grams)

Great Food Co. Breakfast 

Cereals

Great Flakes Honey Nut 

Great Flakes

53 20 55 20 

Great Food Co. Breakfast 

Cereals

Great Bran -1 27 20 30 20 

Great Food Co. Dairy Products Milk 1% Milk 244 20 244 20 

"1" = yes (in response to yes/no questions only)"0" = no (in response to yes/no questions only)"-1" = not applicable (in response to column 4 only)"-2" = unknownUse FDA rounding rules for purposes of reporting nutrient content.

Nutritional Data for Food Products Promoted to Children or Adolescents in 

2009

Attachment F

Formatting instructions: All responses must be in numeric form. All nutritional data requests refer to a single serving, unless otherwise noted. Use the following codes when responding:*The company must report the Labeled Serving Size and RACC in grams whenever FDA labeling rules specify grams or give the option of grams in serving size labeling.See 21 C.F.R. § 101.12. As a result, the company will use milliliters for liquid food [The nutritional data provided in this Attachment are intended to serve as examples and are not representative of any data the agency expects to receive from any particular company.]products only.

Page 1 of 7 Attachment F
B-88

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 

Total Calories Calories from 

Fat

Total Fat, in grams

Saturated Fat, in grams

Trans Fat, in grams

Cholesterol, in milligrams

Sodium, in milligrams

Carbohydrate,total, in grams

Dietary Fiber, in grams

216.0 56.0 6.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 214.0 38.0 3.5

99.0 8.0 0.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 189.0 21.8 2.7

102.0 21.3 2.4 1.5 0.0 12.0 107.0 12.2 0.0

Page 2 of 7 Attachment F
B-89

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 

Sugars, in grams

Added Sugar Content, in grams

Protein, in grams

Must label either state "not a significant source of protein" or state the corrected amount of protein per serving (yes or 

no)?

Vitamin A (% of

RDI)

Vitamin C (% of RDI)

Vitamin E (% of 

RDI)

Vitamin D (% of RDI)

8.0 6.0 5.0 0 15 0 0 10 3.6 2.8 2.7 0 10 10 0 10 

12.7 0.0 8.2 0 10 0 0 30 

Page 3 of 7 Attachment F
B-90

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 

Calcium (% of RDI)

Iron (% of RDI) Potassium, in 

milligrams

Magnesium (% of RDI)

All Grains Content, in grams

Whole Grains Content, in grams

Fruit or Fruit Juice Content, in grams

Fruit or Fruit Juice Content, in cups

Vegetable or VegetableJuice Content, in grams

0 50 170 15 32 32 0 0 0 

2 45 94 6 16 16 0 0 0 

30 0 366 7 0 0 0 0 0 

Page 4 of 7 Attachment F
B-91

35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 

Vegetable or VegetableJuice Content, in cups

Fat-Free or Low-Fat Milk or Yogurt Content, in 

grams

Fat-Free or Low-Fat Milk or Yogurt Content, in cups

Fat-Free or LowFat Natural Cheese Content, in grams

Fat-Free or LowFat Processed Cheese Content, in grams

Fish Content, in grams

Extra Lean Meat or Poultry Content, in grams

Egg or Egg EquivalentContent, in grams

Nut and Seed Content, in grams

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 244 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Page 5 of 7 Attachment F
B-92

44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 

Cooked Dry BeansContent, in grams

Cooked Dry BeansContent, in cups

Is the product 100% fruit or fruit juice (yes or no)?

Is the product 100% vegetable or vegetable juice (yes or no)?

Is the product 100% non-fat or low-fat milk or yogurt (yes 

or no)?

Is the product 100% whole grains (yes or no)?

Is the product 100% water (yes or no)?

Is this product new to the market since 2006 (yes or 

no)?

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

Page 6 of 7 Attachment F
B-93

52 53 

Did the company file a Special Report for the calendar year 2006 (yes or no)? (If not, skip 

Column 53)

If this product, or a previous formulation of this product, appears on Attachment G (the company's 2006 food product list), enter the product's Unique Identifier from Attachment G.

1 11 21 3

Page 7 of 7 Attachment F
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 

UniqueIdentifier

CompanyName

Food Category Brand/Rest. 

Name

Sub-BrandName/MenuItem

LabeledServing Size (in milliliters or grams)*

Unit code used for previous response ("10" = milliliters; "20" = grams)

RACC for product (in milliliters or grams)*

123

"1" = yes (in response to yes/no questions only)"0" = no (in response to yes/no questions only)"-1" = not applicable (in response to column 5 only)"-2" = unknownUse FDA rounding rules for purposes of reporting nutrient content.

Nutritional Data for Food Products Promoted to Children or Adolescents in 

2006

Attachment G

Formatting instructions: All responses must be in numeric form. All nutritional data requests refer to a single serving, unless otherwise noted. Use the following codes when responding:*The company must report the Labeled Serving Size and RACC in grams whenever FDA labeling rules specify grams or give the option of grams in serving size labeling.See 21 C.F.R. § 101.12. As a result, the company will use milliliters for liquid food products only.

Page 1 of 7 Attachment G
B-95

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 

Unit code used for previous response ("10" = milliliters; "20" = grams)

Total Calories Calories from 

Fat

Total Fat, in grams

Saturated Fat, in grams

Trans Fat, in grams

Cholesterol, in milligrams

Sodium, in milligrams

Carbohydrate,total, in grams

Page 2 of 7 Attachment G
B-96

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 

Dietary Fiber, in grams

Sugars, in grams

Added Sugar Content, in grams

Protein, in grams

Must label either state "not a significant source of protein" or state the corrected amount of protein per serving (yes or 

no)?

Vitamin A (% of

RDI)

Vitamin C (% of RDI)

Vitamin E (% of 

RDI)

Page 3 of 7 Attachment G
B-97

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 

Vitamin D (% of RDI)

Calcium (% of RDI)

Iron (% of RDI) Potassium, in 

milligrams

Magnesium (% of RDI)

All Grains Content, in grams

Whole Grains Content, in grams

Fruit or Fruit Juice Content, in grams

Fruit or Fruit Juice Content, in cups

Page 4 of 7 Attachment G
B-98

35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 

Vegetable or VegetableJuice Content, in grams

Vegetable or VegetableJuice Content, in cups

Fat-Free or Low-Fat Milk or Yogurt Content, in 

grams

Fat-Free or Low-Fat Milk or Yogurt Content, in cups

Fat-Free or LowFat Natural Cheese Content, in grams

Fat-Free or LowFat Processed Cheese Content, in grams

Fish Content, in grams

Extra Lean Meat or Poultry Content, in grams

Egg or Egg EquivalentContent, in grams

Page 5 of 7 Attachment G
B-99

44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 

Nut and Seed Content, in grams

Cooked Dry BeansContent, in grams

Cooked Dry BeansContent, in cups

Is the product 100% fruit or fruit juice (yes or no)?

Is the product 100% vegetable or vegetable juice (yes or no)?

Is the product 100% non-fat or low-fat milk or yogurt (yes 

or no)?

Is the product 100% whole grains (yes or no)?

Is the product 100% water (yes or no)?

Page 6 of 7 Attachment G
B-100

52

Did the company market this product (or a newer formulation of this product) during 2009 (yes 

or no)?

Page 7 of 7 Attachment G
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

CompanyName

Food Category Brand/Rest. 

Name

Sub-BrandName/MenuItem

PromotionalActivityCategory Code

Specific Promotional Activity

Directed to Children(yes/no)

Directed to Adolescents(yes/no)

Great Food Co. Breakfast 

Cereals

Great Flakes Honey Nut 

Great Flakes

WEBSITE AD Great Flakes advergame 1 1

Great Food Co. Breakfast 

Cereals

Great Flakes Honey Nut 

Great Flakes

WEBSITE AD Great Flakes sweepstakes 

to win concert tickets

0 1

Great Food Co. Breakfast 

Cereals

Great Flakes Honey Nut 

Great Flakes

CHAR LIC Cross-promotion with 

Happy Penguin movie characters

1 0

HappyRestaurantCompany

RestaurantFoods

HappyRestaurant

Happy Kid's MealCombinations#1-3

PREMIUMS Happy Kid's Meal Toy 1 0

Great Soda Co. Carbonated 

Beverages

Great Soda -1 EVENTS Teen soccer tournament 

sponsorship

0 1

[The activities listed in this Attachment are intended to serve as examples and are not representative of any information the agency expects to receive from any particular company.]Formatting instructions: Use the following codes when responding:"1" = yes (in response to yes/no questions only)"0" = no (in response to yes/no questions only)"-1" = not applicable

Attachment H

Activities for Food Products Promoted to Children or Adolescents in 2009

Page 1 of 2 Attachment H
9 10 11 12 13

Directed to Subpopulation?

(Specify)

ReportableExpenditure?(yes/no)

Sample Bates # or Description SLP # of Units 

Sold

Total SLP Cost (in dollars)

-1 0 Screen shots provided at Bates numbers 315-

318.

-1 -1

-1 1 Screen shots provided at Bates numbers 318-

325.

-1 -1

-1 0 Great Food Co. had a cross-promotion with 

characters from the Happy Penguin movie in the summer of 2009. No character licensing fees were paid. Great Food Co. featured the characters on product packaging for Great Flakes and ran a contest open to children over 9 years old to win movie tickets. Packaging samples provided at Bates numbers 260-265.

-1 -1

-1 0 Toy samples provided at Bates numbers 89-90. 200,000 $80,000

Hispanic

adolescent boys

1 In February 2009, Great Soda Co. sponsored a 

teen soccer tournament in Los Angeles, California. Great Soda Co. displayed banners for the Great Soda brand at the event and distributed free samples of the brand to attendees. No samples available.

-1 -1

Page 2 of 2 Attachment H
Appendix C

Expenditure and Nutrition Tables

Table of Contents

Table C.1: Reported Marketing Expenditures By Promotional Activity, 

Food Category, and Age Criteria, 2009. ............................. C-1

Table C.2: Percent of Reported Marketing Expenditures for Each Food Category, 

By Promotional Activity, and Age Criteria, 2009. ..................... C-3

Table C.3: Reported Marketing Expenditures By Food Category, 

Promotional Activity Group, and Age Criteria, 2009................... C-5

Table C.4: Reported Expenditures for Cross-Promotions and Marketing 

with Celebrities, 2009............................................. C-7

Table C.5: Reported Marketing Expenditures By Promotional Activity, 

Food Category, and Age Criteria, 2006 (Revised). .................... C-9

Table C.6: Percent of Reported Marketing Expenditures for Each Food Category, 

By Promotional Activity, and Age Criteria, 2006 (Revised). ........... C-11

Table C.7: Reported Marketing Expenditures By Food Category, 

Promotional Activity Group, and Age Criteria, 2006 (Revised). ........ C-13

Table C.8: Reported Marketing That Uses Cross-Promotions or Celebrities, 

2006 (Revised).................................................. C-15

Table C.9a: Average Nutritional Characteristics of All Foods Except QSRs, 

TV Advertising, By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 2009. ........... C-17

Table C.9b: Average Nutritional Characteristics of All Foods Except QSRs, 

All Marketing, By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 2009.............. C-19

Table C.10a: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Breakfast Cereals, 

TV Advertising, By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 2009. ........... C-21

Table C.10b: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Breakfast Cereals, 

All Marketing, By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 2009.............. C-23

Table C.11a: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Drinks, TV Advertising, 

By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 2009........................... C-25

Table C.11b: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Drinks, All Marketing, 

By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 2009........................... C-27
Table C.12a: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Dairy Products, TV Advertising, 

By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 2009........................... C-29

Table C.12b: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Dairy Products, All Marketing, 

By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 2009........................... C-31

Table C.13a: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Snack Foods, TV Advertising, 

By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 2009........................... C-33

Table C.13b: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Snack Foods, All Marketing, 

By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 2009........................... C-35

Table C.14a: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Prepared Foods and Meals, 

TV Advertising, By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 2009. ........... C-37

Table C.14b: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Prepared Foods and Meals, 

All Marketing, By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 2009.............. C-39

Table C.15a: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Candy and Frozen Desserts, 

TV Advertising, By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 2009. ........... C-41

Table C.15b: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Candy and Frozen Desserts, 

All Marketing, By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 2009.............. C-43

Table C.16a: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Baked Goods, TV Advertising, 

By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 2009........................... C-45

Table C.16b: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Baked Goods, All Marketing, By

Product Type and Age, 2006 and 2009.............................. C-47

Table C.17: Average Nutritional Characteristics of QSRs, TV Advertising, 

By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 2009........................... C-49
Table C.1: Reported Marketing Expenditures By Promotional Activity, Food Category, and Age Criteria, 2009

All figures are in thousands of dollars.

(continued)

Children 2‐11

Food Category TV Radio Print Internet Web Viral/ WOM In‐Store Pack/ Label Premiums Product Placement Movie/ Video Cross‐ Promotion Licenses Athletic Sponsorship Celebrity Fees Events Philanthropy Other In‐School Total Reported Child 2‐11 Marketing

Restaurant Foods 154,259 80 1,110 9,040 6,930 460 20,870 6,497 341,086 0 155 10,370 950 10 11,270 12,260 1,130 6,791 583,268Carbonated Beverages 710 29 661 110 249 160 3,732 283 180 0 0 20,780 1,071 10 551 1,020 61 12,657 42,263Breakfast Cereal 102,032 210 226 15,099 6,503 0 5,190 5,165 26,012 0 518 3,825 0 0 2,770 3,390 2,060 0 173,000Snack Foods 27,401 130 478 6,447 3,543 0 6,251 6,103 3,208 0 0 12,463 365 0 2,680 320 210 260 69,859Juice & Non‐carbonated Bevs. 12,400 0 730 2,070 942 458 2,955 650 655 160 340 983 56 90 8,841 1,175 342 10,762 43,609

Candy/Froz. Desserts 10,720 0 390 480 1,012 0 4,160 1,030 420 0 0 2,500 330 0 410 150 0 10 21,612

Dairy Products 30,768 897 2,090 1,810 785 0 2,150 3,188 2,379 30 0 2,652 0 720 10 240 0 840 48,559

Prepared Foods & Meals 31,619 110 70 4,290 1,720 300 380 1,870 2,635 0 0 2,660 0 190 2,280 0 270 0 48,394Baked Goods 3,945 0 0 280 0 0 900 230 140 0 0 150 0 0 20 30 0 10 5,705

Fruits & Vegetables 1,212 0 0 20 593 0 40 682 0 0 0 786 0 0 665 309 50 0 4,358TOTAL 375,066 1,456 5,756 39,646 22,276 1,378 46,628 25,698 376,715 190 1,013 57,168 2,772 1,020 29,496 18,894 4,123 31,330 1,040,625

Teens 12‐17

Food Category TV Radio Print Internet Web Viral/ WOM In‐Store Pack/ Label Premiums Product Placement Movie/ Video Cross‐ Promotion Licenses Athletic Sponsorship Celebrity Fees Events Philanthropy Other In‐School Total Reported Teen 12‐17 Marketing

Restaurant Foods 129,580 14,290 840 6,170 2,240 0 5,910 2,660 590 280 1,860 1,210 1,030 2,510 7,140 1,380 7,120 470 185,280Carbonated Beverages 61,890 23,131 2,215 14,510 3,549 4,500 22,815 1,357 11,642 6,660 800 41,356 25,202 3,470 79,176 1,627 7,002 71,384 382,284Breakfast Cereal 49,348 132 226 6,349 4,443 0 4,320 3,839 25,622 0 518 3,495 0 0 2,730 430 2,010 0 103,462Snack Foods 33,082 190 378 5,607 5,736 0 9,447 5,311 5,458 0 3,392 6,813 30 6,230 2,857 310 0 260 85,099

Juice & Non‐carbonated Bevs. 13,496 2,230 1,409 2,170 6,204 326 831 126 141 220 340 2,264 74 90 13,978 1,534 261 49,521 95,214Candy/Froz. Desserts 36,169 5,230 1,130 7,640 2,252 1,800 4,350 4,117 1,451 220 1,720 190 330 50 3,070 30 2,450 30 72,228

Dairy Products 11,896 157 5,630 3,050 1,115 10 0 1,868 2,069 20 0 2,672 2,000 500 3,715 1,760 908 2,410 39,780

Prepared Foods & Meals 18,513 0 153 2,633 427 0 2,440 530 628 0 120 20 90 0 422 0 40 0 26,016Baked Goods 6,407 0 30 5,140 160 1,480 930 240 198 0 0 240 0 0 1,020 20 0 10 15,875

Fruits & Vegetables 3,967 0 0 20 572 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 660 200 50 0 5,469TOTAL 364,348 45,360 12,011 53,289 26,697 8,116 51,042 20,047 47,798 7,400 8,750 58,260 28,755 12,850 114,767 7,290 19,841 124,084 1,010,706

C-1
Table C.1: Reported Marketing Expenditures By Promotional Activity, Food Category, and Age Criteria, 2009 (continued)

All figures are in thousands of dollars.

*Companies were required to report spending for “All Ages” only when they had child‐ or teen‐directed marketing for the product. Thus, the "All Ages" data reported here do not include any spending for products that did not have child‐ or teen‐directed marketing.

Youth 2‐17

Food Category TV Radio Print Internet Web Viral/ WOM In‐Store Pack/ Label Premiums Product Placement Movie/ Video Cross‐ Promotion Licenses Athletic Sponsorship Celebrity Fees Events Philanthropy Other In‐School Total Reported Youth 2‐17 Marketing

Restaurant Foods 238,689 14,300 1,950 11,030 7,600 460 24,940 9,047 341,636 280 2,015 11,570 1,620 2,520 17,800 13,510 8,110 7,221 714,298Carbonated Beverages 62,280 23,131 2,215 14,510 3,549 4,500 23,868 1,357 11,712 6,660 800 41,426 25,339 3,470 79,272 1,658 7,062 82,321 395,128Breakfast Cereal 114,985 342 226 15,099 6,503 0 5,190 5,165 26,012 0 518 3,825 0 0 2,770 3,390 2,060 0 186,085Snack Foods 55,298 320 478 7,947 7,336 0 10,987 7,881 5,728 0 3,392 12,463 380 6,230 4,047 320 210 270 123,285Juice & Non‐carbonated Bevs. 24,716 2,230 2,090 3,500 7,101 768 3,174 664 786 220 340 2,447 104 90 14,921 1,544 603 55,858 121,156Candy/Froz. Desserts 39,359 5,230 1,130 7,980 2,552 1,800 4,560 4,327 1,451 220 1,720 2,500 330 50 3,130 180 2,450 38 79,006

Dairy Products 40,933 897 7,720 4,140 1,635 10 2,150 3,188 2,399 50 0 2,672 2,000 1,020 3,725 1,760 908 3,250 78,457

Prepared Foods & Meals 45,724 110 223 4,783 1,727 300 2,440 1,870 2,788 0 120 2,660 90 190 2,692 0 270 0 65,987

Baked Goods 6,745 0 30 5,420 160 1,480 1,210 290 198 0 0 290 0 0 1,020 30 0 20 16,893Fruits & Vegetables 4,014 0 0 20 593 0 40 682 0 0 0 786 0 0 665 309 50 0 7,160TOTAL 632,743 46,560 16,063 74,429 38,755 9,318 78,558 34,471 392,709 7,430 8,905 80,638 29,862 13,570 130,041 22,701 21,723 148,977 1,787,455

All Ages*

Food Category TV Radio Print Internet Web Viral/ WOM In‐Store Pack/ Label Premiums Product Placement Movie/ Video Cross‐ Promotion Licenses Athletic Sponsorship Celebrity Fees Events Philanthropy Other In‐School Reported All Ages Marketing

Restaurant Foods 1,695,739 210,440 136,896 120,805 27,713 4,440 96,140 26,915 362,196 6,650 3,405 14,170 58,690 4,460 34,280 14,570 130,340 8,697 2,956,546Carbonated Beverages 419,028 85,521 19,261 143,230 15,219 35,110 167,404 16,211 82,445 10,380 1,020 42,056 194,822 21,650 110,912 4,457 909,715 192,341 2,470,781Breakfast Cereal 412,010 5,296 56,348 57,508 15,213 6,146 73,402 8,666 40,722 155 518 3,825 21,032 85 4,566 3,592 9,904 0 718,988Snack Foods 319,545 29,847 58,208 58,952 16,748 5,031 131,183 30,317 32,343 10 3,392 12,723 9,111 6,430 16,652 3,251 68,045 350 802,138

Juice & Non‐carbonated Bevs. 280,967 27,870 50,854 50,425 12,494 14,578 85,357 27,344 45,139 870 480 2,697 101,033 9,360 32,759 2,891 159,223 125,524 1,029,864

Candy/Froz. Desserts 241,710 19,360 21,813 42,640 11,710 4,200 116,310 17,647 5,341 3,440 5,840 3,010 3,040 2,380 16,560 1,160 17,920 570 534,651

Dairy Products 258,198 3,934 49,241 24,411 6,208 1,124 42,422 11,066 3,306 2,170 0 2,672 2,010 3,290 13,330 1,798 30,353 3,900 459,433

Prepared Foods & Meals 292,920 13,947 92,340 35,964 6,307 3,359 54,340 10,196 2,991 830 410 2,660 321 970 5,078 765 24,154 0 547,552Baked Goods 29,399 193 4,456 9,487 571 2,571 12,031 972 226 20 0 580 3,330 0 1,087 1,610 574 20 67,127Fruits & Vegetables 24,962 60 4,496 2,638 2,408 126 9,781 7,407 244 178 30 786 0 0 1,800 457 543 0 55,915TOTAL 3,974,478 396,468 493,913 546,060 114,591 76,684 788,370 156,742 574,952 24,703 15,095 85,178 393,389 48,625 237,024 34,551 1,350,770 331,402 9,642,996

C-2
Table C.2: Percent of Reported Marketing Expenditures for Each Food Category, By Promotional Activity, and Age Criteria, 2009

Children 2‐11

Food Category TV Radio Print Internet Web Viral/ WOM In‐Store Pack/ Label Premiums Product Placement Movie/ Video Cross‐ Promotion Licenses Athletic Sponsorship Celebrity Fees Events Philanthropy Other In‐School 100% of Reported Child 2‐11 Marketing ($1000)

Restaurant Foods 26.4 0.0 0.2 1.5 1.2 0.1 3.6 1.1 58.5 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.2 0.0 1.9 2.1 0.2 1.2 583,268

Carbonated Beverages 1.7 0.1 1.6 0.3 0.6 0.4 8.8 0.7 0.4 0.0 0.0 49.2 2.5 0.0 1.3 2.4 0.1 29.9 42,263

Breakfast Cereal 59.0 0.1 0.1 8.7 3.8 0.0 3.0 3.0 15.0 0.0 0.3 2.2 0.0 0.0 1.6 2.0 1.2 0.0 173,000

Snack Foods 39.2 0.2 0.7 9.2 5.1 0.0 8.9 8.7 4.6 0.0 0.0 17.8 0.5 0.0 3.8 0.5 0.3 0.4 69,859

Juice & Non‐carbonated Bevs. 28.4 0.0 1.7 4.7 2.2 1.1 6.8 1.5 1.5 0.4 0.8 2.3 0.1 0.2 20.3 2.7 0.8 24.7 43,609

Candy/Froz. Desserts 49.6 0.0 1.8 2.2 4.7 0.0 19.2 4.8 1.9 0.0 0.0 11.6 1.5 0.0 1.9 0.7 0.0 0.0 21,612

Dairy Products 63.4 1.8 4.3 3.7 1.6 0.0 4.4 6.6 4.9 0.1 0.0 5.5 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.5 0.0 1.7 48,559

Prepared Foods & Meals 65.3 0.2 0.1 8.9 3.6 0.6 0.8 3.9 5.4 0.0 0.0 5.5 0.0 0.4 4.7 0.0 0.6 0.0 48,394

Baked Goods 69.1 0.0 0.0 4.9 0.0 0.0 15.8 4.0 2.5 0.0 0.0 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.2 5,705

Fruits & Vegetables 27.8 0.0 0.0 0.5 13.6 0.0 0.9 15.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 18.0 0.0 0.0 15.3 7.1 1.1 0.0 4,358TOTAL 36.0 0.1 0.6 3.8 2.1 0.1 4.5 2.5 36.2 0.0 0.1 5.5 0.3 0.1 2.8 1.8 0.4 3.0 1,040,625

Teens 12‐17

Food Category TV Radio Print Internet Web Viral/ WOM In‐Store Pack/ Label Premiums Product Placement Movie/ Video Cross‐ Promotion Licenses Athletic Sponsorship Celebrity Fees Events Philanthropy Other In‐School 100% of Reported Teen 12‐17 Marketing ($1000)

Restaurant Foods 69.9 7.7 0.5 3.3 1.2 0.0 3.2 1.4 0.3 0.2 1.0 0.7 0.6 1.4 3.9 0.7 3.8 0.3 185,280

Carbonated Beverages 16.2 6.1 0.6 3.8 0.9 1.2 6.0 0.4 3.0 1.7 0.2 10.8 6.6 0.9 20.7 0.4 1.8 18.7 382,284

Breakfast Cereal 47.7 0.1 0.2 6.1 4.3 0.0 4.2 3.7 24.8 0.0 0.5 3.4 0.0 0.0 2.6 0.4 1.9 0.0 103,462

Snack Foods 38.9 0.2 0.4 6.6 6.7 0.0 11.1 6.2 6.4 0.0 4.0 8.0 0.0 7.3 3.4 0.4 0.0 0.3 85,099

Juice & Non‐carbonated Bevs. 14.2 2.3 1.5 2.3 6.5 0.3 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.4 2.4 0.1 0.1 14.7 1.6 0.3 52.0 95,214

Candy/Froz. Desserts 50.1 7.2 1.6 10.6 3.1 2.5 6.0 5.7 2.0 0.3 2.4 0.3 0.5 0.1 4.3 0.0 3.4 0.0 72,228

Dairy Products 29.9 0.4 14.2 7.7 2.8 0.0 0.0 4.7 5.2 0.1 0.0 6.7 5.0 1.3 9.3 4.4 2.3 6.1 39,780

Prepared Foods & Meals 71.2 0.0 0.6 10.1 1.6 0.0 9.4 2.0 2.4 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.2 0.0 26,016

Baked Goods 40.4 0.0 0.2 32.4 1.0 9.3 5.9 1.5 1.2 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 6.4 0.1 0.0 0.1 15,875

Fruits & Vegetables 72.5 0.0 0.0 0.4 10.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.1 3.7 0.9 0.0 5,469TOTAL 36.0 4.5 1.2 5.3 2.6 0.8 5.1 2.0 4.7 0.7 0.9 5.8 2.8 1.3 11.4 0.7 2.0 12.3 1,010,706

(continued)

C-3
Table C.2: Percent of Reported Marketing Expenditures for Each Food Category, By Promotional Activity, and Age Criteria, 2009 (continued)

*Companies were required to report spending for “All Ages” only when they had child‐ or teen‐directed marketing for the product. Thus, the "All Ages" data reported here do not include any spending for products that did not have child‐ or teen‐directed marketing.

