19-3384

Singh v. Garland

BIA

Poczter, IJ

A206 097 338

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION 

TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED 

AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS 

COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT 

FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX 

OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A 

PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY 

NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

1 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals 

2 for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall 

3 United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of 

New York, on the 21st 4 day of March, two thousand twenty-two.

5

6 PRESENT:

7 ROSEMARY S. POOLER,

8 RICHARD J. SULLIVAN,

9 STEVEN J. MENASHI,

10 Circuit Judges.

11 _____________________________________

12

13 SIMRANJIT SINGH,

14 Petitioner,

15

16 v. 19-3384

17 NAC

18 MERRICK B. GARLAND, UNITED 

19 STATES ATTORNEY GENERAL,

20 Respondent.

21 _____________________________________

22

23 FOR PETITIONER: Tobin Kohane, Esq., New York, NY. 

24

25 FOR RESPONDENT: Joseph H. Hunt, Assistant Attorney 

26 General; Anthony P. Nicastro, 

27 Assistant Director; Sherease 

28 Pratt, Senior Litigation Counsel, 
2

1 Office of Immigration Litigation, 

2 United States Department of 

3 Justice, Washington, DC.

4 UPON DUE CONSIDERATION of this petition for review of a 

5 Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) decision, it is hereby 

6 ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the petition for review 

7 is DENIED.

8 Petitioner Simranjit Singh, a native and citizen of

9 India, seeks review of a September 18, 2019, decision of the 

10 BIA affirming a March 5, 2018, decision of an Immigration 

11 Judge (“IJ”) denying asylum, withholding of removal, and 

12 protection under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). In 

13 re Simranjit Singh, No. A 206 097 338 (B.I.A. Sept. 18, 2019), 

14 aff’g No. A 206 097 338 (Immig. Ct. N.Y. City Mar. 5, 2018). 

15 We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts 

16 and procedural history. 

17 We have reviewed the IJ’s decision as supplemented by 

18 the BIA. See Yan Chen v. Gonzales, 417 F.3d 268, 271 (2d 

19 Cir. 2005). We review the agency’s factual findings for 

20 substantial evidence, and we review questions of law de novo. 

21 See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B); Paloka v. Holder, 762 F.3d 191, 

22 195 (2d Cir. 2014).

23 To establish eligibility, an asylum applicant must show 
3

1 that he has suffered past persecution, or has a well-founded 

2 fear of future persecution, on account of race, religion, 

3 nationality, membership in a particular social group, or 

4 political opinion. See 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(1). Past 

5 persecution creates a rebuttable presumption of a well6 founded fear of future persecution on the basis of the 

7 original claim. Id. The Government may rebut that 

8 presumption if it shows by a preponderance of the evidence 

9 that the applicant could avoid future persecution “by 

10 relocating to another part of [his or her] country of 

11 nationality . . . , and under all the circumstances, it would 

12 be reasonable to expect the applicant to do so.” 8 C.F.R. 

13 § 1208.13(b)(1)(i)(B), (ii); see also Matter of D–I–M–, 24 I. 

14 & N. Dec. 448, 450–51 (B.I.A. 2008) (discussing the burden 

15 shifting framework). 

16 Singh claimed that he would be persecuted if he returned 

17 to India because he had been involved with a woman of a higher 

18 caste, Manpreet. He alleged that Manpreet’s family opposed 

19 the relationship because he was of a lower caste and different 

20 political affiliation, and that Manpreet’s brothers beat him 

21 when they caught him with her. Substantial evidence supports 
4

1 the agency’s conclusion that Singh could reasonably relocate 

2 to avoid future persecution. See 8 C.F.R. 

3 § 1208.13(b)(1)(i)(B); Singh v. BIA, 435 F.3d 216, 219 (2d 

4 Cir. 2006) (“Asylum in the United States is not available to 

5 obviate re-location to sanctuary in one’s own country.”). 

6 Factors relevant in determining the reasonableness of 

7 relocation include “whether the applicant would face other 

8 serious harm in the place of suggested relocation; any ongoing 

9 civil strife within the country; administrative, economic, or 

10 judicial infrastructure; geographical limitations; and social 

11 and cultural constraints, such as age, gender, health, and 

12 social and familial ties.” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(3) 

13 (effective to Nov. 2018); Singh v. Garland, 11 F.4th 106,114 

14 (2d Cir. 2021). The agency considered the relevant factors, 

15 finding that Singh’s fear was speculative because he had not 

16 dated Manpreet for four years, they were not in touch, and 

17 the dispute was “highly localized” because it involved this 

18 personal conflict with her family. The agency further 

19 considered Singh’s allegation that Manpreet’s brothers were 

20 politically motivated, but it found no basis for that claim 

21 because Manpreet’s brothers did not mention political 
5

1 affiliations when they threatened Singh. Although Singh 

2 claimed that he would be unable to relocate because of his 

3 caste, his caste is not written on his identity card nor is 

4 it evident from his name alone, and he admitted that strangers 

5 would not know his caste unless he affirmatively revealed it. 