Youth 2‐17

Food Category TV Radio Print Internet Web Viral/ WOM In‐Store Pack/ Label Premiums Product Placement Movie/ Video Cross‐ Promotion Licenses Athletic Sponsorship Celebrity Fees Events Philanthropy Other In‐School 100% of Reported Youth 2‐17 Marketing ($1000)

Restaurant Foods 33.4 2.0 0.3 1.5 1.1 0.1 3.5 1.3 47.8 0.0 0.3 1.6 0.2 0.4 2.5 1.9 1.1 1.0 714,298

Carbonated Beverages 15.8 5.9 0.6 3.7 0.9 1.1 6.0 0.3 3.0 1.7 0.2 10.5 6.4 0.9 20.1 0.4 1.8 20.8 395,128

Breakfast Cereal 61.8 0.2 0.1 8.1 3.5 0.0 2.8 2.8 14.0 0.0 0.3 2.1 0.0 0.0 1.5 1.8 1.1 0.0 186,085

Snack Foods 44.9 0.3 0.4 6.4 6.0 0.0 8.9 6.4 4.6 0.0 2.8 10.1 0.3 5.1 3.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 123,285

Juice & Non‐carbonated Bevs. 20.4 1.8 1.7 2.9 5.9 0.6 2.6 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.3 2.0 0.1 0.1 12.3 1.3 0.5 46.1 121,156

Candy/Froz. Desserts 49.8 6.6 1.4 10.1 3.2 2.3 5.8 5.5 1.8 0.3 2.2 3.2 0.4 0.1 4.0 0.2 3.1 0.0 79,006

Dairy Products 52.2 1.1 9.8 5.3 2.1 0.0 2.7 4.1 3.1 0.1 0.0 3.4 2.5 1.3 4.7 2.2 1.2 4.1 78,457

Prepared Foods & Meals 69.3 0.2 0.3 7.2 2.6 0.5 3.7 2.8 4.2 0.0 0.2 4.0 0.1 0.3 4.1 0.0 0.4 0.0 65,987

Baked Goods 39.9 0.0 0.2 32.1 0.9 8.8 7.2 1.7 1.2 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 6.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 16,893

Fruits & Vegetables 56.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 8.3 0.0 0.6 9.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.0 0.0 0.0 9.3 4.3 0.7 0.0 7,160

TOTAL 35.4 2.6 0.9 4.2 2.2 0.5 4.4 1.9 22.0 0.4 0.5 4.5 1.7 0.8 7.3 1.3 1.2 8.3 1,787,455

All Ages*

Food Category TV Radio Print Internet Web Viral/ WOM In‐Store Pack/ Label Premiums Product Placement Movie/ Video Cross‐ Promotion Licenses Athletic Sponsorship Celebrity Fees Events Philanthropy Other In‐School 100% of Reported All Ages Marketing ($1000)

Restaurant Foods 57.4 7.1 4.6 4.1 0.9 0.2 3.3 0.9 12.3 0.2 0.1 0.5 2.0 0.2 1.2 0.5 4.4 0.3 2,956,546Carbonated Beverages 17.0 3.5 0.8 5.8 0.6 1.4 6.8 0.7 3.3 0.4 0.0 1.7 7.9 0.9 4.5 0.2 36.8 7.8 2,470,781Breakfast Cereal 57.3 0.7 7.8 8.0 2.1 0.9 10.2 1.2 5.7 0.0 0.1 0.5 2.9 0.0 0.6 0.5 1.4 0.0 718,988

Snack Foods 39.8 3.7 7.3 7.3 2.1 0.6 16.4 3.8 4.0 0.0 0.4 1.6 1.1 0.8 2.1 0.4 8.5 0.0 802,138

Juice & Non‐carbonated Bevs. 27.3 2.7 4.9 4.9 1.2 1.4 8.3 2.7 4.4 0.1 0.0 0.3 9.8 0.9 3.2 0.3 15.5 12.2 1,029,864Candy/Froz. Desserts 45.2 3.6 4.1 8.0 2.2 0.8 21.8 3.3 1.0 0.6 1.1 0.6 0.6 0.4 3.1 0.2 3.4 0.1 534,651

Dairy Products 56.2 0.9 10.7 5.3 1.4 0.2 9.2 2.4 0.7 0.5 0.0 0.6 0.4 0.7 2.9 0.4 6.6 0.8 459,433

Prepared Foods & Meals 53.5 2.5 16.9 6.6 1.2 0.6 9.9 1.9 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.9 0.1 4.4 0.0 547,552

Baked Goods 43.8 0.3 6.6 14.1 0.9 3.8 17.9 1.4 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.9 5.0 0.0 1.6 2.4 0.9 0.0 67,127

Fruits & Vegetables 44.6 0.1 8.0 4.7 4.3 0.2 17.5 13.2 0.4 0.3 0.1 1.4 0.0 0.0 3.2 0.8 1.0 0.0 55,915

TOTAL 41.2 4.1 5.1 5.7 1.2 0.8 8.2 1.6 6.0 0.3 0.2 0.9 4.1 0.5 2.5 0.4 14.0 3.4 9,642,996

C-4
Table C.3: Reported Marketing Expenditures By Food Category, Promotional Activity Group, and Age Criteria, 2009

(continued)

C-5

Children 2‐11

Food Category

Total Reported

Child 2‐11

Marketing

($1000)

Traditional Measured Media New Media In‐Store and Packaging/ Labeling Premiums Other Traditional Promotions In‐School

Value

($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage

Restaurant Foods 583,268 155,449 26.7 16,430 2.8 27,367 4.7 341,086 58.5 36,145 6.2 6,791 1.2

Carbonated Beverages 42,263 1,400 3.3 518 1.2 4,014 9.5 180 0.4 23,492 55.6 12,657 29.9

Breakfast Cereal 173,000 102,468 59.2 21,602 12.5 10,355 6.0 26,012 15.0 12,563 7.3 0 0.0

Snack Foods 69,859 28,009 40.1 9,990 14.3 12,354 17.7 3,208 4.6 16,038 23.0 260 0.4

Juice & Non‐carbonated Bevs. 43,609 13,130 30.1 3,470 8.0 3,605 8.3 655 1.5 11,986 27.5 10,762 24.7

Candy/Froz. Desserts 21,612 11,110 51.4 1,492 6.9 5,190 24.0 420 1.9 3,390 15.7 10 0.0

Dairy Products 48,559 33,755 69.5 2,595 5.3 5,338 11.0 2,379 4.9 3,652 7.5 840 1.7Prepared Foods & Meals 48,394 31,799 65.7 6,310 13.0 2,250 4.6 2,635 5.4 5,400 11.2 0 0.0

Baked Goods 5,705 3,945 69.1 280 4.9 1,130 19.8 140 2.5 200 3.5 10 0.2

Fruits & Vegetables 4,358 1,212 27.8 613 14.1 722 16.6 0 0.0 1,810 41.5 0 0.0TOTAL 1,040,625 382,277 36.7 63,300 6.1 72,326 7.0 376,715 36.2 114,677 11.0 31,330 3.0

Teens 12‐17

Food Category

Total Reported

Teen 12‐17

Marketing

($1000)

Traditional Measured Media New Media In‐Store and Packaging/ Labeling Premiums Other Traditional Promotions In‐School

Value

($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage

Restaurant Foods 185,280 144,710 78.1 8,410 4.5 8,570 4.6 590 0.3 22,530 12.2 470 0.3Carbonated Beverages 382,284 87,236 22.8 22,558 5.9 24,172 6.3 11,642 3.0 165,292 43.2 71,384 18.7Breakfast Cereal 103,462 49,706 48.0 10,792 10.4 8,159 7.9 25,622 24.8 9,183 8.9 0 0.0

Snack Foods 85,099 33,650 39.5 11,343 13.3 14,757 17.3 5,458 6.4 19,632 23.1 260 0.3Juice & Non‐carbonated Bevs. 95,214 17,135 18.0 8,700 9.1 957 1.0 141 0.1 18,761 19.7 49,521 52.0Candy/Froz. Desserts 72,228 42,529 58.9 11,692 16.2 8,467 11.7 1,451 2.0 8,060 11.2 30 0.0

Dairy Products 39,780 17,683 44.5 4,175 10.5 1,868 4.7 2,069 5.2 11,575 29.1 2,410 6.1

Prepared Foods & Meals 26,016 18,666 71.7 3,060 11.8 2,970 11.4 628 2.4 692 2.7 0 0.0

Baked Goods 15,875 6,437 40.5 6,780 42.7 1,170 7.4 198 1.2 1,280 8.1 10 0.1

Fruits & Vegetables 5,469 3,967 72.5 592 10.8 0 0.0 0 0.0 910 16.6 0 0.0

TOTAL 1,010,706 421,719 41.7 88,101 8.7 71,090 7.0 47,798 4.7 257,914 25.5 124,084 12.3
Table C.3: Reported Marketing Expenditures By Food Category, Promotional Activity Group, and Age Criteria, 2009 (continued)

*Companies were required to report spending for "All Ages" only when they had child‐ or teen‐directed marketing for the product. Thus, the "All Ages" data reported here do not include any spending for products that did not have child‐ or teen‐directed marketing.

C-6

Youth 2‐17

Food Category

Total Reported

Youth 2‐17

Marketing

($1000)

Traditional Measured Media New Media In‐Store and Packaging/ Labeling Premiums Other Traditional Promotions In‐School

Value

($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage

Restaurant Foods 714,298 254,939 35.7 19,090 2.7 33,987 4.8 341,636 47.8 57,425 8.0 7,221 1.0Carbonated Beverages 395,128 87,626 22.2 22,558 5.7 25,224 6.4 11,712 3.0 165,686 41.9 82,321 20.8Breakfast Cereal 186,085 115,553 62.1 21,602 11.6 10,355 5.6 26,012 14.0 12,563 6.8 0 0.0Snack Foods 123,285 56,096 45.5 15,283 12.4 18,867 15.3 5,728 4.6 27,042 21.9 270 0.2

Juice & Non‐carbonated Bevs. 121,156 29,036 24.0 11,369 9.4 3,838 3.2 786 0.6 20,269 16.7 55,858 46.1Candy/Froz. Desserts 79,006 45,719 57.9 12,332 15.6 8,887 11.2 1,451 1.8 10,580 13.4 38 0.0Dairy Products 78,457 49,550 63.2 5,785 7.4 5,338 6.8 2,399 3.1 12,135 15.5 3,250 4.1

Prepared Foods & Meals 65,987 46,057 69.8 6,810 10.3 4,310 6.5 2,788 4.2 6,022 9.1 0 0.0

Baked Goods 16,893 6,775 40.1 7,060 41.8 1,500 8.9 198 1.2 1,340 7.9 20 0.1Fruits & Vegetables 7,160 4,014 56.1 613 8.6 722 10.1 0 0.0 1,810 25.3 0 0.0

TOTAL 1,787,455 695,365 38.9 122,502 6.9 113,029 6.3 392,709 22.0 314,872 17.6 148,977 8.3

All Ages*

Food Category

All Ages

Reported

Marketing

($1000)

Traditional Measured Media New Media In‐Store and Packaging/ Labeling Premiums Other Traditional Promotions In‐School

Value

($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage

Restaurant Foods 2,956,546 2,043,075 69.1 152,958 5.2 123,055 4.2 362,196 12.3 266,565 9.0 8,697 0.3

Carbonated Beverages 2,470,781 523,810 21.2 193,558 7.8 183,615 7.4 82,445 3.3 1,295,011 52.4 192,341 7.8Breakfast Cereal 718,988 473,654 65.9 78,867 11.0 82,068 11.4 40,722 5.7 43,677 6.1 0 0.0

Snack Foods 802,138 407,600 50.8 80,731 10.1 161,500 20.1 32,343 4.0 119,614 14.9 350 0.0

Juice & Non‐carbonated Bevs. 1,029,864 359,691 34.9 77,498 7.5 112,701 10.9 45,139 4.4 309,313 30.0 125,524 12.2Candy/Froz. Desserts 534,651 282,883 52.9 58,550 11.0 133,957 25.1 5,341 1.0 53,350 10.0 570 0.1

Dairy Products 459,433 311,373 67.8 31,743 6.9 53,488 11.6 3,306 0.7 55,623 12.1 3,900 0.8Prepared Foods & Meals 547,552 399,207 72.9 45,630 8.3 64,536 11.8 2,991 0.5 35,188 6.4 0 0.0

Baked Goods 67,127 34,048 50.7 12,629 18.8 13,003 19.4 226 0.3 7,201 10.7 20 0.0

Fruits & Vegetables 55,915 29,518 52.8 5,172 9.2 17,188 30.7 244 0.4 3,794 6.8 0 0.0TOTAL 9,642,996 4,864,859 50.4 737,336 7.6 945,112 9.8 574,952 6.0 2,189,335 22.7 331,402 3.4
Table C.4: Reported Expenditures for Cross‐Promotions and Marketing with Celebrities, 2009

(continued)

C-7

Children 2‐11

Food Category Total Reported Child 2‐11 Marketing ($1000)

Reported Expenditures for

Cross‐Promotions

Reported Expenditures for

Marketing with Celebrities

Value ($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage

Restaurant Foods 583,268 428,247 73.4 1,002 0.2

Carbonated Beverages 42,263 21,710 51.4 150 0.4

Breakfast Cereal 173,000 32,440 18.8 440 0.3

Snack Foods 69,859 20,164 28.9 3,860 5.5Juice & Non‐carbonated Bevs. 43,609 3,344 7.7 220 0.5

Candy/Froz. Desserts 21,612 7,630 35.3 1,540 7.1

Dairy Products 48,559 4,880 10.0 13,930 28.7

Prepared Foods & Meals 48,394 9,840 20.3 6,920 14.3

Baked Goods 5,705 970 17.0 0 0.0

Fruits & Vegetables 4,358 1,524 35.0 0 0.0

TOTAL 1,040,625 530,748 51.0 28,062 2.7

Teens 12‐17

Food Category Total Reported Teen 12‐17 Marketing ($1000)

Reported Expenditures for

Cross‐Promotions

Reported Expenditures for

Marketing with Celebrities

Value ($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage

Restaurant Foods 185,280 24,485 13.2 7,020 3.8

Carbonated Beverages 382,284 45,846 12.0 23,778 6.2

Breakfast Cereal 103,462 28,334 27.4 660 0.6

Snack Foods 85,099 15,308 18.0 14,423 16.9

Juice & Non‐carbonated Bevs. 95,214 3,904 4.1 6,180 6.5Candy/Froz. Desserts 72,228 2,810 3.9 1,590 2.2

Dairy Products 39,780 3,740 9.4 22,155 55.7

Prepared Foods & Meals 26,016 1,411 5.4 890 3.4Baked Goods 15,875 1,477 9.3 0 0.0

Fruits & Vegetables 5,469 0 0.0 0 0.0TOTAL 1,010,706 127,315 12.6 76,696 7.6
Table C.4: Reported Expenditures for Cross‐Promotions and Marketing with Celebrities, 2009 (continued)

*Companies were required to report spending for "All Ages" only when they had child‐ or teen‐directed marketing for the product. Thus, the "All Ages" data reported here do not include any spending for products that did not have child‐ or teen‐directed marketing.

C-8

Youth 2‐17

Food Category Total Reported Youth 2‐17 Marketing ($1000)

Reported Expenditures for

Cross‐Promotions

Reported Expenditures for

Marketing with Celebrities

Value ($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage

Restaurant Foods 714,298 448,307 62.8 7,932 1.1

Carbonated Beverages 395,128 46,816 11.8 23,798 6.0

Breakfast Cereal 186,085 32,498 17.5 660 0.4

Snack Foods 123,285 23,201 18.8 17,023 13.8

Juice & Non‐carbonated Bevs. 121,156 6,398 5.3 6,180 5.1

Candy/Froz. Desserts 79,006 7,900 10.0 1,590 2.0

Dairy Products 78,457 5,555 7.1 35,155 44.8Prepared Foods & Meals 65,987 9,881 15.0 7,010 10.6

Baked Goods 16,893 1,537 9.1 0 0.0

Fruits & Vegetables 7,160 1,524 21.3 0 0.0

TOTAL 1,787,455 583,616 32.7 99,348 5.6

All Ages*

Food Category All Ages Reported Marketing ($1000)

Reported Expenditures for

Cross‐Promotions

Reported Expenditures for

Marketing with Celebrities

Value ($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage

Restaurant Foods 2,956,546 555,957 18.8 50,740 1.7

Carbonated Beverages 2,470,781 60,487 2.4 202,066 8.2

Breakfast Cereal 718,988 35,338 4.9 12,256 1.7

Snack Foods 802,138 24,543 3.1 22,093 2.8

Juice & Non‐carbonated Bevs. 1,029,864 13,288 1.3 112,883 11.0

Candy/Froz. Desserts 534,651 8,660 1.6 9,963 1.9

Dairy Products 459,433 6,887 1.5 111,370 24.2

Prepared Foods & Meals 547,552 9,881 1.8 8,870 1.6

Baked Goods 67,127 1,877 2.8 0 0.0

Fruits & Vegetables 55,915 1,524 2.7 178 0.3

TOTAL 9,642,996 718,442 7.5 530,419 5.5
Table C.5: Reported Marketing Expenditures By Promotional Activity, Food Category, and Age Criteria, 2006 (Revised)*

All figures are in thousands of dollars.

Children 2‐11

Food Category TV Radio Print Internet Web Viral/ WOM In‐Store Pack/ Label Premiums Product Placement Movie/ Video Cross‐ Promotion Licenses Athletic Sponsorship Celebrity Fees Events Philanthropy Other In‐School Total Reported Child 2‐11 Marketing

Restaurant Foods 91,157 621 1,668 1,340 1,171 392 17,490 4,489 446,022 0 578 11,517 847 362 7,465 10,166 151 9,334 604,771

Carbonated Beverages 1,848 0 576 9 272 74 2,380 9,254 651 600 30 19,032 2,675 0 2,337 852 9,830 45,604 96,024

Breakfast Cereal 142,257 672 1,217 7,493 6,720 0 4,455 9,887 39,846 40 775 12,402 1,800 0 1,336 0 73 10 228,983

Snack Foods 69,304 0 650 5,106 3,852 0 6,982 11,265 4,099 0 480 8,721 417 0 613 105 630 383 112,607

Juice & Non‐carbonated Bevs. 24,368 2,533 728 280 153 22 4,540 5,677 1,149 0 388 733 3,973 0 5,991 1,970 2,404 15,392 70,302

Candy/Froz. Desserts 32,950 69 4,010 989 2,274 0 8,454 3,201 549 0 926 3,040 0 311 3,901 33 0 0 60,708

Dairy Products 16,105 179 2,017 1,348 599 0 215 3,122 1,572 0 13 1,504 0 0 2,503 0 0 423 29,602

Prepared Foods & Meals 41,566 0 300 1,204 1,212 0 845 2,645 3,971 0 2,420 3,015 0 0 1,065 0 0 1,578 59,821

Baked Goods 36,798 270 1,574 3,343 1,493 0 1,172 6,652 2,760 70 0 2,218 0 0 4,753 33 0 12 61,147Fruits & Vegetables 860 63 20 0 370 0 1,017 2,231 450 0 0 1,582 70 220 309 1,043 275 1 8,510

TOTAL 457,213 4,406 12,760 21,111 18,117 488 47,552 58,422 501,070 710 5,610 63,764 9,782 893 30,273 14,202 13,363 72,737 1,332,473

Teens 12‐17

Food Category TV Radio Print Internet Web Viral/ WOM In‐Store Pack/ Label Premiums Product Placement Movie/ Video Cross‐ Promotion Licenses Athletic Sponsorship Celebrity Fees Events Philanthropy Other In‐School Total Reported Teen 12‐17 Marketing

Restaurant Foods 100,386 29,738 1,017 521 180 147 280 0 384 28 908 410 4,517 69 1,700 202 0 0 140,487

Carbonated Beverages 98,829 41,060 2,510 12,573 5,873 2,088 77,887 11,664 3,950 4,548 30 33,969 18,453 3,700 64,949 3,403 21,137 101,296 507,918

Breakfast Cereal 14,135 672 107 4,923 4,254 0 1,464 5,338 25,220 0 700 11,349 1,800 0 1,286 0 8 10 71,266Snack Foods 25,273 290 310 4,329 3,870 140 1,850 6,514 2,817 24 214 2,766 170 895 977 115 470 330 51,354

Juice & Non‐carbonated Bevs. 24,402 3,586 1,402 1,707 1,637 811 4,574 4,678 1,332 460 0 248 5,020 0 7,703 2,488 3,147 45,281 108,476

Candy/Froz. Desserts 69,234 1,573 2,954 2,387 4,498 0 6,066 2,245 1,364 0 3,082 250 0 1,331 3,907 108 0 0 98,998

Dairy Products 5,063 179 11,386 2,086 1,767 1,300 826 2,722 1,843 0 45 1,529 0 275 4,133 0 540 4,785 38,477Prepared Foods & Meals 11,872 0 300 114 732 0 585 1,479 585 0 0 1,081 0 0 945 0 0 98 17,791

Baked Goods 21,288 270 1,727 3,085 1,509 0 444 2,712 2,292 62 0 1,478 0 0 4,740 33 0 8 39,649

Fruits & Vegetables 860 358 70 0 133 0 710 1,089 806 0 0 40 70 220 470 1,235 275 0 6,336

TOTAL 371,342 77,724 21,782 31,726 24,452 4,485 94,687 38,441 40,593 5,122 4,979 53,120 30,030 6,490 90,809 7,584 25,577 151,808 1,080,751

(continued)

C-9
Table C.5: Reported Marketing Expenditures By Promotional Activity, Food Category, and Age Criteria, 2006 (Revised)* (continued)

All figures are in thousands of dollars.

*This table is a revised version of Tables C.1 in FTC (2008). The new table includes the estimated cost of any premiums in the media category Premiums, to parallel the treatment in the 2009 data. In the earlier report, the actual cost of the toy or other premium was notincluded in category’s spending.

** Companies were required to report spending for "All Ages" in a promotional activity only when they had child‐ or teen‐directed marketing in that activity for the product. Thus, the "All Ages" data reported here do not include any spending for a product in promotional

activities that did not have child‐ or teen‐directed marketing. Separately, companies were required to report total marketing for each product. Food category totals based on "Total Marketing" expenditure data are reported in Table II.1 and give a more complete picture of

total spending to all ages, resulting in "Total Marketing" expenditures to all ages of $10.0 billion, compared to the $6.5 billion reported in this table.

Youth 2‐17

Food Category TV Radio Print Internet Web Viral/ WOM In‐Store Pack/ Label Premiums Product Placement Movie/ Video Cross‐ Promotion Licenses Athletic Sponsorship Celebrity Fees Events Philanthropy Other In‐School Total Reported Youth 2‐17 Marketing

Restaurant Foods 182,841 29,738 2,324 1,861 1,351 392 17,570 4,489 446,022 28 908 11,927 4,652 402 8,295 10,358 151 9,334 732,644Carbonated Beverages 100,001 41,060 2,510 12,573 5,879 2,088 79,342 11,697 4,391 4,548 30 34,219 18,534 3,700 64,984 3,679 21,137 115,998 526,370Breakfast Cereal 148,771 672 1,217 7,493 6,725 0 4,529 9,989 40,623 40 775 12,482 1,800 0 1,336 0 81 20 236,553

Snack Foods 82,728 290 960 6,845 5,872 140 8,662 13,077 6,204 24 694 9,301 467 895 1,411 115 630 399 138,713Juice & Non‐carbonated Bevs. 45,351 6,119 2,130 1,967 1,654 814 6,427 6,666 1,754 460 388 858 5,083 0 8,166 2,663 3,147 52,955 146,601Candy/Froz. Desserts 77,723 1,641 4,732 2,447 5,017 0 8,968 3,619 1,682 0 3,082 3,040 0 1,331 4,302 108 0 0 117,694

Dairy Products 19,979 179 11,386 2,356 1,815 1,300 921 3,184 1,843 0 58 1,529 0 275 4,173 0 540 5,108 54,645Prepared Foods & Meals 44,892 0 540 1,204 1,422 0 1,220 2,679 4,000 0 2,420 3,026 0 0 1,065 0 0 1,675 64,143Baked Goods 37,029 270 1,904 3,405 1,519 0 1,562 6,972 2,791 72 0 2,218 0 0 4,753 33 0 20 62,549

Fruits & Vegetables 880 408 70 0 493 0 1,407 2,450 1,206 0 0 1,582 70 405 529 1,788 275 1 11,563

TOTAL 740,195 80,376 27,773 40,152 31,745 4,733 130,609 64,823 510,516 5,172 8,355 80,182 30,606 7,008 99,013 18,744 25,961 185,511 2,091,474

All Ages**

Food Category TV Radio Print Internet Web Viral/ WOM In‐Store Pack/ Label Premiums Product Placement Movie/ Video Cross‐ Promotion Licenses Athletic Sponsorship Celebrity Fees Events Philanthropy Other In‐School Reported All Ages Marketing

Restaurant Foods 1,303,819 203,219 68,301 26,558 6,854 3,396 80,445 9,777 495,761 123 1,220 13,236 75,036 1,818 24,692 11,435 15,307 10,659 2,351,655Carbonated Beverages 594,015 68,664 20,109 46,891 25,585 5,901 233,422 19,651 44,763 6,821 170 35,376 72,515 14,363 79,703 7,185 77,435 169,579 1,522,149Breakfast Cereal 380,808 672 6,266 8,892 6,727 0 8,470 13,564 42,954 40 775 12,482 1,800 0 1,336 0 348 20 485,154

Snack Foods 359,295 9,839 13,388 7,265 7,903 140 56,529 30,629 11,790 155 2,620 9,301 5,476 895 2,782 761 1,240 591 520,600

Juice & Non‐carbonated Bevs. 373,458 15,086 13,492 7,901 3,110 3,176 105,680 10,662 4,259 1,696 872 1,323 100,591 0 14,832 3,125 17,161 89,149 765,573

Candy/Froz. Desserts 250,048 3,238 7,245 4,027 9,631 0 31,892 6,961 2,851 0 3,659 3,040 0 1,331 8,662 2,658 0 0 335,243

Dairy Products 98,664 179 30,207 3,042 2,284 1,300 1,320 3,475 2,438 0 248 1,529 1 425 10,013 0 2,465 5,116 162,705

Prepared Foods & Meals 201,028 980 11,688 2,394 1,422 0 4,050 4,779 4,000 0 2,550 3,028 0 0 1,075 0 0 1,755 238,749Baked Goods 42,433 270 2,914 3,415 1,594 0 8,403 36,122 3,061 96 0 2,218 0 0 4,782 889 0 22 106,219Fruits & Vegetables 4,480 1,791 210 0 934 0 8,806 4,264 1,316 0 0 1,582 70 405 909 1,918 275 1 26,961

TOTAL 3,608,048 303,938 173,821 110,386 66,044 13,912 539,017 139,884 613,193 8,931 12,114 83,115 255,490 19,237 148,787 27,971 114,230 276,892 6,515,009

C-10
Table C.6: Percent of Reported Marketing Expenditures for Each Food Category, By Promotional Activity, and Age Criteria, 2006 (Revised)*

(continued)

Children 2‐11

Food Category TV Radio Print Internet Web Viral/ WOM In‐Store Pack/ Label Premiums Product Placement Movie/ Video Cross‐ Promotion Licenses Athletic Sponsorship Celebrity Fees Events Philanthropy Other In‐School

100% of

Reported

Child 2‐11

Marketing

($1000)

Restaurant Foods 15.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 2.9 0.7 73.8 0.0 0.1 1.9 0.1 0.1 1.2 1.7 0.0 1.5 604,771Carbonated Beverages 1.9 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.3 0.1 2.5 9.6 0.7 0.6 0.0 19.8 2.8 0.0 2.4 0.9 10.2 47.5 96,024Breakfast Cereal 62.1 0.3 0.5 3.3 2.9 0.0 1.9 4.3 17.4 0.0 0.3 5.4 0.8 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 228,983Snack Foods 61.5 0.0 0.6 4.5 3.4 0.0 6.2 10.0 3.6 0.0 0.4 7.7 0.4 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.6 0.3 112,607Juice & Non‐carbonated Bevs. 34.7 3.6 1.0 0.4 0.2 0.0 6.5 8.1 1.6 0.0 0.6 1.0 5.7 0.0 8.5 2.8 3.4 21.9 70,302Candy/Froz. Desserts 54.3 0.1 6.6 1.6 3.7 0.0 13.9 5.3 0.9 0.0 1.5 5.0 0.0 0.5 6.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 60,708Dairy Products 54.4 0.6 6.8 4.6 2.0 0.0 0.7 10.5 5.3 0.0 0.0 5.1 0.0 0.0 8.5 0.0 0.0 1.4 29,602Prepared Foods & Meals 69.5 0.0 0.5 2.0 2.0 0.0 1.4 4.4 6.6 0.0 4.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 2.6 59,821Baked Goods 60.2 0.4 2.6 5.5 2.4 0.0 1.9 10.9 4.5 0.1 0.0 3.6 0.0 0.0 7.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 61,147Fruits & Vegetables 10.1 0.7 0.2 0.0 4.3 0.0 11.9 26.2 5.3 0.0 0.0 18.6 0.8 2.6 3.6 12.3 3.2 0.0 8,510TOTAL 34.3 0.3 1.0 1.6 1.4 0.0 3.6 4.4 37.6 0.1 0.4 4.8 0.7 0.1 2.3 1.1 1.0 5.5 1,332,473

Teens 12‐17

Food Category TV Radio Print Internet Web Viral/ WOM In‐Store Pack/ Label Premiums Product Placement Movie/ Video Cross‐ Promotion Licenses Athletic Sponsorship Celebrity Fees Events Philanthropy Other In‐School

100% of

Reported

Teen 12‐17

Marketing

($1000)

Restaurant Foods 71.5 21.2 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.3 3.2 0.0 1.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 140,487Carbonated Beverages 19.5 8.1 0.5 2.5 1.2 0.4 15.3 2.3 0.8 0.9 0.0 6.7 3.6 0.7 12.8 0.7 4.2 19.9 507,918Breakfast Cereal 19.8 0.9 0.2 6.9 6.0 0.0 2.1 7.5 35.4 0.0 1.0 15.9 2.5 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 71,266Snack Foods 49.2 0.6 0.6 8.4 7.5 0.3 3.6 12.7 5.5 0.0 0.4 5.4 0.3 1.7 1.9 0.2 0.9 0.6 51,354Juice & Non‐carbonated Bevs. 22.5 3.3 1.3 1.6 1.5 0.7 4.2 4.3 1.2 0.4 0.0 0.2 4.6 0.0 7.1 2.3 2.9 41.7 108,476Candy/Froz. Desserts 69.9 1.6 3.0 2.4 4.5 0.0 6.1 2.3 1.4 0.0 3.1 0.3 0.0 1.3 3.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 98,998Dairy Products 13.2 0.5 29.6 5.4 4.6 3.4 2.1 7.1 4.8 0.0 0.1 4.0 0.0 0.7 10.7 0.0 1.4 12.4 38,477Prepared Foods & Meals 66.7 0.0 1.7 0.6 4.1 0.0 3.3 8.3 3.3 0.0 0.0 6.1 0.0 0.0 5.3 0.0 0.0 0.5 17,791Baked Goods 53.7 0.7 4.4 7.8 3.8 0.0 1.1 6.8 5.8 0.2 0.0 3.7 0.0 0.0 12.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 39,649Fruits & Vegetables 13.6 5.6 1.1 0.0 2.1 0.0 11.2 17.2 12.7 0.0 0.0 0.6 1.1 3.5 7.4 19.5 4.3 0.0 6,336TOTAL 34.4 7.2 2.0 2.9 2.3 0.4 8.8 3.6 3.8 0.5 0.5 4.9 2.8 0.6 8.4 0.7 2.4 14.0 1,080,751

C-11
Table C.6: Percent of Reported Marketing Expenditures for Each Food Category, By Promotional Activity, and Age Criteria, 2006 (Revised)* (continued)

*This table is a revised version of Tables C.2 in FTC (2008). The new table includes the estimated cost of any premiums in the media category Premiums, to parallel the treatment in the 2009 data. In the earlier report, the actual cost of the toy or other premium was notincluded in category’s spending.

**Companies were required to report spending for "All Ages" in a promotional activity only when they had child‐ or teen‐directed marketing in that activity for the product. Thus, the "All Ages" data reported here do not include any spending for a product in promotional

activities that did not have child‐ or teen‐directed marketing for the product. Separately, companies were required to report total marketing for each product. Food category totals based on "Total Marketing" expenditure data are reported in Table II.1 and give a more

complete picture of total spending for all ages, resulting in "Total Marketing" expenditures for all ages of $10.0 billion, compared to the $6.5 billion reported in this table.

Youth 2‐17

Food Category TV Radio Print Internet Web Viral/ WOM In‐Store Pack/ Label Premiums Product Placement Movie/ Video Cross‐ Promotion Licenses Athletic Sponsorship Celebrity Fees Events Philanthropy Other In‐School 100% of Reported Youth 2‐17 Marketing ($1000)

Restaurant Foods 25.0 4.1 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 2.4 0.6 60.9 0.0 0.1 1.6 0.6 0.1 1.1 1.4 0.0 1.3 732,644Carbonated Beverages 19.0 7.8 0.5 2.4 1.1 0.4 15.1 2.2 0.8 0.9 0.0 6.5 3.5 0.7 12.3 0.7 4.0 22.0 526,370Breakfast Cereal 62.9 0.3 0.5 3.2 2.8 0.0 1.9 4.2 17.2 0.0 0.3 5.3 0.8 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 236,553Snack Foods 59.6 0.2 0.7 4.9 4.2 0.1 6.2 9.4 4.5 0.0 0.5 6.7 0.3 0.6 1.0 0.1 0.5 0.3 138,713Juice & Non‐carbonated Bevs. 30.9 4.2 1.5 1.3 1.1 0.6 4.4 4.5 1.2 0.3 0.3 0.6 3.5 0.0 5.6 1.8 2.1 36.1 146,601Candy/Froz. Desserts 66.0 1.4 4.0 2.1 4.3 0.0 7.6 3.1 1.4 0.0 2.6 2.6 0.0 1.1 3.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 117,694Dairy Products 36.6 0.3 20.8 4.3 3.3 2.4 1.7 5.8 3.4 0.0 0.1 2.8 0.0 0.5 7.6 0.0 1.0 9.3 54,645

Prepared Foods & Meals 70.0 0.0 0.8 1.9 2.2 0.0 1.9 4.2 6.2 0.0 3.8 4.7 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 2.6 64,143

Baked Goods 59.2 0.4 3.0 5.4 2.4 0.0 2.5 11.1 4.5 0.1 0.0 3.5 0.0 0.0 7.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 62,549

Fruits & Vegetables 7.6 3.5 0.6 0.0 4.3 0.0 12.2 21.2 10.4 0.0 0.0 13.7 0.6 3.5 4.6 15.5 2.4 0.0 11,563

TOTAL 35.4 3.8 1.3 1.9 1.5 0.2 6.2 3.1 24.4 0.2 0.4 3.8 1.5 0.3 4.7 0.9 1.2 8.9 2,091,474

All Ages**

Food Category TV Radio Print Internet Web Viral/ WOM In‐Store Pack/ Label Premiums Product Placement Movie/ Video Cross‐ Promotion Licenses Athletic Sponsorship Celebrity Fees Events Philanthropy Other In‐School 100% of Reported All Ages Marketing ($1000)

Restaurant Foods 55.4 8.6 2.9 1.1 0.3 0.1 3.4 0.4 21.1 0.0 0.1 0.6 3.2 0.1 1.0 0.5 0.7 0.5 2,351,655

Carbonated Beverages 39.0 4.5 1.3 3.1 1.7 0.4 15.3 1.3 2.9 0.4 0.0 2.3 4.8 0.9 5.2 0.5 5.1 11.1 1,522,149

Breakfast Cereal 78.5 0.1 1.3 1.8 1.4 0.0 1.7 2.8 8.9 0.0 0.2 2.6 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 485,154Snack Foods 69.0 1.9 2.6 1.4 1.5 0.0 10.9 5.9 2.3 0.0 0.5 1.8 1.1 0.2 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.1 520,600Juice & Non‐carbonated Bevs. 48.8 2.0 1.8 1.0 0.4 0.4 13.8 1.4 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.2 13.1 0.0 1.9 0.4 2.2 11.6 765,573Candy/Froz. Desserts 74.6 1.0 2.2 1.2 2.9 0.0 9.5 2.1 0.9 0.0 1.1 0.9 0.0 0.4 2.6 0.8 0.0 0.0 335,243Dairy Products 60.6 0.1 18.6 1.9 1.4 0.8 0.8 2.1 1.5 0.0 0.2 0.9 0.0 0.3 6.2 0.0 1.5 3.1 162,705Prepared Foods & Meals 84.2 0.4 4.9 1.0 0.6 0.0 1.7 2.0 1.7 0.0 1.1 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.7 238,749Baked Goods 39.9 0.3 2.7 3.2 1.5 0.0 7.9 34.0 2.9 0.1 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 4.5 0.8 0.0 0.0 106,219Fruits & Vegetables 16.6 6.6 0.8 0.0 3.5 0.0 32.7 15.8 4.9 0.0 0.0 5.9 0.3 1.5 3.4 7.1 1.0 0.0 26,961

TOTAL 55.4 4.7 2.7 1.7 1.0 0.2 8.3 2.1 9.4 0.1 0.2 1.3 3.9 0.3 2.3 0.4 1.8 4.3 6,515,009

C-12
Table C.7: Reported Marketing Expenditures By Food Category, Promotional Activity Group, and Age Criteria, 2006 (Revised)*

(continued)

Children 2‐11

Food Category

Total Reported

Child 2‐11

Marketing

($1000)

Traditional Measured Media New Media In‐Store and Packaging/ Labeling Premiums Other Traditional Promotions In‐School

Value

($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage

Restaurant Foods 604,771 93,446 15.5 2,902 0.5 21,979 3.6 446,022 73.8 31,086 5.1 9,334 1.5

Carbonated Beverages 96,024 2,424 2.5 355 0.4 11,634 12.1 651 0.7 35,356 36.8 45,604 47.5

Breakfast Cereal 228,983 144,146 63.0 14,213 6.2 14,342 6.3 39,846 17.4 16,426 7.2 10 0.0

Snack Foods 112,607 69,954 62.1 8,958 8.0 18,247 16.2 4,099 3.6 10,966 9.7 383 0.3

Juice & Non‐carbonated Bevs. 70,302 27,629 39.3 456 0.6 10,217 14.5 1,149 1.6 15,459 22.0 15,392 21.9

Candy/Froz. Desserts 60,708 37,029 61.0 3,263 5.4 11,655 19.2 549 0.9 8,211 13.5 0 0.0

Dairy Products 29,602 18,302 61.8 1,947 6.6 3,337 11.3 1,572 5.3 4,020 13.6 423 1.4

Prepared Foods & Meals 59,821 41,866 70.0 2,416 4.0 3,490 5.8 3,971 6.6 6,500 10.9 1,578 2.6

Baked Goods 61,147 38,641 63.2 4,836 7.9 7,824 12.8 2,760 4.5 7,074 11.6 12 0.0

Fruits & Vegetables 8,510 943 11.1 370 4.3 3,248 38.2 450 5.3 3,499 41.1 1 0.0

TOTAL 1,332,473 474,379 35.6 39,716 3.0 105,974 8.0 501,070 37.6 138,597 10.4 72,737 5.5

Teens 12‐17

Food Category

Total Reported

Teen 12‐17

Marketing

($1000)

Traditional Measured Media New Media In‐Store and Packaging/ Labeling Premiums Other Traditional Promotions In‐School

Value

($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage

Restaurant Foods 140,487 131,141 93.3 848 0.6 280 0.2 384 0.3 7,834 5.6 0 0.0

Carbonated Beverages 507,918 142,398 28.0 20,534 4.0 89,551 17.6 3,950 0.8 150,189 29.6 101,296 19.9

Breakfast Cereal 71,266 14,914 20.9 9,177 12.9 6,802 9.5 25,220 35.4 15,143 21.2 10 0.0

Snack Foods 51,354 25,873 50.4 8,339 16.2 8,364 16.3 2,817 5.5 5,630 11.0 330 0.6

Juice & Non‐carbonated Bevs. 108,476 29,390 27.1 4,155 3.8 9,252 8.5 1,332 1.2 19,066 17.6 45,281 41.7

Candy/Froz. Desserts 98,998 73,761 74.5 6,885 7.0 8,310 8.4 1,364 1.4 8,678 8.8 0 0.0

Dairy Products 38,477 16,627 43.2 5,153 13.4 3,548 9.2 1,843 4.8 6,522 16.9 4,785 12.4Prepared Foods & Meals 17,791 12,172 68.4 846 4.8 2,064 11.6 585 3.3 2,026 11.4 98 0.5

Baked Goods 39,649 23,284 58.7 4,594 11.6 3,157 8.0 2,292 5.8 6,313 15.9 8 0.0

Fruits & Vegetables 6,336 1,288 20.3 133 2.1 1,799 28.4 806 12.7 2,310 36.5 0 0.0

TOTAL 1,080,751 470,848 43.6 60,664 5.6 133,127 12.3 40,593 3.8 223,711 20.7 151,808 14.0

C-13
Table C.7: Reported Marketing Expenditures By Food Category, Promotional Activity Group, and Age Criteria, 2006 (Revised)* (continued)

Youth 2‐17

Food Category

Total Reported

Youth 2‐17

Marketing

($1000)

Traditional Measured Media New Media In‐Store and Packaging/ Labeling Premiums Other Traditional Promotions In‐School

Value

($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage

Restaurant Foods 732,644 214,903 29.3 3,603 0.5 22,059 3.0 446,022 60.9 36,721 5.0 9,334 1.3Carbonated Beverages 526,370 143,570 27.3 20,540 3.9 91,039 17.3 4,391 0.8 150,832 28.7 115,998 22.0

Breakfast Cereal 236,553 150,660 63.7 14,218 6.0 14,518 6.1 40,623 17.2 16,514 7.0 20 0.0

Snack Foods 138,713 83,978 60.5 12,857 9.3 21,739 15.7 6,204 4.5 13,536 9.8 399 0.3

Juice & Non‐carbonated Bevs. 146,601 53,601 36.6 4,434 3.0 13,094 8.9 1,754 1.2 20,764 14.2 52,955 36.1

Candy/Froz. Desserts 117,694 84,097 71.5 7,464 6.3 12,587 10.7 1,682 1.4 11,863 10.1 0 0.0

Dairy Products 54,645 31,544 57.7 5,471 10.0 4,105 7.5 1,843 3.4 6,575 12.0 5,108 9.3

Prepared Foods & Meals 64,143 45,432 70.8 2,626 4.1 3,899 6.1 4,000 6.2 6,511 10.2 1,675 2.6

Baked Goods 62,549 39,203 62.7 4,924 7.9 8,534 13.6 2,791 4.5 7,076 11.3 20 0.0

Fruits & Vegetables 11,563 1,358 11.7 493 4.3 3,857 33.4 1,206 10.4 4,649 40.2 1 0.0

TOTAL 2,091,474 848,344 40.6 76,630 3.7 195,431 9.3 510,516 24.4 275,042 13.2 185,511 8.9

All Ages**

Food Category

All Ages

Reported

Marketing

($1000)

Traditional Measured Media New Media In‐Store and Packaging/ Labeling Premiums Other Traditional Promotions In‐School

Value

($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage

Restaurant Foods 2,351,655 1,575,339 67.0 36,808 1.6 90,222 3.8 495,761 21.1 142,865 6.1 10,659 0.5Carbonated Beverages 1,522,149 682,789 44.9 78,377 5.1 253,072 16.6 44,763 2.9 293,569 19.3 169,579 11.1Breakfast Cereal 485,154 387,746 79.9 15,619 3.2 22,034 4.5 42,954 8.9 16,781 3.5 20 0.0

Snack Foods 520,600 382,522 73.5 15,308 2.9 87,158 16.7 11,790 2.3 23,230 4.5 591 0.1

Juice & Non‐carbonated Bevs. 765,573 402,036 52.5 14,187 1.9 116,342 15.2 4,259 0.6 139,601 18.2 89,149 11.6

Candy/Froz. Desserts 335,243 260,531 77.7 13,657 4.1 38,854 11.6 2,851 0.9 19,350 5.8 0 0.0

Dairy Products 162,705 129,050 79.3 6,626 4.1 4,794 2.9 2,438 1.5 14,681 9.0 5,116 3.1

Prepared Foods & Meals 238,749 213,696 89.5 3,816 1.6 8,829 3.7 4,000 1.7 6,653 2.8 1,755 0.7

Baked Goods 106,219 45,617 42.9 5,009 4.7 44,525 41.9 3,061 2.9 7,985 7.5 22 0.0

Fruits & Vegetables 26,961 6,481 24.0 934 3.5 13,070 48.5 1,316 4.9 5,159 19.1 1 0.0

TOTAL 6,515,009 4,085,807 62.7 190,342 2.9 678,900 10.4 613,193 9.4 669,874 10.3 276,892 4.3

*This table is a revised version of Tables C.3 in FTC (2008). The new table includes the estimated cost of any premiums in the media category Premiums, to parallel the treatment in the 2009 data. In the earlier report, the actual cost of the toy or other premium was notincluded in category’s spending.

**Companies were required to report spending for "All Ages" in a promotional activity only when they had child‐ or teen‐directed marketing in that activity for the product. Thus, the "All Ages" data reported here do not include any spending for a product in promotional

activities that did not have child‐ or teen‐directed marketing for that product. Separately, companies were required to report total marketing for each product. Food category totals based on "Total Marketing" expenditure data are reported in Table II.1 and give a more

complete picture of total spending to all ages, resulting in "Total Marketing" expenditures to all ages of $10.0 billion, compared to the $6.5 billion reported in this table.

C-14
Table C.8: Reported Marketing That Uses Cross‐Promotions or Celebrities, 2006 (Revised)*

Children 2‐11

Food Category Total Reported Child 2‐11 Marketing ($1000)

Reported Expenditures for

Cross‐Promotions

Reported Expenditures for

Marketing with Celebrities

Value ($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage

Restaurant Foods 604,771 498,464 82.4 1,862 0.3

Carbonated Beverages 96,024 19,077 19.9 0 0.0

Breakfast Cereal 228,983 56,247 24.6 0 0.0

Snack Foods 112,607 17,123 15.2 0 0.0

Juice & Non‐carbonated Bevs. 70,302 3,343 4.8 0 0.0Candy/Froz. Desserts 60,708 4,224 7.0 684 1.1

Dairy Products 29,602 8,474 28.6 0 0.0

Prepared Foods & Meals 59,821 8,584 14.3 70 0.1Baked Goods 61,147 5,648 9.2 350 0.6

Fruits & Vegetables 8,510 3,977 46.7 285 3.3TOTAL 1,332,473 625,162 46.9 3,251 0.2

Teens 12‐17

Food Category Total Reported Teen 12‐17 Marketing ($1000)

Reported Expenditures for

Cross‐Promotions

Reported Expenditures for

Marketing with Celebrities

Value ($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage

Restaurant Foods 140,487 1,460 1.0 1,119 0.8Carbonated Beverages 507,918 42,634 8.4 3,700 0.7Breakfast Cereal 71,266 32,495 45.6 0 0.0Snack Foods 51,354 12,660 24.7 1,455 2.8Juice & Non‐carbonated Bevs. 108,476 658 0.6 0 0.0Candy/Froz. Desserts 98,998 3,169 3.2 5,014 5.1

Dairy Products 38,477 5,315 13.8 13,852 36.0

Prepared Foods & Meals 17,791 1,220 6.9 70 0.4Baked Goods 39,649 3,292 8.3 350 0.9

Fruits & Vegetables 6,336 958 15.1 285 4.5

TOTAL 1,080,751 103,861 9.6 25,845 2.4

(continued)

C-15
Table C.8: Reported Marketing That Uses Cross‐Promotions or Celebrities, 2006 (Revised)* (continued)

Youth 2‐17

Food Category Total Reported Youth 2‐17 Marketing ($1000)

Reported Expenditures for

Cross‐Promotions

Reported Expenditures for

Marketing with Celebrities

Value ($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage

Restaurant Foods 732,644 499,884 68.2 1,902 0.3

Carbonated Beverages 526,370 42,919 8.2 3,700 0.7Breakfast Cereal 236,553 56,592 23.9 0 0.0

Snack Foods 138,713 27,229 19.6 1,455 1.0

Juice & Non‐carbonated Bevs. 146,601 3,473 2.4 0 0.0Candy/Froz. Desserts 117,694 6,919 5.9 5,014 4.3

Dairy Products 54,645 9,456 17.3 13,852 25.3

Prepared Foods & Meals 64,143 8,595 13.4 70 0.1

Baked Goods 62,549 6,873 11.0 350 0.6Fruits & Vegetables 11,563 4,165 36.0 470 4.1TOTAL 2,091,474 666,106 31.8 26,813 1.3

*This table is a revised version of Tables C.3 in FTC (2008). The new table includes the estimated cost of any premiums in the media category Premiums, to parallel the treatment in the 2009 data. In the earlier report, the actual cost of the toy or other premium was notincluded in category’s spending.

**Companies were required to report spending for "All Ages" in a promotional activity only when they had child‐ or teen‐directed marketing in that activity for the product. Thus, the "All Ages" data reported here do not include any spending for a product in promotional

activities that did not have child‐ or teen‐directed marketing for that product. Separately, companies were required to report total marketing for each product. Food category totals based on "Total Marketing" expenditure data are reported in Table II.1 and give a more

complete picture of total spending to all ages, resulting in "Total Marketing" expenditures to all ages of $10.0 billion, compared to the $6.5 billion reported in this table.

All Ages**

Food Category All Ages Reported Marketing ($1000) Reported Expenditures for Cross‐Promotions Reported Expenditures for Marketing with Celebrities

Value ($1000) Percentage Value ($1000) Percentage

Restaurant Foods 2,351,655 544,875 23.2 3,418 0.1Carbonated Beverages 1,522,149 43,997 2.9 14,363 0.9Breakfast Cereal 485,154 56,603 11.7 0 0.0

Snack Foods 520,600 37,379 7.2 1,455 0.3Juice & Non‐carbonated Bevs. 765,573 3,798 0.5 0 0.0

Candy/Froz. Desserts 335,243 6,919 2.1 5,195 1.5Dairy Products 162,705 9,513 5.8 31,674 19.5

Prepared Foods & Meals 238,749 9,095 3.8 70 0.0Baked Goods 106,219 6,873 6.5 350 0.3Fruits & Vegetables 26,961 4,165 15.4 470 1.7

TOTAL 6,515,009 723,217 11.1 56,996 0.9

C-16
Table C.9a: Average Nutritional Characteristics of All Foods Except QSRs, TV Advertising, By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 20091

Children 2‐11

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Whole Grains3 Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Calcium Vitamin D3 Potassium3 Vitamin C Vitamin A Spending4

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (mg/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Foods Except QSRs(271) 139.4 134.6 235.0 203.5 12.2 11.2 1.0 1.4 2.5 3.6 1.1 0.8 0.0 0.0 3.1 2.5 4.0 6.2 6.3 9.1 82.2 109.4 11.8 7.8 6.4 6.7 $366.1 $220.8

Advertised Both Years on

TV to Children (61) 134.4 134.6 261.3 210.0 9.8 10.6 1.2 1.4 3.6 3.6 0.8 0.6 0.0 0.0 2.8 2.4 4.5 5.4 7.8 9.3 93.5 79.3 8.2 7.7 7.2 7.1 $194.3 $151.9

Reformulated5 (34) 145.8 136.5 196.3 150.4 12.3 12.2 2.1 1.8 10.8 8.6 2.3 1.2 0.5 0.0 4.0 3.2 3.2 15.9 10.0 16.2 139.5 86.2 14.6 6.4 3.9 3.6Not Reformulated 128.9 133.4 290.8 258.2 8.1 8.9 1.0 1.2 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 2.3 2.0 4.5 4.7 7.3 8.1 71.9 75.0 7.0 7.9 7.5 7.7Number ProductsReformulated (21) (24) (23) (8) (14) (10) (4) (13) (6) (6) (13) (8) (7)

Off Market 2009 (28) 144.2 187.8 13.5 0.4 0.9 1.5 0.0 3.5 2.5 9.8 71.6 10.3 9.2 $38.6

No Longer Advertised onTV to Children 2009 (90) 145.5 210.2 15.3 0.8 1.2 1.4 0.0 3.4 3.7 3.5 67.4 17.4 4.3 $133.1

New Product 2009 (34) 118.3 113.9 13.0 1.6 2.0 1.1 0.0 2.5 9.9 9.3 143.3 11.6 3.4 $29.8

Newly Advertised on TV toChildren 2009 (58) 146.9 246.7 12.1 1.5 4.6 1.2 0.0 2.8 6.4 7.4 189.7 5.4 7.5 $39.0

Teens 12‐17

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Whole Grains3 Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Calcium Vitamin D3 Potassium3 Vitamin C Vitamin A Spending4

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (mg/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Foods Except QSRs(345) 154.0 138.5 140.5 166.1 22.4 16.3 0.5 1.1 0.6 2.5 1.7 1.1 0.0 0.0 3.6 2.8 2.0 2.5 1.0 4.5 29.2 79.4 8.5 8.8 2.1 4.0 $270.8 $234.8

Advertised Both Years on

TV to Teens (92) 156.7 138.3 134.5 131.0 25.0 19.5 0.4 0.7 0.6 2.2 1.5 1.0 0.0 0.0 3.2 2.2 1.3 1.9 0.7 4.5 21.7 34.0 10.4 8.8 1.2 3.7 $194.3 $146.7

Reformulated5 (59) 170.0 139.1 189.2 128.8 23.5 16.0 1.2 1.4 10.7 8.6 4.8 2.2 0.5 0.0 11.6 4.6 6.8 4.0 11.9 18.3 46.7 41.2 17.1 6.8 6.3 2.3Not Reformulated 152.2 138.0 86.7 133.5 25.8 21.3 0.4 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.2 0.8 0.0 0.0 2.2 1.8 1.2 1.8 0.6 2.7 15.9 31.7 10.3 9.0 1.1 3.7Number ProductsReformulated (30) (38) (32) (11) (15) (13) (3) (21) (7) (6) (23) (7) (7)

Off Market 2009 (37) 128.3 124.2 12.8 0.3 0.1 2.4 0.0 4.3 1.7 0.9 22.6 1.1 6.5 $25.6

No Longer Advertised onTV to Teens 2009 (95) 156.7 171.3 17.1 0.9 0.8 2.0 0.0 4.8 4.6 2.1 65.8 5.0 3.1 $51.0

New Product 2009 (43) 147.5 214.8 11.3 2.6 5.8 1.5 0.0 3.8 6.0 5.1 198.9 21.1 5.0 $25.9

Newly Advertised on TV toTeens 2009 (78) 135.2 228.6 10.6 1.4 1.8 1.3 0.1 3.7 2.2 4.2 142.4 3.7 4.4 $62.2

(continued)

C-17
Table C.9a: Average Nutritional Characteristics of All Foods Except QSRs, TV Advertising, By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 20091 (continued)

All Ages

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Whole Grains3 Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Calcium Vitamin D3 Potassium3 Vitamin C Vitamin A Spending4

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (mg/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Foods Except QSRs

(625) 124.4 118.0 134.7 137.4 19.9 17.1 0.6 0.8 1.7 2.2 0.9 0.9 0.0 0.0 2.3 2.4 2.8 3.6 1.9 3.0 58.1 98.2 8.8 7.9 2.5 2.8 $7,426.2 $6,683.8Advertised Both Years toYouth (189) 116.0 114.6 118.0 105.8 21.4 18.8 0.4 0.5 1.5 2.2 0.6 0.7 0.0 0.0 1.6 2.0 2.3 2.8 1.8 2.6 50.7 65.5 5.6 6.4 1.8 2.1 $6,041.3 $5,298.6

Reformulated5 (108) 134.8 130.2 119.6 104.6 19.2 18.6 1.1 1.4 16.5 13.0 3.5 3.2 0.5 0.0 6.1 5.6 6.7 5.2 8.6 13.5 67.4 61.8 14.3 17.9 5.9 2.8Not Reformulated 110.3 107.7 116.3 106.9 22.1 18.8 0.4 0.5 0.6 1.2 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.0 1.2 1.6 2.2 2.7 1.6 2.3 43.8 67.1 5.4 6.1 1.8 2.1Number ProductsReformulated (58) (63) (68) (27) (37) (28) (7) (41) (16) (13) (48) (17) (13)

Off Market 2009 (80) 102.5 121.0 10.8 0.5 0.5 1.3 0.0 2.8 3.9 1.9 55.6 8.1 7.7 $286.2

No Longer Advertised toYouth 2009 (163) 176.5 230.4 14.3 1.7 3.1 2.3 0.1 6.0 4.9 2.9 100.9 26.7 4.7 $1,098.8

New Product 2009 (82) 118.8 153.1 12.6 1.4 2.0 1.5 0.0 3.1 7.3 5.2 187.2 19.3 3.3 $513.4

Newly Advertised toYouth 2009 (111) 138.1 320.2 9.4 2.2 2.4 1.8 0.1 4.4 6.2 4.8 224.1 10.1 6.8 $871.8

1Nutrition averages are expenditure‐weighted averages based on the products for which the Commission has basic nutrition data (nutrients required in FDA labeling) and TV spending.2Each panel of the table includes only those products with reportable TV marketing expenditures for the relevant audience. Thus, for instance, in the Children 2‐11 panel, the "All" row includes all products in the relevant food category that had any reportable TV marketing

expenditures to children in 2006 or 2009. Similarly, New Product 2009 includes all new foods that were marketed to children on TV in 2009. For the All Ages panel, expenditure weights reflect spending directed to all ages, but only for products with reportable marketingexpenditures, that is, products marketed to youth (children or teens) on TV in either year. For instance, Newly Advertised to Youth 2009 in the All Ages panel reflects All‐Ages spending on products newly advertised to children or teens on TV in 2009. Number indicates the

number of products in the category.

3Data for these nutrients are not required in labeling and thus are not available for all products for which the companies reported basic nutrition data. For this food category, coverage exceeds 96% of spending for whole grains, 73% for potassium, and 62% for vitamin D for

all age groups and both years.