6 The country conditions evidence did not reflect that caste

7 affiliation limits an individual’s ability to relocate. 

8 Moreover, the IJ took administrative notice of a 2016 U.S. 

9 State Department Human Rights Report, which reflects that the 

10 Indian constitution bans caste discrimination.

11 Singh contends that the IJ, by taking administrative 

12 notice of the State Department report, relieved the 

13 Government of its burden of establishing that he could 

14 relocate. However, DHS argued that Singh would be able to 

15 relocate at the close of the hearing. And the IJ may rely 

16 on “all of the testimony and evidence contained in the record, 

17 including the background information” when analyzing 

18 reasonable relocation. Matter of D–I–M–, 24 I. & N. Dec. at 

19 451; see also Singh, 11 F.4th at 118 (concluding that agency 

20 did not err in concluding that Government met its burden of 

21 establishing ability to relocate where substantial evidence 
6

1 supported agency’s relocation findings). 

2 Singh argues that the agency ignored evidence that he 

3 would be unable to relocate, but the evidence he cites does 

4 not undermine the agency’s conclusion. He relies on an 

5 affidavit from members of Manpreet’s village, which avers 

6 that they are monitoring the community and his family for his 

7 return, not that they will seek him out or will know if he 

8 returns to another area of India. Singh also argues that the 

9 IJ failed to consider the statement of a friend of Manpreet’s

10 confirming that Singh and Manpreet are still in love and that

11 Singh calls her to check on Manpreet. But the agency does 

12 not have to explicitly address each item of evidence, and 

13 this statement does not indicate that Manpreet’s family would 

14 pursue Singh in other regions of India. See Xiao Ji Chen v. 

15 U.S. Dep’t. of Justice, 471 F.3d 315, 336 n.17 (2d Cir. 2006) 

16 (requiring IJ to consider “significant factual assertions,” 

17 but not to “expressly parse or refute on the record” each 

18 piece of evidence) (internal quotation marks omitted). 

19 Singh further contends that the IJ should not have relied 

20 solely on the U.S. State Department report. However, the IJ 

21 properly took administrative notice of the report, and did 
7

1 not rely on it to the exclusion of other evidence. See 8 

2 C.F.R. § 1003.1(d)(3)(iv)(A) (authorizing “administrative 

3 notice of commonly known facts such as current events or the 

4 contents of official documents”); Jian Hui Shao v. Mukasey, 

5 546 F.3d 138, 166 (2d Cir. 2008) (“[W]hile we have emphasized 

6 that State Department reports are not binding on the BIA, we 

7 have recognized that such reports are usually the best 

8 available source of information on country conditions.”)

9 (internal quotation marks omitted). As the IJ found, the 

10 State Department report reflected that the Indian 

11 constitution prohibits caste discrimination, registration of 

12 caste status was for affirmative action purposes, the 

13 government had implemented programs to empower lower caste 

14 members, and caste discrimination was common in rural areas. 

15 The report thus supports the IJ’s conclusion that Singh could 

16 relocate to an urban area, particularly considering his

17 testimony that his caste status is not included on his 

18 identification or evident from his name. Singh’s own country 

19 conditions evidence does not support his position that he 

20 will be unable to relocate. He submitted evidence of honor 

21 killings, primarily of women who married against their 
8

1 family’s wishes, but Singh had not been in a relationship 

2 with Manpreet for many years and did not testify to any 

3 definite plan to marry, and the evidence did not show that 

4 Manpreet’s family would or could pursue him throughout India.

5 In sum, the agency’s conclusion that Singh could 

6 reasonably relocate within India is supported by substantial 

7 evidence, given that his fear was limited to harm by 

8 Manpreet’s family in the event he returned to that area. See 

9 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(1)(i)(B), (ii). The relocation finding 

10 is dispositive of asylum, withholding of removal, and CAT 

11 relief. See Lecaj v. Holder, 616 F.3d 119–20 (2d Cir. 2010). 

12 For the foregoing reasons, the petition for review is 

13 DENIED. All pending motions and applications are DENIED and 

14 stays VACATED.

15 FOR THE COURT: 

16 Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe,

17 Clerk of Court