4Because these spending totals are based on products for which the companies provided at least basic nutrition data, they may be smaller than expenditures reported in Section II. For this food category, companies reported basic nutrition data for at least 99% of spending in

each age category and year.

5Includes products that were reformulated for the particular nutrient listed in the column heading. The number of products and the amount of spending in the reformulated versus non‐reformulated category depends on the nutrient.

C-18
Table C.9b: Average Nutritional Characteristics of All Foods Except QSRs, All Marketing, By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 20091

(continued)

Children 2‐11

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Whole Grains3 Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Calcium Vitamin D3 Potassium3 Vitamin C Vitamin A Spending4

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (mg/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Foods Except QSRs

(525) 132.7 126.5 185.6 171.5 15.6 13.1 0.7 1.1 2.0 3.1 0.8 0.7 0.0 0.0 2.4 2.2 3.2 5.5 5.2 7.5 65.8 97.2 11.5 10.6 5.5 5.4 $725.3 $455.9Advertised Both Years toChildren (146) 127.8 122.2 183.2 158.0 16.1 13.3 0.7 1.0 2.3 3.6 0.6 0.4 0.0 0.0 2.0 1.8 3.1 4.5 5.3 7.6 63.8 70.6 9.3 10.5 5.2 5.7 $534.0 $354.3

Reformulated5 (77) 140.4 121.6 147.1 125.8 15.5 12.8 1.7 1.5 11.0 8.8 2.3 1.2 0.5 0.0 3.8 3.1 7.2 16.8 9.9 15.4 97.4 84.9 19.9 7.9 4.1 3.2Not Reformulated 123.4 122.6 206.4 187.1 16.4 13.7 0.6 0.9 0.7 1.5 0.5 0.3 0.0 0.0 1.7 1.4 3.0 3.8 5.0 6.5 49.6 62.5 8.2 10.9 5.2 6.0Number ProductsReformulated (48) (45) (56) (20) (33) (24) (6) (33) (12) (12) (40) (15) (10)

Off Market 2009 (68) 139.8 179.8 13.1 0.5 1.1 1.3 0.0 3.2 3.0 8.1 83.0 11.3 9.9 $51.7

No Longer Advertised toChildren 2009 (145) 148.8 197.1 14.6 0.9 1.1 1.5 0.1 3.7 3.8 3.7 69.6 19.8 5.0 $139.6

New Product 2009 (64) 118.5 121.3 13.2 1.3 1.8 1.1 0.0 2.4 9.4 8.7 151.1 17.9 2.7 $43.0

Newly Advertised toChildren 2009 (102) 158.0 290.3 11.9 1.2 1.2 1.7 0.0 4.1 8.4 5.2 209.6 6.0 5.3 $58.6

Teens 12‐17

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Whole Grains3 Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Calcium Vitamin D3 Potassium3 Vitamin C Vitamin A Spending4

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (mg/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Foods Except QSRs

(525) 129.0 116.0 118.2 113.2 24.7 19.2 0.3 0.5 0.5 1.3 0.7 0.6 0.0 0.0 1.6 1.7 2.0 2.2 2.0 3.2 32.7 52.4 6.0 5.3 2.1 2.4 $939.7 $824.9Advertised Both Years toTeens (157) 126.8 116.4 112.4 98.9 26.0 21.1 0.2 0.4 0.5 1.2 0.6 0.5 0.0 0.0 1.3 1.4 1.7 2.1 1.9 3.2 28.9 38.4 4.8 4.9 1.6 2.3 $840.1 $684.2

Reformulated5 (92) 133.7 116.7 137.8 94.9 20.4 16.9 0.9 1.1 10.2 9.7 3.9 1.6 0.5 0.0 8.3 3.6 6.2 4.2 11.8 18.2 45.5 54.7 33.9 9.9 4.1 3.1Not Reformulated 125.4 116.4 78.5 103.8 27.6 22.7 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.1 1.9 2.6 24.7 33.7 4.3 4.6 1.6 2.3Number ProductsReformulated (47) (54) (54) (18) (28) (21) (5) (32) (12) (8) (39) (12) (9)

Off Market 2009 (64) 125.9 130.5 12.8 0.4 0.5 1.9 0.0 3.7 1.8 2.4 46.6 6.9 6.7 $35.7

No Longer Advertised toTeens 2009 (148) 159.4 188.2 14.8 1.2 1.2 2.1 0.0 5.2 5.5 3.3 84.2 20.5 5.0 $63.9

New Product 2009 (64) 132.4 175.2 12.0 2.0 4.5 1.2 0.0 3.1 5.1 4.4 164.9 22.5 4.0 $34.2

Newly Advertised toTeens 2009 (92) 107.8 185.3 9.3 0.9 1.1 1.3 0.1 3.2 2.0 2.3 125.5 2.6 2.5 $106.5

C-19
Table C.9b: Average Nutritional Characteristics of All Foods Except QSRs, All Marketing, By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 20091 (continued)

1Nutrition averages are expenditure‐weighted averages based on the products for which the Commission has basic nutrition data (nutrients required in FDA labeling).2Each panel of the table includes only those products with reportable marketing expenditures for the relevant audience. Thus, for instance, in the Children 2‐11 panel, the "All" row includes all products in the relevant food category that had any reportable marketing

expenditures to children in 2006 or 2009. Similarly, New Product 2009 includes all new foods that were marketed to children in 2009. For the All Ages panel, expenditure weights reflect spending directed to all ages, but only for products with reportable marketing

expenditures, that is, products marketed to youth (children or teens) in either year. For instance, Newly Advertised to Youth 2009 in the All Ages panel reflects All‐Ages spending on products newly advertised to children or teens in 2009. Number indicates the number ofproducts in the category.

3Data for these nutrients are not required in labeling and thus are not available for all products for which the companies reported basic nutrition data. For this food category, coverage exceeds 98% of spending for whole grains, 75% for potassium, and 65% for vitamin D for

all age groups and years.

4Because these spending totals are based on products for which the companies provided at least basic nutrition data, they may be smaller than expenditures reported in Section II. For this food category, companies reported basic nutrition data for at least 99% of spending

for all age groups and both years.

5Includes products that were reformulated for the particular nutrient listed in the column heading. The number of products and the amount of spending in the reformulated versus nonreformulated category depends on the nutrient.

All Ages

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Whole Grains3 Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Calcium Vitamin D3 Potassium3 Vitamin C Vitamin A Spending4

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (mg/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Foods Except QSRs

(625) 124.4 118.0 134.7 137.4 19.9 17.1 0.6 0.8 1.7 2.2 0.9 0.9 0.0 0.0 2.3 2.4 2.8 3.6 1.9 3.0 58.1 98.2 8.8 7.9 2.5 2.8 $7,426.2 $6,683.8

Advertised Both Years toYouth (189) 116.0 114.6 118.0 105.8 21.4 18.8 0.4 0.5 1.5 2.2 0.6 0.7 0.0 0.0 1.6 2.0 2.3 2.8 1.8 2.6 50.7 65.5 5.6 6.4 1.8 2.1 $6,041.3 $5,298.6

Reformulated5 (108) 134.8 130.2 119.6 104.6 19.2 18.6 1.1 1.4 16.5 13.0 3.5 3.2 0.5 0.0 6.1 5.6 6.7 5.2 8.6 13.5 67.4 61.8 14.3 17.9 5.9 2.8Not Reformulated 110.3 107.7 116.3 106.9 22.1 18.8 0.4 0.5 0.6 1.2 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.0 1.2 1.6 2.2 2.7 1.6 2.3 43.8 67.1 5.4 6.1 1.8 2.1Number ProductsReformulated (58) (63) (68) (27) (37) (28) (7) (41) (16) (13) (48) (17) (13)

Off Market 2009 (80) 102.5 121.0 10.8 0.5 0.5 1.3 0.0 2.8 3.9 1.9 55.6 8.1 7.7 $286.2

No Longer Advertised toYouth 2009 (163) 176.5 230.4 14.3 1.7 3.1 2.3 0.1 6.0 4.9 2.9 100.9 26.7 4.7 $1,098.8

New Product 2009 (82) 118.8 153.1 12.6 1.4 2.0 1.5 0.0 3.1 7.3 5.2 187.2 19.3 3.3 $513.4

Newly Advertised toYouth 2009 (111) 138.1 320.2 9.4 2.2 2.4 1.8 0.1 4.4 6.2 4.8 224.1 10.1 6.8 $871.8

C-20
Table C.10a: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Breakfast Cereals, TV Advertising, By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 20091

(continued)

Children 2‐11

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Whole Grains3 Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Calcium Vitamin D3 Potassium3 Vitamin C Vitamin A Spending4

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (mg/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Cereals (70) 118.9 119.9 174.1 165.1 11.8 11.0 1.3 1.8 6.3 7.4 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 1.5 1.1 4.8 3.9 9.4 12.1 65.0 53.6 12.0 11.7 10.2 10.5 $142.3 $102.0

Advertised Both Years on

TV to Children (17) 117.6 116.1 177.2 167.6 11.3 11.0 1.5 1.5 7.6 6.6 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 1.4 1.1 5.4 4.6 10.0 11.6 70.4 44.4 9.2 12.1 11.1 10.5 $92.8 $82.2

Reformulated5 (12) 117.4 111.4 177.4 151.7 12.1 11.2 2.1 2.2 10.8 10.0 2.3 2.0 10.0 25.0 117.4 39.1 0.0 10.0

Not Reformulated 117.6 118.3 177.1 177.5 10.8 10.7 1.1 1.1 2.4 1.4 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.7 5.4 4.6 10.0 10.0 49.5 46.4 10.7 12.3 11.1 10.5Number ProductsReformulated (6) (6) (7) (5) (9) (0) (0) (5) (0) (3) (5) (1) (0)

Off Market 2009 (8) 128.9 154.1 14.1 0.5 3.2 0.5 0.0 1.5 0.0 10.0 30.3 24.4 10.0 $10.6

No Longer Advertised on

TV to Children 2009 (25) 119.5 172.1 12.4 1.3 4.0 0.5 0.0 1.8 4.6 7.7 61.5 15.1 7.9 $38.9

New Product 2009 (8) 125.7 152.0 10.9 4.1 5.3 0.6 0.0 1.4 0.3 9.5 64.1 14.6 9.7 $7.0

Newly Advertised onTV to Children 2009 (12) 141.3 156.6 11.0 2.4 13.2 0.5 0.0 1.0 1.5 18.7 108.3 7.1 10.7 $12.9

Teens 12‐17

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Whole Grains3 Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Calcium Vitamin D3 Potassium3 Vitamin C Vitamin A Spending4

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (mg/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Cereals (73) 131.3 125.8 187.1 174.7 11.3 10.1 2.0 2.0 9.8 7.9 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 1.4 1.0 6.8 2.5 9.9 14.8 102.5 68.6 12.9 10.9 10.7 11.1 $14.1 $49.3

Advertised Both Years on

TV to Teens (24) 122.5 124.3 188.1 169.2 10.3 10.1 1.9 1.7 10.6 7.8 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.9 9.2 2.9 10.0 14.3 98.5 57.6 13.4 11.8 10.6 10.9 $9.0 $37.0

Reformulated5 (16) 115.2 118.0 191.1 145.9 12.5 10.7 1.8 1.7 11.3 9.8 1.8 2.0 10.0 25.0 128.9 44.7 0.0 10.0

Not Reformulated 125.9 128.9 186.9 179.9 9.6 9.4 1.9 1.7 10.1 6.7 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.6 9.2 2.9 10.0 10.0 85.5 71.0 14.2 12.1 10.6 10.9Number ProductsReformulated (8) (7) (8) (5) (9) (0) (0) (8) (0) (3) (9) (1) (0)

Off Market 2009 (9) 126.8 172.4 12.5 0.4 3.7 0.4 0.0 1.5 0.0 10.0 31.1 20.4 10.0 $0.8

No Longer Advertised on

TV to Teens 2009 (23) 150.6 187.9 13.2 2.6 9.3 0.3 0.0 1.7 3.0 9.8 124.7 10.5 11.2 $4.3

New Product 2009 (8) 148.0 212.5 10.7 4.8 13.3 0.6 0.0 1.4 0.5 9.9 139.1 13.2 10.5 $4.4Newly Advertised onTV to Teens 2009 (9) 120.7 179.1 9.9 1.9 5.2 0.8 0.0 1.2 2.1 19.1 82.2 5.5 12.7 $8.0

C-21
Table C.10a: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Breakfast Cereals, TV Advertising, By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 20091 (continued)

All Ages

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Whole Grains3 Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Calcium Vitamin D3 Potassium3 Vitamin C Vitamin A Spending4

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (mg/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Cereals (89) 138.6 127.3 181.4 168.5 10.7 8.7 2.6 3.0 12.5 14.6 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.5 1.1 7.3 7.9 9.7 10.8 124.3 100.3 13.8 15.0 10.2 9.8 $380.8 $412.0

Advertised Both Years on

TV to Youth (26) 122.2 129.2 181.7 169.1 9.2 9.2 2.0 2.3 12.2 14.9 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.2 1.0 10.4 8.4 10.0 11.6 97.7 94.2 15.4 16.4 10.8 9.7 $237.4 $330.7

Reformulated5 (17) 113.5 111.7 199.4 173.6 11.7 10.2 2.1 2.3 11.2 11.4 1.6 2.0 10.0 25.0 118.6 84.9 0.0 10.0

Not Reformulated 126.1 137.2 177.1 167.7 8.4 8.7 2.0 2.3 12.8 16.4 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.8 10.4 8.4 10.0 10.0 87.6 98.2 16.2 16.5 10.8 9.7Number ProductsReformulated (8) (7) (9) (5) (10) (0) (0) (8) (0) (3) (10) (1) (0)

Off Market 2009 (9) 126.5 192.9 11.4 0.3 2.3 0.3 0.0 1.1 0.0 10.0 29.2 20.4 10.0 $14.7

No Longer Advertised onTV to Youth 2009 (27) 170.2 179.6 13.4 4.0 14.0 0.5 0.0 2.0 2.3 9.1 184.3 10.1 9.0 $128.7

New Product 2009 (9) 134.3 173.1 10.7 4.8 9.3 0.5 0.0 1.3 0.3 9.6 114.4 14.0 10.3 $10.2

Newly Advertised onTV to Youth 2009 (18) 117.6 165.5 6.4 5.9 13.9 0.2 0.0 1.6 6.7 8.1 131.5 8.4 10.2 $71.1

1Nutrition averages are expenditure‐weighted averages based on the products for which the Commission has basic nutrition data (nutrients required in FDA labeling) and TV spending.2Each panel of the table includes only those products with reportable TV marketing expenditures for the relevant audience. Thus, for instance, in the Children 2‐11 panel, the "All" row includes all products in the relevant food category that had any reportable TV marketing

expenditures to children in 2006 or 2009. Similarly, New Product 2009 includes all new foods that were marketed to children on TV in 2009. For the All Ages panel, expenditure weights reflect spending directed to all ages, but only for products with reportable TV marketing

expenditures, that is, products marketed to youth (children or teens) in either year. For instance, Newly Advertised to Youth 2009 in the All Ages panel reflects All‐Ages spending on products newly advertised to children or teens on TV in 2009. Number indicates the number

of products in the category.

3Data for these nutrients are not required in labeling and thus are not available for all products for which the companies reported basic nutrition data. For this food category, coverage is or exceeds 100% of spending for whole grains, and 97 % for potassium; for vitamin D,

coverage exceeds 95% for children and 75% overall.

4Because these spending totals are based on products for which the companies have provided at least basic nutrition data, they may be smaller than expenditures reported in Section II. For this food category, companies reported basic nutrition data for 100% of spending.5Includes products that were reformulated for the particular nutrient listed in the column heading. The number of products and the amount of spending in the reformulated versus non‐reformulated category depends on the nutrient.

C-22
Table C.10b: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Breakfast Cereals, All Marketing, By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 20091

Children 2‐11

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Whole Grains3 Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Calcium Vitamin D3 Potassium3 Vitamin C Vitamin A Spending4

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (mg/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Cereals (120) 119.3 118.1 173.1 168.2 11.5 10.6 1.3 1.7 6.2 7.8 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 1.3 1.1 4.1 4.3 9.8 11.9 59.8 55.2 12.1 11.3 10.0 10.4 $229.0 $172.8

Advertised Both Years toChildren (44) 117.8 117.1 172.6 168.0 11.2 10.5 1.3 1.6 6.9 8.1 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 1.2 1.1 4.2 4.7 10.0 11.5 61.1 52.9 10.4 11.7 10.2 10.3 $180.9 $156.0

Reformulated5 (27) 118.2 110.7 171.8 158.7 12.8 11.2 1.7 2.1 11.0 10.4 0.9 0.5 2.1 2.0 10.0 25.0 100.0 58.5 0.7 10.0 10.0 6.0

Not Reformulated 117.6 120.0 172.8 173.0 10.4 10.1 1.2 1.4 3.1 5.3 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.8 4.2 4.7 10.0 10.0 43.9 50.6 11.3 11.8 10.2 10.3

Number ProductsReformulated (11) (7) (16) (10) (23) (2) (0) (11) (0) (4) (17) (2) (1)

Off Market 2009 (15) 127.8 161.7 13.3 0.4 3.3 0.4 0.0 1.5 0.0 10.0 30.4 23.0 10.0 $13.8

No Longer Advertised toChildren 2009 (28) 123.7 180.4 12.2 1.4 4.1 0.4 0.0 1.8 5.4 8.8 64.6 16.5 9.0 $34.3New Product 2009 (15) 125.0 152.4 10.9 3.9 5.5 0.6 0.0 1.3 0.4 9.5 62.7 14.9 9.6 $7.4

Newly Advertised toChildren 2009 (18) 129.2 184.0 10.8 1.5 4.6 0.7 0.0 1.3 0.6 18.9 89.6 1.8 13.5 $9.4

Teens 12‐17

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Whole Grains3 Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Calcium Vitamin D3 Potassium3 Vitamin C Vitamin A Spending4

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (mg/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Cereals (111) 122.3 120.6 172.4 177.6 11.2 9.8 1.3 1.7 6.6 8.5 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.2 4.5 4.5 9.9 13.2 57.5 66.5 11.8 10.1 10.0 11.0 $71.3 $103.3

Advertised Both Years toTeens (37) 120.3 119.2 171.7 176.3 11.1 9.8 1.3 1.5 6.6 8.6 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.9 1.1 4.7 5.0 10.0 12.8 54.0 61.7 11.3 10.5 10.1 10.7 $59.4 $88.7

Reformulated5 (24) 117.6 114.7 175.4 168.7 13.4 10.8 1.0 1.4 10.3 10.6 2.2 2.2 10.0 25.0 94.2 63.0 0.0 10.0

Not Reformulated 120.9 121.4 170.5 179.3 10.2 9.1 1.3 1.6 4.6 7.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.8 4.7 5.0 10.0 10.0 44.4 60.7 11.4 10.6 10.1 10.7

Number ProductsReformulated (9) (8) (13) (7) (18) (0) (0) (10) (0) (3) (13) (1) (0)

Off Market 2009 (10) 124.4 199.5 10.1 0.4 3.0 0.3 0.0 1.3 0.1 10.0 31.1 17.9 10.0 $2.9

No Longer Advertised toTeens 2009 (32) 135.0 168.9 12.8 2.0 7.6 0.2 0.0 1.6 4.6 9.3 89.0 13.6 9.5 $9.0New Product 2009 (13) 145.7 209.3 10.6 4.6 13.1 0.5 0.0 1.4 0.5 9.8 132.6 13.7 10.5 $4.7

Newly Advertised toTeens 2009 (19) 121.6 174.4 9.9 1.8 5.9 0.8 0.0 1.3 1.7 17.9 79.2 4.5 13.2 $9.9

(continued)

C-23
Table C.10b: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Breakfast Cereals, All Marketing, By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 20091 (continued)

All Ages

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Whole Grains3 Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Calcium Vitamin D3 Potassium3 Vitamin C Vitamin A Spending4

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (mg/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Cereals (122) 139.1 126.0 180.7 175.0 10.4 8.6 2.5 2.8 14.2 14.3 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.4 1.2 6.6 7.5 9.6 10.7 117.6 97.1 12.5 13.5 10.2 10.1 $792.0 $718.8

Advertised Both Years toYouth (47) 128.6 127.7 177.9 178.4 9.7 8.9 2.0 2.2 14.1 15.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.3 1.1 8.5 7.9 10.0 11.4 90.5 88.9 13.0 14.1 10.3 10.3 $562.7 $615.8

Reformulated5 (29) 130.8 118.8 190.8 179.1 12.8 10.2 1.6 2.3 18.0 14.6 2.0 0.5 2.2 2.0 10.0 25.0 108.5 91.4 0.9 10.0 10.0 6.0Not Reformulated 127.3 132.8 174.5 178.2 8.5 8.2 2.1 2.2 11.1 15.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.9 8.5 7.9 10.0 10.0 81.2 87.8 13.3 14.2 10.3 10.3Number ProductsReformulated (11) (8) (16) (10) (23) (2) (0) (12) (0) (4) (17) (2) (1)

Off Market 2009 (15) 125.7 193.1 11.2 0.3 2.5 0.3 0.0 1.1 0.0 10.0 29.3 20.0 10.0 $24.8

No Longer Advertised toYouth 2009 (28) 169.6 186.8 12.4 4.2 15.7 0.5 0.0 1.8 2.4 8.7 196.9 10.4 9.9 $204.5

New Product 2009 (15) 136.7 177.6 10.6 5.2 10.6 0.5 0.0 1.3 0.4 9.7 134.3 13.9 10.2 $11.7

Newly Advertised to

Youth 2009 (17) 113.5 151.8 6.3 6.7 10.3 0.1 0.0 1.5 5.7 7.7 144.9 8.9 8.3 $91.3

1Nutrition averages are expenditure‐weighted averages based on the products for which the Commission has basic nutrition data (nutrients required in FDA labeling).2Each panel of the table includes only those products with reportable marketing expenditures for the relevant audience. Thus, for instance, in the Children 2‐11 panel, the "All" row includes all products in the relevant food category that had any reportable marketing

expenditures to children in 2006 or 2009. Similarly, New Product 2009 includes all new foods that were marketed to children in 2009. For the All Ages panel, expenditure weights reflect spending directed to all ages, but only for products with reportable marketing

expenditures, that is, products marketed to youth (children or teens) in either year. For instance, Newly Advertised to Youth 2009 in the All Ages panel reflects All‐Ages spending on products newly advertised to children or teens in 2009. Number indicates the number ofproducts in the category.

3Data for these nutrients are not required in labeling and thus are not available for all products for which the companies reported basic nutrition data. For this food category, coverage exceeds 100% of spending for whole grains and 95% for potassium; for vitamin D, coverage

exceeds 94% for children and 76% overall in both years.

4Because these spending totals are based on products for which the companies provided at least basic nutrition data, they may be smaller than expenditures reported in Section II. For this food category, companies reported basic nutrition data for 100% of spending.5Includes products that were reformulated for the particular nutrient listed in the column heading. The number of products and the amount of spending in the reformulated versus non‐reformulated category depends on the nutrient.

C-24
Table C.11a: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Drinks, TV Advertising, By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 20091

(continued)

Children 2‐11

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Saturated Fat Fat Calcium Vitamin D3 Potassium3 Vitamin C Vitamin A Fruit/Juice6 Spending4 %Spending on

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (mg/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (g/serv) ($millions) 100% Juice 100% Water

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Drinks (44) 81.3 65.9 98.1 33.0 20.1 15.7 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 1.7 0.0 1.5 65.0 43.9 20.7 11.4 0.2 1.5 43.7 17.3 $26.2 $13.1 19% 1% 0% 0%Advertised Both Years onTV to Children (12) 81.6 57.0 96.3 50.5 19.4 14.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.8 6.9 46.0 20.7 0.0 0.0 9.4 5.7 $6.2 $2.9 1% 1% 0% 0%

Reformulated5 (6) 77.4 45.0 178.8 110.5 18.0 11.0 50.0 35.0 13.0 12.0

Not Reformulated 114.6 98.7 18.8 17.0 30.4 26.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.2 6.6 46.0 20.7 0.0 0.0 6.5 4.2 1% 1% 0% 0%

Number ProductsReformulated (3) (4) (3) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0)

Off Market 2009 (4) 117.6 66.5 23.8 0.3 0.0 0.5 12.7 0.0 182.7 22.9 17.8 0.0 $0.2 0% 0%No Longer Advertised on TVto Children 2009 (15) 80.8 99.0 20.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 82.0 12.7 0.0 55.0 $19.7 24% 0%New Product 2009 (5) 134.4 126.3 15.6 4.4 0.3 2.5 20.0 17.8 327.1 76.9 17.8 36.8 $1.1 0% 0%Newly Advertised on TV toChildren 2009 (8) 60.7 16.2 16.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 21.9 0.6 0.0 18.8 $9.1 0% 0%

Teens 12‐17

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Saturated Fat Fat Calcium Vitamin D3 Potassium3 Vitamin C Vitamin A Fruit/Juice6 Spending4 %Spending on

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (mg/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (g/serv) ($millions) 100% Juice 100% Water

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Drinks (72) 101.4 92.7 98.1 77.8 26.3 23.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.5 11.4 18.4 3.2 10.5 0.0 0.5 1.8 3.4 $123.2 $75.4 1% 1% 0% 0%Advertised Both Years on

TV to Teens (20) 109.3 108.2 112.3 79.2 28.4 27.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.2 7.3 3.2 5.5 0.0 0.0 1.3 3.1 $98.4 $55.2 0% 1% 0% 0%

Reformulated5 (11) 92.1 102.2 158.0 88.6 23.4 26.7 30.7 20.6 14.2 12.0Not Reformulated 113.3 109.4 43.2 33.0 29.6 28.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.8 5.6 3.2 5.5 0.0 0.0 0.9 2.7 0% 1% 0% 0%Number ProductsReformulated (6) (9) (6) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (5) (0) (0) (2) (0) (0)

Off Market 2009 (10) 10.0 49.7 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 7.0 0.9 0.7 0.5 $5.9 0% 0%

No Longer Advertised on

TV to Teens 2009 (23) 89.0 39.6 22.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 14.0 4.0 0.0 4.8 $19.0 2% 2%

New Product 2009 (7) 47.1 67.0 7.5 0.8 0.1 0.7 5.5 6.0 104.5 68.6 5.1 4.2 $6.6 0% 0%Newly Advertised on TV to

Teens 2009 (12) 52.0 77.3 12.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 24.8 2.2 0.1 4.1 $13.6 2% 0%

C-25
Table C.11a: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Drinks, TV Advertising, By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 20091 (continued)

All Ages

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Saturated Fat Fat Calcium Vitamin D3 Potassium3 Vitamin C Vitamin A Fruit/Juice6 Spending4 %Spending on

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (mg/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (g/serv) ($millions) 100% Juice 100% Water

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Drinks (82) 84.5 86.9 67.3 57.0 22.2 22.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 1.4 0.0 1.0 29.2 54.7 6.5 16.1 0.1 0.8 7.2 17.9 $967.4 $700.0 3% 6% 1% 0%

Advertised Both Years onTV to Youth (30) 87.3 90.9 69.4 55.0 23.0 24.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 29.5 31.6 6.3 9.2 0.0 0.0 7.0 12.6 $888.5 $533.6 3% 5% 1% 0%

Reformulated5 (17) 88.8 73.8 102.7 73.5 22.6 19.4 35.9 19.5 14.5 14.1

Not Reformulated 86.6 97.4 35.8 33.2 23.2 26.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 24.0 38.2 6.3 9.2 0.0 0.0 6.8 12.5 3% 5% 1% 0%Number ProductsReformulated (11) (14) (11) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (7) (0) (0) (2) (0) (0)

Off Market 2009 (10) 27.6 49.5 5.8 0.0 0.0 0.1 3.2 0.0 29.7 3.5 2.7 1.5 $44.9 0% 0%

No Longer Advertised on

TV to Youth 2009 (16) 87.3 35.9 21.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.3 0.0 22.2 16.6 0.0 19.9 $33.9 9% 0%

New Product 2009 (10) 51.4 46.3 11.4 0.5 0.0 0.1 2.4 2.0 60.6 40.3 0.4 29.3 $83.7 2% 0%

Newly Advertised onTV to Youth 2009 (16) 96.7 81.1 18.7 0.8 0.3 1.0 8.6 6.4 195.6 36.4 6.0 40.7 $82.7 16% 0%

1Nutrition averages are expenditure‐weighted averages based on the products for which the Commission has basic nutrition data (nutrients required in FDA labeling) and TV spending. Whole Grains and Transfat content are not included in the table;

content is zero for all cells for these nutrients.

2Each panel of the table includes only those products with reportable TV marketing expenditures for the relevant audience. Thus, for instance, in the Children 2‐11 panel, the "All" row includes all products in the relevant food category that had any

reportable TV marketing expenditures to children in 2006 or 2009. Similarly, New Product 2009 includes all new products that were marketed to children on TV in 2009. For the All Ages panel, expenditure weights reflect spending directed to all ages,

but only for products with reportable TV marketing expenditures, that is, products marketed to youth (children or teens) on TV in either year. For instance, Newly Advertised to Youth 2009 in the All Ages panel reflects All‐Ages spending on products

newly advertised to children or teens on TV in 2009. Number indicates the number of products in the category.

3Data for these nutrients are not required in labeling and thus are not available for all products for which the companies reported basic nutrition data. For this food category, coverage exceeds 99% of spending for children and 90% of spending overall

for potassium; for vitamin D, coverage is 100% for children and exceeds 85% overall in both years.

4Because these spending totals are based on products for which the companies provided at least basic nutrition data, they may be smaller than expenditures reported in Section II. For this food category, companies reported basic nutrition data for 100%

of spending.

5Includes products that were reformulated for the particular nutrient listed in the column heading. The number of products and the amount of spending in the reformulated versus non‐reformulated category depends on the nutrient.6The amount of fruit or fruit juice in grams per serving.

C-26
Table C.11b: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Drinks, All Marketing, By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 20091

(continued)

Children 2‐11

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Saturated Fat Fat Calcium Vitamin D3 Potassium3 Vitamin C Vitamin A Fruit/Juice6 Spending4 %Spending on

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (mg/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (g/serv) ($millions) 100% Juice 100% Water

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Drinks (92) 107.7 89.7 55.5 42.2 28.8 23.8 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.7 0.0 0.4 28.9 45.1 10.7 14.4 1.4 0.5 18.4 26.1 $166.3 $85.9 8% 9% 10% 7%Advertised Both Years to

Children (39) 108.2 98.0 56.5 47.3 29.1 26.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.0 0.0 22.9 45.5 9.3 14.5 0.8 0.4 14.6 27.7 $159.0 $67.7 6% 11% 10% 8%

Reformulated5 (14) 82.8 64.9 83.3 64.9 20.9 17.3 0.5 0.0 1.0 0.5 34.8 25.8 13.0 12.0

Not Reformulated 115.1 108.2 11.5 15.9 31.3 29.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.0 0.0 18.7 50.7 9.3 14.5 0.8 0.4 14.7 28.1 6% 11% 10% 8%Number ProductsReformulated (11) (11) (11) (0) (1) (1) (0) (0) (7) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0)

Off Market 2009 (9) 118.6 68.6 19.6 0.4 0.0 0.8 19.6 0.0 288.2 48.5 27.5 16.3 $1.4 13% 0%No Longer Advertised to

Children 2009 (20) 90.6 26.7 21.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 116.5 38.7 11.7 118.8 $5.9 54% 1%New Product 2009 (11) 88.4 61.6 14.4 1.9 0.1 0.9 9.7 9.7 180.7 80.2 6.1 45.4 $3.1 3% 0%

Newly Advertised to

Children 2009 (13) 52.7 15.3 14.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 18.1 0.1 0.0 15.0 $15.1 0% 2%

Teens 12‐17

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Saturated Fat Fat Calcium Vitamin D3 Potassium3 Vitamin C Vitamin A Fruit/Juice6 Spending4 %Spending on

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (mg/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (g/serv) ($millions) 100% Juice 100% Water

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Drinks (123) 111.1 91.2 96.1 65.2 29.2 23.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 9.2 12.3 3.0 3.2 0.3 0.1 2.9 3.4 $616.4 $477.5 1% 1% 6% 7%Advertised Both Years to

Teens (50) 112.8 98.4 97.6 63.7 29.7 26.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 9.2 10.5 1.6 2.2 0.2 0.1 2.8 3.5 $597.0 $423.3 1% 1% 6% 8%

Reformulated5 (23) 90.0 87.7 129.4 78.1 23.0 23.8 0.5 0.0 1.0 0.5 27.6 28.4 10.0 0.0 14.0 13.9Not Reformulated 116.1 100.6 29.0 29.6 30.7 26.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 3.8 6.8 1.6 2.2 0.2 0.1 2.7 3.4 1% 1% 6% 8%Number ProductsReformulated (13) (16) (14) (0) (1) (1) (0) (0) (10) (1) (0) (2) (0) (0)

Off Market 2009 (14) 30.8 45.7 6.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 7.9 18.1 0.6 4.3 $8.4 0% 0%

No Longer Advertised to

Teens 2009 (27) 79.9 52.0 20.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.0 63.4 6.1 5.6 $11.0 1% 4%New Product 2009 (13) 56.6 48.7 11.4 0.5 0.0 0.4 4.0 4.1 70.4 50.9 3.0 6.1 $11.3 1% 0%Newly Advertised to

Teens 2009 (19) 28.8 84.2 5.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 16.9 0.7 0.0 1.3 $42.9 1% 1%

C-27
Table C.11b: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Drinks, All Marketing, By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 20091 (continued)

1Nutrition averages are expenditure‐weighted averages based on the products for which the Commission has basic nutrition data (nutrients required in FDA labeling). Whole Grains and Transfat content are not included in the table; content is zero for all

cells for these nutrients.

2Each panel of the table includes only those products with reportable marketing expenditures for the relevant audience. Thus, for instance, in the Children 2‐11 panel, the "All" row includes all products in the relevant food category that had any

reportable marketing expenditures to children in 2006 or 2009. Similarly, New Product 2009 includes all new products that were marketed to children in 2009. For the All Ages panel, expenditure weights reflect spending directed to all ages, but only for

products with reportable marketing expenditures, that is, products marketed to youth (children or teens) in either year. For instance, Newly Advertised to Youth 2009 in the All Ages panel reflects All‐Ages spending on products newly advertised to

children or teens in 2009. Number indicates the number of products in the category.

3Data for these nutrients are not required in labeling and thus are not available for all products for which the companies reported basic nutrition data. For this food category, coverage exceeds 92% of spending for children and 80% overall for potassium;

for vitamin D, coverage exceeds 84% for children and 90% overall in both years.

4Because these spending totals are based on products for which the companies provided at least basic nutrition data, they may be smaller than expenditures reported in Section II. For this food category, companies reported basic nutrition data for 100%

of spending.

5Includes products that were reformulated for the particular nutrient listed in the column heading. The number of products and the amount of spending in the reformulated versus non‐reformulated category depends on the nutrient.6The amount of fruit or fruit juice in grams per serving.

All Ages

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Saturated Fat Fat Calcium Vitamin D3 Potassium3 Vitamin C Vitamin A Fruit/Juice6 Spending4 %Spending on

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (mg/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (g/serv) ($millions) 100% Juice 100% Water

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Drinks (133) 96.7 87.2 57.6 51.6 25.9 22.9 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.8 0.0 0.4 25.2 38.4 9.9 8.6 0.4 0.4 10.2 11.3 $4,460.6 $3,500.6 4% 4% 6% 5%Advertised Both Years to

Youth (53) 98.5 89.4 60.5 49.7 26.4 24.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 24.7 31.0 5.1 6.2 0.1 0.0 9.1 11.5 $4,070.3 $3,132.2 4% 5% 6% 5%

Reformulated5 (24) 88.4 92.3 81.0 63.9 22.5 24.7 0.5 0.0 1.0 0.5 33.2 22.6 10.0 0.0 15.1 15.2

Not Reformulated 100.6 88.6 29.0 31.2 27.3 23.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 21.4 34.1 5.1 6.2 0.1 0.0 9.0 11.5 4% 5% 6% 5%

Number ProductsReformulated (14) (17) (15) (0) (1) (1) (0) (0) (10) (1) (0) (2) (0) (0)

Off Market 2009 (16) 52.8 52.7 11.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 4.6 0.0 82.6 14.3 5.7 2.5 $102.0 0% 0%

No Longer Advertised to

Youth 2009 (32) 86.4 18.4 22.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 19.4 76.2 1.8 28.4 $288.4 8% 5%

New Product 2009 (15) 42.9 41.0 9.7 0.4 0.0 0.0 2.1 1.6 49.2 43.0 0.2 21.6 $166.7 1% 0%

Newly Advertised to

Youth 2009 (17) 89.2 89.9 16.3 0.8 0.5 1.2 10.0 5.9 159.9 17.2 5.9 0.0 $201.7 0% 0%

C-28
Table C.12a: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Dairy Products, TV Advertising, By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 20091

(continued)

Children 2‐11

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Whole Grains3 Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Calcium Vitamin D3 Potassium3 Vitamin C Vitamin A Spending4

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (mg/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Dairy Products (20) 94.5 82.5 70.6 47.3 13.1 12.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.5 0.0 0.0 2.0 1.0 12.5 16.3 12.4 10.9 141.9 137.5 0.0 0.1 5.2 4.0 $16.1 $30.8

Advertised Both Years on

TV to Children (4) 94.6 78.2 47.2 38.8 13.9 12.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.5 10.1 15.0 10.3 10.3 143.3 118.2 0.0 0.0 4.7 6.2 $12.9 $18.0

Reformulated5 (2) 93.7 76.3 46.8 37.9 13.7 12.6 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.2 0.0 1.8 0.5 25.0 10.0 141.9 115.3 0.0 0.0 4.2

Not Reformulated 170.0 170.0 80.0 80.0 27.0 27.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 1.5 10.1 10.3 10.3 10.6 260.0 260.0 0.0 0.0 10.1 10.3Number ProductsReformulated (3) (3) (3) (1) (1) (3) (1) (3) (1) (1) (3) (1) (2)

Off Market 2009 (2) 110.8 82.1 18.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 18.2 15.0 155.7 0.0 9.1 $1.3

No Longer Advertised on

TV to Children 2009 (5) 83.7 220.0 4.8 0.0 0.0 2.7 0.0 4.4 24.7 17.4 123.6 0.1 6.2 $1.9

New Product 2009 (8) 88.5 59.4 12.5 0.1 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.8 18.1 11.4 164.7 0.1 0.9 $12.7

Newly Advertised onTV to Children 2009 (1) 90.0 60.0 13.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 1.0 20.0 10.0 180.0 0.0 10.0 $0.1

Teens 12‐17

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Whole Grains3 Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Calcium Vitamin D3 Potassium3 Vitamin C Vitamin A Spending4

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (mg/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Dairy Products (23) 113.6 108.0 131.9 93.4 12.5 14.6 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 2.1 1.3 0.0 0.0 3.5 2.2 21.0 15.0 17.0 11.1 194.9 157.3 0.2 0.0 9.1 6.8 $5.1 $11.9

Advertised Both Years on

TV to Teens (5) 111.0 114.1 152.1 119.1 13.4 15.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 1.2 0.0 0.0 3.0 2.1 18.8 17.2 15.2 14.9 150.8 163.5 0.0 0.0 8.0 10.3 $2.3 $6.0

Reformulated5 (4) 80.9 70.1 188.9 149.7 13.7 11.8 2.1 1.3 3.5 2.4 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 95.1 87.9 0.0 8.0

Not Reformulated 156.2 165.7 80.0 80.0 13.3 17.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 1.1 0.0 0.0 2.2 1.7 15.9 16.2 15.3 17.1 234.8 252.2 0.0 0.0 9.4 10.7Number ProductsReformulated (3) (4) (2) (0) (0) (3) (0) (3) (1) (1) (3) (0) (1)

Off Market 2009 (2) 103.2 75.6 16.9 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.6 16.8 15.0 144.0 0.0 8.4 $0.1

No Longer Advertised on

TV to Teens 2009 (4) 116.4 117.1 11.5 0.0 0.0 2.5 0.1 4.1 23.0 18.5 235.6 0.3 10.2 $2.6

New Product 2009 (9) 103.0 62.2 15.7 0.6 0.0 0.8 0.0 1.5 13.8 8.8 164.8 0.0 2.2 $4.7

Newly Advertised onTV to Teens 2009 (3) 97.7 88.7 5.7 0.0 0.0 3.9 0.0 5.9 9.5 4.2 96.5 0.0 7.6 $1.2

C-29
Table C.12a: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Dairy Products, TV Advertising, By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 20091 (continued)

All Ages

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Whole Grains3 Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Calcium Vitamin D3 Potassium3 Vitamin C Vitamin A Spending4

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (mg/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Dairy Products (27) 110.9 113.7 124.6 85.0 12.5 16.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 2.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 3.3 1.9 19.7 17.5 16.8 13.6 182.3 193.8 0.1 0.0 8.7 7.1 $98.7 $258.2Advertised Both Years on

TV to Youth (7) 111.7 131.1 134.5 103.9 14.1 19.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 1.1 0.0 0.0 2.4 1.8 19.2 18.8 16.7 16.5 172.2 195.6 0.0 0.0 9.5 11.4 $59.2 $98.7

Reformulated5 (5) 80.6 69.8 183.3 143.3 13.7 12.5 0.0 0.0 2.1 1.1 0.0 3.6 2.2 25.0 21.4 15.0 10.0 93.9 88.9 0.0 0.0 4.6Not Reformulated 141.6 164.7 81.8 80.2 14.2 21.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 1.1 0.0 0.0 1.3 1.6 17.0 18.1 17.4 18.4 247.5 254.0 0.0 0.0 10.8 12.5

Number ProductsReformulated (4) (5) (3) (1) (1) (4) (1) (4) (2) (2) (4) (1) (2)

Off Market 2009 (2) 36.5 18.5 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.9 4.1 15.0 40.6 0.0 2.1 $6.0

No Longer Advertised on

TV to Youth 2009 (3) 122.9 126.2 11.0 0.0 0.0 3.3 0.1 5.4 23.4 17.2 225.6 0.4 8.5 $33.5

New Product 2009 (11) 101.0 63.8 14.9 0.7 0.0 0.8 0.0 1.4 14.6 9.9 171.6 0.0 2.7 $117.5

Newly Advertised onTV to Youth 2009 (4) 108.4 99.7 11.8 0.1 0.0 2.4 0.0 3.8 22.6 17.7 251.7 0.0 9.2 $42.1

1Nutrition averages are expenditure‐weighted averages based on the products for which the Commission has basic nutrition data (nutrients required in FDA labeling) and TV spending.2Each panel of the table includes only those products with reportable TV marketing expenditures for the relevant audience. Thus, for instance, in the Children 2‐11 panel, the "All" row includes all products in the relevant food category that had any reportable TV marketing

expenditures to children in 2006 or 2009. Similarly, New Product 2009 includes all new foods that were marketed to children on TV in 2009. For the All Ages panel, expenditure weights reflect spending directed to all ages, but only for products with reportable marketingexpenditures, that is, products marketed to youth (children or teens) on TV in either year. For instance, Newly Advertised to Youth 2009 in the All Ages panel reflects All‐Ages spending on products newly advertised to children or teens on TV in 2009. Number indicates the

number of products in the category.

3Data for these nutrients are not required in labeling and thus are not available for all products for which the companies reported basic nutrition data. For this food category, coverage is 100% of spending for whole grains and potassium; for vitamin D, coverage exceeds 56%

for children and 88% overall in both years.

4Because these spending totals are based on products for which the companies provided at least basic nutrition data, they may be smaller than expenditures reported in Section II. For this food category, companies reported basic nutrition data for 100% of spending.5Includes products that were reformulated for the particular nutrient listed in the column heading. The number of products and the amount of spending in the reformulated versus non‐reformulated category depends on the nutrient.

C-30
Table C.12b: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Dairy Products, All Marketing, By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 20091

(continued)

Children 2‐11

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Whole Grains3 Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Calcium Vitamin D3 Potassium3 Vitamin C Vitamin A Spending4

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (mg/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Dairy Products (29) 98.5 80.7 75.2 57.7 13.6 12.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.6 0.0 0.0 2.1 1.2 15.7 17.4 16.6 11.0 187.8 135.8 0.2 0.1 6.3 4.3 $29.6 $48.3

Advertised Both Years to

Children (8) 95.9 77.7 70.6 57.1 13.3 12.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.9 14.8 16.9 16.0 10.8 182.0 122.3 0.0 0.0 5.9 5.9 $26.4 $32.8

Reformulated5 (6) 94.6 76.1 64.0 55.8 13.9 12.7 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.4 0.0 2.0 0.8 25.0 24.1 15.0 10.0 141.7 114.1 2.0 0.0 0.0 3.7Not Reformulated 102.4 124.2 104.1 96.4 7.7 8.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 1.3 0.0 0.0 2.6 2.5 14.3 12.3 16.1 11.7 368.6 339.9 0.0 0.0 9.5 9.1Number ProductsReformulated (6) (6) (5) (2) (1) (6) (1) (5) (2) (2) (5) (2) (2)

Off Market 2009 (7) 120.5 115.4 17.7 0.6 0.0 0.6 0.0 1.6 20.7 16.9 207.7 2.3 9.5 $2.3

No Longer Advertised toChildren 2009 (5) 118.7 106.2 13.3 0.0 0.0 2.4 0.1 3.7 26.1 26.0 309.4 0.6 10.5 $0.9

New Product 2009 (9) 87.0 59.0 12.1 0.1 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.8 18.4 11.4 164.3 0.2 1.0 $15.5

Newly Advertised to

Children 2009 (0) $0.0

Teens 12‐17

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Whole Grains3 Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Calcium Vitamin D3 Potassium3 Vitamin C Vitamin A Spending4

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (mg/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Dairy Products (32) 107.5 98.8 101.8 94.8 14.2 12.6 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.6 1.3 0.0 0.0 2.7 2.1 25.8 22.4 25.5 21.2 307.6 258.1 0.2 0.0 9.1 8.8 $38.5 $39.5

Advertised Both Years to

Teens (8) 106.3 98.3 99.8 99.2 14.3 12.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 1.2 0.0 0.0 2.5 2.1 26.0 24.0 26.2 23.7 313.0 276.2 0.1 0.0 9.0 9.7 $34.6 $33.9

Reformulated5 (7) 115.6 79.6 90.3 93.9 14.4 12.1 1.0 0.0 1.6 0.8 2.1 1.5 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 143.6 121.1 2.0 0.0 0.0 8.0

Not Reformulated 102.2 108.1 104.2 102.0 13.2 13.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 1.5 0.0 0.0 2.7 2.4 26.0 24.3 26.5 24.8 367.8 355.8 0.0 0.0 10.0 9.9Number ProductsReformulated (5) (6) (4) (1) (0) (5) (0) (4) (1) (1) (4) (1) (1)

Off Market 2009 (7) 123.3 129.2 18.1 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.0 1.3 24.5 17.8 287.8 1.5 9.7 $0.8

No Longer Advertised toTeens 2009 (5) 117.2 116.8 11.6 0.0 0.0 2.6 0.1 4.2 23.9 20.2 250.9 0.4 10.0 $3.1

New Product 2009 (10) 102.3 61.9 15.6 0.5 0.0 0.8 0.0 1.5 13.7 9.0 164.5 0.0 2.4 $4.9

Newly Advertised to

Teens 2009 (2) 101.6 106.2 1.2 0.0 0.0 5.9 0.0 8.8 2.8 0.8 45.7 0.1 6.1 $0.7

C-31
Table C.12b: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Dairy Products, All Marketing, By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 20091 (continued)

All Ages

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Whole Grains3 Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Calcium Vitamin D3 Potassium3 Vitamin C Vitamin A Spending4

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (mg/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Dairy Products (35) 106.6 109.1 127.9 97.9 12.6 14.5 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 1.9 1.4 0.0 0.0 3.2 2.3 23.2 18.9 21.0 15.1 236.1 206.5 0.2 0.0 8.5 7.5 $265.8 $459.1

Advertised Both Years toYouth (10) 110.6 115.2 137.1 116.9 13.9 15.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 1.3 0.0 0.0 2.9 2.2 25.1 22.9 22.2 19.6 259.1 239.6 0.1 0.0 9.2 10.2 $206.8 $272.1

Reformulated5 (8) 105.0 90.1 197.2 152.7 15.2 14.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 1.4 0.0 3.6 2.1 25.0 21.2 15.0 10.0 94.7 101.5 2.0 0.0 0.0 5.1

Not Reformulated 113.6 130.2 97.1 91.6 12.1 17.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 1.3 0.0 0.0 2.6 2.3 25.1 23.2 23.6 21.5 322.5 304.2 0.0 0.0 9.9 10.8Number ProductsReformulated (6) (7) (5) (2) (1) (6) (1) (5) (2) (2) (5) (2) (2)

Off Market 2009 (7) 37.1 27.2 3.8 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.0 1.3 4.1 18.1 34.2 0.9 1.9 $20.3

No Longer Advertised toYouth 2009 (4) 121.9 131.3 10.1 0.0 0.0 3.5 0.1 5.7 23.2 15.8 209.5 0.4 8.3 $38.8

New Product 2009 (12) 99.3 64.0 14.6 0.7 0.0 0.7 0.0 1.3 14.5 10.1 172.3 0.0 3.1 $161.1

Newly Advertised toYouth 2009 (2) 105.5 109.1 2.7 0.1 0.0 5.6 0.0 8.4 4.5 2.7 70.9 0.4 6.4 $25.9

1Nutrition averages are expenditure‐weighted averages based on the products for which the Commission has basic nutrition data (nutrients required in FDA labeling).2Each panel of the table includes only those products with reportable marketing expenditures for the relevant audience. Thus, for instance, in the Children 2‐11 panel, the "All" row includes all products in the relevant food category that had any reportable marketing

expenditures to children in 2006 or 2009. Similarly, New Product 2009 includes all new foods that were marketed to children in 2009. For the All Ages panel, expenditure weights reflect spending directed to all ages, but only for products with reportable marketing

expenditures, that is, products marketed to youth (children or teens) in either year. For instance, Newly Advertised to Youth 2009 in the All Ages panel reflects All‐Ages spending on products newly advertised to children or teens in 2009. Number indicates the number ofproducts in the category.

3Data for these nutrients are not required in labeling and thus are not available for all products for which the companies reported basic nutrition data. For this food category, coverage exceeds 99% of spending for whole grains and potassium; for vitamin D, coverage exceeds

66% for children and 89% overall for both years.

4Because these spending totals are based on products for which the companies provided at least basic nutrition data, they may be smaller than expenditures reported in Section II. For this food category, companies reported basic nutrition data for 99% of spending.5Includes products that were reformulated for the particular nutrient listed in the column heading. The number of products and the amount of spending in the reformulated versus non‐reformulated category depends on the nutrient.

C-32
Table C.13a: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Snack Foods, TV Advertising, By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 20091

(continued)

Children 2‐11

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Whole Grains3 Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Calcium Vitamin C Vitamin A Spending4

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Snack Foods (48) 115.6 109.0 168.0 147.3 5.6 5.3 0.4 0.5 0.0 1.0 1.3 0.7 0.1 0.0 4.3 3.2 2.7 2.7 18.5 6.5 0.2 0.1 $69.3 $27.4

Advertised Both Years on

TV to Children (7) 106.7 106.2 141.9 144.9 6.0 5.1 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.0 3.1 3.0 1.8 1.9 13.8 5.1 0.2 0.1 $32.5 $19.1

Reformulated5 (6) 159.4 150.0 91.9 64.0 11.9 10.6 6.4 13.6 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 25.0 10.0Not Reformulated 101.1 104.2 190.8 195.0 2.1 2.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 3.1 3.0 1.8 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1

Number ProductsReformulated (3) (4) (3) (0) (2) (1) (1) (0) (0) (3) (0)

Off Market 2009 (6) 82.0 67.8 10.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.0 1.5 0.3 21.4 0.1 $6.3

No Longer Advertised on

TV to Children 2009 (20) 132.0 216.2 4.3 0.7 0.0 2.2 0.0 6.2 4.2 22.9 0.2 $30.6

New Product 2009 (4) 104.9 110.3 7.2 2.0 4.9 1.1 0.0 3.1 3.5 5.3 0.0 $3.6

Newly Advertised onTV to Children 2009 (11) 123.5 186.7 4.8 0.7 1.4 1.2 0.0 4.0 5.5 13.1 0.6 $4.6

Teens 12‐17

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Whole Grains3 Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Calcium Vitamin C Vitamin A Spending4

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Snack Foods (68) 145.3 139.4 237.5 224.2 3.2 3.7 1.3 1.5 0.5 4.3 2.5 2.4 0.0 0.2 7.7 7.3 3.6 2.4 3.2 1.6 0.6 0.6 $25.2 $33.1

Advertised Both Years on

TV to Teens (17) 148.1 139.3 229.8 181.4 2.5 4.2 1.2 1.2 0.7 2.7 2.7 2.2 0.0 0.0 8.4 7.0 1.4 1.3 1.6 1.3 0.3 0.1 $19.3 $14.9

Reformulated5 (16) 148.1 147.8 268.1 192.6 2.1 3.5 0.7 1.2 7.4 11.9 2.6 1.4 0.5 0.0 8.5 5.8 0.0 2.0 25.0 10.0

Not Reformulated 148.1 132.1 170.8 164.7 2.8 4.6 1.3 1.2 0.0 0.0 2.7 2.2 0.0 0.0 8.4 7.2 1.6 1.1 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.1Number ProductsReformulated (6) (10) (5) (3) (4) (2) (1) (3) (1) (3) (0)

Off Market 2009 (6) 115.6 86.7 10.6 0.6 0.1 1.9 0.0 4.6 0.1 9.2 0.1 $0.7

No Longer Advertised on

TV to Teens 2009 (16) 138.8 287.6 4.9 1.5 0.3 1.8 0.0 5.5 11.9 8.1 2.0 $5.2

New Product 2009 (6) 116.5 82.1 6.4 5.6 11.8 1.9 0.0 4.3 6.4 1.7 0.0 $2.1

Newly Advertised onTV to Teens 2009 (23) 142.5 282.2 2.9 1.3 4.2 2.7 0.3 8.0 3.0 1.8 1.1 $16.1

C-33
Table C.13a: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Snack Foods, TV Advertising, By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 20091 (continued)

All Ages

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Whole Grains3 Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Calcium Vitamin C Vitamin A Spending4

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Snack Foods (81) 132.3 135.7 174.0 179.0 4.9 4.1 0.9 1.5 1.2 5.6 1.8 1.6 0.0 0.0 6.4 6.3 2.4 2.1 5.4 1.5 0.7 0.4 $346.1 $319.5

Advertised Both Years on

TV to Youth (23) 133.9 142.8 180.2 180.3 4.2 3.8 1.0 1.1 1.3 3.6 1.8 1.6 0.0 0.0 6.7 6.8 1.3 1.4 3.9 1.7 0.1 0.2 $238.6 $222.5

Reformulated5 (20) 145.9 159.8 184.7 192.4 5.2 6.8 0.8 1.7 10.7 16.6 2.8 1.8 0.5 0.0 7.3 6.5 0.0 2.0 25.0 10.0Not Reformulated 129.7 132.4 176.6 172.2 3.9 2.4 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 1.6 0.0 0.0 6.5 6.9 1.4 1.4 2.2 1.2 0.1 0.2Number ProductsReformulated (7) (11) (7) (4) (4) (4) (1) (4) (1) (3) (0)

Off Market 2009 (7) 122.2 89.3 10.2 0.9 2.1 2.0 0.0 5.0 2.7 5.8 2.6 $23.0

No Longer Advertised onTV to Youth 2009 (24) 130.5 179.7 5.4 0.8 0.6 1.7 0.1 6.2 5.4 9.6 1.7 $84.5

New Product 2009 (7) 113.0 122.0 5.7 3.2 6.9 1.7 0.0 4.1 4.3 2.6 0.0 $13.4

Newly Advertised onTV to Youth 2009 (20) 120.3 184.7 4.5 2.2 9.5 1.4 0.1 5.2 3.5 0.9 0.8 $83.6

1Nutrition averages are expenditure‐weighted averages based on the products for which the Commission has basic nutrition data (nutrients required in FDA labeling) and TV spending.2Each panel of the table includes only those products with reportable TV marketing expenditures for the relevant audience. Thus, for instance, in the Children 2‐11 panel, the "All" row includes all products in the relevant food category that had any

reportable TV marketing expenditures to children in 2006 or 2009. Similarly, New Product 2009 includes all new foods that were marketed to children on TV in 2009. For the All Ages panel, expenditure weights reflect spending directed to all ages, but

only for products with reportable marketing expenditures, that is, products marketed to youth (children or teens) on TV in either year. For instance, Newly Advertised to Youth 2009 in the All Ages panel reflects All‐Ages spending on products newlyadvertised to children or teens on TV in 2009. Number indicates the number of products in the category.

3Data for these nutrients are not required in labeling and thus are not available for all products for which the companies reported basic nutrition data. For this food category, coverage exceeds 93% of spending for children and 83% overall for whole

grains. Data on potassium and vitamin D was too low to be reported for this category.

4Because these spending totals are based on products for which the companies provided at least basic nutrition data, they may be smaller than expenditures reported in Section II. For this food category, companies reported basic nutrition data for 96%

of spending in both years.

5Includes products that were reformulated for the particular nutrient listed in the column heading. The number of products and the amount of spending in the reformulated versus non‐reformulated category depends on the nutrient.

C-34
Table C.13b: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Snack Foods, All Marketing, By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 20091

(continued)

Children 2‐11

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Whole Grains3 Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Calcium Vitamin C Vitamin A Spending4

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Snack Foods (97) 114.2 111.1 156.3 130.3 6.1 6.1 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.6 1.1 0.8 0.1 0.0 4.1 3.6 2.3 2.2 21.8 15.3 0.5 0.3 $112.6 $69.9

Advertised Both Years to

Children (21) 109.8 109.4 143.4 129.1 6.3 6.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.7 0.7 0.1 0.0 3.5 3.3 1.4 1.7 23.3 16.4 0.2 0.3 $66.0 $51.8

Reformulated5 (15) 125.6 125.7 90.0 95.6 12.0 11.4 1.0 0.8 5.7 8.8 2.1 2.2 0.5 0.0 4.6 6.7 10.0 7.8 33.6 12.6Not Reformulated 107.3 103.8 180.0 156.9 3.4 3.6 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.7 0.6 0.0 0.0 3.5 3.1 1.4 1.6 15.3 19.1 0.2 0.3Number ProductsReformulated (8) (9) (9) (2) (5) (5) (1) (6) (2) (5) (0)

Off Market 2009 (13) 89.8 79.9 10.1 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.0 1.9 0.7 15.4 2.3 $10.5

No Longer Advertised toChildren 2009 (32) 129.3 201.8 4.6 0.7 0.1 2.1 0.0 5.8 4.5 21.0 0.5 $36.1

New Product 2009 (10) 94.4 77.8 7.8 1.2 3.1 0.9 0.0 2.4 2.3 14.0 0.0 $6.0

Newly Advertised to

Children 2009 (21) 126.5 161.3 4.2 1.0 1.1 1.3 0.0 5.5 4.1 11.3 0.4 $12.1

Teens 12‐17

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Whole Grains3 Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Calcium Vitamin C Vitamin A Spending4

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Snack Foods (96) 130.6 134.5 186.3 189.7 5.0 4.6 1.0 0.9 0.4 1.7 1.9 1.9 0.0 0.1 6.3 6.8 2.8 1.8 11.3 4.3 0.9 0.3 $51.1 $85.1

Advertised Both Years to

Teens (25) 129.3 133.9 173.5 170.3 4.6 3.6 0.9 0.8 0.4 0.9 1.9 1.4 0.0 0.0 6.6 6.5 1.0 1.3 12.8 3.9 0.2 0.2 $39.9 $56.7

Reformulated5 (21) 136.5 137.5 188.3 138.1 5.6 5.3 0.7 1.5 8.7 13.9 2.9 1.2 0.5 0.0 8.1 5.3 0.6 2.0 42.8 14.2Not Reformulated 123.1 130.5 156.2 192.1 3.6 2.2 0.9 0.8 0.0 0.0 1.8 1.4 0.0 0.0 6.4 6.6 1.0 1.3 1.3 0.7 0.2 0.2Number ProductsReformulated (8) (12) (7) (4) (6) (3) (1) (5) (2) (4) (0)

Off Market 2009 (10) 110.8 107.1 10.0 0.2 0.0 1.1 0.0 3.6 0.1 3.6 5.9 $2.7

No Longer Advertised toTeens 2009 (26) 142.9 272.1 5.2 1.4 0.5 1.9 0.0 5.9 11.8 6.4 2.5 $8.5

New Product 2009 (13) 98.4 56.3 7.9 2.6 5.4 1.3 0.0 2.8 3.9 14.6 0.0 $4.6

Newly Advertised to

Teens 2009 (22) 142.8 262.0 6.2 1.0 2.4 3.2 0.4 8.1 2.5 3.2 0.8 $23.8

C-35
Table C.13b: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Snack Foods, All Marketing, By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 20091 (continued)

All Ages

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Whole Grains3 Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Calcium Vitamin C Vitamin A Spending4

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Snack Foods (124) 131.6 131.9 173.6 175.4 5.4 4.6 0.9 1.3 1.9 4.9 1.8 1.4 0.0 0.0 6.2 5.9 3.0 2.0 6.1 5.2 1.3 0.3 $835.6 $802.1

Advertised Both Years to

Youth (35) 132.4 135.5 176.4 171.6 4.8 4.5 0.9 1.1 2.4 4.2 1.8 1.4 0.0 0.0 6.4 6.0 1.7 1.8 5.1 6.3 0.3 0.3 $588.3 $625.1

Reformulated5 (26) 139.1 144.5 183.0 169.3 6.6 7.1 0.9 1.6 12.5 13.1 2.7 1.5 0.5 0.0 5.5 4.5 3.1 3.5 33.5 48.6Not Reformulated 129.0 128.4 171.4 172.8 4.0 2.8 0.9 1.0 0.1 0.1 1.5 1.4 0.0 0.0 6.6 6.6 1.5 1.5 2.8 2.1 0.3 0.3

Number ProductsReformulated (11) (15) (12) (5) (8) (6) (1) (9) (3) (5) (0)

Off Market 2009 (16) 123.9 95.1 9.8 0.7 1.6 1.8 0.0 4.4 5.4 6.3 6.9 $47.3

No Longer Advertised toYouth 2009 (38) 131.1 183.8 6.1 0.8 0.5 1.8 0.1 6.0 6.4 9.2 2.9 $199.9

New Product 2009 (14) 116.0 139.0 5.4 2.4 5.1 1.8 0.0 4.3 3.9 4.3 0.0 $24.5

Newly Advertised to

Youth 2009 (21) 120.0 196.9 4.9 2.3 7.3 1.6 0.1 5.6 2.4 1.1 0.3 $152.5

1Nutrition averages are expenditure‐weighted averages based on the products for which the Commission has basic nutrition data (nutrients required in FDA labeling).2Each panel of the table includes only those products with reportable marketing expenditures for the relevant audience. Thus, for instance, in the Children 2‐11 panel, the "All" row includes all products in the relevant food category that had any

reportable marketing expenditures to children in 2006 or 2009. Similarly, New Product 2009 includes all new foods that were marketed to children in 2009. For the All Ages panel, expenditure weights reflect spending directed to all ages, but only for

products with reportable marketing expenditures, that is, products marketed to youth (children or teens) in either year. For instance, Newly Advertised to Youth 2009 in the All Ages panel reflects All‐Ages spending on products newly advertised to

children or teens in 2009. Number indicates the number of products in the category.

3Data for these nutrients are not required in labeling and thus are not available for all products for which the companies reported basic nutrition data. For this food category, coverage exceeds 93% of spending for children and 85% overall for whole

grains. Data on potassium and vitamin D was too low to be reported for this category.

4Because these spending totals are based on products for which the companies provided at least basic nutrition data, they may be smaller than expenditures reported in Section II. For this food category, companies reported basic nutrition data for

98% of spending.

5Includes products that were reformulated for the particular nutrient listed in the column heading. The number of products and the amount of spending in the reformulated versus non‐reformulated category depends on the nutrient.

C-36
Table C.14a: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Prepared Foods and Meals, TV Advertising, By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 20091

(continued)

Children 2‐11

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Whole Grains3 Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Calcium Potassium3 Vitamin C Vitamin A Spending4

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (mg/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Prepared Foods andMeals (37) 240.8 280.2 811.9 660.6 6.3 10.9 2.9 3.3 0.0 0.3 2.7 2.9 0.1 0.0 7.6 8.3 4.7 10.9 218.9 394.8 1.1 5.1 6.3 6.1 $41.6 $31.6

Advertised Both Years on

TV to Children (6) 233.5 298.4 807.5 704.6 4.4 8.3 2.9 3.8 0.0 0.0 2.5 2.8 0.0 0.0 7.3 9.3 4.3 6.0 209.4 310.9 0.1 0.0 4.8 3.9 $31.2 $19.5

Reformulated5 (4) 440.0 400.0 784.7 583.0 6.9 13.7 3.6 2.7 17.0 15.0 2.9 1.0 240.0 250.0 20.0 0.0 7.9 3.9Not Reformulated 176.8 244.9 814.0 771.5 3.7 5.3 2.9 3.8 0.0 0.0 1.7 2.9 0.0 0.0 4.6 6.2 4.3 6.1 199.3 349.6 0.0 0.0 3.9 3.9

Number ProductsReformulated (1) (2) (2) (0) (0) (2) (0) (1) (2) (1) (1) (2)

Off Market 2009 (1) 100.0 480.0 1.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 30.0 $1.4

No Longer Advertised onTV to Children 2009 (8) 288.9 880.2 13.7 3.3 0.0 4.0 0.2 9.5 6.6 260.0 4.6 7.7 $9.0

New Product 2009 (3) 340.8 574.4 30.8 3.8 4.6 2.4 0.0 7.5 18.7 468.4 97.0 3.4 $1.2

Newly Advertised onTV to Children 2009 (19) 240.8 591.9 13.4 2.1 0.3 3.2 0.0 6.7 18.6 482.7 3.7 10.4 $10.9

Teens 12‐17

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Whole Grains3 Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Calcium Potassium3 Vitamin C Vitamin A Spending4

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (mg/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Prepared Foods andMeals (41) 325.4 286.6 804.0 640.6 6.5 7.6 3.6 4.6 0.0 3.9 5.1 2.5 0.2 0.1 13.6 8.9 8.0 5.5 320.4 508.9 5.5 4.0 9.2 7.4 $11.9 $18.5

Advertised Both Years on

TV to Teens (5) 288.2 276.8 808.2 671.3 5.1 7.4 3.7 3.9 0.0 0.0 3.3 2.7 0.1 0.3 10.1 10.1 4.6 4.2 334.2 343.3 1.9 0.0 7.3 6.4 $6.3 $5.2

Reformulated5 (4) 440.0 400.0 819.5 609.2 6.1 10.3 4.4 3.4 17.0 15.0 2.9 1.1 240.0 250.0 20.0 0.0 7.1 3.4Not Reformulated 219.1 201.4 800.4 737.8 4.5 3.8 3.7 3.9 0.0 0.0 2.5 2.3 0.1 0.3 7.0 7.2 5.0 5.5 350.0 350.0 0.0 0.0 7.5 10.0

Number ProductsReformulated (1) (2) (2) (0) (0) (2) (0) (1) (2) (1) (1) (2)

Off Market 2009 (1) 100.0 480.0 1.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 30.0 $1.4

No Longer Advertised onTV to Teens 2009 (9) 454.0 902.3 10.2 3.8 0.1 9.4 0.4 22.6 15.1 280.5 12.6 5.4 $4.2

New Product 2009 (6) 329.6 742.6 8.1 5.4 15.0 4.0 0.2 11.2 6.6 639.7 6.9 8.9 $4.5

Newly Advertised onTV to Teens 2009 (20) 270.6 570.5 7.4 4.7 0.5 1.7 0.1 6.9 5.6 471.3 4.8 7.2 $8.8

C-37
Table C.14a: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Prepared Foods and Meals, TV Advertising, By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 20091 (continued)

All Ages

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Whole Grains3 Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Calcium Potassium3 Vitamin C Vitamin A Spending4

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (mg/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Prepared Foods andMeals (47) 259.7 192.1 848.6 623.7 6.1 6.4 2.3 2.5 0.0 1.7 4.0 2.2 0.2 0.2 10.3 6.1 7.4 4.7 186.4 429.4 5.1 10.8 8.6 11.2 $201.0 $292.9

Advertised Both Years on

TV to Youth (6) 150.2 198.6 815.4 686.1 2.6 3.9 1.6 2.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 1.8 0.1 0.3 4.6 6.2 2.7 3.0 128.7 276.8 3.1 0.0 6.5 8.3 $95.3 $82.0

Reformulated5 (4) 440.0 400.0 896.8 666.5 4.8 5.8 3.1 2.2 17.0 15.0 2.7 0.7 240.0 250.0 20.0 0.0 5.8 2.6

Not Reformulated 128.0 180.6 791.5 698.4 2.2 3.3 1.6 2.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.7 0.1 0.3 3.7 5.5 2.7 5.1 102.4 291.4 0.0 0.0 6.6 10.3Number ProductsReformulated (1) (2) (2) (0) (0) (2) (0) (1) (2) (1) (1) (2)

Off Market 2009 (1) 100.0 480.0 1.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 30.0 $12.4

No Longer Advertised onTV to Youth 2009 (11) 392.7 931.3 10.3 3.1 0.1 7.2 0.3 17.2 12.8 290.6 7.9 7.9 $93.4

New Product 2009 (8) 242.9 551.0 11.6 3.9 8.9 2.6 0.1 7.2 5.4 529.8 29.8 12.4 $56.6

Newly Advertised onTV to Youth 2009 (21) 170.1 617.3 5.7 2.2 0.0 2.3 0.2 5.7 5.4 428.0 9.5 12.3 $154.4

1Nutrition averages are expenditure‐weighted averages based on the products for which the Commission has basic nutrition data (nutrients required in FDA labeling) and TV spending.2Each panel of the table includes only those products with reportable TV marketing expenditures for the relevant audience. Thus, for instance, in the Children 2‐11 panel, the "All" row includes all products in the relevant food category that had any reportable TV

marketing expenditures to children in 2006 or 2009. Similarly, New Product 2009 includes all new foods that were marketed to children on TV in 2009. For the All Ages panel, expenditure weights reflect spending directed to all ages, but only for products with

reportable marketing expenditures, that is, products marketed to youth (children or teens) on TV in either year. For instance, Newly Advertised to Youth 2009 in the All Ages panel reflects All‐Ages spending on products newly advertised to children or teens on TV in2009. Number indicates the number of products in the category.

3Data for these nutrients are not required in labeling and thus are not available for all products for which the companies reported basic nutrition data. For this food category, coverage is 100% of spending for whole grains and exceeds 71% for children and 50% overall

for potassium; for vitamin D, coverage is too low to be reported.

4Because these spending totals are based on products for which the companies provided at least basic nutrition data, they may be smaller than expenditures reported in Section II. For this food category, companies reported basic nutrition data for 100% of spending.5Includes products that were reformulated for the particular nutrient listed in the column heading. The number of products and the amount of spending in the reformulated versus non‐reformulated category depends on the nutrient.

C-38
Table C.14b: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Prepared Foods and Meals, All Marketing, By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 20091

(continued)

Children 2‐11

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Whole Grains3 Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Calcium Potassium3 Vitamin C Vitamin A Spending4

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (mg/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Prepared Foods andMeals (75) 251.0 292.0 803.3 651.3 8.4 13.0 2.6 3.1 0.0 0.7 3.0 3.1 0.2 0.0 8.1 8.6 5.9 13.6 215.2 399.6 0.8 7.5 5.7 5.7 $59.7 $48.4

Advertised Both Years to

Children (7) 251.9 305.6 800.0 683.4 8.5 8.7 2.5 3.9 0.0 0.0 3.0 2.8 0.1 0.0 8.1 9.4 6.0 6.6 207.3 302.1 0.1 0.0 4.5 3.6 $48.2 $24.0

Reformulated5 (5) 443.9 399.8 801.8 584.4 19.3 13.8 3.4 2.7 17.0 15.0 3.7 1.0 240.0 250.0 0.7 3.0 7.5 4.0

Not Reformulated 178.1 246.1 799.2 747.9 3.7 5.4 2.5 3.9 0.0 0.0 2.8 3.0 0.1 0.0 6.3 5.9 6.1 6.6 195.3 347.3 0.0 0.0 3.8 3.4

Number ProductsReformulated (2) (3) (3) (0) (0) (2) (0) (1) (2) (1) (2) (2)

Off Market 2009 (2) 105.0 468.9 1.2 2.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 2.0 3.3 80.0 0.0 27.2 $1.6

No Longer Advertised toChildren 2009 (10) 269.9 873.2 9.5 3.3 0.0 3.5 0.5 9.1 5.7 260.6 4.3 8.3 $9.9

New Product 2009 (12) 343.3 608.2 27.9 3.5 5.5 3.1 0.1 8.8 20.0 432.3 80.5 3.3 $3.4

Newly Advertised to

Children 2009 (44) 268.1 621.6 15.4 2.1 0.7 3.6 0.0 7.6 20.7 461.4 4.2 8.5 $21.0

Teens 12‐17

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Whole Grains3 Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Calcium Potassium3 Vitamin C Vitamin A Spending4

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (mg/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Prepared Foods andMeals (49) 281.4 293.6 790.9 650.1 5.6 8.7 2.9 4.4 0.0 2.8 4.2 2.8 0.4 0.2 11.7 9.4 7.3 6.9 240.6 478.7 3.8 4.1 8.2 6.6 $17.8 $26.0

Advertised Both Years to

Teens (7) 242.1 290.0 798.0 682.5 4.0 7.8 2.7 4.1 0.0 0.0 2.8 2.9 0.6 0.3 9.4 10.8 4.5 4.4 226.0 342.4 1.1 0.0 6.4 5.4 $10.5 $10.7

Reformulated5 (5) 417.6 399.2 832.9 599.7 5.2 10.4 4.6 3.5 18.0 15.1 6.9 1.7 240.0 250.0 20.0 0.0 6.2 3.4

Not Reformulated 174.9 214.2 780.4 757.9 3.4 4.3 2.7 4.1 0.0 0.0 2.0 2.5 0.6 0.3 6.1 7.8 3.5 5.3 224.6 345.1 0.0 0.0 6.5 8.0

Number ProductsReformulated (2) (3) (2) (0) (0) (3) (0) (2) (3) (1) (1) (2)

Off Market 2009 (2) 101.8 476.1 1.1 2.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.7 2.5 80.0 0.0 29.0 $1.4

No Longer Advertised toTeens 2009 (13) 394.5 853.9 9.6 3.4 0.0 7.6 0.3 18.3 13.5 274.4 9.3 6.5 $5.9

New Product 2009 (7) 331.2 734.8 9.4 5.3 14.5 3.9 0.1 11.0 7.4 630.9 12.0 8.5 $4.7

Newly Advertised to

Teens 2009 (20) 280.3 579.2 9.3 4.3 0.4 2.1 0.1 7.2 9.2 458.6 4.8 6.9 $10.5

C-39
Table C.14b: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Prepared Foods and Meals, All Marketing, By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 20091 (continued)

All Ages

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Whole Grains3 Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Calcium Potassium3 Vitamin C Vitamin A Spending4

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (mg/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Prepared Foods andMeals (84) 277.3 207.2 847.9 650.3 7.2 6.5 2.4 2.5 0.0 1.5 4.4 2.6 0.2 0.2 11.1 6.8 8.0 6.0 190.3 410.9 5.2 8.8 7.9 10.4 $418.9 $547.6

Advertised Both Years to

Youth (9) 212.7 201.4 804.2 691.3 9.4 4.0 1.6 1.8 0.0 0.0 2.7 1.9 0.2 0.3 6.9 6.2 6.1 3.5 152.4 280.0 2.1 0.0 6.0 7.9 $238.7 $156.2

Reformulated5 (7) 406.8 334.7 822.8 680.8 26.1 5.8 1.0 0.5 3.1 2.3 17.2 16.2 4.2 1.6 231.1 276.1 7.9 0.0 7.2 2.2

Not Reformulated 137.3 180.4 792.6 698.9 2.8 3.5 1.6 1.8 0.0 0.0 2.6 1.7 0.2 0.3 6.1 5.2 6.6 5.3 122.1 283.2 0.0 0.0 5.7 9.9Number ProductsReformulated (4) (5) (3) (1) (0) (3) (0) (2) (4) (2) (2) (3)

Off Market 2009 (2) 100.8 478.2 1.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 2.2 80.0 0.0 29.6 $23.2

No Longer Advertised toYouth 2009 (12) 401.6 968.9 4.8 3.7 0.1 7.7 0.3 19.0 11.7 293.8 10.7 7.7 $157.0

New Product 2009 (17) 262.6 593.9 11.6 4.2 9.0 3.0 0.1 8.3 6.6 541.5 27.5 11.1 $88.1

Newly Advertised to

Youth 2009 (44) 194.0 645.6 6.4 2.3 0.1 2.9 0.2 6.7 7.2 404.4 7.9 11.5 $303.2

1Nutrition averages are expenditure‐weighted averages based on the products for which the Commission has basic nutrition data (nutrients required in FDA labeling).2Each panel of the table includes only those products with reportable marketing expenditures for the relevant audience. Thus, for instance, in the Children 2‐11 panel, the "All" row includes all products in the relevant food category that had any reportable marketing

expenditures to children in 2006 or 2009. Similarly, New Product 2009 includes all new foods that were marketed to children in 2009. For the All Ages panel, expenditure weights reflect spending directed to all ages, but only for products with reportable marketing

expenditures, that is, products marketed to youth (children or teens) in either year. For instance, Newly Advertised to Youth 2009 in the All Ages panel reflects All‐Ages spending on products newly advertised to children or teens in 2009. Number indicates thenumber of products in the category.

3Data for these nutrients are not required in labeling and thus are not available for all products for which the companies reported basic nutrition data. For this food category, coverage exceeds 99% of spending for whole grains and 67% for children and 47% overall for

potassium. Coverage for vitamin D is too low to be reported.

4Because these spending totals are based on products for which the companies provided at least basic nutrition data, they may be smaller than expenditures reported in Section II. For this food category, companies reported basic nutrition data for 99% of spending.5 Includes products that were reformulated for the particular nutrient listed in the column heading. The number of products and the amount of spending in the reformulated versus non‐reformulated category depends on the nutrient.

C-40
Table C.15a: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Candy and Frozen Desserts, TV Advertising, By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 20091

(continued)

Children 2‐11

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Whole Grains3 Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Calcium Vitamin D3 Potassium3 Vitamin C Vitamin A Spending4

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (mg/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Candy and FrozenDesserts (31) 168.1 129.9 16.1 24.3 29.4 19.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.9 1.3 0.0 0.0 2.4 2.2 0.8 1.1 0.0 0.0 12.4 24.9 22.4 1.8 0.1 0.0 $32.9 $10.7

Advertised Both Years on

TV to Children (11) 80.5 136.9 25.0 24.3 13.8 20.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.9 0.1 0.9 0.0 0.0 2.5 20.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 $7.6 $7.7

Reformulated5 (3) 230.0 172.8 52.9 26.3 21.4 23.1 0.0 0.0 8.5 1.7 0.0 13.0 2.9 0.0 0.0 160.0 2.5 0.0 0.0Not Reformulated 78.1 102.3 24.7 23.0 13.7 17.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.1 0.1 1.4 0.0 0.0 1.2 31.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Number ProductsReformulated (5) (4) (5) (2) (2) (4) (2) (3) (2) (2) (3) (2) (2)

Off Market 2009 (3) 197.2 29.6 23.5 0.8 0.0 5.6 0.0 9.4 5.5 0.0 86.9 0.0 0.1 $3.9

No Longer Advertised onTV to Children 2009 (9) 193.6 10.5 36.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 1.9 0.2 0.0 0.3 34.3 0.1 $21.5

New Product 2009 (4) 103.2 21.9 15.9 0.1 0.0 2.2 0.0 2.9 1.3 0.0 44.5 6.4 0.0 $2.7

Newly Advertised onTV to Children 2009 (4) 196.4 49.5 24.1 0.5 0.0 3.8 0.0 6.3 2.7 0.0 67.7 5.7 0.0 $0.3

Teens 12‐17

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Whole Grains3 Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Calcium Vitamin D3 Potassium3 Vitamin C Vitamin A Spending4

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (mg/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Candy and FrozenDesserts (43) 223.4 184.5 43.5 31.0 30.5 28.3 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 4.0 2.4 0.0 0.0 6.9 3.5 1.8 0.9 0.0 0.0 7.7 11.9 22.5 15.1 0.0 0.0 $69.2 $36.2

Advertised Both Years on

TV to Teens (17) 235.7 196.2 45.5 29.0 33.5 29.8 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 3.9 2.9 0.0 0.0 6.5 4.1 1.3 0.9 0.0 0.0 2.9 6.3 29.1 21.8 0.0 0.0 $52.5 $24.2

Reformulated5 (7) 276.4 195.5 136.2 60.0 31.7 26.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.3 2.6 0.0 14.0 5.1 0.0 0.0 160.0 10.8 0.0 4.0 0.2Not Reformulated 221.7 196.4 15.4 20.8 36.0 31.7 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 3.4 3.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 3.8 1.3 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 5.7 29.1 24.5 0.0 0.0Number ProductsReformulated (6) (5) (9) (3) (2) (6) (2) (5) (2) (2) (3) (2) (3)

Off Market 2009 (5) 211.5 39.7 22.9 0.9 0.0 6.3 0.0 10.7 5.5 0.0 23.1 0.0 0.0 $5.8

No Longer Advertised onTV to Teens 2009 (10) 170.8 36.0 19.8 0.9 0.0 3.3 0.0 7.3 2.3 0.0 29.6 2.8 0.2 $11.0

New Product 2009 (4) 164.9 25.7 22.8 0.2 0.0 3.7 0.0 5.0 2.3 0.0 31.5 0.0 0.0 $1.7

Newly Advertised onTV to Teens 2009 (7) 160.2 36.6 25.5 0.2 0.0 1.1 0.0 2.0 0.5 0.0 21.6 1.8 0.0 $10.2

C-41
Table C.15a: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Candy and Frozen Desserts, TV Advertising, By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 20091 (continued)

All Ages

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Whole Grains3 Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Calcium Vitamin D3 Potassium3 Vitamin C Vitamin A Spending4

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (mg/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Candy and FrozenDesserts (44) 215.0 203.7 56.1 66.5 24.0 23.6 0.9 0.8 0.0 0.0 5.1 5.4 0.0 0.0 9.7 9.7 3.9 4.4 0.0 0.0 28.2 75.0 6.3 3.3 0.5 0.3 $250.0 $241.7

Advertised Both Years on

TV to Youth (17) 230.9 212.6 68.4 72.7 27.1 24.4 0.6 0.8 0.0 0.0 5.6 5.7 0.0 0.0 9.6 10.7 3.3 4.5 0.0 0.0 26.3 68.4 12.5 4.3 0.2 0.3 $122.9 $174.4

Reformulated5 (7) 261.9 216.4 118.7 97.5 25.5 23.5 0.0 0.6 0.0 6.9 6.5 0.0 14.3 11.5 0.0 0.0 160.0 74.9 0.0 4.0 3.8

Not Reformulated 206.4 202.9 34.6 39.4 30.5 28.4 0.6 0.8 0.0 0.0 4.4 4.5 0.0 0.0 6.8 10.1 3.3 4.6 0.0 0.0 13.7 66.6 12.5 4.4 0.0 0.0

Number ProductsReformulated (6) (5) (9) (3) (2) (6) (2) (5) (2) (2) (3) (2) (3)

Off Market 2009 (5) 181.1 40.5 19.7 0.8 0.0 5.3 0.0 9.1 5.0 0.0 52.0 0.0 0.4 $33.6

No Longer Advertised on TVto Youth 2009 (10) 206.2 45.7 21.5 1.3 0.0 4.3 0.0 9.9 4.3 0.0 22.6 0.4 1.0 $93.5

New Product 2009 (5) 181.6 40.1 20.9 0.8 0.0 6.8 0.0 10.2 7.2 0.0 156.4 0.6 0.8 $29.8

Newly Advertised on TV toYouth 2009 (7) 180.1 58.7 22.3 0.4 0.0 2.7 0.0 4.5 1.9 0.0 55.9 1.0 0.0 $37.6

1Nutrition averages are expenditure‐weighted averages based on the products for which the Commission has basic nutrition data (nutrients required in FDA labeling) and TV spending.2Each panel of the table includes only those products with reportable TV marketing expenditures for the relevant audience. Thus, for instance, in the Children 2‐11 panel, the "All" row includes all products in the relevant food category that had any reportable TV marketing

expenditures to children in 2006 or 2009. Similarly, New Product 2009 includes all new foods that were marketed to children on TV in 2009. For the All Ages panel, expenditure weights reflect spending directed to all ages, but only for products with reportable marketingexpenditures, that is, products marketed to youth (children or teens) on TV in either year. For instance, Newly Advertised to Youth 2009 in the All Ages panel reflects All‐Ages spending on products newly advertised to children or teens on TV in 2009. Number indicates the

number of products in the category.

3Data for these nutrients are not required in labeling and thus are not available for all brands for which the companies reported basic nutrition data. For this food category, coverage exceeds 100% of spending for whole grains and 84% for potassium; for vitamin D,

coverage exceeds 70% for children and 39% overall in both years.

4Because these spending totals are based on products for which the companies provided at least basic nutrition data, they may be smaller than expenditures reported in Section II. For this food category, companies reported basic nutrition data for 100% of spending.5Includes products that were reformulated for the particular nutrient listed in the column heading. The number of products and the amount of spending in the reformulated versus non‐reformulated category depends on the nutrient.

C-42
Table C.15b: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Candy and Frozen Desserts, All Marketing, By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 20091

Children 2‐11

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Whole Grains3 Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Calcium Vitamin D3 Potassium3 Vitamin C Vitamin A Spending4

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (mg/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Candy and FrozenDesserts (53) 137.3 111.7 15.3 24.0 23.6 17.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.8 0.0 0.0 2.3 1.5 0.7 0.7 0.0 0.0 9.3 14.8 14.7 2.4 0.0 0.0 $60.7 $21.6

Advertised Both Years toChildren (15) 89.4 122.3 20.7 24.7 15.3 18.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.7 0.0 0.0 1.3 1.5 0.3 0.7 0.0 0.0 4.8 12.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 $20.4 $15.4

Reformulated5 (5) 202.0 151.6 54.5 27.1 24.1 20.3 0.0 0.0 4.9 1.6 0.0 7.2 2.6 0.0 0.0 160.0 6.1 0.0 0.0

Not Reformulated 67.4 100.6 14.7 23.2 13.6 16.6 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.9 0.3 1.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 14.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Number ProductsReformulated (9) (8) (9) (4) (4) (8) (4) (7) (4) (4) (5) (4) (4)

Off Market 2009 (5) 195.6 29.4 23.3 0.8 0.0 5.6 0.0 9.2 5.4 0.0 85.3 0.0 0.1 $4.2

No Longer Advertised toChildren 2009 (25) 157.6 10.6 28.4 0.1 0.0 1.6 0.0 2.1 0.4 0.0 0.8 24.8 0.1 $36.1

New Product 2009 (4) 80.0 20.9 13.8 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.3 0.6 0.0 44.1 8.3 0.0 $5.9

Newly Advertised toChildren 2009 (4) 196.4 49.5 24.1 0.5 0.0 3.8 0.0 6.3 2.7 0.0 67.7 5.7 0.0 $0.3

Teens 12‐17

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Whole Grains3 Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Calcium Vitamin D3 Potassium3 Vitamin C Vitamin A Spending4

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (mg/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Candy and FrozenDesserts (64) 206.3 183.6 42.7 30.5 28.5 28.2 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 3.6 2.5 0.0 0.0 6.4 3.5 1.6 0.9 0.0 0.0 7.6 15.4 19.1 16.9 0.0 0.0 $99.0 $72.2

Advertised Both Years toTeens (21) 216.5 192.8 44.0 31.1 31.0 29.7 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 3.5 2.6 0.0 0.0 6.0 3.6 1.2 0.6 0.0 0.0 2.9 9.5 24.5 22.1 0.0 0.0 $75.9 $54.4

Reformulated5 (8) 271.0 163.9 130.3 57.9 31.4 25.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.2 1.9 0.0 13.5 3.3 0.0 0.0 155.8 33.0 0.0 4.0 0.3Not Reformulated 196.1 204.0 12.6 21.0 30.6 33.4 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 2.9 2.8 0.0 0.0 3.4 3.7 1.2 0.6 0.0 0.0 1.4 6.1 24.5 24.2 0.0 0.0Number ProductsReformulated (9) (8) (12) (5) (4) (9) (4) (8) (4) (4) (6) (4) (5)

Off Market 2009 (7) 209.8 39.3 22.8 0.9 0.0 6.3 0.0 10.6 5.4 0.0 23.1 0.0 0.0 $5.9

No Longer Advertised toTeens 2009 (23) 160.1 38.1 19.4 0.8 0.0 2.9 0.0 6.5 2.0 0.0 27.1 1.8 0.1 $17.2

New Product 2009 (5) 149.0 24.8 21.2 0.2 0.0 3.1 0.0 4.2 1.9 0.0 31.3 1.5 0.0 $2.0

Newly Advertised toTeens 2009 (8) 156.6 29.2 23.9 0.2 0.0 2.0 0.0 3.1 1.7 0.0 34.0 1.2 0.0 $15.8

(continued)

C-43
Table C.15b: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Candy and Frozen Desserts, All Marketing, By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 20091 (continued)

All Ages

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Whole Grains3 Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Calcium Vitamin D3 Potassium3 Vitamin C Vitamin A Spending4

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (mg/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Candy and Frozen

Desserts (65) 212.6 202.1 59.5 77.4 23.3 23.2 0.9 0.7 0.0 0.0 4.9 5.0 0.0 0.0 9.8 9.6 3.6 3.8 0.0 0.0 35.7 78.1 4.8 3.6 0.4 0.4 $456.7 $534.7Advertised Both Years toYouth (23) 224.5 210.6 76.4 86.4 25.3 23.8 0.7 0.8 0.0 0.0 5.3 5.2 0.0 0.0 10.0 10.4 3.2 3.6 0.0 0.0 43.0 75.3 8.5 4.2 0.1 0.3 $246.0 $422.8

Reformulated5 (9) 253.0 209.7 113.5 109.3 24.4 22.6 0.0 0.6 0.0 6.7 6.0 0.0 13.9 10.2 0.0 0.0 128.4 72.1 0.0 4.0 3.4Not Reformulated 189.9 212.8 35.8 45.9 27.9 29.9 0.7 0.8 0.0 0.0 4.1 4.4 0.0 0.0 8.0 10.5 3.2 3.8 0.0 0.0 28.5 76.1 8.5 4.4 0.0 0.0Number ProductsReformulated (11) (10) (14) (7) (5) (10) (5) (10) (5) (5) (7) (5) (6)

Off Market 2009 (7) 173.7 39.5 18.8 0.7 0.0 5.2 0.0 8.7 4.4 0.0 43.5 0.0 0.3 $43.9

No Longer Advertised toYouth 2009 (23) 205.2 40.0 21.4 1.4 0.0 4.3 0.0 10.0 4.1 0.0 20.7 0.6 0.8 $166.8

New Product 2009 (5) 165.2 42.0 20.0 0.8 0.0 5.7 0.0 8.4 7.3 0.0 155.1 1.0 1.4 $52.7

Newly Advertised toYouth 2009 (7) 174.5 44.7 21.7 0.4 0.0 3.0 0.0 4.9 2.5 0.0 59.7 1.0 0.0 $59.2

1Nutrition averages are expenditure‐weighted averages based on the products for which the Commission has basic nutrition data (nutrients required in FDA labeling).2Each panel of the table includes only those products with reportable marketing expenditures for the relevant audience. Thus, for instance, in the Children 2‐11 panel, the "All" row includes all products in the relevant food category that had any reportable marketing

expenditures to children in 2006 or 2009. Similarly, New Product 2009 includes all new foods that were marketed to children in 2009. For the All Ages panel, expenditure weights reflect spending directed to all ages, but only for products with reportable marketing

expenditures, that is, products marketed to youth (children or teens) in either year. For instance, Newly Advertised to Youth 2009 in the All Ages panel reflects All‐Ages spending on products newly advertised to children or teens in 2009. Number indicates the number ofproducts in the category.

3Data for these nutrients are not required in labeling and thus are not available for all products for which the companies reported basic nutrition data. For this food category, coverage exceeds 100% of spending for whole grains and 77% for children and 90% overall for

potassium; for vitamin D, coverage exceeds 69% for children and 39% overall in both years.

4Because these spending totals are based on products for which the companies provided at least basic nutrition data, they may be smaller than expenditures reported in Section II. For this food category, companies reported basic nutrition data for 100% of spending.5Includes products that were reformulated for the particular nutrient listed in the column heading. The number of products and the amount of spending in the reformulated versus non‐reformulated category depends on the nutrient.

C-44
Table C.16a: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Baked Goods, TV Advertising, By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 20091

Children 2‐11

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Whole Grains3 Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Calcium Vitamin C Vitamin A Spending4

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Baked Goods (17) 186.7 195.1 306.0 242.2 11.5 13.4 0.3 0.6 0.0 0.0 1.7 2.0 0.0 0.1 5.2 6.4 4.4 3.5 0.0 0.2 14.3 8.0 $36.8 $3.9

Advertised Both Years on TV toChildren (3) 191.3 188.9 287.8 302.7 10.4 8.6 0.4 0.6 0.0 0.0 1.7 2.0 0.0 0.1 5.4 5.9 4.4 4.9 0.0 0.0 14.4 13.5 $11.0 $2.0

Reformulated5 (1) 190.0 180.0 9.0 8.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 0.0Not Reformulated 191.3 188.9 287.9 322.3 10.4 8.6 0.4 0.6 0.0 0.0 1.7 2.0 0.0 0.1 5.4 5.6 4.4 5.6 0.0 0.0 14.4 15.6Number ProductsReformulated (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (1) (0) (1)

Off Market 2009 (4) 174.6 286.3 12.5 0.3 0.0 1.9 0.0 4.7 2.9 0.0 12.9 $14.9

No Longer Advertised on TV toChildren 2009 (7) 198.8 351.5 11.1 0.1 0.0 1.4 0.0 5.7 6.4 0.0 16.1 $10.9

New Product 2009 (2) 201.8 183.6 18.7 0.7 0.0 2.1 0.0 7.5 2.9 0.5 0.0 $1.5

Newly Advertised on TV toChildren 2009 (1) 200.0 170.0 17.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 10.0 $0.5

Teens 12‐17

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Whole Grains3 Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Calcium Vitamin C Vitamin A Spending4

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Baked Goods (20) 176.6 193.3 175.9 227.1 15.5 12.8 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 1.8 2.2 0.0 0.2 4.6 6.4 0.5 2.5 0.0 0.2 10.4 7.0 $21.3 $6.4

Advertised Both Years on TV toTeens (3) 199.2 190.6 178.8 257.4 16.4 9.8 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 1.5 2.3 0.0 0.3 5.1 6.3 0.5 3.1 0.0 0.0 10.3 10.0 $6.3 $3.7

Reformulated5 (1) 190.0 180.0 9.0 8.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 0.0Not Reformulated 199.2 190.6 178.6 292.9 16.4 9.8 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 1.5 2.3 0.0 0.3 5.0 5.5 0.3 4.6 0.0 0.0 10.3 14.6Number ProductsReformulated (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (1) (0) (1)

Off Market 2009 (4) 152.7 164.1 14.7 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 3.8 0.2 0.0 10.2 $10.9

No Longer Advertised on TV toTeens 2009 (9) 205.9 203.4 16.1 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 5.9 1.3 0.0 10.9 $4.0

New Product 2009 (3) 195.9 189.8 16.9 0.6 0.0 2.2 0.0 7.1 2.3 0.8 0.0 $1.9

Newly Advertised on TV toTeens 2009 (1) 200.0 170.0 17.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 10.0 $0.7

(continued)

C-45
Table C.16a: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Baked Goods, TV Advertising, By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 20091 (continued)

All Ages

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Whole Grains3 Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Calcium Vitamin C Vitamin A Spending4

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Baked Goods (21) 191.3 192.3 288.4 189.9 12.0 11.5 0.3 0.8 0.0 0.0 2.1 2.9 0.1 0.6 5.9 7.4 4.7 1.2 0.0 0.1 12.9 2.8 $42.4 $29.4

Advertised Both Years on TV toYouth (4) 194.1 192.9 259.4 193.6 10.5 10.2 0.5 0.8 0.0 0.0 2.5 3.1 0.2 0.7 6.7 7.5 5.7 0.9 0.0 0.0 12.1 3.1 $15.1 $24.4

Reformulated5 (2) 220.0 230.0 190.0 180.0 0.0 1.0 10.2 8.3 10.0 0.0 10.0 0.0Not Reformulated 191.0 191.3 273.0 227.4 10.5 10.2 0.5 0.8 0.0 0.0 2.5 3.1 0.2 0.7 5.4 5.2 4.8 3.2 0.0 0.0 12.6 10.7

Number ProductsReformulated (1) (1) (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (2) (1) (0) (1)

Off Market 2009 (4) 174.6 286.3 12.5 0.3 0.0 1.9 0.0 4.7 2.9 0.0 12.9 $14.9

No Longer Advertised on TV toYouth 2009 (8) 207.9 325.8 13.2 0.2 0.0 2.0 0.2 6.5 5.8 0.0 14.0 $12.5

New Product 2009 (4) 187.5 171.9 17.9 0.7 0.0 1.9 0.0 7.1 2.6 0.4 0.1 $4.3

Newly Advertised on TV toYouth 2009 (1) 200.0 170.0 17.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 10.0 $0.8

1Nutrition averages are expenditure‐weighted averages based on the products for which the Commission has basic nutrition data (nutrients required in FDA labeling) and TV spending.2Each panel of the table includes only those products with reportable TV marketing expenditures for the relevant audience. Thus, for instance, in the Children 2‐11 panel, the "All" row includes all products in the relevant food category that had any reportable TV

marketing expenditures to children in 2006 or 2009. Similarly, New Product 2009 includes all new foods that were marketed to children on TV in 2009. For the All Ages panel, expenditure weights reflect spending directed to all ages, but only for products with

reportable marketing expenditures, that is, products marketed to youth (children or teens) on TV in either year. For instance, Newly Advertised to Youth 2009 in the All Ages panel reflects All‐Ages spending on products newly advertised to children or teens on TV in2009. Number indicates the number of products in the category.

3Data for these nutrients are not required in labeling and thus are not available for all brands for which the companies reported basic nutrition data. For this food category, coverage exceeds 100% of spending for children and 93% overall for whole grains. For

potassium and vitamin D, coverage is too low to be reported.

4Because these spending totals are based on products for which the companies provided at least basic nutrition data, they may be smaller than expenditures reported in Section II. For this food category, companies reported basic nutrition data for 100% of spending.5Includes products that were reformulated for the particular nutrient listed in the column heading. The number of products and the amount of spending in the reformulated versus non‐reformulated category depends on the nutrient.

C-46
Table C.16b: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Baked Goods, All Marketing, By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 20091

Children 2‐11

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Whole Grains3 Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Calcium Vitamin C Vitamin A Spending4

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Baked Goods (41) 188.3 193.9 271.7 266.2 13.0 11.5 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.0 1.8 2.3 0.0 0.0 5.3 6.7 3.4 4.6 0.0 0.2 12.2 9.1 $61.1 $5.7

Advertised Both Years to

Children (6) 188.7 191.8 231.6 300.4 14.0 8.9 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.0 1.9 2.3 0.0 0.1 5.3 6.4 2.7 5.5 0.0 0.0 10.4 13.0 $31.2 $4.0

Reformulated5 (4) 220.0 230.0 190.0 180.0 19.0 17.1 0.0 1.0 9.7 10.8 3.6 0.0 10.0 0.0

Not Reformulated 188.3 188.0 233.1 309.3 13.1 7.7 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.0 1.9 2.3 0.0 0.1 5.1 5.6 2.5 6.0 0.0 0.0 10.4 14.0Number ProductsReformulated (1) (1) (2) (1) (0) (0) (0) (2) (2) (0) (1)

Off Market 2009 (12) 177.2 293.7 12.3 0.3 0.5 1.9 0.1 4.8 2.7 0.0 13.1 $17.0

No Longer Advertised toChildren 2009 (20) 201.9 339.0 11.7 0.1 0.2 1.5 0.0 5.8 5.9 0.0 15.4 $13.0

New Product 2009 (3) 198.6 189.1 17.4 0.6 0.0 2.2 0.0 7.2 2.4 0.8 0.1 $1.8

Newly Advertised to

Children 2009 (0) $0.0

Teens 12‐17

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Whole Grains3 Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Calcium Vitamin C Vitamin A Spending4

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Baked Goods (34) 186.1 194.4 189.1 210.3 15.5 14.4 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.0 1.8 1.9 0.1 0.1 5.0 5.6 0.8 1.6 0.0 0.1 10.2 9.0 $39.6 $15.9

Advertised Both Years to

Teens (6) 196.2 194.2 182.0 213.1 16.2 14.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 1.7 1.8 0.1 0.1 5.3 5.4 1.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 9.7 10.2 $21.2 $14.0

Reformulated5 (4) 220.0 230.0 190.0 180.0 18.9 17.4 0.0 1.0 9.3 8.2 6.0 0.0 10.0 0.0

Not Reformulated 196.1 194.1 181.5 216.3 16.0 13.8 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 1.7 1.8 0.1 0.1 5.0 5.1 0.4 1.7 0.0 0.0 9.7 11.1Number ProductsReformulated (1) (1) (2) (1) (0) (0) (0) (2) (2) (0) (1)

Off Market 2009 (9) 158.7 190.2 14.2 0.1 0.6 2.0 0.1 4.0 0.3 0.0 10.9 $12.7

No Longer Advertised toTeens 2009 (16) 208.8 213.1 16.0 0.1 0.5 1.9 0.0 6.0 1.4 0.0 10.7 $5.8

New Product 2009 (3) 195.9 189.8 16.9 0.6 0.0 2.2 0.0 7.1 2.3 0.8 0.0 $1.9

Newly Advertised to

Teens 2009 (0) $0.0

(continued)

C-47
Table C.16b: Average Nutritional Characteristics of Baked Goods, All Marketing, By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 20091 (continued)

All Ages

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Whole Grains3 Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Calcium Vitamin C Vitamin A Spending4

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) (%RDI/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All Baked Goods (43) 180.6 189.5 234.7 190.8 15.0 13.5 0.2 0.6 0.1 0.0 2.4 2.9 0.1 0.3 5.7 7.1 3.3 1.6 0.0 0.1 7.5 3.1 $153.4 $67.1

Advertised Both Years toYouth (6) 177.0 191.0 212.9 193.8 15.8 13.0 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.0 2.6 3.1 0.1 0.4 5.9 7.2 3.2 1.5 0.0 0.0 5.1 3.6 $109.1 $58.5

Reformulated5 (4) 220.0 230.0 190.0 180.0 19.0 17.9 0.0 1.0 10.7 9.4 3.2 0.0 10.0 0.0Not Reformulated 172.2 184.6 214.9 201.9 13.2 11.9 0.2 0.5 0.0 0.0 2.6 3.1 0.1 0.4 4.8 4.9 3.2 3.4 0.0 0.0 4.7 5.7Number ProductsReformulated (1) (1) (2) (1) (0) (0) (0) (2) (2) (0) (1)

Off Market 2009 (12) 175.3 277.9 12.7 0.3 0.6 1.9 0.1 4.7 2.3 0.0 12.8 $23.6

No Longer Advertised toYouth 2009 (21) 205.9 300.5 13.1 0.2 0.1 2.0 0.1 6.3 5.0 0.0 13.8 $20.7

New Product 2009 (4) 179.9 170.6 16.7 0.7 0.0 1.9 0.0 6.8 2.2 0.4 0.1 $8.7

Newly Advertised toYouth 2009 (0) $0.0

1Nutrition averages are expenditure‐weighted averages based on the products for which the Commission has basic nutrition data (nutrients required in FDA labeling).2Each panel of the table includes only those products with reportable marketing expenditures for the relevant audience. Thus, for instance, in the Children 2‐11 panel, the "All" row includes all products in the relevant food category that had any reportable marketing

expenditures to children in 2006 or 2009. Similarly, New Product 2009 includes all new foods that were marketed to children in 2009. For the All Ages panel, expenditure weights reflect spending directed to all ages, but only for products with reportable marketing

expenditures, that is, products marketed to youth (children or teens) in either year. For instance, Newly Advertised to Youth 2009 in the All Ages panel reflects All‐Ages spending on products newly advertised to children or teens in 2009. Number indicates the numberof products in the category.

3Data for these nutrients are not required in labeling and thus are not available for all brands for which the companies reported basic nutrition data. For this food category, coverage exceeds 94% of spending for children and 88% overall for whole grains. For

potassium and vitamin D, coverage is too low to be reported.

4Because these spending totals are based on products for which the companies provided at least basic nutrition data, they may be smaller than expenditures reported in Section II. For this food category, companies reported basic nutrition data for 100% of spending.5Includes products that were reformulated for the particular nutrient listed in the column heading. The number of products and the amount of spending in the reformulated versus non‐reformulated category depends on the nutrient.

C-48
Table C.17: Average Nutritional Characteristics of QSRs, TV Advertising, By Product Type and Age, 2006 and 20091

Children 2‐11

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Spending3

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All QSRs (95) 431.0 349.6 738.6 682.1 23.2 17.0 1.7 1.4 5.3 4.8 1.6 0.2 16.9 13.5 $83.2 $135.7

Advertised Both Years on TV to Children (10) 275.2 308.1 549.9 559.7 11.3 14.7 0.6 0.5 3.7 3.9 0.4 0.0 10.1 12.0 $38.7 $57.2

Reformulated4 (5) 381.9 389.6 627.1 601.2 5.7 5.9 1.0 2.0 6.1 7.8 1.0 0.0 13.4 15.3Not Reformulated 207.3 210.3 500.3 509.6 11.4 14.9 0.6 0.5 3.7 3.9 0.0 0.0 8.0 8.0Number Products Reformulated (6) (7) (3) (2) (2) (5) (5)

Off Market 2009 (17) 362.8 759.8 30.4 0.7 3.8 1.2 15.3 $7.5

No Longer Advertised on TV to Children 2009

(22) 607.7 931.5 34.2 2.9 7.3 2.9 24.5 $37.0

New Product 2009 (24) 370.4 702.3 21.0 2.0 5.2 0.3 13.8 $62.5

Newly Advertised on TV to Children 2009 (22) 416.7 1041.7 9.7 1.9 6.6 0.5 17.8 $16.0

Teens 12‐17

Product Type2 Calories Sodium Sugar Fiber Saturated Fat Transfat Fat Spending4

(Number) (kcal/serv) (mg/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) (g/serv) ($millions)

2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009 2006 2009

All QSRs (170) 520.5 477.7 1117.0 1103.5 10.8 11.6 3.0 3.0 8.0 7.9 1.8 0.6 25.9 23.4 $77.3 $106.5Advertised Both Years on TV to Teens (26) 404.6 451.4 743.1 891.8 8.2 8.0 2.1 2.6 5.9 7.2 1.5 0.6 20.4 22.5 $23.6 $19.0

Reformulated4 (16) 426.9 436.6 820.6 920.5 9.5 8.0 2.9 3.0 6.2 5.7 3.2 0.1 23.4 23.8Not Reformulated 351.0 489.0 533.0 772.2 7.8 7.9 1.7 2.4 5.8 8.6 0.6 0.7 10.6 18.0Number Products Reformulated (18) (21) (8) (11) (12) (12) (18)

Off Market 2009 (31) 635.5 1446.9 11.0 3.3 10.8 1.7 32.4 $26.7

No Longer Advertised on TV to Teens 2009 (32) 508.2 1117.8 13.0 3.5 7.1 2.2 24.3 $27.1New Product 2009 (44) 483.1 1150.9 12.7 3.8 7.6 0.5 23.2 $57.3

Newly Advertised on TV to Teens 2009 (37) 483.9 1146.3 11.9 1.9 9.1 0.6 24.3 $30.2

1Nutrition averages are expenditure‐weighted averages based on the products for which the Commission has basic nutrition data (nutrients required in FDA labeling) and TV spending.2Each panel of the table includes only those products with reportable TV marketing expenditures for the relevant audience. Thus, for instance, in the Children 2‐11 panel, the "All" row includes all products in the relevant food category that had any reportable TV marketing

expenditures to children in 2006 or 2009. Similarly, New Product 2009 includes all new foods that were marketed to children on TV in 2009.

3Because these spending totals are based on products for which the companies reported basic nutrition data, they may be smaller than expenditures reported in Section II. For this category, the companies provided basic nutrition data for 91% and 98% of spending for children

and 77% and 96% for teens in 2006 and 2009, respectively.

4Includes products that were reformulated for the particular nutrient listed in the column heading. The number of products and the amount of spending in the reformulated versus non‐reformulated category depends on the nutrient.

C-49

Appendix D

Analysis of Online and Mobile Marketing

D-1

Appendix D

Analysis of Online and Mobile Marketing

As observed in Section II.C, most food categories increased youth-directed advertising

for company-sponsored websites, paid ads on third-party websites (“display ads”), and digital,

word-of-mouth, and viral marketing (collectively, “new media”). QSRs, fruit and vegetable

companies, and prepared food and meal companies demonstrated the largest relative increases in

new media expenditures directed to children and teens, compared to 2006. Overall, the reporting

companies spent $122.5 million in 2009 on new media for the reported brands, a 50.5% increase

in inflation-adjusted dollars; $38.8 million was for company-sponsored websites, and $74.4

million was for advertising on third-party Internet sites and digital marketing, such as mobile

marketing.

The top-five food categories ranked in terms of absolute dollars spent in 2009 on childdirected new media were: (1) breakfast cereal ($21.6 million), (2) QSRs ($16.4 million), (3)

snack foods ($10 million), (4) prepared foods and meals ($6.3 million), and (5) juice and noncarbonated beverages ($3.5 million). The top-five new media categories for teens were: (1)

carbonated beverages ($22.6 million), (2) candy/frozen desserts ($11.7 million), (3) snack foods

($11.3 million), (4) breakfast cereal ($10.8 million), and (5) juice and non-carbonated beverages

($8.7 million). These reported new media expenditures largely correlated with child exposure to

these forms of online advertising during 2009. The reported expenditures also roughly

correlated with teen exposure to display advertising.

Ad impressions on websites popular with youth do not tell the entire story in the online

environment. Food companies also reached children and younger teens through their own

websites and via social media sites like Facebook. These online media are not necessarily as

costly as display advertising, yet potentially have a farther, and more immersive, reach than

display advertising. Finally, although hard data are scant, anecdotal evidence from marketing

plans indicates that companies increasingly are reaching out to teens through their mobile

devices.
D-2

I. Online Display Advertising

A. Methodology

1. 2008 Report

For the 2008 report, the Commission gauged the extent to which food marketers targeted

children and teens on the Internet in 2006. Based on data from Nielsen Online, the Commission

designated a website child-oriented if, for at least two months in 2006, either (a) the site’s 1

unique audience composition index (UACI) for children 2-11 was 200 or higher, or (b) the 2

site’s unique audience composition percentage (UACP) for children was at least 20%

(approximately double the percentage of children or teens who comprised the total population of

active Internet users). A website was considered teen-oriented if, for at least two months in

2006, either (a) the site’s UACI for teens 12-17 was 200 or higher, or (b) the UACP for teens

was at least 20%. In a few instances when Nielsen data were unavailable, the Commission

categorized websites as child- and/or teen-oriented based solely on their content.

The analysis for the 2008 report showed that display ads for food and beverages had

generated roughly two billion impressions on child-oriented websites in 2006. Large proportions

of all online ad impressions for baked goods, breakfast cereals, and snacks were generated on

child-oriented websites. For teens, display ads – primarily for carbonated beverages and QSRs –

generated more than nine billion impressions (mostly from MySpace).

Nielsen data also showed that in some months visitors to websites hosted by food

companies spent up to thirty or more minutes on such sites. Further, they tended to visit multiple

food company websites each month, as well as child-oriented websites that featured significant

quantities of food and beverage display advertising.

2. 2012 Report

For this report, the Commission used comScore’s Ad Metrix service to identify all

display advertising on child- and teen-oriented websites during 2009. As a check, the

Commission also purchased data from Nielsen’s AdRelevance Service showing the top food and

beverage display ads on those sites. Further, the Commission obtained demographic information

on selected food company websites.
D-3

The Commission slightly modified its methodology for selecting child- and teen-oriented

websites. For the 2008 report, the Commission defined a child- or teen-oriented website based

on the percentage of children or teens in the audience (or the UACIs for those age groups). One

potential shortcoming is that this metric does not capture the depth of the visitors’ experience

with a website. For example, many children may visit a particular website, but if they view only

the home page and/or spend less than one minute per month on the site, it is questionable

whether that site is really child-oriented. Also, there may be sites on which children or teens

explore considerably more of the content than adults, but do not qualify as child- or teenoriented websites because the UACI for children or teens is less than 200. Arguably, some of

those sites should be considered child- or teen-oriented when visitors in those age groups

disproportionately view the sites’ content.

When analyzing 2009 data, the Commission relied on two metrics that capture the depth

of experience with a website. First, a site’s page view composition index (PVCI) for children or

teens represents the extent to which pages viewed at a website are over- or under-represented

compared to the average number of pages viewed by children or teens across all websites they

visit. A PVCI significantly above 100 for a website shows that the age group consumes more

content on that site than would be predicted based on that age group’s consumption of web pages

generally. Second, the demographic average minutes per visitor represents the average number

of minutes per month that a child or teen visitor spent on the website. This metric would

preclude a site from being considered child- or teen-oriented where those age groups spend

minimal time on them.

a. Children

Based on the foregoing considerations, the Commission defined child-oriented websites

as follows. First, the Commission narrowed the universe of all ad-supported websites to those

sites where the average monthly UACI for children during calendar year 2009 was 150 or 3

higher (in contrast to 200 or higher in one or more months). Second, the Commission narrowed

the resulting subset of sites to those with an average monthly PVCI for children of at least 200

for calendar year 2009. Third, the Commission eliminated sites on which children spent, on

average, less than five minutes per month. The end result was a list of sites for which children

were over-represented in terms of visitation (150+ average UACI or higher) and in terms of their
D-4

depth of experience (200+ average PVCI), and with which children had spent a non-trivial

amount of time per month (more than 5 minutes). The Commission used a parallel methodology

to derive the teen-oriented sites.

B. Results

1. Children

Using the criteria outlined above, comScore identified18 websites and media entities

(agglomerations of websites). See Table D.1.
D-5

The 18 child-oriented websites generated over 2.1 billion display ad impressions for food

products, accounting for nearly 19% of all display ad impressions on those sites. This number 4

closely matches the 1.96 billion food ad impressions that Nielsen detected on 19 child-oriented

websites during 2006. In 2006, most of the impressions for food ads on child-oriented sites fell 5

in the breakfast cereal (662 million), snack food (492 million), and QSR (274 million)
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categories. In 2009, the breakfast cereal (1 billion) and QSR (587 million) categories generated 6

most of the display ad impressions for food on child-oriented websites. See Figure D.1.

The most advertised food products on child-oriented websites included several presweetened cereals, prepared meals, and flavored yogurt. See Figure D.2.
D-7

2. Adolescents

Using the criteria outlined above, comScore identified 49 teen-oriented websites and

media entities. See Table D.2.
D-8

In 2009, teen-oriented websites generated more than 2.3 billion display ad impressions

for food products, accounting for about 7% of all display ad impressions on those sites.7

Although Nielsen detected 9.4 billion display ad impressions for food products on 48 teenoriented websites during 2006, more than 9 billion of those impressions occurred on MySpace. 

As noted in the 2008 report, MySpace ceased to be a teen-oriented website in 2007. Therefore, 8

the analysis for 2009 did not include any display ad impressions for food products on MySpace

and other general audience social networking websites, such as Facebook. As noted below,

however, at least some food companies view general audience social networking sites as an

important medium for reaching teens.
D-9

In 2006, most of the impressions for food ads on teen-oriented sites, excluding MySpace,

fell in the QSR (158 million), carbonated beverages (86 million), and candy and frozen and

chilled desserts (52 million) categories. In 2009, the QSR (1.3 billion), candy and frozen and 9

chilled desserts (812 million), and breakfast cereal (793 million) categories generated most of

the display ad impressions for food on teen-oriented websites. See Figure D.3.

The most advertised food products on teen-oriented websites included several presweetened cereals and QSRs, as well as snacks and a flavored yogurt. See Figure D.4.
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II. Online Social Media

Child-directed virtual worlds ran a significant amount of display advertising for foods. 

Nine of the top-ten consumer goods advertised on 13 of the most popular online worlds for

children were foods. See Table D.3.

Table D.3: Top 10 Consumer Products

Advertised on Child-Oriented Virtual

Worlds (Mar. - Dec. 2009)

Product Impressions (000)

Lucky Charms 87,146

Cheerios 78,181

Skittles 67,363

Kid Cuisine 57,082

Popsicle 49,335

CapriSun 46,284

Apple Jacks 34,780

Domino's - Pizza 32,910

Sour Patch Kids 28,318

Gillette 28,010

Source: comScore AdMetrix Advertiser Report (Mar. - Dec.

2009). The table shows total display ad impressions for products

in the Consumer Goods category on the following websites: 

BarbieGirls.com, ClubPenguin.com, GaiaOnline.com, Habbo.com,

Marapets.com, Neopets.com, Nick.com/Nicktropolis,
D-11

In addition, these virtual worlds contained food-branded entertainment that comScore’s

Ad Metrix and Nielsen Online’s AdRelevance services, which focus on display advertising, do

not necessarily capture. A marketing plan from one major food company noted that “[b]rands

see [virtual worlds] as a way to establish relationships with young consumers and to grow and

deepen those relationships over time.” The plan cited Neopets as having an “‘immersive

advertising model’ [that] imbeds branded virtual merchandise and games throughout the site.” 

The plan discussed another company’s candy product that was promoted on Habbo.com through

a teen-targeted, virtual “beach party” that attracted 325,000 visitors. Another product was

promoted through a virtual three-room factory on Nicktropolis.com. Over 57 million

impressions drove children to the factory, and they spent an average of nearly two hours in one

of the rooms.

10

One candy company conducted a tracking study on 400 children ages 6 to 17, and found

that nearly two in five respondents followed one popular candy brand on Facebook, and one in

four respondents followed another. Although Facebook does not disproportionately reach

children or teens, millions of them visit and spend a substantial amount of time on Facebook 11

each month. Accordingly, at least for certain foods, Facebook can be an efficient and far- 12

reaching, yet low-cost, marketing tool to keep children and teens engaged with the brands.

III. Food Company Websites

Food company websites remain a viable part of integrated marketing campaigns, but their

popularity has not grown appreciably since 2006. In general, such sites tend to reach far fewer

children compared to the reach of the media and social networking websites that children

frequently visit for entertainment. More than two million children ages 2-11 (and nearly three

million 6-14-year-olds) per month visited at least one of 73 food company websites most likely

to attract children during the last four months of 2009. See Tables D.4 (row (a)) and D.5 (row 13

(a)).
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 Table D.4: Age 2-11 Audience Duplication* between Food Company Websites Most Likely to

Attract Children

Total Unique

Visitors 

Ages 2-11 (000)

Unique Audience

Composition %

(UACP) Ages 2-11

Unique Audience

Composition Index

(UACI) Age 2-11 

Page View

Composition Index

(PVCI) Age 2-11

Avg. Minutes per

2-11-Year-Old

Visitor

Total Internet 18,959 9 100 100 662

(a) 2-11-Year-Olds Who Visited 1

or More Food Co. Sites

2,150 9 91 337 16

(b) 2-11-Year-Olds Who Visited 2

or More Food Co. Sites

517 9 91 361 35

(c) 2-11-Year-Olds Who Visited 1

or More Child-Oriented†

Food Co. Sites

909 24 253 629 27

(d) 2-11-Year-Olds Who Visited 2

or More Child-Oriented†

Food Co. Sites

167 29 310 n/a n/a

Source: comScore Media Metrix. Averages for the four months ending December 2009.

*Audience duplication between websites means that different websites had the same 2-11-year-old visitors in a given month.

†Food company websites that had an average unique audience composition index (UACI) for 2-11-year-olds of at least 150 during 2009.
D-13

 Table D.5: Age 6-14 Audience Duplication* between Food Company Websites Most Likely to

Attract Children

Total Unique

Visitors 

Ages 6-14 (000)

Unique Audience

Composition %

(UACP) Ages 6-14

Unique Audience

Composition Index

(UACI) Age 6-14 

Page View

Composition Index

(PVCI) Age 6-14 

Avg. Minutes per

6-14-Year-Old

Visitor

Total Internet 25,200 13 100 100 967

(a) 6-14-Year-Olds Who Visited 1

or More Food Co. Sites 2,956 11 88 228 17

(b) 6-14-Year-Olds Who Visited 2

or More Food Co. Sites

690 11 89 258 38

(c) 6-14-Year-Olds Who Visited 1

or More Child-Oriented†

Food Co. Sites

1,155 28 216 463 31

(d) 6-14-Year-Olds Who Visited 2

or More Child-Oriented†

Food Co. Sites

193 33 260 736 110

Although these visitation numbers appear large, few individual food sites averaged more

than 100,000 child visitors per month; most had significantly less than 50,000. Four food brand sites

– Millsberry.com (284,000), HappyMeal.com (189,000), MyCokeRewards.com (177,000), and

McWorld.com (139,000) – consistently exceeded the 100,000-child threshold. See Table D.6. By 14

comparison, four media and social networking sites popular with children each averaged two million

or more child visitors per month, three others averaged significantly more than one million, and four

more averaged more than 500,000. See Table D.8.

Source: comScore Media Metrix. Averages for the four months ending December 2009.

*Audience duplication between websites means that different websites had the same 6-14-year-old visitors in a given month.

†Food company websites that had an average unique audience composition index (UACI) for 2-11-year-olds of at least 150 during 2009.
D-14

Table D.6: Average Monthly Youth Audiences for, and Minutes Spent at,

Child-Oriented, Food Company Websites (2009)

Ages 2-11 Ages 6-14 Ages 2-17

Unique

Visitors

(000)

Monthly

Minutes

Unique

Visitors

(000)

Monthly

Minutes

Unique

Visitors

(000)

Monthly

Minutes

Total Internet 18,656 809 24,775 1,045 39,815 1,097

AppleJacks.com 72 8 84 7 114 7

BewareTheGush.com 39 n/a 30 n/a 41 3

Butterfinger.com 10 n/a 12 n/a 11 3

ClubBK.com‡ 45 n/a 47 14 50 14

CornPops.com 18 n/a 9 n/a 17 1

FrootLoops.com 59 n/a 64 2 88 1

FrostedFlakes.com‡ 13 n/a 17 n/a 20 2

Gogurt.com 68 1 59 1 63 1

HappyMeal.com 189 9 204 9 248 10

LuckyCharms.com 41 n/a 31 4 55 4

McWorld.com‡ 139 7 146 5 166 5

Millsberry.com 284 45 440 68 602 65

MMS.com 28 n/a 40 1 59 5

MyCoke.com 23 n/a 27 n/a 34 2

MyCokeRewards.com‡ 177 12 259 12 372 11

NabiscoWorld.com 30 n/a 38 n/a 53 4

PFGoldfish.com 74 n/a 80 14 101 8

PopTarts.com 23 n/a 32 n/a 38 2

PostCereals.com 23 n/a 20 n/a 20 1

Postopia.com 61 n/a 95 29 128 24

ReesesPuffs.com 19 n/a 18 9 23 10

Twix.com 13 n/a 14 n/a 19 2

Wonka.com 29 n/a 42 n/a 50 4

Source: comScore (Media Trend Report January-December 2009). For purposes of this table, a food

company website was deemed child-oriented if it had an average 2-11-year-old UACI of 150 or higher

during 2009. Unless otherwise noted, all reported figures are a twelve-month average.

‡Average of three-month rolling averages from August through December 2009.
D-15

Table D.7: Average Monthly Youth Audiences for, and Minutes Spent at, 

Other Food Company Websites (2009)

Ages 2-11 Ages 6-14 Ages 2-17

Unique

Visitors

(000)

Monthly

Minutes

Unique

Visitors

(000)

Monthly

Minutes

Unique

Visitors

(000)

Monthly

Minutes

Total Internet 18,656 809 24,775 1,045 39,815 1,097

BurgerKing.com 42 n/a 62 3 98 3

ChuckECheese.com 143 5 176 6 263 7

Coca-Cola.com 23 n/a 26 n/a 39 1

Dominos.com 176 7 254 7 432 7

Hersheys.com 25 n/a 43 n/a 59 7

Kelloggs.com 57 2 86 2 130 2

KFC.com 35 3 49 4 85 3

KraftFoods.com 184 5 238 5 339 5

McDonalds.com 98 4 137 3 259 3

PapaJohns.com 103 2 148 1 224 1

Pepsi.com 11 n/a 17 n/a 23 n/a

Pillsbury.com 81 n/a 110 4 164 3

PizzaHut.com 195 11 255 9 438 9

SonicDriveIn.com 71 n/a 52 3 88 3

SubwayKids.com 3 n/a 3 n/a 3 n/a

TacoBell.com 19 n/a 30 n/a 67 3

Topps.com 10 n/a 13 n/a 17 n/a

Wendys.com 38 n/a 50 n/a 86 3

Source: comScore (Media Trend Report January-December 2009). 
D-16

Table D.8: Average Monthly Youth Audiences for, and Minutes

Spent at, Child-Oriented Media Websites (Aug-Dec 2009)

Ages 2-11 Ages 6-14

Unique

Visitors

(000)

Monthly

Minutes

Unique

Visitors

(000)

Monthly

Minutes

Total Internet 18,667 748 25,074 1,035

Andkon.com 315 42 481 45

BarbieGirls.com 456 22 522 21

CartoonNetwork.com 1,999 30 2,600 32

Disney Online† 5,738 49 7,420 46

Funbrain.com 715 17 970 18

GaiaOnline.com 370 182 806 218

Games2Girls.com 309 52 389 37

Lego.com 784 41 896 39

Miniclip.com 1,551 60 2,313 57

Nickelodeon Kids & Teens‡ 2,682 75 3,410 73

NickJr.com 1,355 102 1,153 73

Poptropica.com 1,364 105 1,646 106

Stardoll.com 503 116 757 92

Y8.com 679 103 985 80

WebKinz.com 2,319 15 2,362 16

WeeWorld 192 89 315 81

Children 2-11 averaged only 16 minutes per month on one or more of the 73 food company

sites during the last four months of 2009, slightly more than 2% of the 662 total minutes they

averaged online during that time. See Table D.4. The three million visitors ages 6-14 averaged 17

minutes per month, less than 2% of the 967 minutes they logged online. Further, with few 15

exceptions, most children spent little time on any individual food company site, including those

sites with much child-oriented content. See Tables D.6 and D.7. Millsberry.com (45 minutes for

children) and Postopia.com (29 minutes for 6-14-year-olds) were the only notable outliers. 

Overall, the time children spent on food websites stands in sharp contrast to the time they spent on

media sites, including virtual worlds such as GaiaOnline.com (182 minutes), Stardoll.com (116

Source: comScore (Media Trend Report August-December 2009). Reported numbers are

the average of 3-month rolling averages between August and December 2009.

†Disney Online encompasses numerous media properties, including ABC Kids, Disney

Channel, JETIX, Club Penguin, Disney XD, Funschool.com, Kaboose.com, and Zeeks.com.

‡Nickelodeon Kids & Teens encompasses numerous media properties, including Neopets

and Nick.com.
D-17

minutes), and Poptropica.com (108 minutes). See Table D.8. As noted above, however, such

virtual worlds sites ran a significant amount of display advertising for foods.

As was reported in 2008 (for the 2006 time period), a sizable subset of youth regularly

visited and spent significant time on multiple food company websites each month during 2009.16

Through the four months ending December 2009, more than a half million children 2-11, and

nearly 700,000 6-14-year-olds, averaged more than 30 minutes per month on two or more of the

73 food sites examined. See Tables D.4 (row (b)) and D.5 (row (b)). Also, nearly 200,000 6-14-

year-olds spent, on average, 110 minutes per month on multiple child-oriented food sites, over 17

11% of their monthly Internet time. See Table D.5 (row (d)). Thus, a significant minority of

children regularly exposed themselves to food brand websites, in addition to viewing a substantial

number of display ads for foods on the media websites.18

IV. Mobile Advertising

Company marketing plans indicate that food marketers targeted mobile advertising to

children and teens. This is not surprising given the large percentages of youth who own cell

phones. In 2009, according to a Kaiser Family Foundation study, 31% of 8-10-year-olds, 69% of

11-14-year-olds, and 85% of 15-18-year-olds owned cell phones. Nearly half of 8- to 18-year- 19

olds use their cell phones to send text messages, and those users spend about an hour and a half per

day on the activity. That age group spends more of their cell phone time on media-related 20

activities than talking, averaging 49 daily minutes of either listening to music (17), playing games

(17), or watching television (15). Moreover, cell phones can be an especially effective medium 21

for reaching Hispanic and black youth, who average more than twice and three times, respectively,

the number of minutes that white youth spend on their cell phones listening to music, playing

games, and watching television. It is likely, therefore, that black and Hispanic youth are exposed 22

to more mobile food marketing than their white counterparts. Some of these activities – such as 23

downloadable mobile content and text message promotions – are detailed in Section IV.B.2.b of

this report.

It is difficult to quantify youth exposure (let alone, minority youth exposure) to mobile

advertising because the leading syndicated services that monitor the mobile space can provide only

limited data. For 2009 and earlier, only comScore’s AdMetrix Mobile service employed mobile
D-18

phone panelists under the age of 18. None of their panelists, however, was under age 13, so the

available data relate only to teens 13-17. Moreover, the data address only SMS (short message

service), or text-based, ads. They do not capture marketing through company-branded smartphone

applications, quick-response bar codes read by a cell phone’s camera, or mobile banner ads 24

served by the mobile network provider.25

As shown in Table D.11, the number of teen mobile subscribers increased from 41.7

million at the end of 2007 to 54.4 million at the end of 2009. About one in five teen-aged

subscribers reported receiving at least one text ad per month by the end of 2009, up very slightly

from 2007. Among all subscribers, there was a slight increase (1%) in the relative number of text

ads for food products and restaurants between 2007 and 2009. The data suggest similar upward

trends for teens. Between a quarter and a third of all subscribers reported responding to a text ad

for a food or a restaurant. The data point to similarly high response levels by teens.

In short, the data suggest two reasons for the increase in teens’ exposure to text-based

mobile ads for food between 2007 and 2009. First, more teens had cell phones in 2009. Second,

food marketers’ share of text-based advertising increased relative to other product categories. 
D-19
D-20

1. The Commission required a website to satisfy the 20% UACP/200 UACI threshold for at

least two months in the relevant year to avoid misclassifying a site based on what might have

been one anomalous month of web traffic. This standard was more rigorous than the definition

of child- and teen-oriented websites from the Orders to File Special Report that the FTC had sent

to the 44 food marketers. The Order deemed a site child- or teen-oriented if the site met or

exceeded the audience thresholds for at least one month during the year. See 2008 Report at

App. B, B-15, B-29.

2. A children’s or teen’s unique audience composition index (UACI) of 200 for a website means

that children or teens were 100% more likely to have visited that site than would have been

predicted based on the percentage of children or teen Internet users.

3. The Nielsen Online data for website metrics were based on six months of data (July through

December 2009).

4. The Commission used comScore’s Ad Metrix database to determine the range of display

advertising on the child-oriented websites. According to Ad Metrix, more than 1,200 products

were advertised on child-oriented websites during 2009. The top 300 products accounted for

nearly 93% of all display ad impressions on these sites.

5. Source: Nielsen Online NetView (U.S. Home & Office) & AdRelevance (based on custom

food and beverage advertiser groups).

6. Source: Nielsen Online NetView (U.S. Home & Office) & AdRelevance (based on custom

food and beverage advertiser groups).

7. According to comScore’s Ad Metrix service, more than 1,600 products were advertised on

teen-oriented websites during 2009. The top 300 products accounted for nearly 90% of all

display ad impressions on these sites.

8. 2008 Report at App. D, D-4.

9. Source: Nielsen Online NetView (U.S. Home & Office) & AdRelevance (based on custom

food and beverage advertiser groups).

10. According to press reports, Skittles was promoted through a campaign on GaiaOnline,

whereby users could earn items that could be traded or sold to other users. As a result, such

campaigns can lead to far longer engagement with the brand than a banner ad. See Chris

Sherman, How Gaia Online Made Users Love Ads With Branded Virtual Goods, Engage Digital

(Apr. 14, 2009), available at

www.engagedigital.com/blog/2009/04/14/how-gaia-online-made-users-love-ads-with-branded-vi

rtual-goods/ (“The usual engagement time of a user interacting with a Gaia branded campaign

area is between 15 to 30 minutes, not counting time a user might spend interacting with a brand

by just wearing branded apparel or playing with branded goods....Increasingly brands see Gaia as

Endnotes
D-21

an integral part of their campaign for the 13-24 US population.”).

11. On average, over the nine months ending September 2010, children ages 2-11 comprised

2.1% of Facebook’s audience, and teens ages 12-17 comprised 10.1%. comScore, Media Metrix

Target Trend Report (Jan. - Sep. 2010) (2010).

12. On average, over the nine months ending September 2010, more than 2.7 million children

ages 2-11 and 13.2 million teens ages 12-17 visited Facebook each month. Id. Children spent an

average of 72 minutes a month on Facebook, and teens averaged 242 minutes.

13. After excluding websites for bubble gum, peanut butter, and other food categories not

covered by the Special Order, the Commission examined youth visitation to 73 food company

websites likely to (a) contain content that appealed to them, such as advergames, or (b) promote

food products that are either marketed to children or that children are likely to consume. This

list of websites was compiled from prior research on advergaming websites, as well as a search

of the comScore database for websites affiliated with the 48 food companies covered by this

report. See, e.g., Rudd Center for Food Policy & Obesity, Cereal F.A.C.T.S.: Evaluating the

Nutrition Quality and Marketing of Children’s Cereals 39, 70 (Oct. 2009), available at

www.cerealfacts.org/media/Cereal_FACTS_Report.pdf; Lee, Choi, Quilliam & Cole, Playing

with Food: Content Analysis of Food Advergames, J. Consumer Affairs 129, 149-51 (2009);

Montgomery & Chester, Interactive Food and Beverage Marketing: Targeting Adolescents in

the Digital Age, J. Adolescent Health S18 (2009); Moore & Rideout, The Online Marketing of

Food to Children: Is it Just Fun and Games?, J. Pub. Pol’y & Marketing 202, 217 (2007). The

Rudd Center used a similar approach for its research on child visitation to food company

websites in 2009. See Harris, Speers, Schwartz, and Brownell, U.S. Food Company Branded

Advergames on the Internet: Children’s Exposure and Effects on Snack Consumption, J. of

Children & Media (2011), available at

www.yaleruddcenter.org/resources/upload/docs/what/advertising/AdvergamesSnackConsumptio

n_JCM_11.30.11.pdf. The Rudd Center study found that youth tended to explore more pages on

food sites with advergames compared to food sites without advergames.

Fewer than half of the 73 sites were disproportionately visited by children – i.e., had an

average UACI for children of at least 150 during 2009. See infra note 17. The 73 sites were: 

3Musketeers.com, AppleJacks.com, BenandJerrys.com, BewareTheGush.com, BurgerKing.com,

Butterfinger.com, CadburySchweppes Co., Cheerios.com, Cheetos.com, Chex.com,

ChuckECheese.com, ClubBK.com, Coca-Cola.com, CornPops.com, DairyQueen.com,

Dole.com, Dominos.com, DoveChocolate.com, Dreyers.com, Dr.Pepper.com,

DunkinDonuts.com, FritoLay.com, FrootLoops.com, FrostedFlakes.com,

FrostedMiniWheats.com, Godiva.com, GoGurt.com, Gushers.com, HappyMeal.com,

Hersheys.com, HostessCakes.com, JuicyJuice.com, Kelloggs.com, KFC.com, KidCuisine.com,

KraftFoods.com, LittleDebbie.com, LuckyCharms.com, McDonalds.com, McWorld.com,

Millsberry.com, MMS.com, MyCoke.com, MyCokeRewards.com, NabiscoWorld.com,

NestleUSA.com, PapaJohns.com, Pepsi.com, PFGoldfish.com, Pillsbury.com, PizzaHut.com,

Planters.com, PopTarts.com, PostCereals.com, Postopia.com, QuakerOats.com,

ReesesPuffs.com, RiceKrispies.com, Skittles.com, Snickers.com, Sprite.com, Starbucks.com,
D-22

Starburst.com, Subway.com, SubwayFreshBuzz.com, SubwayKids.com, TacoBell.com,

Topps.com, Twix.com, VenonmEnergy.com, Wendys.com, WhyMilk.com, and Wonka.com.

14. There were several non-child-oriented food company sites (i.e., with a UACI for children of

less than 150) that averaged more than 100,000 child visitors during 2009: KraftFoods.com

(184,000), Dominos.com (176,000), PizzaHut.com (195,000), ChuckECheese.com (143,000),

and PapaJohns.com (103,000). See Table D.7.

15. Though children 2-11 and 6-14-year-olds did not disproportionately visit food company

sites in the aggregate, they did tend to explore these sites in greater depth compared to adults, as

evidenced by the PVCI numbers. See Tables D.4 and D.5 and App. D., § I.A.2, supra, which

defines the PVCI metric.

16. For example, a third or more of the visitors to BewareTheGush.com, Cadbury Schweppes,

KidCuisine.com, Postopia.com, and MMS.com also visited Millsberry.com. Similar percentages

of children visited both Postopia.com and BewareTheGush.com or Twix.com. comScore, 

Media Metrix (Cross-Visitation Report Jan.-Dec. 2009) (2009).

17. Of the 73 food company websites examined, 30 tended to disproportionately attract children,

meaning that, on average during 2009, the UACI for children was 150 or greater. The following

food company sites met this criterion: 3Musketeers.com, AppleJacks.com,

BewareTheGush.com, Butterfinger.com, Cheetos.com, ClubBK.com, CornPops.com, Dole.com,

DoveChocolate.com, FrootLoops.com, Frosted Flakes.com, FrostedMiniWheats.com,

GoGurt.com, Gushers.com, HappyMeal.com, KidCuisine.com, LuckyCharms.com,

McWorld.com, Millsberry.com, MyCoke.com, PFGoldfish.com, PopTarts.com,

PostCereals.com, Postopia.com, ReesesPuffs.com, Sprite.com, Twix.com, VenomEnergy.com,

WhyMilk.com, and Wonka.com.

18. The Commission anticipates that these numbers will go down in the future, because some of

the major child-directed food websites, including Millsberry.com, are no longer operating. See

Newsletter, Council of Better Business Bureaus Children’s Food and Beverage Advertising

Initiative (Mar. 2011) 2, available at

www.bbb.org/us/children-food-beverage-advertising-initiative/info/#newsletters.

19. See Victoria J. Rideout, Ulla G. Foehr & Donald F. Roberts, Generation M : Media in the 2

Lives of 8–18 Year-Olds: A Kaiser Family Foundation Study 5 (2010), available at

www.kff.org/entmedia/upload/8010.pdf.

20. Id. at 18.

21. Id.

22. Id. at 19 (white youth: 26 minutes; black youth: 1 hour, 28 minutes; Hispanic youth: 1

hour, 4 minutes).
D-23

23. Although the Commission is aware of no similar study involving mobile media, some

research suggests that foods marketed specifically to black youth tend to be of lower nutritional

quality than foods marketed to a general audience. See Sonya A. Grier & Shiriki K. Kumanyika,

The Context for Choice: Health Implications of Targeted Food and Beverage Marketing to

African Americans, 98 Am. J. Pub. Health 1616, 1626 (Sep. 2008) (“The content analyses of

promotion were remarkably consistent in demonstrating that advertisements for low-cost,

high-calorie, and low-nutrition food and beverage products are more frequent in media targeted

to African Americans.”).

24. For example, food companies have launched iPhone applications to reach a youth audience. 

Coca-Cola launched “Spin the Coke Bottle” and “Magic Coke Bottle” applications. See Brian

Morrissey, Coke Dabbles in iPhone Apps, AdWeek (Feb. 4, 2009), available at

www.adweek.com/news/advertising-branding/coke-dabbles-iphone-apps-105214.

25. A Rudd Center study on the QSR industry found that several QSRs had placed banner ads

on mobile websites for news, entertainment, sports, and video content during 2009. None of the

banner ads was child-targeted. See Rudd Center for Food Policy & Obesity, Fast Food

F.A.C.T.S.: Evaluating Fast Food Nutrition and Marketing to Youth 95-96 (2010), available at

www.fastfoodmarketing.org/media/FastFoodFACTS_Report.pdf. The report further indicated

that a few thousand teens had downloaded QSR-branded smartphone applications for Burger

King and Taco Bell, and more than 30,000 for the Starbucks and Pizza Hut applications. Id. at

100, Table 47.